,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,man ,,( ,,m5tone4 7,f ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #ahgd47 ,,0 ,,man ,,creat$8 ,,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mott1 ,,jr41 ,e4,m41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,etc41 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,*emical ,society1 ,memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 ,fell[ ( ! ,geographical ,society1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s' ,,manual1 ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,milk1 ,,artificial ,,butt]1 ,,te/+ ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,rifles ,,by ,,fir+ ,,"u ,,wat]1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,griswold ,,company1 #aej ,,nassau ,,/reet4 #ahhj4 ,,copyright ,,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mott1 ,,jr41 #ahhj4 ,,tr[',s ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,co41 #bje-bac ,ea/ #ab? ,/41 ,,new ,,york4 ,electrotyp$ by ,,smi? ,,mcd\gal1 #hb ,beekman ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,preface4 ,?is "w 0 orig9ally writt5 to be deliv]$ z a lecture2 b z its pages cont9u$ to multiply1 x 0 sugge/$ to ! au?or by num]\s fri5ds t x ought to be publi%$ 9 book-=m2 ?is1 at la/1 ! au?or conclud$ to d4 ,?is "w1 !re=e1 does n claim to be an exhau/ive discussion ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( :i* x treats2 b r x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to pres5t ! m int]e/+ obs]vations 9 ea* dep>tm5t 9 z concise a =m z possible4 ,! au?or has endeavor$ to give cr$it 9 e in/ance :]e he has tak5 advantage ( ! labors ( o!rs4 ,?is "w is n int5d$ = t class ( p :o are s absolutely c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( _! religion & ( ! immortality t x tea*es1 t !y h become unqualifi$ to ent]ta9 or ev5 p]ceive ( any sci5tific objection2 = su* p may be lik5$ unto ^? :o1 ,see+1 !y see1 b w n p]ceive2 & he>+1 !y he>1 b w n und]/&4 ,?is "w is writt5 = ! man ( culture :o is seek+ = tru?--believ+1 z does ! au?or1 t all tru? is ,god's tru?1 & !re=e x becomes ! duty ( e sci5tific man to accept x2 kn[+1 h[ev]1 t x w surely modify ! popul> cre$s & me?ods ( int]pretation1 its f9al result c only be to ! glory ( ,god & to ! e/abli%m5t ( a m exalt$ & pur] religion4 ,all facts are tru?s2 x consequ5tly foll[s t all sci5tific facts are tru?s--!re is no half-way h\se--a /atem5t is ei!r a tru? or x is n a tru?1 accord+ to ! law ( non-contradiction4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d tabulat$ among/ sci5tific facts 7or tru?s7 a /atem5t :i* is n a fact1 x is n sci5ce2 b all /atem5ts :i* are facts x naturally foll[s are tru?s1 & z su* mu/ be accept$1 no matt] h[ repulsive !y may at fir/ seem to "s ( our poetical imag9+s & pet !ories4 ,we _c help b sympa?ize ) ! feel+s :i* prompt$ ,presid5t ,b>n>d to write ! foll[+ l9es1 /ill we w see he 0 too ha/y3 ,mu* z ,i love tru? 9 ! ab/ract1 he says1 ,i love my hope ( immortality m4 99 99 99 ,he ma9ta9$ t x is bett] to close "o's eyes to ! evid5ces ?an to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( c]ta9 doctr9es :i* he reg>ds z subv]sive ( ! fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,if ?is 7is all7 is ! be/ t sci5ce c give me1 !n ,i pray no m sci5ce4 ,let me live on 9 my simple ignorance1 z my fa!rs liv$ be=e me2 & :5 ,i %all at l5g? be summon$ to my f9al repose1 let me /ill be able to fold ! drap]y ( my c\* ab\t me1 & lie d[n to pleasant1 ev5 ?\gh !y be deceitful1 dreams4#a ,! limitations to ! acceptance ( tru? t ,presid5t ,b>n>d makes is wrong2 =1 z ,pr(essor ,w9*ell has said1 we ?9k x is a high] aspiration to wi% to "k '! tru? & ! :ole tru?4' ,at ! same "t1 we h n ! slighte/ appreh5sion t ! :ole tru? c ev] dissipate our fai? 9 a future life4#b ,let u ,prove all ?+s & hold fa/ unto t :i* is good1 recogniz+ ! fact t ! tru?-seek] is ! only ,god-seek]4 ,,au?or ,,janu>y #be1 #ahhj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v1 vi ,,*>t ,,( ,,man',s ,,developm5t #aj-ac ,,protoplasm #ah ,,cells #bj ,,life #bb ,,vital ,,=ce #bd ,,analysis ,,( ,,man #bf ,,unity ,,( ,,organic ,,& ,,inorganic ,,nature #bh ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation #cj ,,! ,,com+ ,,into ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,man #cc ,,evolution #eh ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,=mation #fd ,,! ,,bible #gj ,,kant',s ,,cosmogony #gf1 #hf ,,nature ,a ,,p]petual ,,creation #hb ,,laws ,,( ,,evolution #ij ,,survival ,,( ,,! ,,fitte/ #ib ,,rudim5t>y ,,organs #id ,,reproduction ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,eggs #ii ,,d\ble-,,sex$ ,,individuals #ii ,,inh]itance #ajj ,,artificial ,,mon/]s #ajf ,,acquir$ ,,qualities #ajf ,,geological ,,record #ajh ,,ontog5y #aaj ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,man #aae ,,muscul> ,,=ce #aaf ,,?\ght ,,=ce #aah ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,animals #abb ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,a ,,savage #abf ,,language #abh ,,fai? #acj ,,true ,,consci5ce #acb ,,belief ,,9 ,,god #acf ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god #ach ,,unity ,,( ,,all ,,nature #adj ,,s\l #adc ,,! ,,f9ite ,,s5ses ,,( ,,man #add ,,! ,,unse5 ,,univ]se #adh ,,manife/ations ,,( ,,god #aej ,,hope ,,( ,,immortality #adb-aea ,,0 ,,man ,,creat$8 ,,haeckel',s ,,*>t ,,( ,,man',s ,,developm5t1 ,arrang$ by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mott1 ,jr41 ,ph4 ,d4 #i4 ,am]icans4 7,indians47 ,esquimaux4 ,,hyp]boreans4 ,magy>s4 #h4 ,arctic ,m54 ,f9s4 ------------ ,tungusians4 ,calmucks4 ,t>t>s4 ,samoides4 ----------------------------- ----- ,altaians4 ,uralians4 ------------------------ ,japanese4 ,*9ese4 ,siamese4 ,tibet4 ,ural-,altaians4 ,coreans4 -------------- ,indo-,*9ese4 ,coreo-,japanese4 ----------------------------------- ,indo-,g]manians4 ,semites4 ,basques4 ,caucasians4 -------------------------------- #ab4 ,m$it]anese4 ,s+alese4 ,fulatians4 ,,deccans4 ,,dongolese4 #aj4 ,dradidas4 #aa4 ,nubians4 -------------- ,polynesians4 ,madagasc>s4 ,euplocomi4 #d4 ,negroes4 -------- #c4 ,kaffirs4 ,sundanesians4 ------- #g4 ,mongols #f4 ,malays ,,eriocomi4 -------------------------- ,promalays4 #b4 ,hott5tots #a4 ,papuans4 #e4 ,au/ralians4 ---------- ---- ,,eu?ycomi4 ,,lophocomi4 -------------- ,,lissotri*i 7/raight-hair$7 ,,ulotri*i 7woolly-hair$74 ---------------------- ,,alali 7spee*less m574 ,,pi!can?ropi 7ape-l m574 ,v ,,primeval ,,m54 ,satyrus ,engeco ,gorilla 7,orang74 ,hylobates 7,*impanzee74 7,gorilla74 7,gibbon74 --------------- --------------------- ,african ,asiatic 7,man-l ,apes74 7,man-l ,apes74 ------------------------------------- ,nasalis ,,an?ropoides ,semnopi!cus 7,nose ,apes74 7,man-l ,apes74 7,tall ,apes74 ------------- ,arctopi!ci ,labidoc]a ,c]copi!cus ,cynocephalus 7,silk-,apes74 7,clut*-tails74 7,sea-,cat74 7,pavian74 ---------------- ----------------------- ,aphyoc]a ,cat>rh9a ,m5oc]ca 7,flap-tails74 7,tail$1 ,n>r[-nos$ ,apes74 ,platyrh9 ,cat>rh9 7,flat-nos$ ,apes74 7,n>r[-nos$74 -------------------------------- ,simi 7,apes74 ,bra*yt>si 7,lemurs74 -------------- ,proboscidea ,p9nip$ia 7,elephants74 7,m>9e ,animals ,lamnungia ( ,prey74 7,rock-,conies74 ,nyct]ides 7,bats74 ,c>nivora ------------- 7,l& ,animals ,pt]ocynes ( ,prey74 ,*elophora 7,fly+ ,foxes74 7,pseudo-ho($74 ,c>n>ia ,*iropt]a 7,animals ,rod5tia 7,fly+ ,animals74 ( ,prey74 7,gnaw+ ,animals74 ------------------ ,leptodactyla 7,f+]$ ,insectivora ,animals74 7,insect ,eat]s74 ----------- ---------------------------------- ,,prosimi ,s>coceta 7,true ,:ales74 ,,prosimi 7,br\ght =w>d17 7,semi-,apes74 ,sir5ia 7,sea-,c[s74 ,cetacea 7,:ales74 ,ungulata ,ed5tata ,deciduata 7,ho($ ,animals74 7,poor 9 tee?74 7,decidu\s ,animals74 ------------------------ ,indecidu\s 7,indeciduata74 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,plac5talia 7,plac5tal ,animals74 ,m>supialia ,m>supialia ,botanophaga ,zoophaga 7,h]bivor\s 7,c>nivor\s ,m>supials74 ,m>supials74 --------------------------------------- ,orni?o/oma ,m>supialia 7,beak$ ,animals74 7,m>supial74 ---------------------------------- ,,promammalia 7,glacal ,animals74 ,,mammalia 7,mammals74 ,aves 7,birds74 ,reptilia 7,reptiles74 ------------------------ ,teleo/ei ,halisauria 7,osse\s ,fi%74 7,sea-,dragons74 ,amniota 7,amnion ,animals74 ,dipneu/a 7,mud-,fi%74 ,amphibia 7,batra*ians74 ,ganoidei 7,ganoid ,fi%74 ------------------------------- ,amphipneumones 7,v]tebrate ,animals1 brea?+ ?r\gh lungs74 -------------------------------- ,,sela*ii 7,primeval ,fi%74 ,,pisces 7,fi%es74 ,amphirrh9a ,cyclo/oma 7,d\ble ,no/rils74 7,r\nd-m\!d74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,monorrh9a 7,s+le-no/ril$74 ,craniota 7,animals ) ,skulls74 ,leptoc>dia 7,tube-he>t$74 ,?aliacea4 ---------------- 7,sea-,b>rels74 ,ascidi4 ,acrania --------------- 7,skull-less ,animals74 ,tunicata ,v]tebrata 7,tunicate ,animals74 7,v]tebrate ,animals74 ---------------------------- ,v]mes 7,worms74 ,zoophytes 7,animal ,trees74 ---------- ,protozoa 7,primeval ,animals74 ,,animal ,,mon]a4 ,,vegetable ,,mon]a4 ,,neutral ,,mon]a4 ---------------------------------------- ,,ar*igonic ,,mon]a 7,pieces ( ,protoplasm :i* h orig9at$ by ,spontane\s ,g5]ation47 ,,0 ,,man ,,creat$8 ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,c ,,answ]4 ,! object ( sci5ce is n to f9d out :at we l or :at we dislike--! object ( sci5ce is ,tru?4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! subject1 ,0 ,man ,creat$8 our object w be--n to /udy ! _m ways ,god might h creat$ him1 b ! way he actually did create him1 = all ways w\ld be alike easy to an ,omnipot5t ,be+4 ,let u look at man & ask ! "q3 ,:at is !re ab\t him :i* w\ld ne$ an indep5d5t act ( creation any m ?an ab\t ! m\nta9 ( granite or ! atom ( s&8 ,! answ] comes back3 ,besides life1 man has _m m5tal attributes4 ,let u direct our att5tion at fir/ to ! gr& ph5om5a ( life1 & !n to man's attributes4 ,to discov] ! nature ( life1 to f9d out :at life really is1 x w\ld be folly to comm5ce by comp>+ man1 ! p]fection ( liv+ be+s1 ) an inorganic or inanimate sub/ance l a brick1 to discov] ! hidd5 secret2 =1 z ,pr(essor ,orton says3#c ,t only is ess5tial to life :i* is common to all =ms ( life4 ,our bra9s1 /oma*1 liv]s1 h&s & feet are luxuries4 ,!y are necess>y to make u human1 b n liv+ be+s4 ,in/ead ( man1 !n1 x w be necess>y = u to take ! simple/ be+ :i* possesses su* a ph5om5a2 & su* are ! little homog5e\s specks ( protoplasm1 con/itut+ ! ,gr\p ,mon]a1 :i* are entirely de/itute ( /ructure1 & to :i* ! "n ,cytode has be5 giv54 ,9 ! fre% wat]s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,j5a m9ute lumps ( protoplasm 7 discov]$ by ,haeckel1 :i*1 on be+ exam9$ "u ! mo/ p[]ful l5s ( a microscope1 7 se5 to h no con/ant =m1 _! outl9es be+ 9 a /ate ( p]petual *ange1 caus$ by ! protrusion f v>i\s p>ts ( _! surface ( broad lobes & ?ick f+]-l projections1 :i*1 aft] rema9+ visible = a "t1 w\ld be )drawn1 to make _! appe>ance aga9 on "s o!r "p ( ! surface4 ,to ?is little mass ( protoplasm ,haeckel has giv5 ! "n ,protanba primitiva4 ,^! little lumps multiply by spontane\s division into two pieces1 :i*1 on becom+ dep5d5t1 increase 9 size & acquire all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p>5t4 ,f ?is illu/ration1 x w be se5 t reproduction is a =m ( nutrition & a gr[? ( ! individual to a size beyond t belong+ to x z an individual1 s t a "p is ?us elevat$ into a 7new7 :ole4 ,x is to ?is simple /ate ( ! mon]a ! f]tiliz$ egg ( any animal is trans=m$--! g]m vesicle2 ! orig9al egg k]nel disappe>s1 & ! p>5t k]nel 7cytococcus7 =ms itself anew2 & x is 9 ?is condition1 a non-nucleat$ ball ( protoplasm1 a true cytod1 a homog5e\s1 /ructureless body1 )\t diff]5t con/itu5t p>ts1 t ! human *ild1 z well z all o!r liv+ be+s1 take _! fir/ /eps 9 developm5t4 ,no matt] h[ wond]ful ?is may seem1 ! fact />es u 9 ! face t ! entire human *ild1 z well z e animal ) all _! great future possibilities1 are 9 _! fir/ /age a small ball ( ?is complex homog5e\s sub/ance4 ,:e!r we consid] a m]e inf9itesimal ovoid p>ticle :i* f9ds space & duration en\gh to multiply into c\ntless millions 9 ! body ( a liv+ fly1 & !n ( ! weal? ( foliage1 ! luxuriance ( fl[] & fruit :i* lies betwe5 ?is bald sket* ( a plant & ! gigantic p9e ( ,cali=nia1 t[]+ to ! dim5sions ( a ca!dral spire1 or ! ,indian fig :i* cov]s acres ) its pr(\nd %ad[1 & endures :ile nations & empires come & g ar\nd its va/ circumf]5ce1 or we look at ! o!r half ( ! _w ( life1 pictur+ to ourselves ! great f9n] :ale1 huge/ ( bea/s t live or h liv$1 disport+ 8 eighty or n9ety feet ( bone1 muscle1 & blubb]1 ) easy roll1 among ! waves 9 :i* ! /\te/ %ip t ev] left dock-y>d w\ld f\nd] hopelessly1 & contra/ him ) ! invisible animalcule1 m]e gelat9\s specks1 multitudes ( :i* c\ld 9 fact dance ^u ! po9t ( a ne$le ) ! same ease z ! angels ( ! s*oolman c\ld 9 imag9ation2--) ^! images be=e our m9ds1 x w\ld be /range if we did n ask :at community ( =m or /ructure is !re betwe5 ! fungus & ! fig-tree1 ! animalcule & ! :ale8 &1 =tiori1 betwe5 all f\r8 ,not)/&+ ^! app>5t difficulties1 a ?reefold unity--namely1 a unity ( p[] or faculty1 a unity ( =m1 & a unity ( sub/antial composition--does p]vade ! :ole liv+ _w4#d ,& ?is unit is ,protoplasm4 ,s we see x is necess>y = u to retreat to our protoplasm z a nak$ =mless plasma1 if we w\ld f9d fre$ f all non-ess5tial complications ! ag5t to :i* has be5 assign$ ! duty ( build+ up /ructure & ( trans=m+ ! en]gy ( lifeless matt] into ! liv+4 ,ev5 ,goe! 79 #ahjg7 almo/ /at$ ?is :5 he said3 ,plants & animals1 reg>d$ 9 _! mo/ imp]fect condition1 are h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 we may say1 t f a condition 9 :i* plant is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f animal1 creatures h appe>$1 gradually p]fect+ !mselves 9 two opposite directions--! plant is f9ally glorifi$ into ! tree1 endur+ & motionless2 ! animal into ! human be+ ( ! highe/ mobility & fre$om4 ,let u exam9e = a mom5t ?is sub/ance ,protoplasm1 & see 9 :at way x diff]s f inorganic matt]1 or 9 :at way ! animate diff]s f ! inanimate--! liv+ f ! dead4 ,felix ,duj>d91 a ,fr5* zoologi/ 7#ahce7 po9t$ out t ! only liv+ sub/ance 9 ! body ( rhizopods & o!r inf]ior primitive animals1 is id5tical ) protoplasm4 ,he call$ x s>code4 ,hugo von ,mohl 7#ahdf7 fir/ appli$ ! "n protoplasm to ! peculi> s]us & mobile sub/ance 9 ! int]ior ( vegetable cells2 & he p]ceiv$ its high importance1 b 0 v f> f und]/&+ its significance 9 relation to all organisms4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until ,f]d9& ,cohn 7#ahej7 & m fully ,franz ,ung] 7#ahee7 _h e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ! animate & contractile protoplasm 9 vegetable cells & ! s>code ( ! l[] animals1 c\ld ,max ,%ultz 9 #ahef-fa elaborate ! protoplasm !ory ( ! s>code s z to proclaim protoplasm to be ! mo/ ess5tial & important con/itu5t ( all organic cells1 & to %[ t ! bag or husk ( ! cell1 ! cellul> membrane & int]cellul> sub/ance1 are b second>y p>ts ( ! cell1 & are frequ5tly want+4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,lionel ,beale 7#ahfb7 gave to protoplasm1 includ+ ! cellul> g]m1 ! "n ( g]m9al matt]1 & to all ! o!r sub/ance ent]+ into ! composition ( tissue1 be+ second>y1 & produc$ ! "n ( =m$ matt]4 ,:]ev] !re is life !re is protoplasm2 :]ev] !re is protoplasm1 !re1 too1 is life4 ,! physical consi/5ce ( protoplasm v>ies ) ! am\nt ( wat] ) :i* x is comb9$1 f ! solid =m 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! dormant /ate to ! ?9 wat]y /ate 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! leaves ( valisn]ia4 ,z to its composition1 *emi/ry c z yet give b scanty in=mation2 x c tell t x is compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 & x c also tell ! p]c5tage ( ea* elem5t1 b x _c give m ?an a =mula t w express x z a :ole1 giv+ no in=mation z to ! nature ( ! num]\s album9oid sub/ances :i* compose x4 ,edw>d ,cope1 9 8 article on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1#e gives ! =mula = protoplasm 7z a :ole71 ,c#bd;,h#ag,n#c,o#h ,s & ,p1 9 small quantities "u "s circum/ances4 ,x is !re=e1 he says1 a nitryl ( cellulose3 ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#b #c,,nh#c4 ,accord+ to ,muld] ! composition ( album51 "o ( ! class ( prote9 sub/ances to :i* protoplasm belongs1 is #aj7;,c#dj;,h#ca,n#e,o#ab7 ,s#b,p4 ,protoplasm is id5tical 9 bo? ! animal & vegetable k+dom2 x behaves ! same f :atev] s\rce x may be d]iv$ t[>ds sev]al re-ag5ts1 z also electricity4 ,is x possible1 !n1 t ! protoplasm :i* produces ! m\ld is exactly ! same composition z t :i* produces ! human *ild8 ,! answ] is ,,yes1 s f> z ! elem5ts are conc]n$1 b ! proportions ( c>bon1 hydrog51 etc41 mu/ ent] into an inf9ite numb] ( div]se /ratifications & comb9ation 9 ! production ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life4 ,pr(essor ,frankl&1 speak+ ( prote91 = in/ance1 says x is capable ( exi/+ "u probably at lea/ a ?\s& isom]ic =ms4 ,protoplasm may be di/+ui%$ "u ! microscope f o!r memb]s ( ! class to :i* x belongs1 on acc\nt ( ! faculty x possesses ( comb9+ ) c]ta9 color+ matt]s1 z c>m9e & anil9e2 x is color$ d>k-r$ or yell[i%-br[n by iod9e & nitric acid1 & x is coagulat$ by alcohol & m9]al acids z well z by heat4 ,x possesses ! quality ( absorb+ wat] 9 v>i\s quantities1 :i* r5d]s x sometimes extremely s(t & ne>ly liquid1 & sometimes h>d & firm l lea!r4 ,its prom95t physical prop]ties are excitability & contractility1 :i* ,khne & o!rs h especially inve/igat$4 ,! motion ( protoplasm 9 plants 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,bonav5ture ,corti a c5tury ago 9 ! ,*>oe plants2 b ?is important fact 0 =gott51 & x _h to be discov]$ by ,treviranus 9 #ahjg4 ,! regul> motion ( ! protoplasm1 =m+ a p]fect curr5t1 may be se5 9 ! hairs ( ! nettle1 & weighty evid5ce exi/s t simil> curr5ts occur 9 all "y vegetable cells4 ,if su* be ! case1 says ,huxley1 ! wond]ful noonday sil5ce ( a tropical =e/ is1 aft] all1 due only to ! dullness ( our he>+1 & c\ld our e>s cat* ! murmur ( ^! t9y mael/roms1 z !y :irl 9 innum]able myriads ( liv+ cells1 :i* con/itute ea* tree1 we %\ld be /unn$ z ) a ro> ( a great city4 ,"o /ep high] 9 ! scale ( life ?an ! mon]a is ! vegetable or animal cell1 :i* arose out ( ! mon]a by ! important process ( segregation 9 _! homog5e\s viscid bodies1 ! diff]5tiation ( an inn] k]nel f ! surr\nd+ plasma4 ,by ?is means ! great progress f a simple cytod 7)\t k]nel7 into a real cell 7) k]nel7 0 accompli%$4 ,"s ( ^! cells at an e>ly /age encas$ !mselves by secret+ a h>d5$ membrane2 !y =m$ ! fir/ vegetable cells1 :ile o!rs rema9+ nak$ develop$ into ! fir/ aggregate ( animal cells4 ,! vegetable cell has usually two conc5tric cov]+s--cell-wall & primordial utricle4 ,9 animal cells ! =m] is want+1 ! membrane repres5t+ ! utricle4 ,z a g5]al fact1 also1 animal cells are small] ?an vegetable cells4 ,_! size#f v>ies greatly1 b are g5]ally invisible to ! nak$ eye1 rang+ f #a_/ejj to #a_/ajjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ab\t f\r ?\s& ( ! smalle/ w\ld be requir$ to cov] ! dot put ov] ! lett] i 9 writ+4 ,! %ape ( cells v>ies greatly2 ! normal =m1 ?\gh1 is sph]oidal z 9 ! cells ( fat1 b !y (t5 become#g _m-sid$--sometimes flatt5$ z 9 ! cuticle1 & sometimes elongat$ into a simple filam5t z 9 fibr\s tissue or muscul> fibre4 ,! cell1 !re=e1 is extremely int]e/+1 s9ce all animal & vegetable /ructure is b ! multiplication ( ! cell z a unit1 & ! :ole life ( ! plant or animal is t ( ! cells :i* compose !m1 & 9 !m or by !m all its vital processes are c>ri$ on4 ,x may s\nd p>adoxical to speak ( an animal or plant be+ compos$ ( millions ( cells2 b beyond ! mom5t>y %ock ( ! p>adox no h>m is done4 ,! cell1 !n1 c be reg>d$ z ! basis ( our physiological idea ( ! elem5t>y organism2 b 9 ! animal z well z 9 ! plant1 nei!r cell-wall nor nucleus is an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cell1 inasmu* z bodies :i* are unque/ionably ! equival5ts ( cells--true morphological units--may be m]e masses ( protoplasm1 devoid alike ( cell-wall or nucleus4 ,= ! :ole liv+ _w1 !n1 ! prim>y & a m5tal =m ( life is m]ely an individual mass ( protoplasm 9 :i* no fur!r /ructure is disc]nible4 ,well1 !n1 has protoplasm be5 call$ ! univ]sal concomitant ( e ph5om5a ( life4 ,life is insep>able f ?is sub/ance1 b is dormant unless excit$ by "s ext]nal /imulant1 su* z heat1 light1 electricity1 food1 wat]1 & oxyg54 ,al?\gh we h se5 t ! life ( ! plant z well z ( ! animal is protoplasm1 & t ! protoplasm ( ! plant & t ( ! animal be> ! close/ resemblance1 yet plants c manufacture protoplasm out ( m9]al comp\nds1 :]eas animals are oblig$ to procure x ready made1 & h5ce 9 ! end dep5d on plants4 ,)\t plants1 says ,pr(essor ,orton1 animals w\ld p]i%2 )\t animals1 plants _h no ne$ to be4 ,! food ( a plant is a matt] ^: en]gy is all exp5d$--is a fall5 weight4 ,b ! plant organism receives x1 exposes x to ! sun's rays1 & 9 a way my/]i\s to u conv]ts ! actual en]gy ( ! sunlight into pot5tial en]gy )9 x4 ,x is = ?is reason t life has be5 t]m$ bottl$-sun%9e4 ,! pr9cipal food ( ! plant consi/s ( c>bon unit$ ) oxyg5 to =m c>bonic acid1 hydrog5 unit$ ) oxyg5 to =m wat]1 & nitrog5 unit$ ) hydrog5 to =m ammonia4 ,^! elem5ts ?us unit$1 :i* 9 !mselves are p]fectly lifeless1 ! plant is able to conv]t into liv+ protoplasm4 ,plants are1 says ,huxley1 ! accumulators ( ! p[] :i* animals di/ribute & disp]se4 ,b\ss5gault f\nd long s9ce t peas s[n 9 pure s&1 moi/5$ ) di/ill$ wat] & f$ by ! air1 obta9$ all ! c>bon necess>y = _! developm5t1 fl[]+1 & fructification4 ,"h we see a plant :i* n only ma9ta9s its vigor on ^! few sub/ances1 b gr[s until x has increas$ a millionfold or a million-millionfold ! quantity ( protoplasm x orig9ally possess$1 & ?is protoplasm exhibits ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,?is & o!r pro( l$ ,m4 ,dumas to say3 ,f ! l(tie/ po9t ( view1 & 9 connection ) ! physics ( ! globe1 x w\ld be imp]ative on u to say t 9 s f> z _! truly organic elem5ts are conc]n$1 plants & animals are ! (fspr+ ( ! air4 ,s*leid51#h speak+ ( ! haymak]s ( ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol1 says3 ,he m[s 8 def9ite am\nt ( grass e ye> on ! ,alps1 inaccessible to cattle1 & gives n back ! smalle/ quantity ( organic sub/ance to ! soil4 ,:5ce comes ! hay1 if n f ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 se51 !n1 t plants c manufacture protoplasm1 a faculty :i* animals are n possess$ (2 !y at be/ c only conv]t dead protoplasm into liv+ protoplasm4 ,?us :5 vegetable or meat is cook$ _! protoplasm dies1 b is n r5d]$ incompet5t ( resum+ its old functions z a matt] ( life4 ,if ,i1 says ,huxley1 %\ld eat a piece ( cook$ mutton1 :i* 0 once ! liv+ protoplasm ( a %eep1 ! protoplasm1 r5d]$ dead by cook+1 w be *ang$ into liv+ protoplasm1 & ?us ,i w\ld transub/antiate %eep into man2 & 7 ,i to return to my own place by sea & und]go %ipwreck1 ! cru/acean might & probably w\ld return ! complim5t1 & demon/rate our common nature by turn+ my protoplasm into liv+ lob/]4 ,z has be5 said be=e1 :]e !re are life manife/ations !re is protoplasm4 ,life is reg>d$ by "o class ( ?9k]s z ! pr9ciple or cause ( organization2 & accord+ to ! o!r1 life is ! product or effect ( organization4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 agree ) ,pr(essor ,orton1 :o says3 ,life is ! effect ( organization1 n ! result ( x4 ,animals d n live because !y are organiz$1 b are organiz$ because !y are alive4 ,9 :atev] way x is look$ at1 life is b a =c$ condition4 ,! m advanc$ ?9k]s1 !n1 9 sci5ce to-day1 says ,b>k]1 !re=e look ^u ! life ( ! liv+ =m z insep>able f its sub/ance1 & believe t ! =m] is purely ph5om5al & only a manife/ation ( ! latt]4 ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( a special =ce z su*1 !y reta9 ! t]m only to express ! sum ( ! ph5om5a ( liv+ be+s4 ,! ^w life mu/ be reg>d$1 !n1 z only a g5]aliz$ expression signify+ ! sum-total ( ! prop]ties ( matt] possess+ su* organization4 ,9 :at mann]1 !n1 does ?is matt]1 possess+ ! ph5om5a ( life1 diff] f inorganic matt]1 or 9 :at mann] does liv+ matt] diff] f matt] n liv+8 ,! =ces :i* are at "w on ! "o side are at "w on ! o!r4 ,! ph5om5a ( life are all dep5d5t ^u ! work+ ( ! same physical & *emical =ces z ^? :i* are active 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,x may be conv5i5t to use ! t]ms vitality & vital =ce to d5ote ! cause ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( natural op]ations1 z we employ ! names ( electricity & electrical =ce to d5ote o!rs2 b x ceases to d s1 if su* a "n implies ! absurd assumption t ei!r electricity or vitality is an entity1 play+ ! "p ( a suffici5t cause ( electrical or vital ph5om5a4 ,a mass ( liv+ protoplasm is simply a ma*9e ( great complexity1 ! total result ( ! "w ( :i*1 or its vital ph5om5a1 dep5d on ! "o h& ^u its con/ruction1 & on ! o!r ^u ! en]gy suppli$ to x2 & to speak ( vitality z any?+ b ! names ( a s]ies ( op]ations is z if "o %\ld talk ( ! horologity ( a clock4#i ,:5 hydrog5 & oxyg5 are unit$ by an electrical sp>k wat] is produc$2 c]ta9ly !re is no p>ity betwe5 ! liquid produc$ & ! two gases4 ,at #cb ,f41 oxyg5 & hydrog5 are ela/ic gase\s bodies1 ^: p>ticles t5d to fly away f "o ano!r2 wat] at ! same temp]ature is a /rong ?\gh brittle solid4 ,su* *anges are call$ ! prop]ties ( wat]4 ,x is n assum$ t a c]ta9 some?+ call$ acquosity has ent]$ into & tak5 possession ( ! oxide ( hydrog5 z soon z =m$1 & !n gu>d$ ! p>ticles 9 ! facets ( ! cry/al or among/ ! leaflets ( ! ho>-fro/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is hop$ molecul> physics w 9 "t expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,:at bett] philosophical /atus1 says ,huxley1#aj has vitality ?an acquosity4 ,if ! prop]ties ( wat] may be prop]ly said to result f ! nature & disposition ( its molecules1 ,i c f9d no intelligible gr\nd = refus+ to say t ! prop]ties ( protoplasm result f ! nature & disposition ( its molecules4 ,to di/+ui% ! liv+ f ! dead body1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 ! tree t puts out leaves :5 ! spr+ br+s *ange ( temp]ature1 ! fl[] :i* op5s & closes ) ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 ! plant t droops :5 ! soil is dry & re-erects itself :5 wat]$1 are consid]$ alive because ( ^! produc$ *anges2 9 common ) ! zoophyte1 :i* contracts on ! pass+ ( a cl\d ov] ! sun1 ! worm t comes to ! gr\nd :5 cont9ually %ak51 & ! h$gehog :i* rolls itself up :5 attack$4 ,se$s ( :eat produc$ antec$5t to ! ,ph>aohs1 says ,ba/a91#aa rema9+ 9 ,egyptian catacombs ?r\gh c5tury aft] c5tury display ( c\rse no vital manife/ations1 b nev]!less reta9 ! pot5tiality ( gr[+ into p]fect plants :5ev] !y may be br\ght into contact ) suitable ext]nal conditions4 ,we mu/ presume t ei!r 7#a7 dur+ ?is long lapse ( c5turies ! 'vital pr9ciple' ( ! plant has be5 imprison$ 9 ! mo/ dre>y & imp5etrable ( dungeons1 :i!r no si/] efflu5ce f ! g5]al 's\l ( nature' c\ld affect x2 or else 7#b7 t ! g]m ( ! future liv+ plant is !re only 9 ! =m ( an inh]it$ /ructure1 ^: molecul> complexities are ( su* a k9d t1 aft] moi/ure has re/or$ mobility to its atoms1 its pot5tial life may pass into actual life4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animals & plants h su* a t5acity to life t _! vital manife/ation may be kept 9 abeyance = five1 t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty ye>s4 ,?\gh n liv+ any m ?an ! :eat1 !y also reta9 ! pot5tiality ( manife/ation ( life2 & = ea* alike1 9 ord] t ?is pot5tiality may pass into actuality1 ! fir/ requisition is wat] ) :i* to re/ore !m to t possibility ( molecul> re>rangem5t "u ! influ5ce ( incid5t =ces1 ( :i* ! abs5ce ( wat] _h depriv$ !m1 & )\t :i*1 life 9 any real s5se is impossible4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,man4 7,,by ,,pr(4 ,,mill]47 ,a man #e feet #h in*es high1 weigh+ #aed p\nds4 lbs4 oz4 grs4 ,oxyg5 #aaa #j #j ,hydrog5 #ad #j #j ,c>bon #ba #j #j ,nitrog5 #c #aj #j ,inorganic elem5ts 9 ! a%3 ,phosphorus #a #b #hh ,calcium #b #j #j ,sulphur #j #j #bai ,*lor9e #j #b #dg #a ounce #dcg gra9s4 ,sodium #j #b #aaf ,iron #j #j #ajj ,potassium #j #j #bij ,magnesium #j #j #ab ,silica #j #j #b ,total #aed #j #j ,! quantity ( ! sub/ances f\nd 9 a human body weigh+ #aed p\nds3 lbs4 oz4 grs4 ,wat] #aaa #j #j ,gelat9 #ae #j #j ,album5 #d #c #j ,fibr9e #d #d #j ,fat #ab #j #j ,a%es #g #i #j ,total #aed #j #j 7,f ! ,,*emi/s' ,,manual47 ,pr(essor ,ow5#ab says3 ,!re are organisms 7vibrieo1 rotif]1 macrobiotus1 etc47 :i* we c devitalize & revitalize--devive & revive--_m times4 ,z ! dri$ animalcule manife/ no ph5om5a sugge/+ any idea contribut+ to =m ! complex "o ( 'life' 9 my m9d1 ,i reg>d x to be z completely lifeless z is ! dr[n$ man1 ^: brea? & heat h gone1 & ^: blood has ceas$ to circulate4 99 99 99 ,! *ange ( "w consequ5t on dry+ or dr[n+ =?) beg9s to alt] relations or compositions1 & 9 "t to a degree adv]se to resumption ( ! vital =m ( =ce1 a long] p]iod be+ ne$$ = ?is effect 9 ! rotif]1 a %ort] "o 9 ! man1 /ill %ort] x may be 9 ! amoeba4 ,!re is1 says ,dumas1#ac an et]nal r\nd 9 :i* dea? is quick5$ & life appe>s1 b 9 :i* matt] m]ely *anges its place & =m4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! inorganic _w ) ! organic--! inanimate ) ! animate--& see if !re does exi/ an insep>able b\nd>y betwe5 !m4 ,! fundam5tal prop]ties ( e natural body are matt]1 =m1 & =ce4 ,"o important po9t to be notic$ is1 t ! elem5ts :i* compose all animate bodies are ! v elem5ts t help to build up ! inanimate bodies4 ,no new elem5ts appe> 9 ! vegetable or animal _w :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 animate & inanimate bodies1 !re=e1 is c]ta9ly n 9 ! elem5ts :i* =m !m1 b 9 ! molecul> comb9ation ( !m2 & x is to be hop$ t molecul> physics w1 at "s n f> di/ant "t1 enlight5 u z to ! peculi> /ate ( aggregation 9 :i* ! molecules exi/ 9 liv+ matt]4 ,z to ! =m1 x is impossible to f9d any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! ext]nal =m & inn] /ructure betwe5 inorganic & organic bodies--= ! simple monad1 :i* is z mu* a liv+ organism z ! mo/ complex be+1 is no?+ b a homog5e\s1 /ructureless mass ( protoplasm4 ,b j z ! inorganic sub/ance1 accord+ to well-def9$ laws1 elaborates its /ructure into a cry/al ( great beauty1 s does ! protoplasm elaborate itself into ! mo/ beautiful ( all /ructures--! cell unit4 ,j z gold & copp] cry/allizes 9 a geometrical =m1 a cube--bismu? & antimony 9 a hexagonal1 iod9e & sulphur 9 a rhombic =m--s we f9d among radiol>ia1 & among o!r proti/a & l[] =ms1 t !y may be trac$ to a ma!matical1 fundam5tal =m1 & ^: =m 9 its :ole1 z well z 9 its p>ts1 is b\nd$ by def9ite geometrically det]m9able planes & angles4 ,n[1 z to ! =ces ( ! two diff]5t gr\ps ( bodies4 ,surely ! con/ructive =ce ( a cry/al is due to ! *emical composition1 & to its mat]ial con/itution4 ,z ! %ape ( ! cry/al & its size are influ5c$ by surr\nd+ circum/ances1 !re is1 !re=e1 an ext]nal con/ructive =ce at "w4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! gr[? ( an organism & t ( a cry/al is1 t 9 ! =m] case1 9 consequ5ce ( its semi-fluid /ate ( aggregation1 ! newly add$ p>ticles p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! organism 7int]-susception71 :]eas inorganic sub/ances receive homog5e\s matt] f )\t1 only by opposition or an addition ( new p>ticles to ! surface4 ,if we1 !n1 designate ! gr[? & ! =mation ( organisms z a process ( life1 we may ) equal reason apply ! same t]m ) ! develop+ cry/al4 ,x is = ^! & o!r reasons1 demon/rat+ z !y d ! unity ( organic & inorganic nature1 ! ess5tial agreem5t ( inorganic & organic bodies 9 matt]1 =m1 & =ce1 :i* l$ ,tyndall#ad to say3 ,ab&on+ all disguise1 ! confession t ,i feel b\nd to make be=e y is1 t ,i prolong ! vision backw>d across ! b\nd>y ( exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & disc]n 9 t matt] :i* we 9 our ignorance1 & not)/&+ our pr(ess$ rev]5ce = its ,creator1 h hi!rto cov]$ ) opprobrium1 ! promise & pot5cy ( e =m & quality ( life4 ,return+ n[ to our protoplasm1 let u ask ! "q3 ,:]e did x come f8 or1 ,h[ did x come into exi/5ce8 ,?\gh *emical syn!sis has built up a numb] ( organic sub/ances :i* h be5 deem$ ! product ( vitality1 yet1 up to ! pres5t day1 ! fact /&s out be=e u t no "o has ev] built up "o p>ticle ( liv+ matt]1 h[ev] m9ute1 f lifeless elem5ts4 ,! protoplasm ( to-day is simply a cont9uation ( ! protoplasm ( o!r ages1 h&$ d[n to u ?r\gh p]iods ( undef9able & indet]m9able "t4 ,! "q ( :]e protoplasm came f--h[ x arose--*emi/ry is unable to answ]2 b ! "q is answ]$1 probably1 by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,only ! m]e/ p>ticle ( liv+ protoplasm 0 necess>y to be =m$ f lifeless matt] 9 ! beg9n+2 =1 9 ! eyes ( any consi/5t evolutioni/1 any fur!r indep5d5t =mation w\ld be %e] wa/e1 z ! hypo!sis ( evolution po/ulates ! unlimit$1 ?\gh p]haps n1 indef9ite modifiability ( su* matt]4 ,z we h se5 t !re exi/s no absolute b>ri] betwe5 organic & inorganic bodies1 x is n s difficult to conceive t ! fir/ p>ticle ( protoplasm may h orig9at$1 "u suitable conditions1 out ( inorganic or lifeless matt]4 ,b ! causes :i* h l$ to ! orig9ation ( ?is p>ticle1 x may be said1 we "k absolutely no?+--z 9 ! =mation ( ! cry/al & ! cell--! ultimate causes rema9 9 bo? cases conceal$ f u4 ,at ! "t 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory :5 wat]1 9 a liquid /ate1 made its appe>ance on ! cool$ cru/ ( ! e>?1 ! c>bon probably exi/$ z c>bonic acid disp]s$ 9 ! atmosph]e2 & f ! v be/ ( gr\nds1 x is reasonable to assume t ! d5sity & electric condition ( ! atmosph]e 7 q diff]5t1 z also ! *emical & physical nature ( ! primeval ocean 0 q diff]5t4 ,9 any case1 !re=e1 ev5#ae if we d n "k any?+ m ab\t x1 !re rema9s ! supposition1 :i* c at lea/ n be disput$1 t at t "t1 "u conditions q diff]5t f ^? ( to-day1 a spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* is n[ p]haps no long] possible1 may h tak5 place4 ,?is po9t is n[ conc$$ by mo/ all ( ! advanc$ sci5ti/s ( ! day1 & is absolutely necess>y = ! completion ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,! answ] may come to ?is--,well1 suppose ! fir/ protoplasm did orig9ate by spontane\s g5]ation1 :]e did ! elem5ts or =ce come f :i* compose x8 ,sci5ce has no?+ to d ) ! com+ into exi/5ce ( matt] or =ce1 = %e proves bo? to be inde/ructible2 :5 !y disappe>1 !y d s only to reappe> 9 "s o!r =m4 ,! com+ into exi/5ce ( matt] & =ce1 z also ! ultimate cause ( all ph5om5a1 is beyond ! doma9 ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,sci5ce has only to d ) ! com+ 9 ( ! =m ( matt]1 n ! com+ 9 ( its exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,a ,mon]on 7,protamoeba7 9 act ( reproduction2 ,a1 ! :ole ,mon]on1 :i* moves l ord9>y ,amoeba1 by means ( v>iable processes3 ,b1 a contraction ar\nd its circumf]5ce p>ts x into two halves2 ,c1 ! two halves sep>ate1 & ea* n[ =ms indep5d5t individuals4 7,mu* enl>g$47--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,a1 is a crawl+ ,amoeba 7mu* enl>g$74--,haeckel4 ,! :ole organism has ! =m-value ( a nak$ cell & moves ab\t by means ( *angeable processes1 :i* are ext5d$ f ! protoplasmic body & aga9 drawn 94 ,9 ! inside is ! bright-color$1 r\ndi% cell-k]nel or nucleus4 ,b1 ,egg-cell ( a ,*alk ,sponge 7,olyn?us74--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,repres5ts ! next high] /age1 ,mulb]ry-g]m or ,morula 7,synamoeba74--,haeckel4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,into ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,man1 ,,by ,,! ,,sl[ ,,process ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,x is necess>y n[ to take up ! little mass ( liv+ matt]1 admitt+ its com+ into exi/5ce by spontane\s g5]ation z probable1 & s probable t x almo/ am\nts to a c]ta9ty1 & foll[ x ?r\gh ! _m *anges x is ab\t to make "u ! influ5ce ( ! laws :i* gov]n evolution until x has culm9at$ 9 man1 & ^! laws /ill act+ on ! bra9 ( man1 p]fect+ x1 & lead+ him on to ! compreh5sion ( a gr&] & nobl] conception ( ! ,almighty & ( 8 works4 ,! />t1 !n1 mu/ be made ) a homog5e\s mass ( protoplasm1 su* z ! exi/+ ,protamoeba primitiva ( ! pres5t day1 :i* is a /ructureless organism )\t organs1 & :i* came into exi/5ce dur+ ! ,laur5tian p]iod4 ,x is to ?is simplifi$ condition1 z ,i h previ\sly /at$1 all f]tiliz$ eggs return be=e !y comm5ce to develop4 ,! fir/ process ( adaptation effect$ by ! mon]a mu/ h be5 ! cond5sation ( an ext]nal cru/1 :i*1 z a protect+ cov]+1 %ut 9 ! s(t] int]ior f ! ho/ile influ5ces ( ! out] _w4 ,z soon z1 by cond5sation ( ! homog5e\s mon]on1 a cell-k]nel arose 9 ! int]ior1 & a membrane arose on ! surface1 all ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! unit 7 !n furni%$4 ,su* a unit 0 an organism1 simil> to ! :ite corpuscle ( ! blood1 & call$ amoeb4 ,"h we h two diff]5t /ages ( evolution2 ! protoplasma 7bett] plasson7 ( ! cytod und]goes diff]5tiation1 & is split up into two k9ds ( album9\s sub/ances--! inn] cell-k]nel 7nucleus7 & ! out] cell-sub/ance 7protoplasma74 ,edw>d von ,b5d51 9 8 "w ^u ,greg>91 fir/ cle>ly po9t$ out ?is fact1 t we mu/ di/+ui% ?or\ghly betwe5 ! plasson ( cytods & ! protoplasm ( cells4 ,an irrefutable pro( t su* s+le-cell$ primval animals l ! amoeba really exi/$ z ! direct ance/ors ( man1 is furni%$1 accord+ to ! fundam5tal law ( biog5y1 by ! fact t ! human egg is no?+ m ?an a simple cell4 ,! next /ep tak5 9 advance is ! division ( ! cell 9 two2--!re arise f ! s+le g]m9al spot two new k]nel specks1 & !n1 9 l mann]1 out ( ! g]m9al vesicle two new cell-k]nels4 ,! same process ( cell-division n[ repeats itself sev]al times 9 succession1 & ! products ( ! division =m a p]fect union4 ,?is organism may be call$ a community ( amoeb 7synamoeb74 ,f ! community ( amoeba morula1 n[ arose ciliat$ l>v4 ,! cells ly+ on ! surface ext5d$ hair-l processes or fr+es ( hair1 :i*1 by /rik+ aga9/ ! wat]1 kept ! :ole body rotat+--! lanceolate animals or amphioxus 7 ?us fir/ produc$4 ,"h we f9d f ! synamoeb :i* crept ab\t sl[ly at ! bottom ( ! ,laur5tian primeval ocean by means ( movem5ts l ^? ( an amoeba1 t ! newly-=m$ plana by ! vibrat+ movem5ts ( ! cilia1 ! entire multicellul> body acquir$ a m rapid & /rong] motion1 & pass$ ov] f ! creep+ to ! swimm+ mode ( locomotion4 ,! plana consi/$1 !n1 ( two k9ds ( cells--inn] ones l ! amoeb1 & ext]nal ciliat$ cells4 ,! ance/ors ( man1 :i* possess$ ! =m value ( ! ciliat$ l>va1 is1 ( c\rse1 ext9ct at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,! ,norwegian ,flimm]-ball 7,magospho]a ,planula71 swimm+ by means ( its vibratile fr+es2 se5 f ! surface4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,! same 9 section4 ,! pe>-%ap$ cells are se5 b\nd toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! gelat9\s sph]e by a ?read-l process4 ,ea* cell conta9s bo? a k]nel & a contractile vesicle4 7,,plan,a ,,s]ies47--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,,iii ,,& ,,iv4--,repres5ts ,,ga/r,a ,,s]ies4 ,! body consi/s m]ely ( a simple primitive inte/9e1 ! wall ( :i* is =m$ ( two prim>y g]m-lay]s4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,i & ,,ii4--,repres5ts ! next high] /age 7,tubul>ia74 ,fig4 ,i1 a simple ,glid+ ,worm 7,rhabdocoelum72 m1 m\?2 sd1 ?roat-epi!lium2 sm1 ?roat-muscles2 d1 /oma*-inte/9e2 nc1 kidney-ducts2 nm1 op5+ ( ! kidneys2 au1 eye2 na1 nose-pit4 ,fig4 ,,ii1 ! same ,glid+ ,worm1 %[+ ! rema9+ organs2 g1 bra92 au1 eye2 na1 nose-pit2 n1 n]ves2 h1 te/es2 male symbol1 male op5+2 female symbol1 female op5+2 e1 ov>y2 f1 ciliat$ out]-sk94--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,repres5ts ,s(t ,worms 7,scolecida7 & is a "y ,acorn ,worm 7,balanoglossus71 aft] ,agassiz4 r1 acorn-l proboscis2 h1 coll>2 k1 gill-op5+s & gill-ar*es ( ! ant]ior inte/9e1 9 a long r[1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 on ea* side2 d1 dige/ive po/]ior inte/9e1 fill+ ! great] "p ( ! body cavity2 v1 inte/9al vessel1 ly+ betwe5 two p>allel folds ( ! sk92 a1 anus4 ,out ( ! planula1 !n1 develops an exce$+ly important animal =m--! ga/rula 7t is1 l>va ) a /oma* or inte/9e71 :i* resembles ! planula1 b diff]s ess5tially 9 ! fact t x encloses a cavity :i* op5s to ! outside by a m\?4 ,! wall ( ! proga/] 7prim>y /oma*7 consi/s ( two lay]s ( cells3 an out] lay] ( small] ciliat$ cells 7out] sk9 or ectod]m71 & ( an inn] lay] ( l>ge non-ciliat$ cells 7inn] sk9 or entod]m74 ,?is exce$+ly important l>val =m1 ! ga/rula1 makes its appe>ance 9 ! ontog5esis ( all tribes ( animals4 ,^! ga/rada mu/ h exi/$ dur+ ! old] primordial p]iod1 & !y mu/ h also includ$ ! ance/ors ( man4 ,a c]ta9 pro( ( ?is is furni%$ by ! amphioxus1 :i*1 9 spite ( its blood relation%ip to man1 /ill passes ?r\gh ! /age ( ! ga/rula ) a simple inte/9e & a d\ble inte/9al wall4#af ,by motion ( ! cilia or fr+es ( ! sk9-lay]1 ! ga/ra swam freely ab\t 9 ! ,laur5tian ocean4 ,! developm5t ( ! ga/ra n[ deviat$ 9 two directions--"o bran* ( ga/rads gave up free locomotion1 adh]$ to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ?us1 by adopt+ an adhesive mode ( life1 gave rise to ! proascus1 ! common prim>y =m ( ! animal plants 7zoophyta74 ,! o!r bran* 0 orig9at$ by ! =mation ( a middle g]m-lay] or muscul> lay]1 & also by ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! int]nal p>ts into v>i\s organs2 m especially1 ! fir/ =mation ( a n]v\s sy/em1 ! simple/ organs ( s5se1 ! simple/ organs = secretion 7kidneys71 & g5]ation 7sexual organs7--?is bran* is ! pro!lmis1 ! common prim>y worms 7v]mes74 ,l ! turbell>ia ( ! pres5t day1 ! :ole surface ( _! body 0 cov]$ ) cilia1 & !y possess$ a simple body ( an oval %ape1 entirely )\t app5dages4 ,^! acoelomat\s worms did n z yet possess a true body cavity 7coelom7 nor blood4 ,no memb] ( ! next high] animals are 9 exi/5ce1 nei!r are !re any fossil rema9s1 ow+ to ! s(t nature ( _! body4 ,!y are !re=e call$ s(t worms1 or scolec$a4 ,!y develop$ out ( ! turbell>ia ( ! six? /age by =m+ a true body cavity 7a coelom7 & blood 9 _! int]ior4 ,! ne>e/ /ill liv+ coelomati is probably ! acorn worms 7balanoglossus74 ,! =m value ( ?is /age mu/1 moreov]1 h be5 repres5t$ by sev]al diff]5t int]m$iate /ages4 ,out ( ! f\r diff]5t gr\ps ( ! worm tribe1 ! f\r high] tribes ( ! animal k+dom 7 develop$--! />-fi%es 7e*9od]ma7 & insects 7ar?ropoda7 on ! "o h&1 & ! molluscs 7mollusca7 & v]tebrat$ animals 7v]tebrata7 on ! o!r4 ,out ( c]ta9 coelomati1 ! mo/ anci5t skull-less v]tebrata 7 directly develop$4 ,among ! coelomati ( ! pres5t day1 ! ascidians are ! ne>e/ relatives ( ?is exce$+ly rem>kable worm1 :i* connect ! widely diff]+ classes ( inv]tebrate & v]tebrate animals4 ,to ^! animals h be5 giv5 ! "n ( sack-worms 7himatega74 ,!y orig9at$ out ( ! worms ( ! sev5? /age by ! =mation ( a dorsal n]ve m>r[ 7m$ulla tube71 & by ! =mation ( ! sp9al rod 7*orda dorsalis7 :i* lies bel[ x4 ,x is j ! position ( ?is c5tral sp9al rod or axial skeleton1 betwe5 ! dorsal m>r[ on ! dorsal side & ! inte/9al canal on ! v5tral side1 :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all v]tebrate animals1 includ+ man1 b also ( ! l>v ( ! ascidia4 ,we n[ come to ! second half ( ! s]ies ( human ance/ors4 ,! skull-less animal lancelet1 :i* is /ill liv+1 af=ds a fa9t idea ( ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p 7acrania74 ,s9ce ?is little animal1 9 its e>lie/ embryonic /ate1 entirely agrees ) ! ascidia1 & 9 its fur!r developm5t %[s itself to be a true v]tebrate animal1 x =ms a direct transition f ! v]tebrata to ! inv]tebrata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,app5dicul>ia1 se5 f ! left side1 m1 m\?2 k1 gill inte/9e2 o1 oesophagus2 v1 /oma*2 a1 anus2 n1 n]ve ganglia 7upp] ?roat-knots72 g1 e> vesicle2 f1 ciliat$ groove "u ! gill2 h1 he>t2 e1 ov>y2 c1 noto*ord2 s1 tail4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,repres5ts ,sack ,worms 7,himatega71 & is ! /ructure ( an ,ascidian1 se5 f ! left4 sb1 gill-sac2 v1 /oma*2 i1 l>ge inte/9e2 c1 he>t2 t1 te/es2 vd1 se$ duct2 o1 ov>y2 o'1 matur$ eggs 9 ! body cavity4 ,aft] ,milne-,edw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,repres5ts ! ,,acrania ,,s]ies4 ,lancelet 7,amhioxus ,lanceolatus71 twice ! actual size1 se5 f ! left4 a1 m\?-op5+1 surr\nd$ by cilia2 b1 anal-op5+2 c1 v5tral-op5+ 7,porus abdom9alis72 d1 gill-body2 e1 /oma*2 f1 liv]-coecum2 g1 l>ge inte/9e2 h1 coelum2 i1 noto*ord 7"u x ! aorta72 k1 ar*es ( ! aorta2 l1 ma9 gill-art]y2 m1 swell+s on its bran*es2 n1 holl[ ve92 o1 inte/9al ve94--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ! ,,monorh9a ,,s]ies4 ,lamprey 7,petromyzon ,am]icanus7 f ! ,atlantic--,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,repres5ts ! ,sela*ii4 ,%>k 7,c>*>ias vulg>is7 f ! ,atlantic--,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,repres5ts ! ,mud-fi% 7,dipneu/a74 ,lepidosir5 annecteus1 "o-f\r? natural size2 ,african riv]s4--,orton4 ,=m a l9k betwe5 typical fi%es & ! ,amphibians4 ,at ?is /age1 mo/ probably1 ! sep>ation ( ! two sexes began4 ,! simpl] & mo/ anci5t =m ( sexual propagation is ?r\gh d\ble-sex$ individuals 7h]maphroditismus74 ,x occurs 9 ! great majority ( plants1 b only 9 a m9ority ( animals2 = example1 9 ! g>d5-snails1 lee*es1 e>?-worms & _m o!r worms4 ,e s+le individual among h]maphrodites produces )9 itself mat]ials ( bo? sexes--egg & sp]m4 ,9 mo/ ( ! high] plants e blossom conta9s bo? ! male organs 7/am5 & an!r7 & ! female organs 7/yle & g]m74 ,e g>d5-snail produces 9 "o "p ( its sexual gl& eggs1 & 9 ano!r sp]m4 ,_m h]maphrodites c fructify !mselves2 9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 copulation & reciprocal fructification ( bo? h]maphrodites are necess>y = caus+ ! developm5t ( ! eggs4 ,?is latt] case is evid5tly a transition to sexual sep>ation 7gonoehorismus74 ,out ( ! memb]s ( ! la/ gr\p arose animals ) skulls or craniata1 hav+ r\nd m\?s1 & :i* are divid$ into hags & lampreys4 ,! hags 7myx9oides7 h long cyl9drical worm-l bodies4 ,! lampreys 7petromyxontes7 includes ^? well kn[n n9e eyes common at ! seaside4 ,^! s+le-no/ril animals 7monorrh9a7 arose dur+ ! primordial p]iod out ( ! skull-less animals by ! ant]ior end ( ! dorsal m>r[ develop+ into ! bra91 & ! ant]ior end ( ! dorsal skull into ! skull4 ,by ! division ( ! s+le no/ril ( ! memb]s ( ! la/ gr\p into two lat]al halves1 by ! =mation ( a sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 a jaw skeleton1 a swimm+ bladd] & two pairs ( legs 7brea/ f9s or =e-legs1 & v5tral f9s or h9d-legs71 arose ! primval fi% 7sela*ii71 :i* is be/ repres5t$ by ! /ill-liv+ %>k 7squalacei74 ,out ( ! primval fi% arose ! mud-fi% 7dipneu/a71 :i* is v imp]fectly repres5t$ by ! /ill-liv+ salam&] fi%2 ! primval fi% adapt+ itself to l&1 & by ! trans=m+ ( ! swimm+ bladd] into an air-brea?+ lung1 & ( ! nasal cavity 7:i* 0 n[ op5 into ! m\? cavity7 into air-passages4 ,_! organization might1 9 "s respect1 be l ! c]atodus & proloptems2 b ?is is n c]ta94 ,! dipneu/a is an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! sela*ii & amphibia4 ,out ( ! dipneu/a arose ! class ( amphibia1 hav+ five toes 7! p5tadactyla74 ,! gill amphibians are man's mo/ anci5t ance/ors ( ! class amphibia4 ,besides possess+ lungs z well z ! mud-fi%1 !y reta9 ?r\gh\t life regul> gills l ! /ill-liv+ proteus & axolotl4 ,mo/ gill$ batra*ia live 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! paddle-f9s ( ! dipneu/a *ang$ into five-to$ legs1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds transmitt$ to ! high] v]tebrata up to man4 ,! gill$ amphibia 7sozobra*ia7 ( ! la/ gr\p f9ally lo/ _! gills b reta9$ _! tail1 & tail$ amphibians 7sozura7 7 produc$1 su* z ! salam&] & newt ( ! pres5t day4 ,out ( ! sozura orig9at$ ! primval amniota 7protamnia7 by ! complete loss ( ! gills by ! =mation ( ! amnion ( ! co*lea1 & ( ! r\nd w9d[ 9 ! auditory organ1 & ( ! organ ( te>s4 ,out ( ! protamnia orig9at$ ! prim>y mammals 7promammalia74 ,! mo/ closely relat$ 7 ! orni?o/oma2 !y diff]$ ?r\gh hav+ tee? 9 _! jaws4 ,no fossil rema9s ( ! prim>y mammals h z yet be5 f\nd1 al?\gh !y liv$ dur+ ! trias p]iod--!y possess$ a v highly develop$ jaw4 ,f ! prim>y mammal arose ! p\*$ animals 7m>supialia74 ,num]\s repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p /ill exi/3 kang>oos1 p\*$ rats & p\*$ dogs4 ,! m>supial animals develop$1 v probably1 9 ! mesoli?ic epo* 7dur+ ! ,jura7 out ( ! cloacal animals2 by ! division ( ! cloaca into ! rectum & ! urog5ital s9us1 by ! =mation ( a nipple on ! mamm>y gl&1 & ! p>tial suppression ( ! clavicles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,i & ,,ii4--,! ,c]atodus ,=/]i occur 9 ! swamps ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4 ,=m transition betwe5 fi%es & ,amphibia4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ! ,gill$ ,amphibians 7,soyobran*ia74 ,! ,axolotl 7,sir$on pisci=me71 aft] ,tegetmei]4 ,! ord9>y =m ) p]si/5t bran*i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,proteus ,angu9us4 ,europe4--,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,repres5ts ! ,tail$ ,amphibians 7,soyura74 ,great ,wat]-,newt 7,triton cri/atus71 aft] ,bell4 ,f ! m>supialia orig9at$ a mo/ int]e/+ small gr\p ( semi-apes 7prosimi71 = !y are ! prim>y =ms ( g5u9e apes & consequ5tly ( man4 ,!y develop$ out ( h&$ or ape-foot$ m>supials 7p$umana71 ( rat-l appe>ance1 by ! =mation ( a plac5ta1 ! loss ( ! m>supium & ! m>supial bones1 & by ! high] developm5t ( ! commissures ( ! bra94 ,! /ill-liv+ %ort-foot$ semi-ape 7bra*yt>si71 especially ! muki1 indie & lori1 possess possibly a fa9t resemblance4 ,out ( ! semi-apes develop$ two classes ( g5u9e apes2 b z ! n>r[-nos$ or cat>rh9i class are ! only ones relat$ to man1 ! o!rs w n be consid]$4 ,^! n>r[-nos$ apes orig9at$ by ! trans=mation ( ! jaw1 & by ! claws on ! toes *ang+ into nails4 ,! /ill-liv+ long-tail nose-apes & holy apes 7semnopi!cus7 probably resembl$ ! olde/ ance/ors ( ?is gr\p4 ,! tail$ apes by ! loss ( _! tail & "s ( _! hair cov]+1 & by ! excessive developm5t ( t portion ( _! bra9 above ! facial portion ( ! skull1 develop$ into ! man-l apes 7an?ropoides7--su* z ! gorilla & *impanzee ( ,africa1 & ! orang & gibbon ( ,asia4 ,! human ance/ors ( ?is gr\p exi/$ dur+ ! mioc5e p]iod4 ,f ! an?ropoides develop$ ! ape-l m5 7pi!can?ropi7 dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! spee*less primval m5 7alali71 !n1 is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! man-l apes & man4 ,! =e-h& ( ! an?ropoides became ! human h&1 _! h9d]-h& a foot = walk+4 ,!y did n possess ! articulate human language ( words & ! high] developm5ts1 z consci\sness & ! =mation ( ideas mu/ h be5 v imp]fect4 ,out ( ! pi!can?ropi m5 develop$ g5u9e man1 by ! developm5t ( ! animal language ( s\nds into a connect$ or articulate language ( words--! bra9 also develop$ high] & high]4 ,?is transition took place1 probably1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! quat]n>y p]iod1 or possibly 9 ! t]ti>y4 ,we h n[ v briefly review$ ! pr9cipal outl9es ( ! ance/ors ( man1 %[+ t man has develop$ f ! little mass ( protoplasm1 z h all animals & plants4 ,he !re=e 0 n spontane\sly creat$1 b 0 develop$4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$ by simple-m9d$ p1 ) mu* delight1 ,:y d we n behold ! int]e/+ spectacle ( ! trans=mation ( a *impanzee into a man1 or conv]sely ( a man by retrogression into an orang8--x only %[s t !y are n acqua9t$ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,n "o ( ! apes1 says ,s*midt1 c rev]t to ! /ate ( 8 primordial ance/ors1 except by retrogression--by :i* a primordial condition is by no means atta9$--he _c dive/ himself ( 8 acquir$ *>act]s fix$ by h]$ity1 nor c he exce$ himself & become man2 = man does n /& 9 ! direct l9e ( developm5t f ! ape4 ,! developm5t ( ! an?ropoid apes has tak5 a lat]al c\rse f ! ne>e/ human prog5itors1 & man c z little be trans=m$ into a gorilla z a squirrel c be *ang$ into a rat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,salam&ra ,maculata4--,haeckel4 ,! ,wat] ,newts & ,salam&]s 7 ! next high] /age aft] ! ,proteus & ! ,axolotl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ,primval ,amniota 7,protamnia74 ,liz>d 7,lac]ta71 aft] ,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,repres5ts ,prim>y ,mammals 7,promammalia74 ,,amniota ,,s]ies4 ,duck-bill$ ,platypus 7,orni?orhyn*us p>adoxus74--,haeckel4 ,feel+ evid5tly1#ag says ,haeckel1 r ?an und]/&+1 induces mo/ p to combat ! !ory ( _! 'desc5t f apes4' ,x is simply because ! organism ( ! ape appe>s a c>icature ( man1 a di/ort$ lik5ess ( ourselves 9 a n v attractive =m2 because ! cu/om>y /hetic ideas & self-glorification ( man are t\*$ by ?is 9 s s5sitive a po9t1 t mo/ m5 %r9k f recogniz+ _! desc5t f apes4 ,x seems mu* pleasant] to be desc5d$ f a m highly develop$ div9e be+1 & h5ce1 z is well kn[n1 human vanity has f ! e>lie/ times flatt]$ itself by assum+ ! orig9al desc5t ( ! race f gods or demi-gods4 ,,evolution4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] a description 0 giv5 ( ! v>i\s /ages 9 man's developm5t1 f ! microscopic monad up4 ,x w be necess>y n[ to describe briefly ! v>i\s laws :i* h gov]n$ ?is evolution>y *a9 f ! monad to man4 ,b be=e proce$+ directly to ! subject1 let u look at ! doctr9e ( evolution z a :ole1 & trace x fir/ 9 ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is also call$ ! !ory ( developm5t--x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be confus$ ) ,d>w9ism--= !y are n exactly synonym\s4 ,d>w9ism is an attempt to expla9 ! laws or mann] ( evolution4 ,/rictly speak+1 only ! !ory ( selection %\ld be call$ ,d>w9ism1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahei4 ,! !ory ( desc5t1 or transmutation !ory1 or doctr9e ( filiation1 %\ld prop]ly be call$ ,lam>ckism1 :o = ! fir/ "t work$ out ! !ory ( desc5t z an indep5d5t sci5tific !ory ( ! fir/ ord]1 & z ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! :ole sci5ce ( biology4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( developm5t 7evolution7 9 its simple/ =m1 says ,h5ry ,h>t%orne1#ah ! univ]se z x n[ exi/s is a result ( 'an imm5se s]ies ( *anges1' relat$ to & dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r z successive /eps1 or r gr[?s1 con/itut+ a progress2 analog\s to ! unfold+ or evolv+ ( ! p>ts ( a gr[+ organism4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] def9$ evolution z consi/+ 9 a progress f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 f g5]al to special1 f ! simple to ! complex2 & ?is process is consid]$ to be traceable 9 ! =mation ( worlds 9 space1 9 ! multiplication ( ! types & species ( plants & animals on ! globe1 9 ! orig9ation & div]sity ( languages1 lit]ature1 arts & sci5ces1 & 9 all *anges ( human in/itutions & society4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,skeleton ( ,platypus4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ,p\*$ ,animals 7,m>supialia74 ,kang>oo4 7,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,feb41 #ahgf47 ,let u n[ apply ?is !ory ( evolution to ! physical _w4 ,no det]m9$ opposition by ! mass ( p is likely to be manife/$ to ! doctr9e ( evolution z appli$ to ! physical _w1 or ev5 to ! vegetable or animal _w up to man2 b ! m9ute man is includ$--!n is a voice rais$ up aga9/ x1 & x 0 = ?is reason t ,d>w9 9 8 fir/ "w on ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t did n m5tion man z be+ includ$ 9 ! evolution>y s]ies4 ,he knew too well ! fooli% human weakness t exi/$4 ,9 a rec5t "w by ,pr(4 ,*alles1 he /ates t he reg>ds ! mat]ial univ]se z a va/ & wond]ful me*anism ( :i* ! lea/ wond]ful ?+ is its be+ s con/ruct$ t we c und]/& x4 ,! foll[+ is a brief description ( ! v>i\s !ories ( ! _w's =mation3 ,fir/ ,!ory4--,by ! fir/ !ory ! _w is suppos$ to h exi/$ f et]nity "u its actual =m4 ,ari/otle embrac$ ?is doctr9e1 & conceiv$ ! univ]se to be ! et]nal effect ( an et]nal cause2 ma9ta9+ t n only ! heav5s & ! e>?1 b all animate & inanimate be+s1 are )\t beg9n+4 ,to use ,huxley's illu/ration3 ,if y c imag9e a spectator on ! e>?1 h[ev] f> back 9 "t1 he w\ld h se5 a _w ess5tially simil>1 ?\gh n p]haps 9 all its details1 to t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! animals :i* exi/$ w\ld be ! ance/ors ( ^? :i* n[ exi/1 & l !m2 ! plants 9 l mann] w\ld be su* z we h n[1 & l !m2 & ! supposition is t1 at h[ev] di/ant a p]iod ( "t y place y\r obs]v]1 he w\ld /ill f9d m\nta9s1 l&s1 & wat]s1 ) animal & vegetable products fl\ri%+ ^u !m & sport+ 9 !m j z he f9ds n[4 ,?is !ory be+ p]fectly inconsi/5t ) facts1 _h to be ab&on$4 ,second ,!ory4--,! second !ory consid]s ! univ]se et]nal1 b n its =m4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus & mo/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s & poets1 :o imag9$ ! _w ei!r to be produc$ by =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms exi/+ f all et]nity1 or to h sprung out ( ! *aotic =m :i* prec$$ its pres5t /ate4 ,?ird ,!ory4--,by ?is !ory ! matt] & =m ( ! e>? is ascrib$ to ! direct ag5cy ( a spiritual cause4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is la/ !ory has = its basis ! popul> acc\nt1 g5]ally cr$it$ to ,moses 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,i say popul>1 = x c]ta9ly is n a sci5tific acc\nt1 nor 0 x ! int5tion ( ! writ] to make x s4 ,! suppos$ object 0 to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! ,creator & 8 works4 ,if x _h be5 an ultimate sci5tific acc\nt1 ! able/ m9ds ( to-day w\ld be unable to compreh5d x1 z sci5ce is progressive & con/antly *ang+2 9 fifty ?\s& ye>s to come1 x w\ld /ill appe> utt]ly absurd4 ,x _c be said = ?is fact t ! acc\nt is any ! less true because x is n pres5t$ 9 sci5tific phraseology2 = in/ance1 :5 we rem>k 9 popul> language ! sun rises1 :o %all say t ?\gh ! expression is n a/ronomically true1 we d n1 = all practical purposes1 utt] z important a tru?1 z :5 we say1 ,! e>? by its revolution br+s u to t po9t :]e ! sun becomes visible8 ,! language1 also1 9 :i* ! writ] wrote 0 v imp]fect2 x _h no equival5t to our ^w air or atmosph]e1 prop]ly speak+1 = !y knew n ! words4 ,_! ne>e/ approa*es1 accord+ to ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 7 ) words t d5ot$ wat]y vapor cond5s$1 & ?us r5d]$ visible1 :e!r float+ ar\nd !m or se5 9 ! brea?+ ( animals2 & words = smoke f sub/ances burn+2 & = air 9 motion1 w9d1 a zephyr :isp] or a /orm4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$1 t ! ,hebrews _h no t]m = ! ab/ract ideas :i* we express by 'fluid' or 'matt]4' ,if ! writ] _h design$ to express ! idea1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ matt]1' he c\ld n h f\nd words to s]ve 8 purpose 7,ph974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,skeleton ( ,kang>oo4 7,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ,semi-,apes 7,prosimi74 ,! ,sl[ ,loris1 aft] ,tickel & ,alp4 ,miln-,edw>ds4 7,natural ,hi/ory1 by ,duncan47 ,x is unnecess>y to /ate h[ ! ,bible1 :i* conta9s ! s-call$ ,mosaic acc\nt1 is reg>d$ by ! diff]5t *ur* d5om9ations1 z und\bt$ly t is famili> to e "o4 ,b ) respect to ! view ent]ta9$ by ! sci5ti/ & critical s*ool ( ,biblical s*ol>s1 repres5t$ *iefly by mod]n ,g]mans1 ,i may /ate briefly3 ,!y reg>d ! ,bible z ! human record ( a div9e revelation2 n absolutely infallible1 s9ce !re is no book writt5 9 any human language b mu/ p>take 9 a measure ( ! imp]fections ( t language4 ,_m ( ?is s*ool1 :ile admitt+ ! ,bible to conta9 ! record ( a true sup]natural revelation1 d n consid] x to be )\t positive error ( hi/orical fact1 n )\t false color+ f popul> leg5d & tradition1 b nev]!less a record z good z human h&s c\ld make a truly div9e revelation4#ai ,!re is1 ?\gh1 a class ( ?9k]s t altoge!r reject ! ,bible2 t is to say1 refuse to believe x to be a div9e revelation4 ,hume1 :om ,huxley calls ! mo/ acute ?9k] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?us ends "o ( 8 essays3 ,if we take 9 h& any volume ( div9ity or s*ool metaphysics1 = in/ance1 let u ask1 ,does x conta9 any ab/ract reason+ conc]n+ quantity or numb]8 ,no4 ,does x conta9 any exp]im5tal reason+ conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce8 ,no4 ,commit x1 !n1 to ! flames1 = x c conta9 no?+ b sophi/ry & illusion4 ,to ?is ,huxley says3 ,p]mit me to en=ce ?is wise advice1 ,:y tr\ble ourselves ab\t matt]s ( :i*1 h[ev] important !y may be1 we d "k no?+1 & c "k no?+8 ,we live 9 a _w :i* is full ( mis]y & ignorance1 & ! pla9 duty ( ea* & all ( u is to try to make ! little corn] he c influ5ce some:at less mis]able & some:at less ignorant ?an x 0 be=e he ent]$ x4 ,to d ?is effectually1 x is necess>y to be fully possess$ ( only two beliefs3 ! fir/1 t ! ord] ( nature is asc]ta9able by our faculties to an ext5t :i* is practically unlimit$2 ! second1 t our volitions c\nt = some?+ z a condition ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! beliefs c be v]ifi$ exp]im5tally1 z (t5 z we l to try4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 /&s ^u ! /ronge/ f\ndation ^u :i* any belief c re/1 & =ms "o ( our highe/ tru?s4 ,! fir/ words 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt are3#bj ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4#ba ,x is se51 !n1 t ! s-call$ revelation po9ts to a beg9n+4 ,! beg9n+ ref]r$ to is an absolute beg9n+1 = we f9d3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4#bb 99 99 99 ,all ?+s 7 made by ,him2 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made t 0 made4#bc ,sci5ce po9ts also to a beg9n+4 ,geology po9ts to a "t :5 man did n inhabit ! e>?2 :5 = him !re 0 a beg9n+4 ,s1 too1 = l[] organisms2 s1 too1 = ! rocky m9]als2 s1 too1 = ! r\nd _w itself4 ,b ! beg9n+ t sci5ce po9ts to is n an absolute beg9n+4 ,sci5ce has to />t f "s po9t1 & t po9t mu/ h a sci5tific f\ndation--! f\ndation ( sci5ce is matt]1 :i* is insep>able f =m & =ce4 ,natural sci5ce tea*es t matt] is et]nal & imp]i%able2 = exp]i5ce has nev] %[n u t ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] has come into exi/5ce or pass$ away4 ,a naturali/1 says ,haeckel1 c no m imag9e ! com+ into exi/5ce ( matt] ?an he c imag9e its disappe>ance1 & he !re=e looks ^u ! exi/+ quantity ( matt] 9 ! univ]se z a giv5 fact4 ,! creation ( matt]1 if1 inde$1 says ,haeckel1#bd x ev] took place1 is completely beyond human compreh5sion1 & c !re=e nev] become a subject ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,we c z little imag9e a fir/ beg9n+ ( ! et]nal ph5om5a ( ! motion ( ! univ]se z ( its f9al end4#be ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! absolute beg9n+ ( ! univ]se & its absolute end are n que/ions ( sci5ce1 & c be kn[n only z reveal$ by fai?4 ,paul says3 ,by fai? we und]/& t ! _w 0 fram$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 s t ?+s :i* are se5 7 n made ( ?+s :i* appe>$4#bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ,tail$ ,apes 7,m5oc]ca74 ,proboscis ,monkey 7,presbytes l>vatus74 7,mammalia47--,l\is ,figui]4 ,! natives ( ,borneo pret5d t ^! monkeys1 or1 z sometimes call$1 ,kahan1 are m5 :o h retir$ to ! woods to avoid pay+ taxes2 & !y ent]ta9 ! greate/ respect = a be+ :o has f\nd su* ready means ( evad+ ! responsibilities ( society4--,figui]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gibbon4 ,,orang4 ,,*impanzee4 ,,gorilla4 ,,man4 ,,fig4 ,i4--,photographically r$uc$ f diagrams ( ! natural size 7except t ( ! ,gibbon1 :i* 0 twice z l>ge z nature71 drawn by ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s1 f specim5s 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 7,huxley's ,man's ,place 9 ,nature47 ,if1 !re=e1 sci5ce makes ! hi/ory ( creation its highe/ & mo/ difficult & mo/ compreh5sible problem1 x mu/ deal ) ! com+ into be+ ( ! =m ( natural bodies4 ,let u look = a m9ute at ,kant's ,cosmogony1 or1 z ,haeckel says1#bg ,kant's ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory3 ,?is wond]ful !ory1 says ,haeckel1 h>monizes ) all ! g5]al s]ies ( ph5om5a at pres5t kn[n to u1 & /&s 9 no irreconcilable contradiction to any "o ( !m4 ,moreov]1 x is purely me*anical & moni/ic1 makes use exclusively ( ! inh]5t =ces ( et]nal matt]1 & entirely excludes e sup]natural process1 e pre>rang$ & consci\s action ( a p]sonal creator4 ,comp>e ?is la/ /atem5t ) ! foll[+3 ,i w1 h[ev]1 says ,haeckel1#bh n d5y t ,kant's gr& cosmogony has "s weak po9ts4 99 99 99 ,a great unsolv$ difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ! cosmological gas !ory furni%es no />t+-po9t at all 9 explanation ( ! fir/ impulse :i* caus$ ! rot>y motion 9 ! gas-fill$ univ]se4 ,:ewell#bi has po9t$ out1 t ! nebul> hypo!sis is null )\t a creative act to produce ! inequality ( di/ribution ( cosmic matt] 9 space4 ,x is se51 !n1 t accord+ to ,kant's !ory we are to suppose t millions ( ye>s ago !re appe>$ a nebul\s mass possess+ a rot>y motion1 & unequally di/ribut$ ?r\gh space4 ,?is is :at sci5ce calls a beg9n+1 & may ass]t t e physical ev5t ( a hundr$ million ( ages exi/$ pot5tially 9 t nebul\s mass4 ,b ?is is really no explanation ( ! ultimate & real cause ( any?+4 ,reason dem&s ! cause ( ?is beg9n+1 ! s\rce t gave to ! nebul\s mass its rot>y motion2 ! p[] t di/ribut$ ! matt] 9 space2 ! antec$5ts ( ! cosmical vapor4 ,9 abs5ce ( antec$5ts1 :at 0 ! cause ( ?is fire-mi/--( ^! =ces active 9 x8 ,reason w nev] rema9 satisfi$ until ^! que/ions are answ]$4 ,b physical sci5ce c trace ! ?read no fur!r back1 & mu/ be dumb to all ult]ior inquiries4 ,x is true1 !n1 z physici/s ass]t1 t _! sci5ce does n m\nt actually to ,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,repres5ts ,man-l ,apes 7,an?ropoides74 ,! ,male ,gorilla4 7,natural ,hi/ory1 by ,duncan47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,repres5ts ,ape-l ,m5 7,pi!can?ropi74 ,imag9ative4 7,f ,sci5tific ,am]ican47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,m5 7,hom9es74 ,f ,woolly-hair$ ,m5 develop$ ! ,papuans4 7,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahgf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,! ,monkey ,m5 ( ,d\rga ,/rait4 7,natural ,hi/ory1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wood47 ,to ,god !n1 9 /rict accordance ) our reason1 is to be attribut$ n only ! orig9ation ( matt]1 b all its future developm5ts4 ,:5 ,i speak ( matt]1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i mean =ce2 = if matt] 7 n =ce1 & imm$iately kn[n z =ce1 x c\ld n be kn[n at all1 c\ld n be rationally inf]r$4 ,! op]ation ( =ce c\ld furni% no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( =celess matt]4 ,if =ce is n matt]1 !n =ce c exi/ & op]ate )\t matt]2 its exi/5ce & op]ation are no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,& z matt] is =celess1 x c itself give no evid5ce ( its own exi/5ce1 = t w\ld be an ex]cise ( =ce4 ,if =ce _c exi/ & op]ate )\t matt]1 !n =ce dep5ds = its exi/5ce & op]ation on ! =celess1 :i* de/roys itself2 or =ce dep5ds = its exi/5ce on matt] z "s prop]ty or =ce1 & s matt] & =ce are id5tifi$1 & =ce dep5ds on itself only1 z x mu/4#cj ,! idea1 !n1 t =ce is an attribute ( matt] & inh]5t 9 x1 is absurd1 = !re is n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t =ce is or c be an attribute ( matt]4 ,we h no k ( ! orig9 ( any =ce save ( t :i* emanates f human volition4 ,all our k ( =ce pres5ts x z an ef=t ( intellig5t w4 ,we are driv51 says ,w9*ell1 by ! necess>y laws ( ?\ght1 to pron\nce ^? en]gies /yl$ gravitation1 heat1 *emical aff9ity & _! correlates1 no?+ less ?an intellig5t w4 ,b z x is n human w :i* en]gizes 9 :irlw9d & ! comet1 x mu/ be div9e w4 ,9 all cases1 ! creative p[] ( ,god is an act ( p[]1 & ! p[] does n p]i% ) its inception1 b cont9ues to op]ate until ! act is rev]s$ & undone2 s t ev]y?+ t ,god has creat$ con/itutes a positive & intr9sic =ce1 ?\gh borr[$ f ,him4 ,e incid5t runs back to ,god z its orig9ator & real cause4 ,! true philosophical doctr9e makes ,god di/9ct f all 8 works1 & yet act+ 9 !m4 ,?is doctr9e has be5 held by ! greate/ ?9k]s ! _w has ev] produc$1 su* z ,desc>tes1 ,l]brisky1 ,b]keley1 ,h]s*el1 ,f>aday1 & a multitude ( o!rs4 ,x seems to be requir$1 says ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 by t deep law ( causation :i* n only prompts u to seek = a law 9 ev]y?+ b an adequate cause1 to be f\nd only 9 an intellig5t m9d4 ,our greate/ ,am]ican ?9k]1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 says ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 7:om ,i c claim z my pr$ecessor17 ma9ta9s t1 z an image 9 a mirror is kept up by a con/ant succession ( rays ( light1 s nature is su/a9$ by a con/ant =?-putt+ ( ! div9e p[]4 ,9 ?is view ,nature is a p]petual creation4 ,god is to be se5 n only 9 creation at fir/1 b 9 ! cont9uance ( all ?+s4 ,!y cont9ue to ?is day accord+ to ,?9e ord9ances4 ,return+ n[ to ! hi/ory ( ! creation giv5 by ,moses1 ,haeckel says1 ,al?\gh ,moses looks ^u ! results ( ! great laws ( organic developm5t z ! direct actions ( a con/ruct+ ,creator1 yet 9 8 !ory !re lies hidd5 ! rul+ idea ( a progressive developm5t & a diff]5tiation ( ! orig9ally simple matt]4 ,we c !re=e be/[ our j & s9c]e admiration on ! ,jewi% lawgiv]'s gr& insight into nature1 )\t discov]+ 9 x a s-call$ 'div9e revelation4' ,t x _c be su* is cle> f ! fact t two great fundam5tal errors are ass]t$ 9 x1 namely1 fir/ ! geoc5tric error1 t ! e>? is ! fix$ c5tral po9t ( ! :ole univ]se1 r\nd :i* ! sun1 moon & />s move2 & secondly1 ! an?ropoc5tric error t man is ! prem$itat$ aim ( ! creation ( ! _w1 = ^: s]vice alone all ! re/ ( nature is said to h be5 creat$4 ,! =m] ( ^! errors 0 demoli%$ by ,cop]nicus' ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! latt] by ,lam>ck's ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,au/ralian ,savage4--,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,skull ( ,orang-utan 7,simia satyrus74--,orton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,skull ( ,*impanzee 7,troglodytes nig]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iv4--,skull ( ,gorilla4--,duncan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,v4--,skull ( ,european4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,vi4--,skull ( ,negro4--,orton4 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 9 8 lecture on ,evid5ces ( ,evolution1 spoke ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt z ,milton's hypo!sis4 ,fir/1 because1 says ,huxley1 we are n[ assur$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! highe/ critics1 & ev5 ( dignit>ies ( ! *ur*1 t !re is no evid5ce :atev] t ,moses ev] wrote ?is *apt]1 or knew any?+ ab\t x2 & second1 z ?is hypo!sis is pres5t$ 9 ,milton's "w on ,p>adise ,lo/1 x is appropriate to call x ! ,miltonic ,hypo!sis4 ,9 ! ,miltonic acc\nt1 says ,huxley1 ! ord] 9 :i* animals %\ld h made _! appe>ance 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks w\ld be ?is3 ,fi%es1 includ+ ! great :ale1 & birds2 aft] t all ! v>ieties ( t]re/rial animals4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! facts z we f9d !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact we "k ( n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( birds be=e ! jurassic & p]haps ! triassic =mations4 ,if !re 7 any p>allel betwe5 ! ,miltonic acc\nt & ! circum/antial evid5ce1 we ought to h abundant evid5ce 9 ! devonian1 ! silurian1 & c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,i ne$ n tell y t ?is is n ! case1 & t n a trace ( birds makes its appe>ance until ! f> lat] p]iod :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,& aga91 if x be true t all v>ieties ( fi%es1 & ! great :ales & ! l1 made _! appe>ance on ! fif? day1 !n we ought to f9d ! rema9s ( ^! ?+s 9 ! old] rocks--9 ^? :i* prec$$ ! c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,fi%es1 x is true1 we f9d1 & num]\s ones2 b ! great :ales are abs5t1 & ! fi%es are n su* z n[ live4 ,n "o solit>y species ( fi% n[ 9 exi/5ce is to be f\nd !re1 & h5ce y are introduc$ aga9 to ! difficulty1 to ! dilemma1 t ei!r ! creatures t 7 creat$ !n1 :i* came into exi/5ce ! six? day1 7 n ^? :i* are f\nd at pres5t1 or are n ! direct & imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ^? :i* n[ exi/2 b 9 t case y mu/ ei!r h _h a fre% species ( :i* no?+ has be5 said1 or else ! :ole /ory mu/ be giv5 up z absolutely devoid ( any circum/antial evid5ce4 ,x is = ^! & _m o!r reasons t ,i feel b\nd to omit ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 no matt] h[ ne> "s portions ( x co9cide ) ! facts ! e>? has op5$ out to ! sci5ti/4 ,,kant',s ,,cosmogony4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by ,kant's ,cosmogony t e sub/ance1 be x solid or liquid1 con/itut+ ! entire univ]se1 01 inconceivable ages ago1 9 _! homog5e\s gase\s or nebul\s condition4 ,ow+ to an impulse be+ giv5 to ! nebul\s mass1 x acquir$ a rot>y movem5t1 :i* divid$ ! nebul\s mass up into a numb] ( masses :i*1 ow+ to ! rotation1 acquir$ great] d5sity ?an ! rema9+ gase\s mass1 & !n act$ on ! latt] z c5tral po9ts ( attraction4 ,our sol> sy/em 0 ?us a gigantic gase\s or nebul\s ball1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* revolv$ ar\nd a common c5tral po9t--! sol> nucleus4 ,?is nebul\s ball assum$ by its cont9ual rotation a m or less flatt5$ sph]oidal =m4 ,by ! cont9ual revolution ( ?is mass1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 a circul> nebul> r+ sep>at$ 7l ! pres5t r+ ar\nd ,saturn7 f ! rotat+ ball4 ,9 "t ! nebul\s r+ cond5s$ to a planet1 :i* began to revolve ar\nd its own axis4 ,:5 ! c5trifugal =ce became m p[]ful ?an ! c5tripetal =ce 9 ! planet1 r+s 7 =m$1 :i*1 9 turn1 =m$ planets :i* revolv$ ar\nd _! axes1 z also ar\nd _! planets1 z ! latt] mov$ ar\nd ! sun1 & ?us arose ! moons1 only "o ( :i* moves ar\nd our e>?1 :ile f\r move ar\nd ,jupit] & six ar\nd ,uranus4 ,?is ord] ( ?+s 0 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 until !reby arose ! diff]5t sol> sy/ems--! planets rotat+ ar\nd _! c5tral suns1 & ! satellites or moons mov+ ar\nd _! planets4 ,by a cont9u\s increas+ ( refrig]ation & cond5sation1 a fi]y fluid or molt5 /ate occurr$ 9 ^! rotat+ bodies4 ,!y !n emitt$ an enorm\s am\nt ( heat by rapid cond5sation1 & ! rotat+ bodies--suns1 planets1 & moons--soon became gl[+ balls ( fire1 emitt+ light & heat4 ,! #a_/ajjj "p ( a p\nd ( magnesium wire1 burn+ 9 ! op5 air1 w give a light :i* w la/ dur+ "o second1 & c be se5 at a di/ance ( ?irty miles2 imag9e1 !n1 :at ! light w\ld be f ^! huge balls ( fire float+ ?r\gh space4 ,! e>? =ms a small "p--nay1 ev5 ! sun ^: mass is equal to #ced1icf e>?s l ours1 is b an inf9itesimal portion ( ! :ole4 ,by ! cont9ual emitt+ ( heat1 h[ev]1 ^! fi]y balls _h a cru/ =m on ! outside1 :i* enclos$ a fi]y fluid nucleus4 ,! cru/ = a "t mu/ h be5 a smoo? %eet1 b aft]w>d v unev51 hav+ protub]ances & cavities =m ov] its surface1 ow+ to ! molt5 mass )9 becom+ cond5s$ & contract$2 ! cru/ n foll[+ ?is *ange suffici5tly close1 mu/ h fall5 91 & ?us produc$ ! cavities4 ,illu/ration3 ,mongolian4 ,illu/ration3 ,malay4 ,illu/ration3 ,e?iopian4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,indian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,facial ,,angle1 by ,pr(4 ,nelson ,siz]4 #a1 ,snake2 #b1 ,dog2 #c1 ,elephant2 #d1 ,ape2 #e1 ,human ,idiot2 #f1 ,! ,bu%man2 #g1 ,! ,uncultivat$2 #h1 ,! ,improv$2 #i1 ,! ,civiliz$2 #aj1 ,! ,enlight5$2 #aa1 ,! ,caucasian 7highe/ type74 ,illu/ration3 ,caucasian 7aft] ,van ,evrie74 ,illu/ration3 ,head ( ,nose-,ape 7aft] ,brehm74 ,illu/ration3 ,julia ,pa/rana 7,photograph$ by ,h9tye74 ,illu/ration3 ,liv+ ,idiot 7on ,blackwell's ,isl&74 ,all ! "t1 by ! cond5sation1 ! diamet] ( ! e>? 0 be+ dim9i%$4 ,! irregul> cool+ ( ! cru/ caus$ irregul> contractions on ! surface1 & z ! diamet] ( ! molt5 mass )9 0 cont9ually dim9i%+1 _m elevations & depressions 7 caus$1 :i* 7 ! f\ndations ( m\nta9s & valleys4 ,aft] ! temp]ature ( ! e>? _h be5 r$uc$ by ! ?ick5+ ( ! cru/--:5 x became suffici5tly cool--! wat] :i* exi/$ 9 /eam 0 cond5s$ & precipitat$1 fall+ 9 torr5ts1 wa%+ d[n ! elevations1 fill+ ! depressions ) ! mud c>ri$ along1 & deposit+ x 9 lay]s4 ,x 0 n until ! e>? became cov]$ ) wat] t life 0 possible 9 any =m1 z bo? animals & plants consi/ to a v great ext5t ( wat]4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 !n1 ! little mass ( protoplasm1 :i* we h spok5 s mu* ab\t1 came into exi/5ce 9 all probability1 z has be5 /at$1 by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,,laws ,,( ,,evolution4 ,let u n[ exam9e "s ( ! laws ( evolution1 z also "s ( ! connect+ l9ks :i* bl5d "o /age ( man's developm5t ) ano!r1 :i* at fir/ ?\ght w\ld seem unexpla9able4 ,haeckel#ca summ>izes ! inductive evid5ces ( ,d>w9ism z foll[s3 #a4 ,paleontological s]ies 7phylog5y72 #b4 ,embryological developm5t ( ! individual 7ontog5y72 #c4 ,! correspond5ce 9 ! t]ms ( ^! two s]ies2 #d4 ,comp>ative anatomy 7typical =ms & /ructures72 #e4 ,correspond5ce betwe5 comp>ative anatomy & ontog5y2 #f4 ,rudim5t>y organs 7dipeliology72 #g4 ,! natural sy/em ( organisms 7classification72 #h4 ,geographical di/ribution 7*orology72 #i4 ,adaptation to ! environm5t 7oecology72 #aj4 ,! unity ( biological ph5om5a4 ,x w ( c\rse be impossible to consid] ev5 ha/ily all ( ! inductive evid5ce belong+ to ! sev]al gr\ps m5tion$ above1 = ! scope ( ?is "w w\ld n p]mit ( x4 ,only su* facts z pres5t !mselves mo/ =cibly to ! m9d w be consid]$4 ,d>w9ism1 z has already be5 /at$1 is n ! doctr9e ( evolution2 x is1 h[ev]1 a successful attempt to expla9 ! law or mann] ( evolution4 ,! law ( natural selection1 po9t$ out by ,d>w91 is call$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,d>w9 discov]$ t natural selection produces fitness betwe5 organisms & _! circum/ances1 :i* expla9s ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t man c1 by pursu+ a c]ta9 me?od ( bre$+ or cultivation1 improve & 9 v>i\s ways modify ! "* ( ! diff]5t dome/ic animals & plants4 ,by always select+ ! be/ specim5 f :i* to propagate ! race1 ^? features :i* x is desir$ to p]petuate become m & m develop$2 s t :at are admitt$ to be real v>ieties sometimes acquire1 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations1 a "* z /rik+ly di/9ct1 to all appe>ances1 f ^? ( ! v>ieties1 z "o species is f ano!r species ( ! same g5us4 ,x is evid5t t bo? natural & artificial selection dep5ds on adaptation & inh]itance4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms ( selection is t1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! w ( man makes ! selection accord+ to a plan1 :]eas 9 natural selection ! /ruggle = life & ! survival ( ! fitte/ acts )\t a plan o!r ?an t ! mo/ adaptable organism %all survive :i* is mo/ fit to cont5d ) ! circum/ances "u :i* x is plac$4 ,natural selection acts1 !re=e1 mu* m sl[ly ?an artificial selection1 al?\gh x br+s ab\t ! same end4 ,adaptation 9 ! /ruggle = life is an absolute necessity4 ,9 e act ( bre$+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( protoplasm is transf]r$ f ! p>5ts to ! *ild1 & along ) x !re is transf]r$ ! individual peculi> molecul> motion4 ,adaptation or transmutation dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial influ5ce :i* organism exp]i5ces f its surr\nd+s1 or its conditions ( exi/5ce2 :ile ! transmission f inh]itance is due to ! p>tial id5tity ( produc+ & produc$ organisms4 ,organiz$ be+s1 z a rule1 are gift$ ) enorm\s p[]s ( increase4 ,wild plants yield _! crop ( se$ annually1 & mo/ wild animals br+ =? _! "y ye>ly or (t5]4 ,%\ld ?is process g on un*eck$1 9 a %ort "t ! e>? w\ld be completely ov]run ) liv+ be+s4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t if a plant produces fifty se$s 7:i* is f> bel[ ! reproductive capacity ( _m plants7 ! fir/ ye>1 ea* ( ^! se$s gr[+ up into a plant :i* produces fifty se$s1 or altoge!r two ?\s& five hundr$ se$s ! next ye>1 & s on1 x w\ld "u favorable conditions ( gr[? give rise 9 n9e ye>s to m plants by five hundr$ trillions ?an !re are squ>e feet ( dry l& ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,sl[-bre$+ man has be5 kn[n to d\ble 8 numb] 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 & accord+ to ,eul]1 ?is might occur 9 little ov] twelve ye>s4 ,b assum+ ! =m] rate ( increase1 & tak+ ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at only ?irty millions1 9 six hundr$ & eighty-five ye>s _! liv+ prog5y w\ld h ea* b a squ>e foot to /& ^u1 7 !y spread ov] ! entire globe1 l& & wat] includ$4 ,b millions ( species are do+ ! same ?+1 s t ! inevitable result ( ?is /rife _c be a matt] ( *ance4 ,evid5tly ^? individuals or v>ieties hav+ "s advantage ov] _! competitors w /& ! be/ *ance to live1 :ile ^? de/itute ( ^! advantages w be liable to de/ruction4 ,nature may be said 7metaphorically7 to *oose 7l ! w ( man 9 artificial selection7 :i* %all be pres]v$ & :i* de/roy$4 ,t portion ( ! !ory ( developm5t :i* ma9ta9s ! common desc5t ( all species ( animals & plants f ! simple/ common orig91 ,i h already /at$ ) full ju/ice %\ld be call$ ,lam>ckism4 ,progress is recogniz$ by all sci5ti/s to be a law ( nature4 ,"s ( ! m important facts :i* su/a9 ! !ory ( developm5t1 ,i propose n[ to pres5t z briefly z possible4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,organs4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis ( a g5etic connection among all animals 7includ+ man71 at lea/ among all ^? belong+ to ! same great types1 is ! pres5ce ( rudim5t>y p>ts4 ,by rudim5ts 9 anatomy are meant organs or /ructures imp]fectly develop$1 s z to be almo/ or entirely )\t functional use4 ,ea* ( !m repres5ts 9 g]m1 z x 71 9 "o animal 7or plant71 t :i* is p]fect & useful 9 ano!r type4 ,= a few examples3 ,! little fold ( c>uncle at ! inn] m>g9 ( ! eye 9 man1 repres5ts ! nictitat+ membrane ( birds4 ,eyes :i* d n see =m a /rik+ example4 ,^! are f\nd 9 v _m animals :i* live 9 ! d>k1 z 9 caves or und]gr\nd4 ,_! eyes are (t5 p]fectly develop$ b are cov]$ by a membrane1 s t no ray ( light c ent] & !y c nev] see4 ,su* eyes1 )\t ! function ( sight1 are f\nd 9 sev]al species ( moles & mice :i* live und]gr\nd1 9 s]p5ts & liz>ds1 9 amphibi\s animals 7proteus1 ccilia7 & 9 fi%es2 also 9 num]\s inv]tebrate animals :i* pass _! lives 9 ! d>k1 z d _m beetles1 crabs1 snails1 worms1 etc4 ,o!r rudim5t>y organs are ! w+s ( animals :i* _c fly4 ,= example1 ! w+s ( ! runn+ birds1 l ! o/ri*1 emeu1 cass[>y1 etc41 ! legs ( :i* become exce$+ly develop$4 ,! muscles :i* move ! e>s ( animals are /ill pres5t 9 man1 b ( c\rse are ( no use2 by cont9ual practice p]sons h be5 able to move _! e>s by ^! muscles4 ,! rudim5t ( ! tail ( animals :i* man possesses 9 8 #c-e tail v]tebr1 is ano!r rudim5t>y "p--9 ! human embryo x /&s out prom95tly dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s ( its developm5t2 x aft]w>ds becomes hidd54 ,! rudim5t>y little tail ( man is irrefutable pro( t he is desc5d$ f tail$ ance/ors4 ,9 woman ! tail is g5]ally1 by "o v]tebra1 long] ?an 9 man4 ,!re /ill exi/s rudim5t>y muscles 9 ! human tail :i* =m]ly mov$ x4 ,ano!r case ( human rudim5t>y organs1 only belong+ to ! male1 & :i* obta9s 9 l mann] 9 all mammals1 is furni%$ by ! mamm>y gl&s on ! brea/1 :i*1 z a rule1 are active only 9 ! female sex4 ,h[ev]1 cases ( diff]5t mammals are kn[n1 especially ( m51 %eep & goats1 9 :i* ! mamm>y gl&s 7 fully develop$ 9 ! male sex1 & yield milk z food = _! (fspr+4 ,! v]mi=m app5dix ( ! l>ge inte/9e 9 man1 is ano!r illu/ration ( a "p :i* has no use1 b 9 "o m>supial is ?ree times ! l5g? ( its body4 ,! rudim5t>y cov]+ ( hair ov] c]ta9 portions ( ! body1 is n )\t int]e/4 ,ov] ! body we f9d b a scanty cov]+1 :i* is ?ick only on ! head1 9 ! armpits1 & on "s o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! %ort hairs on ! great] "p ( ! body are entirely useless1 & are ! la/ scanty rema9s ( ! hairy cov]+ ( our ape ance/ors4 ,bo? on ! upp] & l[] arm ! hairs are direct$ t[>d ! elb[1 :]e !y meet at an obtuse angle--?is /rik+ arrangem5t is only f\nd 9 man & ! an?ropoid apes1 ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 orang1 & sev]al species ( gibbons4 ,! f9e %ort hairs on ! body become develop$ into ?ickset1 long1 & r co>se d>k hairs1 :5 abnormally n\ri%$ ne> old-/&+ inflam$ surfaces4#cb ,! f9e wool-l hair or s-call$ lanugo ) :i* ! human foetus1 dur+ ! fif? & six? mon?s1 is ?ickly cov]$1 (f]s ano!r pro( t man is desc5d$ f an animal :i* 0 born hairy1 & rema9$ s dur+ life4 ,?is cov]+ is fir/ develop$ dur+ ! fif? mon?1 on ! eyebr[s & face1 & especially ar\nd ! m\?1 :]e x is mu* long] ?an t on ! head4 ,?ree or f\r cases h be5 record$ ( p]sons born ) _! :ole bodies & faces ?ickly cov]$ ) f9e long hairs4 ,pr(4 ,alex4 ,br&t comp>$ ! hair f ! face ( a man ?us *>act]iz$1 ag$ ?irty-five1 ) ! lanugo ( a foetus1 & f9ds x q simil> 9 texture4 ,es*ri*t#cc has devot$ great att5tion to ?is rudim5t>y cov]+1 & has ?r[n mu* light on ! subject4 ,he %[$ t ! female z well z ! male foetus possess$ ?is hairy cov]+1 %[+ t bo? are desc5d$ f prog5itors1 bo? sexes ( :om 7 hairy4 ,es*ri*t also %[$1 z /at$ above1 t ! hair on ! face ( ! fif? mon? foetus is long] on ! face ?an on ! head1 :i* indicates t our semi-human prog5itors 7 n furni%$ ) long tresses1 :i* mu/ !re=e h be5 a late acquisition4 ,! "q naturally arises1 is !re any explanation = ! loss ( hair cov]+8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,! ,hairy-,fac$ ,burmese ,family4 7,f ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahge47 ,d>w9 is ( ! op9ion t ! abs5ce ( hair on ! body is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a second>y sexual "*2 =1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 wom5 are less hairy ?an m54 ,he says3 ,!re=e we may reasonably suspect t ?is "* has be5 ga9$ ?r\gh sexual selection4 ,z ! body 9 woman is less hairy ?an 9 man1 & z ?is "* is common to all races1 we may conclude t x 0 our female semi-human ance/ors :o 7 fir/ dive/$ ( hair4 ,pr(essor ,grant ,all5#cd has giv5 mu* /udy to ! subject ( ! loss ( hair 9 ! human be+2 & 8 inve/igations are wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,he %[s conclusively t ^? p>ts ( an animal :i* are 9 con/ant contact ) o!r objects are specially liable to lose _! hair4 ,?is is noticeable on ! "u surface ( ! body ( all animals :i* habitually lie on ! /oma*4 ,! soles ( ! feet ( all mammals :]e !y t\* ! gr\nd are q hairless2 ! palms ( ! h&s 9 ! quadrumana pres5t ! same appe>ance4 ,! knees ( ^? species :i* frequ5tly kneel1 su* z camels & o!r rum9ants1 are apt to become b>e & h>d-sk9n$4 ,! friction ( ! wat] has be5 ! means ( remov+ ! hair f _m aquatic mammals--! :ales1 porpoises1 dugongs1 & manatees are examples4 ,z ! back ( man =ms ! specially hairless region ( 8 body1 we mu/ conclude t x is 9 all probability ! fir/ "p :i* became entirely d5ud$ ( hair4 ,! gorilla1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,g]vais1 is ! only mammal :i* agrees ) man 9 hav+ ! hair ?9n] on ! back1 :]e x is p>tly rubb$ (f1 ?an on ! l[] surface4 ,du ,*aillu /ates t he has himself come ^u fre% traces ( a gorilla's b$ on sev]al occasions1 & c\ld see t ! male _h seat$ himself ) 8 back aga9/ a tree-trunk4 ,he also says3 ,9 bo? male & female ! hair is f\nd worn (f ! back2 b ?is is only f\nd 9 v old females4 ,?is is occasion$1 ,i suppose1 by _! re/+ at night aga9/ trees1 at ^: base !y sleep4 ,! gorilla has only v p>tially acquir$ ! erect position1 & probably sits b little 9 ! attitude common to man4 ,9 man ! case is diff]5t2 9 proportion z 8 prog5itors grew m & m erect1 he mu/ h la9 less & less ^u 8 /oma*1 & m & m ^u 8 back or sides1 & ?is is se5 9 ! savage man dur+ 8 lazy h\rs--:o /ret*es himself on ! gr\nd 9 ! sun1 ) 8 back propp$1 :]e possible1 by a slight m\nd or ! wall ( 8 hut4 ,! cont9ual friction ( ! surface ( ! back w\ld arre/ ! gr[? ( hair2 = hair gr[s :]e !re is normally less friction1 & vice v]s4 ,z man became m & m hairless1 especially among savage & nak$ races1 we %\ld conclude t su* a modification w\ld be consid]$ a beauty1 & wom5 w\ld select su* m5 9 pref]5ce to m hairy individuals4 ,! ,new ,zeal& prov]b is3 ,!re is no woman = a hairy man4 ,sexual selection1 !n1 w\ld play a v important "p2 & ! difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ man became dive/$ ( hair is readily expla9$4 ,haeckel says3 ,ev5 if we knew absolutely no?+ ( ! o!r ph5om5a ( developm5t1 we %\ld be oblig$ to believe 9 ! tru? ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 solely on ! gr\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,,reproduction ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,eggs4 ,x might be ?\ght !re exi/$ a miss+ l9k betwe5 animals :i* lay eggs & ^? :i* d n2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is done away ) 9 _m in/ances--"o1 = example1 is f\nd 9 our commone/ indig5\s snake4 ,! r+$ snake lays eggs :i* require ?ree weeks "t to develop2 b :5 x is kept 9 captivity1 & no s& is /rewn 9 ! cage1 x does n lay eggs1 b reta9s !m until ! "y ones are develop$4 ,?is only %[s h[ p[]fully influ5ces affect ! habit ( animals4 ,,d\ble-,,sex$ ,,individuals4 ,ano!r difficulty might be suppos$ to arise betwe5 animals :i* produce !mselves o!r ?an by sexual reproduction4 ,?is has already be5 slightly t\*$ ^u2 & x has be5 %[n t num]\s plants & animals propagate !mselves ?r\gh _! d\ble-sex$ organs4 ,x occurs 9 a great majority ( plants1 b only 9 a m9ority ( animals2 = example1 ! g>d5-snail1 lee*es1 e>?-worms1 & _m o!r worms4 ,e g>d5-snail produces 9 "o "p ( its sexual gl& eggs1 & 9 ano!r "p sp]m4 ,p>!nog5esis (f]s an int]e/+ =m ( transition f sexual reproduction to ! non-sexual =mation ( g]m-cells 7:i* mo/ resembles x74 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ to occur 9 _m cases among insects1 especially by ,seebold's excell5t inve/igations4 ,among ! common bees1 a male individual 7a drone7 arises out ( ! eggs ( ! que51 if ! eggs h n be5 fructifi$2 a female 7a que5 or work+ bee71 if ! egg has be5 fructifi$4 ,gono*orismus or sexual sep>ation1 :i* *>act]izes ! m complicat$ ( ! two k9ds ( sexual reproduction1 has evid5tly be5 develop$ f ! condition ( h]maphroditism at a late p]iod ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is case ! female individual 9 bo? animal & plant produces eggs or egg-cells4 ,9 animals1 ! male individual secretes ! fructify+ sp]m 7sp]ma72 9 plants1 ! corpuscles1 :i* correspond to ! sp]m4 ,,inh]itance4 ,! rem>kable facts ( inh]itance1 ext5d+ to ! reproduction ( unimportant peculi>ities ( p>ts or organs 7rudim5t>y p>ts7 m5tion$ above1 & ! occasional outbreak ( ance/ral *>act]s t h be5 dormant ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations 7"s ( :i* ,i w m5tion fur!r on71 might be ?\ght p]fectly unexpla9able2 b !y are readily acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t ea* "p ( an organism contributes its con/itu5t & effective molecules to ! g]m & sp]m p>ticles4 ,mr4 ,sorby made num]\s inve/igations ) relation to ! numb] ( molecules 9 ! g]m9al matt] ( eggs1 & ! sp]matic matt] suppli$ by ! male4 ,omitt+ ! alkali1 ,mr4 ,sorby takes ! =mula1 ,c#gb;,h#aab,n#ah,,s#bb1 z repres5t+ ! composition ( album54 ,9 a #a_/bjjj ( an in* cube1 he reckons-- ,album5 #ah1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj molecules4 ,wat] #iib1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj -------------------------------- #a1jaj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj molecules4 ,or1 9 a sph]e ( ! same diamet]1 #ecj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ( ! two compon5ts4 ,tak+ a s+le mammalian sp]matozoon1 hav+ a mean diamet] ( #a_/fjjj ( an in*2 x might conta9 two & a half million ( su* gemmules4 ,if ^! 7 lo/1 de/roy$1 or fully develop$ at ! rate ( "o 9 ea* second1 ?is numb] w\ld be exhau/$ 9 ab\t "o mon?2 b s9ce a numb] ( sp]matozoa appe>s to be necess>y to produce p]fect f]tilization1 x is q easy to und]/& t ! numb] ( gemmules introduc$ into ! ovum may be s great t ! influ5ce ( ! male p>5t may be v m>k$1 ev5 aft] hav+ be51 z reg>ds p>ticul> "*1 app>5tly dormant = _m ye>s4 ,! g]m9al vesicle ( a mammalian ovum be+ ab\t #a_/ajjj ( an in*1 mean diamet]1 might conta9 five hundr$ million ( gemmules1 :i*1 if us$ up at ! rate ( "o p] second1 w\ld la/ m ?an sev5te5 ye>s4 ,if ! :ole ovum1 ab\t #a_/aej 9 diamet]1 7 all gemmules1 ! numb] w\ld be suffici5t to la/1 at ?is rate1 "o p] second = #e1fjj ye>s6 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n probable2 b ,mr4 ,sorby's rem>ks has completely remov$ all d\bt z to its physical possibility f ! ,d>w9ian !ory2 & !y prompt u1 says ,slack1 to a wond]ful conception ( ! p[]s resid+ 9 m9ute quantities ( matt]4 ,! laws ( inh]itance are divisible into two s]ies1 cons]vative & progressive transmission2 ! laws ( adaptation to direct 7active7 or indirect 7pot5tial7 adaptation4 ,ext]nal causes (t5 influ5ce ! reproductive sy/em1 especially 9 organism propagat+ 9 a sexual way4 ,?is c be /rik+ly %[n 9 artificially produc$ mon/rosities4 ,mon/rosities c be produc$ by subject+ ! p>5tal organism to c]ta9 extraord9>y conditions ( life2 & curi\sly en\gh1 su* an extraord9>y condition ( life does n produce a *ange ( ! organism itself1 b a *ange 9 its desc5dants4 ,! new =mation exi/s 9 ! p>5tal organism only z a possibility 7pot5tial72 9 ! desc5dants x becomes a reality 7actual74 ,mo/ commonly1 mon/rosities ) v abnormal =ms are /]ile1 b !re are in/ances :]e !y reproduce _! k9d & become a species4#ce ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 :o p]haps made ! deepe/ inve/igations ev] conduct$ into ! nature & causes ( _! production1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( artificially produc+ !m1 & to ?is end he began modifications ( ! physical conditions ( ! evolution ( ! *ick5 dur+ natural & artificial incubation4 ,he det]m9$ ! fact t mon/]s c\ld be produc$ 9 ?is way1 b sc>cely c>ri$ 8 inve/igation fur!r4 ,?is "w has be5 tak5 up by ,m4 ,d>e/e1 & he has lately publi%$ a volume 9 ,p>is :i* rec\nts ! results ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury's exp]im5t+4 ,eggs1 he /ates1 7 submitt$ to incubation 9 a v]tical in/ead ( a horizontal position2 !y 7 cov]$ ) v>ni% 9 c]ta9 places s z to /op or modify evaporation & respiration4 ,! evolution ( ! *ick 0 r5d]$ sl[] by a temp]ature bel[ t ( ! normal heat ( incubation4 ,f9ally1 eggs 7 w>m$ only at "o po9t1 s t ! "y animal1 dur+ developm5t1 0 submitt$ at diff]5t p>ts to v>iable temp]atures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,^! p]turbations result$ 9 ! mo/ curi\s & unlook$ = de=mities 9 ! embryo1 "s be+ n alone peculi> to ! bird1 b be+ simil> to ^? :i* h be5 recogniz$ 9 _m o!r animals1 & ev5 9 ! human species4 ,! data obta9$ h be5 deem$ s important t ,m4 ,d>e/e has rec5tly receiv$ ! ,lacaze prize = physiology f ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,x w\ld be impossible to review ev5 a fraction ( ! _m =ms ( mon/rosities :i* ,m4 ,d>e/e has discov]$4 ,^? t we give w1 h[ev]1 suffice to convey an idea ( ! wond]ful v>iations produc$4 ,fig4 #a is a *ick embryo ) ! encephalon entirely outside ! head1 ! he>t1 liv]1 & gizz>d outside ! umbilical op5+1 "r w+ lift$ up beside ! head1 & ! developm5t ( ! left "o /opp$4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! encephalon is h]niat$ & m>k$ ) blood spots1 ! eye is rudim5t>y & replac$ by a spot ( pigm5t1 ! upp] beak is %ort] ?an ! l[] "o1 :ile ! he>t1 liv]1 etc41 are all outside4 ,9 ,figs4 #c & #d ! head is compress$1 eyes well develop$1 b 9 ! back in/ead ( 9 ! sides ( ! head2 ! body is b5t1 abdom9al inte/9es n clos$1 he>t l>gely develop$ & h]niat$4 ,! lit]al ref]5ces to ! =ego+ are3 am1 amnion2 al1 allantois2 v1 vitellus2 h1 encephalon2 i1 eye2 c1 he>t2 f1 liv]2 g1 gizz>d2 ms1 upp]1 & mi1 l[] memb]4 ,! commone/ case ( mon/rosity obs]v$ by ,m4 ,d>e/e has be5 t ( ! head protrud+ f ! navel1 & ! he>t or he>ts above ! head4 ,?is is a mo/ extraord9>y & new mon/]1 &1 if x p]si/1 a *ick5 ) its he>t on its back1 l a hump1 may be expect$4 ,a curi\s fact discov]$ is ! duplicity ( ! he>t at ! beg9n+ ( incubation1 two he>ts1 beat+ sep>ately1 be+ cle>ly se54 ,ano!r anomaly consi/s 9 heads ) a frontal swell+1 :i* is fill$ by ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,m4 ,d>e/e's artificial mon/]s are all produc$ f ! s+le g]m or cicatricule 7z ! :ite circul> spot se5 9 ! yell[ ( ! egg1 & f :i* ! embryo spr+s1 is t]m$74 ,he has n yet be5 able to det]m9e artificially ! production ( mon/]s1 ! orig9 ( :i* takes place 9 a peculi> /ate ( ! cicatricule be=e incubation4 ,b hav+ submitt$ to incubation "s #aj1jjj eggs1 he has obta9$ sev]al rem>kable examples ( d\ble mon/rosities 9 process ( =mation1 "s repres5tations ( :i* are giv5 h]e)4 ,fig4 #e %[s ?ree embryos1 all d]iv$ f a s+le cicatricule4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts ?ree embryos f two cicatricules4 ,on "o side ( ! l9e ( junction are two imp]fectly develop$ embryos1 "o hav+ no he>t4 ,! s+le embryo on ! o!r side is g5]ally normal1 b has a he>t on ! "r side4 ,9 ,fig4 #g are tw9s1 "o well =m$1 ! he>t circulat+ colorless blood1 ! o!r hav+ no he>t & a rudim5t>y head4 ,fig4 #h exhibits a d\ble mon/] ) lat]al union4 ,! heads are sep>ate1 & !re are ?ree upp] & ?ree l[] memb]s1 ^? ( ! latt] on ! m$ian l9e belong+ equally to ea* ( ! pair4 ,,acquir$ ,,qualities4 ,:5 an organism has be5 subject$ to abnormal conditions 9 life x c transmit any peculi>ity x may h acquir$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n always possible1 o!rwise desc5dants ( m5 :o h lo/ _! arm or leg w\ld be born )\t ! correspond+ arm or leg--?is %[s t "s acquir$ qualities are m easily transmitt$ ?an o!rs--al?\gh !re are cases1 z1 = in/ance1 a race ( dogs )\t tails has be5 produc$ by cutt+ (f ! tails ( bo? sexes ( ! dog1 dur+ sev]al g5]ations4 ,a few ye>s ago1 says ,haeckel1 a case occurr$ on an e/ate ne> ,j5a 9 :i*1 by ! c>eless slamm+ ( a /able-door1 ! tail ( a bull 0 wr5*$ (f1 & ! calves begott5 by ?is bull 7 all born )\t a tail4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an exception2 b x is v important to note ! fact t "u c]ta9 unkn[n conditions su* viol5t *anges are transmitt$ 9 ! same mann] z _m diseases4 ,! transmission ( diseases su* z consumption1 madness1 & alb9ism =m examples4 ,alb9oes are ^? individuals :o are di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( color+ matt] f _! sk9s2 !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce among m51 animals & plants4 ,among _m animals1 su* z rabbits & mice1 alb9oes ) :ite fur & r$ eyes are s mu* lik$ t !y are propagat$4 ,?is w\ld be impossible 7 x n = ! law ( ! transmission ( adaptations4 ,hornless cattle h desc5d$ f a s+le bull born 9 #aggj ( horn$ p>5ts1 b ^: abs5ce ( horns 0 ! result ( "s unkn[n cause4 ,! law ( int]rupt$ or lat5t transmission1 z illu/rat$ 9 gr&*ildr5 :o are l ! gr&p>5ts1 b q unlike ! p>5ts4 ,animals (t5 resume a =m :i* h n exi/$ = _m g5]ations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ?is k9d ( rev]sion1 or atavism1 is ! fact t 9 "s horses !re sometimes appe> s+ul> d>k /ripes simil> to ^? ( ! zebra1 quagga1 & o!r wild species ( ,african horse4 ,nutrition directly modifies adaptation1 z is well illu/rat$ by animals :i* h be5 br$ = dome/ic or o!r purposes4 ,if a f>m] is bre$+ = f9e wool he gives mu* diff]5t food to ! %eep ?an he w\ld if he wi%$ to obta9 fle% or an abundance ( fat4 ,ev5 ! bodily =m ( man is q diff]5t accord+ to its nutrition4 ,food conta9+ mu* nitrog5 produces little fat1 t conta9+ little nitrog5 produces a great deal ( fat4 ,p :o by means ( ,bant+'s sy/em1 at pres5t s popul>1 wi% to become ?91 eat only meat & eggs--no bread1 no potatoes4 ,man c bre$ = milk 9 cattle1 = fea!rs 9 pigeons1 = color$ fl[]s 9 plants1 &1 9 fact1 = almo/ any desirable quality4 ,,geological ,,record4 ,! ,geological ,record 7palontology7 furni%es weighty evid5ce ( man's desc5t2 = ! circum/antial evid5ce d]iv$ f ?is s\rce is writt5 )\t ! possibility ( a mi/ake1 ) no *ance ( error1 on ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,x is true t ! geological record mu/ be incomplete1 because x c only pres]ve rema9s f\nd 9 c]ta9 favorable localities1 & "u p>ticul> conditions2 t ?is valuable record mu/ be de/roy$ by processes ( d5udation1 & oblit]at$ by processes ( metamorphosis1 x _c be d\bt$4 ,b$s ( rock ( any ?ickness1 cramm$ full ( organic rema9s1 may yet1 says ,huxley1 by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh !m1 or ! influ5ce ( subt]ranean heat 7if !y desc5d f> en\gh t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?71 lose all trace ( ^! rema9s1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( b$s ( rock =m$ "u conditions 9 :i* !re 0 no trace ( liv+ =ms4 ,su* metamorphic rocks occur 9 =mations ( all ages2 & we "k ) p]fect c]ta9ty1 :5 !y d appe>1 t !y h conta9$ organic rema9s1 & t ^? rema9s h be5 absolutely oblit]at$4 ,if we look at ! geological record1 we f9d3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epo*4--,! ,ar*ili?ic1 or ,primordial ,epo*1 con/itutes ! ,age ( ,skull-less ,animals & ,sea-we$ ,=e/s1 & is made up ( ! ,laur5tian1 ,cambrian1 & ,silurian ,p]iod4 ,,! ,,second ,,epo*4--,! ,paloli?ic1 or ,prim>y ,epo*1 con/itutes ! ,age ( ,fi%es & ,f]n ,=e/s1 & is made up ( ! ,devonian1 ,coal1 & ,p]mian ,p]iod4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,epo*4--,! ,mesoli?ic1 or ,second>y ,epo*1 con/itutes ! ,age ( ,reptiles & ,p9e ,=e/s1 ,conif]1 & is made up ( ! ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,*alk ,p]iod4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,epo*4--,! ,cnoli?ic1 or ,t]ti>y ,epo*1 con/itutes ! ,age ( ,mammals & ,leaf ,=e/s1 & is made up ( ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,phoc5e ,p]iod4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,epo*4--,! ,an?ropoli?ic1 or ,quat]n>y ,epo*1 con/itutes ! ,age ( ,man & ,cultivat$ ,=e/s1 & is made up ( ! ,glacial & ,po/glacial ,p]iod1 & ! ,p]iod ( ,culture4 ,dur+ ! ar*ili?ic epo* ! inhabitants ( our planet1 z has be5 already /at$1 consi/$ ( skull-less animals1 or aquatic =ms4 ,no rema9s ( t]re/rial animals or plants1 dat$ f ?is p]iod1 h z yet be5 f\nd4 ,! ar*ili?ic p]iod 0 long] ?an ! :ole long p]iod betwe5 ! close ( ! ar*ili?ic & ! pres5t "t2 = if ! total ?ickness ( all s$im5t>y /rata be e/imat$ z ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& feet1 !n sev5ty ?\s& feet belong to ?is epo*4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is epo* t ! little mass ( protoplasm1 :i* has be5 s (t5 spok5 (1 came into exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 /at$ above t palontology is q defici5t4 ,?is is n only true ( ! record1 b ( ! lack z yet ( suffici5t inve/igations4 ,! greate/ fields ( inve/igation 9 ?is dep>tm5t h nev] be5 explor$4 ,! :ole ( ! petrifactions accurately kn[n d n probably am\nt to a hundr$? "p ( ^? :i*1 by m elaborate explorations1 are yet to be discov]$4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( all di/9ctly pres]v$ petrifactions is ! ,eozoon ,canad5se1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! l[e/ ,laur5tian /rata 9 ! ,ottawa =mation4 ,probably no discov]y 9 palontology ranks high] ?an ! discov]y ( ! desc5dants ( ! horse4 ,! horse1 = example1 z f> z 8 limbs & tee? g1 diff]s f> m f extant gram9ivora ?an man diff]s f ! ape4 ,_h n fossil ungulates be5 f\nd1 :i* demon/rate ! common orig9 ( ! horse ) didactyles & multidactyles1 "s w\ld h deem$ ! horse a special miracul\s creation4 ,b n[ ! l9ks are complete1 & ! desc5t ( ! horse is f\nd to foll[ exactly :at ! doctr9e ( evolution c\ld h pr$ict$4 ,,ontog5y4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! palontological record is q incomplete1 ow+ to _m facts1 "s ( :i* h be5 m5tion$2 =tunately1 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! organic individual1 or ontog5y1 comes 9 to fill up _m defici5cies4 ,ontog5y is a repetition ( ! pr9cipal =ms ?r\gh :i* ! respective individuals h pass$ f ! beg9n+ ( _! tribe1 & its great advantage is t x reveals a field ( in=mation :i* x 0 impossible = ! rocks to reta92 = ! petrification ( ! anci5t ance/ors ( all ! diff]5t animal & vegetable species1 :i* 7 s(t1 t5d] bodies1 0 n possible4 ,! annex$ plate illu/rates ! dog1 rabbit1 & man 9 _! fir/ /ages ( developm5t4 ,illu/rations ( a fi%1 an amphibi\s animal1 a reptile1 a bird1 or any mammal1 c\ld also be giv52 = all v]tebrate animals ( ! mo/ diff]5t classes1 9 _! e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 _c be di/+ui%$1 & ! ne>] ! animal approa*es man 9 ! asc5d+ scale1 ! long] does ?is simil>ity cont9ue to exi/--:5 reptiles & birds are di/9ctly diff]5t f mammals1 ! dog & ! man are almo/ id5tical4 ,! gill-ar*es ( ! fi% exi/ 9 man1 9 dogs1 9 f[ls1 9 reptiles1 & 9 o!r v]tebrate animals dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,man also possesses1 9 8 fir/ /ages1 a real tail1 z well z 8 ne>e/ k9dr$--! tailless apes 7orang-outang1 *impanzee1 gorilla71 & v]tebrate animals 9 g5]al4 ,! tail1 z has be5 /at$1 man /ill reta9s1 ?\gh hidd5 z a rudim5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,human ,embryo4--,eck]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4--,embryo ( ,dog4--,bis*(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4--,dog ,embryo4--,huxley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,vi4--,embryo ( ,rabbit 9 ?ree /ages ( developm5t4--,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,ix4--,embryo ( ,man 9 ?ree /ages ( developm5t4--,haeckel4 v1 =e bra92 z1 twix bra92 m1 middle bra92 h1 h9d bra92 n1 aft] bra92 r1 sp9al m>r[2 e1 nose2 a1 eye2 o1 e>2 k1 gill>*es2 g1 he>t2 w1 v]tebral column2 f1 =e limbs2 b1 h9d limbs2 s1 tail4 ,man pres5ts 9 8 e>lie/ /ages ( embryonic gr[?1 a skeleton ( c>tilage1 l t ( ! lamprey2 also1 five orig9s ( ! aorta & five slits on ! neck1 l ! lamprey & ! %>k4 ,lat]1 he has b f\r aortic orig9s1 & a he>t n[ divid$ into two *amb]s1 l bony fi%es2 ! optic lobes ( 8 bra9 also hav+ a v fi%-l pr$om9ance 9 size4 ,?ree *amb]s ( ! he>t & ?ree aortic orig9s foll[1 pres5t+ a condition p]man5t 9 ! batra*ia2 !n two orig9s ) enl>g$ hemisph]es ( ! bra91 z 9 reptiles4 ,f\r he>t *amb]s & "o aortic root on ea* side1 ) slight developm5t ( ! c]ebellum1 agree ) ! *>act]s ( ! crocodiles1 & imm$iately pres5t ! special mammalian conditions1 s+le aortic root1 & ! full developm5t ( ! c]ebellum4 ,lat] comes t ( ! c]ebrum1 also 9 its high] mammalian or human traits4 ,at no "t 9 ! developm5t ( ! egg1 save at ! />t1 d ! embryos ( ! v>i\s v]tebra assume ! exact or entire *>act]i/ics ( "o ano!r1 b !y assimilate s closely t x requires ! eye ( ! exp]t to di/+ui% !m2 &1 z has already be5 /at$1 ! m closely an animal resembles ano!r1 ! long] & ! m intimately d _! embryos resemble "o ano!r2 s t1 = example1 ! embryo ( ! snake & ( a liz>d rema9 l "o ano!r long] ?an d ^? ( a snake & ( a bird2 & ! embryo ( a dog & ( a cat rema9 l "o ano!r = a f> long] p]iod ?an d ^? ( a dog & a bird1 or a dog & an opossum1 or ev5 ^? ( a dog & a monkey4 ,surely x mu/ be admitt$ t ! %ort brief hi/ory giv5 by ! developm5t ( ! egg1 is f> m wond]ful ?an phylog5y or ! long & sl[ hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! tribe1 :i* has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,comp>e ?is "t ) ! "t requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! smalle/ mammals--! h>ve/ mice :i* develops 9 ?ree weeks1 or ! smalle/ ( all birds1 ! humm+-bird1 :i* quits ! egg on ! twelf? day1 or ) man :o passes ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 developm5t 9 =ty weeks1 or ) ! rh9oc]os :o requires #a-a_/b ye>s1 or ! elephant :o requires n9ety weeks4 ,h[ insignificant are ^! v>i\s p]iods to ! long p]iod orig9ally requir$2 yet 9 ^! %ort p]iods ! :ole phylog5y is run ?r\gh 9 ! ontog5y or ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! egg4 ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,man4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] briefly "s ( ! attributes ( man1 & see if he really possesses attributes :i* are 9 no inf]ior degree possess$ by animals4 ,be=e proce$+ directly to ! consid]ation ( ! attributes ( man1 x w be be/ to %[ ! correlation t exi/s betwe5 :at are call$ man's vital =ces & ! physical =ces ( nature4 ,to d ?is let u *oose ?ree =ms ( its manife/ation3 ^! %all be heat evolv$ )9 ! body2 muscul> en]gy or motion2 & la/ly1 n]v\s en]gy or t =m ( =ce :i*1 on ! "o h&1 /imulates a muscle to contract1 & on ! o!r appe>s 9 =ms call$ m5tal4 ,x w n take any ext5sive argum5t to demon/rate t ! heat ( ! body does n diff] f heat f any o!r s\rce4 ,x is kn[n t ! food tak5 into ! body conta9s pot5tial en]gy1 :i* is capable ( be+ 9 "p conv]t$ into actual heat by oxidation2 & s9ce we "k t ! food tak5 into ! body is oxidiz$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air suppli$ by ! lungs1 ! heat ( ! body mu/ be due to ! sl[ oxidation ( ! c>bon1 p]haps also hydrog51 sulphur1 & phosphorus 9 ! food4 ,n[ s9ce ?is s-call$ vital heat is develop$ by oxidation1 is recogniz$ by ! same te/s & appli$ to ! same purposes z any o!r heat1 x is z truly correlat$ to ! o!r =ces z :5 x has a purely physical orig94 ,! amoeboid activity ( a :ite blood corpuscle is /imulat$ )9 c]ta9 limits by heat4 ,hat*+ ( eggs & ! g]m9ation ( se$s may be likewise ha/5$ or ret>d$ by access or deprivation ( heat4 ,x 0 consid]ations su* z ^! :i* l$ to ! doctr9e ( correlation ( ! vital & physical =ces4 ,) respect to ! muscul> =ce ex]t$ by an animal1 x 0 suppos$ t x 0 creat$ by ! animal4 ,dr4 ,frankl&#cf says to ?is3 ,an animal c no m g5]ate an am\nt ( =ce capable ( mov+ a gra9 ( s&1 ?an a /one c fall upw>ds or a locomotive drive a tra9 )\t fuel4 ,z ! am\nt ( ,,co#b exhal$ by ! lungs is increas$ 9 ! exact ratio ( "w done by ! muscle1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! actual =ce ( ! muscle is due to ! conv]t$ pot5tial en]gy ( ! food4 ,s9ce e ex]tion ( a muscle & n]ves involves ! dea? & decay ( ^? tissues to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z %[n by ! excretions1 ,pr(4 ,orton#cg has be5 l$ to say3 ,an animal beg9s to die ! mom5t x beg9s to live4 ,a muscle1 says ,b>k]1#ch is l a /eam-eng9e1 is a ma*9e = conv]t+ ! pot5tial en]gy ( c>bon into motion2 b unlike a /eam-eng9e1 ! muscle accompli%es ?is conv]sion directly1 ! en]gy n pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /ages ( heat4 ,= ?is reason ! muscle is ! mo/ economical produc] ( me*anical =ce kn[n4 ,! muscles :i* give ! d[nw>d /roke ( ! w+ ( a bird are fa/5$ to ! brea/bone1 & _! p[] 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! bird is z #aj1jjj to #a4 ,?is great p[] is ne$$1 = ! air is #ggj times light] ?an wat]2 ! hawk be+ able to travel #aej miles an h\r4 ,! la/ ( ! s-call$ vital =ces "u consid]ation1 is t produc$ by ! n]ves & n]v\s c5tres4 ,b>k] says3 ,9 ! n]ve :i* /imulates a muscle to contract1 ?is =ce is und5iably motion1 s9ce x is propagat$ along ?is n]ve f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,?is =ce has be5 lik5$ unto electricity1 ! gray or cellul> matt] be+ ! batt]y1 ! :ite or fibr\s matt] ! conductors4 ,du ,bois ,reymond#ci has demon/rat$ t ?is =ce is n electricity1 ?\gh by %[+ t its velocity is only n9ety-sev5 feet a second4 ,! velocity v>ies1 ?\gh1 9 diff]5t animals2 x is1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,orton1#dj m rapid 9 w>m-blood$ ?an 9 cold-blood$ animals1 be+ ne>ly twice z fa/ 9 man z 9 ! frog4 ,:eat/one1 by 8 me?od1 gives ! velocity ( electricity 9 copp] wire at #fb1jjj geographical miles p] second2 b z nei!r ,fizeau1 ,g\ld1 ,gonnelle & o!rs c\ld arrive at ! same result1 ! me?od 0 %[n to be incorrect1 & x rema9$ = ,dr4 ,siem5#da to discov] ! true me?od1 :i* gives ! velocity j "o-half t ( ,:eat/one's e/imate1 or #ca1jjj geographical miles p] second4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,b5ce ,jones1 ! propagation ( a n]v\s impulse is a sort ( successive molecul> pol>ization1 l magnetism4 ,b t ?is ag5t is a =ce z analog\s to electricity z is magnetism1 is %[n n only by ! fact t ! transmission ( electricity along a n]ve w cause ! contraction ( a muscle to :i* x leads1 b also by ! important fact discov]$ by ,m>%all1 t ! contraction ( a muscle is excit$ by dim9i%+ its normal electrical curr5t1#db a result :i* c\ld take place only ) a /imulus1 says ,b>k]1 closely alli$ to electricity4 ,n]ve =ce mu/ !re=e be transmut$ pot5tial en]gy4 ,pr(4 ,huxley says1#dc ! results ( rec5t inquiries into ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals1 conv]ge t[>d ! conclusion t ! n]ve-fibres :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ z ultimate elem5ts ( n]v\s tissue1 are n su*1 b are simply ! visible aggregations ( va/ly m att5uat$ filam5ts1 ! diamet] ( :i* dw9dles d[n to ! limits ( our pres5t microscopic vision1 greatly z ^! h be5 ext5d$ by mod]n improvem5ts ( ! microscope2 & t a n]ve is1 9 its ess5ce1 no?+ b a l9e> tract ( specially modifi$ protoplasm betwe5 two po9ts ( an organism1 "o ( :i* is able to affect ! o!r by means ( ! communication s e/abli%$4 ,h5ce x is conceivable t ev5 ! simple/ liv+ be+ may possess a n]v\s sy/em4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#dd says all direct & indirect evid5ce ju/ifies u 9 conclud+ t ! n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( "o k9d ( matt]4 ,9 ! gray tissue ?is matt] exi/s 9 masses conta9+ corpuscles1 :i* are s(t & h granules disp]s$ ?r\gh !m1 & :i*1 besides be+ ?us un/ably compos$1 are plac$ s z to be liable to di/urbances to ! greate/ degree4 ,9 ! :ite tissue ?is matt] is collect$ toge!r 9 extremely sl5d] ?reads t are d5s]1 t are uni=m 9 texture1 & t are %ield$ 9 an unusual mann] f di/urb+ =ces1 except at _! two extremities4 ,! la/ consid]ation is t =m ( =ce 7?\ght p[]7 :i* appe>s 9 manife/ations call$ m5tal4 ,x mu/ be notic$ at ! outset1 t e ext]nal manife/ation ( ?\ght =ce is a muscul> "o1 z a ^w spok5 or writt51 a ge/ure1 or an expression ( ! face always takes place2 h5ce ?is =ce mu/ be intimately correlat$ to n]ve =ce4 ,x is v c]ta91 !n1 t ?\ght =ce is capable 9 ext]nal manife/ations ( conv]t+ itself into actual motion4 ,b "h ! "q arises1 c x be manife/$ inw>dly )\t su* a trans=mation ( en]gy8 ,or is ! evolution ( ?\ght entirely indep5d5t ( ! matt] ( ! bra98 ,?is "q c be answ]$ by actual exp]im5t1 /range z x may appe>4 ,exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t any *ange ( temp]ature )9 ! skull 0 soone/ manife/$ ext]nally 9 t depression :i* exi/s j above ! occipital protub]ance4 ,"h ,lomb>d#de fa/5$ to ! head at ?is po9t two little b>s1 "o made ( bismu?1 ! o!r ( an alloy ( antimony & z9c1 :i* 7 connect$ ) a delicate galvanomet]2#df to neutralize ! result ( a gradual rise ( temp]ature ov] ! :ole body1 a second pair ( b>s1 rev]s$ 9 direction1 0 atta*$ to ! leg or arm1 s t if a l increase ( heat came to bo?1 ! electricity develop$ by "o w\ld be neutraliz$ by ! o!r1 & no effect w\ld be produc$ by ! ne$le unless only "o 0 affect$4 ,by long practice x 0 asc]ta9$ t a m5tal torpor c\ld be induc$1 la/+ = h\rs1 9 :i* ! ne$le rema9$ /ation>y4 ,b let a p]son knock on ! door outside ( ! room1 or speak a s+le ^w1 ev5 ?\gh ! exp]im5t] rema9$ absolutely passive1 ! reception ( ! intellig5ce caus$ ! ne$le to sw+ tw5ty degrees4 ,9 explanation ( ?is production ( heat1 says ,b>k]1#dg ! analogy ( ! muscle at once sugge/s itself4 ,no conv]sion ( en]gy is complete1 & z ! heat ( muscul> action repres5ts =ce :i* has escap$ conv]sion into motion1 s ! heat evolv$ dur+ ! reception ( an idea is en]gy :i* has escap$ conv]sion into ?\ght1 f precisely ! same cause4 ,dr4 ,lomb>d's exp]im5ts h %[n t ! am\nt ( heat develop$ by ! recitation to "o's self ( emotional poetry1 0 9 e case less :5 recitation 0 oral2 ?is is ( c\rse acc\nt$ = by ! muscul> expression4 ,*emi/ry tea*es t ?\ght-=ce1 l muscle-=ce1 comes f ! food1 & demon/rates t ! =ce evolv$ by ! bra91 l t produc$ by ! muscle1 comes n f ! dis9tegration ( its own tissue1 b is ! conv]t$ en]gy ( burn+ c>bon4#dh ,c we long] d\bt1 says ,b>k]1#di t ! bra9 too1 is a ma*9e = ! conv]sion ( en]gy8 ,c we long] refuse to believe t ev5 ?\ght =ce is 9 "s my/]i\s way correlat$ to ! o!r natural =ces8 & ?is ev5 9 ! face ( ! fact t x has nev] yet be5 measur$4#ej ,h we n a "r to ask ':y a special =ce 7vital =ce7 %\ld be ne$$ to effect ! trans=mation ( physical =ces into ^? modes ( en]gy :i* are active 9 ! manife/ation ( liv+ be+s1 :ile no peculi> =ce is deem$ necess>y to effect ! trans=mation ( "o mode ( physical =ce into any o!r mode ( physical =ce8 ,ri*>d ,ow5 says3#ea ,9 ! endeavor to cle>ly compreh5d & expla9 ! functions ( ! comb9ation ( =ces call$ 'bra91' ! physiologi/ is h9d]$ & tr\bl$ by ! views ( ! nature ( ^? c]ebral =ces :i* ! ne$s ( dogmatic !ology h impos$ on mank9d4 99 99 99 ,religion1 pure & undefil$1 c be/ answ] h[ f> x is righte\s or j to *>ge a neighbor ) be+ uns\nd 9 8 pr9ciples :o holds ! t]m 'life' to be a s\nd express+ ! sum ( liv+ ph5om5a1 & :o ma9ta9s ^! ph5om5a to be modes ( =ce into :i* o!r =ms ( =ce h pass$ f pot5tial to active /ates1 & reciprocally1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! sums or comb9ations ( =ces impress+ ! m9d ) ! ideas signifi$ by ! t]ms 'monad1' 'moss1' 'plant1' or 'animal4' ,we h n[ %[n t ! v =ces :i* give v5t to ! attributes ( man1 are correlat$ to ! physical =ces4 ,let u n[ consid] 8 attributes z manife/$ by 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,!re is no d\bt ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal faculties ( ! ape & t ( ! l[e/ savage1 :o _c express any numb] high] ?an f\r & :o uses h>dly any ab/ract t]ms = common objects or = ! affections1#eb is /ill v great & w\ld /ill be great1 says ,d>w91 ev5 if "o ( ! high] apes _h be5 improv$ or civiliz$ z mu* z a dog has be5 9 comp>ison ) its p>5t =m1 ! wolf or jackal4 ,b :5 we exam9e ! int]val ( m5tal p[] betwe5 "o ( ! l[e/ fi%es1 z a lamprey or a lancelet1 & "o ( ! high] apes1 & recognize ! fact t ?is int]val is fill$ up by numb]less gradations1 x does n become s difficult to und]/& ! int]val betwe5 an ape & man1 :i* is n by f> s great4 ,z 9 f9d+ out :at is peculi> to a liv+ body 9 di/9ction to a body n liv+1 we f\nd x absurd to take man z ! p]fection ( ! animal scale--! microscopic monad possess+ life z well z him--s 9 ! case ( man's m5tal attributes1 :i* h always be5 increas+1 always p]fect+1 s9ce ! fir/ g5u9e man came into exi/5ce1 x w\ld be equally absurd to comp>e ! intellectual man ( to-day ) an ape to see :at attributes he possesses :i* ! ape does n possess2 b if we g d[n 9 ! scale & comp>e ! savage ) ! ape1 ! difficulty is n by f> s great4 ,x w be f\nd on close exam9ation1 ?\gh1 t man & ! high] animals1 especially ! primates1 h _m in/9cts 9 common4 ,all1 says ,d>w91 h ! same s5ses1 intuitions & s5sations2 simil> passions1 affections1 & emotions2 ev5 ! m complex ones1 su* z jeal\sy1 suspicion1 emulation1 gratitude & magnanimity2 !y practice deceit & are rev5geful2 !y are sometimes susceptible to ridicule & ev5 h a s5se ( humor2 !y feel wond] & curiosity2 !y possess ! same faculties ( imitation1 att5tion1 delib]ation1 *oice1 memory1 imag9ation1 ! association ( ideas1 & reason1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,! individuals ( ! same species graduate 9 intellect f absolute imbecility to high excell5ce2 !y are also liable to insanity1 ?\gh f> less (t5 ?an 9 ! case ( man4#ec ,nev]!less1 9 ! face ( ^! facts1 _m au?ors h insi/$ t man is divid$ by an insep>able b>ri] f all ! l[] animals 9 8 m5tal faculties4 ,x only %[s ! improp] or imp]fect consid]ation ( ! subject !y h "u discussion4 ,x may be ?\ght at fir/ t "s ( ! m5tal attributes m5tion$ above are n possess$ by animals4 ,i !re=e w briefly consid] a few ( ! m complex ones4 ,we c dismiss ! consid]ation ( su* attributes z happ9ess1 t]ror1 suspicion1 c\rage1 timidity1 jeal\sy1 %ame1 & wond]1 z well-kn[n attributes4 ,curiosity 9 animals is (t5 obs]v$4 ,an in/ance m5tion$ by ,brehm w s]ve to illu/rate3 ,brehm gives a curi\s acc\nt ( ! in/9ctive dread :i* 8 monkeys exhibit$ = snakes2 b _! curiosity 0 s great t !y c\ld n desi/ f occasionally satiat+ _! horror 9 a mo/ human fa%ion1 by lift+ up ! lid ( ! box 9 :i* ! snakes 7 kept4 ,imitation is also f\nd among ! action ( animals1 especially among monkeys1 :i* are well kn[n to be ridicul\s mock]s4 ,x is unnecess>y to ref] to ! faculty ( att5tion1 z x is common to almo/ all animals1 & ! same may be said ( memory z = p]sons or places4 ,"o w\ld hesitate to believe an animal possesses imag9ation1 b su* is ! case4 ,dream+1 x w be admitt$1 gives u ! be/ notion ( ?is p[]4 ,n[ z dogs1 cats1 horses1 & probably all ! high] animals1 ev5 birds1 h vivid dreams--?is is %[n by _! movem5ts & ! s\nds utt]$--we mu/ admit1 says ,d>w91 !y possess "s p[] ( imag9ation4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ special :i* causes dogs to h[l 9 ! night1 & especially dur+ moonlight1 9 t rem>kable & melan*oly mann]1 call$ bay+4 ,all dogs d n d s2 &1 accord+ to ,h\syeau1#ed !y d n look at ! moon1 b at "s fix$ po9t ne> ! horizon4 ,h\syeau ?9ks t _! imag9ations are di/urb$ by ! vague outl9es ( ! surr\nd+ objects1 & conjure up be=e !m fanta/ic images2 if ?is be s1 _! feel+s may almo/ be call$ sup]/iti\s4 ,! next m5tal faculty is reason1 :i* /&s at ! summit2 b /ill !re are few p]sons :o w d5y t animals possess "s p[] ( reason+4 ,a few illu/rations w be all t is necess>y to satisfy ! inquir+ m9d on ?is po9t4 ,reugg]1 a mo/ c>eful obs]v]1 /ates t :5 he fir/ gave eggs to 8 monkey 9 ,p>aguay !y sma%$ !m1 & ?us lo/ mu* ( _! cont5ts2 aft]w>d !y g5tly hit "o end aga9/ "s h>d body1 & pick$ (f ! bits ( %ell ) _! f+]s4 ,aft] cutt+ !mselves once ) any %>p tool1 !y w\ld n t\* x aga91 or w\ld h&le x ) ! greate/ caution4 ,lumps ( sug> 7 (t5 giv5 !m1 wrapp$ up 9 pap]2 & ,reugg] sometimes put a live wasp 9 ! pap]1 s t 9 ha/ily unfold+ x !y got /ung2 aft] ?is _h once happ5$1 !y aft]w>d fir/ held ! packet to _! e>s to detect any movem5t )94 ,! foll[+ cases relat+ to dogs are describ$ by ,d>w93 ,mr4 ,colquh\n w+$ two wild ducks1 :i* fell on ! f>!r side ( a /ream2 8 retriev] tri$ to br+ ov] bo? at once1 b c\ld n succe$2 %e !n1 ?\gh nev] be=e kn[n to ruffle a fea!r1 delib]ately kill$ "o1 br\ght ov] ! o!r1 & return$ = ! dead bird4 ,colonel ,hut*9son relates t two p>tridges 7 %ot at once--"o be+ kill$1 ! o!r w\nd$2 ! latt] ran away1 & 0 caught by ! retriev]1 :o1 on h] return1 came across ! dead bird2 %e /opp$1 evid5tly greatly puzzl$1 & aft] "o or two trials1 f9d+ %e c\ld n take x up )\t p]mitt+ ! escape ( ! w+$ bird1 %e consid]$ a mom5t1 !n delib]ately murd]$ x by giv+ x a sev]e crun*1 & aft]w>d br\ght away bo? toge!r4 ,?is 0 ! only kn[n in/ance ( h] ev] hav+ wilfully injur$ any game4 ,"h we h reason1 ?\gh n q p]fect2 = ! retriev] might h br\ght ! w\nd$ bird fir/1 & !n return$ = ! dead "o1 z 9 ! case ( ! two wild ducks4 ,i give ! above cases z re/+ on ! evid5ce ( two indep5d5t witnesses2 & because 9 bo? in/ances ! retriev]s1 aft] delib]ation1 broke ?r\gh a habit :i* 0 inh]it$ by !m 7t ( n kill+ ! game retriev$71 & because !y %[ h[ /rong _! reason+ faculty mu/ h be5 to ov]come a fix$ habit4#ee ,x has (t5 be5 said t no animal uses any tool1 b ?is c be s easily refut$ on reflection1 t x is h>dly wor? :ile consid]+2 = illu/ration1 ?\gh1 ! *impanzee 9 a /ate ( nature cracks nuts ) a /one2 ,d>w9 saw a "y orang put a /ick 9 a crevice1 slip 8 h& to ! o!r end1 & use x 9 a prop] mann] z a lev]4 ,! baboons 9 ,abyss9ia desc5d 9 troops f ! m\nta9s to plund] fields1 & :5 !y meet troops ( ano!r species a fight ensues4 ,!y comm5ce by roll+ great /ones at _! enemies1 z !y (t5 d :5 attack$ ) fire-arms4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll rem>ks t ! fa%ion+ ( an implem5t = a special purpose is absolutely peculi> to man2 & he consid]s ?is =ms an immeasurable gulf betwe5 him & ! brutes4 ,?is is no d\bt1 says ,d>w91 a v important di/9ction2 b !re appe>s to me mu* tru? 9 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock's sugge/ion1#ef t :5 primeval man fir/ us$ fl9t-/ones = any purpose1 he w\ld h accid5tally spl9t]$ !m1 & w\ld !n h us$ ! %>p fragm5ts4 ,f ?is /ep x w\ld be a small "o to break ! fl9ts on purpose1 & n a v wide /ep to fa%ion !m rudely4 ,! lat] advance1 h[ev]1 may h tak5 long ages1 if we may judge by ! imm5se int]val ( "t :i* elaps$ be=e ! m5 ( ! neoli?ic p]iod took to gr9d+ & poli%+ _! /one tools4 ,9 break+ ! fl9ts1 z ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock likewise rem>ks1 sp>ks w\ld h be5 emitt$1 & 9 gr9d+ !m heat w\ld h be5 evolv$2 ?us ! two usual me?ods ( 'obta9+ fire may h orig9at$4' ,! nature ( fire w\ld h be5 kn[n 9 _m volcanic regions :]e lava occasionally fl[s ?r\gh =e/s4 ,x becomes a difficult task to det]m9e h[ f> animals exhibit any traces ( su* high faculties z ab/raction1 g5]al conception1 self-consci\sness1 m5tal individuality4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 if ! m5tal faculties ( an animal c be improv$1 t ! high] complex faculties su* z ab/raction & self-consci\sness h develop$ f a comb9ation ( ! simpl] ones2 ?is seems to be well illu/rat$ 9 ! "y *ild1 z su* faculties are develop$ by imp]ceptible degrees4 ,^! high faculties are v sp>+ly possess$ by ! savage2 z ,bu*n]#eg has rem>k$1 h[ little c ! h>d-work$ wife ( a degrad$ ,au/ralian savage1 :o uses v few ab/ract words & _c c\nt above f\r1 ex]t h] self-consci\sness or reflect on ! nature ( h] own exi/5ce4 ,if !re exi/ a class ( p s inf]ior 9 _! m5tal faculties z ^!1 x is n difficult = u to und]/& h[ ! educat$ animal :o possesses memory1 att5tion1 association1 & ev5 "s imag9ation & reason1 c become capable ( ab/raction1 c41 9 an inf]ior degree ev5 to ! savage4 ,x c]ta9ly _c be d\bt$ t an animal possesses m5tal individuality--z :5 a ma/] returns to a dog :i* he has n se5 = ye>s1 & ! dog recognizes him at once4 ,"o ( ! *ief di/9ctions betwe5 man & animals is ! faculty ( language4 ,let u look at ?is = a mom5t4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces1 says ,pr(4 ,:itney1 :i* sep>ate man's means ( communication 9 k9d z well z degree f t ( ! o!r animals is t1 :ile ! latt] is in/9ctive1 ! =m] is 9 all its p>ts arbitr>y & conv5tional4 ,no man c become possess$ ( any language )\t le>n+ x2 no animal 7t we "k (7 has any expression :i* he le>ns1 :i* is n ! direct gift ( nature to him4 ,any *ild ( p>5ts liv+ 9 a =eign c\ntry gr[s up to speak ! =eign spee*1 unless c>efully gu>d$ f do+ s2 or x speaks bo? ?is & ! tongue ( its p>5t ) equal read9ess4 ,a *ild mu/ le>n to obs]ve & di/+ui% be=e spee* is possible1 & e *ild beg9s to "k ?+s by _! "n be=e he beg9s to call !m4 ,if x 7 n = ! add$ pu%1 says ,pr(4 ,:itney1 giv5 by ! desire ( communication1 ! great & wond]ful p[] ( ! human s\l w\ld nev] move 9 ?is p>ticul> direction2 b :5 ?is leads ! way1 all ! re/ foll[s4 ,no philologi/ n[ supposes t any language has be5 delib]ately inv5t$2 x has be5 sl[ly & unconsci\sly develop$ by _m /eps4 ,!re c be no "q t language owes its orig9 to ! imitation & modification ( v>i\s natural s\nds1 ! voices ( o!r animals1 & man's own in/9ctive cries1 aid$ by signs & ge/ures2 & ?is is ! op9ion ( ,max ,mll]4 ,& ,pr(4 ,:itney rem>ks t spok5 language began1 we may say1 :5 a cry ( pa91 =mally wrung out by real suff]+1 & se5 to be und]/ood & sympa?iz$ )1 0 repeat$ 9 imitation1 no long] z a m]e in/9ctive utt]ance1 b = ! purpose ( intimat+ to ano!r4 ,d>w9 says t ! e>ly prog5itor ( man probably fir/ us$ 8 voice 9 produc+ true musical cad5ces1 t is1 9 s++1 z d "s gibbon-apes at ! pres5t day4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! imitation ( musical cries by articulate s\nds may h giv5 rise to words expressive ( v complex emotions4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to language are ! s\nds utt]$ by birds4 ,all t s+ ex]t _! p[] in/9ctively1 b ! actual song1 & ev5 ! call notes1 are le>n$ f _! p>5ts or fo/]-p>5ts4 ,^! s\nds are no m innate ?an language is 9 man1 z has be5 prov$ by ,davies ,b>r+ton4#eh ,! fir/ attempt to s+ may be comp>$ to ! imp]fect endeavor 9 a *ild to babble4 ,pr(4 ,:itney says1 if ! la/ transition =ms ( man c\ld be re/or$1 we %\ld f9d ! transition =ms t[>d our spee* to be1 n at all a m9or provision ( natural articulate signs1 b an inf]ior sy/em ( conv5tional signs1 9 tone1 ge/ure1 & grimace4 ,z betwe5 ^! ?ree natural means ( expression1 x is simply by a k9d ( process ( natural selection & survival ( ! fitte/ t ! voice has ga9$ ! upp] h&1 & come to be s mu* ! mo/ prom95t t we give ! "n ( language 7tongu9ess7 to all expression4 ,a s+le utt]ance or two at fir/ _h to d ! duty ( a :ole clause2 aft]w>d man le>n$ to piece toge!r p>ts ( spee*1 & ?us arose s5t5ces4 ,al?\gh no language1 z has already be5 said1 has be5 delib]ately inv5t$1 /ill ea* ^w may n be unfitly comp>$ to an inv5tion2 x has its own place1 mode1 & circum/ances ( devisal1 its prep>ation 9 ! previ\s habits ( spee*1 its influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! aft] progress ( spee* developm5t2 b e language 9 ! gross is an in/itution1 on :i* scores or hundr$s ( g5]ations & unnumb]$ ?\s&s ( individual work]s h labor$4#ei ,!re is no "q at all b t ! m5tal p[]s 9 ! e>lie/ prog5itors ( man mu/ h be5 m highly develop$ ?an 9 ! ape1 be=e ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect =m ( spee* c\ld h come into use2 b ! con/ant advancem5t ( ?is p[] w\ld h react$ on ! m9d to enable x to c>ry on long] tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,a complex tra9 ( ?\ght1 says ,d>w91 c no m be c>ri$ on )\t ! aid ( words1 :e!r spok5 or sil5t1 ?an a long calculation )\t ! use ( figures 9 algebra4 ,x appe>s also t ev5 an ord9>y tra9 ( ?\ght almo/ requires or is greatly facilitat$ by "s =m ( language2 = ! dumb1 deaf1 & bl9d girl1 ,laura ,bridgman1 0 obs]v$ to use h] f+]s :ile dream+4#fj ,nev]!less a long succession ( vivid ideas may pass ?r\gh ! m9d1 )\t ! aid ( any =m ( language1 z we may inf] f ! movem5ts ( dogs dur+ _! dreams4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is go+ on 9 e language2 "o aft] ano!r w be swept out ( exi/5ce1 & ! languages be/ fitt$ = ! practical uses ( ! masses ( p w alone survive4 ,max ,mll] has well rem>k$3 ,a /ruggle = life is con/antly go+ on among/ ! words & grammatical =ms 9 ea* language4 ,! bett] ! %ort]2 ! easi] =ms are con/antly ga9+ ! upp] h&1 & !y owe _! success to _! own inh]5t virtue4#fa ,x mu/ n be ?\ght = a mom5t t t :i* di/+ui%es a man f ! l[] animals is ! und]/&+ ( articulate s\nds--=1 z e "o kn[s1 dogs und]/& _m words & s5t5ces2 & ,d>w9 says1 at ?is /age !y are at ! same /age ( developm5t z infants1 betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & twelve mon?s1 :o und]/& _m words & s5t5ces1 b /ill _c utt] a s+le ^w4 ,x is n ! m]e articulation :i* is our di/+ui%+ "*2 = p>rots & o!r birds possess ! p[]4 ,nor is x ! m]e capacity ( connect+ def9ite s\nds ) def9ite ideas2 = x is c]ta9 t "s p>rots1 :i* h be5 taught to speak1 connect un]r+ly words ) ?+s1 & p]sons ) ev5ts4 ,! l[] animals1 z has already be5 /at$1 diff] f man solely 9 8 almo/ inf9itely l>g] p[] ( associat+ toge!r ! mo/ div]sifi$ s\nds & ideas2 & ?is obvi\sly dep5ds on ! high developm5t ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( a v delicate subject--a subject :i* is c]ta9ly at be/ v unsatisfactory to h&le1 z f> z popul> s5tim5t is conc]n$2 =1 no matt] h[ successfully x may be h&l$1 accord+ to "o class ( ?9k]s1 to ano!r class ( m or?odox ?9k]s x w\ld be entirely at fault4 ,! subject is1 ,man's ,moral ,s5se1 ,belief 9 ,god1 ,religion1 ,consci5ce1 & ,hope ( ,immortality4 ,x has be5 /at$ by "s writ]s t :]e fai? comm5ces sci5ce ends4 ,h[ errone\s is su* a /atem5t z ?is6 =1 z ,krau? has said1 ,! great body ( sci5tific facts is actually ! object ( k to a few1 & is suppos$ to be a "p ( ! k ( ! _m1 only because ! _m h fai? 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! few1 ?\gh !y c nei!r v]ify !m1 nor ev5 und]/& ! processes by :i* !y are rea*$4#fb ,we believe1 says ,lewes1 t ! s5sation ( violet is produc$ by ! /rik+ ( ! e!real waves aga9/ ! ret9a m ?an sev5 hundr$ billions ( times 9 a second4 99 99 99 ,^! /atem5ts are accept$ on tru/ by u :o "k t !re are ?9k]s = :om !y are irresi/ible conclusions4 ,x is evid5t t x is to fai? t sci5ce owes1 to a v great ext5t1 h] progress & developm5t2 = x is impossible = man to prove by exp]im5tal demon/ration all ! facts ( sci5ce1 & s9ce a c]ta9 numb] ( facts h got to be accept$ be=e a new exp]im5t c be attempt$1 he has to accept on fai? t su* & su* a /atem5t is a fact1 because su* & su* a sci5ti/ has claim$ to h demon/rat$ x4 ,we are n responsible = ! fact1 says ,krau?1 t "u ! conditions ( k we "k1 or 9 defect ( !m d n "k2 we are responsible if1 "u ! conditions ( a well-gr\nd$ fai?1 we disbelieve4#fc ,let u look1 !n1 at ! belief 9 ,god4 ,! "q "u consid]ation at fir/ w n be :e!r !re exi/s a ,god1 ! creator & rul] ( ! univ]se--= ?is w be aft]w>d consid]$--b is !re any evid5ce t man 0 aborig9ally end[$ ) ! ennobl+ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,omnipot5t ,god4 ,s*we9fur? relates t ! ,niam-niam1 t highly int]e/+ dw>f p ( ,c5tral ,africa1 h no ^w = ,god1 & !re=e1 x mu/ be suppos$1 no idea2 & ,moritz ,wagn] has giv5 a :ole selection ( reports on ! abs5ce ( religi\s consci\sness 9 inf]ior nations4 ,! idea t consci5ce is a sort ( p]man5t inspiration or dwell+ ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 ,i ?9k1 on consid]ation1 any reasonable man w n assume4 ,x is a purely human faculty1 says ,savage1 l ! faculty = art or music2 & x gets its au?ority1 z !y d by be+ true1 & j 9 s f> z x is true4 ,consci\sness is our own k ( ourselves & ( ! relation betwe5 our own faculties & p[]s4 ,consci5ce is our recognition ( ! relations1 z "r or wrong1 9 :i* we /& to ^? ab\t u1 ,god & our fell[s4 ,con-scio is to "k )1 9 relation4 ,!re is su* a ?+1 ( c\rse1 z a false consci5ce & a true consci5ce4 ,all ! false consci5ti\sness gr[s out ( ! fact t m5 suppose !y /& 9 c]ta9 relation%ips t d n really exi/4 ,?us !y imag9$ duties t are n duties at all4 ,! virtues :i* mu/ be practis$ by rude m51 s t !y c hold toge!r 9 tribes1 are ( c\rse important4 ,no tribe c\ld hold toge!r if robb]y1 murd]1 trea*]y1 etc41 7 common2 9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be honor among ?ieves4 ,a ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian is well pleas$ ) himself1 & is honor$ by o!rs1 :5 he scalps a man ( ano!r tribe2 & a ,dyak cuts (f ! head ( an un(f5d+ p]son1 & dries x z a trophy4 ,! murd] ( infants has prevail$ on ! l>ge/ scale ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & has be5 met ) no reproa*2 b infanticide1 especially ( females1 has be5 ?\ght to be good = ! tribe1 or at lea/ n injuri\s4 ,suicide dur+ =m] times 0 n g5]ally consid]$ z a crime1 b r1 f ! c\rage display$1 z an honorable act2 & x is /ill practis$ by "s semi-civiliz$ & savage nations )\t reproa*1 = x does n obvi\sly conc]n o!rs ( ! tribe4 ,x has be5 record$ t an ,indian ,?ug consci5ti\sly regrett$ t he _h n robb$ & /rangl$ z _m travel]s z did 8 fa!r be=e him4#fd ,see h[ weak ! consci5ce ( ev5 m highly civiliz$ m5 are 9 _! deal+s ) ! brute creation2 h[ ! sportsman delights 9 hunt+-sc5es1 ,spani% bull-fights1 cock-fights1 etc42 h[ indignant 0 ! s5sitive ,c[p]1 if any "o %\ld ne$lessly set foot ^u a worm6 ,! rights ( ! worm are z sacr$ 9 8 degree z ours are1 & a true consci5ce w recognize !m4 ,:at1 !n1 is a true consci5ce8 ,savage /ates 9 a few words1 x is "o t kn[s & is adju/$ to ! realities ( life4 ,:5 m5 "k ! tru? ab\t ,god1 ab\t !mselves--body & m9d & _s--ab\t ! real relations ( equity 9 :i* !y /& to _! fell[-m5 9 /ate & *ur* & society1 & :5 !y appreciate ^!1 & adju/ _! consci5ce to !m1 !n !y w h a true consci5ce4 ,an absolutely true consci5ce1 ( c\rse1 _c exi/ s long z our k ( ! reality ( ?+s is only p>tial4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! consci5ce ( man dep5ds on 8 education & environm5ts1 & !re=e is ! subject ( improvem5t4 ,x becomes1 !n1 ! duty ( e man to se>* = tru?1 = 8 consci5ce is n infallible1 & by s do+ he w br+ x to accord ) ! real facts ( ,god4 ,?r[ away1 says ,savage1 prejudice & conceit1 seek to make y\r consci5ce l ! magnetic ne$le4 ,! ne$le ev] & naturally seek+ ! un*ang+ pole4 ,z consci5ce1 !n1 is b a faculty capable ( developm5t1 x is n s difficult to und]/& a race ( p ^: consci5ce 0 9 j ! fir/ /ages ( developm5t2 &1 f9ally1 a race :i* did n possess ?is faculty at all1 z 9 ! inf]ior nations :i* ,wagn] speaks (4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,but*]'s ,%op ( ! ,anziques1 ,anno #aeih4 7,f ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 by ,huxley47 ,:at k9d ( consci5ce & intellig5ce _h ! p ne> ,cape ,lopez1 call$ ! ,anziques1 :i* ,m4 du ,*aillu describes4 ,!y _h incr$ible f]ocity2 = !y ate "o ano!r1 sp>+ nei!r fri5ds nor relations4 ,_! but*]-%ops 7 fill$ ) human fle%1 in/ead ( t ( ox5 or %eep1 = !y ate ! enemies !y captur$ 9 battle4 ,!y fatt5$1 slay$1 & dev\r$ _! slaves also1 unless !y ?\ght !y c\ld get a good price = !m2 & moreov]1 = we>9ess ( life or desire = glory 7= !y ?\ght x a great ?+ & a sign ( a g5]\s s\l to despise life71 or = love ( _! rul]s1 (f]$ !mselves up = food4 ,!re 71 inde$1 _m cannibals1 z 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,brazil & else:]e1 b none su* z ^!1 s9ce ! o!rs only ate _! enemies1 b ^! _! own blood relations4 ,!re is !re=e1 comb9+ ! fact m5tion$ by ,wagn] ) ! fact t "s nations h no idea ( "o or m gods1 n ev5 a ^w to express x 7prov+ t !y h no idea71 ,i say1 !re is !re=e no evid5ce t man 0 aborig9ally end[$ ) any su* belief z ! exi/5ce ( an ,omnipot5t ,god2 & 9 ?is ass]tion almo/ all ! le>n$ m5 concur4 ,if1 h[ev]1 says ,d>w91 we include "u ! t]m religion1 ! belief 9 unse5 or spiritual ag5cies1 ! case is :olly diff]5t2 = ?is belief seems to be univ]sal ) ! less civiliz$ races4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& h[ x arose4 ,! savage has a /rong] belief 9 bad spirits ?an 9 good ones4 ,! same high m5tal faculties :i* fir/ l$ man to believe 9 unse5 spiritual ag5cies1 !n 9 feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & ultimately 9 mono!ism1 w\ld infallibly lead him1 z long z 8 reason+ p[]s rema9$ poorly develop$1 to v /range sup]/itions & cu/oms4 ,_m ( ^! are t]rible to ?9k (3 su* z ! sacrifice ( human be+s to a blood-lov+ god1 ! trial ( innoc5t p]sons by ! ordeal ( poison1 ( fire1 ( wit*craft1 etc42 yet x is well occasionally to reflect on ^! sup]/itions1 = !y %[ u :at an inf9ite debt ( gratitude we owe to ! improvem5t ( our reason1 to sci5ce1 & to our accumulat$ k4#fe ,z ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock has well obs]v$3 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! possible dread ( unkn[n evil hangs l a ?ick cl\d ov] savage life1 & embitt]s e pleasure4 ,^! mis]able & indirect consequ5ces ( our highe/ faculties may be comp>$ ) ! incid5tal & occasional mi/akes ( ! in/9cts ( ! l[] animals4 ,! belief1 !n1 ( ! exi/5ce ( an ,omnipot5t ,god came ) ! developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties2 & al?\gh !re does exi/ su* a belief 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ^: consci5ce is 9 a normal condition1 /ill !re are temptations to unbelief1 & ^! h l$ m5 to a!ism4 ,i _c ?9k ( an a!i/ unless ,i associate 9 my ?\ghts ! words3 ,! rul+ passion1 be x :at x may-- ,! rul+ passion conqu]s reason /ill4 ,! a!i/ has decid$ n to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 unless he c see ,him & und]/& ,him2 9 o!r words1 ! f9ite w\ld compreh5d ! inf9ite4 ,foll[+ ! logical me?od ( reason+ ( an a!i/1 ! simple fact ( see+ ,god 9 no way ought to prove 8 exi/5ce4 ,= :5 y say y see a p]son1 & t y h n ! lea/ d\bt ab\t x1 ,i answ]1 t :at y are really consci\s ( is an affection ( y\r ret9a4 ,& if y urge t y c *eck y\r sight ( ! p]son by t\*+ him1 ,i w\ld answ]1 t y are equally transgress+ ! limits ( fact2 = :at y are really consci\s ( is1 n t he is !re1 b t ! n]ves ( y\r h& h und]gone a *ange4 ,all y he> & see & t\* & ta/e & smell are m]e v>iations ( y\r own condition1 beyond :i*1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( a hair's-bread?1 y _c g4 ,t any?+ answ]+ to y\r impression exi/s outside ( y\rself is n a fact1 b an inf]5ce1 to :i* all validity w\ld be d5i$ by an ideali/ l ,b]keley1 or by a skeptic l ,hume4#ff ,?omas ,coop]#fg said3 ,i d n say--!re is no ,god2 ,b ?is ,i say--,i ,,"k ,,n4 ,mr4 ,bradlaugh says3 ,! a!i/ does n say1 ',!re is no ,god'2 b he says1 ,i "k n :at y mean by ,god2 ,i am )\t idea ( ,god2 ! ^w ',god' is to me a s\nd convey+ no cle> or di/9ct affirmation4 ,i d n d5y ,god1 because ,i _c d5y t ( :i* ,i h no conception1 & ! conception ( :i*1 by its affirm]1 is s imp]fect t he is unable to def9e x to me4 ,au/9 ,holyoake#fh says3 ,! only way ( prov+ ! fallacy ( a!ism is by prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,if x is logical pro( t is want$1 !re is pl5ty4 ,! foll[+ argum5ts1 al?\gh n all meet+ my approbation1 are /ill ( int]e/3 ,! ,ontological ,argum5t has be5 pres5t$ 9 diff]5t =ms4 #a4 ,anselm1#fi ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7#ajic-aaji71 /ates ?is argum5t ?us3 ,we h an idea ( an inf9itely p]fect be+4 ,b real exi/5ce is an elem5t ( inf9ite p]fection4 ,!re=e an inf9itely p]fect be+ exi/s2 o!rwise ! inf9itely p]fect1 z we conceive x1 w\ld lack an ess5tial elem5t ( p]fection4 #b4 ,desc>tes#gj 7#aeif-afej7 /ates ! argum5t ?us3 ,! idea ( an inf9itely p]fect be+ :i* we possess c\ld n h orig9at$ 9 a f9ite s\rce1 & !re=e mu/ h be5 communicat$ by an inf9itely p]fect be+4 #c4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>k#ga 7#agje7 argues t "t & space are inf9ite & necess>ily exi/5t1 b !y are n sub/ances4 ,!re=e !re mu/ exi/ an et]nal & inf9ite sub/ance ( :i* !y are prop]ties4 #d4 ,c\s9#gb ma9ta9$ t ! idea ( ! f9ite implies ! idea ( ! inf9ite z inevitably z ! idea ( ! me implies t ( ! n me4 ,! ,cosmological ,argum5t may be /at$ ?us3 ,e new ?+ & e *ange 9 a previ\sly exi/+ ?+ mu/ h a cause suffici5t & pre-exi/+4 ,! univ]se consi/s ( a s]ies ( *anges4 ,!re=e ! univ]se mu/ h a cause ext]ior & ant]ior to itself4 ,! ,teleological ,argum5t1 or argum5t f design or f9al causes1 is z foll[s3 ,design1 or ! adaptation ( means to effect an end1 implies ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce & free *oice4 ,! univ]se is full ( traces ( design4 ,!re=e ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ h be5 a p]sonal _s4 ,! ,moral ,argum5t may be ?us /at$3 ,9 look+ at ! works ( ,god !re is1 says ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 ,i suppose1 evid5ce en\gh1 especially if int]pret$ by ! moral consci\sness1 to prove to a c&id man ! be+ ( ,god4 ,! educat$ man is a religi\s be+4 ,! in/9ct ( pray] & wor%ip1 ! long+ = & fai? 9 div9e love & help1 are insep>able f human nature "u normal conditions1 z kn[n 9 hi/ory4 ,x is evid5t f ! above t x is n = logical reason+ or argum5ts t ! a!i/ is l$ to say1 t up to ?is mom5t ! _w has rema9$ )\t k ( a ,god4#gc ,x is f ! folly ( 8 he>t2 &1 z ,solomon says1 t ?\gh y bray him & 8 false logic 9 ! mort> ( reason1 among ! :eat ( facts1 ) ! pe/le ( argum5t1 yet w n 8 folly dep>t f him4#gd ,i fully agree ) ,hobbes :5 he says1 :]e !re is no reason = our belief1 !re is no reason we %\ld believe1 b ,i ?9k ! sev]al argum5ts giv5 above1 :i* c\ld be greatly exp&$1 af=ds suffici5t reason = a p]fect belief 9 an ,inf9ite ,god4 ,=-- ,god is a be+1 & t y may see ,9 ! fold ( ! fl[]1 9 ! leaf ( ! tree1 ,9 ! /orm-cl\d ( d>kness1 9 ! ra9b[ ( life1 ,9 ! sunlight at noontide1 9 ! d>kness ( night1 ,9 ! wave ( ! ocean1 9 ! furr[ ( l&1 ,9 ! m\nta9 ( granite1 9 ! atom ( s&2 ,gaze :]e ye may f ! sky to ! sod-- ,:]e c y gaze & n see a ,god4 ,yes1 ! inf9ite ,god mu/ include all4 ,if he is n 9 ! du/ ( our /reets1 9 ! bricks ( our h\se1 9 ! beat ( our he>ts1 !n he is n inf9ite1 b is f9ite1 hav+ b\nd>ies4 ,yes1 ,god's p[] x 0 t set ! nebul\s mass into vibration1 & caus$ ! _w to be =m$2 x 0 ,8 =ce :i* fir/ %ap$ ! atoms into molecules1 & !n into m complex *emical products1 till f9ally organizable protoplasm 0 rea*$1 :i*1 by evolution1 climb$ up to man4 ',tis ,god we see 9 ! family1 9 society1 9 ! /ate1 9 all religions1 up to ! highe/ outfl[+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ',tis ,him we see 9 art1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce2 & s proclaims ,evolution4 ,god is ! univ]sal causal law2 ,god is ! s\rce ( all =ce & all matt]4 ,= u1 says ,haeckel1 all nature is animat$1 i4 e41 p5etrat$ ) ,div9e _s1 ) law1 & ) necessity4 ,we "k ( no matt] )\t ?is ,div9e _s4 ,! ultimate repulsion1 con/itut+ ! ext5sion & imp5etrability ( ! atoms ( matt]1 says ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n1 c\ld be conceiv$ ( 9 no o!r way ?an z ! p]si/5t exi/5ce ( ! w ( ,god himself1 9 :om we live & move & h our be+1 & :i*1 if b = an in/ant )drawn1 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se & its =ces 9 all _! va/ness1 glory1 & beauty1 w\ld collapse & s9k 9 a mom5t into _! orig9al no?+ness4 ,! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( depriv+ man ( 8 ,god1 only deprives m5 ( _! e>li] & rud] conceptions ( ,deity1 only to imp>t a l>g] & gr&] ?\ght ( ,him4 ,x is true1 9 ! educational process "s few m9ds h lo/ sight ( ,him altoge!r1 b ^! are ! exceptional1 & !re=e notable in/ances2 ) ! great body ( m51 ! conception ( ,god has /eadily enl>g$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce4#ge ,if sci5ce c demon/rate t ,evolution is true1 !n x is ,god's tru?1 & z su* x is man's religi\s duty to accept x2 if he rejects x1 sup]/iti\sly or unreasonably1 he n only defrauds himself b insults ! ,au?or ( tru?4 ,:at1 !n1 has sci5ce demon/rat$8 ,sci5ce has demon/rat$ ! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,=ces3 ,light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 motion1 are all correlat$ to "o ano!r1 & are all mutually conv]tible "o into ano!r4 ,heat may be said to produce electricity--electricity to produce heat2 magnetism to produce electricity--electricity1 magnetism1 & s on = ! re/4 ,,unity ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,=ce4--,= if matt] 7 n =ce1 & imm$iately kn[n z =ce1 x c\ld n be kn[n at all--c\ld n be rationally inf]r$4 ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,all ,,organic ,,& ,,animal ,,bodies4--,a unity ( p[] or faculty1 a unity ( =m1 & a unity ( sub/antial composition4 ,,unity ,,( ,,animate ,,& ,,inanimate ,,nature ,,9 ,,matt]1 ,,=m1 ,,& ,,=ce4 ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,developm5t4--,h5ce we c proclaim ! unity ( all nature & ( h] laws ( developm5t4 ,9 ! beautiful words ( ,giordano ,bruno3 ,a _s exi/s 9 all ?+s1 & no body is s small b conta9s a "p ( ! div9e sub/ance )9 itself1 by :i* x is animat$4 ,h5ce we arrive at ! sublime idea1 s9ce we c 9 no o!r way acc\nt = ! ultimate cause ( any?+1 t x is ,god's _s :i* p]vades & su/a9s all nature4 ,by ?is admission we are n l$ to say3 ,!re is no ,god b =ce2 b r1 ,!re is no =ce b ,god4 ,god is inf9ite1 & !re=e includes nature2 b is nature all8 ,x is all t our f9ite m9ds c discov]1 'tis true2 b c !re n exi/ ano!r nature or _w unkn[n to u2 & if s1 s9ce ,god is inf9ite1 he w include t _w also4 ,let u look to ?is & see :at sci5ce c answ]4 ,x w be necess>y = u to consid] be=e proce$+1 :at is meant by ! t]m s\l2 & ?is becomes a some:at difficult task1 z ! t]m has be5 v>i\sly appli$ to signify ! pr9ciple ( life 9 an organic body1 or ! fir/ & mo/ undevelop$ /ages ( individualiz$ spiritual be+1 or f9ally1 all /ages ( spiritual individuality1 incorporeal z well z corporeal4#gf ,! popul> belief is1 t ! s\l is n mat]ial b sub/antial1 a div9e gift to ! highe/ alone ( ,god's creatures2 b sci5tific m51 su* z ,c>l ,vogt1 ,moles*ott1 ,b*n]1 ,s*midt1 ,haeckel1 consid] ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l to be functions ( ! bra9 & n]ves4 ,s*midt says3 ,! s\l ( ! new-born infant is1 9 its manife/ations1 9 no way diff]5t f t ( ! "y animal4 ,^! are ! functions ( ! infant9e n]v\s sy/em1 ) ?is !y gr[ & are develop$ toge!r ) spee*4 ,! idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 n aborig9al ) mank9d1 z ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock has %[n t ! b>b>\s races possess no cle> belief ( ?is k9d1 & ,rajah ,brook1 at a mission>y meet+ 9 ,liv]pool1 told 8 he>]s !re t ! ,dyaks1 a p ) :om he 0 connect$1 _h no k ( ,god1 ( a s\l1 or ( any future /ate4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 t man may be excus$ = feel+ "s pride at hav+ ris51 ?\gh n ?r\gh 8 own ex]tions1 to ! v summit ( ! organic scale2 & ! fact ( 8 hav+ ?us ris51 in/ead ( hav+ be5 aborig9ally plac$ !re1 may give hope = a /ill high] de/9y 9 ! di/ant future4 ,! belief 9 a future life among/ ! civiliz$ race ( mank9d is almo/ univ]sally preval5t4 ,! pro(s ( immortality are v>i\s4 ,! desire t man has to live =ev] & 8 horror ( annihilation is "o2 ! good suff] 9 ?is _w & ! wick$ triumph--?is w\ld indicate ! necessity ( future retribution4 ,! inf9ite p]fectibility ( ! human m9d nev] rea*es its full capacity 9 ?is life2 ! faculty ( insight :i* sees 9 an individual all its pa/ hi/ory at a glance is ! immortal attribute & is cont9ually on ! increase2 & x is possible t ,ari/otle 0 "r s f> z he /at$ t ! l[] faculties ( ! s\l1 su* z s5sation1 imag9ation1 feel+1 memory1 etc41 are p]i%able4 ,no matt] if ?is be s or n1 x is c]ta9 t 9 ! next life1 :]e all is p]fection1 only ! fitte/ attributes w exi/1 ! o!rs w\ld h p]i%$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l has be5 def5d$ by ,m>hemeke1 ,blas*e1 ,weisse1 ,h9ni*s1 ,fe*am1 ,j4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 & o!rs4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ! visible univ]se & see if x is n reasonable1 on a sci5tific basis1 to admit ( ! exi/5ce ( ano!r univ]se1 al?\gh x rema9s unse5 to u4 ,"o c n help b be /ruck ) ! fact t en]gy is be+ dissipat$ 9 ?is visible univ]se1 t ! visible univ]se is app>5tly v wa/eful4 ,look at ! sun :i* p\rs h] va/ /ore ( high-class en]gy into space1 at ! rate ( #ahe1jjj miles p] second4 ,:at w be ! result ( ?is8 ,! answ] is simple3 ,! inevitable de/ruction ( ! visible univ]se4 ,yes1 j z ! visible univ]se _h its beg9n+ x w h its end4 ,b !re exi/$ a p[] be=e ! visible univ]se came into exi/5ce1 & :i* is act+ 9 ! visible univ]se z ! ultimate cause ( all ph5om5a4 ,= we are oblig$1 says ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 to reg>d e ph5om5on z a manife/ation ( "s p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u2 ?\gh omnipres5ce is un?9kable1 yet1 z exp]i5ce discloses no b\nds to ! diffusion ( ph5om5a1 we are unable to ?9k ( limits to ! pres5ce ( ?is p[]1 :ile ! criticisms ( sci5ce tea*es u t ?is p[] is incompreh5sible4 ,& s we %\ld expect1 = a f9ite _c compreh5d an inf9ite4 ,x is = ?is & o!r reasons "o is l$ to believe t ! visible univ]se is only an inf9itesimal "p ( t /up5d\s :ole :i* is alone entitl$ to be call$ ,,! ,,univ]se4#gg ,z !re exi/$ an invisible univ]se be=e ! visible "o came into exi/5ce1 we c conclude t !re /ill exi/s an invisible univ]se n[1 & t ?is invisible univ]se w /ill exi/ :5 ! pres5t visible "o has pass$ away4 ,let u see :at light our f9ite s5ses c ?r[ on ?is4 ,x is well kn[n t all our s5ses h only a c]ta9 n>r[ gauge )9 :i* !y are able to br+ u into s5sible contact ) ! _w ab\t u4 ,all outside ?is range we are unable to rea*4 ,= example1 we d n see all =ms & colors2 we d n he> all s\nds2 we d n smell all odors2 we _c consci5ti\sly t\* all sub/ances2 we _c ta/e all flavors4 ,vision dep5ds on ! wave motion ( light4 ,! l5g? ( a wave ( mean r$ light is ab\t #a_/cijjj? ( an in*1 t ( violet #a_/egejj? ( an in*4 ,b ! numb] ( oscillations ( e!r 9 a second1 necess>y to produce ! s5sation ( r$1 are #dgg1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 all ( :i* ent] ! eye 9 "o second4 ,= ! s5sation ( violet1 ! eye mu/ receive #fii1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj oscillations 9 "o second1 z light travels #ahe1jjj miles 9 "o second4 ,b :5 waves ( light hav+ all possible l5g?s act on ! eye simultane\sly1 ! s5sation ( :ite is produc$4 ,s1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 )\t eyes ! _w w\ld be wrapp$ 9 d>kness1 !re be+ no light & color outside ( "o's eye4 ,s we see our s5se ( sight has its limits1 & we "k h[ f9ite ^! are4 ,t !re are vibrations ( ! e!r on ea* side ( our limits ( vision _c be d\bt$2 & if our eyes 7 acute en\gh to receive !m1 we c\ld h ! s5sation ( "s color1 :i* mu/ "u pres5t conditions rema9 =ev] blank4 ,! owl & bat c see :5 we _c2 _! eyes c receive oscillations ( e!r1 :i* pass by )\t affect+ u4 ,s ) s\nd1 :i* is a s5sation produc$ :5 vibrations ( a c]ta9 "* are excit$ 9 ! auditory app>atus ( ! e>4#gh ,! longe/ wave :i* c give an impression has a l5g? ( ab\t #ff ft41 :i* is equal to #af-a_/b vibrations p] second2 :5 ! wave is r$uc$ to ?ree or f\r t5?s ( an in*1 equal to f #ch1jjj to #dj1jjj vibrations p] second1 s\nd becomes aga9 inaudible4 ,! piano1 = in/ance1 only runs betwe5 #bg-a_/b vibrations 9 a second up to #c1ebj4 ,s\nd travels ab\t #a1jic feet p] second1 & ! human voice c be he>d #dfj feet away1 :il/ a rifle c be he>d #af1jjj feet 7#c4jb miles71 & v /rong cannonad+ #ege1hdj feet1 or #ij miles4 ,t !re are vibrations above & bel[ #af-a_/b & #dj1jjj1 !re is no room to d\bt1 z !re exi/ e>s :i* c he> !m1 su* z ! h>e2 b to u !y are z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,( all our s5ses1 ! s5se ( smell f> surpasses t ( ! o!r s5se4 ,val5t9e has calculat$ t we are able to p]ceive ab\t ! ?ree "o-hundr$-million? ( a gra9 ( musk4 ,! m9ute p>ticle :i* we p]ceive by smell1 no *emical reaction c detect1 & ev5 spectrum analysis1 :i* c recognize fifte5-million?s ( a gra91 is f> surpass$4 ,b ?is s5se 9 man is f> surpass$ by ! h\nd4 ,our s5se ( ta/e is also limit$1 & z has be5 already /at$1 _c di/+ui% all flavors4 ,we c recognize by ta/e "o "p ( sulphuric acid 9 #ajjj p>ts ( wat]2 "o drop ( ?is on ! tongue w\ld conta9 #a_/bjjj ( a gra9 7#c_/djj ( a gra97 ( sulphuric acid4 ,! l5g? ( "t ne$$ = reaction 9 s5sation has be5 det]m9$ by ,v9ts*gau & ,h\gs*mi$1 & 9 a p]son ^: s5se ( ta/e 0 highly develop$1 ! reaction "t 01 = common salt1 #j4aei second2 = sug>1 #j4afci second2 = acid1 #j4afgf second2 & = qu99e1 #j4bcea second4 ,review+1 !n1 ! above1 x is evid5t !re are eyes :i* c see :at we _c1 !re are e>s :i* c he> :at we _c1 & !re are animals :o c smell & t\* :at we _c4 ,= any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 !n1 says ,savage1 a ref9$ & spiritualiz$ ord] ( exi/5ces may be ! inhabitants ( ano!r & unse5 _w all ab\t u4 ,z ,milton has said3 ,millions ( spiritual creatures walk ! e>? ,unse51 bo? :5 we wake & :5 we sleep4 ,if !re is a life v mu* diff]5t f & v mu* high] ?an our pres5t "o1 x is n /range we are ignorant ( x4 ,x is impossible to make a p]son und]/& any?+ :i* is entirely unlike all t has ev] be5 se5 or he>d1 = e idea 9 ! _w t man has came to him by nature4 ,man#gi _c conceive ( any?+ ! h9t ( :i* has n be5 receiv$ f 8 surr\nd+s4 ,he c imag9e an animal ) ! ho( ( a bison1 ) ! p\* ( a kang>oo1 ) ! w+s ( an eagle1 ) ! beak ( a bird1 & ) ! tail ( a lion2 & yet e po9t ( ?is mon/] he borr[$ f nature4 ,ev]y?+ he c ?9k (1 ev]y?+ he c dream (1 is borr[$ f 8 surr\nd+s--ev]y?+4 ,s1 if an angel %\ld come & tell ( ano!r life1 x w\ld mean no?+ to u1 unless we c\ld translate x into t]ms ( our own exp]i5ce4 ,we c\ld n und]/& a 'light t nev] 0 on l& or sea4' ,our ignorance is n ev5 !n a probability aga9/ our belief4#hj ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! visible univ]se mu/ h its doom1 mu/ end z x began1 by consi/+ ( a s+le mass ( matt]2 b is !re n a m primitive /ate ( matt] ?an ! matt] su* z we "k x8 ,yes2 & ! s-call$ e!r is t matt]4 ,x is unlike any ( ! =ms ( matt] :i* we c weigh & measure4 ,x is 9 "s respects l unto a fluid1 & 9 "s respects l unto a solid4 ,x is bo? h>d & ela/ic to an almo/ inconceivable degree4 ,x fills all mat]ial bodies l a sea 9 :i* ! atoms ( ! mat]ial bodies are z isl&s1 & x occupies ! :ole ( :at we call empty space4 ,x is s s5sitive t a di/urbance 9 any "p ( x causes a 'tremor :i* is felt on ! surface ( c\ntless worlds4' ,x ex]ts frictions2 & al?\gh ! friction is inf9itely small1 yet z x has an almo/ inf9ite "t to "w 91 x w dim9i% ! mom5tum ( ! planets1 & dim9i% _! ability to ma9ta9 _! di/ance f ! sun1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be ! planets w fall into ! sun1 & ! sol> sy/em w end :]e x begun4#ha ,accord+ to ,sir ,william ,?ompson1 ! ultimate atoms ( matt] are vortex r+s1 :i* ,pr(essor ,clif=d describes z be+ m closely pack$ toge!r 7f9] gra9$7 9 e!r ?an 9 matt]4 ,& he says1 :atev] may turn out to be ! ultimate nature ( ! e!r & ( molecules1 we "k t to "s ext5t at lea/ !y obey ! same dynamic laws1 & t !y act on "o ano!r 9 accordance ) ^! laws4 ,until !re=e x is absolutely disprov$1 x mu/ rema9 ! simple/ & mo/ probable assumption t !y are f9ally made ( ! same /uff1 t ! mat]ial molecule is 9 "s k9d ( knot or coagulation ( e!r4#hb ,! molecule ( matt] su* z we "k1 !n1 may h be51 & v probably 01 produc$ by evolution f ! atoms or vortex r+s ( e!r1 accord+ to ! !ory advanc$ by ! au?ors ( ! "w call$ ! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 :i* ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,! _w ( e!r is to be reg>d$ 9 "s sort ! obv]se complem5t ( ! _w ( s5sible matt]1 s t :atev] en]gy is dissipat$ 9 ! "o is by ! same act accumulat$ 9 ! o!r2 or1 z ,fiske describes x1 x is l ! negative plate 9 photography1 :]e light answ]s to %ad[ & %ad[ to light4 ,e act ( consci\sness is accompani$ by molecul> displacem5ts 9 ! bra91 & ^! ( c\rse are respond$ to by movem5ts 9 ! e!real _w4 ,views ( ?is k9d 7 long ago ent]ta9$ by ,babbage1 & !y h s9ce recomm5d$ !mselves to o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 & among/ o!rs to ,jevon1 :o says3 ,mr4 ,babbage has po9t$ out t if we _h p[] to foll[ & detect ! manife/ effects ( any di/urbance1 ea* p>ticle ( exi/+ matt] mu/ be a regi/] ( all t has happ5$4 99 99 99 ,! air itself is "o va/ libr>y on ^: pages are =ev] writt5 all t man has ev] said or :isp]$4 ,!re 9 _! mutable b un]r+ *>act]s1 mix$ )1 ! e>lie/ z well z ! late/ sighs ( mortality1 /& =ev] record$ v[s unr$eem$1 promises unfulfill$1 p]petuat+ 9 ! unit$ movem5ts ( ea* p>ticle ! te/imony ( man's *angeful w4#hc ,s ?\ght affects ! sub/ance ( ! pres5t visible univ]se2 x produces a mat]ial organ ( memory4 ,b ! motions :i* accompany ?\ght1 say ! au?ors1#hd w also affect ! invisible ord] ( ?+s1 & ?us x foll[s t ?\ght conceiv$ to affect ! matt] ( ano!r univ]se1 simultane\sly ) ?is1 may expla9 a future /ate4#he ,dea?1 !n1 is = ! individual b a transf] f "o physical /ate ( exi/5ce to ano!r1 accord+ to ! au?ors'#hf idea2 & s1 on ! l>ge/ scale1 ! dea? or f9al loss ( en]gy by ! :ole visible univ]se has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! acquirem5t ( a maximum ( life1 ! correlative unse5 _w4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re=e1 z ! psy*ical or spiritual ph5om5a ( ! visible _w only beg9s to be manife/$ ) "s complex aggregate ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 !re=e x is necess>y = ! cont9uance ( m9d 9 a future /ate to h "s sort ( mat]ial vehicle also1 :i* ! e!r is suppos$ to supply4 ,! ess5tial weakness ( su* a !ory z ?is1 says ,fiske1 lies 9 ! fact t x is ?or\ghly mat]iali/ic 9 "*4 ,we h reason = ?9k+ x probable t e!r & ord9>y matt] are alike compos$ ( vortex r+s 9 a quasi-frictionless fluid2 b :atev] be ! fate ( ?is subtle hypo!sis1 we may be sure t no !ory w ev] be ent]ta9$ 9 :i* analysis ( e!r %all require diff]5t symbols f t ( ord9>y matt]4 ,9 our au?ors' !ory1 !re=e1 ! putt+ on ( immortality is 9 n[ise ! passage f a mat]ial to a spiritual /ate4 ,x is ! passage ( "o k9d ( mat]ially condition$ /ate to ano!r4 ,?is !ory1 deal+ ) matt]1 %\ld receive support by actual exp]i5ce1 z matt] is a subject ( inve/igation4 ,to accept x1 !re=e1 z be+ possible )\t any positive evid5ce = its support1 x rema9s b a weak speculation1 no matt] h[ +5i\s x may seem4 ,to support an aft] life1 :i* is n mat]ially condition$1 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,fiske1 t al?\gh x w be unsupport$ by any item ( exp]i5ce :atev]1 x may nev]!less be an impregnable ass]tion4 ,if all 7 to agree1 :at we call matt] is really =ce1 z x c]ta9ly is1 = if matt] 7 n =ce x w\ld be un?9kable1 be+ =ce x becomes ?9kable2 ?is po9t ,i h t\*$ on be=e1 b x may be well to elaborate on x a little j "h4 ,! great lesson t ,b]keley taught mank9d 0 t :at we call mat]ial ph5om5a are really ! products ( consci\sness co-op]at+ ) "s unkn[n p[] 7n mat]ial7 exi/+ beyond consci\sness4 ,we d v well to speak ( matt]1 says ,fiske1 9 common p>lance1 b all t ! ^w really means is a gr\p ( qualities :i* h no exi/5ce ap>t f our m9ds4 ,! able/ mod]n ?9k]s1 !n1 believe t ! only real ?+s t exi/ are ! m9d & ,god1 & t ! univ]se is only ! inf9itely v>i$ manife/ation ( ,god 9 ! human consci5ce4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t matt]1 ! only ?+ ! mat]iali/ conc$es real exi/5ce1 is simply an ord]ly phantasmagoria2 & ,god & s\l1 :i* mat]iali/s reg>d z m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation1 are ! only conceptions t answ] to real exi/5ce4#hg ,= in/ance1 let u see :at x is we "k ab\t a table4 ,y say y c see x2 ,i c respond t all y are consci\s ( is t ! n]ves ( y\r eye h und]gone a *ange4 ,y say1 ,i c *eck my sight ( x by t\*+ x2 to ?is ,i reply1 all t y are really consci\s ( is a s5sation1 & t some?+ outside ( y has produc$ x4 ,b t all t is outside ( me is any?+ m ?an ! manife/ation to me ( a p[] or ( ,god1 is an inf]5ce & _c be prov54 ,to con/ant manife/ations ( ?is p[]1 always assum+ ! same =m & *>act]s :i* c be /udi$1 diff]5t names h be5 giv52 b t ! du/ ( ! /reet or beat ( our he>t is any?+ else b t peculi> manife/ation ( ! inf9ite ,god1 _c be contradict$4 ,mr4 ,savage says1 ,! movem5t ( electricity along a telegraph-l9e is accompani$ by c]ta9 molecul> *anges 9 ! wire itself2 b ! wire is n electricity1 nei!r does x produce x4 ,?us mod]n sci5ce has f\nd x utt]ly impossible to expla9 m9d ei!r z a "p or a product ( matt]4 ,x is p]fectly reasonable1 !n1 = any man to believe 9 a purely intellectual & spiritual exi/5ce1 ap>t f any mat]ial =m or sub/ance4 ,to compreh5d ! immortal life is an impossibility2 x transc5ds any e>?ly exp]i5ce ( man4 ,! cat]pill> probably kn[s no?+ ab\t any life high] ?an t ( 8 toilsome crawl+ on ! gr\nd2 b t is no pro( aga9/ ! fact t we "k he is to become a butt]fly4 ,! boy kn[s no?+ ab\t manhood1 & _c "k4 ,?\gh he sees m5 & _! labors all ab\t him1 he has & c h no conception :atev] ( :at x means to be a man2 x transc5ds all exp]i5ce4#hh ,! exi/5ce1 says ,fiske1 ( a s+le s\l1 or cong]ies ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 unaccompani$ by a mat]ial body1 w\ld be evid5ce suffici5t to demon/rate ?is hypo!sis4 ,b 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ev5 7 !re a million su* s\ls r\nd ab\t u1 we c\ld n become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ( !m2 = we h no organ or faculty = ! p]ception ( s\l ap>t f ! mat]ial /ructure & activities 9 :i* x has be5 manife/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( our exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 our own self-consci\sness involves ! consci\sness ( ourselves z p>tly mat]ial bodies4 ,^! consid]ations %[ t our hypo!sis is v diff]5t f ! ord9>y hypo!sis ) :i* sci5ce deals4 ,! entire abs5ce ( te/imony does n raise a negative presumption1 except 9 cases :]e te/imony is accessible4 ,my object has n be5 to prove ! purely spiritual !ory ( a future life1 b to %[ t x is a !ory t intellig5t p c ent]ta9 z a f\ndation = _! belief 9 ! hope ( immortality4 ,b t ! spiritual life in/ead ( ! mat]ial life is ! /ate 9 :i* we c hope = immortality1 ,i ?9k !re c be no "q2 & su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,paul#hi :5 he wrote3 ,n[ ?is ,i say1 bre?r51 t fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god1 nei!r does corruption inh]it incorruption4444 ,s :5 ?is corruptible %all h put on incorruption1 & ?is mortal %all h put on immortality1 !n %all be br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ',dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4' ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,footnotes3 #a ,! ,law ( ,disease1 9 ,college ,c\rant1 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 #b ,w9*ell4 ,evolution1 p4 #aac4 #c ,comp>ative ,zoology1 p4 #dc4 #ahgf4 #d ,huxley4 ,physical ,basis ( ,life4 #e ,johnson1 ,ency4 #f ,comp>ative ,anatomy--,orton1 p4 #cb4 #g ,analytical ,anatomy & ,phys4--,cutt]1 p4 #af4 #h ,biography ( a ,plant4 #i ,see ,huxley--,inv]tebrate ,animals1 ,anatomy (4 #aj ,phys4 ,basis ( ,life4 #aa ,beg9n+s ( ,life1 p4 #ajd1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ab ,mon?ly ,micros4 ,j\r41 ,may #a1 '#fi1 p4 #bid4 #ac ,*em4 & ,phys4 ,balance ( ,organic ,nature1 #ahdh1 p4 #dh 7trans474 #ad ,inaugural ,address1 ,aug4 #ai1 #ahgd4 #ae ,haeckel--,hi/4 ( ,creation4 #af ,see ,haeckel--,evol4 ( ,man4 #ag ,evolution ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dde4 #ah ,johnson's ,cyclop$ia1 ,article ,evolution4 #ai ,sumn]1 9 ,johnson's ,cyc4 #bj ,*ri/ian ,union1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #cbb4 #ba ,g54 i4 #a4 #bb ,/4 ,john i4 #a4 #bc ,/4 ,john i4 #c4 #bd ,hi/4 ( ,creation1 p4 #h4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #cbd4 #bf ,heb4 xi4 #c4 ,revis$ ,engli% ,ed4 #bg ,loc4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbc4 #bh ,loc4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbd4 #bi ,indications ( ! ,creator4 #cj ,evolution & ,progress1 p4 #bf1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,i4 ,gill4 #ca ,natrl4 ,s*pfungsges*41 pp4 #fdc-e4 #cb ,paget1 ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 #ahec1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ga4 #cc ,ueb] die ,ri*tung d] ,ha>e am m5s*li*5 ,krp]4 #cd ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #ahgi1 p4 #bej4 #ce ,see ,sci4 ,am41 ,may #ah1 #ahgh4 #cf ,s\rce ( ,muscul> ,p[]1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/41 ,june #h1 #ahff4 ,am4 ,i4 ,sci41 ,,ii1 xlii1 #cic1 ,nov4 #ahff4 #cg ,comp>ative ,zoology1 p4 #de4 #ch ,correlation ( ! ,vital & ,physical ,=ces1 p4 #ed4 #ci ,on ! "t requir$ = ! transmission ( volition & s5sation ?r\gh ! n]ves1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/4 #dj ,comp>ative ,zoology1 p4 #afe4 #da ,sci4 ,am]41 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahgf1 p4 #cbh4 #db ,m>%all1 ,outl9e ( ,physiology4 ,am]4 ,ed41 #ahfh1 p4 #bbg4 #dc ,macmillon's ,magaz9e1 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #ahgf4 #dd ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #bd4 #de ,j4 ,s4 ,lomb>d1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 ,v1 #aih1 ,june1 #ahfg4 #df ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #dg ,! app>atus employ$ is illu/rat$ & fully describ$ 9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's ,ar*ives de ,phys41 ,vol4 ,i1 #dih1 ,june1 #ahfh4 ,by x ! #a-djjj? ( a degree ,c5tigrade may be indicat$4 #dh ,l4 ,h4 ,wood1 ,on ! influ5ce ( m5tal activity on ! excretion ( phosphoric acid by ! kidneys4 ,proc4 ,conn4 ,m$4 ,soc41 ,nov41 #ahfi1 p4 #aig4 #di ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bd4 #ej ,address ( ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,p4 ,b>n>d1 z retir+ presid5t1 be=e ! ,am4 ,ass4 = ,adv4 ( ,sci41 ,*icago meet+1 ,aug4 #ahfh4 ,?\ght _c be a physical =ce1 because ?\ght admits ( no measure4 #ea ,d]ivation hypo!sis ( life & species1 =m+ =tie? *apt] ( 8 ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1 republi%$ 9 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,,ii1 xlvii1 #cc1 ,jan4 #ahfi4 #eb ,prehi/oric ,times1 p4 #ced1 by ,lubbock4 #ec ,madness 9 ,animals1 ,j\r4 ,m5tal ,sci41 ,july1 #ahga4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,l9dsay4 #ed ,facults ,m5tales des ,animaux1 #ahgb1 ,tom4 ,,xi1 p4 #aha4 #ee ,primeval ,man1 #ahfi1 pp4 #ade-adg4 #ef ,prehi/oric ,times1 #ahfe1 p4 #dgc4 #eg ,conf]5ces s] les ,?orie ,d>w9i5ne1 #ahfi1 p4 #acb4 #eh ,philosoph4 ,trans41 #aggc1 p4 #bfb4 #ei ,pr(4 ,:itney1 p4 #cji4 #fj ,phys4 & ,pa?ol4 ( ,m9d4 ,dr4 ,maudsley4 #c;d ed41 #ahfh1 p4 #aii4 #fa ,nature1 ,janu>y #f1 #ahgj1 p4 #beg4 #fb ,problems i4 #ba4 #fc ,johnson's ,cyc4 ,article ,fai?4 ,c4 ,p4 ,krau?4 #fd ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aag4 #fe ,see ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #if4 #ff ,see ,tyndall's ,belfa/ ,address4 #fg ,purgatory ( ,suicides4 #fh ,?\ghts on ,a!ism1 p4 #d4 #fi ,monologium & ,proslogium4 #gj ,m$itations de ,primaphilosophia ,prop4 #b1 p4 #hi4 #ga ,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god4 #gb ,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology4 #gc ,?\ghts on ,a!ism1 by ,holyoake1 p4 #d4 #gd ,prov]bs xvii4 #bb4 #ge ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]4 #gf ,see ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris4 ,johnson's ,encyc4 ,s\l4 #gg ,unse5 ,univ]se4 #gh ,rood4 ,s\nd1 ,johnson's ,encyc4 #gi ,see ,r4 ,g4 ,+]soll's ,lecture on ,hell4 #hj ,savage4 #ha ,! ,unse5 ,_w4 ,john ,fiske1 p4 #ba4 #hb ,=tnightly ,review1 ,june #ahge1 p4 #ghd4 #hc ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 #hd ,( ! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 #he ,anagram4 ,nature1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ahgd4 #hf ,( ! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 #hg ,fiske4 ,unse5 ,_w1 p4 #eb4 #hh ,savage4 ,relig4 ( ,evol41 p4 #bdf4 #hi #a ,cor9?ians1 xv41 v]ses #ej-ed 7,"p (74 ,revis$ ,engli% ,ed41 #ahgg4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,numb]s enclos$ 9 brackets are subscript$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,additional spac+ aft] "s ( ! quotes is int5tional to indicate bo? ! end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,images h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 address$3 ,hckel /&>diz$ to ,haeckel 7page #eg7 miss+ ! add$ 7page #ia7 paleontology /&>diz$ to palontology 7page #ajh7 c]ebelbellum correct$ to c]ebellum 7page #aac7 ,"s quotation m>ks 9 ! orig9al are n pair$4 ,obvi\s errors h be5 sil5tly clos$1 :ile ^? requir+ int]pretation h be5 left op54 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4