,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,images tak5 f ! #ahfh edition1 f\nd at ,books4,google4com41 is ! s\rce ( ! text us$ = ?is ebook4 ,uncle> or miss+ punctuation m>ks 7 correct$ by ref]5ce to ! #ahed edition ( ?is "w4 ,sup]scripts are prec$$ by a c>et 771 e4g4 #b;a1 #b7sup]script a74 ,greek & ,hebrew words are transcrib$ us+ ! ,unicode =mat4 ,pg #a ,,cl>k',s ,,=eign ,,!ological ,,libr>y ,,second ,,s]ies4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,h5g/5b]g's ,*ri/ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,,cl>k1 #ch1 ,,george ,,/reet4 ,,london3 ,j4 ,,gladd+4 ,,dubl93 ,,john ,,rob]tson ,,co4 ,,mdccclxviii4 ,pg #b ,,murray ,,& ,,gibb1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,/ation]y ,,(fice4 ,pg #c ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t1 ,,& ,a ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,messianic ,,pr$ictions ,,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,h5g/5b]g1 ,,dr4 ,,& ,,pr(4 ,,( ,,!ol4 ,,9 ,,b]l94 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,greatly ,,improv$4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,!odore ,,mey]4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,,& ,t4 ,,cl>k1 #ch1 ,,george ,,/reet4 ,,london3 ,,hamilton1 ,,adams1 ,,co4 ,,dubl93 ,,john ,,rob]tson ,,co4 ,,mdccclxviii4 ,pg #d ,blank page ,pg #e ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,translator's ,preface1 #g ,au?or's ,preface1 #i ,! ,messianic ,prophecies 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 #aa ,! ,protevangelium1 #ad ,! ,bless+ ( ,noah ^u ,%em & ,japhe?1 ,g54 ix4 #ah-bg1 #cj ,! ,promise to ! ,patri>*s1 ,g54 xii4 #a-c1 #df ,! ,bless+ ( ,jacob ^u ,judah1 ,g54 xlix4 #h-aj1 #eg ,balaam's ,prophecy1 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag-ai1 #ih ,moses' ,promise ( ! ,prophet1 ,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ai1 #ajd ,! ,angel ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,book ( ,jo%ua1 #aae ,g54 xvi4 #ac1 #aag ,g54 xviii4 & xix41 #aai ,g54 xxxi4 #aa seqq41 #abb ,g54 xxxii4 #bd1 #abc ,g54 xlviii4 #ae1 #af1 #abe ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj1 #ba1 #abf ,exod4 xxxii4 & xxxiii41 #abg ,jo%ua v4 & vi41 #abh ,! ,promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 #acj ,messianic ,psalms1 #adi #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a-g1 #aeb ,! ,song ( ,solomon1 #aei ,messianic ,pr$ictions 9 ! ,prophets1 #afb ,! ,prophet ,hosea4 ,g5]al ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks1 #afe ,! ,section1 ,*ap4 i4-iii41 #ahd ,*ap4 i4-ii4 #c1 #aig ,*ap4 ii4 #d-be1 #bcj ,*ap4 iii41 #bgc ,! ,prophet ,joel4 ,g5]al ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks1 #bia ,*ap4 i4-ii4 #ag1 #cjb ,on *ap4 ii4 #bc1 #cbe ,*ap4 iii41 #cca ,! ,prophet ,amos4 ,g5]al ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks1 #ceb ,*ap4 ix41 #cfc ,! ,prophecy ( ,obadiah1 #cii ,! ,prophet ,jonah1 #djg ,pg #f ,! ,prophet ,micah4 ,g5]al ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks1 #dac ,*ap4 i4 & ii41 #dbd ,*ap4 iii4 & iv41 #ddj ,*ap4 v4 #a1 #dgi ,hi/ory ( ! ,int]pretation4 #a4 ,among ! ,jews1 #dij #b4 ,among ! ,*ri/ians1 #dii ,! ,quotation 9 ,matt4 ii4 #f1 #ejd ,*ap4 v4 #b-ad1 #eac ,*ap4 vi4 & vii41 #eba ,pg #g ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! ,translator avails himself ( 8 privilege ( (f]+ a few prefatory words1 *iefly 9 ord] to express ! deep obligation "u :i* he lies to ! ,rev4 ,john ,la+1 ,libr>ian 9 ! ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh1 = ! valuable assi/ance :i* he af=d$ to him 9 ! translation ( ?is "w4 ,any obs]vation on ! "w itself or its ,au?or w\ld be sup]flu\s1 if n presumptu\s1 consid]+ ! high position :i* ,dr ,h5g/5b]g holds z a ,biblical ,s*ol>4 ,high1 h[ev]1 z ?is position is1 ! ,translator feels confid5t t x w be rais$ by ! pres5t "w1 ! ,au?or's late/ & fir/2 & n only rev]+ ,dr ,h5g/5b]g z a belov$ ,tea*]1 b be+ "u _m obligations to him = pro(s ( p]sonal k9dness & fri5d%ip1 ! ,translator s9c]ely rejoices 9 ?is prospect4 ,z reg>ds ! translation itself1 x 0 ! ,translator's aim to br+ out fully ! ,au?or's mean+4 ,?is object1 :i* ought to be ! fir/ 9 e translation1 has be5 kept /eadily 9 view1 & pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,9 r5d]+ ,dr ,h5g/5b]g's translation ( ,scripture-passages1 ! expressions 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion h1 z f> z possible1 be5 reta9$4 ,:]ev] ! division ( ! text 9 ! latt] diff]$ f t ( ! orig9al text1 x has be5 add$ 9 a p>5!sis2 an exception 9 ?is respect hav+ be5 made 9 quotations f ! ,psalms only1 9 :i* ?is diff]5ce is almo/ con/ant1 ! inscriptions n be+ c\nt$ 9 our ,engli% ,v]sion1 :ile !y are 9 ! ,hebrew ,text4 ,ed9burgh1 ,janu>y #ahed4 ,pg #h ,blank page ,pg #i ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,*ri/ology1 al?\gh ! impression 0 unusually l>ge1 _h be5 = ye>s out ( pr9t4 ,x 0 impossible t ! "w c\ld appe> a second "t 9 its orig9al =m4 ,! fir/ volume ( x--writt5 tw5ty-five ye>s ago--0 a juv5ile p]=mance1 to :i* ! ,au?or himself _h become r a /rang]2 & ! succe$+ volumes requir$ ref]5ces to1 & comp>isons )1 a l>ge numb] ( publications :i* subsequ5tly appe>$4 ,b = ! remodell+ & revis+ :i* ^! circum/ances r5d]$ necess>y1 ! ,au?or c\ld n f9d leisure1 because new tasks 7 ev] & anon pres5t+ !mselves to him2 & ^! he felt himself1 z x 71 involunt>ily impell$ to und]take4 ,b n[ he is l$ to believe t he c\ld no long] delay4 ,a p[]ful incl9ation urges him to comm5t on ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john2 b he ?9ks t ! "r to gratify ?is incl9ation mu/ fir/ be pur*as$ by him by answ]+ a call :i* proce$s f ! m imm$iate sph]e ( 8 vocation1 & :i* he is ! less at lib]ty to disreg>d1 z manifold facts give indication t ! ,*ri/ology has n yet complet$ its c\rse4 ,! ,au?or dislikes to return to regions :i* h be5 already visit$ by him4 ,he pref]s ! op5+ up to himself ( pa?s :i* are new4 ,x co/ him !re=e1 at fir/1 no little /ruggle to devote himself = ye>s to ! "w ( m]e revision & em5dation2 b v soon1 ev5 "h1 he le>n$ ! tru? ( ! prov]b3 ,if !re be ob$i5ce 9 ! he>t1 love w soon ent]4 ,! arrangem5t 9 ! pres5t edition diff]s f t :i* 0 adopt$ 9 ! =m]4 ,x be>s a clos] resemblance to t :i* has be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,comm5t>ies on ! ,psalms1 ,revelation1 & ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,! "w op5s ) a discussion & comm5t>y on ! p>ticul> ,messianic prophecies1 9 _! hi/orical ord] & connection4 ,! g5]al inve/igations ) :i*1 9 ! fir/ edition1 ! "w comm5c$1 are1 9 ! pres5t edition1 to appe> 9 ! =m ,pg #aj( compreh5sive treatises1 at ! close4 ,! latt] h ?us obta9$ a m solid f\ndation2 :ile ! objections :i* might be rais$ aga9/ ?is arrangem5t w h =ce only until ! completion ( ! :ole1 :i*1 if x please ! ,"l1 w n be v long delay$4 ,! read] w !n1 ( c\rse1 be at lib]ty1 be=e he ent]s ^u ! p>ticul> portions1 to g ov]1 cursorily 9 ! meantime1 ! clos+ treatises1--! prop] /udy ( :i* w be appropriate1 h[ev]1 only aft] he has made himself acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul> portions ( ! ma9 body ( ! "w4 ,! matt] ( ! two sections ( ! fir/ "p has be5 entirely rewritt54 ,t ( ! two la/ p>ts appe>s m z a revisal only1--s execut$1 h[ev]1 t n a s+le l9e has be5 repr9t$ )\t a r5ew$ & c>eful exam9ation4 ,! ,au?or %all take c>e t ! new edition %all n exce$ ! =m] "o 9 size4 ,! space int5d$ to be occupi$ by ! enl>g$ discussions1 & by ! new inve/igations1 w be ga9$ by omissions4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 w be limit$ to su* matt]s z n[ cle>ly appe> to be sup]flu\s2 s t ! old w n reta9 any value :5 comp>$ ) ! new edition4 ,! ,au?or1 _h he pursu$ 8 usual me?od ( repres5tation1 w\ld h curtail$ _m po9ts1 p>ticul>ly ! hi/ory ( ! int]pretation4 ,b ! mode ( treat+ ! subject :i* he _h previ\sly adopt$1 is n )\t its advantages1 & has a c]ta9 "r to be reta9$4 ,! =m] "* ( ! "w1 9 s f> z ! avoidance ( ev]y?+ prop]ly ascetic is conc]n$1 has be51 9 ! pres5t edition1 also reta9$4 ,sci5tific ,!ology is at pres5t ?reat5$ by s]i\s dang]s 9 our ,*ur*4 ,works ( an imm$iately practical int]e/ m & m exclusively occupy ! noble/ m9ds1 s9ce ! problems :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ?is field are inde$ unfa?omable4 ,b ! ,"l ( ! ,*ur* w take c>e t an excell5t gift1 :i* ,he has be/[$ ^u ,g]man ,*ri/5dom especially1 %all n1 = any l5g? ( "t1 cont9ue to be neglect$4 ,if su* 7 to be ! case1 a m g5]al decay w\ld be gradually br\ght on2 & ev5 ^? int]e/s w\ld be injur$ to :i* at pres5t1 ) a zeal1 noble inde$1 b little ?\ghtful1 solid !ological le>n+ is sacrific$4 ,n unto u1 ,o ,"l1 n unto u1 b to ,?y "n give glory4 ,pg #aa ,,! ,,messianic ,,prophecies ,,9 ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 ,9 ! ,messianic prophecies conta9$ 9 ,g5esis we _c fail to p]ceive a rem>kable progress 9 cle>ness & def9it5ess4 ,! fir/ ,messianic pr$iction1 :i* 0 utt]$ imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ,adam1 is also ! mo/ indef9ite4 ,oppos$ to ! awful ?reat5+ !re /&s ! consolatory promise1 t ! dom9ion ( s91 & ( ! evil aris+ f s91 %all n la/ = ev]1 b t ! se$ ( ! woman %all1 at "s future "t1 ov]?r[ _! dread$ conqu]or4 ,) ! exception ( ! victory itself1 ev]y?+ is "h left undet]m9$4 ,we are told nei!r ! mode 9 :i* x is to be a*iev$1 nor :e!r x %all be accompli%$ by "s peculi>ly gift$ race1 or family ( ! prog5y ( ! woman1 or by "s s+le individual f among h] desc5dants4 ,!re is no?+ m ?an a v slight h9t t ! latt] w be ! case4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( a :ole s9ful _w1 :5 only ,noah ) 8 ?ree sons _h be5 left1 ! g5]al promise is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 def9$4 ,deliv]ance is to come f ! desc5dants ( ,%em2 ,japhet %all become a p>tak] ( ?is deliv]ance2 ,ham is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! prophecy becomes /ill m def9ite :5 ! ,"l beg9s to prep>e ! way = ! appe>ance ( ?is deliv]ance1 by sep>at+ f ! corrupt mass a s+le individual--,abraham--9 ord] to make him ! deposit>y ( ,8 revelations4 ,! ,"l1 moreov]1 accord+ to ! good pleasure ( ,8 w1 fur!r specifies :i* ( ! desc5dants ( ,abraham1 to ! exclusion ( all ! re/1 is to inh]it ?is dignity1 ) all its accompany+ bless+s4 ,f among ! po/]ity ( ,%em1 ! ,"l sets ap>t fir/ ! family ( ,abraham1 !n t ( #ab ,isaac1 & la/ly t ( ,jacob1 z ! family f :i* salvation is to come4 ,yet ev5 ^! pr$ictions1 di/9ct ?\gh !y be :5 comp>$ ) ^? previ\sly utt]$1 are /ill v indef9ite :5 comp>$ ) ^? subsequ5tly giv51 & :5 se5 9 ! light ( ! actual fulfilm5t4 ,ev5 9 ^!1 ! bless+ only is =etold1 b n its au?or4 ,x /ill rema9$ a matt] ( unc]ta9ty :e!r salvation %\ld be ext5d$ to all ! o!r nations ( ! e>? ?r\gh a s+le individual1 or ?r\gh an entire p desc5d$ f ! ,patri>*s4 ,! =m] is obscurely indicat$2 b ! mode 9 :i* ! bless+ 0 to be imp>t$ 0 left 9 d>kness4 ,?is obscurity is p>tially remov$ by ! la/ ,messianic prophecy conta9$ 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,aft] :at _h previ\sly tak5 place1 we might well expect t ! "q z to :i* ( ,jacob's twelve sons %\ld h ! privilege ( becom+ ! s\rce ( deliv]ance to ! :ole e>?1 w\ld n be left undet]m9$2 nor c\ld we imag9e t ,jacob1 :51 j be=e 8 dea?1 & ) ! _s ( a prophet1 he transf]r$ to 8 sons ! promises :i* _h be5 giv5 to 8 ance/ors & himself1 %\ld h pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce ! mo/ important "p ( !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 by be+ transf]r$ to ,judah1 ! promise ( ! ,messiah acquires n only ! expect$ limitation1 b an unexpect$ increase ( cle>ness & precision4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! p]son ( ! ,messiah is br\ght be=e u2 "h also ! nature ( ,8 k+dom is m di/9ctly po9t$ out by ,8 be+ repres5t$ z ! peaceful "o1 & ! peacemak] :o w unite1 "u ,8 mild sceptre1 all ! nations ( ! :ole e>?4 ,judah is1 9 ?is passage1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w's hi/ory2 he %all obta9 dom9ion1 & n lose x until x has be5 realiz$ to its fulle/ ext5t by means ( ! ,%iloh desc5d+ f him1 to :om all ! nations ( ! e>? %all r5d] a will+ ob$i5ce4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! la/ f\r books ( ! ,p5tateu* w\ld naturally prev5t u f expect+ t ! ,messianic prophecies %\ld occupy s prom95t a place 9 !m z !y d 9 ,g5esis4 ,! object contemplat$ 9 ^! books is r to prep>e effectually ! way = ! ,messiah1 by lay+ ! !ocratic in/itutions on a firm f\ndation1 & by e/abli%+ ! law :i* is int5d$ to produce ! k ( s91 & ,pg #acto settle discipl9e1 & by means ( :i* ! image ( ,god is to be impress$ on ! :ole national life4 ,if ! hope ( ! ,messiah 0 to be realiz$ 9 a prop] mann]1 & to produce its legitimate effect1 x 0 necess>y t ! p %\ld fir/ be accu/om$ to ?is new ord] ( life2 t1 = ! pres5t1 _! reg>ds %\ld n be too mu* drawn away f ?is _! proximate & imm$iate vocation4 ,yet1 ev5 9 ! la/ f\r books !re are n want+ allusions to ,him :o1 z ! end ( ! law1 01 f ! v beg9n+1 to be set be=e ! eyes ( ! p4 ,9 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag-ai1 ,balaam beholds an ,israeliti% k+dom rais$ absolutely above ! k+doms ( ! _w1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole e>?1 & all-p[]ful2 & he sees x 9 ! =m ( an ideal k+1 ) ref]5ce to ,jacob's prophecy conta9$ 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 accord+ to :i* ! k+dom ris+ 9 ,judah %all f9d its full & f9al realization 9 ! p]son ( "o k+--! ,messiah4 ,we h "h ! future ,k+ ( ! ,jews salut$ f ! mid/ ( ! hea!n _w1 correspond+ to ! salutation ( ! manife/$ "o by ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/3 comp>e ,matt4 ii4 #a1 #b4 ,f ! :ole position ( ,moses 9 ! economy ( ! revelations ( ,god1 x is1 a priori1 sc>cely conceivable t he %\ld h cont5t$ himself ) communicat+ a prophecy ( ! ,messiah utt]$ by a non-,israelite4 ,we expect t1 z a prefiguration ( ! te/imony :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ief among ! apo/les1 he bore to ! ,messiah aft] ,he _h appe>$ 7comp>e ,matt4 xvii4 #c71 he %\ld1 on 8 own behalf1 te/ify 8 fai? 9 ,him1 & direct ! p to ,him4 ,?is te/imony we h 9 ,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ai4 ,x is natural t ,moses' atte/ation %\ld h ref]5ce to ,*ri/ 9 s f> z ,he is 8 antitype4 ,he be>s witness to ,*ri/ z ! true ,prophet1 z ! ,m$iator ( ! div9e revelation--?us enl>g+ ! sl5d] indications ( ,*ri/'s prophetical (fice giv5 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,a new & important feature ( ,messianic prophecy is "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 br\ght =w>d2 & because ( ?is1 ! "* ( ! prophecy is t ( a g]m4 ,beh9d ! p]son ( ! future ,prophet1 :i* is z yet ideal1 ! real p]son ( ,him :o is ! ,prophet 9 an absolute s5se1 is1 9 ! meantime1 conceal$4 ,x is res]v$ = ! future developm5t ,pg #ad( ! prophetic pr$iction to sep>ate t :i* is "h beheld z /ill bl5d$ 9 a s+le picture4 ,f9ally1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,m$iator ( ! unse5 ,god1 ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 or ( ! ,logos1 :i* =ms ! !ological f\ndation = ! ,*ri/ology1 is already f\nd p]vad+ ! ,books ( ,moses4 ,aft] ?is survey1 we n[ proce$ to an exposition ( ! p>ticul> passages4 ,,! ,,protevangelium4 ,z ! mission ( ,*ri/ 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! fall ( man1 s ! fir/ d>k intimation ( ,him 0 giv5 imm$iately aft] ! fall4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! s5t5ce ( puni%m5t :i* 0 pass$ ^u ! tempt]4 ,g54 iii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,a correct und]/&+ ( x1 h[ev]1 c be obta9$ only aft] we h asc]ta9$ :o ! tempt] 04 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 unque/ionable t a real s]p5t 0 engag$ 9 ! temptation2 s t ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! s]p5t is only a symbolical signification ( ! evil _s1 _c be admitt$4#a ,!re mu/ be unity & uni=mity 9 ! int]pretation ( a connect$ passage4 ,b ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! :ole is r5d]$ impossible by ! foll[+ consid]ations3--,! passage /&s 9 a book ( a /rictly hi/orical "*2 x is connect$ ) :at foll[s1 :]e ! hi/ory ( ! same pair :o1 9 ?is section appe> z actors1 is c>ri$ =w>d2 ! condition ( mank9d ann\nc$ to !m 9 ?is passage z a puni%m5t1 actually exi/s2 !re is ! abs5ce ( e indication f :i* x might be inf]r$ t ! au?or int5d$ to write an allegory1 & n a hi/ory2 !re exi/ v>i\s passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7e4g41 #b ,cor4 xi4 #c2 #a ,tim4 ii4 #ac1 #ad2 ,rom4 v4 #ab71 9 :i* ! context ( ! passage be=e u is ref]r$ to z a real hi/orical fact2--& !re are ! emb>rassm5t1 ambiguity1 & arbitr>9ess %[n by ! allegorical int]pret]s :5ev] !y attempt to exhibit ! tru? int5d$ to be convey$2 :]eas p]spicuity is a *>act]i/ic ess5tial to an allegory4--,! subtlety ( ! ,pg #ae s]p5t1 po9t$ out 9 *ap4 iii4 #a1 is a natural attribute ( t animal2 & ! comp>ison1 9 ?is respect1 ( ! s]p5t ) ! o!r bea/s1 cle>ly indicates t a real s]p5t is spok5 (4 ,to su* an "o ! d5unciation ( ! puni%m5t mu/ necess>ily1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be ref]r$4 ,! la/ two reasons also exclude ! op9ion t ,satan assum$ m]ely ! semblance ( a s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t itself _c1 h[ev]1 h act$ indep5d5tly2 x c only h s]v$ z an in/rum5t to ! evil _s4 ,! position :i* ! s]p5t w\ld occupy1 9 ! ev5t ( our consid]+ x z ! self-act+1 indep5d5t s$uc]1 w\ld be 9 direct contradiction to ! position assign$ to ! animal creation ?r\gh\t ,holy ,scripture--especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ! creation--& w\ld break d[n ! limits :i*1 accord+ to x1 sep>ate man & bea/4 ,by su* an assumption we %\ld be transf]r$ f ! ,israeliti% t]ritory--:i* is di/+ui%$ by ! mo/ %>ply def9$ limitations ( ! respective sph]es ( ,god1 angels1 m51 & bea/s--to ! hea!ni%1 7 ^! are all mix$ up toge!r1 & :]e all ! di/9ctions disappe> 9 ! confusion4 ,su* a fact w\ld be altoge!r isolat$ & )\t a p>allel 9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,nor is x legitimate to adduce ! argum5t1 t ! conditions & circum/ances ( ! p>adisaic p]iod 7 diff]5t f ^? ( subsequ5t times4 ,x is inde$ true1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt itself1 t ! animal _w ( t "t 0 diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t2 b :atev]1 & h[ great soev]1 ?is diff]5ce may h be51 x _h no ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal relation ( ! bea/s2 & h5ce we _c1 f x1 expla9 ! high intellectual p[]s ) :i* ! s]p5t appe>s end[$1 & by ! abuse ( :i* x succe$$ 9 s$uc+ m54 ,man1 z ! only be+ on e>? creat$ 9 ! lik5ess & image ( ,god1 is1 9 ,g54 i41 /rictly di/+ui%$ f all o!r liv+ be+s1 & inve/$ ) ! dom9ion ov] !m4 ,into man alone did ,god brea! ! brea? ( life 7ii4 #g72 &1 accord+ to ii4 #ai1 #bj1 man recognises ! great gulf :i* is fix$ betwixt him & ! _w ( bea/s4 ,?is gulf w\ld be entirely fill$ up1 ! s]p5t w\ld altoge!r /ep beyond ! sph]e appo9t$ by ! ,creator to ! _w ( bea/s1 if !re 7 no backgr\nd 9 ,g54 iii4 #a-e4 ,fur!r1 ,! words ,pg #af ( ! s]p5t are an effect ( wick$ness3 !y raise 9 man d\bts z to ! love ( ,god1 9 ord] !reby to s$uce him to apo/asy1 & br+ ab\t ! execution ^u him ( ! fe>ful ?reat5+1 ,on ! day t ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt surely die4 ,! s]p5t does n /& 9 ! tru?2 x speaks lies2 x repres5ts to man z ! highe/ good1 t :i* 9 tru? is ! highe/ evil4 ,su* language _c proce$ spontane\sly f a be+1 ! creation ( :i* falls )9 ! "w ( ! six days dur+ :i* ! :ole animal creation 0 made4 ,= ev]y?+ creat$ )9 ?is space ( "t 0 good1 accord+ to ! rem>k con/antly repeat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,to ?is we mu/ add ! nature ( ! curse itself1 9 :i* a high] ref]5ce to an invisible au?or ( ! temptation %9es cle>ly ?r\gh ! l[] ref]5ce to ! visible "o2 &1 fur!r1 ! rem>k 9 iii4 #a1 ,n[ ! s]p5t 0 m subtle1 etc41 evid5tly po9ts to some?+ beyond ! natural subtlety ( ! s]p5t1 z ! result ( :i* ! subsequ5t words _c be und]/ood1 b beh9d :i* we may discov] ! intimation3 let him :o reads1 und]/&4 ,! view1 t ! s]p5t 0 ! sole indep5d5t ag5t 9 ?is transaction1 is ?us refut$ by int]nal reasons4 ,x is set aside by ! te/imony ( tradition also4 ,x 0 an op9ion univ]sally preval5t among ! ,jews1 t ,satan himself _h be5 active 9 ! temptation ( ! fir/ man4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,philo2 & 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ii4 #bd1 x is said1 ,by ! envy ( ,satan1 dea? came into ! _w4 ,9 ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s1 ,sammael1 ! head ( ! evil spirits1 is call$ ! old s]p5t1 or simply s]p5t1 because 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t he tempt$ ,eve4 7,see ! passage 9 ,eis5m5g]'s entdecktes ,jud5?um i4 ,s4 #hbb47 ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p]sians also1 ! ag5cy ( ,satan 9 ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts is taught4 ,accord+ to ! ,z5dave/a 7ed4 by ,kleuk]1 ,?4 #c1 ,s4 #hd1 #he71 ! fir/ m51 ,me%ia & ,me%ianeh1 7 creat$ by ,god 9 a /ate ( purity & goodness1 & de/9$ = happ9ess1 on condition ( humility ( he>t1 ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! law1 & purity 9 ?\ghts1 words1 & actions4 ,b !y 7 deceiv$ by ,ahriman1 ?is mis*iev\s "o :o f ! beg9n+ s\ght only to deceive1 7 induc$ to rebel aga9/ ,god1 & =feit$ _! happ9ess by ! eat+ ( fruits4 ,accord+ to ! same book 7,?4 iii4 ,pg #ag ,s4 #fb71 ,ahriman 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t spr+s d[n f heav5 to e>?2 & ano!r evil _s is call$ 7,?4 ii4 ,s4 #bag7 ! s]p5t--,dew4 7,comp>e ,rhode1 die heilige ,sage des ,z5dvolkes1 ,s4 #cib47 ,^! facts prove t at ! "t :5 ! ,p]sian religion receiv$ ,jewi% elem5ts 7comp>e ,/uhr1 die ,religionssy/eme des ,ori5tes1 ,s4 #cgc71 & h5ce1 soon aft] ! captivity1 ! doctr9e ( ,satan's ag5cy 9 ! temptation ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 preval5t among ! ,jews4 ,b ( decisive weight ^u ?is po9t is ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we mu/ "h above all consid] ! important te/imony suppli$ by ! fact ( ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ & second ,adam be+ p>allel 7,rom4 v4 #ab sqq42 #a ,cor4 xv4 #de sqq471--a te/imony1 ! weight & importance ( :i* h1 9 mod]n times1 be5 aga9 po9t$ out by ,hahn 9 8 ,dogmatik4 ,! necessity ( ,*ri/'s temptation by ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1 9 ord] t ,he1 by ,8 firm resi/ance1 might deprive him ( 8 dom9ion ov] mank9d1 indicates t ,adam 0 assail$ by ! same tempt]1 &1 by be+ ov]come1 laid ! f\ndation ( t dom9ion4 ,among ! express v]bal te/imonies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we mu/ fir/ consid] ! decl>ations ( ! ,"l ,himself2 & among ^! ! passage ,john viii4 #dd requires1 above all1 to be exam9$4 ,9 t passage ! ,"l says3 1 4 1 4 1 4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! op9ion1 t ,satan is 9 ?is passage call$ ! murd]] ( m5 f ! beg9n+1 ) ref]5ce to ! murd] by ,ca9--an op9ion lately br\ght =w>d aga9 by ,nitzs*1 ,lcke1 & o!rs4 ,?is is evid5t f a comp>ison ( #a ,john iii4 #ab1 #ae1 & ( ,rev4 xii4 #c4 7,see my comm5t>y on ?is passage47 ,moreov]1 ! words 9 v]4 #dj1 ,ye seek to kill ,me1 h a m direct p>allelism 9 ,ca9's murd] ( 8 bro!r1 ?an 9 ! dea? :i* ,satan br\ght ^u our fir/ p>5ts2 al?\gh x is altoge!r wrong to ma9ta91 z ,lcke does1 t ,satan at t "t committ$ only a spiritual murd]1 :i* c\ld n h come "u notice4 ,bodily dea? also came ^u mank9d ?r\gh ! ,pg #ah temptation4 7,comp>e ,g54 ii4 #ag1 iii4 #ai2 ,wisd4 ii4 #bd2 ,rom4 v4 #ab47 ,b :5 ! ref]5ce to ,ca9's slay+ 8 bro!r is br\ght =w>d z ! sole1 or ev5 z ! pr9cipal "o1 we mu/ absolutely reject x4 ,ca9's murd] ( 8 bro!r comes into consid]ation only z an effect ( ! evil pr9ciple :i* 0 introduc$ into human nature by ! fir/ temptation2 z1 inde$1 x appe>s 9 ! book ( ,g5esis itself z ! fruit ( ! poison\s tree1 ! plant+ ( :i* is detail$ 9 *ap4 iii4 ,! same murd]\s _s :i* impell$ ,satan to br+ man "u ! dom9ion ( dea? by ! lie1 ,ye %all n surely die1 0 busy 9 ,ca9 also1 & s$uc$ him to slay 8 pi\s bro!r4 ,! foll[+ reasons =bid an exclusive ref]5ce to ! de$ ( ,ca93--#a4 ,! murd]+ ( man by ,satan is br\ght into ! close/ connection ) 8 lie4 ,9 connection ) ,ca9's de$1 h[ev]1 !re 0 n ev5 ! appe>ance ( falsehood2 :ile1 9 ! case be=e u1 lies1 false & deceitful promises ( high bless+s to be atta9$1 & ! rais+ ( suspicions aga9/ ,god1 7 ! v means by :i* he s$uc$ man1 & br\ght him "u ! p[] ( s94 ,! words ( ,jesus1 :5 !y are und]/ood accord+ to _! simple mean+1 c>ry u back to an ev5t 9 ! primitive times1 9 :i* murd] & ! _s ( falsehood w5t h& 9 h&4 #b4 ,! co-op]ation ( ,satan 9 ,ca9's de$ is n expressly m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,t !re 0 any su* we c ) c]ta9ty inf]1 only if ?is ev5t be view$ 9 close connection ) :at ,satan did aga9/ our fir/ p>5ts1--if1 beh9d ! s]p5t1 ,satan be conceal$4 ,:5soev] ,jesus has to deal ) ,jews1 ,he does n tea* any my/]i\s doctr9es1 b makes an op5 appeal to ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ,scripture4 #c4 ,! words1 ,ye are ( y\r fa!r ! devil1 po9t to ! se$ ( ! s]p5t spok5 ( 9 ,g54 iii4 #ae4 #d4 ,! words1 ,f ! beg9n+1 direct to an ev5t :i* happ5$ at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( mank9d1 & 9 :i* our fir/ p>5ts took a "p4 ,:atev] ?is may be1 ! ev5t 9 "q mu/ be ! fir/ 9 :i* ! devil manife/$ himself z ! murd]] ( man4 ,n[1 z by ! ,jews ( t "t ! temptation ( ! fir/ man1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* dea? ent]$ ! _w1 0 attribut$ to s9--& ?is appe>s n only f :at has be5 already said1 b also f a passage 9 ! ,soh> ,*ada%1 ref]r$ to by ,?oluck1 9 :i* ! wick$ are ,pg #ai call$ ,! *ildr5 ( ! old s]p5t :i* has sla9 ,adam & all :o are desc5d$ f him--x is evid5t t1 by ! murd]] ( m5 f ! beg9n+1 ,jesus c mean only ! fir/ tempt] ( m54 ,t ! words1 f ! beg9n+1 ref] to ! fall ( ! fir/ man1 is also cle>ly %[n by ! p>allel passages #a ,john iii4 #h1 & ,rev4 xii4 #i1 xx4 #b4 #e4 ,jesus says3 ,satan /&s n 9 ! tru?1 does n move 9 its elem5t1 because !re is no tru? 9 him4 ,?is po9ts to a well-kn[n ev5t1 9 :i* ,satan display$ 8 ly+ nature2 & su* is f\nd only 9 ! acc\nt ( man's fall4 #f4 ,jesus calls ,satan n only a li>1 b1 by way ( emphasis1 ,he designates him z ! fa!r ( lies4 ,b ,satan c be designat$ ?us1 only ) ref]5ce to a lie ( 8 :i* is *>g$ aga9/ him by ,scripture1 & :i* prec$$ all lies on e>?4 ,n[ t is ! lie ( :i* we h an acc\nt 9 ,g54 iii4 #d1 #e4 ,! words1 & ! fa!r ( x1 correspond ) ! words1 f ! beg9n+4 ,ano!r decl>ation ( our ,"l is f\nd 9 ,/ ,mat!w xiii4 #ch3 7i4e41 mali1 mascul9um1 accord+ to ,b5gel71 comp>$ ) v]4 #ci3 4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! wick$ "o1 or ( ! devil1 :o are spok5 ( 9 ?is passage1 are ! se$ ( ! s]p5t :o is m5tion$ 9 ,g54 iii4 #ae1 & to :om allusion is made 9 ! words also4 ,less incontrov]tible is ! passage 9 ,/ ,mat!w xxiii4 #cc1 :]e ! ,"l address$ ! ,ph>isees z 1 4 7,comp>e ,matt4 xii4 #cd1 iii4 #g47 ,ol%aus51 9 8 comm5t>y on ,matt4 iii4 #g1 gives x z 8 op9ion t ! s]p5t designates ! diabolic nature4 ,b1 accord+ to ,matt4 xii4 #cd1 ! po9t ( comp>ison is only ! wick$ness 7 71 & x is q suffici5t to ref] x to ,ps4 cxl4 #d1 :]e ,david says ( ! future enemies ( 8 dyna/y & family =ese5 by him1 ,!y h %>p5$ _! tongues l a s]p5t2 add]s' poison is "u _! lips 7comp>e also ,ps4 lviii4 #e2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #cc2 ,isa4 lix4 #e71--;a passage to :i* special allusion is made 9 ! words1 1 ,matt4 xii4 #cd1 & 9 ! connection ( s]p5ts ) vip]s1 :i* w\ld be /range :5 ref]r$ to ! hi/ory ( ! fall ( ! fir/ man4 ,let u n[ turn f ! ,"l to ,8 disciples4 ,j z is done 9 ! acc\nt ( ! transaction itself1 ,paul1 9 #b ,cor4 ,pg #bj xi4 #c 7 71 places ! invisible cause ( ! temptation 9 ! backgr\nd1 & speaks ( ! visible "o only4 ,b t beh9d ! s]p5t he beholds ,satan1 appe>s imm$iately f v]4 #ad & #ae3 4 1 :]e ! is expla9$ by ,b5gel3 ,trans=mat se3 ,prs5s1 i4e41 solet se trans=m>e4 ,fecit id jam 9 ,p>adiso4 ,! ,apo/le alludes to an ev5t n>rat$ 9 ,scripture1 :]e ,satan %[s himself 9 ?is "*4 ,b su* an occurr5ce is n f\nd any:]e else ?an 9 ,g54 iii4 #d1 #e1 ! only passage :]e ,satan repres5ts himself z ! fri5d & savi\r ( m54 ,we h "h ! explanation ( ! 9 v]4 #c4--;,9 ,rom4 xvi4 #bj1 ! words1 1 conta9 an allusion to ,g54 iii4 #ae1 too pla9 to be mi/ak54 ,! ,apo/le recognises1 9 ! promise ( ! victory ov] ! s]p5t giv5 !re1 a pl$ge ( ! victory ov] ,satan4 ,! words ( ,paul to ,elymas 9 ,acts xiii4 #aj1 ,o ?\ *ild ( ! devil1 likewise conta9 a di/9ct ref]5ce to t :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( man's fall1 is writt5 conc]n+ ! s]p5t4 ,9 ! *>ge ( subtlety1 mis*ief1 & enmity to all righte\sness :i* he br+s aga9/ him1 !re is an evid5t allusion to ,g5esis4 ,9 #a ,john iii4 #h1 1 1 allusion is made to a mo/ he9\s s9 committ$ by ,satan at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! human race4 ,b ( su* a s9 !re is no acc\nt1 unless ,satan be conceal$ beh9d ! s]p5t4--,9 ,rev4 xii4 #i 7comp4 xx4 #b71 ,satan is call$ ! great dragon1 & ! old s]p5t2 ! la/ ( :i* designations ref]s to ! passage n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! ag5cy ( ,satan 9 ! fall ( man has be5 controv]t$1 on ! plea t1 _h su* be5 9 op]ation1 x ought to h be5 m5tion$4 ,b ! abs5ce ( any su* m5tion may be expla9$ on ! gr\nd t x is n ! int5tion ( ! holy writ]s to give any in=mation respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! devil1 b r to give an acc\nt ( 8 real manife/ation1 to :i*1 aft]w>ds1 ! doctr9e connect$ itself4 ,! judgm5t ( ! read] %\ld n1 z x 71 be ,pg #ba anticipat$4 ,! simple fact is communicat$ to him1 9 ord] t1 f x1 he may =m 8 own op9ion4 ,fur!r1--,x has be5 ass]t$ t1 9 ! entire ,old ,te/am5t1 & until ! "t ( ! ,babylonian captivity1 no trace ( an evil _s is to be f\nd1 & t1 h5ce1 x _c be conceiv$ t 8 exi/5ce is "h presuppos$4 ,b ?is ass]tion may n[ be reg>d$ z obsolete & )\t f\ndation4 ,closely connect$ ) ! affirmation1 to :i* allusion has j be5 made1 is ! op9ion :i* assigns ! ,book ( ,job to ! "t ( ! captivity1 an op9ion :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally ab&on$4 ,?is book mu/ necess>ily h be5 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ! captivity1 because ,j]emiah ref]s to x1 bo? 9 8 ,prophecies 7e4g41 ,j]4 xx4 #ae sq41 :i* passage evid5tly re/s on ,job iii47 & 9 8 ,lam5tations4 7,comp>e1 = a full] discussion ( ?is subject1 ,kp]'s ,j]emias libror4 ,sacrorum int]pres atque ,v9dex7 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,amos iv4 #c to ,job ix4 #h1 & sev]al allusions occurr+ 9 ! ,prophecies ( ,isaiah 7e4g41 *ap4 xl4 #b & lxi4 #g1 :i* ref] to ! issue ( ,job's hi/ory1 :i* is "h view$ z a prophecy ( ! future fate ( ! ,*ur*2 ! peculi> use ( 9 xl4 #b1 :i* alludes to ,job vii4 #a2 *ap4 li4 #i1 :i* re/s on ,job xxvi4 #ac71 lead u /ill f>!r back4 ,! ass]tion ( ^? also :o feel !mselves compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! pre-exilic orig9 ( ! book1 b :o ma9ta91 at ! same "t1 t ! ,satan ( ?is book is n ! ,satan ( ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b r a good angel :o only holds an odi\s (fice1 is m & m admitt$ to be futile2 s t we mu/ inde$ wond] h[ ev5 ,beck 7,lehrwiss5s*aft i4 ,s4 #bdi7 c\ld be c>ri$ away by x1 & c\ld make ! attempt to support ?is pret5d$ fact by ! supposition1 t ! apo/asy ( "p ( ! angels f ,god1 & _! k+dom ( d>kness1 are ev] advanc+ & progress+4 ,! pr9cipal evil _s is1 9 ,ze*4 iii4 #a1 introduc$ z ! adv]s>y ( ! holy ones ( ,god2 & ?is v "n is suffici5t to contradict su* a supposition1 = ! "n is descriptive ( ! wick$ness ( ! "*4 ,he :o1 "u all circum/ances1 is an adv]s>y1 mu/ c]ta9ly c>ry ! pr9ciple ( hatr$ 9 8 he>t4 ,he moves ab\t on ! e>? = ! purpose ( f9d+ mat]ials = 8 accusations1 & gr\nds on :i* he may raise suspicions4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ,pg #bb feature1 t he ^: d>kness does n compreh5d ! light1 kn[s ( no o!r piety b t :i* has its orig9 9 ! hope ( rew>d4 ,x is q evid5t t x is ! desire ( 8 he>t to de/roy ,job by suff]+s4 ,! only circum/ance :i* seems to give any c\nt5ance to ! supposition is1 t he appe>s 9 ! mid/ ( ! angels1 be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,b ?is circum/ance is depriv$ ( all its significancy1 if ! fact be kept 9 view--:i*1 inde$1 is mo/ evid5t--t ! book is1 f beg9n+ to end1 ( a purely poetical "*4 ,! =m ( x is easily acc\nt$ = by ! int5tion to impress ?is mo/ important ?\ght3 t ,satan /&s 9 absolute dep5d5ce ^u ,god2 t1 ) all 8 hatr$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 he c d no?+ aga9/ !m1 b mu/1 on ! contr>y1 r subs]ve ! accompli%m5t ( ! ?\ghts ( ,god's love reg>d+ !m4--,isaiah likewise po9ts to evil spirits 9 *ap4 xiii4 #ba1 xxxiv4 #ad4 7,comp>e my ,comm5t4 on ,rev4 xviii4 #b47--;,b ev5 9 "s passages ( ! ,p5tateu* itself1 ! doctr9e reg>d+ ,satan is br\ght be=e u4 ,x is true t x has be5 errone\sly suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #ag 7comp>e on ?is op9ion1 my ,comm5t4 on ,ps4 cvi4 #cg72 b only bigotry & prejudice c refuse to admit t1 "u ! ,asael1 to :om1 accord+ to ,lev4 xvi41 a goat 0 s5t into ! wild]ness1 ,satan is to be und]/ood4 7,! argum5ts 9 support ( ?is view w be f\nd 9 ! au?or's ,egypt & ! ,books ( ,moses1 p4 #afh ff47#b ,b we mu/ adv]t to two additional consid]ations4 ,fir/1--,to e "o :o is 9 ! lea/ famili> ) ! t]ritory ,pg #bc ( div9e revelation1 & :o has any conception ( ! relation 9 :i* ! ,books ( ,moses /& to ! :ole succe$+ revelation1 x w1 a priori1 be inconceivable1 t a doctr9e :i* aft]w>ds occupies s prom95t a position 9 ! reveal$ books %\ld n h already exi/$1 9 ! g]m at lea/1 9 ! ,books ( ,moses4 ,secondly1--,we %\ld altoge!r lose ! orig9 & f\ndation ( ! doctr9e conc]n+ ,satan1 if he be remov$ f1 or expla9$ away 91 ! hi/ory ( ! fall4 ,t ! fir/ indication ( ?is doctr9e _c by any means be f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 has already be5 po9t$ out by ,h(mann1 :o rem>ks 9 ! ,s*riftbeweis i4 ,s4 #cgh1 t ,satan appe>s 9 ?is book z a well-kn[n be+1 z mu* s z are ! sons ( ,god4 ,nor is ,lev4 xvi4 an appropriate place = introduc+1 = ! fir/ "t1 ?is doctr9e into ! k ( ! p4 ,! doctr9al ess5ce ( ! symbolical action !re prescrib$ is ?is3--t ,satan1 ! enemy ( ! ,congregation ( ,god1 has no p[] ov] ^? :o are reconcil$ to ,god2 t1 ) _! s9s =giv5 by ,god1 !y may joyfully appe> be=e1 & mock & triumph ov]1 him4 ,! :ole ritual mu/ h _h 9 x some?+ altoge!r /range = ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 if !y _h n already kn[n ( ,satan f "s o!r s\rce4 ,! que/ions3 ,:o is ,asael8 ,:at h we to d ) him8 mu/ h =c$ !mselves ^u e "o's m9d4 ,x is n ! cu/om ( ,scripture to introduce its doctr9es s abruptly1 to prescribe any duty :i* is de/itute ( ! solid f\ndation ( previ\s in/ruction4 ,if ?us we may consid] x z prov$1 7#a7 t ! s]p5t 0 an ag5t 9 ! temptation1 & 7#b7 t x s]v$ only z an in/rum5t to ,satan1 ! real tempt]1--!n we h also !reby prov$ t ! curse d5\nc$ aga9/ ! tempt] mu/ h a d\ble s5se4 ,x mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 ref] to ! in/rum5t2 b1 9 its *ief import1 x mu/ be> ^u ! real tempt]1 = x 0 prop]ly he alone :o _h done t :i* m]it$ ! puni%m5t & ! curse4 ,let u n[1 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 proce$ to ! int]pretation ( our passage4 ,x is said 9 v]4 #ad3 ,& ,jehovah ,elohim said unto ! s]p5t1 ,because ?\ ha/ done ?is1 ?\ %alt be curs$ above all cattle & above e bea/ ( ! field2 ^u ?y belly %alt ?\ g1 & du/ ?\ %alt eat all ! days ( ?y life4--,if we d n ,pg #bd look beyond ! s]p5t1 ^! words h 9 !m some?+ incompreh5sible1 inasmu* z ! s]p5t is de/itute ( t responsibility :i* alone c\ld ju/ify s sev]e a s5t5ce4 ,!re is no difficulty atta*$ to ! idea t ! s]p5t mu/ suff]4 ,x %>es ?is fate along ) all ! o!r irrational e>?ly creation1 :i* is made subject to vanity 7,rom4 viii4 #bj71 & :i* mu/ accompany man1 = ^: sake x 0 creat$1 ?r\gh all ! /ages ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,b ! "q "h at issue is n ab\t m]e suff]+1 b ab\t well-m]it$ puni%m5t4 ,! s]p5t is n1 l ! :ole rema9+ e>?1 curs$ = ! sake ( man 7,g54 iii4 #ag71 b x is curs$ because x has done ?is4 ,puni%m5t presupposes be+ creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 &1 accord+ to *ap4 i41 su* a creation is peculi> only to man4 ,b z soon z we assume ! co-op]ation ( an invisible au?or ( ! temptation1 by :om ! s]p5t 0 animat$1 ev]y?+ :i* is "h ?reat5$ aga9/ ! visible in/rum5t acquires a symbolical mean+4 ,! degradation inflict$ ^u ! latt]1--! ann\ncem5t ( ! defeat :i* x is to su/a9 9 ! w>f>e ) man1--repres5t 9 a figure ! fate ( ! real tempt] only4 ,! in/rum5t us$ by him 9 ! temptation is at ! same "t ! symbol ( ! puni%m5t :i* he is de/9$ to endure4 ,al?\gh x be said t ! s]p5t %\ld be curs$ above all cattle1 etc41 ?is does n necess>ily imply t ! o!r animals are also curs$1 any m ?an ! words1 subtle above all ! bea/s1 imply t all o!r bea/s are subtle4 ,x is c]ta9ly n always necess>y t ! :ole exi/+ diff]5ce %\ld be po9t$ out4 ,! s5se is simply3 ,?\ %alt be m curs$ ?an all cattle4 ,9 a simil> mann] x is said1 9 ! song ( ,deborah1 conc]n+ ,jael1 ,bless$ above wom5 %all ,jael be1 ,judges v4 #bd2 = ?is does n imply t all o!r wom5 are bless$1 b means only t1 :e!r !y be bless$ or n1 ,jael1 at all ev5ts1 is ! mo/ bless$4 ,! eat+ ( du/ mu/ n be int]pret$ lit]ally1 z if ! s]p5t 7 to fe$ ^u du/2 b1 s9ce x is to creep on ! gr\nd1 x _c be b t x swall[ du/ along ) its food4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,ps4 cii41 9 ! pray] ( ! afflict$1 v]4 #aj1 ,= ,i h eat5 a%es l bread1 us$ ( occasional swall[+ ( a%es4 ,z an expression ( deepe/ humiliation1 ! ,pg #be lick+ ( du/ is us$ 9 ,mic4 vii4 #ag1 :]e x is said ( ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 ,!y %all lick du/ l ! s]p5t4 ,9 ,is4 xlix4 #bc1 comp>$ ) ,ps4 lii4 #i1 ! lick+ up ! du/ ( ! feet is likewise inflict$ ^u ! humbl$ enemies4 ,if1 und\bt$ly1 !re be1 ev5 9 ^! passages1 a slight ref]5ce to ! "o be=e u1 ! allusion to x is /ill pla9] 9 ,is4 lxv4 #be1 :]e x is said1 ,& du/ %all be ! s]p5t's meat4 ,( ! d5unciation 9 ,g54 iii4 #ad1 #ae1 ! eat+ ( du/ alone %all rema91 :ile ! bruis+ ( ! heel %all come to an end4 ,& :ile all o!r creatures %all escape f ! doom :i* has come ^u !m 9 consequ5ce ( ! fall ( man1 ! s]p5t--! in/rum5t us$ 9 ! temptation--%all1 agreeably to ! words 9 ! s5t5ce ( puni%m5t1 ,all ! days ( ?y life1 rema9 condemn$ to a p]petual abasem5t1 ?us prefigur+ ! fate ( ! real tempt]1 = :om !re is no %>e 9 ! r$emption4 ,! op9ion :i* has be5 aga9 ( late def5d$ by ,h(mann & ,baumg>t51 t ! s]p5t _h be=e ! fall ! same %ape z aft] x1 only t aft] ! fall x possesses z a puni%m5t :at be=e ! fall 0 its nature1 /&s pla9ly oppos$ to ! context4 ,ev5 a priori1 & 9 accordance ) ,satan's usual mode ( proce$+1 x is probable t he1 :o loves to trans=m himself into an angel ( light1 %\ld h *os5 an attractive & *>m+ in/rum5t ( temptation4 ,?is view loses all t is /range 9 x1 if only we consid] ! *ange ( ! s]p5t1 n z an isolat$ ?+1 b 9 connection ) ! great *ange :i*1 aft] ! fall ( man1 affect$ ! :ole nature 7comp4 ,g54 i4 #ca1 accord+ to :i* ! entire animal creation _h1 previ\sly to ! fall1 impress$ ^u x ! image ( man's innoc5ce & peace1 & ! law ( de/ruction did n p]vade x1 ,g54 iii4 #ag2 ,rom4 viii4 #bj72 & if only we keep 9 m9d t1 be=e ! fall1 ! :ole animal _w 0 ess5tially diff]5t f :at x is n[1 s t we _c by any means ?9k ( =m+ to ourselves a di/9ct ,image ( ! s]p5t1 z ,lu!r & o!rs h done4 ,! s]p5t is ?us1 by its disgu/+ =m1 & by ! degradation ( its :ole be+1 doom$ to be ! visible repres5tative ( ! k+dom ( d>kness1 & ( its head1 to :om x _h s]v$ z an in/rum5t4 ,b ! words1 :5 appli$ to ! head himself1 give expression to ! idea3 extreme contempt1 ,pg #bf %ame1 & abasem5t %all be ?y lot4 ,?us ,calmet rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,?is enemy ( mank9d crawls1 z x 71 on 8 belly1 on acc\nt ( ! %ame & disgrace to :i* he is r$uc$4 ,satan imag9$ t1 by means ( ! fall ( man1 he w\ld enl>ge 8 k+dom & ext5d 8 p[]4 ,b to ! eye ( ,god ! matt] appe>$ 9 a totally diff]5t light1 because1 along ) ! fall1 ,he beheld ! r$emption4 ,v]4 #ae4 ,& ,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] se$2 & x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise its heel4 ,9 ! two o!r passages :]e ! ^w occurs 7,ps4 cxxxix4 #aa comp>e my comm5t>y on t passage & ,job ix4 #ag71 x und5iably signifies3 to cru%1 to bruise4 ,?is signification1 !re=e1 :i* is confirm$ by ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 & :i* ,paul also foll[s 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #bj 71 :il/ ! ,,lxx4 h 71 mu/ "h also be reta9$4 ,x is only 9 appe>ance t1 9 ! second passage ref]r$ to1 ! signification to cru% seems to be inappropriate2 = !re1 to cru% is us$ 9 ! s5se ( to de/roy1 to annihilate1 j z 9 ,jonah iv4 #g1 to /rike is us$ ( ! /+ ( an insect1 because its effect is simil> to t produc$ by a /roke4 ,! words & are a second accusative gov]n$ by ! v]b1 :]eby ! place ( ! action is m di/9ctly m>k$ out4 ,t by head & heel--a majus & a m9us--a victory ( mank9d ov] ! se$ ( ! s]p5t %\ld be signifi$1 0 se5 by ,calv91 :o says1 ,mean:ile we see h[ graci\sly ! ,"l deals ev5 9 ! puni%m5t ( m51 inasmu* z ,he does n give ! s]p5t p[] to d m ?an w\nd ! heel1 :ile to man is giv5 ! p[] ( w\nd+ its head4 ,= ! words 'head' & 'heel' po9t out only :at is sup]ior & :at is inf]ior4 ,t ^! words are by no means int5d$ to describe ! mutual antipa?y betwe5 m5 & s]p5ts1 is r5d]$ evid5t by ! consid]ation1 t1 if su* 7 ! int5tion1 no special puni%m5t w\ld be d5\nc$ aga9/ ! s]p5t1 :ile1 accord+ to ! context1 su* d5unciation is c]ta9ly design$ by ! writ]4 ,! words treat ( ! puni%m5t ( ! s]p5t2 x is only 9 v]4 #af t ! s5t5ce aga9/ man is proclaim$4 ,x is true t ! bite ( a s]p5t is dang]\s :5 x is appli$ ev5 to ! heel1 = ! poison !nce p5etrates ! :ole body2 b to ?is fact 9 natural hi/ory !re is "h ,pg #bg no allusion1 nor is ! bit+ ( ! s]p5t at all ! po9t "h 9 "q4 ,! contra/ betwe5 head & heel is simply t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! noble & less noble p>ts1--^? p>ts ( :i* ! injury is commonly curable or incurable4 ,! objection3 ,! s]p5t creeps1 man walks upright2 if !n an enmity exi/s betwe5 !m1 h[ c x be o!rwise ?an t man w\nds its head1 & t x w\nds 8 heel8 entirely ov]looks ! consid]ation1 t1 accord+ to v]4 #ad1 x is 9 consequ5ce ( ! div9e curse t ! s]p5t creeps 9 ! du/4 ,9 ?is degrad$ condition--a condition :i* is n natural1 b inflict$ z a puni%m5t--x is impli$ t ! s]p5t c attack man at 8 heel only4 ,?is pla9 connection betwe5 v]4 #ae & #ad is evid5tly ov]look$ by ^? :o hold ! op9ion1 t ?is mutual enmity is p]nici\s equally to man & s]p5t4 ,! v circum/ance t ! s]p5t is condemn$ to g on its belly1 & to eat du/1 :il/ man reta9s t erect walk 9 :i* ! image ( ,god is reflect$1 paves ! way = ! ann\ncem5t ( ! victory 9 v]4 #af4 ,exp]i5ce be>s ample witness to ! tru? ( ! div9e s5t5ce1 t !re %all1 9 future1 be enmity betwe5 ! se$ ( ! s]p5t & mank9d1 9 s f> z ?is s5t5ce ref]s to ! in/rum5t ( ! temptation2 = abhorr5ce ( ! s]p5t is natural to man4 ,?us ,calv9 rem>ks3 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( a secret natural in/9ct t man abhors !m2 & z (t5 z ! sight ( a s]p5t fills u ) horror1 ! recollection ( our apo/asy is r5ew$4 ,b1 9 ! fate ( ! s]p5t :i* is "h ann\nc$1 !re is an indication ( ! doom ( ! spiritual au?or ( ! temptation4 ,x has be5 object$ t any ref]5ce to ,satan is inadmissible1 because ! se$ ( ! s]p5t "h spok5 ( _c designate wick$ m51 :o are *ildr5 ( ! devil2 = ^!1 too1 belong to ! se$ ( ! woman1 & _c1 !re=e1 be put 9 opposition to x4 ,b aga9/ ?is objection ,/orr1 9 8 treatise1 de ,protevangelio1 rem>ks3 ,we easily see t _m ( ! se$ ( ! woman likewise belong to ! se$ ( ! s]p5t2 b !y h become unwor?y ( t "n1 s9ce !y apo/atiz$ to ! common enemy ( _! race4 ,x is q true t1 by ! se$ ( ! woman1 h] :ole prog5y is designat$2 b !y :o ent] into communion ,pg #bh ) ! h]$it>y enemy ( ! human race are view$ z hav+ excommunicat$ !mselves4 ,comp>e ,g54 xxi4 #ab1 :]e ,isaac alone is decl>$ to be ! true desc5dant ( ,abraham1 & 8 o!r sons are1 z false desc5dants1 exclud$4 ,moreov]1 n only wick$ m51 b also ! angels ( ,satan 7,matt4 xxv4 #da2 ,rev4 xii4 #g-i71 belong to ! se$ ( ! s]p5t4 ,! great] numb] ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ian int]pret]s 7 ( op9ion t1 by ! se$ ( ! woman1 ! ,messiah is directly po9t$ at4 ,b to ?is op9ion x may be object$1 t x does viol5ce to ! language to und]/&1 by ! se$ ( ! woman1 any s+le individual2 & ! m s1 s9ce we are compell$ to und]/&1 by ! se$ ( ! s]p5t1 a plurality ( individuals1 viz41 ! spiritual *ildr5 ( ,satan1 ! heads & memb]s ( ! k+dom ( d>kness4 ,fur!r1--,z f> z ! s5t5ce has ref]5ce to ! s]p5t1 ! human race alone c be und]/ood by ! se$ ( ! woman2 & to ?is1 !re=e1 ! victory ov] ! invisible au?or ( ! temptation mu/ also be adjudg$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! human race is also indicat$ by ! connection betwe5 h] se$ 9 ?is v]se1 & ! words1 ,?\ %alt br+ =? sons1 9 v]4 #af4 ,f9ally1--,z ! p]son ( ! ,messiah does n yet di/9ctly appe> ev5 9 ! promises to ! ,patri>*s1 ?is passage _c well be expla9$ ( a p]sonal ,messiah2 inasmu* z1 by su* an explanation1 ! progressive expansion ( ! ,messianic prophecy 9 ,g5esis w\ld be de/roy$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by ! se$ ( ! woman we und]/& ! entire prog5y ( ! woman1 we obta9 ! foll[+ s5se3 ,x is true t ?\ ha/ n[ inflict$ ^u ! woman a sev]e w\nd1 & t ?\ & ?9e associates w cont9ue to assail h]3 b1 not)/&+ ?9e eag] desire to injure1 ?\ %alt be able to inflict on mank9d only su* w\nds z are curable2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! po/]ity ( ! woman %all1 at "s future p]iod1 vanqui% !e1 & make !e feel all ?y weakness4 ,?is int]pretation is f\nd z e>ly z 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 & 9 t ( ,j]usalem1 :]e1 by ! se$ ( ! woman1 are und]/ood ! ,jews1 :o1 at ! "t ( ! ,messiah1 %all ov]come ,sammael4 ,?us1 too1 does ,paul expla9 x 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #bj1 :]e ! promise is reg>d$ z ref]r+ to ,*ri/ians z a body4 ,x has f\nd1 subsequ5tly1 an able def5d] ,pg #bi 9 ,calv9#c &1 9 mod]n times1 9 ,h]d]4#d ,! treatise ( ,/orr1 too 79 ! ,opusc4 ii471 is devot$ to its def5ce4 ,ev5 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 ! passage ju/ly be>s ! "n ( ! ,protevangelium1 :i* has be5 giv5 to x by ! ,*ur*4 ,x is only 9 g5]al t]ms1 inde$1 t ! future victory ( ! k+dom ( light ov] t ( d>kness is =etold1 & n ! p]son ( ! ,r$eem] :o %\ld lead 9 ! w>f>e1 & be/[ ! /r5g? :i* %\ld be necess>y = ma9ta9+ x4 ,any?+ beyond ?is we are n ev5 entitl$ to expect at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! human race2 a gradual progress is obs]vable 9 ! k+dom ( grace1 z well z 9 t ( nature4 ,x is c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 n a matt] ( *ance t ! po/]ity ( ! woman is n brok5 up into a plurality1 b t1 9 ord] to designate x1 expressions 9 ! s+ul> 7 & 7 are *os54 ,?is unity1 :i*1 9 ! mean:ile1 x is true1 is only ideal1 0 *os5 ) reg>d to ! p]son ( ! ,r$eem]1 :o compreh5ds )9 ,himself ! :ole human race4 ,& x is n less significant1 & has c]ta9ly a deep] gr\nd1 t ! victory ov] ! s]p5t is assign$ to ! se$ ( ! woman1 n to ! po/]ity ( ,adam2 & ?\gh1 inde$1 ,pg #cj ! circum/ance t ! woman 0 fir/ deceiv$ may h be5 ! proximate cause ( x1 yet x _c be exclusively ref]r$ to1 & d]iv$ f1 x4 ,by ^! rem>ks we come /ill ne>] to ! view ( ! anci5t ,*ur*4 ,footnote #a3 ,s1 e4g4 ,cram] 9 ! ,neb5>beit5 zur ,!ologis*5 ,lit]atur1 ,/4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,! positive reasons by :i* ,i !re prov$ ! ref]5ce to ,satan1 h n be5 invalidat$ by ! objections ( ,h(mann 9 8 ,s*riftbeweis i4 #cgi4 ,he says3 ,z an adjective =m$ 9 a mann] simil> to 7,num4 xxi4 #f7 mu/ h an intransitive signification1 x _c mean sep>at$1 b accord+ to its d]ivation f 1 x means3 altoge!r gone away4 ,b ?is argum5t has no =ce4 ,! real import ( ! =m ( ! ^w is gradation1 & frequ5t repetition4 ,in/ances ( a passive signification are giv5 9 ,ewald's ,lehrbu* d] ,hebr4 ,spra*e1 #aeg c43 comp>e1 e4g41 ,deut4 xxxii4 #e4 ,!re is s mu* ! /rong] reason = adopt+ ! passive signification1 t 9 ,arabic also1--:i* alone c be consult$1 z ! comp>ison ) ! ,hebrew has no sure f\ndation on :i* to re/1--! root has ! signification3 remotus1 sepositus fuit1 & ! p>ticiple3 a cet]is se sejung5s4 ,comp>e ,egypt & ! ,b4 ,m41 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #c3 ,he says1--,?is1 !re=e1 is ! s5se ( ! passage3 ,! human race1 :om ,satan _h endeav\r$ to de/roy1 %all at l5g? be victori\s4 ,b1 mean:ile1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! mode 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,scripture1 t victory is to be a*iev$4 ,accord+ to 8 own pleasure1 ,satan has1 ?r\gh all c5turies1 l$ captive ! sons ( m51 & ev5 to ?is day he cont9ues t sad victory4 ,b1 s9ce a /rong] "o has come d[n f heav5 to subdue him1 ! :ole ,*ur* ( ,god %all1 "u h] ,head1 & l ,him1 be victori\s4 ,footnote #d3 ,briefe das ,/udium d] ,!ologie betr4 ii4 ,s4 #bbe 7,tb4 #ahjh73 ,! s]p5t _h injur$ !m2 x _h become to !m a symbol ( evil1 ( s$uction1 & at ! same "t ( ,god's curse1 ( contempt & puni%m5t4 ,to m5 ! enc\rag+ prospect 0 held out1 t !y1 ! se$ ( ! woman1 7 /rong] & nobl] ?an ! s]p5t1 & all evil4 ,!y %\ld tread ^u ! head ( ! s]p5t1 :ile ! latt] %\ld be able to av5ge itself only by a slight w\nd 9 _! heel4 ,9 %ort1 ! good %\ld ga9 ! asc5dancy ov] ! evil4 ,su* 0 ! prospect4 ,h[ cle> or h[ obscure x 0 to ! fir/ human pair1 x is n our pres5t purpose to inquire4 ,x is en\gh t ! noble/ w>rior aga9/ evil1 ! mo/ valiant bruis] ( ! s]p5t's head f among ! desc5dants ( ,eve1 0 compreh5d$ 9 ?is prospect1 & inde$ pre-em95tly ref]r$ to4 ,?us1 !n1 only an outl9e1 z x 71 0 giv5 to !m 9 a figure1 ! import ( :i* only future times saw m cle>ly develop$4 ,,! ,,bless+s ,,( ,,noah ,,^u ,,%em ,,& ,,japhe?4 7,g54 ix4 #ah-bg47 ,v]4 #bj4 ,& ,noah began & became an husb&man1 & plant$ v9ey>ds4--,?is does n imply t ,noah 0 ! fir/ :o began to till ! gr\nd1 &1 m especially1 to cultivate ! v9e2 = ,ca91 too1 0 a till] ( ! gr\nd1 ,g54 iv4 #b4 ,! s5se r is1 t ,noah1 aft] ! flood1 aga9 took up ?is call+4 ,moreov]1 ! rem>k has n an indep5d5t import2 x s]ves only to prep>e ! way = ! communication ( ! subsequ5t acc\nt ( ,noah's drunk5ness4 ,by ?is rem>k1 a def5ce ( ,noah on acc\nt ( 8 drunk5ness is entirely cut (f4 ,aga9/ su* a def5ce ,lu!r express$ himself 9 v /rong t]ms3 ,!y1 says he1 :o w\ld def5d ! ,patri>* 9 ?is1 wantonly reject ! consolation :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ consid]$ to be necess>y to ! ,*ur*--! consolation1 namely1 t ev5 ! greate/ sa9ts may1 at times1 /umble & fall4#a ,v]4 #ba4 ,& he drank ( ! w9e1 & 0 drunk52 & he 0 uncov]$ )9 8 t5t4 ,v]4 #bb4 ,& ,ham1 ! fa!r ( ,canaan1 saw ! nak$ness ( 8 fa!r1 & told 8 two bre?r5 )\t4--,david is reprov$ 9 #b ,sam4 xii4 #ad1 = hav+ giv5 occasion to ! enemies ( ,god to blaspheme4 ,! same repro( might ju/ly be adm9i/]$ to ,noah also4 ,ham rejoic$ to f9d a nak$ness 9 him ^: reprov+ e>ne/ness _h (t5 be5 a burd5 to 8 s9ful s\l4 ,lu!r rem>ks3 ,!re is no d\bt ,pg #ca t he 7,noah7 mu/ h done mu* :i* 0 (f5sive to 8 pr\d1 high-m9d$1 & presumptu\s son4444 ,= ?is reason we mu/ n reg>d ?is de$ ( ,ham z m]e *ild's play1 z an action de/itute ( all significance2 b z ! result ( ! bitt]e/ hatr$ & res5tm5t ( ,satan1 by :i* he prep>es & excites 8 memb]s aga9/ ! true ,*ur*1 & specially aga9/ ^? :o are 9 ! m9i/ry4 ,let !m1 !re=e1 give e>ne/ he$ z to :e!r1 ei!r 9 _! p]sons or 9 _! (fices1 !y give any occasion = blasphemy4 ,we h 9 ?is hi/ory an example ( div9e t]rors & judgm5t1 t we may take w>n+ f ! dang] ( ,ham1 & n v5ture to be ra% 9 judg+1 ?\gh we %\ld see t a secul> or ecclesia/ical au?ority1 or ev5 our p>5ts1 d err & fall4 ,v]4 #bc4 ,& ,%em & ,japhe? took ! g>m5t4--,lu!r says3 ,su* an outw>d & lovely rev]5ce !y c\ld n h %[n to _! fa!r1 if !y _h n1 inw>dly & 9 _! he>ts1 be5 rightly dispos$ t[>ds ,god1 & _h n consid]$ _! fa!r z a high prie/ & k+ set ov] !m by div9e appo9tm5t4 ,! mode ( expression indicates t ! real impulse proce$$ f ,%em1 & t1 z a prefiguration ( :at 0 to take place1 ,japhe? only %[$ susceptibility = ! good1 & a will+ness to jo9 ) him4 ,x is true t ! s+ul> is n1 by itself1 decisive4 ,:5 ! v]b prec$es1 x is n absolutely necess>y t x %\ld agree ) ! subject 9 g5d] & numb]2 b ! use ( ! s+ul> is1 nev]!less1 rem>kable4 ,if ,%em & ,japhe? _h be5 equally active1 ! latt] also w\ld1 at once1 h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re is ! less reason = suppos+ t ! use ( ! s+ul> c be m]ely accid5tal1 especially z ! words1 & he told 8 two bre?r5 )\t1 imm$iately prec$e4 ,b all d\bt is remov$ by a second allusion1 :i* goes h& 9 h& ) ! fir/1 & :i* is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se4 ,v]4 #bd4 ,& ,noah awoke f 8 w9e1 & knew :at 8 y\ng] son _h done unto him4--,t ,ham 0 old] ?an ,japhe?1 appe>s f ! circum/ance t ! ord] 9 :i* ! sons ( ,noah are introduc$ is uni=mly ?us3 ,%em1 ,ham1 ,japhe?2 or1 beg9n+1 z 9 *ap4 x41 f ! y\nge/1 ,pg #cb ,japhe?1 ,ham1 ,%em1--:]e1 h[ev]1 9 v]4 #ba1 ! words add$ imm$iately aft] ,%em--! eld] bro!r ( ,japhe?1 expressly indicate t1 = a c]ta9 purpose1 ! writ] has proce$$ 9 ord] f ! y\nge/ to ! olde/4 ,x is altoge!r 9 va9 t "s h attempt$ to prove f *ap4 xi4 #aj 7accord+ to :i* ,%em 01 two ye>s aft] ! flood1 only a hundr$ ye>s old71 comp>$ ) *ap4 v4 #cb 7accord+ to :i* ,noah began to beget :5 he 0 five hundr$ ye>s old71 t ,%em 0 n ! fir/-born4 ,! words 9 *ap4 v4 #cb are3 ,& ,noah 0 five hundr$ ye>s old1 & ,noah begat ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhe?4 ,t ! *ronology c "h be det]m9$ 9 a way :i* only approximates to ! tru?1 is impli$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ! /atem5t1 t all ! ?ree sons 7 begott5 :5 ,noah 0 five hundr$ ye>s ( age2 no?+ m is meant ?an t ,noah begat !m aft] he _h f9i%$ 8 fif?1 or at ! beg9n+ ( 8 six?1 c5tury4 7,comp>e ,ranke's ,unt]su*ung547 ,x is j an indef9ite /atem5t ( "t :i* po9ts =w>d to ano!r g5ealogy1 9 :i* ! details w be giv5 ) great] precision4 ,ham ev]y:]e /&s betwe5 ! two2 b t1 nev]!less1 he is1 9 ?is passage1 call$ ! y\ng] son1 c be expla9$ only on ! gr\nd t1 9 ! case be=e u1 ,%em & ,ham are ! two m especially notic$--,%em z positively good1 & ,ham z positively evil1 :ile ,japhe? only takes "p ) ,%em4 ,we h ?us laid an excell5t f\ndation = ! "r und]/&+ ( ! subsequ5t prophetic utt]ance ( ,noah--= ! ann\ncem5t1 namely1 ( ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,v]4 #be4 ,& he said1 ,curs$ be ,canaan2 a s]vant ( s]vants %all he be to 8 bre?r54--,lu!r says3 ,good old ,noah1 :o is reg>d$ by 8 son z a fooli% & /upid old man1 des]v+ only ( mock]y1 appe>s "h 9 truly prophetic maje/y1 & ann\nces to 8 sons a div9e revelation ( :at %all come to pass 9 future days2 ?us v]ify+ :at ,paul says 9 #b ,cor4 xii41 t ,god's /r5g? is made p]fect 9 weakness4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion n[ curr5t1 ,canaan is said to mean l[l&1 & to be transf]r$ f ! l& to ! p1 & f ! p to ! pret5d$ ance/or4 ,b ?is op9ion is %[n to be unt5able by ! consid]ations1 t1 accord+ to hi/orical tradition1 ,canaan appe>s fir/ z ,pg #cc ! "n ( ! ance/or2--t ! v]b is nev] us$ ( natural l[ness1 b always ( humiliation2--t 9 our passage1 :]e ! "n fir/ occurs1 x /&s 9 connection ) s]vitude2--t ! mascul9e =m ( ! n\n 7on ! adjective t]m9ation an1 comp>e ,ewald's ,lehrb4 d4 ,heb4 ,spr4 #afc1 b47 is n applicable to ! c\ntry2--t ! c\ntry ,canaan is s f> f be+ a l[l&1 t x appe>s1 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 z a l& ( hills 7see ,deut4 xi4 #b1 iii4 #be1 :]e ! l& itself is ev5 call$1 t goodly m\nta972#b--;&1 f9ally1 t1 f all appe>ance1 ,canaan is prim>ily ! "n1 n ( ! c\ntry1 b ( ! p--! =m] be+ call$ 1 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,! real etymology ( ! "n is almo/ expressly giv5 9 ,judges iv4 #bc2 1 & ,god b[$ d[n1 or humbl$1 on t day ,jab9 ! k+ ( ,canaan4 ,comp>e also ,deut4 ix4 #c1 :]e1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,canaanites1 x is said1 1 ,he w humble or subdue !m2 & ,nehem4 ix4 #bd3 ,?\ b[$e/ d[n be=e !m ! inhabitants ( ! l&--! ,canaanites4 ,our passage also proce$s ^u ?is int]pretation ( ! "n4 ,we are ! r induc$ to assume a connection betwixt ! "n ,canaan1 & ! words1 a s]vant ( s]vants %all he be1 z 9 ! case ( ,japhe? also !re is c]ta9ly an allusion to ! signification ( ! "n1 & probably 9 ! case ( ,%em also4 ,p]haps ev5 ! "n ,ham1 i4e41 ! blacki% "o1 may be connect$ ) ! "* :i* he "h displays--a sugge/ion :i* we d n "h foll[ up4 ,we ref]1 h[ev]1 = an analogy1 to :at has be5 rem>k$ 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms1 9 ! ,introduction ( ,ps4 vii4 ,canaan means3 ! submissive "o4 ,x is a "n :i* ! p !mselves1 on ^: monum5ts x appe>s1 w\ld nev] h appropriat$ to !mselves 7j z 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptians also1 on :i* po9t ,ges5ius 9 ! ,!saurus1 & my "w ,egypt1 etc41 p4 #baj1 may be comp>$71 unless x _h be5 prop] to !m f _! v orig94 ,ham gave ?is "n to 8 son f ! ob$i5ce :i* he dem&$1 b ,pg #cd did n himself yield4 ,! son 0 to be ! s]vant ( ! fa!r 7= ! "n sugge/s s]vile ob$i5ce71 :o 0 z despotical to 8 inf]iors z he 0 rebelli\s aga9/ 8 sup]iors4 ,:5 ! fa!r gave t "n to 8 son1 he ?\ght only ( submissiv5ess to 8 ord]s2 b ,god1 :o1 9 ,8 my/]i\s provid5ce1 disposes ( all ^! matt]s1 _h ano!r submissiv5ess 9 view4 ,b :y is ,canaan curs$ & n ,ham8 ,= an answ] to ?is "q1 we are at lib]ty nei!r to fall back ^u ! sov]eign decree ( ,god1 z ,calv9 does1 nor to say ) ,h(mann3 ,canaan is ! y\nge/ son ( ,ham 7,g54 x4 #f72 & because ,ham1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,noah1 _h caus$ s mu* grief to ! fa!r1 he1 9 return1 is to exp]i5ce great grief f 8 y\nge/ son4 ,?is latt] view re/s ^u false hi/orical suppositions4 ,we h already prov$ t ,ham 0 n ! y\nge/ son ( ,noah2 & x by no means foll[s f ,g54 x4 #f1 t ,canaan 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ,ham4 ,canaan's "n is m5tion$ la/ among ! sons ( ,ham1 because ! :ole acc\nt ( ,ham's family 0 to be comb9$ ) ! detail$ enum]ation ( ,canaan's desc5dants1 :o /ood 9 s important a relation to ,israel4 ,! b\nd>y l9e z reg>ds ,%em is =m$1 q naturally1 by t bran* ( ,ham's family :i* /ood 9 s important a relation to ! ma9 bran* ( ! family ( ,%em4 ,b1 z little reliance c be plac$ ^u ! !ological gr\nds ( t conjecture2 = ! "q at issue is n ! )drawal ( outw>d advantages4 ,canaan is curs$1 & x is j ! /+ ( 8 s]vitude t x is ! consequ5ce ( ! curse4 ,x w\ld inde$ sadly affect ! biblical doctr9e ( recomp5se1 if curs+ & bless+ 7 dep5d5t ^u su* ext]nal reasons z1 9 ! case be=e u1 ^u ! circum/ance t ,canaan 0 s un=tunate z to be ! y\nge/ son4 ,! "r answ] to ! "q is )\t d\bt ?is3--,ham is puni%$ 9 8 son1 j z he himself _h s9n$ aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,he is puni%$ 9 ?is son1 because he foll[$ mo/ decid$ly ! example ( 8 fa!r's impiety & wick$ness4 ,to ?is view we are l$ by ! :ole doctr9e ( ,holy ,scripture conc]n+ ! visitation ( ! guilt ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr54 7,comp>e ! au?or's ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc47 ,pg #ce ,to ?is view we are also l$ by ! passage 9 ,g54 xv4 #af3 ,b 9 ! f\r? g5]ation !y %all come hi!r aga91 = ! iniquity ( ! ,amorites is n yet full4 ,accord+ to ?is passage1 ! curse on ,canaan c be realiz$ ^u him1 only :5 8 own iniquity has be5 fully matur$4 ,?is 8 iniquity is presuppos$ by 8 curse4 ,if he 7 to be puni%$ on acc\nt ( ! guilt ( ! fa!r1--a guilt 9 :i* he _h no %>e1--!n inde$ no delay w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,to ?is view we are f>!r l$ by :at is report$ 9 ,g5esis conc]n+ ! moral depravity ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 :i*1 9 ! developm5t ( ! s9ful g]m inh]5t 9 ! race1 _h outrun all o!rs1 & 71 !re=e1 be=e all o!rs1 ov]tak5 by puni%m5t4 7,to ?is view we are fur!r l$ by :at is report$ 9 ,g5esis conc]n+ ! moral depravity ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 :i*1 9 ! developm5t ( ! s9ful g]m inh]5t 9 ! race1 _h outrun all o!rs1 & 7 !re=e1 be=e all o!rs1 ov]tak5 by puni%m5t7 ,to ?is view we are l$1 fur!r1 by ,lev4 xviii4 & ! p>allel passages1 :]e ! ,canaanites appe> z a nation ( abom9ations :i* ! l& spues out2 &1 f9ally1 by :at anci5t hea!n writ]s report reg>d+ ! deep corruption ( ! ,phnicians & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,! rema9d] ( ,ham's po/]ity are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce2 x is only 9 ! sequel t we expect in=mation reg>d+ !m4 ,b ! =ebod+ arises1 t _! deliv]ance w be m difficult ( accompli%m5t ?an t ( ,japhe?1 al?\gh ! circum/ance t ,canaan is s+l$ out f among !m af=ds u decid$ hope = ! re/4 ,b n ev5 ! exclusion ( ,ham is to be consid]$ z an unavoidable fate re/+ ^u him4 ,hea!nism alone kn[s su* a curse4 ,! subjective conditions ( ! curse imply ! possibility ( becom+ free f x4 ,to ?is1 !re is an express te/imony 9 ! circum/ance1 t ! promise to ! ,patri>*s is n limit$4 ,david receiv$ ! remnant ( ! ,canaaniti% ,jebusites into ! congregation ( ! ,"l4 7,comp>e rem>ks on ,ze*4 ix4 #g47 ,&1 9 ! ,gospels1 ! ,canaaniti% woman appe>s z a repres5tative ( h] nation1 & z a pro( ! possibility1 grant$ to !m1 ( break+ ?r\gh ! fett]s ( ! curse4 7,comp>e also ! rem>kable passage1 ,ezek4 xvi4 #df47 ,pg #cf ,! curse is contra/$ ) ! bless+ pron\nc$ on ,%em & ,japhe?1 & ! second memb] ( v]4 #be is1 9 v]s4 #bf1 #bg1 us$ z a repetition 9 ref]5ce to ea* ( ! two bre?r51 :o 71 9 x1 view$ toge!r4--7,tu*47 ,v]4 #bf4 ,& he said3 ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,%em2 & ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m4--,! ,patri>* ,noah1--a j man1 & "o :o walk$ be=e ,god 7,g54 vi4 #i71--;a man rais$ on high1 z ,david says ( himself 9 #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a1--;a man ^: utt]ances are n m]e individual wi%es1 b1 at ! same "t1 prophecies1--sees su* ri* bless+s 9 /ore = 8 son1 t1 in/ead ( ann\nc+ !m to him1 he imm$iately breaks out into ! praise ( ,god1 :o is ! ,au?or ( !m1 & f :om ! piety ( ,%em1#c ! f\ndation ( ?is salvation1 0 d]iv$1 j z ,moses1 9 ,deut4 xxx4 #bj1 in/ead ( bless+ ,gad1 blesses him by :om ,gad is enl>g$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,god is "h spok5 ( indicates1 indirectly1 :at t is 9 :i* ! bless+ consi/s4 ,fir/1--,god is n call$ by ! "n ,elohim 7:i* is expressive ( m]ely ! mo/ g5]al outl9es ( ,8 nature71 b by ! "n ,jehovah1 :i* has ref]5ce to ,8 manife/$ p]sonality1 to ,8 revelations1 & to ,8 in/itutions = salvation4#d ,secondly1--,jehovah is call$ ! ,god ( ,%em1--! fir/ passage ( ,holy ,scripture 9 :i* ,god is call$ ! ,god ( "s p]son4 ,bo? ^! circum/ances indicate t ,god is to ent] into an altoge!r peculi> relation to ! desc5dants ( ,%em2 t ,he w reveal ,himself to !m2 e/abli% ,8 k+dom among !m1 & make !m p>tak]s ( bo? ,8 e>?ly & ,8 heav5ly bless+s4 ,?us ,lu!r says3 ,?is is inde$ p]ceptible & cle>1 t he ?us b9ds closely toge!r ,god & 8 son ,%em1 &1 z x 71 commits ! "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is1 he inde$ indicates ! my/]y ( :i* ,paul treats 9 ,rom4 xi4 #aa sq41 & ,*ri/1 9 ,john iv4 #bb1 t salvation come? f ! ,jews1 b t1 nev]!less1 ! hea!n %all become p>tak]s ( x4 ,= ,pg #cg al?\gh ,%em alone be ! real root & trunk1 yet into ?is tree ! ,g5tiles are1 z a /range bran*1 graff$1 & enjoy ! fatness & sap :i* are 9 ! elect tree4 ,?is light ,noah1 ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s1 sees1 & al?\gh he speaks d>k words1 he yet prophesies v pla9ly1 t ! k+dom ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ %all be plant$ 9 ! _w1 & %all gr[ up among ! race ( ,%em1 & n among t ( ,japhe?4 ,z yet ,%em & ,japhe? 7 on an equal foot+4 ,9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! n>rative1 no?+ _h be5 communicat$ by :i* ,god _h1 9 ,8 relation to ,%em1 giv5 up ,8 nature z ,elohim1 & _h become 8 ,god4 ,x is only by anticipation1 !n1 t ,god c1 9 ,8 relation to ,%em1 be designat$ z ,jehovah1 & z ! ,god ( ,%em4 ,! ?\ght c1 :5 fully br\ght out1 be ?is alone3 ,bless$ be ,god1 :o w1 9 future1 reveal ,himself z ,jehovah1 & z ! ,god ( ,%em4 ,if x be ov]look$ t1 9 ?is appellation ( ,god1 !re is impli$ ! indirect designation ( ! bless+s :i* are to be conf]r$ on ,%em 7j z 9 ,g54 xxiv4 #bg ! words1 ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( my ma/] ,abraham1 imply ! ?\ght3 because ,he has manife/$ ,himself z ,jehovah1 & z ! ,god ( my ma/]2 :i* ?\ght is !n fur!r c>ri$ out 9 ! subsequ5t words3 ,& :o ha? n left de/itute my ma/] ( ,8 m]cy & ,8 tru?2--& j z x is also 9 ! utt]ance ( ,za*>ias 9 ,luke i4 #fh1 :]e ! words1 ,bless$ be ! ,"l 1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 imply ! ?\ght3 because ,he has manife/$ ,himself z ! ,"l 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is us$ :]e ! ,old has ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel71--if ?is be ov]look$1 we obta9 only a weak & inadequate ?\ght1 v unsuitable to ! context1 ! purport ( :i* evid5tly is to celebrate ,%em1 & to m>k him out z wor?y ( 8 "n4 ,s x is accord+ to ,h(mann1 :o1 9 ! words1 ,bless$--,%em1 f9ds only an expression ( gratitude = ! gift ( ?is good son1 & :o limits ! ann\ncem5t ( bless+s to ! s+le "o--t ,canaan %all be ,%em's s]vant4 ,aga9/ ?is feeble int]pretation we mu/ adduce ^! consid]ations also3 t n[h]e does ! gift ( ! good son =m1 ev5 indirectly1 ! subject 9 "q2--t ?us we %\ld lose ! opposition ( ! curse & ! bless+ 7:i* requires t1 "u ,pg #ch ! ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 we %\ld h conceal$ ! ,bless$ be ,%em71 j z we %\ld1 ! contra/ betwe5 ,jehovah "h & ,elohim 9 ! foll[+ v]se2--&1 la/ly1 t :at1 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 is said ( ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 w\ld ?us be depriv$ ( its necess>y f\ndation4 ,x is said3 ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m4 ,! suffix 1 :i* _c be us$ = ! s+ul>1 any m ?an c ! suffix 1 = :i* x is only ! full] poetical =m 7! in/ances ( a diff]5t use1 adduc$ by ,ewald1 #bdg1 d41 c easily be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! rule71 indicates t ! ann\ncem5t has no ref]5ce to ! p]sonal relation ( ,%em & ,ham1 b t !y come into view solely z ! heads ( families4 ,v]4 #bg4 ,may ,god enl>ge ,japhe?1 & may he dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em2 & ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m4--,^! words1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 conta9 ! bless+ pron\nc$ ^u ,japhe?2 b !y entitle u to inf] f !m1 at ! same "t1 a glori\s bless+ de/9$ = ,%em1 :i* is ! s\rce ( bless+ to ,japhe? also4 ,!y ?us complete ! promise ( ! prec$+ v]se1 :i* directly ref]s to ,%em4 ,! fir/ clause ( ?is v]se has receiv$ a great v>iety ( int]pretations4 ,! ^w 1 :i* ref]s to1 & is explanatory (1 ! "n 7i4e4 ,japhe?71 is ! future apoc4 ,hiphil ( 4 ,! ,piel ( ?is v]b has 9 ,hebrew commonly ! signification3 to p]suade1 or prevail ^u any "o to d any?+4 ,h5ce _m int]pret]s translate ) ,calv93 ,may ,god allure ,japhe? t he may dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,lu!r also1 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 ?us expla9s x3 ,god w k9dly speak to ,japhe?2 :ile1 9 8 translation1 he has3 ,may ,god enl>ge ,japhe?4--,b to ?is int]pretation x has be5 rightly object$1 t ! v]b is f\nd only 9 ,piel1 n 9 ,hiphil1 ) ! signification to p]suade2 t1 commonly1 x signifies to p]suade only 9 a bad s5se2 & t1 9 ?is s5se1 x is nev] con/ru$ ) 1 b always ) ! accusative4--,all int]pret]s n[ agree t 79 con=mity ) ! ,,lxx4 1 ! ,vulgate dilatet ,deus ,japhet1 & ,onkelos7 mu/ be d]iv$ f 9 its prim>y signification1 to be wide1 l>ge1 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ,prov4 xx4 #ai 7:]e ,pg #ci is accusative d5ot+ ! place71 & :i* signification is ! common "o 9 ,aramaic4 ,b !y !n aga9 disagree1 inasmu* z "s ?9k ( a local ext5sion3 ,god %all give to ,japhe? a num]\s po/]ity1 :i* %all take possession ( ext5d$ t]ritories2 :ile o!rs f9d "h express$ ! idea ( g5]al prosp]ity3 ,god %all prosp] ,japhe?1 %all br+ him into a free & un/rait5$ position4 ,bo? ( ^! views p>take ( alike mi/ake f reg>d+ ! words p] se1 & z disconnect$ f ! foll[+ ann\ncem5t ( ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,x mu/ also be object$ to !m1 t 9 ! case ( ,%em1 only "o feature ( ! bless+ is po9t$ out1 viz41 t ,god w be to him ,jehovah1 8 ,god2 & s1 likewise1 only "o feature ( ! curse 9 ! case ( ,ham4 ,:5 ^? words are isolat$1 sep>at$ f :at foll[s1 & und]/ood ( ext5sion1 ?is difficulty arises1 t ,ham enjoys ?is ext5sion 9 common ) ,japhe?1 z is %[n by a glance at ,g54 x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we und]/& !m z expressive ( prosp]ity 7accord+ to ,h(mann3 g5]al prosp]ity 9 ! affairs ( outw>d life71 ?is explanation is de/itute ( a suffici5t f\ndation1 & !re is no?+ report$ 9 ! sequel reg>d+ ! fulfilm5t ( su* a promise4 ,to ?is we mu/ fur!r add1 t ! v]b is1 on acc\nt ( its imm$iate ne>ness to ! prop] "n1 too little expressive1 & t1 h5ce1 we mu/ expect to f9d its mean+ m fully br\ght out 9 :at foll[s4 ,b if x be ackn[l$g$ t ! ext5sion appe>s "h z a bless+1 9 s f> only z x leads to ! dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 m5tion$ 9 ! subsequ5t clause ( ! v]se1 & t ! bless+ c consi/ 9 no?+ else1 !re is !n no ess5tial diff]5ce betwixt ! two int]pretations4 ,b we decide 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view1 because ! correspond+ v]b 1 to make wide1 to enl>ge1 :5 con/ru$ ) 1 is always us$ 9 ! signification3 to br+ into a free1 un/rait5$1 easy1 happy position4 7,see1 e4g41 ,g54 xxvi4 #bb2 ,ps4 iv4 #b2 ,prov4 xviii4 #af2 #b ,sam4 xxii4 #bj47 ,ev5 :5 foll[$ by an accusative1 ! v]b is f\nd ) ?is signification 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bj3 ,bless$ be ,he t enl>ge? ,gad4 7,9 ?is passage1 too1 ! ^w has be5 und]/ood z d5ot+ ext5sion2 & ,deut4 xii4 #bj1 xix4 #h1 h be5 appeal$ to 9 support ( ! op9ion2 b ?is appeal is inadmissible1 because ,pg #dj ext5sion ( ! bord]s is ! ?+ :i* is !re spok5 (4 ,! allusion to ! signification ( ! "n ,gad good luck ,g54 xxx4 #aa3 ,& ,leah said1 ,= good luck2#e & %e call$ 8 "n ,gad1 is fav\rable to our view1 z well z ! circum/ance1 t 9 ?is case ! subsequ5t words are only an expansion ( ! g5]al ?\ght1 & m closely det]m9e ! happ9ess4 ,jehovah1 :o enl>ges ,gad1 accord+ to ! words :i* foll[1 ,he dwelle? l a lion1 & te>e? ! arm ) ! cr[n ( ! head1 is contra/$ ) ! enemies :o wi% to drive him into a /rait4 ,if room be made = him1 he becomes happy1 z x 71 by enl>gem5t47 ,to und]/& ( prosp]ity & happ9ess1 is c\nt5anc$ also by ! consid]ation t1 9 su* circum/ances1 ! "n ,japhe? appe>s mu* m appropriate 9 ! m\? ( ,noah1 by :om x 0 utt]$ at a "t :5 ext5sion c\ld be b little ?\ght (1 & t x corresponds mu* bett] ) ! "n ,%em4 ,elohim is to enl>ge ,japhe?4 ,elohim "h /&s 9 /rict contra/ ) ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,%em4 ,x is only by dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 t ,japhe? passes ov] into ! t]ritory ( ,jehovah1--up to t "t1 he belongs to ! t]ritory ( ,elohim4 ,b ,elohim leads him to ,jehovah4 ,x is a contra/ 9 all respects simil> to t :i* we h 9 ,g54 xiv41 :]e1 9 v]se #ai1 ,mel*iz$ek speaks ( ! mo/ high ,god1 ^: prie/ he is1 accord+ to v]se #bj2 :ile ,abraham1 on ! contr>y1 speaks1 9 v]se #bb1 ( ,jehovah ! mo/ high ,god4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! det]m9ation ( ! subject 9 ! second clause ( ! v]se3 & he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,accord+ to a v anci5t int]pretation1 ,elohim is to be suppli$ z su*2 f :i* ! foll[+ s5se w\ld be obta9$3 ,god %all inde$ enl>ge & prosp] ,japhe?1 b ,he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,pg #da ,! inf]ior bless+ ( ,japhe? w\ld ?us be contra/$ ) ! sup]ior "o ( ,%em1 among ^: po/]ity ,god %\ld1 by ,8 graci\s pres5ce1 glorify ,himself1--fir/ 9 ! tab]nacle1 !n 9 ! temple1 & la/ly1 %\ld1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 dwell by ! inc>nation ( ,8 ,son4 ,?us ,onkelos3 ,god %all ext5d ,japhe?1 & ,8 ,%e*9ah %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,! anci5t book ,bre%i? ,rabba rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,! ,%e*9ah dwells only 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 7,see ,s*ttg51 de ,messia1 p4 #dda47 ,!odoret also 7,int]rog4 #eh 9 ,g5es97 advances ?is explanation1 & ably br+s out ?is s5se4 ,x has ( late be5 aga9 def5d$ by ,h(mann & ,baumg>t54 ,b aga9/ ?is view !re are decisive argum5ts1 :i* %[ t ,japhe? alone c be ! subject4 ,to m5tion only a few3--,x _c be d\bt$ t x is on purpose t ,noah1 :5 speak+ ( ,%em1 has *os5 ! "n ,jehovah1 & t1 z soon z he comes to ,japhe?1 he makes use ( ! "n ,elohim4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 suppose t "h1 :]e1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 he w\ld j t\* ^u ! ess5tial po9t 9 ! peculi> relation ( ,jehovah to ! desc5dants ( ,%em--! ,israelites1 he %\ld h made use ( ! g5]al "n ( ,elohim1 z 9 ! case ( ,japhe?4 ,! subject--,jehovah--c\ld n 9 ?is case h be5 omitt$ be=e 4 ,fur!r1--,by su* an int]pretation we are involv$ 9 inextricable difficulties z reg>ds ! la/ clause ( ! v]se4 ,! words1 ,& ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m1 c nei!r be ref]r$ to ,%em alone--=1 9 t case1 !y w\ld be an useless repetition1 z 9 v]4 #be ,canaan _h be5 doom$ to be a s]vant to 8 bre?r5--nor c !y be ref]r$ to ,%em & ,japhe? at ! same "t2 ! analogy ( ! 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 :]e ! plural ref]r$ to ! plurality repres5t$ by ! "o ,%em1 =bids ?is4 ,if1 !n1 ! la/ clause c ref] to ,japhe? only1 ! clause 9 :i* ! dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em is spok5 (1 mu/ likewise be ref]r$ to ,japhe?4 ,to ^! argum5ts we may fur!r add1 t !re is some?+ altoge!r /range 9 ! expression3 ,god %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,!re is1 9 ,holy ,scripture1 frequ5t m5tion ( ,god's dwell+ 9 ,8 tab]nacle1 on ,8 holy hill1 9 ,zion1 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,believ]s also are said to dwell 9 ! tab]nacle or temple ( ,god2 b n[h]e is ,pg #db ,god spok5 ( z dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,israel4 ,fur!r1--,if we ref] ! second clause to ,%em1 ! fir/1 9 its deta*$ position1 w\ld be too g5]al1 too indef9ite1 & too loose to admit ( ! bless+ ( ,japhe? be+ conclud$ ) x4 ,we mu/ n1 moreov]1 lose sight ( ! consid]ation1 t :5 we ref] ! second clause also to ,japhe?1 !re spr+s up a beautiful connection betwe5 ! relation ( ,%em & ,japhe? to ea* o!r 9 ! pres5t1 & dur+ _! future progress4 ,z ! reaction aga9/ ! corruption ( ,ham _h orig9at$ ) ,%em1 & ,japhe? _h only jo9$ him 9 x2 s 9 future also1 ! real home ( piety & salvation w be ) ,%em1 to :om ,japhe?1 9 ! felt ne$ ( salvation1 %all come ne>4 ,f9ally1--,! analogy ( ! promise made to ! ,patri>*1 accord+ to :i* all ! nations ( ! e>? %all be bless$ by ! se$ ( ,abraham1 is 9 fav\r ( our ref]r+ ! second clause to ,japhe?4 ,& if ! ,"l1 allud+ to our passage1 says1 9 ,luke xvi4 #i1 ,make to y\rselves fri5ds ( ! mammon ( unrighte\sness1 t :5 ye fail !y may receive y into ev]la/+ habitations 7 71 ,he expresses ! view :i* we are n[ def5d+4 ,=1 9 t passage1 x is n ,god :o receives1 b man3 !y :o1 by _! pray]s1 are m advanc$1 come to ! help ( ^? :o h made less progress2 ^? :o h already atta9$ to ! enjoym5t ( salvation1 make !m p>tak]s :o /& 9 ne$ ( salvation4 ,( ^? :o correctly consid] ,japhe? to be ! subject1 sev]al 7,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 ,vat]1 ,ges5ius1 ,w9]1 ,knobel7 give ! translation3 & he %all dwell 9 r5[n$ habitations4 ,b x is q evid5t t ?is s5se is admissible only z a second>y "o3 z su*1 we mu/ inde$ admit x 9 a context 9 :i* ! appellative signification ( ! prop] names is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,t is "h1 h[ev]1 prim>ily a prop] "n1 is %[n by ! prec$+ v]se4 ,! translation1 ,japhe? %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 is1 !n1 ! correct "o4 ,b n[ ! "q is1--,h[ are ^! words to be und]/ood8 ,accord+ to ! views ( _m int]pret]s1 x is intimat$ by ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 t ! true religion w\ld be pres]v$ among ! po/]ity ( ,%em1 & w\ld pass ov] f !m to ! desc5dants ( ,japhe?1 :o %\ld be receiv$ into ! community ,pg #dc ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god4 ,s ,jona?an expla9$ its mean+3 ,! ,"l %all make glori\s ! end ( ,japhe?2 8 sons %all be proselytes1 & %all dwell 9 ! s*ools ( ,%em4 ,s also ,j]ome3 ,s9ce x is said1 ,& he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 ?is is a prophecy conc]n+ u1 :o1 aft] ! rejection ( ,israel1 enjoy ! in/ruction & k ( ! ,scriptures4 ,augu/9e also 7c4 ,fau/um xii4 #bd7 und]/&s by ! t5ts ( ,%em1 ! *ur*es :i* ! apo/les1 ! sons ( ! prophets1 h built up4 ,b al?\gh ?is explanation be1 9 ! ma91 correct1 x _c1 p] se1 satisfy u4 ,x mu/ be reconcil$ ) t o!r explanation giv5 by ,bo*>t 7,phaleg4 iii4 #a c4 #adg sqq471 ,calmet1 ,cl]icus1 & o!rs1 accord+ to :i* ! passage is to be und]/ood lit]ally1 z =etell+ t ! po/]ity ( ,japhe? %\ld1 at "s future "t1 ga9 possession ( ! c\ntry belong+ to ! desc5dants ( ,%em1 & %\ld r$uce !m to subjection4 ,! phrase1 & !y dwelt 9 _! t5ts1 is1 9 #a ,*ron4 v4 #aj1 us$ to express ! relation ( conqu]ors & conqu]$4 ,!re is no p>allel passage :i* c\ld indubitably prove t dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( "s "o c\ld ev]1 by itself1 d5ote spiritual communion ) him4 ,if ,%em _h come to ,japhe? ) ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation only1 x is n likely t a dwell+ ( ,japhe? 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em w\ld h be5 spok5 (4 ,ev5 ! la/ clause ( ! v]se--& ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m--:5 comp>$ ) ! prec$+ v]se1 accord+ to :i* ,canaan is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be ,%em's s]vant only1 supposes t ,japhe? w /ep beyond 8 bord]s1 & w invade ! t]ritory naturally belong+ to ,%em4 ,if ,japhe? assume ! dom9ion ( ,%em ov] ,canaan1 he mu/ !n dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em 9 a s5se diff]5t f ! m]ely spiritual "o4 ,f9ally--,ev5 9 o!r passages ( ! ,p5tateu*1 an invasion ( ,%em's t]ritory by ,japhe? is =etold4 ,9 ,num4 xxiv4 #bd1 ,balaam says3 ,& %ips %all come f ! coa/ ( ,*ittim & %all afflict ,as%ur1 & %all afflict ,eb]1 & he also %all p]i%4 ,we h "h 7comp>e my monography on ,balaam7 ! ann\ncem5t ( a future conque/ ( ! ,asiatic k+doms by nations f ,europe1 su* z 0 hi/orically realiz$ 9 ! ,asiatic dom9ion ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,pg #dd ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n by any means be suppos$ t ,noah %\ld1 9 fav\r ( ,japhe?1 h weak5$ ! p[] ( ! brilliant promise giv5 to ,%em by ! ann\ncem5t ( su* a sad ev5t2 = x is evid5tly 8 int5tion to exalt ,%em above 8 bre?r51 z highly z he _h excell$ !m bo? 9 8 piety t[>ds 8 fa!r4 ,! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( ei!r explanation are easily remov$ by ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,! occupation ( ! l& ( ,%em by ,japhe? is ! condition ( ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,:y ?is dwell+ is a bless+ to ,japhe?--,god %all enl>ge ,japhe?1 & he %all dwell1 etc4--appe>s f :at prec$es1 accord+ to :i*1 ,god reveals ,himself to ,%em z ,jehovah1 & becomes 8 ,god4 ,to be receiv$ into ! fell[%ip ( ,jehovah--to f9d ,him 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em--con/itutes ! bless+ promis$ to ,japhe?4 ,b if su* be ! case1 !re c be no m room = speak+ ( an ann\ncem5t ( any ev5t adv]se to ,%em4 ,und]nea? ! adv]sity1 joy is hidd54 ,x w "h be fulfill$ 9 its highe/ s5se1 t ! conqu]$ give laws to ! conqu]ors4 ,& ,canaan %all be a s]vant to !m4 ,! s]vitude ( ,canaan 0 complet$ by ,japhe?1 among ^: sons 7,g54 x4 #b7 ,madai also appe>s2 s t ev5 ! ,m$o-,p]sian k+dom is "o ( ,japhe?'s4 ,phnicia 0 completely ov]?r[n by him4 ,haughty ,tyrus fell to ! gr\nd4 ,ze*4 ix4 #c1 #d1 :5 ann\nc+ ! ,greek dom9ion 7comp>e v]4 #ac71 says3 ,& ,tyrus did build h]self a /ronghold1 & heap$ up silv] l du/1 & f9e gold z ! mire ( ! /reets4 ,behold1 ! ,"l w ca/ h] out1 & ,he w smite h] p[] 9 ! sea1 & %e %all be dev\r$ ) fire4 ,! objection rais$ by ,tu* & ,h(mann1 t ! ,greeks & ,romans made ,%em also _! s]vant1 is1 aft] :at has be5 rem>k$1 de/itute ( all weight1 inasmu* z ! s]vitude !n _h ref]5ce only to ! l[] t]ritory4 ,%em & ,judah 7 n injur$ 9 t :i*1 9 v]4 #bf1 _h be5 po9t$ at z _! *ief & peculi> good4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %one out1 on t occasion1 9 its highe/ glory4 ,canaan1 h[ev]1 lo/ t ^u :i* he set ! highe/ value4 ,9 ! case ( ,canaan1 ! s]vitude 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! curse2 b 9 ! case ( ,%em1 ! outw>d s]vitude 0 a consequ5ce ( ,pg #de ! bless+1 ! mo/ emphatic v]ification ( ! words3 ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,%em4 ,x mu/ inde$ fill u ) ador+ wond] :5 we see h[ cle>ly & di/9ctly ! outl9es ( ! _w's hi/ory1 z well z ( ! hi/ory ( ,salvation1 are "h trac$4 ,?is1 says ,calv91 is inde$ a support to our fai? ( no common /r5g?1 t ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles 0 n only pr$e/9$ 9 ,god's et]nal decree1 b also publicly proclaim$ by ! m\? ( ! ,patri>*2 s t we are n requir$ to believe t by a sudd5 & =tuit\s ev5t m]ely1 ! inh]itance ( et]nal life 0 proclaim$ to all m5 9 common4 ,x is n a matt] ( *ance t ?is prophecy 0 giv5 imm$iately aft] ! deluge1 :i* /&s out z s great an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fall5 human race1--! fir/ ev5t1 inde$1 subsequ5t to ! fall1 ) :i* ! ,protevangelium 0 connect$4 ,a new p]iod beg9s ) ! call+ ( ,abraham1 & 9 x we obta9 ano!r l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! prophecies1--a l9k :i* fits z exactly into t :i* is n[ "u consid]ation1 z did ?is into ! ,protevangelium4 ,! import ( ?is prophecy is3 ,! k+dom ( ,god %all be e/abli%$ 9 ,%em1 & ,japhe? %all be receiv$ into its community4--,! mean+ ( ! prophecy :i* is n[ to engage our att5tion is3 ,by ! po/]ity ( ! ,patri>*s all ! nations ( ! e>? %all be bless$4 ,! promise to ! ,patri>*s diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! prophecy ^u :i* we h j comm5t$1 n only 9 ! natural progress--t f among ! desc5dants ( ,%em a n>r[] circle is sep>at$--b 9 ?is circum/ance also1 t 9 ! =m] ! bless+ is ext5d$ to all ! nations ( ! e>?1 :ile 9 ! latt] ,ham is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 has its ma9 f\ndation 9 ! hi/orical circum/ances ( ! latt] prophecy2 al?\gh1 x is true1 ! complete sil5ce :i* is obs]v$ reg>d+ him1 calls =? appreh5sions ab\t 8 be+ less susceptible ( salvation1 or1 at lea/1 ( 8 n occupy+ any prom95t position 9 ! developm5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,"h1 :]e ! object 0 to puni% ,ham = 8 wick$ness1 n ! prosp]\s1 b ! adv]se ev5ts imp5d+ ^u him 9 8 po/]ity1 are br\ght prom95tly out2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 to ,%em & ,japhe? bless+s alone are =etold4 ,footnote #a3 ,! object ( ?is ev5t1 z po9t$ out by ,calv91 viz41 t ,god int5d$ to give to all com+ ages1 9 ! p]son ( ,noah1 a w>n+ & an exhortation to temp]ance1 w\ld likewise be fru/rat$ by ?is unw>rantable apology4 ,footnote #b3 ,! rev]se is ! case ) ref]5ce to ,aram1 :i* is ess5tially a l[l&1 :ile ^! critics w\ld h u to believe t x means highl&4 7,comp>e ,baur on ,amos1 ,s4 #bbi47 ,footnote #c3 ,bo*>t rem>ks3 ,he curs$ ! guilty "o 9 8 own p]son1 because ! s\rce & n\ri%m5t ( evil is 9 man himself4 ,b1 rejoic$ at ,%em's piety1 he r bless$ ! ,"l1 because he knew t ,god is ! ,au?or ( ev]y?+ :i* is good4 ,footnote #d3 ,) ref]5ce to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two names1 comp>e ! disquisitions 9 ! au?or's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5t41 vol4 i4 p4 #bac ff4 ,footnote #e3 ,our ,engli% au?oriz$ v]sion translates ! fir/ clause ( ?is v]se ?us3 ,& ,leah said1 ,a troop come?1--a r5d]+ :i* _c be object$ to on etymological gr\nds1 & :i* receives "s support f ,g54 xlix4 #ai4 ,! anci5t v]sions1 h[ev]1 are q unanim\s 9 assign+ to ! 9 ! signification ( =tune1 good luck2 & r5d] x ei!r3 9 or = good luck2 luckily1 happily 7s ! ,,lxx4 et ,vulg471 or1 foll[+ ,onkelos & ! ,mazorets3 good luck has come4--7,tr47 ,pg #df ,,! ,,promise ,,to ,,! ,,patri>*s4 ,a great epo* is1 9 ,g5esis1 u%]$ 9 ) ! hi/ory ( ! "t ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,lu!r says3 ,?is is ! ?ird p]iod 9 :i* ,holy ,scripture beg9s ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ) a new family4 ,9 a befitt+ mann]1 ! repres5tation is op5$ 9 ,g54 xii4 #a-c by an acc\nt ( ! fir/ revelation ( ,god1 giv5 to ,abraham at ,h>an1 9 :i* ! way is op5$ up = all t foll[s1 & 9 :i* ! disp5sations ( ,god are br\ght be=e u 9 a rapid survey4 ,abraham is to =sake ev]y?+1 & !n ,god w give him ev]y?+4 ,g54 xii4 #a4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,abraham1 ,get !e out ( ?y c\ntry1 & f ?y hone1 & f ?y fa!r's h\se1 into a l& t ,i w %[ !e4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& ,i w make ( !e a great nation1 & ,i w bless !e1 & make ?y "n great2 & ?\ %alt be a bless+4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,i w bless !m t bless !e1 & him :o curse? !e ,i w curse3 & 9 !e all ! families ( ! e>? %all be bless$4 ,into a l& t ,i w %[ !e4 ,f :at foll[s1 x appe>s t1 9 ! v same revelation1 ! c\ntry 0 aft]w>ds m def9itely po9t$ out2 = ,abraham1 )\t hav+ receiv$ any new revelation1 goes to ,canaan1 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ! writ] gives ! details only aft]w>ds1 :5 he has occasion to report h[ !y 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! l& :i* ,god w %[ to ,abraham1 /&s contra/$ ) t 9 :i* he is at home1--9 :i* he & 8 :ole be+ _h tak5 root4 ,?is contra/ po9ts out ! greatness ( ! sacrifice :i* ,god dem&s ( ,abraham4 ,) a l int5t we h ! accumulation ( expressions--out ( ?y l&1 etc4--correspond+ to a simil> "o :5 ! comm& 0 giv5 to sacrifice ,isaac 7,g54 xxii4 #b71 & =m+ ! condition ( ! promise :i* foll[s4 ,?is promise is int5d$ to make ! sacrifice a light ?+ to ,abraham1 by po9t+ out :at he is to receive if he give up ev]y?+ :i* /&s 9 ! way ( 8 liv+ to ,god4 ,a simil> call comes to all :o feel impell$ to r5\nce ! _w 9 ord] to s]ve ,god4 ,?is call to ,abraham is peculi> only z to its =m2 z to its ess5ce1 x is ev] repeat+ itself4 ,?is w appe> ! m di/9ctly1 :5 we inquire into ! true reason ( ! outw>d sep>ation "h dem&$ ( ,pg #dg ,abraham4 ,x c be ,int5d$ only z a means ( ! int]nal sep>ation4 ,9 ! circle 9 :i* he liv$1 s9 _h already made a mighty progress1 z appe>s f ,jo%4 xxiv4 #b1--;a passage :i* %[s u t idolatry _h already made its way into ! family ( ,abraham4 ,9 ord] to )draw him f ! influ5ces ( ?is corruption1 ,abraham is remov$ f ! circle 9 :i* he _h gr[n up1 & 9 :i* he _h hi!rto mov$4 ,t ! special ?+ "h dem&$ is only ! result ( ! g5]al duty ( r5unciation & self-d5ial1 :i* is "h1 9 ,abraham1 laid ^u ! :ole ,*ur*1 appe>s f ! circum/ance1 t ! promise 0 r5ew$ at a subsequ5t p]iod1 :51 ) a will+ he>t1 he _h (f]$ up 8 son ,isaac z a spiritual sacrifice to 8 ,god4 ,! c>nal1 ungodly love to ,isaac is ?us plac$ on a level ) ! atta*m5t to ! l&1 etc41 :i* came betwixt him & 8 ,god4 ,! g5]al idea1 t self-r5unciation lies at ! f\ndation1 is br\ght out 9 ,psalm xlv4 #aa4 ,! words1 ,& ?\ %alt be a bless+1 imply m ?an ! words1 ,i w bless !e3 !y are int5tionally plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ole promise4 ,abraham %all1 z x 71 be an embodi$ bless+--himself bless$1 & ! cause ( bless+ to all ^? :o bless him--to all ! g5]ations ( ! e>? :o %all1 at "s future p]iod1 ent] into ?is lov+ & grateful relation to him4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ,abraham's self-d5ial1 & unres]v$ surr5d]1 bless+ is p\r$ out ^u him1 bless+ also on 8 acc\nt & ?r\gh him4 ,! bless+ connect$ ) him beg9s ) himself1 & ext5ds ov] all ! families ( ! e>?4 ,& ,i w bless !m t bless !e1 & him t curse? !e ,i w curse4 ,! bless+ is bas$ ^u ! turn+ to ,him :o has appo9t$ ,abraham = a bless+1 z we may le>n f ! example ( ,mel*iz$ek1 ,g54 xiv4 #ai4 ,!y :o bless are !mselves n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god2 bless+1 !re=e1 is ! prep>atory /ep t[>ds be+ bless$4 7,comp>e ,matt4 x4 #dj-db47 ,& 9 !e %all all ! families ( ! e>? be bless$4 ,lu!r says3 ,n[ !re foll[s ! "r promise1 :i* ought to be writt5 9 gold5 lett]s1 & proclaim$ 9 all l&s1 & = :i* we ought to praise & glorify4 ,! promise /&s "h 9 close connection ) ! ,mosaic ,pg #dh hi/ory ( ! creation4 ,accord+ to t1 man1 z su*1 be>s ^u him ! impress ( ! div9e image4 ,g54 i4 #bf1 & is ! depository ( ! div9e brea?4 ,g54 ii4 #g4 ,f su* a beg9n+1 we _c conceive ( any limitation ( salvation :i* is n1 at ! same "t1 a means ( its univ]sal ext5sion4 ,x mu/ !re=e be 9 entire accordance ) ! nature ( ! ?+1 t ev5 "h1 :]e ! sett+ ap>t ( a p>ticul> *os5 race takes its rise1 !re %\ld be an intimation ( its univ]sally compreh5sive object4 ,!re is1 9 ! circum/ance ( families be+ spok5 (1 a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( creation2 ev]y:]e corresponds exactly ) our ^w family4 ,x is ev]y:]e us$ only ( ! subdivisions 9 ! great] body ( ! nation or tribe4 ,! expression1 !n1 po9ts to ! high] unity ( ! :ole human race1 z x has its f\ndation 9 ! fact t all p>take 9 common ( ! div9e image4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! bless+ 9 ?is passage leads u back to ! curse pron\nc$ 9 consequ5ce ( s91 ,g54 iii4 #ag3 ,curs$ is ! gr\nd 7,adamah7 = ?y sake4 7,comp>e ,g54 v4 #bi47 ,?is curse is1 at "s future "t1 to be aboli%$ by ,abraham4 ,we c acc\nt = ! m5tion ( ! families ( ! ,adamah only by suppos+ t a ref]5ce to ?is passage 0 fully int5d$2 = x 0 j ! ,adamah 7prim>ily1 l&7 :i* _h !re be5 designat$ z ! object ( ! curse4 ,9 ann\nc+ t all ! families %all be bless$ 9 ,abraham1 ! writ] ref]s also to ! judgm5t describ$ 9 ,g54 xi41 by :i* ! family ( mank9d1--:i*1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ,god1 ought to h be5 unit$1--0 disp]s$ & sep>at$4 ,:5 view$ 9 ?is connection1 we expect t ! bless+ w manife/ itself 9 ! heal+ ( ! deep w\nd inflict$ ^u mank9d1 9 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! lo/ unity1 & 9 ! ga!r+ aga9 ( ! scatt]$ human race ar\nd ,abraham z _! c5tre4 ,beyond ?is1 no o!r disclosure ab\t ! nature ( ?is salvation is giv54 ,b t x consi/$ ess5tially 9 ! union ) ,god accompli%$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,abraham1 & t ev]y?+ else c\ld be view$ z emanat+ only f ?is s\rce1 0 impli$ simply 9 ! circum/ance1 t all ! bless+ :i* ,abraham enjoy$ = himself _h its orig9 9 ,pg #di ?is1 t he c\ld call ,god 8 ,god2 j z1 9 ,g54 ix41 x _h be5 decl>$ z ! bless+ ( ,%em1 t ,jehovah %\ld be 8 ,god1 & z ! bless+ ( ,japhe?1 t he 0 call$ to become a p>tak] ( ?is bless+4 ,! bless+s :i* 7 ei!r be/[$ ^u or promis$ to ! ,patri>*s & _! desc5dants1 _h = _! object ! advancem5t ( k & ! practice ( true religion1 & _h be5 be/[$ or promis$ only "u ?is condition 7comp>e ,g54 xvii4 #a1 xvii4 #ag-ai1 xxii4 #af-ah1 xxvi4 #e72 !y c\ld n h5ce expect any?+ else ?an t _! po/]ity w\ld1 9 s f>1 be ! cause ( ! salvation ( ! hea!n nations1 t ! latt] %\ld1 by means ( ! =m]1 be made p>tak]s ( ! bless+s ( true religion4 ,) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is bless+ 0 to come to ! ,g5tiles1 no intimation 0 giv5 by ! words !mselves4 ,! p]son ( ! ,r$eem] is n yet br\ght be=e u 9 !m2 ! indication ( t 0 res]v$ = a lat] /age 9 ! progress ( revelation4#a ,! la/ clause ( v]4 #c _c1 by any means1 take away f ! import ( ! prec$+ "o2 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bless+ :i*1 ?r\gh ,abraham1 is to come ^u all ! families ( ! e>?1 does n repeal ! =ego+ "o1 accord+ to :i* all %all be curs$ :o curse him4 ,?is view is confirm$ by an allusion to ?is ann\ncem5t 9 ,ze*4 xiv4 #af-ai1 :]e ! words1 ! families ( ! e>?1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a quotation4 ,9 v]4 #af1 ! prophet says t all ! ,g5tiles %all g up to ,j]usalem to celebrate ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles2 b !n1 9 v]s4 #ag-ai1 he intimates ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o %\ld refuse to g up4 ,lu!r says3 ,if y wi% to ,pg #ej compreh5d 9 a few words ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* f ! "t ( ,abraham d[n to our days1 !n consid] dilig5tly ^! f\r v]ses4 ,= 9 !m y w f9d ! bless+2 b y w see also1 t ^? :o curse ! ,*ur* are curs$1 9 turn1 by ,god2 s t !y mu/ p]i%1 :ile ! et]nal se$ ( ! ,*ur* /&s unmov$ & un%ak54 ,= :i* reason1 ?is text agrees ) ! fir/ promise giv5 9 ,p>adise1 conc]n+ ! se$ :i* is to bruise ! s]p5t's head4 ,= ! ,*ur* is n )\t enemies1 b is assail$ & h>ass$ s t %e groans "u x2 b yet1 by ?is se$1 %e is inv9cible1 & %all at l5g? be victori\s1 & triumphant ov] all h] enemies1 9 et]nity4 ,ref]5ces to ?is fundam5tal prophecy are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 besides ! passage j quot$ f ,ze*>iah4 ,9 ! #bh? v]se ( ,ps4 xxii41 :i* 0 writt5 by ,david1 x is said3 ,all ! ends ( ! _w %all rememb]1 & turn unto ! ,"l2 & all ! families ( ! ,g5tiles %all wor%ip be=e ,!e4 ,! realization ( ! bless+ ann\nc$ 9 ,g5esis1 to all ! families ( ! e>?1 appe>s 9 ?is psalm z be+ connect$ ) ! wond]ful deliv]ance ( ! j4 ,ano!r ref]5ce is 9 ,ps4 lxxii41 :i* 0 writt5 by ,solomon4 ,9 v]4 #ag ( ?is psalm x is said ( ,solomon's great ,antitype3 ,& !y %all bless !mselves 9 ,him1 all nations %all bless ,him4 ,9 ^! words ! realization ( ! ,abrahamitic bless+ is di/9ctly connect$ ) ! p]son ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,among ! ,new ,te/am5t ref]5ces1 ! mo/ rem>kable is 9 ,john viii4 ,!re1 9 v]4 #ec1 ! ,jews say to ,*ri/3 ,art ?\ great] ?an our fa!r ,abraham1 :i* is dead8 ,:om make/ ?\ ?yself8 ,jesus1 9 v]4 #ef1 answ]s3 ,y\r fa!r ,abraham rejoic$ to see ,my day2 & he saw x1 & 0 glad1 ,9 v]4 #eg ! ,jews reply3 ,?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old1 & ha/ ?\ se5 ,abraham8 ,9 v]4 #eh ,jesus ?us says to !m3 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am4 ,let u "h1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] only ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t ,abraham rejoic$ to see ,8 day1 & 0 glad4 ,x is altoge!r out ( ! "q to ?9k ( any su* explanation ( ?is z ! "o giv5 by ,lcke1 aft] ! example ( ,lampe namely3 t ,abraham1 9 ! heav5ly life1 z a bless$ ,pg #ea _s ) ,god1 saw ! day ( ! ,"l1 & 9 heav5 rejoic$ 9 ! fulfilm5t4 ,= x is ! cu/om ( ,jesus to argue ) ! ,jews f ,scripture2 & ,he _c1 !re=e1 "h be appeal+ to an assum$ fact :i* c\ld n be prov$ f x4 ,! answ] ( ! ,jews1 9 v]4 #eg1 is likewise oppos$ to su* an explanation1 inasmu* z x proce$s f a supposition :i* ,jesus _h ackn[l$g$ to be true1 namely1 t ! "q at issue 0 a meet+ ( ,*ri/ ) ,abraham n m5tion$ 9 hi/ory2 & 9 v]4 #eh ,*ri/ sets aside _! argum5t1 ,?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old4 ,b ,lcke mu/ himself be> te/imony aga9/ 8 own int]pretation1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to x1 he is oblig$ to speak ( ! v fooli% "q ( ! adv]s>ies4#b ,jesus saw ,abraham1 & ,abraham saw ,jesus4 ,n ! p]son1 b ! day ( ,*ri/1 0 future to ,abraham4 ,& ?is c be expla9$ only by ,jesus' be+ conceal$ beh9d ,jehovah :o appe>$ to him1 & gave him ! promise1 t 9 him & 8 se$ all ! nations ( ! e>? %\ld be bless$4 ,?is bless+ ( all ! families ( ! e>? is ! day ( ,jehovah1--! day :5 ,he w be glorifi$ on ! e>?4 ,! key to ! "r und]/&+ ( ?is is furni%$ by ! doctr9e ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 :i* meets u z e>ly z 9 ,g5esis4 ,f ! passages 9 :i*1 at ! appe>ances & revelations ( ,jehovah1 ! m$iation ( ! ,angel is expressly m5tion$1 we inf] t x 7! m$iation7 took place ev5 :5 ,jehovah by ,himself is spok5 (2 & ! m s1 s9ce1 ev5 9 ! =m] s]ies ( passages1 ! simple "n ( ,jehovah is commonly v>i$ by t ( ! ,angel ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,evangeli/ ,john's :ole doctr9e ( ! ,logos po9ts to ! p]sonal id5tity ( ,jesus ) ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,n less s does ! passage1 ,john xii4 #da2 & !re is unque/ionably a purpose :i* _c be misund]/ood 9 ! fact1 t1 ?r\gh\t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 z report$ by ,john1 ! decl>ation t ,god s5t ,him occurs ) su* frequ5cy & regul>ity4 ,b we c sc>cely conceive ( any o!r purpose ?an t ( m>k+ out ,jesus z ! ,angel or ,mess5g] ( ,jehovah spok5 ( 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,comp>e1 e4g41 xii4 #dd1 ,pg #eb #de3 ,jesus cri$ & said1 ,he t believe? on ,me1 believe? n on ,me1 b on ,him t s5t ,me2 & he t see? ,me1 see? ,him t s5t ,me4 ,s also iv4 #cd1 v4 #bc1 #bd1 #cj1 #cg1 vi4 #ch-dj1 vii4 #af1 #bh1 #cc1 viii4 #af1 #ah1 #bf1 #bi1 ix4 #d1 xii4 #di1 xiii4 #bj1 xiv4 #bd1 xv4 #ba1 xvi4 #e4 ,let u n[1 9 addition1 turn to ! words1 ,abraham rejoic$ to see 7lit]ally1 t he might see7 ,my day4 ,x _c be liable to any d\bt1 t ^! words express ! he>tfelt1 joyful desire ( ,abraham to see t day1 & t ,b5gel correctly expla9s x by ! words3 ge/ivit cum desid]io4 ,x is true1 signifies1 by itself1 only to rejoice2 b x has add$ to x ! idea ( joyful desire by its be+ connect$ ) 4 ,! words n[ "u consid]ation are expressive ( ,abraham's joy & long+ 9 ! _s = ! manife/ation ( ! day ( ,jehovah & ( ,*ri/1 :ile ^? 9 ! la/ clause ( ! v]se express ! gratification ( ?is long+1 :i* 0 produc$ by 8 receiv+ ! promise t all ! families ( ! e>? %\ld be bless$4 ,! ard5t desire ( ,abraham to see ! day ( ,*ri/ implies t he already knew ,*ri/1 :i* c be ! case only on ! supposition ( ,*ri/'s concealm5t 9 ,jehovah4 ,?is long+ desire is n expressly m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 b x is mo/ intimately connect$ ) all liv+ fai?1 & mu/ necess>ily prec$e su* div9e communications4 ,! se$ ( ! div9e promises is ev]y:]e s[n only 9 a well prep>$ soil4 ,t ! promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 0 to ,david1 9 l mann]1 a gratification ( 8 anxi\s desire--an answ] to pray]--we are n1 x is true1 expressly told 9 ! hi/orical record2 & yet1 t x 0 s1 is evid5t f ! words ( ,ps4 xxi4 #c3 ,?\ ha/ giv5 him 8 he>t's desire1 & ha/ n )hold5 ! reque/ ( 8 lips4 ,!re is "h1 !n1 express m5tion made ( t :i* is a matt] ( c\rse1 & :i* =ms ! necess>y condition ( t :i* 0 report$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,we are furni%$ by ! ,book ( ,g5esis itself ) ! "r explanation ( :at is meant by ! day ( ,*ri/1 ab\t :i* int]pret]s h s frequ5tly err$4 ,x is n ! "t ( ,8 fir/ appe>+1 b1 9 accordance ) ! ,new ,te/am5t mode ( expression 7e4g41 ,phil4 i4 #aj71 ! "t ( ,8 glorification4 ,! day ( ,*ri/ is ! "t :5 ! promise1 ,9 !e %all all ! families ( ! e>? be bless$1 %all be fulfill$4 ,pg #ec ,pet] quotes ?is promise 9 ,acts iii4 #be1 #bf4 ,among ! families ( ! e>? he enum]ates1 fir/ & *iefly1 ! p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation2 & he does s ) p]fect propriety1 s9ce !re is no w>rant :atev] = limit+ x to ! ,g5tiles4 ,paul probably ref]s to ?is promise :51 9 ,rom4 iv4 #ac1 he speaks ( a promise giv5 to ,abraham & 8 se$ t he %\ld be ! heir ( ! _w4 ,a bless+ imp>t$ to ! :ole _w is a spiritual victory obta9$ ov] ! _w4 ,! _w is1 9 a spiritual s5se1 conqu]$ by ,abraham & 8 se$4 ,express ref]5ces are f\nd 9 ,gal4 iii4 #h1 #ad1 #af4 ,! same promise is repeat$ to ,abraham 9 ,g54 xviii4 #ah4 ,in/ead ( ! 7! families ( ! e>?71 ! 7! nations ( ! e>?7 are !re m5tion$2 ! family-connection is lo/ sight (1 & ! compreh5siv5ess only--! ca?olic "* ( ! bless+--is prom95tly br\ght out4 ,?is promise is a ?ird "t repeat$ to ,abraham 9 *ap4 xxii4 #ah1 on a v appropriate occasion1 ev5 t on :i*1 by 8 endurance ( ! greate/ trial1 & by 8 will+ness to sacrifice to ,god ev5 :at 0 de>e/ to him1 he _h prov$ himself a wor?y heir ( x4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a matt] ( m]e accid5t t ?is promise is j ?ree times giv5 to ,abraham4 ,!re is 9 ?is a correspond5ce ) ! ?ree individuals to :om ! same promise is address$4 ,abraham1 h[ev]1 z ! fir/ ( !m1 & z ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 c\ld n be put on ! same foot+ ) ! o!rs4 ,in/ead ( 9 !e1 or by !e 771 we read 9 xxii4 #ah1 9 or by ?y se$ 774 ,! same promise is confirm$ to ,isaac 9 *ap4 xxvi4 #ad1 & x is transf]r$ to ,jacob 9 *ap4 xxviii4 #ad4 ,b :ile1 9 ! fir/ & second passages1 x is said1 by !e1 & 9 ! ?ird & f\r?1 by ?y se$1 we read1 9 ! passage la/ m5tion$1 by !e & ?y se$4 ,?is evid5tly %[s t1 9 ^? passages :]e we f9d by !e /&+ alone1 we are n at lib]ty to expla9 x z mean+ simply3 by ?y se$4 ,x is n only ! se$ ( ,abraham1 b ,abraham himself also1 :o is to be ! m$ium ( bless+ to ! nations1 z ! f\ndation-/one ( ! l>ge build+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 z ! fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%1 & z ! fa!r ( all believ]s4 ,!re is a deep reason = ! fact t1 :]ev] ! po/]ity ,pg #ed ( ! ,patri>*s are spok5 ( z ! in/rum5ts ( bless+1 ! s+ul> is always us$4 ,?is circum/ance is po9t$ out by ,paul 9 ,gal4 iii4 #af4 ,! ,apo/le does n 9 ! lea/ ?9k ( ma9ta9+ t1 by se$1 only a s+le individual c\ld be signifi$4 ,su* an op9ion1 no "o :o und]/ood ,hebrew c\ld = a mom5t ent]ta92 & ,rom4 iv4 #ac %[s t ,paul 0 inde$ v f> f do+ s4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! promise 7:i* took place )9 ! limits ( ,g5esis itself1 9 *ap4 xlix4 #aj71 z well z its fulfilm5t 7x is1 inde$1 ) ref]5ce to ! promise n[ "u consid]ation t ! l9eal desc5t ( ,*ri/ f ,abraham is e/abli%$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ,mat!w's ,gospel71 %[$ t ! real cause ( ! salvation be/[$ ^u ! ,g5tiles 0 n ! se$ ( ,abraham z a :ole1 b "o f among !m1 or r ,he1 9 :om ?is :ole po/]ity 0 compreh5d$ & conc5trat$4 ,n[1 all to :i* ,paul int5ds to draw our att5tion is ! fact1 t ! ,"l1 :o1 :5 ,he gave ! promise1 _h already 9 view its fulfilm5t :i* ,he _h ,himself to accompli%1 did n un9t5tionally *oose an expression :i*1 besides ! compreh5sive mean+ :i* w\ld mo/ naturally sugge/ itself to ! ,patri>*s1 admitt$ also ( ! m re/rict$ "o :i* 0 confirm$ by ! fulfilm5t4 ,9 ! ,protevangelium1 & 9 ! promise ( ! ,prophet 9 ,deut4 xviii41 we h a case q analog\s to ?is2 & 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 !re is likewise a case :i* is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p>allel4 ,9 two passages out ( ! five--9 *ap4 xxii4 #ah & xxvi4 #d--! ,hi?pael ( ! v]b in/ead ( ! ,niphal is f\nd4 ,we meet ) x also aga9 9 ! d]iv$ passage 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #ag1 :]e x is said ( ! great ,k+ to come1 ,& !y %all bless !mselves 9 ,him1 all nations %all bless ,him4 ,9 xxii4 #ah & xxvi4 #d1 we %all be all[$ to translate only ?us3 ,!y %all bless !mselves 9 ?y se$4 ,= ! ,hi?pael ( always signifies to bless oneself2 & ! p]son f :om ! bless+ is d]iv$ 7,isa4 lxv4 #af2 ,j]4 iv4 #b71 or ^: bless+ is desir$1 is connect$ ) x by means ( ! preposition 4 7,comp>e ,g54 xlviii4 #bj3 ,9 !e %all ,israel bless1 say+1 ,god make !e z ,ephraim & z ,manasseh47 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 x is evid5t t only ! latt] c be meant "h4 ,?is is %[n also by ! d]iv$ passage ,pg #ee 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #ag1 :]e ! words1 !y %all bless !mselves 9 ,him1 are expla9$ by ! subsequ5t expression1 !y %all bless ,him4 ,b x is c]ta9ly n accid5tal t ! ,hi?pael is on bo? sides inclos$ by ! ,niphal1 & t ! latt] /&s n only twice at ! beg9n+1 b also at ! end4 ,h5ce we are n at lib]ty to =ce ^u ! ,hi?pael ! signification ( ! ,niphal2 b ! passages 9 :i* ! ,hi?pael occurs mu/ be supplem5t$ f ! real fundam5tal passages4 ,to bless oneself 9 is ! prep>atory /ep to be+ bless$ by4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! bless+ calls =? ! wi% to be a p>tak] ( x4 7,comp>e ,isa4 xlv4 #ad1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ri* bless+s p\r$ out ^u ,israel1 ! nations make ! reque/ to be receiv$ among !m47 ,(t5times 9 ! ,psalms utt]ance is giv5 to ! expectation t1 ?r\gh ! bless+ re/+ on ! p ( ,god1 ! ,g5tiles w be all[$ to seek communion 9 x4 7,see my ,comm5t>y on ,ps4 vol4 iii4 p4 lxxvii47 ,b especially 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 does x cle>ly appe> h[ bless+ oneself 9 is connect$ ) be+ bless$ by4 ,! v same p :o bless !mselves 9 ! glori\s ,k+ to come1 ha/5 to ,him to p>take 9 ! fulness ( ! bless+s :i* ,he disp5ses4 ,he has dom9ion f sea to sea2 !y t dwell 9 ! wild]ness b[ be=e ,him2 all k+s wor%ip ,him2 all nations s]ve ,him4 ,sev]al comm5tators 7,cl]icus1 ,ges5ius1 de ,wette1 ,maur]1 ,knobel1 &1 9 sub/ance1 ,h(mann also7 attempt to expla9 ! fundam5tal passage by ! d]iv$ ones1 & =ce ^u ,niphal ! signification ( ,hi?pael2 s t ! s5se w\ld be only t a great &1 z x 71 prov]bial happ9ess & prosp]ity belong$ to ,abraham3 ,hold+ up ?is "n z a patt]n1 mo/ ( ! ea/]n nations w compreh5d all bless+s 9 ^! or simil> words3 ',god bless !e z ,he bless$ ,abraham4' ,b ?is explanation is1 accord+ to ! usus loqu5di1 incorrect1 inasmu* z ! ,niphal is us$ only 9 ! signification to be bless$1 & nev] means to bless oneself1 or to h or f9d "o's bless+ 9 some?+4 ,to a diff]5ce 9 ! significations ( ! ,niphal & ! ,hi?pael1 we are l$ also by ! circum/ance t ! ,hi?pael is connect$ only ) ! se$--!y %all bless !mselves 9 ?y se$1--& ! ,niphal only ) ! p]son ( ! ,patri>*3 ,pg #ef !y %all be bless$ 9 !e1 & 9 !e & ?y se$4 ,! ,patri>*s !mselves are ! s\rce ( bless+1 b1 if ^! nations bless$ !mselves1 !y wi% = !mselves ! bless+ ( _! desc5dants exhibit$ be=e _! eyes4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,ze*4 xiv4 #ag1 #ah to ! promise made to ! ,patri>*s presupposes ! ,messianic "*1 & ! passive signification ( 4 ,9 l mann]1 all ! quotations ( x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t re/ on ! passive signification4 ,x is f ?is view ( x t ! ,"l says t ,abraham saw ,8 day2 t1 9 ,rom4 iv4 #ac1 ,paul f9ds1 9 ?is promise1 ! prophecy ( ,8 conqu]+ ! _w2 & t1 9 ,gal4 iii4 #ad1 he speaks ( ! bless+ ( ,abraham ^u ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,gal4 iii4 #h & ,acts iii4 #be r5d] by 4 ,! explanation1 !y %all wi% prosp]ity or happ9ess to ea* o!r1 is de/ructive ( ! gradation1 s evid5t 9 ! fundam5tal passage1--bless+ =1 on acc\nt (1 & by ,abraham2 x _c acc\nt = ! con/ant1 solemn repetition ( ?is proclamation :i* ev]y:]e appe>s z ! acme ( ! promises giv5 to ! ,patri>*2 x de/roys ! correspond5ce exi/+ betwe5 ?is bless+ ^u all ! families ( ! e>?1 & ! curse :i*1 aft] ! fall1 0 inflict$ ^u ! e>?2 x does away ) ! contra/1 s cle>ly m>k$1 betwe5 ! union ( ! families ( ! e>? effect$ by ! bless+1 & _! disp]sion1 n>rat$ 9 *ap4 xi42 x demoli%es ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ! prophecy ( ,japhe?'s dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em 7ix4 #bg71 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,rul] proce$+ f ,judah1 to :om %all be ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations 7xlix4 #aj71 on ! o!r2 & x sev]s all ! necess>y connect+ l9ks :i* unite ^! prophecies ) "o ano!r4 ,ano!r attempt to deprive ?is promise ( its ,messianic "*--t1 namely1 made by ,b]?oldt 7de ortu !ol4 ,vet4 ,hebr4 p4 #ajb7 & o!rs1 :o w\ld h u to und]/&1 by ! families & nations ( ! e>?1 ! ,canaaniti% nations--does n require any m9ute exam9ation1 z ! weakness ( ^! productions ( rationali/ic t5d5cy are s gl>+ly manife/4 ,footnote #a3 ,h]d] says1 9 8 ,briefe das ,/udium d] ,!ol4 betr4 ii4 ,s4 #bgh3 ,if1 9 ,abraham's desc5dants1 all ! nations ( ! e>? 7 to be bless$1 ,abraham might & %\ld h conceiv$ ( ?is bless+ 9 all its g5]ality1 s t ev]y?+ :]eby 8 nation des]v$ well ( ! nations ( ! e>?1 0 impli$ 9 x4 ,if1 !n1 ,*ri/ also belongs to ! numb] ( ^? noble individuals :o des]v$ s well1 ! bless+ ref]s to ,him1 n indirectly1 b directly2 & if ,*ri/ be ! *ief ( all ?is numb]1 x !n mo/ directly1 & 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 ref]s to ,him2--al?\gh1 9 ?is g]m1 ,abraham did n di/9ctly p]ceive ,8 p]son1 did n1 nor c\ld1 except by special revelation1 9 ?is bud1 s pla9ly discov] ! full gr[? ( ,8 m]its4 ,footnote #b3 ,ev5 9 ?is he 0 prec$$ by ,lampe1 :o rem>ks3 ,*ri/ _h spok5 ( see+ ! day2 ! ,jews speak ab\t see+ ! p]son4 ,he _h spok5 ( ,abraham's see+2 !y speak ( ,*ri/'s see+4 ,pg #eg ,,! ,,bless+ ,,( ,,jacob ,,^u ,,judah4 7,g54 xlix4 #h-aj47 ,v]4 #h4 ,judah1 ?\1 ?y bre?r5 %all praise !e2 ?y h& %all be on ! neck ( ?9e enemies2 be=e !e %all b[ d[n ! sons ( ?y fa!r4 ,v]4 #i4 ,a lion's :elp is ,judah2 f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ goe/ up2 he /oope? d[n1 he c\*e? z a lion1 & z a full-gr[n lion1 :o %all r\se him up8 ,v]4 #aj4 ,! sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah1 nor lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 until ,%iloh come1 & unto ,him ! p %all adh]e4 ,?us does dy+ ,jacob1 9 ann\nc+ :at %all befall 8 sons 9 ! end ( ! days 7v]4 #a71 speak to ,judah1 aft] hav+ dismiss$ ^? ( 8 sons to :om1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 he mu/ tell h>d ?+s--?+s :i* did n1 h[ev]1 exclude !m f ! salvation common to all ( !m 7v]4 #bh71 al?\gh _! %ad[ made ! light ( ,judah %9e s mu* ! m brightly4#a ,9 v]4 #h ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u a "r det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( ! "n ,judah4 ,be+ =m$ f ! ,future 9 ,hophal1 x signifies3 ,he 7viz41 ,god7 %all be prais$4 ,?is explanation re/s ^u ,g54 xxix4 #ce1 :]e ,leah1 aft] ! bir? ( ,judah1 says1 ,n[ w ,i praise ! ,"l2 & !n foll[ ! words3 !re=e %e call$ 8 "n ,judah4 ,x re/s likewise on ! common use ( ! v]b 1 ! ,hiphil ( :i* is1 accord+ to ,maur]1 almo/ con/antly us$ ( prais+ ,god1 & is1 z x 71 set ap>t & sanctifi$ = t purpose4 ,aft] hav+ enum]at$ a multitude ( passages1 ,ges5ius says1 9 8 ,!saurus3 ,9 all ^! passages x ref]s ,pg #eh to ! praise ( ,god1 & x is only r>ely 7,g54 xlix4 #h comp>$ ) ,job xl4 #ad7 t x ref]s to ! praise ( m54 ,ev5 ^! few exceptions are su* only 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ,job xl4 #ad1 he :om ,god w praise is n an ord9>y man1 b a god-man4 ,by ! subsequ5t words 9 ,g54 xlix4 #h1 ,be=e !e %all b[ d[n1 some?+ div9e is ascrib$ to ,judah2 we ne$ n !re=e be a/oni%$ t1 by ! ^w 1 he is rais$ above ! m]ely human /&+4 ,!y only :o d n "k ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 h any reason to expla9 away1 by a =c$ exposition1 ! slight allusion to a sup]human dignity ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,! great] numb] ( expositors1 ref]r+ to ! subsequ5t words1 ?y bre?r5 %all praise !e1 expla9 ! "n by ! expression1 bless$ "o4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld reta9 ! sure explanation :i* has be5 giv5 above1 ! idea n[ m5tion$ falls v naturally 9 ) x4 ,he :o1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 is a ,god's-praise 7,gottlob71 ^: v exi/5ce becomes ! cause ( exclaim+1 1 praise be to ,god1 w assur$ly receive praise f ! bre?r54--,judah ?\ /&s 7accord+ to ,g54 xxvii4 #cf2 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah7 ei!r =1 ,?\ art ,judah1 i4e41 ?\ art rightly call$ s1 or1 accord+ to ,g54 xxiv4 #fj1 =1 ,?\ ,judah1 i4e41 ,i h some?+ p>ticul> to tell !e 7comp>e ! emphatic ,i 9 ,g54 xxiv4 #bg74--,on ! expression1 ,?9e h& %all be 9 ! neck ( ?9e enemies1 i4e41 ?\ %alt put to flight all ?9e enemies1 & press !m h>d :ile !y are flee+1 comp>e ,exod4 xxiii4 #bg1 ,i w make all ?9e enemies 7turn _!7 backs unto !e1 & ,ps4 xviii4 #da1 :]e ,david says1 9 ! "n ( 8 family1 9 :i* ,judah c5tr$1 z did ,israel 9 ,judah1 ,?\ ha/ giv5 me m9e enemies 7to be7 a back4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we inquire h[ ?is prophecy 0 fulfill$1 we mu/ n ov]look ! circum/ance t ! subjects ( x are s9ful m51 & t1 = ?is reason1 ,god c\ld nev] give up ! "r ( visit+ _! iniquity1--a "r :i* has its f\ndation 9 ,8 v nature4 ,?ree s5t5ces ( condemnation prec$e ! bless+ ^u ,judah1 & ?is indicates t ,judah too w be weigh$ 9 ! balance ( ju/ice4 ,! excell5cy ( dignity & ! excell5cy ( p[]1 :i*1 9 v]4 #c1 7 tak5 f ,reub51 are "h adjudg$ to ,judah4 ,! circum/ance ( 8 be+ ! fir/-born c\ld n protect ! =m] aga9/ ! loss ( 8 privileges2 ,pg #ei & j z little w ! div9e election deliv] ,judah f a visitation = 8 s9s1 al?\gh1 by t election1 ! total loss ( 8 privileges is r5d]$ impossible4 ,^! two ord9ations--! election & ! visitation ( s9 9 ! elect--/& by ! side ( ea* o!r2 & ! latt] c\ld n be /ay$1 ev5 at ! "t :5 ,judah _h rea*$ its height 9 ! ,lion f out ( 8 tribe2 = al?\gh ! ,%eph]d 0 blameless1 yet ! flock 0 n s4 ,! ord9ation ( election is1 h[ev]1 f> f be+ !reby d>k5$2 x only %9es by a bright] light4 ,(t5 pa9ful inde$ 7 ! defeats :i* ,judah _h to su/a92 (t5 en\gh--z dur+ ! c5turies :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,david's k+dom & ! com+ ( ,*ri/--0 ! promise1 ,?y h& %all be 9 ! necks ( ?9e enemies1 rev]s$4 ,b :5 we behold ,judah ev] & anon return+ & ris+ to ! dignity "h be/[$ ^u him1--:5 ! advance !n always keeps equal pace ) ! prec$+ dep?s ( humiliation 7we ne$ ?9k only ( ,david's "t1 & comp>e x ) ! p]iod ( ! ,judges71--!n inde$ x appe>s all ! m cle>ly1 t ! h& ( ,god is ev] active 9 br++ ?is promise to a sure & firm fulfilm5t4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w !re is only "o p[]--t ( ,judah--9 :i*1 not)/&+ all defeats1 ! promise1 ,?y h& %all be 9 ! necks ( ?9e enemies1 is ev]1 aft] all1 fulfill$ anew2 only "o p[]1 ! victori\s en]gy ( :i* may inde$ be ov]come by sleep1 b nev] by dea?2 only "o p[] :i* c speak z does ,david 9 ! "n ( 8 family 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #ch-dj3 ,i pursue m9e enemies & ov]take !m1 ,i d n return till !y are consum$2 ,i cru% !m1 & !y _c rise3 !y fall "u my feet4 ,& ,?\ girde/ me ) /r5g? = ! w>1 ,?\ b[e/ d[n ^? t rise aga9/ me4--,lu!r rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,^! promises mu/ be und]/ood 9 _s & fai?4 ,?is may be se5 f ! hi/ory ( ,david1 :]e x (t5 appe>s z if ,god _h altoge!r =gott5 him1 & :at ,he _h promis$ to him4 ,aft] he _h already be5 elect$1 he 01 = t5 ye>s1 n able to obta9 a fix$ place1 or resid5ce 9 ! :ole k+dom2 & :5 at la/ he took hold ( ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 he fell into great1 griev\s1 he9\s s91 & 0 sore vex$ :5 he _h to be> ! puni%m5t ( x4 ,!re=e ^! two ?+s--promise & ,pg #fj fai?--mu/ always be comb9$2 & x is necess>y t a man :o has a div9e promise "k well ! art :i* ,paul tea*es 9 ,rom4 iv4 #ah1 to believe 9 hope ev5 aga9/ hope4--,! k+dom ( ,israel1 too1 0 assail$ by s great weakness1 & press$ d[n by s _m burd5s1 t x appe>$ z if e mom5t x w\ld fall2 & ?is 0 especially ! case :5 s91 & puni%m5t 9 consequ5ce ( s91 broke 9 ^u !m1 z1 = in/ance1 aft] ,david's adult]y ) ,ba?%eba1 & (t5times besides4 ,yet1 ev5 9 all su* temptations1 x always rema9s1 on acc\nt ( ! promise4--,x mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ t ! words1 ,?y h& %all be 9 ! neck ( ?9e enemies1 are plac$ betwe51 ,?y bre?r5 %all praise !e1 & ,be=e !e %all b[ d[n ! sons ( ?y fa!r1 & t1 imm$iately aft] ?is1 ,judah's victori\s p[] aga9/ ! enemies ( ,god's p is aga9 po9t$ out4 ,?is tea*es u t ! exalt$ position :i* ,judah1 :5 comp>$ ) 8 bre?r51 occupies1 re/s ma9ly on ?is3--t he is _! =e-*ampion 9 ! w>f>e aga9/ ! _w1 & t ,god has end[$ him ) conqu]+ p[] aga9/ ! enemies ( ,8 k+dom4 ,! hi/ory ( ,david is be/ calculat$ to %[ & conv9ce u1 h[ closely ^! two ?+s are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,t he 0 call$ to v]ify ! tru? ( ! promise giv5 to ,judah1 ,?y h& %all be 9 ! neck ( ?9e enemies1 0 fir/ se5 9 8 victory ov] ,golia? ! ,phili/9e1 =e-*ampion ( ! _w's p[]4 ,aft] ,david's ^w _h be5 fulfill$1 ,! ,"l :o deliv]$ me out ( ! paw ( ! lion1 & out ( ! paw ( ! be>4 ,he w deliv] me out ( ! h& ( ?is ,phili/9e1 & ! ,phili/9es _h fl$1 see+ t _! *ampion 0 dead 7#a ,sam4 xvii4 #cg-ea71 !n also 7 fulfill$ ! o!r words3 ,?y bre?r5 %all praise !e1 ! sons ( ?y fa!r %all b[ be=e !e4 ,& x came to pass z !y came1 :5 ,david 0 return$ f ! slaught] ( ! ,phili/9e1 t ! wom5 came out ( all ! cities ( ,israel1 s++ & danc+1 to meet ,k+ ,saul1 ) tabrets1 ) joy1 & ) in/rum5ts ( music4 ,& ! wom5 answ]$ "o ano!r z !y play$1 & said1 ,saul has sla9 8 ?\s&s1 & ,david 8 t5 ?\s&s4--,& 9 ,sam4 xviii4 #af1 x is said3 ,b all ,israel & ,judah lov$ ,david1 because he w5t out & came 9 be=e !m2--& 9 #b ,sam4 v4 #b1 :5 ! t5 tribes ackn[l$g$ ,pg #fa ,david z _! k+1 !y said3 ,also 9 "t pa/1 :5 ,saul 0 k+ ov] u1 ?\ wa/ he t l$de/ out & br\ghte/ 9 ,israel4 ,david w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ! jeal\sy & envy ( ! o!r tribes1 unless ! promise1 ,?y h& %all be 9 ! neck ( ?9e enemies1 _h be5 fulfill$ 9 him4--,be=e ,judah %all h[ d[n ! sons ( 8 fa!r4 ,i h already rem>k$1 9 my comm5t>y on ,rev4 xix4 #aj1 t !re is v little gr\nd = ! common di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & civil 7b[+ d[n1 wor%ip74 ,! true di/9ction is betwe5 t :i* is giv5 to ,god1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 9 ^? :o be> ,8 image1 9 ! repres5tatives ( ,8 gifts & (fices1--& t :i* is exact$ ap>t f1 & aga9/ ,god4 ,! ,god ( ,scripture dem&s to be hon\r$ 9 ^? :o be> ,8 image1 :o hold ,8 (fices1--9 fa!r & "m & old m5 7,lev4 xix4 #cb71 9 pr9ces 7,exod4 xxii4 #bh71 9 ! (fice ( ! judge 7,deut4 i4 #ag2 ,exod4 xxi4 #f1 xxii4 #g1 #h74 ,x is wick$ to refuse ?is hon\r1 & its natural expression 9 ! b[+ ( ! body1 "u ! pretext1 t x is due to ,god alone4 ,x is to be refus$ only :]e !re is "s dang] t1 !reby1 any indep5d5t hon\r w\ld be ascrib$ to ! m]e vessel ( ! div9e glory4 ,9 :at ! consi/s1 :i* ,judah is to receive f 8 bre?r51 we see di/9ctly f ,isa4 xlv4 #ad1 :]e ! hea!n1 at ! "t ( ! salvation1 fall d[n be=e ,israel3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,! lab\r ( ,egypt & m]*&ise ( ,e?iopia1 & ! ,sabeans1 m5 ( /ature1 %all come ov] unto !e1 & be ?9e3 !y %all g beh9d !e2 9 *a9s !y %all walk2 & !y %all fall d[n be=e !e1 & !y %all make supplication unto !e 7say+74 ,only 9 !e is ,god1 & !re is no ,god else4 ,! gr\nd ( ,judah's adoration on ! "p ( 8 bre?r5 is ?is3--t ,god's glory is visibly ^u him1 t by glori\s de$s & victories ! seal is impress$ ^u him3 ) u is ,god 7,immanuel74 ,& ?is f\nd its mo/ glori\s fulfilm5t 9 ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 9 ,*ri/1 ( :om x is said 9 ,phil4 ii4 #i-aa3 ,:]e=e ,god has highly exalt$ ,him1 & giv5 ,him a "n :i* is above e "n2 t at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld b[1 ( all ^? :o are 9 heav51 & on e>?1 & "u ! e>?2 & t e tongue %\ld ,pg #fb confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,"l1 to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,t1 9 its f9al accompli%m5t1 ?is prophecy ref]r$ to ,*ri/1 0 kn[n to ,jacob z c]ta9ly z he makes ,judah c5tre 9 ! ,%iloh4 ,?is ,solomon also knew1 :51 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #aa 7comp>e ,ps4 xlv4 #ab71 he ascribes to 8 great ,antitype :at is "h ascrib$ to ,judah3 ,all k+s %all wor%ip ,him1 & all nations %all s]ve ,him4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! wor%ip by k+s & nations is ! wor%ipp+ by ! sons ( ! fa!r4 ,jacob ?us transf]s to ,judah t :i* ,isaac _h promis$ to him3 ,p %all s]ve !e1 & nations %all wor%ip !e3 be "l ov] ?y bre?r51 & ?y "m's sons %all wor%ip be=e !e3 ,g54 xxvii4 #bi4 ,9 v]4 #i ,judah is fir/ designat$ a "y lion1--a "n :i* is int5d$ to indicate1 t ! victori\s p[] ascrib$ to ,judah exi/s1 z yet1 only 9 ! g]m4 ,x requir$ t c5turies %\ld pass away be=e he grew up to be a lion1 a full-gr[n lion4 ,by ! long p]iod :i* ?us int]v5$ betwe5 ! promise & its fulfilm5t1 ! div9e election is ! m /rik+ly manife/$4 7,sev]al int]pret]s h be5 ( op9ion t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! "y lion1 ! lion1 & ! full-gr[n lion4 ,b x is %[n by ,ezek4 xix4 #c--;,& %e br\ght up "o ( h] 1 & x became a 1 & x le>nt to te> prey1--t is a "y lion n yet able to cat* prey4#b7 ,9 ! words1 ,f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up1 ! prey is ! t]m9us a quo3 = ) is always us$ ( ! place f :i* x is gone up 7see ,jo%4 iv4 #ag1 x4 #i2 ,song ( ,sol4 iv4 #b73 ! t]m9us ad quem is ! usual abode1 z is %[n by :at foll[s4 ,! resid5ce ( ! conqu]or & rul] is conceiv$ ( z be+ elevat$4 ,joseph1 accord+ to ,g54 xlvi4 #ca1 goes up to ,ph>aoh1 & 9 v]4 #bi ( ! same *apt] he goes up to meet 8 fa!r4 ,! expression to g up is commonly us$ ( ^? :o come f ,pg #fc o!r c\ntries to ,canaan4 ,b ! go+ up 9 ! passage "u review implies also ! go+ d[n into ! l[] regions to seek = prey1 j z 9 ,ps4 lxviii4 #ai1 :]e x is said ( ! ,"l1 aft] ,he _h f\ght = ,8 p1 & _h be5 victori\s1 ,?\ ha/ asc5d$ on high1 ,?\ ha/ l$ captivity captive3 ,?\ ha/ receiv$ gifts = m52 yea1 = ! rebelli\s also1 t ! ,"l ,god might dwell among !m4 ,to dwell means !re1 t1 aft] hav+ accompli%$ all ?is1 ?\ maye/ dwell glori\sly1 & be inaccessible to ! v5geance ( ! conqu]$1 9 ?y usual place ( abode4 ,! s5se is ! same 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,lu!r is !re=e wrong 9 expla9+ x ?us3 ,?\ ha/ ris5 high1 my son1 by great victories1--z are o!rs also :o translate x1 ,f ! prey ?\ gr[e/ up4 ,su* a view ( ?is clause w\ld1 moreov]1 break up ! connection1 & all t foll[s w\ld appe> )\t prep>ation4#c ,! words1 ,he /oope? d[n1 he cr\*e? z a lion1 & z a full-gr[n lion2 :o %all r\se him up8 conta9 a transition & allusion to :at we are subsequ5tly told conc]n+ ,%iloh4 ,ev5 "h we are pres5t$ ) a picture ( peace1--a peace1 h[ev]1 :i* is n to ! prejudice ( victori\s p[]1 z 9 ! case ( ,issa*> 7v]s4 #ad1 #ae71 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 pres]ves x undim9i%$4 ,if ! promise1 ,f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up1 f\nd its fir/ glori\s1 al?\gh only prelim9>y1 fulfilm5t 9 ! reign ( ,david 7comp>e ! enum]ation ( 8 victories 9 #b ,sam4 viii471 ! words1 ,he /oope? d[n1 he c\*e?1 etc41 are ! mo/ appropriate inscription = ! portal ( ,solomon's reign4 ,b1 9 ,*ri/1 ! pre-em95ce 9 ! reign bo? ( w> & peace is unit$4--,t is n ! lioness1 b only ! poetical designation ( ! lion1 appe>s f j ! v passage :i* is s commonly adduc$ 9 support ( ! =m] signification1 viz41 ,job iv4 #aa2 = ! sons ( ! lion spok5 ( 9 t passage are ! sons ( ! wick$ 7comp>e ,job xxvii4 #ad74 ,a p>allel to ! words 9 v]4 #aj1 ,! sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah1 is =m$ by ! dep>t+ ( ! sceptre f ,egypt1 9 ,ze*4 x4 #aa3 ,& ! pride ( ,assyria %all ,pg #fd be br\ght d[n1 & ! sceptre ( ,egypt %all dep>t away4 ,all dom9ion ( ! _w ov] ! p ( ,god is only tempor>y2 & s also1 ! dom9ion ( ! p ( ,god ov] ! _w1 z x c5tres 9 ,judah1 c su/a9 only a tempor>y int]ruption3 its dep>ture is ev]y:]e 9 appe>ance only2 & :5 x dep>ts1 x is only t x may return ) enhanc$ weight4--,! sceptre is ! emblem ( dom9ion4 ,! words1 ,a sceptre rises out ( ,israel 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 are expla9$ 9 *ap4 xxiv4 #ai by ! words1 ,dom9ion %all come out ( ,jacob4 ,! "q z to ! subjects ( ?is dom9ion mu/ be det]m9$ f ! prec$+ words2 = !re %all n dep>t f ,judah :at ,judah1 accord+ to ^! words1 possesses4 ,h5ce !y are 7#a7 ! bre?r5 ( ,judah1 & 7#b7 ! enemies ( ,israel4 ,! latt] c ! less prop]ly be exclud$1 because ( ^! alone ! :ole ( ! prec$+ v]se treat$4 ,9 ! words ( ,balaam1 9 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag 7:i* ref] to ! passage "u consid]ation71 ,!re come? a /> out ( ,jacob1 & a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 & smite? ! t]ritories ( ,moab1 & de/roye? all ! sons ( ! tumult1 !re is view$1 9 ! sceptre1 only ! victori\s & de/ructive p[] :i* he %all display 9 8 relation to ! _w2 b ! subjects ( dom9ion are1 9 t passage1 accord+ to v]4 #ai1 ! hea!ns also4 ,! sceptre is pre-em95tly an ensign ( k+s4 ,h5ce1 to ! sceptre & /> out ( ,israel 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag7 corresponds1 9 v]4 #g1 8 k+3 ,& 8 k+ %all be high] ?an ,agag1 & 8 k+dom %all be exalt$1--i4e41 n m]ely a s+le royal p]son1 b ! ,israeliti% k+dom4 ,b we c "h ! less legitimately sep>ate sceptre & k+dom f ea* o!r1 because1 ev5 9 ! e>li] promises made to ! ,patri>*1 !re is ! prophecy ( ! ris+ ( a k+dom among _! desc5dants1--( a k+dom1 too1 t %all ext5d beyond ! b\nd>y ( t po/]ity itself4 7,comp>e ,g54 xvii4 #f1 ,k+s %all come out ( !e2 v]4 #af1 ,& %e %all become nations4 ,ic+s ( nations %all be ( h]4 ,see also ,g54 xxxv4 #aa47 ,9 vol4 ii4 ( ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 p4 #aff f41 we detail$ ! natural f\ndations :i* !re exi/$ = =esee+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a k+dom 9 ,israel4 ,x is evid5t t ! promise :i* 0 =mally giv5 to ! :ole po/]ity ( ! ,patri>*s1 is "h appropriat$ specially to ,judah1 :o1 = ,pg #fe ! b5efit ( ! :ole p1 is to h ! sceptre4#d ,f :at has be5 rem>k$1 x appe>s t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy began fir/ ) ,david2 up to t "t ,judah _h be5 only a lion's :elp4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,saul1 z ,calv9 rem>ks1 !re 0 an abortive ef=t2 b !re came out at l5g? 9 ,david1 "u ! au?ority & legitimate arrangem5t ( ,god1 ! sov]eignty ( ,judah1 accord+ to ! prophecy ( ,jacob4 ,x also appe>s1 f :at has be5 obs]v$1 t ,re9ke1 ,s4 #de ( 8 ,monography1 ,die ,weissagung ,jacobs b] ,s*ilo1 ,mn/] #ahdi 7a "w writt5 ) great dilig5ce71 is mi/ak5 9 det]m9+ ! s5se to be1#e t ,judah z a tribe w\ld n p]i%1 & 8 sup]iority n cease1 until out ( him ,%iloh1 etc42 & t he is wrong1 too1 9 ma9ta9+1 ,s4 #acc1 t ! cont9uance ( ! royal dignity1 & ! sup]iority ov] all ! tribes until ! "t ( ,*ri/1 7 n requir$ by ^! words4 ,f ! rem>ks :i* we h made1 ev5 m ?an t is requir$1--! cont9uance1 namely1 ( ,judah's dom9ion ov] ! ,g5tiles2 = o!rwise x w\ld be necess>y to make a viol5t sep>ation ( ^! words f ! prec$+ ones4 ,t :i* has giv5 rise to su* int]pretations & ass]tions1 viz41 ! app>5t difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 po9t+ out ! fulfilm5t1#f is by no means remov$ by su* an explanation4 ,=1 if we look to ! surface only1 :at _h be5 left ( ! sup]iority ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$8 ,b if we look deep]1 we %all f9d no reason = su* feeble int]pretations4 ,! fulness ( /r5g? :i*1 not)/&+ ! deepe/ humiliation1 /ill dwelt 9 ! sceptre ( ,judah at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$1 is made manife/ by ! v appe>ance ( ,*ri/--! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,al?\gh fa9t-he>t$ness1 p]ceiv+ only :at is imm$iately be=e ! eyes1 might h said1 ,! sceptre has dep>t$ f ,pg #ff ,judah1 to e "o :o 0 n bl9d$ x mu/ h be5 evid5t1 at ! v mom5t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$1 t ! sceptre _h n dep>t$ f ,judah4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be p]plex$ by any ev5ts & argum5ts adduc$ to prove t ! sceptre has dep>t$ f ,judah2 = ! v same ev5ts & argum5ts w\ld militate aga9/ ! et]nal dom9ion ( 8 h\se :i* _h be5 promis$ to ,david1 & w\ld !re=e make u d\btful ( t also4 ,all ^! ev5ts & argum5ts lose _! significancy1 :5 we rem>k1 t ?is dep>t+ is only an app>5t1 n a def9itive "o2--t ,god nev]1 by ,8 promises1 b9ds ! h&s ( ,8 punitive ju/ice2--t ,8 election goes always h&-9-h& ) ! visitation ( ! s9s ( ! elect$2 b t1 9 ! end1 ! election w /& 9 all its validity4#a ,to ,judah applies exactly :at 9 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #ca-ce is said ( ,david3 ,if 8 *ildr5 =sake ,my law1 & walk n 9 ,my judgm5ts2 if !y break ,my /atutes1 & keep n ,my comm&m5ts2 !n w ,i visit _! transgression ) ! rod1 & _! iniquity ) /ripes4 ,nev]!less1 ,my lov+-k9dness w ,i n utt]ly take f him1 nor suff] ,my fai?fulness to fail4 ,my cov5ant w ,i n break1 nor alt] ! ?+ t is gone out ( ,my lips4 ,b ! great] ! degradation t _h come ^u ,judah1 ! m consol+ is ?is promise4 ,if we see t nei!r ! decl9e ( ,david's & ,judah's dom9ion aft] ,solomon1 nor ! app>5tly total disappe>ance ( ,david's k+dom :i* took place aft] ! ,*aldee cata/rophe1 & cont9u$ = c5turies2 nor ! altoge!r com=tless condition 7:5 ,pg #fg look+ only at :at ,is visible7 :i* ,j]emiah describes 9 ! words3 ,judah is captive 9 affliction & great s]vitude3 %e dwelle? among ! hea!n1 & f9de? no re/4 ,! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 :o 0 our consolation1 is tak5 9 _! pits1 he ( :om we said1 ,"u 8 %ad[ we %all live among ! hea!n4 ,slaves are rul+ ov] u1 & !re is none to deliv] u f _! h&2--if we see t all ^! ?+s did n prev5t ! fulfilm5t ( ! words1 ,! sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah until ,%iloh come2--t1 not)/&+ all ^! ?+s1 x mo/ glori\sly manife/$ itself 9 ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 t ! dom9ion rema9$ /ill ) ,judah2--:y %\ld we be dismay$ ?\gh ! riv] ( ! k+dom ( ,god %\ld sometimes lose itself 9 ! s&8 ,:y %\ld we n be firmly confid5t t 9 due "t x %all spr+ =? aga9 ) its cle> & p[]ful wat]s8--,b ! ,jews are n b5efit$ by ?is di/9ction betwixt ! def9itive dep>t+ ( ! sceptre1 & "o :i* is m]ely tempor>y4 ,! latt] mu/ necess>ily be di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ?is3--t ev5 9 ! times ( abasem5t1 !re mu/ be s+le symptoms :i* /ill indicate ! cont9uance ( ! sceptre2 & ?is 0 evid5tly ! case 9 ! times be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 ,jeho%aphat1 ,uzziah1 & ,hezekiah1 ! sceptre ( ,judah br\ght =? new leaves2 aft] _! return f ! captivity1 ! place1 at lea/1 0 po9t$ out by ,z]ubbabel1 :i* ! ,davidic k+dom w\ld1 at "s future p]iod1 aga9 occupy4 ,! victories ( ! times ( ! ,maccabees1 ?\gh !y !mselves 7 n ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 s]v$ to manife/ cle>ly t ! lion's /r5g? & ! lion's c\rage _h n yet dep>t$ f ,judah4 ,x is n )\t significance t ,judas ,maccabeus _h 8 "n ?us4 ,& "u all ^! ev5ts ! family ( ,david always rema9$ di/9ct1 & capable ( be+ trac$ out4 ,b no?+ ( all ?is is to be f\nd ) ! ,jews dur+ ! #ahjj ye>s aft] ,*ri/2 & h5ce ! vanity ( _! hope t1 9 "s future "t1 x w be made evid5t by ! appe>ance ( ,%iloh1 t ! supremacy & dom9ion ( ,judah are n lo/4 ,along ) ! sceptre :i* %all n dep>t f ,judah1 ! lawgiv] is m5tion$1 = :om _m w\ld1 q arbitr>ily1 sub/itute ! comm&]'s /aff4 ,is4 xxxiii4 #bb is explanatory ( ?is passage2 ,= ! ,"l our ,judge1 ! ,pg #fh ,"l our ,lawgiv]1 ! ,"l our ,k+1 ,he w save u--:]e ! lawgiv] is put on a level ) ! judge & k+4 ,ges5ius translates x by3 our comm&]4 ,! lawgiv] %all n dep>t f betwe5 8 feet4 ,?is is a poetical expression = f him4 ,he is1 z x 71 to h ! lawgiv] :]ev] he moves or /&s4 ,explanatory ( ?is is ! passage 9 ,judges v4 #bg1 :]e1 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah1 x is said ( ,jael1 ,he b[$ betwe5 h] feet1 he fell1 he lay d[n4 ,t :i* any "o has betwe5 8 feet1 is accord+ly 8 t]ritory on :i* he moves1 t )9 8 rea*4 ,9 ! latt] passage ! prose expression w\ld h be51 beside h]1 & 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 f him4#h ,sceptre & lawgiv] %all n dep>t f ,judah until ,%iloh come4 ,"h ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u fix+ ! d]ivation & signification ( ?is ^w4 ,!re _c be any d\bt1 &1 inde$1 x is n[ almo/ univ]sally admitt$1 t x is d]iv$ f 1 to re/4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ! au?or gave x z 8 op9ion1 t its =mation 0 analog\s to t ( 1 tumult ( w>1 f 1 to be tr\bl$1 1 smoke1 f 1 f 2 & _m 7,h(mann1 ,kurtz1 ,re9ke7 h /$fa/ly ma9ta9$ ?is op9ion ev5 until n[4 ,b ! au?or mu/ confess t ! objections rais$ aga9/ ?is d]ivation by ,tu* are well-f\nd$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,tu* rem>ks1 x is well kn[n t =ms l d n con/itute any special class 9 ! etymology1 b h orig9at$ f ,piel =ms 7,ewald1 ,lehrb4 d4 ,hebr4 ,spr4 #aef b71 z is v cle>ly %[n by 1 be+ f\nd by ! side ( 4 ,b ! o 9 ! f9al syllable ( ^! words is n an o un*angeable1 accord+ to ! rules ( etymology1 & c\ld1 !re=e1 n rema9 9 a root 2 & !re is n f\nd1 9 g5]al1 any =m ( a root analog\s to 4 ,b f> m decisive is ano!r reason4 ,! nom9a ,g5tilia 7#b ,sam4 xv4 #ab71 7#a ,k+s ,pg #fi xi4 #bi1 xii4 #ae71 lead u f ! suppos$ =m to ! sub/antive t]m9ation :i* a liquida may drop1 & express ! rema9+ v[el by 4 7,comp>e ,ewald1 #afc47 ,n[ t ,%iloh is an abbreviation ( ,%ilon is prov$1 n only by ! nom5 g5tile1 b also by ! fact1 t ! ru9s ( ! t[n :i* receiv$ its "n f ! ,%iloh 9 our passage1 are1 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 call$ ,seilun1 & t ,josephus writes ,silo z well z ,silun1 7comp>e ,rob9son1 ,travels iii4 #a1 p4 #cje72 &1 f9ally1 by ! analogy ( ! "n 1 :i* is =m$ aft] ! mann] ( 1 & likewise %ort5$ f 4 ,we mu/ confess t ,tu* is "r also :5 he ass]ts3 ,t x is q impossible to give ! ^w ! signification ( an appellative n\n1 s9ce x is only 9 prop] names1 9 :i* ! signification ( ! suffix ( d]ivation is ( less consequ5ce1 t on is %ort5$ into o4 ,! only exception is t ( 1 hell1 9 ,prov4 xxvii4 #bj2 b ev5 ?is is only an app>5t exception1 & is q 9 accordance ) ! rule laid d[n1 inasmu* z hell is1 9 ?is passage1 p]sonifi$1--z is frequ5tly ! case 9 o!r passages4 7,comp>e ,rev4 ix4 #aa47 ,b ?is case v pla9ly %[s t we are n at lib]ty to apply1 z ,tu* does1 ! measure ( our prop] names to ^? ( ,scripture1 :i* are us$ 9 a m compreh5sive s5se4 ,! ,sam>itan translation is1 !re=e1 "r 9 reta9+ ! ,%iloh4 ,z ! passage "u review is ! fir/ 9 :i* ! p]son ( ! ,r$eem] meets u1 s ,%iloh is also ! fir/ "n ( ! ,r$eem]1--a "n expressive ( ,8 nature1 & q 9 correspond5ce ) ! names 9 ,is4 ix4 #e1 & ) ! "n ,immanuel 9 ,is4 vii4 #ad4 ,) respect to ! signification ( ! "n1 ! t]m9ation on1 accord+ to ,ewald1 #afc1 =ms adjectives & ab/ract n\ns4 ,! analogy ( ! "n 1 :i* is =m$ aft] ! mann] ( 1 indicates t x has "h an adjective signification1 &1 l ,solomon1 ,%iloh d5otes ! man ( re/1 corresponds to ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace 9 ,is4 ix4 #e1 &1 view$ 9 its "* ( a prop] "n1 is l ! ,g]man ,fri$ri* ,fr$]ick1 i4e41 ri* 9 peace1 ! ,peaceful "o4 ,to ,%iloh ! nations %all adh]e4 ,! ^w is commonly und]/ood z mean+ ob$i5ce4#i ,b x does n ,pg #gj d5ote e k9d ( ob$i5ce1 b only t :i* is spontane\s1 & has its root 9 piety4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by ! only passage 9 :i*1 besides ! "o "u consid]ation1 ! ^w is f\nd1 ,prov4 xxx4 #ag3 ,an eye t mocke? at 8 fa!r1 & despises ! ( 8 "m4#aj ,to ?is view we are l$ also by ! ,arabic1 :]e ! ^w ,arabic3 99991 does n d5ote ob$i5ce 9 g5]al1 b will+ ob$i5ce1 docility1 9 ! viii4 sq4 dicto audi5tem se prbuit m discipuli4 7,comp>e ,camus 9 ,s*ult51 on ,prov4 l4 c47 ,cognate is ,arabic3 99991 to take c>e1 to gu>d oneself1 specially ( ! conflict ) ! high] p[]s ( life1 9 ! viii4 semet cu/odivit ah aliqua re1 et absolute timuit coluitque ,deum1 pius fuit4 ,f x is d]iv$ pius 9 ,prov4 xxx4 #a1 :]e ! son ( ,jakeh speaks to ,) me is ,god1 & ,i prevail 7,heb4 ,i!al & ,ucal47 ,lu!r1 al?\gh he has misund]/ood ! "r mean+ ( ,%iloh1 has yet beautifully compreh5d$ ! s5se ( ! :ole passage4 ,?is is a gold5 text1 he says1 & well wor?y ( remembrance1 namely3 t ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ w n be su* a k+dom z t ( ,david 01 ( :om x is said1 #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #c1 t he 0 a man ( w> & _h %$ mu* blood4 ,! k+dom ( ,%iloh1 :i* succe$$ x1 is n a k+dom s p[]ful & bloody1 b consi/s 9 ?is1--t ! ^w1 by :i* x is rul$ or adm9i/]$1 is he>d1 believ$1 & obey$4 ,all w be done by means ( prea*+2 & ?is w j be ! sign by :i* ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r k+doms ( ?is _w1 :i* are gov]n$ by ! sword & by physical p[]4 ,to ?is po9t also ,lu!r draws att5tion1 t our prophecy af=ds a p[]ful support to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,^w3 ,x w be done by ! proclamation ( ! promise1 & ,%iloh w be ,pg #ga pres5t ) x1 & w be effici5t & p[]ful ?r\gh our tongue & m\?4 ,t by ! nations are n meant ei!r ! ,canaanites 9 p>ticul>1 or ! tribes ( ,israel1 b ! nations 9 g5]al1 appe>s1 p>tly1 f ! connection ) :at prec$es--^? :o n[ will+ly obey are evid5tly ! enemies spok5 ( 9 v]s4 #h1 #i1--;&1 p>tly1 f ! ref]5ce to ! e>li] promises ( ,g5esis1 all ( :i* ref] to nations 9 g5]al4 ,if a limitation _h be5 int5d$1 an express indication ( x w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,! analogy ( ! p>allel ,messianic passages likewise militates aga9/ su* a limitation2 e4g41 ,ps4 lxxii4 #h3 ,he %all h dom9ion f sea to sea1 & f ! riv] unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 7,comp>e also ,is4 xi4 #aj47 ,9 ! ,%iloh1 ! :ole dignity ( ,judah z ,"l & ,rul] is to be conc5trat$4 ,x h5ce foll[s1 t ! nations :o w n will+ly obey ,him z ,%iloh1 mu/ exp]i5ce ! de/ructive p[] ( ,8 sceptre 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag2 ,ps4 ii4 #i71 & t beh9d ! attractive k+dom ( peace1 !re is conceal$ ! de/ructive dom9ion ( ! lion4 ,sev]al int]pret]s h det]m9$ ! s5se z foll[s3--,! dom9ion ( ,judah %\ld cont9ue until ! appe>+ ( ,%iloh2 b t !n he %\ld lose x4#aa ,we1 on ! contr>y1 conceive ! s5se to be ?is3 ,t ! tribe ( ,judah %\ld n lose ! dom9ion until he atta9 to its highe/ realization by ,%iloh1 :o %\ld be desc5d$ f him1 & to :om all ! nations ( ! e>? %\ld r5d] ob$i5ce4 ,aga9/ ?is int]pretation no difficulty c be rais$ f ! 4 ,x is true t ?is t]m has always a ref]5ce to ! t]m9us ad quem only1 & includes x2 b x is z c]ta9 t1 v frequ5tly1 a t]m9us ad quem is m5tion$ :i* is n int5d$ to be ! la/1 b only "o ( special importance2 s t :at lies beyond x is lo/ sight (4 7,comp>e ! au?or's ,diss]t4 on ! ,g5u94 ( ,daniel1 pp4 #ee-ef47 ,if ,pg #gb only sceptre & lawgiv] 7 secur$ to ,judah up to ! "t ( ,%iloh's com+1 !n1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 !y 7 s aft]w>ds4 ,t1 previ\s to ! com+ ( ,%iloh1 great dang]s w\ld ?reat5 ! sceptre ( ,judah1 is indicat$ by ,jacob1 s9ce he lays s mu* /ress ^u ! sceptre's n dep>t+ until t "t4 ,h5ce we expect circum/ances t w almo/ am\nt to a dep>t+ ( ! sceptre4 ,b ! positive reason = ?is int]pretation is1 t if1 accord+ to ! o!r op9ion1 ,judah 7 told t ! dom9ion ( 8 tribe 71 at "s future p]iod1 to cease1 ?is w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) ! tone ( ! rema9d] ( ! address to ,judah1 :i* is altoge!r ( a *e]ful "*4 ,& !n1--,jacob w\ld1 9 t case1 n h all[$ ! ,messianic promise to rema9 9 its indef9ite /ate2 f =m] analogies1 we %\ld h be5 induc$ to expect t he w\ld transf] x to "o ( 8 sons4 ,& f9ally1--f ! analogy ( ! o!r ,messianic prophecies1 z well z f hi/ory1 x seems n to be admissible to contra/ ! dom9ion ( ,judah ) ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,! dom9ion ( ,judah does n by any means t]m9ate 9 ,*ri/2 x r c5tres 9 ,him4 ,we are n expressly told t ! ,%iloh w be desc5d$ f ,judah2 b ?is is suppos$ to be self-evid5t1 & is n1 !re=e1 expressly m5tion$4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ! ,%iloh w\ld n h be5 allud$ to 9 connection ) ,judah at all4 ,a re/riction ( ! promise to ,judah1 su* z w\ld take place if ! ,%iloh did n belong to him1 is ! less legitimate1 inasmu* z1 9 v]s4 #h1 #i1 victory & dom9ion1 )\t any limitation1 are promis$ to ,judah4 ,hav+ ?us adduc$ ! positive argum5ts 9 support ( our view ( ?is passage1 let u n[ fur!r exam9e ! op9ions ( ^? :o diff] f u4 ,"h1 !n1 we mu/ fir/ ( all consid] ^? :i* are at "o ) u 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t t ?is passage conta9s ! promise ( a p]sonal ,messiah4 #a4 ,"s int]pret]s 7,jona?an1 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,knapp1 ,dogm47 are ( op9ion t is comp\nd$ ( ! n\n 1 *ild1 & ! suffix ( ! ?ird p]son3 ,until 8 7i4e41 ,judah's7 son or desc5dant1 ! ,messiah1 %all come4 7,lu!r1 some:at diff]5tly47 ,b ?is suppos$ signification ( ,pg #gc is de/itute ( any t5able f\ndation4 ,t by su* an explanation1 moreov]1 !re is a dissolution ( ! connection betwixt ! ,%iloh 9 ?is passage1 & ,%iloh ! "n ( a place1 :i* is writt5 9 precisely ! same mann]1 is decisive aga9/ bo? ! view j giv5 =? & t :i* foll[s4 #b4 ,o!rs 7! la/ ( !m4 ,sack 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,apolog47 suppose ! ^w to be errone\sly po9t$4 ,!y propose to read 1 comp\nd$ ( = 1 & ! suffix = 4 ,!y suppose ! language to be elliptical3 ,until ,he come to :om ! dom9ion or sceptre belongs1 or is due4 ,! pr9cipal argum5t 9 support ( ?is exposition is1 t mo/ ( ! anci5t translators seem to h foll[$ ?is punctuation4 ,x is true t ?is is d\btful z reg>ds ,onkelos & ! ,t>gum ( ,j]usalem1 :i* translate1 ,donec v5iat ,messias1 cujus e/ regnum2 = we may well suppose t "h is simply r5d]$ by 1 :ile ! foll[+ clause adds a complem5t f ,ezek4 xxi4 #cb1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! passage n[ "u review4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! ,,lxx4 suppos$ ! punctuation to be 4 ,!y translate3 7,?us read ! two olde/ manuscripts--! ,vatican & ,alex&rian4 ,! o!r read+1 1 has no d\bt crept 9 f ! lat] ,greek translations1 not)/&+ ! *>ge :i* ,ju/9us ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #abj raises aga9/ ! ,jews1 t !y _h sub/itut$ ! = ! e>li] 4 ,comp4 ,/ro? 9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]t4 ii4 #ie2 ,hohne's edition ( ! ,,lxx47 ,aquila & ,symma*us1 :o translate1 1 z well z ! ,syriac & ,saadias1 :o translate1 ,ille cujus e/1 foll[ ! same read+4 ,b ! def5d]s ( ?is exposition are wrong 9 inf]r+1 f ! circum/ance ( ! anci5t translations hav+ foll[$ ?is punctuation1 t x 0 g5]ally receiv$4 ,_h su* be5 ! case1 h[ c\ld x be expla9$ t x %\ld no m be f\nd 9 any ( our manuscripts8 ,= ! circum/ance t =ty manuscripts collect$ by de ,rossi h writt5 )\t a 1 _c be consid]$ z ( great weight2 s9ce x is m]ely a defective way ( writ+1 occurr+ frequ5tly 9 simil> words4 ,b if we consid] ! fact1 :i* may be e/abli%$ ^u hi/orical gr\nds1 t ! ,jews wat*$ ) mo/ anxi\s c>e ! uncorrupt$ pres]vation ( ! receiv$ ,pg #gd text ( ,holy ,scripture1 accord+ to its consonants & pronunciation2 t !y did n ev5 v5ture to receive into ! text any em5dation1 ?\gh x %\ld h recomm5d$ itself z 9 ! highe/ degree probable2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian translators took great lib]ties 9 ?is respect1 &1 9 ! manifold p]plexities into :i*1 ow+ to _! insuffici5t res\rces & k1 !y fell1 help$ !mselves z be/ !y c\ld2--x w c]ta9ly appe> to u mo/ probable1 t ev5 ! anci5t translators f\nd our vocalization ( ! ^w z ! receiv$ "o1 b felt !mselves oblig$ to dep>t f x1 because !y c\ld1 9 accordance ) x1 give no suitable d]ivation2 :il/ ! punctuation adopt$ by !m agre$ p]fectly ) ! traditional ref]5ce ( ! passage to ! ,messiah4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 ! au?ority ( ! anci5t translations c "h be ( no great] weight ?an t ( any mod]n int]pret]2 &1 9 ! case "u review1 we are at lib]ty to urge all ^? consid]ations :i* are1 9 g5]al1 advanc$ aga9/ any *ange 9 ! vocalization1 unless !re be mo/ urg5t reasons = x4 ,! anci5t translators1 moreov]1 c h less weight ) u1 because we c di/9ctly p]ceive t a misappreh5sion ( ,ezek4 xxi4 #cb 7#bg7--on :i* passage we %all aft]w>ds comm5t--gave rise to _! error4 ,aga9/ ?is explanation x may be fur!r urg$1 n only t ! prefix occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,p5tateu*--an objection :i* is n 9 itself suffici5t1 s9ce x occurs s e>ly z 9 ! song ( ,deborah1 ,judges v4 #g--;b also1 t ! suppos$ ellipsis w\ld be exce$+ly h>d4 7,comp>e ,/ange1 ,!ol4 ,symm4 i4 ,s4 #bch ff47 ,be=e we pass on to a consid]ation ( ! non-,messianic int]pretation1 we %all fir/ /ate ! reasons :i* be> u out 9 assum+ t ! passage "u review conta9s a prophecy ( a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,x is c]ta9ly1 ) respect to ?is1 a matt] ( no slight importance t1 ) a r>e agreem5t1 exegetical tradition f9ds a promise to ?is effect "h express$2 & ?is circum/ance has a significance s mu* ! great]1 ! less t ?is agreem5t ext5ds to ! int]pretation ( ! p>ticul>s1 especially z reg>ds ! ,%iloh4 ,h[ manifold soev] ^! diff]5ces may be1 all antiquity agrees 9 int]pret+ ?is passage ( a p]sonal ,messiah2 & we c\ld sc>cely conceive ( su* an agreem5t1 ,pg #ge unless !re _h be5 "s objective f\ndation = x4 ,z reg>ds1 fir/1 ! exegetical tradition ( ! ,jews1--h[ f> soev] we may foll[ x1 x f9ds1 9 v]4 #aj1 ! ,messiah4 ,?us ! ,,lxx4 expla9$ x2 =1 t by :at is de/9$ to ,judah 7 7 !y und]/ood no?+ else ?an ! s5d+ ( ! ,messiah1 is %[n by ! words foll[+-- 1--:i* c ref] only to ! ,messiah4 7,comp>e ,is4 xlii4 #d accord+ to ! ,,lxx47 ,9 ! same mann] ! passage 0 und]/ood by ,aquila1 ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/s1 ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 ( ,jona?an1 & ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,talmud1 ! ,soh>1 & ! anci5t book ( ,bre%i? ,rabba4 ,sev]al ev5 ( ! mod]n comm5tators1 e4g41 ,j>*i1 h reta9$ ?is explanation1 al?\gh a /rong doctr9al int]e/1 to :i* o!rs yield$1 tempt$ !m to give ano!r int]pretation to ?is passage1 :i* occupi$ s prom95t a place 9 ! polemics ( ! ,*ri/ians4 7,comp>e ! passage 9 ,raim4 ,m>t9i ,pug4 ,fid4 ed4 ,c>pzov2 ,jac4 ,alt+'s ,%iloh1 ,franc4 #affj1 #dto also 9 ! opp4 t4 v42 ,s*ttg51 hor4 ,hebr4 ii4 p4 #adf2 &1 mo/ completely1 9 ,jac4 ,patri>*4 de ,s*iloh vatic4 a depravatione ,cl]ici ass]tum1 op4 ,seb4 ,edz>di1 ,lond9i #afih1 p4 #ajc sq47 ,! ,sam>itans1 too1 und]/ood ! passage z ref]r+ to ! ,messiah4 7,comp>e ,sam>it4 ,briefwe*sel1 communicat$ by ,s*nurr] 9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]t4 ix4 ,s4 #bg47 ,x is true t f o!r passages 7,epi/4 ,sam>it4 ad ,jobum ,ludolfum1 9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]t4 xiii4 ,s4 #bha-i1 comp>$ ) de ,sacy de ,v]s4 ,sam>it4 ,arab4 ,p5tateu*i 9 ,ei*horn's ,biblio?4 x4 ,s4 #ed7 x appe>s t1 9 accordance ) _! doctr9e ( a d\ble ,messiah--"o :o _h already appe>$1 & "o :o 0 /ill to come--!y ref]r$ our passage1 p>tly to ! =m]1 & d5i$ its ref]5ce to ! real ,messiah4 ,b ?is is ( no importance4 ,=1 z ,ges5ius also has rem>k$ 7,c>m9a ,sam>itana1 p4 #ge71 ! doctr9e ( a d\ble ,messiah is ( rec5t orig9 ) ! ,sam>itans z well z ) ! ,jews2 & h5ce1 x is v probable t ! ref]5ce to ! real ,messiah 01 =m]ly1 ! g5]ally prevail+ "o1 :i* 01 ev5 aft]w>ds1 to a l>ge ext5t reta9$1 z is %[n by ! passage fir/ quot$4--,f9ally1 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! ,messianic int]pretation has be5 ! prevail+ "o ev] s9ce ! e>lie/ times4 ,we f9d x z e>ly z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,pg #gf ,! ,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs agree 9 x4 7,comp>e ! /atem5ts 9 ,re9ke47 ,ev5 ,grotius c\ld n b admit t ?is passage ref]r$ to ! ,messiah2 & ,cl]icus /&s q alone & isolat$1 9 8 "t1 z an objector aga9/ ! ,messianic int]pretation ( x4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,canon itself1 ?is passage is und]/ood ( a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,david1 ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 look ^u x 9 ?is light4 7,conc]n+ ?is po9t1 comp>e ! inquiries 9 ! subsequ5t portions ( ?is "w47 ,! entire relation ( ! ,p5tateu* to ! succe$+ sacr$ lit]ature1 & ! circum/ance t ! =m] con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ! latt]1 & conta9s1 9 ! g]m1 all t is aft]w>ds m fully develop$1 entitle u to expect1 t ! ,messianic idea has also f\nd its expression 9 ^? books4 ,! m prom95t ! place occupi$1 9 ! lat] books1 by ! ann\ncem5t ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 ! m unlikely x w be to him :o has acquir$ "r fundam5tal views reg>d+ ! ,p5tateu*1 to conceive t ?is ann\ncem5t %\ld be want+ 9 x--! ann\ncem5t1 especially1 ( ! ,messiah 9 ,8 k+ly (fice2 = x is ?is (fice ( ! ,messiah :i*1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 g5]ally takes a prom95t place1 & is1 be=e all o!rs1 repres5t$ 9 ! subsequ5t books4 ,b !re _c be any d\bt1 t ! promise ( a p]sonal ,messiah 9 ,8 k+ly (fice1 if x be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t at all1 mu/ exi/ 9 ! passage :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,! promises :i* fir/ 7 giv5 to ,jacob's p>5ts1 & !reaft] transf]r$ to him1 includ$ two ?+s3--fir/1 a num]\s prog5y1 & ! possession ( ,canaan = !m2--& secondly1 ! bless+ :i*1 ?r\gh !m1 0 to come ^u all nations4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x be expect$ t ,jacob1 9 transf]r+ ^! bless+s to 8 sons1 & :ile 9 _s see+ !m already 9 possession ( ! promis$ l&1 & describ+ ! places ( abode :i* !y w\ld occupy1 & :at %\ld befall !m1 %\ld h entirely lo/ sight ( ! second object1 :i* 0 mu* ! m important1 & z (t5 repeat$8 ,is x n1 on ! contr>y1 probable t1 z =m]ly1 f among ! sons ( ,abraham & ,isaac1 s n[1 f among ! sons ( ,jacob1 he %\ld be po9t$ out :o %\ld1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 become ! deposit>y ( ?is ,pg #gg promise1 :i* 0 acquir+ m & m ( a def9ite %ape8 ,! contr>y ( ?is we c ! less imag9e1 because1 accord+ to v]4 #b1 ,jacob is to tell 8 sons t :i* %all befall !m at ! end ( ! days4 ,! expression1 ! end ( ! days1 is always us$ ( t only :i* lies at ! end ( ! c\rse :i* is se5 by ! speak]4 7,comp>e my "w on ,balaam1#ab p4 #dfe f47 ,accord+ly1 x indicates1 9 ?is passage1 t ,jacob's ann\ncem5t mu/ compreh5d ! :ole ( ! future sph]e :i* 0 accessible to him4 ,b if we d n admit ! ref]5ce1 9 ?is passage1 to ! ,messiah1 !n a :ole t]ritory ( future "t1 notori\sly accessible to ,jacob1 is left unt\*$ by 8 ann\ncem5t4--,f ! beg9n+ ( ,g5esis1 we f9d ! expectation ( an univ]sal salvation2 & at e new sep>ation1 ! deposit>y ( ?is salvation1 & its m$iator = ! :ole rema9+ _w1 are regul>ly po9t$ out4 ,at fir/1 salvation is promis$ to ! :ole human race1 !n to ! family ( ,%em1 !n to ,abraham1 !n to ,isaac1 !n to ,jacob4 ,n[ t ! patri>*al trias1 s9ce ,jacob1 has ext5d$ into a dodekas =m+ ! hi/orical transition f ! family ( ! promise to ! nation ( ! promise1 ! "q arises1 f :i* ( ! twelve tribes salvation1 i4e41 ! victory ( mank9d1 & ! bless+ ( ! nations1 is to come4 7,delitzs*1 ,prophetis*e ,!ologie1 ,s4 #bic47 ,%\ld ,g5esis become to su* a degree inconsi/5t ) itself z n to answ] a "q :i* itself has call$ =?8 ,b t answ] is conta9$ 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 only if ,%iloh be tak5 = ! p]sonal "n ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,unless we h rec\rse to artificial explanations1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,judah's be+ ! be>] ( salvation is to be f\nd 9 our passage1 only :51 at ! same "t1 ! fir/ indication ( ! p]son ( ! ,messiah is p]ceiv$ 9 x4 ,if ! ref]5ce ( ! passage to a p]sonal ,messiah be expla9$ away1 we %\ld c]ta9ly be at a loss to discov] :]e ! fundam5tal prophecy ( su* an "o c\ld possibly be f\nd4 ,we %\ld !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 be ?r[n ^u ! ,messianic ,psalms1 especially ,ps4 ii4 & cx4 ,b z x is ! (fice ( prophecy only to introduce to ! k ( ! congregation ,pg #gh tru?s absolutely new1 x w\ld subv]t ! :ole relation ( psalm-poetry to prophecy1 if 9 ^! psalms we 7 to seek = ! orig9 ( ! expectations ( a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,^! psalms become intelligible1 only if 9 ,%iloh we recognise ! fir/ "n ( ! ,messiah4 ,! passage 9 "q1 9 comb9ation ) ! prophetical ann\ncem5t ( ! et]nal dom9ion ( ! h\se ( ,david1 af=d$ ! complete objective f\ndation = ! subjective poetry ( ! ,psalms4 ,! et]nity ( dom9ion "h promis$ to ,judah 01 z we le>n f #b ,sam4 vii41 transf]r$ to ,david4 ,! exalt$ p]son 9 :om1 accord+ to our passage1 ! dom9ion ( ,judah 0 to culm9ate1 mu/ !n necess>ily belong to ! h\se ( ,david4 ,fur!r1--,if ! passage "u review be und]/ood ( ! ,messiah1 we h an excell5t f\nta9head = all ! prophecies ( a p]sonal ,messiah2 9 its significant1 enigmatical1 & expressive brevity1 x is mo/ suitable = su* a purpose4 ,b if its ref]5ce to ! ,messiah be expla9$ away1 we are depriv$ altoge!r ( a suitable />t+-po9t4 ,9 ! ,davidic psalms1 ! ,messianic prophecy already m /rongly resembles a /ream ?an a f\nta94 ,s great is ! weight ( ^! reasons = ! ,messianic int]pretation1 t we might reasonably h expect$ t su* expositors at lea/ z /& on ! gr\nd ( positive ,*ri/ianity %\ld ab&on x only f ov]:elm+ reasons1 or1 at lea/1 f su* only z are 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,b 9 ?is expectation we h be5 disappo9t$4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial objections h be5 consid]$ suffici5t by ,h(mann1 ,kurtz1 & o!rs1 to induce !m to disreg>d ! cons5sus ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,we _c1 inde$1 b be a/oni%$ at ?is4 ,kurtz1 foll[+ ! example ( ,h(mann1 says3 ,! organic progress ( prophecy1 & its correlative connection ) hi/ory1 :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 all its /ages1 =bid u1 mo/ decid$ly1 to assign to ! expectation ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 a p]iod s e>ly z t ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,! cle>ly express$ aim ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is p]iod is ! expansion into a great nation2 its :ole t5d5cy is direct$ t[>ds ! gr[? ( ! multiplicity ( a p f ! unity ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,z long z ! subject ( ! hi/ory 0 ! increase into a nation1 ! idea ( a s+le p]sonal ,savi\r ,pg #gi c\ld n1 by any means1 take root4 ,su* c\ld occur only aft] !y _h actually exp&$ into a great nation 9 hi/ory1 & ! necessity _h be5 felt ( conc5trat+ ! multiplicity ( ! exp&$1 into ! unity ( a s+le1 individual1 i4e41 aft] "o _h appe>$ z ! deliv]] & savi\r1 z ! lead] & rul] ( ! :ole nation4 ,x is !re=e only aft] ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & ,david1 t ! expectation ( a p]sonal ,messiah c\ld arise4--,d y mean to tea* ,god wisdom8 we might ask1 9 answ] to su* argum5tation4 ,to *a9 prophecy to hi/ory 9 su* a mann]1 is 9 reality no?+ %ort ( de/roy+ x4 ,h[ mu* soev] p may *oose to v>ni% x1 ?is is b ano!r =m ( ,naturalism1 aga9/ ! influ5ce ( :i* no "o is secure1 because x is 9 ! atmosph]e ( our day4 ,m5 :o occupy a gr\nd ( argum5tation s n>r[-m9d$ & trifl+1--:o w\ld r %ape hi/ory ?an he>tily surr5d] !mselves to x1 & f9d out1 m$itate ^u1 & foll[ ! foot/eps ( ,god 9 x1--w be compell$ to erase ev5 ! promise 9 ,g54 xii4 #c1 ,9 !e all ! families ( ! e>? %all be bless$1 yea1 ev5 ! words1 ,i w make ( !e a great nation1 ) :i* ! promise beg9s2 = ev5 t violates ! natural ord]4 ,b ! hi/orical po9t ( connection = ! ann\ncem5t ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 :i* "h at once1 l a fla% ( lightn+1 illum9ates ! d>kness1 is n at all want+ to su* a degree z is commonly ass]t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! bless+ ^u ! hea!n be all[$ to /&1 ! expectation ( a p]sonal ,savi\r mu/ necess>ily arise f a consid]ation ( ! kn[n ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & meet ! imm$iate revelation ( su* an "o by ,god4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! "t ( ! ,patri>*s be>s a biographical "*4 ,s+le individuals are1 9 x1 ! deposit>ies ( ! div9e promises1 ! *annels ( ! div9e life4 ,all ! bless+s ( salvation :i* ! congregation possess$ at ! "t :5 ,jacob's bless+ 0 utt]$1 _h come to !m ?r\gh s+le individuals4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! highe/ ,salvation come to !m 9 any o!r way8 ,:y %\ld n ,abraham be z fit a type ( ! ,messiah z ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & ,david1--,abraham1 ( :om ,god1 9 ,g54 xx4 #g1 says to ,abimele*1 ! hea!n k+1 ,n[ !re=e re/ore ! man 8 wife1 = he is a prophet2 & if he prays = !e1 ?\ %alt live8 ,or :y n ,joseph1 :o1 accord+ to ,g54 xlvii4 #ab1 n\ri%$ ,pg #hj 8 fa!r & 8 bre?r51 & all 8 fa!r's h\sehold1 & :om ! grateful ,egyptians call$ ! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w8 ,j z unt5able is a second argum5t aga9/ ! ,messianic explanation1--namely1 t !re is no p>allelism betwe5 ! two clauses1 until ,%iloh comes1 & to ,him %all be ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations1 b only a pure progress ( ?\ght4 ,! laws ( p>allelism are n iron fett]s2 &1 moreov]1 ! p>allelism 9 sub/ance fully exi/s "h1 if only x be ackn[l$g$ t does n signify any k9d ( ob$i5ce1 b only a will+ surr5d]4 ,! words1 until ,%iloh comes1 & to ,him %all be ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations1 are id5tical 9 mean+ )1 until ,he come?1 :o br+e? re/1 & :om ! nations %all will+ly obey4 ,! second memb] ?us s]ves to expla9 ! fir/2 ! s5se w\ld be sub/antially pres]v$ al?\gh "o ( ! memb]s 7 want+4 ,! p>allelism is slightly conceal$ only by ! circum/ance t ! words run1 to ,him ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations1--in/ead (1 ,he to :om %all be ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations4 ,let u n[ take a survey ( ! pr9cipal non-,messianic int]pretations4 ,a suspicion z to _! hav+ any f\ndation at all 9 ! subject itself mu/ surely be rais$ by _! v>iety & multiplicity1 z well z by ! circum/ance1 t !y :o object to ! ,messianic explanation c nev]1 9 any way1 succe$ 9 unit+ ) ea* o!r1 b t1 ) !m1 "o int]pretation is sure to be ov]?r[n by ano!r4 ,su* is1 9 e case1 a sure indication ( error4 ,moreov]1 x is possible1 9 e case1 to trace out "s int]e/1 ap>t f ! m]its ( ! "q1 :i* has l$ to ! objections aga9/ ! ,messianic int]pretation4 ,) ! ,jews1 x 0 because !y 7 driv5 to a /rait by ! argum5tation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 t ! ,messiah mu/ long ago h come1 s9ce sceptre & lawgiv] _h long ago dep>t$ f ,judah4 ,! rationali/ic int]pret]s h evid5tly be5 det]m9$ by _! antipa?y to any ,messianic prophecies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,h(mann & 8 foll[]s d n 9 ! lea/ conceal t !y are guid$ by _! pr9ciple ( a concat5ation ( prophecy ) hi/ory4 ,! op9ion1 accord+ to :i* x is ma9ta9$ t ,%iloh is ! "n ( ! well-kn[n locality 9 ,ephraim1 has f\nd n a few def5d]s4 ,among ^!1 sev]al1 & la/ ( all ,pg #ha ,bleek1 9 ! ,obs]v42 ,hitzig1 on ,ps4 li4 #b2 ,die/el1 d] ,seg5 ,jacobs1 translate3 ,until he or !y come to ,%iloh4 ,! s5se is ?us suppos$ to be3 ,judah w be ! lead] ( ! tribes1 9 ! j\rney to ,canaan1 until !y come to ,%iloh4 ,!re1 9 consequ5ce ( ! tribes be+ disp]s$ to ! b\nd>ies assign$ to !m1 he w\ld !n lose 8 lead]%ip4#ac ,b su* an explanation is1 9 e po9t ( view1 inadmissible4 ,x is v probable t ! t[n ,%iloh did n exi/ at all1 "u ?is "n1 at ! "t ( ,jacob4 ,! "n n[h]e occurs 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua 7z we %all %[ at a subsequ5t "t7 conta9s traces1 f> f indi/9ct1 t x arose only aft] ! occupation ( ! l& by ! ,israelites4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! t[n ( ,%iloh already exi/$ tit ! "t ( ,jacob1 yet ! abrupt m5tion ( a place s little kn[n w\ld be some?+ /range & unacc\ntable4 ,x w\ld be out ( ! range ( ,jacob's visions1 :i* n[h]e reg>d m]e details1 b h ev]y:]e = _! object only ! future 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,fur!r1--,! tempor>y limitation ?us put to ! sup]iority ( ,judah w\ld be 9 gl>+ contradiction to v]s4 #h & #i1 :]e ,judah is exalt$ to be ! ,lion ( ,god )\t any limitation z to "t4 ,&1 f9ally1--,up to ! "t ( _! arrival 9 ,%iloh1 ,judah 0 nev] 9 possession ( ! sceptre & lawgiv]2--& ?is reason w\ld alone be suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! op9ion :i* we are n[ combat+4 ,we h already prov$ t1 by ^! t]ms1 royal p[] & dom9ion are designat$1 & t1 = ?is reason1 ! beg9n+ ( ! fulfilm5t _c be s\ght = 9 any p]iod previ\s to ! "t ( ,david4 ,b ev5 if we 7 to come d[n to ! m]e lead]%ip ( ,judah1 we c\ld demon/rate t ev5 ?is did n belong to him4 ,8 m>*+ 9 front ( ! o!rs _c1 ev5 9 ! remote/ degree1 be consid]$ z a lead]%ip4 ,moses1 :o belong$ to ano!r tribe1 _h be5 solemnly call$ by ,god to ! *ief comm&4 ,nor 0 ,jo%ua ,pg #hb ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,9 him1 on ! contr>y1 !re appe>$ ! g]m ( ,ephraim's sup]iority1 :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,judges1 & :i* came to an end only by ,david's hav+ be5 rais$ to ! royal dignity4 7,comp>e my comm5t>y on ,ps4 lxxviii47 ,o!rs 7,tu*1 ,maur]7 give ! explanation3 ,z long z !y come to ,%iloh4 ,?is1 accord+ to !m1 ! poet meant to be id5tical )3 9 all et]nity4 ,!y ?9k t 8 7! poet's7 mean+ 01 t ! holy tab]nacle1 :i* at 8 "t 7,tu* assigns ! composition ( ,jacob's bless+ to ! p]iod ( ,samuel7 0 at ,%iloh1 w\ld rema9 !re to all et]nity4 ,to ?is exposition x w\ld be alone suffici5t to object t1 accord+ to x1 ! phrase 1 :i* uni=mly means only until1 is tak5 9 ! signification z long z4 ,fur!r1--,hi/ory pla9ly en\gh %[s h[ little ! sanctu>y 0 consid]$ to be b\nd to ,%iloh2 to :i* place x _h be5 br\ght1 n 9 consequ5ce ( an express div9e decl>ation1 b only 9 accordance ) ,jo%ua's own views4 ,:5 ! ark ( ! cov5ant 0 c>ri$ away by ! ,phili/9es1 ?is 0 consid]$ z an express decl>ation ( ,god1 t ,he w\ld no long] dwell 9 ,%iloh4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 ! case z reg>ds ,j]usalem6 ,not)/&+ ! de/ruction by ! ,*aldees1 ! city cont9u$ to be ! seat ( ! sanctu>y4 ,fur!r1--,?is view implies a /range bl5d+ ( gross error--viz41 ! supposition t ! sanctu>y w\ld rema9 = ev] 9 ,%iloh--& ( true prophecy1 viz41 ! ann\ncem5t1 utt]$ at ! "t ( ,ephraim's lead]%ip1 ( ! dom9ion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i* 0 fir/ realiz$ 9 ,david's royalty4 ,! only gr\nd 9 support ( ! ,ephraimitic ,%iloh--! fact1 namely1 t ,%iloh1 :]ev] else x occurs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 always signifies ! "n ( ! place--we hope to invalidate by & by2 :5 x w be se5 t ! t[n receiv$ its "n only on ! gr\nd ( ! passage n[ "u consid]ation4 ,o!r oppon5ts ( ! ,messianic int]pretation take ,%iloh z a nom5 appellativum1 9 ! signification ( re/4 ,!y translate ei!r1 ,until re/ come? & p obey him 7?us ,vat]1 ,ges5ius1 ,knobel71 or1 ,until he comes 7or1 !y come7 to re/ 7?us ,h(mann1 ,kurtz1 & o!rs74 ,by re/1 !y und]/& ei!r ! political re/ enjoy$ "u ,david & ,solomon1 or !y f9d "h express$ ! idea ( et]nal re/ 9 ,pg #hc ! expect$ ,messianic "t4 ,?us d ,ges5ius1 ,h(mann1 & ,kurtz und]/& x4 ,! la/-nam$ det]m9es ! s5se ?us3 ,judah %all rema9 9 ! un9t]rupt$ possession ( a pr9cely position among 8 bre?r51 until ?r\gh w>f>e & by victory he %all h realiz$ ! aim1 object1 & consummation ( 8 sov]eignty 9 ! atta9$ enjoym5t ( happy re/ & undi/urb$ peace1 & 9 ! will+ & joyful ob$i5ce ( ! nations4 ,b ?is explanation is to be suspect$1 simply f ! circum/ance1 t1 9 :atev] o!r place ,%iloh occurs1 x is us$ z a nom5 proprium2 :ile x is entirely ov]?r[n by ! circum/ance1 t1 accord+ to its =m1 z already d$uc$1 ,%iloh c be no?+ else ?an a nom5 proprium4#ad ,we "h only rem>k1 by way ( anticipation1 t ,david1 ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 & ,ezekiel be> te/imony aga9/ ?is explanation4 ,an int]pretation :i* dissev]s ! connection betwixt ,%iloh & ,%iloh1 betwixt ,%iloh & ,solomon1 betwixt ,%iloh & ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 betwixt ,%iloh & ,him ^: is ! judgm5t1 mu/ be1 !reby1 self-condemn$4 ,aga9/ ! explanation1 ,until he comes to re/1 x may also be urg$1 t ! ,accusative c\ld n "h /& aft] a v]b ( motion2 x 0 too natural to consid] ,%iloh z ! subject4 ,if x _h be5 int5d$ 9 any o!r s5se1 a preposition w\ld h be5 absolutely requisite4 ,we fur!r rem>k1 t v]s4 #aa & #ab1 :i* anci5t & mod]n int]pret]s1 e4g41 ,kurtz1 h attempt$ to br+ into artificial connection ) v]4 #aj1 simply f9i% ! picture ( ,judah's happ9ess by a description ( ! luxuri\s fulness ( 8 ri* t]ritory 7,tu*74 ,_! t5or is q diff]5t f t :i* prec$es1 :]e a pre-em95ce 0 assign$ to ,judah2 = !y conta9 no?+ beyond a simple1 positive decl>ation4 ,:at is 9 !m assign$ to ,judah1 belongs to him only z a "p ( ! :ole1 z a fell[-heir ( ! c\ntry fl[+ ) milk & honey1 & corresponds entirely ) ! bless+s ^u ! o!r sons1 :i* are1 almo/ all ( !m1 only individual applications ( ! g5]al bless+4 ,x is evid5tly p>allel to :at1 9 v]s4 #be1 #bf1 is said ( ,joseph1 & 9 v] #bj ( ,a%]4 ,t :i* ,jacob "h assigns to ,judah1 0 ,pg #hd =m]ly1 9 ,g54 xxvii4 #bh1 assign$ by ,isaac to ,jacob1 & 9 him to ! :ole p3 ,god give !e ( ! dew ( heav51 & ! fatness ( ! e>?1 & pl5ty ( corn & w9e4 ,h5ce1 x is n at all necess>y to exam9e hi/ory = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ,judah 0 di/+ui%$ above ! o!r tribes1 by pl5ty ( w9e & milk4 ,we ne$ n lose mu* "t 9 discuss+ ! attempts :i* h be5 made to assign ! bless+ ( ,jacob to a lat] p]iod4 ,! futility ( all ( !m is prov$ by ! circum/ance1 t we h n "h be=e u any special pr$ictions1 su* z are peculi> to vatic9ia po/ ev5tum1 b g5]al prophetical outl9es1 individual applications ( ! g5]al bless+s1 exemplifications4 ,:atev] seems1 at fir/ sight1 to be diff]5t1 melts away :ile h&l+ x4 ,?us1 = example1 ! bless+s :i* ,israel enjoy$ by 8 dwell+ on ! sea-side1 are po9t$ out 9 ! bless+ ^u ,zebulun1 because he _h 8 "n f ! dwell+1 ,g54 xxi4 #bj4 ,t ,zebulun is "h view$ only z a "p ( ! :ole1 appe>s f ! fact t1 aft]w>ds1 he did n live by ! sea at all4 ,9 ! case ( ,issa*>1 x 0 ! individuality ( ! ance/or ,jacob :i* gave him occasion to describe1 f 8 own example1 ! dang]s ( an indol5t re/4 ,hi/ory does n say any?+ ( ,issa*> alone hav+ yield$ to ^! dang]s 9 a peculi> degree4 ,9 ! case ( ,joseph1 ! ev5ts p]sonal to ! son are transf]r$ to ! tribe1 & 9 ! tribe1 to ! :ole nation4 ,9 an inimitable mann] ! t5d] love ( ! fa!r t[>ds 8 son & provid] meets u "h4 ,! only ?+ :i* goes beyond ! human sph]e ( ,jacob1 is ! pr$iction by :i* ,judah is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b x is j ?is :i*1 ev5 9 its beg9n+s1 goes beyond ! "t at :i* ?is pret5d$ vatic9ium po/ ev5tum is plac$ by ,tu*1 ,bleek1 & ,ewald2 =1 by ?is assumption ( !irs1 !y are necess>ily limit$ to ! "t be=e ,david1 if !y wi% to avoid ! insurm\ntable difficulties :i* arise f :at is said ( ,levi & ( ,joseph4 ,b to ! man :o looks deep]1 v]s4 #h-aj are j ! seal ( ! div9ity1 & h5ce ( ! g5u95ess also1 ( ?is prophecy1 &1 ) all 8 he>t1 he w hate su* mis]able conjectures4#ae ,pg #he ,let u n[ foll[ ?r\gh hi/ory ,jacob's bless+ ^u ,judah4 ,f ?is inquiry x w appe> h[ deep has be5 ! impression made by x ^u ! p ( ! cov5ant4 ,on ?is occasion also1 x w be se5 /ill m di/9ctly :at ! "r is :i* rationali/ic criticism has to decl>e ?is fundam5tal prophecy to be ! rec5t production ( an obscure poet4 ,! *a9-l "* ( ,holy ,scripture w be se5 9 a v /rik+ light4 ,9 ,num4 ii4 regulations are laid d[n respect+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! tribes are to encamp ab\t ! tab]nacle1 & 9 :i* !y are to set =?4 ,on ! ea/ side1 t[>ds :i* ! entrance ( ! sanctu>y is direct$1 & h5ce 9 ! front1 ,judah1 z ! pr9cipal tribe1 is encamp$2 & ! two sons ( 8 "m--,issa*> & ,zebulun--:o 7 born imm$iately aft] him1 pit* next to him4 ,on ! s\? side !re is ! camp1 ) ! /&>d1 ( ,reub52 & next to him are 8 bro!r ,simeon1 :o 0 born imm$iately aft] him1 & ,gad1 "o ( ! sons ( 8 "m's maid4 ,! we/ side is assign$ to ! sons ( ,ra*el1 ) ,ephraim at _! head4 ,&1 f9ally1 on ! nor? side1 ! ?ree o!r sons ( ! maids1 viz41 ,dan1 ,a%]1 & ,naphtali1 h _! position4 ,9 ! same ord] z !y encamp !y are also to set =?4 7,baumg>t547 ,judah is ! *ief tribe on ! *ief side4 ,?is di/9ction ,pg #hf is n bas$ on ! de$s hi!rto p]=m$ by ,judah1 nor is x ! result ( any revelation :i* ,moses receiv$ ^u ! subject4 ,x is reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,& yet1 !re mu/ necess>ily h be5 "s f\ndation = su* a di/9ction1 because1 o!rwise1 x w\ld h call$ =? ! opposition ( ! o!r tribes1 especially ( t ( ,ephraim4 ,su* a f\ndation1 h[ev]1 is af=d$ only by ! bless+ ( ,jacob1 9 :i* ! tribe ( ,judah appe>s z ! lead+ "o4 ,! complete realization ( ?is pr$iction is left1 inde$1 9 ! h& ( ,god2 b ! be>] ( hon\rs s great1 ev5 al?\gh future1 mu/1 9 ! prospect ( t future1 enjoy1 ev5 9 ! pres5t1 a c]ta9 di/9ction2 su* di/9ction1 h[ev]1 z does n at all imply sov]eignty4 ,b we are compell$ to h rec\rse to ,g5esis1 & especially to *ap4 xlix41 ! m because ! :ole arrangem5t ( ! camp has evid5tly its f\ndation 9 ,g5esis1 & ! key to a :ole s]ies ( facts 9 x c be f\nd only 9 *ap4 xlix4 ,if we ask :y x is t ! tribes ( ,issa*> & ,zebulun are subord9ate to ,judah2 t ,reub51 ,simeon1 & ,gad1 t ,ephraim & ,b5jam91 t ,dan1 ,a%]1 & ,naphtali are encamp$ by ea* o!r2 x is 9 ,g5esis alone t we are furni%$ ) ! answ]4 ,! position :i* ,reub5 occupies specially po9ts to ,g54 xlix4 ,z ! fir/-born1 he ought to /& at ! head2 b "h we f9d him occupy+ ! second place4 ,9 ,g54 xlix4 ,jacob says to him1 on acc\nt ( 8 guilt1 ,?\ %alt n excel2 & ! excell5cy ( dignity1 & ! excell5cy ( p[]1 :i* up to t "t he _h possess$1 are transf]r$ to ,judah4 ,yet ,moses has s mu* reg>d to 8 orig9al dignity1 t he places him imm$iately aft] ,judah2 ! utt]ance ( ,jacob did n entitle him to assign to him a l[] position4 ,fur!r1--,! reason :y ,dan /&s at ! head ( ! sons ( ! maids is expla9$ only 9 ,g54 xlix4 #af-ah1 :]e ,dan is specially di/+ui%$ among !m1 & :]e x is specially said ( him1 ,dan %all judge 8 p4 ,if ! bless+ ( ,jacob be ! production ( a lat] "t1 !n ! ord] ( ! encampm5t1 :i* re/s ^u x1 mu/ necess>ily be s also2 b su* an idea w at once be disc>d$ by e man ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,ev5 !y :o refuse to ackn[l$ge ,moses z ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu*1 admit t ,pg #hg ^? regulations :i* be> ref]5ce only to ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! wild]ness mu/ h orig9at$ f him4 ,b exactly ! same ord] :i* ,moses 9 ,num4 ii4 prescribes = ! encampm5t & sett+ =? ( ! tribes1 is f\nd aga9 9 *ap4 vii41 :]e !re is describ$ ! (f]+s :i* ! pr9ces ( ! tribes (f]$ at ! d$ication ( ! alt>4 ,e pr9ce has "h a day to himself1 & "h also does ,judah occupy ! fir/ place3 ,& he t (f]$ 8 (f]+ ! fir/ day 0 ,nah%on1 ! son ( ,amm9adab1 ( ! tribe ( ,judah4--,if any "o %\ld v5ture to set d[n ?is *apt] also1 ) all its details1 z a fabrication ( lat] times1 he w\ld only betray an utt] abs5ce ( all sci5tific judgm5t4 ,accord+ to ,num4 x4 #ad1 ,judah l$ ! m>* :5 !y set =? f ,s9ai4 ,balaam's prophecies1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is prov$ by s _m weighty argum5ts 7comp>e ! enum]ation ( !m 9 my "w on ,balaam71 re/1 9 g5]al1 on ! fundam5tal prophecies ( ,g5esis1 b especially on ! bless+ ( ,jacob ^u ,judah4 ,9 ,num4 xxiii4 #bd1 ,balaam says3 ,behold1 a p1 l a full-gr[n lion he rises1 & l a lion he lifts himself up4 ,n %all he lie d[n until he eat ( ! prey1 & dr9k ! blood ( ! sla94 ,?is conclusion ( ,balaam's second prophecy1 :i* at once demoli%es ,balak's va9 hopes ( victory1 by po9t+ out ! dreadful p[] ( ,israel1 unconqu]able by all 8 enemies1 & cru%+ !m all1 has an int5tional ref]5ce to ,g54 xlix4 #i1--;a ref]5ce specially suitable = su* a conclusion4 ,:at 0 !re ascrib$ to ,judah is "h transf]r$ to ,israel1 ^: =e-*ampion ,judah is4 ,do/ ?\ ?9k1 says ,balaam to ,balak1 ( be+ able to ov]come !m1 to /op !m 9 _! c\rse t[>ds ! m>k held out to !m8 ,behold1 accord+ to an old revelation ( _! ,god1 !y are a p de/roy+ _! enemies ) ! lion's /r5g?4 ,!re=e1 get !e out ( _! way1 le/ su* a fate befall !e4 ,9 ,num4 xxiv4 #i1 ,balaam says1 ,he c\*es1 he lies z a lion1 & z a great lion1 :o %all /ir him up8 ,z 9 ! prec$+ prophecy he _h po9t$ out ,israel's dreadful p[] :i* secures to him victory 9 ! battle1 s "h he %[s h[1 ev5 aft] hav+ f9i%$ ! battle1 ?is p[] s intimidates 8 enemies1 t !y d n v5ture to di/urb 8 peace4 ,pg #hh ,t :i* ,jacob _h said ( ,judah1 is1 ) int5d$ lit]ality1 "h transf]r$ to ,israel4 ,9 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag1 we read3 ,i see him1 b n n[2 ,i behold him1 b n nigh3 a /> goe? out ( ,jacob1 & a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 & smite? ! bord]s ( ,moab1 & de/roye? all ! sons ( ! tumult4--,z ! two prec$+ utt]ances c>ry u back to ,g54 xlix4 #i1 s ?is "o ref]s to v]4 #aj1 :]e ! sceptre1 ! emblem ( dom9ion1 d5otes1 j z x does 9 ?is passage1 dom9ion itself1 & :]e to ,judah1 & 9 him to all ,israel1 ! k+dom is promis$ :i* %all at la/ be consummat$ 9 ! ,%iloh4 ,! mean+ ( ! words1 ,a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 is expla9$ 9 v]4 #ai by ! words1 ,dom9ion %all come out ( ,jacob4 ,jacob has 9 view ! int]nal relations among 8 desc5dants1 & h5ce he speaks specially ( ,judah2 b ,balaam1 9 accordance ) 8 object1 speaks ( ,israel only4 ,jacob po9ts1 at ! close1 to ,%iloh's j & peaceful dom9ion2 b ,balaam1 :o has to d ) ! enrag$ & ob/9ate enemies ( ,israel1 po9ts out1 f among ! effects produc$ by ! /> & sceptre1 only ! victori\s might1 & de/ructive p[] :i* ^! w display 9 ! conflict ) ! enemies ( ,israel4 ,9 ! bless+ ( ,moses1 ,deut4 xxxii4 #g1 x is said ( ,judah3 ,he>1 ,"l1 ! voice ( ,judah1 & br+ him unto 8 p2 ) 8 h&s he fights = himself1 & be ,?\ an help to him f 8 enemies4 ,ev5 ! rem>kable brevity ( ?is utt]ance po9ts back to ! bless+ ( ,jacob4 ,) ?is brevity1 ! l5g? ( ! bless+ ^u ,levi1 :o _h be5 treat$ too summ>ily by ,jacob1 =ms a /rik+ contra/4 ,9 ! case ( ,reub5 also1 ! attempt to p\r oil into ! w\nds !n inflict$ is visible4 ,! :ole ann\ncem5t is bas$ ^u ! supposition t ,judah is ! =e-*ampion ( ,israel2 & ?is supposition ref]s u back to ,g54 xlix4 ,?is appe>s especially 9 ! words1 ,br+ him to 8 p1 on :i* light is ?r[n only by ,g54 xlix4 ,x is = 8 p t ,judah engages 9 =eign w>s1 & ! ,"l1 fulfill+ ! words1 ,f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ goe/ up1 br+s him safely to 8 p4#af ,pg #hi ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ,%iloh1 z ! "n ( a place1 !re is a ref]5ce to ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,!y :o rightly d5i$ t ,%iloh c\ld1 9 t passage1 be und]/ood z ! "n ( ! place1 c\ld1 nev]!less1 n feel satisfi$ z long z !y all[$ a tw(old ,%iloh to exi/ unconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! agreem5t 9 ! v r>e & peculi> =m1 :i* n[h]e else occurs1 _c well be a matt] ( accid5t4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,%iloh does n occur at all z ! "n ( a place4 ,9 ! passage :]e ,%iloh is fir/ m5tion$--9 ,jo%4 xvi4 #f--;ano!r "n is beside x1 & prefix$ to x4 ,accord+ to t passage1 ! =m] "n 0 ,taanah4 7,!y :o are ( op9ion t ?is place 0 diff]5t f ,%iloh1 c f9d no support f ! au?ority ( ,eusebius2 x is n said ,taanah by ,%iloh1 b ,taana?-,%iloh47 ,aft] t place _h become ! seat ( ! ,sanctu>y1 ! holy "n ,%iloh took ! place ( ! =m] natural "o4 ,! reason :y ?is "n 0 giv5 to x is indicat$ 9 ,jo%4 xviii4 #a3 ,& ! :ole congregation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel assembl$ toge!r at ,%iloh1 & set up ! tab]nacle ( ! congregation !re2 & ! l& 0 subdu$ be=e !m4 ,comp>e also xxi4 #dd1 xxii4 #d1 :]e x is rem>k$ t at t "t ! ,"l gave !m re/ r\nd ab\t4 7,see ,ba*i5e1 ,pale/9a ii4 #c1 ,s4 #dji ff47 ,9 ! subjection ( ! c\ntry1--9 ! re/ :i* ! ,"l _h giv5 !m f all r\nd ab\t1 !y saw an e>ne/ (1 & a prelude to1 ! ob$i5ce ( ! nations 9 g5]al1 & to ! /ate ( p]fect re/ :i* %\ld take place at "s future "t ) ! appe>+ ( ,%iloh4 ,victory1 peace6 7,siegfri$67 su* 0 ! wat*word correspond+ to ! elevat$ consci\sness ( ! p4 ,x is an elevation q simil> to t :i* we s (t5 p]ceive 9 ! ,psalms4 ,sometimes !re rises ! hope t ! ,g5tiles %all1 at "s future p]iod1 be receiv$ among ! p ( ,god--a hope bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,"l's victori\s p[] 9 ! pres5t1 9 :i* fai? p]ceives a pl$ge ( ! future subjection ( ! _w's p[] "u ,8 sceptre4 ,?us1 9 v]s4 #bi-cb ( ,ps4 lxviii41 :i* 0 compos$ by ,david on ! occasion ( 8 hav+1 by ! help ( ! ,"l1 conqu]$ 8 mo/ dang]\s enemies1 ! ,aramites & ,ammonites2 9 ,ps4 xlvii41 writt5 on ! occasion ( ,jeho%aphat's victory ov] sev]al hea!n nations2 & 9 ,ps4 lxxxvii41 compos$ on ! ,pg #ij gr\nd ( ! joyful ev5ts "u ,hezekiah1 ! g]m ( ! hope = ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n1 :i* _h all along la9 dormant 9 ! p1 0 develop$4#ag ,aft] ! ma9 p[] ( ! ,canaanites _h be5 brok5 by ! exp$itions ( all ,israel "u ,jo%ua1 ,judah beg9s1 at ! comm& ( ,god1 to expel ! ,canaanites f ! t]ritory assign$ to him4 ,9 ,judges i4 #a1 #b1 we read3 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ask$ ! ,"l1 ,:o %all g up = u aga9/ ! ,canaanites at ! beg9n+ to fight aga9/ !m8 ,& ! ,"l said1 ,judah %all g up2 behold1 ,i deliv] ! l& into 8 h&s4 ,!y 7 conc]n$ to f9d out ! tribe :o1 by ! decree ( ,god1 _h be5 de/9$ to be ! =e-*ampion = 8 bre?r51 & ) :om !y might be sure ( a happy comm5cem5t ( ! w>4 ,! %ort answ]1 ,judah %all g up1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 ju/ifi$1 _h x n _h a f\ndation 9 a previ\s decl>ation ( ,god's w4 ,x indicates t ,jacob's bless+ ^u ,judah /ill possess$ its p[]4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! w> aga9/ ,b5jam91 accord+ to div9e direction1 ,judah goes up fir/ to ! battle1 =ms ! vangu>d4 ,judges xx4 #ah4 ,! int5tional id5tity ( ! expression us$ "h & 9 *ap4 i41 leads u to ! supposition t ! words1 ,judah %all g up1 h1 9 bo? passages1 ! same f\ndation4 ,f bo? ( ^! ev5ts1 we are l$ to expect t ,judah may be call$ to occupy a /ill m important position4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ,jacob reg>d+ ,judah1 to :i* ! words1 ,judah %all g up1 ref]1 f9ds1 9 ^! ev5ts1 evid5tly b a poor beg9n+ ( its complete fulfilm5t4 ,all1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 requir$ 9 ! meantime1 0 ! indication1 by g5tle t\*es1 ( ! position :i* ,judah 0 call$ to occupy 9 future times4 ,x is j ,god's way to take "t 9 c>ry+ out ,pg #ia ,8 elections2 all human conditions mu/ fir/ disappe>4 ,aft] ^! two intimations1 at ! end ( ! "t ( ,jo%ua 7= ,judges i4 #a1 #b1 belongs to t p]iod2 ! words1 ,& x came to pass aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 d n ref] to :at foll[s imm$iately aft]1 b only to ! cont5ts ( ! book z a :ole71 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! "t ( ! ,judges1 ,judah retires out ( view4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,judges1 ,ephraim held ! supremacy4 ,"u ,david1 ! validity ( ! election sudd5ly appe>$1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( ,jacob f\nd a glori\s fulfilm5t2 b aga91 su* an "o only z po9t$ to a /ill m glori\s fulfilm5t 9 ! future4 ,be=e ?is took place1 h[ev]1--be=e ,%iloh came1 to :om ! ob$i5ce ( ! p 0 promis$1 ! lamp ( ,judah 0 once m to be ext+ui%$1 s t1 to human eyes1 x %\ld be invisible = _m c5turies4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #d1 ,david says3 ,& ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel *ose me out ( all ! h\se ( my fa!r to be k+ ov] ,israel = ev]2 = ,he ha? *os5 ,judah to be ! rul]1 & 9 ! h\se ( ,judah1 ! h\se ( my fa!r1 & 9 ! h\se ( my fa!r4 ,he lik$ me to make me k+ ov] all ,israel4 ,david "h po9ts to an ev5t by :i* ,judah 0 rais$ to be ! rul+ tribe2 & su* an election is n[h]e else to be f\nd ?an 9 ,g54 xlix4 ,we _c = a mom5t suppose t ,judah 0 elect$ only 91 & )1 ! election ( ,david4 ,aga9/ su* a supposition militates ! fact1 t ev5 ! election ( ,david's h\se is repres5t$ 9 hi/ory z be+ di/9ct f ! election ( ,david himself2 = 9 #a ,sam4 xvi4 ! decree ( ,god is fir/ made kn[n1 t "o ( ,jesse's sons is to be k+2 & x is only aft]w>ds t we are told :i* ( !m is to be *os54 ,! expression too1 ,he ha? *os5 ,judah to be ! rul]1 is decisive aga9/ x2 = ?is expression has an evid5t ref]5ce to ! sceptre & lawgiv] 9 ,g54 xlix4 ,b if any d\bt %\ld /ill rema91 x w\ld be entirely remov$ by ! p>allel passage 9 #a ,*ron4 v4 #b1 :]e1 9 ! words1 ,= ,judah 0 mighty among 8 bre?r51 & ( him ! pr9ce 0 to come1 !re is an allusion1 :i* _c be mi/ak51 to ,g54 xlix4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ,david gave to 8 son ! "n ,solomon1 because he hop$ t1 9 8 j & peaceful reign1 he w\ld be a type ( ! ,%iloh :om ! nation %\ld will+ly ,pg #ib obey1 j z1 9 8 own reign1 !re _h be5 ! fir/ gr& fulfilm5t ( :at ,jacob _h prophesi$ ( ,judah's lion-c\rage1 & lion-/r5g?1--( ,judah's sceptre & lawgiv]4 ,we h "h ! c\nt]p>t ( ! fact1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 aft] ! fir/ occupation ( ! c\ntry1 gave to ! seat ( ! sanctu>y ! "n ( ,%iloh4 ,9 ! case ( ,solomon1 bo? ! "n & ! sub/ance po9t to ,%iloh4 ,) reg>d to ! "n1 ?ree out ( ! f\r lett]s ( :i* ! "n consi/s1 are common to x ) ,%iloh4 ,! signification is precisely ! same2 s also is ! =m4 ,9 z well z 9 we meet ) ! v r>e case ( ! at ! end be+ ?r[n (f4 ,9 ,ewald's ,gramm>1 #afc1 ^! two names are1 = ?is reason1 po9t$ out & plac$ imm$iately beside ea* o!r4 ,&1 ) reg>d to ! agreem5t 9 ! sub/ance1 we ref] to #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #i1 :]e ,na?an says to ,david3 ,behold1 a son %all be born to !e1 :o %all be a man ( re/1 & ,i w give him re/ f all 8 enemies r\nd ab\t2 = 8 "n %all be ,solomon1 & ,i w give peace & quietness unto ,israel 9 8 days4 ,we ref]1 fur!r1 to #a ,k+s v4 #d1 :]e ,solomon says to ,hiram3 ,& n[ ! ,"l my ,god ha? giv5 me re/ r\nd ab\t2 !re is nei!r adv]s>y nor evil ob/acle4 ,we ref]1 f9ally1 to #a ,k+s v4 #d1 #e 7iv4 #bd1 #be73 ,he _h dom9ion ov] all ! region on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 f ,tiphsah ev5 to ,gaza1 ov] all ! k+s on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 & he _h peace f all 8 s]vants r\nd ab\t4 ,& ,judah & ,israel dwelt safely1 e man "u 8 v9e & fig-tree1 f ,dan ev5 to ,be]%eba1 all ! days ( ,solomon4#ah ,b if any fur!r d\bt %\ld rema9 z reg>ds ! typical relation 9 :i* ,solomon /&s to ,%iloh1 x w\ld be remov$ by ,ps4 lxxii41 :i* disc>ds ! v idea t ,solomon c\ld be any?+ m ?an a type1--t any hope _h ev] be5 ent]ta9$ ( 8 be+ himself ! ,%iloh4 ,ev5 ,david's ,messianic ,psalms be> witness aga9/ su* an op9ion4 ,9 h>mony ) ! words ( our ,"l 9 ,matt4 xii4 #db1 ,a ,pg #ic great] ?an ,solomon is "h1 ,solomon ,9 ?is ,psalm po9ts beyond himself4 ,9 8 own j & peaceful dom9ion1 he beholds a type ( ! k+dom ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 :o1 by ,8 ju/ice & love1 %all obta9 dom9ion ov] ! _w1 & :om all k+s %all wor%ip1 & all ! hea!n %all s]ve4 ,h[ closely ?is ,psalm is connect$ ) ,g54 xlix4 is po9t$ out by ,ezekiel1 9 a passage ( :i* we %all imm$iately treat4 ,9 v]4 #i ( ,ps4 lx41 :i* 0 compos$ by ,david1 ! words1 ,judah is my lawgiv]--equival5t to1 ,judah is my1 i4e41 ,israel's rul+ tribe--po9t to ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 accord+ to :i* ! lawgiv] %all n dep>t f ,judah2 j z v]4 #ac1 ,give u help f ! enemy1 alludes to ,deut4 xxxiii4 #g1 :]e x is said ( ,judah1 ,be ?\ a help to him f 8 enemies1 & v]4 #ad1 to ,num4 xxiv4 #ah4 ,t ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace spok5 ( 9 ,is4 ix4 #e1 "u :om !re is no end to ! increase ( gov]nm5t & ( peace1 ref]s to ! ,peaceful ,"o1 to :om ! nations r5d] ob$i5ce1 w n be d\bt$ by ^? :o h recognis$ ! connection 9 :i* ,solomon & ,ps4 lxxii4 /& to ! ,%iloh4 ,nor w su* fail to recognise an allusion to ! ,%iloh 9 all ! o!r passages ( ! ,prophets1 9 :i* ! ,messiah is describ$ z ! ,au?or ( re/ & peace2 e4g41 ,mic4 iv4 #a-d2 ,is4 ii4 #b-d2 ,ze*4 ix4 #aj2 & ! less s1 ! m cle>ly x appe>s1 f passages ( ,ezekiel1 :at influ5ce ,g54 xlix4 ex]cis$ ov] ! prophetic consci\sness4 ,isaiah significantly alludes to x 9 o!r passages also4 ,9 *ap4 xxix4 #a1 #b1 he says3 ,woe to ,ariel1 7i4e41 ,lion ( ,god71 ! city :]e ,david encamp$6 ,add ye ye> to ye>1 let ! fea/s revolve4 ,& ,i di/ress ,ariel1 & !re %all be heav9ess & affliction1 b x %all be unto me z ,ariel2--! mean+ ( :i* is3 ,j]usalem w1 9 times to come1 endure heavy affliction 7?r\gh ,as%ur71 b ! _w-conqu]+ p[] ( ! k+dom ( ,god w manife/ itself 9 h] deliv]ance4 ,! "n ,ariel is emphatically plac$ at ! beg9n+1 &1 9 x1 ! ,prophet gives to ! congregation ( ,god a gu>antee = h] deliv]ance4 ,t :i* ,jacob _h said ( ,judah1 :o1 to him1 appe>$ z ! inv9cible lion ( ,god1 is "h appli$ to ,zion1 ! city :]e ,david encamp$1 ! c5tre ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,ezekiel1 9 8 lam5tation ov] ! pr9ces ( ,israel :o1 ,pg #id 9 8 "t1 7 /&+ j at ! br9k ( ! abyss1 says 9 *ap4 xix4 #b3 ,?y "m 0 a lioness1 :o lay d[n among lionesses1 & br\ght up h] :elps among "y lions4 ,! "m is ! congregation ( ,judah4 ,! image ( ! lion po9ts to ! bless+ ( ,jacob1 & its fulfilm5t 9 hi/ory4 ,judah once c\*$ 9 a ?reat5+ position1 endang]+ 8 adv]s>ies1#ai 9 ! mid/ ( lions1 i4e41 among ! o!r p[]ful k+doms fond ( conque/s4 7,hv]nick47 ,9 ,ezek4 xxi4 #ae1 #ah 7#aj-ae71 ! ,"l1 ) an evid5t allusion to ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 ann\nces ! 7tempor>y7 de/ruction ( ! sceptre ( ,8 son 7i4e41 ,israel or ,judah71 a sceptre :i* despises all o!r sceptres4 ,9 v]s4 #cj-cb 7#be-bg7 ( ! same *apt]1 ,ezekiel =etells1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 a complete ov]turn+ ( all relations1 a total revolution1 9 :i* ! ,davidic k+dom especially is br\ght d[n1 a condition ( affairs 9 :i* re/ & safety w n any:]e be f\nd4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is to cont9ue until ,he comes to :om is ! judgm5t2 to ,him ,i w give x4 ,! ref]5ce ( ?is passage to ,g54 xlix4 _c be mi/ak54 ,x 0 recognis$1 inde$1 by ! anci5t translators2 only t mo/ ( !m errone\sly f\nd 9 x an explanation in/ead ( an allusion4 ,in/ead ( ! words1 to :om is ! judgm5t1 we %\ld1 f ! expression us$ 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 ,until ,%iloh come?1 h expect$1 to :om is peace2 b ,ezekiel has fill$ up ,g54 xlix4 #aj f ,ps4 lxxii4 #a-e1 :]e judgm5t & righte\sness appe> z ! basis ( ! peace :i* ! ,ano9t$ ,"o %all br+4 ,& peace occupies ! backgr\nd 9 ,ezekiel also4 ,! adv5t ( ,him to :om is ! judgm5t1 9 contra/ ) ! inju/ice & wick$ness ( ^? :o 7 hi!rto ! be>]s ( ! sceptre1 puts an end to /rife1 confusion1 & de/ruction4 ,t1 9 l mann]1 9 ,g54 xlix41 ! judgm5t occupies ! backgr\nd1 we see pla9ly1 f ! comm5t>y ^u t passage furni%$ by ,ps4 lxxii41 z well z f ,is4 ix4 & ii4 ,9 ,ps4 lxxii41 peace comes into consid]ation1 only 9 s f> z x is a product & consequ5ce ( ju/ice1 :i* is an attribute ( ! ,k+1 & is by him ,pg #ie infus$ into ! life ( ! nation4 ,9 v]s4 #a-ej1 ! ?\ght is3 ,god gives righte\sness to ,8 ,k+1 & 9 consequ5ce ( x1 righte\sness & ! fe> ( ,god become indig5\s to ! p1 & ^! aga9 br+ peace 9 _! tra94 ,e ^w 9 ,ezekiel is tak5 f ,g54 xlix4 & ,ps4 lxxii4 ,f ! latt] are tak5 ! words1 judgm5t1 & ,i w give x4 7,comp>e ,ps4 lxxii4 #a3 ,give ! ,k+ ?y judgm5ts47 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two passages po9ts out _! close connection1 & indicates t ,ps4 lxxii4 is to be view$ z a comm5t4 ,onkelos1 :o ?us translates ! passage 9 ,g54 xlix41 ,until ,messiah comes1 to :om ! k+dom is due1 & ,him ! p %all obey1 has v prop]ly only supplem5t$ ! decl>ation ( ,jacob f ,ezekiel1 or1 at lea/1 has tak5 !nce ! explanation ( ,%iloh4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! words 1 :i*1 on ! basis ( ,ps4 lxxii41 ,ezekiel puts 9 ! place ( 1 allude to ! lett]s ( ! latt] ^w :i* =ms ! initials ( ! words 9 ,ezekiel4 ,t is ! ma9 lett] 9 1 is %[n by ! common abbreviation ( x into 2 & t ! 9 is uness5tial1 is prov$ by ! circum/ance t ! "n ( ! place is (t5 writt5 1 & t ev5 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 a numb] ( manuscripts h ?is or?ography4 ,f ! allusion to a prophecy s well kn[n1 & s frequ5tly us$1 ! brevity ( ! prophecy 9 ,ezekiel is to be expla9$4 ,x =ms a mo/ p[]ful conclusion & re/+-po9t = ! prophetic disc\rse4 7,hv]nick47 ,!re _c be any d\bt t ,ezekiel f\nd 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 ! prophecy ( a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,!y1 !re=e1 :o ass]t t no su* prophecy is conta9$ 9 our passage1 mu/1 at ! same "t1 ass]t t ,ezekiel misund]/ood x2 yea1 ev5 m1 t1 ev5 z e>ly z at t p]iod1 a false view ( t passage 0 g5]ally preval5t4 ,=1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,ezekiel alludes to x presupposes t1 at t "t1 ! view :i* f\nd 9 x a p]sonal ,messiah 0 g5]ally held4 ,if we obs]ve /ill fur!r1 t ,ezekiel connect$ ! allusion to ,ps4 lxxii4 ) t to ,g54 xlix41 we _c hesitate = a mom5t to admit t he und]/ood ! "n ,%iloh to be ,re/-mak]1 ,peace-mak]2 only1 t on ! gr\nd ( ,ps4 lxxii41 he m5tions ! cause in/ead ( ! effect4 ,he _h1 moreov]1 ! /rong] reason = designat+ ! be>] ( peace z ! be>] ( judgm5t1 ,pg #if because1 9 8 "t1 ! want ( judgm5t _h evid5tly produc$ ! abs5ce ( peace1 & ! g5]al confusion1 mis]y1 & de/ruction4 ,z 9 ,g54 xlix4 ! ,patri>* sees a light ris+ at a f> di/ance1 & spread+ its brightness ov] ! d>kness ( c5turies1 s 9 ,ezekiel also1 ! same ray ( glori\s hope light5s ?r\gh ! d>k night ( confusion & unutt]able mis]y 9 :i* he sees himself envelop$4 ,kurtz1 ,s4 #bff1 has altoge!r d5i$ ! connection ( ! passage 9 ,ezekiel ) ,g54 xlix4 ,^! two passages are1 z he ?9ks1 altoge!r diff]5t1 inasmu* z ,ezekiel ann\nces de/ruction & desolation :i* %all cont9ue until ,he comes to :om is ! judgm5t1 :ile ,g54 xlix41 :5 und]/ood ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 ann\nces dom9ion :i* %all cont9ue until ,%iloh comes4 ,b ,ezekiel does n contradict ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,he gives only ! supplem5t necess>y = prev5t+ ?is passage f be+ consid]$ z a p]mission to s91 & f becom+ a support ( false security4 ,ezekiel1 too1 assumes a cont9uation ( ! dom9ion4 ,if t 7 n conceal$ beh9d ! de/ruction1 h[ c\ld ! com+ ( ,him to :om is ! judgm5t be po9t$ out z ! limit ( t de/ruction8 ,! tree inde$ is cut d[n1 b ! root rema9s 9 its full vig\r4 ,:5 ,jacob ann\nces t ! sceptre %all n dep>t until ,%iloh1 ! pr9ce ( peace1 come?1 he c !reby mean only t x w\ld n dep>t def9itively2 =1 o!rwise1 he w\ld h beli$ 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,f ! way by :i* ! ,"l _h l$ him1 he _h suffici5tly le>nt t ,god's promises to s9ful m5 mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis2 t !y nev] exclude ! visitation ( ! elect on acc\nt ( _! s9s1 & t x is only 9 ! end t ,god w br+ all to a glori\s fulfilm5t4 ,:5 he w5t to ,mesopotamia1 ,god _h said to him1 ,i am ) !e1 & ,i w keep !e 9 all places :i!r ?\ goe/1 ,g54 xxviii4 #ae2 & yet ! deceit :i* he _h practis$ ^u 8 fa!r & bro!r 0 recomp5s$ to him !re by ! deceit ( ,laban1 & he 0 oblig$ to say1 ,9 ! day ! dr\ght consum$ me1 & ! fro/ by night1 & my sleep dep>t$ f m9e eyes1 ,g54 xxxi4 #dj4 ,:5 he came f ! l& ( ! two riv]s1 ,god bless$ him & gave him ! hon\rable "n ( ,israel1 ,g54 xxxii42 & yet ,pg #ig he _h soon !reaft] to exp]i5ce griev\s di/ress on acc\nt ( ,d9ah & ,joseph2 & 9 *ap4 xxxvii4 #cd1 #ce1 we are told conc]n+ him3 ,& ,jacob r5t 8 clo!s1 & put sackclo? ^u 8 lo9s1 & m\rn$ = 8 son _m days4 ,& all 8 sons & all 8 daught]s rose up to com=t him2 b he refus$ to be com=t$1 & he said1 ,i %all g d[n into ! grave unto my son 9 sorr[4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,god !re are no o!r promises ?an su* z resemble ^? riv]s :i* fl[ alt]nately above & bel[ gr\nd1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t all ! subjects ( ! promises are affect$ by s94 ,ezekiel xliii4 #ae likewise ref]s to ! bless+ ( ,jacob ^u ,judah4 ,! alt> = ! burnt-(f]+s 9 ! new temple is fir/ call$ ,h>el ! m\nta9 ( ,god1 & aft]w>ds ,ariel ! ,lion ( ,god1--indicat+ t :at _h be5 promis$ to ,judah 9 ,g54 xlix41 viz41 ! ,lion's nature & inv9cible p[]1 victori\s ov] all enemies1 has its root 9 ! alt>1--9 ! circum/ance t ! p ( ,god are a p ^: s9s are =giv51 :o d$icate !mselves to ,god1 & give ,him ?anks & praise4 ,a v rem>kable ref]5ce to ,g54 xlix4 meets u at ! v ?re%old ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ,luke ii4 #ac1 #ad1 ! heav5ly ho/ praise ,god1 say+3 ,glory be to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace4 ,! words1 glory or praise be to ,god1 are an allusion to ,judah1 & to ! glori\s ?+s =etold 9 ,g54 xlix4 ( him :o c5tres 9 ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ is ! true ,judah1--,he by :om ,god is glorifi$1 ,john xiv4 #ac4 ,! words1 on e>? peace1 conta9 ! explanation ( ! "n ,%iloh1 ! fir/ "n "u :i* ! ,savi\r is celebrat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z ! words ) :i* ! ,savi\r is fir/ introduc$ into ! _w allude to ,g54 xlix41 s ! ,"l ,himself1 be=e ,8 dep>ture1 alludes to ?is fundam5tal ,messianic prophecy 9 ,john xiv4 #bg3 ,peace ,i leave ) y4 ,my peace ,i give unto y2 & 9 xvi4 #cc3 ,^! ?+s ,i h spok5 unto y1 t 9 ,me ye might h peace4 ,s also1 aft] ,8 resurrection1 ,*ri/ says1 9 ! circle ( ,8 disciples1 ,peace be unto y1 ,john xx4 #ai1 #ba1 #bf4 ,! la/ book ( ! entire ,holy ,scripture--! ,apocalypse ,pg #ih--likewise po9ts back to ! rem>kable prophecy ( ,*ri/ at ! close ( its fir/ book4 ,9 ,rev4 v4 #e1 we read3 ,& "o ( ! eld]s sai? unto me1 ,weep n3 behold1 ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! ,root ( ,david1 ha? prevail$4 ,! designation ( ,*ri/ z ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 re/s on ,g54 xlix4 #i4 ,judah appe>s !re z a lion1 9 ord] to d5ote 8 w>like & victori\s p[]s4 ,b ,judah himself1 accord+ to ! bless+ ( dy+ ,jacob1 is at "s future p]iod to c5tre 9 ! ,messiah4 ,z a type1 he _h =m]ly c5tr$ already 9 ,david1 9 :om ! lion-nature ( ! tribe ( ,judah 0 manife/$4 ,?is allusion %[s t ev5 :at ,is said 9 v]s4 #h1 #i1 f\nd its complete fulfilm5t only 9 ,*ri/1 & t v]s4 #h1 #i1 are p>allel to ! entire v]4 #aj1 & n to its fir/ half only4 ,b5gel rem>ks on ,rev4 v4 #f3 ,! eld] _h po9t$ ,john to a ,lion1 & yet ,john beheld a ,lamb4 ,! ,"l ,jesus is call$ a ,lion only once 9 ?is prophecy1 & t1 at ! v beg9n+1 be=e ! appellation ,lamb appe>s4 ,?is indicates t z (t5 z ! ,lamb is rememb]$1 we %\ld also rememb] ,him z ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,z ! designation ( ,*ri/ z ! ,lion ref]s to :at1 9 ! bless+ ( ,jacob1 is said ( ! lion-nature ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 s1 9 ! ,lamb--! emblem ( innoc5ce1 ju/ice1 sil5t pati5ce & g5tl5ess--! "n ,%iloh is embodi$4 ,footnote #a3 ,lu!r says3 ,no d\bt ! sons ( ,jacob w h wait$ ) anxi\s desire1 & ) weep+ & groan+1 = :at _! fa!r _h yet to say2 =1 aft] hav+ he>d curses s h>d & sev]e1 !y 7 v mu* conf\nd$ & afraid4 ,& ,judah1 too1 w c]ta9ly n h be5 able to refra9 f weep+1 & w h be5 afraid1 :5 ?9k+ ( :at %\ld n[ become ( him4 ,!re w h aris5 9 8 he>t v sad recollections ( 8 s9s1 ( 8 :or$om ) ,?am>1 & ( ! advice :i* he _h giv5 to sell ,joseph4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i %\ld h di$ ) sorr[ & te>s4 ,b !re soon foll[ a f9e dew & a lovely balm1 refre%+ ! he>t aga94 ,footnote #b3 ,bo*>t says3 ,:5 ! :elp ( a lion is wean$1 & beg9s to g out = prey1 & to seek 8 own food )\t ! help ( 8 "m1 he !n ceases to be a 1 & is call$ a 4 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bb mu/1 !re=e1 n be translat$1 ,dan is a lion's :elp leap+ f ,ba%an--z if ! 7 already active--b ?us1 ,dan is a lion's :elp2 he %all leap 7i4e41 aft] he %all h gr[n up7 f ,ba%an4 ,dan is 9 t place /yl$ a lion's :elp1 j z is ,judah 9 ,g54 xlix4 #i1 because1 z yet1 he is only a c&idate = future victories4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,,lxx4 translate1 1 f a %oot1 my son1 ?\ ha/ gr[n up4 ,!y expla9 by an inappropriate ref]5ce to ,ezek4 xvii4 #i1 :]e x is us$ ( a fre% gre5 leaf4 ,footnote #d3 ,calv9 says3 ,?is dignity is be/[$ ^u ,judah only ) a view to b5efit ! :ole ( ! p4 ,footnote #e3 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ! au?or _h likewise ma9ta9$ t view4 ,footnote #f3 ,x 0 ?is difficulty :i* l$ ,grotius to adopt ! feeble exposition1 ,t tea*]s out ( ,judah's po/]ity w\ld lead ! p until ! times ( ! ,messiah1 :o w\ld be ! highe/ lead] & comm&] ( ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,footnote #g3 ,calv9 says3 ,if any "o %\ld object1 t ! words ( ,jacob convey a diff]5t mean+1 we w\ld answ] him1 t :atev] promises ,god gave conc]n+ ! outw>d condition ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 s f> limit$ t ,god might1 9 ! meantime1 ex]cise ,8 judgm5ts 9 ! puni%m5t ( m5's s9s1 & prove ! fai? ( ,8 p4 ,& inde$ x 0 n a light trial :51 at ! ?ird succession1 ! tribe ( ,judah 0 depriv$ ( ! great] "p ( 8 t]ritory4 ,a m sev]e "o foll[$ :51 be=e ! eyes ( ! fa!r1 ! sons ( ! k+ 7 sla91 8 own eyes put out1 & himself 0 c>ri$ to ,babylon1 & giv5 ov] to s]vitude & exile along ) ! :ole royal family4 ,b ! heavie/ trial ( all came1 :5 ! p return$ to _! l&1 & 7 s f> f see+ _! expectations fulfill$1 t !y 71 on ! contr>y1 subject$ to a sad disp]sion4 ,b ev5 !n1 ! sa9ts beheld ) ! eye ( fai? ! sceptre hidd5 "u gr\nd2 nei!r did _! he>ts fail1 nor _! c\rage give way1 s t !y desi/$ n f cont9u+ _! c\rse4 ,footnote #h3 ,_m expositors1 foll[+ ! ,,lxx4 7 71 ! ,vulgate 7de femore ejus71 & ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 und]/& ?is expression z a designation ( orig9 & production4 ,b 9 t case1 we mu/ assume a v h>d ellipsis1 viz41 he :o is to proce$4 ,moreov]1 ?is explanation is de/ructive ( ! p>allelism1 accord+ to :i*1 f betwe5 8 feet mu/ correspond ) f ,judah4 ,footnote #i3 ,! signification1 expectation1 giv5 to ?is ^w by ! ,,lxx4 7 71 ,j]ome1 & o!r translators1 is f\nd$ ^u ! errone\s d]ivation ( ! ^w f 4 ,9 ! o!r passage 7,prov4 xxx4 #ag71 :]e ! ,,lxx4 translate1 ! age ( 8 "m1 !y h conf\nd$ ! root ) 1 to be blunt$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,g\sset says3 ,! ^w c signify some?+ good only1 on acc\nt ( ! passage1 ,prov4 xxx4 #ag1 namely1 some?+ :i* adorns ! relation ( ! son to 8 "m1 ! despis+ ( :i* is a crime on ! "p ( ! son1 & :i* des]ves t he %\ld be s5t 4 ,& n less s f its be+ us$ 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj 9 ref]5ce to ! ,%iloh1 :]e1 !reby1 n "o or a few1 b all ! nations )\t exception1 are b\nd to ,him by a tie simil> to t :i* exi/s betwixt "m & son4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?us ,lu!r says3 ,?is sceptre ( ,judah %all cont9ue1 & %all n be tak5 f him1 till ! h]o come2 b :5 ,he comes1 !n ! sceptre also %all dep>t4 ,! k+dom or sceptre has fall52 ! ,jews are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 &1 !re=e1 ! ,messiah has c]ta9ly come2 =1 at ,8 appe>+1 ! sceptre %\ld be tak5 f ,judah4 ,footnote #ab3 ,9 ! volume conta9+ ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 etc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k4 ,footnote #ac3 ,delitzs* 7:o _h =m]ly be5 a def5d] ( ! explanation ( a p]sonal ,messiah7 diff]s1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,g5esis1 f ?is view1 only 9 s f>1 t he supposes t1 :ile ,judah's dom9ion ov] ! tribes comes to an end 9 ,%iloh1 8 dom9ion ov] ! nations dates f t p]iod4 ,b ?is explanation mu/ be object$ to on ! gr\nd1 t ! dom9ion be/[$ ^u ,judah is n m]ely a dom9ion ov] ! tribes1 b ov] ! _w4 ,footnote #ad3 ,knobel kn[s ( no o!r exp$i5t by :i* to escape f ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 ?an by *ang+ ! punctuation4 ,he proposes to read 1 a ^w :i* n[h]e occurs4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! rationali/ic objection1 t at s great an age1 & on ! br9k ( ! grave1 man is n wont to compose poems1 may be refut$ by a ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,arabic poetry4 ,! ,arabic poets be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$ (t5 recit$ long poems extempore1--s natural to !m 0 poetry4 7,comp>e ,?>aph ,moallakah1 ed4 ,reiske1 p4 xl42 ,ant> ,moallakah1 ed4 ,m5il4 p4 #ah47 ,! poet ,lebid1 :o atta9$ to ! age ( #aeg ye>s 7comp>e ,reiske prolegg4 ad ,?>4 ,moall4 p4 xxx42 ,de ,sacy1 ,memoires de l',academie des inscriptions1 p4 #djc ff471 compos$ a poem :5 he 0 dy+2 comp>e ,h]belot ,bibl4 ,or4 p4 #eac4 ,! poet ,h>e? 0 #ace ye>s old :5 he recit$ extempore 8 ,moallakah1 :i* is /ill extant2 comp>e ,reiske l4c4 ,! objection1 too1 t x is inconceivable h[ ! bless+ spok5 by ,jacob c\ld h be5 h&$ d[n v]batim to ,moses1 f9ds its be/ refutation 9 ! hi/ory ( ,arabic poetry4 ,! art ( writ+ 0 introduc$ among ! ,arabs only a %ort "t be=e ,mohamm$4 7,comp>e de ,sacy l4c4 pp4 #cjf1 #cdh2 ,amrulkeisi ,moall4 ed4 ,h5g/5b]g1 p4 #c47 ,up to t "t1 ev5 ! longe/ poems1 ( :i* "s consi/$ ( m ?an a hundr$ v]ses1 7 pres]v$ by m]e oral tradition 7comp>e ,nuweiri 9 ,ros5mll]1 ,zoheiri ,moall4 p4 #aa72 & ! int]nal condition ( ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u be>s ! be/ te/imony to _! hav+ be5 fai?fully h&$ d[n4 ,b 9 ! case be=e u1 some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f a poem 0 conc]n$4 ,footnote #af3 ,onkelos p>aphrases ^! words v correctly1 ?us3 ,he>1 ,o ,"l1 ! pray]s ( ,judah :5 he goes out to w>1 & br+ him safely back to 8 p4 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is probable also1 t 9 ! passage1 ,jo%4 xvi4 #f1 :]e ,%iloh occurs = ! fir/ "t z ! "n ( a place1 & :i* we h already discuss$1 !re is n1 z we assum$1 a connection ( ! =m] "n ) ! latt]1 b ! complete appellation1 ( :i* ! latt]--,%iloh--is only an abbreviation4 ,f ! well asc]ta9$ & common signification ( ! v]b 1 we are entitl$ to expla9 ,taana?-,%iloh3 ! futurity1 or ! appe>ance ( ,%iloh4 ,%iloh %all come6 ,su* 0 ! wat*word at t "t4 ,! ^w w\ld !n correspond to ! ( ! fundam5tal passage4 ,footnote #ah3 ,t !re exi/s a connection betwe5 ,%iloh & ,solomon has (t5 be5 guess$ at & express$2 b expositors h n succe$$ well 9 det]m9+ x m closely4 ,! ,sam>it4 ,arab4 ,translation "h says expressly3 ,until ,solomon come?4 7,comp4 ,lib4 ,g5es4 sec4 ,arab4 ,p5t4 ,sam>it4 v]s4 ed4 ,ku554 ,leyd51 #ea47 ,footnote #ai3 ,kim*i says3 ,z long z ! ,jews 7 do+ ! w ( ,god1 !y c\ld lie d[n l ! lion )\t fe>4 ,,balaam',s ,,prophecy4 7,numb4 xxiv4 #ag-ai47 ,c>ri$ by ! ,_s into ! f> di/ant future1 ,balaam sees "h h[ a /> goe? out ( ,jacob & a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 & h[ ?is sceptre smite? ,moab1 by ^: enmity ! ,se] _h be5 br\ght f a di/ant region = ! de/ruction ( ,israel4 ,& n ,moab only %all be smitt51 b its s\!rn neighb\r1 ,edom1 too %all be subdu$1 ^: hatr$ aga9/ ,israel _h already be5 prefigur$ 9 its ance/or1 & _h n[ begun to display ,itself2 & ,9 g5]al1 all ! enemies ( ! ,pg #ii p ( ,god %all be ca/ d[n to ! gr\nd by ! ,rul] out ( ,jacob4 ,v]4 #ag4 ,i see him1 b n n[2 ,i behold him1 b n nigh4 ,a /> goe? out ( ,jacob1 & a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 & smite? ! bord]s ( ,moab1 & de/roye? all ! sons ( ! tumult4 ,v]4 #ah4 ,& ,edom %all be a possession1 & ,seir %all be a possession--8 enemies1 & ,israel acquire? might4 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& a ,rul] %all come out ( ,jacob1 & de/roye? :at rema9e? out ( ! city4 ,! /> is1 9 ,scripture1 ! symbol ( ! spl5d\r ( p[]4 ,! sceptre leads u back to ,g54 xlix4 #aj2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! ann\ncem5ts ( ,balaam h1 ?r\gh\t1 ! promises & hopes ( ! ,patri>*s = _! f\ndation4 ,z 9 ! fundam5tal passage1 s "h also1 ! sceptre1 ! symbol ( dom9ion1 /&s = dom9ion itself4 ,! sub/ance ( ! two figurative expressions is briefly /at$ 9 v]4 #ai1 9 ! words1 ,!y %all rule out ( ,jacob1 :i* are tantam\nt to1 ,a ,rul] %all come out ( ,jacob4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s reg>d+ ! glori\s ,k+ :o is "h ann\nc$4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 ! ,jews und]/ood !reby ! ,messiah1 ei!r exclusively1 or1 at lea/1 pr9cipally1 s z to admit ( a second>y ref]5ce to ,david4 ,onkelos translates3 ,:5 a ,k+ %all rise out ( ,jacob1 & out ( ,israel ,messiah %all be ano9t$2--,jona?an3 ,:5 a valiant ,k+ %all rise out ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 & out ( ,israel1 ,messiah1 & a /rong ,sceptre %all be ano9t$4 ,! ,book ( ,soh> rem>ks on ! words1 ,i see him1 b n[3 ,?is 0 9 "p fulfill$ at t "t2 x w be completely fulfill$ 9 ! days ( ,messiah4 7,comp>e ! passages 9 ,jos4 de ,vois91 9 ! ,prooem4 on ,r4 ,m>t9i ,pugio fid4 p4 #fh2 ,r4 ,m>t9i iii4 #c1 c4 #aa2 ,s*ttg51 ,jesus ,messias1 ,s4 #aea47 ,h[ widely ?is op9ion 0 spread among ! ,jews1 is suffici5tly app>5t f ! circum/ance1 t ! r5[n$ pseudo-,messiah 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian adopt$1 ) ref]5ce to ! passage "u review1 ! surname ,b>co*ba1 i4e41 ,son ( ! ,/>4--,f ! ,jews1 ?is int]pretation v soon pass$ ov] to ! ,*ri/ians1 :o rightly f\nd a w>rant = x 9 ! n>rative ( ! /> ( ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem def5d$ ! ,messianic int]pretation aga9/ ,julian4 7,comp>e ,julian1 ed4 ,spanh4 p4 #bfc c4 ,see o!r passages ,pg #ajj f ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,calov47 ,accord+ to ,!odoret 7,que/4 #dd 9 ,numb471 !re 71 inde$1 "s to :om ,balaam appe>$ to h =etold no?+ conc]n+ our ,savi\r2 b ?is op9ion 0 reject$ z pr(ane4 ,! ,messianic int]pretation has1 9 a n>r[] & wid] s5se--i4e41 z ref]r+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,david1 b 9 ! highe/ & prop] s5se to ,*ri/--become ! prevail+ "o 9 ! ,evangelical ,*ur* also4 ,x 0 def5d$ ev5 by su* int]pret]s z ,calv9 & ,cl]icus1 :o1 z to o!r passages1 diff]$ f ! prevail+ ,messianic int]pretation4 7,comp>e especially ,mieg1 de ,/ella et ,sceptro ,baleamitico 9 ! ,!s4 ,nov4 p4 #dbc sqq41 & ,b\lli]1 ,diss]t4 ,syll4 ,am/]dam #agej1 ,diss4 ,i47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,messianic int]pretation f\nd a zeal\s & +5i\s oppon5t1 fir/ 9 ,v]s*nir 9 ! ,bibl4 ,brem4 nova1 repr9t$ 9 8 ,opusc4 ,he 0 jo9$ by ! rationali/ic int]pret]s1 :o ma9ta9$ an exclusive ref]5ce to ,david4 ,b ,ros5mll] & ,baumg>t5-,crusius 7bibl4 ,!ol4 ,s4 #cfi7 return$ to ! ,messianic int]pretation4 ,! "q at issue is *iefly ?is3--,:e!r by ! /> & sceptre "s s+le ,israeliti% k+ is designat$1 or r1 an ideal p]son--! p]sonifi$ ,israeliti% k+dom4 ,! latt] view ,i prov$1 9 my "w on ,balaam1 to be ! correct "o1 = ! foll[+ reasons3--#a4 ,! ref]5ce to a c]ta9 ,israeliti% k+ is aga9/ ! analogy ( ! o!r prophecies ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,a s+le p]son1 especially a s+le k+ ( future "t1 is n[h]e ann\nc$ 9 x1--except ! ,messiah1 ^: ann\ncem5t1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t f t ( ,david4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rise ( ! k+dom 9 ,israel is ann\nc$ z e>ly z 9 ! promise to ! ,patri>*s1 on :i* all ( ,balaam's decl>ations re/ ?r\gh\t4 ,x is only to ?is t ! words1 ,a /> goe? out ( ,jacob1 & a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel1 c ref]1--accord+ to ! analogy ( ,g54 xvii4 #f3 ,k+s %all come out ( !e2 v]4 #af3 ,& %e %all become nations1 k+s ( p %all be ( h]2 & xxxv4 #aa3 ,k+s %all come out ( ?y lo9s4 #b4 ,! ref]5ce to a s+le k+ w\ld be aga9/ ! analogy ( ,balaam's prophecies1 inasmu* z ^! n[h]e ref] to a s+le individual4 #c4 ,! sceptre does n1 9 itself1 lead u to ?9k ( an individual1 s9ce x does n designate a rul]1 b dom9ion 9 g5]al4 ,b t :i* especially militates aga9/ ! ref]5ce ,pg #aja to an individual is ! comp>ison ) ! fundam5tal passage1 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 9 :i* ,judah1 & 9 him all ,israel1 does n receive ! promise ( a s+le k+1 b ( ! k+dom :i* %all at la/ be consummat$ 9 ! ,%iloh4 #d4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is g5]al int]pretation is also v]4 #ai1 9 :i* ! words1 ,& dom9ion %all come out ( ,jacob1 or lit]ally1 ,!y %all rule out ( ,jacob1 may be consid]$ z j a comm5t>y on ! words1 ,a sceptre rise? out ( ,israel4 ,s also is v]4 #g1 ,m elevat$ ?an ,agag be 8 k+1 :]e ! k+ ( ,israel is an ideal p]son--! p]sonification ( ! k+dom4 ,agag1 i4e41 ! fi]y "o1 is n a prop] "n1 b a surname ( all ,amalekite k+s4 ,! ,amalekite k+dom--:i* "h repres5ts ! _w's p[]1 oppos$ to ! k+dom ( ,god1 because at ! "t ( ! ,se] ! ,amalekites 7 ! mo/ p[]ful among ! p :o 7 ho/ile to ,israel 7comp>e v]4 #bj1 :]e !y are call$ ! beg9n+ ( ! hea!n nations1 i4e41 ! mo/ p[]ful ( !m7--is "h put 9 opposition to ! ,israeliti% k+dom1 & ! latt] w %[ itself sup]ior to all worldly p[]4 ,! argum5ts :i* ?us prove ! ref]5ce ( ,balaam's prophecy to an ,israeliti% k+dom1 disprove also1 n only ! exclusive ref]5ce to ,david1 b also ! exclusive ref]5ce to ,*ri/2 al?\gh !y imply at ! same "t t ! prophecy1 9 its f9al ref]5ce1 has ,*ri/ = its subject4 ,! ,israeliti% k+dom1 inde$1 atta9$ to ! full height ( its de/9y only 9 & ) ! ,messiah2 )\t ! ,messiah1 ! ,israeliti% k+dom is a trunk )\t a head4 ,! prophecy ?us c5tres 9 ,*ri/4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n entitl$ to suppose t ! prophet himself 0 n aw>e ( ?is2 on ! contr>y1 we _c b assume t ,balaam mu/ h kn[n x4 ,x is ) int5tion t he does n speak ( a plurality ( ,israeliti% k+s4 ,! ,israeliti% k+dom1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to him 9 ! f ( an ideal k+1 because he kn[s t1 at "s p]iod1 x w f9d ,its full realization 9 ! p]son ( "o k+4 ,= ! same reason1 ,moses also describes ! prophetic ord]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z an ideal prophet4 ,t ,balaam knew t ! ,israeliti% k+dom w\ld c5tre 9 ! ,messiah1 is %[n by ! ref]5ce :i* 8 prophecy has to t ( dy+ ,jacob1 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 f :i* ! figure ( ! sceptre is borr[$4 ,accord+ to ! latt] passage1 ! :ole dignity ( ,judah z ,pg #ajb rul] & "l ov] ! :ole hea!n _w is to c5tre 9 "o elevat$ individual--! ,%iloh4 ,z to ! lett]1 ,balaam's prophecy falls %ort ( ! prophecy to :i* x ref]s1 & on :i* x is f\nd$1 9 two po9ts4 ,in/ead ( ,judah1 x m5tions ,israel2 & in/ead ( ! inv9cible k+dom :i* is at la/ to c5tre 9 ! ,messiah1 x repres5ts ! inv9cible k+dom only 9 g5]al4 ,b 9 bo? cases1 ?is g5]ality is easily acc\nt$ = by ! ext]nal direction ( ,balaam's prophecy3 a m def9ite t5d5cy 0 ( importance only = ^? :o 7 )94 ,we are fully entitl$ to suppose t ,balaam himself knew :at 0 conta9$ 9 ! fundam5tal passage4 ,to ! same result we are l$ by ! cont5ts ( ! prophecy itself4 ,balaam "h br+s into view an ,israeliti% k+dom1 all-p[]ful on e>?1 & rais$ absolutely above ! _w's p[]4 ,he does n /op ) ! victory ov] ,moab & ,edom--ev5 ?is victory appe>s to him z an absolute & la/+ "o1 & h5ce1 ess5tially diff]5t f ! tempor>y submission to ,david--b1 f ! p>ticul>1 :i* only s]ves to exemplify ! idea 9 ref]5ce to ! hi/orical relations exi/+ at ! pres5t1 he passes on1 9 v]4 #ai1 to ! g5]al1 ! total ov]?r[ ( ! :ole ho/ile _w's p[]4 ,inde$1 su* a progress is probably f\nd ev5 9 v]4 #ag itself4 ,if at ! close ( x we read1 ,& de/roye? all ! sons ( ! tumult1 ! ^w all1 :i* is want+ 9 ,j]4 xlviii4 #de1 indicates t by ! sons ( ! tumult we are to und]/& n only ! ,moabites1 b ! :ole species to :i* !y belong$1 ! :ole hea!n _w1 ^: nature is re/lessness1 desire = /rife1 & ! _s ( conque/1--! opposites ( meekness & g5tl5ess1 :i* are ! virtues *>act]i/ic ( ! subjects ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 v]4 #ah1 ! p>ticul> is likewise foll[$ by ! g5]al4 ,b :ile v]4 #ag & #ah conta91 9 ea* ( ! two p>ticul> features1 a previ\s %ort allusion to ! g5]al1 v]4 #ai mo/ expressly & int5tionally r$uces ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al4 ,! absolute elevation above ! _w's p[]1 attribut$ by ,balaam to ! ,israeliti% k+dom1 leads n only beyond ! idea ( a s+le k+ ( ! ord9>y /amp1 b also beyond t ( ! entire ord9>y k+dom4 ,! objections urg$ aga9/ ! ,messianic int]pretation are bas$ ei!r on a misund]/&+1 or ^u a sup]ficial view ( ! passage4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 t ! judg+ activity ( ,pg #ajc ! ,messiah is "h br\ght =w>d 9 a mann] too "o-sid$1 =get t ?is "p only c\ld "h be treat$ (4 ,z ,balaam's disc\rse =m$ ! answ] to ,balak's message--,come1 curse me ?is p2 p]adv5ture we %all prevail to smite !m & drive !m out ( ! l&1--its natural subject 03 ,israel's position t[>ds _! enemies2 & ,balaam _h expressly /at$1 9 v]4 #ad1 t he w\ld treat ( t subject4 ,balaam _h to d ) an enemy ( ,israel1 & 8 *ief aim 0 to repres5t to him ! vanity ( all 8 ho/ile ef=ts4 ,! p>tial view arises1 !re=e1 f ! nature ( ! case2 & only 9 t case c\ld d\bts arise z to ! ultimate ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 if ! o!r view 7 altoge!r d5i$4 ,b su* is by no means ! case2 = ! words 9 v]4 #i1 ,bless$ is he t blesse? !e1 di/9ctly po9t x out4 ,!y :o object to ! ,messianic int]pretation on ! gr\nd t1 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ! ,moabites _h disappe>$ f ! /age ( hi/ory1 ov]look ! circum/ance1 t ! ,moabites "h1 z well z 9 ,is4 xi41 :]e ! complete de/ruction ( ,moab is likewise assign$ to ! times ( ! ,messiah1 are view$ only 9 _! "* z enemies to ! congregation ( ,god4 ,if ! prophecy 7 fulfill$ ^u ! ,moabites1 ev5 at ! "t :5 !y /ill exi/$ z a nation1 n z ,moabites1 b z ! enemies ( ! p ( ,god2 !n ! limit ( _! national exi/5ce _c be ! limit ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy4 ,a case q analog\s is f\nd 9 ,mic4 v4 #d1 #e1 :]e ! prophet *>act]izes ! enemies ( ! k+dom ( ,god at ! "t ( ! ,messiah by ! "n ( ,as%ur1 al?\gh x appe>s1 f o!r passages1 t he di/9ctly knew t ,as%ur mu/1 long ere t "t1 h disappe>$ f ! sc5e ( hi/ory4 ,! ,messianic "* ( ! prophecy be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x w be impossible to misund]/& ! int]nal relation betwe5 ! /> ( ,balaam & ! /> ( ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/4 ,! /> ( ,balaam is ! emblem ( ! k+dom :i* w rise 9 ,israel4 ,! /> ( ! ,magi is ! symbol ( ! ,rul] 9 :om ! k+ly p[] appe>s conc5trat$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! /> embody+ ! image ( ! prophet1 indicates t ! la/ & highe/ fulfilm5t ( 8 prophecies is n[ to take place4 ,pg #ajd ,,moses' ,,promise ,,( ,,! ,,prophet4 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ai47 ,v]4 #ae4 ,a prophet f ! mid/ ( !e1 ( ?y bre?r51 l unto me1 ,jehovah ?y ,god w raise up3 unto him ye %all he>k54 ,v]4 #af4 ,accord+ to all t ?\ desir$/ ( ,jehovah ?y ,god 9 ,horeb1 9 ! day ( ! assembly1 :5 ?\ did/ say1 ,i w n he> any f>!r ! voice ( ,jehovah my ,god1 & w n see ?is great fire any m1 t ,i die n4 ,v]4 #ag4 ,!n ,jehovah said unto me4 ,!y h well spok54 ,v]4 #ah4 ,a prophet ,i w raise !m up f among _! bre?r51 l unto !e2 & ,i w put ,my words into 8 m\?1 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him4 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& x %all come to pass1 t :osoev] w n he>k5 unto ,my words :i* he %all speak 9 ,my "n1 ,i w require x ( him4 ,if we leave out ( view ! un=tunate attempts ( ^? :o w\ld und]/& by ! prophet "h promis$1 ei!r ,jo%ua--z is done by ,ab5ezra1 ,be*ai1 & von ,ammon 7,*ri/ol4 ,s4 #bi7--or ,j]emiah--z is ! case 9 ,baal ,hatturim & ,jalkut out ( ! book ,pesikta1 & 9 ,ab>banel--we may r$uce ! expositions ( ?is passage to ?ree classes4 #a4 ,sev]al consid] ! prophet z a collective n\n1 & und]/& !reby ! prophets ( all times4 ,su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,orig5 7c4 ,celsum i4 #i1 #e1 ,mo%471 ( ! ,arabic translator1 & ( mo/ ( ! mod]n ,jewi% int]pret]s1--especially ,kim*i1 ,al%e*1 & ,lipman 7,niza*on #acg72 :ile ,ab5ezra & ,be*ai conjo9 ?is view ) t accord+ to :i* ,j]emiah is meant4 ,among rec5t expositors1 x is def5d$ by ,ros5mll]1 ,vat]1 ,baumg>t5-,crusius 7,bibl4 ,!ol4 ,s4 #cfi71 & o!rs4 #b4 ,"s see 9 x an exclusive ref]5ce to ,*ri/1--a view :i* has be5 held by mo/ int]pret]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x is f\nd z e>ly z 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,t]tullian1 ,a?anasius1 ,eusebius 7,demon/r4 iii4 #b1 ix4 #aa71 ,lactantius 7iv4 #ag71 ,augu/9e 7c4 ,fau/um1 xvi4 c4 #ae1 #ah1 #ai71 & ,isidore ( ,pelusium 7c4 iii4 ep4 #di74 ,x 0 held by ,lu!r 7t4 #c4 ,j54 ,lat4 f4 #abc71 became ! prevail+ "o 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 & 0 ,pg #aje approv$ ( by mo/ ( ! ,re=m$ int]pret]s4 ,among its e>lie/ def5d]s1 ! mo/ em95t are ,deyl+ 7,misc4 ii4 #age71 ,fris*mu? 79 ! ,!saurus !ol4-philol4 i4 #ced71 & ,hasaeus 79 ! ,!s4 !ol4-philol4 nov4 i4 ,s4 #dci47 ,9 rec5t times x has be5 def5d$ by ,p>eau 79 ! ,in/4 int]pr4 ,v4 ,t4 p4 #ejf71 by ,knapp 7,dogm4 ii4 #ach74 #c4 ,o!rs h /e]$ a middle c\rse1 inasmu* z !y consid] ! prophet to be a collective n\n1 b1 at ! same "t1 ma9ta9 t only by ! mission ( ,*ri/1 9 :om ! idea ( ! prophetic ord] 0 p]fectly realiz$1 ! promise 0 completely fulfill$4 ,?us did ,nicolaus de ,lyra1 ,calv91 sev]al ,roman ,ca?olic int]pret]s1 ,grotius1 ,cl]icus1 & o!rs4 ,9 fav\r ( ! ,messianic int]pretation1 ! au?ority ( tradition has be51 fir/ ( all1 appeal$ to4 ,x is true t mod]n ,jewi% int]pret]s diff] f x2 b ?is has be5 ! result ( polemical consid]ations alone4 ,x c be satisfactorily prov$ t ! ,messianic int]pretation 0 ! prevail+ "o among ! old] ,jews4 #a ,mac4 xiv4 #da--;,also t ! ,jews & prie/s resolv$ t ,simon %\ld be comm&] & high prie/ = ev]1 until a cr$ible prophet %\ld arise1--has be5 frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 pro( ( ?is1 b errone\sly4 ,=1 t by ! cr$ible prophet1 i4e41 "o suffici5tly atte/$ by miracles or fulfill$ prophecies1 we are n to und]/& ! prophet promis$ by ,moses 7z 0 done by ,lu!r1 & _m old] expositors :o foll[$ him71 is %[n1 p>tly by ! abs5ce ( ! article1 & p>tly by ! circum/ance t a cr$ible prophet is spok5 (4 ,! s5se is r ?is3 ,simon & 8 family %\ld cont9ue to hold ! highe/ dignity until ,god ,himself %\ld make ano!r arrangem5t by a future prophet1 z !re 0 none at t "t 7comp4 ,ps4 lxxiv4 #i3 ,!re is no m any prophet71 & ?us put an end to a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 on ! "o h&1 0 9 contradiction to ! law1 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! promise1--a /ate ( ?+s unto :i* !y _h be5 l$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 & :i* c\ld1 at all ev5ts1 be only a provisional "o4 7,comp>e ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis on t passage47 ,x is n on ! passage "u review t ! expectation ( a prophet !re re/s1 b r on ,mal4 iii4 #a1 #bc1 :]e a prophet is promis$ z ! precursor ( ! ,messiah4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t furni%es suffici5t mat]ials = prov+ ! ,pg #ajf ,messianic int]pretation4 ,! v mann] 9 :i* ,pet] & ,/eph5 quote ?is passage %[s t ! ,messianic int]pretation 01 at t "t1 ! prevail+ "o4 ,!y d n deem x at all necess>y to prove x2 !y proce$ on ! supposition ( its be+ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 *iefly our passage :i* ,philip _h 9 view :51 9 ,john i4 #df1 he said to ,na?anael3 1 4 ,=1 besides ! passage "u consid]ation1 !re is only "o o!r p]sonal ,messianic prophecy 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 namely1 ,g54 xlix4 #aj2 & ! m>ks ( ! ,%iloh did n s di/9ctly appe> 9 ,jesus1 z did ^? ( ! ,prophet4 ,! m5tion ( ! p]son ( ,moses#a 7:i* 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj is less conc]n$71 & ( ! law1 cle>ly po9t to ! passage "u review4 ,aft] ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ! p say1 9 ,john vi4 #ad3 1 4 ,! ,messianic int]pretation 01 accord+ly1 n peculi> to a few le>n$ m51 b to ! :ole p4 ,ev5 ) ! ,sam>itans ! ,messianic explanation 0 ! prevail+ "o1--bas$1 no d\bt1 ^u ! tradition :i* _h come to !m f ! ,jews4 ,! ,sam>itan woman says1 9 ,john iv4 #be3 1 1 4 ,n[1 z ! ,sam>itans ackn[l$g$ only ! ,p5tateu*1 !re is no o!r passage ?an t "u review f :i* ! idea ( ! ,messiah z a div9ely enlight5$ tea*]1 :i* is "h express$1 c\ld h be5 d]iv$4 ,! la/ words agree 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ,deut4 xviii4 #ah3 ,& he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him4 ,t too great weight1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be atta*$ to tradition1 is %[n by ,john i4 #ba1 & vii4 #dj1 #da2 = ^! passages cle>ly prove t !re 7 also _m :o ?\ght x possible t ,deut4 xviii4 conta9$ n only ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,messiah1 b ( "s di/+ui%$ prophet also1 besides ,him1 :o %\ld be ,8 precursor or companion4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n ov]look ! circum/ance t1 9 bo? passages1 ! p are at a loss1 & are !reby induc$ to deviate f ! prevail+ ,pg #ajg op9ion4 ,_! unc]ta9ty & wav]+1 h[ev]1 is only ab\t ! p]son4 ,9 ?is !y agree1 not)/&+1 t 9 ,deut4 xviii4 !y f9d ! ann\ncem5t ( "o di/+ui%$ p]son4 ,b ! ,messianic int]pretation may appeal1 ) /ill great] confid5ce1 to ! direct evid5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! decl>ation ( ! ,"l 9 ,john v4 #de-dg is "h to be notic$ above all3 1 1 4 1 4 1 2--,x is cle> t ! ,"l mu/ "h h _h 9 view a di/9ct passage ( ! ,p5tateu*1--a cle> & def9ite decl>ation ( ,moses4 ,dext]\s explanations 7,b5gel3 ,nunquam non2 ,?oluck3 ,! prophetical & typical elem5t impli$ 9 ! :ole =m ( wor%ip7 are ( no apologetic value1 & x is n possible summ>ily1 on su* gr\nds1 to call ! enemies be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,god4 ,x 0 n en\gh to allude1 9 a way s g5]al1 to :at c\ld n be at once p]ceptible2 great] di/9ctness & p>ticul>ity w\ld h be5 requir$4 ,b if a s+le decl>ation--a direct ,messianic prophecy--=m ! "q at issue1 our passage only c be meant2 = x is ! only prophecy ( ,*ri/ :i* ,moses1 on ^: p]son great /ress is laid1 utt]$ 9 8 own "n4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ w\ld m readily expect t ! ,jews w\ld ackn[l$ge our prophecy to be fulfill$ 9 ,him1 ?an ! prophecy 9 ,g54 xlix41 :i* ref]s r to ! ,messiah 9 glory4 ,! prec$+ words ( ,jesus likewise conta9 ref]5ces to ! passage n[ "u consid]ation4 ,v]4 #ch--;,& ye h n ,8 ^w abid+ 9 y2 = :om ,he ha? s5t1 ,him ye believe n1--conta9s an allusion to ,deut4 xviii4 #ah3 ,& ,i w put ,my words into 8 m\?1 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him2 s t :osoev] rejects ! ,ambassador ( ,god1 rejects ,8 ^w at ! same "t4 ,john v4 #dc--;,i am come 9 ,my ,fa!r's "n1 & ye receive ,me n1--acquires bo? its significance & e>ne/ness f its ref]5ce to v]4 #ai ( our passage3 ,:osoev] w n he>k5 unto ,my words1 :i* he %all speak 9 ,my "n1 ,i w require x ( him4 ,fur!r1--,! po9t at issue 9 ?is disc\rse ( ,*ri/ is an accusation ( ! ,jews aga9/ ,*ri/1 ,pg #ajh t ,he _h violat$ ! ,mosaic law4 7,comp>e ,john v4 #aj-af1 & v4 #ah1 :i* /ates ! second app>5t violation ( ! law47 ,x 0 ?us highly appropriate t ,jesus %\ld ?r[ back ^u ! ,jews ! *>ge :i* !y br\ght aga9/ ,him1 & %\ld prove to !m t x 0 j !y :o 7 9 fatal opposition to ! enactm5ts ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,f9ally1--,x is ?is same ,moses 9 :om !y tru/$1 :om !y consid]$ z _! patron1 & :om to please ! m1 !y 7 s zeal\s = 8 law aga9/ ,jesus1--x is ?is same ,moses :om ,jesus repres5ts z _! accus]4 ,& he is su* an accus] z r5d]s e o!r sup]flu\s1 s t ,*ri/ did n ne$ specially to come =w>d 9 su* a "*4 ,! accusation ( ,moses mu/1 !n1 accord+ to ?is decl>ation1 & 9 accordance ) :at foll[s1 ref] to ! cause ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! passage "u review is ! only ,messianic prophecy ( a ?reat5+ "* :i* ! ,p5tateu* conta9s1--! only "o 9 :i* div9e judgm5ts are ?reat5$ to ! despis]s ( ! ,messiah1--! only ,mosaic f\ndation = ! d5unciation3 ,woe to ! p t despise? !e4 ,if x be d5i$ t ,*ri/ ref]s to x1--if its ,messianic "* be n ackn[l$g$1 ! fir/ words ( ,*ri/ are de/itute ( f\ndation4 ,b if x be ?us und5iable t ,*ri/ decl>$ ,himself to be ! prophet ( our passage1 x mu/ be consid]$ an indirect attack ^u ,8 div9ity to say1 z ,dr ,lcke does1 t ,*ri/ did s by way ( adaptation to ! int]pretation ( t "t4 ,x is j ?is appeal :i* =ms ! pi? ( ,*ri/'s disc\rse2 x is ! real dea?-bl[ inflict$ by ,him ^u ,8 adv]s>ies4 ,if ?is bl[ 0 a m]e fe9t1 ,8 hon\r is endang]$1--:i* may ,god =bid6--,! ,"l fur!r m>ks ,himself out z ! prophet ann\nc$ by ,moses1 & t1 too1 9 a v di/9ct mann]1 9 ,john xii4 #dh-ej1--;a passage :i* is evid5tly bas$ ^u v]s4 #ah & #ai ( ! text "u review4 7,comp>e ,john xiv4 #bd-ca47--,to ?is we may add1 fur!r1 t1 accord+ to ,/ ,luke xxiv4 #dd1 ! ,"l ,himself expla9s to ,8 disciples ! prophecies 9 ! ,p5tateu* conc]n+ ,him2 & we _c well expect t ,*ri/ %\ld h made no ref]5ce to a passage :i* "o ( ! ,apo/les po9ts out z be+ ( great] weight ?an all o!rs4 ,?is is done by ,pet] 9 ,acts iii4 #bb1 #bc4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he quotes x1 entirely excludes ! notion t ,moses 0 ,pg #aji speak+ ( ,*ri/1 only 9 s f> z ,he belong$ to ! collective body ( ! prophets4 ,pet] says expressly1 t ,moses & ! lat] prophets =etold 2 & ! words1 1 %[ t he did n und]/& ! s+ul> 9 a collective s5se4 ,! circum/ance t ,/eph51 9 ,acts vii4 #cg1 likewise ref]s ! passage to ,*ri/1 w\ld n be1 9 itself1 conclusive1 because ,/eph5's case is diff]5t f t ( ! ,apo/les4 ,b we mu/ n ov]look ! passage ,matt4 xvii4 #e1 accord+ to :i*1 at ,*ri/'s transfiguration1 a voice 0 he>d f heav5 :i* said3 1 4 ,z ! fir/ "p ( ?is decl>ation is tak5 f ! ,messianic pr$iction 9 ,is4 xlii41 s is ! second f ! passage "u consid]ation2 &1 by ?is use ( its words1 ! s5se is cle>ly %[n4 ,x is a v significant fact1 t our passage is ?us connect$ j ) ,is4 xlii4--! fir/ prophetic ann\ncem5t 9 :i* x is specially resum$1 & 9 :i* ! prophetic ord] itself is ! proclaim] ( ! ,prophet4 ,& x is n less significant t ?is ref]5ce to our text1 ) :i* all ! o!r ann\ncem5ts by ,isaiah conc]n+ ! ,great ,prophet to come are s imm$iately connect$1 %\ld prec$e *apt]s xlix41 l41 & lxi4 ,x ?us s]ves z a comm5t>y ^u ! decl>ation ( ,moses4 ,! beg9n+ & ! outl9es receive light f ! progress & completion4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o believes 9 ,*ri/1 w1 aft] ^! details1 expect t int]nal reasons also %\ld prove ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/2 & ?is expectation is fully confirm$4 ,t ,moses did n int5d by ! ^w prophet1 to designate a collective body m]ely1 b t he _h at lea/ "s special individual 9 view1 appe>s1 p>tly1 f ! ^w itself be+ con/antly 9 ! s+ul>1 &1 p>tly1 f ! con/ant use ( ! s+ul> suffixes 9 ref]5ce to x2 :ile1 9 ! case ( collective n\ns1 x is usual to int]*ange ! s+ul> ) ! plural4 ,! =ce ( ?is argum5t is abundantly evid5t 9 ! fact1 t n a few ( ev5 non-,messianic int]pret]s h be5 !reby compell$ to make "s s+le individual ! subject ( ?is prophecy4 ,b we mu/ hesitate ! m to adopt ! op9ion t /&s "h simply 9 ! s+ul> in/ead ( ! plural1 because nei!r does ?is ^w any:]e else occur z a collective n\n1 nor is ! prophetic ord] ev] ,pg #aaj spok5 ( 9 ! mann] alleg$4 ,! expectation ( a ,messiah 0 already at t "t curr5t among ! p4 ,9 :at way1 !n1 c\ld !y und]/& a promise1 9 :i* "o individual only 0 spok5 (1 except by ref]r+ x1 at lea/ *iefly1 to ! "o :om !y expect$8--,h(mann 7,weissagung und ,erfllung i4 ,s4 #bec7 objects t ! prophet "h spok5 ( 01 9 no respect1 diff]5t f ! k+ 9 ,deut4 xvii4 #ad-bj4 ,b ! k+ m5tion$ !re is no collective n\n4 ,an individual :o1 9 future times1 %\ld fir/ atta9 to royal dignity1 =ms !re ! subject ?r\gh\t4 ,?is appe>s especially f v]4 #bj1 :]e he & 8 sons are spok5 (4 ,! fir/ k+ is held up z an example1 to %[ 9 him :at 0 applicable to ! royal dignity 9 g5]al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is 9 fav\r ( our view1 t1 9 ! v]ses imm$iately prec$+ 7v]s4 #h-ac71 ! prie/s are1 at fir/1 spok5 ( only 9 ! plural1 al?\gh ! prie/ly ord] _h mu* m ( ! "* ( a collective body ?an ! prophetic ord]4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ?is prophecy & t ( ! ,%iloh 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj is likewise 9 fav\r ( ! ,messianic int]pretation4 ,ev5 !re4 ,8 prophetic (fice is allud$ to 9 ! k+ly (fice4 ,! rul] out ( ,judah is ! ,peaceful ,"o1 to :om ! nations yield a spontane\s ob$i5ce1 an ob$i5ce fl[+ f a pi\s s\rce1--& ,he rules n by compulsion1 b by ! ^w4 ,! prophet is moreov] contra/$ ) a s+le individual--) ,moses2 & ?is compels u to ref] ! prophecy to "s di/+ui%$ individual4 ,9 v]4 #ae1 ,moses promises to ! p a prophet l unto himself2 & ?us also does ! ,"l say1 9 v]4 #ah3 ,a prophet l unto !e ,i w raise up4 ,we _c = a mom5t suppose t ?is lik5ess %\ld ref] to ! prophetic call+ only1--to ! words3 ,i w put ,my words into 8 m\?1 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him4 ,x mu/ at ! same "t be impli$ 9 x1 t ! future prophet %all be z ?or\ghly compet5t = 8 "w1 z ,moses 0 = t :i* 0 committ$ to him4 ,if x 7 n s1 ! promise w\ld be defici5t 9 t consolatory & elevat+ "* :i*1 accord+ to ! context1 x is evid5tly int5d$ to possess4 ,if we 7 to p>aphrase ?us1 ,! ,"l w raise up a prophet1 inf]ior1 inde$1 to myself1 ,pg #aaa b yet ! be>] ( div9e revelations1 we %\ld at once p]ceive h[ unsuitable x 74 ,fur!r1--,x is q evid5t t ! ,prophet "h is ! ma9 in/rum5t ( div9e ag5cy among ! ,cov5ant-p ( ! future1--t ,he is ! real support & an*or ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b n[ ! difficulties ( ! future 71 z ,moses himself saw1 s great1 t gifts 9 any way %ort ( ^? ( ,moses w\ld by no means h be5 suffici5t4 ,moses =esees t ! _s ( apo/asy1 :i*1 ev5 9 8 "t1 began to manife/ itself1 w\ld1 9 future times1 increase to a fe>ful ext5t4 7,comp>e especially ,deut4 xxxii47 ,aga9/ ?is1 ord9>y gifts & p[]s w\ld be ( no avail4 ,a successful & endur+ reaction c\ld be br\ght ab\t only by "o :o %\ld be1 = ! m difficult circum/ances ( ! future1 su* z ,moses 0 = 8 times4 ,b--& ?is circum/ance is ( /ill great] weight--x =ms ! task ( ! future to translate ! :ole hea!n _w into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 x1 ,japhe? is to dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em2 all ! nations ( ! e>? are to become p>tak]s 9 ! bless+ re/+ on ,abraham4 ,9 ! view ( su* a task1 a prophet ( ord9>y dim5sions1 z well z ! collective body ( su*1 w\ld dw9dle d[n to ! appe>ance ( a dw>f4 ,!y w\ld h be5 less ?an ,moses4 ,9 ,deut4 xxxiv4 #aj1 x is said1 ,!re arose n a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face2--a passage :i* n only pla9ly ref]s to ! exp]i5ce acquir$ at t "t1 b :i* expresses also :at might be expect$ ( t portion ( ! future :i* 0 m imm$iately at h&4 ,:5 ,miriam & ,a>on said1 ,do? ! ,"l inde$ speak only by ,moses1 do? ,he n speak by u also8 ! ,"l imm$iately1 ,num4 xii4 #f-h1 reproves _! presumption ( ?9k+ !mselves l unto ,moses1 z respects ! prophetical gift1 9 ^! words3 ,if "s "o be y\r prophet1--i4e41 if "s "o be a prophet accord+ to y\r way1 ) prophets ( y\r class1--,i1 ! ,"l1 make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 9 a dream ,i speak unto him4 ,n s my s]vant ,moses2 9 all ,my h\se he is fai?ful4 ,m\? to m\? ,i speak to him1 & face to face1 & n 9 d>k spee*es2 & ! appe>ance ( ! ,"l he beholds4 ,moses1 z a prophet1 is "h contra/$ ) ! :ole ord] ( prophets ( ord9>y gifts4 ,a high] dignity among !m is claim$ = him on ! gr\nd t n "s special mission1 ,pg #aab b ! c>e ( ! :ole economy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 entru/$ to him2 comp>e ,heb4 iii4 #e4 ,8 is a specially close relation to ! ,"l1 a specially high degree ( illum9ation4 ,! collective body ( ord9>y prophets _c1 !re=e1 by any possibility be ! prophet :o is l unto ,moses1 z completely equal to ! task ( ! future z ,moses 0 = t ( 8 day4 ,b ! great] ! "w ( ! future1 ! m necess>y is x t ! prophet ( ! future1 9 ord] to be l unto ,moses1 %\ld1 9 8 :ole individuality1 & 9 all 8 gifts1 be f> sup]ior to him2 comp>e ,heb4 iii4 #f4 ,f9ally1--,! common prophetic ord] itself refuses ! hon\r ( be+ ! prophet l unto ,moses4 ,! prophecies ( ,isaiah1 9 *apt]s xlii41 xlix41 l41 & lxi41 are bas$ ^u our passage1 & 9 all ( !m ! ,messiah appe>s z ! prophet 4 ,x is to ,him t ! mission is entru/$ ( be+ ! re/or] ( ,jacob1 & ! salvation ( ! ,"l1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w4 ,:il/ ^! reasons dem& ! ref]5ce ( ?is prophecy to ,*ri/1 !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 weighty consid]ations :i* make x appe> t a ref]5ce to ! prophetic ord] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _c be exclud$4 ,^! consid]ations are1 #a4 ,! wid] context4 ,deut]onomy is di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ books by ?is1 t provisions are made 9 x = ! "t subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ,moses1 :i* 0 n[ at h&4 ,f *ap4 xvii4 #h1 ! magi/rates & p[]s--! sup]iors1 to ^: au?ority 9 secul> & spiritual affairs ! p %all submit--are introduc$4 ,fir/1 ! civil magi/rates are br\ght be=e !m1 xvii4 #h-bj2 & !n ! ecclesia/ical sup]iors1 *ap4 xviii4 ,v]s4 #a-h treat ( ! prie/s z ! ord9>y s]vants ( ! ,"l 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,ev]y:]e else1 (fices1 in/itutions1 ord]s1 are spok5 (4 ,9 su* a connection1 x is n probable t ! prophet %\ld be only an individual2 & ! less s1 because evid5tly ! prophet1 z ! organ ( ! imm$iate revelation ( ,god1 is plac$ by ! side ( ! prie/s1 ! tea*]s ( ! law 7comp>e xvii4 #aj1 #aa1 #ah2 xxxiv4 #aj71 z _! corrective1 z a ?orn 9 _! fle%1 to make up = _! inability4 ,x is true t ?is wid] connection is also aga9/ ^? :o w\ld "h exclude ,*ri/4 ,if x be c]ta9 t ,moses already knew ! ,messianic promises 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,g54 xlix471 !n1 j 9 ?is context1 ! ref]5ce ,pg #aac to ,*ri/1 ! head ( ! au?orities ( ! future1 c\ld n be want+4 #b4 ,an exclusive ref]5ce to ,*ri/ is oppos$ by ! m imm$iate context4 ,?is connection is tw(old4 ,9 v]4 #ae1 ,moses fir/ utt]s ! promise 9 8 own "n1 & "h x /&s connect$ ) :at prec$es4 ,moses _h =bidd5 to ! p ! use ( all ! means by :i* ^? :o 7 giv5 to idolatry endeav\r$ to p5etrate ! b\nd>ies ( human k3 ,?\ %alt n d s1 is 8 language2 = t :i* ^! are va9ly seek+ aft] 9 ?is s9ful mann]1 %all1 9 reality1 be grant$ to !e by ?y ,god4 ,"h1 x 0 n only appropriate to rem9d !m ( ! ,messiah1 inasmu* z ,8 appe>ance1 z be+ ! mo/ p]fect revelation ( ,god1 satisfies mo/ p]fectly ! desire aft] high] communications2 b x w\ld h be5 v /range if "h1 :]e s suitable an opportunity pres5t$ itself1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,old ,economy _h omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! f\nd] ( ! ,new ,economy1 & _h limit$ himself to ! int]v5+1 m imp]fect div9e communications4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld h be5 z /range if ,moses _h tak5 no notice ( !m at all1--if1 suppos+ t a s]ies ( false prophets w\ld appe>1 he _h be5 satisfi$ to lay d[n 9 *ap4 xiii4 #b sqq4 ! di/9ctive m>ks ( true & false prophets1 & _h !n1 9 ! passage "u review1 ref]r$ to ! div9e revelations to be expect$ 9 ! di/ant future1 )\t notic+ ^? to be expect$ 9 ! m imm$iate future1--?us neglect+ to employ means peculi>ly fitt$ = ga9+ admission = 8 exhortations4 ,! ^w 9 v]4 #ad is especially oppos$ to su* a view4 ,& ?\ 7%alt7 n 7d7 s1 ,jehovah ?y ,god gave !e4 ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis says3 ,:at ,he gave to ! ,israelites is specifi$ 9 v]s4 #ae & #ah4 ,! pa/ t5se sugge/s ! idea ( a gift :i* _h already tak5 its beg9n+ 9 ! pres5t4--,! promise /&s 9 a diff]5t connection 9 v]4 #ah4 ,moses _h already giv5 x 9 8 own "n 9 v]4 #ae4 ,9 ord] to give x great] au?ority1 he reports1 9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 :5 & h[ he _h receiv$ x f ,god4 ,x 0 deliv]$ to him on ,s9ai1 :]e ,god _h directly reveal$ ,himself to ! p at ! promulgation ( ! ,law1 p>tly 9 ord] to /r5g!n _! confid5ce 9 ,moses ! m$iator1 & ,pg #aad p>tly to %[ !m ! folly ( _! desir+ any o!r mode ( div9e communication4 ,b ! p 7 seiz$ ) t]ror be=e ! dreadful maje/y ( ,god1 & pray$ t ,god w\ld no long] speak to !m directly1 b ?r\gh a m$iator1 z ,he _h hi!rto done2 comp>e ,exod4 xx42 ,deut4 v4 ,! ,"l !n said to ,moses1 ,!y h well spok52 a prophet1 etc4 ,! words "h1 9 v]4 #ag1 agree v well ) ,deut4 v4 #bh4 ,! agreem5t 9 ! words indicates t "h we h an addition to t :i* is !re communicat$ reg>d+ :at 0 spok5 by ,god on t occasion4 ,!re1 we are told only :at _h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! pres5t--viz41 ! appo9tm5t ( ,moses z m$iator2 "h1 we are told :at 0 at t "t fix$ 9 ref]5ce to ! future ( ! p4 ,we _c fail to p]ceive t "h1 if ev]1 a div9e revelation 0 appropriate conc]n+ ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :o1 z ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 veil$ ,8 ,godhead1 & 9 human =m1 br\ght ,god ne>] to man4 ,b we %\ld1 at ! same "t1 expect "h an allusion to ! inf]ior mess5g]s ( ,god1 :o 7 to prec$e ,him4 #c4 ,! exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,messiah is inconsi/5t ) v]s4 #bj-bb4 ,! m>ks ( a false prophet are giv5 9 !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 t :i* prec$es _h no ref]5ce at all to true prophets1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to trace any suitable connection ( ! ?\ghts4 #d4 ,if ! passage 7 ref]r$ to ,*ri/ exclusively1 ! prophetic in/itution w\ld !n be )\t any legitimate au?ority2 & f ! :ole "* ( ! ,mosaic legislation1 z lay+ ! f\ndation = ! future progress & developm5t ( ! ,!ocracy1 we c\ld n well conceive t s important an in/itution %\ld be defici5t 9 ?is po9t4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole hi/orical exi/5ce ( ! prophetic ord] necess>ily presupposes su* a f\ndation4 ,deut4 xiii4 #b sq4 0 n fitt$ to af=d su* a f\ndation1 z x ref]s1 only indirectly & by implication1 to true prophets4 #e4 ,f9ally1--,!re are n want+ slight h9ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/ is n an exclusive "o4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ,luke xi4 #ej1 #ea3 444 444 4 ,! emphatic repetition ( 9 t passage %[s pla9ly its connection ,pg #aae ) ! words1 ,i w require x ( him1 9 ! passage "u review2 j z ! 1 :i*1 accord+ to #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bb1 ! prophet ,ze*>iah1 :o 0 unju/ly sla91 utt]$ :5 dy+1 alludes n only to ,g54 ix4 #e1 b to our passage also4 ,b "h we mu/ rem>k t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9 committ$ aga9/ ! ,prophet --,*ri/--v5geance = ! crimes committ$ aga9/ ! inf]ior prophets is execut$ at ! same "t1 s t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,8 blood is requir$1 &1 on ?is occasion1 all ! blood also :i* 0 =m]ly %$4 ,b h[ c ^! two facts be reconcil$3--t ,moses _h1 und5iably1 ! ,messiah 9 view1 & t1 not)/&+1 !re seems at ! same "t to be a ref]5ce to ! prophets 9 g5]al8 ,! simple/ mode ( reconcil+ !m is ! foll[+4 ,! prophet "h is an ideal p]son1 compreh5d+ all ! true prophets :o _h appe>$ f ,moses to ,*ri/1 includ+ ! latt]4 ,b ,moses does n "h speak ( ! prophets z a collective body1 to :i*1 at ! close1 ,*ri/ also belong$1 z x 71 incid5tally1 & z "o among ! _m1--z ,calv9 & o!r int]pret]s m5tion$ above suppose2 b r1 ! plurality ( prophets is1 = ?is reason only1 compreh5d$ by ,moses 9 an ideal unity1 t1 on ! au?ority ( ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 & by ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 he knew t ! prophetical ord] w\ld1 at "s future "t1 c5tre 9 a real p]son1--9 ,*ri/4 ,b !re is s mu* ! m ( tru? 9 ?us view+ ! prophetic ord] z a :ole1 s9ce1 accord+ to #a ,pet] i4 #aa1 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ spoke 9 ! prophets4 ,?us1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ,*ri/ is ! only ,prophet4 ,footnote #a3 ,lampe says3 ,he has pres]v$ to u n only :at1 9 ,p>adise1 & aft]w>ds to & ?r\gh ! ,patri>*s1 _h be5 told ab\t ?is ,r$eem]2 b he himself1 "u div9e inspiration1 has prophesi$ ( ,him1--especially 9 ,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ah4 ,,! ,,angel ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,9 ,,! ,,p5tateu*1 ,,& ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jo%ua4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t di/+ui%es betwe5 ! hidd5 ,god & ! reveal$ ,god--! ,son or ,logos--:o is connect$ ) ! =m] by on5ess ( nature1 & :o f ev]la/+1 & ev5 at ! creation itself1 fill$ up ! immeasurable di/ance betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creation2--:o has be5 ! ,m$iator 9 all ,god's relations to ! _w2--:o at all times1 & ev5 be=e ,he became man 9 ,*ri/1 has be5 ! light ( ,pg #aaf ! _w1--& to :om1 specially1 0 committ$ ! direction ( ! economy ( ! ,old ,cov5ant4 ,x is evid5t t ?is doctr9e /&s 9 ! close/ connection ) ! ,*ri/ology1--t x =ms1 inde$1 its !ological f\ndation & gr\nd-"w4 ,until ! ,*ri/ology has atta9$ to a k ( ! true div9ity ( ! ,savi\r1 its results _c be o!rwise ?an v meagre & unsatisfactory4 ,:]esoev] ! true /ate ( human nature is se5 9 ! light ( ,holy ,scripture1 no high expectations c be ent]ta9$ f a m]ely human ,savi\r1 al?\gh he 7 end[$ ev5 ) z full a measure ( ! gifts ( ! ,_s ( ,god z human nature1 9 its f9ite & s9ful condition1 is able to be>4 ,b unless !re exi/ 9 ! "o div9e ,be+ itself1 su* a di/9ction ( p]sons1 ! div9ity ( ! ,savi\r _c be ackn[l$g$1 )\t endang]+ ! unity ( ,god :i* ! ,scriptures s emphatically tea*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be su* a di/9ction1--if ! ,^w be inde$ ) ,god1 we _c avoid ascrib+ to ,god ! desire ( reveal+ ,himself2 nor1 9 su* a case1 c we conceive t ,he %\ld cont5t ,himself ) inf]ior =ms ( revelation1 ) m]ely transitory manife/ations4 ,we c recognise 9 ^! only prep>ations1 & preludes ( ! highe/ & true/ revelation4 ,! "q !n is1 :e!r any insight into ?is doctr9e is to be f\nd z e>ly z 9 ! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,s\nd ,*ri/ian ,!ology has discov]$ ! outl9es ( su* a di/9ction betwixt ! hidd5 & ! reveal$ ,god1 9 _m passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! ,angel or ,mess5g] ( ,god4 ,! g5]al t5or ( ^! passages w be be/ exemplifi$ by ! fir/ among !m1--! n>rative ( ,hag> 9 ,g54 xvi4 ,9 v]4 #g1 we are told t ! ,angel ( ,jehovah f\nd ,hag>4 ,9 v]4 #aj1 ?is ,angel ascribes to ,himself a div9e "w1 viz41 ! innum]able increase ( ,hag>'s po/]ity4 ,9 v]4 #aa1 ,he says t ,jehovah _h he>d h] di/ress4 ,he ?us ass]ts ( ,jehovah :at1 %ortly be=e4 ,he _h said ( ,himself4 ,moreov]1 9 v]4 #ac1 ,hag> expresses h] a/oni%m5t t %e _h se5 ,god1 & yet _h rema9$ alive4--,! op9ion t ^! passages =m ! ,old ,te/am5t f\ndation = ! ,proemium ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 has n rema9$ uncontrov]t$4 ,f ! v times ( ! ,*ur*-fa!rs x has be5 ass]t$ by _m1 t :]e ! ,pg #aag ,angel ( ! ,"l is spok5 (1 we mu/ n ?9k ( a p]son connect$ ) ,god by unity ( nature1 b ( a l[] angel1 by :om ,god executes ,8 comm&s1 & ?r\gh :om ,he acts & speaks4 ,! late/ def5d]s ( ! view are ,h(mann 9 ,weissagung und ,erfllung & 9 ! ,s*riftbeweis & ,delitzs* 9 8 comm5t>y on ,g5esis4--,o!rs are ( op9ion1 t ! ,angel ( ,jehovah is id5tical ) ,jehovah ,himself1--n d5ot+ a p]son di/9ct f ,him1 b only ! =m 9 :i* ,he manife/s ,himself4 ,we %all n "h discuss ! "q 9 its :ole ext5t2 we %all1 9 ! meantime1 consid] only :at ! pr9cipal passages ( ! ,p5tateu* & ( ! adjac5t ,book ( ,jo%ua tea* ^u ?is po9t1 & h[ f> _! tea*+ co9cides )1 or is 9 opposition to1 ^! v>i\s views4 ,= x is only to ?is ext5t t ! inquiry belongs to our pres5t object4 ,9 ,g54 xvi4 #ac1 ^! words are ( special importance3 ,& %e call$ ! "n ( ! ,"l :o spoke unto h]1 ,?\ art a ,god ( sight3 = %e said1 ,d ,i n[ 7prop]ly "h1 9 ! place :]e su* a sight 0 v\*saf$ to me7 /ill see aft] my see+8 ,d ,i see is equival5t to1 ,d ,i live1 because dea? ?reat5$1 z x 71 to ent] ?r\gh ! eyes4 7,comp>e ! expression1 ,m9e eyes h se51 9 ,is4 vi47 is ! pausal =m = 2 see ,job xxxiii4 #ba1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! acc5t is on ! p5ultimate4 ,!n foll[s v]4 #ad3 ,!y call$ ! well1 ,well ( ! liv+ sight2 i4e41 :]e a p]son _h a sight ( ,god1 & rema9$ alive4 ,hag> mu/ h be5 conv9c$ t %e _h se5 ,god )\t ! m$iation ( a creat$ angel2 =1 o!rwise1 %e c\ld n h wond]$ t h] life 0 pres]v$4 ,man1 entangl$ by ! visible _w1 is t]rifi$ :5 he comes 9 contact ) ! invisible _w1 ev5 ) angels4 7,comp>e ,dan4 viii4 #ag1 #ah2 ,luke ii4 #i47 ,b ?is t]ror rises to fe> ( dea? only :5 man comes into contact ) ! ,"l ,himself4 7,comp>e ! rem>ks on ,rev4 i4 #ag47 ,9 ,g54 xxxii4 #ca--;a passage :i* be>s ! close/ resemblance to ! "o n[ "u review1 & f :i* x receives its explanation--x is said3 ,& ,jacob call$ ! "n ( ! place ,p5iel1 = ,i h se5 ,god face to face1 & my life has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ,exod4 xx4 #ai1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel said to ,moses1 ,speak ?\ ) u1 & we w he>2 & let n ,god speak ) u1 ,pg #aah le/ we die2 comp>$ ) ,deut4 v4 #ba3 ,n[ !re=e :y %\ld we die8 = ?is great fire w consume u2 if we he> ! voice ( ! ,"l our ,god any m1 !n we %all die4 7,comp>e also ,deut4 xviii4 #af47 ,& x is ,jehovah :o1 9 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #bj1 says1 ,!re %all no man see ,me & live4 ,israel's ,"l & ,god is1 9 ! absolute en]gy ( ,8 nature1 a consum+ fire1 ,deut4 iv4 #bd4 7,comp>e ,deut4 ix4 #c2 ,is4 xxxiii4 #ad3 ,:o among u w\ld dwell ) ! dev\r+ fire8 :o among u w\ld dwell ) ev]la/+ burn+8 ,heb4 xii4 #bi47 ,x is n ! reflect$ light1 ev5 9 ! mo/ exalt$ creatures1 nor ! sight ( ! sa9ts ( :om x is said1 ,behold1 ,he puts no tru/ 9 ,8 s]vants1 & ,8 angels ,he *>ge? ) folly1--b ! sight ( ! ?rice ,holy ,"o1 :i* makes ,isaiah exclaim1 ,woe is me1 = ,i am undone2 = ,i am a man ( unclean lips1 & dwell 9 ! mid/ ( a p ( unclean lips4 ,s mu* !n is cle>1--t ! op9ion :i* consid]s ! ,angel ( ! ,"l to be a creat$ angel is ov]?r[n by ! fir/ passage :]e t angel is m5tion$1 if ! exposition :i* we h giv5 ( v]s4 #ac1 #ad--;an exposition :i* is n[ g5]ally receiv$1 & :i* 0 la/ advanc$ by ,knobel--be correct4 ,b ,delitzs* gives ano!r exposition3 ,?\ art a ,god ( sight1 i4e41 "o ^: all-see+ eye does n ov]look ! helpless & de/itute1 ev5 9 ! remote/ corn] ( ! wild]ness4 ,aga9/ ?is we rem>k1 t nev] d5otes ! act ( see+1 b ! sight itself4 ,h ,i n ev5 "h 7ev5 9 ! des]t l& ( de/itution7 look$ aft] ,him :o saw me8 ,well ( ! liv+ "o :o see? me1 i4e41 ( ! omnipres5t div9e provid5ce4 ,9 opposition to ?is exposition1 h[ev]1 we mu/ rem>k1 t ,god is n[h]e else 9 ,g5esis call$ ! ,liv+ ,"o4 ,b our *ief objection is1 t ^! expositions de/roy ! connection :i* s evid5tly exi/s betwe5 our passage & ^? already quot$1--especially ,g54 xxxii4 #ca2 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #bj4 7,comp>e1 moreov]1 ,jud4 xiii4 #bb3 ,& ,manoah said unto 8 wife1 ,we %all surely die1 because we h se5 ,god47 ,x has be5 ask$4 ,:y %\ld ! ,logos h appe>$ fir/ to ! ,egyptian maid8 ,b ! l[ condition ( ,hag> _c "h come into consid]ation2 = ! appe>ance is 9 reality int5d$1 n = h]1 b = ,abraham4 ,imm$iately ,pg #aai be=e1 9 *ap4 xii4 #g1 x is said1 ,& ! ,"l appe>$ unto ,abraham2 & imm$iately aft]1 9 *ap4 xvii4 #a1 ,& :5 ,abraham 0 n9ety ye>s old & n9e1 ! ,"l appe>$ to him2 ! appe>ance ( ! ,"l ,himself is m5tion$ 9 ord] t e ?\ght ( a l[] angel may be w>d$ (f4 ,! passage "u consid]ation1 !n1 conta9s ! indication1 t su* appe>ances mu/ only be conceiv$ ( z manife/ations ( ! ,deity ,himself to ! _w4 ,j z our passage is pres]v$ f errone\s int]pretations by su* passages z ,g54 xii4 #g1 xvii4 #a1 s ^! receive f ours1 9 return1 _! mo/ di/9ct def9ition4 ,we le>n f ?is1 t :]ev] appe>ances ( ,jehovah are m5tion$1 we mu/ conceive ( !m z effect$ by ! m$iation ( ,8 ,angel4 ,!re is no sub/antial diff]5ce betwixt ! passages 9 :i* ,jehovah ,himself is m5tion$1 & ^? 9 :i* ! ,angel ( ,jehovah is spok5 (4 ,!y s]ve to supplem5t & to expla9 "o ano!r4 ,! words1 ,9 ,8 ,angel1 9 *ap4 xvi4 #g1 furni% u ) ! supplem5t to ! succe$+ /atem5t1 ,& ,jehovah appe>$ to him 7s1 e4g41 also 9 *ap4 xviii4 #a71 j z ! writ] 9 ,g54 *ap4 ii4 iii4 makes use ( ! "n ,jehovah-,elohim1 9 ord] t h5ce=? e "o may und]/& t :]e only ,jehovah is spok5 (4 ,he is yet p]sonally id5tical ) ,elohim4 ,let u n[ turn to ,g54 xviii4 xix4 ,accord+ to ,delitzs*4 all ! ?ree m5 :o appe>$ to ,abraham 7 f9ite spirits made visible4 ,h(mann 7,s*riftb4 ,s4 #hg7 says3 ,jehovah is pres5t on e>? 9 ,8 angels1 9 ! two ) ,lot1 z 9 ! ?ree ) ,abraham4 ,we1 h[ev]1 hold fa/ by ! view ( ! anci5t ,*ur*1 t 9 *ap4 xviii4 ! ,logos appe>$ accompani$ by two inf]ior angels4 ,abraham's reg>ds are1 f ! v fir/1 involunt>ily direct$ to "o f among ! ?ree1 & :om he addresses by 1 ,o ,"l 7xviii4 #c72 ! two o!rs are consid]$ by him z companions only4 ,b ,lot has to d ) bo? equally1 & addresses !m fir/ by 1 my ,lords4--,9 *ap4 xviii41 x is always "o only ( ! ?ree :o speaks2 ! two o!rs are mute2#a :ile 9 *ap4 xix4 ev]y?+ comes f ! two ,pg #abj equally4 ,he ) :om ,abraham has to d1 always1 & )\t exception1 speaks z ,god ,himself2 :ile ! two ) :om ,lot has to d speak at fir/1 z 1 di/+ui%+ !mselves f ! ,"l :o s5t !m 7comp>e v]4 #ac72 & x is only aft] !y h ?us drawn ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !mselves & ,jehovah1 t !y appe>1 9 v]s4 #ba1 #bb1 z speak+ 9 ,8 "n4 ,!y d s1 moreov]1 only aft] ,lot1 9 ! anxiety ( 8 he>t & 9 8 excitem5t1 _h previ\sly address$1 9 !m1 ,him :o s5t !m1 & ) :om he desir$ to h to d z imm$iately z possible4 ,! sc5e be>s1 ?r\gh\t1 a "* ( excitem5t1 & is n fitt$ to af=d data = g5]al conclusions4 ,we _c inf] f x t x 01 9 g5]al1 cu/om>y to address1 9 ! angels1 ! ,"l :o s5t !m1 or t ! angels act$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,9 *ap4 xviii41 f v]4 #a1 :]e ! n>rative beg9s ) ! words1 ,& ,jehovah appe>$ unto him1 ,moses always speaks ( him ) :om ,abraham _h to d z ,jehovah only1 except+ :]e he introduces ! ?ree m54 7,he ) :om ,abraham has to d is call$1 n few] ?an eight times1 ,jehovah1 & six times 47 ,b 9 *ap4 xix41 ,jehovah1 :o is conceal$ beh9d ! two angels1 appe>s only twice 9 ! expression1 ,& ,he said1 9 v]s4 #ag1 #ba1 = :i* v]4 #ac sugge/s ! supplem5t3 ?r\gh ,8 two angels4--,ev5 9 v]4 #af1 ! n>rative di/+ui%es ,jehovah f ! two m51--& all ?is 9 an excit+ sc5e :i* mu/ h influ5c$ ev5 ! n>rator4 ,if he :o spoke to ,abraham 0 an angel l ! o!r two1 we c\ld sc>cely p]ceive any reason :y he %\ld n h tak5 "p 9 ! mission to ,sodom2 b if he 0 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 1 ! reason is q obvi\s2 x w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) div9e propriety4--,9 *ap4 xviii4 ,moses speaks ( ?ree m52 x is evid5tly on ,pg #aba purpose t he avoids speak+ ( ?ree angels4 ,9 *ap4 xix4 #a1 on ! contr>y1 we are at once told3 ,& !re came ! two angels4 7,comp>e v]4 #ae47 ,! reason :y 9 *ap4 xviii4 ! use ( ! "n angels is avoid$ c only be1 because x might easily h l$ to a misund]/&+1 if ! ,angel ( ! ,"l _h be5 compreh5d$ 9 t "o designation along ) ! two inf]ior angels1 al?\gh x w\ld n1 9 itself1 h be5 inadmissible4--,if we suppose t he1 ) :om ,abraham _h to d1 0 "s creat$ angel1 we _c well und]/& h[1 9 *ap4 xviii4 #ag seq41 ! judgm5t ov] ,sodom c\ld1 ?r\gh\t1 be ascrib$ to him4 ,he c\ld n1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 speak ( t judgm5t1 z n he1 b ! two o!r angels :o w5t to ,sodom1 7 ! in/rum5ts ( its execution4 ,h5ce x only rema9s to ascribe ! judgm5t to him z ! causa pr9cipalis4--,if ! ?ree angels 7 equals1 x w\ld be impossible to expla9 ! adv]sative clause 9 *ap4 xviii4 #bb3 ,& ! m5 turn$ f !nce & w5t to ,sodom2 b ,abraham /ood yet be=e ! ,"l4 ,jehovah & ! two angels are "h contra/$4 ,x is true t1 9 ! two angels also1 x is ,jehovah :o acts4 ,?is is evid5t f xviii4 #ba3 ,i w g d[n & see--:]e ! go+ d[n does n ref] to desc5d+ to ! valley ( ,jordan1 ! position ( :i* 0 l[] 7?us ,delitzs*72 b1 accord+ to xi4 #g1 x ref]s to a desc5t f heav5 to e>?4 ,t ,jehovah1 ?\gh on e>?1 %\ld decl>e ,8 resolution to g d[n1 z 9 xi4 #g1 may be expla9$ f ! 9 ,john iii4 #ac4 ,god1 ev5 :5 ,he is on e>?1 rema9s 9 heav51 & x is !nce t ,he manife/s ,himself4 ,moreov]1 ! words imm$iately foll[+ %[ 9 :at s5se ?is go+ d[n is to be und]/ood1--t x is n 9 ,8 own p]son1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,8 mess5g]s4 ,! resolution1 ,i w g d[n1 is c>ri$ into effect by ! go+ d[n ( ! angels to ,sodom4 ,by ! ,jehovah :o1 f ,jehovah out ( heav51 caus$ brim/one & fire to ra9 ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7xix4 #bd71 we are n at lib]ty to und]/& ! two angels only1#b b1 ,pg #abb agreeably to ! views ( s\nd ,*ri/ian expositors g5]ally1 ,*ri/1--) ?is modification1 h[ev]1 t ! two angels are to be consid]$ z ,8 s]vants1 & t :at !y d is ,8 "w also4 ,x is true t ! angels say1 9 xix4 #ac1 ,we w de/roy1 etc42 b mu* m emphatically & frequ5tly does he ) :om ,abraham has to d1 ascribe ! "w ( de/ruction to himself4 7,comp>e xviii4 #ag1 :]e ,jehovah says1 ,h[ c ,i hide f ,abraham t ?+ :i* ,i am do+8 v]s4 #bd-bh1 etc47 ,if 9 xix4 #bd !re be involv$ ! contra/ betwe51 s to speak1 ! heav5ly & e>?ly ,jehovah1--betwe5 ! hidd5 ,god & ,him :o manife/s ,himself on e>?1--!n s mu* ! m mu/ we seek ! latt] 9 *ap4 xviii41 z 9 v]4 #bb1 comp>$ ) v]4 #ba1 ! angels are di/9ctly po9t$ out z ,8 ,mess5g]s4 ,delitzs* ass]ts t 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #b1 ! words1 1 cle>ly indicate t all ?ree 7 f9ite spirits made visible4 ,?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 long be=e made by ! ,soc9ian ,crellius1 has be5 suffici5tly refut$ by ,ode de ,angelis1 p4 #ajja4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews int5ds to connect ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ to ,abraham & ,lot equally--2 & = ?is reason he did n g beyond :at 0 common to !m bo?4 ,moreov]1 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l is likewise compreh5d$ 9 ! appellation angels1 = ! "n has no ref]5ce to ! nature1 b to ! mission4 ,footnote #a3 ,! words 9 v]4 #i1 ,& !y said to him1 are to be und]/ood only ?us3--t "o spoke at ! same "t 9 ! "n ( ! o!rs2 9 ! "q ?us put1 x is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only ! g5]al relation ( ! gue/s to ! ho/ess t comes into consid]ation4 ,t su* is ! case1 appe>s f v]4 #aj1 :]e ! use ( ! plural c\ld n be cont9u$1 because a "w 0 on h& :i* 0 peculi> to ! "o among !m1 & 9 :i* ! o!rs 7 n equally conc]n$4 ,if ! words 9 v]4 #i 7 spok5 by all ! ?ree1 !n ! "o 9 v]4 #aj ought to h be5 s+l$ out ?us3 ,& "o f among !m ?us spoke4 ,on acc\nt ( ! suffix 9 1 ,& ! door 0 beh9d him1 ! 9 v]4 #aj c be ref]r$ only to ! "o1 & n to ! ,jehovah conceal$ beh9d all ! ?ree4 ,?is %[s h[ ! prec$+1 ,& !y said1 is to be und]/ood4 ,footnote #b3 ,delitzs* says3 ,z ! two are really s5t to de/roy ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 x is evid5t t ,jehovah1 9 v]4 #bd1 :o causes brim/one & fire to ra9 f ,jehovah out ( heav51 is view$ z be+ pres5t 9 ! two on e>?1 b 9 su* a mann] t1 nev]!less1 ,8 real judicial ?rone is 9 heav54 99 99 99 99 99 ,( no less importance & significance is ! passage ,g54 xxxi4 #aa seq4 ,accord+ to v]4 #aa1 ! ,angel ( ,god1 1 appe>s to ,jacob 9 a dream4 ,9 v]4 #ac1 ! same p]son calls himself ! ,god ( ,be!l1 ) ref]5ce to ! ev5t record$ 9 *ap4 xxviii4 #aa-bb4 ,x _c be suppos$ t 9 *ap xxviii4 ! m$iation ( a common angel took place1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 expressly m5tion$2 = ,jehovah is !re contra/$ ) ! angels4 ,9 v]4 #ab1 we read3 ,& behold ! angels ( ,god asc5d+ & desc5d+ on x4 ,9 v]4 #ac1 !re is ano!r sight3 ,& behold ,jehovah /ood by him & said1 ,i am ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,abraham ?y fa!r1 & ! ,god ( ,isaac2 ! l& :]eon ?\ lie/1 to !e w ,i give x1 & to ?y se$4 ,pg #abc ,?is passage is also 9 s f> ( importance1 because1 agreeably to :at has be5 rem>k$ 9 p4 #aai1 x foll[s f x t ev5 !re1 :]e ,jehovah simply is m5tion$1 ! m$iation ?r\gh ,8 ,angel is to be assum$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he ) :om ,jacob wre/les1 9 ,g54 xxxii4 #bd1 makes himself kn[n z ,god1 p>tly by giv+ him ! "n ,israel1 i4e41 "o :o wre/les ) ,god1 & p>tly by be/[+ a bless+ ^u him4 ,jacob calls ! place ,p5iel1 i4e41 face ( ,god1 because he _h se5 ,god face to face1 & wond]s t 8 life 0 pres]v$4 ,! answ] :i* ,elohim gives "h to ,jacob's "q reg>d+ ,8 "n1 rem>kably co9cides ) t :i* 9 ,judges xiii4 #ag1 #ah1 is giv5 by ! ,angel ( ! ,"l to a simil> "q4 ,9 ,hosea xii4 #d 7comp4 ! rem>ks on ?is passage 9 ! ,au?or's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 i4 p4 #abh ff471 he :o wre/l$ ) ,jacob is call$ ,elohim1 z 9 ,g5esis2 b 9 v]4 #e1 he is call$ 1 a ^w :i* is m di/9ctly def9$ by ! prec$+ ,elohim2 s t we c1 accord+ly1 ?9k only ( ! ,angel ( ,god4 ,z x 0 c]ta9ly n ! int5tion ( ! prophet to /ate a new hi/orical circum/ance1 ! m5tion ( ! ,angel mu/ be f\nd$ ^u ! supposition1 t all revelations ( ,god are made by ! m$iation ( ,8 ,angel1--a supposition :i* we h already prov$ to h its f\ndation 9 ! book ( ,g5esis itself4 ,delitzs* says1 ,s4 #bef1 ,jehovah reveals ,himself 9 ! 1 b j by means ( a f9ite _s becom+ visible1 & !re=e 9 a mann] m tol]able to him :o occupies a l[] place ( communion ) ,god4 ,& simil>ly1 ,h(mann expresses himself1 ,s4 #cce3 ,x is q ! same ?+ :e!r x be said1 he saw ,god1 or an angel1 z is te/ifi$ by ,hosea also2 & n[h]e h we less "r to expla9 x z if x 7 an appe>ance ( ,god ! ,son1 9 contra/ ) ! appe>ance ( an angel4 ,b s9ce x is an ess5tially diff]5t matt]1 :e!r ,jacob wre/l$ ) ,god ,himself1 or1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) an ord9>y angel m]ely1 we h1 z reg>ds ?is op9ion1 only ! *oice betwe5 accus+ ! prophet ,hosea1 :o br\ght 9 ! angel1 ( an ,euhem]ismus1 or ( rais+ aga9/ sacr$ hi/ory ! *>ge t x _c be reli$ on1 because x omitt$ s important ,pg #abd a circum/ance4 ,! "n ,israel1 by :i*1 at ! same "t1 ! inn]mo/ nature ( ! ,cov5ant-p 0 fix$1 & ! div9e law ( _! hi/ory 0 e/abli%$ 7,delitzs*71 is1 9 t case1 a falsehood4 ,jacob has ov]come omnipot5ce1 &1 9 ?is "o adv]s>y1 all o!rs :o might oppose him1--z he is expressly assur$ 9 v]4 #bi3 ,?\ ha/ wre/l$ ) ,god & ) m51 & ha/ prevail$4 ,c ,god inve/ a creature ) omnipot5ce8 ,jacob w\ld c]ta9ly n h gone s *e]fully to meet ,esau1 if 9 ,him ov] :om he prevail$ ) weep+ & supplication1 he himself _h recognis$ only an angel1 & n ,jehovah ! ,god ( ho/s1 z ,hosea1 9 v]4 #f1 calls ! v same1 ( :om 9 v]4 #e he _h spok5 z ! angel4 ,! consolatory import ( ! ev5t = ! ,*ur* ( all times is de/roy$1 if ,jacob _h to d ) a creat$ angel only4 ,) su* an "o1 ,jacob _h n to reckon on acc\nt ( 8 s9fulness1 & x is j ! humiliat+ consci\sness ( ?is 8 s9fulness :i* =ms ! po9t at issue 9 8 wre/l+4 ,moreov]1 ) su* a view1 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,antitype w\ld be altoge!r lo/4 ,jesus1 ! true ,israel1 does n wre/le ) an angel1--su* an "o only appe>s to /r5g!n ,him 9 ,8 /ruggle1 ,luke xxii4 #dc--;b ) ,god1 ,heb4 v4 #g4--,! occurr5ce w\ld1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 furni% a /rong argum5t = ! wor%ip ( angels3 ,he wept & made supplication unto him1 ,hos4 xii4 #e 7comp>e ,deut4 iii4 #bc74 ,! 1 m5tion$ 9 ,col4 iv4 #ab1 9 allusion to our passage1 w\ld1 9 t case1 besides ,god1 h ! angels = its object4 ,if an ord9>y angel 7 "h to be und]/ood1 we mu/ likewise believe t an angel is spok5 ( 9 ,g54 xxxv4 #i seq4 ,=1 ( ! same angel ) :om ,jacob wre/l$1 ,hosea says t ,jacob f\nd him 9 ,be!l3 ,& he wre/l$ ) ! ,angel & prevail$1 he wept & made supplication unto him2 he f\nd him 9 ,be!l1 & !re he spake ) u4 7,t>nov3 ,nobiscum qui 9 lumbis ,jacobi hrebamus47 ,!n1 x mu/ h be5 a common angel1 too1 :o appe>$ to ,jacob 9 ,g54 xxviii4 #aj ff42 = *ap4 xxxv4 #i1 comp>$ ) v]4 #g1 does n all[ u to d\bt ( ! id5tity ( him :o appe>$ on ^! two occasions4 ,b su* an idea _c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t2 = 9 *ap4 xxviii4 #ac1 ,jehovah is contra/$ ) ! angels asc5d+ & desc5d+ on ! ladd]4 ,pg #abe ,9 ,g54 xlviii4 #ae1 #af1 we read ( ,jacob3 ,& he bless$ ,joseph1 & said1 ,! ,god be=e :om my fa!rs ,abraham & ,isaac did walk1 & ! ,god :i* f$ me all my life long unto ?is day1 ! ,angel :i* r$eem$ me f all evil1 bless ! lads4 ,9 ?is passage1 ,god fir/ appe>s1 twice 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ,8 nature1 & !n1 specially1 z ! ,angel conc]n$ = ,jacob & 8 po/]ity4 ,by ! ,angel1 we _c "h und]/& a div9e emanation & mess5g]1 because no p]man5t "* belongs to su*2 :ile "h ! :ole sum ( ! pres]vations ( ,jacob1 & ( ! bless+s ^u ,ephraim & ,manasseh1 is d]iv$ f ! ,angel4 ,& j z little c we !reby und]/& a creat$ angel1 accord+ to ! view ( ,h(mann1 :o1 9 ,s4 #hg1 says3 ,jacob "h makes m5tion ( ,god1 n ?rice1 b twice only2 fir/ z ! ,god ( 8 fa!rs1 & !n z ! ,god ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 b 9 su* a way t 9 v]4 #af he names1 in/ead ( ,god1 ! ,angel :o wat*$ ov] him2 & he does s = ! purpose ( d5ot+ ! special provid5ce ( :i* he _h be5 ! object4 ,! analogy ( ! ?reefold bless+ ( ,a>on 9 ,num4 vi4 #bd-bf w\ld lead u to expect t ! "n ( ,god %\ld be ?ree times m5tion$4 ,no creat$ angel c\ld 9 ?is mann] be plac$ by ! side ( ,god1 or be introduc$ z be+ indep5d5t (1 & co-ord9ate )1 ,him4 ,su* an angel c only be meant z is connect$ ) ,god by on5ess ( nature1 & ^: activity is impli$ 9 t ( ,god4 ,! s+ul> is "h ( v special significance4 ,x indicates t ! ,angel is jo9$ to ,god by an insep>able on5ess1 & t 8 t]ritory is j z wide z t ( ,elohim4#a ,if by ! angel we und]/& "s creat$ "o1 we _c !n avoid ! />tl+ inf]5ce1 t ,god is1 9 all ,8 manife/ations1 b\nd ,pg #abf absolutely to ! m$iation ( ! l[] angels4 ,9 ! hi/ory ^u :i* ,jacob looks back1 ! inf]ior angels d n appe> at all z tak+ any "p 9 all ! pres]vations ( ,jacob4 ,twice only are !y m5tion$ 9 8 :ole hi/ory1--9 *ap4 xxviii4 #ab1 & xxxii4 #b4 ,la/ly1--,! angel _c well be a collective n\n2 = we n[h]e meet ) ! ideal p]son ( ! angel1 z compreh5d+ )9 himself a real plurality4 7,comp>e rem>ks on ,ps4 xxxiv4 #h47 ,we %\ld !re=e be compell$ to ?9k ( ,jacob's protect+ angel4 ,b ?is1 aga91 w\ld be 9 opposition to ! fact1 t ,scripture n[h]e says any?+ ( ! gu>dian angels ( any individual4 ,moreov]1 x is a plurality ( angels t 9 xxviii4 #ab1 xxxii4 #b1 s]ves = ! protection ( ,jacob1 & we n[h]e f9d ! slighte/ trace ( "o inf]ior angel be+ atta*$ to ,jacob = 8 protection4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is significance ( ! s+ul> 0 po9t$ out z e>ly z 9 ! ?ird c5tury by ,novatianus1 :o1 de ,tr9itate c4 xv4 7p4 #ajaf 9 ,ode71 says3 ,s con/ant is he 9 m5tion+ t ,angel :om he _h call$ ,god1 t ev5 at ! close ( 8 spee* he aga9 ref]s1 9 an emphatic mann]1 to ! same p]son1 by say+1 ',god bless ^! lads4' ,= _h he int5d$ t "s o!r angel %\ld be und]/ood1 he w\ld h us$ ! plural numb] 9 ord] to compreh5d ! two p]sons4 ,b s9ce1 9 8 bless+1 he made use ( ! s+ul>1 he w\ld h u to und]/& t ,god & ! ,angel are q id5tical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj1 #ba1 ,jehovah says to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 ,behold1 ,i s5d an angel be=e !e1 to keep !e 9 ! way1 & to br+ !e into ! place :i* ,i h prep>$4 ,bew>e ( him1 & obey 8 voice2 d n rebel aga9/ him1 = he w n p>don y\r transgressions3 = ,my "n is 9 him4 ,z ! p are "h told to bew>e ( ! ,angel1 because he w n p>don _! transgressions1 s ,jo%ua xxiv4 #ai w>ns !m z reg>ds ! mo/ high ,god3 ,ye w n be able to s]ve ,jehovah3 = ,he is a holy 7i4e41 a glori\s1 exalt$7 ,god2 ,he is a jeal\s ,god2 ,he w n =give y\r transgressions nor y\r s9s4 ,! en]getic "* ( ! reaction proce$+ f ! angel aga9/ all violations ( ,8 hon\r1 is f\nd$ ^u ! words1 ,= ,my "n is 9 him4 ,by ! "n ( ,god all ,8 de$s are und]/ood & compreh5d$1 ,8 glory te/ifi$ by hi/ory1 ! display & te/imony ( ,8 nature :i* hi/ory gives4 7,comp>e ! rem>ks 9 my comm5t>y on ,ps4 xxiii4 #b1 xlviii4 #aa1 lxxxiii4 #ag-ai1 lxxxvi4 #aa47 ,my "n is him2 i4e41 accord+ to ,calv91 ,my glory & maje/y dwell 9 him4 ,comp>e "h :at 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is said ( ,*ri/3 1 ,john v4 #ai2 1 ,john v4 #bc2 1 ,john x4 #cj2 1 ,pg #abg ,john x4 #ch2 1 ,john xiv4 #aj2 1 ,john xvii4 #ba2 1 ,col4 ii4 #i4--;,x is impossible t ! "n ( ,god c\ld be communicat$ to any o!r1 ,is4 xlii4 #h4 ,! "n ( ,god c dwell 9 ,him only1 :o is orig9ally ( ! same nature ) ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ,israel _h contract$ guilt by ! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf4 ,he :o _h hi!rto l$ !m--,jehovah ! ,angel ( ,jehovah--says1 9 ,exod4 xxxii4 #cd1 t ,he w\ld no m lead !m ,himself1 b s5d be=e !m ,8 ,angel1 3 ,= ,i 7myself7 w n g up 9 ! mid/ ( !e1 = ?\ art a /iff-neck$ p1 le/ ,i consume !e 9 ! way2 xxxiii4 #c1 comp>$ ) xxiii4 #ba4 ,! p are q inconsolable on acc\nt ( ?is sad intellig5ce1 v]4 #d4 ,! ?reat5+ ( ! ,"l becomes un9telligible1 & ! grief ( ! p incompreh5sible1 if by ! ,angel 9 *ap4 xxiii4 an ord9>y angel be und]/ood4 ,b ev]y?+ becomes cle> & intelligible1 if we admit t 9 *ap4 xxiii4 !re is an allusion to ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 1 :o is connect$ ) ,him by on5ess ( nature1 & :o1 because ! "n ( ,god is 9 ,him1 is z zeal\s z ,himself 9 inflict+ puni%m5t z well z 9 be/[+ salvation2 :il/ 9 *ap4 xxxii4 #cd1 ! allusion is to an inf]ior angel1 :o is add$ to ! highe/ reveal] ( ,god z ,8 companion & mess5g]1 & :o appe>s 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel "u ! "n ( ,gabriel1 :ile ! ,angel ( ! ,"l appe>s "u ! "n ( ,mi*ael4 ,on acc\nt ( ! s9c]e rep5tance ( ! p1 & ! int]cession ( ,moses1 ! ,"l revokes ! ?reat5+1 & says 9 xxxiii4 #ad1 ,my face %all g4 ,b ,moses said unto ,him1 ,if ,?y face g n1 c>ry u n up h5ce4 ,t 1 face1 signifies "h ! p]son1 is grant$ by ,ges5ius3 ,! face ( "s "o means (t5 8 p]sonal pres5ce1--himself 9 8 own p]son4 ,a simil> use ( ! ^w occurs 9 #b ,sam4 xvii4 #aa3 ,?y face g to battle 7,mi*aelis3 ,?\ ?yself be pres5t1 n "s comm&] only72 & 9 ,deut4 iv4 #cg1 :]e means 91 or )1 8 p]sonal pres5ce3 ,he ,pg #abh br\ght !m out ) ,8 face1 ) ,8 mighty p[] out ( ,egypt4 ,! /ate ( ?+s has 9 xxxiii4 #ad1 #ae1 evid5tly become aga9 :at x 0 9 xxiii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,! face ( ! ,"l 9 ! =m] passage1 is ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 9 ! latt]4 ,h5ce1 we _c "h admit ! idea ( "s inf]ior angel2 we c ?9k only ( t ,angel :o is connect$ ) ! ,"l by on5ess ( nature4 ,! connection betwe5 ! face ( ! ,"l 9 xxxiii4 #ad1 #ae1 & ! ,angel 9 :om is ! "n ( ! ,"l1 9 xxiii41 becomes /ill m evid5t by ,is4 lxiii4 #h1 #i3 ,& ,he 7,jehovah7 became _! ,savi\r4 ,9 all _! affliction 7!y 77 n afflict$1 & ! ,angel ( ,8 face sav$ !m2 9 ,8 love & 9 ,8 pity ,he r$eem$ !m1 & ,he bore & c>ri$ !m all ! days ( old4 ,! ,angel ( ! face1 9 ?is text1 is an expression :i*1 by its v d>kness1 po9ts back to "s fundam5tal passage--a passage1 too1 9 ! ,p5tateu*--z facts are allud$ to1 ( :i* ! au!ntic report is giv5 9 t book4 ,! expression1 ,angel ( ! face1 arose f a comb9ation ( ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj--;f :i* ! ,angel is tak5--& ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ad1 :5ce he took ! face4 ,to expla9 ,angel ( ! face by ! angel :o sees ,8 face1 z sev]al h done1 w\ld give an inadequate mean+2 = by ! :ole context1 an expression is dem&$ :i* w\ld elevate ! angel to ! height ( ,god4 ,n[1 z 9 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ad1 ! face ( ,jehovah is tantam\nt to ,jehovah 9 ,8 own p]son1 ! ,angel ( ! face c be none o!r ?an ,he 9 :om ,jehovah appeal's p]sonally1 9 contra/ ) inf]ior creat$ angels4 ,! ,angel ( ! face is ! ,angel 9 :om is ! "n ( ! ,"l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,jo%ua 0 /&+ ) ! army be=e ,j]i*o1 9 a /ate ( despond5cy at ! sight ( ! /rongly =tifi$ city1 a man appe>$ to him1 ) 8 sword drawn2 & :5 he 0 ask$ by ,jo%ua1 ,art ?\ = u or = our adv]s>ies8 he answ]s1 9 *ap4 v4 #ad1 ,nay1 = ,i am ! ,capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ,jehovah1 1 n[ ,i h come4 ,?is ,capta9 claims = himself div9e hon\r1 9 v]4 #ae1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z ! ,angel ( ,jehovah 9 ,exod4 iii41 by comm&+ ,pg #abi ,jo%ua to put (f 8 %oes1 because ! place on :i* he /ood 0 holy4 ,9 *ap4 vi4 #b he is call$ ,jehovah4 ,= x is evid5t t we are n to ?9k ( ano!r div9e revelation !re giv5 to ,jo%ua 9 any o!r way--z "s int]pret]s suppose2 because1 9 t case1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,capta91 :o only n[ gives comm& to ,jo%ua1 w\ld h be5 )\t an object4 ,9 *ap4 v4 ! directions w\ld be want+2 9 *ap4 vi4 we %\ld h no report ( ! appe>ance4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 by ! ho/ ( ! ,"l1 ! heav5ly ho/ is to be und]/ood2 & ,h(mann 7,s4 #bia7 has n done well 9 reviv+ ! op9ion ( "s old] expositors 7,calv91 ,masius7 :i* has be5 long ago refut$1 viz41 t ! ho/ ( ! ,"l is ,israel /&+ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 w>f>e1 & 9 ass]t+ t ! pr9ce ( ?is ho/ is "s inf]ior angel4 ,! ,israelites _c be ! ho/ ( ! ,"l1 t explanation is exclud$ by ! comp>ison ) ! ho/ ( ! ,"l m5tion$ at ! v ?re%old ( revelation1 9 ,g54 ii4 #a2 t :i* is commonly 7,g54 xxxii4 #b2 #a ,k+s xxii4 #ai2 ,neh4 ix4 #f2 ,ps4 ciii4 #ba1 cxlviii4 #b1 comp>$ ) #b ,k+s vi4 #bg7 s call$1 inf9itely surpasses ! e>?ly "o 9 glory1 & ( x ! ,"l has ! "n ,jehovah ,zebao?4 ,x is only 9 two isolat$ passages ( ! ,p5tateu* t ! appellation :i* prop]ly belongs to ! heav5ly ho/s ( ,god is transf]r$ to ! e>?ly ones2 & t is done 9 ord] to po9t out _! correspond5ce1 & !reby to elevate ! m9d4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! passages1 ,exod4 vii4 #d1 ! ho/ ( ! ,"l is n spok5 ( absolutely1 b x is expressly said :at ho/ is int5d$3 ,& ,i br+ =? ,my ho/4 ,my p1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! second passage1 9 ,exod4 xii4 #da1 is simil>ly qualifi$1 & ref]s to ! fir/4 ,accord+ to ?is view ( ,h(mann1 ! words1 n[ ,i h come1 are q inexplicable4#a ,! ,capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ! ,"l expresses ,himself 9 su* a mann] z if1 by ,8 com+1 ev]y?+ 7 accompli%$4 ,b if he 0 only ! comm&] ( ,israel--an inf]ior ,pg #acj angel--8 com+ 0 no gu>antee = success1 = 8 limit$ p[] might be *eck$ by a high] "o4 ,b if ! ,capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ,jehovah be ! ,pr9ce ( angels1 we _c by any means ref] ! div9e hon\r :i* ,he dem&s & receives1 to ,him :o s5t ,him1 9 contra/ ) ,him :o is s5t2 ! high] ! dignity1 ! m necess>y is ! limitation4 ,if ! hon\r be ascrib$ to ,him1 ,he mu/ be a p>tak] ( a div9e nature4 ,jesus n at all indi/9ctly designates ,himself z ! ,capta9 ( ! ,"l's ho/ spok5 ( 9 our passage1 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ec3 1 2 ,?is passage alone w\ld be suffici5t to refute ! view :i* conceives ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l z a m]e emanation & mess5g]4 ,x also ov]?r[s ! op9ion t he is an inf]ior angel1 inasmu* z ! ,angel ( ! ,"l "h appe>s z rais$ above all inf]ior angels4 ,?us !re exi/$1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 ! mo/ important f\ndation = ! doctr9e conc]n+ ,*ri/4 ,he :o kn[s ! g5]al relation :i* ! ,p5tateu* be>s to ! lat] developm5t ( doctr9e1 w1 a priori1 ?9k x impossible t x %\ld h be5 o!rwise2 &1 in/ead ( neglect+ ^! small beg9n+s1 appe>+1 z x 71 9 ! %ape ( g]ms1 he w cultivate !m ) love & c>e4 ,x is only at a late p]iod1 9 ,mala*i iii4 #a1 t ! doctr9e ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l is expressly br\ght into connection ) t ( ,*ri/4 ,b a k ( ! div9e nature ( ! ,messiah is f\nd at a mu* e>li] p]iod2 & we c c]ta9ly n suppose t ! doctr9e ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 & t ( a truly div9e ,savi\r1 %\ld h exi/$ by ! side ( ea* o!r1 & yet t manifold =ebod+s reg>d+ _! close obvi\s connection %\ld n h be5 awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,footnote #a3 ,seb4 ,s*mid says3 ,i h n[ come ) my heav5ly ho/ to attack ! ,canaanites1 & to help !e & ?y p4 ,be ?\ ( good *e]2 prep>e ?yself = w> along ) me1 & ,i w n[ expla9 to !e 9 :at mann] ?\ mu/ c>ry x on2 vi4 #b ff4 ,,! ,,promise ,,9 #b ,,samuel1 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! ,messianic prophecy1 z we h se51 began at a "t long ant]ior to t ( ,david4 ,ev5 9 ,g5esis1 we p]ceiv$ ,pg #aca x1 increas+ m & m 9 di/9ctness4 ,!re is at fir/ only ! g5]al promise t ! se$ ( ! woman %\ld obta9 ! victory ov] ! k+dom ( ! evil "o2--!n1 t ! salvation %\ld come ?r\gh ! desc5dants ( ,%em2--!n1 f among !m ,abraham is m>k$ out1--( 8 sons1 ,isaac1--f among 8 sons1 ,jacob1--& f among ! twelve sons ( ,jacob1 ,judah is s+l$ out z ! be>] ( dom9ion1 & m>k$ out z ! p]son f :om1 at l5g?1 %\ld proce$ ! glori\s ,k+ ^: peaceful dom9ion is de/9$ to ext5d ov] all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,:il/1 hi!rto1 ! tribe only _h be5 po9t$ out1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* an imp]i%able dom9ion %\ld be e/abli%$1 & out ( :i* ! ,savi\r 0 at la/ to come1--"u ,david ano!r feature 0 add$ by ! det]m9ation ( ! family4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! prophetic ann\ncem5t :i* ! ,"l1 by ! prophet ,na?an1 address$ 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 to ,david1 :5 he _h adopt$ ! resolution ( build+ to ! ,"l a fix$ temple1 in/ead ( ! moveable tab]nacle :i* _h hi!rto be5 us$4 ,v]4 #a4 ,& x happ5$ :5 ! k+ sat 9 8 h\se1 & ! ,"l _h giv5 him re/ f all 8 enemies r\nd ab\t4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& ! k+ said unto ,na?an ! prophet1 ,see1 n[1 ,i dwell 9 a h\se ( c$>1 & ! ark ( ,god dwelle? )9 curta9s4 ,! "q "h is3--,to :at "t is ! occurr5ce to be assign$8 ,! answ] is3--,to ! "t n long aft] ,david _h obta9$ ! dom9ion ov] all ,israel4 ,to ?is op9ion we are l$ by ! position :i* ! report occupies 9 ! ,books bo? ( ,*ronicles & ( ,samuel4 ,! supposition is s v probable1 t no?+ %ort ( v cog5t reasons c\ld induce u to ab&on x4 ,a n>rative1 9 :i* ,david's accession to ! ?rone is foll[$ by ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem1 & ?is by ! build+ ( 8 palace1--& ?is aga9 by ! br++ up ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant1--& ?is1 /ill fur!r1 by ,david's anxiety = a fix$ sanctu>y1 evid5tly agrees ) ! ord] 9 :i* ^! ev5ts foll[$ ea* o!r4 ,we c ! less ent]ta9 any d\bt conc]n+ x1 because we are expressly told1 t ! w>s & victories ( ,david report$ 9 *ap4 viii4 7 subsequ5t to :at is report$ 9 *ap4 vii42 comp>e viii4 #a4 ,t ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem & ! ,pg #acb build+ ( 8 palace belong to ! p]iod soon aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone1 is bo? evid5t1 & g5]ally ackn[l$g$2 b t ,david's anxiety = a fix$ sanctu>y 0 awak5$ 9 him soon aft] ! completion ( 8 palace1 is expressly /at$ 9 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #a4 ,in/ead ( 9 v]4 #a ( our passage1 we f9d !re 1 :51 or z soon z he dwelt4 ,we _c well ?9k ( any lat] p]iod1 z ,david's zeal = ! build+ ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l 0 closely connect$ ) ! "q reg>d+ ! duration ( 8 own family1 :i* 0 s readily sugge/$ by ! fate ( ,saul1 & :i* mu/ necess>ily h engag$ 8 att5tion at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,if he obta9$ ! div9e sanction = ! build+ ( ! temple1 t "q also 0 !reby answ]$4 ,fur!r1--,x appe>s f v]4 #ab1 t ,solomon 0 n yet born at ! "t :5 ,david receiv$ ! promise4 ,! circum/ance1 too1 t !re are s _m allusions to x 9 ! ,psalms ( ,david1 proves t ?is promise _h be5 already giv5 to him at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4--,"o circum/ance only has be5 adduc$ aga9/ assign+ to x s e>ly a p]iod1 viz41 t ! ev5t is "h plac$ )9 ! "t :5 ! ,"l _h giv5 ,david re/ f all 8 enemies r\nd ab\t4 ,b !re is n "o ^w :i* affirms t ?is re/ 0 a def9itive "o2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! contr>y is allud$ to by ! circum/ance t ! ,books ( ,*ronicles make no m5tion at all ( ,david's re/ f 8 enemies1 & is di/9ctly indicat$ by viii4 #a4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 xiv4 #ag x is said1 aft] ! acc\nt ( ,david's victory ov] ! ,phili/9es 7on :i* ev5t ! ,books ( ,samuel report previ\s to *ap4 vii41 viz4 9 v4 #ag-be73 ,& ! "n ( ,david w5t out into all l&s1 & ! ,"l gave 8 fe> ^u all ! hea!n4 ,?is previ\s result 0 s mu* ! m important1 z ! ,phili/9es _h be51 = a long "t1 ! mo/ dang]\s enemies ( ,israel1 & ,david himself may h consid]$ x z a def9itive "o1--may h imag9$ ?is truce to be a peace1--may n h be5 aw>e t he _h yet to be> ! burd5 ( ! mo/ try+ w>s4 ,look+1 !n1 to ! passage 9 ,deut4 xii4 #aj1 #aa--;9 :i* ! *oice ( a place :]e ! ,"l w cause ,8 "n to dwell1 is connect$ ) ! giv+ ( re/ f all enemies r\nd ab\t--he might ?9k t ! pres5t circum/ance =m$ a call ^u him to erect a sanctu>y to ,pg #acc ! ,"l4#a ,b ! issue 7comp>e viii4 #a7 soon made x manife/ to him1 t ! supposition on :i* he proce$$ 0 an errone\s "o4 ,we h a tacit correction ( ,david's mi/ake 9 #a ,k+s v4 #ag1 #ah3 ,?\ kn[e/ h[ t ,david my fa!r c\ld n build an h\se unto ! "n ( ! ,"l 8 ,god1 = ! w>s ) :i* !y surr\nd$ him1 until ! ,"l put !m "u ! soles ( 8 feet4 ,& n[ ! ,"l my ,god ha? giv5 me re/ on e side1 & !re is nei!r adv]s>y nor evil occurr5ce4 ,x 0 only "u ,solomon t ! p]iod provid$ = by ,deut4 xii4 really arriv$4 7,comp>e #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #ai47 ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,na?an said to ! k+1 ,g1 d all t is 9 ?9e he>t1 = ! ,"l is ) !e4 ,v]4 #d4 ,& x came to pass t night t ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto ,na?an1 say+3 ,v]4 #e4 ,g & tell ,my s]vant ,david1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,%alt ?\ build ,me a h\se to dwell 98 ,9 v]4 #e ! "q is /at$1 ! answ] to :i* is ! po9t at issue4 ,9 v]4 #f1 ! exposition beg9s ) 1 :i* ref]s to ! :ole ( x1 & n m]ely to ! clause :i* imm$iately foll[s4 ,hi!rto1 ! ,"l has n _h a fix$ temple 7v]4 #f71 nor has any su* be5 wi%$ = or desir$ by ,him 7v]4 #g74 ,by ! grace ( ,god1 ,david has be5 rais$ to be rul] ov] ! p 7v]4 #h71 & ! ,"l has help$ him glori\sly 7v]4 #i71 &1 ?r\gh him1 ,8 p 7v]4 #aj74 ,?is m]cy ! ,"l _h already be/[$ ^u him1 t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( ! ,judges1 x 0 ?r\gh him1 fir/ ( all1 t ! p _h obta9$ re/ f all _! enemies r\nd ab\t2 b to ?is fav\r ! ,"l is n[ add+ ano!r1 by ann\nc+ to him t ,he w\ld make him an h\se 7v]4 #aa74 ,:5 ,david dies1 8 se$ %all occupy ! ?rone1 & be e/abli%$ 9 ! k+dom 7v]4 #ab74 ,x is he :o %all build an h\se = ! ,"l :o w e/abli% = ev] ! ?rone ( 8 k+dom1 v]s4 #ac-af4 ,david's zeal = ! h\se ( ! ,"l is ?us ackn[l$g$ 7comp>e ,ps4 cxxxii4 #a71 & s also is ! correctness ( 8 supposition1 t ! build+ ( ! fix$ temple is intimately ,pg #acd connect$ ) 8 be+ rais$ to be rul] ov] ,israel4 ,! fir/ answ] ( ,na?an rema9s correct2 x is only m di/9ctly & closely def9$ & modifi$4 ,david is to build ! h\se1--n1 h[ev]1 9 8 own p]son1 b 9 8 se$1 & aft] ! ,"l has begun to fulfil ,8 promise1 t ,he w\ld make him an h\se4 ,b :y 0 x t ,david himself 0 n p]mitt$ to build ! h\se to ! ,"l8 ,9 ?is passage we obta9 no answ]4 ,9 ,solomon's message to ,hiram 7#a ,k+s v4 #ag7 an ext]nal reason only is /at$--viz41 t1 by 8 num]\s w>s1 ,david _h be5 prev5t$ f build+ a h\se to ! ,"l4 ,!re 0 a deep] reason ?an ?is2 b ! hea!n c\ld n compreh5d x4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! words :i*1 accord+ to #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #c1 ,david spoke to ! p3 ,& ,god said unto me1 ,?\ %alt n build an h\se = ,my "n1 because ?\ ha/ be5 a man ( w>1 & ha/ %$ blood2 & 9 ! words ( ! ,"l :i*1 accord+ to #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #h1 ,david repeat$ to ,solomon3 ,?\ ha/ %$ blood abundantly1 & ha/ made great w>s2 ?\ %alt n build an h\se unto ,my "n1 because ?\ ha/ %$ mu* blood ^u ! e>? 9 ,my sight1--a disclosure :i* ,david c\ld h obta9$ only at a lat] p]iod1 & z a supplem5t to ! div9e communication :i* _h be5 made to him ?r\gh ,na?an4 ,= x is only aft] ! revelation 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 t ,david _h to c>ry on 8 mo/ bloody w>s4 ,we mu/ n1 by any means1 ent]ta9 ! idea t ^! words express any?+ blamewor?y 9 ,david1 & t ! p]mission to build ! temple 0 refus$ to him on acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal unwor?9ess4 ,david /ood 9 a clos] relation to ,god ?an did ,solomon4 ,8 w>s 7 w>s ( ! ,"l1 #a ,sam4 xxv4 #bh4 ,x is 9 ?is light t ,david himself reg>d$ !m2 & t he 0 consci\s ( 8 be+ div9ely commission$ = !m1 is se51 e4g41 f ,ps4 xviii43 x 0 ! ,"l :o taught 8 h&s to w> 7v]4 #ce7 & :o gave him v5geance1 & subdu$ ! p unto him1 v]4 #dh4 ,! passages #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #h1 xxvii4 #c1 d n1 9 !mselves1 conta9 "o reproa*ful ^w aga9/ ,david4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! words1 9 ,my sight1 9 ! =m] ( ^! passages1 r lead u to suppose t ,david is1 9 8 w>s1 to be consid]$ only z a s]vant ( ! ,"l 7,mi*aelis3 ,9 ,my sight--i4e41 :o am1 z x 71 ! ,pg #ace highe/ judge1 & ! comm&]74 ,! reason is r ( a symbolical "*4 ,h[ necess>y soev]1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 w> may be = ! k+dom ( ,god1--z inde$ ! ,savi\r also says t 79 ! fir/ in/ance7 ,he _h n come to s5d peace1 b a sword1--x is aft] all only some?+ accid5tal1 & r5d]$ ne$ful by human corruption4 ,! real nature ( ! k+dom ( ,god is peace4 ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,"l ( ! ,*ur* appe>s z ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 ,is4 ix4 #e4 ,accord+ to ,luke ix4 #ef1 ! ,son ( ,man is n come to de/roy m5's lives1 b to save !m4 ,9 ord] to impress ^u ! m9d ?is view ( ! nature & aim ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,temple--! symbol ( ! ,*ur*--mu/ n be built by ,david ! man ( w>1 b by ,solomon1 ! peaceful1 ! man ( re/1 #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #i4 ,v]4 #f4 ,= ,i h n dwelt 9 any h\se f ! day t ,i br\ght up ! *ildr5 ( ,israel out ( ,egypt ev5 to ?is day1 & h walk$ 9 a t5t & 9 a tab]nacle4 ,v]4 #g4 ,9 all t ,i h walk$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 h ,i spok5 "o ^w ) any ( ! tribes ( ,israel :om ,i comm&$ to fe$ ,my p ,israel1 say+4 ,:y build ye ,me n a h\se ( c$>8 ,accord+ to sev]al int]pret]s1 ^! words are int5d$ z a consolation to ,david = ! delay 9 build+ ! temple1 & convey ?is s5se3 t ,god did n require ! temple1 t ! build+ ( x 0 ( no consequ5ce1--z suffici5tly appe>s f ! circum/ance ( ,8 n hav+ hi!rto urg$ x4 ,b su* a view w\ld ill agree ) ! great importance :i* ,david cont9ues1 ev5 aft]w>ds1 to ascribe to ! build+ ( ! temple1--) ! gr& ef=ts ( ,solomon t[>ds x1--& ) ! exult+ words :i* are utt]$ by ! latt]1 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #ac1 aft] ! "w has be5 accompli%$3 ,i h built ,!e an h\se to dwell 91 a settl$ place = ,!e to abide 9 = ev]4 ,a comp>ison ( #a ,k+s viii4 #af-bj furni%es u ) a clue to ! "r int]pretation4 ,9 t passage1 ! p]iod be=e ,david is contra/$ ) t dur+ :i* ,david liv$4 7,comp>e ! 1 n[1 9 v]4 #h47 ,hi!rto1 ev]y?+ 9 ! gov]nm5t _h borne a provisional "*1 &1 h5ce1 ! sanctu>y also4 ,b n[ t1 aft] ! unsettl$ /ate ( ?+s "u ,pg #acf ! ,judges & ,saul1 ! def9itive gov]nm5t has be5 call$ into exi/5ce ) ,david1 to :om ! ,"l w make an h\se1 ! def9itive sanctu>y also %all be built1--only1 t x %all n be f\nd$ by ,david1 b by 8 se$4#b ,! words1 ,i h walk$--lit]ally1 ,i h be5 walk+1 ,i h cont9u$ walk+--9 a t5t & 9 a tab]nacle1 indicate n only t ! ,"l dwelt 9 a portable sanctu>y1 b also1 t ! place ( ?is sanctu>y 0 (t5times *ang$1 f "o /ation to ano!r 9 ! wild]ness1 !n to ,gilgal1 ,%iloh1 ,nob & ,gibeon4 ,?is *ang+ ( ! place ( ! tab]nacle is /ill m di/9ctly po9t$ out1 9 ! p>allel passage 9 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #e3 ,& ,i h be5 f t5t to t5t1 f tab]nacle to tab]nacle2 i4e41 ,i w5t f "o t5t into ! o!r1 e4g41 f ! dwell+-place ( ,%iloh into t ( ,nob1--a mode ( expression :i* pays no att5tion to ! circum/ance :e!r or n ! t5t 0 mat]ially ! same4 ,in/ead (1 ,) any ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 we f9d 9 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #f1 ,) any ( ! judges ( ,israel1--a p>allel passage :i* v well expla9s ! ma9 text4 ,! tribes come into consid]ation ?r\gh _! judges1 :o1 9 ! ,book ( ,judges1 always appe> z judges 9 ,israel1 & procur$ a tempor>y ,pg #acg sup]iority to ! tribe f :i* !y proce$$4#c ,! 1 :i* has be5 d\bt$1 is r5d]$ c]ta9 by #a ,k+s viii4 #af4 7,comp>e1 moreov]1 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #fg1 #fh47--,! reason :y no su* ^w came to any "o ( ^! tribes is1 t ! sup]iority ( none ( !m 0 p]man5t2 ! election ( all ( !m 0 m]ely tempor>y4 ,! cont9uance ( ! t5t-temple 0 int5d$ to indicate t ! /ate ( ?+s 01 9 g5]al1 provisional only1 & t a new ord] ( ?+s 0 at h&4 ,! creation ( a settl$ sanctu>y 0 to be co9cid5t ) ! e/abli%m5t ( an abid+ k+dom1 to :i* ! grace ( ,god 0 v\*saf$4 ,x 0 an evil om5 = ,saul t ! erection ( a fix$ sanctu>y 0 n ev5 moot$ "u him4 ,! close ( ,ps4 lxxviii4 likewise po9ts out ! intimate connection ( ! k+dom & ! sanctu>y4 ,v]4 #h4 ,& n[1 ?us %alt ?\ say unto ,david ,my s]vant3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ( ho/s1 ,i took !e f ! %eep-cote1#d f beh9d ! %eep1 to be rul] ov] ,my p1 ov] ,israel4 ,v]4 #i4 ,& ,i 0 ) !e :i!rsoev] ?\ w5te/1 & h cut (f all ?9e enemies f be=e !e1 & h made !e a great "n l unto ! "n ( ! great m5 t are ^u ! e>?4 ,v]4 #aj4 ,& ,i gave room unto ,my p ,israel1 & plant$ !m1 & !y dwell 9 _! place1 & !y %all no m be fright5$1 & ! sons ( wick$ness %all afflict !m no m z h]et(ore4 ,sev5 div9e b5efits are "h enum]at$1--"o 9 v]4 #h1 :i* =ms ! f\ndation ( all ! o!rs1 & ?ree 9 ea* ( ! two foll[+ v]ses1--9 v]4 #i1 :at ! ,"l has giv5 to ,david1--9 v]4 #aj1 :at1 ?r\gh him1 ,he has giv5 to ,israel4 ,^! b5efits are s _m symptoms t a def9itive ord] ( ?+s has n[ tak5 ! place ( ! provisional "o1 & t1 h5ce1 ! moveable sanctu>y w n[ be soon foll[$ by ! settl$ "o4 ,9 ! fir/ memb] ( v]4 #aj1 !re is an enum]ation ( ! b5efits :i* ! ,pg #ach p h already receiv$ ?r\gh ,david2 9 ! second & ?ird memb]s1 an enum]ation ( ! b5efits to be con/antly be/[$ ^u !m ?r\gh him4 ,a comm5t>y ^u x is =m$ by ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bb-bd1 9 :i* x is said ( ,david3 ,) :om ,my h& %all be cont9ually4 ,m9e arm also %all /r5g!n him4 ,! enemy %all n exact ^u him1 nor ! son ( wick$ness afflict him4 ,& ,i cru% 8 enemies be=e him1 & w smite ^? :o hate him4 ,v]4 #aa4 ,& s9ce ! day t ,i comm&$ judges ov] ,my p ,israel1 ,i h giv5 !e re/ f all ?9e enemies4 ,& ! ,"l telle? !e1 t ! ,"l w make !e an h\se4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is v]se compreh5ds all ! b5efits =m]ly enum]at$2--! second adds ano!r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is closely connect$ ) ! previ\s ones4 ,! circum/ance t ! ,"l fir/ gave re/ to ,david1 &1 9 him1 to ! p1 0 a sign ( 8 election :i* c\ld n b manife/ itself aft]w>ds 9 ! c>e = 8 h\se4 ,! promise1 ,! ,"l w make !e an h\se1 0 to ,david an answ] to pray]1 z is %[n by ,ps4 xxi4 #c1 #e1 lxi4 #f1 cxxxviii4 #c4 ,ev5 ! ?\ght ( build+ ! temple 0 a "q put to ! ,"l1 z to :e!r ,he w\ld1 9 h>mony ) ,8 pa/ conduct1 give a duration to 8 h\se1 diff]5t f t ( ! h\se ( ,saul4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,& :5 ?y days be fulfill$1 & ?\ %alt sleep ) ?y fa!rs1 ,i %all cause ?y se$ to rise up aft] !e :i* %all proce$ out ( ?y b[els1 & ,i w e/abli% 8 k+dom4 ,! does n signify ! beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 b ! elevation to ! royal dignity4 1 se$1 d5otes ! po/]ity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may consi/ ( "o only1 or be repres5t$ by a s+le individual4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #aa1 ! words run ?us3 ,?y se$ :i* %all be ( ?y sons1 i4e41 :o %all be "o ( ?y sons 7,lu!r74 ,! tru? ( ! promise1 ,i %all e/abli% 8 k+dom1 became manife/1 e4g41 9 ! va9 ma*9ations ( ,adonijah4 ,t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is promise mu/ be s\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( ,solomon1 9 :om ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! h\se ( ,david & t ( ,saul fir/ became evid5t 7in/ead (1 ,i e/abli%1 9 v]4 #ab1 we f9d1 9 ! second memb] ( v]4 #ac1 ,i e/abli% = ev]71 is se5 f #a ,k+s viii4 #bj1 :]e ,solomon says1 ,& ! ,"l ha? p]=m$ ,8 ^w :i* ,pg #aci ,he spake2 = ,i am ris5 up 9 ! room ( ,david my fa!r1 & sit on ! ?rone ( ,israel1 z ! ,"l promis$4 7,comp>e #a ,k+s ii4 #ab3 ,& ,solomon sat ^u ! ?rone ( ,david 8 fa!r1 & 8 k+dom 0 e/abli%$ greatly47 ,v]4 #ac4 ,he %all build an h\se = ,my "n1 & ,i e/abli% ! ?rone ( 8 k+dom = ev]4 ,! g5]al e/abli%m5t :i* 0 spok5 ( 9 v]4 #ab prec$es ! build+ ( ! temple2 ! et]nal e/abli%m5t m5tion$ 9 v]4 #ac foll[s ! build+ ( ! temple1 or is co9cid5t ) x4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! fir/ clause ( ! v]se ref]s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! build+ ( ! temple :i* 0 und]tak5 by ,solomon4 7,comp>e #a ,k+s v4 #ai1 :]e ,solomon says1 ,behold1 ,i purpose to build an h\se unto ! "n ( ! ,"l my ,god1 z ! ,"l spake unto ,david my fa!r1 say+4 ,?y son :om ,i w set ^u ?y ?rone 9 ?y /ead1 he %all build ! h\se unto ,my "n47 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 be at lib]ty to conf9e ourselves to :at ,solomon1 z an individual1 did = ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,! build+ ( ! h\se "h goes h& 9 h& ) ! et]nity ( ! k+dom4 ,we expect1 !re=e1 t ! "q is n ab\t a build+ ( limit$ duration4 ,if a build+ ( only a limit$ duration 7 meant1 su*1 surely1 might h be5 erect$ long ago1 ev5 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,judges4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 is q di/9ctly br\ght out 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #ac1 :]e1 at ! d$ication ( ! temple1 ,solomon says1 ,i h built ,!e an h\se to dwell 91 a fix$ place = ,!e to abide 9 = ev]4 ,if1 !n1 ) ! et]nity ( ! k+dom ( ,david's h\se ! et]nity ( ! temple to be built by him be closely b\nd up1 ! de/ruction ( ! latt] c be only tempor>y1 & ! consequ5ce ( ! apo/asy & puni%m5t ( ! ,davidic race1--( :i* v]s4 #ad & #ae treat4 ,or1 if x be def9itive1 x c conc]n ! =m only4 ,if ! build+ ( ! temple fall into ru9s1 x is only ! ,davidic race f :i* its re/oration c proce$2 ! local relation ( ! royal palace to ! temple prefigur$ _! close union4 ,h5ce1 ! build+ ( ! temple by ,z]ubbabel 0 likewise compreh5d$ 9 ! words1 ,he %all build an h\se = ,my "n4 ,x 0 impossible t ! second temple c\ld be re>$ o!rwise ?an "u ! direction ( ,david's family4 ,b we mu/ g /ill f>!r4 ,! ess5ce ( ! temple consi/s 9 its be+ a symbol1 an outw>d ,pg #adj repres5tation ( ! k+dom ( ,god "u ,israel4 ,! real import ( our passage !n is1--t h5ce=? ! k+dom ( ,david & ! k+dom ( ,god %\ld be closely & insep>ably l9k$ toge!r4 ,z ! ?ird phase1 !re=e1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( our prophecy1 ,john ii4 #ai mu/ come "u consid]ation3 1 4 7,reg>d+ ! s5se ( ?is passage1 & ! symbolical mean+ ( ! tab]nacle & temple1 comp>e ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5t4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ead ff47 ,h\se ( ,god is1 9 v]4 #ad ( ! p>allel text1 us$ ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 p>allelism ) k+dom ( ,god1--a s5se 9 :i* x occurs z e>ly z 9 ,num4 xii4 #g4e ,?is usus loqu5di is q common 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 comp>e #a ,tim4 iii4 #ae2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #af2 ,heb4 iii4 #f4 ,9 ! fir/ two phases ( ! temple ( ,solomon1 ! h\se consi/s 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( ord9>y /ones1--al?\gh1 ev5 at t "t1 ! spiritual is conceal$ beh9d ! mat]ial2 b 9 its ?ird phase1 ! mat]ial is altoge!r ?r[n (f1 & ! h\se is entirely spiritual--consi/+ ( liv+ /ones1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #e4--,t ! expression1 = ev]1 9 ! second clause ( ! v]se1 is to be tak5 9 its /rict & full s5se1 is prov$ n only by ! ?reefold repetition1 b also by a comp>ison ) ! num]\s second>y passages1 9 :i* ! duration ( ! ,davidic dom9ion appe>s z absolutely unlimit$4 ,9 ,ps4 lxxxix41 = example1 :]e ! promise is repeat$1 = ev] corresponds )1 z ! days ( heav5 9 v]4 #cj1--) z ! sun 9 v]4 #cg1--;& ) z ! moon 9 v]4 #ch4 ,! f9al fulfilm5t ( ?is promise is po9t$ out by ! words ( ! angel to ,m>y1 9 ,luke i4 #cb1 #cc3 7comp>e v]4 #i "h71 7comp>e v]4 #ad71 4 1 4 ,v]4 #ad4 ,& ,i w be a fa!r to him1 & he %all be a son to ,me4 ,if he commit s91 ,i w *a/ise him ) ! rod ( m51 & ) ! /ripes ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,v]4 #ae4 ,& ,my m]cy %all n dep>t away f him1 z ,i caus$ x to dep>t away f ,saul1 :om ,i put away be=e !e4 ,pg #ada ,:]esoev] ,god is1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 designat$ z ,fa!r1 !re is a ref]5ce to ! deepe/ int5sity ( ,8 love1--a love :i* is simil> to t ( a fa!r t[>ds 8 son4 7,comp>e rem>ks on ,ps4 ii4 #g47 ,son%ip to ,god has ?is significancy "h also1 z is %[n by :at imm$iately foll[s1 :]e1 9 explanation ( x1 ! promise ( inde/ructible love is connect$ ) x4 ,b ?is relation%ip1 9 its highe/ & close/ =m1 _c exi/ betwixt ,god & a m]e man4 ,x is only :5 ! ,davidic family is view$ z c5tr+ 9 ,*ri/1 t ! words c acquire _! full tru?4 ,to ?is1 ! quotation 9 ,heb4 i4 #e po9ts3 1 1 2 1 2 ,! dep? ( mean+ :i* is conta9$ 9 ^! words appe>s pla9ly f _! expansion 9 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bf3 ,& ,i place 8 h& on ! sea1 & 8 "r h& on ! riv]s4 ,he %all call ,me ?us3 ,?\ art my ,fa!r1 my ,god1 & ! rock ( my salvation4 ,& ,i w also make him ,my fir/-born1 ! highe/ ( ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,! son%ip accord+ly implies ! dom9ion ov] ! _w1 :i* 9 ,ps4 ii4 #g-i appe>s1 inde$1 z insep>ably connect$ ) x4--,if ! race ( ,david commit s91 x %all be *a/5$ ) ! rods ( m51 & ) ! /ripes ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,ps4 xvii4 #d di/9ctly & unambigu\sly designates corrupt actions--walk+ 9 ! ways ( transgressors--z ! works ( m54 7,comp>e #a ,sam4 xxiv4 #aj2 ,hos4 vi4 #g2 ,job xxxi4 #cc1 xxiii4 #ab47 ,h5ce1 ! rods ( m51 & ! /ripes ( ! *ildr5 ( m51 are puni%m5ts to :i* all m5 are subject1 because !y are s9n]s1 & at :i* no man ne$s to be surpris$4 ,grace is n to free ! ,davidic family f ?is common lot ( mank9d1 is n to af=d to !m ! privilege ( s9n+4 ,! mitigation only foll[s 9 v]4 #ae1 9 :i* ! close resumes ! beg9n+3 ,i w be a fa!r to him4 ,b ?is mitigation mu/ n be misund]/ood by be+ conceiv$ ( z ref]r+ to ! individuals4 ,su* a conception ( x w\ld be oppos$ to ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 w\ld be 9 opposition to #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #i1 :]e ,david says to ,solomon1 ,if ?\ seek ,him1 ,he w be f\nd ( !e2 & if ?\ =sake ,him1 ,he w ca/ !e (f = ev]3 & w\ld be aga9/ hi/ory1 :i* %[s t ! rebelli\s memb]s ( ! ,davidic dyna/y 7 visit$ ) de/roy+ ,pg #adb judgm5ts4 ,! contra/ is r ?us to be und]/ood3 s9 is to be visit$ ^u ! individuals1 :ile ! grace abides cont9ually ^u ! race1--s t ! div9e promise is rais$ to an absolute "o4 ,! comm5t>y on x is furni%$ by ,ps4 lxxxix4 #ca seq43 ,if 8 *ildr5 =sake ,my law1 & walk n 9 ,my judgm5ts 444 !n ,i w visit _! transgression ) ! rod1 & _! iniquity ) /ripes4 ,b ,my lov+-k9dness w ,i n )draw f him1 nor w ,i break ,my fai?fulness4--,! words f if he commit s9 to *ildr5 ( m5 are awant+ 9 ! p>allel passage4 ,?is omission is int5d$ to make ! cont9uance ( ! m]cy appe> ! m di/9ctly1 & to %[1 z inde$ is ! case1 t ! ma9 /ress is to be laid ^u x4 ,we _c = a mom5t conceive t any unwor?y motive prompt$ ?is omission2 = ! ,*ronicles 7 writt5 at a "t :5 ! *a/5+ rod ( ! ,"l _h already fall5 heavily ^u ! ,davidic race4 ,!re w\ld h be5 /rong] reasons = add+ ! words ?an = omitt+ !m1 inasmu* z1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !y 7 full ( consolation4 ,x is j ^u ^! words t ! p5man ( ,ps4 lxxiv4 dwells at p>ticul> l5g?4 ,v]4 #af4 ,& ?9e h\se & ?y k+dom %all be sure = ev] be=e !e1 ?y ?rone %all be firm = ev]4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is prophecy ( ,na?an be>s ! "* ( a fundam5tal "o1 appe>s f ! circum/ance t almo/ e ^w ( ! v]se "u review has call$ =? an e*o 9 lat] times4 sure1 c]ta91 con/ant1 occurs aga9 9 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bi1 comp>$ ) v]4 #ch1 & 9 ,is4 lv4 #c4 ,! sure 7con/ant7 m]cies ( ,david1 spok5 ( 9 ! la/ ( ^! passages1 %all be be/[$ ^u ! p ( ! cov5ant1 9 ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 by :i* ! p]petuity ( ! h\se ( ,david 0 mo/ fully manife/$4 ,! 1 con/ant1 firm1 occurs 9 ,mic4 iv4 #a1 & ! 1 = ev]1 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #ag1 lxxxix4 #cg1 xlv4 #g1 & cx4 #d4 ,! say+ ( ! p 9 ,john xii4 #cd1 1 ref]s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to our passage1 & all ! o!r texts quot$ may be consid]$ z a comm5t>y4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! result ( m]e accid5t1 t ! twelve v]ses ( ,na?an's prophecy are divid$ into two sections ( sev5 & ( five v]ses respectively1 & t ! =m] aga9 is subdivid$ into sections ( ?ree & f\r v]ses4 ,its clos+ ,pg #adc words1 ,! ,"l w make !e an h\se1 are f>!r exp&$ 9 v]s4 #ab-af4 ,we subjo9 to ! exposition ( ,na?an's prophecy1 t ( ,david's pray] ( ?anks1 because1 by means ( ! ?anks1 ! promise itself is m cle>ly br\ght out4 ,! ,"l has done great ?+s = ,8 s]vant 9 8 l[ e/ate1 & has promis$ ?+s /ill m glori\s1 v]s4 #ah-ba4 ,by do+ su* glori\s ?+s to ,8 s]vant1 ,he has manife/$ ,himself z a fai?ful ,god1 9 h>mony ) ,8 revelations 9 anci5t times1 v]s4 #bb-bd4 ,! ?anksgiv+s = ! promise are foll[$ 9 v]s4 #be-bi by a pray] = its fulfilm5t1 int]m+l$ ) expressions ( hope4 ,z ! promise 0 express$ 9 twelve v]ses1 s are ! ?anks4 ,^! twelve v]ses are aga9 divid$ into sev5 & five1 & ! sev5 into f\r & ?ree4 ,! "n ( ,jehovah occurs twelve times4 ,t5 times is ! address direct$ to ,jehovah4 ,once ,he is address$ by ! simple "n ( ,jehovah1 six times by t ( ,adonai ,jehovah1 twice by t ( ,jehovah ,elohim1 & once by t ( ,jehovah ,zebao?4 ,! address1 ,adonai ,jehovah1 occurs at ! beg9n+ & ! close4 ,! ?ird division fir/ takes up ! "n ( ,god :i* is us$ 9 ! second1 & returns1 at ! close1 to t :i* is us$ 9 ! fir/ division4 ,9 ! p>allel passage 9 ,*ronicles1 ,jehovah occurs sev5 times1 & ,elohim ?ree times4--,t5 times ! s]vant ( ! ,"l is m5tion$ 9 ,david's pray]1 & sev5 times1 ! h\se ( ,david4 ,! s]vant ( ! ,"l occurs ?ree times 9 v]s4 #ah-ba1 & sev5 times 9 v]s4 #be-bi2 ! h\se ( ,david twice 9 #ah-ba1 & five times 9 v]s4 #be-bi4 ,9 v]s4 #bb-bd1 :]e ! manife/ation ( ! m]cies to ,david are br\ght into connection ) ! glori\s revelations ( ,god 9 anci5t times1 nei!r ! s]vant nor ! h\se is m5tion$4 ,v]4 #ah4 ,& ,k+ ,david came & sat be=e ! ,"l1 & said3 ,:o am ,i1 ,"l ,jehovah1 & :at my h\se 7lit]ally1 :o my h\se1--! h\se be+ conceiv$ ( z an ideal p]son71 t ,?\ ha/ br\ght me hi!rto8 ,moses also 0 sitt+ 9 long-cont9u$ pray]1 ,exod4 xvii4 #ab4 ,david1 z a true desc5dant ( ,jacob 7,g54 xxxii4 #aj71 ackn[l$ges 8 unwor?9ess ( ! great m]cies be/[$ ^u him4 ,! comp>ison ( ,ps4 cxliv4 #c is /ill m /rik+ ,pg #add ?an t ( ,ps4 viii4 #e2 =1 9 ! =m]1 ! words1 ,"l1 :at is man1 t ,?\ take/ k ( him2 ! son ( mortal man1 t ,?\ ha/ reg>d to him8 7 utt]$ 9 praise ( ! adorable m]cy :i* ! ,"l _h %[n to 8 h\se4 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& ?is is yet too little 9 ,?y sight1 ,"l ,jehovah2 & ,?\ speake/ also to ! h\se ( ,?y s]vant ( ?+s f> di/ant2 & ?is is ! law ( man1 ,"l ,jehovah4 ,! ^w has only ! signification ( law4 ,ges5ius1 9 assign+ to x ! signification ( mos1 consuetudo1 has no o!r w>rant = x ?an our passage4 ,! law ( any "o is ! law :i* has be5 giv5 = him1 or :i* conc]ns him2 comp>e ,lev4 vi4 #b 7#i73 ,?is is ! law ( ! burnt-(f]+2 ,lev4 xiii4 #g3 ,?is is ! law = h] t ha? born2 ,lev4 xiv4 #b3 ,?is %all be ! law ( ! lep]1 etc4 ,h5ce ! law ( man c only be ! law regulat+ ! conduct ( man4 ,man is comm&$ 9 ! law3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself2 comp>e ,mic4 vi4 #h3 ,he ha? %[$1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e b to d ju/ice1 & to love k9dness1 & to walk humbly be=e ?y ,god8 ,! fact t ,god %\ld1 9 ,8 conduct t[>ds poor mortals1 foll[ ! rule :i* ,he ha? giv5 to m5 = _! conduct t[>ds "o ano!r1 & t ,he %[s ,himself to be full ( m]cy & love1 _c b fill him :o kn[s ,god & himself ) ador+ wond]4 ,! words 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #cf are p>allel3 ,?\ give/ me ! %ield ( ,?y salvation1 & ,?y "r h& holde? me up1 & ,?y meekness 7! p>allel passage 9 #b ,sam4 has3 ',?y be+ l['7 make? me great4 ,9 ! p>allel passage 9 ,*ronicles ! words are ^!3 ,& ,?\ ha/ reg>d$ me accord+ to ! law ( man 7conc]n+ comp>e rem>ks on ,song ( ,sol4 i4 #aj71 ,?\ height1 ,jehovah ,god4 ,! ess5tial agreem5t ( ! s5se ( ! p>allel passage ) t ( ! fundam5tal passage1 may be appli$ z a te/ to prove ! correctness ( our exposition4 ,to reg>d "s "o is us$ = to visit "s "o1 to h int]c\rse ) "s "o2 comp>e #b ,sam4 iii4 #ac1 xiii4 #e1 xiv4 #bd1 #bh2 #b ,k+s viii4 #bi4 ,! words1 ,?\ height 7,god is repres5t$ z p]sonifi$ height 9 ,ps4 xcii4 #i3 ,& ,?\ art a height = ev]more1 ,o ,"l71 br+ out /ill m prom95tly ! contra/ ) human l[ness1 :i* 0 already impli$ 9 ! names ( ,pg #ade ,god1 ,adonai ,jehovah1 & ,jehovah ,elohim1 & s]ves !re=e to %[ /ill m di/9ctly ! condesc5sion ( ,god1 ^: revelation on ?is occasion 0 a prelude to 4 ,lu!r has introduc$ into ! ma9 text a direct allusion to ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,he translates1 ,?is is ! mann] ( a man :o is ,god ! ,"l2 & adds1 9 a m>g9al note1 ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,?is means1 ,?\ speake/ to me ( su* an et]nal k+dom1 9 :i* no "o c be k+ unless he be ,god & man at ! same "t1 because he is to be my son & yet a k+ = ev]more--:i* belongs to ,god alone4 ,b ?is s+le circum/ance is suffici5t to ov]?r[ ?is view3--t 9 ! prec$+1 z well z 9 ! subsequ5t context1 ,adonai ,jehovah is always us$ 9 ! vocative s5se4 ,v]4 #bj4 ,& :at %all ,david say m unto ,!e8 7,9 ! p>allel passage3 ',z reg>ds ! hon\r = ,?y s]vant4'7 ,& ,?\ kn[e/ ,?y s]vant1 ,"l ,jehovah4 ,x is n necess>y t ,david %\ld make _m words1 9 ord] to express 8 ?anks1 z 8 ?ankful he>t lies op5 be=e ,god4 ,9 ,ps4 xl4 #aj1 ,david also appeals to ! te/imony ( ! ,omnisci5t z reg>ds 8 ?ankful he>t3 ,i prea* righte\sness 9 ! great congregation2 lo1 ,i w n refra9 my lips1 ,o ,"l1 ,?\ kn[e/1--kn[e/ h[ ) my :ole he>t ,i am ?ankful = ,?y great m]cy4 ,x is1 9 g5]al1 ,david's practice to appeal to ,god1 ! ,se>*] ( he>ts2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,ps4 xvii4 #c4 ,v]4 #ba4 ,= ,?y ^w's sake1 & accord+ to ,?9e own he>t1 ha/ ,?\ done all ^! great ?+s to make ,?y s]vant "k !m4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #ai1 ! words run ?us3 ,"l1 on acc\nt ( ,?y s]vant1 & accord+ to ,?9e own he>t1 ha/ ,?\ done all ^! great ?+s1 to make kn[n all ! glori\s ?+s4 ,h5ce1 by ! ^w1 a promise giv5 to ,david c alone be int5d$1--a ^w =m]ly spok5 to ,david1 :i* conta9$ ! g]m ( ! pres5t "o4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a special allusion to ! ^w 9 #a ,sam4 xvi4 #ab3 ,& ! ,"l said4 ,arise & ano9t him1 = ?is is he4 7,comp>e #b ,sam4 xii4 #g2 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #ba2 ,acts xiii4 #bb47 ,accord+ to ,?9e he>t3 ,! ,"l is m]ciful & graci\s1 sl[ to ang] & ,pg #adf pl5te\s 9 m]cy1 ,ps4 ciii4 #h4 ,all ^! great ?+s1--i4e4 ! promise ( ! et]nal dom9ion ( 8 h\se4 & --words 9 :i* ,david takes special delight--nev] mean greatness1 b always great ?+s4 7,comp>e rem>ks on ,ps4 lxxi4 #ba1 cxlv4 #c47 ,! words1 ,to make "k1 etc41 indicate t ! mak+ ref]s1 9 ! meantime1 only to ! div9e decree4 ,v]4 #bb4 ,:]e=e ,?\ art great1 ,"l ,god3 = !re is none l ,!e1 nei!r is !re any ,god besides ,!e1 accord+ to all t we h he>d ) our e>s4 ,:]e=e--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on acc\nt ( ! great ?+s :i* ,?\ ha/ done unto me4 ,accord+ to all1 etc41 i4e41 z ?is is confirm$ by all1 etc4 ,( ?is ,david has be5 rem9d$ anew by 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,j z he does "h1 ,david1 9 ,ps4 xl4 #f1 rises f 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce to ! :ole s]ies ( ,god's glori\s manife/ations 9 ! hi/ory ( ,8 p4 ,z to ! words1 ,!re is none l ,!e1 nei!r is !re any ,god besides ,!e1 comp>e ! fundam5tal passages ,exod4 xv4 #aa2 ,deut4 iii4 #bd1 iv4 #ce4 ,v]4 #bc4 ,& :]e is !re a nation on e>? l ,?y p ,israel1 = ^: sake ,god w5t to r$eem !m = a p to ,himself1 & make ,him a "n1 & to d = y great ?+s1 & t]rible ?+s = ,?y l&1 putt+ away f be=e ,?y p1 :om ,?\ r$eem$/ to ,!e out ( ,egypt1 hea!n & _! gods8 ,we mu/ "h comp>e ! fundam5tal passages1 ,deut4 iv4 #g1 #cd1 xxxiii4 #bi1 9 :i* t :i* ,israel has receiv$ f 8 ,god is prais$1 z be+ )\t prec$5t & p>allel4 ,9 & ! address is1 ) poetical livel9ess1 direct$ to ,israel4 ,= y great ?+s--in/ead (1 ,to d = !m great ?+s1 z ! ,"l has done = y4 ,! phrase means1 lit]ally1 only1 away f be=e ,?y p2 putt+ mu/ be suppli$ f ! prec$+ 1 & f a comp>ison ( ! fundam5tal passages1 ,exod4 xxiii4 #bh1 #bi1 xxxiv4 #aa2 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg1 to :i* ! concise expression ref]s4 ,! text 9 ,*ronicles1 :i* expressly adds :at we h "h to supply1 1 to drive out be=e1 is1 9 ?is case also1 m]ely a p>allel passage :i*1 by ! addition ( a ^w1 s]ves z a comm5t>y4 ,v]4 #bd4 ,& ,?\ ha/ confirm$ to ,?yself ,?y p ,pg #adg ,israel to be a p = ev]1 & ,?\1 ,"l1 art become _! ,god4 ,v]4 #be4 ,& n[1 ,jehovah ,god1 ! ^w t ,?\ ha/ spok5 conc]n+ ,?y s]vant1 & conc]n+ 8 h\se1 e/abli% x = ev]1 & d z ,?\ ha/ said4 ,praise & ?anks = ! promise are foll[$ by ! pray] = its fulfilm5t4 ,v]4 #bf4 ,& let ,?y "n be magnifi$ = ev]1 s t x may be said1 ,jehovah ,zebao? 7is7 ,god ov] ,israel4 ,& ! h\se ( ,?y s]vant %all be firm be=e ,!e4 ,let ,?y "n be magnifi$1 in/ead (1 ,give cause = its be+ glorifi$2 comp>e ,ps4 xxxv4 #bg1 xl4 #ag4--;,is ,god ov] ,israel1 i4e41 proves ,himself to be su*1 by protect+ ! h\se ( ! k+1 on :om ! salvation ( ,israel dep5ds4 ,9 ,*ronicles x is ?us express$3 ,jehovah ,zebao?1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 is ,god = ,israel1 i4e44 ,he fulfils to ,israel :at ,he promis$ 7,j>*i74 ,! pray] = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,david's h\se is express$ 9 ! =m ( confid5ce1 9 ! conviction bas$ ^u ! ^w ( ,god1 t su* is accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,v]4 #bg4 ,= ,?\1 ,jehovah ,zebao?1 ,god ( ,israel1 ha/ op5$ ! e> ( ,?y s]vant1 say+1 ,i w build !e an h\se4 ,!re=e ,?y s]vant f\nd 797 8 he>t to pray ?is pray] unto ,!e4 7,o!rwise1 8 he>t w\ld h fail$ him2 he w\ld h _h nei!r ! desire nor ! c\rage47 ,v]4 #bh4 ,& n[1 ,"l ,jehovah1 ,?\ art ,god1 & ,?y words are tru?1 & ,?\ ha/ promis$ unto ,?y s]vant ^! good ?+s4 ,v]4 #bi4 ,& n[ let x please ,!e to bless ! h\se ( ,?y s]vant1 t x may cont9ue = ev] be=e ,!e2 = ,?\1 ,"l ,jehovah1 ha/ spok51 &1 by ,?y bless+1 ! h\se ( ,?y s]vant %all be bless$ = ev]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to :om does ?is promise ref]1 :i* ,david receiv$ ?r\gh ,na?an8 ,"s ,rabb9s1 & ,grotius1 w\ld fa9 re/rict x to ,solomon & 8 m imm$iate po/]ity4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is refut$ by ! s+le circum/ance1 t !y are compell$ to assume m]ely a long duration ( "t1 in/ead ( ! et]nity :i* is "h promis$ to ! h\se ( ,david4 ,& t su* _c be ! mean+ ( ! words = ev]1 is abundantly confirm$ by a comp>ison ) ,pg #adh ,ps4 lxxxix4 #cj1 ,& ,i place 8 se$ = ev]1 & 8 ?rone z ! days ( heav54 ,9 ^! words ( ! ,psalm !re is a ref]5ce to ,deut4 xi4 #ba1 :]e ! p ( ! ,"l are promis$ a duration z ! days ( heav5 & ( e>?4 ,an absolute p]petuity is ev]y:]e ascrib$ to ! p ( ,god4 ,if1 !n1 ! h\se ( ,david is plac$ on ! same level z !y1 its p]petuity mu/ likewise be absolute4 ,fur!r1--) su* a view1 x is impossible to compreh5d :at ,david "h says 9 8 pray]1 reg>d+ ! greatness ( ! promise1 & also :at he says 9 ,ps4 cxxxviii4 #b3 ,= ,?\ ha/ magnifi$ ,?y ^w above all ,?y "n4 ,! giv+ ( ! promise is !re plac$ on a l(ti] elevation ?an all ! =m] de$s ( ! ,"l4 ,o!rs--z ,calovius--w\ld ref] ! promise to ,*ri/ alone4 ,b v]s4 #ad1 #ae are decisive aga9/ ?is view2 =1 accord+ to !m1 ,god w n1 by a total rejection1 puni% ! po/]ity ( ,david1 if !y commit s91--f :i* ! ref]5ce is evid5t to a po/]ity m]ely human1 & h5ce s9ful4 ,accord+ to v]4 #ac1 ,david's po/]ity is to build a temple to ! ,"l1--a decl>ation :i*1 ) ref]5ce to ,david's plan ( build+ a temple to ! ,"l1 c1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be und]/ood 9 no o!r way ?an z relat+ to ! e>?ly temple to be built by ,solomon4 ,to ?is consid]ation x may be add$1 t1 9 #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #i seqq41 ,david himself ref]s ?is ann\ncem5t prim>ily to ,solomon1 & t ,solomon1 9 #a ,k+s v4 #e seqq41 & 9 #b ,*ron4 vi4 #g seqq41 ref]s x to himself4 ,nor is !re entire s\ndness 9 ! view ( ^? :o1 foll[+ ,augu/9e 7de ,civitate ,dei xvii4 #h1 #i71 assume ! exi/5ce ( a d\ble ref]5ce1--to ,solomon & 8 e>?ly successors on ! "o h&1 & to ,*ri/ on ! o!r4 ,?us ,br5tius3 ,solomon is n altoge!r exclud$1 b ,*ri/ is *iefly int5d$4 ,x is true t ^! int]pret]s are sub/antially "r 9 _! view2 b !y err z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y give expression to x4 ,! promise has n a ref]5ce to two subjects simultane\sly4#f ,x views ,david's h\se z an ideal unity4 ,pg #adi ,! promise is giv5 to ! h\se ( ,david1 v]s4 #aa1 #af1 #ai1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi2 to 8 se$1 v]4 #ab4 ,x is to ! h\se ( ,david t ! absolute p]petuity ( exi/5ce1 ! un*angeable possession ( ! grace ( ,god--a relation to ,god simil> to t ( a son to 8 fa!r--& ! insep>able connection ( _! dom9ion ) ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ,israel1 are gu>ante$4 ,footnote #a3 ,seb4 ,s*mid says3 ,he ?\ght t ?is duty 0 impos$ ^u him by ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,=1 z ! /ate enjoy$ peace1 ! royal palace 0 f9i%$1 & 8 family e/abli%$1 !re seem$ to be no?+ want+ b to build a temple to ! ,"l4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 #a ,k+s viii4 #af1 ,solomon ?us reports :at1 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 _h be5 spok5 to ,david1 9 ref]5ce to ! h\se ( ! ,"l3 ,s9ce ! day t ,i br\ght up ,my p ,israel out ( ,egypt1 ,i *ose no city out ( all ! tribes ( ,israel to build an h\se t ,my "n might be 9 x2 & ,i *ose ,david to be ov] ,my p ,israel4 ,! comm5t on ?is passage is giv5 by ! p>allel "o1 #b ,*ron4 vi4 #e1 #f3 ,i did n *oose any man to be a rul] ov] ,my p ,israel4 ,& ,i h *os5 ,j]usalem t ,my "n might be !re1 & ,i h *os5 ,david to be ov] ,my p ,israel4 ,s9ce ,david resid$ 9 ,j]usalem1 ! election ( ,david1 ann\nc$ 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 implies also ! *oice ( ,j]usalem z ! place ( ! sanctu>y4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ add to #a ,k+s viii4 #af1 ! supplem5t3 ,& 9 connection ) ?is *oice1 ,david 7! ,davidic dyna/y7 is to build ,me an h\se at ! place ( 8 resid5ce4 ,! ,vulgate translates v correctly3 ,s$ elegi4 ,solomon !n cont9ues1 ,v]4 #ag3 ,& x 0 9 ! he>t ( ,david my fa!r 7namely1 be=e he receiv$ ?is div9e revelation7 to build an h\se = ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,v]4 #ah4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,david my fa!r1 ,:]eas x 0 9 ?9e he>t to build an h\se unto ,my "n1 ?\ did/ well t x 0 9 ?9e he>t4 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& ?\ %alt n build ! h\se2 b ?y son t %all come =? out ( ?y lo9s1 he %all build ! h\se unto ,my "n4 ,footnote #c3 ,seb4 ,s*mid says3 ,he rightly consid]s ! tribes & ! judges z "o4 ,= ! tribes are view$ 9 ! judges :o _h sprung f !m1 & vice v]sa1 ! judge1 9 8 pat]nal tribe4 ,& t ! matt] is ?us to be und]/ood1 is cle>1 because1 9 ,*ronicles1 :]e ! judge is spok5 (1 he is introduc$ 9 ! plural3 ',:y h ye n built ,me an h\se1' etc48 viz41 ?\1 judge1 ) ?y tribe4 ,footnote #d3 ,t 1 prop]ly habitation1 abode1 is us$ "h1 z frequ5tly1 ( ! %eep-cote1 is %[n by ,ps4 lxxxviii4 #gj1 :i* is bas$ ^u our passage4 ,footnote #e3 ,mi*aelis says3 ,j z 9 ! prec$+ v]ses also1 ! h\se ( ,david did n mean a heap ( /ones & wood br\ght toge!r1 b a congregation ( p4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is mi/ake 0 correct$ by ,seb4 ,s*mid4 ,he says3 ,! promises "h giv5 to ,david h1 ( c\rse1 a ref]5ce to ,solomon2 b n su* z if !y 7 to be fulfill$ only 9 ! p]son ( ,solomon1 & n also 9 8 po/]ity1 &1 mo/ ( all1 9 ! ,messiah to be desc5d$ f ,david & ,solomon4 ,!re is no direct m5tion ( ! p]son ( ! ,messiah2 & yet ! words1 :5 consid]$ 9 _! full import1 po9t1 indirectly1 to ,him4 ,! absolute p]petuity ( ! race c be conceiv$ (1 only :5 at la/ x c5tres 9 "s sup]human p]son4 ,b /ill m decisive is ! connection 9 :i* ?is promise /&s to ,g54 xlix4 ,! dom9ion :i* is !re promis$ to ,judah is "h transf]r$ to ,david4 ,x is !n to ,david's race t ! exalt$ individual mu/ belong1 9 :om1 accord+ to ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 ,judah's dom9ion is to c5tre at "s future p]iod4 ,t ,david really connect$ ! promise :i* he receiv$ ) ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 is %[n by #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #d 7comp>e p4 #ia71 & also by ! "n1 ,solomon1 :i* he gave to 8 son2 comp>e ibid4 ,t ,solomon also f\nd$ 8 hopes reg>d+ ! future ^u a comb9ation ( ,g54 xlix4 & #b ,sam4 vii41 is %[n by ,ps4 lxxii41 :i* 0 compos$ by him2 comp>e pp4 #ia1 #ib4 ,b1 z respects ?is comb9ation1 ,david 0 n left to himself4 ,he receiv$ fur!r light f ! s\rce f :i* ! promise _h come to him4 ,al?\gh 8 mission 0 n prop]ly a prophetic "o1--al?\gh1 9 ! ma91 x belong$ to him to describe poetically :at _h come to him ?r\gh prophetic inspiration1 yet prophetic inspiration & sacr$ lyric are frequ5tly comm+l$ 9 him4 ,! man :o is ! sweet psalmi/ ( ,israel claims a 9 #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a1 &1 9 v]4 #b1 says t ! ,_s ( ,god spake by him1 & ,8 ^w 0 ^u 8 tongue4 ,9 ,acts ii4 #cj1 #ca1 ,pet] decl>es t1 by ! div9e promise1 ,david receiv$1 fir/ ! impulse1 & aft]w>ds fur!r illum9ation1 by ! prophetic _s dwell+ 9 him4 ,! latt] decl>ation1 moreov]1 re/s on ! te/imony ( ! ,"l ,himself1 9 ,matt4 xxii4 #dc1 :]e ,he says t 9 ,ps4 cx41 ,david _h spok5 1 i4e41 seiz$ ) ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is true t1 9 a s]ies ( ,psalms1 ,david is n any m ,pg #aej explicit & def9ite ?an ! fundam5tal prophecy1 b speaks only ( ! grace :i* ! ,"l _h conf]r$ ^u ! ,davidic race by ! promise ( a dom9ion :i* %\ld outla/ all e>?ly ?+s4 ,?us x is 9 ,ps4 xviii41 :]e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! congregation1 he (f]s ^? ?anks :i* previ\sly he _h1 z x 71 privately express$1 = ! glori\s promise made to him2--9 ,ps4 xi41 :]e1 9 ! "n ( ! p1 he expresses ?ankful joy = ?is same promise2--9 ,ps4 lxi4 & 9 ! cycle ( ,psalms f ,ps4 cxxxviii4 to cxlv4--! prophetic legacy ( ,david--9 :i*1 at ! beg9n+1 9 ,ps4 cxxxviii41 he praises ! ,"l = ,8 promise ( et]nal m]cy giv5 to him1 & !n1 ) ! tor* ( promise1 light5s up ! d>kness ( ! suff]+s t are to fall ^u ?is h\se1--,psalms ) :i* ,ps4 lxxxix4 & cxxxix41 :i* 7 compos$ at a lat] p]iod1 & by o!r writ]s1 are closely connect$4 ,b !re are o!r ,psalms 7ii4 & cx47 9 :i* ,david1 ) a di/9ctness :i* c be acc\nt$ = only by div9e revelation1 beholds ! ,messiah 9 ^: com+ ! promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 %\ld f9d its f9al & complete fulfilm5t4 ,:il/ ,david1 9 ^! ,psalms1 repres5ts ! ,messiah z 8 antitype1 z ! mighty conqu]or1 :o w n re/ until ,he %all h subject$ ! :ole e>? to ,8 sway1 ,solomon1 9 ,ps4 lxxii41 repres5ts ,him z ! true ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 & ,8 dom9ion1 z a j & peaceful rule4 ,! circum/ances ( ! "t ( ,solomon =m1 9 a simil> way1 ! f\ndation = ! description ( ! ,messiah 9 ,ps4 xlv41 :i* 0 writt5 by ! sons ( ,korah4 ,a p]sonal ,messianic elem5t is conta9$ 9 "s ( ^? ,davidic ,psalms also :i* ref] to ! ideal p]son ( ! righte\s "o1 ^: image we at la/ f9d fully portray$ 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,9 ^! ! suff]+s ( ! righte\s "o 9 a _w ( s9 are describ$1 z well z ! glori\s issue to :i* he atta9s by ! help ( ! ,"l4 ,aft] 8 own exp]i5ce1 ,david c\ld n h d\bt$ t1 not)/&+ ! glori\s promise ( ! ,"l1 sev]e suff]+s 7 imp5d+ ov] 8 family1 & ov] ,him 9 :om t family 01 at "s future "t1 to c5tre4 ,b 8 own exp]i5ce likewise promis$ a glori\s issue to ^! suff]+s4 ,! ,psalms 9 :i*1 besides ! ref]5ce to ! righte\s "o1 & to ! ,pg #aea p1 ! allusion to ! afflictions ( ! ,davidic race1 & to ! suff]+ ,messiah1 mo/ pla9ly appe>1 are ! xxii41 ! cii41 & ! cix4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t ! ,messianic promise made consid]able progress 9 ! "t ( ,david4 ,x is1 9 itself1 a circum/ance ( great importance t ! eyes ( ! p 7 h5ce=? direct$ to a def9ite family2 =1 !reby1 _! hopes acquir$ great] consi/5cy4 ,fur!r1--,! =m] prophecies 71 all ( !m1 mu* %ort]1 & m 9 ! %ape ( h9ts2 b1 n[1 _! hopes c\ld become detail$ descriptions1 because a sub/ratum 0 giv5 to !m 9 ! pres5t4 ,! ,messiah _h be5 =etold to ,david z a successor to 8 ?rone1--z a ,k+4 ,h5ce x 01 t1 9 ! view ( ,david himself & ( ! o!r psalmi/s1 ! e>?ly head ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l =m$ ! sub/ratum = ! future ,savi\r4 ,! nak$ ?\ght n[ clo!d itself ) fle% & blood4 ,! hope ga9$ !reby 9 cle>ness & di/9ctness1 z well z 9 practical significance4 ,! slight h9t ( a high] nature ( ! ,messiah1 giv5 9 ,g54 xlix4 #h1 =ms ! ma9 gr\nd = ! advanc+ & m def9ite k1 :i* we f9d 9 ! days ( ,david & ,solomon4 ,gr& & l(ty expectations c\ld1 h5ce=?1 n fail to be connect$ ) ! promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii4 #ad1 ,i w be a fa!r to him1 & he %all be a son to ,me1 & ) ! prophecy ( ! absolute p]petuity ( dom9ion1 9 ! same passage4 ,9 ,ps4 ii4 #ab1 ! ,messiah appe>s z ! ,son ( ,god 1--z ,he1 9 :om to tru/ is to be sav$1 & ^: ang] br+s de/ruction4 ,9 ,ps4 cx4 #a1 ,he appe>s z ! ,"l ( ! ,congregation & ( ,david himself1--z sitt+ at ! "r h& ( omnipot5ce1 & z inve/$ ) a full p>ticipation 9 ! div9e p[] ov] heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ,ps4 lxxi4 et]nity ( dom9ion is ascrib$ to ,him4 ,9 ,ps4 xlv4 #g1 #h1 ,he is call$ ,god1 ,elohim4 ,among ! (fices ( ,*ri/1 x is especially ! ,regal (fice on :i* a cle> light has be5 %$4 ,! ,messiah appe>s prom95tly z ,he :o has dom9ion f sea to sea1 & f ! riv] unto ! ends ( ! e>?1 ,ps4 lxxii4 #h4 ,9 ,ps4 cx41 h[ev]1 ! (fice ( ! ,messiah z ! et]nal ,high ,prie/ is fir/ reveal$ to ! congregation4 ,he appe>s z ! p]son :o atones = :atev] s9s cleave to ,8 p1 z _! ,int]cessor ,pg #aeb & ,advocate ) ,god1 & z ! ,m$iator ( ! close/ communion ) ,god4 ,we h "h ! outl9es1 = ! fill+ up ( :i* ,isaiah 01 at a lat] p]iod1 call$4 ,! ,prophetic (fice ( ! ,savi\r does n di/9ctly appe> 9 ! ,psalms4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,isaiah to br+ out into a cle>] light ! allusion giv51 on ?is subject1 by ,moses1 aft] x _h be5 tak5 up aga91 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,moses' day1 by ! prophet ,joel4 ,x 0 q natural t ,david1 :o himself 0 ex]cis$ & prov$ by ! cross1 %\ld be ! fir/ to introduce to ! k ( ! ,*ur* a suff]+ ,messiah4 ,b ! doctr9e has ) him /ill ! "* ( a g]m2 he /ill mixes up ! ref]5ces to ! ,messiah ) ! allusions to ,8 types4 ,x 0 f ^! t ,david rose to ,him2 x 0 f _! de/9y t ,david1 by ! ,holy ,_s1 inf]r$ :at w\ld befall ,him4 ,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 has ,david directly & exclusively to d ) a suff]+ ,messiah1 z _h1 aft]w>ds1 ! prophet ,isaiah4 ,9 all t respects ! ,psalms1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) m]ely a pass+ glance1 le/ we encroa* too mu* ^u ! t]ritory :i* belongs to ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms4 ,b ! la/ words ( ,david1 pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,books ( ,samuel1 we %all make ! subject ( a m m9ute consid]ation1 inasmu* z !y =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two classes ( ,psalms :i* re/ on ! promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 viz41 ^? ref]r+ to ,david's h\se & family1 & ^? relat+ to ! p]sonal ,messiah4 ,! rul] among m5 :om we meet 9 ^! la/ words1 is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an ideal p]son1--viz41 ! ,davidic race conceiv$ ( z a p]son2 b ! ideal po9ts to ! real p]son1 9 :om all t _h be5 =etold ( ! ,davidic family %\ld1 at "s future p]iod1 f9d its full realization4 ,x is ) a view to ?is p]son1 t ! p]sonification has be5 employ$4 #b ,,samuel ,,xxiii4 #a-g4 ,! la/ words ( ,david are compreh5d$ 9 sev5 v]ses2 & ^!1 aga91 are subdivid$ into sections ( five & two ,pg #aec v]ses respectively4 ,fir/1 !re is a description ( ! fulness ( bless+s :i* ! dom9ion ( ! j rul] %all c>ry along ) x1 & !n ( ! de/ruction :i* %all ov]take ho/ile wick$ness4 ,x is n by accid5t t ^! la/ words are n f\nd 9 ! collection ( ,psalms4 ,! reason is indicat$ by ! ,!re is a prophetic elem5t 9 ! lyric poetry ( ,david :]esoev] x ref]s to ! future de/9y ( 8 h\se2 b ?is prophetic elem5t rises1 "h1 at ! close ( 8 life1 to pure prophetic inspiration & utt]ance1 :i* /& on an equal foot+ ) ! prophecy ( ,na?an 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 & claim an equal au?ority4 ,v]4 #a4 ,& ^! are ! la/ words ( ,david4 ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse1 prophesies1 & ! man prophesies :o 0 rais$ up on high1 ! ano9t$ ( ! ,god ( ,jacob1 & sweet 9 ! ,psalms ( ,israel4 ,x is sub/antially ! same ?+1 :e!r we und]/&3 ! la/ words ( ,david or ! latt] words ( ,david--lat] 9 ref]5ce to xxi4 #a4 ,= ev5 ,ps4 xviii41 :i* prec$es 9 *ap4 xxii41 belongs1 accord+ to its inscription & cont5ts1 to ! la/ times ( ,david2 x is1 z x 71 a gr& ,hallelujah ) :i* he )draws f ! sc5e ( life4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 !re is a clos] connection ) t ,psalm2 9 x1 too1 ,david has 9 view ! future de/9y ( 8 race1 & we h "h1 9 ! la/ words1 ! prophetic conclusion ( ! lyrical effusion !re4 ,f ?is connection ) *ap4 xxii41 ! clos] limitation ( ! words foll[s4 ,we le>n f x t holy words only c be meant4 ,! solemn introduction1 & ! p>allelism ) ! bless+s ( ,jacob & ,moses1 fully agree ) & confirm ?is our introductory rem>k reg>d+ ! *ronological position ( ^! words4--,!re c be no d\bt t1 9 ?is introduction1 !re is a ref]5ce to ,balaam's prophecy 9 ,num4 xxiv4 #c1--;& ?is goes f> to prove h[ mu* ,david 0 occupi$ ) ! views :i* m5 ( ,god _h =m]ly op5$ up into future times3--,& he took up 8 p>able & said3 ,balaam ! son ( ,beor prophesies1 & ! man :o _h 8 eyes %ut1 prophesies3 ,he prophesies :o he>s ! words ( ,god1 :o sees ! vision ( ! ,almighty1 fall+ d[n & hav+ 8 eyes op54 ,! rem>ks :i* we made on t passage f9d "h also a /rict application3 ,pg #aed ,balaam beg9s ) a simple designation ( 8 p]son1 & !n1 9 ! foll[+ memb]s1 adds designations ( su* qualities ( ?is p]son z "h come into consid]ation1 & s]ve = af=d+ a f\ndation to ! ) :i* he op5s 8 disc\rse4 ,z always has ! signification1 ^w ( ,god1 revelation1 x c "h be ascrib$ to ,david1 z x 0 9 ! fundam5tal passage to ,balaam1 only 9 z f> z ! ^w has be5 receiv$ by1 & communicat$ to1 him4 ,! 1 ^u1 ov]1 /&s "h = on high1#a--^? ov] :om ,david has be5 rais$ up be+ omitt$ 9 ord] to express ! absolute sov]eignty be/[$ ^u ,david1 m1 h[ev]1 9 8 po/]ity1 ?an 9 8 own p]son4 7,comp>e ,ps4 xviii4 #dd3 ,?\ make/ me ! head ( ! hea!n2 & 9 v]4 #dh3 ,god :o av5ge? me1 & subdue? p "u me47 ,he :o 0 rais$ up on high--,) ! exception ( ! bodily ance/or & ! lawgiv]1 ( none "u ! ,old ,te/am5t c\ld ?is be ) s mu* tru? affirm$1 z ( ,david1 ! f\nd] ( ! royal h\se1 :i*1 9 all et]nity1 0 to be ! *annel ( bless+s = ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 & to :i*1 at la/1 all p[] 9 heav5 & on e>? 0 to be giv54 ,! ano9t$ ( ! ,god ( ,jacob--,su* is ,david1 n only z an individual1 b also z ! repres5tative ( 8 race2 comp>e ,ps4 xviii4 #ea4 ,he is pre-em95tly ! ano9t$1 ! ,*ri/ ( ,god4-- plur4 signifies1 accord+ to d]ivation & usage1 n song or hymn 9 g5]al1 b ! hymn 9 ! high] /ra91 ! skilful1 solemn song ( praise2 comp>e my comm5t>y on ,song ( ,sol4 ii4 #ab4 ,david's ,psalms are call$ ( ,israel1 because he sang !m z ! organ ( ! congregation1 & because !y 7 appo9t$ to be us$ 9 public wor%ip2 comp>e ,comm5t1 on ,psalms1 vol4 iii4 p4 vi4 ,sweet 9 ,psalms ( ,israel "h f9ds its place only on ! supposition t ,david1 9 8 ,psalms1 spoke 9 ! ,_s1 ,matt4 xxii4 #da-df2 comp>e ,comm5t>y on ,psalms1 vol4 iii4 p4 vii4 viii4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ excell5ce 9 poetry :i* is ,pg #aee m]ely human _c =m a f\ndation = ! ass]tion 9 v]4 #b4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,david be an (t5 times tri$ organ ( ! ,_s = ! ,*ur*1 x _c surprise u t 9 v]4 #b he ev5 decl>es t1 9 ! ,_s1 he !re =etells ! future4 ,?us ! 9 our v]se also has a good f\ndation4 ,v]4 #b4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l spake to me1 & ,8 ^w is ^u my tongue4 ,t ref]s to ! communication :i* ,david promulgates 9 ! sequel1 & n to o!r revelations :i* he _h =m]ly receiv$1 appe>s f its relation to ! 9 v]4 #a4 ,we %\ld lose ! new revelation ann\nc$ 9 v]4 #a1 if v]4 #b1 &1 h5ce1 v]4 #c also--= ! !re evid5tly resumes ! --ref] to div9e revelations :i* ,david1 or1 z ,!nius supposes1 ev5 "s o!r p]son1 _h =m]ly receiv$4-- is n ?r\gh me1 = 9 t case ! ,p>ticiple w\ld h be5 us$ in/ead ( ! ,pret]ite2 nor 9 me1 = t is contradict$ by ! p>allel passages 9 :i* occurs ) 2 b into me1 :i* is /rong] ?an to me1 & m>ks ! deeply p5etrat+ p[] ( ! revelation by ! ,_s2 comp>e rem>ks on ,hosea i4 #b4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! ,pret]ite is q 9 its prop] place2 = ! inw>d revelation1 ! prec$es ! communication--! 4 7,on ! :ole v]se1 #a ,pet4 i4 #aa1 #b ,pet4 i4 #ba1 are to be comp>$47 ,v]4 #c4 ,! ,god ( ,israel said1 ! ,rock ( ,israel spake to me3 a ,rul] ov] m5--j2 a ,rul]--fe> ( ,god4 ,! omission ( ! v]b1 w be or rise1 is q suit$ to ! concise & abrupt /yle ( ! div9e ^w4 ,! m5tion ( ,god1 ! ,rock ( ,israel1 %[s t ! revelation has a ref]5ce to :at is done = ! good ( ! p ( ,god1--( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,= h] good1 ! glori\s ,rul] %all be rais$4 7,comp>e ! words1 1 9 ,luke i4 #ed1 z also v]4 #fh1 & ii4 #cb47 ,! appellation4 ,rock ( ,israel1 indicates ,god's immutability1 tru/wor?9ess1 & inviolable fai?fulness2 comp>e my comm5t1 on ,psalm xviii4 #c1 #cb-dg4 ,! connection betwixt ,ps4 xviii4 & ! la/ words ( ,david "h also cle>ly appe>s4 ,! fundam5tal passage is ,deut4 xxxii4 #d4--,t m5 mu/ be conceiv$ ( z ! subjects ( dom9ion1 is prov$ by ,ps4 xviii4 #dd1 :]e ,david is made ! head ( nations1 & p :om he has n kn[n ,pg #aef s]ve him1--& by v]4 #de1 :]e ! sons ( ! /rang] d homage to him1--& by v]4 #dh3 ,:o subdues p "u me4--,a ,rul]--fe> ( ,god1 i4e41 a ,rul] :o %all1 z x 71 be fe> ( ,god itself--p]sonifi$ fe> ( ,god4 ,we mu/ "h comp>e ! expression1 ,?is man is ! peace1 ,mic4 v4 #d1 &1 z to ! sub/ance ( ! expression4 ,is4 xi4 #b1 ,& ! ,_s ( ! ,"l re/s ^u him 444 ! _s ( k & ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,we might be dispos$ to ref] ?is exclusively to ! p]son ( ! ,messiah1 especially :5 ^? ,psalms are comp>$ :i* ref] to a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,b ,ps4 xviii4--:i* "h receives1 z x 71 its prophetic seal--& especially ! relation ( v]4 #c & #d to v]4 #e1 :]e ,david speaks ( 8 h\se1 prove t ! ,rul] "h is1 prim>ily1 only an ideal p]son1 viz41 ! se$ ( ,david spok5 ( 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #ea4 ,?+s s glori\s c1 h[ev]1 be ascrib$ to x only ) a ref]5ce to ! augu/ p]sonage 9 :om t se$ w c5tre at ! end ( days1--! righte\s ,bran*1 :om ! ,"l w raise up unto ,david 7,j]4 xxiii4 #e71 :o execute? judgm5t & righte\sness on e>?1 ,j]4 xxxiii4 #ae4 ,david knew too well :at human nature is1 & :at is 9 man1 to h expect$ any su* ?+ f ! collective body1 z su*4 ,v]4 #d4 ,& z ! light ( ! morn+ :5 ! sun rise?1 a m\rn+ )\t cl\ds2 by brightness1 by ra91--grass out ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! fir/ hemi/i* we h to supply3 w be ,8 appe>ance 9 its lovel9ess & sav+ importance4 ,! morn+ else:]e also1 especially 9 ! ,psalms 7comp>e rem>ks on ,ps4 lix4 #ag2 ,song ( ,sol4 iii4 #a71 is us$ z ! emblem ( salvation4 ,! condition ( m5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,rul] among !m1 is1 9 its de/itution1 l d>k night4--,! brightness is t ( ! ,rul]1 z ! spiritual ,sun1 ! ,sun ( ,salvation4 7,comp>e ,mal4 iii4 #bj iv4 #b1 :]e righte\sness is repres5t$ z ! sun ris+ to ^? :o fe> ,god47 ,! ra9--! w>m1 mild ra91 n ! w9t]'s ra9 :i*1 9 ! ,song ( ,sol4 ii4 #aa1 & else:]e1 occurs z an emblem ( affliction & judgm5t--is ! emblem ( bless+ 7comp>e ,is4 xliv4 #c1 :]e ra9 is expla9$ by bless+74 ,! grass1 :i* spr+s up out ( ! e>? by means ( sun%9e & ra91 is emblematical ( ! fruits & effects ( salvation4 ,pg #aeg 7,comp>e ,is4 xlv4 #h1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ra9 ( salvation p\r+ d[n f ! skies1 ! e>? br+s =? salvation & righte\sness47 ,! passage 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #f is p>allel1 :]e ,solomon says ( 8 ,antitype1 ,he %all come d[n l ra9 ^u ! m[n grass1 z %[]s wat]+ ! e>?4 ,! figure ( ! ra9 mak+ fre% grass to spr+ up is !re likewise employ$ to designate ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic "t4 ,v]4 #e4 ,= is n ?us my h\se ) ,god8 ,= ,he has made ) me an ev]la/+ cov5ant1 ord]$ 9 all ?+s & kept2 = all my salvation1 & all pleasure1--%\ld ,he n make x to gr[8 ,! special revelation :i* ,david receiv$ at ! close ( 8 life 7comp>e ! rem>ks on 9 v]4 #a7 is "h connect$ ) ! fundam5tal promise 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 :i* 0 !reby anew confirm$ to him4 ,^? :o1 l ,de ,wette & ,!nius1 mi/ake ! correct s5se ( v]s4 #c & #d1 are n a little p]plex$ by ! = at ! beg9n+ ( ?is v]se1 & attempt 9 va9 to acc\nt = x4--,?us1 i4e41 z x _h be5 told 9 :at prec$es4--1 prep>$1 ord]$1 =ms ! contra/ to :at is only half f9i%$1 indef9ite1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances & conditions1 admitt+ ( provisions & exceptions4 ,! ext5t to :i* all int]pos+ ob/acles 7 exclud$1 or r1 _h be5 consid]$ & calculat$ ^u be=eh&1 appe>s especially f #b ,sam4 vii4 #ad1 #ae1 accord+ to :i*1 ev5 ! mo/ fatal ( all int]positions--! apo/asy ( ! be>]s ( ! cov5ant--%\ld n de/roy ! cov5ant1--%\ld n annul ! graci\s promise made to ! race4 ,kept1 i4e41 firm1 inviolable1 because giv5 by ,him :o keepe? cov5ant & m]cy1 ,deut4 vii4 #i2 ,dan4 ix4 #d4 ,9 #a ,k+s viii4 #be1 ,solomon prays1 ,& n[1 ,"l ,god ( ,israel1 keep ) ,?y s]vant ,david my fa!r :at ,?\ promis$/ him :5 ,?\ said/4 ,!re %all n be cut (f unto !e a man f ,my sight to sit on ! ?rone ( ,israel4 ,! second = po9ts out ! cause ( kept4 ,all pleasure1 i4e41 all t is well-pleas+ to me1 all t my he>t desires4 ,! prec$+ s]ves ! purpose ( qualify+ x m def9itely4 ,! object ( ,david's desires is1 accord+ly1 8 salvation1 ! glory ( 8 h\se4 ,v]4 #f4 ,& wick$ness1 l ?orns1 !y w all be driv5 away2 = n w any "o take !m into 8 h&s4 ,! subject treat$ ( 9 ?is v]se is3 ! ,rul] among m5 ,pg #aeh 9 ,8 relation to ,8 enemies4 ,to ^? ,he is z =midable z ,8 appe>ance is bless$ to ^? :o surr5d] !mselves to ,him4 ,9 ,ps4 xviii4 also1 !re is a celebration ( ! indomitable p[] :i* ! ,"l grants to ,david1 ,8 ano9t$1 & to 8 se$ aga9/ all _! enemies2 comp>e v]4 #ch3 ,i pursue m9e enemies & ov]take !m1 & d n turn aga9 till !y are consum$2 v]4 #ci1 ,i cru% !m & !y _c rise1 !y fall "u my feet4 ,9 ! cycle ( ,psalms f cxxxviii4 to cxlv41 ,david likewise speaks ( ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 8 h\se f enemies1 & ! lead+ ?\ght ( ,ps4 ii4 is3 ! ,messiah z ! conqu]or ( ,8 enemies4 ,! eyes ( ,david 7 ! m op5$ to ?is circum/ance1 ! m he himself _h _h to cont5d aga9/ adv]s>ies4-- always means unwor?9ess 9 a moral po9t ( view1 wick$ness1 vil5ess4 ,wick$ness is "h us$ 9 ! concrete s5se ! wick$ ones1 ! sons ( wick$ness1 ,deut4 xiii4 #ad4 ,! wick$ ones1 ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 are comp>$ to ! ?orns1 on acc\nt ( _! prick+ nature2 & !re=e _! end is l t ( ?orns1 !y w be ?r[n aside l !m4 ,9 ,ezek4 xxiv4 #bh1 aft] ! judgm5t ^u ! neighb\r+ p has be5 proclaim$1 x is said1 ,& !re %all rema9 no m a prick+ bri] ev]y:]e r\nd ab\t ! h\se ( ,israel1 :]e _! enemies are1 nor a griev+ ?orn2 comp>e ,num4 xxxiii4 #ee2 ,song ( ,sol4 ii4 #b2 ,is4 xxvii4 #d2 ,nahum i4 #aj4--1 ! ,p>tic4 ,hoph4 ( 1 ?ru/ out1 put to flight 7comp>e ,ps4 xxxvi4 #ab71 _c be appli$ to ! ?orns1 b only to ! m54 ,l ?orns1 i4e41 s t !y become l ?orns1 ( :i* ! l& is cle>$4 ,= n w any "o take !m into 8 h&s--,mi*aelis3 ,intractabiles sunt4 ,v]4 #g4 ,& if any "o t\*e? !m1 he is fill$ ) iron1 & ! /aff ( a spe>2 & !y %all be utt]ly burnt ) fire :]e !y dwell4 ,! two memb]s ( v]s4 #f & #g /& 9 an inv]t$ relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 v]4 #f1 we h1 fir/1 ! puni%m5t describ$1 & !n _! ho/ile nature1 by :i* ! puni%m5t 0 call$ =?4 ,9 v]4 #g1 we h1 fir/1 ! cause1 & !n ! consequ5ce4 ,! ?\ght 9 ! fir/ memb] is3 e t\* ( !m be>s a ho/ile "*4 ,iron--in/ead ( weapons fabricat$ ( iron2 comp4 #a ,sam4 xvii4 #g2 ,job xx4 #bd1 xli4 #ai comp>$ ) v]s4 #ah1 #bj2 ,j]4 xv4 #ab4 ,pg #aei 1 lit]ally1 9 ! dwell+ 7comp>e ,ps4 xxiii4 #f1 xxvii4 #d2 ,deut4 xxx4 #bj7 in/ead ( :]e !y dwell1 %[s t 9 _! own bord]s !y %all be visit$ & ov]tak5 by retribution4 _c h ! signification1 )\t delay1 ascrib$ to x by ,!nius4 ,footnote #a3 1 bel[1 b5ea?1 "u1 is (t5 us$ adv]bially1 e4g4 ,g54 xlix4 #be4 1 9 ! signification on high1 occurs also 9 ,hosea xi4 #g1--less c]ta9ly 9 ,hos4 vii4 #af4 ,=1 accord+ to #b ,*ron4 xxx4 #i1 t passage may be expla9$2 !y return1 n to1 i4e41 !re is ! m]e comm5cem5t ( conv]sion1 b n ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,on ,deut4 xxviii4 #cf is to be comp>$4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,solomon4 ,an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,messianic hopes is =m$ by ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,x is intimately associat$ ) ,ps4 lxxii41 :i* 0 writt5 by ,solomon1 & repres5ts ! ,messiah z ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 imp]fectly prefigur$ by ,solomon z ,8 type4 ,z 9 ?is ,psalm1 s also 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah =ms ! subject ?r\gh\t1 & ,he is introduc$ !re "u ! "n ( ,solomon1 ! ,peaceful ,"o4 ,8 com+ %all be prec$$ by sev]e afflictions1 repres5t$ "u ! emblems ( ! scor*+ heat ( ! sun1 ( w9t]1 ( ra91 ( d>k nights1 & ( ! des]t4 ,connect$ ) ?is com+ is ! reception ( ! hea!n nations into ,8 k+dom1 & ?is1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! old ,cov5ant-p4 ,?us f> ! fir/ "p1 d[n to *ap4 v4 #a4 ,! subjects conta9$ 9 ! second "p are1 ! s9 ( ! daught] ( ,zion aga9/ ! heav5ly ,solomon & ! judgm5t2 !n1 rep5tance & reunion1 :i* w be accompli%$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! daught]s ( ,j]usalem1 i4e41 ( ! v hea!n nations :o _h =m]ly receiv$ salvation ?r\gh !m2 ! complete re-e/abli%m5t ( ! old relation ( love1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! daught] ( ,zion aga9 occupies ! c5tre ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 & ! indissoluble nature ( ?is cov5ant ( love n[ anew ent]$ into1 9 contra/ ) ! in/ability ( ! =m]4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon does n1 /rictly speak+1 possess a prophetical "*4 ,x does n communicate any new revelations2 l ! ,psalms1 x only repres5ts1 9 a poetical =m1 ?+s already kn[n4 ,x suffici5tly appe>s f our =m] /atem5t1 t1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book1 n "o feature occurs :i* did n =m a "p ( ^? ,messianic prophecies ,pg #afj :i* we c prove to h be5 kn[n at ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,9 ! second "p1 h[ev]1 x is some:at diff]5t4 ,no correspond+ p>allel c be adduc$ f any =m] "t to ! view1 t a great "p ( ! p w\ld reject ! salvation (f]$ to !m 9 ,*ri/1 &1 !reby1 draw d[n judgm5t ^u !mselves4 ,yet1 all t ! book "u consid]ation conta9s ^u ?is po9t1 is only ! application ( a g5]al tru?1 ! k ( :i* ! ,cov5ant-p _h receiv$ at ! v beg9n+ ( _! hi/ory4 ,a consid]ation ( human nature 9 g5]al1 & m especially ( ,israel's "*1 z x _h be5 deeply & firmly impress$ ^u ! p by ! ,mosaic law1 jo9$ to ! ample exp]i5ce :i* hi/ory _h af=d$ 9 ?is respect1 suffici5tly conv9c$ ^? :o 7 m enlight5$1 t x c\ld n be by any means expect$--t1 inde$1 x 0 ev5 impossible--t1 at ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ! :ole p w\ld s9c]ely & he>tily receive ,him1 & d homage to ,him4 ,& !re exi/$1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! "t ( ,solomon also1 ! f\ndation = ! doctr9e ( ! f9al re/oration ( ! p4 ,=1 ev5 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! election ( ,israel by ,god is repres5t$ z irrevocable & absolute1 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ at la/ triumph ov] all apo/asy & ,cov5ant-break+ on ! "p ( ! p4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon1 !n1 is no apocalypsis1 no revelation ( my/]ies till !n unkn[n4 ,!re is 9 x no su* disclosure z is1 e4g41 t 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 on ! desc5t ( ! ,messiah f ,david2 or1 z is t 9 ,mic4 v4 #a 7#b71 on ,8 be+ born at ,be?lehem2 or ev5 z is t 9 ,is4 liii4 on ,8 (fice z a ,high ,prie/1 & ,8 vic>i\s satisfaction4 ,b1 nev]!less1 we mu/ n imag9e ! case to h be5 ?us1 t ! cont5ts ( ! ,song ( ,solomon c\ld h orig9at$ m]ely f reflection on ! "p ( ,solomon4 ,! tru?s hi!rto reveal$ _h too mu* ( ! "* ( m]e g]ms to all[ u to suppose t f !m1 & 9 su* a way1 we c\ld acc\nt = ! cle>ness & c]ta9ty ) :i* !y h be5 bl5d$ into "o :ole4 ,ano!r elem5t1 moreov]1 mu/ be jo9$ to ! hi/orical gr\nd--viz41 an elevat$ condition ( ! s\l1 a be+ 9 ! ,_s1--a brea?+ ( ! div9e ,_s ^u ! human4 ,hi/ory be>s witness t su* prophetic /ates1 9 ! wid] s5se1 7 n /range to ,solomon4 ,x twice ,pg #afa reports ab\t ! ,"l's hav+ appe>$ to him1 #a ,k+s iii4 #e1 ix4 #b4 ,f su* an elevat$ /ate ( s\l1 8 d$icatory pray]1 9 #a ,k+s viii41 & ,ps4 lxxii41 also orig9at$4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ^! h9ts z reg>ds ,solomon's ,song4 ,z x moves ?r\gh\t on ,messianic gr\nd1 ! ,au?or mu/ consid] 8 comm5t>y on ?is book 7,b]l91 #ahec7 z an app5dix to ! ,*ri/ology4 ,pg #afb ,,messianic ,,pr$ictions ,,9 ,,! ,,prophets4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,solomon1 ! ,messianic pr$iction 0 = a consid]able "t discont9u$4 ,x 0 fir/ resum$1 & f>!r exp&$1 by ! ,canonical prophecy :i* began "u ,uzziah4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t t :i* appe>s z an int]val 0 really su*4 ,!re is no gr\nd = ! supposition t any important connect+ l9ks h be5 lo/4 ,! ,messianic pr$iction 9 ! olde/ canonical prophets is imm$iately connect$ ) t :i* exi/$ previ\sly at ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon4 ,x is n a matt] ( *ance t1 :il/ ! blossom ( prophetism appe>$ z e>ly z ,samuel1 ! canonical prophetism took its rise at a mu* lat] date4 ,nor is x ! result ( accid5t1 t we d n possess any writt5 prophecies1 ei!r by ,elijah1 :o1 at ! transfiguration ( ! ,"l1 appe>$ z ! repres5tative ( all ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 or by ,eli%a4 ,nor is x m]ely accid5tal t1 at ! "t ( ,uzziah1 !re appe>s all at once1 & simultane\sly1 a :ole s]ies ( prophets4 ,all ^! ?+s are connect$ ) ! circum/ance1 t x 0 only at t "t t great ev5ts = ! ,cov5ant-p 7 9 prep>ation1--t1 only !n1 ^? cata/rophes 7 imp5d+ :i* 7 to be br\ght ab\t by ! ,asiatic k+doms1 & :i* kept equal pace ) ! s9 ( ,israel1 ! measure ( :i* 0 be+ m & m fill$ up4 ,canonical prophecy is closely l9k$ ) ^! cata/rophes4 ,x is call$ to disclose to ! ,*ur* ! mean+ ( ^! judgm5ts1 &1 !reby1 to secure to !m _! effects 9 all "t com+4 ,! ,messianic pr$ictions utt]$ by ! prophets are likewise closely connect$ ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ^! judgm5ts4 ,:il/ false security 0 %ak5 by ! ?reat5+s1 despond5cy--:i* is z ,pg #afc ho/ile to true conv]sion--0 prev5t$ by po9t+ to ! future com+ ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! prophets d n deliv] ! ,messianic pr$iction 9 its :ole compass1 any m ?an d ! writ]s ( ! ,messianic ,psalms4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is always only c]ta9 individual aspects :i* !y exhibit4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,messianic ,psalms take up ^? features :i* pres5t$ po9ts ( contact ) _! own lives & _! own exp]i5ces1 or at lea/ ! circum/ances ( _! times4 ,?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! m subjective orig9 ( ,psalm-poetry4 ,?us ,david describes ! suff]+ ,messiah surr\nd$ by p[]ful enemies1 & :o1 aft] sev]e /ruggles1 at l5g? obta9s victory & dom9ion4 ,to ,solomon1 ,he appe>s z ! ,rul] ( a great & peaceful k+dom1 & he beholds ! mo/ di/ant nations rev]5tially (f]+ pres5ts to ,him & do+ ,him allegiance4 ,b ! ,prophets1 9 po9t+ out ?is or t feature1 are n s mu* guid$ by _! own exp]i5ce1 disposition ( m9d1 & peculi> circum/ances1 z by ! wants ( ^? :om !y are address+1 & by ! effect :i* !y are anxi\s to produce on !m4 ,:5 !y h to d ) pusillanimity1 despond+ at ! sight ( ! hea!n _w z x seems to be all-p[]ful1--!y !n repres5t ! ,messiah z ! inv9cible conqu]or ( ! hea!n _w1 :o %all subject ! :ole e>? to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:5 !y h to deal ) pride1 tru/+ 9 imag9>y pr]ogatives ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 & boldly *all5g+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u ! hea!n1--!y !n repres5t ! ,messiah z ,him :o %all make a great sep>ation among ! ,cov5ant-p !mselves1 & :o %all be a consolation to ! godly1 :ile ,he br+s inexorable judgm5ts ^u ! wick$ :5 !y h to d ) ^? :o m\rn 9 ,zion1 :o ?r\gh ! inflict$ judgm5ts ( ! ,"l h be5 br\ght to a deep sorr[ on acc\nt ( _! s9s1--!y !n repres5t ! ,messiah z ,him :o %all "o day take away ! s9s ( ! l&1 :o is to be> _! griefs & c>ry _! sorr[s4 ,n[1 z canonical prophecy ext5ds ov] sev]al c5turies1 dur+ :i* circum/ances1 wants1 & dispositions ! mo/ div]se1 mu/ h tak5 place1 & z ! ,messianic prophecy is 9 h>mony ) ^!1 x display$1 m & m fully1 its ri*es1 & did s 9 a mann] f> m effective & vivid ?an x c\ld possibly h ,pg #afd done _h x be5 proclaim$ 9 ! =m ( a discussion or treatise4 ,z ! ,messiah 0 ?us repres5t$ f ! mo/ v>i\s po9ts ( view1 & 9 ! way ( direct p]ception1 & div9e confid5ce1--z ,he 0 ?us ev]y:]e po9t$ out z ! end ( ! developm5t4 ,he c\ld n b become m & m ! s\l ( ! nation's life4 ,9 ! ,messianic ann\ncem5ts by ! prophets1 no su* gradual progress 9 cle>ness & di/9ctness c be trac$1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! ass]tion t !re exi/$ ) !m at fir/1 only a g5]al hope ( bett] times1 unconnect$ ) any p]son1 re/s on ! unf\nd$ hypo!sis t ,joel is ! olde/ among all ! prophets1--& at ! same "t on ! errone\s assumption t he 0 ignorant ( a p]sonal ,messiah1--&1 fur!r1 on ! incorrect supposition t ! prophets1 :o write only :at pres5ts itself imm$iately to _! view1 h n 9 _! cre$ all t !y omit to say4 ,x is1 moreov]1 oppos$ by ! prospect ( a p]sonal ,messiah held out 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,psalms1 & ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,h[ v sl5d] is ! gr\nd = inf]r+ t1 because _m ess5tial po9ts are n t\*$ ^u by ,hosea1 ,joel1 & ,amos1 !y1 !re=e1 did n "k !m1 is %[n by ! fact t nei!r d sev]al among ! lat] prophets--z ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel--t\* ^u !m1 al?\gh ! previ\s m di/9ct prophecies ( ,isaiah 7 c]ta9ly kn[n & ackn[l$g$ by !m4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t x is f above t ea* ( ! prophets receiv$ 8 %>e ( ! prophetic _s1 & t ?is dep5d$ p>tly ^u ! measure ( 8 receptivity1 :i* might h be5 great] ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt] prophets1--&1 p>tly1 ^u ! wants & capacities ( ^? = :om ! prophecy 0 de/9$4 ,a c5tral position1 z reg>ds ! ,messianic pr$ictions1 is occupi$ by ,isaiah4 ,ev5 8 ,messianic prophecies1 h[ev]1 :5 view$ deta*$ & isolat$1 be> ! "* ( onesid$ness4 ,he n[h]e gives u a complete image ( ! ,messiah4 ,b1 :il/ ! o!r prophets 7 p]mitt$ to give only s+le disclosures1 he gives u1 9 ! :ole body ( 8 ,messianic prophecies1 ! mat]ials = a full & entire image1 al?\gh n ! image itself4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* h1 !re=e1 rightly designat$ him z ! ,evangeli/ among ! prophets4 ,b ! transition to him f ! ,psalms & ,pg #afe ! ,song ( ,solomon c\ld n be ,imm$iate4 ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1 ,jonah1 & ,micah =m1 z x 71 ! connect+ l9ks4 ,proce$+ f ! ,messianic promise1 9 ! %ape :i* x _h receiv$ at ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon1 !y give x a /&+ 9 ! prophetic message1 & infuse into x new life by means ( ! connection into :i* x is br\ght by !m1 & supplem5t x by add+ s+le new features4 ,x is our int5tion to give an exposition ( ! ,messianic passages 9 ! prophets1 accord+ to _! *ronological ord]4 ,9 plac+ ,hosea at ! head1 we foll[ ! example ( ^? :o collect$ ! ,canon1 & :o1 reg>d+ n s mu* ! succession ( ye>s z t ( ! gov]nm5ts1 may h assign$ ! fir/ place to ,hosea1 because he is ! mo/ important among ! prophets at ! "t ( ,j]oboam 9 ,israel1 & ( ,uzziah 9 ,judah1 or because he really appe>$ fir/1 & ! prophecy 9 *ap4 i4-iii4 is ! beg9n+ ( writt5 prophecies4 ,! latt] supposition mo/ naturally sugge/s itself2 ! analogies are 9 its fav\r1 & no decisive argum5t has be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ x4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,hosea4 ,,g5]al ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,t ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 ! object ( ! prophet's m9i/ry is s evid5t1 t ^u ?is po9t all are1 & _c b be1 agre$4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! prophet 0 a fell[-c\ntryman ( ^? to :om he prea*$1 or 0 call$ by ,god out ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,! latt] has be5 ass]t$ ) great confid5ce by ,maur]1 among o!rs1 9 8 ,obs]v4 9 ,hos41 9 ! ,comm5tat4 ,!ol4 ii4 i4 p4 #bic4 ,b ! argum5ts by :i* he supports ?is view w n /& ! te/4 ,he appeals 7#a7 to ! inscription4 ,! circum/ance t1 9 ?is1 !re is m5tion made ( ! k+s ( ,judah "u :om ,hosea ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry1--t !y are m5tion$ at all1--& t !y are m5tion$ fir/ & completely1 :ile only "o ( ! k+s ( ,israel is nam$1 ,pg #aff proves1 accord+ to him--especially on a comp>ison ) ! inscription ( ,amos--t ! prophet ackn[l$g$ ! k+s ( ,judah z 8 sup]iors4 ,b ?is mode ( argum5tation entirely ov]looks ! position :i* ! pi\s 9 ,israel g5]ally1 & ! prophets especially1 occupi$ 9 ref]5ce to ,judah4 ,!y consid]$ ! :ole sep>ation--! civil z well z ! religi\s--z an apo/asy f ,god4 ,& h[ c\ld !y d o!rwise1 s9ce ! et]nal dom9ion ov] ! p ( ,god _h be5 grant$1 by ,god1 to ! h\se ( ,david8 ,! clos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ! religi\s & ! civil suffici5tly appe>s f ! fact1 t ,j]oboam & all 8 successors despair$ ( be+ able to ma9ta9 _! p[]1 unless !y made ! brea*1 9 religi\s matt]s also1 z wide z possible4 ,! *ief ( ! prophets 9 ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes--,elijah--by tak+ twelve /ones accord+ to ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ,israel 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #ca71 pla9ly en\gh decl>$1 t he consid]$ ! sep>ation z "o n consi/5t ) ! idea ( ! ,jewi% k+dom1 & t !re=e1 9 reality1 x mu/ at "s future p]iod be done away )2 t he consid]$ ! gov]nm5t 9 ,israel z exi/+ de facto1 b n de jure4 ,by none d we f9d ?is view s di/9ctly br\ght out z by ,hosea4 ,!y h set up k+s1 & n by ,me--says ! ,"l by him1 *ap4 viii4 #d--!y h made pr9ces1 & ,i knew x n4 ,9 8 view1 !n1 ! :ole basis ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ,israel is ungodl9ess4 ,because !y h *os5 k+s & pr9ces )\t ,god1 & aga9/ ! w ( ,god1 !y %all be tak5 f !m by ,god1 *ap4 iii4 #d4 ,salvation _c come to ! p until ,israel &1 ,judah set ov] !mselves "o head1 ii4 #b 7i4 #aa71 until ! *ildr5 ( ,israel seek ,jehovah _! ,"l1 & ,david _! k+1 iii4 #e4 ,^! two ?+s are1 9 8 view1 intimately connect$2 no true return to ! invisible head ( ! ,!ocracy is possible )\t1 at ! same "t1 a return to ! visible "o--! h\se ( ,david4 ,:at1 at "s future "t1 ! mass ( ! p1 :5 conv]t$1 7 to d1 ! conv]t$ individual mu/ d ev5 n[4 ,he ev5 n[ recognis$ ! k+s ( ! tribe ( ,judah z truly 8 sov]eigns1 al?\gh he yield$ civil ob$i5ce to ! rul]s ( ,israel1 until ,god %\ld aga9 aboli% ! gov]nm5t :i* ,he gave to ! p 9 wra?1 & set ,pg #afg up 9 opposition to ! gov]nm5t ( ! h\se ( ,david 9 ,8 ang]1 on acc\nt ( _! apo/asy4 ,f all ?is1 x cle>ly appe>s t1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! peculi>ity ( ! inscription1 we ne$ n h rec\rse to ! conjecture1 t ,hosea 0 a native ( ,judah4 ,"o might1 ) z mu* reason1 ma9ta9 t all ! prophets 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 :o reject$ ! wor%ip ( ! calves--& h5ce all ! prophets )\t exception--7 natives ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,= ! wor%ip ( ! calves is q on a p> ) ! apo/asy f ! ano9t$ ( ,god4 ,hosea m5tions1 fir/ & completely1 ! k+s ( ! legitimate family4 ,he !n fur!r adds ! "n ( "o ( ! rul]s ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 "u :om 8 m9i/ry began1 because x 0 ( importance to fix precisely ! "t ( its comm5cem5t4 ,uzziah1 ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ! k+s ( ,judah m5tion$ by him1 surviv$ ,j]oboam ne>ly tw5ty-six ye>s2 comp>e ,maur]1 l4 c4 p4 #bhd4 ,n[1 _h ! latt] n be5 m5tion$ along ) him1 ! ?\ght might easily h sugge/$ itself1 t x 0 only dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( ,uzziah's reign t ! prophet ent]$ ^u 8 (fice2 9 :i* case all t he said ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]oboam's family w\ld h appe>$ to be a vatic9ium po/ ev5tum1 inasmu* z x took place v soon aft] ,j]oboam's dea?4 ,! same applies to :at 0 said by him reg>d+ ! total decay ( ! k+dom :i* 0 s fl\ri%+ "u ,j]oboam2 =1 f ! mom5t ( ,j]oboam's dea?1 x ha/5$ ) rapid /rides t[>ds its de/ruction4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 0 to be se5 t future ?+s lie op5 be=e ,god & ,8 s]vants be=e !y spr+ =? 7,is4 xlii4 #i71 x 0 necess>y t ! comm5cem5t ( ! prophet's m9i/ry %\ld be ! m accurately det]m9$2 & ?is is effect$ by ! /atem5t1 t x happ5$ )9 ! p]iod ( ! f\rte5 ye>s dur+ :i* ,uzziah & ,j]oboam reign$ contemporane\sly4 ,t ?is is ! ma9 reason = m5tion+ ,j]oboam's "n1 is se5 f ! relation ( v]4 #b to v]4 #a4 ,! rem>k !re made1--t ,hosea receiv$ ! subsequ5t revelation at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 prophetic m9i/ry1 corresponds ) ! m5tion ( ,j]oboam's "n 9 v]4 #a4 ,b ?is is n all2 nor c we say t1 _h x n be5 = ?is reason1 ,hosea w\ld n h m5tion$ any k+ ( ,israel at all1 9 ord] t1 f ! outset1 he might exhibit ,pg #afh 8 disposition4 ,!re 0 a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ,j]oboam & ! subsequ5t k+s4 ,cocceius rem>k$ v /rik+ly3 ,! o!r k+s ( ,israel are n consid]$ z k+s1 b z robb]s4 ,j]oboam possess$ a quasi legitimacy4 ,! h\se ( ,jehu1 to :i* he belong$1 _h oppos$ ! extreme ( religi\s apo/asy4 ,x 01 to a c]ta9 degree1 ackn[l$g$1 ev5 by ! prophets4 ,j]oboam _h obta9$ ! ?rone1 n by usurpation1 b by bir?4 ,he 0 ! la/ k+ by :om ! ,"l s5t deliv]ance to ! p ( ! t5 tribes2 comp>e #b ,k+s xiv4 #bg3 ,& ! ,"l w\ld n blot out ! "n ( ,israel f "u heav52 & ,he sav$ !m by ! h& ( ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,joa%4 7#b47 ,! int]nal reason adduc$ by ,maur] 7,s4 #bid7 is equally insignificant4 ,! morum magi/ri1 he says1 are wont m slightly to reprove1 9 ! case ( /rang]s1 t :i* !y sev]ely condemn 9 _! own p2 b ,hosea rebukes ) z mu* sev]ity ! inhabitants ( ,judah1 :5 he comes to speak ( !m1 z he does ! ,israelites4 ,b no c]ta9 inf]5ces c be drawn f su* commonplaces2 =1 9 ?is way we might z reasonably inf]1 t ,isaiah & ! writ] ( ! ,books ( ,k+s 7 natives ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 because !y c5sure ! s9s ( ! ,israelites z sev]ely z !y d ^? ( ! inhabitants ( ,judah4 ,to ?is commonplace we might z easily oppose ano!r equally true1 viz41 ! morum magi/ri1 f a p>tiality = _! own p1 are wont to judge m l5i5tly ( _! faults ?an ( ^? ( /rang]s4 ,su* maxims require to be appli$ ) ! utmo/ caution1 ev5 9 ! t]ritory to :i* !y belong1 because "o consid]ation may be s easily outweigh$ by ano!r4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 its application is altoge!r out ( ! "q4 ,! prophets1 z ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,_s1 spoke pure & pla9 tru? )\t any reg>d to p]sons4 ,:e!r ,hosea 0 a native ( ,judah or ( ,israel1 he w\ld express himself 9 ! same way conc]n+ ! inhabitants ( ,judah4 ,he w\ld sev]ely rebuke _! s9s1 & at ! same "t readily ackn[l$ge1 z he does1 _! advantages1--= ,salvation come? ( ! ,jews4 ,if1 !n1 ^! be ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,judean orig9 ( ,hosea1 x readily appe>s t ! probabilities ( su* an orig91 comp>$ ) t ( 8 ,israeliti% desc5t1 are n ,pg #afi ev5 9 ! proportion ( "o to a hundr$4 ,! prophets 7 almo/ m num]\s 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel ?an 9 t ( ,judah2 & yet ! entire hi/ory kn[s ( only two in/ances ( prophets be+ s5t f ! k+dom ( ,judah to t ( ,israel1 viz41 ! prophet spok5 ( 9 #a ,k+s xiii4 & ,amos4 ,& ! =m] ( ^! ev5 sc>cely belongs to ?is class1 inasmu* z he receiv$ only a s+le mission into ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & t1 at a "t :5 ! prophetic in/itution 0 n z yet organiz$ !re4 ,9 ! case ( ,amos likewise1 x is manife/ n only t he 0 only an exception to ! rule1--z appe>s f ! transactions ) ! prie/ ,amaziah1 report$ 9 ,amos vii4 7comp>e especially v]4 #ab71--;b /ill m pla9ly1 f ! m5tion 9 ! inscription ( 8 hav+ be5 a native ( ,judah4 ,) reg>d to ! "t ( ! prophet1 ! inscription places 8 m9i/ry 9 ! reigns ( ! k+s ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah4 ,a long p]iod is1 no d\bt1 ?us assign$ to x1--a p]iod embrac+ at lea/ tw5ty-six ye>s ( ,uzziah's reign1 &1 9 addition1 ! sixte5 ye>s ( t ( ,jo?am1 ! sixte5 ye>s dur+ :i* ,ahaz reign$1 & at lea/ "o or two ye>s ( ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 mak+1 at ! l[e/ calculation1 a p]iod ( sixty ye>s 9 all4 ,?is exce$+ly long duration ( ! prophet's m9i/ry might easily excite suspicion reg>d+ ! g5u95ess & correctness ( ! inscription2 b su* suspicion is at once set at re/ by ! fact1 t ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! book itself lead u to assume a p]iod equally ext5d$4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! prophet's m9i/ry _c be assign$ to any lat] p]iod2 =1 9 *ap4 i4 #d1 ! fall ( ,j]oboam's h\se1 :i* took place soon aft] 8 dea?1 is ann\nc$ z a future ev5t4 ,moreov]1 ! condition ( ! k+dom appe>s /ill1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole fir/ disc\rse1 z a v fl\ri%+ "o4 ,nor c ! end ( 8 m9i/ry be assign$ to any e>li] p]iod4 ,= 9 *ap4 x4 #ad1 an exp$ition ( ,%alman or ,%almanes] aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,israel 7,vitr+a1 ,proleg4 9 ,is4 p4 #f7 is describ$ z be+ already pa/1 & a second invasion is ?reat5$4 ,b ! fir/ exp$ition ( ,%almanes]1 report$ 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #a seqq41 is almo/ contemporane\s ) ! beg9n+ ( ,hezekiah's reign4 ,= x 0 direct$ aga9/ ,ho%ea1 k+ ( ,israel1 :o began 8 reign 9 ! twelf? ,pg #agj ye> ( t ( ,ahaz1 :i* la/$ sixte5 ye>s4 ,! exact h>mony ( ! passage 9 ,hosea ) t 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 is v evid5t4 ,9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #c1 x is said3 ,aga9/ him came up ,%almanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria1 & ,ho%ea became 8 s]vant & gave him tribute4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ exp$ition ( ,%almanes]4 ,!n foll[$ ! second exp$ition1 :i* 0 caus$ by ! rebellion ( ,ho%ea1--9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,sam>ia 0 tak5 & ! p c>ri$ away4 ,9 ,hos4 x4 #ad1 #ae1 x is said3 ,& tumult arise? aga9/ ?y p1 & all ?y =tresses %all be spoil$1 z ,%alman spoil$ ,be?-arbel 9 ! day ( battle2 ! "m 0 da%$ 9 pieces ^u 7h]7 *ildr54 ,s %all he d unto y1 ,be!l1 because ( y\r great wick$ness 9 ! dawn ( ! morn+1 de/roy$1 de/roy$ %all be ! k+ ( ,israel4 ,hosea "h decl>es t ! beg9n+ ( ! de/ruction by ,%almanes] is ! prophecy ( ! end ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,! morn+ dawn is ! "t ( app>5tly reappe>+ prosp]ity1 :51 accord+ to ,cocceius1 a "t ( peace beg9s to %9e4 ,9 ,amos iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 ! prosp]ity aga9 dawn+ ^u ! k+dom ( ,israel is likewise express$ by morn+ & morn+ dawn4 ,! id5tity ( ,be?-arbel & ,arbelah 9 ,galilee c ! less be d\bt$1 because rec5t rese>*es h r5d]$ x c]ta9 t ?is place1 n[ call$ ,irbid1 0 an important =tress4 7,comp>e ,mn*5] gelehrte ,anzeig5 #ahcf1 ,s4 #hgj ff42 ,rob9son1 iii4 #b1 p4 #ecd2 v4 ,raum]1 ,s4 #ajh47 ,! use ( ,be?-arbel1 in/ead ( ! m common ,arbelah1 z well z t ( ,%alman in/ead ( ,%almanes]1 belongs to ! high] /yle4 ,at ! fir/ exp$ition1 ! decisive battle _h1 no d\bt1 tak5 place at ,arbelah4 ,!y :o disconnect ?is passage f #b ,k+s xvii4 d n "k :at to make ( x4 ,simson compla9s ( ! d>kness re/+ on ! passage "u consid]ation4--,b ,hos4 xii4 #b 7#a7 likewise leads u to ! v la/ times ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1--^? times :5 ,ho%ea endeav\r$ to free himself f ! ,assyrian s]vitude by ! help ( ,egypt4 ,ephraim fe$e? on w9d1 & foll[e? aft] ! ea/-w9d2 he daily increase? lies & desolation2 & !y d make a cov5ant ) ,assyria1 & oil is c>ri$ into ,egypt4 ,_! s5d+ oil to ,egypt1 not)/&+ ! cov5ant made ) ,assyria1 is ! lie1 :i* goes h& 9 h& ) desolation1 :ile !y imag9e !reby to ,pg #aga "w deliv]ance4 ,?is explanation has be5 already giv5 by ,j4 ,h4 ,mang]1 ( ^: ,comm5t>ius 9 ,hoseam1 ,camp51 #aghb--;a comm5t>y 9 _m respects excell5t--mo/ ( ! rec5t comm5tators1 &1 la/ly1 ,simson1 h1 to _! great disadvantage1 n avail$ !mselves4 ,mang] says3 ,^! words ref] to ! ambassadors :o 7 s5t ) spl5did pres5ts by k+ ,ho%ea to ! k+ ( ,egypt1 9 ord] to w9 him ov] to himself1 & induce him to assi/ him aga9/ ! ,assyrians1 to :om he _h become subject by a solemn treaty4--,to ! la/ times ( ! k+dom ( ,israel we are likewise l$ by :at occurs 9 o!r passages conc]n+ ! relation ( ,israel to ,egypt & ,as%ur4 ,! matt] has be5 falsely repres5t$ by v _m z if two p>ties among ! p 7 spok5 (1--an ,assyrian & an ,egyptian p>ty4 ,nor is x s1 t ! :ole p turn at "o "t to ,egypt 9 ord] to free !mselves f ! ,assyrians1 & at ano!r "t to ,assyria to assi/ !m aga9/ ,egypt4 ,! position is r ?us3 ,! p1 heavily oppress$ by ,as%ur1 at "o "t seek help f ,egypt aga9/ ,as%ur1 &1 at ano!r1 attempt to conciliate ! latt]4 ,precisely ?us is ! situation describ$ 9 vii4 #aa3 ,!y call to ,egypt1 !y g to ,as%ur4 ,t by :i* ,israel 0 ?reat5$1 01 accord+ to viii4 #aj1 ! burd5 ( ! k+ ( pr9ces1 ! k+ ( ,as%ur1 v]4 #i4 ,?is !y seek to turn (f1 p>tly by artifices1 & p>tly by call+ to _! help ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,as%ur alone is ! k+ w>rior 7,j>eb71 v4 #ac1 x4 #f2 he only has receiv$ ! div9e mission to execute judgm5t2 comp>e xi4 #e3 ,he1 i4e41 ,israel1 %all n return to ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ,as%ur1 he is 8 k+4 ,z an ally n to be tru/$1 ,egypt is describ$ 9 vii4 #af1 :]e1 aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( _! de/ruction on acc\nt ( _! rebellion aga9/ ! ,"l1 x is said3 ,?is %all be _! d]ision on acc\nt ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 i4e41 ?us !y %all be put to %ame 9 ! hope :i* !y place on ,egypt4 ,is4 xxx4 #a-e is q analog\s4 ,9 t passage ! prophet ann\nces t ,judah's attempt to protect !mselves aga9/ ,as%ur by means ( ,egypt w\ld be va92 comp>e1 especially1 v]4 #c3 ,& ! =tress ( ,ph>aoh %all be y\r %ame1 & ! tru/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,egypt1 y\r confusion2 & v]4 #e3 ,n = help nor = pr(it1 b = %ame & = reproa*4 ,su* hi/orical circum/ances1 ,pg #agb h[ev]1 _h n yet occurr$ "u ,m5ahem4 ,at t "t1 ,israel 0 n yet plac$ 9 ! mid/ betwixt ,as%ur & ,egypt4 ,x is expressly m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xv4 #bj1 t ! invasion ( ,pul 0 only transitory1 & t n conque/1 b spoil1 0 its aim4 ,! real comm5cem5t ( ! ,assyrian oppression is =m$ by ! invasion ( ,tigla?piles] at ! "t ( ,ahaz4 ,isaiah1 9 *ap4 vii41 po9ts out ! p]nici\s consequ5ces ( ,ahaz's call+ ! ,assyrians to 8 assi/ance aga9/ ,syria & ,israel4 ,! v fact ( ?is w> c>ri$ on aga9/ ,judah by ,syria & ,ephraim %[s1 t up to t "t1 ,as%ur _h n laid 8 h& ^u ^! regions4 ,x 0 only ) ! invasion "u ,ahaz t !re 0 any display ( ,as%ur's t5d5cy to make p]man5t conque/s on ! o!r side ( ,euphrates1 :i* c\ld n fail to br+ ab\t ! conflict ) ! ,egyptian p[]4--,k+ ,j>eb1--su* _h already become ! hi/orical "* ( ! k+ ( ,as%ur1 at ! "t :5 ,hosea wrote2 b prior to ! times ( ,ahaz & ,hezekiah1 he did n /& out z su*4 ,!re is no decisive weight to be atta*$ to :at ,simson advances 9 ord] to prove t we mu/ fix an e>li] date4 ,he argues ?us3 ,gilead1 :i*1 accord+ to #b ,k+s xv4 #bi1 0 tak5 & depopulat$ by ,tigla?piles]1 :om ,ahaz _h call$ to 8 assi/ance1 appe>s 9 vi4 #h1 xii4 #ab 7#aa7 to be /ill 9 ! possession ( ,israel4 ,h5ce1 ! m9i/ry ( ! prophet _c h ext5d$ beyond ! invasion ( ,judah by ! ,syrians & ,ephraim4 ,b s9ce ! book gives ! sum & sub/ance ( ,hosea's prophecies dur+ a prolong$ p]iod1 !re mu/ necess>ily occur 9 x ref]5ces to ev5ts :i* already belong$ to ! pa/1 at ! "t :5 ! prophet wrote4 ,9 *ap4 i4 #d1 ev5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! h\se ( ,j]oboam appe>s z be+ /ill future4 ,b ev5 al?\gh we c\ld n e/abli%1 f o!r s\rces1 ! /atem5t conta9$ 9 ! inscription1 ! inscription itself w\ld nev]!less be a gu>antee = x2 & ! m s1 because !re are o!r analogies 9 fav\r ( s long a duration ( ! prophetic (fice1 :i* 0 sometimes ent]$ ^u ev5 9 e>ly y\?4 ,! inscription has ! same au?ority 9 its fav\r z e o!r "p ( ! book2 & x is h>dly possible to und]/& ! levity ) :i* x has1 9 rec5t times1 be5 pretty g5]ally designat$ z spuri\s1 or1 at lea/1 suspici\s4 ,pg #agc ,x is altoge!r impossible to sev] x f ! o!r p>ts ( ! book4 ,!re mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 "s object 9 view :51 9 v]4 #b1 x is expressly rem>k$1 t :at foll[s took place at ! beg9n+ ( ,hosea's m9i/ry4 ,b su* an object x w be possible to po9t out1 only 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ m accurately det]m9$ at :at "t ?is beg9n+ took place--viz41 /ill "u ! reign ( ,j]oboam1 :5 ! /ate ( ?+s z x appe>$ to ! eye did n yet (f] any occasion = su* views ( ! future z are op5$ up 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s4 ,v]4 #a _c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z an addition subsequ5tly made1 unless ! words 9 v]4 #b1 f to be s likewise4 ,b ^! aga9 are mo/ closely connect$ ) :at foll[s by ! ,future ) ,vav conv]s41 :i* nev] c beg9 a n>rative4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ?is alt]native3--ei!r to reg>d ! :ole z hav+ be5 writt5 at a lat] p]iod1 or to claim = ,hosea ! inscription also4 ,we _c agree ) ! view ( ,simson1 t ! rem>k by :i* ! beg9n+ ( ! book is assign$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! prophet's m9i/ry1 orig9at$ f a *ronological int]e/ only2 & we c ! less d s1 because ! prophet does n pay any att5tion to *ronology 9 any o!r place1 b is anxi\s to give only ! sum & sub/ance ( :at he _h prophesi$ dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,! only exception :i* he makes 9 ?is respect mu/ h orig9at$ f /rong reasons2 & su* d n exi/1 if ! inscription 9 v]4 #a1 or ! m5tion ( ! k+s 9 x1 be spuri\s4 ,! m5tion ( ! beg9n+ 9 v]4 #b w\ld1 9 t case1 be s mu* ! m gr\ndless1 z we c\ld "k no?+ at all reg>d+ ! l5g? ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,mu* m fruitful1 c]ta9ly1 ?an all su* va9 d\bts1 are ! reflections ( ,calv9 on ! long duration ( ! prophet's m9i/ry3 ,h[ griev\s is x to u :5 ,god requires our s]vices = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s2 &1 especially1 :5 we h to cont5d ) ungodly p1 :o w\ld n will+ly take ^u !m ! yoke1 yea1 :o ev5 ob/9ately resi/ u6 we !n wi% to be fre$ at once1 & to become p5sion$ soldi]s4 ,b1 see+ ?is prophet's long protract$ m9i/ry1 let u take f x an example ( pati5ce1 t we may n despair al?\gh ! ,"l %\ld n at once free u f our burd54 ,_m int]pret]s h zeal\sly attempt$ to det]m9e ! ,pg #agd p>ticul> portions ( ?is l5g!n$ p]iod to :i* ! p>ticul> portions ( ?is book belong4 ,b su* an und]tak+ is :olly va9 9 ! case be=e u1 z well z 9 t ( ,micah1 & mo/ ( ! m9or prophets g5]ally4 ,! supposition ^u :i* x re/s is false--viz41 t ! collection consi/s ( a numb] ( s+le1 deta*$ portions4 ,we d n possess ! :ole ( ,hosea's prophecies1 b only ! sub/ance ( _! ess5tial cont5ts1--a survey :i* he himself gave t[>ds ! end ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,?is appe>s 7#a7 f ! 9 ! inscription4 ,9 itself1 ?is w\ld n be a decisive argum5t1 z ! prophet might also h compreh5d$ 9 an ideal unity1 disc\rses outw>dly di/9ct2 b1 nev]!less1 z long z no reason appe>s = ! contr>y1 x is m naturally ref]r$ to a cont9u\s disc\rse ) an ext]nal unity also4 7#b47 ,x appe>s f ! entire omission ( all *ronological data4 ,! only exception is 9 v]4 #b2 b ?is exception s]ves only to /r5g!n ! argum5t drawn f ! omission ev]y:]e else4 7#c47 ,x is prov$ by ! abs5ce ( all c]ta9 indications ab\t ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! p>ticul> portions4 ,!re occur1 j z 9 ! second "p ( ,isaiah1 new />t+ po9ts only2 b1 ) ^! exceptions1 ! disc\rse always moves on 9 ! same mann]4 7#d47 ,x is se5 f ! indef9it5ess & g5]ality ( ! hi/orical ref]5ces1 :i* mu/ necess>ily arise if ! prophet ref]r$1 9 l mann]1 to ! :ole ( ?is l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,t ! facts1 ^u :i* ! la/ two argum5ts re/1 really exi/1 is made suffici5tly app>5t f ! imm5se div]sity ( op9ions z to ! numb] & ext5t ( ! p>ticul> portions1 & z to ! "t ( _! composition4 ,!re are n ev5 two ( ! m important int]pret]s :o agree 9 ! ma9 po9ts alone4 ,su* a div]sity does n exi/ 9 ref]5ce to any ( ! prophetical books :i* actually consi/ ( deta*$ prophecies4 7#e47 ,! /yle & language are too mu* ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 to admit ( ! idea t any long p]iod c\ld h elaps$ betwe5 ! p>ticul> prophecies4 ,?is1 inde$1 is only a subord9ate argum5t2 b x acquires its full importance1 :5 connect$ ) ! f\ndation ( ! ?ird & f\r? pro(s4 ,x n[ only rema9s to give a survey ( ! hi/orical circum/ances at ! "t ( ! prophet4 ,?is is ! m necess>y1 z a k ( ^! is requir$ = ! exposition ( ,pg #age ! ,messianic prophecies1 n only ( ,hosea1 b also ( ,amos1 8 contempor>y4 ,! k+dom ( ,israel c>ri$ )9 x1 f its v comm5cem5t1 a tw(old elem5t ( de/ruction--viz41 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! wor%ip ( ! calves1 & ! rebellion aga9/ ! dyna/y ( ,david4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1--! consequ5ce ( ?is app>5tly s mu* isolat$ transgression ( a ,mosaic ord9ance ext5d$ mu* fur!r ?an w\ld appe> ^u a sup]ficial view4 ,9 ?is case also x 0 se5 t a little leav5 leav5e? ! :ole lump4 ,( f> high] importance ?an ! l[ conceptions ( ,god produc$ by ?is symbolical repres5tation ( ,him1 0 ano!r aspect ( ! transaction4 ,! prohibition ( image-wor%ip 9 ! ,p5tateu* 0 z di/9ct & cle> z x 0 possible to make x4 ,! k+s ( ,israel 7 f> f reject+ x2 b /ill1 h[ difficult soev] x may appe>1 !y f\nd out an int]pretation by :i* !y evad$ ! application ( x to _! in/itution4 ,su* a c\rse once ent]$ ^u1 c\ld only lead !m fur!r & fur!r a/ray4 ,z1 9 s important a case1 !y _h1 9 opposition to _! own bett] convictions1 all[$ !mselves to p]v]t & expla9 away ! law--ass]t+1 probably1 t x 0 giv5 only on acc\nt ( ! co>se s5suality ( =m] g5]ations--! same 0 done 9 o!r ?+s also1 z (t5 z x 0 call$ = by ! disposition ( ! corrupt$ he>t4 ,all unfai?fulness :i* is kn[n to be s1 & yet is *]i%$1 & excus$ to ! consci5ce & be=e m51 mu/ draw aft] x entire ru91 9 a community1 n less ?an 9 an individual4 ,z a reason = ?is ru91 x is v /rik+ly said 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #i3 ,& !y cov]$ 7?is is ! only asc]ta9$ signification ( 7 words t 7 n s1 ov] ! ,"l _! ,god2 i4e41 !y v5tur$1 by a numb] ( p]v]sions & false int]pretations ( ,8 ^w1 to veil its true =m4 ,to ?is1 ! foll[+ consid]ation mu/ be add$3--,t fir/ *ange ( ! religi\s in/itutions proce$$ f ! political p[] :i* secur$ to itself1 = ! future1 an absolute influ5ce ^u ! religi\s affairs1 by subject+ to its control ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 indep5d5t ( x4 ,^? ,levites :o1 hav+ no reg>d to ! mis]able sophisms inv5t$ by ! k+ z an excuse1 decl>$ aga9/ ! wor%ip ( calves1 7 expell$1 &1 9 _! /ead1 creatures ( ! k+ ,pg #agf 7 made m9i/]s ( ! sanctu>y4 ,?is became n[ ! k+'s sanctu>y 7comp>e ! rem>kable passage1 ,amos vii4 #ac71 & all ! ecclesia/ical affairs 71 9 /rict contradiction to ! ,mosaic law1 submitt$ to 8 arbitr>y p[]4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is mu/ necess>ily h be5 all ! sadd]1 ! worse ! k+s 72 & !y mu/ inevitably h become s1 because ( ! bad f\ndation on :i* ! royal p[] re/$4 ,image-wor%ip 0 v spe$ily foll[$ by idolatry1--:i* is1 h[ev]1 9 l mann]1 n to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( an undisguis$ opposition to ! true ,god4 ,su* an opposition took place dur+ ! reign ( only "o k+--,ahab--"u :om ! matt] 0 c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,holy ,scripture1 h[ev]1 ) a total disreg>d ( ! :ole multitude ( mis]able excuses ord9>ily made1 designates z direct apo/asy f ,god1 ev]y?+ :i* 0 sub/antially su*1 al?\gh x did n outw>dly manife/ itself z su*4 ,ext]nally1 !y rema9$ fai?ful to ,jehovah2 !y celebrat$ ,8 fea/s1--!y (f]$ ! sacrifices prescrib$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1--!y regulat$1 9 g5]al1 all ! religi\s in/itutions accord+ to ! requirem5ts !re laid d[n1 z may be prov$ f ! ,books ( ,k+s1 &1 /ill m pla9ly1 f ,amos & ,hosea4 ,b 9 all ?is !y discov]$ a me?od by :i* light & d>kness1 ! wor%ip ( idols ) t ( ! ,"l1 might be comb9$4 ,nor 0 ?is discov]y s v difficult1 s9ce _! eye 0 n s+le4 ,!y _h be=e !m ! examples ( hea!n nations1 :o 7 q prep>$ reciprocally to ackn[l$ge _! deities1 9 all ( :om !y recognis$ only diff]5t =ms ( manife/ation ( "o & ! same div9e be+2 & !y 7 q will+ to ext5d ?is ackn[l$gm5t ev5 to ! ,god ( ,israel also1 z long z !y did n meet ) intol]ance on ! "p ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to wor%ip ,him1 & 7 !re=e n r\s$ to ! practice ( intol]ance 9 return4 ,?is reciprocal recognition ( _! deities by ! nations 9 ! mid/ ( :om ! ,israelites liv$1 is suffici5tly evid5t f ! circum/ance1 t !y all call$ _! highe/ deity by ! same "n--,baal--& express$1 by "s epi!t1 only ! =m ( manife/ation peculi> to ea*4 ,n[1 ! ,israelites imag9$ t !y might be able1 at "o & ! same "t1 to satisfy ! dem&s ( _! ,god1 & to propitiate ,pg #agg ! idols ( ! neighb\r+ mighty nations--especially ( ! ,phnicians--if !y remov$ ! wall ( sep>ation betwixt ! two4 ,jehovah & ,baal 71 9 _! view1 id5tical z to _! ess5ce4 ,! =m] 0 t mode ( manife/ation peculi> to !m1 & ! ma9 object ( _! wor%ip accord+ to ! me?od prescrib$ by ,himself 9 ,8 revelation4 ,b ! latt] 0 n to be neglect$2 inasmu* z !y imag9$ t !y might !reby become p>tak]s ( ! bless+s :i* ?is =m ( manife/ation ( ! deity 0 able to be/[4 ,& ?us to ,jehovah !y gave ! "n ( ,baal also1 ,hos4 ii4 #ah 7#af72 !y celebrat$ ! days appo9t$ by ,jehovah1 v]4 #ac 7#aa71 b ^? also devot$ to ,baalim1 v]4 #ae 7#ac74 ,9 ?is way we receive an explanation ( ! fact :i*1 at fir/ sight1 is s />tl+1 viz41 t accord+ to ,hosea & ,amos1 all is fill$ ) ! s]vice ( ,baal2 :ile ! ,books ( ,k+s w\ld lead u to ?9k t1 ) ! reign ( ,ahab1 ! dom9ion ( ?is wor%ip _h ceas$4 ,b x 0 only its ho/ile opposition to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah t _h disappe>$1 :ile a f> m dang]\s religi\s compromise took its place4 ,no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ z to ! p>ty on ^: side lay ! advantage 9 ?is compromise4 ,x 0 pla9ly on t side on :i* x always lies1 :5soev] ! he>t is divid$ betwixt tru? & falsehood4 ,ext]nally1 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah rema9$ ! prevail+ "o2 b1 inw>dly1 idolatry obta9$ almo/ ! sole dom9ion4 ,if only ! limits betwixt ! two religions 7 remov$1 t religion w\ld ( c\rse come ) ! highe/ recomm5dation1 ! _s ( :i* 0 mo/ 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! p4 ,b1 ow+ to ! corrupt condition ( human nature1 ?is w\ld n be ! /rict religion ( ,jehovah1 :i*1 z com+ f ,god1 did n br+ ,god d[n to ! level ( human debasem5t1 b dem&$ t man %\ld be rais$ to ,8 elevation1--:i* plac$ ! hol9ess ( ,god 9 ! c5tre1 & f\nd$ ^u x ! requirem5t t its possessors %\ld be holy2--b x w\ld be ! s(t1 s5sual1 idolatr\s doctr9e :i* flatt]$ human corruption1 because f t x _h its orig94 ,?us ! ,jehovah ( ! ,israelites became 9 reality :at !y sometimes call$ ,him by way ( alt]nation--a ,baal4 ,& ! matt] 0 n[ mu* m dang]\s ?an if !y _h des]t$ ,him ,pg #agh ext]nally also1 inasmu* z !y n[ cont9u$ to tru/ 9 ,8 cov5ant & promises1 & to boa/ ( _! ext]nal s]vices1--?us /r5g!n+ !mselves 9 _! false security4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is apo/asy f ! ,"l 0 a frightful corruption ( mann]s4 ,! next result ( spiritual adult]y 0 ! c>nal "o4 ,voluptu\sness =m$ ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,asiatic religions 9 g5]al1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( ^? ) :i* ! ,israelites came 9 contact4 ,b ! p]nici\s influ5ce ext5d$ /ill fur!r ov] ! :ole moral t]ritory4 ,:]e !re is no holy ,god1 nei!r w !re be any ef=t ( man aft] hol9ess4 ,all div9e & human laws w be trampl$ "u foot4 ,all ! bonds ( love1 law1 & ord]1 w be brok54 ,&1 z su*1 ! condition ( ! c\ntry 9 a moral po9t ( view is describ$ by its two prophets ?r\gh\t4 ,comp>e1 e4g41 ,hosea iv4 #a1 #b3 ,!re is no tru?1 nor m]cy1 nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4 ,swe>+1 & ly+1 & kill+1 & /eal+1 & committ+ adult]y--!y break ?r\gh1 & blood t\*e? blood4 ,!re !n foll[$1 f ! moral corruption1 ! int]nal dissolution ( ! /ate1 & its ext]nal weakness4 ,! sup]natural consequ5ces ( ! apo/asy f ! ,"l1 7 ! sev]e puni%m5ts :i* ,he inflict$ ^u ! p4 ,) :omsoev] ,god has ent]$ into a clos] connection1 :omsoev] ,he ?9ks wor?y ( ,8 grace1 9 him ! ,"l w be glorifi$ by ! infliction ( puni%m5t ^u him1 if1 ?r\gh 8 own guilt4 ,he has n be5 glorifi$ by sanctification 9 him4 ,j because ,israel =m$ "p ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 !y c\ld n be all[$ to cont9ue to reta9 ! outw>d appe>ance ( x1 :51 inw>dly1 !y did n reta9 a ve/ige4 ,z ! second elem5t ( ! ru91 we m5tion$ ! rebellion aga9/ ! dyna/y ( ,david4 ,_! dom9ion re/$ on div9e "r1 :ile ! new ,israeliti% k+dom re/$ ^u ! s&y f\ndation ( human caprice4 ,! fir/ k+ _h rais$ himself to ! ?rone by 8 own p[] & prud5ce1 & ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! p4 ,:osoev] _h ! same means at 8 disposal1 imag9$ t ^! gave him ! "r to d likewise4 ,& ?us dyna/y supplant$ dyna/y1 regicide foll[$ regicide4 ,9 ! bloody /ruggles !reby occasion$1 ! p became m & m lawless4 ,sometimes int]regna1 ,pg #agi & p]iods ( total an>*y took place2 & by ^! int]nal /ruggles ! p[] to resi/ ext]nal enemies 0 m & m brok54 ,no k+ 0 able to /op ?is s\rce ( mis*ief1 = su* an ef=t w\ld h requir$ him to lay aside 8 position z a k+4 ,& z little 0 any "o able to put a /op to t s\rce ( evil =m]ly m5tion$3 =1 if ! religi\s wall ( p>tition :i* 0 erect$ betwe5 ,israel & ,judah 7 once remov$1 ! civil "o likewise ?reat5$ to fall4 ,su* 71 9 g5]al1 ! circum/ances "u :i* ,hosea1 l ! o!r prophets ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 appe>$4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t ^! 7 mu* m difficult ?an ^? ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,!re1 too1 ! corruption 0 inde$ v great2 b x 0 n s firmly int]tw9$ ) ! f\ndation ( ! :ole /ate4 ,?or\gh-go+ re=ms1 l ^? "u ,hezekiah & ,josiah1 7 possible4 ,! int]e/ ( a :ole tribe 0 closely b\nd up ) ! pres]vation ( true religion4 ,! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 :i* 0 ext]nally s prosp]\s1 & 9 :i* ,hosea ent]$ ^u 8 prophetic m9i/ry1 _h /ill m increas$ ! apo/asy f ! ,"l1 & ! corruption ( mann]s1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation = ! s]ies ( disa/r\s ev5ts :i* began soon aft] 8 dea?1 & :i*1 9 quick succession1 br\ght ! p to total ru94 ,! prosp]ity only confirm$ !m /ill m 9 _! security4 ,in/ead ( be+ l$ to rep5tance by ! unm]it$ m]cy ( ,god 7comp>e #b ,k+s xiv4 #bf1 #bg71 !y consid]$ ?is prosp]ity z a rew>d ( _! apo/asy1 z ! seal by :i* ,jehovah-,baal confirm$ ! rectitude ( _! ways4 ,! false prophets1 too1 did :at 0 9 _! p[] to /r5g!n !m 9 _! delusion1 :il/ ! true prophets prea*$ to deaf e>s4 ,imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,j]oboam1 x soon became app>5t on :i* side ! tru? lay4 ,!re foll[$ an int]regnum ( f elev5 to twelve ye>s4#a ,aft] ! t]m9ation ,pg #ahj ( x1 ,za*>iah1 ! son ( ,j]oboam1 succe$$ to ! ?rone2 b he 0 murd]$ by ,%allum1 aft] a %ort reign ( six mon?s1 #b ,k+s xv4 #aj4 ,%allum1 aft] he _h reign$ only "o mon?1 0 sla9 by ,m5ahem1 v]4 #ad4 ,m5ahem reign$ t5 ye>s at ,sam>ia4 ,"u him1 ! cata/rophe 0 already prep>+ :i* br\ght ! k+dom to utt] de/ruction4 ,he became tribut>y to ! ,assyrian k+ ,pul1 v]s4 #ai-ba4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,pekahiah1 9 ! fiftie? ye> ( ,uzziah4 ,aft] a reign ( two mon?s1 he 0 sla9 by ,pekah1 ! son ( ,remaliah1 :o held ! gov]nm5t = tw5ty ye>s 7v]4 #bg71 &1 by 8 alliance ) ! k+s ( ,syria aga9/ 8 bre?r5 ! p ( ,judah 7comp4 ,is4 vii471 ha/5$ on ! de/ruction ( ,israel4 ,! ,assyrians1 "u ,tigla?piles]1 call$ to 8 assi/ance by ,ahaz1 ev5 at t "t c>ri$ away into captivity "p ( its citiz5s1--! tribes :o liv$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,ahaz1 ,pekah 0 sla9 by ,ho%ea1 :o1 aft] an int]regnum ( eight ye>s1 began to reign 9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,ahaz1 xvii4 #a4 ,he became tribut>y to ,%almanes]2 & ! end ( 8 gov]nm5t ( n9e ye>s 0 also ! end ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes4 ,8 hav+ s\ght = an alliance ) ,egypt drew d[n1 ^u himself & 8 p1 ! v5geance ( ! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,we h already prov$ t ! hi/orical ref]5ces 9 ! prophecies ( ,hosea ext5d to ! "t :5 ! la/ k+ ( ,israel attempt$ to secure himself aga9/ ,as%ur1 by ! alliance ) ,egypt4 ,x is v probable t ! book 0 writt5 at ,pg #aha t "t4 ,at ! "t :5 ! sword ( ! ,"l 0 j be+ rais$ to inflict ^u ,israel ! dea?-bl[1 ,hosea wrote d[n ! sum & sub/ance ( :at he _h prophesi$ dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 beg9n+ 9 ! la/ times ( ,j]oboam1 :51 to a sup]ficial view1 ! p 7 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! fulle/ prosp]ity4 ,:5 at ! ?re%old ( _! f9al fulfilm5t1 he cond5s$ & wrote d[n 8 prophecies1 j z1 9 ! annus fatalis1 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 ,j]emiah1 accord+ to *ap4 xxv41 gave a survey ( :at he _h prophesi$ ov] ,judah dur+ tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! prophecies ( ,hosea1 z 9 ^? ( ,amos1 ! ?reat5+ "* prevails4 ,! numb] ( ! elect 9 ,israel 0 small1 & ! judgm5t 0 at h&4 ,9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 too1 ! prophecies1 previ\s to ! de/ruction1 are ma9ly m9atory4 ,x 0 only aft] ! wra? ( ,god _h be5 manife/$ 9 de$s1 t ! /ream ( promise brake =? )\t h9drance4 ,hosea1 nev]!less1 does n belie 8 "n1 by :i* he _h be5 d$icat$ to ! help+ & sav+ ,god1 & :i* he _h receiv$1 non s9e num9e4 71 prop]ly ! ,inf4 ,abs4 ( 1 is1 9 sub/ance1 equival5t to ,jo%ua1 i4e41 ! ,"l is help47 ,zeal = ! ,"l fills & animates him1 n only 9 ! en]gy ( 8 ?reat5+s1 b also 9 ! int5sity & /r5g? ( 8 conviction ( ! p>don+ m]cy & heal+ love ( ! ,"l1 :i* w1 9 ! end1 prevail4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,hosea is closely connect$ ) ! ,song ( ,solomon--t l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ,holy ,scripture into :i* he _h1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to fit4 ,!re are 9 ,hosea und5iable ref]5ces to ! ,song ( ,solomon4 7,comp>e my ,comm5t4 on ! ,song ( ,solomon1 on *ap4 i4 #d1 ii4 #c47 ,x is c]ta9ly n by accid5t t ! bright] views appe> ) special cle>ness at ! beg9n+1 9 *ap4 i4 #c 7comp>e ii4 #a-c1 #af-be i4 #aj1 ii4 #a1 #ad-bc1 iii4 #e71 & at ! close1 xiv4 #b-aj 7#a-i71 :]e ! fundam5tal ?\ght is express$ 9 v]4 #d 7#c73 ,= 9 ,!e ! fa!rless f9de? m]cy4 ,b ev5 9 ! d>k] middle portions1 !y sometimes sudd5ly break ?r\gh2 comp>e v4 #ae1 vi4 #c1 :]e ! subject is3 ,he te>e? & ,he heale? u2 ,he smite? & ,he b9de? up2 vi4 #aa1 :]e1 aft] ! ?reat5+ aga9/ ,israel1 we sudd5ly f9d ! words3 ,nev]!less1 ,o ,judah6 ,he grants !e a h>ve/1 :5 ,i 7i4e41 ! ,"l7 return to ! prison ( ,my p4 7,judah is ,pg #ahb "h m5tion$ z ! ma9 portion ( ! p1 9 :om m]cy is be/[$ ^u ! :ole1 & 9 ^: salvation ! o!r tribes also %>e47 ,comp>e also xi4 #h-aa1 :]e we h ?is ?\ght3 ,aft] wra?1 m]cy2 ! ,cov5ant-p c nev]1 l ! _w1 be altoge!r borne d[n by de/ructive judgm5ts2 xiii4 #ad1 :]e ! /rong conviction ( ! absolutely imp]i%able nature ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l f9ds utt]ance 9 ! words1 ,i w ransom !m f ! h& ( hell2 ,i w r$eem !m f dea?3 ,o dea?6 :]e is ?y plague8 ,o hell6 :]e is ?y pe/il5ce8 rep5tance is hid f ,m9e eyes4 ,simson is p]plex$ by ! sudd5 transition ( ! disc\rse1 9 ?is passage1 f ?reat5+ to promise1--& ?is )\t ev5 any p>ticle to indicate ! mutual relation ( ! s5t5ces & ?\ghts4 ,b ! same ph5om5on occurs also 9 vi4 #aa 7comp>e ,micah ii4 #ab1 #ac71 :]e1 likewise1 sev]al expositors are p]plex$ by ! sudd5ness & abruptness ( ! transition4 ,x is expla9$ f ! circum/ance1 t beh9d ev5 ! d>ke/ cl\ds ( wra? :i* h ga!r$ ov] ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 !re is1 nev]!less1 conceal$ ! sun ( m]cy4 ,9 ! prophets1 x sometimes breaks ?r\gh sudd5ly & abruptly2 b 9 ?is !y are at "o ) hi/ory1 9 :i* ! deepe/ d>kness ( ! night is (t5times sudd5ly illum9at$ by ! %9+ ( ! ,"l3 ,& at midnight !re 0 a cry made3 ,behold1 ! bridegroom come?4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ,hosea's prophetic ann\ncem5t is ! foll[+3--,israel falls1 ?r\gh ,as%ur3 ,judah1 ! ma9 tribe1 %all be pres]v$ f de/ruction 9 ?is cata/rophe4 7,! prophet's t5d] c>e = ,judah is /rik+ly br\ght out 9 8 exhortation to ,israel1 9 iv4 #ae1 t !y %\ld desi/ f _! compromises 9 religion1 & t1 if !y *ose to commit s91 !y %\ld r des]t ! ,"l altoge!r1 le/ by _! hypocrisy ,judah also %\ld be s$uc$ & infect$47 ,b at a lat] p]iod1 ,judah too is to fall "u ! div9e judgm5t 7ii4 #b i4 #aa1 :]e x is suppos$ t ,judah %all also be c>ri$ away into captivity2 v4 #e3 ,israel & ,ephraim fall by _! iniquity1 ,judah also falle? ) !m2 v4 #ab3 ,i am unto ,ephraim z a mo?1 & to ! h\se ( ,judah z rott5ness2 comp>e also xii4 #a1 #c71 al?\gh ! imm$iate in/rum5ts ( ! judgm5t ^u ,judah are n m5tion$ ,pg #ahc by ,hosea4 ,b ! judgm5ts :i* ! two h\ses ( ,israel draw ^u !mselves by _! works 7ii4 #b i4 #aa1 iii4 #e1 indicate t ev5 ,judah w1 at "s future "t1 rebel aga9/ ! h\se ( ,david7 %all be foll[$ by ! deliv]ance to be accompli%$ by grace4 ,judah & ,israel %all1 9 ! future1 be aga9 ga!r$ toge!r "u "o head1 ii4 #b 7i4 #aa72 a glori\s k+ out ( ,david's h\se n only re/ores :at 0 lo/1 b also raises ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l to a decree ( glory nev] be=e conceiv$ (1 iii4 #e3 ,aft]w>ds %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel return & seek ! ,"l _! ,god1 & ,david _! ,k+1 & %all fe> ! ,"l & ,8 goodness 9 ! latt] days4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,messianic prophecies ( ,hosea1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon1 consi/s 9 ! connection ( ! promise ) ?reat5+s ( judgm5ts1 & 9 ! ,messiah's appe>+ z ! light ( ^? :o walk 9 ! deepe/ d>kness ( ! div9e judgm5ts4 ,x 0 necess>y t ?is progress %\ld h be5 made 9 ! ,messianic ann\ncem5ts1 be=e ! break+ 9 ( ! div9e judgm5ts2 =1 o!rwise1 ! hope ( ! ,messiah w\ld h be5 ext+ui%$ by !m1 because x 0 b too natural to consid] ! =m] z1 9 fact1 an annihilation ( ^! dreamy hopes4 ,b n[ !re 0 (f]$ to ! elect a /aff on :i* !y might support !mselves1 & walk ) confid5ce ?r\gh ! d>k valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,! ,book ( ,hosea may be divid$ into two p>ts1 accord+ to ! two pr9cipal p]iods ( ! prophet's m9i/ry1--"u ,j]oboam1 :5 ! ext]nal condition 0 z yet prosp]\s1 & ! bodily eye did n z yet p]ceive any?+ ( ! /orms ( div9e wra? :i* 7 ga!r+1--& "u ! foll[+ k+s1 d[n to ,hosea1 :5 ! puni%m5t _h already begun1 & 0 ha/5+1 by rapid /rides1 t[>ds its consummation4--,ano!r diff]5ce1 al?\gh a subord9ate "o1 is ?is3--t ! fir/ "p1 :i* compreh5ds ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 conta9s prophecies connect$ ) a symbol1 :ile ! second "p conta9s direct prophecies :i* h no su* connection4 ,a simil> division occurs 9 ,amos also1--) ?is diff]5ce1 t !re1 ! symbolical prophecies =m ! conclusion4 ,! fir/ "p may be consid]$ z a k9d ( outl9e1 :i* all ! subsequ5t prophecies s]v$ to fill up2 j ,pg #ahd z may ! #f? *apt] 9 ,isaiah1 & ! fir/ & second 9 ,ezekiel4 ,we %all give a complete exposition ( ?is section1 z x w af=d u a vivid view ( ! :ole position ( ,hosea1 & z x is j !re t ! ,messianic ann\ncem5t meets u 9 its mo/ develop$ =m4 ,footnote #a3 ,ewald1 ,!nius1 & o!rs1 w n grant t su* an int]regnum took place4 ,z numb]s 7 orig9ally express$ by lett]s1 9 :i* an int]*ange might easily happ51 we _c d5y ! possibility ( su* an error hav+ occurr$ 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #bc4 ,x is q possible t ! duration ( ,j]oboam's reign 0 !re orig9ally /at$ at fifty-two or fifty-?ree1 in/ead ( =ty-"o ye>s4 ,b /rong reasons w\ld be requir$ = r5d]+ su* a supposition admissible1--! m s1 z ! int]*ange w\ld n h be5 limit$ to "o lett]1 z ,!nius supposes1 b mu/ h ext5d$ to bo?4 ,b no su* reasons exi/4 ,! sil5ce ( ! ,books ( ,k+s ^u ! subject ( ?is int]regnum _c be urg$ z a reason1 s9ce ^! books are s exce$+ly %ort z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( ! la/ times ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,sacr$ hi/oriography has no int]e/ 9 ! details ( ?is process ( decay1 :i* began ) ! dea? ( ,j]oboam1--:i* also is repres5t$ by ,amos z if x 7 ! day ( ,israel's dea? 7,amos vii4 #aa3 ,j]oboam %all die by ! sword1 & ,israel %all be l$ away captive out ( _! own l&71 al?\gh b>e exi/5ce is /ill1 = "s "t1 sp>$4 ,by ! rejection ( ?is int]regnum1 ,hosea's m9i/ry w\ld be %ort5$ by twelve ye>s2 b ?is ga9--if su* x be--c be pur*as$ only at ! exp5se ( a mo/ improbable ext5sion ( ! duration ( ,j]oboam's reign4 ,simson1 ,s4 #bja1 has def5d$ ! int]regnum4 ,,! ,,section ,,*ap4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,! "q :i* "h above all engages our att5tion1 & requires to be answ]$1 is ?is3 ,:e!r t :i* is report$ 9 ^! *apt]s did1 or did n1 actually & outw>dly take place4 ,! hi/ory ( ! inquiries connect$ ) ?is "q is f\nd mo/ fully 9 ,m>ckius's ,diatribe de uxore =nicationum1 ,leyd51 #afif1 repr9t$ 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,m9or ,prophets by ! same au?or4 ,! v>i\s views may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 #a4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by v _m int]pret]s1 t all ! ev5ts "h n>rat$ took place actually & outw>dly4 ,?is op9ion 0 advanc$ ) ! greate/ confid5ce by ,!odoret1 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 & ,augu/9e f among ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*2 by mo/ int]pret]s belong+ to ! ,lu!ran & ,re=m$ ,*ur*es 7e4g4 ,mang]72 mo/ rec5tly1 by ,/uck1 ,h(mann 7,weissag u4 ,erf4 ,s4 #bjf71 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by ,ewald also1 :o supposes a free repres5tation ( an ev5t actually exp]i5c$ by ! prophet4 #b4 ,o!rs consid] x z a p>abolical repres5tation4 ,?us does ,calv91 :o expressly opposes ! supposition n only ( an ext]nal1 b also ( an int]nal ev5t4 ,he expla9s x ?us3 ,:5 ! prophet began to tea*1 he comm5c$ ?us3 ,! ,"l has plac$ me "h z on a /age1 t ,i might tell y1 ,i h tak5 a wife1 etc4 ,entirely simil> 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 by :om ! words1 ,g1 etc41 are ?us p>aphras$3 ,g & prophesy aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ! adult]\s city4 ,( a l purport is ! view held1 f among rec5t int]pret]s1 by ,ros5mll]1 ,hitzig 7t :i* ! prophet describes z actual1 is only a fiction71 ,simson & o!rs4 ,! /range op9ion ( ,lu!r1 :i*1 out ( too great respect1 0 adopt$ by a few lat] !ologians 7,osi&]1 ,pg #ahe ,g]h>d1 ,t>novius71 is only a modification ( ?is4 ,x is to ! effect1 t ! prophet _h only ascrib$ to 8 own *a/e wife ! "n & works ( an adult]ess1 &1 h5ce1 _h p]=m$ ) h]1 be=e ! p1 a k9d ( play4 7,comp>e1 aga9/ ?is view1 ,buddeus1 de peccatis typicis 9 ! ,misc4 s4 t4 i4 p4 #bfb47 ,! same op9ion is express$ by ,umbreit3 ,8 own wife is implicat$ 9 ! g5]al guilt1 & h5ce %e is a repres5tative ( ! :ole p4 ,9 opposition to ?is view1 comp>e ,simson's ,comm5t>y4 #c4 ,o!rs suppose t ! prophet n>rates ev5ts :i* took place actually1 inde$1 b n outw>dly4 ,?is op9ion 01 consid]+ ! "t at :i* x 0 advanc$1 v ably def5d$ by ,j]ome 9 ,epi/4 ad ,pamma*ium1 & 9 8 comm5t>y on *ap4 i4 #h4 ,accord+ to ,ruf9us1 all ^? 9 ,pale/9e & ,egypt :o respect$ ! au?ority ( ,orig51 ass]t$ t ! m>riage took place only 9 _s4 ,! difficulties atta*+ to ! fir/ view 7 made especially obvi\s by ! ridicule ( ! ,mani*eans 7,fau/us & ,secund9us 9 ,augu/9e1 t4 vi4 p4 #ege7 on ?is n>rative4 ,! mo/ accompli%$ ,jewi% s*ol>s 7,maimonides 9 ! ,m ,nebu*4 p4 ii4 c4 #df1 ,ab5ezra1 ,kim*i7 support ?is op9ion4 ,"s new argum5ts 9 def5ce ( x h be5 adduc$ by ,m>ckius4 ,( ^! ?ree views3--actually & outw>dly2 nei!r outw>dly nor actually2 actually1 b n outw>dly1--! second mu/ be at once reject$4 ,^? :o hold x supply1 ,god has comm&$ me to tell y4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ intimation ( su* an ellipsis2 & ^? int]pret]s h no bett] "r to supply x 9 ?is1 ?an 9 any o!r n>rative4 ,!re is be=e u action1 & no?+ b action1 )\t any intimation :atsoev] t x is m]ely an inv5tion4 ,b ! foll[+ argum5ts are decisive 9 fav\r ( ! ?ird1 & aga9/ ! fir/ view4 #a4 ,! def5d]s ( an outw>d transaction rely1 9 support ( _! view1 ^u ! supposition1 t _! int]pretation is mo/ obvi\s & natural2--t !y are ?us1 z x 71 9 ! possession ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 a position f :i* !y c be driv5 only by ! mo/ cog5t reasons2--t if ! transaction _h be5 int]nal1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y = ! prophet to h expressly m>k$ x z su*4 ,b precisely ! rev]se ( all ?is is ! case4 ,! mo/ obvi\s supposition ,pg #ahf is1 t ! symbolical action took place 9 vision4 ,if c]ta9 actions ( ! prophets1 especially see+1 he>+1 & _! speak+ to ! ,"l1 etc41 mu/ be conceiv$ ( z hav+ tak5 place inw>dly1 unless !re be di/9ct indications ( ! opposite1 :y n ! rema9d] also8 ,= ! =m] presupposes t ! _w 9 :i* ! prophets move1 is altoge!r diff]5t f ! ord9>y "o2 t x is n ! outw>d1 b ! spiritual _w4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a matt] ( *ance1 t ! see+ 9 ! case ( ! prophets mu/ be und]/ood spiritually2 & if !re be a reason = ?is1 ! same reason entitles u to ass]t t ! walk+1 etc41 also took place inw>dly only4 ,by :at "r c\ld we make any diff]5ce betwe5 ! actions ( o!rs1 describ$ by ! prophet1 & 8 own8 ,vision & symbolical action are n oppos$ to ea* o!r2 ! =m] is only ! g5us compreh5d+ ! latt] z a species4 ,by ?is we d n at all mean to ass]t1 t all ! symbolical actions ( ! prophets took place 9 inw>d vision only4 ,an inw>d transaction always lay at ! f\ndation2 b sometimes1 & :5 x 0 appropriate1 !y embodi$ x 9 an outw>d repres5tation also 7#a ,k+s xx4 #ce seq41 xxii4 #aa2 ,j]4 xix4 xxviii42 & a simil> rem>kable in/ance f mod]n times1 9 ,croesi ,hi/4 ,quak]iana1 p4 #ac74 ,= ?is v reason1 h[ev]1 ?is argum5t _c be altoge!r decisive by itself2 b x furni%es1 at lea/1 a presumptive pro(1 & t by no means unimportant4 ,if regul>ly & naturally ! transaction be int]nal only1 !n ! opposite requires to be prov$ 9 ?is case4 ,if ?is _h be5 admitt$1 no attempt w\ld h be5 made else:]e also1 e4g41 ,is4 xx41 by false & =c$ int]pretations to expla9 away ! supposition ( a m]ely int]nal transaction4 #b4 ,no "o w c]ta9ly v5ture to ass]t t a m]ely int]nal transaction w\ld h miss$ its aim1 s9ce !re exi/s a multitude ( symbolical actions1 9 reg>d to :i* x is und5iable1 & univ]sally admitt$1 t !y took place int]nally only4 ,= ! inw>d action1 be+ n>rat$ & committ$ to writ+1 reta9$ ! advantage ( vividness & impressiv5ess ov] ! nak$ repres5tation ( ! same tru?4 ,sometimes1 9 ! case ( actions conc5trat$ into a s+le mom5t1 ?is advantage may be /ill fur!r increas$ by ! inw>d transaction be+ repres5t$ outw>dly also4 ,b1 "h1 j ! ,pg #ahg opposite w\ld take place4 ,we h "h be=e u a symbolical transaction :i*1 if x _h be5 p]=m$ outw>dly1 w\ld h cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,! sep>ation ( ! s+le ev5ts w\ld h prev5t$ its be+ tak5 9 at a s+le view1 & h ?us depriv$ x ( its impressiv5ess4 ,b1 :at is /ill m important1 ! natural sub/ratum w\ld h occupi$ ! att5tion s mu* m ?an ! idea1 t ! latt] w\ld h be5 !reby altoge!r ov]look$4 ,! dome/ic affairs ( ! prophet w\ld h become ! subject ( a l>ge am\nt ( tittle-tattle1 & ! idea w\ld h be5 rememb]$ only to give great] po9t to ! ridicule4 #c4 ,! comm& ( ,god1 :5 consid]$ z ref]r+ to an outw>d transaction1 _c be1 by any means1 ju/ifi$4 ,?is is mo/ gl>+ly obvi\s1 if we und]/& ?is comm&1 z sev]al d1 to mean t ! prophet %\ld beget *ildr5 ) an un*a/e woman1 & )\t legitimate m>riage4 ,e "o w sympa?ize ) ! indignation express$ by ,buddeus 7l4 c4 p4 #bjf7 aga9/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o1 foll[+ ?is view1 ma9ta9s t ! law ( ,god _h be51 9 ?is special case1 repeal$ by ,8 comm&4 ,god ,himself _c set u free f ,8 comm&s2 !y are an expression ( ,8 nature1 an image ( ,8 hol9ess4 ,to ascribe arbitr>9ess to ,god 9 ?is respect1 w\ld be to annihilate ! idea ( ,god1 & ! idea ( ! ,law at ! same "t4 ,?is view1 x is true1 is s decid$ly errone\s z to require no fur!r refutation2 b ev5 ! op9ion ( ,buddeus & o!rs pres5ts insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,!y suppose t ! prophet _h m>ri$ a woman :o 0 =m]ly un*a/e4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ,calv9 v /rik+ly rem>ks3 ,x seems n to be consi/5t ) reason1 t ,god %\ld spontane\sly h r5d]$ ,8 prophet contemptible2 = h[ c\ld he ev] h appe>$ 9 public aft] su* ignom9y _h be5 inflict$ ^u him8 ,if he _h m>ri$ su* a wife1 z "h describ$1 he ought r to h hidd5 himself all 8 lifetime ?an h assum$ ! prophetic (fice4 ,9 ,lev4 xxi4 #g ! law =bids ! prie/s to take a wife t is a :ore1 or pr(ane4 ,t :i*1 accord+ to ! lett]1 ref]r$ to ! prie/s only1 is applicable1 9 its _s1 to ! prophets also1--yea1 to !m 9 a high] degree1 z w be se5 imm$iately1 :5 ! ord9ance is r$uc$ to its idea4 ,! latt] is easily inf]r$ f ! reason /at$1 ,pg #ahh viz41 t ! prie/s %\ld be holy to _! ,god4 ,! s]vants ( ,god mu/ repres5t ,8 hol9ess2 !y are1 !re=e1 n all[$1 by s close a contact ) s91 to defile or desecrate !mselves ei!r inw>dly or outw>dly4 ,al?\gh ! inw>d pollution may be prev5t$ 9 individual cases by a specially effective assi/ance ( div9e grace1 yet !re always rema9s ! outw>d pollution4 ,x is inconceivable t1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 ,god %\ld h comm&$ to ! prophet any?+1 ! inevitable effect ( :i* 0 to m> its successful execution4 ,sev]al--& especially ,mang]--:o felt ! difficulties ( ?is int]pretation1 sub/itut$ = x ano!r1 by :i*1 z !y imag9$1 all objections 7 remov$4 ,! prophet1 !y say1 m>ri$ a p]son :o _h =m]ly be5 *a/e1 & fell only aft] h] m>riage4 ,?is view is no d\bt ! correct "o1 z is obvi\s f ! relation ( ! figure to ! reality4 ,accord+ to v]4 #b1 x is to be express$ figuratively t ! p w5t a-:or+ f ,jehovah4 ,! spiritual adult]y presupposes t ! spiritual m>riage _h already be5 conclud$4 ,h5ce1 ! wife c be call$ a :or+ wife1 only on acc\nt ( ! :or$om :i* %e practis$ aft] h] m>riage4 ,?is is confirm$ by *ap4 iii4 #a1 :]e ! m limit$ expression to commit adult]y is sub/itut$ = to :ore1 :i* has a wid] s5se1 & compreh5ds adult]y also4 ,! =m] un*a/ity ( ! wife w\ld be )\t any mean+1 yea1 w\ld be 9 direct contradiction to ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,= be=e ! m>riage conclud$ at ,s9ai1 ,israel 0 devot$ to ! ,"l 9 fai?ful love2 comp4 ,j]4 ii4 #b3 ,i rememb] !e1 ! k9dness ( ?y y\?1 ! love ( ?9e esp\sals1 ?y walk+ aft] ,me 9 ! wild]ness1 9 a l& n s[n4 ,comp>e also ,ezek4 xvi41 :]e ,israel1 be=e h] m>riage1 appe>s z a virgo intacta4 ,b h[ correct soev] ?is view may be--& e o!r view p]v]ts ! :ole position--x is1 nev]!less1 errone\s to suppose t !reby all difficulties are remov$4 ,all :i* has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! =m] view1 may be urg$ "h also4 ,x might h be5 bett] = ! prophet to h m>ri$ "o :o 0 previ\sly un*a/e1 9 ! hope t h] subsequ5t bett] life might wipe out h] =m] %ame1 ?an "o previ\sly *a/e1 :o 0 requir$ to become un*a/e1 & to rema9 s = a long "t1 because1 ,pg #ahi o!rwise1 ! symbolical action w\ld h lo/ all its significance4 ,! objection br\ght =w>d1 t :atev] is unbecom+ z an outw>d action1 is s likewise ?\gh x 7 only an int]nal action1 c sc>cely be meant to be 9 e>ne/4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 e "o knew t ! prophet 0 a m]e type2 &1 ) reg>d to 8 wife1 ?is circum/ance 0 s obvi\s1 t mock]y c]ta9ly gave way to %ame & confusion4 ,b a m>riage outw>dly ent]$ into is nev] purely typical4 ,x has always its significance ap>t f ! typical import1 & mu/ be ju/ifiable1 indep5d5tly ( its typical "*4 ,ridicule w\ld1 9 ?is case1 h be5 n only too obvi\s1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t also well f\nd$4 #d4 ,if ! action _h tak5 place only outw>dly1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to expla9 ! abrupt transition f ! symbolical action to ! m]e figure1 & aga9 to ! entirely nak$ repres5tation z we f9d x "h1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! symbolical action is pretty well ma9ta9$2 b 9 ! prophecy ii4 #a-c 7i4 #aj-;ii4 #a71 :i* belongs to ! same section1 x is almo/ entirely lo/ sight (4 ,z ! corporeal adult]y1 & rejection 9 consequ5ce ( x1 7 to be ! type ( ! spiritual adult]y & rejection1 s ! receiv+ aga9 ( ! wife1 reject$ on acc\nt ( h] fai?lessness1 b n[ re=m$1 0 to typify ! ,"l's grant+ m]cy to ! p4 ,b ( ?is1 n a trace is f\nd4 ,& yet1 we are n at lib]ty to say t ! gr\nd ( x lies 9 a diff]5ce betwixt ! type & ! ?+ typifi$1--9 ! circum/ance t ! wife ( ! prophet did n re=m4 ,if !re exi/$ su* a diff]5ce1 ! type c\ld n h be5 *os5 at all4 ,! contr>y appe>s also f ii4 #i 7#g74--;,9 ! :ole second section1 ii4 #d-be 7ii4 #b-bc71 reg>d is inde$ _h to ! symbolical action2 b 9 a mann] s free1 t x dw9dles away to a m]e figure1 f beh9d :i* ! ?+ itself is cont9ually com+ into view4 ,9 *ap4 iii4 ! symbolical action aga9 acquires great] prom95ce4 ,^! ph5om5a c be acc\nt$ =1 only if ! transaction be view$ z an inw>d "o4 ,9 ! case ( an outw>d transaction1 ! transition f ! symbolical action to ! figure1 & f ! figure to ! ?+ itself1 w\ld n h be5 s easy4 ,! sub/ratum ( ! idea is1 9 t case1 f> m mat]ial1 & ! idea itself too closely b\nd to x4 ,pg #aij #e4 ,:5 ! transaction is view$ z an outw>d "o1 insurm\ntable difficulties are pres5t$ by ! ?ird *apt]2 & ! argum5t drawn f ?is w\ld1 9 itself1 be q suffici5t to settle ! "q3 ,!n ! ,"l said unto me4 ,g aga91 love a woman belov$ ( h] fri5d & an adult]ess4 ,int]pret]s :o h adopt$ t view1 f9d !mselves "h 9 no little emb>rassm5t4 ,sev]al suppose t ! woman1 :om ! prophet is "h comm&$ to love1 is 8 =m] wife1 ,gom]1--) h] he %\ld get reconcil$4 ,b ?is is q out ( ! "q4 ,9 opposition to x1 !re is1 fir/1 ! indef9ite signification by 2 !n1 9 v]4 #b1 !re is ! pur*ase ( ! woman1--:i* supposes t %e _h n yet be5 9 ! possession ( ! husb&2 &1 fur!r1 ! words1 belov$ ( h] fri5d1 & an adult]ess1 c1 accord+ to a s\nd int]pretation1 mean only1 :o1 al?\gh %e is belov$ by h] fai?ful husb&1 w yet commit adult]y2 s t1 if x be ref]r$ to ! reunion ) ,gom]1 we %\ld be compell$ to suppose t1 aft] be+ receiv$ aga91 %e aga9 became unfai?ful1--& 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion1 no correspond+ feature c be po9t$ out 9 ! ?+ typifi$4 ,la/ly1--,! ^w love _c mean love aga91 re/itue amoris signa4 ,= ! love ( ! prophet to 8 wife mu/ correspond ) ! love ( ,god to ! p ( ,israel4 ,t ?is love1 h[ev]1 _c be limit$ to ! love :i* ,god w %[ to ! ,congregation aft] h] conv]sion1 is se5 f ! additional clause1 ,& !y turn !mselves to o!r gods1 & love grape-cakes4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! love ( ,god cont9ues ev5 dur+ ! unfai?fulness1 & consequ5tly1 also1 ! love ( ! prophet1 by :i* x is typifi$4--,equally unt5able is ! o!r op9ion1 t ! prophet is "h call$ ^u1 by 8 ent]+ into a new m>riage1 to prefigure ! relation ( ,god to ! ,cov5ant-p a second "t4 ,9 t case1 x is suppos$ ei!r t ,gom] _h be5 reject$1 because %e w\ld n return1 or t %e _h di$4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 %e w\ld n h be5 *os5 by ,god to be a type ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is *oice c be no o!r ?an ! correspond5ce ) ! antitype4 ,b ?is w\ld be want+ j 9 ! mo/ important po9t4 ,if ! ungodly "p ( ! nation 7 n to be depriv$ ( all hope1 nor ! pi\s ( all consolation1 x 0 ( special importance to ,pg #aia po9t out t ev5 ! reject$ congregation w\ld receive m]cy2 t ! ,lo-,ruhamah %\ld be ! ,ruhamah4 ,j ! rev]se ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld1 accord+ to ?is view1 h be5 typifi$4 ,two diff]5t wom5 w\ld1 q naturally1 sugge/ ! ?\ght ( two diff]5t nations4 ,moreov]1 ! non-conv]sion ( ,gom] w\ld be 9 direct opposition to ! prophet's own expressions4 ,!re _c be any d\bt1 t h] relation to ! prophet /ill lies at ! f\ndation ( ! description 9 ii4 #d seqq4 ,= !y are h] ?ree *ildr5 ^: =m] names1 ann\nc+ disa/]1 are *ang$1 9 v]4 #be 7#bc71 into su* z are significant ( salvation4 ,9 v]s4 #d-f 7#b-d7 ! :ole relation1 z previ\sly describ$1 is presuppos$4 ,b n[1 %e :o1 9 v]4 #i 7#g71 says1 ,i w g & return to my fir/ husb&1 = !n 0 x bett] ) me ?an n[1 is ! same :o said 9 v]4 #g 7#e71 ,i w g aft] my lov]s t give me my bread & my wat]1 my wool & my flax4 ,to ! same result we are also l$ by ! %[+ ( m]cy to h] *ildr51 ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ section1 ii4 #a-c 7i4 #aj-;ii4 #a71 :]e ! prophet alludes to _! names2 & /ill m di/9ctly 9 ! second section2 comp>e v]4 #be 7#bc74 ,b n[1 ! %[+ ( m]cy to ! *ildr5 _c be conceiv$ ( )\t ! conv]sion ( ! "m1 & m]cy be+ subsequ5tly %[n to h] also4 ,z !y are to be reject$ on acc\nt ( ! unfai?fulness ( ! "m 7comp>e ii4 #f #d1 &1 specially1 ! at ! comm5cem5t ( v]4 #g71 s ! gr\nd ( _! be+ receiv$ into fav\r c only be ! fai?fulness ( ! "m4 ,be+ begott5 9 adult]y1 !y /& 9 connection ) ! prophet only ?r\gh ! "m2 z soon z he has reject$ ! "m1 he has no?+ fur!r to d ) !m4--,! supposition t ,gom] _h di$1 is evid5tly ! result ( an emb>rassm5t :i* f9ds itself compell$ to inv5t su* fictions4--,f9ally1--,sev]al int]pret]s1 aft] ! example ( ,augu/9e1 suppose t no m>riage at all is "h spok5 (1 b only a c]ta9 k9dness :i* ! prophet %\ld manife/ to "s woman1 9 ord] to enc\rage h] conv]sion4 ,b ?is op9ion is contradict$ by ^! circum/ances3--t ! prophet's love t[>ds ! woman mu/ necess>ily be ( ! same ext5t1 & ( ! same nature1 z ! love ( ,god t[>ds ! p ( ,israel1 s9ce ! & ! exactly correspond ) ea* o!r2 t only conjugal love is suitable to ,pg #aib ! image2 t ?is view falls1 ( itself1 to ! gr\nd :5 is ref]r$ to ! prophet1 z x mu/ be2 t1 9 su* circum/ances1 no satisfactory acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! pur*ase ( ! woman1 etc4 ,to all ^! suppositions !re is1 moreov]1 ! common objection t1 accord+ to !m1 no acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! omission ( v important circum/ances :i* ! prophet leaves to 8 he>]s & read]s to supply f ! prec$+ symbolical action4 ,two ?+s only are po9t$ out1 viz41 ! appropriation ( ! woman by ! prophet1 v]4 #b1 & ! c\rse :i* he pursues = h] re=mation1 v]4 #c4 ,e int]v5+ circum/ance--! crim9al1 long-cont9u$ unfai?fulness ( ! wife--is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,if we suppose an outw>d action1 ?is circum/ance _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,= we are n at lib]ty to draw1 f ! fir/ case1 any inf]5ce be>+ ^u ! second4 ,! latt] w\ld aga9 h requir$ a complete acc\nt4 ,b if we suppose an inw>d transaction1 ev]y?+ is easily expla9$4 ,! "q z to :e!r x 0 ,gom]1 or "s o!r p]son1 does n come up at all4 ,if ,gom] 0 only an ideal p]son1 t :i* appli$ to h] 0 equally applicable to ! second ideal wife ( ! prophet2 s9ce bo? typifi$ ! same ?+1 & )\t hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( _! own1 came into consid]ation z types only4 ,?us1 v naturally1 ! second description 0 supplem5t$ f ! fir/1 & ! prophet 0 all[$ abruptly to po9t out ^? circum/ances only :i* 7 ( special importance 9 ! case be=e him4 #f4 ,if ! :ole be view$ z an outw>d transaction1 !re arises a difficulty1 by no means inconsid]able1 z reg>ds ! *ildr5 m5tion$ 9 *ap4 i4 ,^! _h be5 begott5 9 adult]y4 ,ev5 al?\gh ! "m did re=m1 !y c\ld yet nev] be consid]$ by ! prophet z1 9 ! full s5se1 8 own4 ,!re w\ld !n arise a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! type & ! ?+ typifi$4 ,b if we suppose a transaction m]ely inw>d1 ?is difficulty vani%es4 ,! physical impossibility !n no long] comes into consid]ation4 ,t :i* is possible 9 ! ?+ typifi$1 viz41 t ^? :o =m]ly 7 n *ildr5 ( ,god1 become *ildr5 ( ,god1 is transf]r$ to ! type4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! "m does n exi/ beside1 & ap>t f1 ! *ildr52 %e /&s relat$ to !m z ! :ole to ! p>ts2 & h5ce x is1 t 9 ii4 #be 7#bc71 ! ,pg #aic "m & *ildr5 are imp]ceptibly bl5d$ 9 ! prophet's description4 #g4 ,we are l$ to ! idea ( a m]e inw>d transaction by ! symbolical names ( ! fir/ wife1 & ( h] fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if su* a symbolical signification c\ld n be prov$1 ?is might be us$ z an argum5t = ! lit]al int]pretation1--al?\gh1 inde$1 x w\ld be only a s+le argum5t :i* w\ld be oblig$ to yield to o!r c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,= x may well be conceiv$ t ! prophet1 9 ord] to give to ! inw>d transaction m ( ! appe>ance ( an outw>d "o1 %\ld h *os5 names usual at t "t2 j z1 9 a simil> mann]1 poetry w\ld n be satisfi$ ) inv5t$ names us$ only 9 c]ta9 =mulas & prov]bs1 b makes use ( names :i* w\ld n1 at once1 be recognis$ by e "o z m]e fictions4-- c only mean completion 9 ! passive s5se4 ,= ,segolate-=ms 9 o are only us$ to express passive & intransitive notions1 & ! v]b is f\nd 9 ! ignification to be complet$1 9 ,ps4 vii4 #aj1 xii4 #b4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! woman1 ! type ( ! ,israeliti% p1 is call$ completion1--i4e41 "o :o1 9 h] :or$om1 _h proce$$ to ! highe/ pit*1--is s obvi\s f ! context1 z to r5d] nugatory ! argum5t :i* ,maur] 7p4 #cfj7 has drawn f ! omission ( express /atem5ts on ?is po9t1 9 ord] !reby to recomm5d 8 own int]pretation1 :i* is altoge!r oppos$ to ! laws ( ! language4 ,a significant prop] "n c1 9 any case1 convey only an allusion2 b su* an allusion 0 "h q suffici5t1 inasmu* z ! m5tion ( ! wife's :or$om _h prec$$4 ,comp>e1 moreov]1 ,ze*4 v4 #e-aa1 :]e ! ?\ght1 t ,israel _h fill$ up ! measure ( _! s9s1 is repres5t$ by a woman sitt+ 9 an ,ephah4 ,h(mann expla9s ! "n ,gom] by end1 utmo/ ru93 ,by luxury1 ,israel has become wanton1 & h5ce x mu/ come to an end1 to utt] ru94 ,b ?is int]pretation is at v>iance ) ! context1 f :i* x mu/ necess>ily be d]iv$2 = x is n ! puni%m5t1 b ! guilt :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! context4 1 ,completion 7comp>e ! 1 p]fectus1 absolutus1 9 ,ezra vii4 #ab71 is equival5t to 1 a wife ( :or$om4 ,! c only mean1 daught] ( ! two fig-cakes1 filia delici>um deliciis ,pg #aid d$ita4 ,! ^w daught] s]ves to indicate e relation ( dep5d5ce & submission3 ,ges5ius1 ,!saurus1 p4 #bbj4 ,fig-cakes 7 consid]$ z "o ( ! greate/ da9ties2 comp>e ,fab] on ,h>m>4 i4 p4 #cbj ff4 ,s5suality 0 ! gr\nd ( ! ,israelites' apo/asy f ! sev]e & /rict religion ( ,jehovah to ! idolatry ( _! neighb\rs1 :i* 0 s(t1 s5sual1 & lic5ti\s4 ,! occasion :i* _h call$ x =? ) _! neighb\rs 0 "o :i* r5d]$ !m fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds x4 ,! mascul9e =m c (f] no difficulty z to ! d]ivation f 1 fig-cake2 = ! mascul9e =m ( ! plural occurs also 9 #a ,sam4 xxv4 #ah2 #a ,*ron4 xii4 #dj4 ,z little difficulty c arise f ! ,dual =m1 :i* may be expla9$ f ! circum/ance t fig-cakes commonly consi/$ ( a d\ble lay] ( figs1 or ( d\ble cakes 7,hesy*4 --:i* ,greek ^w is a corruption ( ! ,hebrew -- 71 & ! ,dual is us$ 9 ref]5ce to objects :i* are commonly conceiv$ ( z a :ole1 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 ev5 :5 sev]al ( !m are spok5 (4 ,t ?is explanation ( ! ,dual is correct1 is prov$ f ! circum/ance1 t x occurs also z ! "n ( a ,moabiti% t[n1 ,be?-,dibhla?aim1 ,j]4 xlviii4 #bb1 & ,dibhla?aim1 ,num4 xxxiii4 #df1 :i*1 probably1 0 fam\s = its fig-cakes4--,!re exi/$ ano!r special reason = ! prophet's *oos+ ! ,dual 9 ! mascul9e =m1 viz41 t !re 0 ! analogy ( o!r prop] names ( m5--z ,ephraim1 etc4--9 its fav\r2 & su* an analogy 0 requir$1--=1 o!rwise1 ! "n w\ld n h be51 z x 0 int5d$ to be1 a riddle4 ,our :ole exposition1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 already 9 sub/ance1 al?\gh )\t prop] f\ndation & ju/ification1 advanc$ by ,j]ome1 is rais$ above ! condition ( a m]e hypo!sis1 by its be+ comp>$ ) *ap4 iii4 ,!re1 ! words1 ,!y turn !mselves to o!r gods1 & love grape-cakes1 are a m]e p>aphrasis ( ,gom] ,ba? ,dibhlaim4 ,x sc>cely ne$s to be rem>k$1 t ! diff]5ce betwixt grape-cakes & fig-cakes does n "h come into consid]ation at all1 inasmu* z bo? belong$ to ! *oice/ da9ties2 & x is z evid5t1 t to love1 & to be ! daught] (1 express ! same idea4 ,b if ?us ! symbolical signification ( ! "n be e/abli%$1 ! correctness ( ! supposition ( a m]ely int]nal transaction is e/abli%$ ,pg #aie at ! same "t4 ,! symbolical names ( ! *ildr5 alone c\ld n h furni%$ a suffici5t f\ndation = ?is supposition4 ,aga9/ ?is an appeal might1 ) ! mo/ p]fect propriety1 h be5 made to ,%e>-,ja%ub1 & ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz1 nei!r ( :om c1 by any means1 h be5 an ideal p]son4 ,! prophet gave !m ^! names2 b ! matt] is q diff]5t 9 ! case ( ! wife1 :o already _h h] "n :5 ! prophet took h]4 ,all t we c grant to ,h(mann is1 t su* a provid5tial co9cid5ce 0 possible2 b probable x c\ld be1 only if o!r decisive argum5ts fav\r$ ! view ( ! transaction hav+ be5 an outw>d "o4 ,if ! "n 7 n symbolical--if x belong$ to ! real wife ( ! prophet1 x _c be easily expla9$1 :y he did n aft]w>ds m5tion ! "n ( 8 second wife also1 b cont5t himself ) ! g5]al t]m1 a wife4 #h4 ,a ma9 argum5t aga9/ ! lit]al int]pretation is fur!r furni%$ by iii4 #b4 ,! v]se is commonly translat$3 ,& !n ,i b\ght h] to me = fifte5 pieces ( silv]1 & an hom] ( b>ley1 & a le!* ( b>ley2 & is expla9$ f ! cu/om preval5t 9 ! ,ea/ ( pur*as+ wives f _! p>5ts4 ,b x is v d\btful :e!r ! v]b has ! signification to pur*ase4 ,!re is no necessity = deviat+ f ! common signification to dig1 9 ,deut4 ii4 #f3 ,& wat] also ye %all dig f !m = money1 & dr9k 7comp>e ,exod4 xxi4 #cc72 ! exi/+ wells 7 n suffici5t = s great a multitude1 comp>e ,g54 xxvi4 #ai1 #ba1 #bb4 ,to ?is philological reason1 we mu/ fur!r add1 t ! circum/ance w\ld be "h altoge!r de/itute ( significance1 :ile e o!r feature 9 ! description is full ( mean+4 ,we base our int]pretation ^u ! supposition1 already suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 t ! :ole pur*ase-money am\nt$ to ?irty %ekels1 ( :i* ! prophet paid "o-half 9 money1 & ! o!r half 9 ! value ( money4 ,accord+ to ,ezek4 xlv4 #aa1 ! hom] conta9$ t5 ephahs1 & a le!* 0 ! half ( an hom]4 ,we h ?us fifte5 pieces ( silv]1 & also fifte5 ephahs2 & ! supposition is v probable t1 at t "t1 an ephah ( b>ley co/ a %ekel1--! m s1 z accord+ to #b ,k+s vii4 #a1 #af1 #ah1 9 ! "t ( a decl9+ fam9e1 & only relative *eapness1 two-?irds ( an ephah ( b>ley co/ a %ekel4 ,we are unable ,pg #aif to say ) c]ta9ty1 :y "o-half 0 paid 9 money1 & ! o!r half 9 natural productions2 b a reason c]ta9ly exi/s1 z no o!r feature is )\t significance4 ,p]haps x 0 det]m9$ by cu/om1 t ! sum by :i* s]vants 7 pur*as$ 0 paid aft] ?is mann]4 ,! l[ness ( _! condition 0 !reby indicat$2 = b>ley1 vile hordeum1 01 9 all antiquity1 v little e/eem$4 ,^u ?is e/imate ( x 0 bas$ its use at ! jeal\sy (f]+ 7,num4 v4 #aa seqq42 comp>e ,bhr's ,symb4 ii4 ,s4 #dde71 & ! symbolical use ( ! b>ley-bread 9 ,judg4 vii4 #ac4 ,! /atem5t ( ! sum leads u1 involunt>ily1 to ?9k ( slaves or s]vants4 ,x is ! same sum :i* 0 commonly giv5 = a man-s]vant1 or a maid-s]vant1 z is expressly m5tion$ 9 ,exod4 xxi4 #cb2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xi4 #ab4 ,& ?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! use ( 4 ,! e>s ( a s]vant :o 0 b\nd to 8 ma/] to p]petual ob$i5ce1 7 bor$2 comp>e ,exod4 xxxi4 #e1 #f2 ,deut4 xv4 #ag1 :]e x is add$3 ,& also unto ?y maid-s]vant ?\ %alt d likewise4 ,9 con=mity ) ! cu/om ( omitt+ ! special memb]s ( ! body1 9 expressions frequ5tly occurr+1 x is said simply to bore4 ,! mean+ !n is3 ,i made h] my slave4 ,x 0 n a free woman1 !n1 :om ! prophet desir$ 9 m>riage1 b a s]vant1 :om he 0 oblig$1 previ\s to m>riage1 to r$eem f s]vitude2 :o 0 !re=e "u a d\ble obligation to him1 & ov] :om he _h a d\ble claim4 ,! ref]5ce to ! ?+ to be typifi$ is q app>5t4 ,x 0 n a free1 indep5d5t p :om ! ,"l *ose1 b a p :om ,he 0 oblig$ fir/ to r$eem f vile s]vitude1 be=e ,he ent]$ into a ne>] relation to !m4 ,?is r$emption appe>s1 ?r\gh\t1 z a ransom+ f ! h\se ( bondage1--& ! wond]ful deal+s ( ! ,"l1 z ! price :i* ,he paid4 ,comp>e1 e4g41 ,deut4 vii4 #h3 ,b because ! ,"l lov$ y1 & because ,he kept ,8 oa? :i* ,he _h sworn to y\r fa!rs1 ,he has br\ght y out ) a mighty h&1 & r$eem$ !e 77 f ! h\se ( bondm5 7 71 f ! h& ( ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,see also ,deut4 ix4 #bf4 ,x is ^u ?is r$emption t ! exhortation to ! p is f\nd$--t1 z ! ,"l's s]vants1 !y %\ld s]ve ,him alone2 comp41 e4g41 ! introduction to ! ,decalogue4 ,?us1 we h "h also a feature s evid5tly typical1 ,pg #aig s pla9ly transf]r$ f ! ?+ typifi$ to ! type1 t we _c any long] ?9k ( an outw>d transaction4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is1 9 ! ma9 po9t1 q indep5d5t ( ! philological int]pretation ( 4 ,ev5 if x be translat$ ,i b\ght h] to me1 ! circum/ance1 not)/&+1 always rema9s1 t ! wife 0 r$eem$ f slav]y1 unless !re be a d5ial ( ! connection ( ! sum m5tion$ ) ,exod4 xxi4 #cb1 & ,ze*4 xi4 #ab1 :]e ! ?irty pieces ( silv] likewise appe> z ! e/imate ( a s]vant's value2 & ?is circum/ance evid5tly sugge/s ! inw>d "* ( ! transaction4 ,! fir/ g]ms ( ! repres5tation ( ,god's relation to ,israel "u ! figure ( m>riage1 are f\nd s e>ly z 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #ae1 #af2 ,lev4 xx4 #e1 #f1 xvii4 #g2 ,num4 xiv4 #cc--:]e idolatry1 & apo/asy f ! ,"l 9 g5]al1 are repres5t$ z :or$om--,deut4 xxxii4 #af1 #ba2 comp>e ! au?or's ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5t4 vol4 i4 p4 #ajg ff42 & comm5t>y on ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ,s4 #bfa4 ,b x 0 only ?r\gh ! ,song ( ,solomon t x became q a common ?+ to repres5t ! high] love "u ! figure ( ! l[]4 ,x is n ?r\gh accid5t t ?is repres5tation appe>s s prom95t j 9 ,hosea1 :]e x n only p]vades ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 b returns cont9ually 9 ! second "p also4 ,hosea1 be+ "o ( ! olde/ prophets1 0 specially call$ to fit1 z a new l9k1 into ! ,song ( ,solomon1 :i* 0 ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 9 ! details1 o!r und5iable ref]5ces to ! ,song ( ,solomon1 :i* co9cide ) ?is connection ) x1 z reg>ds ! fundam5tal idea4 ,! basis1 h[ev]1 = ?is :ole figurative repres5tation is ,g54 ii4 #bd1 :]e m>riage appe>s z ! mo/ intimate ( all e>?ly relations ( love1 & mu/1 = ?is v reason1 h a "* ( absolute exclusiv5ess4 ,,*ap4 ,i4-,,ii4 #c 7,,ii4 #a74 ,! section *ap4 i4-iii4 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r prophecies by ?is1--t1 9 x1 ! relation ( ! ,"l to ! ,pg #aih p ( ,israel ,is repres5t$1 ?r\gh\t1 "u ! figure & symbol ( m>riage1 :il/ ?is same mode ( repres5tation is soon rel9qui%$ :]ev] else x occurs 9 ! book4 ,by ?is clos] limitation1 ! objections ( ,bckel & ,/uck to ! common division ( ! collection into two p>ts1 are set aside4 ,?is fir/ portion may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 :i* are1 9 "o respect1 closely connect$1 z is %[n by ! ,fut4 ) ! ,vav ,conv4 9 iii4 #a1 & likewise by ! fact t ?is *apt] requires to be supplem5t$ f ! two prec$+ ones1 :ile1 9 ano!r respect1 !y may be consid]$ z :oles1 complete 9 !mselves4 ,!y d n1 by any means1 s di/ribute ! cont5ts among !mselves1 z t ! fir/ describes ! apo/asy2 ! second1 ! puni%m5t2 & ! ?ird1 ! return & re/oration2 b ea* ( !m conta9s all ^! ?ree features1 & yet 9 su* a mann]1 t "h ! "o feature1 & !re ! o!r1 is m fully exp&$2 s t ! :ole description is complete1 only :5 all ! ?ree p>ts are tak5 toge!r4 ,9 ! portion n[ be=e u1 ! cov5ant relation into :i* ! ,"l ent]$ ) ,israel is typifi$ by a m>riage :i* ! prophet contract$ at ! comm& ( ! ,"l2 ! apo/asy ( ! p1 & especially ( ! t5 tribes1 to :om ! prophet 0 s5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is typifi$ by ! adult]y ( ! wife1 by ! div9e puni%m5t1 & ! unpropiti\s names :i* he gives to ! *ildr5 born by ! adult]\s wife4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 #a-c1 !re foll[s ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation m directly1 & only ) a simple allusion to ! symbol4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]4 #a4 ,! ^w ( ! ,"l t came unto ,hosea1 ! son ( ,be]i1 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah1 & 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,v]4 #b4 ,at ! beg9n+ :5 ! ,"l spake to ,hosea1 ! ,"l said to ,hosea3 ,g take unto !e a wife ( :or$oms1 & *ildr5 ( :or$oms2 = ! l& is :or+ away f ! ,"l4 is nev] a n\n--n ev5 9 ,j]4 v4 #ac--;b always ! #c;d p]s4 ,pret4 ,piel4 ,! /atus con/r4 is expla9$ by ! fact1 t ! :ole ( ! foll[+ s5t5ce is treat$ z "o sub/antive idea3 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,"l ha? spok51 ,pg #aii etc41 = ! beg9n+ ( speak+4 1 ! day ( ! ,"l spoke1 in/ead (1 ! day on :i* ! ,"l spoke4 ,simil> con/ructions occur also 9 ,is4 xxix4 #a1 & ,j]4 xlviii4 #f4--,! ,fut4 ) ,vav ,conv41 1 & !n ,he spoke1 c>ries =w>d ! disc\rse1 z if !re _h prec$$3 ! ,"l began to speak to ,hosea4 ,!re is "h a con/ructio ad s5sum4 ,x is int5tionally1 & 9 ord] ! m di/9ctly to po9t out ! idea ( ! beg9n+1 t ! prophet has made use ( ! n\n 1 n ( ! v]b4 ,! con/ruction ( ) 1 ) ! signification to speak to "s "o1 may be expla9$ ?us3--t ! words are1 z x 71 put into ! m9d ( ! he>] 9 ord] t !y may rema9 !re4 ,sev]al int]pret]s errone\sly translate1 spoke ?r\gh3 o!rs1 foll[+ ,j]ome 7! la/ is ,simson71 spoke 92 z if !reby ! act ( speak+ 7 to be designat$ z an inw>d "o4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 outw>d & inw>d speak+ disappe>s 9 ! vision2 &1 = ?is reason1 we _c imag9e t !re is any int5tion ( "h notic+ x p>ticul>ly4 ,ev]y?+ :i* takes place 9 ! vision is sub/antially1 inde$1 int]nal1 b 9 po9t ( =m x is ext]nal4 ,moreov]1 ) sev]al times occurs 9 o!r passages also1 :]e ! signification1 to speak to "s "o1 is alone admissible4 ,?us #a ,sam4 xxv4 #ci1 :]e ,simson's explanation1 ,david s5t & ord]$ to speak ab\t ,abigail1 is set aside by v]4 #dj4 ,! analogy ( ! con/ruction ( ! v]bs ( he>+ & see+ ) is likewise 9 fav\r ( our explanation4#a--;,a wife ( :or$oms & *ildr5 ( :or$oms4 ,! wife belongs to :or$oms 9 s f> z %e is devot$ to !m2 ! *ildr51 9 ,pg #bjj s f> z !y proce$ f !m4 ,= we _c suppose t ! *ildr5 !mselves are describ$ z giv5 to :or$om4 ,su* a ?\ght w\ld "h be altoge!r out ( place4 ,= :or$om is "h only ! g5]al designation ( adult]y1 z1 by way ( apply+ x to ! case 9 "q1 x is imm$iately subjo9$1 away f ,jehovah4 ,! subject ( consid]ation is only ! relation ( ! wife & *ildr5 to ! prophet1 z ! type ( ! ,"l2 & ) ?is view1 x is only ! orig9 ( ! *ildr5 f an adult]\s wife :i* c be ( importance4 ,t ?is alone is reg>d$1 appe>s f ii4 #f 7#d71 comp>$ ) v]4 #g 7#e74 ,t ! *ildr51 z *ildr5 ( :or$oms1 des]ve no compassion1 is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t _! "m plays ! h>lot4 is /rong] ?an 2 x expresses ! idea t ! woman is giv51 s\l & body1 to :or$oms4 ,! same emphasis is express$ also by ! analog\s designations3 man ( blood1 ( deceit1 etc4--,calv9 says1 ,%e is call$ a wife ( :or$oms1 because %e 0 long accu/om$ to !m1 gave h]self ov] to ! lu/s ( all indiscrim9ately1 did n pro/itute h]self once1 or twice1 or to a few1 b to ! debau*]y ( e "o4 ,x is n )\t reason t take is connect$ ) ! *ildr5 also4 ,! prophet %all1 z x 71 receive & take1 along ) ! wife1 ^? :o1 )\t 8 ag5cy1 h be5 born ( h]4 ,x is self-evid5t1 & has be51 moreov]1 =m]ly prov$1 t we _c speak ( *ildr5 :o 7 previ\sly born ( ! prophet's wife2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! *ildr5 are !y ^: bir? is n>rat$ 9 v]4 #d seqq4 ,& t we _c consid] ^! *ildr5 z *ildr5 ( ! prophet1 z is done by sev]al int]pret]s 7,drus43 ,accipe uxorem et suscipe ex e lib]os71 is obvi\s f _! be+ designat$ *ildr5 ( :or$oms2 f ! ^w take itself1 :i* is expressive ( ! passive conduct ( ! prophet2 f ! fact t1 9 ! subsequ5t v]ses1 ! conceiv+ & be>+ ( ! wife are alone con/antly spok5 (1 b nev]1 z 9 ,is4 viii4 #c1 ! begett+ by ! prophet2 &1 f9ally1 f ! relation ( ! type to ! ?+ typifi$4 ,by ! latt]1 x is absolutely requir$ t *ildr5 & "m /& 9 ! same relation ( ali5ation f ! legitimate husb& & fa!r4 ,! words 9 v]4 #c1 ,%e b>e him a son1 are n inde$ 9 opposition to x1 = ^! words are only int5d$ to m>k ! deceit ( ! wife :o ,pg #bja (f]s to h] husb& ! *ildr5 begott5 9 adult]y1 z if !y 7 81 &1 at ! same "t1 to br+ out ! pati5ce & =be>ance ( ! husb& :o receives !m1 & br+s !m up z if !y 7 81 al?\gh he kn[s t !y are n4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,"l treat$1 = c5turies1 ! rebelli\s ,israelites z if !y 7 ,8 *ildr51 & grant$ to !m ! inh]itance :i* 0 de/9$ only = ! *ildr51 along ) s _m o!r bless+s1 until at l5g? ,he decl>$ !m to be ba/>ds1 by c>ry+ !m away into captivity4 ,! la/ words /ate ! gr\nd ( ! symbolical action4 ,! causal is expla9$ f ! fact t ! import ( a symbolical action is also its gr\nd4 ,! ,inf4 absol4 prec$+ ! tempus f9itum gives special emphasis to ! v]bal idea4 ,! prophet !reby indicates t1 9 us+ ! expression to :ore1 he does s delib]ately1 & because x corresponds exactly to ! ?+1 & wi%es u to und]/& x 9 its full /r5g? & compass4 ,9 call+ ! ?+ by its "r "n1 he sil5ces1 be=eh&1 e attempt at palliat+ & ext5uat+ x4 ,( su* palliations & ext5uations ! ,jews _h abundance4 ,!y _h n ! slighte/ notion t !y _h become unfai?ful to _! ,god1 b consid]$ _! int]c\rse ) idols z trifl+ & all[able att5tions :i* !y paid to !m4--,mang] und]/&s by :or$oms1 _! plac+1 at ! same "t1 _! confid5ce 9 man2 b f :at foll[s1 :]e idolatry alone is con/antly spok5 (1 x is obvi\s t ?is is inadmissible4 ,if ?is special ?+ be r$uc$ to its idea1 x is true t tru/+ 9 m5 is1 !n1 n less compreh5d$ "u x ?an idolatry1 inasmu* z ?is idea is ! turn+ away f ,god to t :i* is n ,god4 ,&1 f ?is dep5d5ce ( :at is special ^u ! idea1 x foll[s t ! description has its et]nal tru?1 & does n become antiquat$1 ev5 :]e ! folly ( gross idolatry has be5 long s9ce p]ceiv$4--1 ! def9ite l&1 ! l& ( ! prophet1 ! l& ( ,israel4--,conc]n+ ! la/ words1 ,ps4 lxxiii4 #bg may be comp>$1 :]e occurs ) a simil> signification4 ,?is phrase conta9s an allusion to ! common expression1 to walk )1 or aft]1 ,god2 comp>e #b ,k+s xxiii4 #c4 ,accord+ to ,calv91 ! spiritual *a/ity ( ! p ( ,god consi/s 9 _! foll[+ ! ,"l4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& he w5t & took ,gam] ! daught] ( ,dibhlaim1 & %e conceiv$ & b>e him a son4 ,pg #bjb ,_m int]pret]s suppose t1 by ! ?ree *ildr51 ?ree diff]5t g5]ations are designat$1 & ! gradual deg5]acy ( ! p1 :i* s9ks deep] & deep]4 ,b ?is op9ion mu/ c]ta9ly be reject$4 ,!re is no gradation p]ceptible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! total de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel is connect$ imm$iately ) ! "n ( ! fir/ *ild1 v]4 #d4 ,nor is x legitimate to say1 z ,rck]t does1 t ! ?ree *ildr5 are a designation ( ! conditions 9 :i* ! ,israelites w\ld be plac$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! apo/asy f ! ,"l4 ,=1 h[ c\ld m]cy be %[n to conditions8 ,! "r view r is1 t ! wife & *ildr5 are bo? ! p ( ,israel1 view$ only 9 diff]5t relations4 ,9 ! fir/ designation1 !y are view$ z a unity2 9 ! latt]1 z a plurality proce$+ f1 & dep5d+ ^u1 ?is unity4 ,! circum/ance t ! prophet m5tions ! bir? ( *ildr5 at all1 & ! bir? ( ?ree only1 is acc\nt$ = by _! names4 ,! *ildr5 exi/ only t !y may receive a "n4 ,! ?ree names mu/1 !re=e1 n be consid]$ sep>ately1 b mu/ be view$ toge!r4 ,9 t case !y pres5t a correspond+ picture ( ! fate imp5d+ ^u ,israel4 ,! circum/ance t ! "m & sons are di/+ui%$ 9 ,hosea1 re/s ^u ! ,song ( ,solomon4 7,comp>e ! m copi\s rem>ks 9 my comm5t>y on ! ,song ( ,sol4 iii4 #d3 ,by ! "m1 ! p is designat$ accord+ to its hi/orical cont9uity1--by ! daught] or sons1 accord+ to its exi/5ce at any mom5t47 ,v]4 #d4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him1 ,call 8 "n ,jezreel2 = yet a little 7:ile71 & ,i visit ! blood ( ,jezreel ^u ! h\se ( ,jehu1 & cause to cease ! k+dom ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,! "n ,jezreel is1 by mo/ expositors1 expla9$ 9 ?is passage z mean+3 ,god disp]ses4 ,?is !y ma9ta9 to be its real signification1 accord+ to ! etymology1 & t all ! re/ is only an allusion4 ,b ?is exposition is errone\s1 z ,mang] has correctly p]ceiv$4 ,=1 #a4 ,no in/ance occurs :]e ! v]b has ?is signification4 ,:5 appli$ to m51 x is always us$ only 9 a good s5se3 comp>e ii4 #be1 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #i1 & ! subsequ5t rem>ks on ,ze*4 x4 #i4 ,! idea ( scatt]+ is n at all ! fundam5tal "o2 s t ! signification1 to disp]se1 is mu* fur!r f ! fundam5tal ,pg #bjc signification ?an might1 at fir/ sight1 appe>4 #b4 ,! subsequ5t words mu/ be consid]$ z an explanation ( ! "n ,jezreel1 z is obvi\s f ! correspond+ explanations ( ! names ,lo-,ruhamah 9 v]4 #f1 & ,lo-,ammi 9 v]4 #i1 :i* are intimately connect$ ) ^! names4 ,b 9 ?is explanation1 n ev5 a s+le ^w is said on ! subject ( ! disp]sion ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,! circum/ance t1 9 ?is explanation1 ,jezreel occurs z a prop] "n1 )\t any reg>d be+ paid to its appellative signification#b--;an allusion to :i* occurs only 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! salvation--%[s t "h too x mu/ be view$ 9 ! same way4 ,! correct view is ?is4 ,jezreel 0 ! place :]e ! la/ great judgm5t ( ,god ^u ! k+dom ( ,israel _h be5 execut$4 ,! apo/asy f ! ,"l1 & ! innoc5t blood ( ,8 s]vants1 %$ by ,jezebel & ! :ole h\se ( ,ahab1 _h be5 !re av5g$ ^u !m by ,jehu1 ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y :i* 0 reign+ at ! "t ( ! prophet4 ,at ! comm& ( ,god1 ,jehu is ano9t$ z k+ by "o ( ! sons ( ! prophets s5t by ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s ix4 ,9 v]s4 #f-i ! ,"l says to him ?r\gh ! latt]3 ,i ano9t !e k+ ov] ! p ( ! ,"l1 ov] ,israel4 ,& ?\ %alt smite ! h\se ( ,ahab ?y ma/]2 & ,i av5ge ! blood ( ,my s]vants ! prophets1 & ! blood ( all ! s]vants ( ! ,"l at ! h& ( ,jezebel1 & ! :ole h\se ( ,ahab %all p]i%4 ,& ,i give ! h\se ( ,ahab l ! h\se ( ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat1 & l ! h\se ( ,baa%a ! son ( ,ahijah4 ,! execution correspond$ ) ! comm&4 ,:5 ,jehu approa*$ ,jezreel1 ,joram ! son ( ,ahab w5t out aga9/ him1 & met him 9 ! portion ( ,nabo? ! ,jezreelite1 v]4 #ba4 ,appeal+ to ! decl>ation ( ! ,"l1 ,pg #bjd ,surely ,i h se5 ! blood ( ,nabo?1 & ! blood ( 8 sons1 & ,i w requite !e 9 ?is portion ( gr\nd 7v]4 #bf71 ,jehu ord]s ! corpse ( ! sla9 k+ to be ca/ ?i!r4 ,at ,jezreel1 ,jezebel too f\nd a disgraceful dea?4 ,?i!r1 z to ! c5tral po9t ( v5geance1 7 s5t ! heads ( ! sev5ty royal pr9ces1 :o _h be5 sla91 x4 #a-aj1 & !re ,jehu slew all t rema9$ ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 v]4 #aa4--,! royal h\se1 &1 along ) x1 all ,israel1 are n[ anew to become a ,jezreel2 i4e41 ! same div9e punitive ju/ice :i*1 at t "t1 0 manife/$ at ,jezreel1 is to be exhibit$ anew4 ,! reason :y ?is %\ld be1 is /at$ 9 ! explanation4 ,! h\se ( ,jehu1 & all ,israel1 %all become a ,jezreel1 9 z f> z puni%m5t is conc]n$1 because !y h become a ,jezreel ) respect to guilt1 & because1 z 9 =m] times at ,jezreel1 s n[ aga91 blood t has be5 %$ cries to ! ,"l = v5geance4 ,:]e a new c>case is1 !re ! eagles mu/ anew be ga!r$ toge!r4--,x mu/ h1 already appe>$ f ?is1 h[ we und]/& ! words1 ,i visit ! blood ( ,jezreel1 us$ 9 ! explanation ( ! "n ( ,jezreel1 9 ! v]se "u consid]ation4 ,accord+ to ! prophet's cu/om ( designat+1 by ! "n ( an old ?+1 any new ?+ :i* is sub/antially simil> to x1 ! new guilt is m>k$ by ! "n ( ! old2 & x is m>k$ z blood1 because ! =m] guilt 0 pre-em95tly blood-guilt9ess2#c & z ! blood ( ,jezreel1 because ! =m] blood-guilt9ess _h be5 especially contract$ !re1 & x 0 !re :]e ! puni%m5t 0 execut$4 ,! deep impression1 :i* j ?is mode ( repres5tation mu/ h produc$1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,! s9s =m]ly committ$ at ,jezreel 7 ackn[l$g$ z su* by ! :ole p1 & especially by ! royal h\se1 ^: :ole rights 7 bas$ ^u ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! recollection ( ! fe>ful puni%m5t 0 /ill 9 ! m9ds ( all2 b !y did n by any means imag9e t !y 7 implicat$ 9 ! same guilt1 & _h to expect ! same puni%m5t4 ,t :i* !y consid]$ z already ,pg #bje absolutely pa/1 ! prophet1 by a s+le ^w1 br+s aga9 into ! pres5t1 & ! imm$iate future4 ,by a s+le ^w ( dreadful s\nd he t]rifi$ & ar\s$ !m out ( _! self-deception 7:i* w n recognise its own s9 9 ! picture ( ! s9s ( o!rs71 & out ( _! c>nal security4 ,entirely analog\s are #b ,k+s ix4 #ca1 :]e ,jezebel says to ,jehu1 ,ha/ ?\ peace1 ,zimri1 murd]] ( 8 ma/]8 :i* ,s*mid well expla9s by--,x is "t = !e to desi/1 t ?\ maye/ n exp]i5ce ! same puni%m5t z ,zimri2 ,ze*4 v4 #aa1 :]e ! prophet m5tions ,%9> z ! place ( ,israel's future bani%m5t2 & x4 #aa1 :]e he calls _! future oppressors by ! names ( ,as%ur & ,egypt1 & describes a new pass+ ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 ,revelation1 ! deg5]ate *ur* is call$ by ! names ( ,sodom & ,egypt 7xi4 #ah72 ! true ,*ur*1 by ,j]usalem2 ,rome1 by ,babylon4--,! explanation :i* we h giv5 w be its own def5ce aga9/ ! curr5t1 & evid5tly errone\s1 expositions4 ,_m int]pret]s und]/&1 by ! blood ( ,jezreel1 ! slaught] ( ! family ( ,ahab :i* 0 accompli%$ !re by ,jehu4 ,x is1 inde$1 q correct to say t a de$ objectively good does n !reby become "o :i* is subjectively s4 ,t :i* has be5 will$ & comm&$ by ,god may itself become an object ( div9e puni%m5t1 if x be n p]=m$ f love & ob$i5ce to ,god1 b f culpable selfi%ness4 ,b t ,jehu 0 actuat$ by motives s bad1 is suffici5tly obvi\s f ! circum/ance1 t he himself did ! v ?+ :i* he _h puni%$ 9 ! h\se ( ,ahab4 ,calv9 rightly rem>ks3 ,t slaught] is1 z f> z ,god is conc]n$1 a j v5geance2 b1 z f> z ,jehu is conc]n$1 x is op5 murd]4 ,b yet1 ?is de$ _c be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal crime ( ,jehu & 8 family4 ,we mu/ n ov]look o!r crimes f> m he9\s1 & consid] ! guilty blood %$ by !m z ! sole gr\nd ( _! puni%m5t4 ,t ?is 0 inde$ consid]$ z guilt1 b only z a l[] degree ( x1 is cle>ly se5 f #a ,k+s xvi4 #g1 :]e de/ruction is ann\nc$ to ,baa%a1 :o _h de/roy$ ! h\se ( ,j]oboam ,i41 on acc\nt ( all ! evil :i* he did 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 9 provok+ ,him to ang] ) ! works ( 8 h&s1 s t he may be l ! h\se ( ,j]oboam1 & because he kill$ him4 ,! ma9 crime is1 t ,baa%a _h become l ! h\se ( ,j]oboam4 ,pg #bjf ,:at he p]petrat$ aga9/ ?is h\se is ! m9or crime1 & becomes a crime only ?r\gh ! =m]4--,x is wor?y ( notice t ! blood ( ,jezreel exactly corresponds1 accord+ to our explanation1 ) ! expression1 s t he may be l ! h\se ( ,j]oboam4 ,x may be fur!r notic$1 t1 9 ! de$ ( ,jehu1 e bett] feel+ _c be exclud$4 ,if ! comm& ( ,god _h be5 us$ by him m]ely z a pretext1 we c\ld n acc\nt = ! praise & ! promises giv5 to him on acc\nt ( ?is v de$1 #b ,k+s x4 #cj4 ,x is true t ! limitation ( ! promise %[s t pure motives alone did n prevail ) him4#d--,! bloody de$ to :i* ! h\se ( ,jehu ow$ its elevation n[h]e else appe>s z ! cause ( ! cata/rophe :i* befell ?is h\se4 ,t :i* he _h done aga9/ ! h\se ( ,ahab1 ^: s9s 7 cry+ to heav5 = v5geance f> m ?an ^? ( ,baa%a1 is1 9 #b ,k+s x4 #cj1 #ca1 repres5t$ z 8 m]it4 ,8 guilt consi/$ 9 8 n dep>t+ f ! ways ( ,j]oboam1 & 9 8 mak+ ,israel to s94 ,x is ?is guilt alone :i*1 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s1 is *>g$ aga9/ all ! memb]s ( 8 family1--aga9/ ,jehoahaz1 ! son ( ,jehu1 9 #b ,k+s xiii4 #b2 aga9/ ,jehoa%1 9 #b ,k+s xiii4 #aa2 aga9/ ,j]oboam1 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #bd2 aga9/ ,ze*>iah1 "u :om ! cata/rophe took place1 9 #b ,k+s xv4 #i3 ,& he did t :i* 0 evil 9 ! eyes ( ! ,"l1 z 8 fa!rs _h done1 & dep>t$ n f ! s9s ( ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat1 :o _h made ,israel to s94 ,accord+ to ! context1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?9k ( ! religi\s guilt2 ! blood ( ,jezreel1 9 ! v]se "u consid]ation1 mu/ correspond ) ! :or$oms 9 v]4 #b4--,moreov]1 ! ext5sion ( ! puni%m5t to all ,israel c\ld n1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 be und]/ood2 = ! de$ 0 only t ( ,jehu & 8 assi/ants4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld n only ! h\se ( ,jehu be puni%$1 b also ,pg #bjg ! k+dom ( ! h\se ( ,israel be de/roy$1 & its b[ brok5 9 ! valley ( ,jezreel8 ,accord+ to ano!r int]pretation /ill m preval5t1 ! blood ( ,jezreel d5otes all ! evil de$s committ$ by ! ,israeliti% k+s 9 ,jezreel4 ,b ?is int]pretation is suffici5tly invalidat$ by ! s+le circum/ance1 t ! resid5ce ( ! family ( ,jehu1 :i*1 aft] all1 alone comes into consid]ation 9 ?is place1 01 f ! v beg9n+1 n ,jezreel1 b ,sam>ia2 comp>e #b ,k+s x4 #cf1 xiii4 #aj1 xiv4 #bc4 ,two p>ticul>s are conta9$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( puni%m5t4 ,fir/1--,! :ole h\se ( ,jehu1 & !n all ,israel1 are to become a ,jezreel z reg>ds puni%m5t1 z !y are ev5 n[ 9 po9t ( guilt2 &1 9 ?is ann\ncem5t1 ! significant p>onomasia mu/ n be ov]look$ betwe5 ,israel--! designation ( ! dignity ( ! p1 & ,jezreel--t :i* is base 9 de$s & condition4 ,calv9 makes prom95t ! la/-m5tion$ feature only3 ,y are1 he expla9s1 a deg5]ate p1 y diff] 9 no?+ f y\r k+ ,ahab4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 foll[ him 9 ?is explanation2 ! words1 ,i cause to cease ! k+dom ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 _c1 z sev]al int]pret]s suppose1 mean m]ely1 ,i w put an end to ! dom9ion ( ! family ( ,jehu ov] ,israel4 ,t ^! words r ann\nce ! cessation ( e native regal gov]nm5t1 & h5ce ( ! entire national indep5d5ce1 is s evid5t1 t x /&s 9 ne$ ( no pro(4 ,bo? ( ^! features are1 9 _! fulfilm5t1 sep>at$ inde$ by a long p]iod ( "t 7see ! ,introduction72 b !y are nev]!less closely connect$4 ,) ! ru9 ( ! h\se ( ,jehu1 ! /r5g? ( ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 brok52 f t "t x 0 only a liv+ corpse4 ,! fall ( ! h\se ( ,jehu 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! end1--! comm5cem5t ( ! process ( putrefaction4 ,! omission1 9 ! inscription1 ( all m5tion ( any ( ! k+s aft] ,j]oboam1 co9cides ) ! circum/ance t ! fall ( ! h\se ( ,jehu is connect$ ) ! fall ( ! k+dom4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! =m] ev5t1 ,hosea _h an e>li] prophecy be=e him4 ,x _h be5 prophesi$ to ,jehu 7#b ,k+s x4 #cj7 t 8 *ildr5 %\ld sit on ! ?rone until ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,n[1 s9ce ,j]oboam 0 ! great-gr&son ( ,jehu1 ! glory ( ,pg #bjh ?is family mu/ come to an end ) 8 son4 ,b at no p]iod did ! h\se ( ,jehu1 & ! k+dom ( ,israel1 seem to be s f> f de/ruction z "u ! reign ( ,j]oboam2 &1 h5ce1 x 0 "t t ! =gott5 prophecy %\ld be reviv$1 &1 at ! same "t1 exp&$4 ,v]4 #e4 ,& x %all come to pass at t day1 t ,i break ! b[ ( ,israel 9 ! valley ( ,jezreel4 ,( ?is1 ,calv9 gives ! foll[+ p>aphrase3 ,ye are puff$ up ) pride2 ye oppose y\r fi]c5ess to ,god1 because ye excel 9 weapons & /r5g?2 because ye are w>like m51 ye believe t ,god c d no?+ aga9/ y4 ,b surely y\r b[s %all n prev5t ,8 h&s f de/roy+ y4--,9 ! valley ( ,jezreel1 ,israel %all become1 z to puni%m5t1 :at !y already are1 z to guilt1 viz41 a ,jezreel4 ,! v]se is a fur!r expansion ( ! la/ words ( ! prec$+ "o1 to :i* ! words1 at t day1 ref]4 ,he ^: b[ is brok5 is def5celess & p[]less2 comp>e ,g54 xlix4 #bd2 #a ,sam4 ii4 #d2 ,j]4 xlix4 #ce4 ,x is evid5t t we c "h ?9k only ( ! defeat ( ,israel by ! ,assyrians1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 ! total ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,b x is n to be ov]look$1 t ! ,assyrians1 :o 9 ! second section ( ,hosea are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 express t]ms1 z ! in/rum5ts ( ,god's puni%m5t1 are n spok5 ( at all z su* 9 ! fir/ section1 :i* belongs to ! reign ( ,j]oboam4 ,amos likewise ab/a9s f m5tion+ any "n ( ! enemies4 ,! ,assyrians _h n at t "t appe>$ on ! hi/orical horizon4 ,b ! prophecy 0 to ev9ce itself z su*1 by ! fact ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! judgm5t at a "t :5 its in/rum5ts 7 n z yet prep>$2 j z ,elijah1 9 #a ,k+s xviii4 #da1 he>s ! ru%+ ( ! ra9 be=e !re 0 ev5 a cl\d 9 ! sky4--,we are n told 9 ! hi/orical books at :at place ,israel 0 defeat$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,j]ome1 9 8 rem>ks on our passage1 says t x took place 9 ! valley ( ,jezreel4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is is only an inf]5ce clo!d 9 ! g>b ( hi/ory4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ! passage "u review1 ! matt] is v probable4 ,! valley ( ,jezreel or ,esdrelon is ! l>ge/1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ f]tile1 pla9 ( ,pale/9e4 ,! brook ( ,ki%on1 :i* is1 next to ,jordan1 ! mo/ important riv] ( ,pale/9e1 wat]s & fructifies x1 &1 ,pg #bji ) its tribut>ies1 fl[s ?r\gh x 9 all directions4 7,ritt]1 ,s4 #fhi47 ,9 all ! w>s :i* 7 c>ri$ on )9 ! t]ritories ( ! t5 tribes1 especially :5 ! enemies came f ! ,nor?1 x 0 ! natural battle-field4 ,x 01 9 ! fir/ c5turies1 ! /ation ( a legion 7 72 x is ! place :]e ! troops ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,vespasian1 ,ju/9ian1 ! ,sultan ,saladd91 & _m o!r conqu]+ armies 7 encamp$1 d[n to ! unsuccessful exp$ition ( ,buonap>te1 ^: success 9 ,syria "h t]m9at$4 ,cl>ke f\nd erect$ "h ! t5ts ( ! troops ( ! ,pa*a ( ,damascus4 ,9 lat] times1 x 0 ! sc5e ( ! skirmi%es betwe5 ! p>ties ( ho/ile hordes ( ,arabs & ,turki% pa*as4 ,9 ! political relations ( ,asia ,m9or1 x is to ?is locality t !re mu/ be ascrib$ ! total deva/ation & depopulation ( ,galilee1 :i* once 0 s fl\ri%+1 full ( t[ns1 & ?ickly populat$4 7,ritt]1 ,erdk4 #a ,ausg4 ii4 ,s4 #chg47 ,we may add1 t1 9 ! same pla9 also1 ! battle 0 f\ght 9 :i* ,saul & ,jona?an p]i%$ 7= ! pla9 ( ,esdrelon is b\nd$ on ! s\?-ea/ by ! m\nta9s ( ,gilboa71 & s likewise 0 ! battle betwe5 ,ahab & ! ,syrians4 ,to x also belong$ ! pla9 ne> ! t[n ( ,megiddo1 :]e ,josiah1 9 ! battle aga9/ ,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 0 mortally w\nd$4 ,comp>e ,ros5mll]1 ,alt4 ii4 #a1 p4 #adi4 ,v]4 #f4 ,& %e conceiv$ aga91 & b>e a daught]4 ,& ,he said to him1 ,call h] "n ,lo-,ruhamah 7i4e41 "o :o has n obta9$ m]cy73 = ,i w n cont9ue any m to h m]cy ^u ! h\se ( ,israel2 = ,i w take away f !m4--,int]pret]s ask :y ! second *ild 0 a female2 & ?is "q is by no means an idle "o1 s9ce ! prophet ev]y:]e else adh]es closely to ! subject-matt]1 & adds no feature1 m]ely = ! sake ( giv+ vividness to ! picture4 ,we _c = a mom5t suppose1 z ,j]ome & o!rs d1 t ! female *ild d5otes a m degrad$ g5]ation4 ,= :y1 !n1 is ! ?ird aga9 a male *ild8 ,! supposition proce$s f ! altoge!r unf\nd$ notion t ! ?ree *ildr5 d5ote diff]5t g5]ations4 ,! reason mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be s\ght = 9 ! "n4 ,s*mid says3 ,x seems to h ref]5ce to ! weakness ( ! sex4 ,= ! female sex ,pg #baj f9ds great] sympa?y ?an ! male4 ,! v]b does n d5ote any k9d ( love1 b only ! love ( him :o is high to him :o is l[1 ( ! /rong to ! weak2 & h5ce ! ,,lxx41 :om ,pet] foll[s 9 #a ,pet4 ii4 #aj 7 71 r5d] ! ^w m accurately ?an ,paul1 9 ,rom4 ix4 #be 7 74 ,h5ce x is nev] us$ ( man's love to ,god1 b only ( ! love ( ,god to man1--( ,8 m]cy4 ,! only passage :i* seems to contradict ?is1 ,ps4 xviii4 #b1 is n to ! purpose1 z1 !re1 ! ,kal is us$4 ,b ! female sex1 be+ weak]1 /&s 9 great] ne$ ( ! compassion ( m51 ?an does ! male4 ,is4 ix4 #af4 ,! female *ild places ! ne$9ess & helplessness ( ! p 9 m /rik+ contra/ ) ! refusal ( help f ,him :o alone c be/[ x4 ,! is ei!r ,p>ticiple 9 ,pual :i* has ca/ (f ! 1 or ! #c;d fem4 ,pret4 9 pause2 ?us ,cocceius1 :o expla9s x by3 ,%e has n obta9$ m]cy4 ,x is 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view1 t accord+ to ,ewald1 #caj b1 does n (t5 /& be=e a ,p>ticiple4 ,! words1 ,i w n cont9ue1 ref] to ! =m] great manife/ations ( div9e m]cy1 & especially ! la/ "u ,j]oboam1 :i* ! p /ill1 at t "t1 enjoy$2 comp>e #b ,k+s xiii4 #bc3 ,& ! ,"l 0 graci\s unto !m1 & _h m]cy ^u !m1 & turn$ t[>ds !m because ( ,8 cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & w\ld n de/roy !m1 nei!r ca/ !m f ,8 pres5ce4 ,^u ?is contra/1 also1 re/s ! mild expression1 ,i w n h m]cy1--an expression :i*1 9 virtue ( ?is contra/1 becomes /rong] ?an any o!r4 ,sev]al int]pret]s "h lay peculi> /ress ^u ! circum/ance1 t ! h\se ( ,israel is spok5 (4 ,?is1 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 !y say1 z an indep5d5t /ate1 is giv5 ov] to ev]la/+ de/ruction2 x is only s+le individuals :o %all obta9 m]cy aft] !y h jo9$ ! h\se ( ,david4 ,b ! supposition t h\se ( ,israel is us$ 9 ?is s5se1 is altoge!r unf\nd$4 ,! h\se is equival5t to ! family2 & ! prophets speak ( a h\se ( ,israel aft] ! de/ruction1 no less ?an be=e x4 ,! words 9 ii4 #f 7#d71 ,i w n h m]cy ^u h] *ildr51 & ! circum/ance t %e :o is "h call$ ,lo-,ruhamah is aft]w>ds call$ ,ruhamah1 also militate aga9/ ref]r+ h\se ( ,israel to ! /ate4 ,! "r view r is1 t ! d5ial ( m]cy ,pg #baa mu/ n be und]/ood absolutely1 b relatively4 ,x is n = ev] t m]cy %all be d5i$ to !m1 b = a "t1--until ,god's punitive ju/ice %all h be5 satisfi$4 ,j z ,israel %all n always rema9 ,jezreel1 ,lo-,ammi %all1 at "s future "t1 become aga9 ,ammi4--,! la/ words are1 by ! great] numb] ( rec5t int]pret]s1 almo/ unanim\sly expla9$3 ,t ,i %\ld =give !m4 ,b1 9 t case1 we c p]ceive no reason :y ! ,inf4 abs4 %\ld be plac$ be=e ! tempus f9itum4 ,:y %\ld ! v]bal idea "h be r5d]$ s emphatic8 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! extreme feebl5ess ( ! s5se w\ld be rem>kable4 ,no?+ w\ld be said t w\ld n be already impli$ 9 ! words1 ,i w n cont9ue any m to h m]cy4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we obta9 a v suitable s5se if we translate ?us3 ,i w take away f !m4 ,! object is n m5tion$1 j because e ?+ is to be und]/ood4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ! v]bal idea is !n acc\nt$ = f its be+ contra/$ ) ! hav+ m]cy1 :i* implies giv+4 ,!re is !n1 moreov]1 a v /rik+ contra/ ) ! /&+ phrase 1 or also simply 3 ,i %all take away f !m1 n1 h[ev]1 z hi!rto1 _! guilt 7comp>e ,amos vii4 #h71 b all t !y h4 ,calv9 _h previ\sly direct$ att5tion to ! circum/ance t ! foll[+ v]se also is 9 fav\r ( ! translation by toll]e3 ,s]v>e et toll]e int] se opponit propheta4 ,*ap4 v4 #ad may also be comp>$1 :]e is us$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! object be+ likewise omitt$3 ,i w te> & g away1 ,i w take away1 & !re is none t deliv]e?4 ,v]4 #g4 ,& ,i w h m]cy ^u ! h\se ( ,judah1 & ,i save !m by ! ,"l _! ,god2 & ,i d n save !m by b[1 & by sword1 & by w>1 & by horses1 & by horsem54 ,sev]al int]pret]s suppose t m]cy is "h promis$ to ,judah z a consolation to ,israel1 inasmu* z ! latt] %\ld p>take 9 x4 ,b ?is view is errone\s4 ,f ! anti!sis to v]4 #f1 x is evid5t t m]cy is "h promis$ to ,judah = ! "t :5 ,israel %all n f9d m]cy2 & we are n at lib]ty to anticipate ! "t describ$ 9 ii4 #a-c1 :5 bo? become p>tak]s ( m]cy4 ,?is is app>5t also f ! circum/ance t 9 v]s4 #h1 #i1 ! ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t ,pg #bab to ,israel is /ill cont9u$4 ,x c !n only be ! int5tion ( ! prophet1 by describ+ ! m]cy :i* ,judah _! bre?r5 %\ld exp]i5ce1 to %>p5 ! goad1 m effectually to r\se ,israel f _! false security1 & to direct _! att5tion to ! bad f\ndation ( ! entire con/itution ( _! political & ecclesia/ical affairs1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y consid]$ z legitimate t :i*1 9 ,judah1 0 only an abuse4 ,z ! %[+ ( m]cy to ,judah runs p>allel ) ! )hold+ ( x f ,israel1 we c1 prim>ily & *iefly1 ?9k only ( ! diff]5t fates ( ! two1 dur+ ! ,assyrian dom9ion4 ,! wond]ful deliv]ance ( ,judah on t occasion is =etold by ,isaiah1 xxxi4 #h1 9 a simil> mann]3 ,& ,as%ur falls ?r\gh ! sword n ( a man1 & ! sword n ( a man dev\rs him4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 limit ourselves to ?is ev5t2 a pref]5ce ( ,judah ov] ,israel1 a remnant ( div9e m]cy appe>$1 ev5 :5 !y 7 c>ri$ away into captivity4 ,dur+ its cont9uance1 !y 7 n altoge!r depriv$ ( m>ks ( ! cont9uance ( ! div9e election4 ,prophets cont9u$ to lab\r among !m1 z imm$iate ambassadors ( ,god4 ,wond]ful ev5ts %[$ !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,g5tiles ! sup]iority ( _! ,god1 & prep>$ ! way = _! deliv]ance4 ,!y ma9ta9$1 9 a f> great] degree1 _! national con/itution2 &1 la/ly1 _! affliction la/$ = a f> %ort] "t ?an did t ( ! ,israelites4 ,contr>y to all human expectation1 _! affairs soon took a fav\rable turn1 9 :i* only a comp>atively small numb] ( _! ,israeliti% bre?r5 p>took1 :ile1 = ! re/1 ! )hold+ ( m]cy cont9u$4 ,b x is j by means ( ?is contra/ ) ! lot ( ,judah1 t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! lot ( ,israel appe>s 9 its true light4 ,)\t ?is contra/1 "o might h imag9$1 t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! prophet did n g beyond 8 human vision4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 appe> highly probable t a k+dom s weak z t ( ,israel1--weak1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ^? great ,asiatic k+doms :i* 7 great already1 & yet 7 cont9ually /riv+ aft] enl>gem5t1--a k+dom1 moreov]1 plac$ 9 ! mid/ betwe5 ^! k+doms1 & _! natural enemy & rival1 ,egypt--%\ld n h be5 able to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce = any l5g? ( "t4 ,b ?is probability exi/$ 9 a f> high] decree 9 ! case ( ! k+dom ( ,pg #bac ,judah1 :i* 0 small] & weak] /ill1 & :i* _h suff]$ mu* ?r\gh ,jehoa% ! fa!r ( ,j]oboam 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #ac71 "u ! latt] ( :om1 ! spl5d\r & glory ( ,israel _h be5 s greatly increas$4 ,b t :i* prev5t$ ?is probability f becom+ a reality lay altoge!r beyond ! sph]e ( human calculation1 z ,hosea himself "h s emphatically expresses4 ,& by su* help1 ! k+dom ( ,israel w\ld h be5 deliv]$1 no less ?an ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,x is true t ?is pr$iction ( ,hosea is no pr$iction ( "s accid5tal ev5t1 b has its f\ndation 9 ! idea4 ,! lots ( ,israel & ,judah c\ld n be o!rwise ?an s diff]5t1 aft] _! diff]5t position 9 ref]5ce to ! ,cov5ant-,god 0 once fix$4 ,nor is ?is pr$iction "o :i* has ceas$ aft] its fir/ & lit]al fulfilm5t1 b is con/antly & anew realiz+ itself4 ,! proce$+ ( ,god t[>ds ! diff]5t ,*ur*es & ,/ates is regulat$ by _! conduct t[>ds ,him4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is a judgm5t ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 to "k ?is tru? is1 9 itself1 a sup]natural gift2 & !y only are able to use x ) safety1 to :om ,god has giv5 an insight into ! my/]ies ( ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,?is becomes v evid5t1 if we obs]ve h[ (t5 ! pr$ictions ( ^? :o knew ! tru? 9 g5]al1 d[n to ,b5gel & 8 foll[]s1 h be5 put to %ame by ! result4 ,god's ways are n our ways4 ,no "o kn[s !m except ,himself1 & ^? to :om ,he w reveal !m4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! prophecy re/s on ! idea is1 moreov]1 cle>ly se5 by ! words1 ,& ,i save !m by ,jehovah _! ,god4 ,"h we h ! gr\nd ( _! deliv]ance4 ,jehovah is ! ,god ( ,judah1 &1 h5ce1 ! s\rce ( _! salvation1 :i* does n cease to fl[ al?\gh all human s\rces be dri$ up4 ,! reason :y ,israel does n obta9 m]cy mu/ !n be1 t ,jehovah is n _! ,god4 ,t ?is contra/ is impli$ "h1 is confirm$ by iii4 #e3 ,aft]w>ds %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel return & seek ! ,"l _! ,god1 & ,david _! k+4 ,t :i* 9 aft]times !y %all seek1 & !reby obta9 salvation1 !y mu/ h lo/ n[2 & ?is loss mu/ be ! s\rce ( _! affliction4 ,calv9 makes ! foll[+ p]t95t rem>k3 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! false gods & ,jehovah mu/ "h be kept 9 m9d4 ,jehovah 0 ! ,god ( ! h\se ( ,judah2 & h5ce1 x is j z if ! prophet _h said1 ',ye ,pg #bad inde$ pr(ess ! "n ( ,god1 b ye wor%ip ! devil1 & n ,god4 ,ye h no "p 9 ,jehovah4 ,he resides 9 ,8 temple1 & has pl$g$ ,8 fai?fulness to ,david :5 ,he comm&$ him to build ,him a temple on ,m\nt ,zion2 b f y1 ! true ,god has dep>t$6' 7,comp>e ,amos ii4 #h1 :]e ! prophet speaks ( ! god ( ! t5 tribes z "o :o belongs to !m alone1 & ) :om he has no?+ to d47 ,9 contra/ ) ,him :o alone c\ld grant help1 & :om ,israel did n possess1 b ,judah did1 ! prophet enum]ates1 9 ! rema9+ "p ( ! v]se "u consid]ation1 ! aids :i* c\ld n af=d any real help1 9 :i* ,israel 01 at t "t1 mu* ri*] ?an ,judah1 & 9 :i* !y plac$ a false confid5ce4 ,comp>e x4 #ac3 ,?\ did/ tru/ 9 ?y way1 9 ! multitude ( ?y mighty m52 ,ps4 xx4 #h2 ,mic4 v4 #i seqq42 & ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bi1 :]e ! ,"l is spok5 ( z ! only true bulw>k & arm\r3 ,happy art ?\1 ,israel3 :o is l unto !e8 a p sav$ by ! ,"l1 ! %ield ( ?y help1 ?y pr\d sword3 ?9e enemies %all be li>s unto !e1 & ?\ %alt tread ^u _! high places4 ,calv9 says1 ,god does n require any o!r aids2 ,8 own /r5g? is q suffici5t4 ,! sum & sub/ance is !re=e ?is1 t al?\gh ! weakness ( ! k+dom ( ,judah excites ! contempt ( all1 ?is %all be no ob/acle to its deliv]ance by ! grace ( ,god1 al?\gh !re be no help at all f m54--,! prophet has1 at ! same "t1 be=e 8 eyes ! great ev5ts ( =m] hi/ory1 :]e1 :5 all human res\rces fail$1 ! p[] ( ,god _h %[n itself to be alone q suffici5t4--,we _c ass]t ) ,ges5ius1 t w> %\ld "h be q id5tical ) weapons ( w>2 x r compreh5ds ev]y?+ :i* is requir$ = w>1 viz41 ! prud5ce ( ! comm&]s1 ! val\r ( ! h]oes1 ! /r5g? ( ! army1 etc4 ,h]oes & horsem5 are1 h[ev]1 specially m5tion$1 because 9 anci5t times ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! armies lay 9 ^!4 ,ev5 ,mahomm$ ?\ght himself entitl$ to hold up a victory :i* he _h obta9$ )\t cavalry--by infantry alone--z a miracle wr\ght imm$iately by ,god2 comp4 ,abulf4 vit4 ,moh4 pp4 #gb1 #ia4 ,v]4 #h4 ,& %e wean$ ,lo-,ruhamah1 & conceiv$1 & b>e a son4 ,v]4 #i4 ,& ,he said1 ,call 8 "n1 ,lo-,ammi 7i4e41 n ,pg #bae my p72 = y are n ,my p1 & ,i1 n w ,i be y\rs4 ,z ! prophet ev]y:]e else adh]es closely to 8 subject-matt]1 z1 inde$1 he all[s ! figure to rec$e beh9d ! subject ( 8 disc\rse1 b nev] ! opposite1 we _c well imag9e t ! wean+ is m5tion$ m]ely = ! purpose ( mak+ ! description m graphic4 ,calv9 says1 ,i d n d\bt t ! prophet int5ds "h to comm5d ! ,"l's long-cont9u$ m]cy & =be>ance t[>ds t p4 ,! unfai?fulness ( ! wife1 & ! =be>ance ( ! prophet1 d inde$ cont9ue = ye>s4 ,b x is bett] to suppose t ! m5tion ( ! wean+ is int5d$ to sep>ate ! t]ritory ( ,lo-,ruhamah f ! foll[+ bir?1 & to call =? ! idea t1 n[1 !re may foll[ "o ( bett] import4--,! lit]al translation ( ! close ( ! v]se is1 ,& ,i w n be to y--equival5t to1 ,i w n any long] belong to y4 ,we _c assume1 z ,mang] does1 t has be5 "h left out1 nor1 z o!rs d1 t x mu/ be suppli$4 ,s9ce x is ,god :o speaks1 to y1 or y\rs1 is suffici5tly def9ite4 ,simil> is ,ezek4 xvi4 #h3 ,& ,i ent]$ into a cov5ant ) !e1 & ?\ became/ ,m9e1 2 ,ps4 cxviii4 #f3 ,! ,"l is m9e1 1 ,i w n fe>4 ,! explanation giv5 by "s1 ,i %all n be among y1 is too limit$4 ,x is ! highe/ happ9ess to possess ,god ,himself1 ) all ,8 gifts & bless+s1 & ! greate/ mis]y to lose ,him4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is ?reat5+ is report$ 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #ah3 ,& ! ,"l 0 v angry ) ,israel1 & remov$ !m out ( ,8 sight2 & !re 0 none left b ! tribe ( ,judah alone2 comp4 also ,is4 vii4 ,! fir/ ?ree v]ses ( ! foll[+ *apt] ought to h be5 connect$ ) ! fir/ *apt]2 = !y conta9 ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation :i* is necess>y to complete ! fir/ prophecy4 ,*ap4 ii4 #a4 ,& ! numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all be z ! s& ( ! sea1 :i* is n measur$ nor numb]$4 ,& x %all come to pass1 9 ! place :]e x 0 said unto !m1 ,n my p ye1 x %all be said unto !m4 ,sons ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,! fir/ po9t :i* requires to be det]m9$1 is ! subject ( ! v]se4 ,e o!r ref]5ce except t to ! ,pg #baf t5 tribes is "h out ( ! "q2 inasmu* z ! same :o1 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 7 call$ ,lo-,ammi1 are n[ to be call$ sons ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,sev]al ( ! anci5t expositors "h assume a sudd5 transition to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 b su* w\ld be a salto mortale4 ,nor are we to und]/& by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 all ! desc5dants ( ,jacob2 = ! *ildr5 ( ,judah are di/+ui%$ f !m 9 v]4 #b4 ,sub/antially1 h[ev]1 ^? too are includ$1 z appe>s f ?is v v]se2 = bo? %all !n =m "o nation ( bre?r54 ,b "h ! prophet views only "o portion1 because to ?is only did ! prec$+ ?reat5+1 & ! mission ( ! prophet 9 g5]al1 ref]4 ,f ?is1 also1 x may be expla9$ h[ ! prophet may apply to ! "p ! promises ( ,g5esis1 :i* !re ref] to ! :ole4 ,! ref]5ce to ^! promises1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! v]se1 _c be at all mi/ak54 ,comp>e especially1 z agree+ mo/ lit]ally1 ! passage 9 ,g54 xxii4 #ag3 ,i w multiply ?y se$ z ! />s ( heav51 & z ! s& :i* is on ! %ore ( ! sea2 & xxxii4 #ac 7#ab73 ,i make ?y se$ z ! s& ( ! sea1 :i* is n numb]$ = multitude4 ,a simil> lit]al ref]5ce is 9 ,j]4 xxxiii4 #bb3 ,z ! ho/ ( heav5 is n numb]$1 nei!r ! s& ( ! sea measur$2 s w ,i multiply ! se$ ( ,david ,my s]vant4 ,n[1 ! ref]5ce "h _c be accid5tal4 ,x supposes t ^! promises 7 at t "t g5]ally kn[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,!y s]v$ to /r5g!n ! ungodly 9 _! false security4 ,rely+ on !m1 !y *>g$ ! prophets ) mak+ ,god a li> 9 ?us ann\nc+ ! imp5d+ de/ruction ( ! k+dom1 inasmu* z ! prophecy _h n yet be5 fulfill$ 9 all its ext5t4 ,! prophet1 h[ev]1 by 8 almo/ lit]al repetition ( ! promise1 %[s t !reby 8 ?reat5+s are n exclud$--tea*es t ! visitation ( :i* he _h spok5 w\ld be su* t1 nev]!less1 ,god w\ld n =get ,8 ^w2 t ! rejection ( ! p w\ld be su* t1 nev]!less1 its election %\ld /& firm & sure1--&1 f9ally1 t ! adoption %\ld n be invalid by :i* ,he _h *os5 ,abraham's prog5y z ,8 p 7,calv974--,! case is q analog\s1 :5 corrupt$ ,*ri/ian *ur*es h>d5 !mselves 9 tru/+ 9 ! promise t ! ,"l w\ld be ) !m all ! days1 & t ! gates ( hell %\ld n prevail aga9/ ,8 ,*ur*4 ,! ,pg #bag ,"l kn[e? h[ to execute ,8 judgm5ts s t ,8 promises %all n suff] !reby1 yea1 t _! fulfilm5t is !reby r5d]$ possible4 ,! relation ( our passage to ,is4 x4 #bb requires fur!r to be consid]$3 ,= ?\gh ?y p ,israel be z ! s& ( ! sea1 ! remnant only %all return4 ,"h1 too1 ! ref]5ce to ! promises 9 ,g5esis _c be mi/ak54 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1--t 9 ! "t ( ,isaiah1 ! p1 view+ ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! promises ( ,god 9 _! !n prosp]\s condition1 z a sure pl$ge ( div9e m]cy1 f\nd$ !reupon _! false security4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! prophet replies1 t ev5 ! p]fect fulfilm5t w\ld give no w>rant = x4 ,9 ,hosea1 h[ev]1 !y rely on ! p]fect fulfilm5t1 :i* _h1 z yet1 no exi/5ce at all4 ,b ,hosea has 9 view ! godly z mu* z ! ungodly4 ,to ! =m] he %[s t "h also !re w\ld be a fulfilm5t ( :at is writt5 9 ,num4 xxiii4 #ai3 ,god is n a man1 t ,he %\ld lie2 nei!r ! son ( man1 t ,he %\ld rep5t4 ,%\ld ,he say1 & n d x2 & speak1 & n fulfil x8 ,moreov]1 we _c fail to see t1 9 ! v]se "u review1 z also 9 v]4 #b1 !re is an allusion to ! fir/ *ild1 ,jezreel1--t 9 ! second memb] ( ! v]se !re is an allusion to ,lo-,ammi1 & 9 v]4 #c1 to ,lo-,ruhamah4 ,b ! "n ,jezreel is n[ tak5 9 a good s5se1 probably 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 fir/ giv5 to ! valley 7comp>e rem>ks on i4 #d71 & also to ! t[n by its f\nd]s4 ,jezreel means ,god s[s4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! t[n !reby express$ ! hope t ,god w\ld cause an abundant h>ve/ to proce$ f a small s[+--a glori\s end f a small beg9n+4 ,?us ,god w n[ s[ ! small se$ ( ,israel1 & an inf9itely ri* h>ve/ %all be ga9$ f ?is s[+2 comp>e rem>ks on v]4 #be4--;,b if n[ we seek = ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ! ann\ncem5t1 we are compell$ to g back to ! s5se ( ^? decl>ations 9 ,g5esis4 ,by _m1 ^! are ref]r$ m]ely to ! bodily desc5dants ( ! ,patri>*s2 by _m1 also1 to _! spiritual desc5dants1 _! successors 9 ! fai?4 ,b ! latt] ref]5ce is altoge!r arbitr>y2 & ! =m] c\ld be well-f\nd$ only1 if ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l _h be5 de/9$ solely = ! natural desc5dants1 & if all ! ,g5tiles _h be5 refus$ admittance into x4 ,b t su* is n ! case1 is evid5t f ! comm& to circumcise e bonds]vant2 ,pg #bah =1 by circumcision1 a man 0 receiv$ among ! p ( ,god4 ,?is appe>s1 fur!r1 f ! comm& 9 ,exod4 xii4 #dh1 t e /rang] :o wi%$ to p>take ( ! ,passov] mu/ be previ\sly circumcis$2 & ?is implies t /rang]s might p>take 9 ! sign & fea/ ( ! cov5ant if !y wi%$2 comp>e ,mi*aelis1 ,mos4 ,re*t4 ,?4 iv4 #ahd4 ,?is appe>s1 moreov]1 f ,deut4 xxiii4 #a-h1 :]e ! ,edomites & ,egyptians are expressly decl>$ to be capable ( be+ receiv$ into ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l4 ,x appe>s1 /ill fur!r1 f ! circum/ance t1 9 ! same passage1 ! comm& to exclude ! ,ammonites & ,moabites is f\nd$ ^u a special reason4 ,&1 f9ally1 x appe>s f ! ,jewi% practice at all times4 ,b ! hea!ns :o 7 receiv$ among ! p ( ,god 7 consid]$ z belong+ to ! po/]ity ( ! ,patri>*s1 z _! sons by adoption4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x be o!rwise1 s9ce1 by int]m>riage1 e diff]5ce mu/ h v soon disappe>$8 ,!y 7 call$ *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & *ildr5 ( ,jacob1 no less ?an 7 ! o!rs4 ,x n[ appe>s to :at ext5t ! promise to ! ,patri>*s ref]s to ! ,g5tiles also--viz41 9 s f> z !y became believ]s 9 ! ,god ( ,israel1 & jo9$ !mselves to ,israel4 ,comp>e ,is4 xliv4 #e3 ,"o %all say1 ,i am ,jehovah's1 & ano!r %all call ! "n ( ,jacob1 & ano!r %all write ) 8 h&4 ,unto ! ,"l6 & boa/ ( ! "n ( ,israel4 ,su* an eag] desire ( ! ,g5tiles t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,god regul>ly took place1 ei!r :5 ! ,god ( ,israel _h reveal$ ,himself by specially di/+ui%+ manife/ations ( ,8 omnipot5ce & glory1 z1 e4g41 9 ! deliv]ance f ! ,egyptian & ,babyloni% captivities1 9 bo? ( :i* ev5ts we f9d a numb] ( ^? :o _h previ\sly be5 hea!ns1 1 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,israelites2--or :5 a feel+ ( ! vanity ( ! idols ( ! hea!n _w _h be5 awak5$ ) special vividness1 z 9 ! times aft] ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 :i* ,roman & ,greek hea!nism became m & m effete1 & rapidly ha/5$ on t[>ds ru94 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 bo? ( ^! causes co-op]at$4 ,if !re 7 s\ndness 9 ! op9ion n[ g5]ally preval5t1 accord+ to :i* ! ,*ur* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t /&s q indep5d5t ( ! ,congregation ( ,israel1 hav+ orig9at$ f a free & equal union ( believ]s f ,israel1 & ( ^? f among ! ,g5tiles1 ,pg #bai !n inde$ ! promise n[ be=e u w\ld h no long] any ref]5ce to ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,*ur* w\ld be a g5]ation altoge!r diff]5t1 & no long] ackn[l$ge ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob z _! fa!rs4 ,b1 accord+ to ! con/ant doctr9e ( ! ,old z well z ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re is only "o ,*ur* ( ,god f ,abraham to ! end ( ! days--only "o h\se "u two disp5sations4 ,john ! ,bapti/ proce$s ^u ! supposition t ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t also mu/ be *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 else ! cov5ant & promise ( ,god w\ld come to n\ght4 ,b z ! bodily desc5t f ,abraham is no security aga9/ ! dang] ( exclusion f 8 po/]ity--( :i* ,i%mael 0 ! fir/ example--& z1 s e>ly z 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 x is said1 ) ref]5ce to e great] transgression1 ,?is s\l is cut (f f its p1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god1 9 ! ex]cise ( ,8 sov]eign lib]ty1 may give to ,abraham1 9 ! room ( 8 deg5]ate *ildr5 aft] ! fle%1 adopt$ *ildr5 )\t numb]1 :o %all sit d[n ) him1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 :il/ ! sons ( ! k+dom are ca/ out4--,aft] ^! rem>ks on ! promise to ! ,patri>*s1 !re c be no long] any difficulty 9 mak+ out ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ! ann\ncem5t be=e u4 ,x _c ref] to ! bodily desc5dants ( ,abraham1 z su*1 any m ?an ! promise ( a son to ,abraham 0 fulfill$ 9 ! bir? ( ,i%mael1 or ?an ! ,arabs /& relat$ to ! promise ( ! innum]able multitude ( 8 desc5dants1--a promise :i* is repeat$1 9 ! same ext5t1 to ,isaac & ,jacob1 al?\gh !y 7 n ! ance/ors ( ! ,arabs4 ,deg5]ate sons are n a bless+2 !y are no objects ( promise1 no sons 9 ! full s5se4 ,e "o is a son ( ,abraham1 only 9 s f> z he is a son ( ,god4 ,= ?is reason ! phrases sons ( ,israel & sons ( ! liv+ ,god are1 9 ! passage be=e u1 connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,n z ?\gh ! corporeal desc5t 7 altoge!r a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! corporeal desc5dants ( ! ,patri>*s _h ! ne>e/ claims to becom+ _! *ildr5 9 ! full s5se4 ,x 0 to !m t ! means ( becom+ s 7 fir/ grant$4 ,to !m p]ta9$ ! cov5ants1 ! promises1 & ! adoption1 ,rom4 ix4 #d4 ,b all ^! ext]nal advantages 7 ( no avail to !m :5 !y all[$ !m to ,pg #bbj rema9 unus$2 9 ^! circum/ances1 nei!r ! promise to ,abraham1 nor ! ann\ncem5t be=e u1 _h any ref]5ce to !m4 ,bo? ( !m w\ld h rema9$ to ?is day unfulfill$1 al?\gh ! unconv]t$ *ildr5 ( ,israel _h increas$ s z to h become ! mo/ popul\s nation on ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ann\ncem5t be=e u 0 fir/ truly realiz$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,messiah2 inasmu* z x 0 at t "t t ! family ( ! ,patri>*s 0 s mightily increas$2 & t x w yet be m fully realiz$1 p>tly by ! reception ( an innum]able multitude ( adopt$ sons1 & p>tly by ! elevation ( ^? :o 7 sons only 9 a l[] s5se1 to be sons 9 ! highe/4 ,t :i* occurr$ at ! "t aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity1 :5 ! ,"l /irr$ up a numb] ( ,israelites to return to ,pale/9e1 we c reg>d z only an insignificant prelude2 p>tly because ?is numb] 0 too small to correspond1 ev5 9 any degree1 to ! inf9ite ext5t ( ! promise1 & p>tly because !re 7 among !m c]ta9ly a few only :o1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 des]v$ ! "n ( ,*ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,israel--:i* is ! high] "n1 & has ref]5ce to ! relation to ,god--is "h us$ emphatically1 z appe>s especially f a comp>ison ) v]4 #d1 :]e x is tak5 f ! deg5]ate *ildr51 & ex*ang$ = ! "n ,jezreel4--,9 ! second "p ( ! v]se1 we mu/ fir/ set aside ! false int]pretation ( by in/ead (1 :i* is giv5 by ,grotius & o!rs4 ,x has aris5 f an inappropriate ref]5ce to ! ,lat91 :i* has1 h[ev]1 no support 9 ! ,hebrew usus loqu5di4 ,! words c only mean 7comp>e ,lev4 iv4 #bd1 #cc2 ,j]4 xxii4 #ab2 ,ezek4 xxi4 #ce2 ,neh4 iv4 #ad73 9 ! place :]e1 or1 m lit]ally /ill1 9 ! place t--! wid] designation in/ead ( ! n>r[]4 ,! /atus con/r4 is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t ! :ole succe$+ s5t5ce toge!r expresses only "o sub/antive idea1 equival5t to3 9 ! place ( ! be+ said unto !m4 ,! place may "h be1 ei!r t :]e ! p fir/ receiv$ ! "n ,lo-,ammi1 i4e41 ,pale/9e1 or ! place ( ! exile1 :]e !y fir/ felt ! full mean+ ( x1--! mis]y be+ a s]mo realis ( ,god4 ,decisive 9 fav\r ( ! latt] ref]5ce is ! foll[+ v]se1 :]e ! 1 ! l& ( ! exile1 corresponds ) 9 ! v]se be=e u4 7,accord+ to ,jona?an1 ! s5se is3 ,9 ! place to ,pg #bba :i* !y h be5 c>ri$ away among ! ,g5tiles47 ,x is int5tionally t bo? times ! ,future is us$1 :i* is to be und]/ood z ! ,pres5t4 ,! diff]5ce ( "t be+ ?us disreg>d$1 ! contra/ becomes s mu* ! m /rik+4--,by p & *ildr5 ( ,god1 ! same ?+ is express$ accord+ to diff]5t relations4 ,! ,israelites 7 ! p ( ,god1 inasmu* z ,he 0 _! ,k+2 & *ildr5 ( ,god1 9 z f> z ,he 0 _! ,fa!r1--_! ,fa!r1 x is true1 9 ! fir/ place1 n1 z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,john i4 #ab1 #ac71 9 ref]5ce to ! spiritual g5]ation1 b 9 relation to he>t-felt love1 simil> to ! love ( a fa!r = a son4 ,) reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( son %ip to ,god1 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ps4 ii4 #g4 ,9 ?is relation1 sometimes all ,israel is p]sonifi$ z ! son ( ,god2 ?us1 e4g41 ,exod4 iv4 #bb3 ,?us ?\ %alt say unto ,ph>aoh3 ,my son4 ,my fir/-born is ,israel4 ,sometimes ! ,israelites are also call$ ! *ildr5 or sons ( ,god2 e4g41 ,deut4 xiv4 #a3 ,ye are *ildr5 to ! ,"l y\r ,god 7comp>e also ,deut4 xxxii4 #ai71 al?\gh n e s+le individual c\ld on ?is acc\nt be call$ son ( ,god4 ,9 ?is s5se1 t designation is nev] us$1 evid5tly because ! son%ip "u ! ,old ,te/am5t does n re/ s mu* on ! p]sonal relation ( ! s+le individual to ,god1--z is ! case 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1--b ! individual r p>takes 9 x only z a "p ( ! :ole4 ,b !re is an easy transition f ! son%ip z view$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to ! son%ip z se5 9 ! ,new4 ,! =m]1 9 its highe/ p]fection1 _c exi/ at all )\t ! latt]4 ,x is only :5 its s+le memb]s are born ( ,god1 t ! ,congregation c be reg>d$ & treat$ z ! *ild ( ,god 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 & t ! :ole fulness ( ,8 love c be p\r$ out ^u x2 = ?is is ! only way ( atta9+ to lik5ess ) ,god1 :i* is ! condition ( admission to ! rights ( *ildr54 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! "u ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 an actual prophecy ( ! times ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & f x1 x foll[s also t ! ann\ncem5t "u consid]ation has its ultimate ref]5ce to ^! times4 ,e>li] fulfilm5ts--especially at ! return f ! ,babyloni% captivity--are n to be exclud$1 inasmu* z ! idea compreh5ds 9 x ev]y?+ 9 :i* x is1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree1 realiz$2 b !y c be consid]$ ,pg #bbb only z a slight prelude to ,its real fulfilm5t1 :i* takes place only :5 ! reality fully co9cides ) ! idea2 s t we are n at lib]ty to limit ourselves to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,messianic "t1 b mu/ include ! ,messianic "t 9 its la/ consummation4--,ano!r "q /ill rema9s3--,:y is ,god "h call$ ! liv+8 ,pla9ly1 to po9t out ! anti!sis ( ! true ,god to dead idols1 :i* _c love1 because !y d n live2 & ?us to br+ out ! greatness ( ! privilege ( be+ ! *ild ( su* a ,god4 ,! same anti!sis is f\nd 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #c seqq43 ,:]e are n[ _! gods1 ! rock 9 :om !y tru/$1 :i* did eat ! fat ( _! sacrifices1 & drank ! w9e ( _! dr9k-(f]+s8 ,let !m rise up & help y2 let x be a cov]+ to y4 ,see n[ t ,i1 ,i am ,he1 & n is a ,god beside ,me4 ,i kill & ,i make alive4 ,i w\nd & ,i heal4 ,?is anti!sis /ill cont9ues2 ! _w has only *ang$ its idols4 ,x /ill always seeks ! life f ! dead1 f ! gross idol ( s9 up to ! ref9$ idol ( a self-made ab/ract god1 :e!r he be =m$ f logical notions or f emotions & feel+s4 ,b h[ mu* soev] !y may /rive to give life to _! idols1 !y rema9 dead1 al?\gh !y %\ld ev5 atta9 to a semblance ( life4 ,! true ,god1 on ! contr>y1 lives & cont9ues to live1 h[ mu* soev] !y may /rive to slay ,him4 ,he manife/s ,himself z ! liv+ "o1 ei!r by smit+ & kill+ !m1 if !y cont9ue 9 _! imp5it5ce1 or by heal+ & quick5+ !m1 if !y become ,8 *ildr54--,f9ally1--we mu/ /ill consid] ! two citations1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ( ! passage be=e u4 ,"o 9 #a ,pet4 ii4 #aj1 1 1 1 mu/ c]ta9ly /rike u1 inasmu* z ?is epi/le1 on conclusive gr\nds 7comp>e ,/eig] ,s4 #ad ff471 _c be consid]$ z be+ address$ to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians exclusively4 ,b /ill m /rik+ is ! second quotation 9 ,rom4 ix4 #be1 #bf3 1 1 4 1 1 4 ,"h our passage is n only allud$ to1 b expressly quot$1 &1 9 opposition to ! ,jews1 ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles is prov$ f x4 ,b h[ c a passage :i*1 accord+ to ! :ole context1 c ref] to ,israel only1 be appli$ ,pg #bbc directly to ! ,g5tiles8 ,! answ] v readily sugge/s itself :5 we r$uce ! prophecy to its fundam5tal idea4 ,?is is none o!r ?an t ( div9e m]cy1 :i* may inde$1 by apo/asy & unfai?fulness1 be prev5t$ f manife/+ itself1 b c nev] be ext+ui%$1 because x has its f\ndation 9 ,god's nature4 ,comp>e ,j]4 xxxi4 #bj3 ,is ,ephraim a de> son to ,me1 a *ild ( joy8 ,= z (t5 z ,i speak ( him1 ,i mu/ /ill rememb] him4 ,!re=e ,my b[els s\nd = him1 ,i w h m]cy ^u him1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,n[1 9 ! same mann] z ?is tru? 0 realiz$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to be aga9 ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 s x is 9 ! reception ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,x is n at all a m]e application1 b a real pro( :i* "h =ms ! "q at issue4 ,x is because ,god _h promis$ to receive aga9 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 t ,he mu/ receive ! ,g5tiles also2 = o!rwise t div9e decree w\ld h its f\ndation 9 m]e caprice1 :i* _c be conceiv$ to h any exi/5ce 9 ,god4 ,al?\gh ! ,g5tiles are n s ne> z ,israel1 yet ,he mu/ satisfy ! claims ( ^? :o are m remote1 j because ,he ackn[l$ges ! claims ( ^? :o are ne>4 ,! necessity ( go+ back to ! fundam5tal idea appe>s 9 ! promises z well z 9 ! comm&m5ts4 ,we cite only "o in/ance :i* is especially fitt$ to s]ve z a p>allel to ! case be=e u4 ,!re is no d\bt1 & prejudice alone c\ld h d5i$1 t 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 by fri5d & bro!r ! ,israelite is to be und]/ood ?r\gh\t2 x is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! comm& ( ,*ri/ian bro!rly love is giv54 ,aft] hav+ comm5d$ tru?fulness1 ,paul adds3 ,because ye are memb]s ( "o ano!r--a reason :i* c ref] to ^? only :o h ,*ri/ z _! common head4 ,f ?is limitation1 c any?+ be inf]r$ to ! prejudice ( love t[>ds ! :ole human race1 or ( ! duties t[>ds all )\t any di/9ction8 ,j ! rev]se4 ,x is j because ! ,israelite is b\nd to love ! ,israelite1 & ! ,*ri/ian ! ,*ri/ian1 t he %\ld embrace all m5 9 love4 ,if ! special relation to ,god z ! common ,r$eem] af=d ! f\ndation = ! special love1 !n ! g5]al relation to ,god z ! ,creator & ,pres]v] mu/ also af=d ! f\ndation ( univ]sal love2 j z f ! comm& to hon\r fa!r & "m1 x necess>ily foll[s t we mu/ also ,pg #bbd hon\r uncle & aunt1 k+ & magi/rate4 ,?is is ! only correct view ( ! laws & prophecies2 & if x be consi/5tly foll[$ out1 x w make wat] to fl[ out ( ! rock1 & w create /reams 9 ! wild]ness4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,judah & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel assemble !mselves toge!r1 & set ov] !mselves "o head1 & g up out ( ! l&2 = great is ! day ( ,jezreel4 ,! words1 ,!y appo9t !mselves a k+1 appe> /range at fir/ sight4 ,= x is n1 9 g5]al1 ! union ( ,judah & ,israel :i* ! prophet expects f bett] times2--a p]v]se union ( bo?1 "o1 x may be1 9 :i* ! h\se ( ,judah %all also give up ,jehovah 8 ,god1 & ,david 8 ,k+1 only 9 ord] to be able to live on a "r bro!rly foot+ ) ,israel1 w\ld h be5 any?+ b a progress & a bless+2--b su* a union z has = its f\ndation ! return ( ,israel to ! true ,god1 & to ! ,davidic dyna/y4 ,?is appe>s cle>ly f iii4 #e4 ,! difficulty is remov$ by a comp>ison ) ! passage ( ! ,p5tateu* to :i* ! prophet seems to allude3 ,?\ %alt set ov] !e a k+1 :om ! ,"l ?y ,god %all *oose1 ,deut4 xvii4 #ae4 ,! prophet seems to h ^! words be=e 8 eyes1 z x appe>s else:]e also1 :]e he describes ! hi!rto opposite conduct ( ! ,israelites2 comp>e ! rem>ks on iii4 #d4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! election ( ! k+ by ,god1 :o _h promis$ et]nal dom9ion to ! h\se ( ,david1 & 8 election by ! p1 d n 9 ! lea/ exclude "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is because ,god _h elect$ ! k+1 t n[ ! p also elect him4 ,calv9 rem>ks3 ,!re appe>s to be transf]r$ to m5 :at prop]ly belongs to ,god alone--viz41 ! appo9tm5t ( a k+2 b ! prophet expresses1 by ?is ^w1 ! ob$i5ce ( fai?2 = x is n en\gh t ,*ri/ be giv51 & plac$ be=e m5 z a ,k+1 b !y mu/ also ackn[l$ge & rev]5tly receive ,him z a ,k+4 ,f ?is we inf]1 t :5 we believe ! ,gospel1 we *oose1 z x 7 by our own vote1 ,*ri/ z our ,k+4 ,t ! prophet und]/&s ! sett+ ( a head 9 ?is s5se1 appe>s also f ! circum/ance t ! :ole v]se is bas$ ^u ! ref]5ce to ! ,exodus f ,egypt1 :i* is n[ to be repeat$4 ,to ?is ! words1 ,!y assemble !mselves toge!r1 likewise ref]2 = ! dep>ture f ,egypt 0 prec$$ by ! assembl+ toge!r ( ! ,pg #bbe :ole p4 ,! m5tion ( a head ref]s back to ,moses4 ,9 8 case1 z well z t ( ,david subsequ5tly1 ! election by ! p 0 only ! ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 hav+ be5 div9ely call$4--,ano!r "q is1 ,h[ are ! words1 ,!y g up out ( ! l&1 to be und]/ood8 ,!re c be no d\bt t by l&1 ! l& ( captivity is designat$4 ,= ! words are borr[$ f ,exod4 i4 #aj1 :]e ,ph>aoh says1 ,:5 !re falle? out any w>1 !y w jo9 our enemies1 & fight aga9/ u1 & g up out ( ! l&1 4 ,! prophet1 moreov]1 is 8 own int]pret] 9 ii4 #ag1 :]e he expressly comp>es ?is new go+ up to ! promis$ l& ) ! =m] go+ up f ,egypt3 ,z 9 ! day :5 %e w5t up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt2 j z1 9 o!r passages1 he describes _! be+ c>ri$ away1 "u ! figure ( _! be+ c>ri$ away to ,egypt--,assyria be+ consid]$ z ano!r ,egypt4 ,comp>e viii4 #ac3 ,n[ w ,he rememb] _! iniquity & visit _! s9s2 !y %all return to ,egypt2 ix4 #c3 ,!y %all n dwell 9 ! ,"l's l&1 & ,ephraim returns to ,egypt4 7,comp>e1 on ?is passage1 ! ,au?or's ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 i4 p4 #aba ff47 ,moreov]1 9 ! o!r prophets also1 ! go+ up f1 or deliv]ance out (1 ,egypt1 =ms ?r\gh\t ! basis ( ! second great deliv]ance4 ,& ?is is q natural2 = bo? ( ^? ev5ts /& 9 ! close/ actual connection ) ea* o!r2--bo? proce$$ f ! same ,div9e ,be+2 & ! =m] 0 a prophecy by fact1 & a pl$ge ( ! latt]4 ,! deliv]ance ( ! p ( ,god f ,egypt seal$ _! election2 & f ! latt] ! new deliv]ance necess>ily foll[$2--a relation :i* repeats itself 9 individuals also4 ,f ?is we may expla9 ! fact t 9 ! ,psalms1 !y :o celebrate ,god's =m] m]cies1 prove f !m to ,him & to !mselves1 ?r\gh\t1 t ,he mu/ n[ also be _! help]4 ,x is !n by no means a m]e ext]nal simil>ity :i* induces ! prophets ev] & anon to ref] to ! deliv]ance f ,egypt 7comp>e ! passages ,mic4 ii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,j]4 xxiii4 #g1 #h1 :i* be> s close a resemblance to ! passage be=e u71 any m ?an t ! ,passov] is a m]e memorial4 ,su* _c occur 9 ! true religion :i* has a liv+ ,god1 & h5ce kn[s no?+ ( any?+ absolutely pa/4 ,ewald's ,pg #bbf exposition1 t !y g up out ( ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( fur!r conque/1 & t ( ,simson1 t !y g up to ,j]usalem1 sev] ! ?ree ev5ts :i*1 z ! example ( previ\s hi/ory %[s1 are evid5tly s closely alli$2 & ^! expositors1 moreov]1 give1 by an addition ( _! own1 t def9it5ess to ! words1 ,& !y %all g up out ( ! l&1 :i* !y c obta9 only by a ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,9 _! ambiguity1 !y almo/ expressly po9t to su* a comm5t>y4--,! article 9 1 ! 7i4e41 ! def9ite7 l&1 is expla9$ f ! circum/ance t1 9 ! previ\s context1 !re _h be5 an indirect allusion to _! be+ c>ri$ away into a /range l&4 ,if ,israel 0 no m ! p ( ,god1--if !y no long] enjoy$ ,8 m]cy1 !n x is suppos$ t !y c\ld n rema9 9 ! l& :i* !y _h receiv$ only z ! p ( ,god1 & _h hi!rto reta9$ only ?r\gh ,8 m]cy4 ,b1 prim>ily1 ! article ref]s to ! place :]e x 0 said unto !m1 9 ! prec$+ v]se4--,t along ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! *ildr5 ( ,judah also assemble !mselves & g up1 implies a fact :i* ! prophet _h n expressly m5tion$1 because x did n /& imm$iately connect$ ) 8 purpose--viz41 t ,judah too %\ld be c>ri$ into captivity4 ,x ?us supplem5ts *ap4 i4 #g1 by %[+ t ! m]cy !re promis$ to ! inhabitants ( ,judah is to be und]/ood relatively only4 ,su* suppositions1 inde$1 %[ v pla9ly h[ di/9ctly ! future lay be=e ! eyes ( ! prophet4#e--,) reg>d1 n[1 to ! hi/orical ref]5ce1--x mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be rem>k$1 t :atev] is "h det]m9$ conc]n+ x1 mu/ be applicable to all o!r ,pg #bbg p>allel passages also1 9 :i* a future reunion ( ,israel & ,judah1 & _! common return to ! promis$ l&1 are ann\nc$2 e4g41 ,j]4 iii4 #ah3 ,9 ^? days ! h\se ( ,judah %all walk ) ! h\se ( ,israel1 & !y come toge!r out ( ! l& ( ! nor? to ! l& t ,i h giv5 to _! fa!rs2 l4 #d3 ,9 ^? days ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all come1 !y & ! *ildr5 ( ,judah toge!r1 weep+ %all !y come & seek ! ,"l _! ,god4 ,comp>e also ,is4 xi42 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 sev]al int]pret]s1 z ,!odoret1 ?9k ( ! return f ,babylon1 & ref] ! "o head to ,z]ubbabel4 ,n[ we c]ta9ly _c d5y t1 9 t ev5t1 !re is a small beg9n+ ( ! fulfilm5t4 ,b if t _h be5 ! entire fulfilm5t1 ,hosea w\ld m resemble a dream] & an en?usia/ ?an a true prophet ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,! objection :i* imm$iately pres5ts itself--viz41 t1 aft] all1 ! greate/ portion ( ! t5 tribes1 & a v consid]able "p ( ,judah1 rema9$ 9 captivity--is by no means ! /ronge/4 ,al?\gh ! :ole bo? ( ,judah & ,israel _h return$1 ! real & f9al fulfilm5t c\ld n be s\ght = 9 t ev5t4 ,x is n ! r5ew$ possession ( ! c\ntry1 z su*1 :i* ! prophet promises1 b r a c]ta9 k9d ( possession1--su* a possession z t ! l& is completely ! l& ( ,god1 p>tak+ 9 all ! fulness ( ,8 bless+s1 & ?us a wor?y resid5ce = ! p ( ,god1 & = _! *ildr54 ,"o may be 9 ,canaan1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 9 ,babylon or 9 ,assyria4 ,_h n ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t ( ,god be5 inde$ z fully execut$ ^u ^? :o1 dur+ ! ,assyrian & ,babyloni% captivities1 w&]$ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 sorr[ & mis]y1 z ^u ^? :o 7 c>ri$ away8 ,c ! circum/ance t ,jews are ev5 n[ liv+ 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! deepe/ mis]y1 be adduc$ z a pro( t ! loss ( ! promis$ l&1 ) :i* ! p 7 ?reat5$1 _h n be5 completely fulfill$8 ,x is true t1 dur+ ! times ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 !re exi/$ a c]ta9 connection betwixt ! l[] & ! high] k9ds ( possession4 ,z soon z ! p ceas$ to be ! p ( ! ,"l1 !y lo/ ) ! =m]1 aft] be+ (t5 previ\sly w>n$ by ! decrease ( x1 ! latt] also4 ,z soon z !y obta9$ aga9 ! l[] k9d ( possession1 :i* c\ld happ5 only 9 ! case ( a ,pg #bbh return to ! ,"l1 !y recov]$1 to a c]ta9 degree1 9 proportion to ! e>ne/ness & s9c]ity ( _! conv]sion1 ! high] k9d ( possession also4 ,a comm5cem5t ( ! fulfilm5t mu/1 !re=e1 be at all ev5ts assum$ 9 ! return f ! ,babyloni% captivity2 b a v feeble comm5cem5t only4 ,j z ! conv]sion 0 v sup]ficial1 s 0 ! degree ( ! high] k9d ( possession b a v small "o4 ,! manife/ations ( m]cy 7 v sp>+2 ! condition ( ! new colony 01 ^u ! :ole1 v poor2 !y did n possess ! l& z a free prop]ty1 b only "u ! dom9ion ( a =eign]4 ,t :i* 01 9 "o respect1 ! t]m9ation ( ! captivity1 01 9 ano!r1 mu* r a cont9uation ( x4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n ! true ,canaan :i* !y possess$1 any m ?an "o /ill possesses ! belov$ object :ile he embraces only 8 corpse4 ,:]e ! ,"l is n pres5t ) ,8 gifts & bless+s1 !re ,canaan _c be4 ,x 0 j z ! l& ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l1 t x 0 s de> & valuable to all believ]s4--,f :at has n[ be5 said1 x appe>s t1 z reg>ds ! hi/orical ref]5ce1 we ne$ n limit ourselves to ! times ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 nor dream ( a return ( ,israel to ,canaan to take place at "s future "t4 ,lu!r's explanation1 ,!y w g up f ?is place ( pilgrimage to ! heav5ly fa!r-l&1 is q correct1--n inde$ accord+ to ! lett]1 b accord+ to ! _s4 ,x is n ! =m1 b ! ess5ce ( ! div9e inh]itance1 :i* ! prophet has 9 view4 ,! =m is a diff]5t "o "u ! ,new ,cov5ant1 :]e ! :ole e>? has become a ,canaan2 b ! ess5ce rema9s4 ,to cl+ "h to ! =m1 w\ld be j z absurd z if "o1 :o1 = ,*ri/'s sake1 has =sak5 all1 7 to upbraid ,him because he _h n receiv$ aga91 accord+ to ! lett] ( ,8 promise1 precisely an hundr$-fold1 l&s1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 mo!rs1 etc41 ,m>k x4 #cj4 ,! words ( ,god1 :i* are _s & life1 mu/ be und]/ood ) _s & life4--,suppose t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 71 at "s future "t1 to return to ,canaan1 ?is w\ld h no?+ to d ) our prophecy4 ,9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 x w\ld be a matt] ( no consequ5ce1 & c\ld n s]ve to prove ! ,cov5ant-fai?fulness ( ,god4 ,"u ! ,new ,cov5ant x f9ds its fulfilm5t1 t ,canaan mu/1 ev5 9 ! ,nor?1 bloom joyfully ar\nd ! belov$4 ,! ?ree /ations ,pg #bbi--;,egypt1 ! wild]ness1 & ,canaan--w cont9ue to exi/ = ev]2 b we g f ! "o to ! o!r only ) ! feet ( ! _s1 & n1 z 9 ! ,old ,cov5ant1 ) ! feet ( ! body at ! same "t4 ,! grossly lit]al explanation :i* kn[s n to sep>ate ! ?\ght f its drap]y1 ! ess5tial f ! accid5tal1 agrees1 j 9 ! ma9 po9t1 ) ! allegorical explanation--viz41 9 int]polat+1 in/ead ( int]pret+4--,! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy be=e u is1 !re=e1 a cont9u\s & progressive "o1 :i* w n cease until ,god's :ole plan ( salvation be consummat$4 ,x began at ,babylon1 & 0 c>ri$ =w>d at ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 :om _m out ( ,judah & ,israel set ov] !mselves z _! head1 to be _! common lead] to ,canaan4 ,x is1 ev5 n[1 realiz$ e day be=e our eyes 9 e ,israelite :o foll[s _! example4 ,x w1 at "s future "t1 f9d its f9al fulfilm5t 9 ! la/ & greate/ manife/ation ( ,god's ,cov5ant-fai?fulness t[>ds ,israel1 :i*1 happily1 is z /rongly gu>ante$ by ! ,new z x is by ! ,old ,te/am5t4--,! la/ words ( ! v]se h be5 already expla9$1 sub/antially1 9 v]4 #a4 ,! "n ,jezreel is "h us$ ) a ref]5ce to its appellative signification4 ,israel appe>s "h 7comp>e v]4 #be #bc1 :i* s]ves z a comm5t>y & z a refutation ( diff]+ int]pretations7 z a se$ :i* is s[n by ,god 9 fruitful l&1 & :i* %all produce a ri* h>ve/4 ,! figure appe>s1 ) a some:at diff]5t turn1 9 ,j]4 xxxi4 #bg2 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #i1 :]e ! h\se ( ,israel1 & ! h\se ( ,judah1 appe> z ! soil 9 :i* ! se$ is s[n by ,god4 ,analog\s is also ,ps4 lxxii4 #af3 ,!y ( ! city %all fl\ri% up l ! grass ( ! e>?4--,! is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t ! s[+1 :i* c take place only 9 ! l& ( ! ,"l 7comp>e v]4 #be71 supposes ! go+ up f ! l& ( ! captivity4 ,b if ! day ( s[+ be great1 if x be reg>d$ by ,god z high & important1 !n ! go+ up1 :i* is ! condition ( s[+1 mu/ necess>ily take place4 ,v]4 #c4 ,say ye unto y\r bre?r51 ,my p 7,ammi72 & to y\r si/]s1 ,:o has obta9$ m]cy 7,ruhamah74 ,! words1 ,my p1 are a concise expression =3 ,y :om ! ,"l has call$4 ,my p4 ,! m5tion ( ! bro!rs & si/]s is expla9$ by ! ref]5ce to ! ,pg #bcj male & female memb]s ( ! prophet's family4 ,! phrase1 ,say ye1 is 9 sub/ance equival5t to3 ,!n w ye be able to say4 ,! prophet sees be=e him ! p ( ! ,"l :o h exp]i5c$ m]cy2 & calls ^u ! memb]s to salute "o ano!r joyfully ) ! new "n giv5 to !m by ,god4 ,su* is ! simple mean+ ( ! v]se1 :i* has be5 d>k5$ by a multitude ( =c$ int]pretations4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,hab4 ii4 #a1 :]e ! prophet is /&+ ^u 8 wat*1 & wat*es to see :at ! ,"l w say unto him1 x w\ld be r /range to translate 9 me4 ,!re is no?+ else to lead u to conceive t ! app>ition ( angels 9 ,ze*4 is int]nal4 ,b ,num4 xii4 #h is q decisive4 ,! ,"l !re says1 ) ref]5ce to ,8 relation to ,moses1 ,m\? to m\? ,i speak to him 772 & imm$iately aft]w>ds x is said1 ,:]e=e1 !n1 7 ye n afraid to speak to ,my s]vant 771 to ,moses8 ,x is evid5t t ! _c be expla9$ by 9 9 ! "o case1 & by ?r\gh 9 ! o!r4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ) occurs v frequ5tly :5 ! ,"l ,himself1 or1 z 9 ,ze*>iah1 ! ,angel1 speaks4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 be expla9$ f ! circum/ance1 t ! heav5ly disc\rses h an especially p5etrat+ p[]1 & s9k v deeply into ! he>t4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is v natural1 = ! prop] "n has orig9ally a *e]+ signification4 ,x is app>5t f ! rem>ks ( ,s*ub]t 7,reise iii4 ,s4 #afd-aff71 & ( ,ritt] 7,erdkunde #af1 i4 ,s4 #fic71 on ! natural condition ( ! pla9 ( ,jezreel1 h[ x happ5$ t x receiv$ ?is "n1 :i* means3 ,god s[s4 ,s*ub]t calls ! soil ( ,jezreel a field ( corn1 ! se$ ( :i* is n s[n by any man's h&1 ! ripe e>s ( :i* are n reap$ by any reap]4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( corn appe>$ to him to be wild plants2 ! mules walk$ 9 !m ) half _! bodies cov]$ by !m2 ! e>s ( :eat 7 s[n by !mselves4 ,all travell]s1 says ,ritt]1 agree 9 _! descriptions ( ! extraord9>y beauty & f]tility ( ! pla94 ,footnote #c3 ,?is transf]5ce 0 s mu* ! m natural1 z1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! h\se ( ,jehu1 guilt _h c]ta9ly be5 frequ5tly conc5trat$ 9 ! =m ( blood-guilt9ess4 ,comp>e ,is4 i4 #ba1 :]e ! prophet1 9 ord] to m>k out ! reign+ s9 9 its highe/ degree1 repres5ts ,j]usalem z be+ full ( murd]]s4 ,footnote #d3 ,hitzig is ( op9ion t ! prophet _c blame him = ! dea? ( ,joram & ,jezebel1 b may well d s = ! murd] ( ,ahaziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 & ( 8 bre?r51 & = ! c>nage describ$ 9 #b ,k+s x4 #aa4 ,b ,ahaziah 0 n kill$ at ,jezreel3 comp>e #b ,k+s ix4 #bg2 #b ,*ron4 xxii4 #i4 ,& ! c>nage 9 #b ,k+s xii4 likewise took place at ,jezreel to a small ext5t only1 9 s f>1 namely1 z x conc]n$ ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 :o /ill rema9$ 9 ,jezreel4 ,comp>e ,!nius on ?is passage4 ,footnote #e3 ,t ! c>ry+ away ( ,judah1 :i* is "h suppos$1 is a total & future "o1 & n1 z ,h(mann 7,weiss4 u4 ,erf4 i4 ,s4 #baj7 ass]ts1 "o :i* is p>tial & already pa/ 7,joel iv4 iii4 #b-h2 ,amos i4 #f1 #i71 appe>s f ! analogy ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1--f ! ref]5ce to ! type ( ! ,egyptian conditions1--f a comp>ison ( *ap4 v4 #e1 #ab1 xii4 #a-c1--;f ! fact t ! c>ry+ away is plac$ 9 ! view ( ! :ole p z e>ly z 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 e4g41 ,deut4 xxviii4 #cf1 iv4 #bf1 #bg1--;&1 f9ally1 f ! fact1 t ! o!r prophets also1 ev5 f ! mo/ anci5t times1 manife/ a cle> k ( ! cata/rophe :i* ?reat5$ ,judah also2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,amos ii4 #d1 #e4 ,moreov]1 9 ,is4 xi4 #aa1 #ab1 also1 ! return ( ,judah is prophesi$1 al?\gh no express ann\ncem5t ( ! c>ry+ away prec$es4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ,amos ix4 #aa1 ! re/oration ( ! fall5 tab]nacle ( ,david is =etold1 al?\gh no express m5tion is made ( its fall4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 #d-be 7#b-bc74 ,! significant c\ple--,rck]t rem>ks--disappe>s 9 ! ?+ signifi$ by x2 ,israel itself appe>s z ! wife ( :or$oms4 ,?is is ! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ sections2 & x is ! less m>k$1 because ev5 !re1 9 ! la/ "p ( x1 ! symbolical action pass$ ov] into a m]e figure4 ,) ?is exception1 ?is section also conta9s ! alt]nation ( puni%m5t & ?reat5+1 & ( promise1--! latt] beg9n+ ) v]4 #af 7#ad74 ,! features ( ! image1 :i* 7 less att5d$ to 9 ! prec$+ portion1 b are "h m c>efully portray$1 are ! rejection ( ! unfai?ful wife1 & h] gradual re/oration4 ,calv9 says3 ,aft] ,god has laid op5 _! s9s be=e m54 ,he adds "s consolation1 & temp]s ! sev]ity1 le/ !y %\ld despair4 ,b !n ,he returns aga9 to ?reat5+s1 & ,he mu/ d s necess>ily2 = ?\gh m5 may h be5 t]rifi$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 yet !y d n recov]1 & become wise = ev]4 ,by a new impetus z x 71 says ,mang]1 he sudd5ly returns to exp& ! same argum5t1 & sets out aga9 f ?+s m sad4 ,v]4 #d4 ,cont5d ) y\r "m1 cont5d2 = %e is n my wife1 & ,i am n h] husb&3 & let h] put away h] :or$oms f h] face1 & h] adult]y f h] brea/s4 ,calv9 is ( op9ion t a contra/ is "h int5d$1 inasmu* z ! ,israelites 7 /riv+ ) ,god1 & attribut$ to ,him ! cause ( _! mis=tune3 ,d n cont5d ) ,me1 b r ) y\r "m1 :o1 by h] adult]y1 has br\ght d[n righte\s puni%m5t ^u h]self & ^u y4 ,b ?is int]pretation is inadmissible2 because x proce$s ,pg #bca f ! unf\nd$ supposition t ! divorce is to be consid]$ z hav+ already tak5 place outw>dly1 :il/ ! cont5d+ "h cle>ly appe>s z "o by :i* divorce may yet be av]t$4 ,! words1 ,cont5d ) y\r "m1 r mean1 on ! contr>y1 t x is high "t to call h] to acc\nt1 if !y w\ld n g to de/ruction along ) h]4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 we are n entitl$ to inf] t ! moral condition ( ! *ildr5 0 bett] ?an t ( ! "m4 ,)\t any reg>d to _! moral condition1 ! prophet only wi%es to say t _! int]e/ requir$ !m to d ?is4 ,if x 7 n 8 int5tion j to c>ry out ! image ( adult]y1 he might z well h call$ ^u ! "m to cont5d aga9/ ! *ildr51 z x is said 9 ,is4 li4 #a3 ,behold1 = y\r iniquities y h be5 sold1 & = y\r transgression y\r "m has be5 put away4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! "m has no /&+-place ap>t f ! *ildr54 ,vitr+a says3 ,"o & ! same p is call$ '"m' :5 view$ 9 _! collective "*2 & '*ildr5' :5 view$ 9 ! individuals :o are born ( t p4 ,= a p is born f ! p4 ,= ! :ole p is consid]$ accord+ to t :i* is radical 9 x1 :i* con/itutes its nature & sub/ance1--&1 9 ?is respect1 x is call$ ! '"m ( its citiz5s4' ,b we are z little entitl$ to inf] f ?is exhortation1 t a re=m1 & an av]t+ ( ! ?reat5$ judgm5ts1 may /ill be hop$ =4 ,?is is oppos$ by :at foll[s1 :]e ! wife appe>s z incorrigible1 & h] rejection z unavoidable4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght is1 on ! contr>y1 only ?is3--t a re=m is necess>y if ! ?reat5$ judgm5ts are to be av]t$4 ,t ?is necessity1 h[ev]1 w\ld n become a reality1 ! prophet =esaw2 & = ?is reason he speaks unconditionally 9 ! sequel4 ,b f ?is aga9 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t1 9 t case1 8 exhortations & ?reat5+s w\ld be altoge!r 9 va94 ,?\gh no re=m 0 to be expect$ f ! p1 s+le individual might1 nev]!less1 be conv]t$4 ,at ! same "t1 x 0 ( great importance = ! future1 t be=e ! calamity %\ld break 91 a "r view ( x %\ld be op5$ up to ! :ole p4 ,x is ( great importance1 t if any "o be smitt51 he %\ld "k = :at reason4 ,! in/ructions 9 ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* a crim9al has receiv$ 9 *ildhood1 may ,pg #bcb (t5 seem = a long s]ies ( ye>s to h be5 altoge!r 9 va92 b aft]w>ds1 not)/&+1 :5 puni%m5t has s(t5$ 8 he>t1 !y br+ =? _! fruits4--,9 ! words1 ,= %e is n my wife1 & ,i am n h] husb&1 ! gr\nd ( ! exhortation is /at$4 ,ev5 = ?is reason1 ! words _c be ref]r$ to ! ext]nal dissolution ( ! m>riage1 to ! puni%m5t ( ! wife2 !y signify r ! moral dissolution ( ! m>riage--! guilt ( ! wife--& are equival5t to3 our m>riage is dissolv$ de facto4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! spiritual m>riage1 ?is dissolution de facto is always1 soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! great] or small] measure ( ,god's =be>ance1 foll[$ by ! dissolution de jure2 or1 to speak )\t figure1 :]ev] !re is s91 puni%m5t w always foll[4 ,god be>s ) mu* weakness on ! "p ( ,8 p2 b :]ev]1 ?r\gh ?is weakness1 ! relation to ,him is ess5tially dissolv$1 ,he !re annuls ! relation altoge!r4 ,! applies to spiritual m>riages also4 ,! surr5d] ( ! ma9 faculties & p[]s ( our nature to some?+ :i* is n ,god1 /&s on a p> ) c>nal adult]y4 ,?us1 !n1 ! connection betwixt cont5d & = cle>ly appe>s4--,_m int]pret]s1 view+ ! clause beg9n+ ) z p>5!tical1 w\ld connect ! la/ words ( ! v]se ) 3 ,cont5d ) y\r "m t %e may put away4 ,b ! words are r to be consid]$ z p>allel ) ! fir/ memb]2 = cont5d1 etc41 is equival5t to3 seek to br+ y\r "m to a bett] way1 or3 let y\r "m re=m h]self4 ,h] crime is designat$ fir/ z :or$om1 & !n z adult]y4 ,! relation 9 :i* ! two /& to "o ano!r is pla9ly se5 f *ap4 i4 #b1 :]e ! notion ( adult]y is p>aphras$ by3 :or+ away f ! ,"l4 ,by :or$om1 ! g5us--c>nal crimes 9 g5]al--is designat$2 by adult]y1 ! species1 or c>nal crime by :i* ! sacr$ rights ( ano!r p]son are1 at ! same "t1 violat$4 ,! idea ( :or$om1 :5 transf]r$ to a spiritual relation1 implies *iefly ! worldl9ess ( ^? ) :om ,god has n ent]$ into any special relation2 :il/ ! idea ( adult]y implies ! worldl9ess ( individuals & communities ) :om ,god has ent]$ into a special m>riage1 & ^: apo/asy is1 = ?is reason1 f> m culpable4 ,leav+ out ( ,pg #bcc view ! m aggravat+ circum/ance1 ! prophet fir/ speaks ( :or$om 9 ! case ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel also4--,! reason :y ! :or$om is "h attribut$ to ! face1 & ! adult]y to ! brea/s1 is well giv5 by ,mang]3 ,we ne$ n h any difficulty ab\t see+ adult]y attribut$ to ! v face & brea/s4 ,!re is a c]ta9 expressiv5ess 9 ?is concis5ess :i* demon/rates1 z x 7 be=e our eyes1 t1 9 h] :ole deportm5t1 ! wife 0 giv5 ov] to s5suality1 & t h] :ole aim 0 only to excite to x1 & to practise x4 ,= ! face is1 ) wom51 ! sign ( dissolute lascivi\sness--z ,horace expresses x 9 8 ,odes1 ,i4 #ai3-- ,urit grata prot]vitas ,et vultus nimium lubricus aspici4 ,ezekiel1 too1 9 *ap4 xxiii4 #c1 speaks ( '! press$ brea/s ( ,israel 9 ,egypt4' ,s*mid /ates z ! reason :y j ! face & brea/s are m5tion$1 t ,scripture1 9 ord] n to (f5d mode/y1 =be>s to m5tion ! worse & gross] de$s ( =nication4 ,b ?is is v little 9 h>mony ) ! mann] ( ,scripture--z may be se5 f a comp>ison ( ,ezek4 xvi4 & xxiii41 & ( v]4 #ab ( ! *apt] be=e u4 ,! reason r is1 t ^? p>ts are "h specially to be m5tion$1 9 :i* ! :or+ nature op5ly manife/s itself2 s t ! highe/ degree ( impud5ce is !reby express$4 ,?is !n %[s t !re is no long] any halt+1 no long] any /ruggle ( ! bett] aga9/ ! evil pr9ciple4 ,su* an impud5t :ore he resembles :o1 )\t %ame or conc]n1 publicly exhibits 8 devot$ness to ! _w4 ,9 ?is way has ,calv9 also expla9$ x4 ,!re is no d\bt1 says he1 t ! prophet "h expresses ! impud5ce ( ! p1 :o 9 _! h>dihood1 9 _! contempt ( ,god1 9 _! s9ful sup]/itions1 & 9 e k9d ( wick$ness1 _h gone to su* l5g?s1 t !y 7 l :ores :o d n conceal _! turpitude1 b publicly pro/itute !mselves1 yea1 try to exhibit ! signs ( _! wick$ness 9 _! eyes1 z well z 9 _! :ole body4 ,v]4 #e4 ,le/ ,i /rip h] nak$ & expose h] z 9 ! day ( h] bir?1 & make h] l ! wild]ness1 & set h] l dry l&1 & slay h] by ?ir/4 ,9 ! m>riage "h spok5 (1 !re 0 ?is peculi>ity1 t ! husb& fir/ r$eem$ ! wife f a condition ! ,pg #bcd mo/ wret*$ & mis]able1 be=e he unit$ himself to h]2 & h5ce became h] b5efactor1 be=e he became h] husb&4 ,comp>e iii4 #b1 :]e ! ,"l r$eems ! wife f slav]y2 & ,ezek4 xvi4 #d1 :]e ! p appe> z a *ild expos$1 nak$1 & cov]$ ) fil?1 ^u :om ! ,"l has m]cy1--:om ,he provides ) preci\s clo?+ & spl5did ornam5ts1 & de/9es = ,8 sp\se4 ,dur+ ! m>riage1 ! husb& cont9ues 8 lib]ality t[>ds 8 wife4 ,b n[1 ! gifts1 all ( :i* _h be5 be/[$ ^u h] only ) a view to ! m>riage :i* 0 to take place or 0 already ent]$ ^u1 are to cease1 because ! m>riage-tie has be5 brok5 by h] guilt4 ,%e n[ returns to ! condition ( ! deepe/ mis]y 9 :i* %e _h be5 sunk be=e h] union to ! ,"l4--,!re is1 9 ?is1 an allusion to t :i*1 9 ! case ( actual m>riage1 ! husb& 0 b\nd to give to 8 wife1 viz41 clo?+ & food2 comp>e ,is4 iv4 #a4 ,if ,god )draws ,8 gifts1 ! consequ5ces are inf9itely awful1 because1 altoge!r unlike ! natural husb&1 ,he has ev]y?+ 9 ,8 possession2 if ,he does n give any?+ to dr9k4 ,he !n slays by ?ir/4 ,if we keep 9 view ?is aggravation ( ! puni%m5t1 :i* has its gr\nd only 9 ! p]son ( ! husb&1 x is evid5t t we h "h be=e u only a ref]5ce to ! )drawal ( ! m>riage-gifts :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! divorce1 & n1 z sev]al int]pret]s--e4g41 ,mang]--suppose1 to a puni%m5t ( adult]y1 alleg$ by !m to h be5 common at t "t1 t ! wife 0 /ripp$ ( h] clo!s1 expos$ to public mock]y1 & kill$ by hung] & ?ir/4 ,! et]nal & univ]sal tru? :i*1 9 ! v]se be=e u1 is express$ ) a special ref]5ce to ,israel1 is1 t all ! gifts ( ,god are be/[$ ^u individuals1 z well z ^u :ole nations1 ei!r 9 ord] to lead !m to ! communion ( life ) ,him1 or because ?is communion already exi/s2 j z our ,savi\r says t to him :o has successfully s\ght = ! k+dom ( heav51 all o!r ?+s %all be add$1 )\t any lab\r on 8 "p4 ,if we ov]look ! tru? t ! gifts ( ,god h ?is object--if !y be n receiv$ & enjoy$ z ! gifts ( ,god--if ! spiritual m>riage be refus$1 or if1 hav+ be5 already ent]$ into1 x be brok51--soon] or lat] ! gifts w be )drawn4--,! ^w nak$ prop]ly includes a :ole clause3 ,i %all /rip ,pg #bce h] s t %e %all become nak$4 ,! v]b 1 to place1 to set1 has ! second>y signification ( public exhibition2 comp>e ,job xvii4 #f4 ,! lit]al translation ought to be1 ,i %all expose h] z ! day ( h] bir?2 & we mu/ assume t !re is "h ! occurr5ce ( "o ( ^? num]\s cases1 9 :i* ! comp>ison is m]ely allud$ to1 )\t be+ c>ri$ out2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,l ! day ( ,midian1 ,is4 ix4 #c2 ,_! he>t rejoice? l w9e1 ,ze*4 x4 #g4 ,! t]tium comp>ationis betwe5 ! day ( h] bir? & h] future condition is only ! entire nak$ness2 comp>e ,job i4 #ba4 ,any allusion to ! fil?1 etc41 is less obvi\s2 ! prophet w\ld h be5 requir$ to give an intimation ( ?is 9 "s mann]4 ,! two p>ts ( ! fir/ hemi/i* ( ! v]se correspond ) ea* o!r2 j z d ! ?ree p>ts ( ! second hemi/i*4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! )drawal ( clo?+1 & nak$ness2 9 ! second1 ! )drawal ( food1 & hung] & ?ir/4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! m5tion ( ! bir?-day "h belongs m]ely to ! imag]y1 is a m]e designation ( entire nak$ness1 because man is nev] m nak$ ?an :5 he comes into ! _w2 or :e!r x is to be und]/ood z belong+ to ! ?+ itself1 & ref]s to ! condition ( ! p 9 ,egypt to :i* !y are n[ to be r$uc$4 ,9 fav\r ( ! latt] explanation1 !re is n only ! comp>ison ( ! p>allel passage 9 ,ezekiel1 b1 /ill m1 ! purely matt]-(-fact "* ( ! entire description4 ,israel is1 9 ?is section1 n comp>$ to a wife1 s t figure & ?+ w\ld be co-ord9ate1 b appe>s z ! wife h]self4 ,v]4 #ag also is 9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation4--,! words1 ,i make h] l ! wild]ness1 :i*1 by ,hitzig & o!rs1 are errone\sly ref]r$ to ! c\ntry in/ead ( ! p1 are p]t95tly expla9$ by ,mang]3 ,! prophet depicts a horrible & desp]ate condition1 :]e ev]y?+ necess>y = su/a9+ life is awant+1--:]e %e has to endure a ?ir/ peculi> to an altoge!r uncultivat$ & sunburnt wild]ness4 ,! comp>ison appe>s s mu* ! m suitable1 :5 we rem>k t wild]ness & des]t are "h p]sonifi$1 & appe> z hungry & ?ir/y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 too poetical = sev]al prosaic int]pret]s4 ,h5ce !y w\ld 9 bo? in/ances supply a aft] ! 1 z 9 ! wild]ness ,i place h] 9 ! condition 9 :i* %e 0 =m]ly1 9 ! ,pg #bcf wild]ness4 ,b x is self-evid5t t su* a supply+ ( ! is inadmissible4 ,if we 7 to receive ?is int]pretation1 we mu/ r assume t "h also !re is m]ely a comp>ison intimat$3 z ! wild]ness1--=1 z %e 0 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b ev5 !n1 ! int]pretation _c1 = ano!r reason1 be admitt$4 ,! imp5d+ condition ( ! p did n1 9 ! lea/1 correspond to :at x 0 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! natural condition ( ! wild]ness 0 n !n se5 9 all its reality2 ! p ( ! ,"l receiv$ bread f heav51 & wat] f ! rock4 ,x has its antitype r 9 su* a condition z t :i* is to foll[ ^u ! puni%m5t1 v]4 #af4 ,! ,article indicates t1 by ! wild]ness1 we are "h to und]/&1 specially1 ! ,des]t ( ,arabia1--! des]t 4 ,b t ?is comes into consid]ation only z "o especially desolate1 & n z ! =m] abode ( ! ,israelites1 appe>s f ! foll[+--9 dry l&1 )\t ! ,article1 & n1 z o!rwise we w\ld expect1 9 ! dry l&4 ,f9ally1--,we h a p>allel to ?is 9 ! ?reat5+ 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 #dh3 ,& ?\ s]ve/ ?9e enemy :om ! ,"l ?y ,god w s5d ^u !e1 9 hung]1 & 9 ?ir/1 & 9 nak$ness1 & 9 great want4 ,v]4 #f4 ,& ,i w n h m]cy ^u h] *ildr51 = !y are *ildr5 ( :or$oms4 ,x appe>s f v]4 #g1 t ! *ildr5 are to be repudiat$ on acc\nt ( _! orig9 7comp>e ! rem>ks on i4 #b71 & n on acc\nt ( _! morals4 ,mi*aelis says1 ,!y h ! same disposition1 & foll[ ! same c\rse z _! adult]\s "m2 = a vip] br+e? =? a vip]1 & a bad rav5 lays a bad egg4 ,! cause ( _! rejection is1 t !y are *ildr5 ( :or$oms4 ,t !y are su*1 is prov$ by ! circum/ance t _! "m is :or+4 ,comp>e also v4 #g3 ,!y h become fai?less to ! ,"l1 = !y h born /range *ildr54 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 a s9ful orig9 & a s9ful nature are id5tical4 ,v]4 #g4 ,= _! "m has be5 :or+1 %e :o bore !m has be5 put to %ame2 = %e has said1 ,i w g aft] my lov]s1 ! giv]s ( my bread & my wat]1 ( my wool & my flax1 ( my oil & my dr9k4 is expla9$ 9 a two-fold way4 ,! common explanation is3 ,%e has practis$ :at is disgraceful1 %e has act$ ,pg #bcg %amefully4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 expla93 ,%e has be5 put to %ame1 %e has be5 disgrac$4 ,9 ?is latt] way x is expla9$ by ,mang]1 :o rem>ks1 t ?is ^w is /rong] ?an 2 t x implies n only an accusation ( vile :or$om1 b also t %e has be5 convict$ ( ?is crime1 & z x 7 appreh5d$ 9 flagranti2 s t1 ev5 if %e 7 yet impud5t en\gh1 %e c\ld no long] d5y x1 b mu/ s9k d[n 9 confusion & p]plexity4 ,?is latt] exposition is1 )\t d\bt1 ! pref]able "o2 =1 #a4 nev] occurs 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ signification4 ,w9] cont5ts himself ) quot+ ! passage be=e u4 ,ges5ius ref]s1 moreov]1 to ,prov4 x4 #e4 ,b ! ( t passage is evid5tly a son br++ disgrace ^u 8 p>5ts1--9 xxix4 #ae is add$1--or mak+ !m a%am$1 disappo9t+ _! hopes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! signification1 to be put to %ame1 to be convict$ ( a disgraceful de$1 is q an e/abli%$ "o4 ,comp>e1 e4g41 ,j]4 ii4 #bf3 ,z ! disgrace ( a ?ief :5 he is f\nd1 ?us ! :ole h\se ( ,israel is put to %ame2 ,j]4 vi4 #ae3 ,!y are put to %ame1 = !y h committ$ abom9ation2 !y %am$ n !mselves1 !y felt no %ame2 comp>e also ,j]4 viii4 #i4 ,9 all ^! passages1 signifies ! %ame =c$ ^u ^? :o h no s5se ( %ame4--#b4 ,! signification1 to act disgracefully1 does n admit ( a regul> grammatical d]ivation4 ,ges5ius ref]s to analogies su* z 12 b ^! w\ld be admissible only if ! ,kal signifi$1 to be infam\s1 :ile x means only to be a%am$4 ,be+ d]iv$ f 1 ! v]b c mean only to put to %ame1 9 :i* signification x occurs1 e4g41 9 #b4 ,sam4 xix4 #f4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! signification1 to be put to %ame1 c be well def5d$4 ,z ! ,hiphil _c h an intransitive signification1 x mu/1 ) ?is signification1 be consid]$ z d]iv$ f 1 pudorem1 ignom9iam contraxit1--a view :i* is fav\r$ by ,j]4 ii4 #bf4--,! lov]s are ! idols2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xiii4 #f4 ,! confirms ! /atem5t1 t %e :o b>e !m has be5 :or+1 & has be5 put to %ame by a fur!r exposure ( ! crime & its orig94 ,! same delusion :i* appe>s "h z ! cause ( ! spiritual adult]y1 is /at$ z su* also 9 ,j]4 xlix4 #ag1 #ah4 ,j]emiah !re w>ns ! p n to contract s9 by idolatry1 because t 0 ! cause ( all _! pres5t mis]y1 & w\ld br+ ^u !m ,pg #bch great] mis]y /ill4 ,b !y answ] him1 t !y w\ld cont9ue to (f] inc5se & dr9k-(f]+s to ! ,que5 ( heav51 z !y & _! fa!rs _h =m]ly done 9 _! native l&2 =1 s9ce we left (f to d s1 we h want$ all ?+s1 & 7 consum$ by hung] & sword4 ,! anti!sis 9 ,j]4 ii4 #ac ( ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s1 & ! brok5 ci/]ns t hold no wat]1 has ref]5ce likewise to ?is delusion4 ,b t :i* is ! cause ( ! gross :or$om1 is ! consequ5ce ( ! ref9$ "o4 ,! inw>d apo/asy mu/ already h tak5 place1 :5 "o speaks z ! wife does 9 ! v]se be=e u4 ,z long z man cont9ues fai?fully ) ,god 9 communion ( life1 he p]ceives1 by ! eye ( fai?1 ! h& 9 ! cl\ds f :i* he receives ev]y?+1 :i* guides him1 & ^u :i* ev]y?+--ev5 t :i* is app>5tly ! mo/ indep5d5t & p[]ful--dep5ds4 ,z soon z1 ?r\gh unbelief1 he has lo/ ?is communion ) ,god1 & heav5 is %ut aga9/ him1 he all[s 8 eye to w&] ov] e visible object1 looks out = ev]y?+ 9 ! _w :i* appe>s to manife/ indep5d5ce & sup]ior p[]1 makes ?is an object to :i* he %[s 8 love1 solicit+ its fav\r1 & mak+ x 8 god4 ,9 ?us look+ ar\nd1 ! ,israelites w\ld1 necess>ily & *iefly1 h _! eyes attract$ by ! idols4 ,= !y saw ! neighb\r+ nations weal?y & p[]ful2 & ^! nations !mselves d]iv$ _! p[] & weal? f ! idols4 ,to ^! also ! ,israelites n[ ascrib$ ! gifts :i* !y _h hi!rto receiv$2 & ?is s mu* ! r1 because x 0 easi] to satisfy ! dem&s ( ^! idols1 ?an ^? ( ! true ,god1 :o requires j t :i* x is mo/ difficult to give--! he>t1 & no?+ else4 ,&1 be+ det]m9$ n to give x to ,him1 !y felt deeply t !y c\ld expect no good f ,him4 ,:atev] good ,he _h /ill left to !m1 !y c\ld consid] z only a gift ( unm]it$ m]cy1 & de/9$ to lead !m to rep5tance1--a consid]ation :i* makes a natural man recoil & draw back1 inasmu* z1 9 8 relation to ,god1 he always ?9ks only ( m]it4 ,t :i* we ?us p]ceive 9 !m is ev5 n[ repeat$ daily4 ,we ne$ only put 9 ! place ( idols1 ! ab/ract ,god ( ! ,rationali/s & ,dei/s1 man's own p[]1 or ! p[] ( o!r m51 & _m o!r ?+s besides1 & x w at once be se5 t ! words1 ,i w g aft] my lov]s t give me my ,pg #bci bread1 etc41 are1 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 ! wat*-^w ( ! _w4--,bread & wat] signify ! necess>ies ( life2 oil & 7/rong7 dr9k1 ^? ?+s :i* s]ve r = luxuries4--,my bread1 etc41 is an expression ( affection1 indicat+ t %e reg>ds ^! z mo/ necess>y1 & to be s\ght aft]1 9 pref]5ce to ev]y?+ else4 ,v]4 #h4 ,!re=e1 behold1 ,i h$ge up ?y way ) ?orns1 & ,i wall h] wall1 & h] pa?s %e %all n f9d4 ,! apo/ate woman is fir/ address$3 ?y way2 b ! disc\rse !n passes to ! ?ird p]son1--h] wall1 h] pa?s4 ,we mu/ n conceive ( ?is1 z if ! wife 7 to be %ut up 9 a two-fold way3--fir/1 by a h$ge ( ?orns1 & !n1 by a wall2 b ! same ?+ is express$ "h by a d\ble figure1 z is also done 9 ,is4 v4 #e4 ,fir/1 ! %utt+ up is alone spok5 (2 x is aft]w>ds br\ght into connection ) ! effects to be !reby produc$2 & because %e is enclos$ by a wall1 %e _c f9d h] pa?4 ,i wall h] wall is tantam\nt to1 ,i make a wall = h]4 ,! words ( ! husb& 9 ! v]se "u consid]ation =m an evid5t contra/ to ^? ( ! wife 9 ! prec$+ v]se4 ,s*mid says3 ,! puni%m5t is by ! law ( retaliation4 ,%e _h said1 ',i w g to my lov]s2' b ,god ?reat5s1 on ! contr>y1 t ,he w ob/ruct ! way s t %e _c g4 ,! po9ts to ! unexpect$ness ( ! result4 ,! wife imag9$ t %e w\ld be able to c>ry out h] purpose ) great safety & ease2 x does n ev5 occur to h] to ?9k ( h] husb&1 :o _h hi!rto all[$ h]1 f weakness1 z %e imag9es1 to g on h] way undi/urb$2 b %e sees h]self at once firmly enclos$ by a wall4--,!re c be no d\bt1 t1 by ! h$g+ & wall+ ab\t1 sev]e suff]+s are int5d$1 by :i* ! p are encompass$1 /rait5$1 & h9d]$ 9 e free movem5t4 ,= suff]+s regul>ly appe> z ! specific aga9/ ,israel's apo/asy f _! ,god4 ,comp>e1 e4g41 ,deut4 iv4 #cj3 ,9 ! tribulation to !e1 & :5 all ^! ?+s come ^u !e1 ?\ returne/ 9 ! end ( ! days to ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & he>e/ ,8 voice2 ,hosea v4 #ae3 ,i w g & return to ,my place till !y become guilty2 9 ! affliction to !m1 !y w seek ,me4 ,! figure ( enclos+ has else:]e also1 und5iably1 ! mean+ ( inflict+ suff]+s4 ,?us 9 ,job iii4 #bc3 ,to ! man ^: way is hid1 ,pg #bdj & :om ,god has h$g$ 9 r\nd ab\t2 xix4 #h3 ,he ha? f5c$ up my way & ,i _c pass1 & ^u my pa?s ,he sets d>kness2 ,lam4 iii4 #g3 ,he ha? h$g$ me ab\t1 & ,i _c get out2 ,he ha? made my *a9 heavy2 comp>e also ibid4 v]4 #i2 ,ps4 lxxxviii4 #i4--,! object ( ! wall+ ab\t is to cut h] (f f ! lov]s2 ! infliction ( heavy suff]+s is to put an end to idolatr\s t5d5cies4--,! words1 ?y way1 cle>ly ref] to1 ,i w g aft] my lov]s1 9 v]4 #g2 & by h] pa?s :i* %e _c f9d1 h] :ole previ\s conduct 9 g5]al is inde$ to be und]/ood1 b *iefly1 f ! connection ) v]4 #g1 h] =m] int]c\rse ) idols4 ,b "h ! "q arises3--,h[ f> is ! rem$y suit$ = ! atta9m5t ( ?is end8 ,we c by no means ?9k ( an ext]nal ob/acle4 ,outw>dly1 !re 01 dur+ ! exile1 & 9 ! mid/ ( idolatr\s nations1 a /rong] temptation to idolatry ?an !y _h 9 _! native l&4 ,h5ce1 we c ?9k ( an int]nal ob/acle only2 & !n aga9 we c ?9k only ( ! absolute incapacity ( ! idols to grant to ! p consolation & relief 9 _! suff]+s4 ,if ?is incapacity has be5 fir/ asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 we beg9 to lose our confid5ce 9 !m1 & seek help :]e alone x c be f\nd4 ,z e>ly z 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 we are told h[ mis]y proves ! no?+ness ( false gods1 & %[s t ! ,"l alone is ,god2 comp>e especially v]4 #cf sqq4 ,j]emiah says 9 ii4 #bh1 ,& :]e are ?y gods t ?\ ha/ made !e8 ,let !m arise & help !e 9 ! "t ( tr\ble4 ,t :i* ! gods _c turn away1 !y _c h s5t2 & if ! suff]+ be s5t by ! ,"l1 x is natural t help %\ld be s\ght f ,him also4 ,comp>e vi4 #a3 ,come & let u return unto ! ,"l1 = ,he ha? torn & ,he heale? u1 ,he smite? & ,he b9de? u up4 ,v]4 #i4 ,& %e runs aft] h] lov]s & %all n ov]take1 & %e seeks !m & %all n f9d2 !n %e sai?3 ,i w g & return to my fir/ husb&1 = x 0 bett] ) me !n ?an n[4 has1 9 ,piel1 n a transitive1 b an int5sive mean+4 ,calv9 rem>ks3 ,by ! v]b1 insane f]v\r is indicat$1 z inde$ we see t idolat]s are l madm52 x %[s t su* is ! p]v]s5ess ( _! he>ts1 t !y w n at once return to a s\nd m9d4 ,! di/ress at fir/ only increases ,pg #bda ! zeal 9 idolatry2 comp>e ,j]4 xliv4 #ag4 ,e ef=t is made to move ! idols to help4 ,b if help be1 not)/&+1 refus$--& h[ c\ld x be o!rwise1 s9ce !y f :om x is s\ght are ,elilim1 i4e41 no?+s8--!y by & by beg9 to be?9k !mselves1 & to recov] _! s5ses4 ,!y discov] ! no?+ness ( _! idols1 & return to ! true ,god4 ,?is apo/asy & return are 9 a t\*+ mann] describ$ by our prophet 9 xiv4 #b-d also4 ,! words1 ,i w g & return to my fir/ husb&1 =m a beautiful contra/ to1 ,i w g aft] my lov]s1 9 v]4 #g4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! result %[s t ,god's m]cy is !n greate/ & mo/ effective1 j :5 x seems to h disappe>$ altoge!r1 & :5 ,8 punitive ju/ice seems alone to be 9 active ex]cise4 ,= ! latt] is by no means to be exclud$1 inasmu* z !re is no suff]+ :i* does n1 at ! same "t1 proce$ f x1 & no puni%m5t :i* is inflict$ solely on acc\nt ( ! re=mation4 ,v]4 #aj4 ,& %e1 %e does n "k t ,i gave h] ! corn1 & ! mu/1 & ! oil1 & silv] ,i multipli$ unto h]1 & gold :i* ^u ,baal !y sp5t4 ,! prophet1 />t+ anew1 "h returns to a description ( h] guilt & puni%m5t2 & x is only f v]4 #af t he exp&s :at1 9 v]4 #i1 he _h intimat$ conc]n+ h] conv]sion1 & h] obta9+ m]cy4 ,! words1 ,%e sai?1 9 t v]se1 belong ?us to a p]iod m remote ?an ! words1 ,%e does n "k1 9 ! v]se be=e u4 ,! ?+s :i* are "h enum]at$ 71 9 ! case ( ,israel1 9 a peculi> s5se1 ! gift ( ,god4 ,he be/[$ !m ^u ! ,congregation z h] ,cov5ant-,god1 z h] husb&4 ,!y are ?us ann\nc$ z e>ly z 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,deut4 vii4 #ac3 ,& ,he love? !e1 & blesse? !e1 & multiplie? !e1 & blesse? ! fruit ( ?y womb1 & ! fruit ( ?y l&1 ?y corn1 ?y mu/1 & ?y oil2 xi4 #ad3 ,& ,i give ! ra9 ( y\r l& 9 due season1 & ?\ ga!re/ 9 ?y corn1 ?y mu/1 & ?y oil4 ,x is c]ta9ly n accid5tal t ,hosea enum]ates ! ?ree objects1 j 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ^! two passages4 ,by ! celebration ( ! fea/s1 & by ! (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits1 ! ,israelites 7 to give expression to ! ackn[l$gm5t1 ,pg #bdb t !y d]iv$ ^! gifts ( ,god f ,8 special provid5ce--f ! cov5ant relation4 ,! relative clause is subjo9$1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 )\t a sign ( its relation1 & )\t a pron4 suff41 :i* is manife/ f ! prec$+ sub/antive4 ,sev]al int]pret]s1 f ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/ d[n to ,ewald1 give ! explanation1 :i* !y h made = a ,baal1 i4e41 f :i* !y h made images ( ,baal1 & appeal to viii4 #d3 ,_! silv] & _! gold !y h made into idols = !mselves4 ,b we mu/ object to ?is op9ion on ! foll[+ gr\nds4 #a4 1 ) foll[+1 is a religi\s t]m9us te*nicus1 ) ! s5se (1 to make to any "o1 to appropriate1 to d$icate1 z appe>s f its frequ5t repetition 9 ,exod4 x4 #be sqq41 & also f ! fact t is frequ5tly omitt$4 ,! phrase is us$ ) a ref]5ce to idolatry 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #cb2 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #g4--b4 ,x _c be prov$ t 1 9 ! s+ul> & ) ! ,article1 c\ld be us$ = /atues ( ,baal4--#c4 ,by ?is explanation we lose ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 t :i* ! ,israelites 7 do+1 & t :i* !y 7 to d4 ,t :i* ! ,"l gave to !m1 !y consecrat$ to ,baal1 in/ead ( to ,him1 to :om alone ^! embodi$ ?anks 7 due4 ,&1 n satisfi$ 9 )draw+ f ! true ,god ! hon\r & ?anks :i* 7 due to ,him1 !y transf]r$ !m to ,8 enemy & wor?less rival1--a proce$+ :i* be>s witness to ! deep corruption ( human nature1 & :i*1 up to ! pres5t day1 is cont9ually repeat$1 & mu/ be s1 because ! corruption rema9s ! same4 ,x is sub/antially ! same ?+ t ! ,israelites d$icat$ _! gold to ,baal1 & t our great poets consecrate to ! _w & its pr9ce ! ri* intellectual gifts :i* !y h receiv$ f ,god4 ,! words1 & %e knew n1 9 bo? cases %[ t !y are equally guilty & equally culpable4 ,he :o be/[s ! gifts has n conceal$ ,himself2 b !y on :om !y are be/[$ h %ut _! eyes1 t !y may n see ,him to :om !y are unwill+ to r5d] ?anks4 ,!y w\ld fa9 wi% t _! lib]al b5efactor 7 utt]ly annihilat$1 9 ord] t !y may n be di/urb$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,8 gifts by a disagreeable ?\ght ( ,him1--9 ord] t !y may freely use & dispose ( !m1 )\t be+ oblig$ to fe> _! loss1--& 9 ord] t !y may be able to devote !m1 )\t any ,pg #bdc ob/ruction1 to a god :o is l !mselves1 :o is only _! own self view$ objectively 7ihr objectivirtes ,i*74 ,p>allel to ! passage be=e u1 &1 x may be1 =m$ aft] x1 is ,ezek4 xvi4 #ag1 #ah3 ,& ?\ did/ take ?y ornam5t ( ,my gold & ( ,my silv] :i* ,i gave !e1 & made/ to ?yself images ( m51 & did/ commit :or$om ) !m4 ,& ?\ tooke/ ?y broid]$ g>m5ts1 & cov]$/ !m1 & ,my fat & ,m9e increase ?\ gave/ be=e !m4 ,hitzig und]/&s1 by ! ,baal "h1 ! gold5 calf1 appeal+ to ! fact t ! real wor%ip ( ,baal _h be5 aboli%$ by ,jehu4 ,b no pro( at all c be adduc$ = ! ass]tion t ! "n ( ,baal _h be5 transf]r$ to ! gold5 calf4 ,x is self-evid5t1 & is confirm$ by #b ,k+s xiii4 #f1 xvii4 #af 79 ! latt] ( :i* passages ! wor%ip ( ,baal appe>s z a cont9u\s s9 9 ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes71 t ! de/ruction ( ! hea!ni% wor%ip by ,jehu 0 n absolute4 ,b s mu* is c]ta91 t by ! m5tion ( ,baal1 ! s9 is "h designat$ only ) ref]5ce to its highe/ po9t1 & t1 9 sub/ance1 ! s]vice ( ! calves is "h includ$4 ,9 #a ,k+s xiv4 #i1 x is %[n t ! s9 ( wor%ipp+ ,jehovah "u ! image ( calves is on a p> ) real idolatry2 & 9 #b ,*ron4 xi4 #ae1 ! calves are put on a foot+ ) ! goat-deities ( ,egypt4 ,v]4 #aa4 ,!re=e ,i return1 & take ,my corn 9 its "t1 & ,my mu/ 9 its season1 & take away ,my wool & ,my flax to cov] h] nak$ness4 /&s "h ) great emphasis4 ,x po9ts to ! et]nal law ( ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 accord+ to :i* ,he is sanctifi$ ^u !m1 9 :om ,he has n be5 sanctifi$2 & ?is s mu* ! m1 ! clos] 0 ,8 relation to !m1 & ! great] 7 ,8 gifts4 ,f him :o is n !reby mov$1 !y w be tak5 away2 & no?+ b 8 natural pov]ty & nak$ness is left to him :o 0 =m]ly s ri*ly end[$4 ,& well is x ) him if !y be tak5 f him at a "t :5 he is able /ill to recognise ! giv] 9 ,him :o take? away1 & may yet deeply rep5t ( 8 un?ankfulness1 & return to ,him1 z is said ( ,israel 9 iii4 #e4 ,if su* be done1 x is se5 t ! ungrateful "o has n yet become an object ( div9e ju/ice alone1 b t div9e m]cy is /ill 9 /ore = him4 ,! long] ,god all[s ,8 ,pg #bdd gifts to rema9 ) ! ungrateful1 ! d>k] are _! prospects = ! future4 ,t :i* ,he gave 9 m]cy1 ,he1 9 su* a case1 all[s to rema9 only 9 ang]4 ,! words are commonly expla9$ by expositors1 ,i %all take aga91 inasmu* z two v]bs are frequ5tly f\nd toge!r :i*1 9 _! connection1 are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r--! "o indicat+ only an accessory idea ( ! action4 ,b ?is mode ( expression occurs 9 g5]al f> m r>ely ?an is commonly assum$2 & "h ! explanation1 ,i w return & take1 is to be pref]r$ )\t any hesitation4 ,scripture says1 t ,god appe>s ev5 :5 ,he manife/s ,himself only 9 ! effects ( ,8 omnipot5ce1 ju/ice1 & love1--a mode ( expression :i* is expla9$ by t l>ge measure ( fai? :i* p]ceives1 beh9d ! visible effect1 ! invisible ,au?or ( x2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,g54 xviii4 #aj1 :]e ! ,"l says to ,abraham1 t ,he w\ld return to him at ! same p]iod 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 :]eas ,he did n return 9 a visible =m1 z !n1 b only 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,8 promise4 ,?us ,god _h =m]ly appe>$ to ,israel z ! ,giv]2 & n[ t !y did n ackn[l$ge ,him z su*4 ,he returns z ! ,god t takes away4 ,%e did n "k t ,i gave1 !re=e ,i %all return & take4 ,t ! words 7 to be ?us und]/ood1 ! prophet1 z x appe>s1 int5d$ to indicate by ! *ange ( ! t5ses4 ,x is q natural t a v]b1 us$ z an adv]b1 %\ld be z closely z possible connect$ ) t v]b :i* conveys ! pr9cipal idea2 & x w\ld sc>cely be possible to f9d a s+le in/ance--at all ev5ts !re are n _m in/ances--:]e1 9 su* a case1 a diff]5ce ( ! t5se takes place4 ,altoge!r analog\s is ,j]4 xii4 #ae3 ,& x %all come to pass aft] ,i h de/roy$ !m1 1 ,i w return & h compassion on !m2 :]e ! s5se w\ld be v mu* weak5$ if we 7 to translate1 ,i %all aga9 h compassion4 ,!re appe>s to be ! same design 9 ! *ange ( ! t5ses 9 iii4 #e also4 ,:at is !re said ( ,israel =ms a rem>kable p>allel to :at is "h said ( ,god4 ,god _h =m]ly come1 giv+--,israel1 tak+2 ,god n[ returns1 tak+--,israel giv+1--a relation :i* op5s up an insight into ! :ole economy ( ! suff]+s4--,my corn1 etc41 =ms a contra/ to v]4 #g1 :]e ,israel _h spok5 ( all ^! ?+s z !irs4 ,:atev] ,god gives1 always rema9s ,pg #bde ,8 own1 because ,he gives only z a loan1 & on c]ta9 conditions4 ,if any "o %\ld consid] himself z ! absolute ma/] ( x1 ,he makes him feel 8 error by tak+ x away4--,9 its "t & 9 its season are add$1 because x 0 !n1 ord9>ily1 t ,god _h appe>$ z giv+1 & because !n !y !re=e confid5tly expect$ ,8 gifts4 ,b n[ ,he appe>s at once z tak+1 because !y 7 already s sure ( ! expect$ gifts t !y held !m1 z x 71 already 9 _! h&s2 j z if1 at ,*ri/mas--:i* corresponds to ! h>ve/1 ! ord9>y season ( ,god's grant+ gifts--p>5ts %\ld )draw f _! *ildr5 ! accu/om$ pres5ts1 & put a rod 9 _! place4 ,x is bett] ?us to und]/& ! expression1 9 its "t1 etc41 ?an to foll[ ,j]ome1 :o rem>ks1 t x is a sev]e puni%m5t1 if at ! "t ( h>ve/ ! hop$-= fruits are tak5 away1 & wre/$ f our h&s2 = if1 ev5 at ! "t ( ! h>ve/1 !re be a want ( all ?+s1 h[ w x be dur+ ! rema9+ "t ( ! ye>4--,! words1 to cov]1 etc41 are v concise1 b )\t any grammatical ellipsis1 in/ead (1 :i* hi!rto s]v$ to cov] h] nak$ness4 ,z to ! s5se1 ! ,,lxx4 are correct 9 translat+1 4 ,= t :i* _h hi!rto be51 is m5tion$ by ! prophet only = ! purpose ( draw+ att5tion to :at 9 future w n be4--,x is ! ,"l :o mu/ cov] ! nak$ness2 & ?is leads u back to ! natural pov]ty ( man1 :o has n1 9 ! :ole _w1 a s+le pat* or %r$--n ev5 s mu* z to cov] 8 %ame1 :i* is "h specially to be und]/ood by nak$ness4 ,! same ?\ght :i* is s well calculat$ to humble pride--:at h we t we h n receiv$1 & t ! ,giv] might n at any mom5t take back8--occurs also 9 ,ezek4 xvi4 #h3 ,i spread out ,my w+s ov] !e1 & cov]$ ?y nak$ness4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,& n[ ,i w uncov] h] %ame be=e ! eyes ( h] lov]s1 & none %all deliv] h] out ( ,my h&s4 ,! is be/ expla9$ by decay1 corpus multa /upra passum4 ,be+ a fem94 ( a ,segholate-=m1 its signification c be d]iv$ only f ! ,kal2 b always signifies to be fad$1 weak1 feeble2 9 ,piel x means1 to make weak1 to decl>e z weak1 to disgrace1 to despise4 ,z ! signification ( ,kal does n ,pg #bdf imply ! ,idea ( ignom9y1 we _c expla9 ! n\n1 z sev]al int]pret]s d1 by turpitudo1 ignom9ia4 ,! ( ! ,,lxx4 is probably a free translation ( ! ^w accord+ to our view4-- is con/antly us$ = coram1 inspectante aliquo1 prop]ly1 belong+ to ! eyes ( "s "o1 & _c !re=e be expla9$ "h by to ! eyes1 z if %e 7 uncov]$ to1 or =1 ! lov]s alone2 ^!1 on ! contr>y1 are m5tion$ only z fell[-witnesses4 ,b 9 :at respect d !y come into consid]ation "h8 ,sev]al int]pret]s are ( op9ion t _! p[]lessness1 & ! folly ( tru/+ 9 !m1 are int5d$ to be "h po9t$ out4 ,?us ,calv9 says3 ,! prophet alludes to ! impud5t wom5 :o are wont1 ev5 by t]ror1 to prev5t _! husb&s f us+ _! rights4 ,he says1 !re=e1 ?is %all n prev5t me f *a/is+ !e z ?\ des]ve/4 ,?us also ,/uck1 :o subjo9s to ! phrase h] lov]s3 :o1 if !y _h ! /r5g?1 might be a help to h]4 ,b x is altoge!r errone\s ?us to und]/& ! v]se4 ,! words1 ,be=e ! eyes ( ! lov]s1 r mean1 t ! ,"l w\ld make h] an object ( disgu/ & horror ev5 to ^? :o =m]ly s\ght aft] h]4 ,! idea is ?is3 ,:osoev] =sakes ,god on acc\nt ( ! _w1 %all1 by ,god1 be put to %ame1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! _w itself1 & all ! m1 ! m ne>ly he =m]ly /ood to ,him4 ,?is idea is "h express$ 9 a mann] suit$ to ! figurative repres5tation :i* p]vades ! :ole section4 ,j]ome says3 ,all ?is is br\ght =w>d "u ! figure ( ! adult]\s woman1 :o1 aft] %e has be5 tak5 9 ! v act1 is expos$ & disgrac$ be=e ! eyes ( all4 ,! uncov]+1 z guilt1 is foll[$ by ! uncov]+1 z puni%m5t2 & e "o 7& h] lov]s fir/7 turns away ) horror f ! disgu/+ spectacle4 ,!y n[ at once see h] :o1 hi!rto1 _h made a %[ ) ! app>el & goods ( h] lawful husb&1 9 h] true %ape z a )]$ mon/]4 ,t ?is explanation is alone ! correct "o1 appe>s f ! p>allel passages3 comp>e1 e4g41 ,nah4 iii4 #e3 ,behold1 ,i come ^u !e1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s1 & uncov] ?y skirts ^u ?y face1 & make ! hea!n to see ?y nak$ness1 & k+doms ?y %ame4 ,& x come? to pass1 all t see !e %all flee f !e3 ,lam4 i4 #h3 ,j]usalem ha? committ$ s91 !re=e %e has ,pg #bdg become a reproa*2 all t hon\r$ h]1 despise h]1 = !y h se5 h] nak$ness2 %e sighe? & turne? away2 ,j]4 xiii4 #bf3 ,& ,i also 7z ?\ ha/ =m]ly uncov]$7 uncov] ?y skirts ov] ?y face1 & ?y %ame %all be se52 ,ezek4 xvi4 #cg1 #da2 ,is4 xlvii4 #c4--;,b n[1 x might seem t1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 n ! idols1 b only ! nations s]v+ !m1 c be und]/ood by ! lov]s4 ,b ?is is only 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ord] to make ! sc5e m lively1 ! prophet ascribes to ! 1 to !m :o are no?+1 life & feel+4 ,if !y _h ^!1 !y w\ld act j z x is "h describ$1 & z _! wor%ipp]s really act$ aft]w>ds4--,! second memb] ( ! v]se1 ,& none %all deliv]1 etc41 is 9 s f> p>allel to ! fir/1 z bo? describe ! dreadfulness ( ! div9e judgm5t4 ,p>allel is v4 #ad3 ,= ,i w be z "o :o ro>s to ,ephraim1 & z a lion to ! h\se ( ,judah3 ,i w te> & g away1 ,i w take away1 & !re is no deliv]]4 ,v]4 #ac4 ,& ,i make to cease all h] mir?1 h] fea/1 & h] new-moon1 & h] sabba?1 & all h] fe/ival "t4 ,! fea/s s]v$ a d\ble purpose4 ,!y 7 days ( sacr$ d$ication1 & days ( joy2 comp>e ,num4 x4 #aj4 ,israel _h violat$ !m 9 ! =m] "*--j z at pres5t ! sacr$ days h1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! "n only by way ( cata*resis--&1 z a m]it$ puni%m5t1 !y 7 tak5 away by ,god 9 ! latt] "*4 ,!y _h depriv$ ! fe/ival days ( _! sacr$ness2 by ,god1 !y are depriv$ ( _! joy fulness4 ,! prophet1 9 ord] to intimate t he ann\nces ! cessation ( ! fe/ival days z days ( gladness1 premises all h] mir?1 to :i* all t foll[s /&s 9 ! relation ( species to g5us4 does n "h d5ote joyful "t3 x might1 inde$1 accord+ to its =mation1 h ?is signification3 b x is nev] f\nd ) x4 ,x "h means joy itself4 7,comp>e ! p>allel passages1 ,j]4 vii4 #cd2 ,lam4 i4 #d3 ,! ways ( ,zion d m\rn1 because none come to ! fea/s2 ,amos viii4 #aj3 ,& ,i w turn y\r fea/s into m\rn+1 & all y\r songs into lam5tation2 ,lam4 v4 #ae2 ,is4 xxiv4 #h1 #aa47 ,! ?ree foll[+ n\ns 7 v correctly di/+ui%$ by ,j]ome4 1 fea/1 is ! designation ( ! ?ree annual pr9cipal fe/ivals4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re 0 9 e mon? ! ,pg #bdh fea/ ( ! new-moon2 & 9 e week1 ! ,sabba?4 ,?is connection is a /&+ "o1 :i*1 ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7comp>e ,col4 ii4 #af71 /ill rev]ts4 ,! words1 all h] fe/ival "t1 compreh5d ! s+le species 9 ! designation ( ! g5us4 ,t prop]ly signifies appo9t$ "t1 !n1 m specially1 fe/ival "t1 fea/1 appe>s f ,lev4 xxiii4 #d3 ,^! are ! ( ! ,"l1 ! sacr$ assemblies :i* y %all call 1 9 _! appo9t$ "t4 ,t ! fea/s are n a s+le species co-ord9ate ) ! new-moons & ,sabba?s1 b ! g5us1 appe>s f ! fact t 9 ,lev4 xxiii4 ! ,sabba? op5s ! s]ies ( ! 4 ,9 a wid] s5se1 ! new-moons also belong$ to ! 1 al?\gh !y are n enum]at$ among !m 9 ,lev4 xxiii4 on acc\nt ( _! subord9ate "*4 ,9 ,num4 x4 #aj1 ,is4 i4 #ad1 ,ezra iii4 #e1 ! new-moons are m5tion$ along ) ! only z ! species by ! side ( ! g5us4 ,b we are at lib]ty to ?9k only ( ! fea/s appo9t$ by ,god2 =1 o!rwise1 !re w\ld be no room = ! application ( ! lex talionis3--,god takes f ! ,israelites only :at !y _h tak5 f ,him4 ,! days ( ! ,baalim are aft]w>ds specially m5tion$ 9 v]4 #ae4 ,! days ( ,god are tak5 f !m2 = ! days ( ! ,baalim !y are puni%$4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 appe>s f ! passage be=e u--& x is plac$ beyond any d\bt by sev]al o!r passages 9 ,hosea z well z 9 ,amos--t1 outw>dly1 ! wor%ip1 z regulat$ by ! prescriptions ( ! ,p5tateu*1 _h all along cont9u$4 7,= ! argum5ts 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 ! au?or's ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 i41 are to be comp>$47 ,v]4 #ad4 ,& ,i make desolate h] v9e & fig-tree1 :]e( %e said1 ,!y are ! wages ( :or$om to me1 t my lov]s h giv5 me2 & ,i make !m a =e/1 & ! bea/s ( ! field eat !m4 ,! v9e & fig-tree1 z ! two noble/ productions ( ,pale/9e--,ispahan1 9 ! ,exc]pta ex vita ,salad9i1 p4 #aj1 calls !m ambos ,francorum oculos--are "h also connect$ ) ea* o!r1 z is commonly done 9 ?reat5+s & promises1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! ri* gifts ( ,god1 :]e) ,he has bless$ ?is c\ntry4-- is (t5 plac$ be=e an entire s5t5ce1 to m>k x out z be+ relative 9 g5]al4 ,pg #bdi ,x is ! loos]1 in/ead ( ! clos] connection1 ( :i*4-- wages ( pro/itution1 in/ead ( :i*1 9 ix4 #a & o!r passages1 ! =m occurs1 requires a r5ew$ inve/igation4 ,x is commonly d]iv$ f 1 to :i* ! signification l>git] donavit1 dona di/ribuit1 is ascrib$4 ,b oppos$ to ?is1 !re is ! fact t ! root is1 nei!r 9 ,hebrew1 nor 9 any ( ! dialects1 f\nd ) ?is signification4 ,x has 9 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 & ,syriac1 ! signification to laud1 to praise1 to rec\nt4 ,b besides ?is 1 !re occurs ano!r 1 n ) ! g5]al signification to give1 b 9 ! special "o1 to give a rew>d ( :or$om2 9 :i* signification x _c be a primitive ^w1 b d]iv$ f 1 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 & 9 ,ezek4 xvi4 #cd4 ,! supposition ( a primitive v]b 1 ) ! signification to give1 is also oppos$ by ! circum/ance t ! n\n :i* is said to be d]iv$ f x nev] occurs ) ! g5]al signification gift1 b always ) ! special "o1 rew>d ( pro/itution4 is r d]iv$ f ! fir/ p]s4 ,fut4 ,kal ( ! v]b 1 a ,i w-give-!e1 simil> to our =get-me-n4 ,! :ore asks1 9 ,g54 xxxviii4 #af1 7:at wilt ?\ give me871 & ! :oremong] answ]s1 7,i w give !e71 v]4 #ah4 ,f ?is !re orig9at$1 9 ! language ( ! bro!l1 a base ^w = su* base traffic4 ,! sacr$ writ]s are n a%am$ or afraid to use x4 ,!y speak1 ?r\gh\t1 ( common ?+s 9 a common mann]2 = ! vulg> ^w is ! mo/ suitable = ! vulg> ?+4 ,! morality ( a p1 or ( an age1 may be measur$ by _! speak+ ( vulg> ?+s 9 a vulg> mann]1 or ! rev]se4 ,:]ev]1 9 ! language1 ! fille de joie or ,freud5md*5 has tak5 ! place ( ! :ore1 a simil> *ange w1 9 reality1 h tak5 place4 ,:atsoev] ! p ( ,israel imag9$ t !y receiv$ f _! idols1 !y c]ta9ly w n h designat$ z a rew>d ( pro/itution1 b z a rew>d ( true love4 ,b ! prophet at once de/roys all _! pleasant imag9+s by putt+ into _! m\?s ! correspond+ expression1--an expression :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h s\nd$ v rudely & vulg>ly 9 _! t5d] e>s2 = ! tongue & ! e> become m t5d]1 9 ! same degree 9 :i* ! he>t becomes m vulg>4 ,%e :o imag9$ h]self s t5d] & affectionate sees h]self ,pg #bej at once address$ z a common pro/itute4 ,! sweet pro(s ( ! he>tfelt mutual love :i* h] lov]s gave h] are call$ wages ( :or$om4 ,?is is inde$ a good corrective = our language1 = our :ole view ( ?+s1 = our own he>ts1 :i* are s easily befool$4 ,all love ( ! _w1 all /riv+ aft] its fav\r1 e surr5d] to ! _s ( ! age1 is :or$om4 ,a rew>d ( :or$om1 :i* mu/ n be br\ght into ! temple ( ! ,"l 7= x is an abom9ation unto ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ,deut4 xxiii4 #ai71 is ev]y?+ :i* x (f]s & gives u 9 return4 ,l a rew>d ( :or$om1 x w melt away2 ( wages ( :or$om %e has collect$1 & to wages ( :or$om x %all return4--,?is d]ivation f ! ,future has a great _m analogies 9 its fav\r2 among o!rs1 ! :ole class ( n\ns ) prefix$1 9 :i* x is q evid5t 7al?\gh ?is has be5 s (t5 ov]look$7 t !y h aris5 f ! ,fut4 ,if ! 9 ^! =ms orig9at$ f ! ,hiphil1 h[ c\ld x be expla9$ t !y are m frequ5tly connect$ ) ,kal8 ,ev5 ! v common occurr5ce ( ! =mation f ! ,future 9 ! case ( prop] names1 induces u to expect1 a priori1 t x w be m frequ5t 9 appellative names ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! phrase 1 9 ! passages quot$1 is also 9 fav\r ( ?is d]ivation4 ,by x1 ! int]*ange ( ! two =ms & is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! =ms1 ! ,nun :i* prevails 9 1 b :i* _h be5 dropp$ at ! beg9n+1 aga9 reappe>s4 ,a v>iation 9 ! =m is1 moreov]1 q natural 9 a ^w :i* orig9at$ f common life1 :i* is entirely de/itute ( accurate analogies1 & is !re=e1 z x 71 )\t a model2 = ! o!r n\ns ( ?is class are =m$ f ! #c;d p]s4 ( ! ,fut4--,z reg>ds1 n[1 ! sub/ance3--,egotism1 & selfi%ness aris+ out ( x1 are ! gr\nd ( all desire = ! love ( t :i* is n ,god1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? :o h already kn[n ! true ,god2 = :]e ?is is n ! case1 !re may be1 ev5 9 idolatry1 a bett] elem5t1 :i* seeks = a false gratification only because x does n "k ! true "o4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 x appe>s1 t ! idolatry ( ! ,israelites 7& ?is is only a species ( ! idolatry ( all ^? :o h _h opportunity to "k ! true ,god1 & ( :om x is true t ! la/ is worse ?an ! fir/7 0 ,pg #bea mu* l[] ?an t ( ! ,g5tiles1 ^: poets & philosoph]s1 9 "p1 zeal\sly oppos$ ! dispositions :i* are "h express$2 comp>e ! passages 9 ,mang]4 ,egotism is "h1 z x always is1 folly2 = x tru/s 9 him :o himself possesses only borr[$ & /ol5 goods1 :i* ! lawful own] may1 at e mom5t1 take away f him4 ,& 9 ord] t su* folly may appe> z su*1 & v gl>+ly too4 ,he appe>s "h inde$1 & takes :at ,he _h 9 reality giv5 out ( ,8 m]cy1 b :at1 accord+ to _! imag9ation1 !y _h receiv$ f ! idols z a rew>d4--,! suffix 9 ref]s to ! v9e & fig-tree4 ,! g>d5s ( v9es & fig-trees c>efully t5d$1 h$g$ & enclos$ r\nd ab\t1 are to be depriv$ ( h$ges1 enclosures1 & culture 7 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pa$4 i4 #a1 p4 #aae ,sylb471 to be *ang$ into a =e/1 & giv5 ov] to ! ravages ( wild bea/s2 = ! words & eat !m are by no means to be ref]r$ to ! fruits only4 ,! same image ( an entirely deva/at$ c\ntry is f\nd 9 ,is4 vii4 #bc ff42 ,mic4 iii4 #ab4 ,v]4 #ae4 ,& ,i visit ^u h] ! days ( ! ,baalim1 to :om %e burnt inc5se1 & put on h] r+ & h] ornam5t1 & w5t aft] h] lov]s1 & =gat ,me1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,! days ( ! ,baalim are ! days consecrat$ to _! wor%ip1 :e!r !y 7 specially set ap>t = t purpose1 or :e!r !y 7 orig9ally devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,"l1 :om !y s\ght to conf\nd ) ,baal4 ,mang]1 & ) him1 mo/ int]pret]s1 are wrong 9 und]/&+ by ! days ( ,baal1 all ! "t--c]ta9ly a v long "o--9 :i* t =bidd5 wor%ip fl\ri%$ 9 ?is nation4 ,su* w\ld be too indef9ite an expression4 ,:5 days ( ! ,baalim are spok5 (1 e "o mu/ ?9k ( days specially consecrat$ to !m1--_! fe/ivals4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$1 moreov]1 ! ref]5ce to ! days ( ! ,"l 9 v]4 #ac4 ,9 v]4 #aj1 h[ev]1 only "o ,baal1 1 is spok5 (2 "h !re are sev]al4 ,?is may be reconcil$ by ! supposition t "o & ! same ,baal 0 wor%ipp$ accord+ to 8 v>i\s modes ( manife/ation :i* 7 express$ by ! epi!ts4 ,b ! plural may also be expla9$--& ?is seems to be pref]able--f #a ,k+s xviii4 #ah1 :]e ,baalim is tantam\nt to ,baal & 8 associates 7comp>e ,diss]tations on ! ,g54 ( ! ,p5t4 vol4 i4 p4 #afe72 or f ,lev4 xvii4 #g1 :]e d5otes ! ,goat-idol1 ,pg #beb & o!rs ( 8 k9d4 ,! calves1 ! wor%ip ( :i* 01 at ! "t ( ,hosea1 ! prevail+ "o ?r\gh\t ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 are1 9 t case1 compreh5d$ 9 ! ,baalim4--,9 ! words1 ,& %e put on h] r+ & ornam5t1 ! figurative mode ( expression has be5 ov]look$ by mo/ int]pret]s4 ,misl$ by ! 1 :i* ref]s directly to ! spiritual adult]ess1 !y imag9$ t ! we>+ ( nose-r+s1 & o!r ornam5ts1 9 hon\r ( ! idols1 0 "h spok5 (4 ,a m correct view 0 held by ! ,*aldee :o ?us p>aphrases3 ,! ,congregation ( ,israel 0 l a wife :o des]t$ h] husb&1 & adorn$ h]self1 & ran aft] h] lov]s4 ,?us ! ,congregation ( ,israel 0 pleas$ to wor%ip idols1 & to neglect ,my wor%ip4 ,a great _m false int]pretations h _h _! orig9 9 ! circum/ance1 t !y c\ld n compreh5d ?is lib]ty ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 :o at "o "t speak pla9ly ( ! spiritual antitype1 & at ano!r "t transf] to x ! peculi>ities ( ! outw>d type4 ,_h ?is be5 kept 9 view1 x w\ld n1 e4g41 h be5 ass]t$1 t ,david _h1 9 ,ps4 xxiii4 #e1 rel9qui%$ ! image ( ! good %eph]d1 because he does n speak ( a tr\gh :i* ! actual good %eph]d places be=e 8 %eep1 b ( a table1 plac$ be=e !m by ! spiritual good ,%eph]d4 ,9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 ! d5otes an action p]=m$ by h] :o is an adult]ess 9 a spiritual po9t ( view4 ,9 ! words1 ,%e puts on1 etc41 h] conduct is describ$ "u ! figure ( t ( h] outw>d type4 ,! actual correspond5ce is to be f\nd 9 h] ef=ts ( mak+ h]self agreeable1--9 ! employ+ ( e means 9 ord] to ga9 h] spiritual lov]s4 ,! putt+ on ( preci\s ornam5ts comes into view1 only 9 s f> z x is "o ( ^! ef=ts1 &1 inde$1 a v subord9ate "o4 ,! burn+ ( inc5se1 ! (f]+ ( sacrifices1 etc41 are1 9 ?is respect1 ( f> great] importance4 ,! correctness ( our int]pretation is confirm$ by ^? p>allel passages also1 9 :i* ! same figurative mode ( expression occurs4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,is4 lvii4 #i3 ,?\ looke/ ^u ! k+ 7! common translation1 ?\ goe/ to ! k+1 _c be def5d$ on philological gr\nds7 9 oil 7i4e41 smell+ ( o9tm5t71 & multiplie/ ?y p]fume1--evid5tly a figurative designation1 tak5 f a coqueti% woman1 to express ! employ+ ( all means 91 ord] to ga9 fav\r2--,is4 iv4 #cj3 ,pg #bec ,& ?\ desolate "o1 :at wilt ?\ d8 ,= ?\ putte/ on ?y purple1 = ?\ adorne/ ?yself ) gold5 ornam5ts1 = ?\ r5te/ ?9e eyes ) pa9t+4 ,9 va9 ?\ make/ ?yself fair2 ! lov]s despise !e1 !y seek ?y life4 ,9 ,ezek4 xxii4 #dj-db1 ,j]usalem wa%es & pa9ts h]self1 expect+ h] lov]s1 & decks h]self ) ornam5ts2 !n %e sits d[n ^u a /ately c\*2 a table is prep>$ be=e h]1 ^u :i* %e places ! inc5se ( ! ,"l1 & ,8 oil4 ,9 ?is la/ feature 9 ,ezekiel1 ! type disappe>s beh9d ! ?+ typifi$1 al?\gh n s completely z is ! case 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 9 ! words1 ,%e burns inc5se4--,f :at has be5 rem>k$1 x appe>s t1 9 sub/ance1 ,hos4 iv4 #ac1 ,!y sacrifice ^u ! tops ( ! m\nta9s & bum inc5se ^u ! hills1 is entirely p>allel4 ,! two clauses1 ,%e w5t aft] h] lov]s1 & %e =gat ,me1 bo? s]ve to repres5t ! crime 9 a m he9\s light4 ,s9 mu/ c]ta9ly h already poison$ ! :ole he>t1 if occasion = its ex]cise be spontane\sly s\ght aft]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! latt]1 ,calv9 rem>ks3 ,j z :5 a wife has = a long "t liv$ ) h] husb&1 & has be5 k9dly & lib]ally treat$ by him1 & !n pro/itutes h]self to lov]s1 & does n ent]ta9 or reta9 any m love = him2 su* a depravity is no?+ less ?an bruti%4 ,v]4 #af4 ,!re=e1 behold1 ,i allure h]1 & lead h] into ! wild]ness & speak to h] he>t4 ,! consolation & promise "h beg9 ) z great abruptness z 9 ! fir/ section4 ,x is report$ h[ ! ,"l gradually leads back ,8 unfai?ful wife to re=mation1 & to reunion ) ,him1 ! lawful husb&4 ,great difficulty has be5 occasion$ to int]pret]s by ! at ! comm5cem5t4 ,v easily1 b at ! same "t v inconsid]ately1 ! difficulty is got ov] by ^? :o give x ! signification1 utique1 pr(ecto2 b ?is _c be call$ int]pret+4 ,x mu/ be1 above all1 consid]$ z settl$ & und\bt$1 t c "h h t signification only :i* x always has2 & ?is all ! m1 t 9 v]s4 #h & #ae x occurr$ 9 ! same signification4 ,?is be+ tak5 = grant$1 ! !re=e might be ref]r$ to ! words ( ! wife 9 v]4 #i1 ,i w g & return to my fir/ husb&1 & all :i* foll[s be consid]$ z only a k9d ( p>5!sis4 ,t ! ,"l beg9s aga9 to %[ ,himself ,pg #bed k9d to ,8 wife w\ld !n h its f\ndation 9 ?is3--t 9 h] ! fir/ symptoms ( a *ange ( "* manife/$ !mselves4 ,b ?is supposition is1 aft] all1 too =c$4 ,^! words are too f> away z t ! prophet c\ld h expect$ to be und]/ood1 9 ?us ref]r+ to !m 9 a mann] s indef9ite4 ,sev]al int]pret]s foll[ ! explanation ( ,t>novius3 ,!re=e1 because %e is n correct$ by s great calamities1 ,i w try ! matt] 9 ano!r & m l5i5t way1 by k9dness4 ,b ! prophet c\ld n expect t 8 he>]s & read]s %\ld !mselves supply ! ?\ght1 :i* is n indicat$ by any?+1--! ?\ght1 namely1 because t =m] me?od 0 ( no avail1 or r1 because x alone did n suffice2 = x 0 by no means :olly 9 va94 ,:5 ! ,"l _h h$g$ up h] way ) ?orns1 ! woman speaks3 ,i w g & return2 & :]e tribulations are ( no avail--tribulations ?r\gh :i* we mu/ ent] ! k+dom ( ,god--no?+ else w4 ,! sev]ity ( ,god mu/ prec$e ,8 love4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ?is tra9 ( ?\ght %\ld h occurr$ to !m1 !y _h no gu>antee = its correctness4 ,x is mo/ natural to take ! z be+ simply co-ord9ate ) ! 9 v]s4 #h & #aa4 ,! because1 :i*1 9 all ! ?ree places1 corresponds to ! !re=e1 is ! wife's apo/asy4 ,because %e has =gott5 ,god1 ,he recalls ,himself to h] remembrance1 fir/ by ! puni%m5t1 & !n1 aft] ?is has atta9$ its end1--aft] ! wife has spok53 ,i w g & return1--by pro(s ( ,8 love4 ,! lead+ to ,egypt1 into ! wild]ness1 into ! l& ( ,canaan1 re/s on h] unfai?fulness z its f\ndation4 ,)\t x1 ! ,congregation w\ld h rema9$ 9 undi/urb$ possession ( ! promis$ l&4 ,by x1 ,god is induc$1 bo? accord+ to ,8 ju/ice & ,8 m]cy1 to take x f h]1 to lead h] back into ! wild]ness1 & !nce to ! promis$ l&4--1 9 ! ,piel1 is a v]bum amatorium2 x signifies to allure by t5d] p]suasion4 ,!re is to be a repetition ( ! proce$+ ( ,god1 by :i* ,he =m]ly1 9 ,egypt1 allur$ ! p to ,himself1 & induc$ !m to foll[ ,him into ! wild]ness1 f ! spiritual & bodily bondage 9 ,egypt4 ,aft] ! suff]+s1 !re always foll[s ! allur+4 ,god fir/ takes away ! objects ( s9ful love1 & !n ,he comes allur+ & p]suad+ u t we %\ld *oose1 = ! object ( our love4 ,him :o alone is wor?y (1 & entitl$ to1 love4 ,he is n ,pg #bee satisfi$ ) ! /rict prosecution ( ,8 "r1 b endeav\rs to make duty sweet to u1 &1 by ,8 love1 to br+ x ab\t t we p]=m x f love4 ,aft] ,he has ?us allur$ u4 ,he leads u f ,egypt into ! wild]ness4--,! words1 ,i lead h] into ! wild]ness1 h be5 v mu* misund]/ood by int]pret]s4 ,accord+ to ,mang]1 ! wild]ness "h is t ?r\gh :i* ! captives %\ld pass on _! return f ,babylon4 ,b "o reason alone is suffici5t to refute ?is op9ion1--namely1 t on acc\nt ( ! foll[+ v]se1 by ! wild]ness 7! article mu/ n be ov]look$71 only t wild]ness c be und]/ood :i* sep>ates ,egypt f ,canaan4 ,o!rs 7,ewald1 ,hitzig71 foll[+ ,grotius1 und]/& by ! wild]ness1 ! ,assyrian captivity4 ,kuehnl has acquir$ great m]it = ?is exposition1 by prov+ f a passage 9 ,h]odotus1 t !re 71 at t "t1 uncultivat$ regions 9 ,assyria6 ,! same reason :i* militates aga9/ ! =m] int]pretation is oppos$ to ?is also4 ,to ?is x may be fur!r add$1 t1 accord+ to x1 we c make no?+ ( ! allur+4 ,! ,israelites 7 n allur$ into captivity by k9dness & love2 !y 7 driv5 into x aga9/ _! w1 by ,god's wra?4 ,moreov]1 :at accord+ to ?is int]pretation is to be done ) ! 9 v]4 #ag8 ,did1 p]haps1 ! v9ey>ds ( ,canaan beg9 imm$iately beyond ,assyria1 or does n ev5 ?is r lead u to ! ,arabian des]t8 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t ?is des]t is ! "o to be ?\ght ( "h1 &1 9 addition1 t x c only be z an image & type t ! prophet "h repres5ts ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 z a repetition ( ! =m] "o 9 its individual =m2 inasmu* z x 01 sub/antially1 equal ) x4 ,= !y :o return$ f ! ,assyrian captivity c\ld n well pass ?r\gh ! lit]al ,arabian des]t2 & ! comp>ison express$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 ,z 9 ! day :5 %e w5t up f ! l& ( ,egypt1 %[s t "h also a decurtata comp>atio mu/ take place4 ,b1 n[1 all dep5ds ^u det]m9+ ! ess5tial feature1 ! real nature & sub/ance1 ( t fir/ lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness2 because ! lead+ spok5 ( 9 ! v]se be=e u mu/ h t ess5tial feature 9 common ) x4 ,! pr9cipal passage--:i* mu/ guide u 9 ?is inve/igation1 & :i* is prov$ to be su* by ! circum/ance t ! ,"l ,himself ref]r$ ,pg #bef to x :5 ,he 0 spiritually l$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 an ev5t :i*1 = a sign1 outw>dly also took place 9 ! wild]ness--is ,deut4 viii4 #b-e3 ,& ?\ %alt rememb] all ! way :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god l$ !e ^! =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness1 to afflict !e & to prove !e1 to "k :at 0 9 ?y he>t1 :e!r ?\ w\ld/ keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 or no4 ,& ,he afflict$ !e1 & suff]$ !e to hung]1 & f$ !e ) ! manna :i* ?\ knewe/ n1 nei!r did ?y fa!rs "k1 t ,he might make !e "k t man do? n live by bread only1 b by ev]y?+ :i* proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ! ,"l do? man live4 ,?y raim5t wax$ n old ^u !e1 nei!r did ?y foot swell ^! =ty ye>s4 ,& ?\ kn[e/ 9 ?9e he>t1 t z a fa!r *a/5e? 8 son1 s ! ,"l ?y ,god *a/5e? !e4 ,! ess5tial feature 9 ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness is1 accord+ly1 ! temptation4 ,by ! wond]ful manife/ations ( ! ,"l's omnipot5ce & m]cy1 on ! occasion ( ,israel's deliv]ance f ,egypt1 a he>tfelt love to ,him _h be5 awak5$ 9 ! p4 7,comp>e ! t5d] expression ( x 9 ! ,song 9 ,exod4 xv42 & also ! passage 9 ,j]4 ii4 #b3 ,i rememb] !e1 ! k9dness ( ?y y\?1 ! love ( ?9e esp\sals1 ?y go+ aft] ,me 9 ! wild]ness 9 a l& n s[n1--:i* _c b ref] to ! v fir/ "t ( ! abode 9 ! wild]ness1 be=e ! giv+ ( ! law on ,s9ai1 z is evid5t f ! m5tion ( ! y\? & esp\sals2 = ! latt] ceas$ on ,s9ai1 :]e ! m>riage took place47 ,! :ole conduct ( ! p at ! giv+ ( ! law1--_! great read9ess 9 promis+ to d all t ! ,"l %\ld comm&1--likewise be> te/imony to ?is love4 ,! ,"l's he>tfelt delight 9 ,israel dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( _! m>*+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 ( :i* ,hosea speaks 9 ix4 #aj1 likewise presupposes ?is love4 ,?us ! fir/ /ation 0 rea*$4 ,! p n[ hop$ to be put 9 imm$iate possession ( ! inh]itance promis$ to !m by ! ,"l4 ,b1 because ! ,"l knew ! condition ( human nature4 ,8 way 0 a diff]5t "o4 ,a /ate ( temptation & trial succe$$ t ( entire ali5ation f ,god4 ,! fir/ love is b too (t5--nay1 x is1 m or less1 always--b a flick]+ flame4 ,s9 has n be5 entirely sla92 x has be5 only subdu$ = a mom5t1 & only wants a fav\rable opportunity ,pg #beg to rega9 its old dom9ion4 ,x w\ld nev] be ?or\ghly de/roy$1 if ,god all[$ ?is condition always to cont9ue2 if by always putt+ on new fuel1 if by un9t]rupt$ pro(s ( ,8 love4 ,he 7 to keep t fire burn+ cont9ually4 ,if ! love ( ! feel+s & imag9ation is to become a cordial1 ?or\gh moral love1 x requires to be tri$1 9 ord] t ?us x may recognise its own no?+ness hi!rto1 & h[ necess>y x is t x %\ld take deep] root4 ,! means ( ?is trial are ,god's afflict+ u1 conceal+ ,himself f u1 lead+ u 9 a way diff]5t f t :i* we expect$1 &1 app>5tly1 =sak+ vis4 ,b because ,he is ! m]ciful ,"o :o w n suff] u to be tempt$ above t we are able1--because ,he ,himself has comm&$ u to pray1 ,lead u n into temptation1 i4e41 into su* an "o z we are n able to be>1 & w\ld !reby become a temptation inw>dly1--,he makes ,8 gifts to g by ! side ( ,8 *a/isem5ts4 ,he :o suff]$ ,israel to hung]1 gave !m also to eat4 ,he :o suff]$ !m to ?ir/1 gave !m also to dr9k4 ,he :o l$ !m ov] ! burn+ s&1 did n suff] _! %oes to wax old4 ,b ?is c\nt]poise to tribulation becomes1 9 ano!r aspect1 a new temptation4 ,z ,satan tries to ov]?r[ u by pleasure z well z by pa92 s ,god proves u by :at ,he gives1 no less ?an by :at ,he takes away4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x w be se5 :e!r we love ,god )\t ,8 gifts2 9 ! =m]1 :e!r we love ,him 9 ,8 gifts4 ,?is second /ation is1 to _m1 ! la/2 ! bodies ( _m fall 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b :ile a multitude ( individuals rema9 !re1 ! ,congregation ( ,god always passes ov] to ! ?ird /ation1--! possession ( ,canaan4 ,! /ate ( temptation is1 to h]1 always a /ate ( sift+ & purification at ! same "t4 ,t :i* is to ! individual a calamity1 is to h] a bless+4--,t we h ?us correctly def9$ ! nature & sub/ance ( ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 is confirm$ by ! temptation ( ,*ri/ also1 :i* imm$iately succe$$ ! be/[al ( ! ,_s1 :i* aga9 correspond$ to ! fir/ love4 ,t ?is temptation ( ,*ri/ correspond$ to ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness--9 s f> z x c\ld d s 9 ! case ( ,him :o 0 tempt$ 9 all ?+s1 yet )\t s92 :ile 9 our case1 !re is no temptation1 ev5 :5 resi/$ ,pg #beh victori\sly1 t is )\t s9--appe>s suffici5tly f its two ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 viz41 ! /ay 9 ! wild]ness1 & ! =ty days2 b /ill m s1 f ! int]nal feature1--! fact t ! ,savi\r1 9 ord] to %[ ! tempt] t ,he recognis$ 9 ,8 own case a repetition ( ! /ay 9 ! wild]ness1 oppos$ ,him ) a passage tak5 f ! locus classicus conc]n+ x1 already quot$4--,we n[1 moreov]1 cite ! p>allel passages :i* s]ve z an explanation ( ! passage "u consid]ation1 & z a confirmation ( ! explanation :i* we h giv54 ,! mo/ important is ,ezek4 xx4 #cd-ch3 ,& ,i br+ y out f ! nations1 & ga!r y out ( ! c\ntries :]e9 ye are scatt]$1 ) a mighty h& & ) a /ret*$-out arm1 & ) fury p\r$ out4 ,& ,i br+ y into ! wild]ness ( ! nations1 & !re w ,i plead ) y face to face2 l z ,i plead$ ) y\r fa!rs 9 ! wild]ness ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 s w ,i plead !re ) y1 sai? ! ,"l ,god4 ,& ,i cause y to pass "u ! rod1 & br+ y into ! bond ( ! cov5ant1 & purge out f among y ! rebels1 & !m t transgress aga9/ ,me2 out ( ! l& ( y\r pilgrimage 7! /&+ designation ( ,egypt 9 ! ,p5tateu*7 ,i w br+ !m =?1 & into ! l& ( ,israel !y %all n come1 & ye %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l4 ,"h also1 ! /ay 9 ! wild]ness appe>s z a /ate ( trial1 ly+ 9 ! middle betwe5 ! abode among ! nations 7correspond+ to ! bondage 9 ,egypt1 :i* 0 s n m]ely bodily1 b spiritual also71 & ! possession ( ,canaan4 ,& ! result ( ?is trial is a diff]5t "o1 accord+ to ! diff]5t condition ( ! individuals4 ,"s %all be altoge!r de/roy$2 ev5 ! appe>ance ( ! communion ) ! ,"l1 :i* !y hi!rto ma9ta9$ by hav+ come out ( ! l& ( pilgrimage along ) ! o!rs1 %all be tak5 away2 :il/ ! o!rs1 by ! v means :i* br\ght ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! =m]1 %all be confirm$ 9 _! communion ) ! ,"l1 & be m closely unit$ to ,him4 ,hosea1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]sonification ( ! ,congregation ( ,israel1 has ! :ole m 9 view1 reg>ds *iefly ! latt] feature4 ,a v rem>kable circum/ance 9 ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 requires to be /ill m m9utely consid]$2 because x promotes ess5tially ! "r und]/&+ ( ! passage be=e u4 ,:at is meant ,pg #bei by ! wild]ness ( ! nations8 ,sev]al int]pret]s ?9k t x is ! wild]ness betwe5 ,babylon & ,judea4 ,?us1 = example1 ,mang]3 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! des]t ( ,arabia itself is "h call$ ! wild]ness ( ! nations1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t nomadic tribes :i* are accu/om$ to w&] ?r\gh x4 ,ros5mll] says3 ,he seems to speak "h ( ^? va/ solitudes :i* ! ,jews _h to pass ?r\gh1 on _! way f ,babylon to ,judea4 ,b ?is ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 & ?is he seems1 on ! "p ( ^! int]pret]s1 %[ t !y !mselves felt ! insuffici5cy ( _! own explanation4 ,t nomadic tribes are /ray+ ?r\gh t wild]ness1 is n at all ess5tial1 & c !re=e n be m5tion$ "h1 :]e only ! ess5tial feature--! nature & sub/ance ( ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness--are conc]n$4 ,& we _c at all p]ceive :y j ! wild]ness betwe5 ,babylon & ,judea %\ld be call$ ! wild]ness ( ! nations4 ,x 0 no m travell$ by nomadic tribes ?an 0 any o!r wild]ness4 ,& j z little 0 x *>act]i/ic ( x1 t x bord]$ ^u ! t]ritories ( v>i\s nations 7,hitzig74 ,su* a designation w\ld ?r[ u ^u ! t]ritory ( m]e conjecture1 on :i* we are1 9 ,holy ,scripture1 nev] ?r[n1 except ?r\gh our own fault4 ,b x is q decisive t ! words1 ,i br+ y out ( ! wild]ness ( ! nations1 /& 9 a close relation to ! words1 ,i br+ y out f ! nations4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! nations1 to :i* ! ,israelites are to be br\ght1 _c be any o!r ?an ^?1 out ( ! mid/ ( :om !y are to be l$4 ,9 ! fir/ lead+ out ( ! ,israelites1 ! two spiritual conditions 7 sep>at$ ext]nally also4 ,! fir/ belong$ to ,egypt2 ! second1 to ! wild]ness4 ,b x %all n be ?us1 9 ?is ann\nc$ repetition ( ! lead+4 ,x is only spiritually t ! ,israelites1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second condition1 %all be l$ out f among ! nations1 9 ! mid/ ( :om !y1 outw>dly1 /ill cont9ue to be4 ,! wild]ness is 9 ! second ,egypt itself4 ,! /ay 9 ! wild]ness is repeat$ z to its ess5ce only1 & n z to its accid5tal outw>d =m2 j z 9 ,ze*4 x4 #ab1 ! words1 ,& he passe? ?r\gh ! sea1 :i* app>5tly might imply a repetition ( ! outw>d =m m]ely1 are limit$ to ! sub/ance by ! subjo9$ affliction4 ,f ?is we obta9 = our passage 7,hitzig likewise ,pg #bfj rem>ks3 ,ezek4 xx4 #cd-ch seems to dep5d on ,hosea ii4 #af7 ! important result1 t ! lead+ ( ,god :i* is "h ann\nc$1 is n limit$ to a def9ite place1 & z little1 to a def9ite "t4 ,& :at is true ( ! lead+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 mu/ necess>ily apply to ! lead+ into ,canaan also4 ,j z ,egypt might beg91 & actually did beg91 ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 inasmu* z ,israel 0 !re 9 a condition ( heavy spiritual & bodily bondage2--j z1 spiritually1 !y might already be 9 ! wild]ness1 ?\gh1 outw>dly1 !y 7 /ill "u ,as%ur2 s1 ! /ay 9 ! wild]ness might1 relatively1 h /ill cont9u$ 9 ,canaan1 ev5 al?\gh--:i* did n happ5--! :ole p %\ld h return$ ?i!r ) ,z]ubbabel4 ,:at is x t makes ,canaan to be ,canaan1 ! promis$ l&1 ! l& ( ! ,"l8 ,x is j ?is3--t ! ,"l is !re pres5t ) all ,8 gifts & bless+s4 ,b su* 0 by no means ! case 9 ! new colony4 ,because ! spiritual condition ( ^? :o _h return$ 0 9 con=mity ) ! second--9 "p1 ev5 ) ! fir/--r ?an )4 ! la/ /ation1 _! outw>d condition 0 s likewise4 ,john ! ,bapti/ symboliz$ ?is cont9uation ( ! condition ( ! wild]ness1 by 8 appe>+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ) ! prea*+ ( rep5tance1 & )4 ! ann\ncem5t1 t n[ ! introduction to ! true ,canaan 0 ne> at h&4 ,by proclaim+ himself z ! voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ann\nc$ by ,isaiah1 he %[$ ) suffici5t pla9ness h[ false 0 t c>nal view :i*1 )\t be+ able to di/+ui% ! ?\ght f its drap]y1 und]/ood1 & /ill und]/&s1 by ! wild]ness spok5 ( 9 ?is prophecy1 "s piece ( l&1 limit$ z to space1 & !n murmur$ t ! actual limit did n correspond ) ! fanci$ "o4--,z 9 ! case ( ,israel1 s 9 ours also1 ^! conditions are di/+ui%$1 n absolutely1 b relatively only4 ,ev5 he :o has1 9 "o respect1 be5 already l$ ?r\gh to ,canaan1 rema9s1 9 ano!r respect1 9 ! wild]ness /ill4 ,canaan1 9 ! full s5se1 does n belong to ! pres5t _w1 b to ! future1 z reg>ds bo? ! s+le individual1 & ! :ole ,*ur*4--,ano!r p>allel passage is ,j]4 xxxi4 #a1 #b3 ,at ?is "t1 sai? ! ,"l1 w ,i be ! ,god ( all ! families ( ,israel1 & !y %all be ,my p4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,! p :o h escap$ f ! sword f9d m]cy 9 ! wild]ness2 ,pg #bfa ,i g to give re/ to ,israel4 ,9 ,rev4 xii4 #f1 #ad1 ! wild]ness likewise designates ! /ate ( trial & temptation4-- 1 prop]ly to speak ov] ! he>t1 because ! words fall d[n ^u ! he>t1 signifies an affectionate & consolatory address2 comp>e ,g54 xxxiv4 #c 7,& he lov$ ! damsel1 & spoke ov] ! he>t ( ! damsel71 l4 #ba2 ,is4 xl4 #b4 ,"h !y signify t ! wife is com=t$ aft] %e _h be5 s deeply ca/ d[n by ! consci\sness ( h] =m] unfai?fulness1 & by ! exp]i5ce ( its bitt] consequ5ces4 ,! view ( ^? :o w\ld "h ?9k only ( ! com=t+ words ( ! prophets is mu* too limit$1--al?\gh ^! words are1 ( c\rse1 includ$4 ,we mu/ *iefly ?9k ( ! s]mo realis ( ! ,"l1 ( all ! pro(s ( affectionate & t5d] love1 :]eby ,he gives re/ to ! we>y & heavy-lad51 & br+s x ab\t1 t ^? :o 7 =m]ly unfai?ful1 b :o n[ suff] !mselves to be l$ by ,him out ( ! spiritual bondage into ! spiritual wild]ness1 c n[ put confid5ce 9 ,him2 j z1 =m]ly4 ,he com=t$ ,israel 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! wa/e & desolate l&1 9 ! l& ( dr\ght & ( ! %ad[ ( dea? 7,j]4 ii4 #f71 & affectionately c>$ = all _! wants1 9 ord] t !y might "k t ,he is ! ,"l _! ,god1 ,deut4 xxix4 #d1 #e4 ,v]4 #ag4 ,& ,i give h] h] v9ey>ds f !nce1 & ! valley ( ,a*or 7tr\ble7 = a door ( hope2 & %e answ]s ?i!r z 9 ! days ( h] y\?1 & z 9 ! day :5 %e came up out ( ,egypt4 ,! same fai?ful love :i* l$ into ! wild]ness1 n[ leads into ,canaan also2 & ! entrance into ! promis$ l& is imm$iately foll[$ by ! possession ( all its gifts & bless+s1 :i* n[ legitimately belong to ! fai?ful wife 7h] v9ey>ds71 :il/1 =m]ly1 !y 7 tak5 f ! unfai?ful wife by ! giv]1 v]4 #ad4 ) ( ! p]son1 always means to give to "s "o4 ,h5ce ,simson is wrong 9 giv+ ! explanation3 ,& ,i make h] ( x1 viz41 ! wild]ness1 h] v9ey>ds2 = ! valley ( ,a*or 0 n situat$ 9 ! wild]ness1 b 9 ,canaan2 comp>e ,is4 lxv4 #aj4 ,! signification to give is "h suit$ to ! second memb] ( ! v]se also4 ,! valley ( ,a*or is giv5 to h] 9 its quality z a valley ( hope4 ,! v9ey>ds are m5tion$ ) ref]5ce to v]4 #ad1 :]e ! deva/ation ( ! v9e is ,pg #bfb ?reat5$4 ,!y are br\ght "u notice z ! noble/ possession1 z ! f9e/ ornam5t ( ! cultivat$ l&1 9 contra/ ) ! b>r5 wild]ness4 1 prop]ly f !nce1 is correctly expla9$ by ,mang]3 ,z soon z %e has come out ( t wild]ness4 ,! explanation ( ,rdig] & o!rs1 ,f t "t1 is unphilological2 is nev] an adv]b ( "t4--,accord+ to ! op9ion ( _m int]pret]s 7,calv91 ,mang]1 & o!rs71 ! valley ( ,a*or "h comes into consid]ation only because ( its fruitfulness1 & its situation at ! entrance ( ! promis$ l&1 b n ) any ref]5ce to ! ev5t :i*1 accord+ to ,jo%4 vii41 happ5$ !re4 ,b ! circum/ance t "h1 z 9 ! :ole prec$+ context1 ! prophet1 9 almo/ e ^w1 has be=e 8 eyes ! =m] lead+s ( ,israel1 compels u1 almo/ involunt>ily1 to h respect to t ev5t4 ,&1 9 addition1 !re is a /ill m decisive argum5t4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re is a contra/ betwe5 :at ! valley ( ,a*or is by nature1 & :at x is made by ! ,"l2 !re is too pla9 a contra/ betwe5 ! hope & ! affliction4 ,b if ?us ! mean+ ( ! "n is br\ght into view1 !n c]ta9ly !re mu/ also be a ref]5ce to ! ev5t to :i* x ow$ its "n4 ,b 9 ord] to h a "r und]/&+ ( ?is ref]5ce1 we mu/ f9d out :at 0 ! ess5tial feature 9 ! ev5t1 ! repetition ( :i* is "h ann\nc$4 ,! p1 :5 !y 7 ent]+ into ,canaan1 7 imm$iately depriv$ ( ! enjoym5t ( ! div9e fav\r by ! transgression ( an individual--,a*an--:i* 0 only a s+le fruit f ! tree ( ! s9 :i* 0 common to all4 ,b ,god ,himself1 9 ,8 m]cy1 made kn[n ! means by :i* ! lo/ fav\r might be recov]$2 & ?us ! place1 :i* seem$ to be ! door ( de/ruction1 became ! door ( hope2 comp>e ,s*ult5s on ,h>>i iii4 p4 #ahj4 ,! remembrance ( ?is ev5t 0 p]petuat$ by ! "n ( ! place2 comp>e v]4 #be3 ,& ,jo%ua said4 ,:y ha/ ?\ tr\bl$ u8 ,! ,"l %all tr\ble !e ?is day4 ,!re=e ! "n ( ! place 0 call$4 ,! valley ( ,a*or1 unto ?is day4 ,?is p>ticul> deal+ ( ,god1 h[ev]1 is bas$ ^u ,8 nature1 & mu/1 !re=e1 repeat itself :5 ,israel aga9 comes into simil> circum/ances1--mu/ be repeat$1 9 g5]al1 :5soev] simil> conditions arise4 ,ev5 !y :o h already ent]$ ! ,pg #bfc promis$ l&1 :o h already come to ! full enjoym5t ( salvation 7full1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z a :ole1 & designat$ z ! la/ /ation2 b z ?is la/ /ation aga9 has sev]al /eps & gradations1 ?is fulness c be relative only4 ,if x 7 absolute1 if no?+ m ( ! wild]ness 7 left1 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! case "h 9 "q c\ld no m occur2 = a salvation absolutely full presupposes a righte\sness absolutely full72--ev5 !y :o h already come to ! full enjoym5t ( salvation1 & to a degree ( righte\sness correspond+ to ?is salvation1 require /ill ! m]cy ( ,god2 =1 )\t x1 !y w\ld soon lose _! salvation aga94 ,?is m]cy1 h[ev]1 is v\*saf$ to !m 9 abundant measure4 ,! :ole mann] 9 :i* ,god leads ^? :o h obta9$ m]cy1 is a *ang+ ( ! valley ( tr\ble into a door ( hope4 ,he w ord] all ?+s 9 su* a way1 t ! bond ( union betwixt ,him & ^? = :om all ?+s mu/ "w toge!r = good1 in/ead ( be+ brok5 by s9--z x w\ld be if ,he 7 ju/ice alone--is only ! m /r5g!n$4 ,! same idea occurs aga9 9 v]4 #ba4 ,! new m>riage-cov5ant is !re f\nd$ n on ju/ice only1 b on m]cy also4--,! words are commonly expla9$1 ,%e s+s !re1 or1 ,%e !re raises alt]native songs4 ,b bo? ( ^! int]pretations are unphilological4 ,= #a4 does n signify !re1 b ?i!r4 ,^? passages :i* h be5 appeal$ to = ! purpose ( prov+ t x may also sometimes signify !re1 or at yond] place1 all belong to ! same class4 ,! opposite ( ! con/ruction ( ! v]bs ( motion ) takes place 9 !m4 ,z1 9 ^! v]bs1 ! idea ( re/ is1 = ! sake ( brevity1 omitt$1 s "h1 t ( motion4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,j]4 xviii4 #b1 ,g d[n to ! pott]'s h\se1 & ?i!r w ,i cause !e to he> ,my voice1 is a concise mode ( expression =1 ,i w s5d ,my voice ?i!r1 & cause !e to he> !re2 #a ,*ron4 iv4 #da1 ,:i* 7 f\nd ?i!r1 in/ead (1 :i* 7 f\nd !re :5 !y came ?i!r4 ,we might1 9 ! case ( ! passage "u consid]ation1 mo/ easily conc$e :at we are cont5d+ aga9/1 t is us$ in/ead ( 1 z a k9d ( grammatical blund]2 b t ! writ] knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two =ms cle>ly appe>s f ! close ( ! v]se1 :]e1 c]ta9ly1 he w\ld n h put = 4 ,^! are ! in/ances adduc$ by ,w9]4 ,ges5ius1 fur!r1 ref]s ,pg #bfdto ,is4 xxxiv4 #ae3 ,?i!r makes h] ne/2 b ! mak+ ( ! ne/ implies ! plac+ ( x4 ,ewald1 moreov]1 appeals to ,ps4 cxxii4 #e3 ,?i!r sit ! ?rones = judgm5t4 ,x is true t nev] signifies to sit d[n1 b x frequ5tly implies x4 ,he appeals1 fur!r1 to ! ,song ( ,solomon viii4 #e3 ,?i!r ?y "m br\ght !e =?2 :i* is tantam\nt to--!re %e br\ght !e =?1 & put !e d[n4 ,b c s mu* ! less signify !re1 t ! in/ances alleg$ = ! weak5+ ( ! locale 9 o!r passages1 w n /& ! te/4 ,ewald appeals to ,ps4 lxviii4 #g3 ,god makes ! solit>y to dwell 2 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n mean 9 ! h\se1 z ,ewald translates1 b into ! h\se--,he leads !m ?i!r1 & makes !m to dwell !re4 ,! idea ( motion be+ suffici5tly indicat$ by ! itself1 no o!r designation 0 requir$ 9 poetry1 :i* delights 9 brevity4 ,fur!r--,hab4 iii4 #aa3 ,sun & moon /& 1 t[>ds _! habitation1 i4e41 g into _! habitation & /& !re4 #b4 ,! v]b signifies nei!r to beg9 ! disc\rse1 nor to s+1 nor to s+ alt]nately1 nor to correspond1 nor to be fav\rably dispos$ 7,ewald71 nor to obey 7,hitzig71 b always1 & ev]y:]e1 to answ]4 ,all ^! explanations w lose _! plausibility1 if we only consid]1 t x is n always necess>y t a "q be express$ by words1 b t x may be impli$ 9 ! ?+ itself--especially 9 ! case ( ! lively ,ori5tals1 = :om ?+s1 ev5 ! mo/ mute1 h a language4 ,z examples1 we cite only #a ,sam4 xxi4 #ab3--;,did !y n answ] to him 9 dances1 say+1 ,saul has sla9 8 ?\s&s1 b ,david 8 t5 ?\s&s6 ,simil>ly also xxix4 #e4 ,t ev5 "h1 ! signification to answ] ought to be reta9$1 is pla9 f xviii4 #g1 comp>$ ) v]4 #f4 ,! com+ toge!r ( ,david & ,saul 0 a sil5t "q z to :i* 0 ! great]4 ,ps4 cxlvii43 ,answ] ! ,"l ) praise4 ,! real addresses ( ! ,"l 7 ,8 bless+s2 comp>e v]s4 #b-f1 #h ff4 ,by ev]y?+ :i* ,god gives ,he asks4 ,:at art ?\ do+ to ,me1 s9ce ,i am do+ t to !e8 is (t5 us$ ( ,god1 al?\gh no =mal "q or pray] prec$$2 b ! v relation itself implies pray] & ask+4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ev5 ! rav5s are said to cry to ,god4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,god answ]s ,8 p be=e !y cry to ,him4 ,he :o has no?+1 prays by ?is v circum/ance1 ev5 )\t words1 ,pg #bfeyea1 ev5 )\t ! ge/ures & po/ure ( "o :o is pray+4 ,s9ce1 9 ^! rem>ks1 we h already refut$ ! argum5ts :i* seem$ mo/ plausible1 we may pass ov] o!r objections :i* are less to ! purpose4 ,!re is only ! passage ,exod4 xv4 #ba1 :i* requires to be specially notic$1 z x is 9 t passage t ! signification to s+ alt]nately is suppos$1 beyond any d\bt1 to be2 & _m int]pret]s assume t !re is a v]bal ref]5ce to x 9 ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,& !n ,miriam answ]$ to !m 71 i4e41 to ! m571 ,s+ ye to ! ,"l1 ,moses s+s fir/ ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 v]4 #a1 & !n ,miriam ! prophetess took1 etc41 & answ]$4 ,! signification to answ]1 is "h q evid5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s t t passage has n ! slighte/ relation to ! "o "u consid]ation1 inasmu* z !re is n1 9 ! latt]1 any m5tion ( a fir/ *oir1 to :i* ! second answ]s4--,f :at has be5 hi!rto rem>k$1 x is settl$ t ! translation1 ,& %e answ]s ?i!r1 is alone admissible4 ,b n[1 s9ce no v]bal "q or address has prec$$ "h1 ! "q arises3--,:i* address by de$s call$ =? ! answ]8 ,to ?is "q an answ] is readily sugge/$ by ! ref]5ce ( to ! prec$+ 4 ,! address mu/ h come f t place to :i* ! answ] is s5t2 h5ce1 x c consi/ only 9 ! giv+ ( ! v9ey>ds1 & ( ! good ?+s ( ! promis$ l& g5]ally4 ,on ent]+ into x1 %e is welcom$ by ?is affectionate address ( ! ,"l1 h] husb&1 & !re %e answ]s x4 ,! foll[+ words1 ,z 9 ! days1 etc41 %[ :at t is 9 :i* ! answ] consi/s4 ,if1 at t "t1 ,israel answ]$ ! ,"l by a song ( praise1 full ( ?anks = ! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 n[ also !y w answ] ,him by a song ( praise1 = be+ l$ into ,canaan4 ,if hi/ory _h giv5 any report ( a hymn ( praise sung by ,israel :5 !y ent]$ into ,canaan1 ! prophet w\ld h ref]r$ to x2 b z x 01 he c\ld only rem9d !m ( t hymn4 ,& al?\gh ! occasion on :i* x 0 sung did n altoge!r correspond1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t 9 ?is hymn 7comp>e v]4 #ab ff47 ! pass+ ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea is repres5t$ z a prep>atory /ep1 & z prefigur+ ! occupation ( ,canaan--! latt] be+ conta9$ 9 x z 9 a g]m4 ,x is1 moreov]1 self-evid5t t ! ess5tial fundam5tal ?\ght is ,pg #bffonly t ( ! cordial & deep gratitude ( ! r$eem$1--t ! =m only is borr[$ f ! previ\s manife/ation ( ?is ?ankfulness4 ,an image altoge!r simil>1 & aris+ f ! same cause1 is f\nd 9 ,is4 xii4 also1 :]e ! ref]5ce to ,moses' hymn ( ?anks is manife/$ by employ+ ! v words2 & likewise 9 ,is4 xxvi42 &1 fur!r1 9 ,hab4 iii4 & ,rev4 xv4 #c4-- & are ,nom9atives1 n ,accusatives2 :i* latt] c\ld n be made use ( "h1 because ! disc\rse is n ( an action ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod1 b ( "o happ5+ at a p>ticul> po9t ( t p]iod4 ,! comp>ison is "h also m]ely intimat$1 because ! t]tium comp>ationis is abundantly evid5t f :at prec$es3 ,z ! days ( h] y\?1 in/ead (1 ,z %e once answ]$ 9 ! days ( h] y\?4 ,v]4 #ah4 ,& x %all be at t day1 sai? ! ,"l1 ?\ %alt call ,me1 ,my husb&1 & %all call ,me no m1 ,my ,baal4 ,! full p]=mance ( h] duties corresponds ) ! full admission to h] rights4 ,! prophet expresses ?is ?\ght1 by ann\nc+ ! removal ( ! two =ms 9 :i* ! apo/asy ( ! p f ! true ,god--! violation ( ! m>riage-cov5ant :i* re/$ on exclusiv5ess--0 at t "t manife/$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! mix+ up ( ! religion ( ,jehovah ) hea!nism1 accord+ to :i* !y call$ ! true ,god ,baal1 & wor%ipp$ ,him z ,baal2 ! o!r 0 /ill gross]--0 pure idolatry4 ,! abolition ( ! =m] 7comp>e above1 p4 #agf f47 is pr$ict$ 9 ?is v]se2 ! abolition ( ! latt]1 9 ! v]se foll[+4 ,bo? are 9 a simil> way plac$ beside ea* o!r 9 ,ze*4 xiv4 #i3 ,9 t day %all !re be "o ,"l1 & ,8 "n "o2 :]e ! fir/ clause ref]s to ! abolition ( poly!ism1 & ! second to ! abolition ( ! mix+ ( religion--( ! hidd5 apo/asy--:i*1 )\t v5tur+ to =sake ! true ,god entirely & op5ly1 endeav\rs to mix up & id5tify ,him ) ! _w4 ,to ! fundam5tal ?\ght !re are sev]al p>allels2 e4g41 ,deut4 xxx4 #e ff43 ,& ! ,"l ?y ,god br+e? !e into ! l& :i* ?y fa!rs possess$2 & ! ,"l ?y ,god circumcise? ?9e he>t1 & ! he>t ( ?y se$1 to love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 t ?\ maye/ live4 ,?is passage %[s t ! v]se be=e u1 no less ?an t :i* prec$es1 conta9s a promise1 & t ! call+1 & ! call+ no m1 is a "w ( div9e ,pg #bfg;grace4 ,to ?is we are l$ also by ! words1 ,i %all take away1 9 v]4 #ai1 z well z by ! o!r p>allel passages3--,j]4 xxiv4 #g3 ,& ,i give !m an he>t to "k ,me1 t ,i am ! ,"l2 & !y %all be a p to ,me1 & ,i w be a ,god to !m1 = !y %all return to ,me ) _! :ole he>t2 ,ezek4 xi4 #ai3 ,& ,i give !m "o he>t1 & a new _s ,i put )9 !m1 & take ! /ony he>t out ( _! fle%2 comp>e fur!r ,ze*4 xiii4 #b4 ,ano!r int]pretation ( ! v]se recomm5ds itself by its app>5t dep?4 ,accord+ to x1 is to be tak5 z an appellative n\n1 ! m>riage-,"l1 9 contra/ ) 1 husb&1 & t ! p are h5ce=? to be altoge!r gov]n$ by love4 ,b ?is int]pretation mu/ be object$ to1 = a :ole multitude ( reasons4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! relation ( ?is v]se to ! foll[+ "o1 :i* does n all[ t 1 :i* !re occurs z a prop] "n1 %\ld 9 ?is place be tak5 z an appellative4 ,!re is1 !n1 ! arbitr>9ess 9 def9+ ! relation betwe5 & 1 ! =m] ( :i* z little exclusively expresses ! relation ( love1 z ! latt] excludes x4 7,comp>e ,is4 liv4 #e1 #f1 lxii4 #d2 #b ,sam4 xi4 #bf47 ,fur!r1 x is incorrect to say t prop]ly means ,"l2 x means possessor4 ,/ill fur!r1--,!re is ! unsuitabl5ess ( ! ?\ght1 :i* w\ld be )\t any analogy 9 its fav\r ?r\gh\t ,scripture4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! relation ( love to ,god _c1 ev5 9 its highe/ consummation1 d away ) ref]5ce to ,him1 etc4 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& ,i take away ! names ( ! ,baalim out ( h] m\?1 & !y %all no m be rememb]$ by _! "n4 ,! p are to conceive su* an abhorr5ce ( idolatry1 t !y %all be afraid ( be+ defil$ ev5 by pron\nc+ ! "n ( ! idols4 ,! words are borr[$ f ,exod4 xxiii4 #ac3 ,ye %all n make m5tion ( ! "n ( o!r gods1 nei!r %all x be he>d out ( ?y m\?4 ,! special expression ( ! idea mu/1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 be ref]r$ back to ?is idea itself1 viz41 ! abhorr5ce ( ! =m] s9 &1 h5ce1 su* a m5tion _c "h be spok5 ( z1 l t 9 ! passage be=e u1 has no ref]5ce to t s94 ,v]4 #bj4 ,& ,i make a cov5ant = !m 9 t day ) ! bea/s ( ! field1 & ) ! f[ls ( heav51 & ) ! creep+ ?+s ( ! e>?2 & b[1 & sword1 & w> ,i break out ( ! l&1 & make !m to dwell 9 safety4 ,pg #bfh ,on ! expression1 ,i make a cov5ant1 ,mang] rem>ks1 ,! cause is "h put = ! effect1 9 ord] to inspire ) great] security4 ,= ! b5efit ( ,israel1 ,god makes a cov5ant ) ! bea/s1 i4e41 ,he imposes ^u !m obligations n to injure !m4 ,! phrase is frequ5tly us$ ( a transaction betwixt two p>ties1 :]eby an obligation is impos$ ^u only "o ( ! p>ties1 )\t ! assumption ( any obligation by ! o!r4 ,a some:at diff]5t turn is giv5 to ! image 9 ,job v4 #bc1 :]e1 by ! m$iation ( ,god1 ! bea/s !mselves ent] into a cov5ant ) ,job aft] 8 re/oration4 nev] means worm1 b always :at moves & creeps1 bo? small & great1 z1 9 ,ps4 civ4 #be1 is subjo9$ by way ( explanation4 ,! ?ree classes /& 9 ! same ord] 9 ,g54 ix4 #b4 ,! normal ord] !re e/abli%$1 ,& ! fe> ( y & ! dread ( y %all be ^u e bea/1 etc41 returns1 aft] ! removal ( ! di/urbance :i* has be5 produc$ by s94 ,^u ! words1 ,i break1 etc41 ,mang] makes ! v p]t95t rem>k3 ,x is an emphatic & expressive brevity1 accord+ to :i* break+ out ( ! l& all in/rum5ts ( w>1 & w> itself1 means t ,he w break !m & remove !m out ( ! l&4 ,x is self-evid5t t w> c "h1 z little z any:]e else1 mean weapons ( w>4 ,! prophet1 z x appe>s1 _h 9 view ! passage ,lev4 xxvi4 #c ff43 ,if ye w walk 9 ,my /atutes1 & keep ,my comm&m5ts & d !m1 ,i w give y y\r ra9s 9 due season1 & ! l& %all yield h] increase1 & ! trees ( ! field %all yield _! fruit4444 ,& ,i give peace 9 ! l&1 & y dwell1 & !re is none :o makes y afraid2 & ,i de/roy ! wild bea/s out ( ! l&1 & ! sword %all n ent] into y\r l&4 ,x is s mu* ! m obvi\s t we ought to assume a ref]5ce to ?is passage1 z ,ezekiel also1 9 xxxiv4 #be ff41 copies x almo/ v]batim4 ,on acc\nt ( ! fatal ,if1 t promise _h hi!rto be5 only v imp]fectly fulfill$2 & frequ5tly j ! opposite ( x _h happ5$4 ,b n[ t ! condition is fulfill$1 ! promise also %all be fully realiz$4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve1 ) ref]5ce to x1 t1 :5 we look to ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 ?is hope rema9s always m or less ideal1 because 9 ref]5ce to ! condition also1 ! idea is n yet rea*$ by ! reality4 ,! idea is ?is3--,z evil is1 z a ,pg #bfipuni%m5t1 ! insep>able concomitant ( s91 s prosp]ity & salvation are ! insep>able companions ( righte\sness4 ,?is is realiz$ ev5 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 9 s f> z ev]y?+ mu/ s]ve to promote ! prosp]ity ( ! righte\s4 ,b ! full realization belongs to ! 1 :]e1 along ) s91 evil too 7:i* is "h /ill necess>y ev5 = ! righte\s1 9 ord] to purify !m7 %all be extirpat$4 ,p>allel are ,is4 ii4 #d1 xi4-xxxv4 #i2 ,ze*4 ix4 #aj4 ,v]4 #ba4 ,& ,i betro? !e to ,me = et]nity2 & ,i betro? !e to ,me 9 righte\sness & judgm5t1 & 9 lov+-k9dness & m]cy4 ,v]4 #bb4 ,& ,i betro? !e to ,me 9 fai?fulness1 & ?\ kn[e/ ! ,"l4 ,! ^w 1 to esp\se 7comp>e ,deut4 xx4 #g1 :]e x is contra/$ ) 71 has ref]5ce to ! entrance into a m>riage entirely new1 ) ! wife ( y\?1 & is1 = ?is reason1 *os5 on purpose4 ,j z if 7s ,calv9 rem>ks7 ! p _h nev] violat$ conjugal fidelity1 ,god promises t !y %\ld be ,8 sp\se1 9 ! same mann] z "o m>ries a virgo intacta4 ,x 0 inde$ a great m]cy if ! unfai?ful wife 0 only receiv$ aga94 ,ju/ly might %e h be5 reject$ = ev]2 = ! only valid reason = a divorce exi/$1 inasmu* z %e _h liv$ 9 adult]y = ye>s4 ,b ,god's m]cy goes /ill fur!r4 ,! old (f5ces are n only =giv51 b =gott54 ,a relation entirely new beg9s1 into :i* !re ent]1 on ! "o side1 no suspicion & no bitt]ness1 & on ! o!r1 no pa9ful recollections1 su* z may pass into simil> human relation%ips1 :]e ! consequ5ces ( s9 nev] disappe> altoge!r1 & :]e a pa9ful remembrance always rema9s4 ,! same deal+ ( ,god is /ill repeat$ daily2 e believ] may /ill say ) exultation3 ,old ?+s are pass$ away2 behold1 all ?+s are become new4 ,x is ! greatness ( ?is promise :i* occasions ! direct address1 :il/ hi!rto ! ,"l _h spok5 ( ! wife 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,%e %all he> face to face1 ! great ^w out ( ,8 m\?1 9 ord] t %e may be assur$ t x is %e :om x conc]ns2 & 9 ord] to express its greatness1 its joyfulness1 & ! difficulty ( believ+ x1 x is repeat$ ?ree times4 ,calv9 says3 ,because x 0 difficult to deliv] ! p f fe> & despair1 & because !y c\ld n b be ,pg #bgj;aw>e h[ griev\sly !y _h s9n$1 & 9 h[ _m ways !y _h ali5at$ !mselves f ,god1 x 0 necess>y to employ _m consolations1 t ?us _! fai? might be confirm$4 ,"o likes to he> ! repetition ( ! intellig5ce ( a great & unexpect$ good =tune :i* "o has "s difficulty 9 realiz+4 ,& :at c\ld a man1 despair+ on acc\nt ( 8 s9s1 less readily realize ?an ! greate/ ( all miracles--viz41 t all 8 s9s %\ld be done away )1 at once & = ev]8 ,b ! repetition is1 9 ?is case1 s mu* ! m full ( consolation1 t1 ea* "t1 x is accompani$ ) ! promise ( "s new bless+2 t1 ea* "t1 x op5s up "s new prospect ( new bless+s f ?is new connection4 ,fir/1 !re is ! et]nal duration1--!n1 z a pl$ge ( ?is1 ! attributes :i* ,god w\ld display 9 be/[+ x1--&1 f9ally1 !re are ! bless+s :i* ,he w\ld imp>t to ,8 betro!d4 ,! po9ts back to ! pa9ful dissolution ( ! =m] m>riage-cov5ant3 ,?is new "o %all n be liable to su* a dissolution2 = ! m\nta9s %all dep>t1 & ! hills be remov$1 b ,my k9dness %all n dep>t f !e1 nei!r %all ! cov5ant ( ,my peace be remov$1 sai? ! ,"l3 ,is4 liv4 #aj4 ,! attributes :i* ,god w display t[>ds ! wife1 & ! conduct :i* %e %all obs]ve t[>ds ,him ?r\gh ,8 m]cy1 are connect$ ) 1 ,i betro? !e to ,me1 by means ( 1 :i* is (t5 us$ to m>k ! circum/ances on :i* "s action re/s4 ,?us1 9 ! case be=e u1 ! betro?m5t re/s ^u :at ,god v\*safes along ) x1 inasmu* z !reby only does x become a true betro?m5t4 ,t ! accompany+ gifts mu/ be ?us di/ribut$--z we h done--fir/1 ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( all ! duties ( a husb& on ,8 "p1 & !n1 ! inw>d communication ( /r5g? to h] = ! fulfilm5t ( h] obligations2 & t we are nei!r at lib]ty to ref]1 z d "s int]pret]s1 ev]y?+ to "o ( ! two p>ties1 nor to assume1 z o!rs d1 t ev]y?+ ref]s to bo? at ! same "t--is prov$ n only by ! int]v5+ repetition ( ,i betro? !e to ,me1 b also by ! int]nal nature ( ! gift's m5tion$4 1 m]cy1 _c be spok5 ( 9 ! relation ( ! wife to ,god1 nor k ( ,god1 9 ! relation ( ,god to ! wife4 ,! f\r manife/ations ( ,god :i* are m5tion$ "h =m ,pg #bga a d\ble pair1--righte\sness & judgm5t1 lov+-k9dness & m]cy4 ,! two are frequ5tly connect$ 9 a simil> way2 e4g41 ,is4 i4 #bg3 ,zion %all be r$eem$ 9 judgm5t1 & h] inhabitants 9 righte\sness4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ ?us3--! =m]1 1 designates ! be+ j1 z a subjective attribute1 ) ! dispositions & actions fl[+ f x2 ! latt]1 1 d5otes ! objective "r4#a ,a man c give to ano!r 8 "r or judgm5t1 & yet n be righte\s2 b ,god's righte\sness1 & ,8 do+ "r 9 ref]5ce to ! ,congregation1 consi/s 9 ?is3--t ,he fai?fully p]=ms ! obligations :i* ,he took ^u ,himself :5 ,he ent]$ into cov5ant ) h]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t4 ,! obligations ent]$ into are reciprocal4 ,if1 !n1 ! cov5ant be violat$ on ! "p ( ! ,congregation1 :at hope is left = h]8 ,9 ord] ! m to relieve & com=t ! wife1 :o1 f =m] exp]i5ce1 knew full well :at %e might expect f righte\sness & judgm5t alone1 ! ,"l adds a second pair1--lov+-k9dness & m]cy1 ! =m] be+ ! root ( ! latt]1 & ! latt] be+ ! =m 9 :i* ! =m] manife/s itself1 9 ! relation ( an omnipot5t & holy ,god to weak & s9ful man4 1 prop]ly love1 man may also ent]ta9 t[>ds ,god2 al?\gh ev5 ?is ^w is v r>ely us$ 9 ref]5ce to man1 because ,god's love inf9itely exce$s human love2 b ,god only c h 1 m]cy1 ^u man4 ,b /ill a di/ress+ ?\ght might1 & mu/ be ent]ta9$ by ! wife4 ,god's m]cy & love h _! limits2 !y ext5d only to ! "o case :i* dissolves ev5 human m>riage--! type ( ! heav5ly m>riage1 ! great my/]y :i* ! ,apo/le ref]s to ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*4 ,:at1 !n1 if ?is case %\ld aga9 occur8 ,h] he>t1 x is true1 is n[ fill$ ) pure love2 b :o kn[s :e!r ?is love %all n cool1--:e!r %e %all n aga9 yield to temptation8 ,a new consolation is appli$ to ! new di/ress4 ,god ,himself w be/[ :at x is n 9 ! p[] ( man to be/[--viz41 fai?fulness t[>ds ,him 7comp>e us$ ( human fai?fulness1 9 ,hab4 ii4 #d2 ,j]4 v4 #c1 vii4 #bh2 ! fai?fulness 9 ?is v]se =ms ! contra/ to ! :or$om 9 i4 #b71 ,pg #bgb;& ! k ( ,him4 ,?\ kn[e/ ! ,"l is tantam\nt to--9 ,my k4 ,! k ( ,god is "h sub/antial k4 ,:osoev] ?us kn[s ,god _c b love ,him1 & be fai?ful to ,him4 ,all idolatry1 all s91 has its f\ndation 9 a want ( ! k ( ,god4 ,v]4 #bc4 ,& x comes to pass 9 t day1 ,i w he>1 sai? ! ,"l2 ,i w he> ! heav5s1 & !y %all he> ! e>?2 ,v]4 #bd4 ,& ! e>? %all he> ! corn1 & ! mu/1 & ! oil2 & !y %all he> ,jezreel 7i4e41 him :om ,god s[s74 ,! promise 9 ?is passage =ms ! contra/ to ! ?reat5+ 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 #bc1 #bd3 ,& ?y heav5 t is ov] ?y head %all be brass1 & ! e>? t is "u !e %all be iron4 ,! ,"l w give = ! ra9 ( ?y l&1 du/1 & du/ %all come d[n f heav5 ^u !e4 ,! second is1 by mo/ int]pret]s1 consid]$ z a resumption ( ! fir/4 ,b we obta9 a f> m expressive s5se1 if we isolate ! fir/ 1 ,i %all he>1 namely1 all pray]s :i* w be (f]$ up unto ,me by y1 & = y4 ,p>allel1 among o!r passages1 is ,is4 lviii4 #i1 :]e ! re=m$ p are promis$3 ,!n %alt ?\ call1 & ! ,"l %all answ]2 ?\ %alt cry1 & ,he %all say4 ,"h ,i am4 ,by a bold prosopopia1 ! prophet makes heav5 to pray t x might be p]mitt$ to give to ! e>? t :i* is necess>y = its fruitfulness1 etc4 ,hi!rto !y h be5 h9d]$ f fulfill+ _! de/9ation1 s9ce ,god 0 oblig$ to )draw ,8 gifts f ! unwor?y p1 ii4 #aa2 b n[1 s9ce ?is ob/acle has be5 remov$1 !y pray = p]mission to resume _! vocation4 ,! prophets 9 ?is mann] give1 z x 71 a visible repres5tation ( ! idea1 t !re is 9 ! :ole _w no good indep5d5t ( ,god1--no?+ :i*1 9 accordance ) its de/9ation1 is n ours1 & w\ld inde$ be ours1 if we /ood 9 ! "r relation to ,him1--no?+ t is n ,81 & t w n be tak5 away f u1 if we desire ! gift )\t ! ,giv]4 ,calv9 rem>ks3 ,! prophet %[s :]e & :5 ! happ9ess ( m5 beg9s1 viz41 :5 ,god adopts !m1 :5 ,he betro!s ,himself to !m1 aft] hav+ put away _! s9s4444 ,he tea*es1 also1 9 ^! words1 t ! heav5s d n become dry by "s secret in/9ct2 b x is :5 ,god )holds ,8 grace1 t !re is no ra9 by :i* ! heav5s wat] ! e>?4 ,god1 !n1 "h %[s ,pg #bgcpla9ly t ! :ole ord] ( nature 7z m5 are wont to say7 is s entirely 9 ,8 h&1 t n "o drop ( ra9 %all fall f heav5 unless by ,8 w1--t ! :ole e>? w\ld produce no grass1--t1 9 %ort1 all nature w\ld be /]ile1 unless ,he made x fruitful by ,8 bless+4 ,v]4 #be4 ,& ,i s[ h] unto ,me 9 ! l&1 & ,i h m]cy ^u h] ':o _h n obta9$ m]cy' 7,lo-,ruhamah72 & ,i say to 'n ,my p' 7,lo-,ammi71 ,?\ art ,my p1 & !y say to ,me1 ,my ,god4 ,! ?ree symbolical names ( ! *ildr5 ( ! prophet "h once m return4 ,! fem94 suffix 9 1 ref]r+ to 1 ne$ n at all surprise u2 =1 9 ! :ole passage be=e u1 ! sign disappe>s 9 ! ?+ signifi$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,jezreel is equival5t to ,israel to be s[$ anew4 7,x is n ! ,israel to be plant$ anew1 :i* is a figure altoge!r diff]5t2 ! s[+ has always a ref]5ce to ! increase47 ,footnote #a3 ,9 our au?oriz$ v]sion is almo/ con/antly r5d]$ by judgm5t1 al?\gh evid5tly 9 ! s5se po9t$ out by ! au?or1--= :i* reason1 ?is r5d]+ has be5 reta9$ "h4--,tr4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! significant c\ple returns = a new ref]5ce 7,rck]t74 ,fir/1 9 v]s4 #a-c1 ! symbolical action is report$4 ,at ! comm& ( ! ,"l1 ! prophet takes a wife1 :o1 not)/&+ 8 affectionate & fai?ful love1 lives 9 cont9u$ adult]y4 ,he does n entirely reject h]2 b1 9 ord] t %e may come to recov]y & rep5tance1 he puts h] into a position :]e %e mu/ ab/a9 f h] lov]s4 ,! int]pretation ( ! symbol is giv5 9 v]4 #d3 ,israel1 =sak5 by ! _w1 %all sp5d a long "t 9 sad seclusion4 ,a glance into ! m di/ant future1 )\t any symbolical imag]y1 =ms ! conclusion4 ,! puni%m5t w at l5g? produce conv]sion4 ,israel returns to ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & to ,david 8 k+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]4 #a4 ,!n said ! ,"l unto me1 ,g aga91 love a ,pg #bgdwoman belov$ ( h] fri5d1 & an adult]ess1 z ! ,"l love? ! sons ( ,israel1 & !y turn to o!r gods & love grape-cakes4 ,! "r po9t ( view = ! int]pretation ( ?is v]se has be5 already1 9 _m important respects1 e/abli%$2 comp>e p4 #ahc sqq4 ,we "h take = grant$ ! results !re obta9$4 ,x is ( great importance1 = an insight into ! :ole passage1 to rem>k1 t ! symbolical action 9 ?is section1 j z 9 t to :i* *ap4 i4 belongs1 embraces ! entire relation ( ! ,"l to ! p ( ,israel1 & n1 z "s int]pret]s assume1 "o portion only1 viz41 ! "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! captivity4 ,?is false view--( :i* ! futility 0 fir/ completely expos$ by ,mang]--has aris5 f ! circum/ance1 t ! prophet1 9 n>rat+ ! execution ( ! div9e commission1 omits v important ev5ts4 ,9 ! expectation t e "o w\ld supply !m1 p>tly f ! commission itself1 & p>tly f ! prec$+ portions1 :]e !y _h be5 treat$ ( ) peculi> copi\sness1 he r at once passes f ! fir/ conclusion ( ! m>riage1 to t po9t :i*1 9 ?is passage1 =ms 8 ma9 subject1 namely1 ! discipl9>y puni%m5t to :i* he subjects 8 wife1--! ,"l1 ,israel4 ,! prophet's aim & purpose is to af=d to ! p a "r view ( ! captivity s ne> at h&2 to lead !m to consid] x nei!r z a m]ely accid5tal ev5t1 hav+1 no connection at all ) _! s9s2 nor z a pure effect ( div9e ang]1 aim+ at _! entire de/ruction2 b r z be+ at ! same "t a "w ( punitive ju/ice1 & ( corrective love4 ,betwe5 ! second v]se1 ,i pur*as$ h] to me1 etc41 & ! ?ird1 ,!n ,i said unto h]1 etc41 we mu/ supply4 ,& ,i took h] 9 m>riage & lov$ h]2 b %e committ$ adult]y4 ,t ?is is ! s\nd view1 appe>s cle>ly f v]4 #b4 ,accord+ to ! "r exposition 7comp>e p4 #aie sqq471 ?is v]se c be ref]r$ only to ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! relation betwixt ! ,"l & ! p ( ,israel--to t only by :i* ,he acquir$ ! "r ( prop]ty 9 ?is p1 on deliv]+ !m f ,egypt4 ,?is is confirm$1 moreov]1 by ! second half ( ! v]se "u consid]ation3 ,z ! ,"l love?1 etc4 ,"h ! love ( ! ,"l to ,israel 9 its wide/ ext5t is spok5 (4 ,e limitation ( x to a s+le manife/ation--be x a ,pg #bger5ewal ( love aft] ! apo/asy1 or ! corrective discipl9e inflict$ f love--is q arbitr>y2 & ! m s1 because1 by ! addition1 ,& !y turn$1 etc41 ! love ( ,god is repres5t$ z runn+ p>allel ) ! apo/asy ( ! p4 ,! same result is obta9$ f a consid]ation ( ! fir/ half4 ,= :at entitles u to expla9 love by love aga91 or ev5 by re/itue amoris signa z is done by ^? :o hold ! op9ion1 already refut$1 t ! woman is ,gom]8 ,! ^w love corresponds exactly ) z ! ,"l love?4 ,if ! latt] mu/ be und]/ood ( ! love ( ! ,"l 9 its :ole ext5t1--if x does n designate m]ely ! manife/ation ( love1 b love itself1--h[ c a m limit$ view be tak5 ( ! =m] love8 ,h[ c\ld we expla91 z is done by ^? :o def5d ! ref]5ce to a new m>riage1 ! words1 ,belov$ ( h] fri5d1 & an adult]ess1 z ref]r+ to a =m] m>riage ( ! wife1 & z tantam\nt to--:o 0 belov$ by h] =m] husb&1 & yet committ$ adult]y8 ,9 t case1 !re w\ld be ! greate/ dissimil>ity betwixt ! type & ! antitype4 ,:o1 9 t case1 is to be ! type ( ! ,"l8 ,is x to be ! =m] husb&1 or ! prophet8 ,if ! figure is at all to correspond ) ! reality1--! fir/ memb] ) ! second1 ! c be none o!r ?an ! prophet himself4--,let u n[ proce$ to p>ticul>s1 1 love1 is /rong] ?an 1 take1 9 *ap4 i4 #b4 ,!re1 m>riage only 0 spok5 (2 "h1 m>riage f love & 9 love4 ,?is is /ill m emphatically po9t$ out by ! subsequ5t words 1 & contra/$ ) ! conduct ( ! wife1 :i* is indicat$ by 1 s t ! s5se is ?is3 ,9 love take a wife :o1 al?\gh %e is belov$ by !e1 h] fri5d1 commits adult]y1 & ) :om--,i tell x to !e be=eh&--?\ wilt live 9 a con/ant antagonism ( love1 & ( +ratitude1 ! grosse/ violation ( love4 ,! ^w love has a ref]5ce to ! love prec$+ & effect+ ! m>riage2 ! ^w belov$1 to ! love un9t]rupt$ly cont9u+ dur+ ! m>riage1 & not)/&+ ! cont9u$ adult]y1 unless we %\ld say--& x is q admissible--t love implies1 at ! same "t1 to take out ( love1 & to love con/antly4 ,in/ead ( belov$ by !e x is said1 belov$ by h] fri5d4 ,_m h be5 !reby misl$2 b x only s]ves to make ! contra/ m ,pg #bgfprom95t4#a has only "o signification--t ( fri5d4 ,x nev]1 by itself1 means fell[-man1 nev] fell[-,jew1 nev] "o ) :om we h int]c\rse4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 q correct 9 und]/&+ x z ! opposite ( enemy4 ,9 _! gloss1 ,matt4 v4 #dc1 1 !re 0 "o ?+ only objectionable--! mo/ important1 x is true--t by ! fri5d1 !y und]/ood only him :om _! he>t1 void ( love1 lov$ inde$2 n him :om !y ought to h lov$1 because ,god _h unit$ him to !m by ! sacr$ ties ( fri5d%ip & love4 ,?us1 :at ought to h awak5$ !m to love1 j s]v$ !m z a palliation = _! hatr$4 ,n[ ?is signification1 :i* alone is ! settl$ "o1 is "h also v suitable4 ,he :om ! wife crim9ally =sakes1 is n a sev]e husb&1 b h] lov+ fri5d1 :om %e h]self =m]ly ackn[l$g$ z su*1 & :o always rema9s ! same4 ,entirely p>allel is ,j]4 iii4 #bj3 ,z a wife is fai?less t[>ds h] fri5d1 s h ye be5 fai?less to ,me2 comp>e v]4 #d3 ,ha/ ?\ n =m]ly call$ me4 ,my fa!r1 fri5d ( my y\? art ?\8 ,comp>e also ,song ( ,sol4 v4 #af4 ,! correct mean+ 0 long ago se5 by ,calv93 ,!re is1 says he1 an expressiv5ess 9 ?is ^w4 ,= (t51 :5 wom5 pro/itute !mselves1 !y compla9 t !y h done x on acc\nt ( ! too great sev]ity ( _! husb&s1 & t !y are n treat$ by _! husb&s ) suffici5t k9dness4 ,b if a husb& delight 9 hav+ 8 wife ) him1 if he treat h] k9dly & p]=m ! duties ( a husb&1 %e is !n less excusable4 ,h5ce1 x is ?is mo/ he9\s +ratitude ( ! p t is "h express$1 & set 9 opposition to ! inf9ite m]cy & k9dness ( ! ,"l4 ,= a /ill bett] insight into ! mean+ ( ! fir/ half ( ?is v]se1 we subjo9 ! p>aphrasis by ,mang]3 ,seek !e a wife 9 :om ?\ art to h ?y delight1 & :om ?\ art to treat ) su* love1 t1 ev5 if %e1 by h] unfai?fulness1 violate ! sacr$ rights ( matrimony1 & ?\1 = t reason1 can/ no long] live ) h]1 ,pg #bgg%e %all /ill rema9 de> to !e1 & %all be will+ly receiv$ aga9 into ?y fav\r1 z soon z %e %all h re=m$ h] life4--,9 ! second half ( ! v]se1 !re is a v]bal agreem5t ) passages ( ! ,p5tateu*1 s close t x _c c]ta9ly be accid5tal4 ,comp>e on 1 ,deut4 vii4 #h1 1--an agreem5t :i* und\bt$ly des]ves s mu* m att5tion1 t we h already e/abli%$ ! relation%ip ( ! passage ) v]4 #b4 ,on 1 comp>e ,deut4 xxxi4 #ah3 ,i w hide ,my face 9 t day = all ! evil !y are do+1 = !y turn to o!r gods1 --4 1 grape-cakes1 has1 z to its sub/ance1 be5 already expla9$1 p4 #aid sqq4 ,x is ! result ( an entire misund]/&+1 t "s int]pret]s %\ld "h ?9k ( ! love ( fea/+ & banquet+4 ,o!rs 7z ,ges5ius7 are anxi\s to prove t su* cakes 7 us$ at ! sacrifices :i* 7 (f]$ to idols4 ,! grape-cakes are r idolatry itself2 b ! expression1 ,!y love grape-cakes1 adds an ess5tial feature to ! words1 ,!y turn to o!r gods4 ,x po9ts1 namely1 to ! s9ful orig9 ( idolatry4 ,e>ne/ & /rict religion is sub/antial & :olesome food2 b idolatry is s(t food1 :i* is s\ght only by ! da9ty & squeami%4 ,t :i* is true ( idolatry1 is true also ( ! s]vice ( s91 & ( ! _w 9 g5]al1 :i*1 9 ,job xx4 #ab1 appe>s "u ! image ( meat :i* is1 9 ! m\?1 z sweet z honey f ! comb1 b :i* is1 9 ! belly1 *ang$ into ! gall ( asps4 ,9 ! symbolism ( ! law1 honey signifi$ ! lu/ ( ! _w2 comp>e my "w ,die ,opf] d] ,heil4 ,s*rift1 ,s4 #dd4 ,x is only ! d]ivation ( 1 ! signification ( :i* is suffici5tly e/abli%$ by p>allel passages1 :i* requires inve/igation4 ,we h no hesitation 9 d]iv+ x f 1 fire2 h5ce x means prop]ly1 t :i* has be5 subject$ to fire 7comp>e 7 t :i* has be5 bak$1 cakes4 ,! d]ivation f 1 to f\nd1 has ( late become curr5t2 b ! objections to x are3--p>tly1 t ! transition f f\nd+1 to cake1 is by no means an easy "o2 p>tly & ma9ly1 t !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( ?is root else:]e 9 ,hebrew4 ,x is ass]t$1 inde$1 t itself is f\nd 9 ,is4 xvi4 #g1 ) a signification :i* r5d]s necess>y ! d]ivation f ! v]b 4 ,b1 ev5 9 t passage1 ! signification ( ,pg #bgh cakes mu/ be reta9$4 ,! foll[+ reasons are 9 fav\r ( x1 & aga9/ ! signification ru9s1 adopt$ by ,ges5ius1 ,w9]1 & ,hitzig4 #a4 ,! signification cakes des]ves1 cet]is p>ibus1 a decid$ pref]5ce1 because x is e/abli%$ by ! o!r passages4 ,x is only = reasons ! mo/ cog5t t we c grant t "o & ! same ^w has two mean+s1 & ^! n at all connect$ ) ea* o!r4 #b4 ,! transition f ! mean+ f\ndation1 :i* alone c be d]iv$ f ! v]b 1 to t ( ru9s1 is by no means s easy z ^? critics w\ld repres5t x4 ,) respect to a rebuild+1 = :i* ! ru9s' af=d ! f\ndation1 !y might1 x is true1 be call$ f\ndations1 comp>e ,is4 lviii4 #ab1 b n :]e de/ruction only is conc]n$4 ,:o w\ld speak ( h[l+ ov] f\ndations1 in/ead ( h[l+ ov] ru9s8 #c4 ,! context is q decisive4 ,if we translate by ru9s1 ! subsequ5t is q inexplicable4 ,?is little ^w1 ^u :i* s mu* dep5ds1 p]=ms also ! (fice ( a guide3 ,= ?is reason ,moab h[ls1 = ,moab altoge!r does he h[l1 = ! cakes ( ,kirh>ese? y d sigh1 :olly afflict$2 = ! v9ey>ds ( ,he%bon are )]$1 ! v9e ( ,sibmah1 ! grapes ( :i* intoxicat$ ! "l ( ! nations1 etc4 ,!n1 v]4 #i1 ,!re=e ,i weep ) ,jaes] = ! v9e ( ,sibmah4 ,if !re be no m grapes1 nei!r are !re any m grape-cakes4 ,! de/ruction ( ! v9ey>ds is !re=e ! cause ( ! h[l+ = ! cakes4 ,t su* cakes1 moreov]1 7 prep>$ 9 _m places 9 ,moab1 suffici5tly appe>s f ! "n ( ! place ,dibhla?aim1 i4e41 t[n ( cakes4 ,x may be rem>k$ fur!r1 t we are n entitl$ to assume a s+4 z giv5 by lexicograph]s along ) 2 likewise =ms ! plural 4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& ,i b\ght h] to me = fifte5 pieces ( silv]1 & a hom] ( b>ley1 & a le!* ( b>ley4 ,comp>e ! explanation ( ?is v]se1 p4 #aie sqq4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,i said unto h]4 ,?\ art to sit = me _m days3 ?\ art n to :ore1 & ?\ art n to belong to a man2 & s ,i also to !e4 ,! sitt+ has ! accessory idea ( be+ =sak5 & solit>y1 :i* may be expla9$ f ! circum/ance1 t he :o is n invit$ to g ) u is left to sit4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,g54 xxxviii4 #aa3 ,sit z a wid[ 9 ?y fa!rs h\se1 until ,%elah ,pg #bgimy son be gr[n2 ,is4 xlvii4 #h1 :]e ,babylon says1 ,i %all n sit z a wid[1 etc4 ,! ,fut4 9 ?is & ! foll[+ v]ses mu/ n be tak5 9 an imp]ative s5se1 z mean+1 ?\ %alt sit = me1 ?\ %alt n :ore2 ! explanation giv5 9 v]4 #d1 & 9 ! p>allel passage 9 *ap4 ii4 #h1 #i1 are alike oppos$ to x4 ,! husb& w n subject 8 wife to a moral probation1 b he w lock h] up1 s t %e mu/ sit solit>y1 & _c :ore4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is4 ,mang] /rik+ly rem>ks3 ,!re is1 9 t v sev]ity1 ! beg9n+ ( l5i5cy2 'sit = me1' i4e41 ,i :o h be5 s unwor?ily treat$ by !e1 & :o yet am ?y mo/ affectionate husb&1 & :o1 ?\gh n[ at a di/ance f !e1 w n altoge!r =get !e4 ,! indicates t ! sitt+ ( ! wife mu/ h ref]5ce to ! prophet4 ,q simil> is ,exod4 xxiv4 #ad3 ,& he said unto ! eld]s1 1 ,sit ye "h = u until we return to y4 ,! phrase itself1 :i* mu/ n be expla9$ by to sit 9 expectation ( "s "o1 does n indicate 9 :at way ! sitt+ has ref]5ce to him4 ,! issue ( ! :ole proce$+1 describ$ 9 v]4 #e1 cle>ly %[s1 h[ev]1 t x is n inflict$ by him z a m]it$ puni%m5t1 z an effect ( 8 j indignation1 b r t we mu/ ?9k *iefly ( 8 compassionate love1 :i* makes use ( ^! means 9 ord] to r5d] ! reunion possible4--,! di/9ction betwe5 to :ore1 & to belong to a man1 is obvi\s3 ! =m] d5otes vagos et promiscuus amores2 ! o!r1 connubial connection ) a s+le individual2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,ezek4 xvi4 #h2 ,lev4 xxi4 #c4 ,b ! "q is1--,:o is to be und]/ood by ! man8 ,sev]al ref] x to ! prophet exclusively4 ,?us ,j]ome says1 ,?\ %alt n %amefully pro/itute ?yself ) o!r lov]s1 nor be legally connect$ ) me1 ! man to :om ?\ art m>ri$4 ,o!rs admit1 at lea/1 a co-ref]5ce to ! prophet ! ,"l4 ,by ! words1 ,?\ art n to :ore1 !y say t ! int]c\rse ) ! lov]s is exclud$2 b1 by1 ,?\ art n to belong to a man1 ! int]c\rse ) ! husb& also2 s t ! s5se w\ld be1 ,?\ %alt n h connubial int]c\rse ei!r ) me1 or ) any o!r man4 ,b ! correct view is to ref] bo? to ! int]c\rse ) ! lov]s2 & s1 inde$1 t ! =m] designates ! giv+ ( h]self up1 n[ to "o1 !n to ano!r2 :ile ! latt] po9ts to h] ent]+ ,pg #bhj;into a firm relation to a s+le individual2 j z1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! relation ( ,israel to ! idols hi!rto 0 a :or+4 ,accord+ z x suit$ _! incl9ation1 !y made1 n[ ?is1 & !n t1 god ( ! neighb\r+ nations an object ( _! wor%ip2 :il/ a m>riage connection w\ld h be5 =m$1 if !y _h ent]$ ) any "o ( !m into a p]man5t & exclusive connection1 simil> to t :i* _h h]et(ore exi/$ betwe5 !m & ! ,"l4 ,?is explanation is requir$ by ! words1 ,& s ,i also to !e1 at ! close ( ! v]se4 ,if ! words1 ,?\ %alt n belong to any man1 ref]r$ to ! prophet1 !n ?\ %alt n h any int]c\rse ) me w\ld imply1 ,i %all n h any int]c\rse ) !e2 & did n require any new m5tion to be made4--,! que/ions1 h[ev]1 n[ arise3--,by :at means 0 ! /ate ( ?+s correspond+ to ! figure to be br\ght ab\t8 ,by :at is adult]\s ,israel to be prev5t$ f :or+1 & f belong+ to any man8 ,by :at means is idolatry to be extirpat$ f among ! p8 ,! answ] has be5 already giv5 9 our rem>ks on *ap4 ii4 #h1 #i4 ,! idols manife/ !mselves to ,israel 9 _! suppos$ gifts4 ,if ^! 7 tak5 f !m1--if !y 7 entirely /ripp$1 & plung$ into want & mis]y1 !y c\ld n fail to recognise ! vanity ( all _! previ\s ef=ts1 along ) ! vanity ( ! object ( _! wor%ip1 :ile _! love to him c\ld n b vani%4 ,! absolute inability ( ! idols to af=d consolation & help to ! p 9 _! suff]+s mu/ h put an end to _! %[+ !m allegiance4--,! la/ words1 ,& ,i also to !e1 are expla9$ by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s to mean1 ,i also w be ?9e4 ,mang] expla9s !m ?us3 ,i w n altoge!r break ! tie ( our love1 nor m>ry ano!r wife2 b ,i w rema9 ?9e1 w at la/ receive !e aga9 into my fav\r1 & re/ore !e to ! position ( my wife4 ,de ,wette int]prets !m ?us3 ,b !n ,i w come to !e2 ,umbreit3 ,& ,i also only to !e2 ,ewald3 ,& yet ,i am full ( love t[>ds !e4 ,b ! words1 ,& ,i also to !e1 are r tantam\nt to--,i w conduct myself 9 a simil> mann] t[>ds !e4 ,n[ two ?+s may con/itute ?is equality ( conduct4 ,ei!r x is conceiv$ ?us3--t ! prophet is plac$ 9 p>allelism ) ! wife4 ,! latt] has lo/ all claims ^u ! prophet2 %e has violat$ connubial ,pg #bha;fidelity1 &1 h5ce1 has no title to dem& t he %\ld obs]ve x4 ,b t :i* %e _c dem& f him1 he does1 f ! necessity ( 8 nature4 ,he promises to h] t1 dur+ ! proce$+ :i* has comm5c$ aga9/ h]1 he w\ld n ent] into any new connection2 & by hold+ out to h] ! hope ( h] return+1 at "s future p]iod1 to h] old relation to him1 he makes x m easy = h] to break (f ! s9ful connections :i* h de/roy$ x4 ,)\t a figure3 ,! ,"l1 f ,8 =be>ance & m]cy1 waits = ! re=mation ( ^? :o hi!rto 7 ,8 p2 does n drive !m to despair by receiv+ ano!r p 9 _! place4 ,or1 ,! prophet is plac$ 9 p>allelism ) ! o!r man4 ,z ! wife does n ent] into any relation ) t man1 s ! prophet also ab/a9s f any ne>] int]c\rse ) h]4 ,! latt] explanation 7adopt$ by ,simson & ,hitzig7 is to be pref]r$4 ,! exclusiv5ess _c 9 ! same s5se be applicable to ! prophet1 repres5t+ ! ,"l1 z to ! wife1 repres5t+ ! p4 ,s e>ly z 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #ba1 we read3 ,!y h mov$ ,me to jeal\sy ) t :i* is n ,god1 !y h provok$ ,me to ang] ) _! vanities2 & ,i w move !m to jeal\sy ) ^? :i* are n a p1 ,i w provoke !m to ang] ) a fooli% nation1 ,aft] all t _h1 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 be5 pr$ict$ reg>d+ ! reception ( ! ,g5tile nations into ! k+dom ( ,god & ,*ri/1 & ab\t ! receiv+ aga9 into x ( ,israel1 to be effect$ by _! in/rum5tality 7comp>e my ,comm5t4 on ,song ( ,sol41 ,s4 #bci71 ! ?\ght sugge/$ by ! =m] view w\ld be q incompreh5sible4 ,q decisive1 h[ev]1 is v]4 #d1 9 :i* ! ?\ght1 :i* is "h 9 a symbolical g>b1 is express$ 9 pla9 language4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 n only ! int]c\rse ) ! idols1 b ! connection ) ,jehovah also1 appe>s to be int]mitt$4 ,! reason :y ! prophet does n ent] into a clos] connection ) ! wife is1 t h] rep5tance is m ( a negative1 ?an ( a positive "*4 ,by want & isolation1 h] h>d he>t is to be brok51 true rep5tance to be call$ =?1 & ! flame ( cordial conv]sion & love to h] husb&1 ^: fai?ful love %e _h s ill requit$1 to be enk9dl$ 9 h]4 ,9 fav\r ( ! explanation giv5 by u1 & 9 opposition to t fir/ m5tion$1 ! is decisive4 ,aga9/ ?is1 t o!r explanation1 ,pg #bhb;9 its v>i\s modifications1 tries its /r5g? 9 va94 ,i also w be ?9e1 or w adh]e to !e1 w\ld require 9 ! prec$+ context1 ,?\ %alt be m9e1 or adh]e to me2 b ( ?is1 !re is no trace4 ,x is only 9 v]4 #e t1 ) an aft]1 ! conv]sion is report$4 ,9 fav\r ( t false int]pretation x is said1 & ) "s plausibility1 t ! explanation w\ld o!rwise be m ext5d$ ?an ! symbol3 ,! latt] w\ld conta9 ! outw>d deal+ only2 :ile ! =m]1 9 v]4 #e1 w\ld conta9 at ! same "t its salut>y effect4 ,b1 ev5 accord+ to ?is explanation1 ! words w\ld n correspond ) v]4 #e4 ,"h1 ! %[+ ( m]cy w\ld be ann\nc$ )\t ! m5tion1 ev5 by a ^w1 ( ! s9c]e return to ! husb&--& ?is1 altoge!r ap>t f ! 1 w\ld be q unsuitable1 & w\ld1 moreov]1 be oppos$ by ! analogy ( *ap4 ii4 #i--:ile1 9 v]4 #e1 n ! %[+ ( m]cy1 b only ! re=mation1 w\ld =m ! subject4 ,9 t case1 x ought n to h be5 said1 ,!y %all return to ! ,"l1 b r1 ,! ,"l %all return to !m4 ,b ?is plausible reason falls to ! gr\nd1 along ) ! unf\nd$ supposition t ! two la/ v]ses conta9 ! explanation4 ,! correct view is1 t ! explanation is limit$ to v]4 #d4 ,v]4 #e mu/ be consid]$ z an app5dix1 9 :i*1 )\t any figurative cov]+1 ! effect is describ$ :i* w be produc$ ^u ! nation by ^! outw>d deal+s4 ,! symbol & its explanation ext5d only z f> z ! ma9 object ( ! prophet 9 ! section "u review1--t object be+ to pres5t ! imp5d+ captivity 9 its true light1 & !reby to secure aga9/ levity & despair :5 x %\ld appe>4 ,v]4 #d4 ,= _m days ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all sit )\t a k+1 & )\t a pr9ce1 & )\t a sacrifice1 & )\t a pill>1 & )\t an ,ephod & ,t]aphim4 is us$ because ! reason ( ! p]=mance ( ! symbolical action lies 9 its signification4 ,conc]n+ 1 see ! rem>ks on v]4 #c2 comp>e1 moreov]4 ,lam5t1 i4 #a3 ,h[ does ! city sit solit>y t 0 full ( p6 %e has become z a wid[4--,! "q is1 :e!r1 by ! religi\s objects "h m5tion$1 su* only are to be und]/ood z belong$ to ! wor%ip ( ! idols1 or su* also z belong$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,! foll[+ furni%es ! reply4 ,! only ,pg #bhc;c be consid]$ z belong+ exclusively to ! idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,su* pill>s always occur only z be+ consecrat$ to ! idols--especially to ,baal4 ,x _c be prov$ 9 any way t1 contr>y to ! express comm& 9 ,lev4 xxvi4 #a1 ,deut4 xvi4 #bb1 !y 71 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 consecrat$ to ! ,"l also2 comp>e #b ,k+s iii4 #b1 xvii4 #aj1 x4 #bf-bh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! objects m5tion$1 !re is also "o1 ! 1 ! mantle = ! %\ld]s ( ! high prie/1 on :i* ! ,urim & ,?ummim 7 plac$1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z belong+ exclusively to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah2 at lea/ !re is n ! smalle/ trace to be f\nd t x 0 "p ( any idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,x is true t ,ges5ius1 9 ! ,!saurus1 p4 #ace1 gives s4 v4 1 "u #b1 ! signification /atua1 simulacrum idoli1 &1 besides ! passages "u consid]ation1 ref]s to ,jud4 viii4 #bg1 xvii4 #e1 xviii4 #ad1 #ag4 ,b "o requires only to exam9e ^! passages a little m m9utely1 to be conv9c$ t ! metamorphosis ( ,jehovah into an idol is z little ju/ifi$ z ! *ang+ ( ! mantle into a /atue4 ,f ! p]sonal "* ( ,gideon1 :o 0 s zeal\s = ! ,"l aga9/ ! idols1 we _c at all ?9k ( idolatry 9 ,jud4 viii4 #bg4 ,9 ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hj1 x has be5 prov$ t ! ,ephod ( ,gideon 0 a preci\s imitation ( t ( ! high prie/4 ,9 *ap4 xvii4 #e1 we ne$ only to consid] ^! words3 ,& ! man ,micah _h an h\se ( ,god1 & made an ,ephod & ,t]aphim1 & consecrat$ "o ( 8 sons1 & he became a prie/ to him4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,micah took a ,levite = a prie/4 ,b = :at reason %\ld he h be5 bett] suit$ = t purpose ?an any o!r man8 ,! answ] is giv5 9 v]4 #ac3 ,!n said ,micah1 ,n[ ,i "k t ,jehovah w d me good1 = ! ,levite has become a prie/ to me4 ,! ignorant man kn[s aft] all ?us mu*1 t ! ,levites alone are ! only legitimate s]vants ( ,jehovah1 & he rejoices1 !re=e1 t he _h n[ rem$i$ ! =m] irregul>ity4 ,jud4 xviii4 #ad does n require any p>ticul> illu/ration1 = x is ! same ,ephod :i* is spok5 ( 9 t passage2 b we mu/ /ill direct att5tion to v]s4 #e & #f ( t *apt]4 ,!n !y 7! ,danites7 said unto him 7! ,levite71 ,ask ,god1 we pray !e1 9 ord] t we may "k :e!r our way 9 :i* we g %all be prosp]\s4 ,& ! prie/ said unto !m1 ,g 9 ,pg #bhdpeace1 be=e ,jehovah is ! way :]e9 ye g4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a revelation giv5 to ! prie/1 z is alleg$1 by means ( ,ephod & ,t]aphim2 & ?is revelation is n ascrib$ to ! idols1 b to ,jehovah1 :om alone ! ,levite wi%$ to s]ve4 ,f ?is x appeal's t ! grav5 image & ! molt5 image--:i*1 besides ,ephod & ,t]aphim1 accord+ to v]4 #ad1 exi/ 9 ! h\se ( ,micah--mu/ be consid]$ z repres5tations ( ,jehovah1 simil> to ! calves 9 ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes4 ,9 vol4 ii4 pp4 #gh1 #gi1 ( my ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! ,ephod ( ,micah 01 along ) ! ,t]aphim1 an ape+ ( ! high-prie/ly ,ephod ) ! ,urim & ,?ummim4 ,! f\r objects m5tion$ 9 ,judges xvii4 & xviii4 are su* z 7 sep>able al?\gh connect$1 & connect$ al?\gh sep>able4 ,! molt5 "w is ! p$e/al "u ! image2 ! image is clo!d ) ! ,ephod1 & 9 ! ,ephod 7 ! ,t]aphim1 f :om in=mation & good c\nsel = ! future 7 expect$4 ,=1 t ?is is ! object ( ! :ole contrivance1 is pla9 f *ap4 xviii4 #e1 #f1 :]e ! prie/ asks c\nsel ( ,god = ! ,danites4--,) reg>d to ! o!r two objects m5tion$ 9 ! v]se be=e u1 viz41 ! sacrifice & ,t]aphim1 a ref]5ce1 at lea/ exclusive1 to idolatr\s wor%ip1 _c be by any means ma9ta9$4 ,z sacrifices are m5tion$ 9 ! wide/ g5]ality1 )\t any limitation 9 ! prec$+ context1 !re is c]ta9ly no?+ :i* c\ld 9 ! lea/ entitle u to exclude ! sacrifices :i* 7 (f]$ to ,jehovah4 ,! ,t]aphim are int]m$iate deities1 by means ( :i* ! future is to be disclos$ 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 x4 #b72 !y might be br\ght into connection ) e religi\s sy/em1 b are f\nd only once 9 connection ) any o!r religion ?an t ( ,jehovah1--& ?is 9 a case :]e a non-,israelite is spok5 (4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t1 9 sub/ance1 ! ,t]aphim belong to ! side ( idolatry2 =1 :]ev] !y occur )9 ! religion ( ,jehovah1 !y belong to a deg5]ate condition ( x only1 :i* is on a p> ) idolatry4 ,x w\ld appe> t !y are "h contra/$ ) ! ,ephod1 z ! illegal means = asc]ta9+ ! future1 9 opposition to ! legal means4 ,t ! ,ephod 0 us$ = discov]+ ! div9e w1 is se5 f #a ,sam4 xxiii4 #i1 xxx4 #g4 ,! ,t]aphim1 9 l mann]1 s]v$ to explore ,pg #bhe! future4 ,a clos] connection ( ! two seems to be indicat$ by ! circum/ance t is omitt$ be=e 4--,b h[ c we acc\nt = ?is /range int]m+l+ ( :at belong$ to ! idols ) :at belong$ to ,jehovah1 s9ce x _c b be done int5tionally8 ,x po9ts to ! d>k mixture :i* at t "t exi/$ among ! p1 & is a k9d ( ironical reflection ^u x4--,! ,"l makes !m disgu/$ ) idolatry1 & all t belongs to x1 ?r\gh ,8 visitations1 9 :i* !y seek 9 va9 ! help ( ! idols1 & become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) _! vanity2 comp>e rem>ks 9 v]4 #c4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 all ! pl$ges ( ,8 grace are tak5 f !m1 s t !y get into an altoge!r isolat$ position4 ,he )draws f !m _! indep5d5t gov]nm5t1 ! alt> & prie/hood--! =m] z a j puni%m5t = _! rebellion aga9/ ! dyna/y orda9$ by ,god 7comp>e *ap4 viii4 #d71 ( :i*1 fir/ ,israel1 & !n ,judah1 _h made !mselves guilty4--,z reg>ds ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ?is prophecy1 int]pret]s are divid$1 & ref] x ei!r to ! ,assyrian1 ! ,babyloni%1 or ! ,romi% exile4 ,! great] numb] ( !m1 h[ev]1 ref] x exclusively to ! la/4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,jewi% int]pret]s2 e4g41 ,kim*i1 :o says3 ,^! are ! days ( ! exile1 9 :i* we are n[2 we h nei!r an ,israeliti% k+ nor an ,israeliti% pr9ce1 b are "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,g5tiles & _! k+s4 ,! pr9cipal def5d]s ( a direct ref]5ce to ! ,assyrian captivity1 are ,v5ema 7,diss]t4 p4 #bcb7 & ,mang]4 ,! decision dep5ds *iefly ^u :at we are to und]/& by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,if ^! are ! :ole p1 x is arbitr>y to assign any n>r[] limits to ! ,^w ( ,god1 ?an to ,8 de$4 ,! prophecy mu/1 9 t case1 compreh5d ev]y?+ 9 :i* ! idea is realiz$2 & ?is s mu* ! m1 z ! spiritual eye ( ! prophet1 direct$ to ! idea only1 does n g5]ally reg>d ! int]vals :i*1 9 ! fulfilm5t1 lie betwe5 ! v>i\s realizations ( ! idea4 ,b n[1 v]4 #e w\ld seem to lead u to ent]ta9 ! op9ion1 t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! prophet has 9 view ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! m limit$ s5se only4 ,! words1 ,!y %all return & seek ,david _! k+1 imply a ref]5ce to ! !n exi/+ apo/asy ( ! t5 tribes f ! dyna/y ( ,david4 ,b ! future apo/asy ( ! sons ( ,judah also f ,pg #bhf;,david _! k+ may be z well presuppos$ "h1 z1 9 *apt] ii4 #b1 _! be+ c>ri$ away2 & ?is s mu* ! r1 z 9 *ap4 ii4 #b1 ! words1 ,!y appo9t !mselves a k+1 sugge/ t ! sons ( ,judah also1 no less ?an ! sons ( ,israel1 are )\t a head1 & h5ce h apo/atiz$ f ,david ! k+4 ,& x is s mu* ! m natural to adopt su* a supposition1 z ! ,song ( ,solomon _h already describ$ s m9utely ! rebellion ( ! :ole p aga9/ ! glori\s desc5dant ( ,david--! heav5ly ,solomon--to :i* ! apo/asy ( ! t5 tribes f ! h\se ( ,david 0 only a prelude4 ,consid]+ ! :ole relation 9 :i* ,hosea /&s to ! ,song ( ,solomon1 we c\ld sc>cely imag9e t1 9 ?is respect1 he %\ld n h allud$ to1 & resum$ its cont5ts4 ,9 ! :ole ?ird *apt] !re is no?+ :i* ref]s exclusively to ! t5 tribes4 ,*ap4 iii4 #b has ref]5ce to all ,israel4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ,book ( ,hosea also1 z well z by ! second ,israeliti% prophet ,amos 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,amos1 *ap ix471 ,judah & ,israel are view$ toge!r1 bo? z reg>ds apo/asy & puni%m5t 7v4 #e1 #ab1 viii4 #ad1 x4 #aa1 etc471 & z reg>ds salvation1 vi4 #a-d1 etc4 ,( special importance is ! comp>ison ( ! rem>kable prophecy ( ,az>iah 9 #b ,*ron4 xv4 #b-d1 :i* 0 utt]$ at ! "t ( ,asa1 k+ ( ,judah1 & :i* s ne>ly co9cides ) ! "o be=e u1 t ! idea sugge/s itself ( an allusion to x by ,hosea3 ,he> ye me1 ,asa1 & all ,judah & ,b5jam93 ,! ,"l w be ) y1 if y are ) ,him2 & if ye seek ,him1 ,he w be f\nd ( y2 & if ye =sake ,him1 ,he w =sake y4 ,& _m days w be to ,israel :5 !re is no true ,god1#b & no tea*+ prie/1#c & no law4 ,!n !y return 9 _! tr\ble unto ,jehovah ! ,god ( ,israel1 & !y seek ,him1 & ,he is f\nd ( !m4 ,if ! fundam5tal prophecy ref] to all ,israel1 ! same mu/ be ! case ) ! prophecy "u consid]ation4 ,! condition 9 :i* ! ,jews are1 up to ! pres5t day1 is describ$ 9 bo? ( ^! prophecies ) rem>kable cle>ness2 & h5ce we may mo/ confid5tly ent]ta9 ,pg #bhg! hope1 t !re %all be a fulfilm5t also ( t :i*1 9 !m z well z 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 has be5 =etold reg>d+ ! glori\s issue ( ^! deal+s ( ,god4 ,v]4 #e4 ,aft]w>ds %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel return & seek ! ,"l _! ,god1 & ,david _! k+1 & %all tremble to ! ,"l & to ,8 goodness 9 ! end ( ! days4 mu/ n by any means be reg>d$ z modify+ 1 s t bo? ! v]bs w\ld con/itute only "o v]bal idea4 ,?is mu/ be object$ to1 n only f ! argum5ts already /at$ 9 ! rem>ks on *ap4 ii4 #aa1 b1 mo/ decid$ly1 on acc\nt ( ! p>allel passage1 *ap4 ii4 #i1 ,i w g & return to my fir/ husb&4 ,comp>e *ap4 vi4 #a3 ,come & let u return unto ! ,"l2 v4 #ae1 :]e ! ,"l says1 ,i w g & return to ,my place until !y become guilty & seek ,my face2 9 _! affliction !y w seek ,me2 ,j]4 l4 #d3 ,9 ^? days1 & 9 t "t1 sai? ! ,"l1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all come1 !y & ! *ildr5 ( ,judah toge!r1 weep+ w !y come1 & seek ! ,"l _! ,god1--a passage :i*1 l ,j]4 xxx4 #i1 po9ts to ! "o be=e u 9 a mann] n to be mi/ak52 ,is4 x4 #ba3 ,! remnant %all return1 ! remnant ( ,jacob1 unto ! mighty ,god4 ,! text1 & ! p>allel passages1 mo/ cle>ly indicate :at is to be consid]$ z ! object ( _! return1 namely1 ! ,"l _! ,god1 & ,david _! k+1 f :om !y _h s %amefully apo/atiz$2 s t ^? int]pret]s :o "h ?9k ( a return to ,canaan d n des]ve a refutation4 ,! words1 ,jehovah _! ,god1 at ! same "t lay op5 ! delusion ( ! ,israelites 7:o imag9$ t !y c\ld /ill possess ! true ,god1 9 ! idol :i* !y call$ ,jehovah71 & rebuke _! +ratitude4 ,calv9 says1 ,god _h (f]$ ,himself to !m1 yea4 ,he _h _h famili> int]c\rse ) !m1--,he _h1 z x 71 br\ght !m up on ,8 bosom j z a fa!r does 8 sons4 ,! prophet1 !re=e1 indirectly rebukes1 9 ^! words1 _! /up5d\s wick$ness4 ,! ,god ( ! ,israelites1 z well z ! ,god ( ! ,jews aft] !y _h reject$ ,*ri/1 /ood to ! ,god ( ,israel 9 ! same relation z does ! ,god ( ! ,dei/s & ,rationali/s to ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! "q "h arises4 ,:o is to be und]/ood "h by ,david _! k+8 ,"s int]pret]s ref] x1 aft] ! example ( ,!odoret 7t4 ii4 p4 #b1 p4 #acbf71 to ,pg #bhh,z]ubbabel3 b by f> ! great] numb] ( !m1 foll[+ ! ,*aldee 7,& !y %all obey ! ,messiah1 ! son ( ,david _! k+71 und]/&1 !reby1 ! ,messiah4 ,x is true t ! latt] exposition is q correct z to its sub/ance1 b n z to ! =m 9 :i* x is commonly express$4 ,f ! words1 ,!y %all return & seek1 x is evid5t t ! ,messiah is "h n call$ ,david z an individual1 z is done 9 o!r passages1 e4g41 ,j]4 xxx4 #i4 ,= ! return presupposes _! hav+ be5 !re =m]ly1 & _! hav+ dep>t$2 j z ! seek+ implies neglect+4 ,! expression1 _! k+1 also requires special att5tion4 ,9 contra/ to ! k+ 9 v]4 #d 7comp>e viii4 #d1 ,!y h made a k+1 & n by ,me1 a pr9ce1 & ,i knew x n71 x %[s t ! subject ( disc\rse is n by any means a new k+ to be elect$1 b su* an "o z ! ,israelites ought to obey1 ev5 n[1 z ! k+ orda9$ = !m by ,god4 ,! s\nd view is ?is3 ,by ! k+ ,david ! :ole ,davidic h\se is to be und]/ood1 :i* is "h to be consid]$ z an unity1 9 ! same mann] z is done 9 #b ,sam4 vii41 & 9 a :ole s]ies ( ,psalms :i* celebrate ! m]cies %[n1 & to be %[n1 to ,david & 8 h\se4#d ,^! m]cies are mo/ fully conc5trat$ 9 ,*ri/1 9 ^: appe>ance & ev]la/+ dom9ion ! promises giv5 to ,david 7 fir/ to be fully realiz$4 ,! prophet m5tions ! :ole--! ,davidic family--because x 0 only ?us t ! contra/ betwe5 ! apo/asy & ! return c\ld be fully br\ght out2 b t1 9 s do+1 he has ,*ri/ especially 9 view--t he expect$ a return ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to ,david 9 ,*ri/1 is %[n by ! t]m 1 :i*1 9 ! prophets1 nev] occurs 9 any o!r s5se ?an ! times ( ! ,messiah4 7,comp>e1 reg>d+ ?is expression1 ! rem>ks on ,amos ix4 #a47 ,?is reason is alone suffici5t to refute ! ref]5ce to ,z]ubbabel2 al?\gh s mu* mu/ inde$ be conc$$1 t ! circum/ance ( "p ( ! citiz5s ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes adh]+ to him1 ! desc5dant ( ! h\se ( ,david1 may be consid]$ z a prelude ( t g5]al return4 ,! close connection betwixt ! seek+ ( ,jehovah _! ,god & ,david _! k+1 likewise claims our att5tion4 ,david & 8 family _h be5 elect$ by ,god to be ! m$iator betwe5 ,him & ! ,pg #bhi p--! *annel ?r\gh :i* all ,8 bless+s fl[$ cl[n ^u ! p--! visible image ( ! invisible ,k+1 :o1 at ! end ( ! days1 01 9 ,*ri/1 mo/ p]fectly to reflect ,8 glory4 ,! ,israelites1 9 turn+ away f ,david _! k+1 turn$ away1 at ! same "t1 f ,jehovah _! ,god1--z 0 b too soon manife/$ by ! o!r signs ( apo/asy f ,him1 by ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( calves1 etc4 ,he :o refuses to ackn[l$ge ,god 9 t :i* ,he has ,himself decl>$ to be ,8 visible image 7f ,*ri/ d[n to e relation :i* repres5ts ,him 9 any respect1 e4g41 t ( ! fa!r to ! son1 ( ! k+ to ! subject71 w soon cease to ackn[l$ge ,himself4 ,b z1 fir/1 ! t5 tribes1 & aft]w>ds1 ! entire p1 apo/atiz$ f ,god1 by apo/atiz+ f ,david1 s1 by _! apo/asy f him1 !y exclud$ !mselves f all p>ticipation 9 ! privileges ( ! p ( ,god1 :i* c\ld fl[ to !m only ?r\gh him4 ,x is only :5 !y return to ,david by return+ to ,*ri/1 t1 f _! self-made ,god1 !y come to ! true ,god1 & )9 ! sph]e ( ,8 bless+s4 ,t ! same ?+ is repeat$ among ourselves 9 ! case ( ^? :o h =sak5 ,*ri/ _! ,k+1 & yet imag9e /ill to possess ,god1 & t x is only by _! return+ to ! brightness ( ,8 glory t !y c atta9 to a true union ) ! ,"l _! ,god1 & to a p>ticipation 9 ! bless+s :i* ,he be/[s1--all ?is is s obvi\s z to require no?+ beyond a simple sugge/ion4 ,a p]fectly s\nd int]pretation ( ?is passage is to be f\nd 9 ,calv91 :o rem>ks3 ,david 01 z x 71 a mess5g] ( ! ,"l1 &1 h5ce1 t defection ( ! t5 tribes 0 tantam\nt to a rejection ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,! ,"l _h1 on a =m] occasion1 said to ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 viii4 #g71 ',!y h n reject$ !e1 b !y h reject$ ,me4' ,b h[ mu* m 0 ?is applicable 9 ! case ( ,david1 :om ,samuel _h ano9t$ at ! comm& ( ,god1 & :om ! ,"l _h adorn$ ) s _m glori\s attributes1 t !y c\ld n reject 8 rule )\t1 at ! same "t1 publicly reject+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! ,"l ,himself6 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ,david 0 !n dead2 b ,hosea "h repres5ts1 9 8 p]son1 8 ev]la/+ dom9ion1 :i* ! ,jews knew w\ld la/ z long z ! sun & moon4 ,! expression1 ,pg #bij ,!y tremble to ! ,"l1 graphically describes ! disposition ( he>t 9 him1 :o1 trembl+ ) t]ror & anxiety on acc\nt ( ! surr\nd+ dang] & di/ress1 flees to ,him :o c alone af=d help & deliv]ance4 ,t we mu/ ?us expla9 x1--t we _c ent]ta9 ! idea ( any trembl+ :i* proce$s f ! inconceivable greatness ( ! bless+--a disposition ( he>t s graphically describ$ by ,claudian 9 ! words1 ,horret adhuc animus1 manife/aque gaudia diff]t ,dum /upet et tanto cunctatur cr$]e voto1-- & t we c z little ?9k ( a fe>+ or trembl+ :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! k ( deep s9fulness & unwor?9ess1 is %[n by ! p>allel passage 9 *ap4 xi4 #aa3 ,!y tremble z a bird out ( ,egypt1 & z a dove out ( ! l& ( ,assyria4 ,! bird & ! dove are "h an emblem ( helplessness4 ,sub/antially p>allel is also *ap4 v4 #ae3 ,9 _! affliction !y w seek ,me4 ,_! trembl+ is n volunt>y2 x is =c$ ^u !m by ! ,"l4 ,b t !y tremble to ! ,"l--t1 ?r\gh fe>1 !y suff] !mselves to be l$ to ! ,"l--is _! free act1 al?\gh possible only by ! assi/ance ( grace4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! words1 & to ,8 goodness1 are to be und]/ood1 is mo/ pla9ly %[n by ! words1 ,i w return to my fir/ husb&1 = x 0 bett] ) me !n ?an n[1 *ap4 ii4 #i4 ,along ) ! ,"l1 !y h lo/ ,8 goodness also1 & ! gifts fl[+ f x4 ,b di/ress aga9 drives !m to seek ! ,"l1 & ,8 goodness1 :i* is insep>able f ,himself4 ,?is explanation is confirm$ by o!r p>allel passages also2 e4g41 ,j]4 xxxi4 #ab3 ,& !y come & exult on ! height ( ,zion1 & fl[ toge!r to ! goodness ( ! ,"l 7 71 to corn1 & mu/1 & oil1 & lambs1 & cattle2 v]4 #ad3 ,my p %all be satisfi$ ) ,my goodness4 ,comp>e also ,ps4 xxvii4 #ac1 xxxi4 #bj2 ,ze*4 ix4 #ag4 ,we w\ld !re=e object to ! op9ion ( sev]al int]pret]s1 :o w\ld expla9 z be+ equival5t to 1 to ,8 manife/ation 9 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 ! 1 by :om ,8 glory & goodness are made kn[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is q impossible to ref] to ! adult]]s1 & = ?is reason3--t x is always ,israel's love to ! idols t is spok5 (1 b nev] ! love ( ! idols to ,israel4 ,9 ! explanation giv5 9 ! words imm$iately foll[+1 x is n ! idols t take ! initiative2 x is ,israel :o turns to o!r gods4 ,footnote #b3 ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis rem>ks3 ,9 ! pres5t captivity !y d n1 inde$1 wor%ip idols1 b nev]!less !y d n "k1 nor wor%ip1 ! true ,god1 s9ce !y reject ! ,son1 )\t :om ! ,fa!r w n be wor%ipp$1 ,john xvii4 #c2 #a ,john ii4 #bc2 #b ,john #i4 ,footnote #c3 ,! prie/ "h corresponds ) ! ,ephod 9 ,hosea4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 #a ,k+s xii4 #af1 also1 ,david /&s = ! ,davidic dyna/y4 ,pg #bia ,,! ,,prophet ,,joel4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,! position :i* has be5 assign$ to ,joel 9 ! collection ( ! ,m9or ,prophets1 furni%es an ext]nal argum5t = ! det]m9ation ( ! "t at :i* ,joel wrote4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t ! ,collectors 7 guid$ by a consid]ation ( ! *ronology4 ,! circum/ance1 t !y plac$ ! prophecies ( ,joel j betwe5 ! two prophets :o1 accord+ to ! inscriptions & cont5ts ( _! prophecies1 belong$ to ! "t ( ,j]oboam & ,uzziah1 is ?us equival5t to an express te/imony t he also liv$1 & ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry1 dur+ t "t4 ,by ?is te/imony we h1 9 ! mean:ile1 obta9$ a firm /&+-po9t2 & x mu/ rema9 firm1 z long z x is n ov]?r[n by o!r unque/ionable facts1 & ! ,collectors are n convict$ ( an hi/orical error4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! latt] po9t1 !re is ! great] room = caution1 because all ! o!r /atem5ts :i* !y h made are1 ^u a c>eful exam9ation1 f\nd to /& ! te/2 = none ( ! o!r ,m9or ,prophets is f\nd to occupy a place to :i* he is n entitl$4 ,b no su* facts are to be f\nd2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ s]ves to confirm _! te/imony4 ,x w n be possible to assign ! prophecies ( ,joel to a lat] p]iod2 = ,amos places at ! head ( "o ( 8 prophecies "o ( ! utt]ances ( ,joel 7comp>e ,amos i4 #b ) ,joel iv4 #af iii4 #af71 z ! text1 z x 71 on :i* he is to comm5t4 ,t we are n !reby preclud$ f consid]+ ! two prophets z contemporane\s1 is %[n by ! altoge!r simil> case ( ,isaiah1 9 8 relation to ,micah4 ,isaiah1 too1 borr[s1 9 *ap4 xiii4 #f1 a s5t5ce f ,joel i4 #ae1 ! peculi>ity ( :i* proves t ! co9cid5ce is n accid5tal4 ,su* v]bal repetitions mu/ n be1 by any means1 consid]$ z un9t5tional rem9isc5ces4 ,!y s]v$ to exhibit t ! prophets ackn[l$g$ "o ano!r z ! organs ( ! ,holy ,_s1--to te/ify ! 1 ! want ( :i* 9 ! times aft] ,ezra & ,nehemiah is m5tion$ by ,josephus z "o ( ! reasons :y none ( ! writ+s ( ,pg #bibt p]iod c\ld be ackn[l$g$ z sacr$4 7,see ! ,au?or's ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 p4 #aii47 ,fur!r1--,! description ( ! ?reat5+ judgm5t 9 *ap4 i4 & ii4 is1 9 ,joel1 kept j 9 t v same g5]ality 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! olde/ prophecies t h be5 pres]v$ to u1 viz41 9 ,amos1 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,isaiah & ( ,hosea2 :il/ 9 lat] times1 ! ?reat5+ is1 ?r\gh\t1 p>ticul>iz$ by ! express m5tion ( ! in/rum5ts :o 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to s]ve = its fulfilm5t1 viz41 ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians4 ,t :i* ,judah _h to suff] f ! =m] 0 s sev]e1 t ,joel1 9 *ap4 iv4 #d ff4--:]e he m5tions1 al?\gh1 z x 71 only 9 ! way ( example1 nations ) :i* ,judah _h hi!rto already come into ho/ile contact--w\ld sc>cely h pass$ !m ov] 9 sil5ce1 9 ord] to m5tion only ! f> less] calamity inflict$ by o!r nations4 ,b j z little c we ?9k ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,x is c]ta9ly n accid5tal1 t among all ! prophets ^: writ+s h be5 pres]v$ to u1 no "o appe>$ at an e>li] p]iod2 any m ?an x is accid5tal1 t no prophecies are extant ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( ,god 9 e>li] times1 ( :om ! hi/orical books make m5tion1 especially ,elijah & ,eli%a4 ,x 0 only :5 ! great div9e judgm5ts 7 be+ prep>$1 & 7 approa*+1 t x 0 "t1 ?r\gh _! ann\ncem5t1 to wak5 f ! slumb] ( security ^? :o _h =gott5 ,god1 & to op5 ! treasures ( hope & consolation to ! fai?ful4 ,=m]ly1 ! liv+1 oral ^w ( ! prophets 0 ! pr9cipal ?+2 b n[ t ,god op5$ up to !m a wid] view1--t _! call+ _h reg>d n only to ! pres5t1 b also to ! future "t1 ! writt5 ^w 0 rais$ to an equal dignity4 ,no?+1 !n1 b ! mo/ cog5t reasons c\ld induce u to make1 9 ! case ( ,joel only1 an exception to s e/abli%$ a rule4 ,b we _c ackn[l$ge z su*1 :at ,cr$n] 79 8 ,comm5t4 on ,joel1 p4 #da sqq47 has br\ght =w>d to prove t ,joel committ$ to writ+ 8 prophecies z e>ly z "u ! reign ( ,joa%1 i4e41 ab\t #hgj-fe ,b4,c41 or f sev5ty to eighty ye>s e>li] ?an any ( ! o!r prophecies :i* h come d[n to u4 ,if we d n all[ ourselves to be c>ri$ away by ! multitude ( 8 words1 we %all f9d t ! only rema9+ plausible argum5t is--t ! ,syrians ( ,damascus ,pg #bic;are n m5tion$ among ! enemies ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 z !y are 9 ,amos4 ,f ?is1 ,cr$n] inf]s t ,joel mu/ h prophesi$ be=e ! fir/ inroad ( ! ,syrians on ,judea1 :i*1 accord+ to #b ,k+s xii4 #ah ff42 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bc ff41 took place "u ,jehoa%4 ,b we ne$ only look at t passage1 9 ord] to be conv9c$ t ! m5tion ( t ev5t c\ld n be expect$ 9 ,joel4 ,! exp$ition ( ! ,syrians 0 n direct$ aga9/ ,judea1 b aga9/ ! ,phili/9es4 ,x 0 only a s+le deta*$ corps :i*1 accord+ to ,*ronicles1 incid5tally1 & on _! return1 made an inroad on ,judah2 b ,j]usalem itself 0 n tak54 ,?is s+le act ( ho/ility c\ld n b be soon =gott5 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,x 0 ( q a diff]5t "* f t ( ! ,phnicians & ,phili/9es m5tion$ by ,joel1 :i* 7 only p>ticul> outbreaks ( ! hatr$ & envy :i* !y cont9ually *]i%$ aga9/ ! ,cov5ant-p1 & :i*1 z su*1 7 preem95tly ! object ( punitive div9e ju/ice4 ,b on :at gr\nd does ! supposition re/1 t ,joel mu/ necess>ily m5tion all ^? nations1 ) :i* ! ,cov5ant-p came1 at any "t1 into ho/ile contact8 ,! context c]ta9ly does n fav\r su* an idea4 ,! m5tion ( =m] ho/ile attacks 9 *ap4 iv4 7iii47 #d-h is altoge!r incid5tal1 z ,vitr+a1 9 8 ,typ4 ,doctr4 ,proph4 p4 #ahi sqq41 has admitt$3 ,! prophet1 says he1 0 describ+ ! heavy judgm5ts ) :i* ,god w\ld1 aft] ! effusion ( ! ,_s1 successively1 & especially 9 ! latt] days1 visit ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 & ov]?r[ !m1 on acc\nt ( ! injuries :i* !y _h inflict$ ^u x4 ,& :ile he 0 do+ s1 ^? injuries pres5t$ !mselves to 8 m9d1 :i* 9 8 own "t1 & 9 ! imm$iate pa/1 7 inflict$ ^u ! ,jewi% p--a portion ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*--by ! neighb\r+ nations1 ! ,tyrians1 ,sidonians1 & ,phili/9es4 ,to !m he addresses 8 disc\rse 9 pass+ 79 transitu71 & ann\nces to !m1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 t !y !mselves also w\ld n rema9 unpuni%$4 ,! correctness ( ,vitr+a1 ) 8 9 transitu1 is prov$ by ! 1 z well z by ! circum/ance1 t v]s4 #i ff4 are closely connect$ ) v]4 #c2 s t v]s4 #d ff4 =m a real p>5!sis4 ,h[ entirely out ( place w\ld "h h be5 any m5tion ( ! ,syrians6 ,!re 0 necess>ily some?+ requir$ :i* 0 v /rik+1 & ,pg #bid:i*1 hav+ b rec5tly occurr$1 0 /ill vividly rememb]$4 ,b ! matt] 0 altoge!r diff]5t 9 ! case ( ,amos4 ,joel has to d ) ! enemies ( ,judah only2 ,amos1 ) ^? ( ! k+dom ( ,israel also1 among :om ! ,syrians 7 ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,h5ce1 he beg9s ) !m at once4 ,! crime ) :i* he *>ges !m 9 *ap4 i4 #c1 t !y _h ?re%$ ! inhabitants ( ,gilead ) ?re%+ in/rum5ts ( iron1 conc]ns ! k+dom ( ,israel only4 ,! same applies to ! ,ammonites & ,moabites also1 :o1 9 l mann]1 are m5tion$ by ,amos1 & n by ,joel4 ,! ,ammonites are *>g$ 9 ,amos i4 #ac ) ripp+ up ! wom5 ) *ild ( ,gilead1 t !y might enl>ge _! bord]2 & ! crime ( ! ,moabites1 rebuk$ 9 *ap4 ii4 #a1 occurr$1 v probably1 dur+ ! "t (1 or aft]1 ! exp$ition aga9/ !m1 m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s iii4--! real in/igator ( :i* 0 ! k+ ( ,israel4 ,we mu/ inde$ be a/oni%$ t ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 ,mei]1 ,baur1 & o!rs1 aft] ! example ( ,cr$n]1 h likewise decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! prophecies ( ,joel 7 compos$ "u ,joa%4 ,none ( ! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 by :i* !y attempt to support _! view1 c /& exam9ation4 ,!re is n[h]e1 z yet1 ! slighte/ allusion to ! ,assyrians1 says ,ewald4 ,b nei!r is any su* f\nd 9 ,amos1 nor 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,hosea4 ,an irruption1 h[ev]1 su* z =m] times _h n kn[n1--an ov]fl[+1 z x 71 by ! hea!n1 su* z c\ld by no means proce$ f ! small neighb\r+ nations1 b f ext5sive k+doms only1 is "h also br\ght into view4 ,joel is1 9 ?is respect1 9 /rict agreem5t ) ,amos1 :o embodies 8 prophecy conc]n+ ?is ev5t1 9 *ap4 vi4 #ad1 9 ^! words3 ,=1 behold1 ,i raise up aga9/ y1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 ,g5tile p1 sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ho/s1 & !y %all afflict y f ,hama? unto ! riv] ( ! wild]ness4 ,!re brea!s "h /ill ! unbrok5 w>like _s ( ! times ( ,deborah & ,david1 ,ewald fur!r rem>ks4 ,b is !re 9 ! f\r? 7?ird7 *apt] any trace ( self-help on ! "p ( ! p8 ,judgm5t ^u ! ,g5tiles is execut$ )\t any human in/rum5tality1 by ,god1--n by ,8 e>?ly1 b by ,8 heav5ly h]oes1 :o are s5t d[n ,pg #bie;f heav5 to e>?1 & :o make %ort "w ) ^! fanci$ e>?ly h]oes4 ,comp>e *ap4 iv4 7iii47 #aa-ac1 :]e ! address is direct$ to ! heav5ly m9i/]s ( ,god1 at ! head ( :om ! ,angel ( ! ,cov5ant mu/ be suppos$ to be3 ,ps4 ciii4 #bj2 ,rev4 xix4 #ad4 ,su* a victory ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 all ! prophets ann\nce1--n only ,isaiah & ,micah1 b also ,ezekiel1 e4g41 9 *ap4 xxxviii4 & xxxix4 ,we p]ceive "h ! prophetic ord] 9 ,j]usalem1 /ill 9 ! same anci5t greatness z :5 ,na?an & ,gad may h ex]cis$ _! (fice at ! "t ( ,david4 ,a :ole p1 )\t contradict+ or murmur+1 /ill dep5d ^u ! prophet4 ,he desires ! obs]vance ( a griev\s ord9ance1 & will+ly x is p]=m$2 8 ^w is /ill l a high] comm& :i* all *e]fully obey4 ,nor is any discord to be se5 9 ! nation1 nor any wick$ idolatry or sup]/ition2 ! anci5t simple fai? /ill lives 9 !m1 unbrok5 & undivid$4 ,s ,ewald /ill fur!r rem>ks4 ,b ?is argum5t re/s ^u a false supposition2 a conv]sion ( ! p at ! "t ( ! prophet is n at all spok5 (4 ,! pret5d$ rep5tance is to take place 9 future1--:i*1 accord+ to *ap4 i4 #d1 we mu/ conceive ( z be+ /ill af> (f1 namely1 9 ! "t aft] ! div9e judgm5ts h brok5 94 ,& z to a progress 9 ! apo/asy ( ! p1 x c sc>cely be prov$ t su* took place 9 ! "t betwixt ,joa% & ,uzziah4 ,betwe5 ^! two1 we d n f9d any new /age ( corruption4 ,! idolatry ( ,solomon1 & ! abom9ations ( ,a?aliah1 _h ex]cis$ _! influ5ce1 ev5 z e>ly z "u ,joa%4 ,h[ deep ! r5t 0 :i*1 ev5 !n1 w5t ?r\gh ! nation1 is %[n by ! fact1 t1 accord+ to #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #ag1 #ah1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jehoiada1 ,joa% gave way to ! urg5t dem&s ( ! pr9ce's ( ,judah1 & all[$ free scope to idolatry4 ,moreov]1 ! ?reat5+ ann\ncem5t ( a judgm5t1 :i* is to ext5d ev5 to ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 proves h[ deep ! apo/asy 0 at ! "t ( ,joel4 ,:]e a judgm5t is ?us ?reat5$1 :i*1 9 its t]rors1 f> surpasses all =m] judgm5ts1 ! anci5t fai? c]ta9ly _c h be5 v vigor\s4 ,! ,messianic idea appe>s "h 9 its g5]ality & indef9it5ess1 )\t be+ z yet conc5trat$ 9 ! p]son ( an ideal k+1 ,hitzig rem>ks4 ,b if ?is argum5t 7 at all ,pg #bif valid1 we %\ld h to g back ev5 beyond ! "t ( ,joa%4 ,solomon1 ,david1 & ,jacob already knew ! p]sonal ,messiah4 ,! prophets1 h[ev]1 d n ev]y:]e proclaim ev]y?+ :i* !y "k4 ,ev5 9 ,isaiah1 !re occur long ,messianic descriptions1 9 :i* ! ,messiah ,himself is n to be f\nd4 ,9 ,joel1 moreov]1 ev]y?+ is collect$ ar\nd ! p]son ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 ,joel1 x is fur!r rem>k$1 mu/ h prophesi$ at a "t :5 ! ,phili/9e & o!r nations1 :o _h become s haughty "u ,jehoram1 _h b lately v5tur$ ^u de/ructive plund]+ exp$itions z f> z ,j]usalem1 #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #aj ff4 ,?is argum5t w\ld be plausible1 if ! injuries inflict$ by ! ,phili/9es & ! inhabitants ( ,tyrus _h n appe>$ 9 equally lively col\rs be=e ! m9d ( ,amos 7*ap4 i4 #f-aj71 :o1 at all ev5ts1 prophesi$ betwe5 sev5ty & eighty ye>s aft] ^! ev5ts4 ,x is j ?is fact :i* %\ld tea* caution 9 ! application ( su* argum5ts4 ,! recollection ( su* facts c\ld n be lo/1 z long z ! disposition cont9u$ f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,x 0 z if !y _h happ5$ 9 ! pres5t2 =1 "u simil> circum/ances1 simil> ev5ts w\ld h aga9 imm$iately tak5 place4 ,! passage *ap4 iv4 #ai1 ,egypt %all be a desolation1 & ,edom %all be a desolate wild]ness1 = ! viol5ce aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 because !y h %$ innoc5t blood 9 ! l&1 %[s also h[ lively 0 ! recollection ( injuries su/a9$ long ago4 ,egypt & ,edom 9 t passage are m5tion$ individually1 9 ord] to designate ! enemies ( ! p ( ,god 9 g5]al1 & yet ) an allusion to de$s p]petrat$ by ! ,egyptians & ,edomites prop]ly s call$4 ,z ! suffix 9 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! sons ( ,judah--= we h no hi/orical acc\nt ( a bloody de$ p]petrat$ aga9/ ,judah by ! ,edomites 9 _! own l&1 & x 0 ! l& ( ,judah :i* 0 invad$ & deva/at$ by ! ho/ ( locu/s--we c ?9k1 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptians1 only ( ! invasion "u ,rehoboam 7#a ,k+s xiv471 & 9 ! case ( ! ,edomites1 only ( ! great c>nage :i* !y made 9 ,judah1 dur+ ! "t at :i* ,david c>ri$ on w> ) ,aram 9 ,arabia & on ! ,euphrates1--probably at a "t :5 he _h su/a9$ heavy losses 9 t w>f>e2 comp>e my ,comm5t4 on ,ps4 xliv4 & lx4 ,( any ,pg #big simil> lat] occurr5ce !re is no acc\nt extant4 ,x is only by a fanciful exposition t ! innoc5t blood c be f\nd 9 #b ,k+s viii4 #bj-bb4 ,! ,edomites at t "t kept only a def5sive position1 & did n come into ! l& ( ,judah4 ,! innoc5t blood implies a w> ( conque/1 & a ho/ile inroad4 ,9 *ap4 iv4 7iii47 #d-g1 ,joel promises a return to ! citiz5s ( ,judah1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! ,phili/9es "u ,jehoram2 &1 h5ce1 an age _c h elaps$ s9ce t ev5t4 ,?us ,mei] argues4 ,b ! words1 ,behold1 ,i raise !m out ( ! place :i!r ye h sold !m1 conta9 no special pr$iction1 b only ! application ( ! g5]al tru?1 t ,god ga!rs toge!r ! disp]s$ ( ,judah1 & br+s back aga9 ! exil$ ( ,israel2 & x is only requisite to comp>e conc]n+ !m4 ,g54 xv4 #af1 ,9 ! f\r? g5]ation !y %all come hi!r aga91 & l4 #bd1 ,god w visit y1 & br+ y out ( ?is l&4 ,we ?us arrive at ! conclusion t ,joel occupies ! "r place 9 ! ,canon4 ,! ass]tion t ,joel belong$ to ! prie/ly ord]1 is z baseless z ! simil> "o reg>d+ ,habakkuk1 & z ! supposition t ! au?or ( ! ,*ronicles 0 a musician4 ,! book conta9s a connect$ description4 ,x beg9s ) a graphic acc\nt ( ! ru9 :i* ,god w br+ ^u ,8 apo/ate ,congregation1 by means ( =eign enemies4 ,^! latt] repres5t !mselves to ! prophet 9 8 spiritual vision z an all-de/roy+ sw>m ( locu/s4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght is ?is3--,:]esoev] ! c>case is1 !re w ! eagles be ga!r$ toge!r1--:]ev] corruption manife/s itself 9 ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 puni%m5t w be inflict$4 ,because ,god has sanctifi$ ,himself 9 ! ,congregation1 & has graci\sly imp>t$ to h] ,8 hol9ess4 ,he mu/ !re=e sanctify ,himself ^u h]1--mu/ manife/ ,8 hol9ess 9 h] puni%m5t1 if %e has become l ! pr(ane _w4 ,he _c all[ t1 aft] ! ,_s has dep>t$1 ! dead body %\ld /ill cont9ue to appe> z ,8 k+dom1 b /rips (f ! mask ( hypocrisy f ,8 deg5]ate ,*ur*1 by repres5t+ h] outw>dly z t :i*1 by h] guilt1 %e has become inw>dly4 ,?is ?\ght commonly appe>s 9 a special ,pg #bih application1 by ! m5tion ( ! "n ( ! p>ticul> p :om ! ,"l is1 9 ! imm$iate future1 to employ = ! realization ( x4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 h[ev]1 ,he is satisfi$ ) po9t+ to ! dignity & p[] inh]5t 9 ,him4 ,! enemies are designat$ only z p f ! ,nor?4 ,b x 0 f ! ,nor?--f ,syria--t all ! pr9cipal invasions ( ,pale/9e proce$$4 ,h5ce !re is no reason ei!r to ?9k ( "o ( !m exclusively1 or to exclude "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! compreh5sive "* ( ! description di/9ctly appe>s 9 i4 #d4 ,x is !re1 at ! v ?re%old1 intimat$1 t ! hea!ni% invasion w be a f\rfold "o1--t ,israel %all become ! prey ( f\r successive ext5sive empires4 ,joel's mission fell at ! comm5cem5t ( ! writt5 prophecy2 & 9 h>mony ) ?is1 he gives only an outl9e ( t :i* x 0 res]v$ = ! lat] prophets to fill up1 & to c>ry out 9 its details1 by ! m5tion ( ! "n ( ea* s+le empire1 z ! times mov$ on4 ,x 0 en\gh t ,joel prophesi$ ! de/ruction by ^! great empires1 ev5 be=e any "o ( !m _h appe>$ on ! /age ( hi/ory1 & t he 0 enabl$ to po9t ev5 to ! f\rfold numb] ( !m4 ,! ?reat ( puni%m5t1 jo9$ ) exhortations to rep5tance1 to :i* ! p will+ly li/5$1 & humbl$ !mselves be=e ! ,"l1 cont9ues d[n to *ap4 ii4 #ag4 ,) ?is is connect$ ! proclamation ( salvation--:i* ext5ds d[n to *ap4 iii4 #b 7ii4 #bi74 ,! %[+ ( m]cy beg9s ) ! fact1 t ,god s5ds ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 ,he directs ! att5tion ( ! p to ! design ( _! suff]+s1 & invites ! we>y & heavy lad5 to come to ! ,"l1 t ,he may refre% !m4 ,8 voice is he>d by ^? :o are ( a brok5 he>t2 & !re !n foll[s ri* div9e bless+1 ) its consummation--! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s4 ,bo?--! s5d+ ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness1 & ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s--_h _! prelim9>y fulfilm5ts2 ! fir/ ( :i* took place soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! deva/ation by ! locu/s1 9 ! "t ( ! ,assyrians1--a second1 aft] ! de/ruction by ! ,babylonians _h come ^u ! p1--a ?ird1 aft] ! visitation by ! ,greek tyranny "u ! ,maccabees4 ,b ! *ief ref]5ce ( ! prophecy is1 ?r\gh\t1 to ,*ri/1 & to ! v\*safem5t ,pg #bii ( ! bless+1 & to ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 orig9at+ 9 ,8 m$iation4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( salvation = ! ,cov5ant-p is1 9 ! ?ird & la/ "p1 foll[$ by ! opposite ( x1 viz41 ! ann\ncem5t ( judgm5ts ^u ! enemies ( ! ,congregation ( ,god4 ,_! hatr$ ( x1 proce$+ f hatr$ to ,god1 is employ$ by ,him1 inde$1 z a means ( *a/is+ & purify+ ,8 ,*ur*2 b x does n1 = t reason1 cease to be an object ( ,8 punitive ju/ice4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ?is "p ( ! book is express$ 9 #a ,pet4 iv4 #ag by ! words3 ,= ! "t is come t judgm5t mu/ beg9 at ! h\se ( ,god4 ,& if x fir/ beg9 at u1 :at %all ! end be ( !m t obey n ! ,gospel ( ,god8 ,& if ! righte\s sc>cely be sav$1 :]e %all ! ungodly & ! s9n] appe>8 ,! description be>s "h also1 z 9 ! second & fir/ p>ts1 a compreh5sive "*4 ,t :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 is realiz$ 9 a long s]ies ( s+le acts ( div9e int]position aga9/ ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 is "h br\ght toge!r 9 a s+le sc5e4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ! ,p]sian & ,grecian mon>*ies1 is compreh5d$ 9 ?is prophecy4 ,b its f9al fulfilm5t mu/ be s\ght = only 9 ! ,messianic "t4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f ! relation ( ?is "p1 to ! second4 ,hav+ giv5 e> to ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness1 & ! ,_s hav+ be5 p\r$ out ^u h]1 ! ,congregation has become an object ( ! lov+ provid5ce ( ,god4 ,f ?is fl[s ! judgm5t ^u h] enemies4 ,if1 !n1 ! promise ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness & ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s be1 9 sub/ance1 ,messianic1 s1 ! judgm5t too mu/1 9 sub/ance1 be> a ,messianic "*4 ,! same appe>s f iv4 7iii47 #ah1 accord+ to :i* passage1 simultane\sly ) ! judgm5ts1 !re come? =?1 f ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 a f\nta9 :i* wat]e? ! valley ( ,%ittim--! wat]s ( salvation :i* wat] ! dry l& ( human ne$4 7,comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ezek4 xlvii12 ,ze*4 xiv4 #h2 & my ,comm5t4 on ,revel4 xxii4 #a47 ,?is feature1 h[ev]1 cle>ly po9ts to ! ,messianic "t4 ,we mu/ "h1 h[ev]1 avoid conf\nd+ ! sub/ance ) ! =m1--! idea ) ! tempor>y clo?+ :i* ! prophet puts ^u x1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( prophetic ,pg #cjj vision1 9 :i*1 necess>ily1 all t is spiritual mu/ be repres5t$ 9 outw>d sket*es & =ms4 ,?is =m is z foll[s3--,9 ! place ne>e/ to ! temple1 & :i* 0 able to conta9 a great multitude ( p1 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 all nations are ga!r$4 7,! valley v probably receiv$ its "n f ! appellation :i*1 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 ! prophet gives to x1 9 ord] to m>k its de/9ation2 = ,jeho%aphat means1 ! ,"l judges1 or ,valley ( ,judgm5t4#a7 ,! ,"l1 en?ron$ 9 ! temple1 ex]cises judgm5t ^u !m4 ,9 ?is mann]--9 outw>d =ms ( p]ception--! idea is br\ght out1 t ! judgm5t ^u ! ,g5tiles is an effect ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 t !y are n puni%$ on acc\nt ( _! violation ( ! natural law1 b because ( ! ho/ile position :i* !y _h occupi$ aga9/ ! tea*]s ( ,god's reveal$ tru?1--aga9/ ! ,"l ,himself :o is 9 ,8 ,*ur*4 ,e violation ( ! natural law may be p>don$ to ^? :o h n /ood 9 any o!r relation to ,god1 ev5 al?\gh !y %\ld h ,pg #cja proce$$ to ! mo/ fe>ful ext5t 9 depravity4 ,!y :o 7 once disob$i5t1 :5 ! long-suff]+ ( ,god wait$ 9 ! days ( ,noah1 7 n z yet giv5 ov] to complete condemnation1 b 7 kept 9 prison until ,*ri/ came & prea*$ to !m4 ,?is 0 ! iniquity ( ,sodom3 fulness ( bread1 & abundance ( peace1 7 9 h] & h] daught]s2 yet ! h& ( ! poor & ne$y !y did n assi/2 b !y 7 haughty & committ$ abom9ation be=e ! ,"l3 !re=e ,he took !m away z ,he saw good4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! ,"l w1 at "s future "t1 turn ! captivity 7! mis]y7 ( ?is ,sodom & h] daught]s1 & !y %all be re/or$ z !y 7 be=e1--n corporeally1 = _! se$ is utt]ly root$ out f ! e>?1 & ev5 _! place is de/roy$1 b spiritually2 comp>e ,ezek4 xvi4 #di ff4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 f> m sev]e puni%m5ts are inflict$ ^u ^? :o h reject$1 n ! ab/ract1 b ! concrete ,god1--n ! ,god :o is %ut up 9 ! heav5s1 b ! ,god :o p[]fully manife/s ,himself on e>?1 9 ,8 ,*ur*4 ,x is true1 t z long z ?is revelation is /ill an imp]fect "o--z x 0 "u ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation--& h5ce ! guilt ( reject+ ,him less1 m]cy may /ill be %[n4 ,ext]nal de/ruction does n involve spiritual ru94 ,moab1 inde$1 is de/roy$1 s t x is no long] a p1 because x has exalt$ itself aga9/ ! ,"l2 yet1 9 ! latt] days ,i w turn ! captivity ( ,moab1 sai? ! ,"l1 ,j]4 xlviii4 #dg4 ,b :5 ! revelation ( ! grace ( ,god has become p]fect1 ,8 ju/ice also w be p]fectly reveal$ aga9/ all :o reject x1 & rise 9 ho/ility aga9/ ^? :o are ! be>]s ( x3 ,_! worm %all n die1 nei!r %all _! fire be qu5*$1 & !y %all be an abhorr+ unto all fle%1 ,is4 lxvi4 #bd4 ,^! rem>ks conta9 ! key to all :i* ! ,"l decl>es z to ! future judgm5t :i*1 9 its completion1 belongs only to ! future _w4 ,x is n ! _w z su*1 b t _w to :i* ! ,gospel has be5 decl>$1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! ,*ur* has be5 f\nd$1 :i* =ms ! object ( x2 comp>e ,matt4 xxiv4 #ad4 ,footnote #a3 ,h(mann 7,weissag4 u4 ,erfl4 i4 ,s4 #bjc7 has reviv$ ! explanation1 accord+ to :i* ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat is to be und]/ood z ! valley 9 :i*1 "u ,jeho%aphat1 judgm5t 0 execut$ ^u sev]al ,g5tile nations4 ,b ?is locality1 ! des]t ( ,!koa1 :i* 0 ab\t ?ree h\rs di/ance f ,j]usalem 7comp>e my ,comm5t4 on ! ,psalms1 9 ! ,introduction to ,ps4 xlvi4 xlviii4 lxxxiii471 is at too great a di/ance f ! temple1 :]e1 accord+ to v]s4 #af & #ag1 ! ,"l holds ,8 judgm5t ^u ! nations4 ,tradition has rightly p]ceiv$ t ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat c be s\ght = only 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! temple4 ,9 fav\r ( ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat n[ s call$1 at ! high ea/ br9k ( ,moriah1 ! temple-hill 7,ritt]1 ,erdk4 xv4 #a1 ,s4 #eei2 xvi4 #a1 ,s4 #cbi71 is also ,ze*4 vi4 #a-h 7comp>e ! rem>ks on t passage74 ,f ! circum/ance t !re is1 fir/1 ! m5tion ( ! "n1 &1 !n1 ! /atem5t ( its signification1 ,& ,i ga!r all nations1 & br+ !m d[n into ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 & plead ) !m !re1 ,h(mann inf]s t ! "n mu/ h already exi/$ z a prop] "n4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an analogy 9 ,num4 xx4 #a3 ,& ! p encamp$ at ,kade%2--b ! place receiv$ ! "n ,kade% only because ( ! ev5t to be subsequ5tly relat$3 previ\s to t1 its "n 0 ,b>nea4 7,comp>e ,diss]t4 on ,g54 ( ! ,p5t4 vol4 ii4 p4 #caj ff47 ,! two !ological names ( ! place1 :i* arose only f ! ev5t record$ 9 ,num4 xx41 occur ev5 z e>ly z ,g54 xiv4 #g4 ,! natural "n ( ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat is1 moreov]1 9 all likelihood1 ,k+'s ,dale2 comp>e ,g54 xiv4 #ag2 #b ,sam4 xviii4 #ah2 & ,!nius on ?is passage4 ,pg #cjb ,,joel ,i4-,,ii4 #ag4 ,we %all n dwell "h = any l5g? ( "t ^u ! hi/ory ( ! expositions ( ?is passage4 ,x has be5 giv5 ) suffici5t m9ut5ess by ,pococke & ,m>ckius among old] writ]s1 & by ,cr$n] among ! m mod]n4 ,we cont5t ourselves ) rem>k+ t ! figurative exposition is ! m anci5t1 hav+ be5 adopt$ by ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 & by ! ,jews m5tion$ by ,j]ome1 & t we _c by any means1 z ,cr$n] does1 d]ive x f doctr9al consid]ations only2 = _m1 ) :om su* consid]ations weigh$1 z ,bo*>t1 ,pococke1 & ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 d n approve ( x2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are among its def5d]s n a few :o 7 guid$ by j ! opposite motives1 su* z ,grotius1 ,eck]mann1 ,b]?old 7,e9l4 ,s4 #afjg ff471 & ,!9]4 ,two prelim9>y que/ions1 h[ev]1 require to be answ]$1 be=e we c proce$ to ! ma9 inve/igation4 #a4 ,does ,joel "h describe a pres5t1 or a future calamity8 ,! =m] has be5 ass]t$1 9 =m] times1 by ,lu!r & ,calv9 7comp>e1 especially1 8 comm5t>y on *ap4 i4 #d71 & 9 m rec5t times1 ) special confid5ce1 by ,cr$n]4 ,b !re is no?+ to fav\r ?is view4 ,! frequ5t use ( ! ,pret]ites w\ld prove some?+ 9 support ( x1 provid$ only we 7 n /&+ on prophetical gr\nd4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 f\nd q 9 ! same mann] 9 *ap4 iv4--9 t portion :i*1 by all int]pret]s unanim\sly1 is ref]r$ to ! future4 ,& yet1 if ?is view 7 to be ackn[l$g$ z s\nd1 x ought to comm5d itself by /r+5t consid]ations1 inasmu* z ! prophetic analogy is1 a priori1 aga9/ x4 ,!re is n f\nd any:]e 9 ! prophets s long & s detail$ a description ( ! pres5t or ! pa/4 ,b1 moreov]1 if we once give up ! ref]5ce to ! future1 we c\ld ?9k ( ! pa/ only2 = 9 *ap2 ii4 #ah1 #ai1 ! description ( ! salvation foll[+ ^u ! mis]y1 is connect$ ) ! prec$+ context by ! ,future ) vav conv]sivum4 ,if1 !n1 ! sc5e ( inw>d vision be =sak51 & ev]y?+ ref]r$ to ext]nal reality1 ! calamity describ$ 9 ! prec$+ context mu/ likewise be view$ z "o already entirely pa/1 & ! salvation z already actually exi/+4 ,x c be prov$1 h[ev]1 ,pg #cjc f ! cont5ts1 by incontrov]tible special reasons1 t ! ref]5ce to ! future is alone ! correct "o4 ,! day ( ! ,"l is sev]al times spok5 ( z be+ at h&1 :i* may be expla9$ f ! circum/ance1 t ,god's judgm5t ^u ,8 ,*ur* is a necess>y effect ( ,8 ju/ice1 :i* nev] re/s1 b always %[s itself z active4 ,:51 !re=e1 its object--! s9ful apo/asy ( ! p--is already 9 exi/5ce1 its manife/ation mu/ also ( necessity be expect$2 & al?\gh n ! la/ & highe/ manife/ation1 yet su* an "o z s]ves = a prelude to x4 ,! day ( ! ,"l is1 !re=e1 cont9ually com+1 is nev] absolutely di/ant2 & its be+ spok5 ( z at h& is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! say+1 ,:]eseov] ! c>case is1 !re w ! eagles be ga!r$ toge!r1--a decl>ation f\nd$ ^u ! div9e nature1 & !re=e ev] true4 7,comp>e my ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse i4 #a47 ,?is designation is fir/ f\nd 9 i4 #ae3 ,alas6 = ! day1 = ! day ( ! ,"l is at h&1 & z a de/ruction f ! ,almighty does x come4 ,"h1 two exp$i5ts = evasion h be5 tri$4 ,ju/i ma9ta9$ t ! day is at h& 0 equival5t to ! day is !re1--an op9ion :i* does n des]ve any fur!r refutation4 ,holzhaus51 ,cr$n]1 & ,hitzig suppose t1 by ! day ( ! ,"l1 we are n to und]/& ! deva/ation by ! locu/s1 b "s sev]e judgm5t1 to :i* t s]v$ z a prelude4 ,?is supposition is1 h[ev]1 oppos$1 fir/ ( all1 by ! v]bal p>allel passage 9 ,isa4 xiii4 #f3 ,h[l ye1 = ! day ( ! ,"l is at h&2 x come? z a de/ruction f ! ,almighty1--:]e ! day ( ! ,"l _c be any o!r ?an t :i* is describ$ 9 ! prec$+ context4 ,b ?is op9ion is fur!r oppos$ by ! circum/ance1 t1 9 ! subsequ5t context1 !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( any o!r judgm5t ?an t ( ! deva/ation by ! locu/s2 on ! contr>y1 ) its t]m9ation1 ! :ole p]iod ( suff]+ comes to an end1 z reg>ds ! ,cov5ant-p1 & ! "t ( bless+ ^u !m & ( judgm5t ^u _! enemies beg9s4 ,b ! necessity = und]/&+1 by ! day ( ! ,"l at h&1 ! deva/ation by ! locu/s1 & h5ce1 = view+ ! latt] z /ill future1 is ev5 m cle>ly se5 f ! second passage1 *ap4 ii4 #a1 #b3 ,bl[ ye ! trumpet 9 ,zion1 & s\nd an al>m 9 ,my holy m\nta92 let all ! ,pg #cjd inhabitants ( ! l& tremble1 = ! day ( ! ,"l ha? come1 = nigh at h&1 a day ( d>kness & gloom9ess1 a day ( cl\ds & fogs1 z ! morn+-r$ spread ^u ! m\nta9s1 a p num]\s & /rong2 !re ha? n be5 ! l f et]nity1 nei!r %all !re be any m aft] x1 ev5 ?r\gh ! ye>s ( all g5]ations4 ,t1 by ! day ( ! ,"l1 :i* ! prophet1 f ! /&+-po9t ( 8 inw>d vision1 "h speaks ( z hav+ already come1 & z be+ 9 reality nigh at h&1 we mu/ und]/& ! same day z t :i* is m9utely describ$ 9 ! prec$+ & subsequ5t context1 viz41 ! deva/ation by ! locu/s1 appe>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! v]bal p>allel passage1 ,ezek4 xxx4 #b1 :i* likewise speaks ( "o day only3 ,?\ son ( man1 prophesy & say4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,h[l ye1 woe = ! day6 ,= ! day is ne>1 a day to ! ,"l1 a day ( cl\ds1 ! "t ( ! hea!n x %all be4 ,b :at places ! matt] beyond all d\bt are ! words3 ,a p num]\s & /rong4 ,^! words1 by :i*1 accord+ to :at foll[s1 ! locu/s only c be und]/ood1 =m an explanatory apposition to ! day ( ! ,"l1 ! day ( d>kness1 etc4 ,to ?is we may fur!r add1 t1 by ! la/ words1 ?is judgm5t is repres5t$ z ! mo/ =midable1 & ! la/ by :i* ,judea %all be visit$2 s t we _c by any means ?9k ( a subsequ5t lat] day ( ! ,"l4 #b4 ,are ! diff]5t names ( ! locu/s designations ( v>i\s species ( locu/s1 or are ^!1 beside ! common "n ( ! locu/s1 only poetical names1 :i* d5ote ! qualities com+ into consid]ation8 ,cr$n] has attempt$ to prove ! =m]4 ,he ma9ta9s t ,joel's description has to d ) two g5]ations ( locu/s1--! fir/ belong+ to ! end ( "o ye>1--! second1 to ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> foll[+4 ,! latt] he ?9ks to be ! (fspr+ ( ! =m]4 ,9 accordance ) ?is hypo!sis1 he expla9s ! diff]5t names1 is1 accord+ to him1 ! migratory locu/1 :i* visits ,pale/9e *iefly 9 autumn2 1 else:]e ! g5]al "n ( locu/s1 "h ! "y brood2 1 ! "y locu/ 9 ! la/ /age ( its trans=mation1 or betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? ca/+ ( ! sk92 1 ! p]fect locu/1 proce$+ f ! la/ trans=mation1 &1 h5ce1 z ! brood proce$$ f ! 1 w\ld be ! same 4 ,pg #cje ,x =ms a g5]al argum5t aga9/ ?is hypo!sis1 t1 accord+ to x1 ! prophet %\ld ent] s deeply & m9utely into ! natural hi/ory ( locu/s1 t a ,pr(essor ( t sci5ce might le>n f him4 ,!re is no?+ analog\s to ?is1 ei!r 9 ,scripture g5]ally1 or 9 ! ,prophets p>ticul>ly4 ,! difficulty1 moreov]1 increases1 :5 we assume--:at has be5 already prov$--t ! description ref]s to ! future4 ,! religi\s impression :i* ! prophet has1 aft] all1 solely 9 view1 w\ld n ga91 b suff] by su* a m9ute detail 9 ! description ( a future natural ev5t1--especially su* z a deva/ation by locu/s4 ,a clos] exam9ation proves t ! :ole explanation ( ! names ( ! locu/s1 ^u :i* ! hypo!sis is built1 is unt5able4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! prophet kn[s ( only "o k9d ( locu/s1 :i* he divides into f\r ho/s2 & t1 ) ! exception ( 1 ! names are n ^? ( natural hi/ory1 b poetical1 & tak5 f ! qualities ( ! locu/s4 ,let u fir/ demon/rate t ! int]pretation ( 1 ^u :i* ,cr$n] f\nds t ( ! o!r names1 is inadmissible4 ,?is int]pretation1 he ma9ta9s 7,s4 #bie71 is put beyond all d\bt by ! passage1 ,nah4 iii4 #af3 ,! ca/s its sk9 & flies away4 ,! m]*ants1 :o con/itut$ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! population ( ,n9eveh1 are1 accord+ to him1 comp>$ to a :i* flies away1 aft] hav+ ca/ 8 sk9 = ! ?ird or la/ "t4 ,b ?is passage ( ,nahum1 :5 m9utely exam9$ & correctly int]pret$1 is by itself suffici5t to refute t op9ion conc]n+ ! 4 ,9 v]4 #ae1 x is said conc]n+ ,n9eveh3 ,!re %all ! fire dev\r !e1 ! sword %all cut !e (f1 x %all eat !e up1 z ! lick] 773 make ?yself _m z ! lick]s1 make ?yself _m z ! locu/s4 ,v]4 #af3 ,?\ ha/ multipli$ ?y m]*ants l ! />s ( heav52 lick]s broke ?r\gh & flew away4 ,v]4 #ag3 ,?y pr9ces are l locu/s1 & ?y capta9s are z a ho/ ( gras%opp]s1 :i* camp on ! h$ges 9 ! day ( cold4 ,! sun has ris51 & !y flee away1 & _! place is n kn[n :]e !y are4 ,?is passage j proves t mu/ be w+$ locu/s4 ,! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh are num]\s l ! locu/s2 num]\s are h] ri* m]*ants2 b sudd5ly !re come? ^u !m a numb]less ho/ ( locu/s1 :o rob ,pg #cjf !m ( ev]y?+1 & fly away4 ,!y :o rob & fly away1 9 v]4 #af1 are n ! m]*ants1 b ! enemies4 ,?is becomes q evid5t f ! comp>ison ( v]4 #ae1 :]e q ! same anti!sis is f\nd betwe5--,! sword %all eat !e up z ! lick]s 7,nom9at471 & ,make ?yself _m z ! lick]s4 ,! v]b 1 9 its common signification1 irruit1 invasit ad pra$am ag5dam1 is "h1 9 ref]5ce to ! m]*ants1 v significant4 ,b :at is decisive aga9/ ! explanation ( ,cr$n] is ?is3--t ! signification to ca/ ! sk9 _c be e/abli%$ at all1 & t ! :ole s5se is utt]ly unsuitable4 ,= ! disc\rse is n "h1 by any means1 ( m]c5>ies or =eign trad]s1 b ( ! native m]*ants ( ,n9eveh1 j z1 9 ! subsequ5t v]ses1 ! disc\rse is ab\t h] own nobles4 ,h[ !n c\ld t image be suitable1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly d5ote a safe transition f "o /ate into a bett]8--,cr$n] moreov] ref]s to ,j]4 li4 #bg1 :]e to ! quality 1 horridus1 is ascrib$4 ,?is1 accord+ to him1 is to be ref]r$ to ! r\gh1 horn-l cov]+s ( ! w+s ( ! "y locu/s4 ,b1 accord+ to ! context1 & to ! analogy ( ! p>allel passage1 li4 #ad1 we %\ld r expect t horrid is "h a designation ( ! multitude4 7,comp>e ! ( ! ,,lxx47 ,b x is /ill m natural to give to ! signification ( awful1 t]rible4 7,comp>e ,ps4 cxix4 #abj1 :]e ! v]b occurs ) ! mean+ to %udd]47--,t by 1 n ! "y brood1 b ! w+$ locu/s are to be und]/ood1 appe>s also f a comp>ison ( ,ps4 cv4 #cd ) ,exod4 x4 #ab ff4 ,9 ,exod4 a s+le army ( fly+ locu/s ov]spread ,egypt2 ! ,psalmi/1 9 recall+ ?is ev5t to memory1 says3 ,he spake1 & ! locu/s came1 & )\t numb]4 ,f ?is passage1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ,ps4 lxxvii4 #df1 :]e1 in/ead ( 1 is int]*ang$ ) 1 :i* alone is f\nd 9 ,exod41 x is v cle>ly se5 t 1 ! lick]1 is no?+ else ?an a poetical epi!t ( ! locu/s4 ,x nev] occurs1 inde$1 9 prose2 & ?is c be ! less accid5tal1 z 1 ! gnaw]1 is also nev] f\nd 9 prose writ+s1 & only once1 9 ! pray] ( ,solomon1 #a ,k+s viii4 #cg--;z t :i* x is 9 reality1 z a m]e attribute to 4 ,t has its "n f ! eat+1 is %[n by ,nah4 iii4 #ae3 ,! sword %all eat !e up z ! 4 ,&1 9 addition to ?is1 we may ,pg #cjg fur!r urge1 t ! exposition ( is altoge!r fictiti\s1 & contradict$ by all ! passages2--t ! prophet 9 ii4 #be inv]ts ! ord]1 & puts ! la/1 f :i* x is c]ta9ly to be safely inf]r$ t ! arrangem5t 9 i4 #d is n a *ronological "o2--t ,cr$n] himself1 by 8 be+ oblig$ to grant t & d n signify a p>ticul> k9d ( locu/s1 raises suspicions aga9/ 8 int]pret+ ! two o!r names ( p>ticul> k9ds2--& t if ?is int]pretation 7 to be consid]$ z correct1 & mu/ d5ote ! locu/s z fully gr[n4 ,b t is by no means ! case4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n is1 moreov]1 cle>ly %[n by ,amos iv4 #i3 ,y\r v9ey>ds1 y\r fig-trees1 & y\r olive-trees1-- dev\rs !m4 ,z reg>ds ! corn1 o!r div9e means ( de/ruction _h be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e2 ! trees alone !n rema9$ = ! locu/s1 & !y receiv$ a "n correspond+ to ?is special de/9ation1 viz41 1 ! gnaw]4--,! v]b is1 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ch1 us$ ( ! dev\r+ ( ! locu/s1 & nev] occurs except+ :]e ! locu/s are view$ 9 ?is capacity4 7,besides ! passages already quot$1 comp>e ,is4 xxxiii4 #d47 ,! foll[+ also may be consid]$4 ,! description ( ! ravages ( ! second brood is1 accord+ to ,cr$n]1 to beg9 9 *ap4 ii4 #d4 ,b ! suffix 9 v]4 #d ref]s directly to ! w+$ locu/s spok5 ( 9 v]s4 #a-c2 & 9 ! v]b !y are ! subject4 ,& n[1 e "o may judge :at value is to be atta*$ to a hypo!sis :i* has ev]y?+ aga9/ x1 & no?+ 9 its fav\r1 & ! ess5tial suppositions ( :i*--su* z ! dep>ture ( ! sw>ms1 _! leav+ _! eggs beh9d1 _! dea? 9 ! ,r$ ,sea--are1 z ! au?or ( ! hypo!sis himself confesses1 pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! prophet4 ,we may n[ proce$ to ! solution ( our prop] problem4 ,!re are no g5]al reasons1 ei!r aga9/ ! figurative1 or aga9/ ! lit]al int]pretation2 nei!r ( !m has any unfav\rable prejudice :i* c be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,a deva/ation by real locu/s is ?reat5$1 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 aga9/ ! transgressors ( ! law1 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ch1 #ci2 aga9/ ! ,egyptians1 ! ,"l actually made use ( ?is1 among o!r me?ods ( puni%m5t2 & a deva/ation 9 ,israel by locu/s is1 9 ,amos iv4 #i1 repres5t$ z an effect ( div9e ang]4--,pg #cjh,on ! o!r h&1 figurative repres5tations ( t k9d are ( v common occurr5ce4 ,9 ,isaiah1 e4g41 ! invad+ ,assyrians & ,egyptians appe>1 9 a cont9u\s description1 z sw>ms ( flies & bees4 ,! comp>ison ( ho/ile armies ) locu/s is v common1 n only on acc\nt ( _! multitude 7f :i* circum/ance ! locu/s receiv$ _! "n 9 ,hebrew71 b also on acc\nt ( ! sudd5 surprise1 & ! deva/ation3 comp>e ,judges vi4 #e2 ,j]4 xlvi4 #bc1 li4 #bg2 ,judi? ii4 #aa4 ,sev]al times a ho/ile invasion also is repres5t$ "u ! image & symbol ( ! plague ( ! locu/s4 ,9 ,nah4 iii4 #ae-ag1 ! ,assyrians appe> 9 ! =m ( locu/s1--& t ?is is n only on acc\nt ( _! numb]s1 b also on acc\nt ( ! deva/ations :i* !y make1 is %[n by ! comp>ison ) ! 9 v]4 #ae2--;& j 9 ! same mann] are ! enemies describ$ :o accompli% _! ov]?r[4 ,&1--:at is completely analog\s1--9 ,amos vii4 #a-c1 ! prophet beholds ! approa*+ div9e judgm5t "u ! image ( a sw>m ( locu/s1 j z1 9 v]4 #d1 "u t ( a fire1 & 9 v]4 #g1 "u t ( a plumb-l9e4 ,all ^! ?ree images are 9 sub/ance id5tical2 _! mean+ is express$ 9 v]4 #i by ! words3 ,! high places ( ,isaac %all be desolate1 & ! sanctu>ies ( ,israel %all be de/roy$4 ,! locu/s d5ote de/roy+ ho/ile armies2 ! fire d5otes w>2 & ! plumb-l9e1 ! de/ruction to be accompli%$ by ! enemies4 ,x 0 s mu* ! m natural to repres5t ! div9e judgm5t "u ! image ( a deva/ation by locu/s--z is done also 9 ,rev4 ix4 #c ff4--because1 =m]ly1 x _h actually manife/$ itself 9 ?is way 9 ,egypt4 ,! figurative repres5tation _h !re=e a significant sub/ratum 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,b x is1 ?r\gh\t1 ! cu/om ( ! prophets to describe ! future "u ! image ( ! analog\s pa/1 :i*1 z x 71 is reviv$ 9 x4--,x ought to be /ill fur!r rem>k$1 t we mu/1 a priori1 be ! less indispos$ to admit a detail$ symbolical repres5tation 9 ,joel1 z ! two prophets1 betwixt :om he is plac$1 h likewise su* symbolical portions4 ,! decision dep5ds1 !re=e1 ^u ! int]nal "* ( ! description itself4 ,an allegory mu/ betray itself z su*1 by significant h9ts2 :]e ^! are want+1 x is arbitr>y to assume its exi/5ce4 ,foll[+ ! ord] ( ! ,pg #cji text1 we %all br+ toge!r ev]y?+ ( ?is k9d :i* we f9d 9 x4 ,! words1 ev51 ( ! introduction1--,ha? any su* ?+ happ5$ 9 y\r days1 & 9 ! days ( y\r fa!rs8 ,( x y %all tell y\r sons1 & y\r sons to _! sons1 & _! sons to ! succe$+ g5]ation1--sc>cely p]mit u to ?9k ( a deva/ation by locu/s 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,x c\ld only be by means ( ! grosse/ exagg]ation--:i*1 if x 7 f> f any prophet1 0 c]ta9ly s f ! simple & mild ,joel--t he c\ld repres5t1 z ! greate/ disa/] :i* ev] befell1 or %\ld ev] befall ! nation1 a deva/ation by locu/s :i* 01 aft] all1 only a transitory evil4 ,= x is ! greatness ( ! disa/] :i* is impli$ 9 ! call to relate x to ! late/ po/]ity2 no lat] suff]+ %\ld be s great z to cause ?is "o to be =gott54 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! expression 9 v]4 #f3 ,= a nation 77 has come up ov] my l&4 ,nation1 accord+ to mo/ int]pret]s1 is ?\ght to signify ! m]e multitude2 b 9 t case1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 us$1 z is done 9 ,prov4 xxx4 #be1 #bf1 conc]n+ ! ants4 ,9 !re is impli$ n only ! idea ( :at is ho/ile--?is ,cr$n] too ackn[l$ges--b also ( :at is pr(ane4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! pr9cipal idea2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 ev5 ! deg5]ate ,cov5ant-p sev]al times receive ! "n 4 ,t ?is pr9cipal idea is "h likewise applicable1 is evid5t f ! anti!sis3 ,ov] my l&4 ,x is true1 t ! suffix _c be ref]r$ to ,jehovah1 z is done by ,j4 ,h4 ,mi*aelis & o!rs1 al?\gh ! anti!sis w\ld ?us mo/ /rik+ly appe>2 b z little c we ref] x1 z is done by mod]n int]pret]s1 to ! prophet z an individual2 =1 9 ?is case ! anti!sis w\ld be lo/ altoge!r4 ,! comp>ison ( v]s4 #g & #ai cle>ly %[s t1 accord+ to a common practice 7comp>e ! ,introduction to ,micah1 & ! :ole prophecy ( ,habakkuk71 ! prophet speaks 9 ! "n ( ! p ( ,god4 ,a /range1 unhe>d-( ev5t6 ,a hea!n ho/ has invad$ ! l& ( ! p ( ,god6 ,! anti!sis is 9 ii4 #ah3 ,!n ! ,"l 0 jeal\s = ,8 l&1 & sp>$ ,8 p4 ,we d n ?9k t ! prophet loses sight ( 8 image4 ,he designates ! locu/ z ! hea!n ho/2 b he w\ld n h *os5 ?is designation1 :i*1 :5 lit]ally ,pg #caj und]/ood1 is v /range1 unless ! matt] _h induc$ him to d s4 ,if x be und]/ood figuratively1 ,amos vi4 #ad entirely h>monizes ) x4--,9 ! same v]se 7,joel i4 #f7 x is said3 ,8 tee?1 ! tee? ( a lion1 *eek tee? ( a lion to him2 on :i* ,rev4 ix4 #h is to be comp>$4 ,?is comp>ison is q suitable to figurative locu/s1 to furi\s enemies 7comp>e ,is4 v4 #bi2 ,nah4 ii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,j]4 ii4 #ae1 iv4 #g1 xlix4 #ai2 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #b2 ,dan4 vii4 #d71 b n to natural locu/s2 = ! lion _c possibly be ! symbol ( m]e voracity4 ,x is rem>kable1 t 9 ! description ( ! locu/s 9 ?is v]se1 & ?r\gh\t1 _! fly+ is n m5tion$ at all4 ,x is only 9 *ap4 ii4 #b1 ,day ( d>kness & gloom9ess1 day ( cl\ds & ?ick d>kness1 t ,cr$n] supposes su* an allusion to exi/4 ,! d>kness is1 accord+ to him1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sw>m ( locu/s com+ up 9 ! skies4 ,b ! incorrectness ( su* a supposition is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 ^u a comp>ison ( *ap4 ii4 #aj4 ,be=e ! ho/1 & be=e x arrives1 ! e>? quakes1 ! heav5s tremble1 sun & moon cov] !mselves ) d>kness1 & ! />s )draw _! %9+4 ,x is only aft] all ?is has happ5$1 t ! ,"l approa*es at ! head ( ,8 ho/4 ,x is n f ?is ho/1 !re=e1 t ! d>kness c proce$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! d>k5+ ( ! heav5s1 z is q conclusively %[n by ! num]\s almo/ lit]ally agree+ p>allel passages 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xiv4 #f71 is ! symbol ( ! ang] ( ,god1 ! sign t ,he approa*es z a ,judge1 & an ,av5g]4 ,b 9 :at way c\ld ! omission ( e ref]5ce to ! fly+ ( ! locu/s1 9 a description s m9ute1 be acc\nt$ = o!r ?an ?is3 t ! reality pres5t$ no?+ correspond+ to ?is feature8 ,x is only ! heavie/ & mo/ cont9u\s suff]+1 & n a transitory plague by locu/s1 :i* c ju/ify ! call 9 i4 #h3 ,h[l l a virg9 gird$ ) sackclo? = ! husb& ( h] y\?4 ,?is v]se =ms ! transition to v]4 #i1 :]e ! sacrifice 9 ! h\se ( ,jehovah appe>s z cut (f1 & connects ,joel ) ,hosea1 9 :om ! image1 ( :i* ! outl9es only are giv5 "h1 appe>s f9i%$4 ,zion has also lo/ ! fri5d ( h] y\?--! ,"l2 comp>e ,prov4 ii4 #ag3 ,:o =sake? ! fri5d ( h] y\?1 & =got ! cov5ant ( h] ,god2 ,is4 liv4 #f2 ,j]4 ii4 #b1 iii4 #d4--,( great ,pg #caa importance = ! "q "u consid]ation are v]4 #i3 ,! meat-(f]+ & dr9k-(f]+ are cut (f f ! h\se ( ! ,"l2 & v]4 #ac3 ,gird y\rselves & lam5t1 ye prie/s1 h[l ye m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 come1 sp5d all night 9 sackclo?1 ye m9i/]s ( my ,god2 = ! meat-(f]+ & dr9k-(f]+ are )hold5 f ! h\se ( y\r ,god4 ,x is q inconceivable t ! want ( provisions1 result+ f a natural deva/ation by real locu/s1 c\ld h be5 ! reason t ! meat-(f]+ & dr9k-(f]+1 :i*1 9 a mat]ial po9t ( view1 7 ( s little value1 %\ld h be5 )held f ! ,"l2 inasmu* z ! cessation ( x appe>s 9 ^! passages z ! consummation ( ! national calamity4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,pompey1 ! legal sacrifices exi/$1 accord+ to ,josephus 7,ar*4 xiv4 #d1 #c71 ev5 amid/ ! greate/ dang]s to life1 dur+ ! irruption ( ! enemies into ! city1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! c>nage4 ,x is true t1 dur+ ! la/ siege by ! ,romans1 :5 matt]s _h come to an extremity1 ,johannes ord]$ ! sacrifices to be discont9u$4 ,b ?is 0 done1 n f want ( mat]ials1 b because !re 7 none to (f] !m--f 1 z ,josephus says 7,bell4 ,jud4 vi4 #b1 #a2 comp>e ,rel& 9 ,hav]camp on ?is passage7--& to ! great dissatisfaction ( ! p 9 ! city1 4 ,! national view is express$ 9 :at ,josephus says on ?is occasion to ,johannes1 to :om he _h be5 s5t by ,titus on acc\nt ( ?is ev5t3 ,if any man %\ld rob !e ( ?y daily food1 ?\1 mo/ wick$ man1 w\ld/ c]ta9ly consid] him z ?9e enemy4 ,do/ ?\ !n ?9k t ?\ wilt h = ?9e associate 9 ?is w>1 ,god1 :om ?\ ha/ robb$ ( ,8 et]nal wor%ip8 ,b ! s\nd explanation readily sugge/s itself1 z soon z x is admitt$ t beh9d ! locu/s ! ,g5tiles are conceal$4 ,9 t case1 ,dan4 ix4 #bg1 :]e ! de/roy] makes sacrifice & oblation to cease1 is p>allel4 ,! de/ruction ( ! temple is also ann\nc$ by ! contempor>y ,amos 9 *ap4 ix42 comp>e ii4 #e3 ,& ,i s5d fire ^u ,judah1 & x dev\rs ! palaces ( ,j]usalem4 ,( a simil> purport1 9 ! "t aft] ,joel1 is ! passage 9 ,micah1 *ap4 iii4 #ab4 ,! words 9 v]4 #ae--,woe1 = ! day1 = ! day ( ! ,"l is at h&1 & z de/ruction f ! ,almighty does x come1--po9t to some?+ inf9itely high] ?an a m]e ,pg #cab desolation by locu/s 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,?is appe>s f a comp>ison ( ,is4 xiii4 #f1 :]e !y are tak51 almo/ v]batim1 f ,joel1 & us$ ) a ref]5ce to ! judgm5t ( ! ,"l ^u ! :ole e>?4 ,?is is grant$ ev5 by ,cr$n] himself1 :5 he makes ! va9 attempt 7comp>e ,s4 #cde7 to ref] !m to a judgm5t diff]5t f ! deva/ation by ! locu/4 ,! same is ! case ) ,maur] & ,hitzig4 ,h[1 inde$1 is x at all conceivable t a national calamity1 s small & transi5t z a deva/ation by real locu/s w\ld h be51 %\ld h be5 consid]$ by ! prophet z ! day ( ! ,"l ( ! p 9 ! city1 1 z ! conclusion & completion ( all ! judgm5ts ^u ! ,cov5ant-p8 ,a conception l ?is w\ld imply su* l[ notions ( ,god's ju/ice1 & su* a total misappreh5sion ( ! greatness ( human guilt1 z we f9d 9 none ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 &1 g5]ally1 9 none ( ! writ]s ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,t :i* ! m5 ( ,god "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ! fir/--,moses--to ! la/1 ann\nce1 is ! total expulsion ( ! p f ! c\ntry :i* !y defil$ by _! s9s4 ,! image sudd5ly *anges 9 v]s4 #ai & #bj3 ,to !e1 ,o ,"l1 d ,i cry4 ,= fire dev\re? ! pa/ures ( ! wild]ness1 & flame burne? all ! trees ( ! field4 ,ev5 ! bea/s ( ! field desire = ,!e2 = ! f\nta9s ( wat]s are dri$ up1 & fire dev\re? ! pa/ures ( ! wild]ness4 ,! div9e puni%m5t appe>s "u ! image ( an all-dev\r+ fire4 ,n[1 s9ce we _c "h ?9k ( a lit]al fire1 x is c]ta9 t1 9 ! prec$+ v]ses also1 a figurative repres5tation prevails4 ,holzhaus5 & ,cr$n] 7,s4 #afc71 & o!rs1 attempt to evade ?is tr\blesome inf]5ce1 by ass]t+ t fire & flame are "h us$ in/ead ( ! heat ( ! sun1 scor*+ ev]y?+4 ,b ?is ass]tion is1 at all ev5ts1 express$ 9 a di/ort$ & awkw>d mann]4 ,fire & flame are nev] us$ ( ! heat ( ! sun4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 x ought r to be said t ! prophet repres5ts ! consum+ heat1 "u ! image ( fire p\r$ d[n f heav54 ,b ev5 ?is _c be ent]ta9$4 ,= ! p>allel passage *ap4 ii4 #c1 ,be=e him fire dev\re?1 & aft] him flame burne?1 %[s t ! fire1 be+ imm$iately connect$ ) ! locu/s1 _c be a cause ( de/ruction indep5d5t (1 & co-ord9ate )1 !m4 ,t ! locu/s are ! sole cause ( ,pg #cac ! deva/ation1 & t !re is n ano!r cause besides !m1 viz41 ! heat1 is evid5t also f ! words3 ,z ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 is ! l& be=e !m1 & beh9d !m a desolate wild]ness1 & no?+ is left by !m4 ,! burn+ ang] ( ,god is repres5t$ "u ! image ( a consum+ & de/roy+ fire1 ) a ref]5ce to ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 9 :i* ! div9e wra? really manife/$ itself 9 t way4 ,"u ! image ( fire1 w> also1 "o ( ! pr9cipal puni%m5ts ( ,god1 is (t5 repres5t$4 ,?us1 fire means ! fire ( w> 9 ,num4 xxi4 #bh3 ,amos i4 #d1 #g1 #aj1 etc42 ,j]4 xlix4 #bg2 ,rev4 viii4 #h1 #aj4 ,on ! latt] ( ^! passages1 my ,comm5t>y may be comp>$4 ,if1 !n1 ! fire spok5 ( 9 ?is passage mean likewise ! fire ( w>1 & ! locu/s1 ! hea!n enemies1 ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! connection ( ^! two ?+s is solv$4 ,! comp>ison ( ,amos vii4 "h s]ves z a key4 ,9 v]s4 #a-c1 ! div9e puni%m5t is repres5t$ by ! prophet "u ! image ( a great army ( locu/s lay+ wa/e ! c\ntry1 :i* is j beg9n+ to recov] "u ,j]oboam ,,ii4 aft] ! =m] calamities inflict$ by ! ,syrians2 & !n 9 v]4 #d1 "u ! image ( a great fire dev\r+ ! sea 7i4e41 ! _w71 & eat+ up ! holy l&4 ,?is analogy is s mu* ! m important1 ! m impossible x is to ov]look1 9 o!r passages also1 ! po9ts ( agreem5t betwixt ,joel & ,amos4 ,b ! symbolical repres5tation goes /ill fur!r2 x ext5ds ev5 to ! details4 ,! bea/s ( ! field are ! b>b>\s1 hea!n nations4 ,9 v]4 #ai1 ! desolations are describ$ :i* ! fire ( w> accompli%es among ,israel2 9 v]4 #bj1 ^? :i* x effects among ! ,g5tiles3 comp>e ! anti!sis betwe5 ! bea/s ( ! field & ! sons ( ,zion 9 ii4 #bb4 ,9 ,is4 lvi4 #i1 ! bea/s ( ! field likewise occur z a figurative designation ( ! hea!n4 ,9 ,j]4 xiv4--a prophecy :i* has be5 di/ort$ by expositors ?r\gh a too lit]al int]pretation--! image is1 9 v]s4 #e1 #f1 individualiz$ by ! m5tion ( p>ticul> wild bea/s--! h9d & ! wild ass4 ,joel himself indicates t ! bea/s 9 ?is description mu/1 9 g5]al1 be und]/ood figuratively1 by us+ 9 v]4 #ah ! ^w 1 :i* c be expla9$ only by become guilty1 suff] puni%m5t4 7,comp>e ,is4 xxiv4 #f3 ,!re=e curse dev\re? ! l&1 & !y t dwell 9 x become guilty2 & ,pg #cad ,hos4 xiv4 #a47 ,! ^w 1 :i* is nev] us$ ( bea/s1 likewise leads u to ?9k ( m54 ,h[ d ! bea/s groan1 is expla9$ by ,all ! m]ry-he>t$ d groan1 9 ,is4 xxiv4 #g4 ,! words 1 9 :i* !re is an evid5t allusion to ,ps4 xlii4 #b1 mu/ likewise appe> /range1 if ! description be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,b :at is decisive 9 fav\r ( ! figurative int]pretation is ii4 #bb3 ,be n afraid1 ye bea/s ( ! field1 = ! pa/ures ( ! wild]ness are gre5 ) grass1 = ! tree be>e? h] fruit1 ! fig-tree & v9e d yield _! /r5g?4 ,! object ( joy is "h describ$1 fir/1 figuratively1 & !n1 lit]ally4 ,! pa/ures ( ! wild]ness are gre5 ) grass1 i4e41 ! tree1 etc4 ,x is only ?us t ! c be acc\nt$ =2 x /ates ! reason1 only :5 ! pa/ures ( ! wild]ness are n und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! fruits ( ! trees are m5tion$ "h z ! ord9>y food ( ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,hitzig1 x is true1 rem>ks on ?is3 ,t _m bea/s ( ! field fe$ ^u fruits ( trees :i* !y ga!r up1 & t1 e4g41 foxes eat grapes also4 ,b ! po9t at issue "h is ! ord9>y food2 & ,g54 i4 #bi1 #cj1 :]e ! trees are giv5 to man1 & ! grass to ! bea/s1 is decisive z to ! lit]al or figurative int]pretation4 ,"u ! image ( unclean bea/s--especially wild bea/s--! ,g5tiles appe> also 9 ,acts xi4 #f4--,nor c ! riv]s ( wat] 7v]4 #bj7 be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! wat] ( riv]s1 brooks1 & f\nta9s1 is1 9 ,scripture1 ! ord9>y figure = ! s\rces ( su/5ance1 ( ?riv+1 weal?1 & prosp]ity2 comp>e rem>ks on ,rev4 viii4 #aj4 ,*ap4 ii4 #b is to be consid]$ z indicat+ ! reason :i* induc$ ,joel to *oose ?is figurative repres5tation4 ,! words1 ,!re ha? n be5 any?+ ! l f et]nity1 nei!r may !re be any m aft] x1 ev5 to ! ye>s ( all g5]ations1 are borr[$1 almo/ v]bally1 f ,exod4 x4 #ad4 ,! prophet !reby indicates t he transf]s ! pa/1 9 its individual def9it5ess1 to ! future1 :i* be>s a sub/antial resemblance to x4 ,:at 0 !n said ( ! plague ( locu/s especially1 is "h appli$ to ! calamity !reby prefigur$4 ,f among all ! judgm5ts ^u ! ,cov5ant-p 7= ^! alone are spok5 (71 ?is judgm5t is ! highe/ & ! la/2 & su* ! prophet c\ld say1 only if ! :ole sum ( div9e judgm5ts1 up to _! consummation1 repres5t$ ,pg #cae itself to 8 inn] vision "u ! image ( ! deva/ation by locu/s4 ,! absurdities into :i* m5 are l$ by ! hypo!sis ( a lat] orig9 ( ! ,p5tateu*1 are "h se5 9 a rem>kable in/ance--viz41 9 ! ass]tion ( ,cr$n]1 t ! passage 9 ,exodus is an imitation ( t ( ,joel4 ,! v]se imm$iately foll[+1 ,z ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 7i4e41 ,p>adise7 ! l& is be=e him1 has an obvi\s ref]5ce to ,g5esis1 n only to ,g54 ii4 #h1 b also to xiii4 #aj1 :]e ! vale ( ,siddim1 be=e ! div9e judgm5t1 is comp>$ to ! g>d5 ( ,jehovah--to ,p>adise4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 #f x is said1 ,be=e him nations tremble4 ,t ! m5tion ( ! nations "h is b ill adapt$ to ! lit]al int]pretation1 appe>s f ! circum/ance1 t :ile ,cr$n] und]/&s by ! 1 ,judah & ,b5jam91 ,hitzig attempts to expla9 x by p4 ,b if1 by ! locu/s1 ! hea!n conqu]ors are designat$1 ! is q 9 its place4 ,:5 ! p[]ful hea!n empires ov]fl[$ ! l&1 ,israel always =m$ only a "p ( a l>ge :ole ( nations2 comp>e i4 #ai1 ii4 #bb4 ,amos describes h[ ! fire ( w> & ( ! desire ( conque/ rag$1 n only 9 ,israel1 b among all ! nations r\nd ab\t1 & consum$ !m4 ,9 addition to ,amos *ap4 i4 comp>e especially ,amos vii4 #d1 #e1 :]e1 z objects ( ho/ile visitation1 are po9t$ out1 fir/1 ! sea1 i4e41 ! _w1 & !n1 ! h]itage ( ! ,"l4 ,accord+ to ,is4 x4 #f1 ! mission ( ,as%ur 0 a v compreh5sive "o4 ,9 ,habakkuk & ,j]4 *ap4 xxv4 ! judgm5ts :i* ! ,*aldeans inflict$ ^u ,judah1 appe> only z a "p ( a univ]sal judgm5t ^u all nations4 ,accord+ to *ap4 ii4 #g-i1 ! locu/s take ! city by /orm4 ,!y _c be w>d$ (f by =ce ( arms4 ,!y climb ! wall4 ,!y fill ! /reets1 & ent] by =ce into ! h\ses4 ,peal locu/s are n dang]\s to t[ns1 b only to ! fields4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 #aa1 e feature is aga9/ ! lit]al explanation4 ,& ! ,"l give? ,8 voice be=e ,8 army2 = ,8 camp is v num]\s1 = he is /rong t execute? ,8 ^w2 = ! day ( ! ,"l is great & v t]rible1 :o c compreh5d x8 ,!re is n ! remote/ analogy 9 fav\r ( ! supposition :i* w\ld repres5t an army ( locu/s z ! ho/ & camp ( ,god1 at ! head ( :i* ,he ,pg #caf ,himself m>*es z a g5]al1 & be=e :i* ,he causes ,8 ?und]s to res\nd l trumpets4 ,x is true t1 9 "s ,arabic writ]1 ?is is m5tion$ z a ,mosaic comm&3 ,y %all n kill locu/s1 = !y are ! ho/ ( ,god1 ! ,mo/ ,high2 see ,bo*>t ii4 p4 #dhb1 ed4 ,ros5mll] iii4 p4 #cah4 ,b :o does n see t ?is s5t5ce owes its orig9 to ! passage "u consid]ation8 ,is4 xiii4 #b-e1 :]e ! ,"l m>*es at ! head ( a great army to de/roy ! :ole e>?1 may "h be comp>$2 & on ,joel ii4 #aj1 ,be=e him ! e>? quake?1 ! heav5s tremble1 ! sun & ! moon m\rn1 & ! />s )draw _! %9+1 ,is xiii4 #aj & ,j]4 iv4 #bh may be comp>$1 :]e1 9 ! view ( ?reat5+ ho/ile inundation1 ! e>? lam5ts1 & ! heav5s above m\rn4 ,9 ii4 #ag1 ,give n ,?9e h]itage to reproa*1 t ! hea!n %\ld rule ov] !m 7 71 ! prophet drops ! figure altoge!r1 & all[s ! reality--! deva/ation ( ! c\ntry by hea!n enemies--to appe> 9 all its nak$ness4 7,x is wor?y ( notice t by ! t]m 9 ?is v]se1 our rem>ks on 9 ii4 #f receive a confirmation47 ,! def5d]s ( ! lit]al explanation h tri$ a tw(old mode ( escap+ f ?is difficulty4 ,mi*aelis expla9s ?us3 ,sp>e ,?y p1 & deliv] !m f t plague ( locu/s4 ,= if !y %\ld cont9ue to sw>m any long]1 ! greate/ fam9e w\ld arise1 & ,?y p1 9 ord] to satisfy ! crav+s ( hung]1 w\ld be compell$ to flee into ! t]ritories ( hea!n nations to s]ve !m = bread1 & to submit n only to _! sway1 b to ignom9y4 ,b e "o mu/ at once see h[ f>-fet*$ ?is explanation is4 ,9 all hi/ory we d n f9d any in/ance 9 :i* a deva/ation by locu/s--:i* affects ! produce ( "o ye> only1 & ev5 ?is nev] completely & ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry--has r$uc$ a p to ! necessity ( plac+ !mselves "u ! dom9ion ( =eign nations4 ,mod]n int]pret]s--& especially ,cr$n]--take refuge 9 ano!r explanation3 ,give n up ,?9e h]itage to ! mock]y ( hea!ns ov] !m4 ,!y ass]t t ! signification to mock is requir$ by ! p>allelism4 ,b we _c see h[1 & :y4 ,! ignom9y ( ,israel consi/$ j 9 ?is1 t !y1 ! h]itage ( ! ,"l1 7 br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,g5tiles1 ,x is ,j by ! p>allelism t ! signification to rule is requir$4 ,= x is ! h]itage ,pg #cag ( ! ,"l1 & ! dom9ion ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* =m a /rik+ contra/1 & n _! mock]y4 ,! v same contra/ is impli$ 9 v]4 #ah1 9 ! words3 ,!n ! ,"l 0 jeal\s = ,8 l&4 ,9 ^!1 ! prophet reports ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,"l put away t gl>+ contradiction4 ,!y are n natural locu/s1 b only ! hea!n enemies1 :o c be ! objects ( ! jeal\sy ( ! ,"l2 ,8 l&4 ,8 p1 ,he _c give up z a prey to hea!n nations4 ,b fur!r--& ?is alone is suffici5t to settle ! "q--! explanation is altoge!r unphilological4 ,! v]b nev] has ! signification to mock2 ! phrase 1 to =m a prov]b1 is altoge!r peculi> to ,ezekiel1 9 ^: prophecies x sev]al times occurs4 ,9 ! o!r books1 no?+ occurs :i* w\ld be1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 to ! purpose1 except t 9 ! anci5t language ( ! ,p5tateu* occurs once1 9 ,num4 xxi4 #bg1 9 ! signification poets4 ,! v]b ) means always1 & )\t exception1 to rule ov]--prop]ly1 to rule by ent]+ into any "o4 ,?us x occurs especially 9 t passage :i* ! prophet _h 9 view1 ,deut4 xv4 #e1 #f3 ,if ?\ wait he>k5 unto ! voice ( ,jehovah ?y ,god 444 ?\ %alt rule ov] _m nations1 & !y %all n rule ov] !e1 4 ,comp>e also ! v simil> passages1 ,ps4 cvi4 #da3 ,& ,he gave !m into ! h& ( ! hea!n1 & !y t hat$ !m rul$ ov] !m1 2 & ,lam5t1 v4 #h3 ,s]vants rule ov] u1 4 ,t x is f prejudice alone t ! selection ( ! signification to mock c be acc\nt$ =1 appe>s also f ! circum/ance t all ! old ,translators 7! ,,lxx41 ,jona?41 ,syr41 ,vulg47 r5d] x by to rule4 ,m ?an "o pro( is (f]$ by v]4 #bj3 ,& ,i w remove f y ! ,nor?man1 & w drive him into ! l& dry & desolate2 8 van into ! =e sea1 & 8 re> into ! h9d] sea2 & 8 /5* %all come up1 & 8 ill-sav\r %all arise1 = he has magnifi$ to d4 #a4 ,if we und]/& ?is lit]ally1 & ref] x to real locu/s1 !n ! designation by 1 i4e41 "o f ! ,nor?1 a ,nor?man1 is inexplicable4 ,x is true t !re is no f\ndation = ! common ass]tion1 t locu/s move only f ! ,s\? to ! ,nor? 7comp>e ,cr$n]1 ,s4 #bhd72 b 9 all hi/ory !re is n "o in/ance kn[n ( locu/s hav+ come ,pg #cah to ,pale/9e f ! ,nor?--f ,syria4 ,b ev5 al?\gh occasionally s+le sw>ms1 aft] hav+ come to ,syria f _! native c\ntry1 ! hot & dry ,s\?1 may h /ray$ !nce to ,pale/9e1 su* is n conceivable ( s enorm\s a sw>m z is "h describ$1 :i*1 ) y\?ful /r5g?1 deva/at$ ! :ole ( ,pale/9e f "o end to ! o!r4 ,is x1 moreov]1 probable t ! prophet1 :o1 z we h already se51 prophesies ?+s future1 w\ld m5tion a circum/ance s accid5tal z ! transi5t abode ( a sw>m ( locu/s 9 ,syria8 ,su* a resid5ce1 besides1 w\ld n ju/ify ! ass]tion4 ,! t]m9ation add$ to common names1 indicates orig9 & desc5t4 ,an inhabitant ( a t[n1 = example1 :o %\ld reside = a %ort "t 9 a village1 c\ld n = t reason be call$ a 4--,f9ally--,! native c\ntry ( ! real locu/s is pla9ly en\gh indicat$ by ! words3 ,& ,i w drive him into ! l& dry & desolate4 ,:o does n see t1 by ^! words1 ! hot & dry s\!rn c\ntries are m>k$ out1 & t ! prophet expresses ! ?\ght1 ,! enemies w be driv5 back to ! place :5ce !y came1 by m5tion+ ! c\ntry f :i* ! real locu/s us$ to come8 ,our oppon5ts are "h greatly emb>rass$4 ,"s expla93 ,! locu/s m>*+ nor?w>d1--,hezel & ,ju/i1 )\t ! slighte/ c\nt5ance f ! usus loqu5di3 ,! d>k & fe>ful ho/4 ,?is op9ion 0 approv$ ( by ,ges5ius 9 ! ,!saurus2 b 9 opposition to x ,hitzig may be comp>$1 :o himself gives ! explanation1 ,! ,typhonic4 ,v4 ,cln 7de ,joelis aetate1 ,m>b4 #ahaa1 p4 #aj74 ,ewald & ,mei] propose a *ange 9 ! text4 ,) ! reasons prev5t+ u f ref]r+ ! expression to ! locu/s ,9 a lit]al s5se1 we may comb9e ! fact t ! ,nor? is con/antly m5tion$ z ! native l& ( ! mo/ dang]\s enemies ( ,israel1 viz41 ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans4 ,& al?\gh ?is designation be4 ,9 a geographical po9t ( view4 ,inaccurate1 ?is is outweigh$ by ! circum/ance1 t enemies always ,invad$ ,pale/9e f ,syria1 aft] hav+ previ\sly made t l& a "p ( _! dom9ions4 ,comp>e ,zeph4 ii4 #ac3 ,& ! ,"l /ret*es out ,8 h& ov] ! ,nor?1 & de/roys ,assyria1 & makes ,n9eveh a desolation--a dry wild]ness2 ,j]4 i4 #ad3 ,& ! ,"l said unto me1 ,out ( ! ,nor? ! evil %all break =? ^u all ! inhabitants ( ! l&2 ,j]4 iii4 #ah1 :]e ,pg #cai ! l& ( ! ,nor? is m5tion$ z ! l& ( ! captivity ( ,judah & ,israel2 ,j]4 iv4 #f1 vi4 #a1 #bb1 x4 #bb1 xlvi4 #bd1 :]e ! p ( ! ,nor? =m ! anti!sis to ,egypt1 ! ,african p[]2 & ,ze*4 ii4 #aj4 ,j]ome long ago rem>k$3 ,! prophet m5tions ! ,nor?1 t we might n ?9k ( real locu/s1 :i* are wont to come f ! ,s\?1 b might1 by ! locu/s1 und]/& ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans4 #b4 ,t we h "h to d ) a poetical description1 & n ) "o ( natural hi/ory1 appe>s f a designation ( ! places to :i* ! locu/s are to be driv54 ,among ^!1 ! dry & hot s\!rn c\ntry--! ,arabian des]t--is fir/ m5tion$2 !n1 ! ant]ior sea1 i4e41 ! ,dead ,sea1 situat$ ea/w>d ( ,j]usalem2 & la/ly1 ! h9d]1 or ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,t1 accord+ to ! view ( ! prophet1 ! disp]sion 9 ^! diff]5t directions 0 to take place 9 a mom5t1 appe>s f ! circum/ance t1 accord+ to 8 description1 ! van ( ! same army is driv5 into "o sea1 & ! re>1 into ! o!r sea4 ,n[1 e "o v easily sees t ?is is a physical impossibility1 inasmu* z opposite w9ds _c bl[ at ! same "t4 ,cr$n]'s explanation1 accord+ to :i* ! ( ! locu/s is int5d$ to be ! sw>m ( ^? :o fir/ invad$ ,pale/9e1 :ile is _! brood1 des]ves m5tion 9 s f> only z x af=ds a pro( ( ! greatness ( ! absurdities into :i* "o may be delud$1 aft] he has once adopt$ a gr\ndless hypo!sis4 #c4 ,! words1 ,= he has magnifi$ to d1 /ate ! reason ( ! de/ruction ( ! locu/s4 ,!y are puni%$ 9 ?is mann]1 because !y h committ$ s9 by _! pr\d haught9ess4 ,because !y h magnifi$ to d1 ! ,"l n[ magnifies ,himself to d aga9/ !m1 v]4 #ba2 ,he glorifies ,himself 9 _! de/ruction1 s9ce1 at ! "t ( _! p[]1 !y glorifi$ !mselves1 & trampl$ ,god "u foot4 ,b s9 & puni%m5t necess>ily imply responsibility2 & x w\ld be inde$ difficult to prove t1 9 ! way ( a poetical figure1 any prophet w\ld ascribe su* to irrational creatures2 :ile1 z reg>ds ! hea!n enemies ( ,israel1 ! ?\ght "h express$ is ( con/ant occurr5ce4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 #be1 ,& ,i re/ore to y ! ye>s 77 :i* ! locu/s h eat51 etc41 sev]al ye>s ( calamity are spok5 (4 ,b we _c agree ) ,ewald 9 ?9k+ t ,pg #cbj ! l& 01 = sev]al ye>s1 laid wa/e by locu/s3 we are prev5t$ f do+ s by ! s+le ^w 9 *ap4 i4 #d4 ,bo*>t rightly rem>ks3 ,! produce ( ! new ye> _c be call$ ! residue ( ! =m] ye>4 ,t ^w is mu* m applicable to ! fruits ( "s fields1 :i* are pass$ by1 or to ! residue left 9 a field1 :i* %\ld be eat5 up 9 ! same ye>4 ,z little c we suppose1 ) ,ewald1 t ! plural is "h us$ ) ref]5ce to ! effects produc$1 by ! deva/ation ( "o ye>1 ^u ! ensu+ ye>s2 = x is n a possible loss :i* is "h spok5 (1 b "o :i* has actually tak5 place4 ,! prophet !n passes1 "h also1 f ! image to ! ?+ itself1--to ! ho/ile invasions ext5d+ ov] long] p]iods1 :i* he describes "u ! image ( a deva/ation by locu/s :i*1 at "o "t1 took place4 ,v /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! figurative explanation are furni%$1 9 addition1 by *ap4 iv4 7iii474 ,! :ole ann\ncem5t ( puni%m5t & judgm5t ^u ! hea!n nations has s5se & mean+1 only :51 9 ! prec$+ context1 !re has be5 m5tion made ( ! crime :i* !y committ$ aga9/ ! ,"l & ,8 p4 ,9 t case1 we h be=e u ! ?ree ma9 subjects ( prophecy1--,god's judgm5ts ^u ,8 p by hea!n enemies1 _! obta9+ m]cy1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! enemies4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( *ap4 iv4 7iii47 ! suff]+s ( ,israel1 describ$ 9 *ap4 i4 & ii41 & ! judgm5t ^u ! hea!n1 are br\ght into ! close/ connection4 ,accord+ to *ap4 iv4 #a1 #b1 ! ga!r+ ( ! ,g5tiles is to take place at a "t :5 ! ,"l w return to ! captivity ( ,judah & ,j]usalem1 i4e41 accord+ to ! con/ant usus loqu5di 7comp>e my ,comm5t>y on ,ps4 xiv4 #g71 :5 ,he w grant !m1 m]cy1 & deliv] !m f _! mis]y4#a ,b t ?is mis]y c be none o!r ?an t describ$ 9 *ap4 i4 & ii4 appe>s simply f ! fact1 t ?is has be5 decl>$ to be ! close ( all ! judgm5ts ( ,god4--,we mu/1 fur!r1 n ov]look ! article ,pg #cba 9 9 *ap4 iv4 #b1 &1 accord+ly1 mu/ n translate1 ,i w ga!r all nations1 b all ! nations4 ,& h[ c\ld ?is be expla9$ 9 any o!r way ?an--all ! nations :i* are spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s "u ! image ( locu/s8 ,b ( special importance is ! second "p ( ! v]se3 ,& ,i plead !re ) !m conc]n+ ,my p1 & ,my h]itage ,israel1 :om !y h scatt]$ among ! nations1 & di/ribut$ ,my l&4#b ,x is q impossible t !re %\ld "h be ! m5tion ( any?+ :i* happ5$ be=e ! "t ( ,joel4 ,:atev] p]iod we may assign to him1 he belongs1 at all ev5ts1 to a "t 9 :i* a scatt]+ ( ,israel among ! ,g5tiles1 & a di/ribution ( _! l&1 _h n z yet tak5 place4 ,cr$n]1 inde$1 believes t ! calamities "u ,jehoram are suffici5t to acc\nt = ^! expressions4 ,at t "t1 he says1 ! ,edomites revolt$ f ,judah2 ,libnah1 :i* belong$ to ,judah ,9 ! /rict] s5se1 rebell$2 ! ,arabs & ,phili/9es invad$ ! k+dom & plund]$ its capital2 ^? inroads did !n n t]m9ate )\t a dim9ution ( ! t]ritory ( ,judah4 ,b all ?is is irrelevant2 ! disc\rse conc]ns ! di/ribution ( ! l& ( ! ,"l4 ,! rebellion ( a hea!n tribut>y p does n1 !re=e1 "h come "u consid]ation4 ,j z little c we see :at ,libnah has to d "h4 ,x belong$1 x is true1 to ! k+dom ( ,judah2 b ! hea!n nations _h no?+ to d ) its rebellion2--= ?is1 accord+ to #b ,k+s viii4 #bb1 & #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #aj1 proce$$ f ! inhabitants1 :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! bad gov]nm5t ( ! k+1 & 0 spe$ily br\ght to a close4 ,x _c !n be prov$1 t ev5 "s small portion ( ! t]ritory 0 lo/ at t "t2 f> less1 t ! :ole c\ntry 0 apportion$ anew4 ,x is q ! same z reg>ds ! disp]sion among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! invasion ( ! ,phili/9es _c ,pg #cbb "h come into consid]ation1 because1 9 v]4 #d1 ^! enemies are expressly di/+ui%$ f ^? :o _h effect$ ! disp]sion ( ! p1 & ! di/ribution ( ! l&3 ,& ye also1 :at h ye to d ) ,me1 ,o ,tyre & ,sidon1 & all ! bord]s ( ,pale/9e8 ,! prophet c ?us n be speak+ ( some?+ :i* _h tak5 place at 8 "t2 b z little c he speak ( some?+ /ill future1 :i* _h n be5 t\*$ ^u by him :5 he ?reat5$ puni%m5t ^u ! ,cov5ant-p2 = ! deva/ation by ! locu/s appe>s z ! highe/ & la/ calamity ( ! future4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 rema9s b to suppose1 t "u ! image ( ! deva/ation by locu/s1 ! deva/ation ( ! c\ntry by hea!n enemies1 & ! disp]sion ( its inhabitants1 are describ$1--a supposition :i* is confirm$ by ! great resemblance ( ! passage "u consid]ation to *ap4 ii4 #ag-ai4 ,vatke 7,!ol4 des ,a4 ,?4 i4 ,s4 #dfb7 f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ! g5]al exile is "h pr$ict$1 ! ass]tion t ,joel _h prophesi$ only aft] ! captivity4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 has be5 will+ to agree ) him 9 ?is2 b z long z ! deva/ation by ! locu/s is und]/ood lit]ally1 x w n be possible to und]m9e ! gr\nds ^u :i* he supports 8 views4 ,x is altoge!r 9 va9 t p sp5d _! lab\r 9 disput+ ! fact1 s obvi\s & evid5t1 t ! disc\rse "h conc]ns ! total occupation ( ! l& by ! hea!n1 ! total c>ry+ away ( its inhabitants4 ,x may be fur!r rem>k$1 t ?is passage at ! same "t consid]ably /r5g!ns ! pro( already adduc$1 t ,joel =etells future ?+s 9 *ap4 i4 & ii4 ,a deva/ation by ! locu/s is describ$ 9 ^! *apt]s2 b ! sub/ance ( ?is figure does n ref] to ! "t ( ,joel4 ,f9ally--,we mu/ /ill direct att5tion to ! words 9 iv4 #ag3--;,& ,j]usalem %all be a sanctu>y1 & !re %all no /rang]s pass ?r\gh h] any m4 ,?is promise /&s 9 evid5t contra/ to ! =m] ?reat5+1 & becomes intelligible only by x4 ,9 x1 !re=e1 ! /rang]s mu/ be repres5t$ "u ! figure ( ! locu/s4 ,& n[1 aft] all ^! s+le pro(s h be5 enum]at$--pro(s :i*1 if necess>y1 might easily h be5 /r5g!n$ & increas$--let u look back to ?is survey ( ! cont5ts ( ! book1 & we %all see h[1 accord+ to our view1 ,pg #cbc & accord+ to x alone1 ! prophecy ( ,joel =ms an h>moni\s1 complete1 & well f9i%$ :ole1 & t ! prophet adh]es closely to ! outl9es already giv5 by ,moses1 ) ! fill+ up & f9i%+ ( :i* all o!r prophets also are employ$4 ,& let u1 f9ally1 add1 t exegetical tradition also be>s a fav\rable te/imony to ! figurative int]pretation4 ,we ne$ n sp5d mu* "t 9 consid]+ ! argum5ts advanc$ aga9/ ! figurative int]pretation by ,cr$n] 7,s4 #bg ff471 ,hitzig1 & o!rs4 ,!y all re/ ^u an almo/ incompreh5sible ignor+ ( ! nature ( poetry1 ( ! metaphor1 & ( ! allegory4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,cr$n] says1 ,:at man ( s\nd s5se w ev] be able to say ( horses1 horsem5 & w>riors1 t !y resemble horses & horsem58 ,:o has ev] se5 horses & horsem5 climb+ ov] walls8 ,:at %all we say conc]n+ *ap4 ii4 #bj8 ,d l& armies ev] p]i% 9 ! sea1 &1 moreov]1 9 two diff]5t seas8 ,:at is ! use ( =etell+1 9 *ap4 ii4 #bb1 #bc1 ! ceas+ ( ! dr\ght1 if ! prophet "h ?\ght ( real enemies8 ,b 9 opposition to all ^! & simil> objections1 let u simply keep 9 m9d1 t ! prophet does n by any means view ! enemies z su*1 & only incid5tally comp>es !m ) locu/s2 b t 9 8 inw>d vision !y repres5t$ !mselves to him z locu/s4 ,x is j ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! allegory1 t ! image becomes 9 x sub/antial1 & has ! ?+ repres5t$1 n beside x1 b 91 )1 & "u x4 ,b x is j = ?is reason t _m a feature mu/ be introduc$ :i* does n belong to ! real subject1 i4e41 ! figure1 b to ! ideal only1 i4e41 ! ?+ repres5t$ !reby4 ,x is = ?is v reason also1 t ! metaphor1 rais$ to ! ideal subject1 may aga9 be comp>$ ) ! real subject4 ,aft] all ?is we may well judge :at "r ,ewald has to call ! figurative explanation an error1 :i*1 9 consid]ation ( our pres5t k1 becomes f day to day less p>donable4 ,we rem>k fur!r1 t1 9 *ap4 i4 #d1 x is di/9ctly indicat$ t ,israel's visitation by ! _w's p[] w n be a simple "o1 b w pres5t v>i\s aspects3 ,t :i* ! gnaw] has left1 ! locu/ dev\re?2 & t :i* ! locu/ ha? left1 ! lick] dev\re?2 & t :i* ! lick] ha? left1 ! eat] dev\re?4 ,! op9ion has be5 ent]ta9$1 t ! prophet does n say1 "o cl\d ( locu/s aft] ,pg #cbd ano!r1 or sw>ms ( locu/s ( e description h come up2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !y are all contempor>y1 & t all ( !m dev\r ! same ?+s4 ,b a succession is q obvi\s4 ,! f\r p>ties d n dev\r at ! same "t2 b ! second dev\rs :at ! fir/ has left4 ,x is true t ! succession appe>s z v rapid2 b t is a peculi>ity belong+ only to ! vision4 ,if !re be at all a succession ( ^? ext5sive empires repres5t+ ! _w's p[]1 !re mu/ 9 reality be consid]able int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,! "q !n arises1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! numb] f\r is to be consid]$ z a r\nd numb]1 s t ! ?\ght w\ld only be ?is1 t sev]al nations are to visit ! p ( ! ,"l1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 importance is to be atta*$ to ! numb] f\r z su*4 ,accord+ to ,j]ome1 ! ,jews foll[$ ! latt] view4 ,9 accordance ) _! view1 ! fir/ sw>m d5otes ! ,assyrians1 toge!r ) ! ,*aldeans2 ! second1 ! ,m$o-,p]sians2 ! ?ird1 ! ,grecian k+doms2 ! f\r?1 ! ,romans4 ,! analogies ( ! f\r horns 9 ,ze*4 ii4 #a-d 7i4 #ah-ba71 ! f\r bea/s 9 ,daniel1 ! sev5 heads ( ! bea/ 9 ,revelation--d5ot+ ! sev5 phases ( ! _w's p[] oppos$ to ,god--are decisive 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view2 comp>e my ,comm5t>y on ,rev4 xii4 #ah1 xiii4 #a4 ,n[1 if we foll[ ?is view at all1 we mu/1 9 det]m9+ ! f\r sw>ms1 c]ta9ly ass5t to ! op9ion ( ! ,jews1 z giv5 9 ,j]ome2 & ?is s mu* ! m1 z ! f\r sw>ms are1 9 t case1 exactly p>allel to ! f\r bea/s 9 ,daniel1 :i* d5ote ! ,*aldean1 ,m$o-,p]sian1 ,grecian1 & ,roman mon>*ies4 ,! fact t ! ,assyrians are tak5 toge!r ) ! ,*aldeans c be ! less /range1 because1 s e>ly z 9 ! prophecy ( ,balaam1 ,as%ur & ,babylon are compreh5d$ "u ! common "n 1 i4e41 t :i* is on ! o!r side1--! p[] on ! o!r side ( ! ,euphrates2 & are contra/$ ) ! new empire :i* press$ on f ! ,we/--f ,europe4 7,comp>e my ,diss]tation on ,balaam1 p4 #eic ff47#c ,x 0 ! less possible to ascribe to ! ,assyrians an indep5d5t position "h1 z ,joel has to d ma9ly ) ,judah1 ^u :i* no judgm5t ( real importance 0 inflict$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,footnote #a3 ,! well asc]ta9$ usus loqu5di mu/ be "h ! less giv5 up1 z1 9 ! prec$+ context1 to :i* ?is v]se c>ries u back1 we are1 x is true1 told t ! ,"l w return & be/[ m]cy2 b ! br++ back ( ! p is z little spok5 ( z ! c>ry+ ( !m away1 inasmu* z ! express m5tion ( :i* did n suit ! image ( ! deva/ation by locu/s4 ,footnote #b3 means1 n to divide among !mselves1 b to effect a new division1 to apportion ! l& anew1 z1 e4g41 ,as%ur di/ribut$ ! t]ritory ( ! t5 tribes among ! ,aramean ,coloni/s1 is us$ ( ! di/ribution ( ! l& by ,jo%ua1 9 ,jo%4 xiii4 #g1 xix4 #ea4 ,9 ,mic4 ii4 #d1 :5 ! captivity 0 imp5d+1 ! p1 9 anticipation ( x1 utt] _! lam5tation 9 ! words1 ,he di/ributes our fields2 comp>e ,ps4 lx4 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! volume conta9+ ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 etc41 publi%$ by ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k4 ,pg #cbe ,,on ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #bc4 ,&1 ye sons ( ,zion1 exult & rejoice 9 ,jehovah y\r ,god2 = ,he give? y ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness1 & !n ,he p\re? d[n ^u y ra91 ! =m] ra9 & ! latt] ra91 = ! fir/ "t4 ,! words1 ,9 ,jehovah y\r ,god1 are an addition peculi> to ! sons ( ,zion4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! e>?1 :i* ! locu/s _h deva/at$1 x 0 9 v]4 #ba said only1 ,fe> n1 exult & rejoice4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! bea/s1 i4e41 to ! hea!n _w1 :i* 0 kept 9 subjection by ! conqu]ors ( ! _w1 b :i* is deliv]$ by ! great de$s ( ! ,"l1 x is 9 v]4 #bb said only3 ,fe> n4 ,!y are only ! sons ( ,zion :o "k & love ! ,au?or ( ,salvation1 & :o receive f ,him special gifts1 besides ! g5]al ones4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! int]pretations ( ?is v]se4 ,! words1 1 are1 by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s1 translat$1 ,! ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 ,?us1 ,jona?an1 ! ,vulgate1 ,j>*i1 ,ab>banel1 ,grotius1 & almo/ all ! int]pret]s ( ! e>ly ,lu!ran ,*ur* translate !m4 ,o!rs take 9 ! signification ( ra91 & z qualify+ its nature m accurately4 ,ev5 9 anci5t times1 ?is explanation 0 n at all uncommon4 ,among ! ,rabb9ical int]pret]s1 x 0 held by ,kim*i1 ,ab5ezra1 ,s4 ,b4 ,mele*1 :o expla9 x ( a timely ra94 ,calv91 :o r5d]$ ! by ju/a m5sura1 def5ds x ) great decision1 & decl>es ! o!r explanations to be =c$1 & unsuitable to ! connection4 ,x is translat$ by ra9 9 ! ,engli%#a & ,g5evan v]sions1 & by _m ,calv9i/ic int]pret]s1 :o diff]1 h[ev]1 9 ! translation ( 1 & r5d] x ei!r3 ,9 "r "t1 or 9 "r measure1 or 9 ! "r place1 or = ,8 righte\sness1 or accord+ to y\r righte\sness4 ,m>ckius is ( op9ion t ra9 is necess>ily requir$ by ! context2 b t1 on acc\nt ( 1 ?is ra9 mu/ be und]/ood spiritually ( ! ,messiah ) ,8 sav+ doctr9e1 & ,8 ,_s4 ,among ! int]pret]s ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 ,seb4 ,s*mid ?9ks ( a ra9 9 due season4 ,pg #cbf ,among mod]n int]pret]s1 ! explanation by ra9 has become altoge!r s preval5t1 t x is consid]$ sc>cely ( any importance ev5 to m5tion ! o!r4 is expla9$ by ,eck]mann3 ,9 pro( ( ,8 good pleasure2 by ,ewald1 ,mei]1 & ,umbreit3 ,= ju/ification2 by ,ju/i3 ,= fruitfulness2 & by ! o!rs 7,ros5mll]1 ,holzhaus51 ,cr$n]1 ,rck]t1 ,maur]1 & ,hitzig7 by3 ,9 "r measure4 ,we consid] ?is explanation to be decid$ly errone\s1 & ! o!r to be ! s\nd "o2 & ?is = ! foll[+ reasons3--#a4 ,! great diff]5ce1 on ! "p ( ! def5d]s ( ! curr5t op9ion1 z reg>ds ! explanation ( c]ta9ly indicates1 ) suffici5t cle>ness1 t1 by ?is addition1 a consid]able ob/ruction is put 9 its way4 ,! mo/ curr5t explanation1 by ju/a m5sura1 9 "r measure1 suffici5tly1 is c]ta9ly q unt5able4 ,ev5 ! fact1 t x is n b :i* is us$ "h1 mu/ excite suspicion4 7,on ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! two words1 comp>e ,ewald 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,gramm>1 ,s4 #cab-ac47 ,b :at is q decisive is ! fact t ^! two words1 :i* occur ) su* extraord9>y frequ5cy1 are nev] f\nd 9 a physical1 b always 9 a moral s5se only4 ,! only passage 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,w9]1 signifies rectitude 9 a physical s5se1 is ,ps4 xxiii4 #c3 :i*1 accord+ to him1 means3 ,/raight1 "r ways4 ,b t v]se runs ?us3 ,he re/ore? my s\l1 ,he leade? me 9 ! pa?s ( righte\sness = ,8 "n's sake4 ,! pa? is a spiritual "o2 x is righte\sness itself1 :i* consi/s 9 ! actual decl>ation ( be+ j1 & 9 ju/ification1 :i* are impli$ 9 ! gift ( salvation4 ,) reg>d to 1 ,holzhaus5 7,s4 #abj7 ma9ta9s t x is us$ ( a measure :i* has its due size 9 ,lev4 xix4 #ce1 #cf4 ,! words are ^!3 ,ye %all n d unrighte\sness 9 judgm5t1 9 measure1 9 division4 ,balances ( righte\sness1 weights ( righte\sness1 ephas ( righte\sness1 %all ye h3 ,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god :o br\ght y out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,ev5 ! contra/--s evid5t--) ! unrighte\sness1 %[s di/9ctly t balances1 measures1 & weights ( righte\sness are "h su* z belong to righte\sness--are 9 h>mony ) x4 ,ev5 ! root nev] occurs 9 a physical s5se1 b always1 only 9 a moral s5se4 ,to ?is x mu/ be add$1 t ! explanation1 ,tea*] ( righte\sness1 ,pg #cbg is recomm5d$ by ! p>allel passage 9 ,hos4 x4 #ab1 :]e1 also1 tea*+ occurs 9 connection ) righte\sness3 1 ,& ! ,"l w come & tea* y righte\sness4 ,?is p>allel passage is also oppos$ to ,ewald's explanation1 = ju/ification1--! only explanation among ^? m5tion$ to :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 no philological objection c be rais$4 ,b ! ?\ght1 ,! e>ly ra9 an actual ju/ification ( ,israel1 w\ld be r /range1 & s mu* ! m s1 because ! wra? ( ,god _h n manife/$ itself 9 a dr\ght & want ( wat]1 b r 9 ! s5d+ ( ! army ( locu/s4 #b4 ,t ! giv+ ( ! 1 9 ! fir/ hemi/i* ( ! v]se1 mu/ d5ote a div9e bless+ diff]5t f ! giv+ ( ! 9 ! second1 is evid5t = ?is reason3--t1 o!rwise1 !re w\ld arise a some:at mean+less tautology4 ,!y :o assign$ to 9 ! fir/ hemi/i*1 ! signification ( ra9 9 g5]al1 h felt h[ v unsuitable is ! tw(old m5tion ( ! e>ly ra94 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! use ( ! ,fut4 ) ,vav conv]s41 4 ,by ?is =m1 an action is d5ot$ :i* foll[s f ! prec$+ "o2 b accord+ to ! curr5t explanation1 "o & ! same action w\ld "h be express$1 only 9 diff]5t words4 ,x _c be d5i$1 inde$1 t ! =m occurs by no means r>ely 9 a weak5$ s5se1 & is us$ only to express a connection2 & t = ?is reason1 ?is argum5t is n1 p] se1 conclusive4 ,yet ! orig9al signification s g5]ally holds1 t we c ab&on x only = di/9ct & =cible reasons4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x mu/ be consid]$ t ! addition ( to ! second di/9ctly m>ks out ! latt] z be+ diff]5t 9 its mean+ f ! =m]4 ,x mu/ also be kept 9 m9d t x is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ,joel to use ! same words & phrases1 aft] brief int]vals1 9 a diff]5t s5se2 comp>e ,cr$n]'s rem>ks on ii4 #bj1 iii4 #e4 #c4 ,! explanation by ,tea*] is f> m obvi\s = ! reason t always occurs ) ! signification ( tea*] 7ev5 9 ,ps4 lxxxiv4 #g1 :]e ! "r translation is3 ,) bless+ also ! tea*] cov]e? himself71 & nev] ) t ( ra91 or e>ly ra94 ,?is is r ! mean+ ( 2 & ! v]b also nev] occurs 9 ,hiphil1 z x does 9 ,kal1 ) ! signification to spr9kle1 to wat]4 ,pg #cbh ,by ?is we are l$ to ! supposition t ,joel1 9 ! second hemi/i*1 made use ( ! uncommon =m ) ! mean+ ( e>ly ra91 solely on acc\nt ( ! resemblance ( ! s\nd to ! occurr+ imm$iately be=e1 ) its usual signification2 & t1 at ! same "t1 he add$ = ! purpose ( avoid+ ambiguity4 ,:at s]ves to confirm ?is supposition1 is ! circum/ance t ,j]emiah1 allud+ to ! passage "u consid]ation1 has1 9 *ap4 v4 #bd1 put 9 ! place ( 2 :i* proves t ! second 9 ,joel ii4 #bc has orig9at$ only f its connection ) ! fir/1 :i* is altoge!r want+ 9 ,j]emiah4 #d4 ,a causal connection1 simil> to t :i* exi/s "h betwixt ! s5d+ ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness & ! p\r+ out ( ! ra91 occurs also 9 t passage ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* ! prophet seems to h _h 9 view1 viz41 ,deut4 xi4 #ac1 #ad3 ,& x %all come to pass1 if ye %all he>k5 unto my comm&m5ts :i* ,i comm& y ?is day1 t ye love ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & s]ve ,him ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r s\l1 t ,i w give y ! ra9 ( y\r l& 9 due season1 ! fir/ ra9 & ! latt] ra9 7 71 & ?\ %alt ga!r 9 ?y corn1 & ?y mu/1 & ?9e oil4 ,"h1 z well z !re1 ! righte\sness ( ! p is ! antec$5s2 ! div9e m]cies & bless+s are ! consequ5s4 ,s9ce ! =m] does n exi/1 ,god beg9s ! c\rse ( ,8 m]cies by s5d+ ,him :o calls x =?4 ,?is rem>k removes1 at ! same "t1 ! objection1 t ! m5tion ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness is unsuitable 9 a connection :]e ! prophet speaks ( temporal bless+s only1 & rises to spiritual bless+s only aft]w>ds1 9 *ap4 iii4 ,!re exi/$ = ! ,cov5ant-p no b5efits :i* 7 purely temporal2 ^! 7 always1 at ! same "t1 signs & pl$ges ( ! div9e fav\r1 :i* dep5d$ ^u ! righte\sness ( ! p1 & ?is1 9 turn1 ^u ! div9e mission ( a ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 #e4 ,! is also 9 fav\r ( our explanation4 ,x /&s 9 close relation to 9 *ap4 iii4 #a1 ii4 #bh4 ,! s5d+ ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness has two consequ5ces2--fir/1 ! p\r+ out ( ! temporal ra9--an individualiz+ designation ( e k9d ( outw>d bless+s1 & *os5 ) a ref]5ce to ! passage ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* we h j ,pg #cbi cit$1 b ) special ref]5ce to ! description ( ! calamity1 "u ! figure ( a deva/ation by locu/s2--&1 secondly1 ! outp\r+ ( ! spiritual ra9--! s5d+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x ne$s only ! po9t+ out ( ?is ref]5ce1 :i* has be5 ov]look$ by int]pret]s1#b to set aside ! manifold & diff]5t explanations ( :i* are1 all ( !m1 unphilological1 or give an unsuitable s5se4#c ,b if any d\bt %\ld /ill rema91 x w\ld be remov$ by a p>allel passage 9 ,isaiah1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! text "u review1 9 a mann] n to be mi/ak51 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! olde/ comm5t>y ^u x4 ,isaiah is describ+ ! condition ( ! p subsequ5t to _! hav+ obta9$ m]cy1 aft] a long "t ( deep mis]y1 9 *ap4 xxx #bj3 ,& ! ,"l gives y ! bread ( adv]sity1 & ! wat] ( affliction2 & !n ?y tea*] 7 is s+ul>7 %all no long] hide himself1 & ?9e eyes %all see ?y tea*]2 ,v]4 #ba3 ,& ?9e e>s he> a ^w beh9d !e1 ,?is is ! way1 walk ye 9 x2 d n turn to ! "r h&1 nor to ! left4 ,accord+ly1 aft] !y h put away :at 0 evil1 v]4 #bb3 ,! ,"l give? ! ra9 ( ?y se$1 ) :i* ?\ s[e/ ?y l&1 etc41 v]4 #bc4 ,! tea*] is n a human tea*]1 b ,god4 ,human tea*]s _h n conceal$ !mselves2 b t ! ,"l _h conceal$ ,himself1 is affirm$ 9 ! prec$+ v]ses4 ,! words1 ,beh9d !e 7v]4 #ba71 sugge/ ! idea ( a tea*] ( su* a glory t !y c\ld n look 9 8 face 7comp>e ,rev4 i4 #aj72 & ! words1 ,?9e eyes see ?y tea*]1 v]4 #bj1 imply ! idea ( ! high maje/y ( ! tea*]1 & sugge/ ! idea ( a revelation ( ! glory ( ! ,"l2 comp>e ,is4 xl4 #e1 lii4 #h4 ,! ,"l mu/ fir/ manife/ ,himself z a ,tea*]1 be=e ,he appe>s z a ,savi\r4 ,9 ,isaiah1 ! ,"l ,himself appe>s z ! ,tea*]2 z also 9 ,hos4 x4 #ab3 ,x is "t to seek ! ,"l1 till ,he ,pg #ccj come & tea* y righte\sness2 :ile 9 ,joel1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! ,"l :o give? ! ,tea*]4 ,bo? may be reconcil$ by ! consid]ation1 t 9 ! ,tea*] :om ! ,"l gives1 ! glory ( ! ,"l becomes manife/4 ,x n[ only rema9s to inquire :o is to be und]/ood by ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 7,tea*] ( righte\sness is equival5t to3 ,tea*+ !m h[ !y %\ld fe> ! ,"l1 #b ,k+s xvii4 #bh47 ,x is ref]r$ to ! ,messiah1 n only by almo/ all ^? ,*ri/ian int]pret]s :o foll[ ?is explanation1 ) ! exception ( ,grotius1 :o conjectures t ,isaiah or "s o!r prophet is to be !reby und]/ood2 b also1 aft] ! example ( ,jona?an1 by sev]al ,jewi% comm5tators2 e4g41 ,ab>banel1 :o says3 ,?is tea*] ( righte\sness1 h[ev]1 is ! ,k+ ,messiah1 :o w %[ ! way 9 :i* we mu/ walk1 & ! works :i* we mu/ d4 ,ev5 on acc\nt ( ! article1 x is n possible to ref] x to a s+le human tea*]2 & ?is argum5t may1 at ! same "t1 be add$ to ^? :i* oppose ! explanation ( by an e>ly ra94 ,!re c be only ! *oice betwixt ! ,messiah z ! long promis$ ,tea*] 1 & ! ideal tea*]1--! collective body ( all div9e tea*]s4 ,b ! latt] view requires to be some:at rais$1 be=e x c be all[$ to ent] into ! competition4 ,t we h n "h be=e u an ord9>y collective body1 is %[n by ! p>allel passage 9 ,isaiah1 accord+ to :i* ! glory ( ! ,"l is to be manife/$ 9 ! ,tea*]4 ,& ?is is z little applicable to a plurality ( human tea*]s1 z to a s+le individual4 ,x is fur!r prov$ by ! fundam5tal passage 9 ,deut4 xviii4 #ah1 #ai1 :]e1 inde$1 ! prophetic ord] is compreh5d$ 9 an ideal p]son4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has its reason only 9 ! circum/ance1 t ! idea ( prophetism 01 at "s future "t1 to f9d its realization 9 a real p]son4 ,x is fur!r se5 f ! /ate ( ! ,messianic hopes at ! "t ( ,joel1 & f ! exce$+ greatness ( :at is "h connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness4 ,9 addition to ! allusion 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj & ,deut4 xviii41 ! ,messiah appe>s z a ,tea*] 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon also1 *ap4 viii4 #b2 & 9 ,is4 lv4 #d3 ,behold1 ,i give ,him = a witness to ! p1 = a pr9ce & a lawgiv] to ! p2 z also 9 ^? passages ( ! second "p ( ,isaiah1 9 :i* ,he is decl>$ to be ! ,prophet 4 ,pg #cca ,:5 ?us und]/ood1 ! explanation ( ! ideal tea*] may be pref]able to ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/ exclusively4 ,9 fav\r ( su* a ref]5ce1 !re is ! compreh5sive "* & ! ideal import :i* are1 9 g5]al1 peculi> to ! prophecies ( ,joel4 ,su* a ref]5ce is1 moreov]1 fav\r$ by ! expression itself1 :i* po9ts out only t :i* ,*ri/ has 9 common ) ! =m] s]vants ( ,god1 viz41 ! tea*+ ( righte\sness1 & especially by a comp>ison ) ! fundam5tal passages1 ,deut4 xviii4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,engli% v]sion has a tea*] ( righte\sness1 z a m>g9al read+4--,tr4 ,footnote #b3 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 x has be5 ackn[l$g$ also by ,ewald1 ,mei]1 & ,umbreit4 ,footnote #c3 ,hitzig expla9s x3 ,9 ! fir/ mon?4 ,b altoge!r ap>t f ! consid]ation t x is only 9 a *ronological connection t 9 ! fir/ c /& = 9 ! fir/ mon?1 ?is explanation is objectionable on ! gr\nd t ! e>ly ra9 & ! latt] ra9 _c1 by any means1 belong to ! same mon?4 ,!re is ! less difficulty 9 expla9+ x by fir/1 z und5iably occurs1 sev]al times1 9 ?is signification2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,ze*4 xii4 #g4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 7,,ii4 #bh-cb47 ,v]4 #a4 ,& x %all come to pass1 aft]w>ds1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s ^u all fle%2 & y\r sons & y\r daught]s %all prophesy2 y\r old m5 %all dream dreams1 & y\r "y m5 %all see visions4 ,! communication ( ! ,_s ( ,god 0 ! con/ant pr]ogative ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,inde$1 ! v idea ( su* a p necess>ily requires x4 ,= ! ,_s ( ,god is ! only inw>d bond betwixt ,him & t :i* is creat$2 a ,cov5ant-p1 !re=e1 )\t su* an inw>d connection1 is an impossibility4 ,z a con/ant possession ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 ! ,_s ( ,god appe>s 9 ,isaiah lxiii4 #aa1 :]e ! p1 9 ! condition ( ! deepe/ ab&onm5t1 say1 9 ! remembrance ( ! div9e m]cies1 ,:]e is ,he t put ,8 ,holy ,_s )9 him8 ,b x 0 peculi> to ! nature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation1 t ! effusion ( ! ,_s ( ,god 0 less ri*4 ,8 effects less p[]ful1 & a p>ticipation 9 !m less g5]al4 ,x 0 only aft] ,god's relation to ! _w _h be5 *ang$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/ t ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ c\ld be be/[$1--a high] p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 /&+ to ,him 9 ! same relation z ! ,angel ( ! ,"l to ! inc>nate ,^w4 ,! conditions ( ! be/[al ( ! ,holy ,_s 71 "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f> m difficult to obta94 ,! view ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8 hi/orical p]sonality1 9 ,8 life1 suff]+1 & dea?1 0 want+4 ,god1 al?\gh inf9itely ne>] to ! ,jews ?an to ! ,g5tiles1 yet ev] rema9$ a ,god relatively ,pg #ccb di/ant4 ,s9ce ! procur+ cause ( ! m]cy ( ,god--! m]it ( ,*ri/--0 n yet s cle>ly se51 x 0 f> m difficult to lay hold ( x1 & ! by-pa? ( legalism 0 f> ne>]4 ,x 0 ?us only ^u a few--especially ^u ! prophets--t ! direct possession ( ! ,_s ( ,god 0 conc5trat$2 :ile ! great] numb]1 ev5 among ^? ( a bett] disposition1 enjoy$ a spiritual life d]iv$ only f a union ) !m1 & h5ce x 0 less /rong4 ,x arose f ! nature ( ! case t1 at "s future "t1 !re mu/ take place a ri*] & m p[]ful effusion ( ! ,_s ( ,god2 & x 0 j = ?is reason t x 0 ! desire ( ,moses1 t su* might take place1 & t ! :ole p might prophesy4 ,num4 xi4 #bi1 besides express+ su* a desire1 is1 at ! same "t1 a prophecy4 ,he wi%$ no?+ else ?an t ! p ( ,god might atta9 to su* a degree z to realize ! idea ( a p ( ,god2 & ?is mu/ come to pass at "s future "t1 because ! omnipot5t & fai?ful ,god c\ld n leave ,8 "w unf9i%$4 ,b ,moses himself imm$iately subjo9s ! prophecy to ! wi%1 z a cle> pro(1 t beh9d ! wi% ! prophecy is conceal$3 ,w\ld ,god t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets6 = ! ,"l w give ,8 ,_s ^u !m1 etc42 :i* is equival5t to3 ,at "s future "t1 ! :ole p ( ! ,"l %all be prophets1 n aga9/1 b agreeably to1 my wi%2 =1 etc4 ,x is ?is promise ( ,moses :i* is "h resum$ by ,joel1 ) :om1 subsequ5tly4 ,is4 9 *ap4 xxxii4 #ae1 ,until ! ,_s be p\r$ ^u u f on high2 *ap4 xi4 #i1 liv4 #ac2 ,j]4 xxxi4 #cc1 #cd2 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #bf ff41 & ,ze*4 xii4 #aj1 connect !mselves4 ,! ultimate ref]5ce ( ! promise is to ! ,messianic "t2 b ! ref]5ce to ! prep>atory /eps mu/ n1 = ?is reason1 be by any means exclud$4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! p\r+ out ( ! ,_s re/s ^u ! insight into ! nature ( ,god's relation to ,8 k+dom4 ,god's judgm5ts1 9 :i* ,he draws ne> to ,8 p1 9 :i* ! ab/ract ,god becomes a concrete ,god1 excite 9 ! p a long+ = a union ) ,him4 ,tea*]s s5t by ,god give a "r direction to ?is long+1 & !n an outp\r+ ( ! ,_s takes place4 ,?is proce$+ does1 & mu/ cont9ually1 repeat itself 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,! p]fect fulfilm5t at ! "t ( ,*ri/ c\ld ,pg #ccc n at all h tak5 place1 unless ! imp]fect fulfilm5t _h already p]vad$ _! :ole e>li] hi/ory2 & t !re is1 9 ! prophecy "u consid]ation1 no ref]5ce at all to su* imp]fect fulfilm5ts1 c\ld be ma9ta9$ only1 if !re exi/$ 9 ! text any h9t t ! prophet int5d$ to speak ( only ! la/ realization ( ! idea4 ,b z ! exclusion ( all ! prelim9>y /ages is entirely arbitr>y1 x is j z arbitr>y to sep>ate1 f ! ev5ts :i* make up ! ma9 fulfilm5t 9 ! ,messianic "t1 "o p>ticul> ev5t1 viz41 t :i* took place on ! fir/ day ( ,p5teco/4 ,x is only to a c]ta9 ext5t t we c affirm t ! prophecy f\nd its f9al fulfilm5t 9 ?is ev5t1 viz41 9 z f> z x =m$ ! pl$ge ( x1--9 z f> z ! :ole succe$+ developm5t & progress 7 already conta9$ 9 x1--9 z f> z ,joel's prophecy 9 words 0 !n *ang$ into an inf9itely m p[]ful prophecy 9 de$s4 ,x is f ov]look+ ! relation ( ! prophecy to ! ?\ght :i* animates x1 & f ! error aris+ f ?is1 viz41 t ! fulfilm5t mu/ necess>ily fall )9 a p>ticul>1 limit$ p]iod1 t ! v>i\s opposite int]pretations _h _! rise 7comp>e ! copi\s enum]ation & repres5tation ( ^! 9 ,dresde1 ,comp>atio ,joelis de ,effusione ,spir4 ,s4 vatic4 c4 ,petr9a int]pret4 ,wittemb4 #aghb1 ,spec4 #b71 all ( :i* are p>tially true1 & are false only by _! "o-sid$ness & exclusiv5ess4 #a4 ,sev]al int]pret]s ?9k ( an ev5t at ! "t ( ,joel4 ,?us ,rabbi ,moses ,hakkoh51 accord+ to ,ab5ezra1 ,tell] on ,turrett9e de int]pret4 p4 #ei1 ,cram] on ! ,scy?is*e ,d5kml]1 p4 #bba4--b4 ,o!rs insi/ on an exclusive ref]5ce to ! fir/ ,p5teco/4 ,?us d almo/ all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--among :om1 h[ev]1 ,j]ome 7on ,joel iii4 #a7 felt ! great difficulties 9 ! way ( ?is view1 aris+ f ! context--& mo/ ( ! lat] ,*ri/ian int]pret]s4--#c4 ,o!rs w\ld ref] x at ! same "t to ! ev5ts 9 ,joel's "t1 & to ^? at ! fir/ ,p5teco/4 ,( ?is op9ion are ,ephraem ,syr41 ,grotius1 & ,turrett9e4--#d4 ,o!rs place ! fulfilm5t altoge!r 9 ! future4 ,?us did ! ,jews z e>ly z 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome1 & aft]w>ds ,j>*i1 ,kim*i1 & ,ab>banel4--#e4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 f9d 9 ! fir/ ,p5teco/ ! beg9n+ only ( ! fulfilm5t1 & reg>d x z p]vad+ ! :ole ,*ri/ian "t4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,calovius 7,bibl4 illu/r4 ad4 h4 l47 says3 ,al?\gh ,pg #ccd t prophecy began to be fulfill$ 9 a rem>kable mann] on t fea/ ( ! ,p5teco/1 yet its ref]5ce is n to t solemn ev5t only1 b to ! :ole /ate ( ^! la/1 or ,new ,te/am5t times1 j aft] ! mann] ( o!r g5]al promises4 ,^! la/ words %[ t ,calovius 0 v ne> ! tru?4 ,b if ! promise be a g5]al "o1 by :at are we entitl$ to place ! beg9n+ ( its fulfilm5t only at ! times ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to exclude all ( t same gift :i* ,god be/[$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t times8 ,! insuffici5cy ( ! f\ndation = su* a limitation 9 ! text itself is prov$ by ! foll[+ confession ( ,dresde 7l4 c4 p4 #h71 :o ev5 believes himself oblig$ to def5d su* a limitation f ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 & to :om x did n at all occur1 t any o!r ref]5ce ?an to "s p>ticul> ev5t 0 ev5 possible3 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 he says1 t ! prophecy1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is s express$1 t no "o1 except ! fir/ au?or ( ! prophecy1 w be able conv9c+ly to def9e ! exact ev5t to :i* x really ref]s4 ,we %all aft]w>ds see t ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to :i* ,dresde "h alludes1 does n by any means dem& su* a limitation4 ,we h se5 t ,joel po9ts to a f\rfold oppression ( ,israel by ! _w's p[]4 ,! ma9 fulfilm5t we mu/ !n expect at ! "t ( ! f\r?2 b ?is c sc>cely be ! fir/ fulfilm5t2 = we _c imag9e t ! =m] calamities %\ld h pass$ ov] ! p altoge!r )\t effect2 & ! div9e gift ( ! ,_s goes always h& 9 h& ) ! susceptibility ( ! p4 ,by prov+ t f\rfold oppression1 we h also furni%$ ! pro( t ! prophecy ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s has a compreh5sive "*4--,f ! already e/abli%$ ref]5ce ( ! to ! 9 *ap4 ii4 #bc1 x is obvi\s t x is n s mu* a det]m9ation ( ! succession ( "t1 z ( a succession 9 po9t ( importance1 :i* is !reby giv54 ,among ! two effects ( ! mission ( ! ,tea*] ( righte\sness1 fir/1 ! l[]1 & !n1 ! high]1 pres5ts itself to ! view ( ! prophet4 ,! det]m9ation ( "t is n ! ess5tial po9t2 t s]ves only to illu/rate ! int]nal relation ( ^! two ev5ts1 ! gradation ( ^! div9e bless+s2 al?\gh we are able to demon/rate t1 ev5 z reg>ds "t1 ! prophecy 0 fulfill$ 9 ?is ord]4 ,= aft] ! de/ruction by ! ,pg #cce ,*aldeans1 ! temporal bless+s 7 re/or$ to ! p1 be=e ! ma9 fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s took place2 comp>e ,ps4 cvii4 #cc-db ) ,joel ii4 #be-bg4--,! words1 ,i %all p\r out1 ref] to ! ra9 9 v]4 #bc4 ,! idea ( copi\sness1 oppos$ to ! =m] scant9ess1 is inde$ impli$ 9 x4 ,yet x mu/ n be exclusively consid]$2 ! qualities ( ! ra9 allud$ to 9 v]4 #bd ff4--viz41 ! quick5+ ( :at 0 previ\sly dead1 ! fructify+ p[]--mu/ n be ov]look$4--,! words1 ,^u all fle%1 are1 by mo/ ( ! ,jewi% int]pret]s 7e4g41 ,kim*i1 ,ab5ezra2 comp>e ,lightfoot & ,s*ttg5 on ,acts ii4 #af1 #ag71 ref]r$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,cov5ant-p only2 b by ! ,*ri/ian int]pret]s1 :om ev5 ,ab>banel jo9s1 to all m54 ,s1 /ill1 does ,/eudel 9 ! ,tb+] ,pf+/-,programm1 #ahbj1 p4 #aa4 ,b 9 ?is latt] explanation1 "o ?+ has be5 ov]look$--z1 among ! old] int]pret]s1 has be5 well %[n by ,calv91#a & among ! m rec5t1 by ,ty*s5 7progr4 ad h4 l4 p4 #e7--viz41 t ! subsequ5t words1 ,y\r sons1 y\r daught]s1 y\r old m51 y\r "y m51 ! s]vants1 ! h&maids1 conta9 a specification ( ! 2 s t ! all1 by :i* x is qualifi$1 does n d away ) ! limitation to a p>ticul> p1 b only ) ! limits ( sex1 age1 & rank1 among ! p !mselves4 ,! p>ticipation ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ did n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 come into consid]ation 9 ?is place1 inasmu* z ! ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t1 ) :i* ! proclamation ( salvation is connect$1 _h respect to ! ,cov5ant-p only4 ,cr$n] has be5 l$ into a /range error1 by press+ ! words )\t any reg>d to ! connection4 ,he imputes to ! prophet ! mon/r\s idea1 t ! ,_s ( ,god1 ! f\nta9 ( all :i* is good & great1 well pleas+ to ,god1 & div9e1 is to be p\r$ out ^u all animals also1 ev5 ^u ! locu/s4--,! f\ndation = ! promise ( ! ,holy ,_s is =m$ by ,g54 ii4 #g1 comp>$ ) i4 #bf4 ,x supposes t ! _s ( man1 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r liv+ ?+s ,pg #ccf on e>?1 is a brea? f ,god4--,!re is "h1 moreov]1 ! same contra/ betwixt & z 9 ,g54 vi4 #c & ,is4 xxxi4 #c3 ,! ,egyptians are m51 & n ,god2 _! horses are fle%1 & n _s4 7,comp>e o!r passages 9 ,ges5ius' ,!saurus1 s4 v4 p4 #bdi47 ,fle%1 9 ?is contra/1 signifies human nature ) respect to its weakness & helplessness2 ! _s is ! pr9ciple ( life & /r5g?4 ,z y\r sons1 etc41 is a specification ( all fle%1 s1 ! words1 ,!y prophesy1 !y dream dreams1 !y see visions1 are a specification (3 ,i p\r out ,my ,_s4 ,f ?is1 x is evid5t t ! p>ticul> gifts d n "h come into consid]ation accord+ to _! individual nature1 b accord+ to t ess5tial "* :i* is common to !m z effects ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s also1 t we are n at lib]ty to ask :y x is j to ! sons & daught]s t ! prophesy+ is ascrib$1 etc4 ,! prophet1 ^: object x is only to individualize & exp& ! fundam5tal ?\ght1 i4e41 ! univ]sality ( ! effects ( ! ,_s1 *ooses = ?is purpose ! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,_s1#b because ^! are m obvi\s ?an ! ord9>y ones2 & f among ! extraord9>y ones1 aga91 ^? :i* 7 common "u ! ,old ,te/am5t2 )\t !reby exclud+ ! o!rs1 or1 z reg>ds ! real import1 add+ any?+ to ! decl>ation1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s4 ,?is appe>s also f v]4 #b1 :]e1 9 ref]5ce to ! s]vants & h&maids1 ! expression returns to ! =m] g5]ality4 ,9 di/ribut+ ! gifts ( ! ,_s among ! p>ticul> classes1 ! prophet has be5 z little guid$ by any int]nal consid]ations1 z1 e4g41 ,ze*>iah1 :5 9 *ap4 ix4 #ag he uses ! words1 ,corn make? ! "y m5 gr[ up1 & mu/1 ! maids4 ,! rem>k made by ,cr$n] & ,hitzig1 aft] ! example ( ,ty*s51 t visions are ascrib$ to vigor\s y\?1 b dreams to feebl] age1 appe>s at once1 f an exam9ation ( ! hi/orical ,pg #ccg in/ances1 & f ! comp>ison ( ,num4 xii4 #f1 to be unf\nd$4 ,y\r sons & y\r daught]s prophesy1 etc41 is equival5t to3 ,y\r sons & y\r daught]s1 y\r old m5 & y\r "y m51 prophesy1 h div9e dreams 7a limitation to su* is impli$ 9 _! be+ ! effects ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s71 & see visions2 & ?is aga9 is equival5t to3 ,!y w enjoy ! ,_s ( ,god1 ) all ,8 gifts & bless+s4 ,9 ?is1 & 9 no o!r way1 has ! passage be5 con/antly und]/ood among ! ,jews4 ,if x _h be5 o!rwise1 h[ c\ld ,pet] h s confid5tly decl>$ ! ev5ts on ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 :]e !re occurr$ nei!r dreams nor visions1 to be a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ,joel8 ,x is impli$1 h[ev]1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 t1 9 ! pr9cipal fulfilm5ts ( ! prophecy ( ,joel1 ! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,_s %\ld be accompani$ by ! ord9>y ones2 = ! =m] are ! witnesses & means ( ! latt]1 al?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ! basis also on :i* !y re/2 s t times l ^? :i* are describ$ 9 #a ,sam4 iii4 #a1 :]e ! ,^w ( ,god is preci\s 9 ! c\ntry1 & !re is no prophecy spread abroad1 mu/ necess>ily be poor 9 ! ord9>y gifts ( grace also4 ,x is n 9 ! ess5ce1 b only 9 ! =m ( manife/ation1 t ! extraord9>y gifts diff] f ! ord9>y ones1--j z ,*ri/'s outw>d miracles diff] f ,8 inw>d ones4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& ^u ! s]vants also1 & ^u ! h&maids1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s 9 ^? days4 ,cr$n] ref]s ?is to ! ,hebrew prison]s ( w>1 liv+ z s]vants & h&maids among hea!n nations1 f> away f ! ,holy ,l&4 ,b if ! prophet _h ?is 9 view1 he mu/ necess>ily h express$ himself ) great] di/9ctness4 ,moreov]1 ! relation to ! prec$+ v]se requires t1 z ! diff]5ce ( sex & age 0 !re done away )1 s no all[ance %\ld "h be made = ! diff]5ce ( rank4 ,! %[s t ! ext5sion ( ! gifts ( ! ,_s ev5 to s]vants & h&maids1 :o1 to ! c>nal eye1 appe>$ to be unwor?y ( su* di/9ction1 is to be consid]$ z some?+ unexpect$ & extraord9>y4 ,t !re is v little correctness 9 ! ass]tion ( ,cr$n]1 t !re c\ld h be5 sc>cely any d\bt z reg>ds ! p>ticipation ( ! ,hebrew ,pg #cch slaves1 is suffici5tly %[n by ! fact1 t ,jewi% int]pret]s h attempt$1 9 v>i\s ways1 to less5 ! bless+ "h promis$ to ! s]vants & h&maids4 ,ev5 ! translation ( ! ,,lxx4 by1 1 may be consid]$ z su* an attempt4 ,9 ! place ( ! s]vants ( m51 :o appe>$ to !m unwor?y ( su* hon\r1 !y put ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,ab>banel ass]ts t ! ,_s ( ,god "h means some?+ inf]ior to ! gift ( prophecy1 :i* is be/[$ only ^u ! free p4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ ! ,_s ( ,god z ! root & f\nta9 ( ! p>ticul> gifts m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 he sees 9 ,him only an isolat$ gift1--t ( an indef9ite k ( ,god4 ,b su* a view is oppos$ ev5 by ! relation ( ! words1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s1 9 v]4 #b1 to ! same words 9 v]4 #a2 & also by ,is4 xi4 #b1 :]e ,_s ( ,god is likewise us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 & compreh5ds )9 itself all t foll[s4 ,x is n )\t design t ! fact is s prom95tly br\ght out 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ! ,gospel is prea*$ to ! poor1 & t ,god *ooses t :i* is mean & despis$ 9 ! eye ( ! _w4 ,! natural man is always incl9$ to suppose t t :i* is e/eem$ by ! _w mu/ be s by ,god also4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f ! deep contempt ( ! ,ph>isees = ! 2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,john vii4 #di4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,i give wond]s 9 ! heav5s1 & on e>?2 blood1 & fire1 & vap\r ( smoke4 ,! m]cy be/[$ ^u ! ,congregation ( ,god is accompani$ by ! judgm5t ^u h] enemies4 ,s9ce ! ,congregation has aga9 become ! object ( ,8 fav\r1 especially 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s be+ p\r$ out ^u h]1 x _c be b t ,he w protect h] aga9/ ! p]secution ( ! _w1 & av5ge h] ^u x4 ,9 v]s4 #c & #d1 ! precursors ( ! judgm5t 7be=e come?1 v]4 #d7 are describ$1 & 9 *ap4 iv4 ?r\gh\t1 ! judgm5t itself4 ,!re is "h an allusion to an ev5t ( =m] times1 & :i* is n[ to be repeat$ on a l>g] scale1 viz41 ! plagues inflict$ ^u ,egypt 9 consequ5ce ( ! same law4 ,! prophet _h specially 9 view ! passage1 ,deut4 vi4 #bb3 ,& ! ,"l gave signs & wond]s1 great & sore1 ^u ,egypt1 ^u ,ph>aoh1 & ^u all 8 h\sehold be=e our eyes4--,! wond]s are divid$ ,pg #cci into ^? :i* are 9 heav51 & ^? :i* are on e>?2 !n ^? :i* are on e>? are 9 ?is v]se designat$ individually2 & aft]w>ds1 9 v]4 #d1 ^? :i* are 9 heav54 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 _m int]pret]s 7! la/ ( :om is ,cr$n]7 und]/& by ! blood1 bloody defeats ( ! enemies ( ,israel2 by fire & smoke1 _! t[ns & habitations consum$ by fire4 ,b ?is int]pretation _c be ent]ta9$4 ,! v designation by indicates t we h "h to ?9k ( extraord9>y ph5om5a ( nature1 ! symbolical language ( :i* is int]pret$ by ! evil consci5ce1 :i* recognises 9 !m ! precursors ( com+ judgm5t4 ,?is is confirm$ also by ! m p>ticul> /atem5t ( ! signs 9 heav51 9 v]4 #d2 = ! signs on e>? mu/ c]ta9ly be ( ! same class z ^!4 ,x is confirm$ likewise by a comp>ison ) ! type ( =m] times1 :i* we h po9t$ out2 = x is f ?is1 t ! blood is directly tak54 ,! fir/ plague is ?us ann\nc$ 9 ,exod4 vii4 #ag3 ,behold1 ,i smite ) ! rod 9 m9e h& ^u ! wat]s 9 ! riv]1 & !y are turn$ into blood4 ,jalkut ,simeoni 79 ,s*ttg51 p4 #baj7 rem>ks3 ,! ,"l br\ght blood ^u ! enemies 9 ,egypt3 ?us also %all x be 9 future times2 = x is writt51 ,i w give wond]s1 blood & fire4 ,! same is ! case z respects ! fire4 ,exod4 ix4 #bd3 ,& !re came hail1 & fire m+l$ ) ! hail4 ,x is m natural to suppose t ! prophet borr[$ ^! features1 z1 9 ! =m] description ( ! judgm5t ^u ,israel1 ! plague ( ! locu/s lies at ! f\ndation1 & z ! cont5ts ( ! foll[+ v]se h likewise _! prototype 9 ^? ev5ts4 ,comp>e ,exod4 x4 #ba3 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 ,/ret* out ?9e h& t[>d ! heav51 & let !re be d>kness ov] ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,t x is n real blood :i* is "h meant1 b t only :i*1 by its blood-r$ col\r1 rem9ds ( blood 7comp4 e4g41 ,wat]s r$ z blood1 #b ,k+s iii4 #bb71 is %[n by ! fundam5tal passage1 ,exod4 vii4 #ag1 :]e ! wat] :i* _h become r$ is call$ simply blood2 comp>e my "w on ,egypt & ! ,books ( ,moses1 p4 #ajf4 ,blood br+s into view ! %$d+ ( blood2 ! fi]y ph5om5a ann\nce t ! fire ( ! ang] ( ,god1 & ! fire ( w>1 w be enk9dl$2 comp>e rem>ks on i4 #ai1 #bj4--,! ^w requires a r5ew$ inve/igation4 ,int]pret]s ,pg #cdj uni=mly expla9 x by pill>s1--a signification :i* is altoge!r de/itute ( any f\ndation2 = ! ,*aldee 1 to :i* !y ref]1 is n f\nd ) ! signification pill>4 ,su* a mean+ is q inappropriate 9 ! s+le passage quot$ by ,buxtorf2 ! signification smoke1 or cl\d ( smoke1 is necess>ily requir$ 9 t place4 ,z little are we at lib]ty to appeal to 1 palm1 ) :i* has no?+ at all to d4 ,! 1 :i* w\ld be )\t any analogy if d]iv$ f 7comp>e ,ewald on ,song ( ,sol4 iii4 #f71 requires ! d]ivation f 4 ,! ^w is a n\n =m$ f ! #c;d p]s4 fem4 ,fut4 ( ?is v]b ) affix$ 7comp>e1 on ^! n\ns1 ! rem>ks on ,hos4 ii4 #ad1 & my "w on ,balaam1 p4 #dcd71 &1 z to its =m1 x corresponds exactly ) 1 d]iv$ f ! #c;d fem4 ,fut4 ( ! v]b 4 ,!re _c n[ be any d\bt reg>d+ ! signification ( 4 ,is4 lxi4 #f1 & ,j]4 ii4 #aa1 :]e & occur 9 ! same v]se1 %[ t x corresponds entirely ) 4 ,h5ce ,ewald 7l4 c47 is wrong 9 id5tify+ x ) 1 ! alleg$ mean+ ( :i* is to be high4 ,n[ 9 ,hebrew1 & occur only 9 ! d]iv$ signification ( to trans=m1 to *ange1 to ex*ange2 b ! prim>y signification is furni%$ by ! ,arabic1 :]e x means3 huc illuc latus1 agitatus fuit1--fluctuavit4 7,comp>e ! ?or\gh demon/ration by ,s*eid1 ad cant4 ,hisk4 p4 #aei sqq47 c accord+ly signify only cl\ds or vortices4 7,9 ,arabic1 means du/ agitat$ by ! w9d47 ,! connection ( ?is signification ) t ( palpehrae1 eye-lids1 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! ,talmudic & ,rabb9ical languages1 is v obvi\s4 ,!y 7 s call$ f _! cont9ual motion hi!r & ?i!r4 ,su* a connection1 h[ev]1 we mu/ ! m easily be able to prove1 because t ,talmudic & ,rabb9ical use ( ! ^w _c be d]iv$ f any o!r root ?an an anci5t ,hebrew "o4 ,! ( ! ,,lxx4 likewise leads to our int]pretation1 r ?an to ! prevail+ "o4 ,! =m] is1 9 ! only passage 9 :i* occurs1 besides ! "o "u consid]ation1 & :]e x likewise occurs 9 ! connection ) 1 viz41 9 ,song ( ,sol4 iii4 #f1 at lea/ z suitable z ! latt]4 ,we h to ?9k "h ( su* ph5om5a z ^? :i* are describ$ 9 ,exod4 xix4 #ah3 ,& ,m\nt ,s9ai 0 altoge!r on a smoke1 because ! ,"l _h desc5d$ ^u ,pg #cda x 9 fire1 & ! smoke !re( asc5d$ z ! smoke ( a furnace4 ,"h1 z well z !re1 ! fire1 & ! accompany+ smoke1 repres5t1 9 a visible mann]1 ! tru? t ,god is 1 ,heb4 xii4 #bi4 ,! cl\ds ( smoke are ! sad =]unn]s ( ! cl\ds ( smoke ( ! div9e judgm5ts ^u ! enemies1 & ( ! fire ( w>1 9 ! =m ( :i* ! =m] commonly appe>4 ,comp>e ,is4 ix4 #ah1 #ai3 ,& !y m\nt up l ! lift+ up ( smoke4444 ,& ! p became z ! fuel ( fire2 no man sp>e? 8 bro!r4 ,! belief--:i* p]vades all antiquity--t ! angry ,deity ann\nc$ ! break+ 9 ( judgm5ts ?r\gh ! symbolical language ( nature1 is v rem>kable4 ,?is belief _c be a m]e delusion1 b mu/ h a deep root 9 ! he>t4 ,nature is ! e*o & ! reflection ( ! disposition ( man4 ,if !re prevail )9 him a fe>ful expectation ( ?+s to come1 because he feels 8 own s91 & t ( 8 p1 all ?+s ext]nal h>monize ) t expectation2 &1 mo/ ( all1 t :i* is ! natural image & symbol ( div9e punitive ju/ice1 :i* w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ z su*1 7 x n = ! int]pret+ voice )94 ,hav+ reg>d to ?is relation ( ! m9d to nature1 ,god1 previ\s to great cata/rophes1 (t5 causes ^? precursors ( !m to appe> m frequ5tly & vividly1 ?an 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,9 a mann] especially rem>kable1 ?is took place previ\s to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,comp>e ,josephus1 d4 ,bell4 ,jud4 iv4 #d1 #e4 ,= dur+ ! night1 a fe>ful /orm arose1--!re arose boi/]\s w9ds ) ! mo/ viol5t %[]s1 cont9ual lightn+s & awful ?und]s1 & trem5d\s noises1 :ile ! e>? 0 %ak54 ,x 01 h[ev]1 q evid5t t ! condition ( ! univ]se 0 put into su* disord] = ! de/ruction ( m51 & almo/ e "o conjectur$ t ^! 7 ! signs ( imp5d+ calamity4 ,a great numb] ( o!r signs & precursors are m5tion$ by him 9 ,b4 ,j4 vi4 #e1 #c4 ,^! w nev] be altoge!r abs5t1 z c]ta9ly z puni%m5t nev] comes )\t s91 & s9 nev] exi/s )\t ! consci\sness1 )\t ! expectation1 ( des]v$ judgm5t4 ,b ! *ief po9t 9 ?is mode ( view+ ?+s1 is n ! sign itself1 b ! disposition ( m9d :i* int]prets x1--! consci\sness ( guilt1 :i* fills ! s\l ) ! ?\ght ( an av5g+ ,god1--! ,pg #cdb condition ( fil+s :i* br+s into view ! infliction ( ! judgm5t4 ,x is by ?is t we c acc\nt = ! circum/ance t2 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! d>k5+ ( ! sun & moon1 & o!r ?+s1 frequ5tly appe> z direct images ( sad & heavy times4 ,v]4 #d4 ,! sun is turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon into blood1 be=e !re come? ! great & t]rible day ( ! ,"l4 ,among all int]pret]s1 ,calv9 has giv5 ! mo/ admirable int]pretation ( ?is v]se3 ,:5 ! prophet says t ! sun %all be turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon into blood1 ^! are metaphorical expressions1 by :i* he indicates t ! ,"l w %[ signs ( ,8 wra? to all ! ends ( ! e>?1 z if a :ole revolution ( nature 7 to take place1 9 ord] t m5 may be /irr$ up by t]ror4 ,=1 z sun & moon are witnesses ( ,god's fa!rly k9dness t[>ds u1 z long z1 9 _! *anges1 !y provide ! e>? ) light1 s w !y1 on ! o!r h&1 says ! prophet1 be ! mess5g]s ( ! angry & (f5d$ ,god4--,by ! d>kness ( ! sun1 by ! bloody appe>ance ( ! moon1 by ! black cl\d ( smoke1 ! prophet int5d$ to express ! idea1 t :]esoev] m5 %\ld turn _! eyes1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 _m ?+s w\ld appe> to fill !m ) t]ror4 ,h5ce ! language ( ! prophet am\nts to ?is3--t nev] _h ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! _w be5 s mis]able1--t nev] _h !re appe>$ s _m & s t]rible signs ( ! ang] ( ,god4--,we h already se5 t ! prophet has be=e 8 eye ! ,egyptian type4 ,! d>kness ^u ! :ole l& ( ,egypt1 :ile !re 0 light 9 ! dwell+s ( ! ,israelites1 repres5t$1 9 a deeply impressive mann]1 ! ang] ( ,god 9 contra/ ) ,8 grace1 ( :i* ! symbol is ! %9+ ( ,8 heav5ly lights4 ,! ext9ction ( ^! is1 9 ,scripture1 frequ5tly ! =]unn] ( com+ div9e judgm5ts1 or an image ( ^? :i* h be5 already inflict$2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xiv4 #f4 ,?us x has already occurr$ 9 ! ,book ( ,joel itself1 9 ! description ( ! =m] judgm5t2 comp>e ii4 #b3 ,day ( d>kness & gloom9ess1 day ( cl\ds & mi/2 ii4 #aj3 ,be=e ,him quake? ! e>?1 & tremble? ! heav52 ! sun & ! moon m\rn1 & ! />s )draw _! %9+4 ,?us x returns 9 iv4 ,pg #cdc #ad1 #ae3 ,! day ( ! ,"l is ne> 9 ! valley ( judgm5t4 ,! sun & ! moon m\rn1 & ! />s )draw _! %9+4 ,! passages 9 :i*1 z 9 ! "o be=e u1 ! ext9ction has n a figurative1 b a typical "*1 mu/ n be limit$ to a s+le ph5om5on4 ,ev]y?+ by :i* ! brightness ( ! heav5ly lum9>ies is cl\d$ or d>k5$1 eclipses ( ! sun or moon1 e>?quakes1 ?und]/orms1 etc41 fill ) fe> ^? 9 ^: he>ts ! sun ( grace has set4 ,v]4 #e4 ,& x comes to pass1 e "o :o calls on ! "n ( ! ,"l is sav$2 = 9 ,m\nt ,zion & 9 ,j]usalem %all be su* z h escap$1 z ! ,"l ha? said1 & among/ ^? :o are sp>$ is :omsoev] ! ,"l calle?4 ,we mu/ fir/ det]m9e ! signification ( 4 ,! great] numb] ( int]pret]s expla9 x by deliv]ance2 b x means r t :i* has escap$4 ,?is appe>s1 #a4 f ! =m4 ,x is ! fem4 ( ! ,adj4 1 ! ( :i* has aris5 f by means ( l5g!n+2 h5ce x is t is ?rice =m$ )\t 4 ,x is1 !n1 an adjective ( intransitive signification4 ,n[ x is true t1 by means ( ! fem99e t]m9ation1 adjectives are *ang$ into ab/ract n\ns1 b nev] into su* z indicate an action2 b always into su* only = :i*1 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ! neut] ( ! adjective might be us$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is "h inadmissible4 #b4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! con/ant use2 z 9 ,is4 xxxvii4 #ca1 #cb3 ,& t :i* has escap$ 77 ( ! h\se ( ,judah1 ! remnant1 take? root d[nw>d1 & be>e? fruit upw>d4 ,= out ( ,j]usalem %all g =? a remnant 771 & t :i* has escap$ out ( ,m\nt ,zion1--a passage exactly p>allel to ! "o "u consid]ation 7comp>e also ! foll[+ words 9 ,is4 xxxvii4 #cb3 ,= ! zeal ( ! ,"l w d ?is1 ) ,z ! ,"l ha? said1 "h74 ,is4 iv4 #b3 ,to t :i* has escap$1 ) :i*1 ,t :i* is left 9 ,zion1 & t :i* rema9e? 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 is id5tical2 ,is4 x4 #bj3 ,! remnant 77 ( ,israel1 & t :i* has escap$ ( ! h\se ( ,jacob2 ,obad4 v]4 #ag3 ,& ^u ,m\nt ,zion %all be t :i* has escap$1--:i* =ms an anti!sis to v]4 #i3 ,& man %all be cut (f f ! ,m\nt ( ,esau2 & f9ally--,g54 xxxii4 #i 7#h73 ,& ! camp :i* has be5 left is = ,pg #cdd ! escap$4 ,!re does n ?us rema9 a s+le passage 9 :i* ! signification deliv]ance is ev5 ! probable "o4 ,! passages 9 ,j]emiah1 :]e occur toge!r 7xlii4 #ag1 xliv4 #ad2 ,lam4 ii4 #b71 %[ t "h is n diff]5t f 9 ! subsequ5t clause ( ! v]se4--,! expression nev] is us$ ( a m]ely outw>d invocation1 b always ( su* z is ! ext]nal expression ( ! fai? ( ! he>t2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xiv4 #i4 ,ev5 on acc\nt ( ?is /at$ condition1 x is n possible to ?9k ( ! deliv]ance ( ! promiscu\s multitude ( ,israel1 9 contra/ ) t ( ! ,g5tiles2 = ! condition is "o :i* is purely int]nal1 & x af=ds an important h9t = ! "r und]/&+ ( :at foll[s4 ,! by :i* x is connect$ rema9s inexplicable1 if ,m\nt ,zion & ,j]usalem be consid]$ z a place ( safety & deliv]ance = all :o are !re ext]nally4 ,! same ?+ is evid5t f 4 ,! s5se is n by any means t all ! inhabitants ( ,zion & ,j]usalem %all be deliv]$2 b t !re %all be "s :o h escap$--viz41 ^? :o call on ! "n ( ! ,"l2 :ile ^? :o d n1 %all be consum$ by ! div9e judgm5t4 ,! second condition /at$ by ! prophet--t ( be+ call$ by ! ,"l--is 9 l mann] int]nal4 ,! words h s evid5t a ref]5ce to 1 t we _c at all suppose1 z ,cr$n] does1 t !y ref] to o!r subjects4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y :o call on ! ,"l1 are also !y :om ,he calls f ! g5]al calamity into ,8 protect+ pres5ce2 & ! prophet has endeav\r$1 by ! *oice ( ! words1 to br+ out into view ! close connection ( ^! two p>ties4 ,!y :o call on ! ,"l1 & !y :om ! ,"l calls 7,maur]'s explanation3 ,& among ^? :o h escap$ is e "o :o calls on ! ,"l comp>e ,ps4 xiv4 #d1 gives a v feeble tautology71 are ! v same ^u :om1 accord+ to v]s1 #a & #b1 ! fulness ( ! ,_s has be5 p\r$ out4--,! words1 ,z ! ,"l has said1 indicate1 t ! fai?ful ones may safely take com=t f ?is promise2 inasmu* z x is n ! ^w ( m51 b ( ,god4 ,we may see1 f su* p>allel passages z ,is4 i4 #bj1 xiv4 #e1 lviii4 #ad1 h[ little reason we h = ?9k+ t ! prophet "h ref]s to "s o!r prophecy4 ,t ! prophet1 & n ! ,"l ,himself1 is speak+ 9 ?is v]se1 ,pg #cde is evid5t f ! words3 ,:o calls on ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,x 01 !re=e1 v suitable to %[1 t x 0 by ,imm$iate1 div9e commission t ! prophet _h giv5 utt]ance to ! consolatory promise1 t ! p ( ,god w\ld escape 9 ^! great & heavy judgm5ts :i* 7 to come ^u ! _w4 ,t x is v natural = believ]s to fe> t ! puni%m5ts :i* ?reat5 ! _w %\ld fall ^u !m also :o are liv+ 9 ! _w1 is %[n by ,rev4 vii41 ! aim ( :i* is1 ?r\gh\t1 to allay ! anxi\s fe> :i* might arise 9 believ]s :5 consid]+ ! judgm5ts :i* ?reat5 ! _w4 ,! relation ( ! :ole v]se to :at prec$es & foll[s is ?is3--,9 v]s4 #c & #d1 ! prophet _h /at$ ! signs & =]unn]s ( ! great & fe>ful day ( ! ,"l4 ,n[ he po9ts to ! only1 & ! absolutely sure means ( /&+ on t day4 ,!n1 9 *ap4 iv41 :i* is connect$ by 1 he describes ! judgm5t itself4 ,if1 n[1 we endeav\r to discov] ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( v]s4 #c-e1 we are met by a great v>iety ( op9ions4 ,x is ref]r$ to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,*aldeans1 by ,grotius1 ,cram]1 ,turrett9e 7de ,scrip1 s4 int]pret4 p4 #cca72 among ! ,soc9ians1 9 ! ,raccovian ,cate*ism1 p4 #bb1 & by ,o$]2 & among ! ,arm9ians1 by ,episcopius 9 ! ,in/it4 ,!ol4 p4 #aih4 ,o!rs 7z ,j]ome7 ?9k ( ! resurrection ( ! ,"l2 o!rs 7z ,lu!r7 ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s2 o!rs 7z ,mn/]1 ,capell1 ,lightfoot1 ,dresde1 l4c4 p4 #bb7 ( ! de/ruction by ! ,romans4 ,x is ref]r$ to ! judgm5t ^u ! enemies ( ! ,cov5ant-p soon aft] ! return f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 by ,ephraem ,syrus2 to ! imp5d+ ov]?r[ ( ,gog1 at ! "t ( ! ,messiah1 by ! ,jewi% int]pret]s2 to ! g5]al judgm5t1 by ,t]tullian1 ,!odoret1 & ,crusius1 ,9 ,!ol4 ,prophet4 i4 p4 #fba2 & to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! g5]al judgm5t at ! same "t1 by ,*ryso/om & o!rs4 ,! great v>iety ( ^! ref]5ces has aris5 solely f ! circum/ance1 t ! prophecy has n be5 r$uc$ to its fundam5tal idea4 ,?is fundam5tal idea is3--,! manife/ation ( ,god's punitive ju/ice ^u all :i* is ho/ile to ,8 k+dom1 :i* runs p>allel ) ! manife/ation ( ,8 grace t[>ds ! subjects ( ,8 k+dom4 ,?is idea appe>s "h1 9 all its g5]ality1 )\t any temporal limitation ,pg #cdf :atsoev]4 ,n "o ( ^! int]pretations1 !re=e1 c be absolutely "r4 ,!y diff] only 9 ?is1 t "s ( !m are altoge!r false1 inasmu* z !y assume a ref]5ce to ev5ts :i* d n at all fall "u ! fundam5tal idea2 :ile o!rs are only limit$ & p>tial views ( ! tru?4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! classes belong evid5tly ! ref]5ces to ! resurrection1 & to ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x is only by deta*+ ^! v]ses f ! foll[+ *apt] t su* a view c\ld arise4 ,^! ev5ts /& 9 no relation :atsoev] to ! animat+ ?\ght ( ! passage4 ,!re is a c]ta9 relation to t ?\ght 9 ! ref]5ce to ! de/ruction by ! ,*aldeans1 9 s f> z ?is 0 really a manife/ation ( div9e punitive ju/ice4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ?is ev5t w\ld be admissible "h1 only if ! prophet 7 describ+ ! manife/ation ( div9e punitive ju/ice 9 g5]al4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,! comp>ison ( *ap4 i4 & ii4 %[s t ! subject ( ! prophecy is r ! manife/ation ( div9e ju/ice 9 ref]5ce to ^? :o are enemies to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! def5d]s ( su* a view h altoge!r misund]/ood ! /ructure ( ! prophecy ( ,joel2 =1 o!rwise1 !y w\ld h se5 t t ev5t belongs to ! ?reat5+ ( judgm5t 9 *ap4 i4 & ii41 :]e ! judgm5t ^u ! h\se ( ,god is describ$2 :ile1 "h1 !re is a description ( ! judgm5t ^u ^? :o are )\t4 ,! same argum5t seems1 at fir/ sight1 to apply also to ! de/ruction by ! ,romans4 ,b on a clos] exam9ation1 !re appe>s to be a diff]5ce betwixt ^! two ev5ts1 & "o :i* br+s ! latt] f> m )9 ! scope ( ! prophecy4 ,! de/ruction by ! ,romans 0 mu* m intimately connect$ ) a total apo/asy & rejection1 ?an 0 t by ! ,*aldeans4 ,ev5 be=e ! =m] de/ruction1 & imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! =m] ,cov5ant-p _h sunk d[n to ! rank ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y 7 no m apo/ate *ildr51 :o 71 by means ( puni%m5t1 to be br\ght to re=mation1 b enemies1 :o 7 judg$ on acc\nt ( _! ho/ile disposition t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,mala*i1 9 *ap4 iii4 #bc 7iv4 #e71 %[s t su* a "t w\ld come :5 t1 :i* !y imag9$ to be int5d$ only = ! hea!n by desc5t1 %\ld be realiz$ ^u ,israel aft] ! fle%4 ,! v]bal repetition ( ! words1 ,be=e !re ,pg #cdg come? ! great & dreadful day ( ! ,"l1 & _! application to ! judgm5t ^u ,israel1 c be acc\nt$ = only by 8 int5tion to oppose ! prevail+ c>nal int]pretation ( ! prophecy "u consid]ation4 ,x w n[ be se5 also1 :at ! relation is :i* ! ph5om5a at ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! d>k5+ ( ! sun1 ! quak+ ( ! e>?1 ! r5d+ ( ! rocks 7comp>e ,matt4 xxvii4 #de1 #ea2 ,luke xxiii4 #dd71 occupy to ! passage be=e u4 ,!y 7 l ! "h1 actual decl>ations ( ! div9e wra?1 & =]unn]s ( ! approa*+ judgm5t2 & !y 7 recognis$ z su* by ! guilty1 to :om ?is symbolical language 0 int]pret$ by _! consci5ces2 comp>e ,luke xxiii4 #dh3 2 1 1 1 4 ,b we mu/ n limit ourselves to ! obduracy ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,?is we are taught1 n only by ! relation ( *ap4 i4 & ii4 to iv4 #b1 b1 ) especial di/9ctness1 by ! r5ewal ( ?is ?reat5+ 9 ,rev4 xiv4 #ad-bj1 :]e ! image ( ! v9tage & w9epress1 9 p>ticul>1 is borr[$ f ,joel2 see iv4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! objects ( judgm5t are !re ! hea!n nations on acc\nt ( _! ho/ility to ! p ( ,god1 :o1 by ,*ri/1 & by ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s procur$ by ,him1 h fully atta9$ to t dignity4 ,nor is ! judgm5t !re an isolat$ "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 all :i*1 9 hi/ory1 is realiz$ 9 an entire s]ies ( judicial acts1 to be at la/ consummat$ 9 ! f9al judgm5t1 is !re compreh5d$ 9 "o great h>ve/--9 "o great v9tage4 ,we h /ill to make a few rem>ks ^u ! quotation 9 ,acts ii4 #af ff4 ,no?+ b n>r[-m9d$ness & prejudice c\ld d5y t ,pet] f\nd1 9 ! miracle ( ,p5teco/1 an actual fulfilm5t ( ! promise 9 v]s4 #a & #b4 ,?is becomes probable1 n only f ! circum/ance1 t ! ref]5ce ( ?is prophecy to ! ,messianic "t 0 ! prevail+ "o among ! ,jews 7comp>e ! passages 9 ,s*ttg51 ,s4 #dac71 b also f ! translation ( by 1 by :i*1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,messianic "t is always designat$4 ,to ?is mu/ also be add$ ! express decl>ation 9 v]4 #ci1 t ! promise 0 unto ! g5]ation !n pres5t4 ,h[ c\ld ,pet] h utt]$ su* a decl>ation1 ,pg #cdh if 8 view _h be5 t ! promise _h f\nd its fulfilm5t 9 a "t long gone pa/8 ,at ! same "t1 x is equally c]ta91 t ,pet] 0 s f> f consid]+ all ! ri*es ( ! promise to be completely exhau/$ by t ,p5teco/al miracle1 t he r consid]$ x to be only a beg9n+ ( ! fulfilm5t1--a beg9n+1 inde$1 :i* implies ! consummation1 z ! g]m conta9s ! tree4 ,?is is q obvi\s f v]4 #ch3 4444 4 ,h[ c\ld ,pet]1 ref]r+ to ! prophecy1 promise ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 promis$ 9 ! prophecy to ^? :o %\ld be conv]t$1 if ! prophecy 0 already completely fulfill$8 ,b x is /ill m app>5t f v]4 #ci3 1 1 4 ,! "q is1 :o are to be und]/ood by ^? 8 ,no "o c\ld h d\bt$ t ! ,g5tiles are !reby to be und]/ood1 unless two ?+s altoge!r het]og5e\s _h be5 conf\nd$1 viz41 ! unc]ta9ty ( ,pet] conc]n+ ! fact ( ! reception ( ! ,g5tiles into ! k+dom ( ,god1 & 8 unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ! mode ( _! reception4 ,consid]+ ! condition ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecy1 ! latt] is easily acc\nt$ =2 b ! =m] _c4 ,to /ate only "o f among ! mass ( argum5ts :i* prove t ,pet] c\ld n be ignorant ( ! fact1 we obs]ve t ! v mann] 9 :i*1 9 ,acts iii4 #be1 he quotes ! promise giv5 to ,abraham1 t by 8 se$ ! nations %\ld be bless$1 proves t he reg>d$ ! ,g5tiles z p>tak]s ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is r5d]$ /ill m incontrov]tible by ! 9 v]4 #bf4 ,to und]/&1 by 1 =eign ,jews1 is inadmissible1 = ! s+le reason t ^! 7 pres5t 9 great numb]s1 & h5ce1 7 includ$ 9 ! t]m 4 ,n[ ,pet]1 ?r\gh\t1 addresses all ^? :o 7 pres5t4 ,h[ !n c\ld he h "h conf9$ himself1 all at once1 to a portion ( ^! ,i ,!re is1 moreov]1 a pla9 allusion to ! close ( ,joel iii4 #e1 :i* ! ,,lxx4 translate 4 ,?is allusion conta9s1 at ! same "t1 a pro( ( ! concurr5t ref]5ce to ! ,g5tiles1 :i* is n 9 express words conta9$ 9 ! prophecy1 provid$ we d n put an arbitr>y int]pretation ^u 4 ,att5tion is !reby direct$ ,pg #cdi to ! fact1 t1 ,9 t passage1 salvation1 :i* requires1 z its condition1 a p>ticipation 9 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 does n dep5d ^u any human cause1 b solely ^u ! call ( ,god--^u ,8 free grace4 ,9 a mann] entirely simil>1 does ,/ ,paul1 9 ,rom4 x4 #ab1 #ac1 prove1 f ! beg9n+ ( ,joel iii4 #e1 ! p>ticipation ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! ,messianic k+dom3 1 4 1 4 ,if ! call+ on ,god 7 ! condition ( salvation1 access to x 0 z free to ! ,g5tiles z to ! ,jews4 ,b if ! prophecy has a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! /ill unconv]t$ ,jews1 _! *ildr5 & ! ,g5tiles1 x is !n evid5t1 t1 accord+ to ! view ( ! ,apo/le1 x did n t]m9ate 9 t "o in/ance ( ,its fulfilm5t1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x ext5ds j z f> z ! ?+ promis$--z ! outp\r+ itself ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is cle>ly appe>s1 also1 f ! allusions to ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! acc\nts ( lat] outp\r+s ( ! ,_s2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,acts x4 #de1 xi4 #ae1 xv4 #h4 ,h[1 !n1 0 x ev5 possible t ,pet] %\ld h limit$ to ! few :o _h already1 at t "t1 receiv$ ! ,_s1 a prophecy1 9 :i* ! idea ( g5]ality is1 int5tionally1 made s prom95t8 ,b1 ev5 if ! univ]sal "* ( ! prophecy _h be5 less di/9ct1 ,pet] w\ld c]ta9ly n h ?\ght ( conf9+ x 9 su* a mann]4 ,su* a gross & sup]ficial view ( ! prophecies 0 f> f ,pet]1 z well z f ! o!r ,apo/les4 ,ano!r "q rema9s to be answ]$4 ,= :at purpose does ! ,apo/le quote v]ses #c-e also1 inasmu* z1 app>5tly1 v]ses #a & #b alone prop]ly s]v$ 8 purpose2 & :at s5se did he put ^u !m8 ,! answ] ,is giv5 ,9 v]4 #dj3 1 1 4 ,ev5 9 ! few words ,9 :i* ,luke communicates to u ! brief summ>y ( :at ,pet] spoke ,9 ?is respect1 a ref]5ce to ! passage "u consid]ation has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,pet] made use ( ! ?reat5+ :i* 01 9 ! fir/ ,in/ance1 to be fulfill$ ^u ! d>k refuse ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 ,9 ord] to ,induce !m1 by t]ror1 to seek a p>ticipation 9 ! promise :i* alone c\ld deliv] !m ,pg #cej f ! ?reat5$ judgm5t4 ,t he succe$$ 9 ?is1 is %[n by ! words1 1 9 v]4 #dc4 ,sev]al int]pret]s h1 by v]4 #bb1 be5 l$ into a total misconception ( ! s5se 9 :i* ,pet] quotes v]s4 #c-e4 ,x is true1 c]ta9ly1 t ! words are n us$ )\t ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,joel4 ,pet] directs att5tion to ! circum/ance1 t !y :o1 f _! h>dness ( he>t1 d n ackn[l$ge ! & ) :i* ,god accompani$ ! manife/ation ( ,8 grace1 %all be visit$ by & ( a totally diff]5t nature1 f ! fe>ful impression ( :i* !y %all n be able to escape4 ,b let u n[ 9 addition consid] "s ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,9 sub/ance1 ! quotation by ,pet] agrees ) ! ,,lxx42 b deviations occur on p>ticul> po9ts4 ,at ! v beg9n+1 ! ,,lxx41 adh]+ m closely to ! ,hebrew text1 h3 2 :]eas ,pet] says3 4 ,! reason ( ?is deviation is1 t ! ,apo/le int5ds to det]m9e1 by ?is deviation1 ! expression1 :i* 9 itself is wid] & m indef9ite1 9 su* a mann] t ! p]iod to :i* ! prophecy specially ref]s1 & h5ce also its application to ! case 9 "q1 %\ld be r5d]$ m obvi\s4 ,9 a case entirely simil>1 ,j]emiah1 9 *ap4 xlix4 #f1 employs ! wid] t]m 1 :ile 9 xlviii4 #dg he makes use ( ! m def9ite 4 ,by ! latt] t]m1 ,kim*i also expla9s ! 9 ! passage be=e u2 :ile ,j>*i 7comp>e ,s*ttg51 ,s4 #baj7 expla9s x by ! equival5t t]m 4 ,! words are want+ 9 ! ,,lxx41 z well z 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew text4 ,!y h be5 tak5 f v]4 #e1 &1 contra/$ ) 1 !y direct att5tion to ! div9e s\rce ( prophecy1 & h5ce to ! necessity ( its fulfilm5t4 ,! two memb]s1 1 1 ,pet] has rev]s$2 probably 9 ord] to place ! "y m5 toge!r ) ! sons & daught]s1 & to assign ! place ( hon\r to ! old m54 ,9 ! & 1 ,pet] foll[s ! ,,lxx41 & t 9 a s5se :i* only expressly makes prom95t a po9t really conta9$ 9 ! prophecy1 :e!r su* 0 int5d$ by ! translators1 or n2 = ! circum/ance t ! s]vants ( m5 71 at ! same ,pg #cea"t1 s]vants ( ,god1 =m$ ! gr\nd ( _! p>ticipation 9 ! promise4 ,! same contra/ is f\nd1 e4g41 9 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bb1 #bc3 1 4 2 comp>e ,gal4 iii4 #bh2 ,philem4 #aj4 ,h5ce x is equival5t to3 ,^u s]vants & h&maids ( m5 :o are1 at ! same "t1 my s]vants & h&maids1 &1 !re=e1 9 spiritual ?+s ( equal rank ) ^? :o are free4 ,to give prom95ce to ?is p]fect equality1 is also ! design ( ! additional clause3 1 subjo9$ aft] 4 ,! circum/ance t ,pet] ?\ght x necess>y to add ?is clause1 :i*1 z we h prov$1 q h>monizes ) ! design ( ! prophet1 seems to prove t1 ev5 at 8 "t1 int]pretations 7 curr5t1 9 :i* an attempt 0 made to dim9i%1 or altoge!r to take away1 9 ! case ( s]vants & h&maids1 _! p>ticipation 9 ^? bless+s2--int]pretations simil> to ^? ( ,ab>banel1 & ev5 ( ,grotius1 :o ?us p>aphrases ! v]se3 ,ev5 to ^? :o seem to be l[e/1 ,i w c]ta9ly imp>t1 al?\gh n prophesy+ & dream+ dreams1 yet c]ta9 extraord9>y & heav5ly motions4 ,! antiquity ( ?is false int]pretation is atte/$ by ,j]ome also1 :o probably 01 9 ?is respect1 altoge!r dep5d5t ^u 8 ,jewi% tea*]s4 ,he int]prets1 inde$1 ! s]vants & h&maids spiritually1 & ( su* z h n ! _s ( fre$om he says3 ,!y %all nei!r h prophecies1 nor dreams nor visions1 b1 satisfi$ ) ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 !y %all possess only ! grace ( fai? & salvation4--,9 v]4 #c1 ,pet] adds to 1 & to 1 9 ord] to make ! contra/ m obvi\s & /rik+4 ,all ! deviations f ! ,,lxx41 & ! orig9al text1 are ?us ( ! same k9d1 & int5d$ to br+ out m di/9ctly :at is impli$ 9 ! passage itself4 ,n "o ( !m ne$ to be acc\nt$ = by ! circum/ance1 t ! ,apo/le quot$ f memory4 ,footnote #a3 ,he says3 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! univ]sality mu/ be und]/ood is cle>ly indicat$ by :at foll[s4 ,=1 x is fir/ said1 9 g5]al1 ',all fle%1' & aft]w>ds1 a specification is add$1 by :i* ! prophet intimates1 t age or sex w n con/itute any diff]5ce1 b t ,god w br+ !m all1 )\t any di/9ction1 into ! communion ( ,8 grace4 ,footnote #b3 ,! two p>allel memb]s prove1 9 opposition to ,r$slob & o!rs1 t ! v]b "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 has ref]5ce to an ec/atic condition1 to ! speak+ 9 ! ,_s1 al?\gh ?is is by no means limit$ to a revelation ( ! future4 ,! clos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 prophesy+1 dream+ dreams1 & see+ visions1 is evid5t f ,num4 xii4 #f1 :]e visions & dreams appe> z ! two pr9cipal =ms ( revelation to ! 4 ,pg #ceb ,,! ,,prophet ,,amos4 ,,g5]al ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,x w n be necess>y to ext5d our prelim9>y rem>ks on ! prophet ,amos1 s9ce on ! ma9 po9t--viz41 ! circum/ances "u :i* he appe>$ z a prophet--! introduction to ! prophecies ( ,hosea may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 writt5 = ^? ( ,amos also4 ,=1 accord+ to ! inscription1 !y belong to ! same p]iod at :i* ,hosea's prophetic m9i/ry began1 viz41 ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 & aft] ,uzziah _h asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 ,judah4 ,! circum/ances ( ! prophet we le>n1 g5]ally1 f ! words 9 *ap4 i4 #a3 ,:o 0 among ! h]dm5 ( ,tekoah4 ,if !re exi/$ no o!r /atem5t ?an ?is1 !re might be tru? 9 ! rem>k made by _m int]pret]s1 t we _c1 f 8 hav+ be5 a h]dman1 inf] t he 0 poor & l[4 ,x is %[n1 h[ev]1 by a /atem5t 9 *ap4 vii4 #ad1 t1 by ! h]dman1 we are n to und]/& "o :o 0 also possess$ ( flocks1 or1 l ,david1 ! son ( su*1 b a poor s]vant h]dman4 ,=1 9 t passage1 ! prophet replies to ! comm& ( ! prie/ ,amaziah to get himself out ( ! c\ntry1 to :i* he did n belong1 & to return to 8 native l&3 ,i am no prophet1 nor ! son ( a prophet1 b ,i am a h]dman2 & su* an "o z plucke? sycamores4 ,& ! ,"l took me f beh9d ! flock1 & ! ,"l said unto me4 ,g prophesy unto ,my p ,israel4 ,! fruit ( ! sycamores1 call$ & by ,dioscorides1 s]v$ z food = only ! poore/ & meane/4 ,bo*>t 7,hi]oz4 t4 i4 p4 #djg #che ,ros5mll]7 rem>ks3 ,x is ! same z if he _h said1 t he 0 a man ( ! humble/ condition1 & born 9 poor circum/ances1 s t he sc>cely ma9ta9$ 8 life by scanty & frugal f>e2 t he _h nev] ?\ght ( obta9+ ! prophetical (fice 9 ,israel1 until a high] p[]1 viz41 div9e inspiration1 impell$ him to und]take x4#a ,b ?is passage m]its our att5tion 9 ano!r ,pg #cec po9t ( view4 ,9 :at s5se is x t ,amos "h d5ies t he is a prophet8 ,x is evid5tly 9 a v special s5se t he does s4 ,he obvi\sly does n mean !reby to d5y t he possess$ ! gift ( prophecy1 or held ! prophetical (fice2 =1 o!rwise1 he w\ld himself h furni%$ weapons to 8 enemy1 to :om he wi%es to prove 8 "r4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks w be f\nd to conta9 ! true answ]4 ,x _c be prov$ 9 any way1 t ! s*ools ( ! prophets1 e/abli%$ by ,samuel at a "t :5 ! circum/ances ( ,judah & ,israel 7 altoge!r simil>1 7 cont9u$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,e prophet !re /&s 9 an isolat$ position4 ,! entire prophetic ord] & in/itute be>s r a sporadic "*4 ,b 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 :]e ! prophetic ord] occupi$ a position altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* x held 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah1 inasmu* z1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 !y _h to wat* ov] all ! int]e/s ( religion1 ! s*ools ( ! prophets _h a v important mission assign$ to !m4 ,we mu/ n by any means imag9e t _! con/itution 0 su*1 t aft] a few ye>s' tra9+1 ! sons ( ! prophets atta9$ to p]fect indep5d5ce4 ,! great] numb] ( !m rema9$ dur+ all _! lifetime 9 ! position ( sons4 ,! s*ools ( ! prophets 7 a k9d ( mona/]ies4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( _! peculi> circum/ances1 no long] rema9$ !re1 b 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 cont9u$ always "u _! au?ority4 ,"o ne$s only to read att5tively ! hi/ories ( ,elijah & ( ,eli%a1 :i* af=d u ! fulle/ in=mation reg>d+ ^! in/itutions1 to be spe$ily conv9c$ ( ! s\ndness ( ! view :i* we h "h pres5t$4 ,on ! subject ( ! organization ( ! s*ools ( ! prophets 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 comp>e ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 i4 p4 #ahe4 f4 ,pg #ced ,b h[ c ,amos adduce x z a pro( ( 8 div9e mission1 t he is nei!r a prophet1 nor1 9 ! s5se expla9$1 a prophet's son1 i4e41 t he 0 nei!r a sup]ior nor an inf]ior memb] ( ! prophetic ord]8 ,! answ] is1--,x 0 ! result ( t organization ( ! prophetic ord]1 t ! relation to ! ,"l 0 "o :i* 0 m or less m$iate4 ,to ^? :o w\ld n ackn[l$ge ! imm$iate div9e influ5ce1 "s gr\nd 0 !reby af=d$ = do+ s4 ,_! tra9+1 _! pr9ciples1 ! =m ( _! prophecies1 all admitt$ ( a natural explanation4 ,x is true t ! _s :i* animat$ !m baffl$ any su* attempt2 b t _s 0 n s easily p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! case ( any "o1 !n1 :o appe>$ z a prophet1 )\t /&+ 9 t connection1 & yet 9 ! full possession ( all prophetic gifts1--9 demon/ration ( ! _s & ( p[]1 a natural explanation 0 f> m difficult2 especially if1 l ,amos1 he 01 by 8 outw>d situation1 cut (f f all human res\rces = education4 ,b 0 ,amos1 = t reason1 an un$ucat$ man8 ,?is is a "q :i* "o may answ] ei!r 9 ! affirmative or negative1 accord+ to :at he und]/&s by education4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t he 0 9 possession ( ! ess5tial "p ( a true ,israeliti% education--viz41 ! k ( ! law4 ,! mo/ intimate acqua9tance ) ! ,p5tateu* ev]y:]e manife/s itself2 comp>e 9 pro( ( ?is ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 i4 p4 #acf ff4 ,!re are too _m in/ances1 d[n to mo/ rec5t times1 ( liv+ piety break+1 9 ?is respect1 ?r\gh almo/ imp5etrable b>ri]s1 to all[ u to consid] ?is z a /range ?+1 & to make x necess>y = u to excogitate ! v>i\s ways & means by :i* ,amos may h receiv$ ?is education4 ,x is only on ! l[] gr\nd ( ! m]e =ms ( language1 t ! rank ( ,amos n unfrequ5tly appe>s4 ,9 all ! high] relations he %[s himself a type ( ! ,apo/les1 :o1 al?\gh !y 7 un$ucat$ fi%]m5 ( ,galilee1 exhibit ! mo/ di/+ui%+ pro(s ( true education4 ,amos belong$ to t circle ( prophets :o receiv$ a commission to prophesy ! ru9 :i* 0 imp5d+ ov] ! ,cov5ant-p1 be=e any human probability exi/$ = x4 ,baur1 on ,amos1 ,s4 #fj1 is ( op9ion t ! def9it5ess ) :i* he prophesies ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,pg #cee ,j]oboam1 al?\gh its p[] 0 at t "t /ill fl\ri%+1 leads u to expect t he mu/ h _h di/9ct indications ( its spe$y decay4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se we may ass5t to ?is op9ion4 ,! prophet himself cont9ually po9ts to su* indications4 ,^! indications are ! s9s ( ! p4 ,b if ,baur endeav\rs to put political indications 9 ! /ead ( ^! moral ones2 if he be ( op9ion t ! ,assyrians mu/1 at t "t1 h /ood 9 a ?reat5+ attitude 9 ! backgr\nd1 we mu/ give to 8 op9ion a decid$ opposition4 ,we c1 9 su* an ass]tion1 see only an effect ( t naturali/ic mode ( view+ ?+s1 :i* w\ld limit ! horizon ( ! prophets to t ( _! own times4#b ,n ! slighte/ allusion to ! ,assyrians occurs4 ,! supposition t ,calneh or ,ktesiphon1 9 *ap4 vi4 #b1 appe>s z hav+ already fall5 7?r\gh ! ,assyrians71 re/s ^u an incorrect int]pretation1 j z does ! ass]tion t ,hama?1 9 ! same passage1 is suppos$ to be conqu]$2 conc]n+ ! latt] po9t1 comp>e ,!nius on #b ,k+s xiv4 #bh4 ,9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! c>ry+ away into captivity beyond ,damascus1 made 9 *ap4 v4 #bg1 !re appe>s no?+ m ?an ! k1 t ! cata/rophe w n be br\ght ab\t by t hea!n p[] :i* _h hi!rto br\ght ru9 ^u ! k+dom ( ,israel ,b1 ev]y:]e1 we may see t ! prophet--:om we h no reason to ?9k an especially +5i\s politician--appe>$ at a "t :5 no "o expect$ any dang]4 ,amos prophesi$ at a "t :5 ! morn+-dawn _h ris5 ^u ,israel1 iv4 #ac1 v4 #h2 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! %oot+ up ( ! grass1 & behold ! grass 0 /&+1 aft] ! ,k+ 7,jehovah7 _h caus$ to be m[n1 vii4 #a2 at a "t :5 ! prosp]ity ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes 0 aga9 budd+ =?4 ,9 *ap4 viii4 #i1 ! ,"l ?reat5s t ,he w cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 & br+ d>kness ov] ! l& 9 ! day ( light4 ,9 *ap4 vi4 #d-f1 ! prevail+ c>eless luxury & ,pg #cef joy are graphically describ$4 ,*ap4 v4 #ah implies t ! p mock$ at ! ?reat5+ ( ! com+ ( ! day ( ! ,"l1 ! com+ ( :i* c\ld1 !re=e1 n h be5 indicat$ by any human probability4 ,9 *ap4 vi4 #a1 ! prophet gives utt]ance to an exclamation ( woe ov] !m t are secure 9 ,zion1 & t tru/ 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,sam>ia4 ,9 *ap4 vi4 #ac1 he opposes ! delusion ( ^? :o rejoice 9 a ?+ ( n\ght1 :o say1 ,h we n tak5 to u horns by our own /r5g?8 ,! p 9 ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes mu/ accord+ly h imag9$ t !y 7 liv+ 9 ! gold5 age ( ! fulfilm5t ( ,deut4 xxx4 #ag1 & mu/ n h ?\ght = a mom5t t ! axe 0 already laid to ! root ( ! tree4 ,b we are n at lib]ty to seek ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ,amos1 only 9 ! visitation by ! ,assyrians4 ,t :i* happ5s to ! p ( ! t5 tribes is1 to ! prophet1 only a "p ( a g5]al visitation1 :i* comes1 n only ^u all ! neighb\r+ nations1 b ^u ,judah also1 & :i* br+s utt] ru9 ^u ! latt]1 *ap4 ii4 #d1 #e1 de/roy+ ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & driv+ ! h\se ( ,david f ! ?rone1 ix4 #a1 #aa4 ,accord+ to prophecy & hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ?is cata/rophe came ^u ,judah1 n by ,as%ur1 b1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,babylon4 ,! prophecy possesses a compreh5sive "*1 su* z we %\ld be l$ to expect f ! close connection ( ,amos ) ,joel4 ,x compreh5ds ev]y?+ :i* ,judah & ,israel1 along ) ! neighb\r+ p1 _h to suff] f ! ris+ hea!n p[]s2 comp>e vi4 #ad1 v4 #bd1 accord+ to :i*1 judgm5t %all roll d[n z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a cont9ual /ream4#c ,9 ! case ( ,amos1 also1 int]pret]s h be5 at consid]able pa9s 9 fix+ ! "t & ! occasion ( ! s+le portions1 b ) z little success z 9 ! cases ( ,hosea & ,micah4 ,! v inscription proves t we h be=e u a :ole1 compos$ at "o "t1 & conta9+ ! sub/ance ( ,pg #ceg :at ! prophet _h utt]$ previ\sly1 & 9 a deta*$ =m4 ,accord+ to ?is inscription1 ! book 0 compos$ only two ye>s aft] ! prophet's p]sonal m9i/ry 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,b if !re 7 su* an int]val betwixt ! oral prea*+ ( ! prophet & its hav+ be5 committ$ to writ+1 x is1 a priori1 n likely t ! latt] %\ld h foll[$ ! =m]1 /ep by /ep4 ,! words1 ,two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake1 _c be reg>d$ z a *ronological date1 int5d$ to fix m def9itely ! exact "t )9 ! m ext5d$ p]iod previ\sly /at$1 viz41 ! days ( ,uzziah & ,j]oboam4 ,= su* a purpose !y are ill suit$1 inasmu* z ! "t ( ! e>?quake is n fix$2 &1 moreov]1 any su* m def9ite det]m9ation w\ld h be5 )\t ei!r significance or int]e/4 ,?is only 0 ( importance1 t ! ^w ( ! ,"l %\ld h be5 utt]$ 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam1 & t ! prophecy ( ! de/ruction %\ld h be5 deliv]$ at a "t :5 ! ,israelites enjoy$ an am\nt ( prosp]ity1 su* z !y _h n kn[n = a long "t4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! e>?quake "u ,uzziah1 ! fe>fulness ( :i* is te/ifi$ by ,ze*4 xiv4 #e1 comes "u consid]ation only z ! reason = ! composition ( ! book1--= committ+ to writ+ :at _h =m]ly be5 deliv]$ orally4 ,! e>?quake d5otes1 9 ! symbolical language ( ,scripture1 great revolutions1 by :i* ! =m ( ! e>? is *ang$1 & t :i* is upp]mo/1 ov]turn$2 comp>e my rem>ks on ,rev4 vi4 #ab4 ,to po9t to su* an e>?quake _h be5 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,amos' oral pr$ictions4 ,by ! natural e>?quake1 he 0 induc$ to commit !m to writ+1 t !y might g side by side ) ! symbol1 & s]ve z its int]pret]4 ,!re is a plan 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! book1 :i* indicates t ! book is n a collection ( sep>ate disc\rses1 b t x be>s an indep5d5t "*4 ,x is di/9ctly divid$ into two p>ts1--! fir/1 made up ( nak$ prophecies1 f *ap4 i4 to *ap4 vi42 ! second1 ( su* prophecies z are connect$ ) a symbol1 :i* is always v simple1 & v briefly describ$1--f *ap4 vii4 to *ap4 ix4 ,9 ! fir/ "p1 ! prophet beg9s ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! wra? ( ! ,"l1 v]4 #b4 ,he !n reviews1 9 _! ,pg #ceh ord]1 ^? k+doms ^u :i* x %all be p\r$ out1 viz41 ,damascus1 ,phili/ia1 ,tyrus1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 & ,judah3 until at la/ ! /orm rea*es to ,israel1 &1 accord+ to ,rck]t's /rik+ rem>ks1 rema9s susp5d$ ov] x4 ,9 addition to ,israel1 !re are sev5 nations1 & ! sev5 are divid$ into ?ree1 & f\r2 ?ree n relat$ to ! p ( ! t5 tribes1 & f\r relat$ to !m2 ! bro!rly p ( ,judah be+ introduc$ aft] ?ree nations h be5 m5tion$ :i* are m di/antly relat$ to ,israel4 ,accord+ to ,rck]t1 x is only 9 *ap4 ii4 #f-af t ! /orm :i* rema9$ susp5d$ ov] ,israel is describ$2 !n 9 *ap4 iii4-vi4 !re foll[ f\r ?reat5+ disc\rses1 :i* are n connect$ ei!r ) ! prec$+ ones1 or ) ea* o!r4 ,b ! correct view r is1 t ?is /ation>y susp5sion is describ$ 9 ! :ole ( ! fir/ half1--9 ! ma91 inde$1 ev5 to ! end ( ! book4 ,?is is evid5t f ! consid]ation t1 if su* 7 n ! case1 ! treatm5t ( ! ma9 subject w\ld be1 z reg>ds ! ext5t ( ! description1 greatly disproportion$ to ! introduction2 = *ap4 i4 to ii4 #e mu/ be consid]$ to be1 ?r\gh\t1 m]ely introductory4 ,b z ! gr\nd on :i* we advance ?is ass]tion is made 9 opposition to an uns\nd view1 x requires a m p>ticul> det]m9ation4 ,x is assum$ by _m int]pret]s1 t 9 ! nations besides ,israel1 ! prophet reproves "s haughty excesses1 b1 evid5tly1 only z in/ances ( ! immorality prevail+ 7,jahn1 ,e9l4 #b1 p4 #djd74 ,b ?is view1 accord+ to :i* ! prophet might1 in/ead ( ! v>i\s crimes m5tion$1 h notic$ any o!r crime1 e4g41 =nication1 idolatry1 etc41 is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,x is r a !ocratic judgm5t ( :i* he speaks ?r\gh\t2 !y are crimes aga9/ ! !ocracy1 ! puni%m5t ( :i* he ann\nces4 ,^! he consid]s z be+ m he9\s ?an all o!rs2 = ! guilt ( ! latt] is dim9i%$ by ! circum/ance ( _! hav+ be5 committ$ aga9/ ! hidd5 ,god only1 :ile ! =m] h be5 committ$ aga9/ ! ,god :o has manife/$ ,himself1 & :o is liv+ among ,8 p4 ,= s mu* is evid5t1 t ! ma9 cause ( ! hatr$ ( all ! neighb\r+ nations aga9/ ,israel 01 t ,israel 0 ! p ( ,god4 ,= :]e c an in/ance be f\nd ( a hatr$ betwixt any ,pg #cei two ( !m1 s inext+ui%able1 & cont9u+ ?r\gh c5turies8 ,h[ entirely diff]5t is1 e4g41 ! position ( ,edom aga9/ ,moab1 f t ( ,edom aga9/ ,israel8 ,?ree reasons confirm ! correctness ( our ass]tion z to ! purely !ocratic nature ( ! judgm5t4 #a4 ,! g5]al ann\ncem5t ( ! judgm5t4 ,jehovah ro>e? f ,zion1 & f ,j]usalem ,he give? ,8 voice4 ,! v use ( ! "n ,jehovah "h des]ves att5tion4 ,a judgm5t ( a g5]al k9d ^u ! hea!n w\ld belong to ,god z ,elohim4 ,x is ,elohim :o is ! ,god ( ! hea!n1--! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 f :om bless+s1 z well z judgm5ts ^u x1 proce$4 ,n[ x might be said t ,jehovah is us$ 9 ! case ( ! hea!n also1 = ! sake ( uni=mity1 because to ,him belonge? ! judgm5t ^u ,judah & ,israel4 ,b t ?is is n ! case1 is se5 f ! addition3 ,f ,zion1--f ,j]usalem4 ,e g5]al judgm5t proce$s f heav52 x is only z a !ocratic ,god1 t ,god reigns 9 ,zion & ,j]usalem4 ,?is argum5t admits ( no exception2 all t ,god does f ,zion is !ocratic deliv]ance1 or !ocratic judgm5t4--#b4 ,! nature ( ! crimes !mselves1 :i* are cit$ by way ( example4 ,x c c]ta9ly n be m]ely accid5tal1 t !y are all su* z 7 committ$ aga9/ ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,!re is "o only :i* =ms an app>5t exception1 viz41 t ( ! ,moabites1 :o are1 9 *ap4 ii4 #a1 *>g$ ) hav+ burn$ into lime ! bones ( ! k+ ( ,edom4 ,b1 ) ! cons5t ( ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s1 ,j]ome rem>ks on ?is3 ,9 ord] t ,god might %[ t ,he is ! ,"l ( all1 & t e s\l is subject to ,him :o =m$ x4 ,he puni%es ! iniquity committ$ aga9/ ! k+ ( ,edom4 ,b 9 ?is rem>k ( ,j]ome1 ! relation 9 :i* ,idumea /ood to ! ,cov5ant-p is altoge!r lo/ sight (4 ,x is only z a vassal ( _! k+s t ! k+ ( ,edom "h comes into view4 ,?is is suffici5tly manife/ f #b ,k+s iii41 al?\gh ! ev5t n>rat$ !re is diff]5t f t :i* is "h allud$ to1 ( :i* no record has be5 pres]v$ 9 hi/ory4#d ,! hatr$ aga9/ ! ,cov5ant-p1 :i* ! ,pg #cfj ,moabites 7 too weak op5ly to exhibit1 impell$ !m to ?is wick$ de$ aga9/ ! k+ tribut>y to !m4--#c4 ,x mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ h[ ! prophet1 :5 com+ to ,judah1 introduces u1 at once1 into ! c5tre ( !ocratic transgression1 ! =sak+ ( ! liv+ ,god1 & ! s]v+ ( va91 dead idols4 ,x w n[ be easily se5 9 :at way ! portion1 *ap4 i4-ii4 #e1 s]ves z an introduction to :at foll[s4 ,! prophecies aga9/ =eign nations d n1 z else:]e1 s]ve z a consolation1 or z a pro( ( ! love ( ,god t[>ds ,8 p1 & ( ,8 omnipot5ce1 or z a means = de/roy+ confid5ce 9 man's p[]1 9 man's help2 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 int5d$1 f ! v outset1 to give rise 9 ,israel to ! "q3 ,if su* be done 9 ! gre5 tree1 :at %all be done 9 ! dry8 ,t "q ! prophet answ]s at l>ge4 ,if sev]e puni%m5t be inflict$1 ev5 ^u ^? :o h trespass$ aga9/ ! liv+ ,god1 ) :om !y came into contact only di/antly1 :at w become ( ^? to :om ,he manife/$ ,himself s pla9ly & di/9ctly1--among :om ,he _h1 z x 71 ga9$ a =m1--be=e ^: eyes ,he _h be5 s evid5tly set =?8 ,! decl>ation1 ,y only d ,i "k ( all ! families ( ! e>?2 !re=e ,i %all visit ^u y all y\r iniquities 7iii4 #b71 =ms ! c5tre ( ! :ole ?reat5+ ann\ncem5t to ,israel4 ,& c\ld x inde$ be introduc$ 9 any bett] way ?an by po9t+ out1 h[ ev5 ! l[e/ degree ( k 0 foll[$ by su* a visitation8 ,b n[1 t :i* "u ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! highe/ degree1 becomes1 "u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 only a prep>atory /ep4 ,! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ /&s 9 ! same relation to t made to ,israel "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ! latt] /&s to ! manife/ation ( ,8 "* & nature to ! hea!n1 :o came into connection ) ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,?us ! fulfilm5t becomes to u a new prophecy4 ,if ! rejection ( ,god1 9 ,8 inf]ior revelation1 0 foll[$ by su* awful consequ5ces to ! temporal welf>e ( ! p ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 :at mu/ be ! consequ5ces ( ! rejection ( ! highe/ & fulle/ revelation ( ,god to ! temporal & spiritual welf>e ( ! p ( ! ,new ,cov5ant8 ,?is is a ?\ght :i* is fur!r exp&$ 9 ,heb4 xii4 #ag ff41 & x =ms ! ess5tial feature ( ,pg #cfa ! description ( ! judgm5t ( ! _w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is judgm5t has be5 b too (t5 ?us misund]/ood1 z if x conc]n$ ! _w z ! _w1--a misund]/&+ simil> to t ( ! section be=e u4 ,! ,gospel %all fir/ be prea*$ to e creature1 & accord+ z e "o has conduct$ himself t[>ds ! liv+ ,god1 s he %all be judg$4--,b x is n to ! hea!n nations only1 b to ,judah also t1 by way ( introduction1 de/ruction is ann\nc$4 ,! circum/ance t n ev5 ! possession ( s _m preci\s privileges1 z ! temple & ! ,davidic ?rone1 c\ld w>d (f ! well-m]it$ puni%m5t ( s91 c\ld n b p[]fully affect ! he>ts ( ! t5 tribes4 ,if ,god's ju/ice be s en]getic1 :at h !y to expect8 ,if we cont9ue ! exam9ation ( ,rck]t's view1 x w soon appe> t ! phrase1 ,he> ?is ^w1 9 iii4 #a1 iv4 #a1 & v4 #a1 c alone be consid]$ z ! f\ndation on :i* x re/s4 ,b ^! words d n at all prove a new comm5cem5t1 b only a new />t+-po9t4 ,?is appe>s suffici5tly f ! abs5ce ( ^! words at ! alleg$ f\r? ?reat5+ disc\rse 9 *ap4 vi42 & likewise f a comp>ison ( ,hosea iv4 #a & v4 #a3 ,he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ye *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ,he> ?is1 ye prie/s1 & he>k51 ye h\se ( ,israel1 & give e>1 h\se ( ! k+2 :ile no?+ simil> occurs 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,t su* an exhortation 0 appropriate1 ev5 9 ! middle1 is cle>ly se5 f ,amos iii4 #ac4 ,x _c !n1 p] se1 prove any?+ 9 fav\r ( a new beg9n+4 ,if x is to be reg>d$ z su*1 ! disc\rse mu/ be prov$1 by o!r reasons1 to h be5 complet$4 ,b no su* reasons "h exi/4 ,we might z reasonably assume ! exi/5ce ( t5 ?reat5+ disc\rses1 z ( f\r4 ,! circum/ance t we c n[h]e discov] a sure comm5cem5t & a cle>ly def9$ t]m9ation1 %[s t we are fully ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ! :ole fir/ "p1 *ap4 i4 to vi41 z a connect$ disc\rse4 ,! second "p1 :i* conta9s ! visions ( ! de/ruction1 is compos$1 inde$1 ( v>i\s portions1--z might h be5 expect$ f ! nature ( ! subject4 ,ea* new vision1 ) ! disc\rse connect$ ) x1 mu/ =m a new section4 ,*ap4 vii41 viii41 & ix41 =m ea* a :ole4 ,f ! acc\nt :i* is add$ to ! fir/ vision2 & :i* relates ,pg #cfb to ! transactions betwe5 ,amos & ! high prie/ ,amaziah1 :i* 7 caus$ by ! public ann\ncem5t ( ?is vision 7*ap4 vii4 #ab-ad71 we are l$ to suppose t ^! visions 7 =m]ly deliv]$ s+ly1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we n[ possess !m4 ,b t1 ev5 "h1 we h n be=e u pieces loosely connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 a *ronological arrangem5t1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t ! promises /& j at ! end ( ! :ole collection4 ,! prophet _h r to reprove & to ?reat5 ?an to com=t2 b yet he _c refra91 at lea/ at ! close1 f caus+ ! sun to break ?r\gh ! cl\ds4 ,)\t ?is close !re w\ld be want+ 9 ,amos a ma9 elem5t ( ! prophetic disc\rse1 :i* is want+ 9 no o!r prophet1 & by :i* alone ! o!r elem5ts are plac$ 9 a prop] light4 ,x also militates aga9/ ! supposition ( a m]e collection1 t 9 ! la/ vision ! prevail+ reg>d to ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes disappe>s almo/ entirely1 & t1 l ! ?ird *apt] ( ,hosea1 x relates to ! :ole ( ! ,cov5ant-p1--9 agreem5t ) ! ref]5ce to ! e>?quake m5tion$ 9 ! inscription1 :i* ! prophet _h exp]i5c$ 9 ,judah1 & :i* br\ght into view1 n a p>ticul>1 b a g5]al1 judgm5t4 ,! symbolical clo?+1 h[ev]1 =ms ! sole diff]5ce betwixt ! second "p & ! fir/4 ,z ! real c5tre & ess5ce ( ! book ! second "p _c be reg>d$2 ! ?reat5+ is z cle> & impressive 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,t :i* is common to ,amos ) ! contempor>y prophets1 is ! absolute cle>ness ) :i* he =esees t1 be=e salvation comes1 all t is glori\s1 n only 9 ,israel1 b 9 ,judah also1 mu/ be giv5 ov] to de/ruction4 ,judah & ,israel %all be ov]fl[$ by ! hea!n _w1 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem de/roy$1 ! ,davidic dyna/y de?ron$1 & ! inhabitants ( bo? k+doms c>ri$ away into captivity4 ,b aft]w>ds1 ! re/oration ( ,david's tab]nacle 7ix4 #aa71 & ! ext5sion ( ! k+dom ( ,god f> beyond ! bord]s ( ! hea!n _w 7v]4 #ab71 take place4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic po9t is ! emanation ( salvation f ! family ( ,david1 at ! "t ( its deepe/ abasem5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,bo*>t rema9s unrefut$ by ! ass]tions ( ,hitzig1 ,baur1 & o!rs1 :o make ,amos ! own] ( a plantation ( sycamores1 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 made him a weal?y man4 c be und]/ood only ( ! pluck+1 or ga!r+ ( ! fruits ( ! sycamores4 ,! cutt+ ( ! b>k is by no means obvi\s1 & is too mu* ! language ( natural hi/ory4 ,t ! prophet's real vocation is designat$ by 1 & t is n1 by any means1 some?+ indep5d5t (1 & co-ord9ate ) t1 appe>s f v]4 #ae1 :]e ! is resum$4 ,! fruits ( ! sycamores may1 occasionally1 n h a disagreeable ta/e1 = him :o eats !m only z a da9ty2 b !y are at all ev5ts v poor ord9>y food2 comp>e ,w>nekros 9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]t4 #aa4 #bef4 ,footnote #b3 ,! gr\ndlessness ( su* a mode ( view+ ?+s is %[n by ! prophecy ( ev5ts su* z t m5tion$ 9 i4 #ae3 ,! p ( ,aram are c>ri$ away to ,kir1 sai? ! ,"l2 comp>e ! fulfilm5t 9 #b ,k+s xvi4 #i4 ,!y _h orig9ally come f ,kir1 ,amos ix4 #g4 ,?is circum/ance furni%$ ! natural f\ndation = ! prophecy1 & x 0 c]ta9ly ?is circum/ance also :i* induc$ ! conqu]or to adopt 8 measures4 ,b ! sup]natural "* ( ! def9ite prophecy rema9s1 nev]!less1 un%ak54 ,footnote #c3 ,casp>i 9 8 comm5t>y on ,micah1 ,s4 #fi1 is wrong 9 rem>k+3 ,joel beholds ! in/rum5ts ( punitive ju/ice ^u ,israel1 z numb]less ho/s only2 ,amos1 already1 z a s+le nation4 ,9 ,amos vi4 #ad ! z little means a s+le nation1 z x does 9 ! fundam5tal passage1 ,deut4 xxviii4 #di ff41 beyond ! def9it5ess ( :i* ,amos does n g4 ,footnote #d3 ,sc>cely any d\bt c1 h[ev]1 be ent]ta9$ t we h "h be=e u a consequ5ce ( ! w> m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s iii41 viz41 ! v5geance :i* ! ,moabites took = :at !y suff]$ on t occasion4 ,pg #cfc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! *apt] op5s ) a vision4 ,! temple1 %ak5 by ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 9 its v f\ndations1 falls d[n1 & buries ,judah & ,israel "u its ru9s4 ,)\t a figure1--! brea* ( ! ,cov5ant by ! ,cov5ant-p br+s de/ruction ^u !m4 ,! prophet endeav\rs to /r5g!n ! impression ( ?is ?reat5+ ^u _! m9d1 by break+ d[n ! supports ( false security by :i* !y s\ght to evade x4 ,!re is no deliv]ance1 no escape1 v]s4 #b-d1 = ! ,almighty ,god is ! enemy & pursu]1 v]s4 #e1 #f4 ,!re is no m]cy on acc\nt ( ! ,cov5ant1 = ,israel is no m ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,!y %all n1 h[ev]1 be altoge!r de/roy$2 b ! de/ruction ( ! s9ful mass %all be accompani$ by ! pres]vation ( a small numb] ( ! godly1 v]s4 #g-aj4 ,?is great sift+ is foll[$1 h[ev]1 by ! re/oration2 ! tab]nacle ( ,david :i* is fall51 ! k+dom ( ,god among ,israel1 connect$ ) ! family ( ,david1 %all be rais$ up aga91 v]4 #aa2 r5d]$ glori\s by its ext5sion ov] ! hea!n1 v]4 #ab2 & bless$ ) ! abundance ( ! div9e gifts1 v]s4 #ab-ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]4 #a4 ,i saw ! ,"l /&+ ov] ! alt>2 & ,he said1 ,smite ! *apit]1 & make ! ?re%olds tremble1 & break !m ^u ! heads ( all2 & ,i w kill _! remnant by ! sword3 he t flee? away ( !m %all n flee away1 & he t escape? ( !m %all n be deliv]$4 ,! pr9cipal "q :i* "h arises is3--,:o is "h address$1--to :om is ! commission ( de/ruction giv5 by ! ,"l8 ,z1 9 accordance ) ! dramatic "* ( ! prophetical disc\rse1 ! p]son is n m def9itely m>k$ out1 we c ?9k ( ,him only :o1 ?r\gh\t1 executes ,god's judgm5ts ^u ! enemies ( ,8 k+dom4 ,b ,he is ! same to :om ! pres]vation & protection ( ! true memb]s ( ,8 k+dom are committ$1 viz41 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,x 0 ,he1 :o1 z 1 ! de/roy+ ,angel1 smote ! fir/-born ( ,egypt1 ,exod4 xii4 #b1 #c1 comp>$ ) #ab1 #ac4 ,x 0 f ,him t ! de/ruction ( ! ,pg #cfd ,assyrians proce$$1 #b ,k+s xix4 #cd1 #ce2 ,is4 xxxvii4 #ce1 #cf4 ,aft] ! numb]+ ( ,israel1 :5 ! ang] ( ! ,"l 0 k9dl$ aga9/ !m1 x 0 ,he :o inflict$ ! puni%m5t1 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a1 #ae1 #af4 ,z ,he encampe? r\nd ab\t !m :o fe> ! ,"l1 s ,he is1 9 reg>d to ! ungodly1 l ! w9d :i* c>ries away ! *aff1 ,ps4 xxxiv4 #h1 xxxv4 #e1 #f4--;,9 opposition to ! objection rais$ by ,baur1--,t1 ) ! exception ( ! passage 9 ,is4 vi41 n[h]e1 9 ! books compos$ be=e ! ,*aldee p]iod1 d angels appe> to act z m$iators 9 ! execution ( ! div9e comm&s1--x is suffici5t to ref] to ,joel iv4 7iii47 #i-aa1 &1 z reg>ds ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 to ,hosea xii4 #e 7#d74 ,b we h1 9 addition1 a special reason = ?9k+ "h ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,?is is af=d$ to u by ! n9? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 :i* mu/ be consid]$1 ?r\gh\t1 z a fur!r expansion ( ! v]se "u consid]ation1 & z ! olde/ & mo/ tru/wor?y comm5t>y ^u x4 ,9 t *apt]1 !re appe> 7at ! comm& ( ! ,"l :o is ab\t to av5ge ! apo/asy ( ,8 p7 ! s]vants ( ,8 ju/ice--six 9 numb]--& 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 a man clo!d ) l952--! =m]1 ) in/rum5ts ( de/ruction2 ! latt]1 ) writ+ mat]ials4 ,!y /ep 7! sc5e is 9 ! temple7 by ! side ( ! braz5 alt>4 ,?i!r !re comes to !m out ( ! holy ( holies1 to ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 ! glory ( ! ,"l1 & gives to ,him :o is clo!d ) l95 ! commission to pres]ve ! fai?ful1 :ile ! o!rs receive a commission to de/roy ! ungodly1 )\t m]cy4 ,b n[1 ,:o is ! man clo!d 9 l958 ,none o!r ?an ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,?is appe>s f ,daniel x4 #e1 xii4 #f1 #g1 :]e ,mi*ael ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 7comp>e ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 p4 #ace ff47 is designat$ 9 ! same way1--a rem>kable co9cid5ce 9 ^! two contempor>y prophets1 to :i* we omitt$ to direct att5tion 9 our "w on ,daniel4 ,x is fur!r evid5t f ! subject itself4 ,! dress is t ( ! e>?ly high prie/ 7,!odoret rem>ks3 ,! dress ( ! sev5? is t ( ! high prie/1 = he 0 n "o ( ! de/roy]s1 b ! r$eem] ( ^? :o 7 wor?y ( salvation72 comp>e ,lev4 xvi4 #d1 #bc4 ,x is especially f ! =m] ( ^! passages t ! plural is to be acc\nt$ =4 ,accord+ to x1 ! v>i\s p>ts ,pg #cfe ( ! high prie/'s dress are ( l954 ,b ! heav5ly ,m$iator1 ,high ,prie/1 & ,int]cessor1 is ! ,angel ( ! ,"l2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,ze*4 i4 #ab1 :]e ,he makes int]cession = ! ,cov5ant-p1 & ! ,"l answ]s ,him ) good & com=table words4 ,conc]n+ ! e>?ly high prie/ z a type ( ,*ri/1 & h5ce a type ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 iii4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t ,he :o is clo!d ) l95 is commission$ solely = ! "w ( deliv]+ ! godly1 & h5ce /&s contra/$ ) ! six m9i/]s ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! are r to be consid]$ z be+ subord9ate to ,him1 z c>ry+ out ! "w ( de/ruction only by ,8 comm& & au?ority4 ,f ,him1 puni%m5t no less ?an salvation proce$s4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t = g5]al reasons4 ,! puni%m5t & deliv]ance h bo? ! same root1 ! same aim1 viz41 ! advancem5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,we _c by any means ?9k ( evil angels 9 ! case ( ! six2 su* c\ld be assum$ only 9 opposition to ! :ole doctr9e ( ,scripture on ! po9t1 :i* is always consi/5t 9 ascrib+ ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ to ! good angels1 & ! temptation ( ! godly1 ) ! p]mission ( ,god1 to ! evil angels4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we h only to ?9k ( ,job's trial1 ( ,*ri/'s temptation1 & ( ! angel ( ,satan by :om ,paul 0 buffet$4 ,?is subject has already be5 v well treat$ by ,ode1 :o1 9 8 "w ,de ,angelis1 p4 #gda ff41 says3 ,god s5ds good angels to puni% wick$ m51 & ,he employs evil angels to *a/5 ! godly4#a ,b if ?is be e/abli%$1 x is !n e/abli%$ at ! same "t1 t ! judgm5t "h belongs to ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,= to ,him1 z ! ,pr9ce ( ! heav5ly ho/1 all inf]ior angels are subord9ate1 s t ev]y?+ ,pg #cff :i* !y d belongs to ,him4--,to ^! g5]al reasons1 we may1 h[ev]1 add special reasons :i* are altoge!r decisive4 ,t ,he :o is clo!d ) l95 is closely connect$ ) ! six1 is indicat$ by ! numb] sev54 ,he also appe>s at ! side ( ! alt>1 & comes 9 ! mid/ ( ! o!rs1 :o foll[ aft] ,him1 v]4 #b4 ,b ( conclusive significance are ! words 9 *ap4 x4 #b & #g3 ,& ! ,"l spake unto ! man clo!d ) l951 & said1 ,g 9 betwe5 ! :eels "u ! *]ubim1 & fill ,?9e h& ) coals ( fire f betwe5 ! *]ubim1 & scatt] !m ov] ! city4 ,& ,he w5t 91 9 my sight4 ,& a *]ub /ret*$ =? 8 h& f betwe5 ! *]ubim1 unto ! fire t 0 betwe5 ! *]ubim1 & took1 & put x into ! h&s ( ,him :o 0 clo!d ) l954 ,& ,he took x & w5t out4 ,! fire "h is n ! symbolical designation ( wra?1 b natural fire2 = x is ! sett+ on fire & burn+ ( ! city :i* is "h to be prefigur$4 ,! :eels d5ote ! natural p[]s1--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! w9d1 *ap4 x4 #ac1 b ! fire also2 :ile ! *]ubim d5ote ! liv+ creation4 ,! ,angel ( ! ,"l is "h expressly designat$ z ,he :o execute? ! judgm5ts ( div9e ju/ice4 ,! importance ( ! prec$+ inve/igation ext5ds beyond ! m]e cle>+ up ( ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,we h "h obta9$ ! ,old ,te/am5t f\ndation = ! ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e1 t all judgm5t has be5 committ$ to ! ,son1 :ile ! h>mony ( ! two ,te/am5ts is exhibit$ 9 a rem>kable in/ance4 ,comp>e ) ! already cit$ ,old ,te/am5t decl>ations1 su* passages z ,matt4 xiii4 #da3 1 1 & xxv4 #ca3 1 ' 1 4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ ( ! id5tity ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l & ,*ri/ 7comp>e above1 p4 #ajg sqq4 & ,comm5t>y on ,rev4 i4 p4 #dff71 we may fur!r direct att5tion to ! fact t ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 :o meets u ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 sudd5ly disappe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t to ,*ri/ all is ascrib$ :i* 0 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t attribut$ to ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,pg #cfg ,a second important "q is3--,:at is to be und]/ood by ! alt>1 8 ,sev]al int]pret]s adopt ! op9ion ( ,cyril1 & ?9k ( ! alt> at ,be!l1 or "s o!r idolatr\s alt> 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,o!rs 7e4g41 ,m>ckius7 are ( op9ion t ! article /&s "h )\t mean+1 & t x is ! int5tion ( ! prophet only to repres5t ,god z appe>+ on "s alt>1 leav+ x undet]m9$ on :i*1 9 ord] !reby to indicate t ,he requir$ ! blood ( _m m54 ,b aga9/ su* expositions ! article is conclusive4 ,! alt> c be t alt> only1 ( :i* e "o w\ld ?9k1 if an alt> 1 & )\t a m def9ite designation1 7 spok5 (4 ,su* 0 ! braz5 alt>1 or alt> ( burnt-(f]+ 9 ! out] c\rt ( ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,t x 0 ?is alt>1 & n ! alt> ( inc5se be=e ! holy ( holies1 :i* receiv$1 9 ! common language ( ! p1 ! "n ( ! alt>1 is easily expla9$ f ! circum/ance t x /ood 9 a mu* clos] relation to ! p ?an did ! o!r :i* 0 )drawn f _! view4 ,on ?is alt> all ! sacrifices 7 (f]$1 & x mu/1 ?r\gh\t1 be und]/ood1 :5 ! alt> ( ! ,"l is spok5 (2 comp>e rem>ks on ,rev4 vi4 #i4 ,b t :i* removes all d\bt is ! comp>ison ) ! p>allel passage 9 ,ezekiel4 ,!re1 ! sc5e is ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,! m9i/]s ( ju/ice /ep beside ! braz5 alt>4 ,at ! ?re%old ( ! temple-build+ prop]1 ! glory ( ! ,"l moves t[>d !m4 ,?is p>allel passage1 moreov]1 does n leave any d\bt z to ! reason :y ! ,"l appe>s "h beside ! alt>4 ,j]ome rem>ks on ?is3 ,!y are introduc$ /&+ beside ! alt>1 ready = ! ord] ( _! comm&]2 s t !y "k e "o ^: s9s are n =giv51 & :o is liable1 !re=e1 to ! s5t5ce ( ! ,"l1 & to de/ruction4 ,! ,"l's appe>+ beside ! alt> is a visible repres5tation ( ! tru?1 t :]esoev] ! c>case is1 !re w ! eagles be ga!r$ toge!r4 ,! alt> is ! place ( transgression2 x is !re t !re lies accumulat$ ! unexpiat$ guilt ( ! :ole nation1 in/ead ( ! ri* treasure ( love & fai?1 :i* alone %\ld be !re1 embodi$ 9 ! sacrifice4 ,! ,"l appe>s at ! place ( transgression1 9 ord] t ,he may be glorifi$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ^? :o w\ld n glorify ,him 9 _! lives4 ,pg #cfh--,n[ sev]al int]pret]s 7e4g41 ,mi*aelis71 :o h correctly def9$ ! mean+ ( ! alt>1 w\ld inf] f ! m5tion ( ! temple at ,j]usalem1 t ! :ole prophecy ref]s to ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,b su* an assumption is altoge!r inadmissible4 ,ev5 ! g5]al reason1 t a prophecy :i* ref]s exclusively to ,judah _c be at all expect$ f a prophet :o _h receiv$ 8 special mission to ,israel1 militates aga9/ x4 ,fur!r1--,! close ( ?is prophecy1 ! proclamation ( salvation1 belongs1 z we h already prov$1 to ! :ole collection4 ,if ?is be ref]r$ to ,judah alone1 !re is !n an ess5tial elem5t awant+ 9 t portion :i* is address$ to ,israel2 we %\ld !n h judgm5t )\t m]cy1 ?reat5+ )\t consolation1--a ?+ :i* c\ld n well be conceiv$ (1 & w\ld be )\t analogy 9 any ( ! prophets4 ,to ?is we mu/ fur!r add ! express ref]5ces1 or co-ref]5ces to ,israel ?r\gh\t ! :ole *apt]1--su* z ! m5tion ( ,c>mel 9 v]4 #c2 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 9 v]4 #g2 ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 9 v]4 #h2 ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 9 v]4 #i2 ( 1 9 v]4 #aa2 ( ,my p ,israel1 9 v]4 #ad4 ,! :ole assumption ( an exclusive ref]5ce to ,judah owes its orig9 to ! circum/ance1 t features :i* are only symbolical h be5 errone\sly int]pret$ z actual4 ,b if !y be view$ & expla9$ z symbols1 e reason = d5y+ ! ref]5ce to ,israel is !n at once remov$4 ,! temple symbolizes ! k+dom ( ,god2 its fall+ d[n ^u ! p is symbolical ( ! puni%m5t :i* is inflict$ ^u !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is k+dom4 ,! de/ruction ( ! temple 9 ! lit]al s5se is n1 prim>ily1 spok5 (2 al?\gh ! latt]1 x is true1 be insep>able f ! =m]4 ,if ! ,cov5ant-p 9 g5]al 7 outw>dly desecrat$1 because !y _h desecrat$ !mselves inw>dly1 !n also ! outw>d sanctu>y :i* !y _h1 by _! wick$ness1 conv]t$ into a d5 ( ?ieves1 0 tak5 f !m2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,dan4 ix4 #bg4 ,if ,israel !n1 at t "t1 /ill belong$ to ! k+dom ( ,god 7& ?is c c]ta9ly n be d\bt$1 & is suffici5tly prov$ by ! v mission ( our prophet to ,israel71 !re exi/s no reason at all = exclud+ x4 ,= ,israel also1 ! temple at ,j]usalem =m$ ! seat & c5tre f :i* x 0 gov]n$1--! place f :i* bless+s & puni%m5ts ,pg #cfi proce$$4 ,! prophet inde$1 at ! v op5+ ( 8 prophecies1 describes ! ,"l z ro>+ f ,zion1 & utt]+ ,8 voice f ,j]usalem4 ,on ! alt> at ,j]usalem ! crimes ( ,israel 7 deposit$1 no less ?an ^? ( ,judah2 = !re 0 ! place :]e ! p ( bo? k+doms 7 to deposit ! embodi$ expression ( _! godly disposition4 ,x 0 !re1 !n1 t1 9 reality1 ! fruits ( ! opposite 7 ly+1 al?\gh1 z reg>ds ! place1 !y 7 (f]$ else:]e4--,s mu* inde$ is c]ta91 t ! co-ref]5ce to ,judah is necess>ily requir$ by ! symbolical repres5tation4 ,! rejection ( ,israel alone c\ld n be symboliz$ by ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,& no less does ?is appe> f ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation4 ,= ?is does n by any means promise ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,davidic dom9ion among ! p ( ,israel1 b ! re/oration ( ! entire fall5 ,davidic gov]nm5t4 ,! tab]nacle ( ,david t is fall5 ref]s to ! de/roy$ temple4 ,bo? signify1 sub/antially1 ! same ?+4 ,) ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 ! ,davidic tab]nacle also fell2 & its fall includ$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel2 =1 9 ?is also1 ! ,davidic race _h /ill ! dom9ion de jure1 al?\gh x 0 susp5d$ de facto4 ,! passage "u consid]ation is rem>kable also1 inasmu* z x furni%es a pro( = ! cu/om ( designat+ ! k+dom ( ,god f its exi/+ seat & c5tre1 & ?us furni%es u1 = o!r passages also1 ) ! "r ( free+ ! ?\ght f ! figurative clo?+4 ,a fur!r reason aga9/ ref]r+ ! alt> to ! alt> at ,be!l1 is1 t ! latt] enjoy$ no su* pre-em95ce 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,! temple at ,be!l 01 to ! t5 tribes1 by no means :at ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 to ,judah4 ,! law reg>d+ ! unity ( ! place ( wor%ip 01 among ! t5 tribes1 reg>d$ z non-exi/+4 ,ev5 9 ! v]se imm$iately prec$+1 9 viii4 #ad1 ,dan & ,be]%eba _h be5 m5tion$ z ! *ief seats ( ! ,israeliti% wor%ip2 & 9 *ap4 iv4 #d1 ,gilgal appe>s beside ,be!l z possess+ ! same importance4 ,9 *ap4 v4 #e1 ,be!l1 ,gilgal1 & ,be]%eba are m5tion$ toge!r4 ,hosea1 9 *ap4 viii4 #aa1 reproves ,israel = hav+ made _m alt>s to s94 ,h5ce1 !re did n exi/ 9 ,israel an alt> 4 ,su* an alt> exi/$ only 9 ,pg #cgj ,judah4 ,nor _h ! sanctu>y at ,be!l su* importance1 z t x c\ld be consid]$ z ! spiritual abode ( ! :ole p4--,h(mann 7,weissagung u4 ,erfllung1 ,s4 #bjc7 raises ! foll[+ objection aga9/ ! ref]5ce to ! alt> at ,j]usalem3--,! prophet1 x is true1 reproves ! s9s 9 ,judah z well z ^? 9 ,israel2 b x is only to ! k+dom ( ,j]oboam t he ann\nces de/ruction1 :ile to ! h\se ( ,david he promises t ,jehovah w\ld raise x up f its fall5 condition4 ,b 9 opposition to ?is objection1 we ne$ only ref] to ii4 #e3 ,& ,i s5d fire 9 ,judah1 & x dev\rs ! palaces ( ,j]usalem4 ,passages su* z i4 #ad1 #ae1 ii4 #c1 absolutely =bid u to make an exception ( ! palace ( ! k+2 &1 by *ap4 vii4 #i1 :]e de/ruction is ann\nc$ to all ! sanctu>ies ( ,isaac1 we h z little w>rant = except+ ! temple4 ,to assume any su* exceptions1 w\ld be contr>y to ! analogy ( all o!r ?reat5+s4 ,h(mann fur!r objects 7l4 c4 ,s4 #bjd71 ,z ! ?reat5+ ann\ncem5t ( ! prophet _h la/ rema9$ susp5d$ ov] ,israel1 we are at lib]ty to ?9k ( ! alt> at ,be!l only4 ,b already1 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 all ,israel is address$1 accord+ to v]4 #a2 & we may fur!r ref] to v4 #be1 :]e likewise ,israel c mean only ! :ole p1#b :ile 9 vi4 #a1 ,judah is expressly m5tion$ beside ,israel4 ,! prophet employs1 ?r\gh\t1 ! "n ( ,israel ) a c]ta9 ambiguity2 s t x w\ld be va9 to attempt to det]m9e :e!r x be us$ 9 ! wid]1 or 9 ! m limit$ s5se4 ,:]ev] he wi%es to be di/9ctly und]/ood z speak+ ( ! t5 tribes1 he speaks ( ,joseph & ,sam>ia4 ,/ill less w\ld ! prophet h employ$ ! names ( ,jacob 7iii4 #ac1 vi4 #h1 vii4 #b1 #f7 & ( ,isaac 7vii4 #i1 #af71 :i* 7 q uncommon z a designation ( ! t5 tribes1#c ,pg #cga if x _h be5 ( importance1 & int5tional on 8 "p /rictly to sep>ate ! b\nd>ies ( ,judah f ^? ( ,israel1 &1 if !re 7 n ev]y:]e "h1 only a special application to ! t5 tribes ( t :i* conc]n$ ! :ole :o 7 connect$ by a common fate4 ,b x is especially suitable1 t j ! close ( ! :ole %\ld1 9 a rem>kably di/9ct mann]1 br+ into view ! two k+doms1 ! de/9ies ( :i* 7 s intimately connect$4--,hitzig1 fur!r1 ) a view to fav\r ! ref]5ce to ! temple 9 ,be!l1 adduces ! consid]ation t ?is vision is connect$ ) ! close ( viii4 #ad1 & =ms a k9d ( explanation ( x4 ,b we h "h an entirely new beg9n+1 j z 9 *ap4 viii4 9 its relation to *ap4 vii4 ,! ?ree visions are altoge!r indep5d5t (1 & co-ord9ate ) ea* o!r4-- ) is commonly us$ ( a prom95t position at ! side (3 ,g54 xviii4 #b2 #a ,sam4 iv4 #bj2 comp>e ) #a ,k+s xiii4 #a4 ,9 ,ezek4 ix4 #a also1 ! angels /& at ! side ( ! braz5 alt>1 c1 ( c\rse1 nev] signify to be susp5d$4-- is a species ( ornam5t at ! top ( ! pill>s2 & 1 ! ?re%olds1 are contra/$ ) ea* o!r1 9 ord] to give expression to ! ?\ght t ! build+ 0 to be %ak51 & de/roy$ f ! highe/ "p ( x to ! l[e/1--f ! top to ! bottom4 ,! %ak+ ( ! ?re%olds occurs also 9 ,is4 vi4 to d5ote t ! %ak+ ext5d$ to ! deepe/ f\ndations4 ,! great] numb] ( int]pret]s translate3 ,/rike ! knop s t 444 tremble1 etc42 b ! mu/ be view$ r z co-ord9ate ) 3 ,& !y may tremble1 equival5t to ,make to tremble4--,! suffix 9 ref]s to ! knops & ?re%old1 or to ! entire build+1 :i* is m>k$ out by ! contra/ ( ! highe/ & l[e/ portions4 ,accord+ to ,ewald & ,umbreit1 x is int5d$ to ref] to ! da%$ pieces ( ! alt>2 b no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! alt>4 ,9 ,ezek4 ix4 #b likewise1 ! alt> is m5tion$1 n because x 0 to be de/roy$1 b only because !re ! guilt is heap$ up4 ,! ca/+ d[n does n1 9 itself1 imply ! break+1 da%+ into pieces2 x does s only by its be+ connect$ ) ! foll[+ 4 ,! passage 9 ,j]4 xlix4 #bj is analog\s3 ,he %all make _! habitation desolate ov] !m2 in/ead (3 ,he %all ?us make x desolate t !y are buri$ b5ea? its ru9s2 ,pg #cgb comp>e ,j]4 l4 #de4 1 prop]ly und]/ood1 does n mean ^u ! head2 ! head is r repres5t$ z ! receptacle ( ! tumbl+ ru9s2 !y fall into _! heads & cru% !m2 comp>e ,ps4 vii4 #ag4 ,9 :at prec$es1 !re is no def9ite n\n to :i* ref]s4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! dramatic "* ( ! :ole repres5tation :i* arises necess>ily f ! op5+ phrase3 ,i saw4 ,! same reason acc\nts = ! peculi>ity ( be+ employ$ )\t any designation ( p]son4 ,9 8 inw>d vision1 ! prophet sees ! :ole p assembl$ be=e ! ,"l at ! ?re%old ( ! temple4 ,! ,"l appe>s be=e him z ! judge1 at ! place ( ! transgressions1 at ! side ( ! alt>4 ,at ,8 comm&1 ! :ole assembl$ multitude are buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! temple4 ,f ?is also x is evid5t t a de/ruction ( ! temple 9 a lit]al s5se _c be ent]ta9$2 = h[ c\ld a :ole p be buri$ "u its ru9s8 ,! same appe>s also f at ! comm5cem5t4 ,?is1 !n1 %[s t we h "h be=e u a symbolical repres5tation1 correspond+ altoge!r to t :i* we h 9 vii4 #a1 #d1 #g1 viii4 #a4 ,hi!rto1 ! ,"l speak+ to "s "o1 _h giv5 him ! commission ( de/ruction4 ,he n[ cont9ues )3 ,i w kill4 ,?is also %[s t ! "o :o is address$ is ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,! same occurr5ce takes place 9 ! great] numb] ( ! passages 9 :i* ! ,angel ( ! ,"l is spok5 (4 ,9 ! action !re is con/ant alt]nation2 x is ascrib$1 at "o "t to ,him1 at ano!r1 to ,jehovah4--,sev]al int]pret]s 7,m>ckius1 ,de ,wette1 ,rck]t1 & o!rs7 expla9 by po/]ity2 o!rs1 aft] ! example ( ! ,*aldee 771 by remnant2 & o!rs1 by l[e/ ( ! p4 ,we mu/ "h ent] into a clos] exam9ation ( ! significations ( ?is ^w4 ,x is commonly suppos$ 7comp>e ,ges5ius & ,w9]7 t1 prim>ily & prop]ly1 x signifies ! la/ & extreme "p1 & !n ! end4 ,b t :i* is suppos$ to be ! d]iv$ signification is r ! orig9al & prop] "o4 ,! =m ( ! ^w _c furni% any reason :y ?is %\ld n be ! case1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 rem>k$ by ,ewald3 ,z ! fem99e t]m9ation1 9 g5]al1 =ms ab/ract n\ns1 s also1 n unfrequ5tly1 ab/ract n\ns are d]iv$ f o!r n\ns1 by means ( ! t]m9ation 2 v frequ5tly !re is no ,pg #cgc mascul9e 9 at all at ! f\ndation1 b s]ves1 9 g5]al1 only z ! sign ( d]ivation4 ,! foll[+ reasons prove t ! signification end is ! prim>y & prop] "o4 #a4 ,if ! contr>y 7 ! case1 ! mascul9e w\ld also occur1 & ! fem99e w\ld be met ) z an adjective also4 #b4 =ms ! con/ant anti!sis to 2 b x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! =m] is1 orig9ally & prop]ly1 an ab/ract n\n1 & signifies beg9n+4 ,! signification end mu/ !n be reta9$ "h also4 ,! ^w nev] has ano!r signification 7comp>e my "w on ,balaam1 p4 #dfe ff472 x means only end 9 ,its v>i\s relations4 ,b ! po/]ity _c "h be ?\ght ( z ! end2 = ! :ole action is conc5trat$ 9 "o po9t ( "t4 ,nor is ! ^w ev] us$ 9 ! s5se ( po/]ity4 ,) z little propriety c end mean ! l[e/ ( ! p2 = "o _c see :y j ^! %\ld be giv5 up to ! sword4 ,end1 "h1 r d5otes remnant1--all ^? :o1 at ! ov]?r[ ( ! temple1 might escape4 ,^!1 ! ,"l w pursue ) ! sword4 ,!y :o 7 buri$ "u ! temple are ! beg9n+1 2 ! latt] are ! 1 end4 ,correspond+ to ! %ak+ ( ! temple f ! knops to ! ?re%olds1 ! ?\ght is express$ 9 ?is mann]1 t f ! fir/ to ! la/1 !y %\ld be subject$ to ! div9e puni%m5t4 ,an impli$ anti!sis ( q ! same k9d1 ( to occurs also ,9 iv4 #b 7:]e ,de ,wette & ,rck]t h likewise mi/ak5 ! s5se71 & 9 viii4 #aj4--,on ! la/ words ( ! v]se1 :i* are to be consid]$ z a fur!r explanation (1 ,_! end1 or remnant1 ,i w kill by ! sword1 ,cocceius rem>ks3 ,?is slaught] becomes ! m ?or\gh1 inasmu* z ev5 !y :o flee1 or seem$ to h fl$1 are n exclud$ f x4 ,! second memb] seems to contradict ! fir/2 = if none be all[$ to flee away1 h[ c any h escap$8 ,sev]al ,int]pret]s h be5 !reby induc$ to give to ! v]b ! fir/ "t1 ! signification to escape1--! second "t1 to flee4 ,b ! contradiction is q simil> to t :i* occurs 9 ! prec$+ context also1 :5 all are da%$ to pieces by ! ru9s1 & yet a remnant is spok5 (4 ,x soon disappe>s :5 we consid] t x ,is ! int5tion ( ! prophet to cut (f e possible way ( escape1 by :i* c>nal security endeav\r$ to save ,pg #cgd & pres]ve itself aga9/ ! impression ( 8 disc\rse--t x is equival5t to3 ,all %all be buri$ "u ! ru9s1 & al?\gh "s %\ld succe$ 9 escap+ f ?is k9d ( de/ruction1 yet ! sword ( div9e v5geance w\ld be beh9d !m1 & slay !m2 flight %all n be possible to any man2 & ev5 al?\gh x might be to "s1 x w\ld be ( no avail to !m1 = ,god w\ld be _! p]secutor4 ,b ano!r app>5t contradiction mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,ev5 "h1 ! de/ruction is mo/ emphatically describ$ z be+ q g5]al2 z su*1 x is m9utely repres5t$ ins v]s4 #b-d4 ,"o _c fail to see h[ anxi\s ! prophet is to cut (f1 f e individual1 ! idea ( ! possibility ( an escape4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ann\nc$ 9 v]4 #h1 t ! h\se ( ,jacob %all n be utt]ly de/roy$2 accord+ to v]4 #i1 all ! godly %all be pres]v$2 accord+ to v]4 #aj1 ! judgm5t is to be limit$ to ! s9n]s f among ! p1--a limitation :i* is also presuppos$ by ! description 9 ! #aa? & subsequ5t v]ses4 ,9 iii4 #ab1 ! pres]vation ( a small remnant amid/ ! g5]al de/ruction _h be5 promis$4 ,! great] numb] ( int]pret]s1 9 ord] to reconcile ?is app>5t contradiction1 assume an hyp]bole 9 v]s4 #a-d4 ,b ?is assumption is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is great copi\sness1--! reason :y ! prophet repres5ts ! same ?\ght 9 aspects s v>i\s1--is evid5tly to prev5t e idea ( an hyp]bole1--to %[ t ! words are to be tak5 9 all _! /rictness ( mean+4 ,b ! limitation may be arriv$ at1 & effect$ 9 a diff]5t1 & legitimate way4 ,!re is1 9 ! nature ( ungodl9ess1 a levity :i* flatt]s e individual ) ! hope ( escape1 ev5 al?\gh a ?reat5$ g5]al calamity %\ld take place4 ,all ! possibilities ( deliv]ance are s\ght aft] 9 su* a disposition ( m9d1 & are1 by imag9ation1 easily *ang$ into probabilities & realities1 because j t is want+ :i* proves !m to be improbable & unreal1 viz41 ! consci\sness ( a liv+1 omnipot5t ,god4 ,?us m5 free !mselves f fe>1 & ) x1 f ! tr\blesome obligation ( escap+ f x 9 ano!r & a legitimate way1 viz41 by true conv]sion4 ,n[1 x is ?is levity :i* ! prophet opposes4 ,he %[s t :atev] possibility ( deliv]ance su* levity may dream (1 x nev] w\ld become a reality1 & ?is ,pg #cge = ! simple reason1 t !y _h n to deal ) human antagoni/s2 f !m an escape by human means w\ld be possible1 h[ p[]ful & wise soev] !y might be4 ,b !y h to deal ) an omnipot5t ,god1 :o1 be+ also omnipres5t1 c arm all ,8 creatures aga9/ ,8 despis]s1 s t !y _c retreat to any place :]e ,he1 :o reigne? absolutely 9 heav5 & on e>?1 has n m9i/]s ( ,8 v5geance4 ,e ?\ght1 !n1 ( an escape by human means is "h cut (f4 ,b ) ?is1 e ?\ght ( deliv]ance 9 any way is tak5 f ! ungodly1 :o are told by _! own consci5ces t ,god w n deliv] !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same consid]ation c\ld n b adm9i/] consolation to ! godly4 ,if no "o1 %\ld he ev5 hide himself 9 heav51 c escape f ,god ! ,av5g]1 !n no "o1 7 he ev5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 enemies1 & 7 ! sword ev5 already lift$ up aga9/ him1 c be lo/ f ,god ! ,deliv]]4--,ano!r "q has be5 ask$1 :i* relates to ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t4 ,x goes j z f> z ! ?\ght :i* lies at its f\ndation3 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?2 !re=e ,i %all visit ^u y all y\r transgressions4 ,^? int]pret]s :o ?9k exclusively ( ei!r ! ,assyrian1 or ! ,*aldean1 or ! ,roman de/ruction1 are1 9 ! same way1 p>tly "r & p>tly wrong1 at ! same "t4 ,all ^! ev5ts1 & o!rs besides1 belong ess5tially to "o :ole4 ,! diff]5ce z to "t & circum/ances is t :i* is uness5tial4 ,t a prophet _h exclusively 9 view any s+le "o f among ^? div9e manife/ations ( puni%m5t1 c be ass]t$1 only :]e he himself has giv5 express decl>ations to su* an effect2 & ev5 !n1 ! prophecy is limit$ to t s+le ev5t1 z to its =m only3 its idea is n lo/ by ! s+le fulfilm5t4 ,v]4 #b4 ,if !y break ?r\gh into hell1 f !nce ,my h& %all take !m2 if !y asc5d up into heav51 f !nce ,i w take !m d[n4 ,! ,future mu/ n1 ei!r "h1 or 9 :at foll[s1 be und]/ood z pot5tialis3 ,?\gh !y %\ld conceal !mselves2 b z ! real ,future3 ,if !y are to conceal !mselves4 ,t ) ! ,future is us$ only de re dubia1 z ,w9] ass]ts1 is z errone\s z to ass]t t1 ) ! ,pret]ite1 ,pg #cgf x supposes ! condition z exi/+4 ,! correct view has be5 already giv5 by ,ges5ius 9 ! ,!saurus4 ,by suppos+ ! possibility ( a condition1 impossible 9 reality1 ! d5ial ( ! consequ5ce becomes s mu* ! m emphatic & expressive4 ,t su* a supposition is made "h1 is evid5t f v]4 #d1 :]e ! prophet passes ov] to ! t]ritory ( actual possibility1 & :]e1 !re=e1 we _c translate3 ,?\gh !y %\ld g4 ,su* a supposition is1 9 g5]al1 v frequ5t4 ,x occurs1 e4g41 ,matt4 v4 #bi1 :]e ,?olu* 7,comm5t4 on ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt7 has be5 l$ v f> a/ray f ! "r und]/&+ ( 1 4441 by ov]look+ ?is usus loqu5di4 ,we are n inde$ at lib]ty to translate1 ,?\gh ?y "r eye %\ld (f5d !e2 b x mu/ be decid$ by o!r argum5ts1 :e!r ! condition "h suppos$ be "o really possible2 & ^! argum5ts %[ t x is only = ! sake ( great] emphasis t !re has "h be5 suppos$ z possible1 :at is impossible4--,heav5 & ,%eol =m a con/ant contra/ betwe5 ! highe/ height & ! l[e/ dep?4 ,f a m]ely imag9$ possibility1 ! prophet desc5ds to ! real "o4 ,if1 !n1 ev5 ! =m] be n able to af=d protection1 because ,god's h& rea*es ev5 :]e "o has escap$ f> f any human p[]1 h[ mu* less ! latt]6-- ) ! ,accus4 signifies to break ?r\gh1 ,job xxiv4 #af2 ) 1 to make a hole 9 any?+2 ?us ,ezek4 viii4 #h1 xii4 #g1 #ab 7 1 to make a hole 9 ! wall74 ,^! p>allel passages %[ t ! ,%eol mu/ be conceiv$ ( z be+ surr\nd$ ) /rong walls1--by :i* is express$ its inaccessibility to all t is liv+4 ,! fundam5tal passage is 9 ,ps4 cxxxix4 #g1 #h3 ,:i!r %all ,i g f ,?y ,_s1 & :i!r %all ,i flee f ,?y pres5ce8 ,if ,i asc5d up into heav54 ,?\ art !re2 if ,i make my b$ 9 hell1 behold1 ,?\ art !re4 ,david does n "h speak 9 8 own p]son1 b 9 t ( 8 :ole race4 ,! ,psalm is an indirect exhortation to 8 successors on ! ?rone1 & at ! same "t to ! p4 ,if y are wick$1 s he "h addresses !m1 y c nev] hope to escape f ! puni%+ h& ( ! ,almighty4 ,& s9ce !y h become wick$1 ! words ( ,david h acquir$ new emphasis4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& if !y hide !mselves on ! top ( ,c>mel1 ,pg #cgg f !nce ,i w se>* & take !m out2 & if !y hide !mselves f ,my sight 9 ! bottom1 ( ! sea1 f !nce ,i w comm& ! s]p5t1 & he bites !m4 ,! "q "h is3--,:y is ,c>mel specially m5tion$8 ,int]pret]s rem9d u ( ! num]\s caves ( ?is m\nta91 :i* make x peculi>ly suitable = concealm5t4 ,o4 ,f4 von ,ri*t]1 9 ! ,wallfahrt5 im ,morg5l&e1 ,s4 #fe1 rem>ks on ?is po9t3 ,! caves are extremely num]\s 9 ,c>mel1 especially on ! we/ side4 ,x is said t !re are m ?an a ?\s&1 & t !y 7 inhabit$ 9 anci5t times by monks1 to :om1 h[ev]1 _! orig9 _c be ascrib$4 ,9 "o "p ( ! m\nta91 call$ '! caves ( ! memb]s ( ! ord]s1' #djj are f\nd beside ea* o!r4 ,f>!r d[n 9 ! h>d lime/one m\nta91 !re is "o :i* is di/+ui%$ by its size1 ab\t #bj paces long1 & m ?an #ae broad & high4 ,details /ill m accurate are giv5 by ,s*ulz 9 ! ,leitung5 des ,h*/51 ,?4 #e1 ,s4 #ahf1 #cjc4 ,accord+ to him1 ! road is pure rock1 & v smoo?1 & s crook$1 t ^? go+ be=e _c see ^? :o foll[ !m4 ,:5 we 7 only t5 paces di/ant f ea* o!r1 we he>d ea* o!r's voices1 inde$1 b 7 invisible to ea* o!r1 on acc\nt ( ! w9d+ ways made 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]v5+ by-hills4444 ,ev]y:]e !re are caves1 & _! m\?s are (t5 s small t only "o man c creep ?r\gh at a "t2 ! approa*es to !m are s s]p5t9e1 t he :o is pursu$ may escape f 8 pursu]1 & /ep into su* a small op5+1 ( :i* !re are frequ5tly ?ree or f\r beside ea* o!r1 be=e 8 pursu] is aw>e ( x4 ,h5ce1 if any "o %\ld hide himself !re1 x is exce$+ly difficult1 yea1 ev5 impossible = ! eyes ( man to discov] him :o is pursu$4 ,b ?is circum/ance alone does n exhau/ ! case1 ev5 if we /ill fur!r add t ! m\nta9 0 !n1 z x is n[ 7,ri*t]1 ,s4 #ff71 cov]$ ) trees & %rubb]ies up to ! summit4 ,! expression1 ,9 ! top1 mu/ n be ov]look$1 & ! less s1 s9ce x /&s 9 evid5t anti!sis to ! bottom ( ! sea1--l ! contra/ ( height & dep? 9 ! prec$+ v]se4 ,heav5 & hell are repres5t$ on e>? by ! top ( ,c>mel1 & ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! height ( ,c>mel mu/1 !re=e1 come also into consid]ation4 ,?is1 x is true1 is n v great2 ,buck+ham ,pg #cgh e/imat$ x at #aejj feet 7v4 ,raum]1 ,s4 #dj72 b ! prophet *ose ,c>mel 9 pref]5ce to o!r high] m\nta9s1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ity already /at$2 p>tly1 & especially1 on acc\nt ( its position 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! sea1 ov] :i* its summit hangs1 & :i* c be se5 to a great di/ance f x2 comp>e #a ,k+s xviii4 #dc1 #dd4 ,( corporeal ?+s x holds true1 z x does ( spiritual ?+s1 t opposites1 plac$ beside ea* o!r1 become !reby m di/9ct4 ,a l[] elevation1 plac$ by ! side ( a dep?1 appe>s to ! unsci5tific eye to be mu* high] ?an ano!r :i* is really s4 ,moreov]1 ! position ( ,c>mel at ! extreme we/]n bord] ( ! k+dom ( ,israel mu/ also be consid]$4 ,he :o hides himself !re1 mu/ c]ta9ly be ignorant ( any saf] place 9 ! :ole c\ntry2 & if ev5 !n !re be no m security1 ! sea alone is left4-- occurs frequ5tly ) ! signification to bid1 to comm&4 ,! ^w is *os5 on purpose to %[1 h[ ev5 ! irrational creatures /& 9 ! s]vice ( ! omnipot5t ,god2 s t x requires only a ^w f ,him to make !m ! in/rum5ts ( ,8 v5geance4 ,t ! prophet _h a k ( a v dang]\s k9d ( sea-s]p5ts 7( :i* ,pl9y xix4 #d speaks71 ne$ n be suppos$ on acc\nt ( ! 4 ,t 0 n ( ! slighte/ consequ5ce "h4 ,9 v4 #ai ! s]p5t occurs 9 a p>ticul>iz+ repres5tation ( ! ?\ght t ,god is able to arm all nature aga9/ ,8 enemies3 ,z if a man flees f ! lion1 & a be> meets him2 & he comes home1 & leans 8 h& on ! wall1 & a s]p5t bites him--j ! opposite ( ! assurance t to ^? :o love ,god1 all ?+s %all "w toge!r = good4 ,s e>ly z 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #bd1 apo/ates are ?reat5$ ) ! poison ( ! s]p5ts ( ! du/1 besides ! tee? ( wild bea/s2 & :at ?is ?reat5+ impli$1 might h be5 well kn[n to ,israel f _! =m] hi/ory2 comp>e ,num4 xxi4 #f3 ,& ! ,"l s5t aga9/ ! p s]p5ts1 & !y bit ! p1 & mu* p ( ,israel di$1--a passage to :i* ,j]emiah alludes 9 *ap4 viii4 #ag1 :]e he says2 ,= behold ,i s5d aga9/ y s]p5ts1 basilisks1 aga9/ :i* !re is no *>m1 & !y bite y1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,x is v probable t to ?is ! prophet also alludes 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,pg #cgi ,v]4 #d4 ,& if !y g into captivity be=e _! enemies1 f !nce w ,i comm& ! sword1 & x slaye? !m2 & ,i set ,m9e eyes ^u !m = evil & n = good4 means ! /ate ( exile4 ,! circum/ance ( _! be+ c>ri$ into captivity might awak5 ! hope t m]cy w be grant$ to !m2 =1 accord+ to ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 he :o is c>ri$ away into captivity may be sure ( 8 life2 b no?+ c give security be=e ,god4 ,! la/ words are /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ,calv91 :o says3 ,!re is an anti!sis 9 ?is s5t5ce1 inasmu* z ,god _h promis$ t ,he w\ld be ! protector ( ,8 p4 ,b z hypocrites are always apt to appropriate to !mselves ! promises ( ,god1 )\t hav+ ei!r rep5tance or fai?1 ! prophet "h decl>es1 t ! eye ( ,god w\ld be ^u !m1 n to protect !m1 z 0 ,8 cu/om1 b r to add puni%m5ts to puni%m5ts4 ,& ?is s5t5ce is wor?y ( notice1 inasmu* z we are !reby rem9d$1 t al?\gh ! ,"l does by no means sp>e infidels4 ,he yet obs]ves u m closely 9 ord] to puni% u ! m sev]ely1 :5 ,he sees t we are utt]ly h>d5$ & incurable4 ,"u any circum/ances1 ! p ( ! ,"l cont9ue to be ! objects ( special att5tion4 ,!y are m ri*ly bless$2 b !y are also m sev]ely puni%$4 ,v]4 #e4 ,& ! ,"l1 ,jehovah1 ( ho/s1 :o t\*e? ! e>?1 & x melte?1 & all t dwell !re9 m\rn2 & x rise? up :olly l ! /ream1 & x s9ke? d[n z ! /ream ( ,egypt4 ,! prophet cont9ues to cut (f e false hope ) :i* levity flatt]s itself4 ,h[ c y ?9k to escape1 s9ce y h ! ,almighty ,god = y\r enemy6 ,! prophet1 rem>ks ,j]ome1 speaks ?us1 9 ord] to impress !m ) ! greatness ( div9e p[]1 t !y might n imag9e t ,he w\ld p]haps n d :at ,he _h ?reat5$1 or t ,8 p[] 0 n equal to ,8 w4 ,simil> descriptions ( ! div9e omnipot5ce1 z oppos$ to unbelief & weak fai?1 are v num]\s2 e4g41 iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 #bg2 ,is4 xl4 #bb1 xlv4 #ab4 ,we are n at lib]ty to translate3 ,& ! ,"l ,jehovah ( ho/s is ,he :o t\*e?4 ,x is r an abrupt mode ( spee*2 & !re mu/ be suppli$1 ei!r at ! beg9n+1 ,& :o is y\r enemy8 or at ! end1 ,he is y\r oppon5t4 ,pg #chj ,?is abruptness ( language is q 9 accordance ) ! subject1 & belongs1 moreov]1 to ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ,amos4 ,altoge!r simil> is v4 #g1 #h1 :]e ,israel & _! ,god are simply plac$ beside ea* o!r1 & e "o is left to conclude = himself h[ su* a ,god w\ld act t[>ds su* a p3 ,!y :o turn judgm5t to wormwood1 & ca/ righte\sness to ! e>?4 ,mak+ ! ,pleiades & ,orion1 & turn+ ! %ad[ ( dea? into ! morn+1 & mak+ ! day d>k ) night1 call+1 etc4 ,! accumulat$ appellations4 ,"l1 ,jehovah1 ( ho/s1 likewise s]ve to po9t out ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,! believ] accumulates ^! appellations 9 8 pray] 9 ord] to awak5 8 confid5ce & hope2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,is4 xxxvii4 #af1 :]e ,hezekiah beg9s 8 pray] to ! ,"l ?us3 ,jehovah1 ( ho/s1 ,god ( ,israel1 ,?\ :o art en?ron$ on ,*]ubim1 ,?\ art ,god alone = all ! k+doms ( ! e>?4 ,b ^! appellations are held up to ! unbeliev]s1 to ca/ d[n all _! hopes4 ,we h sep>at$1 ( ho/s1 f ! prec$+ appellation ( ,god by a comma4 ,ev] s9ce ,ges5ius1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,is4 i4 #i1 has ass]t$ t :5 connect$ ) ,jehovah1 mu/ be consid]$ z a ,g5itive dep5d+ ^u x1 8 view has be5 pretty g5]ally adopt$4 ,b x is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,! in/ances by :i* ,ges5ius endeav\rs to prove ! possibility ( su* a connection ( prop] names ) appellative names are n to ! po9t4 ,9 ,be?lehem ,jehudah x is only by a false int]pretation t ,jehudah is consid]$ z /&+ 9 ! /atus con/r4 ) ,be?lehem 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,mic4 v4 #a #b72 & ) reg>d to x is to be rem>k$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( its _m divisions1 loses ! nature ( a prop] "n4 ,! two words1 ,jehovah ,zebao?1 c no m be imm$iately connect$ ) ea* o!r ?an ,jehovah 7:i* is z p]fect a prop] "n z ev] exi/$7 ev] has1 or ev] c h1 ! article4 ,let u only consid] ! phrase 9 ,ps4 lxxx4 #ae1 & else:]e1 :]e a /atus con/r4 is out ( ! "q2 &1 fur!r1 ! fact t :]ev]1 z 9 ! case "u review1 ,adonai prec$es1 ! ,mazorets h always giv5 to ! po9ts ( b nev] ( 2 & let u1 f9ally1 consid] ! f> m frequ5t1 full expression1 7e4g41 iii4 #ac1 iv4 #ac1 v4 #ad71 & we %all be conv9c$1 t ev5 :]e ! ,pg #cha simple occurs1 n inde$ is simply to be suppli$ 7if su* 7 ! case1 :y is x t nev] occurs alone871 b t ! notion ( ! ,"l is to be tak5 f ! prec$+ designations ( ! sov]eignty ( ,god4 ,comp>e on ! rem>ks 9 my ,comm5t>y on ,ps4 xxiv4 #aj1 :]e ^? also are refut$ :o1 l ,maur] 79 8 ,comm5t4 on ,is4 i4 #i71 ma9ta9 t x _h simply become a "n ( ,god4--,! manife/ations ( ,god's omnipot5ce are1 aft] ! g5]al intimations ( x are giv51 j su* z might n[ be expect$2 comp>e viii4 #h4 ,! ,fut4 ) ,vav ,conv4 does n "h d5ote ! ,pa/1 ,& x melt$1 b only ! consequ5ce ( ! prec$+ action1 z cont9u\s z t3 ,:o t\*e? ! e>?1 & x melte?4 ,a dissolution ( ! e>? is to be ?\ght (1--simil> to t condition 9 :i* x 0 be=e ! days ( creation1 & simil> to its condition dur+ ! great flood4 ,su* a condition ( dissolution takes place also :5 ! e>? is visit$ by mighty k+s desir\s ( mak+ conque/s4 ,:o t\*e? ! e>?1 & x melte?1--! tru? ( ^! words ,israel _h fir/ to le>n by sad exp]i5ce :5 ! wild ho/s ( ,as%ur 7 p\r$ out ov] ! ,we/ ( ,asia4 ,! passage 9 ,ps4 xlvi4 #g is p>allel1 :]e x is said3 ,! hea!n rage1 k+doms are %ak52 ,he utt]e? ,8 voice 7:i* corresponds )1 ',:o t\*e? ! e>?1' 9 ! v]se be=e u71 & ! e>? melte?4 ,! 1 to melt1 to dissolve1 signifies1 9 t passage1 ! dissolv+ effect ( ! div9e judgm5ts1 ! in/rum5ts ( :i* are ! conqu]ors4 ,fur!r1--,ps4 lxx4 #d3 ,! e>? & all ! inhabitants !re( are melt$1--by ! success ( ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 ! e>? is1 z x 71 dissolv$1 & sunk back into ! *aotic /ate ( primitive "t4--,! words1 ,& x rise? up1 are to be expla9$ f ! fact t ! e>?1 *ang$ into a great /ream1 _c be di/+ui%$ f ! wat] :i* cov]s x4 ,! e>? rises up1 x is ov]fl[$1--! e>? s9ks d[n1 ! wat] subsides4 ,! la/ clause ( ! v]se mu/ n be translat$--z is done by ,ros5mll]1 ,ges5ius1 ,maur]--,x is ov]fl[$ z by ! /ream ( ,egypt4 ,?is explanation is unphilological1 & contr>y1 at ! same "t1 to ! p>allelism1 :i* requires t be1 bo? ! times1 und]/ood 9 ! same way4 ,! v]b means only to s9k1 to s9k d[n1 & is us$ ( ! subsid+ wat]1 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #ad2 ( ! subsid+ flame1 ,pg #chb ,num4 xi4 #b2 & ( a s9k+ t[n1 ,j]4 li4 #fd4 ,! la/ words ?us r conta9 ! opposite ( ! clause imm$iately prec$+4 ,b ! s9k+ does n1 by any means1 signify a fre$om f ! wat]s1 nor is x to be conceiv$ ( z rema9+4 ,all :i* is express$ is ! *ange only1--! ebb takes ! place ( ! flood1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is1 on ! dry l&1 a v sad condition4 ,! inundation is "h an emblem ( ho/ile ov]fl[+4 ,wat] is frequ5tly an emblem ( enemies2 comp>e ,ps4 xviii4 #ag1 cxliv4 #g4 ,ov]fl[+ /reams are emblematical ( ! cr[ds ( nations1 :o1 ) a view to conque/1 ov]fl[ ! :ole e>?4 ,is4 viii4 #g1 #h1 xvii4 #ab2 ,j]4 xlvii4 #b1 xlvi4 #g1 #h1 :]e ,egypt rises z ! ,nile1 j z1 9 ! case be=e u1 ! e>?2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t !re ! ris+ is an active1 :ile "h x is a passive "o3 ,:o is ?is :o rise? l ! ,nile1 ^: wat]s are mov$ z ! riv]s8 ,egypt rise? up l ! ,nile1 & 8 wat]s are mov$ l riv]s1 & he sai?1 ,i w g up & cov] ! e>?1 ,i w de/roy ! city & ! inhabitants !re(2 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #ad3 ,!n w ,i make s9k _! wat]s1 & cause _! riv]s to run l oil1 equival5t to3 ,! conqu]+ p[] ( ,egypt %all cease4 ,amos viii4 #h is a p>allel passage1 9 :i*1 aft] ! description ( ! prevail+ s91 x is said3 ,%all n ! e>? tremble = ?is1 & e "o m\rn t dwelle? !re98 ,& x rise? up :olly l ! ,nile1 & is agitat$1 & s9ke? d[n l ! ,nile ( ,egypt4 ,! e>?quake is ! symbol ( great revolutions1 by :i* t :i* is highe/ is turn$ upside d[n2 comp>e ,haggai ii4 #ba1 #bb3 ,i %ake ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ov]?r[ ! ?rone ( k+doms1 & de/roy ! /r5g? ( ! k+dom ( ! hea!n2 :ile ! ov]fl[+ is emblematical ( ho/ile inundation1 ( visitation by w>1 9 :i* ! ebb succe$s ! flood1 & vice v]sa4--,9 8 neglig5t mode ( writ+--:i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ?is book--! prophet wrote in/ead ( 1 correspond+ to ! 9 ! v]se "u consid]ation1 j z 9 ! same v]se he wrote in/ead ( 4 ,! ,mazorets1 :o ev]y:]e disreg>d$ ! peculi>ities ( ! individual writ]s1 h introduc$ ! common =m4 ,v]4 #f4 ,:o builde? ,8 upp] *amb]s 9 ! heav51 & ,8 vault--ov] ! e>? ,he f\nde? x3 :o calle? ! wat]s ,pg #chc ( ! sea1 & p\re? !m out ov] ! e>?--,jehovah ,8 "n4 ,t is "h equival5t to 1 upp] *amb]s 7comp>e #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #ag1 :]e occurs ) ! signification high place71 is put almo/ beyond any d\bt by ! p>allel passage1 ,ps4 civ4 #c3 ,:o frame? ) ! wat]s ,8 upp] *amb]s4 ,! fundam5tal passage is ,g54 i4 #g3 ,god made ! vault1 & divid$ betwe5 ! wat]s :i* are "u ! vault1 & ! wat]s :i* are above ! vault4 ,! wat]s1 viz41 ! upp] ones--?us we h rem>k$ 9 our comm5t>y on t passage f ! ,psalms--are ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! /ructure is re>$4 ,to con/ruct1 out ( ! moveable wat]s1 a firm palace1 ! cl\dy sky1 firm z a molt5 look+-glass 7,job xxxvii4 #ah71 is a magnific5t "w ( div9e omnipot5ce4 ,! palace ( cl\ds1 z ! upp] "p ( ! fabric ( ! univ]se1 gets ! "n upp] *amb]s ( ,god2 ! l[] "p is ! e>?4 ,z all ! o!r manife/ations ( div9e omnipot5ce 9 v]s4 #e1 #f1 are su* z are to be call$ into exi/5ce n[1 ! upp] *amb]s & ! vault w "h come into consid]ation1 9 s f> z f !nce ! torr5ts ( ra9 are p\r$ =?2 comp>e ,ps4 civ4 #ac1 accord+ to :i* ! ra9 come? f ! upp] *amb]s ( ,god2 & ,g54 vii4 #aa3 ,! same day broke =? all ! f\nta9s ( ! great flood 7! la/ memb] ( our v]se71 & ! w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$4 ,f ! upp] *amb]s ( ,god1 :5ce once1 at ! "t ( ! deluge1 ! natural ra9 came d[n1 ! ra9 ( affliction w n[ desc5d4---- already occurr$1 v]batim1 9 v4 #h4 /&s 9 ! same relation to 1 z 9 v]4 #e does to & is equival5t to3 ,^u ^: m]e ^w ! wat]s ( ! sea cov] ! surface ( ! e>?2 comp>e ,g54 vi4 #ag3 ,&1 behold1 ,i d br+ ! flood ( wat]s ^u ! e>?4 ,! sea is ! common emblem ( ! hea!n _w2 comp>e rem>ks on ,ps4 xciii41 civ4 #f-i4 ,9 *ap4 vii4 #d1 ! great flood is contra/$ ) ! lot 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #i1--! hea!n _w1 ) ! p ( ,god4 ,! fire ( w>1 :i* ! ,"l k9dles1 dev\rs bo? 9 ! same way4 ,"h1 9 contra/ ) ! deluge1 ! conqu]+ inundation ( ! e>? proce$s f ! mid/ ( ! hea!n _w1 /irr$ up by ! ,"l1 & de/roys fir/ ( all unfai?ful ,israel1 :o1 _h !y be5 ,pg #chd fai?ful to ! ,cov5ant1 w\ld h be5 able to say1 z 9 ,ps4 xlvi4 #b-d1 ,god is our refuge & /r5g?1 a help 9 tr\ble ,he is f\nd v mu*4 ,!re=e w we n fe> :5 ! e>? is ov]turn$1 & ! m\nta9s %ake 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea2 its wat]s ro> & foam1 m\nta9s tremble by its swell+4 ,v]4 #g4 ,are y n z ! sons ( ! ,cu%ites unto ,me1 ,o *ildr5 ( ,israel8 sai? ! ,"l4 ,h n ,i br\ght up ,israel out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ! ,phili/9es f ,caphtor1 & ,aram f ,kir8 ,! prophet "h deprives ! p ( ano!r prop ( false security4 ,!y boa/$ ( _! election1 by :i* ,god ,himself1 z !y imag9$1 _h b\nd ,8 h&s4 ,!y consid]$ ! pl$ge ( x--! deliv]ance f ,egypt--z a *>t] ( security aga9/ e calamity1 z an obligation to fur!r help 9 e di/ress1 :i* ,god c\ld n retract ev5 if ,he w\ld4 ,a great tru? lay at ! f\ndation ( ?is error1--a tru? :i* has be5 disreg>d$ by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]'s1 :o h1 9 consequ5ce1 =c$ ^u ! prophet a s5se :i* is altoge!r false4#d ,! election ( ! p1 & _! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 7 actually :at !y consid]$ !m to be4 ,god ,himself _h 9 reality !reby b\nd ,8 h&s2 ,he 0 oblig$ to deliv] ! p4 ,he c\ld n ca/ !m (f4 ,! election 0 an act ( free grace2 ! manife/ation ( x 9 de$s 0 an act ( ,8 righte\sness4 ,! p _h a "r to rem9d ,him ( ,8 duty1 :5 ,he seem$ n to p]=m x4 ,_! election 0 !n a firm an*orage ( hope1 a ri* s\rce ( consolation1 ! f\ndation ( all _! pray]s4 ,b ! error consi/$ 9 ?is1 t ! election 0 usurp$ by ^? to :om x did n belong1--an error :i* is cont9ually repeat+ itself1 & :i* %[s itself 9 a fe>ful =m1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ,pr$e/9ation4 ,we ne$1 = example1 ref] only to ,cromwell1 :o1 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 sil5c$1 by ?is false consolation1 all ! accusations ( 8 ,pg #che consci5ce4 1 says ! ,apo/le1 9 ,rom4 ii4 #be1 1 4 ,! deliv]ance f ,egypt /&s on ! same foot+ z circumcision4 ,! =m] also 0 pr(itable2 to ^? :o %[$ !mselves to be *ildr5 ( ,israel1 x af=d$ ! c]ta9ty t ,god w\ld prove ,himself to be _! ,god4 ,= ^?1 h[ev]1 :o _h become deg5]ate1 x ent]$ altoge!r into ! circle ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,= !m1 x became some?+ t _h altoge!r pass$ away--t did n c>ry )9 itself any pl$ge ( r5ovation4 ,?is error is "h laid op5 by ! prophet1 z he _h already done 9 v4 #ad3 ,seek good & n evil1 t ye may live1 & ?us ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ho/s1 be ) y4 ,he directs _! att5tion to ! fact1 t1 9 ! ,cov5ant-relation1 :i* re/s on reciprocity1 ! p>ty :o broke ! ,cov5ant _h no?+ to ask1 no?+ to hope =4 ,be n1 etc42 ! t]tium comp>ationis is evid5tly ! ali5ation f ,god4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7! appellation expressive ( _! dignity is int5tionally *os5 9 ord] to make m /rik+ ! contradiction betwe5 ! appe>ance & ! reality7 h become s deg5]ate1 t !y are no m any ne>] to ,god ?an ! sons ( ! ,cu%ites4 ,^? int]pret]s :o reg>d s9 alone z ! t]tium comp>ationis 7,cocceius says3 ,ye are s ali5at$ f ,him1 & s unfai?ful1 t e "o ( y may be call$ a ,cu%ite71 give too limit$ a s5se to ! expression4 ,y are to ,me1 is r equival5t to1 ,i h n any m conc]n 9 y1 y /& n to ,me 9 any o!r relation4 ,b :y are ! ,cu%ites alone m5tion$ z an example ( a p ali5at$ f ,god8 ,_! col\r1 p]haps1 is m to be consid]$ 9 ?is1 ?an _! desc5t f ,ham2 ! physical blackness is view$ z an emblem ( ! spiritual4 ,?us !y appe> 9 ,j]4 xiii4 #bc3 ,w inde$ ! ,cu%ite *ange 8 sk91 & ! leop>d 8 spots8 w y inde$ be able to d good1 :o h be5 taught to d evil8 ,b ! fundam5tal passage is ! inscription ( ,ps4 vii41 :]e ,saul1 on acc\nt ( 8 black wick$ness1 appe>s "u ! symbolical "n ( ,cu%4--,! "r explanation ( ^! fir/ words furni%es1 at ! same "t1 ! key to ! s\nd int]pretation ( ! words :i* ,pg #chf foll[3 ,x is only = ! ,cov5ant-p t ! deliv]ance f ,egypt is a pl$ge ( grace4 ,b y are no long] ! ,cov5ant-p2 y\r be+ br\ght up out ( ,egypt1 !re=e1 /&s on ! same l9e ) ! br++ up ( ! ,phili/9es f _! =m] dwell+-places 9 ,caphtor to _! pres5t abodes1 & ) ! br++ up ( ! ,syrians f ,kir1 9 :i* no "o w see a pl$ge ( div9e grace1 a pres]vative aga9/ e dang]1 &1 especially1 an assurance ( ! impossibility ( a new captivity4 ,! geographical inquiries reg>d+ ,caphtor & ,kir w\ld lead u too f> away f ! subject :i* we are "h discuss+4 ,! view :i* is n[ preval5t1 & accord+ to :i* ,crete is to be und]/ood by ! =m]1 is 9 contradiction to ! old translations1 :i* h ,cappadocia1 & ) ,g54 x4 #ad1--;z long z1 9 t passage1 ! ,col*ians are to be und]/ood by ! ,casluhim4 ,b t po9t w\ld require a m9ute inve/igation1 :i* may be m suitably c>ri$ on at "s o!r place4 ,v]4 #h4 ,behold1 ! eyes ( ! ,"l ,jehovah are ^u ! s9ful k+dom1 & ,i de/roy !m f (f ! face ( ! e>?1 sav+ t ,i w n utt]ly de/roy ! h\se ( ,jacob1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,! s9ful k+dom1 :e!r its "n be ,israel or ,judah1 or :e!r x be call$ ,egypt or ,edom4 ,! holy ,god has n by any means1 z y 9 y\r bl9dness imag9e1 giv5 y a privilege to s94 ,a diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ,israel & ! o!rs 9 ?is respect only1 t utt] ru9 does n take place 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 z x does 9 t ( ! latt]4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! p ( ,god & o!r nations consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 ! =m]1 !re always rema9s a holy se$1 an 1 :i* ! ,"l mu/ protect1 & make ! nurs]y ( ,8 k+dom1 accord+ to ! same necessity ( ,8 nature z t by :i* ,he extirpates ! s9n]s ( ,8 p4 ,! s9ful k+dom =ms ! contra/ ) ! righte\s k+dom2 ! article be+ "h us$ 9 a g5]ic s5se4 ,simil> are ,is4 x4 #f3 ,i s5d him aga9/ impi\s p1 & aga9/ ! p ( ,my wra? 7:]esoev] !re are su*7 ,i give him comm&2 & ,ps4 xxxiii4 #ab3 ,bless$ is ! nation ^: ,god is ! ,"l1 ! p :om ,he ha? *os5 = ,8 inh]itance2 on :i* latt] passage ,mi*aelis rem>ks1 ,bless$ is ! nation1 :i*soev] x may be4 ,! eyes ( ,pg #chg ! ,"l are op5 ^u ! s9ful k+dom1 & h5ce also ^u ! h\se ( ,jacob2 x mu/ be de/roy$ z all o!rs are1 b x _c be de/roy$ l !m1--an idea :i* is prom95tly br\ght out by ! prefix$ ,inf9it4 4 ,t is an errone\s int]pretation :i* und]/&s by ! s9ful nation1 ,ephraim1 &1 aft] ! example ( ,grotius 7,i w de/roy ! k+dom1 n ! p71 assumes t1 by ! h\se1 9 contra/ ) ! k+dom1 ! p are int5d$4 ,su* a contra/ betwixt ! h\se & ! k+dom w\ld h requir$ a m di/9ct intimation4 ,! h\se ( ,jacob1 :5 ref]r$ to ! t5 tribes1 is id5tical ) ! k+dom4 ,!y 7 a h\se only 9 s f> z !y 7 a k+dom4 ,b x is bo? aga9/ ! words 79 ,obad4 v]4 #ag1 h\se ( ,jacob is likewise us$ ( ! :ole ( ! nation71 & aga9/ ! connection1 to ref] x to ! t5 tribes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is ref]r$ to ! :ole1 a contra/ betwixt p & k+dom c ! less h place1 z1 accord+ to v]4 #aa1 ! k+dom also %all be re/or$4--,! fir/ "p ( ! v]se is almo/ lit]ally id5tical ) ,deut4 vi4 #ae3 ,= a jeal\s ,god is ,jehovah1 ?y ,god1 9 ?y mid/2 le/ ! ang] ( ,jehovah ?y ,god be k9dl$ aga9/ !e1 & ,he de/roy !e f (f ! face ( ! e>?1 4 ,! prophet says no?+ new2 he only resumes ! ?reat5+ ( ! rev]$ lawgiv]4--,! con/ruction ( ) is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t1 accord+ to ! context1 ! eyes ( ! ,"l c mean only ,8 angry eyes--equival5t to ! ang] ( ! ,"l 9 ! passage quot$ f ,deut]onomy2 & ! v]bs & n\ns expressive ( ang] are connect$ by ) ! object on :i* ! ang] re/s2 comp>e ,ps4 xxxiv4 #ag4 ,v]4 #i4 ,= behold ,i comm& & %ake ! h\se ( ,israel among all ! nations1 z "o %ake? 9 a sieve1 & n %all any?+ firm fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! figure 9 ?is v]se is1 ^u ! :ole1 pla92 b "s ( ! p>ticul>s require to be expla9$1 & to be m accurately det]m9$4 ,! signification sieve1 commonly assign$ to 1 mu/ be conc$$ to x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 "h und]/& x ( su* a sieve z s]ves simil> purposes z a w9n[+ %ovel1 9 :i* ! corn is viol5tly %ak51 & ?us purifi$2 & n ( a sieve 9 :i*1 by m]e sift+1 ! corn is fre$ f ! du/ :i* has rema9$ aft] ! fir/ ,pg #chh & prop] cleans+4 ,! latt] is assum$ by ,pauls5 7vom ,ack]bau d] ,morg5lnd]1 ,s4 #add71 &1 along ) him1 by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s4 ,su* a sieve--a k9d ( fan--is m5tion$ 9 ,is4 xxx4 #bd1 9 addition to ! w9n[+ %ovel4 ,x occurs likewise 9 ,luke xxii4 #ca1 :]e is vanno agit>e4 ,! ,,lxx4 also h "h adopt$ ! explanation1 n ( an ord9>y sieve1 b ( an in/rum5t :i* s]ves ! same purposes z ! w9n[+ %ovel3 74 7 1 4 ,hesy*4 1 4 ,to ?is we are likewise l$ by ! v]b 1 :i* is indicative ( a viol5t proc$ure1 & by ! occurr5ce ( ! same figure 9 s _m passages ( ,scripture2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,j]4 li4 #b2 ,i w s5d aga9/ ,babylon fann]s t %all fan h]1 & %all empty h] l&2 ,j]4 xv4 #g1 & ,matt4 iii4 #ab2 :ile ! use ( ! ord9>y sieve = su* a purpose is nev] m5tion$1 nor is x ev] employ$ = a figure4-- is n to be translat$1 by all nations1 b1 z ! correspond+ %[s1 91 or among all nations4 ,! _m p are ! spiritual sieve1--! means ( purg+4 ,! ,"l1 ^: in/rum5ts !y are1 employs !m = ! de/ruction ( ! ungodly4 ,!y are tak5 away by ,8 secret judgm5ts1 = ! execution ( :i* ,he employs ! hea!n2 comp>e v]4 #aj4 ,ev5 ! godly are viol5tly %ak52 b ! h& ( ! ,"l secretly upholds !m t !y may n s9k1 b t ! temptation may s]ve = _! spiritual gr[?2 comp>e ,luke xxii4 #ca1 #cb1 :]e ! ,"l di/9ctly alludes to ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,! corn is %ak52 du/ & impurity fall to ! gr\nd1 ! *aff flies into ! air4 ,_m int]pret]s ascribe to ! signification1 corn2 o!rs1 little /one4 ,b ^! significations h be5 bo? assum$ m]ely = ! sake ( ! context4 1 f 1 colligavit1 con/r9xit1 means1 prim>ily1 t :i* is tightly b\nd toge!r2 !n1 bundle1 bag2 b "h1 z 9 #b ,sam4 xvii4 #ac1 t :i* is compact1 firm1 & solid1 z oppos$ to t :i* is loose1 dissolv$1 & ?94 ,t :i* is "h meant is ! solid1 firm corn1 z oppos$ to ! loose *aff1 & ! du/ :i* falls to ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,v]4 #aj4 ,by ! sword1 %all die all ! s9n]s ( ,my p :o say1 ,! evil w n come ne>1 nor advance to u4 ,pg #chi ,9 ord] t ! prec$+ mitigation ( ! ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t might n be appropriat$ by ^? to :om x did n belong1 ! prophet1 be=e pass+ on to ! fur!r detail ( ! promise1 once m pres5ts ! ?reat5+ 9 all its sev]ity4 ,! s9n]s :o speak1 etc41 are !y :o usurp$ ! promises ( ! ,cov5ant )\t hav+ truly fulfill$ its conditions1--:o boa/$ (1 & tru/$ 91 _! belong+ outw>dly to ! p ( ,god 7comp>e iii4 #b71 & _! zeal 9 ! ext]nal p]=mance ( ! duties ( wor%ip 7comp>e v4 #ba-bc72 & :o !re=e imag9$ t ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l c\ld n rea* !m1 :ile1 by _! s9s1 !y did all 9 _! p[] to draw !m d[n ^u !m1 v4 #ah1 vi4 #c4 ,v]4 #aa4 ,9 t day ,i w raise up ! tab]nacle ( ,david t is fall51 & wall up its brea*es1 & raise up its ru9s1 & build x z ! days ( et]nity4 ,! words1 ,9 t day1 are to be und]/ood q g5]ally1 viz41 z ref]r+ to a "t aft] ! div9e judgm5ts h brok5 9 & h complet$ _! "w ^u ,israel4 1 by :i* ,james r5d]s x 9 ,acts xv4 #af1 completely expresses ! s5se4 ,! ass]tion ( ,baur1 ,t ! prophet mu/ h conceiv$ ( ! re/oration ( ! tab]nacle ( ,david z be+ ne> at h&1 because he recognis$ ! in/rum5ts ( judgm5t 9 ! invad+ ,assyrians1 falls to ! gr\nd along ) ! supposition on :i* x re/s4 ,! prophet has no?+ at all special to d ) ! invasion ( ! ,assyrians4--,! ,p>tic4 1 accord+ to ! usual signification ( ! ,p>tic41 expresses a p]man5t condition4 ,! v expression1 tab]nacle1 sugge/s ! idea ( a sunk5 condition ( ! h\se ( ,david4 ,! prophet sees ! pr\d palace ( ,david *ang$ into a humble tab]nacle1 ev]y:]e 9 ru9s1 & p]=at$4 ,! same idea is express$ by a diff]5t image 9 ,is4 xi4 #a4 ,!re ! h\se ( ,david is call$ ! cut (f trunk ( ,jesse1 :i* puts =? a new %oot4 ,h(mann & o!rs are ( op9ion t ! prophet designates ! h\se ( ,david z a fall5 tab]nacle1 on acc\nt ( its abasem5t at ! "t !n pres5t4 ,at pres5t1 he says1 ! l(ty h\se ( ,david is a :5 comp>$ ) ! p[] ( ,j]oboam2 b ! latt] %all fall1 & ! =m] %all raise itself aga9 f its decay4 ,b ?is designation is c]ta9ly n applicable to ,pg #cij ! h\se ( ,david "u a k+ l ,uzziah1 nor1 9 g5]al1 to ! :ole "t ( ! exi/+ ,davidic k+dom4 ,! fact t ,amos =esees ! deep fall ( ,judah1 is plac$ beyond all d\bt ev5 by ii4 #e4 ,x is impossible t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! re/oration :i* is to foll[ only aft] ?is fall1 %\ld altoge!r ignore ! latt]4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 prov$ by ! p>allel passages4 ,! pr$ictions ( all ! prophets are p]vad$ by ! =esight ( ! ,messiah's appe>+ at ! "t ( ! deepe/ debasem5t ( ! ,davidic dyna/y1 & aft] ! total loss ( ! royal dignity2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,mic4 iv4 #h1 vi4 7#b72 ,is4 xi4 #a1 liii4 #b2 ,ezek4 xvii4 #bb-bd4--;,x might n[ appe> z ?\gh ! prophet "h only suppos$ ! ru9 ( ! h\se ( ,david1 )\t hav+1 9 ! prec$+ context1 expressly m5tion$ x2 b su* is n ! case4 ,! :ole ( ! prec$+ ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t relates to ! ru9 ( ! h\se ( ,david2 = :5 ! k+dom suff]s1 ! reign+ family _c b suff] also4 ,?is close connection ( ! two is po9t$ out by ! prophet himself 9 ! subsequ5t words4 ,! *ange ( ! suffixes is !re c]ta9ly n )\t a reason4 ,! suffix 9 ref]s to ! two k+doms2 t 9 to ,david2 & t 9 to ! tab]nacle1 :ile ! subject ( 7v]4 #ab7 is ! p4 ,by ?is x is intimat$ t ,david1 8 tab]nacle1 ! k+doms1 & ! p1 are 9 sub/ance "o--t "o /&s & falls ) ! o!r4 ,!y :o ov]look ! co-ref]5ce to ,judah1 9 ! prec$+ v]ses1 d n "k :at to make ( ! suffix 9 7comp>e ! expression ^! k+doms1 us$ ( ,judah & ,israel 9 vi4 #b71 &1 9 _! unc]ta9ty1 conjecture sometimes "o ?+ & sometimes ano!r4-- is ,nom9at41 n ,accusat4 ,! comp>ison is m]ely intimat$2 comp>e rem>ks on ,hos4 ii4 #ag4 ,! circum/ance t ! happy days ( ! times ( ,david & ,solomon are "h spok5 ( z days ( et]nity--( ! remote/ pa/ 7comp>e ,mic4 vii4 #ad7--;implies t ! prophet sees a long int]val betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pr$ict$ ev5t4--,! f\ndation ( ?is prophecy is ! promise to ,david 9 #b ,sam4 vii42 comp>e especially v]4 #af3 ,& ?9e h\se & ?y k+dom %all be sure 9 et]nity be=e !e1 & ?y ?rone %all be firm 9 et]nity4 ,?is ref]5ce has also be5 po9t$ out by ,calv91 :o rem>ks3 ,:5 ! prophet says1 'z 9 ! days ( old1' he confirms ,pg #cia ! doctr9e t ! dignity ( ! h\se w\ld n always fl[ 9 an equal curr5t1 b t1 nev]!less1 !re w\ld always be su* a re/oration z w\ld make x easily p]ceptible t ,god's promise ( an et]nal dom9ion to ,david _h n be5 9 va94 ,! dom9ion ( ,david _h already suff]$ a consid]able %ock by ! sep>ation ( ! two k+doms1 exi/+ at ! prophet's "t2 b x 0 9 future to s9k ev5 f> m deeply1 & ! p along ) x4 ,b1 ) all ^! ?+s1 ,god's promise rema9s true4 ,! judgm5ts d n %ut up ! way = ,8 m]cy1 b r prep>e x4 ,t x 0 only ?r\gh ! family ( ,david t ! promis$ salvation c\ld be imp>t$ to ! p1 ! prophet pla9ly decl>es4 ,if x 7 n s1 h[ c\ld he h id5tifi$ ! tab]nacle ( ,david ) ! two k+doms1 & ) ! p8 ,z to ! p]son ( ! re/or]1 he does n m p>ticul>ly designate x4 ,! ma9 ?+ ) him1 z ) ,hosea 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,hos4 ii4 #b1 & iii4 #e71 is to impress ^u ! p ( ,israel ! conviction1 t salvation c\ld come to !m only f a reunion ) ,judah--f _! jo9+ aga9 ! h\se ( ,david2 comp>e ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #bb3 ,& ,i make !m "o nation 9 ! l& ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,israel1 & "o k+ %all be k+ to !m all2 & !y %all be no m two nations1 & !y %all be no m divid$ into two k+doms4 ,b if ?is 0 sure & e/abli%$1 !re c\ld !n be no m any d\bt z to ! p]son4 ,x 0 at t "t g5]ally kn[n t ! promise giv5 to ,david w\ld be f9ally fulfill$ 9 ! ,messiah2 & x 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by ! anci5t ,jews1 t ! passages "u consid]ation ref] to ! ,messiah4 ,j]ome rem>ks3 ,! ,jews ref] ev]y?+ :i*1 9 ?is & ! o!r prophets1 is =etold conc]n+ ! build+ up ( ,j]usalem & ! temple1 & ! happy condition ( all ?+s1 to !mselves1 & fooli%ly expect t all %all be fulfill$ 9 a c>nal s5se4 ,x is f ! passage "u review t ! ,messiah receiv$ ! "n 1 filius cad5tium--,he :o spr+s =? f ! fall5 family ( ,david2 comp>e ,sanh$r91 fol4 #if1 #b3 ,r4 ,na*man said to ,r4 ,isaac1 ,ha/ ?\ he>d :5 is to come8 ,! latt] answ]$3 ,:o is he8 ,r4 ,na*man said3 ,! ,messiah4 ,r4 ,isaac3 ,b is ! ,messiah ?us nam$8 ,r4 ,na*man3 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ,amos ix4 #aa3 ,pg #cib ,9 t day ,i w raise up ! tab]nacle ( ,david t is fall54 ,9 ,bre%i? ,rabbah1 sec4 #hh1 we read3 ,:o w\ld h expect$ t ,god %\ld raise up aga9 ! fall5 tab]nacle ( ,david8 ,& yet we read 9 ,amos ix4 #aa1 ',9 t day1' etc4 ,& :o c\ld h hop$ t ! :ole _w c\ld yet become "o flock8 ,& yet1 su* is decl>$ 9 ,zeph4 iii4 #i3 ',!n w ,i turn to ! p 9 pure lips1 t !y all may call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 & s]ve ,him ) "o lip4' ,b all t is prophesi$ only 9 ref]5ce to ! ,messiah4 ,see ,s*ttg51 p4 #gj1 & o!r passages1 especially f ! ,soh>1 ibid4 p4 #aaa1 #eff4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,9 ord] t !y may possess ! remnant ( ,edom1 & ( all ! hea!n ^u :om ,my "n is call$1 sai? ! ,"l t doe? ?is4 ,calv9 rem>ks on ?is v]se3 ,?is ma9 po9t is pla9ly decl>$ to u1 t !re is "h promis$ an ext5sion ( ! k+dom "u ,*ri/2 & x is j z if ! prophet _h said t ! ,jews 7 enclos$ )9 n>r[ limits1 ev5 :5 ! k+dom ( ,david did mo/ fl\ri%1 inasmu* z1 "u ,*ri/1 ,god is to ext5d _! t]ritory1 s t !y %all rule f> & wide4 ,!re is "h an evid5t allusion to ! times ( ,david1 :i*1 9 ! la/ words ( ! prec$+ v]se1 =m$ ! subject ( disc\rse4 ,?is is q pla9 also f ! m5tion ( ! ,edomites4 ,^! _h be5 made subject by ,david2 b aft]w>ds1 avail+ !mselves ( ! comm5c+ fall ( ,david's tab]nacle1 !y _h aga9 fre$ !mselves4 ,n only !y1 h[ev]1 b all ! o!r hea!n nations1 %all be aga9 subject$ to ! rais$ up tab]nacle ( ,david4 ,t =m] ev5t s]v$ z a type & prelude to ! latt]1 & =m$ moreov] a prophecy ( x 9 de$s1 inasmu* z bo? re/$ on ! same f\ndation1 viz41 ,god's protection ( ,8 ,*ur*1 & ,8 c>e = ,8 k+dom4 ,x is = ?is reason too1 t1 ) an allusion to ! =m] ev5t1 ! v]b is *os54 ,by ?is v]b1 expression is giv5 only to ! fact ( _! agreem5t1 & to po9ts 9 :i* ^? ev5ts agree2 b x gives no indication ( h[ f> !y agree1 or 9 :at respects !y diff]2 ?is is to be decl>$ 9 ! subsequ5t words4 ,! prophet1 h[ev]1 9 speak+ only ( ! remnant ( ,edom1 looks back to ! ?reat5+ 9 *ap4 i4 ,!y only :o h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! judgm5t :i* is !re ann\nc$1 are to come ,pg #cic "u ! blissful dom9ion ( ! k+dom ( ,david4 ,z ,israel1 s also ! ,g5tiles1 mu/ be prep>$ = ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ by cru%+ judgm5ts4 ,! judgm5t ^u ,israel is only a s+le portion ( a great judgm5t ^u all nations4 ,into ?is connection x is br\ght by ! v op5+ *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,9 *ap4 v4 #h1 vii4 #g1 !re is likewise an intimation ( great calamities & %ak+s1 :i* are to come ^u ! hea!n _w4 ,! submission ( ! remnant ( ! hea!n _w1 h[ev]1 w n be an abasem5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an exalt+ ( !m2 ?is is %[n by ! words1 ,^u :om ,my "n is call$4 ,^! words d n all[ u to ?9k ( su* a relation ( ,edom & ! o!r nations to ,israel1 z exi/$ at ! "t ( ,david 9 ! case ( ! conqu]$ nations4 ,!y are nev] us$ to designate a =m ( allegiance to ! ,"l s l[ & false1 b always d5ote ! relation ( close & cordial allegiance4 ,! hea!n are 9 future to be consid]$ & treat$ z ^? :o are consecrat$ to ! ,"l1 & :o belong to ,8 holy p1--j z ,israel is n[ consid]$ & treat$4 ,comp>e1 z to ! use ( ^! words ) ref]5ce to ,israel1 ,deut4 xxviii4 #i1 #aj3 ,! ,"l %all raise !e an ,holy p unto ,him1 z ,he ha? sworn unto !e 444 & all p ( ! e>? see t ! "n ( ! ,"l is call$ ^u !e1 & are afraid ( !e4 ,9 ?is v]se1 ! expression1 ,! "n ( ! ,"l is call$ ^u !e1 corresponds ) holy p4 ,j]4 xiv4 #i3 ,& ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art 9 ! mid/ ( u1 & ,?y "n is call$ ^u u4 ,is4 lxiii4 #ai3 ,we are ^? ov] :om ,?\ ha/ n reign$ f et]nity1 & ^u :om ,?y "n has n be5 call$4 ,z reg>ds ! use ( ^! words 9 ref]5ce to ! temple1 comp>e1 fur!r1 ,j]4 vii4 #aj1 #aa3 ,& ye come & /& be=e ,me 9 ?is h\se1 ^u :i* ,my "n is call$4 ,is1 p]haps1 ?is h\se ^u :i* ,my "n is call$1 a d5 ( robb]s 9 y\r eyes8 ,! exce$+ greatness ( _! wick$ness is d5\nc$ 9 ^! words2 & ! gr\nd :y x is s great1 is n by any means ! fact1 t ! temple1 z 0 inde$ ! case ) t at ,be!l1 bore ! "n ( ! h\se ( ,god only by ! caprice ( ! p1 b t x really 0 ! h\se ( ,god1 & t ,god1 9 ,8 graci\s condesc5sion1 0 !re really pres5t1 z a type ( ,8 dwell+ 9 ,*ri/2 comp>e ,deut4 xii4 #e3 ,! place :i* ,pg #cid ! ,"l y\r ,god %all *oose out ( all y\r tribes1 to put ,8 "n !re4 ,f9ally1 ,^! words are us$ 9 ref]5ce to s+le individuals1 :om ,god1 9 a special s5se1 has made ,8 own1 ,8 repres5tatives1 ! be>]s ( ,8 ^w1 ! m$iators ( ,8 revelations1 9 ,j]4 xv4 #af3 ,i f\nd ,?y words & ,i did eat !m1 & ,?y words became unto me ! joy & rejoic+ ( my he>t3 = ,?y "n 0 call$ ^u me1 ,jehovah1 ,god ( ho/s1 etc41 equival5t to1 ,= ,i 0 ! mess5g] & repres5tative ( ,!e1 ! ,almighty ,god4--,hitzig1 ,h(mann1 & ,baur expla9 ! expression1 ,^u :om ,my "n is call$1 by1 ,^u all ! nations :o once1 at ! "t ( ,david1 7 9 subjection to ! p ( ,god4 ,! use ( ! ,pret]ite has be5 urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is explanation2 b x is c]ta9ly v ra% to ass]t1 on ! gr\nd ( ?is1 t ?is view alone is admissible accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>4 ,! /atem5t ( ,ewald1 #ace a1 is exactly applicable to ?is case3 ,! ,p]fectum1 :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to "s future ev5t1 ei!r m5tion$ or conceiv$ (1 may z well indicate ! pa/ :i* !n has tak5 place4 ,! s5se might ?us be3 ,all ! hea!n ^u :om !n ,my "n w be call$4 ,9 ! same s5se1 ! ,pret]ite is us$ 9 ano!r passage1 quot$ by ,h(mann = a diff]5t purpose--viz41 #b ,sam4 xii4 #bh3 ,9 ord] t ,i may n take 77 ! city1 & my "n be call$ 77 ^u x4 ,x militates1 h[ev]1 aga9/ _! view1 t ! "n ( ! ,"l be+ call$ ^u any "o1 has1 accord+ to all ! p>allel passages1 a s5se too pr(\nd to admit ( a relation to ! ,"l s loose & ext]nal be+ !reby designat$4 ,x is us$ only ( su* z are receiv$ into ! condition ( ! p & sons ( ,jehovah1 ,hos4 ii4 #a 7i4 #aj74 ,fur!r1 ,! m]e re/oration ( ! ,davidic dom9ion ov] ! hea!n is a v meagre ?\ght1 :i* is f> f com+ up to :at ,jacob _h =etold 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 & to :at ,david & ,solomon expect$ ( ! future2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,ps4 lxxii4 #aa3 ,& all k+s wor%ip ,him1 all ! hea!n s]ve ,him4--,! clos+ words1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l t doe? ?is1 are int5d$ to /r5g!n fai? 9 a promise :i* appe>s to be incr$ible1 by call+ att5tion to ! fact1 t ! p]son :o promises is also ! p]son :o c>ries x out to its fulfilm5t2 comp>e ,j]4 xxxiii4 #b3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l t makes x1 ! ,"l t =ms x1 ,pg #cie to c>ry x out1 ! ,"l is ,8 "n4 ,?is clos+ =mula is also v ill suit$ = s meagre a pr$iction z t ( ! re/oration ( ! old bord]s1 ( :i* ,israel1 "u ! reign ( ,uzziah & ,j]oboam1 0 n s v f> %ort4 ,x 01 probably1 solely f a false int]pretation ( ! passage "u review1 t an important hi/orical ev5t _h its rise4 ,hyrcanus compell$ ! ,idumeans1 :o 7 conqu]$ by him1 to be circumcis$1 & 9 t way to be incorporat$ into ! ,!ocracy2 s t !y lo/ entirely _! national exi/5ce & "n 7,jos4 ,ar*4 xiii4 #i1 #a2 ,prideaux ,hi/4 des ,juifs1 vol4 v4 p4 #af74 ,?is proce$+ diff]$ s mat]ially f t :i* 0 ord9>ily foll[$--= ,david did n ?9k x at all necess>y to adopt a simil> proce$+ aga9/ ! ,idumeans1 & ! o!r nations :i* 7 conqu]$ by him--t x necess>ily requires "s special reason to acc\nt = x2 & su* a reason is furni%$ by ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,hyrcanus wa%$ to be in/rum5tal 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy conta9$ 9 x2 b 9 ?is he fail$4 ,he did n consid]1 #a4 ,t ! reception ( ,edom into ! k+dom ( ,god is "h br\ght into connection ) ! re/oration ( ! tab]nacle ( ,david1 & h5ce c\ld be br\ght ab\t only by a k+ ( ! h\se ( ,david4 ,he did n consid]1 #b4 ,t ! matt] "h 9 "q is n su* a reception into ! k+dom ( ,god z dep5ds ^u ! w ( man1 b a spiritual reception1 :i* c>ries along ) x ! full enjoym5t ( div9e bless+s4 ,t x 01 h[ev]1 easy = ,hyrcanus to fall into su* a mi/ake1 is %[n by ! example ( ,grotius1 :o conf9$ himself to ?is m]ely app>5t fulfilm5t1 al?\gh he _h ! real fulfilm5t be=e 8 eyes4 ,by a simil> misund]/&+ ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 o!r important ev5ts also 7 br\ght ab\t2 e4g41 accord+ to ! express te/imony ( ,josephus1 ! build+ ( ! ,egyptian temple1 &1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 ! build+ ( ! temple by ,h]od4 ,x n[ only rema9s to consid] ! quotation ( ?is passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ,acts xv4 #af1 #ag4 ,ol%aus5 has direct$ att5tion to a difficulty reg>d+ x1 :i* has be5 ov]look$ by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s4 ,he says t "o _c well see h[ ! quotation be>s ^u ! po9t at issue4 ,bo? p>ties 7 at "o z to ! duty ( admitt+ ! ,g5tiles into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! only "q 0 ,pg #cif ab\t ! mann] ( _! reception--:e!r )1 or )\t1 circumcision--& z to ?is1 ! prophecy1 :i* conf9es itself to ! fact only1 does n conta9 any express decl>ation4 ,b ?is difficulty has its sole f\ndation on ! errone\s view t ,james 0 /at+ two reasons altoge!r indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2--! fir/ 9 v]4 #ad1 ,god's decl>ation by facts1 9 ,8 hav+ giv5 ,8 ,holy ,_s to ! ,g5tiles1 )\t _! hav+ be5 circumcis$2 & !n1 9 v]s4 #af1 #ag1 ! te/imony ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b ! s\nd view r is1 t bo? toge!r =m only "o reason4 ,ap>t f t te/imony :i* ,god1 ! ,se>*] ( he>ts1 _h giv5 to ! ,g5tiles by ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & by mak+ no diff]5ce betwixt !m & ,israel1 ! prophetic decl>ation w\ld h be5 )\t any significance2 b x acquires ?is significance :5 comb9$ ) ! te/imony ( ,god4 ,x is n[ also t ! sil5ce ( ,james1 9 ref]5ce to t condition :i* 0 dem&$ by ^? ( a ph>isaic t5d5cy1 ga9s significance4 ,simeon has decl>$ h[ ,god at fir/ 0 pleas$ to take a p = ,8 "n out ( ! ,g5tiles2 & aft] ! fact ( _! reception has be5 s expressively decl>$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t passage1 :]e ?is reception is spok5 (1 is n cognizant ( any o!r mode4 ,! ,apo/le does n cont5t himself ) quot+ v]4 #ab2 he fir/ cites v]4 #aa1 because x furni%$ ! pro( t ! decl>ation conta9$ 9 v]4 #ab ref]r$ to t "t4 ,t ev5t1 ) :i* ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles is "h imm$iately connect$1 _h already tak5 place 9 ,*ri/1 at lea/ z to ! g]m1 :i* conta9$ )9 itself ! :ole sub/ance :i* aft]w>ds display$ itself4 ,b x 0 ! ma9 ?\ght only :i* came into consid]ation 9 v]4 #aa1 & !re=e x is some:at abbreviat$4 ,9 ! quotation1 ! translation ( ! ,,lxx4 evid5tly =ms ! f\ndation4 ,! quotation ( v]4 #ab agrees1 almo/ v]batim1 ) ! ,,lxx4 ,x foll[s !m 9 _! important deviation f ! ,hebrew text4 ,in/ead (1 ,9 ord] t !y may occupy ! remnant ( ,edom1 ! ,,lxx4 read1 7in/ead ( ,luke has 1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,cod4 ,alex4 also1 b has v likely come 9 f ,luke74 ,x is ( v little consequ5ce to det]m9e 9 :at mann] ! translation ( ! ,,lxx4 arose2 :e!r !y _h a diff]5t read+1 1 ,pg #cig be=e !m2 or :e!r !y m]ely read errone\sly2 or :e!r1 accord+ to ,lightfoot 79 8 rem>ks on ,acts xv4 #af1 #ag71 !y int5tionally ?us alt]$ ! words2 or :e!r x 0 _! object to express ! s5se only g5]ally & approximately 79 ! la/ two cases we %\ld be oblig$ to suppose t1 by a k9d ( play1 & 9 ord] to repres5t1 9 an outw>d mann]1 ! sub/antial agreem5t ( ! ?\ght1 !y *ose words exactly correspond+ to ! ,hebrew text1 ) ! exception ( a *ange ( a few lett]s1--a ?+ :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,talmud1 & ev5 9 ,j]emiah :5 comp>$ ) ! old] prophets72 only1 we mu/ set aside ! idea ( a really diff]5t read+1--a read+ re/+ on ! au?ority ( good ,manuscripts1 inasmu* z su* an idea w\ld be irreconcilable ) ! deviations ( ! ,,lxx4 else:]e1 & ) ! unanimity ( ! ,hebrew ,manuscripts 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,! ass]tion ( ,ol%aus51 h[ev]1 t1 9 ! ,hebrew =m1 ! passage w\ld n h be5 suitable = ! purpose1 & t !re=e x is probable t1 on ?is occasion1 ,greek mu/ h be5 spok5 9 ! assembly1 does inde$ des]ve our att5tion4 ,:e!r or n ! latt] 0 ! case1 we leave undecid$4 ,t x 0 probable1 may be prov$ f o!r gr\nds1 b x by no means foll[s f ! reason /at$ by ,ol%aus54 ,! passage 0 suit$ = ! pro(1 z well accord+ to ! ,hebrew text1 z accord+ to ! ,alex&rian v]sion2 = ! latt] is q correct & fai?ful 9 s f> z ! s5se is conc]n$4 ,! occupy+1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ by ,amos1 has ! seek+ = its necess>y supposition4 ,= h[1 inde$1 c spiritual possession1 spiritual dom9ion by ! p ( ! ,"l exi/1 unless ! ,"l has be5 s\ght by ^? :o are to be rul$ ov]8 ,comp>e ! decl>ation3 ,! isles %all wait = ,8 law1 ,is4 xlii4 #d4 ,! words1 ,& ( all ! hea!n1 foll[+ imm$iately aft] ,edom1 evid5tly prove t ,amos m5tions ,edom1 only by way ( individualiz+2 & ! ,idumeans1 especially1 z a p1 only because _! =m]1 specially viol5t hatr$ to ! ,cov5ant-p 7comp>e i4 #aa7 made _! future humble submission m evid5tly a "w ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & ( ,8 love wat*+ ov] ,8 p2 & at ! same "t !re may be a ref]5ce also to ! =m] subjection by ,david4 ,! ,,lxx4 ,pg #cih h done no?+ m1 ?an at once to sub/itute = ! p>ticul>1 ! g5]al :i* compreh5ds ?is p>ticul>1--a p>ticul> :i* is1 by ,amos too1 designat$ z a "p ( ! g5]al4#e ,v]4 #ac4 ,behold1 days come1 sai? ! ,"l1 & ! pl\ghman rea*e? to ! reap]1 & ! tread] ( ! w9e-press to him t s[e? se$4 ,& ! m\nta9s drop mu/1 & all ! hills melt4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght 9 ?is passage is ?is3--,:]esoev] ! ,"l is1 !re also is ! fulness ( ,8 gifts4--,! imag]y 9 ! fir/ hemi/i* is tak5 f ,lev4 xxvi4 #c-e3 ,if ye %all walk 9 ,my laws1 & keep ,my comm&m5ts & d !m2 !n ,i w give y\r ra9s 9 _! seasons1 & ! l& gives its produce1 & ! tree ( ! field gives its fruit4 ,& y\r ?re%+ rea*es to ! v9tage1 & ! v9tage rea*es to ! s[+ "t4 ,aft] ! ,"l has purifi$ ,8 congregation by ,8 judgm5ts1 !n ! joyful "t ( bless+1 prophesi$ by ,8 s]vant ,moses1 %all likewise come4 ,cocceius says3 ,"o %all reap1 ! o!r %all imm$iately pl\gh2 "o %all scatt] ! se$s 9 ! pl\gh$ field1 :ile ano!r %all1 at ! same "t1 tread ! grapes1--a "w is wont to be done at ! la/ "t ( ! ye>4 ,!re %all be cont9ual "w1 & cont9ual fruit1 & a fruitfulness su* z t 9 ! l& ( ! ,troglodytes :i* ,scalig] 7,ex]cit4 #bdi1 #b7 ?us describes3 ',?r\gh\t ! :ole ye> !re is s[+ & reap+ at ! same "t2 at "o place ! se$ is committ$ to ! fields1 & at ano!r ! :eat %oots up1 at ano!r x gets e>s1 at ano!r x is reap$1 at ano!r x is collect$1 & ,pg #cii br\ght to ! ?re%+-places1 & !nce to ! b>n4'--,! second hemi/i* agrees ) ,joel iv4 7iii47 #ah 7:i* is c]ta9ly n accid5tal2 comp>e ! introduction to ,joel73 ,at t "t ! m\nta9s %all drop mu/1 & ! hills g ) milk4 ,f a comp>ison ( ?is passage x appe>s t ! melt+ ( ! hills c mean only _! dissolv+ into riv]s ( milk1 mu/1 & honey1 ) an allusion to ! description ( ! promis$ l& 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7,exod4 iii4 #h7 z a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,v]4 #ad4 ,& ,i turn ,myself to ! captivity ( ,my p ,israel1 & !y build wa/e cities1 & dwell1 & plant v9ey>ds1 & dr9k _! w9e2 & !y make g>d5s & eat _! fruit4 ,! captivity is a figure ( mis]y4 ,) ref]5ce to comp>e ! rem>ks on ,joel4 ,v]4 #ae4 ,& ,i plant !m 9 _! l&1 & !y %all no m he pluck$ up out ( _! l& :i* ,i h giv5 !m1 sai? ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,comp>e p4 #bbg seqq4 ,footnote #a3 ,h(mann1 ,s*riftbeweis ,i4 ,s4 #cab1 objects3 ,if ?is 7 correct1 ,paul ought to h deliv]$ t =nicator at ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 v4 #e71 or ,hym5eus & ,alex&] 7#a ,tim4 i4 #bj71 n to ,satan1 b to ! good angels4 ,b ! individuals m5tion$ 7 memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 & !y 7 deliv]$ to ,satan1 n = _! absolute de/ruction1 b = _! salvation3 1 7:i* ( c\rse 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce2 & x is j ! t sep>ates betwe5 ! _w & ! ,*ur*1 comp>e ,ps4 li4 #ac7 1 4 ,x is1 z 9 ! case ( ,job1 a puni%m5t ) a view to purification1 = :i* p[] is giv5 to ,satan1 ,heb4 xii4 #f4 ,^! passages1 !n1 s]ve only to confirm ! view :i* we h express$4 ,footnote #b3 ,! same is probably ! case 9 vi4 #ad3 ,= behold ,i raise up aga9/ y1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 sai? ! ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s1 hea!n p2 & !y %all afflict y f ,hama? unto ! riv] ( ! wild]ness4 ,! riv] ( ! wild]ness c "h be none o!r ?an ! riv] ( ,egypt1 :i* commonly appe>s z ! b\nd>y ( ! :ole4 ,comp>e #a ,k+s viii4 #fe2 #b ,*ron4 vii4 #h1 :]e ,solomon assembles ! :ole p f ,hama? unto ! riv] ( ,egypt2 ,jo%4 xv4 #d1 #dg2 #b ,k+s xxiv4 #g2 ,is4 xxvii4 #ab4 ,!y :o ?9k ( ! b\nd>y ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes only1 are at a loss1 & h rec\rse to unc]ta9 conjectures4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ,micah i4 #ae ! entire p are call$ ,jacob4 ,! same occurs also 9 ,hos4 x4 #aa1 xii4 #c 7#b74 ,footnote #d3 ,hitzig says3 ,) a disposition ( m9d diff]5t f t 9 iii4 #b1 ! prophet says "h1 ,y enjoy no privileges ) me1 y are to me l all o!rs4 ,a /range disposition ( m9d inde$ = a prophet6 ,an int]pretation :i* results 9 su* ?\ghts1 :i* _c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t1 is self-condemn$4 ,footnote #e3 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 x 0 ,james or ,luke :o quot$ ^! words accord+ to ! v]sion ( ! ,,lxx41 ?is passage is "o ( ! _m hundr$s :i* prove t ! viol5t urg+ & press+ = an improvem5t 9 our 7,g]man7 au?oriz$ v]sion ( ! ,scriptures1 z x proce$$ f von ,mei] & ,/i]1 is exagg]at$4 ,! ,savi\r & ,8 ,apo/les adopt$1 )\t hesitation1 ! v]sion curr5t at _! "t1 :5 its deviations conc]n$ n ! ?\ght b ! words4 ,if we proce$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 h[ w ! m\nta9 ( compla9ts melt away :i* has be5 rais$ aga9/ ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,b x is true t1 ev5 !n1 weighty objections rema94 ,! revision ( x is a want ( ! ,*ur*2 b x is n s urg5t t we may n1 & mu/ n1 wait = ! "t :5 x may be satisfi$ )\t dang]4 ,if x 7 und]tak5 at pres5t1 ! disadvantages w\ld f> outweigh ! advantages4 ,to ev]y?+ !re is a season2 & x is ! duty ( ! wise /ew>d to f9d x out1 & to "k x4 ,,! ,,prophecy ,,( ,,obadiah4 ,we ne$ n ent] into details reg>d+ ! "q z to ! "t :5 ! prophet wrote4 ,by a ?or\gh argum5tation1 ,casp>i has prov$1 t he occupies 8 "r position 9 ! ,canon1 & h5ce belongs to ! e>lie/ age ( writt5 prophecy1 i4e41 to ! "t ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 & ,uzziah4 ,z be>+ conclusively aga9/ ^? :o w\ld assign to him a f> lat] date1 viz41 ! "t ( ! exile1 !re is n only ! indirect te/imony borne by ! place :i* ?is prophecy occupies 9 ! collection ( ! prophets :i* is *ronologically arrang$1 b !re are also ! foll[+ facts2--t ^? :o are to inflict ! pr$ict$ calamity ^u ,judah are n at all m def9itely *>act]iz$ ?an 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,hosea1 9 ,joel1 & ,amos2--t1 9 l mann]1 ! hea!n p[] f :i* ! ov]?r[ ( ,edom is to proce$1 is nei!r m5tion$1 nor m def9itely po9t$ out 9 any o!r way2--t ,j]emiah already made use ( ,obadiah's prophecy2 & if su* be d5i$1 ! old] f\ndation w\ld !n be )drawn f ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah--:i* w\ld be contr>y ,pg #djj to ! analogy ( ,j]emiah's prophecies aga9/ =eign nations2--&1 f9ally1 t1 9 v]s4 #ab-ad1 ! prophet exhorts ! ,edomites nei!r to rejoice nor to co-op]ate 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 because1 o!rwise1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly receive ! well-m]it$ rew>d ( su* wick$ness committ$ aga9/ ! ,cov5ant-p1 to :om !y 7 s ne>ly relat$4 ,su* an exhortation w\ld h be5 out ( place1 aft] ! wick$ness _h be5 committ$4--,! view ( ,h(mann 7:i* 0 reviv$ by ,delitzs* 9 8 treatise1 ,:5 did ,obadiah prophesy8 ,gu]ike's ,zeits*rift #ea1 ,hft4 #a7--;accord+ to :i* ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ! ,phili/9es & ,arabians "u ,jehoram 7#b ,*ron4 xxi4 #af ff47 0 ! occasion ( ! prophecy be=e u1 & accord+ to :i* ,obadiah is ?us made ! olde/ among all ! prophets 9 ! ,canon1 & sep>at$ by ne>ly a c5tury f ! ?ree prophets :o prec$$ him--ov]looks ! fact t only cog5t reasons c\ld induce u to assume s isolat$ a position1 s9ce x is c]ta9ly n a matt] ( accid5t t ! writt5 prophecy began its c\rse "u ! reign ( ,j]oboam & ,uzziah4 ,! guilt & puni%m5t ( ,edom are1 9 l mann]1 spok5 ( 9 ! ,pret]ite2 & x is inadmissible to und]/& ! ,pret]ites z hi/orical1 9 s f> z !y ref] to ! guilt1 & z prophetical1 9 s f> z !y ref] to ! puni%m5t4 ,! words1 ,day ( _! de/ruction1 9 v]4 #ab1 are decisive aga9/ e o!r cata/rophe ^u ,judah1 b t ( ! ,*aldean4 ,v]4 #bj1 :5 rightly int]pret$1 supposes ! c>ry+ away ( ,israel & ,judah1 & h5ce all[s u to ?9k only ( ! ,assyro-,*aldean cata/rophe4 ,9 v]4 #ba1 ,m\nt ,zion is =sak51 & ! savi\rs return to x f ! l& ( captivity4 ,9 /rict accordance ) ! position ( ! book 9 ! ,canon1 is ! fact1 t ,obadiah connects himself mo/ closely ) ,joel1 &1 except+ him1 among all ! prophets1 ) ,amos only2 comp>e ,casp>i1 ,s4 #bj ff41 #ce2 ,hv]nick1 ,e9leitung ,,ii4 ,s4 #cah4 ,( great] importance ?an ! co9cid5ces 9 p>ticul>s1 is ! fact t ! prophecy ( ,obadiah1 ^u ! :ole1 connects itself mo/ closely & imm$iately ) ! f\r? 7?ird7 *apt] ( ,joel--t 9 ! prophecy ( ,obadiah1 we h inde$ a v>iation on t *apt]4 ,! judgm5t ^u ,judah1 :i* ,joel ann\nces 9 ! fir/ "p1 ,pg #dja is "h suppos$ to h already tak5 place2 & ?is might be done s mu* ! r1 because1 ev5 9 ,joel1 ! prophetic ,pl]ophory1 ) :i* rationali/ic int]pret]s are s mu* puzzl$1 has *ang$ ! ,future into ! ,pres5t & ,pa/--z1 ev5 !re1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! ov]fl[+ ( ! :ole c\ntry by ! hea!n1 are repres5t$ z already exi/+4 ,x is only ! judgm5t ^u ! hea!n1 & ! re/oration ( ,israel1 :i* ,obadiah repres5ts 9 8 prophetic picture4 ,l ,hosea 79 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s71 ,joel1 & ,amos1 s ,obadiah also1 receiv$ ! mission to po9t out ! cata/rophe ?reat5$ by ! _w's p[]1 ev5 be=e ! latt] exi/$ on ! sc5e ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 to ! ,cov5ant-p a s\rce ( ri* consolation t x 0 s cle>ly & di/9ctly =etold to !m1 ev5 be=e x _h an exi/5ce1 & ! po9ts ( view f :i* x mu/ be reg>d$ 7 op5$ up to !m4 ,he1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly po9ts to "o idea only1 j because !re 7 already pr$ecessors to ^: prophecies he c\ld ref]4 ,he did n receive ! mission to call to rep5tance1 or to repres5t ! judgm5t z a well-des]v$ puni%m5t--al?\gh1 indirectly1 9 him z well z 9 ,joel1 ^! ?\ghts also occur1 z c]ta9ly z ! suppos$ de/ruction ( ,judah & ,israel c\ld only be ! puni%m5t ( _! s92 he has to po9t out only ! salvation subsequ5t to ! ov]fl[+ by ! hea!n _w1 ! conqu]+ p[] ( ! k+dom ( ,god :i*1 9 ! end1 w manife/ itself1 & deeply to impress ^u ! ,cov5ant-p ! words3 1 4 ,! gl>+ contra/ betwixt ! idea--accord+ to :i* ! k+dom ( ,god 0 to be all prevail+--& ! reality1 9 :i* x is press$ into a corn]1 %all 9 future increase /ill m4 ,ev5 f ?is corn]1 ! p ( ,god %all be driv54 ,b dea? is ! transition to life2 ! utt]mo/ degree ( suff]+s1 ! =]unn] ( deliv]ance & salvation4 ,n a re/oration only is 9 /ore = ! p ( ,god--!y ev5 obta9 ! dom9ion ( ! _w2 b to ! hea!n _w1 :i* is at enmity ) ,god1 _! exaltation is a =]unn] ( de/ruction4 ,all :i* ,obadiah _h to say 9 ref]5ce to ! hea!n1 ,god-hat+ _w1 & to ! =m :i*1 9 future1 ,israel's ,pg #djb relation to x w\ld assume1 has be5 exemplifi$ by him 9 ! case ( ,edom4 ,= ! fact1 t x is only ! hea!n p[] individualiz$ :i* we h be=e u1 is %[n by ! transition to ! hea!n 9 g5]al 9 v]4 #ae1 accord+ to :i*1 ,edom comes into consid]ation only z a "p ( ! :ole3 ,= ne> is ! day ( ! ,"l ^u all ! hea!n4 ,s also is x 9 v]4 #af3 ,= z ye#a h drunk ^u ,my holy m\nta91 s %all all ! hea!n dr9k cont9ually2#b & !y dr9k1 & sup up1 & !y are z ?\gh !y 7 n4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! guilt1 he m5tions ,edom only2 :5 speak+ ( puni%m5t1 he introduces all ! hea!n at once4 ,accord+ to v]4 #ag1 ,israel %all occupy ! possessions ( all ! hea!n4 ,& ev5 ! la/ words ( ! :ole prophecy1 ,& ! k+dom %all be ! ,"l's1 %[ t x be>s a univ]sal "*1--t 9 ! case ( ,edom1 we h only a pr9ciple exemplifi$ :i* applies to all ! enemies ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! lead+ ?\ght is3 ,! k+dom ( ,god %all obta9 univ]sal dom9ion1 :i* foll[s ! deepe/ abasem5t ( ! p ( ,god1 & ( :i* ! fulle/ & mo/ p]fect realization mu/ be s\ght 9 ,*ri/4 ,! animat+ ?\ght c\ld be s mu* ! bett] individualiz$ 9 ! case ( ,edom1 z its natural relation to ,israel 0 "o ( special ne>ness1 & its hatr$ specially deep2 & z1 moreov]1 x at all times consid]$ itself ! rival ( ,israel1 ( ^: advantages x 0 envi\s4 ,t :i* ,amos1 ! cotempor>y ( ,obadiah1 says ( ,edom 9 *ap4 i4 #aa--;,he pursues 8 bro!r ) ! sword1 & corrupts 8 compassions1 & 8 ang] te>s p]petually1 & he keeps 8 wra? = ev]--%[s h[ exce$+ly well he 0 fitt$ to be a repres5tative ( ! enemies ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,x 0 s mu* ! m obvi\s ?us to repres5t ,edom z a p>ticul> & individualiz+ exemplification ( ?is pr9ciple1 z ! prophets ( t p]iod _h n z yet receiv$ any m def9ite disclosures z to ! ?reat5+ k+doms ( ! future1 :ile ,edom1 9 8 ,pg #djc hatr$ aga9/ ! p ( ,god1 /ood be=e _! eyes4 ,! g]m ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,joel iv4 7iii47 #ai1 :]e ,edom already appe>s z a repres5tative & type ( ! ,god-hat+ hea!n _w1 :i* is to be judg$ by ! ,"l1 aft] ! judgm5t ^u ,judah4 ,9 ,obadiah1 we f9d a fulness ( rem>kable glances into ! future compress$ )9 a n>r[ space4 ,! *ief ev5ts are ! foll[+3--#a4 ,! capture ( ,j]usalem1 ! total c>ry+ away ( ! entire p1 bo? ( ,judah & ,israel1 to a f> di/ance1 v]s4 #bj1 #ba4 #b4 ,! return ( ,israel1 ! cessation ( ! sep>ation ( ! two k+doms1 v]4 #ah 7comp>e ,hos4 ii4 #b i4 #aa2 ,amos ix4 #aa1 #ab71 & 8 elevation to ! dom9ion ( ! _w by ! ,savi\rs1 v]4 #ba4 #c4 ,! judgm5t ^u ,edom by hea!n nations1 v]s4 #a-i4 ,j]emiah1 9 xxvii4 #b ff41 comp>$ ) xxv41 m di/9ctly po9ts out ! ,*aldeans z ! hea!n in/rum5ts ( ! judgm5t ^u ,edom & all ! p r\nd ab\t2 & ,matt4 i4 #c1 #d1 %[s ! weight ( ! suff]+s :i* 7 inflict$ by !m ^u ,edom4 #d4 ,! occupation ( ! l& ( ,edom by ,judah4 ,"o realization ( ?is prophecy took place 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees2 b we mu/ n conf9e ourselves to ?is4 ,z1 9 ! ma91 ,edom is only a type ( ! ,god-hat+ hea!n _w1 ! true & real fulfilm5t c be s\ght 9 ,*ri/ alone4 ,comp>e ! rem>ks1 p4 #ih1 ) ref]5ce to ,moab 9 ,balaam's prophecy4 ,! prophecy ( ,obadiah is divid$ into ?ree p>ts3--! de/ruction ( ,edom by hea!n nations summon$ by ,jehovah1 v]s4 #a-i2 ! cause ( x1 8 wick$ness aga9/ ,judah1 v]s4 #aj-af2 ,judah1 on ! contr>y1 rises ) ,joseph f ?is humiliation1 & becomes a conqu]or ( ! _w1 v]s4 #ag-ba4 ,?is la/ "p claims our clos] consid]ation4 ,v]4 #ag4 ,& ^u ,m\nt ,zion %all be !y t h escap$1 & x is holy 7comp>e ,joel iii4 #e1 iv4 #ag ii4 #cb1 iii4 #ag71 & ! h\se ( ,jacob occupies _! possessions4 ,! suffix 9 ref]s to all ! hea!n 9 v]4 #af4 ,! k+dom %all be ! ,"l's1 accord+ to v]4 #af1 & ! dom9ion ( ,8 p ext5ds z f> z ,8 own4 ,we h "h ! g5]al prophecy2 & 9 :at imm$iately foll[s1 ! application to ,edom4 ,! fir/ two clauses s]ve z a f\ndation = ! ?ird4 ,! hol9ess has1 s to speak1 n only a ,pg #djd def5sive1 b also an (f5sive "*4 ,its consequ5ce is ! dom9ion ( ! _w4 ,v]4 #ah4 ,& ! h\se ( ,jacob becomes a fire1 & ! h\se ( ,joseph a flame1 & ! h\se ( ,esau /ubble1 & !y k9dle !m1 & dev\r !m2 & !re %all n be any rema9+ to ! h\se ( ,esau2 = ! ,"l has spok54 ,besides ! :ole ( ! p1 t "p ( !m 7! h\se ( ,joseph1 ! p ( ! t5 tribes7 is specially m5tion$ :i* "o might h expect$ to be exclud$4 ,t !re is none rema9+ to ! h\se ( ,esau 7& to all :o are l him7 agrees ) ! decl>ation utt]$ by ,joel 9 iii4 #e 7ii4 #cb73 ,among/ ^? :o are sp>$1 is :omsoev] ! ,"l calle?4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 :om ! ,"l calls1 are1 accord+ to ! same v]se1 !y :o call on ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic ( ,edom is 8 hatr$ aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god1--& t excludes bo? ! call+ on ! ,"l1 & ! be+ call$ by ! ,"l4 ,! s+le individual1 h[ev]1 may come out ( ! community ( 8 p1 & ent] into ! t]ritory ( sav+ grace1 z is %[n by ! example ( ,rahab4 ,9 ! fur!r description ( ! conqu]+ p[]1 :i* ! p ( ,god %all1 9 future1 ex]cise1 we are1 9 v]4 #ai1 fir/ met by ,judah & ,b5jam94 ,v]4 #ai4 ,& !y ( ! s\? possess ! ,m\nt ( ,esau1 & !y f ! l[ region1 ! ,phili/9es2 & !y 7i4e41 !y ( ,judah1 ! :ole1 ( :om !y ( ! ,s\? & ( ! l[ region are p>ts only7 possess ! fields ( ,ephraim1 & ! fields ( ,sam>ia1 & ,b5jam9--,gilead4 ,x is obvi\s t we h "h be=e u only an individualiz$ repres5tation ( ! ?\ght already express$ 9 ,g54 xxviii4 #ad3 ,& ?y se$ %all be z ! du/ ( ! e>?1 & ?\ %alt break =? to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 to ! ,nor? & to ! ,s\?2 & 9 !e1 & 9 ?y se$1 all ! families ( ! e>? are bless$2 comp>e also ,is4 liv4 #c3 ,?\ %alt break =? on ! "r h& & on ! left1 & ?y se$ %all inh]it ! ,g5tiles4-- is ! s\? "p ( ,judea1 at ! bord]s ( ,edom2 ! l[ region on ! ,we/1 at ! bord]s ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,z1 accord+ to ! vision ( ! prophet1 ! exaltation ( ,judah is prec$$ by 8 total ov]?r[ & captivity 7comp>e v]s4 #aa-ad1 #bj1 #ba71 ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i*1 be=e ! cata/rophe1 0 settl$ 9 ,pg #dje ! ,s\? & l[ region1 is "h meant4 ,t c be tak5 only z ! sign ( ! ,accus41 & ,m\nt ( ,esau1 accord+ly1 z ! object only1 appe>s f v]4 #bj1 accord+ to :i* ! ,s\? is vacant4 ,judah ?us ext5ds 9 ! ,s\?1 ov] ,edom1 9 ! ,we/1 ov] ,phili/ia1 9 ! ,nor?1 ov] ! =m] t]ritory ( ! t5 tribes1 & h5ce also ov] ! t]ritory ( ,b5jam91 :i* =m]ly lay betwixt ,judah & ,joseph4 ,b5jam9 is indemnifi$ by ,gilead4 ,! :ole ( ,canaan comes ?us to ,judah & ,b5jam94 ,joseph1 to ^: damage1 accord+ to v]4 #ah1 ?is enl>gem5t ( ,judah's t]ritory mu/ lead1 mu/ be transf]r$ altoge!r to hea!ni% t]ritory4 ,we expect to f9d1 9 v]4 #bj1 h[ he is indemnifi$4 ,v]4 #bj4 ,& ! exiles ( ?is ho/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7%all possess7 :at are ,canaanites unto ,z>epha?1 & ! exiles ( ,j]usalem t are 9 ,seph>ad %all possess ! cities ( ! ,s\?4 ,! circum/ance t ! ,a?na* /&s bel[ indicates t implies ! common prop]ty ( ! exiles ( ?is ho/1 & ( ! exiles ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,sons ( ,israel1 9 ?is context1 c only be ! t5 tribes2 = !y are "h indemnifi$ = _! =m] t]ritory1 :i*1 accord+ to v]4 #ai1 has become ! possession ( ,judah4 ,! exiles ( ?is ho/ is equival5t to3 ,?is :ole ho/ ( exiles1--! :ole mass ( ! t5 tribes1 c>ri$ away accord+ to prophetic =esight 7comp>e ,amos v4 #bg3 ,& ,i c>ry y away beyond ,damascus1 sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ho/s71 z oppos$ to a piecemeal c>ry+ away1 su* z _h once already tak5 place be=e ! "t ( ! prophet 9 respect to ,judah1 b n 9 respect to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel2 comp>e ,joel iv4 7iii47 #f4 ,t ! ,canaanites unto ,z>epha?--i4e41 ! ,phnicians1 ^: t]ritory =m$ "p ( ! promis$ l&1 b _h nev]1 9 =m] times1 come into ! real possession ( ,israel--are ! objects ( conque/1 & t1 h5ce1 we _c expla9 z ,casp>i does1 ,:o are among ! ,canaanites1 ev5 unto ,z>epha?1 is evid5t f ! circum/ance1 t all ! neighb\r+ nations appe> z objects ( ! conqu]+ activity2--t ! great mass ( ! ,israeliti% exiles 7 n among ! ,canaanites2--t ! c\ld1 9 t case1 n h be5 omitt$2--& t ! ,s\? c\ntry is too small ,pg #djf a space = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ( ,j]usalem toge!r4 ,seph>ad1 ! v "n ( :i* is sc>cely kn[n1 is m5tion$ z a p>ticul>iz+ designation ( ! utmo/ di/ance4 ,! description becomes complete by its return+ to ! ,s\? c\ntry1 f :i* x _h proce$$4 ,! ,s\? c\ntry p5etrates to ,edom2 ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem ext5d beyond ! ,s\? c\ntry4 ,v]4 #ba4 ,& savi\rs g up on ,m\nt ,zion to judge ! ,m\nt ( ,esau1 & ! k+dom %all be ! ,"l's4 is to be acc\nt$ = f ! consid]ation1 t ! deliv]ance & salvation imply ! entire ov]?r[--! total c>ry+ away ( ! p4 ,! ,savi\r is hidd5 b5ea? ! savi\rs2 comp>e ,judges iii4 #i1 #ae2 ,neh4 ix4 #bg4 ,b ev5 "h1 ev]y?+ is connect$ ) human individuals2 & ! m glori\s ! salvation :i* ! prophet beholds 9 ! future1 viz41 ! absolute dom9ion ( ! ,"l1 & ,8 p1 ov] ! _w1 ! less c x be conceiv$ t ! prophet %\ld h expect$ ! realization ( x by a collective body ( mortal m5 )\t a lead]4 ,b ! plural intimates t ! antitype is n )\t types1--t ! head _c be conceiv$ ( )\t memb]s4 ,9 ,j]4 xxiii4 #d1 we read3 ,& ,i raise up %eph]ds ov] !m :i* %all fe$ !m2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! "o good %eph]d--,*ri/--=ms ! subject ( disc\rse4--,& ! k+dom %all be ! ,"l's4--,8 dom9ion1 till !n conceal$1 %all n[ be publicly manife/$1 & ! p ( ! e>? %all ackn[l$ge x1 ei!r spontane\sly1 or by con/ra9t4 ,! com+ ( ?is k+dom has begun ) ,*ri/1 &1 9 ,him1 waits = its consummation4 ,! op9ion ( ,casp>i1 t ! cont5ts ( v]s4 #ai & #bj1 z well z ! close ( ?is prophecy1 belong altoge!r to ! future1 re/s on a false1 lit]al explanation1 ! inadmissibility ( :i* is suffici5tly evid5t f ! circum/ance t ! ,edomites1 ,phili/9es1 & ,canaanites h long s9ce disappe>$ f ! sc5e ( hi/ory2 s t !re exi/s no long] ! possibility ( a lit]al fulfilm5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,! fact t1 ev]y:]e1 ! disc\rse is address$ to ! ,edomites1 proves t "h also ,edom is address$4 ,! & ! s9 ?is v]se1 comp>$ ) ^? 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 likewise sugge/ ?is4 ,comp>e1 moreov]1 ,joel iv4 7iii47 #c1 to :i* passage !re is already an allusion 9 v]4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,namely1 ! cup ( puni%m5t1 ( div9e wra?4 ,pg #djg ,,! ,,prophet ,,jonah4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ )\t any suffici5t reason1 t ,jonah is old] ?an ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 & ,obadiah1--t he is ! olde/ among ! prophets ^: writt5 monum5ts h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,! passage 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #be1 :]e x is said1 t ,jonah1 ! son ( ,amittai ! prophet1 prophesi$ to ,j]oboam ! happy success ( 8 arms1 & ! re/oration ( ! anci5t b\nd>ies ( ,israel1 & t ?is prophecy 0 confirm$ by ! ev5t1 _c decide 9 fav\r ( ?is ass]tion1 because x _c be prov$ t ! victories ( ,j]oboam belong$ to ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is oppos$1 fir/1 by ! position ( ! book 9 ! collection ( ! ,m9or ,prophets1 :i*1 ?r\gh\t1 is *ronologically arrang$1 & :i* is tantam\nt to an express te/imony t ,jonah wrote aft] ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 & ,obadiah4 ,!n1--! circum/ance t ,n9eveh is m5tion$ "h1 & t too 9 a way :i* implies t1 ev5 at t "t1 ! ho/ile relations ( ! ,assyrians to ! ,cov5ant-p _h already begun1 :ile 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,hosea1 9 ,joel1 ,amos1 & ,obadiah1 no ref]5ce to ! ,assyrians is z yet f\nd4 ,ev5 anci5t int]pret]s1 z ,*r4 ,b4 ,mi*aelis1 ,crusius 79 ! ,!ol4 ,proph4 iii4 ,s4 #ch71 inf]r$ f ?is m5tion ( ,n9eveh1 t ! book _h be5 compos$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ invasion ( ! ,assyrians "u ,m5ahem1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone #ac ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,f9ally1--! book beg9s ) &4 ,:]ev] else1 9 ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 su* a beg9n+ occurs1 x indicates a resumption (1 & a junction )1 =m] l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( sacr$ lit]ature2 comp>e ,judges i4 #a2 #a ,sam4 i4 #a2 ,ezek4 i4 #a4 ,t ! expression1 ,& x came to pass1 ) :i* ! book op5s1 is int5d$ to e/abli% ! connection ) ! prophecy ( ,obadiah1 :i* occupies ! imm$iately prec$+ place 9 ! ,canon1 is intimat$ by ! int]nal relation ( ! two books to ea* o!r4 ,! prophecy ( ,obadiah be>s1 ?r\gh\t1 a ho/ile aspect to ! hea!n _w2 x appe>s to him z ! object only ( ,god's judg+ activity4 ,jonah1 on ! o!r h&1 receiv$ ! mission1 di/9ctly to po9t out ! o!r aspect ( ! matt]1 & ,pg #djh !reby1 n inde$ to correct1 b c]ta9ly to supplem5t 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! "t 0 approa*+ :5 ! hea!n _w 0 to p\r out its floods ^u ! p ( ,god4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! position ( ,israel t[>ds x became "o altoge!r repulsive1 t ! susceptibility ( ! hea!n = salvation 0 d5i$1 & ,god's m]cy 0 limit$ to ,israel4 ,n>r[-m9d$ exclusiv5ess receiv$ a p[]ful support f ! oppression & haught9ess ( ! hea!n4 ,:il/ o!r prophets oppos$ su* exclusiv5ess by _! words1 by ann\nc+ ! ext5sion ( salvation to ! ,g5tiles1 ,jonah receiv$ ! mission to illu/rate1 by a symbolical action1 ! capacity ( ! hea!n = salvation1 & _! future p>ticipation 9 x4 ,! effect ( ?is mu/ necess>ily h be5 s mu* ! great]1 z ! :ole ( ! little book is exclusively devot$ to ?is subject1 z x appe>$ at ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! conflict1 & z ,n9eveh is m5tion$ "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 s peaceable & conciliatory a relation1 & 9 close h>mony & connection ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! will+ submission ( ! hea!n _w to ! dom9ion ( ,%iloh1 spok5 ( 9 ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,x is rem>kably impressive to see h[ _s "h triumphs ov] nature--a triumph :i* appe>s s mu* ! bright] because ! prophet himself pays 8 tribute to nature2 = x 0 because he li/5$ to ! voice ( nature1 t1 at fir/1 he int5d$ to flee to ,t>%i%4 ,! reason :y ! commission ( ! ,"l 0 s disagreeable to him1 we le>n f *ap4 iv4 #b4 ,he 0 afraid le/ ! prea*+ ( rep5tance1 :i* 0 committ$ to him1 might turn away ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l f ,n9eveh1 ! metropolis ( t c\ntry :i* ?reat5$ de/ruction to ,israel4 ,he knew ! deep corruption ( 8 own p1 & =ebod$ ! issue :i* ! ext5sion ( ! means ( grace to ! ,g5tiles might v easily br+ ab\t 9 ! end4 ,b yet1 he felt almo/ irresi/ibly impell$ to c>ry out ! commission ( ,god1 & 9 ord] to cut himself (f f ! possibility ( foll[+ ! voice :i* call$ him to ! ea/1 he resolv$ to g to ! f> di/ant we/4 ,! voice1 h[ev]1 foll[$ him ev5 !re2 b ! f>!r he advanc$ on 8 j\rney1 ! m difficult x became = him to foll[ x4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! ,"l grant$ m]cy to ,n9eveh1 he 0 angry & wi%$ to die1 n by any means because he ,pg #dji felt himself injur$ 9 8 hon\r z a prophet 7z 0 errone\sly suppos$1 ev5 by ,calv971 b because he grudg$ to ! ,g5tiles ! m]cy :i* he consid]$ z a pr]ogative ( ,israel only1 & because he 0 anxi\s = ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh z ! metropolis ( t k+dom :i* 0 de/9$ to be ! rod ( *a/isem5t = 8 own p4 ,he 0 ?us actuat$ by ! same ard5t love = 8 p :i* call$ =? ! wi% ( ,/ ,paul1 t he might become an ana!ma = 8 bre?r51--by ! same disposition ( m9d :i* prevail$ 9 ! eld] bro!r at ! return ( ! prodigal son 7,luke xv4 #be ff471 & :i* at fir/ w\ld manife/ itself ev5 9 ,pet]1 ,acts x4 #ad ff4 ,! ,jewi% s5t5ce 7,c>pzov4 ,introd4 #c1 p4 #adi71 ,jonah 0 anxi\s = ! glory ( ! ,son1 b he did n seek ! glory ( ! ,fa!r1 is v significant4 ,jonah exhibits1 9 a v /rik+ way1 ! ?\ghts ( 8 old man1 9 ord] t ,israel might recognise !mselves 9 8 image4 ,b we are n at lib]ty to say t ! prophet repres5t$ ! p only4 ,x is true t1 z "o ( ! p1 he also ent]ta9$ ^? ?\ghts2 b1 besides ^!1 he ent]ta9$ o!r ?\ghts also4 ,! voices ( ! ,"l :i* he he>d 7 spiritual2 & su* voices c be he>d only :5 !re is some?+ ak9 9 ! he>t4 ,n ev5 ) "o /ep did ,jonah t\* ! t]ritory ( ! false prophets1 :o prophesi$ out ( _! own he>ts4 ,he reta9$ all 8 human weakness to himself1 & ! ,^w ( ,god /ood by ! side ( x 9 uncl\d$ brightness1 & obta9$ absolute victory4 ,!re c be no d\bt t we h be=e u 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah ! description ( a symbolical action1--t 8 mission to ,n9eveh has an object di/9ct f ! mission itself1--t x is n ! result atta9$ by x 9 ! fir/ in/ance :i* is ! ess5tial po9t1 b t x is its aim to br+ to light c]ta9 tru?s1 & 9 ! =m ( fact1 to prophesy future ?+s4 ,! tru?s are ^!3--,fir/1 t ! ,g5tiles are by no means s unsusceptible ( ! high] tru? z vulg> prejudice imag9$ !m to be4 ,?is 0 manife/$ by ! conduct ( ! sailors1 :o1 at la/1 (f] sacrifices & ev5 v[s to ,jehovah2 b1 9 a m /rik+ mann]1 by ! deep impression :i* ! disc\rse ( ,jonah produc$ ^u ! ,n9evites4 ,9 ?is we h ! actual pro( ( ,ezek4 iii4 #e1 #f1 :]e ! prophet repres5ts 8 mission z "o ( peculi> difficulty--m ,pg #daj difficult1 ev51 ?an x w\ld h be5 if address$ to ! ,g5tiles3 ,_h ,i s5t !e to !m1 surely !y w\ld h he>k5$ to !e4 ,fur!r1--t x is n 9 ,8 relation to ,israel only1 b 9 ,8 relation to ! ,g5tiles also1 t ! ,"l is graci\s & m]ciful1 sl[ to ang] & ( great k9dness1 *ap4 iv4 #b4 ,! view :i* ^! words1 at once1 op5 up into ! future1 is1 t at "s future p]iod ! ,"l w grant to ! ,g5tiles ! prea*+ ( ,8 ^w1 & admission into ,8 k+dom4 ,! glory ( ,8 m]cy & grace w\ld h be5 d>k5$1 if ! revelation ( !m _h be5 = ev] limit$ to a p>ticul>1 small portion ( ! human race4 ,n9eveh1 ! repres5tative ( ! hea!n multitude1 is v significantly call$ ! great city at ! v outset1 9 i4 #b1 & a great city = ,god1 9 iii4 #c1 = :i*1 z ,mi*aelis rem>ks1 ,god specially c>$1 on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( s\ls2 comp>e iv4 #aa4 ,if ! symbolical & prophetical "* ( ! book be d5i$1 ! fact ( its hav+ its place among ! prophetical1 & n among ! hi/orical1 books1 admits ( no explanation at all4 ,= s mu* is evid5t1 t ?is fact _c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! circum/ance t ! book reports ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ to a prophet4 ,! s\nd explanation has be5 already giv5 by ,m>ckius3 ,! book is1 9 a great measure1 hi/orical1 b 9 su* a mann]1 t 9 ! hi/ory itself !re is hidd5 ! my/]y ( ! greate/ prophecy1 & t ,jonah proves himself to be a true prophet1 by ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ to him1 n less ?an by 8 utt]ances4 ,a simil> explanation is giv5 by ,c>pzovius3 ,by 8 own example1 z well z by ! ev5t itself1 he bore witness t x 0 ! w ( ,god t all m5 %\ld be sav$1 & %\ld come to ! k ( ! tru?1 #a ,tim4 ii4 #d4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion by ! repres5tation itself4 ,?is diff]s v widely f t giv5 9 ! hi/orical books4 ,! objection rais$ by ,hitzig aga9/ ! hi/orical tru?1--viz41 t ! n>rative is fragm5t>y1--t x wants complet5ess1--t a numb] ( ev5ts are communicat$ only 9 s f> z is requir$ by ! object ( ga9+ a f\ndation = ! graphic repres5tation ( ! doctr9al cont5ts1--_c be set aside s easily z is done by ,hv]ni* :5 he says3 ,pg #daa ,by argum5ts ( a nature s flimsy1 suspicions may be rais$ aga9/ ! tru? ( e hi/orical report4 ,we _c b confess t1 to ! writ]1 hi/ory is inde$ a means only ( repres5t+ a ?\ght to :i* he is anxi\s to give curr5cy 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,x is j = ?is reason t he ab/a9s f graphically enl>g+1 because t w\ld h be5 an ob/acle to 8 purpose4 ,! n>rative ( a symbolical action :i* took place outw>dly1 comes1 9 ?is respect1 "u ! same law z ! n>rative ( a symbolical action belong+ to ! int]nal t]ritory1 & to t ( ! p>able4 ,! n>rative w\ld lose ! "* ( p]spicuity :i* is s necess>y = ! :ole matt]1 if x 7 complete 9 ! subord9ate circum/ances4 ,x also tells 9 fav\r ( ! symbolical "* ( ! hi/ory ( ,jonah1 t ! mission>y activity on behalf ( ! ,g5tiles does n prop]ly belong to ! vocation ( ! prophets1 _! mission be+ to ! two h\ses ( ,israel only4 ,9 ! entire hi/ory1 n ev5 a s+le example is to be f\nd ( a prophet :o1 = ! good ( ! hea!n _w itself1 w5t out among !m4 ,! hi/ory ( ,eli%a1 9 #b ,k+s viii4 #g ff41 has1 )\t suffici5t reason1 be5 adduc$ by ,hv]nick4 ,accord+ to ! visions ( ! prophets !mselves1 ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n is n to be accompli%$ at pres5t1 b 9 ! ,messianic "t1 & by ! ,messiah ,himself4 ,if1 !n1 ! book itself is n to /& altoge!r isolat$1 ! symbolical "* ( ,jonah's mission mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,b !n x is only 9 ! =m t x diff]s f ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! ext5sion ( salvation to ! hea!n also1--ann\ncem5ts :i* occur 9 ! o!r prophets also4 ,t :i* ^! exhibit$ 9 words m]ely1 is "h made conspicu\s by de$s4 ,! influ5ce !reby produc$ ^u ! hea!n appe>s !n only z ! means1 :ile ! real purpose is to make an important tru? famili> to ! ,congregation ( ,god1 &1 by a /rik+ fact1 to remove ! prejudices :i* prevail$ 9 x4 ,f9ally1--,if ! symbolical "* ( ! facts be d5i$1 ! mission ( ,jonah appe>s to be almo/ dive/$ ( e aim2 = ! good emotions ( ! crew1 & ! rep5tance ( ! ,n9evites1 evid5tly did n lead to any la/+ result4 ,if any?+ else 7 aim$ at ?an ! prefigur+ ( future ev5ts1 ! prophet might bett] h /ay$ at home2 an unassum+ ,pg #dab m9i/ry 9 "s corn] among ! ,cov5ant-p w\ld h c>ri$ along ) x a great] rew>d4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! symbolical "* ( ! hi/ory ( ,jonah be admitt$1 rem>kable p>allels 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus pres5t !mselves4 ,! ,savi\r1 9 ! days ( ,8 fle%1 0 satisfi$ ) ! prophetic intimation ( ! future f>!r ext5sion ( ,8 salvation4 ,t :i* ,he ,himself did = ?is ext5sion1 9 ^? p>ticul> cases :]e ! fai? ( non-,israelites obtrud$ itself ^u ,him1 mu/1 9 its isolation1 be view$ z an embodim5t ( t intimation1--z a prophecy by de$s4 ,he says 9 ,matt4 xv4 #bd3 ,i am n s5t b to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel2 b if1 nev]!less4 ,he purposely makes ,8 abode 9 ! t]ritory ( ,tyre & ,sidon2 if !re ,he he>s ! pray] ( ! ,canaaniti% woman to heal h] daught]1 aft] hav+ fir/ tri$ h] fai?1 !n ,8 purpose evid5tly is3 ,t ,8 prophecy 9 words conc]n+ ! ext5sion ( salvation to ! ,g5tiles1 might f9d a support 9 ,8 prophecy 9 de$s4 ,jesus1 prefigur+ ! future do+s ( ,8 s]vants1 pass$ ov] ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,:il/ ! ,jews _h reject$ ! salvation (f]$ to !m1 & =c$ ,jesus to retire into concealm5t1 ! hea!n woman comes full ( fai?1 & seeks ,him 9 ,8 concealm5t4 ,! ,canaaniti% woman is a repres5tative ( ! hea!n _w1 ! future fai? ( :i* %e 0 call$ to prefigure by su/a9+ ! trial4 ,f h] example1 ! ,apo/les 7 to le>n :at might be expect$ f ! ,g5tiles :5 ! "t %\ld arrive = proclaim+ ! ,gospel to !m also4 ,9 ,matt4 x4 #e1 #f1 ! ,"l speaks to ! ,apo/les3 ,g n 9 ! way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & into any ( ! cities ( ! ,sam>itans ent] ye n2 b g r to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,8 own conduct1 h[ev]1 z x is report$ 9 ,john iv41 /&s 9 contradiction to ?is comm& to ,8 ,apo/les1 s long z its prophetical significance is n ackn[l$g$4 ,t :i* 01 on a l>ge scale1 to be done by ,*ri/ 9 ! /ate ( glorification1 0 prefigur$ by ,him1 on a small] scale1 9 ! /ate ( humiliation4 ,! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ 9 ,sam>ia be>s ! same relation to ! lat] mission among ?is p1 t ! s+le in/ances ( ,*ri/'s rais+ ! dead d to ! g5]al resurrection4 ,! ,"l aft]w>ds did n fo/] ! g]ms :i* _h come =? among ! ,sam>itans2 ,he1 9 ! meantime1 left !m altoge!r ,pg #dac to _! fate4 ,t prelude 0 q suffici5t = ! object :i* ,he !n _h 9 view1 & no?+ fur!r c\ld be done )\t violat+ ! rights ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 to :i*1 9 ! conv]sation z record$ by ,john1 ! ,"l z expressly pays att5tion1 z ,he does 9 ,matt4 x4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,micah4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,micah signifies3 ,:o is l ,jehovah2 & by ?is "n1 ! prophet is consecrat$ to ! incomp>able ,god1 j z ,hosea 0 to ! help+ ,god1 & ,nahum to ! com=t+ ,god4 ,he prophesi$1 accord+ to ! inscription1 "u ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 entitl$1 on ?is acc\nt1 to dissev] 8 prophecies1 & to assign p>ticul> disc\rses to ! reign ( ea* ( ^! k+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! entire collection =ms only "o :ole4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( 8 prophetic m9i/ry1 "u ,hezekiah1 ! prophet committ$ to writ+ ev]y?+ :i* 0 ( importance = all com+ "t t _h be5 reveal$ to him dur+ ! :ole duration ( t m9i/ry4 ,he collect$ into "o compreh5sive picture all ! deta*$ visions :i* _h be5 grant$ to him 9 manifold repetition2 giv+ u ! sum & sub/ance 7( :i* no?+ has be5 lo/ 9 ! case ( any ( ! m5 inspir$ by ,god7 ( :at 0 spok5 at diff]5t times1 & omitt+ all :i* 0 accid5tal1 & purely local & tempor>y4 ,?is view1 :i* alone is ! correct "o1 & :i* contributes s l>gely to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! prophet1 has be5 already advanc$ by sev]al ( ! old] s*ol>s4 ,?us ,lightfoot 7,ordo temporum1 opp4 i4 p4 #ii7 rem>ks3 ,x is easi] to conceive t ! matt] ( ?is :ole book repres5ts ! sub/ance ( ! prophecy :i* he utt]$ "u ^! v>i\s k+s1 ?an to det]m9e :i* ( ! *apt]s ( ?is book 7 utt]$ "u ! p>ticul> reign ( ea* ( ^! k+s4 ,majus also 7,economia temporum1 p4 #hih7 says3 ,he repeat$1 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 :at he _h spok5 at diff]5t ,pg #dad times1 & "u diff]5t k+s4 ,9 mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ?is view _h be5 g5]ally ab&on$2 & al?\gh1 at pres5t1 _m critics are dispos$ to return to x1 ,hitzig & ,maur] /ill ass]t1 t ! book 0 compos$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,we %all n[ endeav\r to prove ! unity ( ! book1 fir/1 f ! prophecies !mselves4 ,if we 7 entitl$ to sep>ate !m at all1 accord+ to "t & circum/ances1 we c\ld =m a division into ?ree disc\rses only2 viz41 *ap4 i4 & ii42 *ap4 iii4-v42 & *ap4 vi4 & vii4 ,=1 #a4 ,ea* ( ^! disc\rses =ms a :ole1 complete 9 itself1 & 9 :i* ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! prophetic disc\rse--repro(1 ?reat5+1 promise--are repeat$4 ,if ^! disc\rses be torn asund]1 we get only ! lac]a membra ( a prophetic disc\rse4 #b4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree disc\rses1 =m+ an h>moni\s :ole1 beg9s ) 1 he>4 ,t ?is is n m]ely accid5tal1 appe>s f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ disc\rse1 1 ,he>1 all ye p4 ,^! words lit]ally agree ) ^? :i* 7 utt]$ by ! prophet's eld] namesake1 :51 accord+ to #a ,k+s xxii4 #bh1 he call$ ^u ! :ole _w to att5d to ! rem>kable /ruggle betwixt ! true & false prophets4 ,x is evid5tly on purpose t ! prophet beg9s ) ! same words z ^? ) :i* ! eld] ,micah _h clos$ 8 disc\rse to ,ahab1 &1 x may be1 8 :ole prophetic m9i/ry4 ,by ?is v circum/ance he gives intimation ( :at may be expect$ f him1 %[s t 8 activity is to be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( t ( 8 pr$ecessor1 :o 0 s jeal\s = ,god1 & t he _h m 9 common ) him ?an ! m]e "n4 ,ros5mll] 7,prol4 ad ,mi*4 p4 #h7 has ass]t$1 inde$1 t ^! words are only put into ! m\? ( ! eld] ,micah1 & t !y are tak5 f ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,b ! reason :i* he adduces 9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 viz41 t x _c be conceiv$ h[ x c\ld ev] h ent]$ ! m9d ( t eld] ,micah to call ^u all p to be witnesses ( an ann\ncem5t :i* conc]n$ ,ahab only1 ne$s no detail$ refutation4 ,:y !n is x t 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #a1 ,is4 i4 #b1 heav5 & e>? are call$ ^u to be witnesses ( an ann\ncem5t :i* conc]n$ ! ,jewi% p only8 ,:o does n see t1 to ! prophet1 ,israel appe>s z too small an audi5ce ,pg #dae = ! ann\ncem5t ( ! great decision :i* he has j utt]$2 9 ! same mann] z ! ,psalmi/ 7comp>e1 e4g41 ,ps4 xcvi4 #c7 exhorts to proclaim to ! ,g5tiles ! great de$s ( ! ,"l1 because ,pale/9e is too n>r[ = !m8--,b n[1 if x be e/abli%$ t x 0 ) a di/9ct object t ! prophet employ$ ! words1 ,he> ye1 does n ! circum/ance t !y are f\nd at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ree disc\rses1 :i* are complete 9 !mselves1 af=d suffici5t gr\nd = ! assumption1 t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! prophet1 n inde$ absolutely to limit !m to ! beg9n+ ( a new disc\rse 7comp>e1 on ! contr>y1 iii4 #ia71 b yet1 n to comm5ce a new disc\rse )\t !m2 s t ! want ( !m is decisive aga9/ ! supposition ( a new section8 #c4 ,z soon z an attempt is made to break up any ( ^! ?ree disc\rses1 _m p>ticul> circum/ances are at once f\nd1 ^u a c>eful exam9ation1 to prove a connection ( ! sections s close1 z n to admit ( a sep>ation )\t mutilat+ !m4 ,?us *ap4 i4 & ii4 _c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 = ! reason t ! promise 9 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 ref]s to ! ?reat5+ 9 i4 #e4 ,t promise ref]s to all ,israel1 j z does ! ?reat5+ 9 *ap4 i42 :il/ 9 ! ?reat5+ & repro( 9 *ap4 ii4 ! eye ( ! prophet is direct$ only to ! ma9 object ( 8 m9i/ry1 viz41 to ,judah4 ,b ev5 ^! ?ree divisions1 :i* hi!rto we h prov$ to be ! only divisions t d exi/1#b c be consid]$ z su*1 9 s f> only z 9 !m ! disc\rse takes a fre% />t1 & ent]s ^u a new sph]e4 ,!y _c be consid]$ z complete 9 !mselves1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! ,pg #daf diff]5ce ( ! p]iods ( _! composition2 = ev5 9 !m !re are f\nd traces ( a close connection4 ,ev5 ! uni=m beg9n+ by ,he> may be consid]$ z su*4 ,! second disc\rse 9 iii4 #a beg9s ) 2 b ! ,fut4 ) ,vav conv]s4 always1 & )\t exception1 connects a new action ) a prec$+ "o1 & c nev] be us$ :]e !re is an absolutely new comm5cem5t4 ,its significance "h1 :]e x is us$ 9 ! transition f ! promise to a new repro( & ?reat5+1 has be5 v /rik+ly br\ght out ?us1 by ,*4 ,b5$4 ,mi*aelis3 ,b :ile we are yet b too f> away f ^? long$-= times1 :i* h j be5 promis$1 ,i say 9 ! mean:ile1 viz41 9 ord] to complete ! li/ ( ! iniquities ( evil pr9ces & tea*]s1 begun 9 *ap4 ii4 ,! words ( iii4 #a1 ,he>1 ,i pray y1 ye heads ( ,jacob1 & ye pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 h an evid5t ref]5ce to ii4 #ab3 ,i w assemble ,jacob all ( !e1 ,i w ga!r ! remnant ( ,israel4 ,9 ! new ?reat5+1 ! prophet *ooses q ! same designation z 9 ! prec$+ promise1 9 ord] to prev5t ! latt] f giv+ support to false security4 ,x is n by any means ,sam>ia alone1 b all ,israel1 :i* is ! object ( div9e puni%m5t4 ,x is only a remnant ( ,israel t %all be ga!r$4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ! prec$+ disc\rse is /ill m obvi\s 9 v]4 #d3 ,!n !y %all cry unto ! ,"l1 & ,he w n answ]2 & may ,he hide#c ,8 face f !m at ?is "t1 z !y h behav$ !mselves ill t[>ds ,him 9 _! do+s4 ,n[1 z 9 v]s4 #a-c div9e judgm5ts _h n yet be5 spok5 (1 ! t]ms !n1 & at ?is "t1 c ref] only to ! ?reat5+s ( puni%m5t 9 ii4 #c ff41 :i* h a special ref]5ce to ! ungodly nobles4 ,?us ! result pres5t$ at ! beg9n+1 is confirm$ to u by int]nal reasons4 ,! inscription#d ann\nces ! oracles ,pg #dag ( ,god :i* came to ,micah "u ! reign ( ?ree k+s2 :ile ! exam9ation ( ! cont5ts proves t ! collection =ms a connect$ :ole1 writt5 uno t5ore4 ,h[1 n[1 c ^! two facts be reconcil$ 9 any o!r way ?an by suppos+ t we h "h be=e u a compreh5sive picture ( ! prophetic m9i/ry ( ,micah1 ! s+le compon5t p>ts ( :i* are at once contemporane\s1 & yet belong+ to diff]5t p]iods8 ,?is supposition1 moreov]1 af=ds u ! advantage ( be+ all[$ to ma9ta9 all ! hi/orical ref]5ces 9 _! fulle/ import1 )\t be+ l$ to disreg>d ! "o1 :ile we give att5tion to ! o!r2 = no?+ is1 9 ?is case1 m natural1 ?an t ! prophet connects ) "o ano!r diff]5t prophecies utt]$ at diff]5t times4 ,! weight ( ^! int]nal reasons is increas$1 h[ev]1 by ext]nal reasons :i* are equally /rong4 ,:5 ,j]emiah 0 call$ to acc\nt = 8 prophecy conc]n+ ! de/ruction ( ! city1 ! eld]s1 = 8 ju/ification1 appeal$ to ! ,pg #dah entirely simil> prophecy ( ,micah 9 iii4 #ab3 ,!re=e %all ,zion = y\r sake be pl\gh$ z a field1 & ,j]usalem %all become heaps ( ru9s1 & ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se z ! high places ( ! =e/4 ,9 ,j]4 xxvi4 #ah1 #ai1 x is said1 ,micah prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 & spake to all ! p ( ,judah1 etc4 ,did ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 & all ,judah1 put him to dea?8 ,did he n fe> ! ,"l1 & bes\ght ! ,"l1 & ! ,"l rep5t$ ,him ( ! evil :i* ,he _h pron\nc$ aga9/ !m8 ,all int]pret]s admit t ?is passage =ms an au?ority = ! composition ( ! disc\rse 9 iii4-v4 "u ,hezekiah2 b we _c well limit x 9 ?is way1 we mu/ ext5d x to ! :ole collection4 ,=1 ev5 ap>t f ! reasons by :i* we prov$ t ! entire book =ms "o closely connect$ :ole1 x is mo/ improbable t ! eld]s %\ld h kn[n1 by an oral tradition1 ! exact "t ( ! composition ( "o s+le disc\rse1 :i* has no special date at ! head ( x4 ,is x n a f> m natural supposition1 t !y consid]$ ! collection z a :ole1 ( :i* ! compon5t p>ts _h1 inde$1 be5 deliv]$ by ! prophet at a =m] p]iod1 b _h be5 repeat$1 & unit$ into "o description "u ,hezekiah2 & t !y m5tion$ ,hezekiah1 p>tly because x c\ld n be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty :e!r ?is special pr$iction _h already be5 utt]$ "u "o ( 8 pr$ecessors1 &1 if s1 "u :i* ( !m2 & p>tly1 because among ! ?ree k+s m5tion$ 9 ! inscription1 ,hezekiah alone =m$ an ecclesia/ical au?ority8 ,b j z t quotation 9 ,j]emiah furni%es u ) a pro( t all ! prophecies ( ,micah1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u1 7 committ$ to writ+ "u ,hezekiah1 s we c1 9 a simil> mann]1 prove f ,isaiah1 *ap4 ii41 t !y 71 at lea/ 9 "p1 utt]$ at a previ\s p]iod4 ,! problem ( ! relation ( ,is4 ii4 #b-d to ,micah iv4 #a-c1 _c be solv$ 9 any o!r way ?an by suppos+1 t ?is portion ( a prophecy :i*1 9 ,j]emiah1 is assign$ to ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 0 utt]$ by ,micah z e>ly z "u ! reign ( ,jo?am1 & t soon aft] x ,isaiah1 by plac+ ! words ( ,micah at ! head ( 8 own prophecies1 express$ t :i* _h come to him also 9 inw>d vision2 =1 be+ already kn[n to ! p1 !y c\ld n fail to produce _! impression4 ,pg #dai ,e o!r solution c be prov$ to be unt5able4 #a4 ,lea/ ( all is !re any refutation ne$$ ( ! hypo!sis :i* is n[ g5]ally ab&on$1 viz41 t ! passage 9 ,isaiah is ! orig9al "o2 comp>e1 aga9/ ?is hypo!sis1 ,kle9]t1 ,ae*!it des ,jes4 ,s4 #cef2 ,casp>i1 ,s4 #ddd4 #b4 ,equally objectionable is ano!r supposition1 t bo? ! prophets _h made use ( "s old] prophecy--"o utt]$ by ,joel1 z ,hitzig & ,ewald h ma9ta9$4 ,! connection 9 :i* ^! v]ses /& 9 ,micah1 is by f> too close = su* a supposition4 ,we c\ld n1 inde$1 s confid5tly advance ?is argum5t1 if ! connection consi/$ only 9 :at is commonly br\ght =w>d1 viz41 t ^u ! monitory ann\ncem5t ( puni%m5t 9 *ap4 iii41 !re foll[s1 9 *ap4 iv4 #a ff41 ! consolatory promise ( a glori\s future = ! godly1 & t ! 9 v]4 #a evid5tly connects x ) :at imm$iately prec$es4 ,b ! ref]5ce & connection are f> m close4 ,! promise 9 iv4 #a1 #b1 is1 ?r\gh\t1 contra/$ ) ! ?reat5+ 9 iii4 #ab4 ,! m\nta9 ( ! h\se %all become z ! high places ( ! =e/1--h5ce1 despis$1 solit>y1 & desolate4 ,9 iv4 #a1 !re is oppos$ to x1 ,! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l %all be e/abli%$ on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & x %all be exalt$ above ! hills1 & ^u x p %all flee toge!r4 ,zion %all be pl\gh$ z a field1 & ,j]usalem become a heap ( ru9s4 ,contra/$ ) ?is1 !re is 9 iv4 #b ! decl>ation3 ,= ! law %all g =? ( ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l ( ,j]usalem4 ,! desolate & despis$ place n[ becomes ! resid5ce ( ! ,"l1 f :i* ,he s5ds ,8 comm&s ov] ! :ole e>?1 & ( :i* ! brilliant c5tre n[ is ,j]usalem4 ,9 ord] to make ?is contra/ s mu* ! m obvi\s1 ! prophet beg9s1 9 ! promise1 ) j ! m\nta9 ( ! temple1 :i*1 9 ! ?reat5+1 _h occupi$ ! la/ place2 s t ! opposites are br\ght into imm$iate connection4 ,nor is x c]ta9ly m]ely accid5tal t1 9 ! ?reat5+1 he speaks ( ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se only1 :ile1 9 ! promise1 he speaks ( ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l2 comp>e ,matt4 xxiii4 #ch1 :]e y\r h\se1 accord+ to ,b5gel1 is ! h\se :i*1 9 o!r passages1 is call$ ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 j z ! ,"l1 9 ,exod4 xxxii4 #g1 says to ,moses1 ,?y p4 ,! temple mu/ h ceas$ to be ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 be=e x w\ld be de/roy$2 = ,pg #dbj :i* reason1 z we are told ,9 ,ezekiel1 ! ,%e*9ah remov$ f x be=e ! ,babyloni% de/ruction4 ,& 9 po9t ( =m1 ! 9 iv4 #a s mu* ! m corresponds ) ! 9 iii4 #ab1 z f ! latt] mu/ be suppli$ = ! la/ clause ( ! v]se2 comp>e ,casp>i1 ,s4 #dde4 ,t v]4 #e mu/ n be sep>at$ f ! prophecy :i* ,isaiah _h be=e him1 is se5 f a comp>ison ( ,is4 ii4 #e3 ,o h\se ( ,jacob1 come ye & let u walk 9 ! light ( ! ,"l4 ,accord+ to ! true int]pretation1 ! light ( ! ,"l signifies ,8 grace1 & ! bless+s :i*1 accord+ to :at prec$es1 are to be be/[$ by x2 & to walk 9 ! light ( ! ,"l1 means to p>ticipate 9 ! enjoym5t ( grace4 ,^! words1 accord+ly1 are closely relat$ to ^? 9 ,mic4 iv4 #e3 ,= all ! p %all walk1 e "o 9 ! "n ( 8 god1 & we w walk 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l our ,god = ev] & ev]3 i4e41 ! fate ( ! p 9 ! hea!n _w corresponds to ! nature ( _! gods2 because ^! are no?+1 !y too %all s9k d[n into no?+ness1 :ile ,israel %all p>take 9 ! glory ( 8 ,god4 ,!re is ! same ?\ght1 & 9 ess5tially ! same dress1 bo? 9 ,isaiah & ,micah1--only t ! words :i* 9 ,micah embody a pure promise1 are trans=m$ by ,isaiah into an exhortation t ,israel %\ld n1 by _! own fault1 =feit ?is pref]5ce ov] ! hea!n nations1 t !y %\ld n wantonly w&] away into d>k solitudes1 f ! pa? ( light :i* ! ,"l _h op5$ up be=e !m4 ,?is trans=mation 9 ,isaiah1 h[ev]1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! consid]ation1 t he 0 anxi\s to prep>e ! way = ! repro(s :i* n[ foll[ f v]4 #f2 :il/ ,micah1 :o _h already premis$ !m1 c\ld cont9ue 9 ! promise4 ,x is also 9 fav\r ( ! orig9ality ( ! passage 9 ,micah1 t ! text :i*1 9 ,isaiah1 appe>s z a v>iation1 appe>s z orig9al 9 ,micah2 s t bo? _c be equally dep5d5t ^u a ?ird writ]4 #c4 ,!re n[ rema9s only ! view ( ,kle9]t1 accord+ to :i* ! prophecy ( ,micah1 9 *ap4 iii4-v41 0 fir/ utt]$ "u ! reign ( ,hezekiah2 &1 "u ! reign ( ! same k+1 b some:at lat]1 ! prophecy1 9 *ap4 ii4-iv4 ( ,isaiah1 :o avails himself ( x4 ,b1 ^u a clos] exam9ation1 ?is view also proves unt5able4 ,isaiah's description ( ! condition ( ! p 9 a moral po9t ( view1 ! g5]al spread ( idolatry ,pg #dba & vice1 exclude e o!r p]iod 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah except ! fir/ beg9n+ ( x1 :5 ! effect & influ5ce ( ! "t ( ,ahaz 7 /ill felt2 s t ev5 ,kle9]t 7p4 #cfd7 is oblig$ to assume1 t n only ! prophecy ( ,micah1 b also t ( ,isaiah1 7 utt]$ 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( ! reign ( ?is k+4 ,b o!r difficulties--& ^! altoge!r insup]able--/& 9 ! way ( ?is assumption4 ,9 ! :ole section ( ,isaiah1 ! nation appe>s z ri*1 fl\ri%+1 & p[]ful4 ,?is is mo/ /rongly express$ 9 *ap4 ii4 #g3 ,8 l& is full ( silv] & gold1 !re is no end to 8 treasure2 8 l& is full ( horses1 & !re is no end to 8 *>iots4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! description ( ! consequ5ces ( weal?1 & ( ! unb\nd$ luxury1 9 iii4 #af ff42 & ! ?reat5+ ( ! )drawal ( all p[]1 & all ri*es1 z a /rong contra/ ) _! pres5t condition1 ^u :i* !y1 9 _! bl9dness1 re/$ ! hope ( _! security1 & h5ce imag9$ t !y /ood 9 no ne$ ( ! assi/ance ( ! ,"l1 iii4 #a ff4 ,n[ ?is description is s inapplicable to ! comm5cem5t ( ,hezekiah's reign1 t ! v opposite ( x %\ld r be expect$4 ,! invasion by ! alli$ ,syrians & ,israelites1 ! oppression by ! ,assyrians1 & ! tribute :i* !y _h to pay to !m1 ! int]nal adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 bad beyond example1 & ! curse ( ,god re/+ on all _! ent]prises & ef=ts1 _h exhau/$1 dur+ ! reign ( ! ungodly ,ahaz1 ! treasures :i* _h be5 collect$ "u ,uzziah & ,jo?am1 & _h dri$ up ! s\rces ( prosp]ity4 ,he _h left ! k+dom to 8 successors 9 a condition ( utt] decay4 ,to ^!1 o!r reasons /ill may be add$1 :i* are 9 fav\r ( ! composition ( x "u ,jo?am1 :ile !y are aga9/ its composition "u ,hezekiah2 especially ! circum/ance ( _! /&+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! collection ( ! fir/ twelve *apt]s 7a circum/ance :i* is ( great weight1 inasmu* z ^! *apt]s are1 beyond any d\bt1 arrang$ *ronologically71 b /ill m1 ! indef9it5ess & g5]ality 9 ! ?reat5+ ( ! div9e judgm5ts1 :i* ! prophecy ( ,micah has 9 common ) ! ne>ly contemporane\s *apt]s i4 & v4 ( ,isaiah1 :il/ ! ?reat5+s out ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ! reign ( ,ahaz h at once a f> m def9ite "*4 ,by ^! consid]ations we are involunt>ily l$ back to a p]iod :5 ,isaiah /ill ,pg #dbb pre-em95tly ex]cis$ ! (fice ( exhort+ & reprov+1 & _h n yet be5 fav\r$ ) special revelations conc]n+ ! ev5ts ( a future :i*1 at t "t1 0 z yet r di/ant1--p]haps z f> z ! "t :5 ,jo?am adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t = 8 fa!r1 :o 0 at t "t /ill alive2 comp>e #b ,k+s xv4 #e4 ,by ?is hypo!sis4 ,is4 iii4 #ab is m satisfactorily expla9$ ?an by any o!r2 & we are no long] "u ! necessity ( ass]t+1 t ! *ronological ord] is int]rupt$ by *ap4 vi42 = ?is c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 int5d$ by ! collector4 ,! solemn call & consecration ( ! prophet to 8 (fice1 accompani$ by an increas$ be/[al ( grace1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y ones :i* 7 common to him ) all ! o!r prophets4 ,b if ! prophecy ( ,isaiah 0 utt]$ z e>ly z "u ,jo?am 7:i* has lately be5 mo/ satisfactorily prov$ by ,casp>i 9 8 ,beitrge zur ,e9l4 9 das ,bu* ,jesaias1 ,s4 #bcd ff471 t ( ,micah also mu/ h exi/$ at t "t1 & mu/ h be5 9 ! m\?s ( ! p4 ,& s9ce its composition is assign$ to ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 x foll[s t ! prophet deliv]$ anew1 "u ! reign ( ?is k+1 ! revelations :i* he _h already receiv$ at an e>li] p]iod4 ,x w n be possible to inf] ) c]ta9ty f v]s4 #f1 #g1 z ,casp>i does1 t ! book 0 committ$ to writ+ be=e ! de/ruction ( ,sam>ia1 & h5ce1 be=e ! six? ye> ( ,hezekiah4 ,s9ce ! book gives ! sum & sub/ance ( :at 0 prophesi$ "u ?ree k+s1 all t is impli$ 9 v]s4 #f1 #g1 is1 t ! de/ruction ( ,sam>ia 0 =etold by ,micah2 b ! prophecy itself may h be5 committ$ to writ+ ev5 aft] ! fulfilm5t _h tak5 place4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ,is4 xxxix41 & xiii4 & xiv41 we are l$ by iv4 #i1 #aj1 to ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion ( ,judea1 9 :i* ! prophetic _s ( ,isaiah likewise mo/ ri*ly display$ itself1 & 9 :i* he 0 privileg$ ) a glance into ! f> di/ant future4 ,! exordium 9 *ap4 i4 & ii41 & ! close 9 vi4 & vii41 are di/+ui%$ by ! g5]ality ( ! ?reat5+ & promise :i* prevails 9 !m4 ,!y h ?is 9 common ) ! fir/ five *apt]s ( ,isaiah1 & ?us c]ta9ly af=d u pre-em95tly an image ( ! prophetic m9i/ry ( ,micah1 9 ! "t previ\s to ! ,assyrian invasion2 :il/ ! ma9 ,pg #dbc body 7especially f iv4 #h7 repres5ts to u p>ticul>ly ! "* ( ! prophecy dur+ ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,we %all n[ attempt to give a survey ( ! cont5ts ( ,micah's prophecy4 ,^u ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem--! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 & ,judah--a judgm5t by =eign enemies is to come4 ,total de/ruction1 & ! c>ry+ away ( ! inhabitants1 w be ! issue ( ?is judgm5t1 &1 z reg>ds ,judah m p>ticul>ly1 ! total ov]?r[ ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,davidic dyna/y4 ,sam>ia is fir/ visit$ by ?is judgm5t4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! fact t x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! inscription1 & t 9 i4 #f1 #g1 ! judgm5t ^u ,sam>ia is1 fir/ ( all1 describ$2 b especially by ! circum/ance t ,sam>ia1 9 i4 #e1 appe>s z ! *ief seat ( corruption = ! :ole p1 :5ce x fl[$ ^u ,judah also1 i4 #ad1 & p>ticul>ly1 vi4 #af4 ,we expect t :]e ! c>cases fir/ 71 !re ! eagles w\ld fir/ be ga!r$ toge!r4 ,z ! fir/1 & pr9cipal in/rum5t ( ! de/ructive judgm5t ^u ,judah1 ,babylon is m5tion$ 9 iv4 #aj4 ,z ! repres5tative ( ! _w's p[]1 at ! "t !n pres5t1 ,as%ur appe>s 9 v4 #d1 #e4 ,if de/ruction is to fall ^u ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes be=e x falls ^u ,judah--:i* is mo/ di/9ctly =etold by ,hosea 9 i4 #d-g--!n1 no?+ 0 m obvi\s ?an to ?9k ( ,as%ur z ! in/rum5t ( ! judgm5t4 ,t to :i* ,micah1 on ?is po9t1 only alludes1 is m fully exp&$ by ,isaiah4 ,judah is deliv]$ f ,babylon1 b )\t a re/oration ( ! k+dom1 iv4 #aj1 comp>$ ) v]4 #ad 7v4 #a74 ,b a second cata/rophe comes ^u ,judah1 inasmu* z _m hea!ns ga!r !mselves aga9/ ,j]usalem1 ) ! int5tion ( desecrat+ x1 b yet 9 su* a mann] t1 by ! assi/ance ( ! ,"l1 x comes =? victori\sly f ?is sev]e attack1 *ap4 iv4 #aa-ac4 ,!n foll[s a ?ird cata/rophe1 9 :i* ,judah becomes anew & totally subject to ! _w's p[]1 iv4 #ad 7v4 #a74 ,f ! deepe/ abasem5t1 h[ev]1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l rises to ! highe/ glory1 inasmu* z ! dom9ion returns to ! old ,davidic race1 iv4 #h4 ,f ! little ,be?lehem1 ! native place ( ,david1 :]e 8 race1 sunk back aga9 into ,pg #dbd ! l[l9ess ( private life1 has resum$ its seat1 a new & glori\s ,rul] proce$s1 born1 & at ! same "t et]nal1 & clo!d ) ! fulness ( ! glory ( ! ,"l1 v4 #a1 #c 7#b1 #d71 by :om ,jacob obta9s tru?1 & ,abraham m]cy1 vii4 #bj1 comp>$ ) ,john i4 #ag2 by :om ! ,congregation is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & becomes ! object ( ! long+ ( all nations1 iv4 #a-c1 deliv]$ f ! s]vitude ( ! _w1 & conqu]+ ! _w1 v4 #d1 #e 7#e1 #f71 vii4 #aa1 #ab2 & at ! same "t l[ly1 & inspir+ ! nations ) fe>1 v4 #f-h 7#g-i74 ,to su* a height1 h[ev]1 %e %all atta9 aft]1 by means ( ! judgm5t prec$+ ! m]cy1 all t has be5 tak5 f h] ^u :i* %e 9 ! pres5t f\nd$ ! hope ( h] salvation1 v4 #i-ad 7#aj-ae74 ,footnote #a3 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$1 t !re ! t]m he> is only a resumption ( he> 9 iii4 #a 7&1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 ( t 9 i4 #b71 intimat+1 t t :i* !y are ab\t to he>1 w conc5trate itself 9 a di/9ct & p[]ful expression1--! acme ( ! :ole ?reat5+ 9 iii4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,besides ! division into ?ree sections1 !re is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a division also into two4 ,by 9 iii4 #a1 ! fir/ & second disc\rses1 or ! exordium & pr9cipal "p1 are br\ght into a /ill clos] connection1--a connection f\nd$ ^u ! circum/ance t ! repro( & ?reat5+ ( ! fir/ "p are to be "h resum$1 9 ord] t ?us a compreh5sive repres5tation may be giv54 ,x is only 9 iii4 #ab t ! ?reat5+ rea*es its height4 ,b yet ! trip>tition rema9s ! prom95t "o4 ,?is _c be d5i$ )\t =c+ a false s5se & a false position ^u ii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,fut4 apoc4 =bids u to translate3 ,he w hide4 ,9 ord] to express 8 own delight 9 ! do+s ( div9e ju/ice1 ! prophet *anges ! pr$iction into a wi%1 j z is ! case 9 ,is4 ii4 #i1 :]e ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s assume1 9 opposition to ! rules ( gramm>1 t /&s = 4 ,footnote #d3 ,aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! inscription1 d\bts h be5 rais$ by _m1 aft] ! example ( ,h>tmann1 & la/ ( all by ,ewald & ,hitzig2 b x is e/abli%$ by ! /rik+ allusions to1 & co9cid5ces ) x1 9 ! text4 ,) ! m5tion ( ,micah's "n 9 ! =m]1 ! allusion to ?is "n 9 ! close ( ! book1 9 *ap4 vii4 #ah1 corresponds4 ,! circum/ance ( ,micah be+ call$ ! ,mora/hite1 acc\nts = ! fact t1 9 ?is ?reat5+ aga9/ ! cities ( ,judah1 9 i4 #ad1 x is ,more%e? alone :i* is m5tion$4 ,9 ! inscription1 ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem are po9t$ out z ! objects ( ! prophet's pr$ictions2 & x is 9 h>mony ) ?is1 t 9 i4 #f1 #g1 ! judgm5t ^u ,sam>ia is fir/ describ$1 & !n ! judgm5t ^u ,judah2 t ! prophet--al?\gh1 inde$1 he has ,judah *iefly 9 view--frequ5tly gives att5tion to ! t5 tribes also1 & includes !m1--z 9 ! promise 9 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 v4 #a 7#b71 :]e ! ,messiah appe>s z ! ,rul] 9 ,israel1 & v]s4 #f1 #g 7#g1 #h71 ( ! same *apt]2 & t 9 iii4 #h1 #i1 ,judah is repres5t$ z a p>ticul> "p only ( ! great :ole4 ,f9ally--,x is peculi> to ,micah1 t he ?us views s specially ! two capitals2 & ?is aga9 is 9 h>mony ) ! inscription1 :]e j ^!1 & n ,israel & ,judah1 appe> z ! subjects ( ! prophecy4 ,x is 9 ! capitals t ,micah beholds ! conc5tration ( ! corruption 7i4 #e72 & to !m ! ?reat5+ also is *iefly address$1 i4 #f1 #g1 iii4 #ab4 ,( ! promise1 also1 ,j]usalem =ms ! c5tre4--,! /atem5t1 too1 9 ! inscription--t ,micah utt]$ ! cont5ts ( 8 book "u v>i\s k+s--likewise receives a confirmation f ! prophecy4 ,! m5tion ( ! high places ( ,judah 9 i4 #e1 & ( ! walk+ 9 ! /atutes ( ,omri1 & 9 all ! works ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 ref]s especially to ! "t ( ,ahaz2 comp>e #b ,k+s xvi4 #d2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii4 #d1 #be2 fur!r1 #b ,k+s xvi4 #c2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii4 #b2 & ,casp>i on ,micah1 ,s4 #gd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "t ( ,hezekiah is sugge/$ by v4 #d1 #f 7#e1 #f71 :i* implies t already1 at t "t1 ,as%ur _h appe>$ z ! enemy ( ! p ( ,god1--& s likewise by ! prophecy 9 iv4 #i-ad4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,! prophet beg9s ) ! words3 ,he>1 all ye p1 he>k51 ,o e>? & ! fulness !re(1 & let ! ,"l ,god be witness aga9/ y1 ! ,"l f ,8 holy temple4 ,=1 behold1 ! ,"l come? =? out ( ,8 place1 & come? d[n1 & treade? ^u ! high places ( ! e>?4 ,& ! m\nta9s are melt$ "u ,him1 & ! valleys are cleft1 z wax be=e ! fire1 z wat]s p\r$ d[n a /eep place4 ,= ! transgression ( ,jacob is all ?is1 & = ! s9s ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,v]s4 #b-e4 ,?is maje/ic exordium has be5 misund]/ood 9 v>i\s ways3 ,fir/1 by ^? :o1 l ,hitzig1 w\ld und]/& by ! p1 9 v]4 #b1 ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,we %all %[1 :5 comm5t+ on ,ze*4 xi4 #aj1 t ?is is altoge!r inadmissible4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case especially1 ?is int]pretation mu/ be reject$2 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to ! words ( ! eld] ,micah1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! p>allel t]ms1 ,o e>? & ! fulness !re(1 :i*1 accord+ to ! con/ant usus loqu5di1 lead u f> beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ,pale/9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y :o by ! rightly und]/& ! nations ( ! :ole e>?1 are mi/ak5 9 ?is1 t !y consid] !m z m]e witnesses1 :om ! ,"l calls ,pg #dbe up aga9/ ,8 un?ankful p1 in/ead ( consid]+ !m z ! v same aga9/ :om ! ,"l be>s witness2 & t !y come into consid]ation f ?is po9t ( view1 cle>ly appe>s f ! words1 ,! ,"l be witness aga9/ y4 ,z reg>ds ) foll[+1 comp>e1 e4g41 ,mal4 iii4 #e4--;,ano!r mi/ake is committ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! way & mann] ( ! div9e witness4 ,! great] numb] ( int]pret]s suppose x to be ! subsequ5t admonitory1 reprov+1 & ?reat5+ disc\rse ( ! prophet4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,mi*aelis1 :o expla9s3 ,d n despise & lightly e/eem su* a witness1 :o by me e>ne/ly & publicly te/ifies to y ,8 w4 ,b 9 opposition to ?is view1 x appe>s f v]4 #c1 t "h1 z well z 9 ,mal4 iii4 #e1 ,& ,i w come ne> to y 9 judgm5t1 & ,i am a swift witness aga9/ ! sorc]]s1 & aga9/ ! adult]]s1 & aga9/ ^? t swe> to a lie1 ! witness is a real "o1--t x consi/s 9 ! actual atte/ation ( ! guilt by ! puni%m5t1 viz41 by ! div9e judgm5t describ$ 9 v]s4 #c1 #d4 ,! words1 ,! ,"l come? =? out ( ,8 place1 & come? d[n1 !re correspond to1 ,f ,8 holy temple1--f :i* x is evid5t1 at ! same "t1 t by ! temple1 ! heav5ly temple mu/ be und]/ood4 ,we h ?us1 9 v]s4 #b-d1 be=e u ! description ( a sublime !ophany1 n = a p>tial judgm5t ^u ,judah1 b = a judgm5t ^u ! :ole _w1 ! p ( :i* are call$ ^u to ga!r ar\nd _! judge--:om ! prophet beholds z already approa*+1 desc5d+ f ,8 glori\s habitation 9 heav51 accompani$ by ! insignia ( ,8 p[]1 ! precursors ( ! judgm5t--& sil5tly to wait = ,8 judicial & p5al s5t5ce4#a ,b h[ is x to be expla9$ t ) ! words1 ,= ! transgression ( ,jacob is all ?is1 etc41 !re is a sudd5 transition to ! judgm5ts ^u ,israel1 yea1 t ! prophet ,pg #dbf goes on z if ,israel alone _h be5 spok5 (8 ,only f ! relation 9 :i* ^! two judgm5ts /& to "o ano!r4 ,= !y are p]fectly "o 9 sub/ance4 ,!y are sep>at$ only by space1 "t1 & uness5tial circum/ances2 s t we may say t ! g5]al judgm5t appe>s 9 e p>tial judgm5t ^u ,israel4 ,9 ord] to give expression to ! ?\ght1 t x is ! judge ( ! _w :o is to judge ,israel1 ! prophets n unfrequ5tly repres5t ! ,"l appe>+ to judge ! :ole _w2 & 9 ,israel1 ! ,microcosmos1 x 0 inde$ judg$4 ,we h a p]fectly analog\s case1 e4g41 9 ,is4 *ap4 ii4-iv4 ,x is only by means ( a v =c$ explanation1 t x c be d5i$ t aft] ! prophet has1 by a few bold t\*es1 f ii4 #f-i1 describ$ ! moral debasem5t ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 & m>k$ out pride z its la/ s\rce1 ! la/ judgm5t ^u ! :ole e>? =ms ! subject ( disc\rse4 ,9 t judgm5t !re w be a mo/ cle> revelation ( ! vanity ( all :i* is creat$--a vanity :i*1 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 is s frequ5tly conceal$--& t ! ,"l alone is exalt$1 & t ^? :o n[ %ut _! eyes w !n be compell$ to ackn[l$ge ^! tru?s4 ,t ,isaiah has ?is g5]al judgm5t 9 view1 is too cle>ly prov$ by ! sublimity ( ! :ole description1 by ! express m5tion ( ! :ole e>?1 e4g41 ii4 #ai1 & by n limit+1 9 ! individualiz$ description 9 v]4 #ab sqq41 ! high & l(ty :i* is to be br\ght l[ to ,judah alone1 b by ext5d+ x to ! :ole _w4 ,b 9 iii4 #a ff4 ! prophet sudd5ly passes ov] to ! typical1 p5al judgm5t ^u ,judah2 & ! 1 at ! comm5cem5t1 %[s t he does n consid] ?is subject z "o altoge!r new1 b z be+ sub/antially id5tical ) ! prec$+ subject4 ,?is rem9ds u =cibly ( ! mode 9 :i*1 9 ! prophecies ( our ,"l1 ! ref]5ces to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & to ! la/ judgm5t1 are connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! burd5 ( ,babylon 9 *ap4 xiii4 likewise1 ! judgm5t ( ! ,"l ^u ! :ole e>? is fir/ describ$4 ,nor is x only on ! t]ritory ( prophecy t ?is close connection ( ! g5]al judgm5t ) ! inf]ior judgm5ts ^u ! ,cov5ant-p appe>s4 ,9 ,ps4 lxxxii4 #h1 e4g41 aft] ! unrighte\sness prevail+ among ! ,cov5ant-p has be5 describ$1 ! ,"l is call$ ^u to come to judge1 n !m ,pg #dbg alone1 b ! :ole e>?2 comp>e my ,comm5t>y on ,ps4 vii4 #h1 lvi4 #h1 lix4 #f4 ,! prophet ?us passes ov]1 9 v]4 #e1 f ! g5]al manife/ation ( div9e ju/ice to its special manife/ation among ! ,cov5ant-p1 & m5tions "h1 z ! mo/ prom95t po9ts ^u :i* x w be inflict$1 ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem1 ! two capitals1 f :i* ! apo/asy f ! ,"l spread ov] ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,he m5tions ,sam>ia fir/1 & !n1 9 v]s4 #f1 #g1 he describes its de/ruction :i* 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ,assyrians1 be=e he makes m5tion ( t ( ,j]usalem1 because ! apo/asy took place fir/ 9 ,sam>ia1 & h5ce ! puni%m5t also 0 ha/5$ on4 ,! latt] circum/ance1 :i* is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! =m]1 is 9 an "o-sid$ mann] made prom95t by ! great] numb] ( int]pret]s1 :o !re9 foll[ ! example ( ,j]ome4 ,x 0 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 probably ! int5tion ( ! prophet to be done ) ,sam>ia1 9 ord] t he might be at lib]ty to take up exclusively ! case ( ,judah & ,j]usalem--! ma9 objects ( 8 prophetic m9i/ry4 ,he makes ! transition to ?is 9 v]4 #h1 by means ( ! words3 ,on t acc\nt ,i w wail & h[l1 ,i w g /ripp$ & nak$2 ,i w make a wail+ l ! jackals1 & a m\rn+ l ! o/ri*es4 ,on t acc\nt--i4e41 on acc\nt ( ! judgm5t ^u ,judah1 to be ann\nc$ 9 ! subsequ5t v]ses4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! prophet "h speaks 9 8 own p]son2 ?us1 e4g41 ,ros5mll]3 ,! prophet m\rns 9 a bitt] lam5tation = ! numb] & magnitude ( ! calamities imp5d+ ov] ! ,israeliti% p4 ,b ! correct view r is1 t ! prophet1 :51 9 8 inw>d vision1 he sees ! div9e judgm5ts n rema9+ & /opp+ at ,sam>ia1 b p\r$ out l a desolat+ torr5t ov] ,judah & ,j]usalem1 sudd5ly s9ks 8 own consci\sness 9 t ( 8 suff]+ p4 ,we h ?us "h be=e u an imp]fect symbolical action1 simil> to t m f9i%$ "o :i* occurs 9 ,is4 xx4 #c1 #d1 & :i* c be expla9$ only by a deep] insight into ! nature ( prophecy1 accord+ to :i* ! dramatic "* is insep>able f x4 ,! transition f ! m]e description ( :at is pres5t 9 ! inw>d vision only1 to ! prophet's own action1 is1 accord+ to ?is view1 v easy4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! passage be=e u1 ! foll[+ ,pg #dbh argum5ts are 9 fav\r ( our view4 #a4 ,! pr$icates & _c be expla9$ ^u ! supposition t ! prophet describes only 8 own pa9ful feel+s on acc\nt ( ! condition ( 8 p4 ,ev5 if /ood alone1 ! explanation by nak$1 9 ! s5se ( depriv$ ( ! usual & dec5t dress1 &1 on ! contr>y1 clo!d 9 dirt & rags1 w\ld be de/itute ( all pro( & au?ority4 ,no in/ance :atsoev] is f\nd ( ! outw>d habit ( a m\rn] be+ designat$ z nak$ness4 ,b x is /ill m arbitr>y ?us to deal ) 1 :e!r x be expla9$ by depriv$ ( 8 m5tal faculties on acc\nt ( ! unb\nd$ grief ( 8 s\l1--z is done by sev]al ,jewi% expositors 7:o1 9 ! explanation ( ?is passage1 w\ld h done mu* bett]1 _h !y foll[$ ! ,*aldee1 9 :om ! correct view is f\nd2 only t he1 giv+ up ! figurative repres5tation1 sub/itutes ! ?ird p]son = ! fir/1 p>aphras+ x ?us3 ,on t acc\nt !y %all wail & h[l1 !y %all g /ripp$ & nak$1 etc471--or by badly clo!d1 z is done by ! great] numb] ( ,*ri/ian expositors4 ,! signification robb$1 plund]$1 is ! only e/abli%$ "o2 comp>e 9 ,job xii4 #ag-ai4 ,! p>allel passages1 9 :i* nak$ness appe>s z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! captives tak5 9 w>1 %[ h[ little we are entitl$ to dep>t f ! mo/ obvi\s signification1 9 ^! two words4 ,?us we f9d imm$iately aft]w>ds1 9 v]4 #aa3 ,pass ye away1 ye inhabitants ( ,saphir1 hav+ y\r %ame nak$2 on :i* ,mi*aelis rem>ks3 ,) nak$ bodies1 z is ! case ) ^? :o are l$ into captivity aft] hav+ be5 /ripp$ ( _! clo!s4 ,?us ,is4 xx4 #c1 #d3 ,& ! ,"l said4 ,l z ,my s]vant ,isaiah walke? nak$ & b>efoot ?ree ye>s1 = a sign & wond] ^u ,egypt & ,e?iopia1 s %all ! k+ ( ,assyria lead away ! prison]s ( ,egypt1 & ! prison]s ( ,e?iopia1 "y m5 & old m51 nak$ & b>efoot2 comp>e ,is4 xlvii4 #c4--b4 ,! t]m 1 9 v]4 #aj1 is 9 fav\r ( ! supposition1 t ! prophet "h appe>s z ! repres5tative ( ! future condition ( 8 p4 ,! ,imp]at4 fem4 ( ! m>g9al read+ is evid5tly1 z is commonly ! case1 only ! result ( ! emb>rassm5t ( ! ,mazorets4 ,! read+ ( ! text c be po9t$ z ! fir/ p]son ( ! ,pret]ite only2 = ! view ( ,ros5mll]1 :o takes x z ! ,pg #dbi second p]son ( ! ,pret]ite1 :i* "h is to h an optative signification1 is1 grammatically1 inadmissible4 ,rck]t's explanation1 ,9 ! h\se ( du/ 7zu ,/aubheim71 ,i h /rew$ du/ ^u me1 is q correct4 ,b if "h we mu/ suppose t ! prophet sudd5ly passes ov] f ! address to 8 un=tunate p1 to himself z _! repres5tative1 :y %\ld n ?is supposition be ! natural "o 9 v]4 #h also8 ,! correctness ( ! view :i* we h giv5 is fur!r /r5g!n$1 if we comp>e ! simil> lam5tations ( ! prophets 9 o!r passages1 9 all ( :i* ! same results w be f\nd4 ,9 ,j]4 xlviii4 #ca1 e4g41 ,!re=e w ,i h[l ov] ,moab1 & cry out ov] all ,moab1 ov] ! m5 ( ,kir-h]es %all he groan1 ! he 9 ! la/ clause suffici5tly %[s h[ ! ,i 9 ! two prec$+ clauses1 is to be und]/ood1--especially if ,is4 xvi4 #g1 ,!re=e ,moab h[le? ov] ,moab1 be comp>$4 ,b if ?is int]pretation be correct 9 ,j]emiah1 x mu/ c]ta9ly be correct 9 ,is4 xv4 #e also3 ,my he>t crie? out ov] ,moab1--a passage :i* ,j]emiah _h 9 view2 & ?is s mu* ! m1 t 9 ,is4 xvi4 #i-aa--:]e a simil> lam5tation = ,moab occurs3 ,!re=e d ,i bewail z = ,jaz] = ! v9e ( ,sibmah2 ,i wat] !e ) my te>s1 ,o ,he%bon & ,elealeh4444 ,!re=e my b[els s\nd l a h>p = ,moab1 m9e inw>d p>ts = ,kirh>ese?--x is q unsuitable to ?9k ( a lam5tation ( ! prophet1 :i* is expressive ( 8 own grief4 ,?is 0 se5 by ! ,*aldee1 :o r5d]s my b[els by b[els ( ! ,moabites1--a view ! correctness ( :i* has be5 /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ,vitr+a3 ,al?\gh1 he says1 ! emotion ( compassion be by no means unsuitable 9 ! prophet1 yet no "o w be readily conv9c$ t ! prophet 0 s mu* conc]n$ = ! v9es ( ,sibmah & ,jaz]1 & = ! crops ( ! summ]-fruits ( a nation ho/ile & oppos$ to ! p ( ,god1 t x %\ld h be5 = him a cause = lam5tation & wail+4 ,9 ,is4 xxi41 9 ! prophecy aga9/ ,babylon1 & 9 ! lam5tation 9 v]s4 #c1 #d1 ,!re=e are my lo9s fill$ ) pa91 pangs take hold ^u me z ! pangs ( a woman t travaile?1 etc41 ! night ( my pleasure has be5 turn$ into t]ror1 x is cle>ly %[n 9 :at s5se su* lam5tations are to be und]/ood4 ,by ! night ( pleasure1 we c1 especially by a comp>ison ( ,j]emiah1 und]/& only ! night ( ! capture ( ,babylon1 ,pg #dcj 9 :i* ! :ole city 0 giv5 up to drunk5ness & riot4 ,b x is impossible t ! prophet %\ld say t ?is night--! precursor ( ! long-desir$ day = ,israel--_h be5 turn$ = him into t]ror4 ,ei!r ! :ole lam5tation is )\t any mean+1 or ! prophet speaks 9 ! "n ( ,babylon1 & t1 n ( ! ,babylon ( ! pres5t1 b ( ! ,babylon ( ! future4 ,?is mu/ be grant$1 ev5 by ^? :o ass]t t ?is portion 0 compos$ at a lat] p]iod2 s t1 ev5 f ?is qu>t]1 ! s\ndness ( our view _c be assail$4 ,9 v]4 #i1 ! prophet returns to quiet description1 f ! symbolical action to :i* he _h be5 c>ri$ away by 8 emotions4 ,! subject ( ?is description he /ates 9 ! words3 ,x come? unto ,judah2 x come? unto ! gate ( my p1 unto ,j]usalem4 ,by individualiz+1 he endeav\rs to give a lively view ( ! ?\ght1 & to impress x4 ,he beg9s ) an allusion to ! lam5tation ( ,david ov] ,saul & ,jona?an 9 #b ,sam4 i4 #ag ff41 :i* is s mu* ! m significant1 t 9 ?is imp5d+ cata/rophe1 ,israel also 0 to lose 8 k+ 7comp>e iv4 #i71 & t 9 x ,david 0 to exp]i5ce ! fate ( ,saul4 ,he !n indicates ! /ations by :i* ! ho/ile army advances t[>ds ,j]usalem1 & describes h[1 f !nce1 x spreads ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 ev5 to its s\!rn b\nd>y1 & c>ries away ! inhabitants into exile4 ,b1 9 do+ s1 he always *ooses places1 ^: names might1 9 "s way1 be br\ght into connection ) :at !y 7 n[ suff]+2 s t ! :ole passage =ms a *a9 ( p>onomasias4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n by any means idle plays4 ,!y h1 ?r\gh\t1 a practical design4 ,! ?reat5+ is !reby to be1 z x 71 localiz$4 ,! ?\ght ( a div9e judgm5t c\ld n b be call$ =? 9 e "o :o %\ld ?9k ( "o ( ! places m5tion$4 ,j]usalem is fir/ spok5 ( 9 v]4 #i z ! c5tre ( ! life ( ,judah3 ,! gate ( my p1 etc41 be+ tantam\nt to ! city or metropolis ( x4 ,!n1 x appe>s a second "t 9 v]4 #ab1 9 ! middle betwe5 five ,judean places prec$+ & five foll[+ x1--! numb] t51 :i* is ! symbolical signification ( complet5ess1 indicat+ t ! judgm5t is to be altoge!r compreh5sive4 ,! five places m5tion$ aft] ,j]usalem are all ( !m situat$ to ! s\? ( x4 ,t ! ,pg #dca five places1 ! m5tion ( :i* prec$es t ( ,j]usalem1 are all to be s\ght to ! nor? ( x1 & t1 h5ce1 ! judgm5t advances f ! nor? 9 geographical ord]1 z is ! case 9 ,is4 x4 #bh ff4 also1 is evid5t f ! fact t ,be?-,leaphrah1 :i* is id5tical ) ,ophrah1 is situat$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ,b5jam91 & t ,be?-,haezel1 :i* is id5tical ) ,azal 9 ,ze*4 xiv4 #e1 0 situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem4 ,h5ce1 we _c suppose t ,zaanan "h is id5tical ) ,z5an1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,j]usalem1 ,jo%4 xv4 #cg1 nor ,saphir ) ,samir4 ,! "q /ill arises1 ,9 :at ev5t did ! ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t1 conta9$ 9 *ap4 i41 f9d its fulfilm5t8 ,!odoret1 ,cyril1 ,t>novius1 ,m>ckius1 ,jahn1 & o!rs1 ref] x to ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,j]ome ref]r$ x to ! ,babyloni% captivity3 ,! same s91 he says1 yea1 ! same puni%m5t ( s9 :i* %all ov]turn ,sam>ia1 is to ext5d to ,judah1 yea1 ev5 unto ! gates ( my city ( ,j]usalem4 ,=1 z ,sam>ia 0 ov]turn$ by ! ,assyrians1 s ,judah & ,j]usalem %all be ov]turn$ by ! ,*aldeans4 ,?is op9ion 0 adopt$ by ,mi*aelis & o!rs4 ,at fir/ sight1 x w\ld appe> z if ! circum/ance1 t ! judgm5t ^u ,judah is br\ght into imm$iate connection ) t ^u ,israel1 fav\r$ ! fir/ view4 ,b ?is argum5t loses its weight :5 we rem>k1 t ! ev5ts appe> to ! prophet 9 inw>d vision1 &1 !re=e1 q irrespective ( _! relation 9 "t2 t ! cont9uity ( ! punitive judgm5t ^u ,israel & ,judah only1 po9ts out di/9ctly ! tru?1 t bo? proce$ f ! same cause1 viz41 ! relation ( div9e ju/ice to ! s9 ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,x is ?is tru? alone :i* =ms ! ess5ce & s\l ( ! prophetic ?reat5+s2 & ) ref]5ce to t1 ! diff]5ce 9 po9t ( "t1 :i* is m]ely accid5tal1 is altoge!r kept out ( view4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,assyrian invasion might be d]iv$ f ! expression1 to ,j]usalem1 9 v]4 #i1 inasmu* z ! ,*aldean invasion visit$ ,j]usalem itself4 ,b1 because ! calamity 0 n by any means to /op at ,judah1 b to ov]fl[ ev5 x1 x is %[n by ! prec$+ expression1 unto ,judah1 t 7comp>e on ?is ^w1 ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 p4 #ee seq47 mu/1 9 bo? cases1 be expla9$ f a tacit anti!sis ) ! expectation1 ,pg #dcb t ! judgm5t w\ld ei!r /op at ! b\nd>y ( ,judah1 or1 al?\gh ?is %\ld n be ! case1 w\ld at lea/ sp>e ! metropolis4 ,! prophet cont5ts himself ) repres5t+ t ?is op9ion 0 errone\s4 ,al?\gh ?is passage itself ass]ts no?+ ^u ! po9t z to :e!r ,j]usalem itself is to be ?\ght ( z ! object ( ! div9e puni%m5t1 or :e!r x w be sp>$1 ! foll[+ reasons %[ t ! =m] w be ! case4 ,ev5 v]4 #e does n admit ( our expect+ any?+ else4 ,j]usalem is !re m>k$ out z ! *ief seat & s\rce ( corruption 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah1 j z is ,sam>ia 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,! decl>ation :i* is !re made =ms ! f\ndation ( ! subsequ5t ?reat5+4 ,h[ is x possible1 !n1 t1 :ile 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel x is conc5trat$ ^u ,sam>ia1 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah ! s$uc] %\ld be altoge!r pass$ ov]1 & puni%m5t ann\nc$ to ! s$uc$ only8 ,t su* is n ! int5tion ( ! prophet1 is cle>ly se5 f v]4 #ab3 ,= evil come? d[n f ! ,"l ^u ! gate ( ,j]usalem4 ,! alone is suffici5t to prev5t our limit+ ! s5se ( ^! words1 s t !y mean only t evil w come no f>!r ?an to ! gate ( ,j]usalem1 & w /op !re4 ,! ,p>ticula causalis proves t !y are ! gr\nd ( ! decl>ation 9 v]4 #aa1 & t ! m\rn+ w n cease at ,be?-,haezel1 ! h\se ( /opp+2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 xiv4 #e4 ,b1 altoge!r ap>t f ?is connection1 ! words !mselves furni% a pro(4 ,!y conta9 a v]bal ref]5ce to ! description ( ! judgm5t ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrha1 ,g54 xix4 #bd4 ,j]usalem is m>k$ out by !m z a second ,sodom 7comp>e ,is4 i4 #aj71 ^u :i* ! div9e judgm5ts w\ld dis*>ge !mselves4 ,z a second m>k ( ?is ext5sion to ,j]usalem1 ! c>ry+ away ( ! p into captivity is add$ 7comp>e v]s4 #aa1 #ae1 #af71 :i*1 9 ! promise 9 *ap4 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 is suppos$ to h tak5 place4 ,x is n ,israel alone1 b ! :ole ,cov5ant-p1 :o are 9 a /ate ( disp]sion1 & are ga!r$ f x by ! ,"l4 ,n[1 bo? ( ^! m>ks are n applicable to ! ,assyrian invasion2 & if once we suppose ! div9e illum9ation ( ! prophet1 x _c be reg>d$ z ! real object ( 8 ?reat5+s4 ,?is1 too1 is equally inadmissible1 if we consid] ! matt] f a m]ely human po9t ( view4 ,! pr$ictions ,pg #dcc ( ! prophets ) reg>d to ,assyria are1 f ! v outset1 r enc\rag+4 ,x is true t !y are to be1 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l1 a rod ( *a/isem5t = ,8 p1 b ^! are nev] to be altoge!r giv5 up to !m = de/ruction4 ,by an imm$iate div9e int]f]5ce1 _! plan ( captur+ ,j]usalem is fru/rat$4 ,?us ! matt] is con/antly repres5t$ 9 ,isaiah2 ?us also 9 ,hosea i4 #g4 ,we c1 moreov]1 adduce pro(s f ,micah himself1 t 8 spiritual eye 0 n pre-em95tly1 or exclusively1 direct$ to ! ,assyrians4 ,9 ! prophecy f *ap4 iii4 to v41 :]e he describes ! judgm5t ^u ,judah 9 a mann] altoge!r simil> to t 9 :i* he m5tions x "h1 he passes ov] ! ,assyrians altoge!r 9 sil5ce4 ,babylon is1 9 iv4 #aj1 m5tion$ z ! place to :i* ,judah is to be l$ into captivity4 ,yet "h1 z well z ev]y:]e else 9 ! ?reat5+s & promises ( ! prophets1 we mu/ bew>e1 le/1 9 ref]r+ !m to "s p>ticul> hi/orical ev5t1 we lose sight ( ! animat+ idea4 ,if ?is1 on ! o!r h&1 be rightly und]/ood1 x w be se5 t a p>ticul> hi/orical ev5t may inde$ be pre-em95tly ref]r$ to1 b t x c nev] exhau/ ! prophecy4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! ma9 ref]5ce "h be to ! de/ruction by ! ,*aldeans1 we mu/ n on t acc\nt exclude any?+ 9 :i* ! same law ( retaliation 0 manife/$1 ei!r be=e1 z 9 ! invasion ( ! ,syrians & ,assyrians2 or aft]w>ds1 z 9 ! de/ruction by ! ,romans4 ,! prophet himself po9ts1 9 iv4 #aa-ad 7iv4 #aa-v4 #a71 to two o!r phases ( ! div9e judgm5t :i* are to foll[ ^u t by ! ,*aldeans4 ,aft] ! prophet has ?us hi!rto describ$ ! imp5d+ div9e judgm5t 9 great g5]al outl9es1 he passes on1 9 *ap4 ii41 to *a/ise p>ticul> vices1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be at ! same "t1 yea1 prom95tly1 consid]$ z indications ( ! :olly deprav$ condition ( ! nation1 & ( ! puni%m5ts to foll[ ^u x4 ,"o feature ^u :i* he "h *iefly dwells1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 a peculi>ly prom95t manife/ation ( ! s9ful corruption1 consi/s 9 ! acts ( inju/ice & oppression committ$ by ! great1 ! description ( :i* pres5ts /rik+ resemblances to t 9 ,is4 v4 #h ff4 ,! prophet int]rupts ?is description only 9 ord] ,pg #dcd to rebuke ! false prophets1 :o reprov$ him = ! sev]ity ( 8 disc\rses1 & ass]t$ t !y 7 unwor?y ( ! m]ciful ,god4 ,su* sev]ity1 answ]$ ! prophet1 0 true mildness1 because x alone c\ld be ! means ( w>d+ (f ! approa*+ punitive judgm5t2 t 8 ,god did n puni% f want ( =be>ance--f want ( m]cy2 b t ! fault 0 altoge!r t ( ! transgressors1 :o drew d[n ^u !mselves1 by =ce4 ,8 judgm5ts4#b ,! prophecy closes ) ! promise 9 v]s4 #ab1 #ac4 ,x is introduc$ q abruptly1 9 ord] to place x 9 m /rik+ contra/ ) ! ?reat5+2 j z1 9 iv4 #a1 !re is a simil> abrupt & unconnect$ contra/ betwe5 ! promise & ! ?reat5+4#c ,x is only brief2 f> m s ?an 9 ! subsequ5t disc\rses1 & f> less detail$ ?an x is 9 !m4 ,! prophet desires fir/ ( all to t]rify s9n]s f _! security2 & = ?is reason1 he causes only a v feeble glimm]+ ( hope to fall ^u ! d>k future4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,i w assemble1 surely ,i w assemble1 ,o ,jacob1 !e :olly3 ,i w ga!r ! remnant ( ,israel4 ,i w br+ ,pg #dce !m toge!r z ! %eep ( ,bozrah2 z a flock on _! pa/ure1 !y %all make a noise by reason ( m54 ,v]4 #ac4 ,! break] goe? up be=e !m2 !y break ?r\gh1 pass ?r\gh ! gate & g out1 & _! ,k+ m>*es be=e !m1 & ! ,"l is on ! head ( !m4 ,! rem>k1 t almo/ all ! features ( ?is description are borr[$ f ! deliv]ance out ( ,egypt1 w ?r[ mu* light ^u ! :ole description4 ,9 ! mid/ ( oppression & mis]y1 ,israel1 :ile !re1 increas$ by means ( ! bless+ ( ! ,"l1 hidd5 "u ! cross1 to great] & great] numb]s2 comp>e ,exod4 i4 #ab4 ,:5 ! "t ( deliv]ance _h arriv$1 ! ,"l1 :o _h = a long "t conceal$ ,himself1 manife/$ ,himself aga9 z _! ,god4 ,fir/1 ! p 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 & !n1 ! ,"l w5t be=e !m1--9 a pill> ( cl\d by day1 & 9 a pill> ( fire by night3 ,exod4 xiii4 #ba4 ,he l$ !m out ( ,egypt1 ! h\se ( bondage3 ,exod4 xx4 #b4 ,s x is "h also4 ,v]4 #ab describes ! increase & ga!r+1 & v]4 #ac ! deliv]ance4 ,9 bo? passages1 ,israel's mis]y is repres5t$ "u ! figure ( an abode 9 ! h\se ( bondage1 or 9 prison1 ! gates ( :i* ! ,"l op5s--! walls ( :i* ,he breaks d[n4 ,9 ?is allusion to1 & connection )1 ! =m] deliv]ance1 ,micah agrees ) 8 contempor>ies1 ,hosea & ,isaiah4 ,! deep] reason ( ?is lies 9 ! typical import ( ! =m] deliv]ance1 :i* =ms a prophecy by de$s ( all future deliv]ances1 & conta9s )9 itself completely _! g]m & pl$ge2 comp>e ,hosea ii4 #a1 #b 7i4 #aj1 #aa72 ,is4 xi4 #aa ff43 ,& ! ,"l %all /ret* =? ,8 h& a second "t to r$eem ! remnant ( ,8 p4444 ,& ,he sets up an ensign = ! nations1 & ga!rs toge!r ! disp]s$ ( ,israel1 & assembles ! scatt]$ ( ,judah f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?4444 ,& ! ,"l smites ) a curse ! tongue ( ! ,egyptian sea1 & %akes ,8 h& ov] ! riv]1 9 ! viol5ce ( ,8 w9d1 & smites x to sev5 riv]s1 s t "o may wade ?r\gh 9 %oes4 ,& !re %all be a highway to ! remnant ( ,8 p1 444 l z x 0 to ,israel 9 ! day :5 he came up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! typical deliv]ance cle>ly %[s1 t 9 ! description we h c>efully to sep>ate betwe5 ! ?\ght & ! language 9 :i* x is clo!d4 ,pg #dcf ,v]4 #ab4 ,! ,inf94 absol41 :i* 9 bo? ! clauses prec$es ! tempus f9itum1 expresses ! emphasis :i* is to be plac$ on ! ga!r+1 z oppos$ to ! c>ry+ away1 & ! scatt]+ =m]ly ann\nc$2 = ! latt]1 accord+ to ! view ( man1 & ap>t f ,god's m]cy & omnipot5ce1 did n seem to admit ( any fav\rable turn4 ,by ,jacob & ,israel1 sev]al int]pret]s und]/& ,judah alone2 o!rs1 ! t5 tribes alone2 o!rs1 bo? toge!r4 ,! la/ view is alone ! correct "o4 ,?is appe>s f i4 #e1 :]e1 by ,jacob & ,israel1 ! :ole nation is designat$4 ,! promise 9 ! passage be=e u /&s closely relat$ to ! ?reat5+ utt]$ !re4 ,all ,israel %all be giv5 up to de/ruction on acc\nt ( _! s9s2 all ,israel %all be sav$ by ! grace ( ,god4 ,?is assumption is confirm$ by a comp>ison ( ! p>allel passages 9 ,hosea & ,isaiah1 :]e ! :ole is designat$ by ! two p>ts1 ,judah & ,israel4 ,micah does n notice ?is division1 because t visible sep>ation1 :i* ev5 9 ! pres5t 0 ov]balanc$ by an invisible unity1 %all disappe> altoge!r 9 t future1 :5 !re %all be only "o flock1 z !re is only "o ,%eph]d4 ,! expression1 remnant ( ,israel1 9 ! second clause1 :i* corresponds to1 ,o ,jacob1 !e :olly1 9 ! fir/1 indicates1 t ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise1 s f> f do+ away ) ! ?reat5+1 r re/s on its prec$+ realization4 ,! ,congregation ( ,god1 purifi$ by ! div9e judgm5ts1 %all be :olly ga!r$4 ,div9e m]cy has 9 itself no limits2 & ^? :i* 9 ! pres5t are assign$ to x by ! objects ( m]cy1 %all !n be remov$4--,! words1 ,i w br+ !m toge!r1 etc41 indicate equally ! fai?fulness ( ! great ,%eph]d1 :o ga!rs ,8 disp]s$ flock f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! unexpect$ & wond]ful increase ( ! flock2 comp>e ,j]4 xxiii4 #c3 ,& ,i w ga!r ! remnant ( ,my flock out ( all c\ntries :i!r ,i h driv5 !m1 & lead !m back to _! pa/ure-gr\nd1 & !y are fruitful & increase2 & xxxi4 #aj3 ,he t scatt]e? ,israel w ga!r him & keep him z a %eph]d does 8 flock4--,bozrah we consid] to be ! "n ( a capital ( ! ,idumeans 9 ,auranitis1 f\r days' j\rney f ,damascus4 ,! great weal? ( ?is t[n 9 flocks appe>s f ,is4 xxxiv4 #f 7al?\gh a slaught] ( m5 is spok5 ( 9 t passage1 yet evid5tly ! weal? ( ,bozrah 9 natural ,pg #dcg flocks is !re suppos$71 & c ) p]fect ease be acc\nt$ = f its situation4 ,=1 9 its neighb\rhood1 !re beg9s ! immeasurable pla9 ( ,arabia1 :i*1 on "o side1 cont9ues )\t int]ruption z f> z ,d%(1 into ! he>t ( ,arabia1 :ile1 t[>ds ! ,nor?1 x ext5ds to ,bagdad1 "u ! "n ( ,el ,hamad4 ,its l5g? & bread? are calculat$ to am\nt to eight days' j\rney4 ,x conta9s _m %rubs & bloom+ plants2 comp>e ,burkh>dt & ,ritt]4#d ,sev]al int]pret]s consid] to be an appellative1 & assign to x ! signification %eepfold1 cote4 ,b !re is no reason :atsoev] 9 fav\r ( su* a mean+ ( ,bozrah1 :ile !re is ?is argum5t aga9/ x1 t ! probable signification ( z ! "n ( a t[n is locus munitus or 4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! ^w %\ld at ! same "t h _h ! significations ( =tress & fold4 ,x is1 moreov]1 m 9 h>mony ) ! prophetical "* to p>ticul>ize1 ?an to use a g5]al t]m4 ,z is %[n1 h[ev]1 by ! la/ memb] 7) :i*1 accord+ to ! acc5ts1 ! words1 ,z ,pg #dch a flock on _! pa/ure1 mu/ be connect$71 ! po9t ( comp>ison is n ! assembl+ & ga!r+1 b ! multitude1 ! cr[d1--,z ! %eep ( ,bozrah be+ ?us tantam\nt to1 ,s t 9 multitude !y are l ! %eep ( ,bozrah4 1 f 1 is1 contr>y to ! g5]al rule1 d\bly qualifi$1 bo? by ! article & by ! suffix4 ,?is has be5 acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t ! little suffix _h gradually lo/ its p[]4 ,b x is p]haps m natural to suppose t ! article sometimes lo/ its p[]1 & coalesc$ ) ! n\n4 ,! frequ5t use ( ! ,/atus emphaticus 9 undef9$ n\ns1 9 ! ,syriac language 7comp>e ,h(mann1 ,gram4 ,syr41 p4 #bij71 pres5ts an analogy 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion4--,! la/ words graphically describe ! noise produc$ by a num]\s1 closely compact$ flock4 ,! plur4 ( ! ,fem4 ref]s to ! %eep4-- d5otes ! causa effici5s4 ,!y make a noise2 & ?is noise proce$s f ! num]\s assembl$ p4 ,! same connection ( figure & ?+ occurs 9 ,ezek4 xxxiv4 #ca3 ,& ye 77 are ,my flock1 ! flock ( ,my pa/ure are ye m52 comp>e ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #ch4 ,v]4 #ac4 ,! :ole v]se mu/ be expla9$ by ! figure ( a prison1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation4 ,! p ( ,god are %ut up 9 x1 b are n[ deliv]$ by ,god's p[]ful h&4 ,by ! break]1 _m int]pret]s und]/& ! ,"l ,himself4 ,b if we consid]1 t 9 a d\ble clause1 at ! end ( ! v]se1 ! ,"l is m5tion$ z ! lead] ( ! exp$ition if we look to ! type ( ! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 :]e ,moses1 z ! break]1 m>*es 9 front ( ,israel2 & if1 fur!r1 we look to ! p>allel passage 9 ,hosea1 :]e1 ) an evid5t allusion to t type1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & ( ,judah appo9t !mselves "o head2 we %all r be dispos$ to und]/& by ! break] ! dux et antesignanus rais$ up by ,god4 ,) ! rais+ up & equipp+ ( su* a lead] e div9e deliv]ance comm5ces2 & t :i*1 9 ! inf]ior deliv]ance1 ! typical lead]s1 ,moses & ,z]ubbabel1 71 ,*ri/ 0 9 ! highe/ & la/ deliv]ance4 ,to ,him ! break] has be5 ref]r$ by sev]al ,jewi% int]pret]s 7comp>e ,s*ttg51 ,hor ii4 p4 #bab72 & if we comp>e *ap4 v41 :]e t :i* is "h indicat$ by g5]al outl9es only is fur!r exp&$ & detail$1 we %all h to urge aga9/ ?is int]pretation ?is objection only1 viz41 t x excludes ! ,pg #dci typical break]s1--t1 9 ! place ( ! ideal p]son ( ! break]1 :i* pres5ts itself to ! int]nal vision ( ! prophet1 x puts ! individual 9 :om ?is idea is mo/ fully realiz$4--,! words are1 by sev]al int]pret]s1 ref]r$ to ! =c+ & ent]+ ( ho/ile gates4 ,?us ,mi*aelis1 :om ,ros5mll] foll[s3 ,no gate %all be s =tifi$ z to prev5t !m f =c+ x4 ,b ?is int]pretation de/roys ! :ole figure1 & violates ! type ( ! deliv]ance f ,egypt :i* lies at ! f\ndation4 ,= ! gate ?r\gh :i* !y break is c]ta9ly ! gate ( ! prison4--,! ?ree v]bs--,!y break ?r\gh1 !y pass ?r\gh1 !y g out--graphically describe _! progress1 :i* is n to be /opp$ by any human p[]4--,! la/ words op5 up ! view to ! highe/ lead] ( ! exp$ition2 comp>e besides1 ,exod4 xiii4 #ba2 ,is4 lii4 #ab3 ,= ye %all n g out 9 trembl+1 nor %all ye g out by flight4 ,= ! ,"l goe? be=e y1 & ! ,god ( ,israel close? y\r re>2 ,is4 xl4 #aa2 ,ps4 lxxx4 #c4 ,9 ! exodus f ,egypt1 a visible symbol ( ! pres5ce ( ,god m>*$ be=e ! ho/1 besides ,moses1 ! break]4 ,on ! return f ,babylon1 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l 0 visible to ! eye ( fai? only1 z =m]ly :5 ,abraham's s]vant j\rney$ to ,mesopotamia1 ,g54 xxiv4 #g4 ,at ! la/ & highe/ deliv]ance1 ! break] 0 at once ! ,k+ & ,god ( ! p4 ,z ?is prophecy has no limitation at all 9 itself1 we are fully entitl$ to ref] x to ! :ole sum ( ! deliv]ances & salvation :i* are de/9$ = ! ,cov5ant-p2 & to seek = its fulfilm5t 9 e ev5t1 ei!r pa/ or future1 9 ! same degree z ! fundam5tal idea--,god's m]cy ^u ,8 p--is manife/$ 9 x4 ,e limitation to any p>ticul> ev5t is evid5tly inadmissible2 b1 mo/ ( all1 a limitation to ! deliv]ance f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 :i*1 especially ) reg>d to ,israel1 c be consid]$ z only a fa9t prelude ( ! fulfilm5t4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 h come ne>e/ to ! tru? :o assume an exclusive ref]5ce to ,*ri/1--provid$ !y ackn[l$ge1 t ! conv]sion ( ! fir/ fruits ( ,israel1 at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$ 9 ,8 humiliation1 is n ! end ( ,8 deal+s ) ?is p4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ref]5ce to ! g5]al judgm5t w\ld inde$ disappe>1 if we suppose 9 v]4 #b to be address$ to ,israel4 ,x seems1 inde$1 to be 9 fav\r ( ?is supposition1 t1 9 #a ,k+s xxii4 #bh1 ! p alone are call$ ^u z witnesses1 & t 9 ,deut4 xxxi4 #bh1 xxxii4 #a1 & ,is4 i4 #b1 heav5 & e>?1 & 9 ,hos4 vi4 #a1 ! m\nta9s also1 are call$ ^u only 9 ord] to make ! sc5e m solemn4 ,b ! ref]5ce ( to ! nations m5tion$ imm$iately be=e1 is too evid5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,v]4 #f mu/ be translat$ ?us3 ,n %all ye drop 7prophesy71--!y 7! false prophets7 drop2 if !y 7! individuals address$1 ! true prophets7 d n drop to ^! 7! rapaci\s great71 ! ignom9y w n cease1 i4e41 ! ignom9i\s de/ruction breaks 9 irresi/ibly4 ,! fundam5tal passage 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #b1 & v]4 #aa ( ! *apt] be=e u1 %[ t has n ! signification1 to talk1 :i* is assign$ to x by ,casp>i4 ,! false prophets mu/ be consid]$ z ! accomplices ( ! corrupt$ great1 especially z to ! bulw>k :i* !y oppos$ to ! true prophets1 & _! influ5ce on ! nation1 & on _! own consci5ces1--z inde$ mat]ial p[] ev]y:]e seeks = su* a spiritual ally4 ,if ?is be kept 9 view1 ! c5sure & ?reat5+ acquire a /ill great] unity4 ,footnote #c3 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 v]se #aa =ms ! transition3 ,if "o 7 to come1 a w9d1 & lie falsely3 ,i w prophesy to !e ( w9e & ( /rong dr9k1--he w\ld be ! prophet ( ?is p4 ,su* a prophet ,micah1 inde$1 is n2 b al?\gh he nei!r c nor d>e ann\nce salvation )\t judgm5t1 he has1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 to ann\nce salvation aft] ! judgm5t4 ,! v s+ul> op9ion1 t 9 v]s4 #ab1 #ac1 ! false prophets are introduc$ z speak+1 is refut$ by ! s+le circum/ance t1 9 v]4 #ab1 ! ga!r+ ( ! remnant ( ,israel only is promis$1 & h5ce ! judgm5t is suppos$ to h prec$$4 ,x is no less errone\s if1 in/ead ( consid]+ v]4 #aa z introductory to v]s4 #ab1 #ac1 ! latt] be made to dep5d ^u v]4 #aa1 & be !re=e consid]$ z1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 accid5tal4 ,footnote #d3 ,aft] ! example ( v4 ,raum]1 ,rob9son1 ,ritt] 7,erdk4 #ad1 #aja71 x has n[ become cu/om>y to di/+ui% betwe5 two ,bozrahs1--"o 9 ,auranitis1 & ! o!r 9 ,edom4 ,b ! argum5ts adduc$ = ?is di/9ction are n ( v great weight4 ,n[h]e is a high situation 9 reality ascrib$ to ! ,bozrah 9 ,edom4 ,! ass]tion1 t ,edom 0 always limit$ to ! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,r$ ,sea1 is oppos$ to ,g54 xxxvi4 #ce1 accord+ to :i* passage1 ev5 9 ! "t be=e ,moses1 ! ,edomitic k+1 ,hadad1 smote ,midian 9 ! field ( ,moab2 & fur!r1 to ,lam4 iv4 #ba1 accord+ to :i* ,edom dwells 9 ! l& ( ,uz1 :i* c be s\ght = only 9 ,arabia ,des]ta4 ,we ne$ to ?9k only ( t bran* ( ! ,midianites :o _h gone ov] to ,arabia ,des]ta1 :il/ _! *ief settlem5t cont9u$ 9 ,arabia ,petra4 ,b ! foll[+ argum5ts may be adduc$ aga9/ ! di/9ction4 #a4 ,bozrah is con/antly & simply spok5 (1 )\t any fur!r di/9ctive designation4 #b4 ,! ,edomitic ,bozrah mu/ h be5 a great & p[]ful city1 :i* agrees well ) ! mighty ru9s 9 ,hauran1 b n ) ! mu* m insignificant ru9s ne> ,busseireh 9 ,d%ebal4 #c4 ,x is improbable t s important a city z t ( ,bozrah 9 ,auranitis %\ld nev] h be5 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4--,b n satisfi$ ) a d\ble ,bozrah1 ev5 a ?ird1 9 ,moab1 has be5 assum$ on ! gr\nd ( ,j]4 xlviii4 #bd4 ,b x is c]ta9ly /range t ,bozrah1 9 t passage1 is m5tion$ z ! la/ ( all ! ,moabiti% t[ns1 & t1 imm$iately aft] its m5tion1 !re foll[ ! words1 ,^u all ! cities ( ! l& ( ,moab1 f> & ne>4 ,x may be t ,bozrah 0 conqu]$ by ! ,edomites & ,moabites 9 common1 or t1 9 lat] times1 ! latt] obta9$ a k9d ( possession ( ! t[n 9 common ) ! =m]4 ,pg #ddj ,,*ap4 ,,iii4-,v4 ,! disc\rse op5s ) new repro(s & ?reat5+s4 ,x is fir/1 9 v]s4 #a-d1 direct$ aga9/ ! rapaci\s great1 :o 9 v]4 #b are describ$ z murd]]s ( m5 7comp>e ,sira* xxxi4 #ba3 ,he :o take? f 8 neighb\r 8 livelihood1 kille? him71 & 9 v]4 #c1 z eat]s ( m51 because !y turn to _! own advantage ! necess>ies ( life ( :i* !y h robb$ ! poor4 ,! disc\rse !n passes ov] to ! false prophets1 v]s4 #e-g4 ,_! "* is describ$ z hypocritical1 weak1 & selfi%1 & is incid5tally contra/$ ) ! "* ( ! true prophet1 z repres5t$ by himself1 ^: /r5g? is always r5ew$ by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 & :o1 9 ?is /r5g?1 s]ves only tru? & righte\sness1 & holds up _! s9s to ! p delud$ by ! false prophets1 v]4 #h4 ,?is ! prophet cont9ues to d 9 v]s4 #i-ab4 ,! ?ree ord]s ( div9ely call$ rul]s1 ^u :om ! life or dea? ( ! ,congregation 0 dep5d+1--! pr9ces1 ! prie/s1 & ! prophets 7comp>e rem>ks on ,ze*4 x4 #a71--;h become s deg5]ate1 t !y are n at all conc]n$ = ! glory ( ,god1 b only = _! own int]e/4 ,& :ile !y h ?us inw>dly apo/atiz$ f ,jehovah1 !y are /r5g!n$ 9 _! false security by ! promises :i* ,god has giv5 to ,8 p1 & :i* !y1 altoge!r ov]look+ ! fact t ^! are conditional1 ref]r$1 9 hypocritical bl9dness1 to !mselves4 ,b ,god w1 9 a fe>ful mann]1 puni% !m = ?is apo/asy1 & fright5 !m f _! security4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 :i* has be5 desecrat$ inw>dly1 %all be s outw>dly also4 ,zion %all become a corn-field2 ,j]usalem1 ! city ( ,god1 %all s9k into rubbi% & ru9s2 ! ,temple-hill %all aga9 become :at x 0 previ\s to its be+ ! resid5ce ( ,god1 viz41 a ?ickly wood$ hill1 :i* %all !n appe> 9 all its natural l[ness1 & be consid]$ z insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4--,9 ! :ole section1 ! twelve v]ses ( :i* are equally divid$ into ?ree portions ( f\r v]ses ea*1 ! prophet views *iefly ! great1 & ! civil rul]s4 ,! false prophets1 :om he takes up 9 ! second ( ^! subdivisions 7v]s4 #e-h71 come "u consid]ation z _! help]s only4 ,9 ! ?ird subdivision1 ,pg #dda ! disc\rse is aga9 direct$ to ! great alone1 9 v]s4 #i1 #aj4 ,! two o!r ord]s are add$ to !m 9 v]s4 #aa1 #ab only2 & ! *>ges rais$ aga9/ !m ref] to _! relation to ! great4 ,! prie/s are n by any means reprov$ because !y made tea*+ a pr(ession1 f :i* !y d]iv$ _! livelihood1 b because1 = bribes1 !y int]pret$ ! law 9 a mann] fav\rable to ! rapaci\s lu/s ( ! great1 & !reby1 no less ?an ! false prophets1 assi/$ !m 9 _! wick$ness4--,! *>ge rais$ 9 v]4 #aj aga9/ ! great1--,build+ up ,zion ) blood1 & ,j]usalem ) iniquity1--has be5 frequ5tly misund]/ood4 ,! words mu/ n be expla9$ f ,hab4 ii4 #ab1 b f ,ps4 li4 #bj1 :]e ,david prays to ! ,"l1 ,build ,?\ ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 :i* he _h de/roy$ by 8 blood1 v]4 #af4 ,! ^w build+ is us$ ironically by ,micah1 & is tantam\nt to3 ,ye :o are de/roy+ ,j]usalem by blood & iniquity 7comp>e v]4 #ab3 ',= y\r sakes ,zion %all be pl\gh$ z a field'71 in/ead ( build+ x up by righte\sness4 ,righte\sness builds up1 because x draws d[n ,god's bless+ & protection2 b unrighte\sness de/roys1 because x calls d[n ! curse ( ,god4 ,! unfai?fulness ( ! ,cov5ant-p c nev]!less n make void ! fai?fulness ( ,god4 ,! prophet1 !re=e1 passes sudd5ly f ?reat5+ to promise4 ,calv9 ?us expresses ! relation ( ^! two3 ,b ,i mu/ n[ come to ! little remnant4 ,hi!rto ,i h spok5 ab\t ! judgm5t ( ,god1 :i* is ne> at h&1 ^u ! k+'s c\ncillors1 ^u ! prie/s & prophets1 ^u ! :ole p 9 %ort1 because !y are all wick$ & ungodly1 because ! :ole body is p]vad$ by contempt ( ,god1 & by desp]ate ob/9acy4 ,let !m receive1 !n1 t :i* !y all h des]v$4 ,b ,i n[ ga!r ! *ildr5 ( ,god ap>t1 = to !m too ,i h a message to deliv]4 ,! intimate relation ( ! fir/ "p ( ! promise to ! prec$+ ?reat5+ has be5 already demon/rat$1 p4 #dbj4 ,! ,m\nt ( ,zion1 :i* =ms ! subject ( v]s4 #a-g1 %all1 9 future1 n only be re/or$ to its =m] dignity1 b x %all be exalt$ above all ! m\nta9s ( ! e>?4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* is repres5t$ by x1 %all1 by ! glory imp>t$ to x by a new revelation ( ! ,"l 7comp>e v]4 #g3 ,& ,pg #ddb ! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] !m on ,m\nt ,zion71 out%9e all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ex]cise an attractive p[] ^u _! citiz5s2 s t !y fl[ to ,zion1 !re to receive ! comm&s ( ! ,"l1 v]s4 #a1 #b4 ,by ! sway :i* ! ,"l ex]cises f ,zion1 peace %all h its dwell+ 9 ! hea!n _w1 v]4 #c1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l ceases to be a prey to injury f ! _w's p[]1 v]4 #d;a4 ,h[ incr$ible soev] x may appe>1 ?is promise %all surely be fulfill$2 = omnipot5t fai?fulness has giv5 x1 v]4 #d;b1 & has giv5 x inde$ = ?is v purpose2 = x is altoge!r natural1 & to be expect$1 t ! glory ( ! ,"l %\ld 9 all et]nity display itself 9 ,8 deal+s ) ,8 p1 v]4 #e4 ,9 v]s4 #f1 #g1 ! promise receives a new impetus1 by :i* x connects itself ) v]4 #d;a4 ,9 t "t ( m]cy1 ! ,"l w put an end to all ! mis]y ( ,8 p4 ,v]4 #a4 ,& x %all come to pass at ! end ( ! days1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l %all be firmly e/abli%$ on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & exalt$ above ! hills1 & p fl[ unto x4 ,! words1 ,& x %all come to pass1 excite ! att5tion to ! great & unexpect$ turn :i* ?+s are to take4 ,! expression1 1 is expla9$ by _m z mean+3 ,9 times to come1 9 future4 ,b we h already prov$1 9 our "w on ,balaam1 p4 #dfe seq41 t ! "r explanation is3 ,at ! end ( ! days4 ,?is is ! explanation giv5 by ! ,,lxx4 also1 :o commonly r5d] x by 2 & by ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 :o translates x by 4 ,! reasons :i* seem1 at fir/ sight1 to fav\r ! signification 9 future1 are invalidat$ by ^! two consid]ations3--fir/1 t x is n at all necess>y t ! end be j absolutely ! la/1 b only ! end ( ^? ev5ts :i* ! speak] is review+2 &1 second1 t x altoge!r dep5ds ^u ! w ( ! speak]1 :at ext5t he is to assign to ! beg9n+ & to ! end4 ,! expression is us$ by ! prophets 9 a mann] diff]5t f t ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! prophets use x almo/ exclusively ) a ref]5ce to ! ,messianic times1--an usus loqu5di :i* orig9at$ 9 ,deut4 iv4 #cj4 ,!y divide ! :ole duration ( ! k+dom ( ,god into two p>ts1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1--! /ate ( humiliation1 & ,pg #ddc ! /ate ( glorification4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation is =m$ by ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 accord+ to v4 #b 7#c73 ,he w give !m up until %e :o is be>+ br+s =?4--,! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l is1 accord+ to ! common usus loqu5di1 n ,moriah1 b ! :ole m\nta9 ( ,zion1 ( :i* ,moriah 0 consid]$ z a "p2 comp>e ,ps4 lxxvi4 #c1 lxxviii4 #fh4 ,9 v]4 #h1 ! prophet speaks ( two p>ts only1 ,zion & ,j]usalem4 ,9 iii4 #ab1 ,zion only1 z ! bett] "p1 is fir/ spok5 (2 & !n1 9 ! second clause1 ,j]usalem & ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se1 ! latt] correspond+ to ,zion1 are contra/$ ) ea* o!r1 or ,j]usalem & ,m\nt ,zion consid]$ 9 its highe/ quality z ! temple-m\nta94--1 fix$1 firmly e/abli%$1 implies m ?an1 simply1 plac$4 ,x %[s t ! *ange is n m]ely mom5t>y1 b t ! temple-m\nta9 %all be exalt$ = ev]1 & t no e>?ly p[] %all be able to abase x4 ,x ?us goes h& 9 h& ) ! decl>ation 9 v]4 #g3 ,! ,"l %all be k+ ov] !m f n[ until et]nity4 ,! same ^w is us$ 9 #a ,k+s ii4 #de ( ! immutable firmness ( ! ?rone ( ,david3 ,! ?rone ( ,david %all be firmly e/abli%$ be=e ! ,"l = ev]2 comp>e #b ,sam4 vii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! comm5t>y on is giv5 by ,dan4 ii4 #dd3 ,& 9 ! days ( ^! k+s %all ! ,god ( heav5 set up a k+dom :i* %all n be de/roy$ 9 all et]nity 444 x %all break 9 pieces & de/roy all ^! k+doms1 & x %all /& = ev]4 ,t does n mean1 at ! head ( ! m\nta9s1 i4e41 /&+ at ! head1 z ! fir/ among !m 7z ,hitzig & o!rs ?9k71 b on ! summit ( ! m\nta9s 7! is us$ 9 a simil> mann] 9 ,judg4 ix4 #g1 comp>$ ) #a ,sam4 xxvi1 #ac71 is evid5t f ! fact t 1 9 connection ) 1 is con/antly us$ ( ! summit ( ! m\nta9s1 &1 h5ce1 _c be us$ 9 a figurative s5se1 9 ?is connection4 ,! s5se c !re=e be ?is only3 ,zion1 9 future1 s pre-em95tly /&s out f among ! o!r m\nta9s1 t ^! s]ve1 z x 71 only = its f\ndation4 ,n[1 ! elevation ( ! temple-m\nta9 is consid]$1 by sev]al int]pret]s1 z a physical "o4 ,passages f ,jewi% comm5t>ies1 9 :i* ! expectation is express$ t1 9 ! days ( ! ,messiah1 ,jehovah w\ld br+ ne> ,m\nt ,c>mel & ,tabor1 & place ,j]usalem on ,pg #ddd ! summit ( !m1 w be f\nd 9 ,galat9us1 de ,arcanis ,ca?olic ,v]itatis1 ,l4 v4 c4 #c4 ,! lit]al explanation has1 9 rec5t times1 be5 def5d$ by ,h(mann & ,dre*sl]4 ,b ,casp>i1 by po9t+ out ! exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! words1 ,! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l %all be firmly e/abli%$ on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! words 9 v]4 #b1 ,! law %all g =? ( ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem1 has prov$ 9 a v /rik+ mann] t ! elevation is a moral "o4 ,z #a;b corresponds to #b;a1 s does #a;a to #b;b2 v]4 #a;a is ! gr\nd ( v]4 #a;b2 v]4 #b;a1 by :i* v]4 #a;b is fur!r exp&$1 is ! consequ5ce ( #b;b4 ,h5ce #b;b mu/ be sub/antially id5tical ) v]4 #a;a2 b #b;b speaks ( some?+ t po9ts to ! moral height ( ,m\nt ,zion1 & /ates some?+ ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,to ?is x may be add$1 t height1 9 a moral s5se1 is (t5 ascrib$ to ! temple-m\nta91 ev5 ) ref]5ce to ! ante-,messianic "t1 & t ! passage "u consid]ation c\ld be disjo9$ f ^! by =ce only4 ,x is ^u su* a view ( x1 inde$1 t ! use ( 9 ref]5ce to ! j\rneys to ,j]usalem re/s1 j z x is "h us$ 9 v]4 #b4 ,we may1 moreov]1 comp>e ,ps4 xlviii4 #c2 ,ezek4 xvii4 #bb1 #cc3 ,& ,i plant ^u a m\nta9 high & elevat$4 ,on ! high m\nta9s ( ,israel ,i w plant x2 b especially ,ps4 lxviii4 #af3 ,m\nta9 ( ,god is ! m\nta9 ( ,ba%an1 ! top ( m\nta9s is ! m\nta9 ( ,ba%an4 ,v]4 #ag4 ,:y d ye tops ( m\nta9s insidi\sly obs]ve ! m\nta9 :i* ,god desire? = ,8 resid5ce8 ,yea1 ! ,"l w dwell 9 x = ev]4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,god is1 9 ^! v]ses1 an emblem ( ! k+doms ( ! _w1 :i* are p[]ful ?r\gh ,god's grace4 ,9 v]4 #af1 ! ,psalmi/ decl>es :at ! m\nta9 ( ,ba%an is4 ,9 v]4 #ag1 he rejects ! unf\nd$ claims :i* x raises on acc\nt ( its real advantages4 ,al?\gh x be great1 yet ,m\nt ,zion is inf9itely great]1 & va9 are all its ef=ts to ov]turn ?is relation4 ,?is passage1 !n1 leads to ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! lit]al int]pretation4 ,we f9d 9 x ! k+doms repres5t$ "u ! figure ( m\nta9s1#a--;a mode ( repres5tation :i* is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,scripture2 comp>e my ,comm5t>y on ,pg #dde ,ps4 lxv4 #g1 lxxvi4 #e2 ,rev4 viii4 #h1 xvii4 #i4 ,! m difficult x 0 to sep>ate1 accord+ to ! ,israeliti% conception1 m\nta9 & k+dom1 ! m natural x 0 to f9d1 9 ! passage be=e u1 expression giv5 to ! ?\ght1 t ! k+dom ( ,god w\ld1 9 future1 be exalt$ above all ! k+doms ( ! _w4 ,if we take into acc\nt ! common practice ( employ+ m\nta9 9 a figurative s5se1 x is natural to suppose t n ! exaltation alone is to be und]/ood figuratively1 b t ! m\nta9 itself also is to be reg>d$ *iefly 9 its symbolical signification1--z ! symbol ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ,israel2 al?\gh1 9 ?is aspect1 we %\ld expect1 at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! relation1 t ! ?+ itself %\ld /ill be connect$ ) ! symbol2 aft]w>ds !y may be disjo9$ )\t any hesitation4 ,! deep grief :i* mu/1 ( necessity1 h be5 call$ =? by ! ann\ncem5t 9 iii4 #ab1 did n reg>d ! m\nta9 z su*4 ,x _h1 = its real object1 ! condition ( ! k+dom ( ,god :i* 0 prefigur$ by ! condition ( ! m\nta92 & x is j ?is to :i* ! consolation has respect4--,b by :at means is ! exaltation ( ! temple-m\nta9 to be effect$8 ,cocceius has already direct$ att5tion to ! circum/ance1 t x mu/ n be suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! fl[+ ( ! p unto x2 = t is n ! cause1 b ! effect4 ,we f9d ! correct answ] 9 v]4 #b3 ,! law goe? =? ( ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem2 & 9 v]4 #g3 ,& ! ,"l w be k+ ov] !m on ,m\nt ,zion4 ,! exaltation w1 accord+ly1 be effect$ by a glori\s manife/ation ( ! ,"l )9 ,8 congregation2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ,zion becomes ! c5tre ( ! :ole e>?4 ,t ?is manife/ation is to take place 9 ,*ri/1 is br\ght out only subsequ5tly2 comp>e especially1 v4 #a1 #c 7#b-d74 ,a p>allel passage is also ,ezek4 xl4 #b1 :]e ,m\nt ,zion is likewise se5 exalt$ 9 ! ,messianic "t4 ,v]4 #b4 ,& _m nations g & say1 ,come & let u g up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 & to ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob1 t ,he may tea* u ,8 ways1 & t we may walk 9 ,8 pa?2 = f ,zion ! law %all g =?1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4 ,f ! words1 ,& _m nations g1 to pa?s1 we h an expansion (--,p fl[ unto x4 ,ze*4 viii4 #bj-bc are f\nd$ ^u1 & s]ve z a comm5t>y on ! passage be=e ,pg #ddf u4 ,! p g to "o ano!r1 & s5d mess5g]s to "o ano!r2 a p[]ful commotion p]vades ! hea!n _w1 :i* causes !m to seek ,zion1 t _h =m]ly be5 despis$ by !m4 ,x makes no sub/antial diff]5ce :e!r ! go+ is to be und]/ood physically or spiritually1--:e!r ! p fl[ to ! lit]al ,m\nt ,zion1 or to ! ,*ur*1 :i* is !reby prefigur$4 ,all t is requisite is1 t ! comm5cem5t ( _! go+ & fl[+ mu/ belong to a "t 9 :i* ! symbol & ! ?+ symboliz$ 7 /ill connect$1--:5 ! lit]al ,zion 0 /ill ! seat ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! plurality ( nations =ms a contra/ ) ! unity1 b n ) ! univ]sality1 z is %[n by a comp>ison ( ! p>allel passage 9 ,isaiah1 :]e ! _m p are prec$$ by ! m5tion ( all ! hea!ns 71 i4e41 ! :ole hea!n _w7 fl[ unto x1 in/ead (--,p fl[ unto x1 z 9 ,micah4 ,=m]ly1 "o p only w5t to ,zion1 9 ord] !re to (f] to ! ,"l _! wor%ip1 & to be taught ,8 ways1 ,exod4 xxiii4 #ag1 xxxiv4 #bc2 ,deut4 xxxi4 #aj sqq42 n[1 _m p fl[ ?i!r4 ,9 ! anticipation ( ?is future glory ( ,m\nt ,zion1 :i* w inf9itely out%9e t ( ! pres5t1 ! sad int]val describ$ 9 iii4 #ab1 dur+ :i* ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se is altoge!r =sak51 may be m easily borne4 ,! connection ( ) 1 :i* is r uncommon1 may be mo/ simply expla9$ by view+ ! in/ruction z proce$+ f its object4 ,! ways ( ! ,"l are ! ways 9 :i* ,he w\ld h m5 to walk1--t mode ( life :i* is well-pleas+ to ,him4 ,! contra/ ( x is walk+ 9 "o's own ways4 ,is4 liii4 #f1--regulat+ ( "o's life accord+ to ! desires ( "o's own corrupt he>t4--,! la/ words1 ,= f ,zion1 etc41 are n to be conceiv$ ( z spok5 by ! p1 /irr+ up & enc\rag+ "o ano!r1 b by ! prophet4 ,!y /ate ! reason :y ! p are s anxi\s to g to ,zion2 & ?is acc\nts also = ! circum/ance t ,zion is s emphatically plac$ at ! beg9n+4 ,zion %all1 at t "t1 be ! resid5ce ( ! true ,god1 & prov$ to be su* by glori\s revelations2 & f x ,8 comm&s g =? ov] ! :ole e>?4 1 to g out1 /&s "h1 z 9 v]4 #a1 9 ! s5se ( to g =?4 ,z ! sph]e = ! go+ =? ( ! law f ,zion is n limit$1 x mu/ be consid]$ 9 z wide an ext5t z possible2 9 h>mony ) ! prec$+ words1 ,pg #ddg accord+ to :i* we mu/ ?9k ( p1 _m nations1 z be+ compreh5d$ )9 ?is sph]e4--,we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! article is awant+ be=e 1 & t ! law is n m /rictly def9$ z ! law ( ,god4 ,x is int5d$1 9 ! fir/ place1 only to indicate t despis$ & desolate ,zion is to be ! seat ( legislation = ! :ole e>?4 ,! law itself is !n m /rictly def9$ z ! ^w ( ,god4 ,_m int]pret]s und]/& "h z mean+ religion 9 g5]al2#b ! go+ =? is expla9$ by !m ( its spread+ itself4 ,f ,zion1 true religion is to ext5d ov] all ! nations2 & h5ce x is t to ,zion ! eyes ( all ( !m are direct$4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,!odoret1 :o rem>ks3 ,?is is ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 :i* began at ,j]usalem1 & f !nce1 z f its s\rce1 fl[$ ov] all ! e>?1 (f]+ dr9k to ^? :o came to x 9 fai?4 ,b nev] signifies doctr9e1 religion1 any m ?an does 3 x is always us$ z mean+ law2 & ?is s5se ( x c ) ! less propriety be dep>t$ f "h1 z ! p1 accord+ to :at prec$es1 fl[ to ,zion n 9 ord] to seek religion 9 g5]al1 b laws = _! conduct 9 life4 ,b ev5 if we 7 to foll[ ,casp>i1 & to modify ! explanation ?us1 ,! law1 :i* 0 =m]ly conf9$ to ,zion1 & h5ce to a n>r[ circle1 %all g =? f !nce into ! wide _w1--weighty objections to x w\ld /ill rema94 ,if to g =? 7 to be und]/ood z mean+ to spread1 ! sph]e ( ! go+ =? w\ld h be5 m closely det]m9$2 z1 e4g41 9 ,is4 xlii4 #a3 ,he %all br+ =? judgm5t to ! ,g5tiles4 ,9 ,is4 li4 #d1 ,law %all g out f ,me1 & ,my judgm5t ,i w make = a light ( ! p1 to g out is tantam\nt to1 to g =?4 ,m9e arms %all judge ! p1 9 li4 #e1 is p>allel to x4 9 itself does n mean to g =?4 ,fur!r--,! circum/ance t ! law spreads f ,zion1 does n acc\nt suffici5tly = ! zeal ) :i* ! nations fl[ to ,zion4 ,if x goes out1 !re is !n no ne$ = _! seek+ = x at its home4 ,9 ,ze*4 viii4 #bj-bc1 also1 ! ?rong+ ( ! p to ,zion1 9 ord] to ent] !re into a clos] relation to ! ,"l1 =ms ! subject ( disc\rse4 ,zion1 z ! place :]e ! ,"l ( ,pg #ddh ! :ole e>? issues ,8 ord]s1 z if f ,8 resid5ce 7,is4 xi4 #aj71 =ms an appropriate contra/ to ,zion %all be pl\gh$ z a field1--a suitable p>allel to ! exaltation ( ! temple-m\nta9 above all ! m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 to :i* ! prophet "h returns1 aft] hav+1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! v]se1 exp&$ ! ?\ght3 ,p fl[ unto x2 & to v]s4 #g1 #h also1 :]e ,zion appe>s likewise z ! seat ( dom9ion4 ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,he judges among _m p1 & rebukes /rong nations1 ev5 unto a di/ance4 ,& !y heat _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-knives2 nation %all n lift up a sword1 aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m4 ,x appe>s /range to u t "h we see ourselves transf]r$ all at once to ! sph]e ( ! g5]al description ( ! ,messianic "t2 =1 accord+ to ! :ole context1 & to ! contra/ ) *ap4 iii41 we expect su* pr$ictions z w s]ve especially = ! consolation ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 ^: he>t _h be5 pi]c$ by ! ann\ncem5t t ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se %\ld become a wood$ hill1 & t %e h]self %\ld be giv5 into ! p[] ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b ?is difficulty is remov$ by rem>k+ t ?is v]se only prep>es ! way = v]4 #d1 :]e !re is a repres5tation ( ! advantage :i* accrues to ! daught] ( ,zion f ! _s ( peace1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ,zion's ,god1 has become preval5t 9 ! hea!n _w4 ,x is f fail+ to p]ceive ! connection ( ! two v]ses1 t ! rem>k ( ,hitzig has aris53 ,x is v probable t ,micah1 if he _h be5 ! 7orig9al7 au?or1 w\ld r h m5tion$ ! *ange & re/oration ( ,j]usalem1 ?an ! *ange ( ! arms4--,! subject is ! ,"l4 ,t x 0 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 :o z e>ly z 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon appe>s z ! true ,solomon1 t ! ,"l w\ld c>ry out :at is "h ann\nc$1 ! prophet c\ld1 accord+ to 8 plan1 detail only aft]w>ds4 ,9 *ap4 iv4 #a-g1 he describes h[ ,zion is glorifi$ by :at ! ,"l does f !nce2 9 v]4 #h1 by ! re/oration ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,davidic race2 & 9 v4 #a ff41 by ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah4 ,x is especially f v4 #c 7#d71 accord+ to :i* ! ,messiah /&s & fe$s 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! "n ( ! ,"l ,8 ,god1--& f v4 #d 7#e71 accord+ ,pg #ddi to :i* ,he is ! ,peace1 t we inf] ) c]ta9ty t ! judg+ also %all be done by ,8 m$iation4 ,9 ,isaiah we meet ! p]son ( ! ,messiah 9 ! prophecy ( *ap4 iv41 :i*1 along ) t 9 *ap4 ii41 belongs to "o disc\rse1 & supplem5ts x4 ,! judg+ & rebuk+ 7 ) 1 to rebuke1 to reprove7 ref] to ! /rifes among ! nations :i* hi!rto c\ld n be allay$1 because !re 0 want+ ! c\nt]poise to selfi%ness :i* 0 productive ( wrong4 ,b su* a c\nt]poise is n[ giv5 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 :i*1 c>ri$ home by ,8 ,_s1 p5etrates deeply into ! he>t4--,/rong nations1 :o 7 hi!rto mo/ ready to seize ! sword4 ,! words1 ,& !y beat1 etc41 ref] to ,joel iv4 7iii47 #aj1 :]e ! hea!n beat _! pl\gh%>es into swords1 _! prun+-knives into spe>s2 & !y d s to ! prejudice ( ! p ( ,god1 :i* ! prophet1 al?\gh app>5tly he speaks 9 g5]al t]ms1 has specially 9 view4 ,by ?is allusion ,micah indicates t1 ) ref]5ce to ! disposition ( ! hea!n _w1 ,joel has spok5 a ^w1 true1 inde$1 b giv+ only a p>tial view4 ,! words ( ,ju/9us 9 ! ,dialogus cum ,tryphone--,=1 hav+ le>n$ ! fe> & wor%ip ( ,god f ! ,law & ,gospel :i* came to u ?r\gh ! ,apo/les f ,j]usalem1 we h fl$ = refuge to ! ,god ( ,jacob1 & ! ,god ( ,israel2 & we1 :o =m]ly 7 fill$ ) w> & murd]1 & e wick$ness1 h put away ! in/rum5ts ( w> f ! :ole e>?1 & h1 e "o ( u1 *ang$ ! swords into pl\gh%>es1 & ! spe>s into agricultural implem5ts1 & cultivate ! fe> ( ,god1 ju/ice1 bro!rly love1 fai?1 hope1 etc41--%[ t1 ev5 soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 x 0 held t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy _h comm5c$4 ,b x 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! prophet also1 t ev5 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! salvation1 ?is description w\ld1 9 ! meantime1 give only a p>tial exhibition ( ! tru?2 inasmu* z n e "o w submit to ! judg+ activity ( ! ,"l1 h[ p[]ful soev] may be ! effect ( ! new pr9ciple :i* ent]$ into ! life ( ! nations2 = 9 v4 #d1 #e 7#e1 #f7 he speaks ( ! nations :i*1 9 ! ,messianic "t1 attack ! p ( ,god2 9 v]4 #h 7#i71 ( _! adv]s>ies & enemies2 & 9 v]4 #ad 7#ae71 ( su* z d n he>4 ,b ! ,pg #dej imp]fect fulfilm5t is a pl$ge & gu>antee = t :i* is p]fect1 z x w take place :51 by ! la/ judgm5t1 !y h be5 remov$ :o h ob/9ately pres]v$ )9 !mselves ! _s ( /rife & hatr$4 ,accord+ to ! pr$ictions ( ! prophets--comp>e especially ,is4 xi4 #f1 #g--peace %all1 at "s future p]iod1 be ext5d$ ev5 to ! irrational creation1 & ! /rife :i* has come ^u e>? by ! fall1 %all entirely cease f x4 ,v]4 #d4 ,& !y sit e man "u 8 v9e1 & "u 8 fig-tree1 & none make? !m afraid2 = ! m\? ( ! ,"l ( ho/s ha? spok5 x4 ,?is v]se conta9s a description ( ! happy consequ5ces :i* ! peaceful influ5ce :i* goes =? f ! ,"l to ! hea!n _w1 %all h ^u ,israel4 ,= ,israel is ! subject 9 1 & ! v]se does n at all pret5d to give a description ( a ,solomonic "t = all ! nations4 ,?is is %[n by :at is /at$1 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 z to ! gr\nd ( ?is happy *ange1 z well z by a comp>ison ( ! fundam5tal passages4 ,lev4 xxvi4 #f3 ,& ,i give peace 9 ! l&1 & ye lie d[n1 & none make? y afraid2 & #a ,k+s v4 #e 7iv4 #be73 ,& ,judah & ,israel dwelt safely e man "u 8 v9e & fig-tree1 f ,dan to ,be]%eba1 all ! days ( ,solomon2 & ( ! p>allel passages1 ,micah v4 #d 7#e72 ,ze*4 iii4 #aj4 ,x is fur!r %[n by ! connection ) :at prec$es1 :]e great calamity1 & ! deva/ation ( _! :ole c\ntry _h be5 pr$ict$ to ,israel1--& by ! m5tion ( ! v9e & fig-tree1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! l& ( ,israel4 ,! words1 ,= ! m\? ( ! ,"l1 etc41 po9t out ! pl$ge1 :i* ! p]son ( ,him :o promises af=ds = ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise1 :i* appe>s incr$ible4 ,v]4 #e4 ,= all ! nations %all walk1 e "o 9 ! "n ( _! ,god2 & we w walk 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l our ,god = ev] & ev]4 ,! causal p>ticle /ates ! gr\nd ( ! fact t ! ,"l ( ho/s has spok5 ?is1 & giv5 ! promise ( ! f9al safety ( ,israel1 & ( 8 enjoy+ peace aft] ! /rife1 9 consequ5ce ( ,god's ex]cis+ dom9ion f ,zion ov] ! :ole hea!n _w2 :ile ?is peace aft] ! /rife is !n m fully describ$ 9 v]s4 #f1 #g4 ,! lot ( e p corresponds to ! nature ( _! ,god4 ,& n[1 h[ ,pg #dea c\ld x be o!rwise1 ?an t all o!r nations %\ld be humbl$1 because _! gods are idols1 :ile ,israel1 on ! o!r h&1 is exalt$ & end[$ ) ev]la/+ salvation & prosp]ity1 because 8 ,god is ! only true ,god8 ,is4 xlv4 #af1 #ag is p>allel3 ,!y %all be a%am$1 & also conf\nd$1 all ( !m2 !y %all g to confusion1 ! mak]s ( idols4 ,israel is sav$ by ! ,"l1 ) an ev]la/+ salvation2 ye %all n be a%am$ nor conf\nd$ 9 all et]nity4--,! "n ( ! ,"l is ! complex :ole ( ,8 excell5cy :i* is reveal$1 & prov$ by de$s2 comp>e ,prov4 xviii4 #aj3 ,! "n ( ! ,"l is a /rong t[]2 ! righte\s runne? into x & is exalt$4 ,inasmu* z ! "n ( ! ,"l is to manife/ itself 9 ,8 deal+s ) ,8 p1 x repres5ts itself z ! way 9 :i* !y are to walk3 ! pray] ( ! ,psalmi/ 9 ,ps4 xxv4 #e1 t ! ,"l w\ld lead him 9 ,8 tru?1 =ms a p>allel to ?is2 & s does also :at he says 9 v]4 #i ( ! same ,psalm1 t ,he guides ! meek 9 judgm5t4 ,b exactly correspond+ is ,ze*4 x4 #ab3 ,& ,i /r5g!n !m 9 ! ,"l1 & 9 ,8 "n %all !y walk 9 ! pa? ( ,8 "n1 s t ! latt] manife/s itself 9 ,8 deal+s ) !m2 comp>e ! rem>ks on t passage4 ,9 fav\r ( our exposition1 moreov]1 is ! comp>ison ( ! passage ,is4 ii4 #e1 ! evid5tly requisite h>mony ( :i* ) ! passage "u consid]ation is obta9$1 only if ! latt] be und]/ood z we h expla9$ x4 ,! light1 i4e41 ! salvation ( ! ,"l spok5 ( !re1 corresponds ) ! "n ( ! ,"l 9 ! passage "u review4 ,sev]al int]pret]s expla93 ,!y may walk1 !y may wor%ip _! gods4 ,al?\gh all nations %\ld be idolat]s1 yet we1 inhabitants ( ,judah1 %all fai?fully wor%ip ,jehovah4 ,aga9/ ?is explanation ,casp>i rem>ks1 ,an exhortation1 or a resolution :i* implies an exhortation1 is "h n easily ju/ifi$1 because x w\ld /& 9 ! mid/ ( promises4 ,moreov]1 ! _c be expla9$ accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 z appe>s ) suffici5t cle>ness f ! rem>k ( ,ju/i3 ,?is v]se does n seem to be s closely connect$ ) ! prec$+ "o4 ,! connection is m firmly e/abli%$ by ! explanation ( ,t>novius1 ,mi*aelis1 & o!rs3 ,surely s brilliant a lot mu/ fall to u2 = we are fai?ful wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god1 :ile all o!r nations walk aft] _! idols4 ,pg #deb ,b ! objections to t9s explanation are3 7#a7 ! circum/ance t x is r unusual to f\nd ! salvation ( ! p ^u _! ,cov5ant-fai?fulness 7( :i*1 f ! prec$+ repro(1 we _c ent]ta9 v high notions71 in/ead ( f\nd+ x ^u ,god's grace & fai?fulness1 comp>e vii4 #ah-bj2c 7#b7 ! repeat$ use ( ! ,future1 :ile1 accord+ to x1 we %\ld h expect$ ! ,pret]ite1 at lea/ 9 ! fir/ memb]2 & 7#c71 & mo/ decisive ( all1 ! expression1 ,= ev] & ev]2 comp>e ! expression1 ,f h5ce=?1 ev5 = ev]1 9 v]4 #g4 ,v]4 #f4 ,9 t day1 sai? ! ,"l1 ,i w assemble t :i* halte?1 & t :i* ha? be5 driv5 out ,i w ga!r1 & t :i* ,i h afflict$4 ,v]4 #g4 ,& ,i make t :i* is halt+ a remnant1 & t :i* is f> (f a /rong nation1 & ! ,"l reigne? ov] !m 9 ,m\nt ,zion f h5ce=?1 ev5 = ev]4 ,! expression 9 t day does n ref] to at ! end ( ! days1 9 v]4 #a1 b is connect$ )1 & resumes v]4 #d;a ,t ! v]b has "h ! signification to assemble1 & n t to receive1 is %[n by ii4 #ab1 & especially by ,ezek4 xi4 #ag4 ,! ^w ref]s to ! ann\ncem5t ( ,israel's be+ c>ri$ away1 :i* 0 =m]ly made1 & ) :i* ! scatt]+ is connect$4 ,!y are assembl$ = _! return to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,su* an assembl+1 h[ev]1 is meant1 z is connect$ ) ! full enjoym5t ( salvation1 & 9 :i* ! ,congregation truly manife/s itself 9 a close unity1 z a k+dom ( prie/s4 ,9 ! passage1 ,zeph4 iii4 #ai1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! "o "u review1 we f9d ,i save in/ead ( ,i assemble4 ,( su* a description1 ! assembl+ "u ,z]ubbabel 0 n2 comp>e ,nehem4 ix4 #cf1 #cg4 ,x c !re=e come into notice only z a prelude to ! true assembl+4--,! ,fem4 s+1 ( ! ,p>tic41 says ,hitzig1 mu/ be und]/ood collectively2 & x is n sev]al subjects1 b pr$icates ( ! same subject1 viz41 ( ! :ole ( ,israel1 ,pg #dec :i* are !reby designat$4 ,! halt+1 :i* is a condition ( bodily helplessness & weakness1 occurs also 9 ,ps4 xxxv4 #ae1 & xxxviii4 #ah1 z a designation ( adv]sity & mis]y4--,! expression1 to make a remnant1 =ms ! contra/ to total annihilation4 ,:ile ^! words %[ t a limit w be put to ! dim9ution1 ! foll[+ words pr$ict a va/ increase4 ,9 ! words1 ,9 ,m\nt ,zion1 ! contra/ ) iii4 #ab appe>s once m at ! close ( ! section4 ,z reg>ds 1 comp>e ,ps4 xciii4 #a4 ,x does n ref] to ! con/ant gov]nm5t ( ! ,"l1 b to a new & glori\s manife/ation ( x--z x 7 to a new asc5sion to ! ?rone4 ,! expression1 ,f h5ce=?1 ref]s to ! ideal pres5t4 ,9 _s1 ! prophet is 9 t "t :5 ! ,"l is j ent]+ ^u ,8 gov]nm5t4 ,! words1 ,! ,"l reigne? 444 = ev]1 are ?us beautifully illu/rat$ by ,calv93 ,micah does n "h m5tion ! desc5dants ( ,david1 b ,jehovah ,himself2 n z if he wi%$ !reby to exclude t dom9ion ( ,david1 b 9 ord] to %[ t ,god w\ld make x manife/ t ,he 0 ! au?or ( t dom9ion1 yea1 t ,he ,himself held all ! p[]4 ,=1 al?\gh ,god gov]n$ ! anci5t p by ! h& ( ,david1 & by ! h& ( ,josiah & ,hezekiah1 yet !re 01 z x 71 a %ad[ plac$ betwe51 s t ,god's gov]nm5t 0 !n p]ceiv$ d>kly only4 ,! prophet1 !re=e1 "h expresses1 t !re w\ld be "s diff]5ce betwixt t %ad[y gov]nm5t1 & ! future new dom9ion :i* ,he 0 op5ly to set up by ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,& ?is 0 truly & solidly fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/'s p]son4 ,= al?\gh ,*ri/ 0 ! true se$ ( ,david1 yet ,he 0 also1 at ! same "t1 ,jehovah1 viz41 ,god made manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,) respect to ?is promise1 h[ev]1 x mu/ also be kept 9 m9d t x w be f9ally fulfill$ only 9 ! future1 :5 ! k+dom & ?rone ( glory 7comp>e ,matt4 xix4 #bh7 %all be set up4 ,! prophet _h hi!rto describ$ ! k+dom :i* 0 to be e/abli%$ anew1 z a k+dom ( ,god1 )\t m5tion+ ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ,8 m]cy 0 to be p\r$ out ^u ! ,congregation--! m$iator :o 0 to repres5t ,him among !m4 ,8 repres5tation1 !re=e1 0 /ill defective2 x /ill want$ ! connection ) ! promise giv5 to ,david1 & s frequ5tly celebrat$ by him1 & by o!r ,pg #ded holy ,psalmi/s & ,prophets--! promise ( ! et]nal dom9ion ( ,david's h\se4 ,accord+ to ?is promise1 e new1 great manife/ation ( grace1 mu/ be ?r\gh "s desc5dant ( ?is family z a m$iator4 ,?is h\se mu/ ev] =m ! sub/ratum on :i* ! div9e p[] & ! div9e nature1 9 its mo/ complete manife/ation1 %[$ !mselves4 ,?is blank is suppli$ 9 v]4 #h4 ,& ?\ t[] ( ! flock1 hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 unto !e x w come2 & to !e come? ! =m] dom9ion1 ! k+dom ( ! daught] ( ,zion4 ,9 ! words imm$iately prec$+ x is said3 ,& ! ,"l reigne? ov] !m f h5ce=?1 ev5 = ev]4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a pr$iction ( ! dom9ion ( ! h\se ( ,david1 by ^: m$iation ! ,"l is to reign2 comp>e v4 #c 7#d71 :]e x is said ( ,him 9 :om ! ,davidic race is to c5tre1 ,& ,he /&s1 & fe$s 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! "n ( ! ,"l ,8 ,god4 ,all int]pret]s agree t ! ,davidic race is designat$ by ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 & by ! hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion2 b1 ) respect to ! gr\nd ( ?is designation1 !y are v mu* at v>iance4 ,a great numb] ( !m 7,grotius1 & among ! rec5t int]pret]s1 ,ros5mll]1 ,w9]1 ,ges5ius1 ,de ,wette7 ?9k ( t ,t[] ( ! flock1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* ,jacob1 accord+ to ,g54 xxxv4 #ba1 took up 8 abode = a "t4 ,!y say t1 accord+ to ,j]ome1 ?is ,t[] ( ! flock 0 situat$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem2 t x is us$ "h only by way ( a metalepsis = ,be?lehem1 & t ,be?lehem aga9 designates ! ,davidic race2 s t ! passage agrees altoge!r ) v4 #a 7#b74 ,b1 ^u a clos] exam9ation1 ?is int]pretation appe>s to be objectionable1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 #a4 ,x is any?+ b fix$ t t ,t[] ( ! flock 0 situat$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem4 ,x _c be inf]r$ f ! passage 9 ,g5esis1 & z little c x be prov$ f ,j]ome4 ,9 ! ,que/4 ad ,g5es4 ,opp4 iii4 p4 #ade1 ,frcf41 he fir/ m5tions ! op9ion ( ! ,jews1 accord+ to :i*1 by ! ,t[] ( ! flock is to be und]/ood ! place on :i* ! temple 0 aft]w>ds built1 & !n says3 ,b if we foll[ ! direction ( ! road1 we f9d1 by ,be?lehem1 a 'place ( ! %eph]ds1' :i* 0 s call$1 ei!r because x 0 !re ,pg #dee t1 at ! bir? ( ! ,"l1 ! angels sang _! hymn ( praise2 or because ,jacob f$ 8 flock !re1 & gave ?is "n to ! place2 or1 :i* is m likely1 because ev5 !n ! future my/]y 01 by a revelation1 %[n to him4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,j]ome does n "k any?+ ( a ,t[] ( ! flock ne> ,be?lehem4 ,f ! direction ( ! road :i* ,jacob took1 he only surmises t x 0 situat$ !reab\ts2 & s9ce !re 01 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 a place call$ ! place ( ! %eph]ds1 he1 f a m]e comb9ation1 decl>es ?is to be id5tical ) ! ,t[] ( ! flock2 :ile1 aft] all1 he is s cauti\s z n at once to reject ! only true d]ivation ( ?is "n f ! %eph]ds at ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,by ?is1 ! o!r passage 9 ! book de locis ,hebr4 mu/ be judg$1 :]e ,j]ome expressly deliv]s 8 supposition z if x 7 hi/orical tru?3 ,be?lehem1 ! city ( ,david 444 & ab\t a ?\s& paces 7passus7 di/ant is ! t[] ,ad]1 :i* is call$ '! ,t[] ( ! flock1' indicat+ t1 by "s vision1 ! %eph]ds _h1 be=eh&1 be5 made consci\s ( ! bir? ( ! ,"l4 ,t tradition knew b little ( any ,t[] ( ! flock 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 appe>s also f ,eusebius ,onom4 s4 v4 ,gad]4 p4 #gi1 ed4 ,cl]ic3 ,! t[] ,gad] 444 ,:ile ,jacob dwelt !re1 ,reub5 w5t 9 to ,bilhah4 ,eusebius evid5tly knew no?+ m reg>d+ ! ,t[] ( ! flock ?an :at we also may le>n f ! passage 9 ,g5esis4 ,he does n v5ture to (f] ev5 a conjecture z to its position4 ,! same ignorance is %[n by ! ,jews1 m5tion$ by ,j]ome1 :o c]ta9ly w\ld n h ?\ght ( a ref]5ce to ! temple1 if a place call$ ,t[] ( ! flock _h exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem4 #b4 ,b ev5 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,t[] ( ! flock 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 is x any?+ else ?an ! assumption ( a pure quid pro quo1 to ass]t1 )\t assign+ any reason1 t ! ,t[] ( ! flock /&s = ,be?lehem8 ,ros5mll]1 at lea/1 has felt ?is4 ,he makes ! attempt to assign a reason3 ,9 sub/itut+1 h[ev]1 an unkn[n hamlet 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 = ,be?lehem itself1 he int5d$ to indicate t ! dom9ion ( ,david w\ld be altoge!r weak5$ & br\ght l[4 ,b ?is reason is c]ta9ly n by any means suffici5t2 ,be?lehem 01 9 itself1 s small1 t no fur!r ,pg #def dim9ution 0 requir$2 comp>e v4 #a 7#b74 ,x _h1 moreov]1 be5 always small1 & _h n by any means sunk d[n 9 ! c\rse ( "t f =m] greatness4 ,h5ce1 su* a designation1 9 contra/ ) its =m] glory1 w\ld be entirely out ( place2 & ev5 suppos+ t x 7 n1 ! mode ( ?is designation w\ld always be inexplicable1 unless we c\ld assume a clos] ref]5ce ( ! ,t[] ( ! flock to ! ,davidic family4 ,x is only by e/abli%+ su* a ref]5ce1 t ! :ole explanation c be sav$ & confirm$4 ,= ?is purpose1 x w\ld be necess>y to suppose t ,be?lehem1 & ! di/rict belong+ to x1 7 ! g5]al designation ( ! native place ( ! ,davidic family1 :ile ! ,t[] ( ! flock 0 ! special "o4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd on :i* to support ?is hypo!sis4 ,ev]y:]e1 ,be?lehem itself appe>s z ! resid5ce ( ,jesse1 ! fa!r ( ,david 7comp>e #a ,sam4 xvi4 #a1 #ah1 #ai1 xvii4 #ab71 & likewise ( ,boaz1 ,ru? ii4 #d4 ,! incorrectness ( ano!r explanation is /ill m evid5t4 ,accord+ to x1 we are1 by ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 to und]/& a t[] :i* is alleg$ to h /ood at ,j]usalem1 ne> to ! ,%eep-gate4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( su* a t[] is support$ by no evid5ce :atsoev]1 & does n become ev5 probable by ! exi/5ce ( a %eep-gate2 = a ,t[] ( ! flock is n a t[] :i* /&s ne> ! ,%eep-gate1 b a t[] :i* is erect$ = ! protection ( ! flock1 z is cle>ly se5 f ,migdal ,ed] 9 ,g5esis4 ,b1 ev5 suppos+ t su* a t[] exi/$1 is !re any?+ :i* c\ld someh[ make x a suitable designation ( ! ,davidic family8 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( our own op9ion1 by :i* ! argum5ts advanc$ aga9/ ! o!r explanations w be consid]ably /r5g!n$4 ,conc]n+ ! situation ( ,j]usalem1 ,josephus1 de ,b4 ,j4 i4 #f1 c4 #ac1 rem>ks z foll[s3 ,x 0 built on two hills front+ ea* o!r1 sep>at$ by a *asm runn+ betwe51 d[n to :i* ! h\ses 7 situat$4 ,"o ( ! hills1 on :i* ! upp] "p ( ! city lay1 0 mu* high] & long] ?an ! o!r4 ,&1 because x 0 =tifi$1 x 0 call$ ! ,citadel ( ,k+ ,david1 etc4 ,^! two hills are ,akra & ,zion4 ,! city situat$ ^u ! latt]1 is1 9 o!r passages also1 describ$ by ,josephus to be v high & /eep2 e4g41 vi4 #dj3 ,pg #deg4 ,! sight af=d$ by ! t[]s 9 ?is /eep height is1 by him1 comp>$ ) t ( ! beacon at ,alex&ria f ! sea 7,b4 ,j4 vi4 c4 #f3 ,x resembl$ 9 %ape ! ligh?\se z se5 by p sail+ up to ,alex&ria74 ,comp>e ! simil> repres5tation ( ,tacitus1 ,lib4 #e4 ,hi/or4 c4 #aa 7,rel& ii4 p4 #hdh sqq474 ,on ! summit ( ?is high & /eep hill1 9 ! upp] t[n1 0 situat$ ! royal ca/le1 call$ ! upp] h\se ( ! k+1 ,neh4 iii4 #be4 ,its situation c\ld n fail to af=d to x extraord9>y security4 ,?is is suffici5tly %[n by ! ridicule ( ! ,jebusites1 :5 ,david1 :o did n build1 b only enl>g$ x1 0 ab\t to besiege x4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t ! lame & ! bl9d w\ld be suffici5t = its def5ce1 #b ,sam4 v4 #g-i2 comp>e ,fab]'s ,ar*ol4 p4 #aia4 ,f> above ?is royal ca/le1 :i* ,david fir/ select$ = 8 resid5ce 7comp>e #b ,sam4 v4 #i3 ,& ,david dwelt 9 ! ca/le & call$ x ! ,city ( ,david1 & built x r\nd ab\t71 a t[] jutt$ prom95tly out1 & af=d$ a maje/ic sight4 ,x is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! pr9cipal passage is ,neh4 iii4 #be3 ,opposite ! t[] :i* /&e? out f ! upp] h\se ( ! k+ 7appositely ! ,vulgate3 qu em9et de domo regis excelsa7 9 ! c\rt ( ! prison2 comp>e v]4 #bf1 :]e ! t[] /&+ out1 & elevat$ f> above ! k+'s ca/le1 is likewise spok5 (4 ,conc]n+ ! words1 ,9 ! c\rt ( ! prison1 we obta9 "s in=mation f ,j]4 xxxii4 #b3 ,j]emiah ! prophet 0 %ut up 9 ! c\rt ( ! prison1 1 :i* is 9 ! h\se ( ! k+ ( ,judah2 comp>e ,j]4 xxxviii4 #f1 accord+ to :i* ! pit into :i* ! prophet 0 let d[n1 0 9 ! c\rt ( ! prison4 ,accord+ to ^! passages1 ! c\rt ( ! prison =m$1 agreeably to ! cu/oms ( ! ,ea/1 "p ( ! royal ca/le on ,zion2 & x 0 9 ?is c\rt t ! t[] rose4 ,! o!r pr9cipal passage is 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon iv4 #d3 ,?y neck is l ! t[] ( ,david built = arms2 a ?\s& buckl]s are hang+ on x1 all arms ( h]oes4 ,accord+ to ?is passage1 ! maje/ic appe>ance :i* ! t[] af=d$ 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! glitt]+ arms :i* cov]$ x4 ,dpke & o!rs ?9k ( ! arm\r ( conqu]$ h]oes2 b t we mu/ r ?9k ( ! arm\r ( ,david's own h]oes1 appe>s f ,ezek4 xxvii4 #aj1 #aa1 :]e x is said ( ,pg #deh ! hir$ troops ( ! ,tyrians1 ,%ield & helmet !y hang$ up 9 !e1 & is confirm$ by ! con/ant designation ( ,david's fai?ful ones1 z 8 h]oes2 comp>e ,song ( ,sol4 iii4 #g3 ,?reescore h]oes /& ar\nd ! b$ ( ! k+1 ( ! h]oes ( ,israel2 & #a ,*ron4 xii4 #a3 ,^! 7 among ! h]oes1 help]s 9 ! w>4 ,! expression 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon iv4 #d1 ,all %ields ( ! h]oes1 indicates t ! arm\r ( all ^? :o 7 receiv$ into ! numb] ( ! h]oes1 0 hung up on t t[]1 z an outw>d sign ( ?is reception1 z a k9d ( diploma ( x4 ,! circum/ance t ?is t[]1 :i* is c]ta9ly q id5tical ) ! t[] m5tion$ by ,nehemiah1 is call$ ! t[] ( ,david1 refutes ! supposition ( ,cl]icus1 on ,nehemiah1 l4c41 accord+ to :i*1 x is n ! ca/le ( ,david or ,zion :i* is spok5 ( 9 t passage1 b ano!r ca/le & its t[] 9 ! l[] t[n1 suppos$ to h be5 built by ,solomon4 ,?is hypo!sis is refut$1 moreov]1 by t passage itself1 inasmu* z ! ca/le is !re designat$ z ! upp]1 or high "o4 ,n[1 x is ?is t[] :i* ,micah consid]s z ! symbol ( ! ,davidic h\se2 & 9 s do+1 he foll[s ! example ( ! ,song ( ,solomon1 :]e x is ! symbol ( ! l(ty elevation ( ,israel1 ! c5tre & life-blood ( :i* 0 ! ,davidic family4 ,x sc>cely ne$s any l5g!n$ demon/ration to %[ h[ well suit$ x 0 = ?is signification1 h[ v naturally x repres5t$ ! ?+ signifi$4 ,x 0 inde$ ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( ! ca/le1 ! ma9-ma/1 z x 71 ( ! %ip1 :i*1 s9ce ! elevation ( ! ,davidic family to ! royal dignity1 _h be5 = c5turies1 & 0 /ill to be1 ! seat ( ! ,davidic race4 ,its height 0 a symbol ( ! royal dignity & au?ority4 ,its relation to ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! city1 :i* x ov]look$ & comm&$1 & :i* look$ up to x ) a/oni%m5t1 symboliz$ ! relation ( ! subjects to _! k+4 ,micah calls ?is t[] ! ,t[] ( ! flock4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is appellation mu/ be s\ght 9 :at imm$iately prec$es1 9 v]s4 #f & #g4 ,z 9 *ap4 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 s "h also1 ,micah repres5t$ ! ,cov5ant-p "u ! figure ( a flock t 0 to be ga!r$ f its disp]sion & e/rangem5t1 & protect$ aga9/ e ho/ile attack4 ,c\ld any?+ !n be m natural ?an t1 cont9u+ ! image ,pg #dei :i* he _h begun1 he %\ld call ! t[]1 :i*1 to him1 symboliz$ ! family by :om1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,"l1 t ga!r+ %\ld be accompli%$1 ! ,t[] ( ! flock8#d ,x is j ?is close connection ) :at prec$es :i* furni%es an important pro( = ! correctness ( our explanation1 = :i* ! way 0 prep>$ by all ^? expositors :o1 l ,j]ome1 ,!odoret1 ,cyril1 ,cocceius1 & ,paulus 7b] die ,evang4 i4 p4 #ahi71 und]/& z an appellative1 & reg>d1 z ! gr\nd ( ! appellation1 ! protection & ! refuge4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 !y look out f ! t[]s ( ! flock1 :e!r bea/s ( prey or ho/ile b&s be approa*+4 ,x is into ^! t ! flocks are driv51 9 ^? regions :]e !re are no t[ns & villages1 z soon z dang] appe>s2 comp>e ! pro(s 9 ,fab]1 l4c41 p4 #aib ff4 ,!re 0 s mu* ! /rong] reason = ,micah's *oos+ ?is figurative mode ( repres5tation1 z he _h ! type imm$iately be=e 8 eyes4 ,accord+ to #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #aj1 xxvii4 #d1 ,uzziah & ,jo?am erect$1 9 ! woods & pa/ure gr\nds1 ca/les & t[]s = ! protection & refuge ( ! flocks4 ,b1 besides ?is ma9 reason1 !re seems to h exi/$ a second>y "o = *oos+ ?is appellation4 ,!y :o adh]e s firmly to ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 are n altoge!r wrong4 ,except 9 t passage1 n[h]e occurs 9 precisely ! same mann] z x /&s "h4 ,if1 !n1 we consid] t1 besides ?is ref]5ce1 !re occur 9 ,micah o!r pla9 ref]5ces to ! ,p5tateu* 7& v num]\s !y are1 comp>$ ) ! ext5t ( 8 prophecies2 comp>e1 e4g41 ii4 #ab1 #ac4 vide supra1 vi4 #d1 #e1 vii4 #ad1 :]e ! words receive light f ,num4 xxiii4 #i only#e72 & /ill m1 if we consid] t1 9 v4 #a 7#b71 ! appellation ,be?lehem ,ephratah is likewise tak5 f ,g54 xxxv4 #ai1 & t x is 9 v]4 #ba ( ! same *apt] t ! ,t[] ( ! flock is m5tion$1--we %all c]ta9ly n be guilty ( trifl+1 if we ass]t t !re is a suspicion ( error & uns\ndness aga9/ all ^? int]pretations :i* _c connect ! ,t[] ( ! flock ,pg #dfj 9 ,micah ) t :i* is spok5 ( 9 ,g5esis4 ,b ! explanation :i* we h giv5 is n liable to ?is *>ge4 ,= :y %\ld n ,jacob1 & ! t[] :i* he built = ! protection ( 8 lit]al flocks1 s]ve ! prophet z a type & sub/ratum = ! relation ( a spiritual ,%eph]d8 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! tru?1 t ! ma9 & second>y reasons :i* we h adduc$1 d n /& beside ea* o!r1 b run into ea* o!r1--are relat$ to ea* o!r z ! g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,= ! reason :y ! prophet _h specially 9 view ! ,t[] ( ! flock :i* _h be5 built by ,jacob 0 c]ta9ly ?is only3 t x p>took ( ! nature ( all su* t[]s ( ! flocks4 ,! t]tium comp>ationis is n !reby *ang$2 ! figure is only m individualiz$1 &1 !re=e1 m /rik+ & impressive4 ,a ref]5ce to ! pa/oral life ( ! ,patri>*s is c]ta9ly "o ( ! reasons ( ! frequ5t use ( images tak5 f pa/oral life4 ,9 a diff]5t way1 ,hitzig endeav\rs to come to ! same result4 ,he supposes t ! ,t[] ( ! flock m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis 0 n situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 b is id5tical ) ! t[] ( ! ca/le on ,zion1 & ( ! ca/le ( ,millo :i* ,david already f\nd exi/+1 & :i* 0 only m /rongly =tifi$ by him & by ,solomon1 #b ,sam4 v4 #i2 #a ,k+s ix4 #ae1 #bd1 xi4 #bg4 ,! figure ( ! ,t[] ( ! flock 0 s mu* ! m appropriate 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 z ! f\nd] ( ! royal dyna/y _h be51 = a long "t1 a %eph]d ( ! lambs1 be=e he 0 elect$ to be a %eph]d ( ! p1 & _h ?us himself prefigur$ 8 future relation--a circum/ance to :i* allusion is frequ5tly made 9 ,scripture itself2 comp>e #b ,sam4 v4 #b1 vii4 #h2 #a ,*ron4 xi4 #b2 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #gj-gb4 ,aft] hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ :at is to be und]/ood by ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 !re c be no great difficulty 9 expla9+ ! hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion4 ,! daught] ( ,zion is ,zion itself1 p]sonifi$1 & repres5t$ z a virg92 & if h] hill be spok5 (1 :at else c be meant1 ?an ,m\nt ,zion 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se--! ,m\nt 1 be=e :i* ,akra & ,moriah are *ang$ into pla9s8 ,we h ?us a mo/ appropriate relation ( ! two appellations to ea* o!r1--! t[] ( ! flock be+ ! p>ticul>1 & ! hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 ! g5]al4 ,pg #dfa ,fur!r1--,we obta9 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony & agreem5t ) ! la/ words ( ! v]se4 ,! hill :i*1 morally & physically1 comm&s ! daught] ( ,zion1 is ! same :i* obta9s dom9ion ov] ! daught] ( ,j]usalem4 ,f9ally1--,we see ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ ) iii4 #ab1 & ! mo/ admirable connection ) iv4 #a-g1 9 :i*1 ev]y:]e1 ,m\nt ,zion is spok5 (1 & ! exaltation is describ$ :i*1 aft] its deep abasem5t1 x %all obta9 9 ! future1 by ! fl[+ ( ! hea!ns to x1 & by ! dom9ion ( ! ,"l to be !re ex]cis$4 ,x is only 9 appe>ance t our explanation is contradict$ by passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ( ,josephus1 :]e ,ophel is m5tion$ z a p>ticul> place2 comp>e ,ba*i5e #b4 #a1 #gf2 ,hamelsveld #b1 ,s4 #ce ff4 ,! supposition ( sev]al int]pret]s1 t ?is ,ophel is "s p>ticul> hill 7comp>e1 e4g41 ,vitr+a de ,templo ,eze*4 ,l4 i4 c4 iii4 p4 #aei1 & 8 ,comm5t>y on ,isaiah xxxii4 #ac71 has already be5 invalidat$ by ,rel& 7p4 #hee71 & ,fab] l4c41 p4 #cdg1 :o rightly rem>k1 t ,josephus1 9 enum]at+ ! hills ( ,j]usalem1 makes no m5tion ( ,ophel1 b speaks always only ( ! place ,ophel4 ,all ! difficulties1 h[ev]1 :i* /& 9 ! way ( ! o!r assumptions1 are remov$ by ! foll[+ view ( ! matt]4 ,m\nt ,zion 0 call$ 1 ! ,hill 1 & ?is ^w became1 by & by1 a nom5 proprium1 &1 9 ?is /ate1 z well z 9 its transition to ! nom5 proprium1 0 us$ )\t ! ,article4 ,f ?is x foll[$--& num]\s analogies ev]y:]e occur--t ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ! place :]e x 0 connect$ ) ! l[] "p ( ! temple-m\nta9 by means ( a deep valley1 acquir$ ?is "n 9 pref]5ce1 & receiv$ x1 z x 71 z a nom5 proprium4 ,at ?is foot ( ,zion--& h5ce ov] aga9/ ! temple1 & ne> x--dwelt ! ,ne?9im1 ! temple s]vants1 ,neh4 iii4 #bf2 & ,josephus says1 t ! wall surr\nd+ ,m\nt ,zion ext5d$ on ! ea/ side to ! place :i* 0 call$ ,ophel1 & end$ at ! ea/]n por* ( ! temple 7de ,bell4 ,jud4 vi4 #f74 ,! view :i* we h tak51 n only ( ,ophel1 b ( ?is :ole passage1 receives an important confirmation by ,is4 xxxii4 #ac1 #ad3 ,^u ! l& ( ,my p come up ?orns & bri>s1 = !y %oot up 9 all ! h\ses ( joy1 9 ! joy\s city4 ,= palaces are =sak51 tumult ( ! city is ,pg #dfb =sak51 hill & t[] are ar\nd caves 7i4e41 x is only ?is :i* !y h to protect7 = ev]1 a joy ( wild asses1 a pa/ure ( flocks4 ,9 ?is ?reat5+ ( puni%m5t1 hill1 1 & t[]1 7prop]ly a wat*-t[]1 correspond+ to 71 are jo9$1 j z 9 ,micah's promise2 & ?is is a c]ta9 pro( ( ! uns\ndness ( all ^? explanations :i* w\ld sev] ! two 9 ,micah4 ,p]haps !re is1 9 t passage ( ,isaiah1 ! addition ( a ?ird object1 /&+ 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two1 viz41 ! ca/le ( ! k+ :i* 0 situat$ on ,zion1 & ( :i* ! highe/ & /ronge/ "p 0 =m$ by ! t[]4 ,!re seems1 at lea/1 to be bett] gr\nd = und]/&+ ?is by ?an ! temple1 z is done by ,vitr+a4 ,x w1 nev]!less1 be bett] to und]/& ! palace collectively1 & to view x z be+ p>allel to ! h\ses ( joy 9 v]4 #ac4 ,s mu* is1 at all ev5ts1 evid5t1 t "h also1 ,ophel _c be und]/ood ( ! l[e/ "p ( ,m\nt ,zion1 inasmu* z x _h no?+ di/+ui%$ ab\t x t c\ld acc\nt = its be+ m5tion$ 9 ?is context2 & to ?is1 ! circum/ance ( its be+ connect$ ) ! t[]1 mu/1 moreov]1 be add$4 ,fab]1 l4c41 has conv9c+ly prov$1 t ,ophel1 9 ! /rict] s5se1 nei!r _h1 nor c\ld h1 any =tifications4 1 unto !e1 seems "h to h t emphasis :i* orig9ally belongs to 4 ,x indicates t ! object 9 motion really rea*es its goal1 :ile orig9ally expresses only its direction t[>ds ! goal4 ,x po9ts to all ! ob/acles :i* seem to r5d] x impossible = ! dom9ion to rea* its goal1 & repres5ts !m z su* z %all be ov]come by div9e omnipot5ce4 ,?is is q 9 accordance ) ! scope ( ! :ole repres5tation1 :i* ,calv9 ?us appositely po9ts out3 ,! prophet endeav\rs to confirm ! fai? & hope ( ! godly1 t !y might look =w>d to ! di/ant future1 & n dwell only ^u ! pres5t de/ruction2 t !y might r believe t ! matt] 0 9 ! h&s ( ,god1 :o _h promis$1 t ,he :o rais$ ! dead1 w\ld also re/ore ! k+dom ( ,david1 :i* _h be5 de/roy$4 ,sev]al int]pret]s1 e4g41 ,ros5mll]1 connect imm$iately ) :at foll[s3 ,! k+dom %all come & atta94 ,b1 9 opposition to ?is1 !re are n only ! acc5ts 7,mi*aelis2 ,! ,a?na* is int5d$ to keep ! m9d ,pg #dfc ( ! read] 9 susp5se = "s "t1 & to direct 8 att5tion to :at foll[s71 b also ! *ange ( ! t5ses1 :i* is int5d$ j to prev5t ?is connection1 & ! weak s5se :i* w\ld be ! result1 inasmu* z "o ( ! v]bs w\ld be a pleonasm4 ,x mu/ r be suppos$1 !re=e1 t ! subject 9 is indef9ite4 ,! rem>k :i* ,hv]nick1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,daniel1 ,s4 #chf1 makes on ! omission ( ! indef9ite subject1 is "h fully applicable1 al?\gh he himself makes a wrong application ( x to t passage3 ,! indef9ite subject1 he says1 has a special emphasis4 ,by ! omission ( ! def9ite idea1 x is1 z x 71 left to ! read] to supply ev]y?+ possible 79 ! passage "u consid]ation1 ! compass ( all t is glori\s71 = :i* ! writ] _c f9d language4 ,! fir/1 i4e41 =m]1 or anci5t dom9ion1 ref]s to ! spl5did times "u ,david & ,solomon2 b1 at ! same "t1 x supposes a p]iod :5 ! dom9ion is altoge!r tak5 away f ! dyna/y ( ,david4 ,su* a p]iod _h already be5 ann\nc$ by ! prophet1 9 8 fir/ disc\rse1 inasmu* z x is impli$ 9 ! c>ry+ away ( all ,judah into captivity2 & /ill m di/9ctly 9 iii4 #ab1 accord+ to :i*1 ,zion1 ! seat ( ! ,davidic dom9ion1 is to be pl\gh$ z a field4 ,?is ann\ncem5t1 ) ! express m5tion ( ! k+1 returns 9 v]4 #i1 &1 contra/$ ) ,x1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,davidic dom9ion 9 v4 #a 7#b74 ,! la/ words ( ! v]se are1 by _m expositors 7,calv91 ,mi*aelis1 & ,ros5mll]71 translat$ ?us3 ,& ! k+dom1 ,i say1 %all belong to ! daught] ( ,j]usalem2 s t ,j]usalem w\ld "h be1 n ! object1 b ! subject ( dom9ion4 ,! s5se1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 is be/ br\ght out by ,calv93 ,! prophet "h di/9ctly m5tions ! daught] ( ,j]usalem1 because ! k+dom ( ,israel _h obscur$ ! glory ( ! true k+dom4 ,! prophet h5ce te/ifies1 t ,god 0 n unm9dful ( ,8 promise1 & w\ld s arrange x t ,j]usalem %\ld recov] its lo/ dignity1 & ! :ole p be ga!r$ unto "o body4 ,b ?is explanation mu/ be reject$ on philological gr\nds4 is /atus con/r42 ! s]ves1 !re=e1 only z a circumlocution ( ! g5itive2 & x is n admissible to supply ! ,v]b ,sub/ant4 ,to ?is1 moreov]1 !re mu/ be add$ ! ref]5ce ,pg #dfd to :at prec$es4 ,! dom9ion ov] ! daught] ( ,j]usalem is to come to ! t[] :i* comm&s ! daught] ( ,zion1 n1 by any means1 to ! daught] ( ,zion h]self4 ,! prophet makes ,j]usalem to repres5t ! k+dom ( ,god2 &1 9 s do+1 he probably has reg>d to ! relation ( ,zion & ( ! k+'s ca/le to ! t[n1 by :i* 0 symboliz$ ! relation :i* ! ,davidic dyna/y occupi$ to ! k+dom ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 #i-ad4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ *apt]1 ! prophet _h ann\nc$ sev]e judgm5ts4 ,9 ! v]ses imm$iately prec$+1 he _h giv5 glori\s promises4 ,9 t :i* foll[s1 he n[ comb9es ^! two elem5ts2 & x is only 9 *ap4 v4 t ! promise aga9 appe>s1 purely1 & by itself4 ,! judgm5ts are ?us introduc$ into ! middle ( ! proclamation ( salvation1 9 ord] t ! fai?ful might ?us be pres]v$ f =m+ any va9 hopes1 :i*1 if n confirm$ by ! result1 are apt to be ex*ang$ = mu* deep] despond5cy4 ,b ?is same circum/ance conta9$ )9 x an indirect consolation2 = x is c]ta9 t ,he :o causes future ev5ts to be =etold1 ov]rules !m also2 & ,he :o s5ds !m1 c also turn !m4 ,= ! greate/ cause ( our despond5cy "u ! cross is c]ta9ly ! d\bt :i* we ent]ta9 z to :e!r x really comes f ,god4 ,! prophet1 h[ev]1 af=ds direct consolation also4 ,:5soev] he speaks ( any calamity1 he imm$iately subjo9s ! ann\ncem5t ( div9e deliv]ance4 ,! intimation ( ! suff]+s1 9 ?is section1 diff]s ess5tially f ! =m] ones4 ,x is n1 l ^!1 9 a ?reat5+1 b 9 an affectionate "*2 inde$1 9 v]s4 #aa-ac1 ! consolation prepond]ates ev5 outw>dly4 ,f ?is1 x is suffici5tly evid5t1 t x mu/ h a diff]5t de/9ation4 ,:il/ ! ?reat5+ 0 int5d$ *iefly = ! ungodly1 x has1 j z mu* z ! prec$+ pure promise1 ! truly godly memb]s ( ! ,!ocracy also 9 view1 & aims at /r5g!n+ !m 9 ! manifold temptations into :i* !y mu/ fall1 9 consequ5ce ( ! suff]+s :i* ,pg #dfe always come ^u !m also at ! same "t1 on acc\nt ( _! outw>d1 & !re=e also _! inw>d1 connection ) ! wick$4 ,a glance at ! great cata/rophes1 :i* 7 to prec$e ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 0 "h j 9 its prop] place4 ,9 ! prec$+ context1 ! prophet _h m5tion$ ! re/oration ( ! =m] dom9ion4 ,"h1 he describes h[ ! dom9ion is lo/ 7,!re is no k+ 9 !e1 v]4 #i71 & :at %all happ5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ?is loss4 ,he !n fur!r details1 9 v4 #a 7#b7 sq41 9 :at mann] ! dom9ion is to be re/or$4 ,x is a ?reefold suff]+1 jo9$ ) deliv]ance f x1 :i* pres5ts itself to ! prophet 9 8 inw>d vision1 & :i* he describes accord+ly4 ,?is is evid5t f ! ?ree-fold 1 comp>e v]s4 #i1 #aa1 #ad1 :i*1 ea* "t1 indicates :5 a new sc5e pres5ts itself to ! prophet4 ,?is1 fur!r1 appe>s f ! diff]5t "* :i* ea* "o be>s4 ,9 ! case ( ! ann\ncem5t 9 v]s4 #i & #aj1 viz41 ! c>ry+ away to ,babylon1 x is alone ! ,"l's h& :i* deliv]s ,8 p4 ,9 ! calamity describ$ 9 v]s4 #aa-ac1 ,he grants to ,israel c\rage 9 w>1 & victory to 8 arms4 ,! plans ( ! enemies to de/roy ,zion are fru/rat$1 :ile 9 ! =m] calamity !y succe$$4 ,9 v]4 #ad1 ,zion is anew repres5t$ z sorely press$ by enemies1 & captur$ by !m4 ,accord+ to v4 #a1 :i* is closely connect$ ) :at prec$es1 ! deliv]ance is accompli%$ by ! ,messiah1 9 :om ! promise ( ! re/oration ( ! dom9ion ( ! h\se ( ,david ov] ! daught] ( ,zion is fulfill$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]4 #i4 ,n[ :y do/ ?\ raise a cry8 ,is !re no k+ 9 !e1 or is ?y c\ncillor gone8 ,= pangs h seiz$ !e z a woman 9 travail4 ,zion1 m\rn+ at ! "t ( ! c>ry+ away into captivity1 /&s be=e ! prophet's _s1 & is address$ by him4 ,?is ought nev] to h be5 ov]look$4 ,b s9ce1 nev]!less1 x has be5 s1 we quote f ! multitude ( analog\s in/ances1 at lea/ "o :i* is altoge!r incontrov]tible1 & :]e ! writ] likewise transf]s himself into ! "t ( ! ,pg #dff captivity1 viz41 ! passage 9 ,hos4 xiii4 #i-aa1 :i*1 9 o!r respects also1 %[s a great resemblance to ! "o "u consid]ation3 ,?is has de/roy$ !e1 ,o ,israel1 t ?\ wa/ aga9/ ,me1 aga9/ ?9e help4 ,:]e is n[ ?y k+8 ,let him deliv] !e 9 all ?y cities4 ,& :]e are ?y judges8 ,surely ?\ did/ say3 ,give me k+s & pr9ces4 ,& ,i gave !e a k+ 9 ,m9e ang]1 & took him away 9 ,my wra?4 ,x is q impossible to ent]ta91 ev5 = a mom5t1 ! ?\ght t1 9 ?is passage1 ,hosea speaks ( ! real pa/ & pres5t1 inasmu* z he prophesi$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes4 ,micah op5s 8 repres5tation j ) ! mom5t t ,j]usalem is captur$ by ! enemies2 & he ann\nces to h] t h] suff]+s are n yet at an end1--t %e mu/ w&] into exile4 ,! progress ( ! ?\ght 9 ! v]se "u consid]ation is ?is3--,! prophet sees ,zion dissolv$ 9 grief & lam5tation4 ,full ( sympa?y1 he asks ( h] ! cause ( ?is m\rn+1--:e!r1 x may be1 x 0 caus$ by ! loss ( h] k+2 & he himself answ]s ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 because su* a cause c\ld alone acc\nt = su* a grief4 ,n[1 9 ord] fully to realize ! m\rn+ ( ,zion ov] h] k+1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! visible head 0 a repres5tative ( ! invisible "o1--! m$iator ( ,8 m]cies3 t h5ce1 8 removal 0 a tok5 ( div9e ang]1 & an ext9ction ( e hope ( salvation4 ,e o!r k+ is1 inde$1 likewise an ano9t$ ( ! ,"l2 b ! k+ ( ,israel 0 s 9 a totally diff]5t s5se4 ,h[ deeply1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! loss ( ! k+ 0 felt1 at ! "t :5 t :i* is "h m]ely ! ideal pres5t became ! real pres5t1 is se5 f ,lam4 iv4 #bj3 ,! brea? ( our life1 ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 is tak5 a prison] 9 _! pits1 he ( :om we said4 ,"u 8 %ad[ we %all live among ! hea!n4 ,9 ,ze*4 iv4 ! civil magi/rates1 along ) ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 appe> z ! greate/ gift ( ,god's grace2 h5ce=? ^! two %all aga9 be ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! ,"l communicates ,8 graci\s gifts to ! ,congregation1 j z !y _h be5 be=e ! captivity4 ,x mu/ fur!r be borne 9 m9d1 t all ! promises = ! future 7 b\nd up ) ! regal in/itution4 ,) its ext9ction1 !re=e1 ev]y?+ seem$ to be lo/2 e prospect ( a bett] future seem$ to h disappe>$4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,pg #dfg ,j]4 viii4 #ai1 :]e ! k+ is ! ,"l ,himself1 to ! passage be=e u1 is v beautiful1 & full ( deep mean+4 ,x po9ts out ! tru?1 t ! loss ( ! e>?ly k+ is a consequ5ce ( _! hav+ =c$ ! heav5ly ,k+ to )draw f ! mid/ ( !m4--,! c\ncillor is preem95tly ! k+ himself2 comp>e ,is4 ix4 #e1 :]e ,*ri/1 9 :om ! ,davidic dyna/y is to atta9 to ! full height ( its de/9ation1 appe>s z ! c\ncillor 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,o!r c\ncillors1 x is true1 are n !reby exclud$2 !y =m1 h[ev]1 only a gr\p ar\nd ! k+ z _! c5tre2 comp>e ,is4 iii4 #c4 ,v]4 #aj4 ,travail & break =?1 ,o daught] ( ,zion1 l a woman :o br+e? =?2 = n[ %alt ?\ g =? out ( ! city1 & ?\ dwelle/ 9 ! field1 & come/ till to ,babylon3 !re %alt ?\ be deliv]$1 !re ! ,"l %all r$eem !e out ( ! h& ( ?9e enemies4 ,! consolation beg9s ) ! words only2 ! :ole rema9+ "p ( ! v]se is ( a m\rnful "*4 ,9 ! words1 ,travail & break =?1 "o aspect only ( ! figure ( ! p>turi5t woman is br\ght into view1 viz41 ! pa92 b n ! joy foll[+ ^u ! pa92 comp>e rem>ks on v4 #b4 ,! ,imp]ative is ?us n1 z "s int]pret]s errone\sly assume1 an ,imp]4 consolationis1 b an intimation t ! pa9 w\ld rea* its height1 put into ! =m ( an exhortation to submit to x4 ,mu* m satisfactorily ?an by _m ( ! lat] expositors1 ! s5se ( ?is v]se has be5 ?us fix$ by ,calv93 ,! sum & sub/ance is1 t al?\gh ,god w\ld1 accord+ to ,8 promise1 take c>e ( ! p1 ! fai?ful %\ld h no reason f ?is to indulge 9 joy1 z if !y 7 to be exempt f all tr\bles2 on ! contr>y1 ! prophet exhorts !m t !y %\ld r prep>e !mselves to und]go all k9ds ( mis]y1 s t1 :5 driv5 out ( _! own l&1 !y %\ld n only1 l /ray+ p1 w&] ab\t 9 ! fields1 b %\ld be driv5 to ,babylon z into a grave4 ,b :ile he ?us prep>es ! fai?ful to be> ! cross1 he subjo9s ! hope ( salvation1 viz41 t ,god w\ld deliv] !m1 & r$eem !m f !nce out ( ! h&s ( _! enemies4--,! resumes ! prec$+1 :]e ! prophet _h1 at ! po9t ( "t :]e he _h tak5 8 /&1 viz41 ! capture ( ! city1 repres5t$ t calamity ( ?is ,pg #dfh p1 "u ! image ( ! pa9s ( *ild-be>+4 ,x ?us becomes equival5t to--,?\ %alt be oblig$ to be>1 n only ! pa9s :i* prec$e ! bir?1 b also ! highe/ ( all pa9s1 viz41 ! pa9s ( ! bir? itself4 ,:at ! latt] are 9 relation to ! =m]1 t1 9 ! view ( ! prophet1 is ! c>ry+ away out ( ! ,holy ,l&1--! expulsion f ! face ( ,god 7an expulsion simil> to t ( ,ca9 :5 he 0 oblig$ to flee f ,ed571 :5 comp>$ to ! m]e capture4 ,h5ce ! close connexion ) :at foll[s1 by means ( 4 ,! ^w 7! o is1 = ! sake ( euphony1 employ$ in/ead ( u2 j z 9 v]4 #ac 7 is1 by mo/ int]pret]s1 translat$1 ,& lead out4 ,b we mu/ object to ?is1 on ! gr\nd t has always an intransitive signification only1 viz41 to break =?2 & ?is signification is "h q suitable1 m s ev5 ?an ! transitive2 = x m>ks m emphatically ! pa9 dur+ ! bir?1 :i* is "h ! only po9t3 ,j]4 iv4 #ca4 ,x is1 z x 71 a dissolution ( ! :ole nature1 a viol5t break+ ( x into pieces4 ,! n[1 j z ! n[ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! description ( ! sc5e1 belongs to ! ideal /&+-po9t1 :]e ! c>ry+ away is j at h&2 = ?is is ! p]iod ( ! future into :i* ! prophet has be5 c>ri$4 ,! dwell+ 9 ! field is ! int]v5+ /ation betwe5 ! go+ =? & ! com+ to ,babylon4 ,9 ! op5 air1 expos$ to all ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r 7comp>e ! expression1 ,"u ! dew ( heav51 9 ,dan4 iv4 #bb1 #cj #be1 #cc71 ! prison]s 7 collect$ = ! purpose ( be+ aft]w>ds c>ri$ away4 ,! ^w 1 z well z ! tw(old 1 are emphatic4 ,irresi/ibly1 ! div9e judgm5t advances to its la/ goal2 b z irresi/ibly does div9e m]cy wre/ f ! enemies ! prey :i* seem$ to h be5 giv5 to !m ev5 = ev]4--,! futility ( all attempts to expla9 away ! di/9ct prophecy ( ! ,babyloni% captivity 9 ?is passage has be5 %[n 9 ! ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 p4 #aea sqq4 ,h[ ev5 ,casp>i c\ld jo9 9 ^! attempts1 x is difficult to expla94 ,ev5 he is ( op9ion t ! prophet _h expect$ ! cata/rophe to come f ,as%ur4 ,*ap4 v4 #d1 #e 7#e1 #f7 _c be decisive = ! ref]5ce to ,as%ur4 ,= ! circum/ance t ,as%ur appe>s !re z ! type ( ! future enemies ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 implies1 inde$1 t he occupi$ ! fir/ place among ! enemies ,pg #dfi at ! "t ( ! prophet2 b x by no means ,implies t he mu/ occupy a place 9 ! outl9e ( ! future cata/rophes ( ! p ( ,god4 ,su* a cata/rophe 0 n to proce$ f him1 b r f an enemy :o _h n yet at t "t appe>$ on ! sc5e1 al?\gh 8 p[] 0 already g]m9at+1 z is %[n by ,is4 xxxix4 & o!r passages4 ,! oppression ( ,judah by ,as%ur 0 inde$ a heavy "o2 b x 0 transitory1 & did n by any means con/itute an era4 ,f ! relation 9 :i* v]s4 #i-ad 7iv4 #i-v4 #a7 /&s to v]4 #h1 x suffici5tly appe>s t ! oppression by ! ,*aldeans mu/ "h =m ! comm5cem5t1 al?\gh ! ,assyrian oppression mu/ be add$ to x z an introduction & a prelude4 ,accord+ to ?is relation1 ! po9t at issue "h c be only ! cessation ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,davidic family4 ,f4 ,j]4 xxvi4 #ah1 #ai1 ,casp>i endeav\rs to prove t ,micah _h 9 view1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! ,assyrians only4 ,b t passage ( ,j]emiah ref]s to ,mic4 iii4 #ab1 :]e ! prophecy has a g5]al "*1 & :]e ! in/rum5ts ( ! div9e judgm5t are n expressly m5tion$1 z is ! case "h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ argum5ts are oppos$ to ! ref]5ce to ! ,assyrians4 #a4 ,! prophet does n m5tion ,as%ur1 b ,babylon4 ,no?+ is1 c]ta9ly1 prov$ by ! circum/ance t1 at ! "t ( ! prophet1 ,babylon 0 /ill "u ! ,assyrian dom9ion2 = ,babylon comes "h into consid]ation1 n s mu* z a place1 b z a ho/ile p[]4 ,! place1 z su*1 0 ( no consequ5ce1 & ! m5tion ( x 0 n requir$ by ! "* ( ! prophecy4 #b4 ,if ! ann\ncem5t ref]r$ to ,as%ur1 ! result w\ld contradict ! prophecy4 ,casp>i says1 t by ! rep5tance & conv]sion ( ! p1 ! fulfilm5t _h be5 av]t$4 ,b ) su* a view ( prophecy1 ! position ( ! prophetic in/itution becomes unt5able1 & hi/orically incompreh5sible4 ,! ,mosaic regulation1 t :osoev] prophesi$ any?+ t did n take place %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?1 w\ld 9 t case lose all practical significance2 = !re w\ld always h be5 at h& ! excuse1 t by ! rep5tance ! execution ( t s5t5ce ( puni%m5t _h be5 repeal$4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 & f t ,mosaic regulation1 x foll[s t special ann\ncem5ts express$ absolutely mu/ be fulfill$ absolutely2 & n a s+le fact 9 ! hi/ory ( prophetism ,pg #dgj /&s 9 contradiction to ?is tru?4 ,jonah's ann\ncem5t to ,n9eveh1 inde$1 has be5 appeal$ to2 b1 9 reply1 we rem>k simply1 t ! words ( t ann\ncem5t h n be5 communicat$ to u1 :ile we see f ! result t x 0 conditional only4 ,su* a decid$ rep5tance w\ld sc>cely h be5 call$ =? by x among ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh1 _h rep5tance n be5 expressly decl>$ 9 x z a means ( deliv]ance4 #c4 ,micah ev]y:]e goes h& 9 h& ) 8 contempor>y ,isaiah4 ,b ! latt] always opposes en]getically ! despond5cy ( ,judah 9 ! face ( ,as%ur1 & decl>es t 8 pr\d p[] w\ld be brok5 at ,j]usalem 7z _h be5 already prophesi$ by ,hosea 9 i4 #d-g71 & t1 :ile ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes w\ld be de/roy$1 ,judah w\ld exp]i5ce ! protect+ h& ( ! ,"l4 ,casp>i contradicts himself 9 ?us mak+ ^! two m5 ( ,god to diff] 9 s ess5tial a po9t4 ,= a man l ,hitzig1 x may be q befitt+ to say1 ,micah did n possess ! firm1 c\rage\s fai? :i* 0 display$ by ,isaiah4 #d4 ,x is q impossible to get rid ( ! obvi\s p>allelism ( ! passage "u consid]ation ) ,is4 xxxix4 #f1 #g1 :]e ! ris+ ( ! ,babyloni% empire1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,davidic k+dom by x1 & ! c>ry+ away ( ,judah to ,babylon1 are cle>ly & di/9ctly pr$ict$4 ,& 9 a numb] ( o!r prophecies1 ,isaiah likewise decl>es or supposes1 t t :i* ! ,assyrians ?reat5$ 9 va91 w\ld at "s future p]iod1 :5 ! iniquity ( ! p _h become full1 be c>ri$ out by ,babylon ) h] ,*aldeans4 ,x is sc>cely conceivable h[ ,casp>i1 ackn[l$g+ z he does ! g5u95ess ( ^! prophecies ( ,isaiah1 c\ld ?9k ( dissev]+ f !m ! prophecy n[ "u consid]ation4--,decl>ations l t be=e u1 :]e1 9 cle> & di/9ct outl9es1 a future ev5t is =etold "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e x takes place1 inflict a dea?-bl[ ^u ! naturali/ic view ( ! prophetic in/itution1 z is suffici5tly evid5t f ,hitzig's emb>rassm5t1 & f 8 ef=ts to free himself f ! b&s ( ?is tr\blesome fact4 ,v]4 #aa4 ,& n[ _m nations assemble !mselves aga9/ !e1 t say3 ,let h] be pr(an$1 & let our eyes look ^u ,zion4 ,israel1 ) its claim ( be+ alone ! p ( ! only true ,god1 0 a ?orn 9 ! eyes ( ! nations4 ,^! "h ,pg #dga burn ) eag] desire to prove1 actually & by de$s1 t ?is presumptu\s claim 0 unf\nd$1 &1 by ! de/ruction ( ! city1 to take f x its fanci$ hol9ess1 & ! glory ( hol9ess4 ,de/ruction & pr(anation are1 9 _! view1 insep>ably connect$4 ,! contra/ to ! v]se "u review is =m$ by vii4 #aj3 ,& m9e enemy %all see x1 & %ame %all come ^u h] :o said4 ,:]e is ! ,"l ?y ,god8 ,m9e eyes %all behold h]1 n[ %all %e be trodd5 d[n z ! mire ( ! /reets4 ,! words1 ,:]e is ! ,"l ?y ,god8 entirely agree 9 sub/ance )1 ,let h] be pr(an$6 ,b ! desire ( pr(an+ ,j]usalem mu/ be conceiv$ ( z ! human motive only4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ,scripture g5]ally1 & ( ,micah p>ticul>ly1 all ! di/ress ( ! p ( ,god has its f\ndation 9 s92 & f ! :ole context1 & especially f v4 #b 7#c71 :]e ?is ev5t also is compreh5d$ )9 ! "t :5 ,god's p are giv5 up1 x cle>ly appe>s t1 not)/&+ ! happy issue1 we h "h be=e u a heavy calamity4 ,by a new phase ( s91 a new phase ( judgm5t is br\ght ab\t2 & by a new phase ( worldl9ess1 a new phase ( aggression by ! _w's p[]4--,x is ow+ to a /riv+ aft] v>iety1 t ! ^w & "h /&s be=e n[1 :ile x is omitt$ 9 ! ?ird sc5e4 ,x may /&1 or x may be omitt$1 because ! v>i\s cata/rophes are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 =m a connect$ :ole1 z is evid5t f ! words1 ,he w give !m up1 9 v4 #b 7#c71 by :i* !y are connect$ toge!r4 ,! heavy oppression ( ,judah appe>s "h "u ! =m ( a siege ( its c5tre1 9 accordance ) ! scope ( prophecy1 :i*1 ev]y:]e1 seeks to imp>t vividness & animation to ! sc5e1 by unit+ into "o picture t :i* is sep>at$ by "t & space4 ,! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ! prophecy is ?us v accurately /at$ by ,calv93 ,al?\gh ! ,babyloni% captivity has come to an end1 & ,israel has be5 re/or$ f x1 ! promis$ k+dom %all n imm$iately come4 ,be=e t takes place1 ! neighb\r+ nations %all assemble !mselves aga9/ ,j]usalem1 ) ! desire ( pr(an+ x1 & ( enjoy+ a pleasant spectacle4 ,?is took place "u ,antio*us4 ,t to :i* ! prophet "h simply alludes1 b yet 9 su* a way t ! "r ref]5ce _c possibly be mi/ak5 7s9ce a great ho/ile aggression is "h describ$1 :i* %\ld happ5 ,pg #dgb aft] ! p h return$ f ,babylon1 & :i* is remov$ by ! piety & c\rage ( ! p !mselves2 & s9ce1 aft] ?is second oppression1 !re foll[s a ?ird1 :i* is describ$ 9 v]4 #ad1 !re c]ta9ly rema9s no o!r alt]native3 ! times ( ! ,maccabees are ^? :i* c alone be ?\ght (71 is fur!r detail$ by ,ze*>iah 9 ix4 #aa ff4 ,at 8 "t1 ! deliv]ance f ! fir/ calamity _h already tak5 place2 & he expressly /ates ! names ( ! enemies2 j z1 9 ! prophecy "u review1 ! au?ors ( ! fir/ calamity are expressly nam$4 ,t :i* is especially *>act]i/ic1 & :i* po9ts to ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 is1 moreov]1 ! special m5tion ( _m nations1 :i* are unit$ 9 _! decid$ hatr$ aga9/ ,j]usalem z a city1 & aga9/ ,judah z ! p ( ! ,"l1 tak5 9 connection ) ! "* ( ! w> z a religi\s w> 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1--x be+ an attempt ( hea!nism to de/roy ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l z su*4 ,^! features are f\nd 9 no o!r cata/rophe dur+ ! "t betwe5 ,micah & ,*ri/4 ,& t ! aggression belongs to ! p]iod be=e ! appe>+ ( ! ,savi\r1 is evid5t f ! :ole context1 z well z f v4 #b 7#c74 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 x 0 n ) ,syria alone t ,judah _h to d2 b all ! hea!n nations )\t exception1 ) :i* ,judah _h any connection at t "t1 unit$ !mselves = a decisive /roke aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,_! purpose 0 to extirpate ! :ole race ( ,jacob1 #a ,macc4 v4 #b4 ,/rik+ rem>ks ^u ! real nature ( ! /ruggle at t p]iod1 z a /ruggle ( fai?ful ,judaism aga9/ ,hea!nism1 ! latt] ( :i* _h ga9$ a consid]able p>ty among ! p !mselves1 are made by ,/>k1 9 ,gaza und die ,phili/is*e ,k/e1 ,j5a1 #eb1 ,s4 #dha ff4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he says3 ,! national di/9ctions 9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,pale/9e _h by no means ceas$1 b cont9u$ "u ! g5]al cov] ( ! ,egyptian & ,syrian adm9i/ration 9 a v>i$1 unyield+1 & ho/ile mann]4 ,!re 7 ! ,idumeans 9 ! :ole ( ! s\? ( ,pale/9e to ne> ,j]usalem2 !n1 ! ,phili/9es1 or :5 call$ by _! cities1 ! ,gazeans & ,a%dodians2 ! ,phnicians1 ! ,sam>itans or ,*utteans1 ! mix$ population ( ,galilee1 ! ,arabs ( ,p]ea4444 ,z soon z ! ,jewi% p1 :o1 up to t "t1 _h be5 altoge!r insignificant 9 a political po9t ( view1 rose aga9/ ,pg #dgc ! ,syrian empire1 at fir/ = _! religi\s peculi>ities1 !n1 = _! political indep5d5ce1 &1 f9ally1 ev5 = ! recov]y ( ! ideal possession ( _! c\ntry--an idea :i* _h be5 kept alive by tradition1--x c\ld n b be t ^? :o 7 naturally ! supports & c5tres ( ! ,syrian op]ations1 became ! objects ( ! ho/ile ,jewi% op]ations2 & t ! :ole national portion ( ! population1 al?\gh n ,greeks1 7 anew inflam$ by _! old hatr$ (1 & opposition to1 ,judaism2 s t !y consid]$ t ,hell5ic /ruggle z also a national "o4 ,?is p]iod ?us produc$ at ! same "t a revival ( ! old national /ruggle ( ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 modifi$ & increas$ by ! /ruggle ( ,hell5ism ) ! national reaction :i* s]v$ z a sup]/ructure = x4 ,! objection1 rais$ ev5 by ,casp>i1 t a prophecy ( ! victori\s /ruggles 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees mu/ be /range & surpris+ 9 a prophet ( ! ,assyrian p]iod1 w n />tle ^? :o look at ! analogies--su* z ! prophecy 9 ,is4 vi4 ,9 ! latt] prophecy1 fir/ ! ,*aldean1 & !n ! ,roman cata/rophes1 are describ$ 9 %>p outl9es1 b )\t any m5tion ( ! names ( ! in/rum5ts ( puni%m5t4 ,x is only 9 ref]5ce to ! executors ( ! fir/ ( ^! judgm5ts t m di/9ct disclosures 7 giv5 to ! prophet himself at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! ann\ncem5t 9 ,ze*4 ix41 :]e ! ,greeks are expressly m5tion$1 is1 9 reality1 n less miracul\s4 ,accord+ to all prophetical analogies1 x is a priori probable t ?is detail$ prophecy ( ! ,maccabean p]iod1 & ! simil> "o 9 ,daniel1 %\ld h be5 prec$$ by "s old] prophecy :i* ref]s to ! same facts1 b only 9 g5]al outl9es1 su* z we h 9 ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,if any d\bt %\ld /ill rema91 x w\ld be remov$ by a glance at ! conflict+ int]pretations4 ,ewald & ,hitzig ?9k ( ! ,assyrian invasion1 to :i* v]s4 #i1 #aj1 are likewise ref]r$ by !m1 al?\gh su* a ref]5ce is 9 opposition to ! express words ( ^! v]ses1--:i*1 = a ,naturali/ic t5d5cy1 are r inconv5i5t4 ,! contradiction 9 ^! two prophecies ,ewald endeav\rs to reconcile by ! evid5tly errone\s supposition1 t ! c>ry+ away 9 v]4 #aj mu/ be conceiv$ ( z only a p>tial "o1--a supposition :i* is invalidat$ by a simple comp>ison ( iii4 #ab4 ,accord+ to ,hitzig1 ! prophet has1 9 v]s4 #aa-ac1 ,pg #dgdov]come ! despond5cy express$ 9 v]s4 #i1 #aj1 & has rais$ himself to confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,he ?us makes ! prophet di/9ctly contradict himself 9 "o brea?1--a supposition :i* does n ev5 des]ve a refutation4 ,ev5 if we 7 entirely to sep>ate ?is passage f its connection1 h[ ill does ! activity "h ascrib$ to ,judah agree ) ! oppression by ! ,assyrians6 ,?is activity ( ,judah supposes t x has to d ) _m small nations4 ,aga9/ ! great ,asiatic empires1 a direct & imm$iate int]position ( ! ,"l is ev]y:]e ref]r$ to4 ,! salvation1 h[ev]1 :i* is "h ann\nc$ to ,judah1 c be only an imp]fect "o1 & _c g beyond :at !y really receiv$ at ! "t ( ! ,maccabees4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f ! circum/ance1 t x belongs to a "t 9 :i* ,judah has no k+ ( ! ,davidic h\se2 = him !y h already lo/ 9 v]4 #i1 & receive aga9 only 9 v4 #a 7#b71 9 ,*ri/2 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,davidic h\se 0 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* all ! true & great m]cies ( ! ,"l 7 be/[$ ^u ,8 p4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,& !y "k n ! ?\ghts ( ! ,"l1 nei!r und]/& !y ,8 c\nsel2 = ,he ga!re? !m z ! %eaf = ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! p>ticle & is "h us$1 :]e we1 = ! sake ( a clos] connection1 w\ld employ b4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! ,"l are ^!1--t ! suff]+s1 aft] hav+ s]v$ _! purpose z reg>ds ,zion1 %all pass ov] to ! enemies1 s t !y %all !mselves be de/roy$ by ,zion1 :ile !y s confid5tly ?\ght to inflict de/ruction ^u ,zion4 ,! introduces ! reason ( _! n kn[+ ! way ( ! ,"l4 ,if !y knew x1 !y w\ld n express su* desire & hope2 = x is !y !mselves :om ! ,"l gives ov] to de/ruction4 ,v]4 #ac4 ,arise & ?re%1 ,o daught] ( ,zion1 = ,i make ?9e horn iron1 & ?y claws brass2 & ?\ cru%e/ 9 pieces _m p1 & ,i consecrate _! ga9 unto ! ,"l1 & _! /r5g? to ! ,rul] ( ! :ole e>?4 ,! figure is bas$ ^u ! ,ea/]n mode ( ?re%+2 comp>e ,pauls5 vom ,ack]bau d] ,morg5l4 #dj-db2 ,niebuhr1 ,reise i4 ,s4 #aea2 & likewise ,is4 xxi4 #aj1 xli4 #ae2 ,hab4 iii4 #ab4 ,/rictly speak+1 "o *>act]i/ic only ( ! ?re%+ ox5 is "h consid]$1 viz41 ! cru%+ p[] ( _! ho(s4 ,! prophet1 h[ev]1 ext5ds ! comp>ison to t also 9 :i* ,pg #dge ! bullock is =midable1 ev5 :5 x is n engag$ 9 ! "w ( ?re%+1 viz41 to its horns4 ,on ?is po9t #a ,k+s xxii4 #aa may be comp>$1 :]e ! pseudo-prophet ,z$ekiah makes to himself iron horns1 & ?us /ates ! import ( ?is symbolical action3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,) ^! %alt ?\ pu% ,aram until x is de/roy$4 ,! fir/ p]son 9 has p]plex$ sev]al anci5t translators 7,syr41 ,j]ome71 z well z _m mod]n int]pret]s1 :o1 !re=e1 sub/itute ! second p]son = x4 ,b x is q appropriate4 ,z at ! beg9n+1 :]e ! ,"l ga!rs ! %eaf on ! ?re%+-floor1 s at ! close also1 ! prophet decl>es t ! victory is ! "w ( ,god4 ,x is ,he ,himself1 ! true ,god1 ! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?1 :o rem9ds ,8 rebelli\s subjects ( _! true relation to ,him1 by v9dicat+ to ,himself a "p ( ! good ?+s :i* ,he be/[$ ^u !m2 j z ,he once did 9 ,egypt4 ,?is ?\ght conta9s ! reason :y1 in/ead ( ! pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son1 ! n\n is employ$2 s t x is equival5t to3 ,to ,me ! only ,god1 ! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?4 ,b x is altoge!r di/ort$1 if ! fir/ p]son "h be *ang$ into ! second4 ,) respect to ! import ( ! ^w1 we mu/ by no means ?9k only ( ! gifts ( consecration :i* 7 br\ght to ! temple4 ,su* a view w\ld be necess>y1 only if ! goods ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 or ! ,cov5ant-p !mselves1 7 introduc$ z t :i* is to be consecrat$4 ,9 t case we c\ld und]/&1 by t :i* is consecrat$1 t only :i* is ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,"l1 :i* has be5 d$icat$ to ,him exclusively1 & = ev] )drawn f ! use ( ,8 subjects1 & :i*1 z f> z !y are conc]n$1 is z good z annihilat$2 comp>e ,lev4 xxvii4 #bh3 ,ev]y?+ consecrat$1 :i* any "o consecrates to ! ,"l1 ( man & ( bea/1 & ( ! field ( 8 possession1 %all n be sold nor r$eem$2 e consecrat$ ?+ is mo/ holy to ! ,"l4 ,b "h1 :]e ,he :o consecrates is ! ,"l1 :ile ! goods are ^? ( ! hea!n1 ! latt] only are to be consid]$ z be+ exclud$ f ! possession1 & z ^? 9 ref]5ce to :om ! goods are consecrat$ goods2 :ile ! p ( ,god mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 be consid]$ z p>tak+ 9 :at ,he has acquir$4 ,! community ( goods betwe5 ^! two is r5d]$ prom95t 9 o!r passages also :]e ! object requir$ x4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,pg #dgf ,joel iv4 7iii47 #e1 :]e ! ,phnicians & ,phili/9es are *>g$3 ,my silv] & ,my gold ye h tak51 & ,my preci\s ?+s1 ! goodly ones1 ye h c>ri$ into y\r palaces4 ,t we _c "h ?9k ( ! temple-treasure is evid5t1 n only f a comp>ison ( v]4 #d1 :]e ! attempts ( ^! nations to av5ge !mselves on ,israel on acc\nt ( =m] injuries1 are expressly repres5t$ z attempts to take v5geance ^u ,god1 b also f hi/ory1 :i* kn[s no?+ ( ! plund] ( ! temple by ,phnicians & ,phili/9es4 ,! m5tion ( ! ga9 po9ts to ! male p>ta1--& ?is is ! m /rictly applicable1 ! ne>] ! relation is 9 :i* he :o is robb$ /&s to ! ,"l ( ! e>?4 ,) ! ga91 ! sub/ance 9 g5]al is lo/4--,! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! v]se1 :i* is "h express$ only ) an application to a special case1 is t ( ! victory ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l ov] ! _w4 ,?is 0 p]ceiv$ by ,calv91 :o /rik+ly demon/rates h[ ?is decl>ation is ev] anew realiz$1 & h[ its complete fulfilm5t is res]v$ only = ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,he has err$1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 t look+ only to ! et]nal import ( ! ?\ght1 he ov]look$ ! circum/ance t x is "h express$ ) ref]5ce to a def9ite ev5t 9 :i* x 0 to be realiz$4 ,v]4 #ad4 ,:o ?\ ga!re/ ?yself 9 troops1 ,o daught] ( troops4 ,!y lay siege aga9/ u1 !y smite ! judge ( ,israel ) ! rod ^u ! *eek4 ,a new sc5e pres5ts itself to ! prophet4 ,zion1 victori\s on ! prec$+ occasion1 appe>s "h z p[]less1 & lock$ up )9 h] walls4 ,%e is captur$2 & ignom9i\s abuse is ca/ ^u ! lead]s ( ! deeply abas$ p4--,we ne$ n "h dwell = any l5g? ( "t ^u ! num]\s expositions ( 4 ,!re is only "o1 viz41 ?\ %alt press ?yself toge!r1 :i* af=ds an appropriate contra/2 :ile ?is contra/ is lo/ :5 x is translat$1 z ,h(mann does1 by3 ?\ %alt lac]ate ?yself 7comp>e :at ,casp>i has advanc$ aga9/ x74 ,?\ %alt press ?yself toge!r does n1 moreov]1 de/roy ! import ( ,hi?pael1 & has especially ! use ( ! ,hi?p4 ( 1 9 ,j]4 v4 #g1 9 its fav\r4 ,! ,hi?pael 9 ?is signification is probably a ,d5om9ative ( 4 ,! p]son address$1 ! 1 c be none o!r ?an ! 9 v]4 #ac4 ,= x is %e :o is address$ by ! prophet ,pg #dgg 9 ea* ( ! new sc5es ann\nc$ by 1 & %e is1 g5]ally1 ! only "o to :om ! disc\rse is1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole section1 address$4 ,! int5tional p>onomasia occasion$ by ! designation daught] ( troops1 i4e41 :o appe>$ 9 w>like array1 evid5tly alludes to 1 & ref]s to ! description ( ,zion z a brave victori\s h]o1 9 ! prec$+ v]ses4 ,! enemy is imm$iately aft]w>ds spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,! words1 ,siege 7n by any means 'a wall1' z ,de ,wette ma9ta9s7 !y lay1 or direct aga9/ u1 cle>ly indicate t ! press+ ( !mselves toge!r1 :i* =ms a contra/ ) ! =m] c\rage\s excursions indicat$ by 1 is ! consequ5ce ( fe>1 weakness1 & ho/ile oppression4 ,! words are !re=e /rik+ly p>aphras$ by ,ju/i1 ?us3 ,b n[1 :y do/ ?\ ?us press ?yself toge!r1 ?\ :o wa/ accu/om$ to press o!rs8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 t implies an allusion to ! fact t ! w>like disposition cont9ues ev5 9 ! pres5t1 not)/&+ ! feebl5ess =c$ ^u h]1--a v *>act]i/ic feature4 ,9 say+1 ,!y lay siege aga9/ u1 in/ead ( aga9/ !e1 ! prophet is c>ri$ away by 8 emotions to %[ himself z "o ( ! p :om he sees to be oppress$ by s heavy suff]+s4 ,z indicat$ by ! ^w n[ also1 he is1 9 _s1 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,! ignom9i\s treatm5t ( ! judge ( ,israel supposes t ! prophet sees1 9 8 inw>d vision1 ! capture ( ! city z hav+ already tak5 place2 = x is impossible to conceive ( ! judge1 ! s\l ( ! city1 z be+ outside ( x4 ,?is judge ( ,israel is an ideal p]son1 =m$ by ! prophet 9 ord] t he might be able to contra/ him ) ! ,rul] ( ,israel 9 v4 #a 7#b71 :o repres5ts all ! !ocratic au?orities2 comp>e1 e4g44 ,is4 iii4 #ab1 :]e ! corrupt$ lead]s ( ! ,!ocracy pres5t !mselves to ! prophet 9 ! p]son ( a l>ge *ild4 ,to speak1 9 su* a case1 ( a collective n\n1 z is usually done1 is out ( place4 ,b x may be obs]v$ t x is n a k+ :o is "h spok5 (1 b1 v significantly1 a judge ( ,israel only1 probably ) ref]5ce to ! times be=e ,saul1 :5 ,israel 0 gov]n$ by judges4 ,! royal dom9ion :i*1 accord+ to ! ann\ncem5t 9 v]4 #i1 %all be de/roy$ by ,babylon1 %all be re/or$ by ! ,messiah only 7comp>e v4 #a #b1 iv4 #h71 :o is n 1 b1 l ,8 great ance/or ,pg #dgh ,david1 2 comp>e #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #c4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 9 ?is connection1 ! ,judge is spok5 ( z di/+ui%$ f1 & contra/$ )1 ! ,k+4 ,b ev5 by itself1 ! m5tion ( ! ,judge _c b be />tl+4 ,x w\ld h be5 aga9/ ! object ( ! prophet to h m5tion$ any inf]ior p]sons1 :5 !re exi/$ a sup]ior "o2 & if ! ,k+ 0 !reby d5ot$1 :y %\ld he h be5 designat$ ?us8--,x is on purpose t 1 :i* is ! nom5 dignitatis ( ! p1 is "h *os54 ,x m emphatically po9ts out ! unwor?9ess ( ! treatm5t1 z well z ! contra/ betwe5 ! reality & ! idea 9 ! de/9ies ( ! nation1--a contra/1 x is true1 :i* ,israel has call$ =? by ! prec$+ contra/ betwe5 ! reality & ! idea ) reg>d to 8 conduct4 ,s9ce ,israel has inw>dly pr(an$ himself by 8 own guilt1 he is n[1 z a j puni%m5t1 pr(an$ outw>dly also4--,) respect1 n[1 to ! hi/orical ref]5ce ( ?is disa/r\s ann\ncem5t1 its fulfilm5t _c be s\ght = 9 any o!r ev5t ?an ! invasion by ! ,romans4 ,among ! suff]+s ( ! p1 :i* are "h describ$ 9 g5]al outl9es1 ?is is ! only "o record$ 9 hi/ory1 ) ! exception ( ^? already m5tion$4 ,isaiah1 ! contempor>y ( ,micah1 likewise ann\nc$1 z e>ly z 9 *ap4 vi41 t ^u ^? :o %\ld return f ! captivity a second judgm5t w\ld be inflict$1 by :i* ! national indep5d5ce %\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is judgm5t is describ$ ) rem>kable cle>ness & di/9ctness by ! po/-exilic prophets1 inasmu* z1 to !m1 x appe>$ already m 9 ! =egr\nd2 comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 v4 & xi42 ,dan4 ix4 ,! only plausible argum5t aga9/ ?is ref]5ce is ?is1--t ! capture ( ! city by ! ,romans 0 subsequ5t to ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 & t x is1 aft] all1 ! latt] :i* =ms ! subject ( ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation 9 v4 #a 7#b71 :i*1 aga91 ref]s to ! suff]+s describ$ 9 ! v]se be=e u4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is set aside by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #a4 ,! prophet1 inde$1 designates ! mis]y :i* 0 inflict$ by ^? enemies ^u ! ,cov5ant-p only accord+ to its acme1 viz41 ! siege & capture ( ! city2 b he1 nev]!less1 views x 91 & und]/&s x (1 its :ole ext5t1 & f its fir/ beg9n+s4 ,^!1 !n1 9 s f> z ! ,romans are conc]n$1 fall 9 ! "t be=e ,*ri/1 = ! ,jewi% ,pg #dgi p 7 already subject$ to ! ,roman dom9ion by ,pompey4 #b4 ,?is alone1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t4 ,if1 ) ,v]%uir 7de celebri oraculo ,mic4 iv4 #ad1 9 ! ,diss]t4 ,philol4 exeg4 ,leuw4 #agge71 we conf9e ourselves to ! capture by ,pompey1 we _c1 by any means1 get rid ( ! feel+ t t fulfilm5t does n exhau/ ! prophecy4 ,b we are1 on ! o!r h&1 q entitl$ to add t highe/ po9t1 viz41 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans1 along ) all its /ill exi/+ consequ5ces1 if only we consid]1 t ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation 9 *ap4 v4--z is %[n by its cont5ts1 & by its accordance ) ! analogy ( all ! ,messianic prophecies--is n limit$ to ! %ort p]iod ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,*ri/4 ,t comes into consid]ation r z ! gra9 ( se$ only f :i* ! tree grew up1 "u :i* all ! f[ls ( heav5 7 to dwell4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! salvation1 no less ?an ! puni%m5t1 is a cont9u\s "o1 until1 at ! end ( ! days1 x appe>s 9 its glori\s consummation4 ,b if x be e/abli%$ t ,*ri/ is pres5t$ z ! only ,savi\r f ! calamity "h describ$1 !n t calamity mu/ /ill cont9ue = ^? :o reject ,him1 yea1 x mu/ /ill be increas$4 ,x is only by giv+ up _! opposition t !y c be deliv]$ f ! yoke :i* presses ^u !m4 ,! election1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 f ! v beg9n+1 receiv$ into ! communion ( ,8 k+dom1 :i* ext5ds ov] ! :ole _w4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 t :i* has be5 already rem>k$ 9 ref]5ce to v]s4 #aa-ac f9ds its application4 ,! siege & capture ( ,zion are pre-em95tly ! means ( repres5t+ ! idea ( ! heavy oppression & deep abasem5t ( ,israel1 & ( ! cessation ( its political indep5d5ce1 al?\gh x mu/ n ^u any acc\nt be ov]look$1 t ! natural =m ( ! repres5tation is1 at ! same "t1 ! natural =m ( ! realization ( ! idea t ,judah c\ld n be de/roy$ )\t ! siege & capture ( ,j]usalem1 its c5tre4 ,footnote #a3 ,we mu/ n by any means suppose1 z has be5 done la/ ( all by ,casp>i1 t ! m\nta9s are "h reg>d$ z places ( wor%ip4 ,footnote #b3 ,?us does ,calv91 :o says3 ,he speaks aft] ! mann] ( ! prophets1 :o "u ! t]m 'law' us$ to compreh5d ! :ole doctr9e ( ,god4 ,footnote #c3 ,casp>i1 inde$1 is ( op9ion1 t ! walk+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l is n to be consid]$ z a m]it1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! salvation is grant$1 b z a m]cy :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u ,israel1 & :i* =ms ! gr\nd ( ! salvation4 ,b ?is feature is n at all intimat$2 & we are ! less at lib]ty to introduce x1 z ! walk+ 9 ! "n ( ! gods is p>allel to ! walk+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,footnote #d3 ,casp>i v prop]ly ref]s "h to v4 #c 7#d71 :]e ! ,messiah1 9 :om ! =m] dom9ion is to come to ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 is repres5t$ z a %eph]d4 ,footnote #e3 ,micah's ref]5ces to ! ,p5tateu* are made ! subject ( a mo/ ?or\gh disquisition by ,casp>i1 ,s4 #dai ff4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 #a4 ,& ?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephratah1 too little to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 out ( !e %all come =? unto ,me 7"o7 ,pg #dhj to be ,rul] 9 ,israel2 & ,8 go+s =? are ! times ( old1 ! days ( et]nity4 ,! close connection ( ?is v]se ) :at imm$iately prec$es 7,casp>i is wrong 9 consid]+ iv4 #i-ad z an episode7 is evid5t1 n only f ! copulative1 & f ! analogy ( ! ne> relation ( ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation to ! prophecy ( disa/] 9 ! prec$+ v]se 7= if ! connection ) v]4 #ad be ov]look$1 ! ann\ncem5t ( disa/] conta9$ 9 x rema9s )\t a correspond+ consolation1--& ?is w\ld be aga9/ ! analogy ( v]s4 #i1 #aj1 #aa-ac72 b m /rik+ly s f ! contra/ ( ! ) ! 4 ,! ,judge ( ,israel 9 8 deepe/ abasem5t1 is "h contra/$ ) ! ,rul] ( ,israel 9 ,8 highe/ div9e glory4 ,! connection is se5 also 9 ! indication ( ,be?lehem's natural littl5ess1 z contra/$ ) ! greatness to be be/[$ ^u x by ,god4 ,:at c\ld h induc$ ! prophet ?us /rongly to po9t out ?is circum/ance1 _h x n be5 t he consid]$ ,be?lehem z ! type ( ! ,jewi% p 9 _! mis]y1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 & ! miracul\s elevation ( ! =m]1 to be accompli%$ by div9e omnipot5ce1 z ! pl$ge ( a l result = ! :ole p8 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a ref]5ce to ! beg9n+ ( ! pret5d$ episode4 ,9 iv4 #i1 x 0 said3 ,!re is no k+ 9 !e2 "h1 x is ann\nc$ t f ,be?lehem !re comes =? a glori\s ,rul] 9 ,israel4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is also a close connection ) v]4 #h1 z has be5 rightly p]ceiv$ by ,casp>i4 ,?is connection & ref]5ce are suffici5tly indicat$ by ! l =m4 ,! address to ,be?lehem "h corresponds ) ! address to ! ,t[] ( ! flock !re1--! ,rul]1 1 "h1 ) ! dom9ion1 1 !re4 ,!re1 ! dom9ion returns to ! h\se ( ,david2 "h1 ! augu/ p]son is describ$ by :om ?is return is effect$1 aft] ! ev5ts1 describ$ iv4 #i-ad1 h come ^u ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,t ! ,rul] "h comes =? out ( ,be?lehem1 corresponds ) iv4 #h 9 s f> z !re ! dom9ion returns to ! ,t[] ( ! flock1 to ! hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 :i* implies ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,davidic k+dom1 & ! return ( ! family ( ,david to ! condition 9 :i* x liv$ at ,be?lehem be=e ! "t ( ,david1--:i* mu/ necess>ily prec$e its f9al glory4--,accord+ to ,ba*i5e ,pg #dha ii4 #b1 ,s4 #g ff41 ,be?lehem & ,ephratah are to be di/+ui%$1 s t ! =m] designates ! t[n alone1 & ! latt] at ! same "t its :ole environs1--s t ,be?lehem ,ephratah w\ld be equival5t to ,be?lehem situat$ 9 ,ephratah4 ,b ev5 if we 7 to agree ) ?is op9ion1 we mu/ n1 by any means1 consid] ! two words z /&+ 9 ! /at4 con/r41 any m ?an ! correspond+ 9 ,judges xvii4 #i1 xix4 #a1 #b1 #ah4 ,= z a ,nom5 proprium is equival5t to a n\n ) ! article1 x c nev] /& 9 ! /at4 con/r4 ) ano!r n\n4 ,we %\ld ?us be oblig$ to assume t1 by way ( brevity1 common 9 geographical designations1 bo? appellations 7 plac$ unconnect$ly beside ea* o!r1 )\t any indication ( _! relation1 j z 9 address+ a lett]1 we w\ld simply write ,b]l91 ,prussia4 ,b if we comp>e ,g54 xxxv4 #ai1 :]e ,ephratah is simply decl>$ to be id5tical ) ,be?lehem 7 72--& if we consid] t ! prophet _h already allud$ to ! cont5ts ( t *apt] 7comp>e rem>ks on iv4 #h71 & t he reg>ds ! ev5ts :i* =m]ly happ5$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem z a type ( ^? :i* 7 to take place 9 future2--t 9 v]4 #b 7#c7 he br+s ! new bir? :i* is !re to happ5 9 p>allelism ) "o :i* _h =m]ly occurr$ 9 its ne>e/ neighb\rhood1 & t x is j 9 ! acc\nt ( ! latt] t ! designation occurs1--we %all h ! /ronge/ reason = und]/&+ "h also ! two names z a designation ( ! t[n1 )\t decid+ :e!r ! above-m5tion$ diff]5ce1 z reg>ds o!r passages1 be well f\nd$ or n4 ,int]pret]s commonly ass]t t ! sole gr\nd ( ! tw(old designation ( ! place is ! int5tion ( di/+ui%+ x f ano!r ,be?lehem 9 ! tribe ( ,zebulun2 comp>e ,jo%4 xix4 #ae4 ,b 9 t case1 we %\ld r h expect$ ! common ,be?lehem ,judah1 in/ead ( ,be?lehem ,ephratah4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! prophet1 9 *oos+ ?is designation1 0 guid$ by a reg>d to t passage 9 ,g5esis4 ,"o might also suppose t ! prophet wi%$ to allude1 at ! same "t1 to ! appellative significations ( ^! n\ns1 viz41 h\se ( bread1 & field ( fruit1 & to lay /ress ^u _! typical import3 ! place1 ! bless+ ( :i*1 z reg>ds temporal ?+s1 is indicat$ by its "n1 %all1 at "s ,pg #dhb future "t1 be bless$ & fruitful 9 a high] s5se4 ,x is j 9 ,micah1 :o is fond ( mak+ significant allusions to names1 t su* a supposition is v natural1 z is %[n1 n only by *ap4 i41 b also by vii4 #ah1 :]e he gives an int]pretation ( 8 own "n4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! two names else:]e also occur ?us connect$1 )\t any att5tion be+ giv5 to _! signification1 ! prophet w\ld n h omitt$ giv+ a h9t ^u ?is po9t4 ,x is n ! way ( ,scripture to make any allusions :i* _c be und]/ood ) c]ta9ty4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 be oblig$ to suppose t1 aft] ! common "n1 ! prophet m5tions1 9 addition1 ! anci5t "n r5d]$ sacr$ by memory f ! "t ( ! ,patri>*1 & by ! au?ority ( ! mo/ anci5t docum5ts ( revelation 7comp>e1 besides ,g54 xxxv4 #ai1 ,g54 xlviii4 #g71 9 ord] !reby to imp>t great] solemnity to ! disc\rse1 & to intimate :at great ?+s he _h to say ( ,be?lehem4 ,9 accordance ) ?is designation by two names1 is1 !n1 ! circum/ance t ! address is direct$ to ,be?lehem4--,! ^w =ms an apposition to ,be?lehem3 little to be1 in/ead (1 :o art too little to be4 ,if ! s5se 7 to be1 ?\ art little1 ! w\ld n h be5 omitt$ aft] 4 ,! circum/ance t ,be?lehem is address$ z a mascul9e 7comp4 11 & 7 may be acc\nt$ = by ! prophet's view+ ! t[n 9 ! image ( its ideal repres5tative2 comp>e rem>ks on ,ze*4 ix4 #g4 ,9 su* a case1 ! g5d] may be neglect$2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,g54 iv4 #g1 :]e s91 1 appe>s z a mascul9e n\n1 on acc\nt ( ! image ( a rav5\s bea/4 ,su* p]sonifications occur v frequ5tly4 ,?us1 no?+ is m common 9 ! ,mosaic law ?an t ,israel is address$ z "o man4 ,?is has be5 frequ5tly misund]/ood1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 t :i* ref]s to ! :ole p has be5 appli$ to ! s+le individual4 ,?us x is ev5 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,9 ,is4 v4 #g1 ! p ( ,judah appe> z ! man ,judah4 ,! littl5ess ( ,be?lehem is suffici5tly evid5t f ! circum/ance ( its be+ left out 9 ! catalogue ( ! t[ns ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 9 ,jo%ua 7comp>e ,ba*i5e1 #aib74 ,?is induc$ ! ,,lxx4 to ins]t x 9 ,jo%4 xv4 #fj along ) sev]al o!r t[ns :i* _h be5 omitt$2 &1 9 do+ s1 !y 7 probably guid$1 n s mu* by a reg>d to its outw>d ,pg #dhc importance1 z by ! int]e/ :i* atta*$ to x f ! recollection ( an ev5t ( =m] times 7comp>e ,g54 xxxv471 f its be+ ! bir?-place ( ,david1 & /ill m1 f ! prophecy "u consid]ation1 by :i* ! eyes ( ! :ole nation 7 direct$ to ?is place1 outw>dly s unimportant4 ,! ass]tion ( ,j]ome1 t ! ,jews omitt$ ! "n 9 ! ,hebrew text1 9 ord] t ,*ri/ might n appe> z a desc5dant ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 has receiv$ f ,rel& 7,s4 #fdc7 a m ?or\gh refutation ?an x des]v$4 ,keil1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,jo%ua1 has lately r5ew$ ! attempt to prove1 f int]nal reasons1 ! g5u95ess ( ! addition2 b1 f ! :ole condition ( ! ,alex4 ,v]sion1 x is v dang]\s to tru/ to su* argum5ts4 ,! v reasons :i* ,keil br+s =w>d 9 support ( ! addition1 are j ^? :i* might h induc$ ! ,,lxx4 to make x4 ,! circum/ance t !y add$ to ,be?lehem ! "n ,ephratah1 pla9ly indicates ! reason :i* induc$ !m to introduce ,be?lehem specially4 ,be?lehem is likewise omitt$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! t[ns ( ,judah1 9 ,neh4 xi4 #be ff41 & c !re=e h occupi$ among !m a v l[ place only1 al?\gh x is m5tion$ 9 ,ezra ii4 #ba1 ,neh4 vii4 #bf4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is call$ a m]e village 71 ,john vii4 #db74 ,josephus1 inde$1 occasionally gives x ! title ( a t[n 7comp>e ,luke ii4 #d1 #aa72 b1 9 o!r passages1 he designates x by 1 ,ant4 v4 #b1 #h4-- means prop]ly1 little 9 ref]5ce to be+1 in/ead (1 too little to be1--! wid] expression be+ us$ to indicate ! relations ( ! t[n to ! be+1 :]e we use ! m limit$ expression4--,in/ead ( ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 ought to h be5 employ$1 z x appe>s1 9 ord] /rictly to ma9ta9 ! p]sonification4 ,! repres5tative ( ,be?lehem is too small to be numb]$ among ! heads ( ,judah4 ,sev]al expositors 7,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 ,ju/i7 h !reby be5 induc$ to po9t in/ead ( 4 ,b ?is suppos$ em5dation is set aside by ! consid]ation t is only ! special designation ( ! ,edomiti% pr9ces1 & occurs 9 a g5]al s5se1 only by way ( ,cata*resis1 9 ,ze*>iah1 :o liv$ at a "t :5 ! ,hebrew language 0 ne>ly ext9ct4 ,! mo/ simple explanation is1 t ! prophet views ! ?\s&s1 or ! families ( ,judah1 no less ?an ! t[n ,be?lehem1 z ideal exi/5ces2 9 :i* ,pg #dhd case1 ! p]sonification is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,moreov]1 !re w\ld n be any insurm\ntable difficulty 9 ! way ( suppos+ t ! prophet _h giv5 up ! p]sonification2 = ^! are frequ5tly n /rictly adh]$ to by ! prophets1 :o con/antly pass f ! figure to ! ?+ prefigur$4 ,?is may be at once se5 f ! prec$+ v]se1 9 ! fir/ clause ( :i*1 ,zion appe>s p]sonifi$ z a woman1 :ile imm$iately aft]w>ds !re foll[s1 aga9/ u4--1 ?\s&1 is frequ5tly us$ = designat+ a family1 because ! numb] ( its memb]s usually consi/$ ( ab\t a ?\s&2 comp>e ,num4 i4 #af1 :]e x is said ( ! twelve pr9ces ( ! tribes3 ,heads ( ! ?\s&s ( ,israel are !y2 ,num4 x4 #d2 ,jo%4 xxii4 #ad1 #ba2 ,judg4 vi4 #ae2 #a ,sam4 x4 #ai4 ,on ! division ( ,israel into ?\s&s1 hundr$s1 etc4--a division :i* exi/$ be=e ! "t ( ,moses--comp>e :at has be5 advanc$ 9 my ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ii4 p4 #cda sqq4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! ?\ght "h is1 t ,be?lehem is too little to con/itute a ?\s& by itself4 ,communities1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 n suffici5tly num]\s to con/itute1 by !mselves1 a g5]ation or family1 7 reckon$ ) o!rs1 & =m$ ) !m an artificial g5]ation1 an artificial family2 = ! divisions ( g5]ations & families 71 ow+ to ! great significance :i* numb]s _h 9 anci5t times1 connect$ ) num]ical relations4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d occurs 9 #a ,*ron4 xxiii4 #aa1 #ab1 :]e x is said ( f\r bro!rs t !y _h n sons en\gh1 & 71 = t reason1 reckon$ z "o family only4 ,be+ m]ely "p ( a g5]ation1 ,be?lehem _h no place among ! g5]ations4 ,! s5se is cle>ly ?is3 ,be?lehem occupies a v l[ rank among ! t[ns ( ! ,cov5ant-p1--c sc>cely %[ h]self 9 ! company ( h] di/+ui%$ si/]s1 :o pr\dly look d[n ^u h]4--,x is altoge!r a matt] ( c\rse t 1 to g out1 may be us$ also ( be+ born1 ( desc5t1 inasmu* z ?is belongs to ! g5]al category ( go+ out2 comp>e1 e4g41 #b ,k+s xx4 #ah4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 conf9e ourselves to ! g5]al idea ( go+ =?1 proce$+1 & n consid] ,be?lehem z ! fa!r ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 opposition to ,h(mann1 ?is is prov$ by ,casp>i1 f ,j]4 xxx4 #ba3 ,& _! gov]nor %all proce$ f ! mid/ ( !m2 & f ,ze*4 x4 #d4,pg #dhe-- is )\t a def9ite subject4 ,x is be/ to supply "o1 :i* is evid5tly impli$ 9 :at foll[s4 ,! con/ruction1 :i* might o!rwise appe> some:at /range1 has be5 occasion$ by ! desire ( mak+ p]ceptible1 by ! v words1 & _! position1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! div9e greatness & ! natural littl5ess ( ,be?lehem3-- ,?\ art little to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah2-- ,f !e %all come =? unto me1 to be a ,rul] 9 ,israel4 ,f a place :i* is too little to =m a s+le indep5d5t memb] ( ! body1 ! head proce$s4 ,f ?is contra/ appe>s also ! reason :y x is said1 ,rul] 9 ,israel1 :ile we %\ld h expect$ to he> ( ! ,rul] ( ,israel 1--a circum/ance on :i* ,paulus lays s mu* /ress 9 oppos+ ! ,messianic int]pretation4--,_h ! prophet adopt$ ! latt] expression1 n only w\ld ?is contra/ h be5 less /rik+1 b ! o!r also1 :i* is likewise int5d$1 viz41 ! contra/ ) ! ,judge ( ,israel1 9 ! prec$+ v]se1 :o loses 8 dignity4 ,! prophet 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 conc]n$ m ab\t ! g5us ?an ! individual1--m ab\t ! idea ( dom9ion 9 g5]al1 ?an ab\t ! mode & k9d ( x4 ,! individual is1 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 p>tly 9 ?is v]se itself1 p>tly 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 s di/9ctly *>act]iz$1 t he _c be by any means mi/ak54 ,no?+ m1 x is true1 is impli$ 9 ^! words1 ?an t1 at "s future "t1 !re w\ld come =? f ,be?lehem a ,rul] ov] all ,israel2 & if ^! words /ood isolat$1 & if x c\ld be prov$ t1 aft] ! "t ( ,micah1 !re came =? f ,be?lehem a ,rul] ov] all ,israel1 besides ! ,messiah--a ?+ :i*1 h[ev]1 _c be prov$--!n1 inde$1 x might be que/ionable :i* ( ! two to *oose4 ,casp>i's exposition1 ,w he come =?1 has ?is aga9/ x1 t1 9 ! prec$+ v]ses1 ! ,messiah 0 n yet spok5 (1 &1 h5ce1 t ,he _c simply be suppos$ z kn[n2 & lea/ ( all--if ! acqua9tance ) ,him 7 to be suppos$ f o!r passages--c\ld ,he h be5 introduc$ ) a simple unacc5t$ he3 ! c\ld n h be5 omitt$ 9 ?is case4 ,! case 9 iv4 #h is b little analog\s1 = ! subject 9 is !re an indef9ite "o4-- is1 by sev]al int]pret]s1 ref]r$ to ! prophet4 ,?us ,ros5mll]1 ,pg #dhf foll[+ ,mi*aelis1 says1 ,to me1 i4e41 = my good1 ! prophet says1 9 ! "n ( 8 :ole p4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ,god is requir$ by ! contra/ betwe5 human littl5ess & div9e greatness4 ,calv9 rem>ks on x3 ,by ?is ^w1 ,god decl>es t ,8 decree to give up ! p 0 n su*1 t ,tie %\ld n be will+ to re/ore !m aft] "s "t4 ,he !re=e calls ! fai?ful back to ,himself1 & rem9ds !m ( ,8 c\nsel1 j z if ,he said1 ',i h inde$ reject$ y = a "t1 b n s z t ,i am n fill$ ) compassion = y4' ,! import ( ! 1 viz41 t ,god c\ld exalt t :i* 0 l[1 ! believ] saw1 9 a type1 9 ,david2 & !re is no d\bt t ! prophet 0 anxi\s indirectly to ref] !m to ?is type1 & !reby to /r5g!n _! fai? 9 ! promise1 :i* appe>$ almo/ incr$ible4 ,he 7,david7 _h be5 a native ( ! humble1 little ,be?lehem1 ! y\nge/ among 8 bro!rs1 )\t p[]1 )\t r5[n4 ,9 ord] t ! might become ! m evid5t1 ! ,"l1 at 8 election1 gave su* a direction to ! circum/ances1 t ?is1 8 natural l[l9ess1 might be mo/ /rik+ly exhibit$4 ,x 0 ,god :o rais$ him f be+ a %eph]d ( lambs1 to be a %eph]d ( nations4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,messiah's human & l[ly orig94 ,8 div9e & l(ty dignity is prom95tly br\ght out 9 ! la/ words ( ! v]se1--a contra/ simil> to t 9 ! case ( ,be?lehem1 to :i* ! prophet !reby ref]s4 ,"h also1 ! prophet has s cle>ly express$ ! contra/ by ! words !mselves1 t1 ^u ! hom9es bon voluntatis among ! int]pret]s ( all ages1 x has mo/ =cibly impress$ itself4 ,?us1 e4g41 ,*ryso/om1 demon/ratio adv4 ,judos et ,g5tiles1 quod ,*ri/us sit ,deus1 opp4 ,t4 ,v41 p4 #gci3 ,he exhibits bo? ,godhead & manhood4 ,= 9 ! words1 ',8 go+s =? are f ! beg9n+1 f ! days ( et]nity1' ,8 exi/5ce f all et]nity is reveal$2 :ile 9 ! words1 ',%all come =? ! rul] :o fe$s ,my p ,israel1' ,8 orig9 accord+ to ! fle% is reveal$4 ,a m m9ute inquiry into ! mean+ ( ^! words mu/ beg9 ) ! inve/igation ( 4 ,! great] numb] ( int]pret]s agree 9 ?is1 t 1 ! fem99e =m ( ! m common "h d5otes ! action ( ! go+ =?4 ,b ?is is oppos$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #a4 ,! use ( ! plural4 ,^? especially ,pg #dhg :o "h ?9k ( ! et]nal go+ =? ( ! ,son f ! ,fa!r1 _c by any means ,ju/ify x4 ,sev]al among !m consid] x z plur4 maje/4 ,?us1 e4g41 d ,t>novius & ,fris*mu?1 9 ! ,diss]t4 de ,nativitate ,messi1 9 ! rem>ks on ?is passage1 ,j5a #affa4 ,b al?\gh su* a plural exi/s1 inde$1 9 ,hebrew1 & _m traces ( x are to be f\nd 7comp>e my ,diss]tations on ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1 i4 p4 #bfg ff471 x c\ld appe> "h1 ( c\rse1 9 ! suffix only1 n 9 ! n\n4 ,o!rs suppose t ! plural /&s "h simply = ! s+ul>4 ,n[1 !re are1 x is true1 ?ree cases 9 :i* su* does app>5tly take place3--! fir/1 :5 a def9ite individual out ( ! multitude is meant1--:5 accord+ly1 n ! numb]1 b ! g5]al idea only is conc]n$2--! second1 :5 a n\n 9 ! plural gradually loses its plural signification1 because ! etymology & orig9al signification h become indi/9ct2--! ?ird1 :5 ! plural /&s = ! ab/ract4 ,n "o ( ^! cases1 h[ev]1 is applicable "h4 ,^? int]pret]s h mo/ plausibly remov$ ! difficulty :o und]/& to be really a repeat$ act ( go+ =?1 & ref] x to ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l4 ,?us ,j]ome3 ,because ,he _h always spok5 to !m ?r\gh ! prophets1 & became 9 _! h&s ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,tremellius & ,junius3 ,! go+s =?1 i4e41 ! decl>ations & demon/rations (1 z x 71 a ris+ sun2 ,he f ! v beg9n+ reveal$ & manife/$ ,himself to all creat$ ?+s1 by ! light ( ,8 ^w1 & ! excell5cy ( ,8 works2 j z ! ris+ sun manife/s himself f ! mom5t ( 8 ris+1 by ! light & its effects4 ,cocceius3 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 be p]suad$ to believe t ! plural is "h us$ )\t emphasis4 ,= ! ,son has n gone =? f ! ,fa!r1 l a man f a man1 :o beg9s to exi/ only :5 he is br\ght =? f a man1 & :5 he goes =?1 ceases to be br\ght =? & to g out4 ,9 all ! days ( et]nity1 ! ,son proce$s f ! ,fa!r1 & is ! et]nal 4 ,b ?is circum/ance is1 9 g5]al1 aga9/ ?is explanation1 t ! contra/ ) ! go+ =? f ,be?lehem1 :i* is complet$ 9 "o act1 does n admit ( ! m5tion ( a manifold go+ =?1 & t1 9 ?is contra/1 ! aris+1 ! orig9 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah1 c alone be ?\ght (2 :ile1 m specially1 ,j]ome1 ,pg #dhh ,tremellius1 & ,junius1 :o1 ) ,piscator also1 limit ! go+ =? to ! relation to creat$ ?+s only1 are contradict$ by 1 by :i* ! go+ =? is plac$ beyond ! beg9n+ ( creation2 & ,cocceius1 by ! fact t ! 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 diff]5tly f ! 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 appe>s always z go+ =? f ,god1 9 relation to ! _w only4 ,b al?\gh ! "t ( old & ! days ( et]nity %\ld be consid]$ z ! place ( ! go+ =?1 yet ! plural _c be expla9$1 z is done by ,casp>i1 f ! circum/ance t a p]son is always desc5d$ f sev]al2 = ! transf]r+ ( su* a usus loqu5di to a relation1 to :i* 9 itself x is n applicable1 c\ld be admitt$ only :5 x c\ld be demon/rat$ to be altoge!r common & firmly e/abli%$4 ,b ! plural might inde$1 al?\gh only ) "s difficulty1 be v9dicat$ & acc\nt$ = f ! circum/ance1 t two po9ts ( go+ =? are m5tion$1 :i*1 z x 71 suppose a tw(old act4 #b4 ,b ev5 if ! s+ul> 7 us$1 ! explanation ( ! act ( go+ =? w\ld n be admissible4 ,x is contr>y to ! idea ( n\ns ) 1 t !y c\ld be us$ z nom9a actionis4 ,x is only ) writ]s liv+ at a "t :5 ! language 0 dy+ out1 t a few in/ances ( ?is errone\s use c be f\nd4 d5otes ! place :]e1 ! in/rum5t :]e)1 ! "t :]e91 & p]haps ! way & mann] :]eby1 some?+ is done1 or is4 ,fur!r--,x may signify also ! ?+ itself :i* is done1 or is2 b1 9 no writ] ( ! liv+ & fl\ri%+ language1 does x ev] d5ote ! action itself4 ,casp>i1 inde$1 attempts to prove t !re occurs 9 ! old] books a numb]1 by no means inconsid]able1 ( n\ns ) 1 :i* und5iably d5ote an action2 b :at he has advanc$ on ?is po9t requires /ill to be m9utely sift$1 & to be m closely exam9$2 comp>e1 e4g41 on ,num4 x4 #b1 my pamphlet on ,! ,day ( ! ,"l1 ,s4 #cb4 ,b we are q satisfi$ ) :at is grant$ by ,casp>i himself 7comp>e ,ewald's ,lehrbu* d4 ,hebr4 ,spr4 #afj71 t x is aga9/ ! nature & common use ( ?is =m to d5ote ! action4 ,ev5 by ?is concession1 a presumption is rais$ aga9/ ! correctness ( an int]pretation :i* w\ld ascribe to 1 "h1 & 9 o!r passages1 ! signification ( go+ =?1 view$ z an action4 ,! passages quot$ by ,w9] 9 fav\r ( ! signification1 egressus1 ,pg #dhi are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,hos4 vi4 #c1 :]e x is said ( ! ,"l 1 firm l ! morn+-dawn is ,8 go+ =?4 ,b is !re1 n ! action1 b ! place & ! "t ( ! go+ =?1 z is evid5t f ! ^w firm also4 #b4 ,ezek4 xii4 #d3 ,& ?\ %alt g =? at ev5 9 _! sight1 4 ,sev]al int]pret]s agree t "h signifies ! k9d & mode ( ! go+ =?4 ,vatablus says1 ,x d5otes ! deportm5t ( him :o goes =?1 & means1 ,?\ %alt g =? 9 sorr[1 & indignant4 ,b x is bett]1 ) ,hv]nick1 to ref] x to ! "t3 ,accord+ to ! go+s =? ( prison]s1 at ! "t :5 emigrants ( ?is k9d pref] to g =? f _! places4 #c4 ,num4 xxxiii4 #b3 ,& ,moses wrote d[n 1 '! places ( _! go+s out4' #d4 ,ps4 xix4 #g1 x is said ( ! sun3 1 f ! end ( ! heav5 is 8 go+ =?1 :i* is tantam\nt to--,! end ( ! heav5 is ! place f :i* he goes =?4 #e4 #a ,k+s x4 #bh3 1 :i* ,de ,wette translates1 ,& ! export ( ! horses :i* ,solomon _h1 707 f ,egypt4 ,b a m accurate translation is1 ,& ! place ( com+ =? ( ! horses :i* ,solomon _h 0 ,egypt1 or1 m lit]ally /ill1 f ,egypt1--a concise mode ( expression =1 ,! place f :i* ! horses ( ,solomon came =? 0 ,egypt1--j z 9 ! prec$+ example4 ,9 pro( ( ! signification1 action ( go+ out1 ,*4 ,b4 ,mi*aelis ref]s1 moreov]1 to #b ,sam4 iii4 #be1 :]e ,de ,wette translates1 ,?\ kn[e/ ,abn]1 ! son ( ,n]2 he came to deceive !e1 & to see ?y go+ out & ?y com+ 91 & all t ?\ doe/4 ,b a m accurate translation w\ld be1 ,! place f :i* ?\ goe/ out1 & to :i* ?\ art go+2 comp>e ,ezek4 xliii4 #aa4 ,9 all o!r passages--& ^! are r num]\s--! signification place ( go+ out1 or t :i* goes out1 is q obvi\s4 ,ev5 ,casp>i grants t ! signification place ( go+ out has1 a priori1 ! greate/ probability 9 its fav\r4--,to ?is x may be add$1 t ! signification place ( go+ out is recomm5d$ "h1 ev5 by ! contra/ ) :at prec$es1 inasmu* z !re ,be?lehem1 is m5tion$ z ! place f :i* ! ,eul] 9 ,israel is to come =?4 ,) ?is place ( go+ out1 ano!r & a high] "o is contra/$4 ,?is contra/ also %[s u h[ ! ,pg #dij 9 & mu/ be und]/ood1 viz41 9 ! same mann] z 9 2 = ! evid5t ref]5ce ( to %[s t x mu/ correspond ) x4 ,h5ce ! lit]al translation w\ld be1 ,& ,8 places ( go+ out are f ! times ( old1 f ! days ( et]nity1 :i* is equival5t to--,! places f :i* ,he goes =? are ! times ( old1 ! days ( et]nity1--j z 9 ! two passages1 ,ps4 xix4 #g2 #a ,k+s x4 #bh4 ,! might v well h be5 omitt$2 b its ins]tion "h has aris5 *iefly f a desire to make ! ref]5ce to ! correspond+ clause outw>dly also m p]ceptible4 ,?is ref]5ce %[s also1 t ! explanation ( by pr1 :i* 0 propos$ by ,pococke & o!rs1 is inadmissible1 besides involv+ an absurdity1 inasmu* z no?+ c be be=e et]nity2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is ref]5ce alone af=ds a satisfactory explanation ( ! plural4 ,accord+ to x1 ! words1 ,f ! "t ( old1 f ! days ( et]nity1 conta9 a gradation4 ,fir/1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah be=e ,8 bir? 9 "t1 9 ,be?lehem1 is po9t$ out 9 g5]al2 & !n1 9 contra/ ) all "t1 x is v9dicat$ to et]nity4 ,?is c\ld n fail to af=d a great consolation to ,israel4 ,he :o h]eaft]1 9 a visible manife/ation1 0 to deliv] !m f _! mis]y1 0 already 9 exi/5ce1--dur+ x1 be=e x1 & ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,int]pretation4 #a4 ,,among ,,! ,,jews4 ,?is ,hi/ory1 z to its ess5tial features1 might1 a priori1 be sket*$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 we c\ld sc>cely expect t ! ,jews %\ld h adopt$ views altoge!r errone\s z to ! subject ( ! prophecy 9 "q2 = ! ,messiah appe>s 9 x1 n 9 ,8 humiliation1 b 9 ,8 glory--ri* 9 gifts & bless+s1 & ,pelagian self-delusion w1 a priori1 return an affirmative answ] to ! "q z to :e!r "o is call$ to p>take 9 !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prophecy conta9s a tw(old gr\nd ( (f5ce :i* _h to be remov$1 & expla9$ away at any ,pg #dia exp5se4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! et]nity ( ! ,messiah--:i* 0 9 contradiction to ! popul> notions1 & conceivable only f a k ( ,8 ,godhead--c\ld n b exi/ at all times2 :ile ! second ( ^!--! bir? at ,be?lehem--made its appe>ance1 & ex]cis$ its influ5ce1 only aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,t ?is %\ld be set aside1 0 dem&$ by two causes4 ,fir/1 !re 0 ! desire ( depriv+ ! ,*ri/ians ( ! pro(1 :i* !y d]iv$ f ! bir? at ,be?lehem1 = ! proposition t ,he :o _h appe>$ 0 also ,he :o 0 promis$4 ,&1 secondly1 !re 0 ! difficulty ( any long] d]iv+ f ,be?lehem ! desc5t ( ,*ri/1 aft]1 by an ord9ance ( ,hadrian 7comp>e ,rel&1 ,s4 #fdg71 all ! ,jews _h be5 expell$ f ,be?lehem & its neighb\rhood4 ,?is difficulty 0 /rongly urg$ aga9/ !m by ,*ri/ian controv]siali/s2 comp>e ,t]tullian cont4 ,jud4 c4 xiii41 ,h[ !n c ! ,rul] be desc5d$ f ,judah1 & h[ c ,he come =? f ,be?lehem1 z1 9 ! pres5t day1 !re is n "o ( ,israel left !re1 ( ^: family ,*ri/ may be born8 ,! actual hi/ory furni%es facts & details :i* only confirm & enl>ge :at1 9 its ess5tial features1 we h sket*$ a priori4 #a4 ,! ref]5ce to ! ,messiah 01 at all times1 n ! private op9ion ( a few s*ol>s1 b 0 publicly receiv$1 & ackn[l$g$ ) p]fect unanimity4 ,z respects ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ?is is obvi\s f ,matt4 ii4 #e4 ,accord+ to t passage1 ! :ole ,sanh$rim1 :5 (ficially int]rogat$ z to ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah1 suppos$ ?is explanation to be ! only correct "o4 ,b if ?is pro( requir$ a corroboration1 x might be d]iv$ f ,john vii4 #da1 #db4 ,9 t passage1 sev]al :o errone\sly suppos$ ,*ri/ to be a native ( ,galilee1 object$ to ,8 be+ ! ,messiah on ! gr\nd t ,scripture says3 1 1 4 ,b ev5 aft] ,*ri/ _h appe>$1 ! int]e/ 9 depriv+ ! ,*ri/ians at once ( ! argum5ts :i*1 9 _! controv]sies1 !y d]iv$ f ?is passage1 0 n suffici5tly /rong to bl9d ! ,jews to ! evid5t indications conta9$ 9 ?is passage1 or to induce !m to deprive !mselves ( ! sweet hope :i* x af=d$4 ,?is1 x is true1 w\ld be ! case nev]!less1 if we 7 to rely ^u1 & believe 9 ! ass]tion ( ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 #g1 ,pg #dib 9 ,matt4 c4 #b1 9 ,nov4 ,te/41 t4 i4 p4 #hj1 ed4 ,frcf473 ,"s ( !m1 9 _! impud5ce1 ass]t t ?is prophecy has a ref]5ce to ,z]ubbabel2 ( ,!odoret 7on ?is passage73 ,! ,jews h tri$ to ref] ?is to ,z]ubbabel1 :i* evid5tly fights aga9/ ! tru?2 ( ,!ophylact 7on ,matt4 ii472 & ( ,eu?ymius ,zigab5us 79 iv4 ,evang4 t4 #a1 p4 #fa1 ed4 ,mat474 ,b ! supposition is "h =c$ ^u u--a supposition :i*1 9 ano!r case also 7comp>e rem>ks on ,ze*4 ix4 #i1 #aj71 we mu/ ackn[l$ge to be well-f\nd$--t ! ,fa!rs1 hav+ 9 _! controv]sies ) ! ,jews sometimes met a ref]5ce to ,z]ubbabel1 =c$ x ^u ! ,jews1 ev5 :5 ! latt] !mselves refus$ x4 ,& !re c be ! less difficulty 9 admitt+ ?is supposition1 z ! app>5tly f\rfold te/imony may be easily r$uc$ to a s+le "o1 viz41 to t ( ,*ryso/om4 ,if ^! /atem5ts _h any tru? 9 !m1 "s traces1 at lea/1 ( ?is int]pretation mu/ be f\nd among ! ,jews !mselves4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,all ! ,jewi% int]pret]s adh]e to ! ,messianic int]pretation1 & 9 ?is !y are head$ by ! ,*aldee1 :o p>aphrases ! words 9 ?is way3 1 i4e41 ,f !e ,messiah %all g out be=e me4 #b4 ,a tw(old me?od has be5 tri$ to remove ! fir/ gr\nd ( objection m5tion$ above4 ,9 anci5t times1 !y gave _! full s5se to ! words1 ,( 7or f7 ! days ( et]nity1 b sub/itut$ ! "n ( ! ,messiah = ,8 p]son4 ,?is we meet ) z e>ly z 9 ! ,*aldee1 :o says3 1 i4e41 ,^: "n is said 7or call$7 f ! days ( old1 f ! days ( et]nity4 ,?us also ! ,pirke ,r4 ,elies]1 *4 iii41 :]e1 ) a ref]5ce to ! passage be=e u1 ! "n ( ! ,messiah is m5tion$ among ! sev5 ?+s creat$ be=e ! _w exi/$1 viz41 along ) ! ,law1 ,hell1 ,p>adise1 ! ,?rone ( ,glory1 ! ,temple1 ,rep5tance2 comp>e ,s*ttg5 ii4 ,s4 #bac4 ,accord+ to ,eis5m5g] i4 ,s4 #cag1 ! same1 ) "s *ange1 is f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 ,tract4 ,pesa*im1 fol4 #ed1 col4 i41 & ,n$>im f4 #ci1 c4 #b4 ,we _c1 9 t explanation by ! ,*aldee1 und]/& "n 9 its emphatic signification1 9 :i* x (t5 occurs 9 ,scripture1 viz41 z an expression & image ( ! sub/ance1--a signification 9 :i* ! "n ( ! ,messiah w\ld be equival5t to ! glory ( ! ,messiah1 or to ! ,messiah ,pg #dic 9 ,8 glory4 ,?is is evid5t f ! 1 i4e41 said or spok51 ( ! ,*aldee1 :i* does n all[ ( our ?9k+ ( ! creation ( a sub/ance2 & n less f ! consid]ation1 t if ?is signification ( "n 7 assum$1 ! aim & object :i* he _h 9 view 9 sub/itut+ "n = p]son at all1 w\ld h be5 miss$4 ,! "n ( ! ,messiah expresses ,8 nature1 ! idea ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,! creation or pron\nc+ ( ?is "n m>ks1 accord+ly1 ! rise ( ?is idea 9 ,god1--,8 =m+ ! decree ( r$emption by ! ,messiah4 ,by ?is explanation--:i* we aga9 meet )1 aft]w>ds1 9 ,calv91 & :i* we %all !n consid] m m9utely--a m]e exi/5ce 9 ?\ght1 0 sub/itut$ = ! real exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah1--,8 pr$e/9ation1 = ,8 pre-exi/5ce4--,b 9 aft]times !y came /ill fur!r d[n4 ,to supply ! "n1 0 too arbitr>y to admit ( _! re/+ satisfi$ ) su* an explanation4 ,almo/ unanim\sly !y n[ came to ! supposition1 t ! words ( ! passage "u consid]ation m]ely m>k$ ! desc5t ( ! ,messiah f ! anci5t1 royal h\se ( ,david4 ,?us ,ab5ezra3 ,all ?is is said ( ,david2 ! words also1 ',8 go+s out are ( old1' ref] to ,david4 ,ab]banel 7,praec4 ,sal4 p4 #fb73 ,! go+s out ( ! family f :i* t ,rul] is to be desc5d$ are ( old1 & ( ! days ( et]nity1 i4e41 ( ! se$ ( ,david1 & ! rod ( ,jesse1 :i* is ( ,be?lehem-,judah4 ,on ! simil> expositions ( ,kim*i & o!rs1 comp>e ,fris*mu? l4c41 & ,wi*mann%aus51 ,diss]t4 on ! pass41 ,witt5b4 #agbb1 ,s4 #f ff4 ,we c\ld n urge aga9/ ?is exposition t is errone\sly und]/ood ei!r z go+ out1 or1 z family2 & t1 9 ! latt] signification1 ! usus loqu5di1 z well z ! evid5t ref]5ce to 1 are disreg>d$4 ,= t might be giv5 up1 & yet ! explanation w\ld /& z to its sub/ance4 ,ev5 !n1 x might be translat$3 ,8 go+s out 79 ! signification ( 'places ( go+ out'7 are ! days ( old1 ! days ( et]nity1 i4e41 ! v anci5t times2 s t !re w\ld be ascrib$ to ! "t some?+ :i* belongs to t :i* exi/s 9 x1 viz41 to ! family ( ,david4 ,b ! foll[+ reason is decisive aga9/ x4 ,e "o w admit t ! et]nal orig9 ( ! ,messiah =ms a f> m suitable contra/ ) ,8 temporal orig9 f ,be?lehem1 ?an ,8 desc5t f ! anci5t family ( ,pg #did ,david4 ,! latt] w\ld come into consid]ation "h1 only on acc\nt ( its antiquity2 a ref]5ce to its dignity is n made by ev5 a s+le ^w1 nor is ! family itself m5tion$ at all 9 ! text2 b ! attribute ( antiquity1 & t alone1 is nev]!less tak5 f x1 & ascrib$ to ! ,messiah4 ,b n[1 we _c at all see :at pre-em95ce 9 ?is respect ! family ( ,david enjoy$ above o!r families1 & h[1 !re=e1 x c\ld h be5 an hon\r = ! ,messiah to be desc5d$ f x4 ,h[ /range w\ld1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 be ! words1 ( ! days ( et]nity1 :i*1 z a climax1 are add$ to1 ( days ( old6 ,:at reason c\ld !re h exi/$ = ! prophet to exalt1 by a hyp]bolical expression1 a limit$ "t to et]nity8 ,z reg>ds ,8 human orig91 ! ,messiah _h n ! slighte/ advantage ov] o!r mortals1 z f> z ! age ( ! family 0 conc]n$4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! use ( su* a hyp]bole 9 a matt] :i*1 9 ?is connection1 0 ( no consequ5ce1 & :i* c\ld n 9 any way s]ve = ,8 exaltation8 ,x is j ?is1 h[ev]1 :i* aft] all is requir$ by ! contra/4 ,:at k9d ( consolation w\ld !reby h be5 af=d$ to ! p8 ,c]ta9ly no "o d\bt$ t ! ,messiah w\ld h p>5ts1 & ance/ors rea*+ back to a ho> antiquity4 ,b 0 !re any?+ ga9$ by ?is1 s9ce ,he _h x only 9 common ) ! l[e/ & feeble/ among ! p8 ,h[ does ?is %all[1 unmean+1 & yet s mu* pret5d+ contra/ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 suit ! o!r contra/ 9 ref]5ce to ,be?lehem1 :i* is s brilliant & exalt$8 ,& n[ :at reason is !re = pref]r+ t explanation :i* is s unnatural1 to ! o!r1 :i* is s natural1 s obvi\s1 :i* pres5ts a contra/ s beautiful1 & op5s up to ! ,cov5ant-p a s\rce ( consolation s ri*8 ,is x ?is1 p]haps1 t ! et]nity ( ! ,messiah is n m5tion$ any:]e else 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,b ! et]nity ( ! ,messiah is only a s+le feature ( ,8 div9e nature1 & j t feature :i*1 accord+ to ! context1 came "h into special consid]ation4 ,casp>i v correctly rem>ks3 ,! prophet po9t$ out j ! feature ( ! pre-exi/5ce1 & ( ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah1 & ^! only1 because ! ann\ncem5t ( ,8 orig9 f ! little ,be?lehem l$ j to ?is1 & to ?is alone4 ,! intimation ( ! div9e nature ( ! ,messiah is1 ,pg #die h[ev]1 z old z ! ,messianic pr$iction 9 g5]al2 comp>e1 conc]n+ ?is1 my rem>ks on ,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,9 a m def9ite %ape1 & 9 a m di/9ct =m1 x appe>s z e>ly z 9 ! ,messianic ,psalms4 ,b x is f\nd1 9 %>ply def9$ outl9es1 9 ,isaiah1 & specially 9 ix4 #e1 :]e1 j z 9 ! passage be=e u1 ! div9e glory ( ! ,messiah is contra/$ ) ! l[] aspect ( ,8 exi/5ce2 & ! clos] ! po9ts ( contact are betwe5 ,isaiah & ,micah1 ! less c we refuse to ackn[l$ge su* "h4 ,?is circum/ance also mu/ prev5t u f do+ s1 t imm$iately aft]w>ds1 9 v]4 #c 7#d71 ! div9e dignity & nature ( ! ,messiah meet u anew4 ,?is passage requires1 z its f\ndation1 ! "o ^u :i* we are n[ comm5t+4 ,moreov]1 ! et]nity :i*1 9 contra/ ) ,8 bir? 9 "t1 is "h ascrib$ to ! ,messiah1 corresponds ) ! et]nity ( ,8 exi/5ce & dom9ion aft] ,8 bir?1 :i* is repeat$ly ascrib$ to ! ,messiah1 &1 mo/ prom95tly1 9 ,is4 ix4 #e1 :]e ,he receives ! "n ,fa!r ( et]nity1 i4e41 ,he :o w be ,fa!r 9 all et]nity4--,"s "o1 p]haps1 w\ld inf] f ! subjo9$ words1 ( ! days1 t is "h to be und]/ood 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,b :o does n "k t1 :5 et]nity is pr$icat$ 9 contra/ ) a limit$ duration ( "t1 j to make ! contra/ ! m /rik+1 ^? measures ( "t1 :i* are prop]ly applicable to ! latt] only1 are transf]r$ to ! =m]8 ,= 9 ord] to be able to comp>e ?+s1 a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 !m mu/ necess>ily be fir/ e/abli%$4 ,?us 9 ,dan4 vii4 #i1 ,god is call$ ! ,anci5t ( ,days2 ?us x is said ( ,him 9 ,ps4 cii4 #bh1 ,?y ye>s h no end2 & ! ,new ,te/am5t frequ5tly speaks 9 ! same way ( et]nal times4 ,we are1 9 our ?\ghts1 g5]ally s mu* b\nd to "t1 t we c conceive ( et]nity only z "t )\t "t4 ,x _c by any means be satisfactorily or incontrov]tibly prov$ f vii4 #ad1 #bj1 t & "h designate m]ely ! anci5t "t4 ,all :i* t passage proves is1 t su* a s5se is possible--& ?is1 no "o probably has ev] d\bt$--b n t x is applicable 9 ?is connection4 ,if ! connection be consid]$1 ,prov4 viii4 #bb1 #bc1 w !n be ackn[l$g$ to be p>allel1--a passage 9 :i* ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,wisdom is spok5 ( 9 a simil> mann]4 #c4 ,t1 9 ! prophecy "u consid]ation1 ,be?lehem is ,pg #dif m>k$ out z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah1 0 held z an und\bt$ tru? by ! anci5t ,jews4 ,?is appe>s f ! confid5t reply ( ! ,sanh$rim to ! "q ( ,h]od z to ! bir?-place ( ,*ri/4 ,& x is n less evid5t f ,john vii4 #db4 ,! circum/ance t1 aft] ! tumult rais$ by ,b>co*ba1 n only ,j]usalem1 b ,be?lehem also1 01 by ! ,emp]or ,adrian1 int]dict$ to ! ,jews z a resid5ce1 r5d]s x probable t ?is int]pretation 0 n giv5 up imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,b ev5 aft] ?is edict ( ,adrian1 & aft] ! difficulty _h appe>$ 9 all its =ce1 !y did n1 = a consid]able "t1 v5ture to ass]t t ! prophecy knew no?+ ( ,be?lehem z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah4 ,x is ) ! lat] ,rabb9ical int]pret]s only1 :o 7 bett] skill$ 9 ! art ( di/ort+1 t ?is ass]tion is f\nd4 ,! anci5t ,jews endeav\r$ to evade ! difficulty by ! fable1 dress$ up 9 v>i\s ways1 t ! ,messiah 0 inde$ born at ,be?lehem1 on ! day ( ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 b t1 on acc\nt ( ! s9s ( ! p4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ away by a /orm1 & _h1 s9ce t "t1 rema9$1 unkn[n & conceal$1 9 v>i\s places4 ,?us speak ! ,talmud1 ! v anci5t comm5t>y on ,lam5tations1 ,e*a ,rabbati1 & ! v old comm5t>y on ,g5esis1 ,bre%i? ,rabba 7comp>e ! passages 9 ,raim4 ,m>t9i1 ,s4 #cdh-ej2 ,c>pzovius & ,fris*mu?1 l4c474 ,inde$1 we c trace ?is fiction /ill f>!r back4 ,closely connect$ ) x is ! explanation ( by d>kness ( ! daught] ( ,zion 7 be+ conf\nd$ ) 71 i4e41 hidd5 on acc\nt ( ,zion4 ,?is explanation is f\nd z e>ly z 9 ,jona?an4 ,! concealm5t ( ! ,messiah is only an isolat$ feature ( ?is fiction4 ,! fiction itself1 inde$1 has its roots1 n only 9 ! passage "u review1 b also 9 ! endeav\r to remove ! contradiction betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 & ! firm expectation ( ! ,messiah's appe>+ dur+ ! "t ( its exi/5ce1--an expectation f\nd$ on passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is concealm5t ( ! ,messiah is m5tion$ z e>ly z 9 ! ,dialogus cum ,tryphone 7,no4 #h ,b5$4 ,v542 comp>e also p4 #aad73 ,*ri/1 ev5 if he be born1 & exi/ any:]e1 is unkn[n1 & nei!r manife/s himself 9 any way1 nor has he any p[] until ,elijah come1 etc4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ t1 at ! "t :5 ?is book 0 compos$1 ,pg #dig & h5ce 9 ! second c5tury1 ! fiction 0 already fully develop$1 we ne$ only comp>e ! acc\nt 9 ,bre%i? ,rabba4 ,aft] ,elijah1 at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 _h visit$ 8 "m 9 ,be?lehem ,judah1 & consol$ h] :o 0 afflict$ on acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 :i* 0 contemporane\s ) h] deliv]y1 he )draws4 ,aft] five ye>s _h elaps$1 he said1 ,i w g & see ! ,savi\r ( ,israel1 :e!r he be nurs$ up 9 ! mann] ( k+s or ( m9i/]+ angels4 ,he w5t & f\nd ! woman /&+ at ! door ( h] h\se1 & said to h]3 ,my daught]1 9 :at /ate is t boy8 ,& %e answ]$ him3 ,rabbi1 did ,i n tell !e t x is a bad ?+ to nurse him1 because1 on ! day on :i* he 0 born1 ! temple 0 de/roy$8 ,b ?is is n all2 = he has feet & walks n1 he has eyes & sees n1 he has e>s & he>s n1 he has a m\? & does n speak at all1 & !re he lies l a /one4 ,! ,rabb9ical int]pret]s felt1 h[ev]1 t ?is fiction1 be+ de/itute ( all w>rant1 0 ( no use to !m 9 _! controv]sies ) ,*ri/ians2 & x 0 to ^! t _! view 0 *iefly direct$4 ,h5ce !y s\ght to remove ! difficulty by means ( ! int]pretation2 & z all _h ! same int]e/1 ! result 0 t ! di/ort$ explanation became z g5]ally preval5t1 z ! correct "o _h =m]ly be54 ,kim*i1 ,ab5ezra1 ,ab5dana1 ,ab>banel1 &1 9 g5]al1 all ! lat] ,rabb9s 7comp>e ! passages 9 ,wi*mann%4 l4 c4 ,s4 #i71 ma9ta9 t ,be?lehem is m5tion$ "h z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah indirectly only1--9 s f> only z ! ,messiah 0 to be desc5d$ f ,david ! ,be?lehemite4 ,!re _c well be a prepossession 9 fav\r ( ?is exposition4 ,! circum/ance t1 =m]ly1 no "o ev] ?\ght t x 0 ev5 possible to expla9 ! passage "u review 9 any o!r way ?an t1 9 x1 ,be?lehem is spok5 ( z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah1 & t ?is exposition 0 discov]$ & introduc$1 only at a "t :5 ! o!r c\ld no long] be receiv$1 raises1 a priori1 /rong suspicions aga9/ x4 ,& ?is suspicion is fully confirm$ by a clos] exam9ation4 ,ct]is p>ibus1 t explanation :i* "h f9ds ,be?lehem m5tion$ z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah1 w\ld des]ve ! pref]5ce1 ev5 = ?is reason1 t ! passage1 z ?us und]/ood1 fills up a blank ,pg #dih 9 ! ,messianic prophecy1--& t f ! :ole analogy1 we are l$ to expect t no su* blank w\ld be left4 ,%\ld ! family f :i* ,*ri/ 0 to desc5d1 ! "t at :i* ,he 0 to appe>1 ! "p ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 pre-em95tly to enjoy ,8 bless+s1 & s _m o!r ?+s conc]n+ ,him1 h be5 s m9utely =etold1 & n ! place :]e ,he 0 to be born8 ,ev5 ! "q ( ,h]od1 2 %[s h[ mu* reason we h1 a priori1 to expect su* a pr$iction4 ,he supposes t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah mu/ h be5 det]m9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 he only inquires ab\t ! place :]e4 ,b ! matt] is n s1 t !re c\ld be any *oice at all betwixt ! two explanations4 ,if we suppose t x is only ! desc5t ( ! ,messiah f ! family ( ,david :i* is "h ann\nc$1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! natural littl5ess ( ,be?lehem1 & its div9e greatness1 w\ld be v f> f be+ appropriate4 ,aft] ! family ( ,david _h1 = c5turies1 resid$ & rul$ at ,j]usalem1 ! natural littl5ess ( ,be?lehem came v little into fur!r consid]ation4 ,x 0 n ?is :i* c\ld r5d] improbable ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah4 ,x 0 only ! d[nfall ( ,j]usalem1 & ! de/ruction ( ! ,k+'s ,ca/le1 :i* 7 9 opposition to ! belief 9 ! ,messiah's appe>ance4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! glory1 result+ f ,8 appe>ance1 0 n imp>t$ to ,be?lehem1 b to ,zion4 ,h5ce x is t1 9 iv4 #h1 :]e ! prophet wi%es to decl>e ! desc5t ( ! ,messiah f ! family ( ,david1 he contra/s ! glorification ( ,zion1 & especially ( ! ,k+'s ,ca/le1 ) its previ\s degradation4--,fur!r--,!re is n a s+le in/ance to be f\nd ( a place1 9 :i* ! ance/ors ( "s "o resid$ c5turies ago1 be+ spok5 ( z ! place ( 8 desc5t4 ,is !re a s+le passage 9 :i* ,be?lehem is m5tion$ z ! native place ( any ( ! k+s f ! ,davidic dyna/y :o 7 born at ,j]usalem1 or z ! native place ( ,z]ubbabel :o 0 born at ,babylon8 ,= fur!r details conc]n+ ?is argum5t1 ,huetius1 dem4 ,evang4 p #egi ed4 ,am/el4 #afhj1 maybe comp>$4--,fur!r--,! relation ( ! passage "u review to ! p>allel passage ,is4 viii4 #bc 7ix4 #a7 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,z 9 ! latt] text1 ! prov9ce is m>k$ out :i*1 by ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 is to be rais$ f ! deepe/ degradation ,pg #dii to ! highe/ glory1 s1 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 ! place is designat$4--,f9ally--,if any d\bt yet rema9$1 x mu/ surely be remov$ by ! fulfilm5t1--by ! fact t ,*ri/ 0 actually born at ,be?lehem2 & ?is s mu* ! m1 t ?is fact _c be look$ ^u z an accid5tal circum/ance1 = ,be?lehem 0 n ! resid5ce ( ,8 p>5ts4 ,b ! ,jews endeav\r$1 9 ano!r way1 to wre/ f ,*ri/ian controv]siali/s ! advantage af=d$ by ?is passage4 ,!y d5i$ altoge!r t ,*ri/ 0 born at ,be?lehem4 ,?us ,abr4 ,p]itsol 7comp>e ,eis5m5g]1 l4 c4 ,s4 #bei73 ,s9ce !y call$ ,him ,jesus ! ,naz>5e1 & n ,jesus ! ,be?lehemite1 x is to be inf]r$ t ,he 0 born at ,naz>e?1 z x is writt5 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,j]usalem4 ,^u ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 !re exi/$ no unanimity among !m4 ,david ,gans1 9 ! ,book ,zema* ,david1 m5tions1 )\t any rem>k1 ,be?lehem z ! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah 7,s4 #aje ( ,vor/'s translation74 #b4 ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ians4 ,! conviction t ,*ri/ is ! subject ( ! prophecy "u consid]ation 0 s mu* ! prevail+ "o 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 t ! m5tion ( any ( its def5d]s is altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,x 7 m int]e/+ to le>n :o 7 ! oppon5ts ( x4 ,! ass]tion ( ,huetius1 l4 c41 t ,*ryso/om1 ,!ophylact1 & ,eu?ymius ,zigab5us attempt$ an explanation by :i* x 0 ref]r$ to ,z]ubbabel1 re/s on a misappreh5sion result+ f want ( memory4 ,huetius himself ascribes to !m t v view :i* !y mo/ decid$ly oppose z ! "o alleg$ to be held by ! ,jews4 ,b ?is int]pretation 0 actually advanc$ by ,!odorus ( ,mopsue/e1 ^: exegetical t5d5cies x admirably suit$4 ,along ) sev]al o!r int]pretations1 x 0 condemn$ by ! ,c\ncil at ,rome1 "u ,pope ,vigilius2 comp>e ,h4 ,prado on ,ezek4 prooem4 ,sect4 #c1 & ,hippol4 a ,lapide 9 prophet4 m94 prooem41 & 9 ! rem>ks on ?is passage4 ,! imm$iate successor ( ,!odorus 0 ,grotius4 ,8 book de v]itate relig4 ,*ri/4--:]e 9 i4 #e1 #ag 7p4 #bff1 ed4 ,oxon4 #ahbj71 he proves ,pg #ejj aga9/ ! ,jews ! ,messianic dignity ( ,*ri/1 f ! circum/ance t ,he 01 9 accordance ) ! passage1 born at ,be?lehem--might1 inde$1 entitle u to inf] t he 0 n confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion4 ,b p]haps he only imag9$ t1 9 a popul> "w1 he ne$$ n to be s c>eful1 & t1 ev5 accord+ to 8 own views1 he _h reta9$ a c]ta9 "r to ?is use ( ! passage1 inasmu* z he consid]$ ,z]ubbabel z a type ( ,*ri/1 & ! bir? ( ! latt] at ,be?lehem z an outw>d repres5tation ( ,8 desc5t f ! ,davidic family4 ,x 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,rationali/ic p]iod1 :5 an easi] mode ( evad+ ! ref]5ce to ,*ri/ _h n z yet be5 discov]$1 t ! ref]5ce to ,z]ubbabel 0 seiz$ ^u4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,da! & ,kuehnl 7,mess4 ,weissagung51 ,s4 #hh74 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 *ang$ 8 op9ion 7comp>e ,comm5t>y on ,matt4 ii471 aft] su* a mode _h be5 discov]$1 by ref]r+ ! prophecy to ! ideal ,*ri/4 ,f t "t onw>ds1 ! ref]5ce to ! ideal ,*ri/ is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! ,rationali/ic int]pret]s4 ,! di/9ctness ) :i* ! m>ks "h giv51 viz41 ! bir? 9 "t at ,be?lehem1 & ! et]nity ( ! orig91 lead to ! hi/orical ,*ri/2 & ! difficulty ( expla9+ ^! :5 ! prophecy is ref]r$ to ! ideal ,messiah1 are r5d]$ suffici5tly evid5t by ! ef=ts :i* all ^! int]pret]s1 )\t exception1 h made to expla9 ^! m>ks away4 ,:o does n discov]1 9 ^! v ef=ts1 a confession ( _! =ce1 on ! supposition t !y c be1 z !y h already be51 demon/rat$ to h an actual exi/5ce8 ,god ,himself has borne witness by facts aga9/ ?is explanation2 = ,he ord]$ ! circum/ance 9 su* a mann] t1 by ! bir? ( ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem1 ! prophecy 0 fulfill$4 ,b h[ c a fulfilm5t be spok5 ( by ^? :o d n believe 9 prophecy1 b see 9 x human conjectures only1 s9ce ! v idea ( prophecy necess>ily implies div9e inspiration8 ,h[ %\ld ,god h impress$ ,8 own seal ^u m]e human conjectures1 z ,he w\ld h done by effect+ an app>5t fulfilm5t8 ,he w\ld ,himself h surely become ! au?or ( error by s do+4 ,f9ally1--,we %all aft]w>ds see t1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?is passage has be5 expla9$ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ( ! hi/orical ,*ri/2 & ! attempts ( ! ,rationali/ic int]pret]s to dive/ t ,pg #eja quotation ( its import1 w furni% u ) a pro(1 t x is n tru? = :i* !y are conc]n$1 b ! removal only1 at any rate & co/1 ( a fact :i* is irreconcilable ) _! sy/em4 ,all t has be5 advanc$ by !m 7e4g41 by ,ju/i & ,ammon7 aga9/ ! ref]5ce to ! hi/orical ,*ri/1 re/s on _! misappreh5sion ( ,*ri/'s ,regal (fice4 ,! ,regal (fice ( ,*ri/ is by no means a poetical image1 b ! mo/ real among all k+ly (fices2 yea4 ,8 k+dom is t f :i* all o!rs d]ive _! exi/5ce & reality4 ,x re/s1 fur!r1 on _! ignorance z reg>ds ! f9al hi/ory ( ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,( ! :ole hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 !y "k a s+le fragm5t only1 viz44 ,8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,8 humiliation2 & ev5 ?is !y "k1 & c "k1 only v imp]fectly4 ,8 invisible dom9ion exi/+ ev5 n[1 !y d n recognise1 because x is beheld ) ! eye ( fai? only2 & ,8 future visible manife/ation ( x !y d n believe1 because !y h n exp]i5c$ 9 _! own he>ts ! invisible p[] ( ,*ri/1 :i* is a pl$ge & e>ne/ ( ?is visible success4 ,x re/s1 f9ally1 on _! ignorance ( ! prophetic vision1 :i* necess>ily requires t ! k+dom ( ,god "u ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld s]ve z a sub/ratum = ! description ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,x c be demon/rat$1 f ! intimations conta9$ 9 ?is passage1 9 :i* ! ,messiah appe>s 9 ,8 glory1 h[ little x is contradictory to o!rs1 9 :i* ,he is repres5t$ 9 ,8 l[e/ humiliation4 ,?r\gh humiliation to glory1--?is is ! proposition :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! prophet conc]n+ ! de/9ies ( ! ,cov5ant-p1 & :i* he di/9ctly expresses 9 reg>d to ,be?lehem4 ,t ?is proposition is applicable to ! ,head n less ?an to ! memb]s1--to ,him :o 0 born1 n less ?an to ! place :]e ,he 0 born1 appe>s f ! circum/ance t ,he 0 to be born at ! "t ( ! deepe/ degradation ( ! ,davidic dyna/y1 iv4 #h1 & n at ,j]usalem1 :]e ,8 ,royal ance/ors resid$1 b at ,be?lehem4 #b4 ,z reg>ds ! la/ words ( ?is v]se1 ! same tw(old false int]pretation :i* we notic$ among ,jewi% int]pret]s1 is f\nd among ,*ri/ian expositors also4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i*1 besides 9 o!r ,jewi% int]pret]s1 occurs 9 ,j>*i 7& ,8 go+s out1 etc42 j z 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #ag1 x 0 said t ,8 "n ,pg #ejb %\ld cont9ue z long z ! sun2--?us ,jona?an also translat$ x71 *anges ! et]nal orig9 ( ,*ri/ into an et]nal pr$e/9ation4 ,?is view 0 held by ,calv93 ,^! words1 he says1 signify t ! ris+ ( ! ,pr9ce :o 0 to rule ! nations w\ld n be some?+ sudd51 b long ago decre$ by ,god4 ,i "k t "s p]t9aci\sly insi/ t ! prophet speaks "h ( ,*ri/'s et]nal ess5ce1 & z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i will+ly ackn[l$ge t ,*ri/'s et]nal ,godhead is "h prov$ to u2 b z we %all nev] succe$ 9 conv9c+ ! ,jews ( ?is1 ,i pref] to hold t ! words ( ! prophet signify t ,*ri/ w\ld n ?us sudd5ly proce$ f ,be?lehem1 z if ,god _h =m]ly decre$ no?+ conc]n+ ,him4 ,he speaks inde$ ( 8 will+ly ackn[l$g+2 b t he 0 n v mu* 9 e>ne/ 9 8 will+ness1 appe>s f :at foll[s3 ,o!rs advance a new & +5i\s view1 etc4 ,x is only f ! relation ( ,calv9 to ! e>li] int]pret]s1 t we c acc\nt = 8 advanc+ an exposition s v arbitr>y4 ,^! _h1 ad majorem ,dei gloriam1 advanc$ a multitude ( =c$ expositions4 ,calv91 :o v prop]ly hat$ su* int]pretations 7,i d n l su* di/ort$ explanations1 he says1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,joel ii471 always reg>d$ !m ) suspicion2 & :5soev] !re 0 ! appe>ance ( any motive :i* may possibly h guid$ !m 9 adopt+ a c]ta9 explanation1 he himself1 r ?an concur ) !m1 falls ^u ! mo/ unnatural explanations 9 return4 ,! be/ refutation ( 8 exposition is to be f\nd 9 ,pococke4 ,x is absurd to suppose t ! actual go+ =? ( ,*ri/ f ,be?lehem is "h contra/$ ) "o :i* is m]ely imag9>y1--! action1 ) a m]e decree4 ,x is )\t any analogy t "s "o %\ld be designat$ z actually exi/+1 or go+ =?1 :o exi/s m]ely 9 ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 or ! div9e pr$e/9ation4--,! o!r view1 :i* reg>ds ! la/ words ( ?is v]se z ref]r+ to ! ,messiah's desc5t f ! anci5t family ( ,david1 is f\nd among all int]pret]s :o1 f "s cause1 7 prev5t$ f adopt+ ! s\nd "o4 ,x is ?us ) ! ,soc9ians 7comp>e1 e4g41 ,volkel de v]a religione1 l4 #e1 c4 #b71 "s ( :om1 9 ord] ! m surely to set aside a passage s damag+ to _! sy/em1 suppos$ t1 accord+ to its prop] s5se1 x did n ref] to ,*ri/ at all2 e4g41 ,jo4 ,crellius1 :o1 9 8 exposition ( ,matt4 ii41 ass]ts t x ref]s indef9itely to ,pg #ejc "s "o ( ! family ( ,david :o1 aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity1 0 to rule ! nation4 ,x is ?us ) ,grotius also1 :o says3 ,he 7,z]ubbabel7 has 8 orig9 f ! days ( old1 f anci5t times1 i4e41 he has desc5d$ f a h\se1 illu/ri\s f anci5t times1 & gov]n+ = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?us x is ) all ! ,rationali/ic int]pret]s4 ,among rec5t fai?ful ,*ri/ian expositors1 ,jahn also 7,vatic4 ,mess4 #b1 p4 #adg7 has be5 l$ away to ! adoption ( ?is op9ion4 ,b t he felt /rongly1 at lea/1 "o ( ! difficulties :i* /ood 9 its way1 viz41 t if ! ref]5ce to ! family ( ,david be assum$1 x is ! m]e age ( ! family1 ap>t f e pref]5ce on ! gr\nd ( its dignity1 :i* is m5tion$ to magnify ! ,messiah--appe>s f ! /range exegetical process :i* he employs = ! purpose ( remov+ x4 ,he supplies at ! end1 celebris e/3--,8 orig9 or ,8 family 7?us he errone\sly expla9s 7 is celebrat$ f anci5t times4 ,"o may see 9 ?is case h[ mu*1 9 p>ticul>s1 an individual /ill rema9s dep5d5t ^u a community1 ev5 al?\gh1 ^u ! :ole1 he may h fre$ himself f su* dep5d5ce4 ,= x is c]ta9ly f ?is dep5d5ce alone t ! fact c be acc\nt$ =1 t ?is comm5tator reject$ an exposition :i* mu/ h be5 to him ! mo/ agreeable1 :i* has ev]y?+ 9 its fav\r1 & no?+ aga9/ x1--& *ose ano!r in/ead1 ! nak$ness ( :i* he 0 oblig$ to cov] z well z he c\ld1 :ile1 9 s do+1 he 0 violat+ 8 exegetical convictions4 ,ewald also p]mits himself to introduce into ! passage :at is necess>y = ! s5se :i* he has made up 8 m9d to adopt4 ,9 place ( ! simple antiquity1 he puts3 ,desc5d$ f ! anci5t1 v5]able royal family ( ,david4 ,! view tak5 by ,h(mann is peculi>3 ,he comes f ! family ( ,david1 j z x _h happ5$ long ago1 :5 t family /ill belong$ to ! community ( ,be?lehem1--f ! community ( ,be?lehem does ,he come4 ,weiss4 u4 ,erf4 #a1 ,s4 #bea4 ,9 ord] to get at ?is r sup]flu\s repetition1 he has sub/itut$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! family ( ,david =m]ly exi/$1 = ! days ( old1 & et]nity4 ,! orig9s 7?is is ! s5se :i* he gives to 7 _c be attribut$ to t portion only ( ,david's family :i* dwelt at ,be?lehem2 = ,he 0 desc5d$ f !m indirectly only1 ?r\gh ! royal family ( ,david4 ,pg #ejd #c4 ,! ,jewi% ass]tion1 t 9 ! prophecy !re is no allusion to ! bir? at ,be?lehem ( ,him :o 0 to come1 c\ld n fail to be repeat$ by ,grotius & 8 support]s1 inasmu* z ,z]ubbabel 0 n born at ,be?lehem4 ,z]ubbabel1 he says1 is rightly said to h be5 born at ,be?lehem1 because he 0 ( ! family ( ,david :i* _h its orig9 !re4 ,?is is1 9 l mann]1 repeat$ by ! ,rationali/ic int]pret]s1 9 ord] to avoid ! too close co9cid5ce ( ! prophecy ) ! actual hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 e4g41 by ,paulus & ,/rauss 7bo?1 9 _! ,life ( ,jesus71 & by ,hitzig4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ord] ! m securely to atta9 ?is object1 "s h gone s f> ev5 z to foll[ ! example ( sev]al ,jews1 & ( ! infam\s ,bod9us 7de abditis r]um sublimium arcanis1 l4 #e1 comp>e ! refutation by ,huetius1 l4c4 p4 #gja71 & to *>act]ize ! evangelical acc\nt conc]n+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem z unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,su* has be5 ! case ) ,ammon especially4 ,,! ,,quotation ,,9 ,,matt4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,sev]al int]pret]s1 ,paulus especially1 h ass]t$ t ! int]pretation ( ,micah :i* is "h giv51 0 t ( ! ,sanh$rim only1 & n ( ! ,evangeli/1 :o m]ely record$ :at happ5$ & 0 said4 ,b ?is ass]tion is at once refut$ :5 we consid] ! object :i* ,mat!w has 9 view 9 8 entire repres5tation ( ! e>ly life ( ,jesus4 ,8 object 9 record+ ! e>ly life ( ,jesus is n l t ( ,luke1 viz41 to communicate hi/orical in=mation to 8 read]s4 ,! hi/orical ev5t :i* he c\ld suppose to be already kn[n to 8 read]s1 comes into 8 view only 9 s f> z x s]v$ = ! confirmation ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies4 ,h5ce x is t he t\*es ^u any hi/orical circum/ance1 j :5 ! m5tion ( x c s]ve = ! atta9m5t ( ?is purpose4 ,?us1 ! design ( ! g5ealogy is to prove t1 9 accordance ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,*ri/ 0 desc5d$ f ,abraham1 ?r\gh ,david4 ,?us all :i* he m5tions 9 *ap4 i4 #ah-ba1 s]ves only to prep>e ! way = ! quotation ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 t ! ,messiah 0 to be born ( a ,pg #eje virg91 :i* is subjo9$ 9 v]4 #bb1 ) ! words3 4 ,ev5 ! proves t all :i* prec$es is m5tion$ solely ) a view to ! prophecy4 ,! ( ,ol%aus5 :i* ref]s ! to ! :ole1 9 contra/ ) ! p>ticul>1 c be acc\nt$ = only f ! emb>rassm5t into :i* ?is comm5tator c\ld n "h avoid fall+ by 8 int]pretation ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 accord+ to :i* a semblance ( agreem5t is1 ) ! utmo/ difficulty1 made out betwixt x1 & ! ev5t 9 :i* ,mat!w f9ds its fulfilm5t4 ,moreov]1 all ! s+le features ( ! acc\nt h too di/9ct a ref]5ce to ! prophecy :i* is to be aft]w>ds quot$4 ,x is f a reg>d to x1 t he is mo/ anxi\s to po9t out t ,*ri/ 0 conceiv$ by a pure & immaculate virg91 t1 9 v]4 #be1 he expressly adds t be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,m>y _h _h no connubial int]c\rse ) ,joseph1 because ,immanuel 0 n only to be conceiv$1 b born ( a virg94 ,! words1 1 correspond exactly ) 4 ,! ,evangeli/ expla9s ! latt] "n by 1 :i*1 aga91 _c be )\t an object1 = ! "n ( ,jesus 7,got!il1 ,god-,salvation7 has1 ) him1 ! same signification4 ,we pass ov]1 9 ! meantime1 ! section ii4 #a-ab4 ,9 v]4 #ac !re foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! flight into ,egypt ) a ref]5ce to ,hos4 xi4 #a4 ,?is passage ref]s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ,israel2 b ,israel does n "h come into view accord+ to its c>nal condition1 b only accord+ to its div9e de/9ation & election1--z is evid5tly %[n by ! designation ,son ( ,god4 ,israel 0 call$ to pres]ve ! tru? ( ,god 9 ! mid/ ( error1 to proclaim among ! ,g5tiles ! mighty acts ( ,god1 & to be ,8 mess5g] & ambassador4 ,9 ?is respect ,israel 0 a type ( ! ,messiah1 & ! latt]1 z x 71 a conc5trat$ & exalt$ ,israel4 ,x is f ?is relation alone t _m passages 9 ! second "p ( ,isaiah c be expla9$2 & 9 ,is4 xlix4 #c1 ! ,messiah is expressly call$ ,israel4 ,if1 !n1 !re exi/$ betwe5 ,israel & ! ,messiah su* a relation ( type & ,antitype2--if ?is relation 0 n accid5tal1 b design$ by ,god1 x w1 a priori1 appe> to u mo/ probable t ! abode ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ,egypt1 & ! resid5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 ! same c\ntry1 h a relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is supposition re/s ^u ! p]ception ( ! ,pg #ejf rem>kable co9cid5ce :i*1 by div9e ,provid5ce1 g5]ally exi/s betwixt ! de/9ies ( typical p]sons1 & ^? ( ! ,antitype1 s t ! =m] may be consid]$ z an actual prophecy ( ! latt]4 ,b ?is co9cid5ce mu/ "h n be s\ght 9 ! /ay 9 ! same c\ntry only2 ?is circum/ance s]v$ only to direct att5tion to ! deep] unity1 to repres5t x outw>dly4 ,x 0 n f _! own *oice1 b f a s]ies ( ! mo/ rem>kable disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 & on ! express comm& ( ,god1 t ,israel w5t to ,egypt4 ,!y !reby escap$ f ! de/ruction :i* ?reat5$ !m 9 ! l& = :i* !y 7 really de/9$4 ,!y 7 !re prep>$ = _! de/9y2 & :5 t prep>ation 0 f9i%$1 !y 71 agreeably to ! promise ( ,god1 :i* 0 giv5 to !m ev5 be=e !y w5t d[n into ,egypt1 introduc$ into t l& 9 :i* _! de/9y 0 to be realiz$4 ,! same provid5ce ( ,god :i* !re *ose ! means = ! pres]vation ( ,8 k+dom1 :i* 0 at t "t b\nd up ) ! exi/5ce ( ! typical ,israel1 *ose ! same means n[ also :5 _! hopes conc5trat$ !mselves 9 ! p]son ( _! future ,head4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,egypt %\ld af=d ,him a safe abode until ! dang] 0 ov]4--,!re !n foll[s1 9 v]s4 #af-ai1 ! acc\nt ( ! murd] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem1 ) a sole ref]5ce to ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae1 & j on acc\nt ( x4 ,"h1 too1 we mu/ n ?9k ( a simple simile only4 ,9 ,j]emiah1 ! "m ( ,israel lam5ts ov] ! de/ruction ( h] *ildr54 ,! ,"l appe>s & com=ts h]4 ,h] grief is1 at "s future "t1 to be *ang$ into joy4 ,%e is to see ! salvation :i* ! ,"l w /ill be/[ ^u h] sons4 ,t :i*1 !re=e1 con/itutes ! ess5ce ( t passage is ! contra/ ( ! m]it$ puni%m5t :i* ,israel drew d[n ^u !mselves by _! s9s1 ) ! unm]it$ salvation :i* ! m]cy ( ! ,"l w be/[ ^u !m4 ,n[1 q ! same contra/ is p]ceptible 9 ! ev5t "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! tyranny ( ! ,*aldeans1 s t ( ,h]od also 0 a des]v$ puni%m5t = ! s9s ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,h]od1 by bir? a =eign]1 01 l ,nebu*adnezz>1 a rod ( correction 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l4 ,! cruel de$ :i*1 ) div9e p]mission1 he committ$ at ! v place 9 :i* ! ,savi\r 0 born1 0 design$ actually & visibly to rem9d ! ,cov5ant-p ,pg #ejg ( :at !y _h des]v$ by _! s9s1--0 int5d$ also to be a matt]-(-fact prophecy ( ! imp5d+ m compreh5sive judgm5t1 & ?us to make x manife/ t s mu* ! m pla9ly1 ! s5d+ ( ! ,messiah 0 purely a "w ( div9e m]cy1 de/9$ = ^? only :o w\ld recognise x z su*4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! ,old ,te/am5t ev5t1 to :i* ! prophet1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ref]s1 viz41 ! c>ry+ away into captivity1 & ! deliv]ance f x1 7 prophecies by de$s ( ^? ,new ,te/am5t relations 79 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! typical relation ( ! murd] ( ! *ildr5 at ,be?lehem1 z we h /at$ x1 mu/ n be ov]look$72--t bo? 7 subject to ! same laws1 t bo? 7 a necess>y result ( ! work+ ( ! same div9e m]cy1 & t h5ce1 a decl>ation :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ref]r$ to ! fir/ ev5t1 might at ! same "t be consid]$ z a prophecy ( ! second4--,v]s4 #ai & #bj h = _! f\ndation ,exod4 iv4 #ai1 :]e ! ,"l1 aft] hav+ ord]$ ,moses to return to ,egypt1 subjo9s ! words3 4 ,t :i* ! ,"l !re speaks to ,moses1 & t :i*1 "h4 ,he speaks to ,joseph1 proce$ f ! same cause4 ,l all s]vants ( ,god "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,moses is a type ( ,*ri/4 ,!re is ! same ov]rul+ by div9e ,provid5ce1 ! same direction ( all ev5ts = ! good ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,moses is fir/ )drawn f ?reat5+ dang] by flight into di/ant regions4 ,z soon z x is "t t he %\ld ent] ^u 8 vocation1 ! door = ! return to ! sc5e ( 8 activity is op5$ to him4 ,j s is x ) reg>d to ,*ri/4--,v]s4 #ba-bc h = _! sole f\ndation ! prophetic decl>ation3 7comp>e1 on ^! words1 ! rem>ks on ,is4 xi474 ,! p>ticul> circum/ances :i* are m5tion$1 viz41 t ,joseph _h ! int5tion ( settl+ 9 ,judea1 b receiv$ f ,god ! comm& to g into ,galilee1 are design$ only to make x m p]ceptible t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy 0 will$ by ,god4 ,f ?is summ>y x suffici5tly appe>s t ! object ( ,mat!w 9 *ap4 i4 & ii4 0 by no means ( an hi/orical1 b r ( a doctr9al nature2 & s9ce ?is is ! case1 all ! objections fall to ! gr\nd1 :i* ,sieff]t1 solely by disreg>d+ ?is object ( ! writ]1 has lately drawn f ^! ,pg #ejh *apt]s aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,& if we apply ?is to ! "q be=e u1 x foll[s t ! section ii4 #a-ab mu/ likewise h an ,old ,te/am5t f\ndation4 ,t ?is f\ndation c1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be s\ght = only 9 ! prophecy ( ,micah1 becomes evid5t f ! circum/ance1 t ,be?lehem is1 9 v]4 #a1 m5tion$ z ,*ri/'s bir?-place4 ,if we n[ take into consid]ation ! fact t ! ,evangeli/ does n m5tion at all t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus =m]ly resid$ at ,naz>e?1 j because x _h no ref]5ce to any prophecy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7x is m]ely by designat+1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,be?lehem z ! place ( ,8 p>5ts1 t he intimates t t :i* _h be5 previ\sly report$ _h happ5$ 9 a diff]5t place71--& t1 on ! o!r h&1 he m5tions ! resid5ce ( ! ,holy ,family at ,naz>e?1 aft] _! return f ,egypt1 evid5tly = ! sole purpose ( br++ x into connection ) a prophecy1--x becomes q evid5t t x is n f any hi/orical int]e/ t ?is circum/ance1 :i* 0 kn[n to all 8 read]s1 is m5tion$4 ,to ?is x may be fur!r add$1 t ! acc\nt giv5 9 v]s4 #a-f1 especially ! communication ( ! answ] ( ! ,sanh$rim to ! "q ( ,h]od1 w\ld1 accord+ to ! prov$ object & aim ( ,mat!w1 /& altoge!r )\t a purpose1 unless he _h consid]$ ! answ] ( ! ,doctors z be+ 9 h>mony ) ! tru?1 & h5ce z sup]s$+ 8 usual =mula1 4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ mu* ,mat!w 0 guid$ by a reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & h[ frequ5tly1 at ! same "t1 he cont5t$ himself ) a m]e allusion1 suppos+ 8 read]s to be acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t--z is q evid5t f v]s4 #bj & #bc--we mu/ fur!r consid] ! second ,old ,te/am5t ref]5ce :i* he has 9 view 9 v]s4 #a-ab4 ,! passages to :i* he ref]s are ,ps4 lxxii4 #aj3 ,! k+s ( ,%eba & ,seba %all (f] gifts2 & ,is4 lx4 #f3 ,all !y f ,%eba %all come1 !y %all br+ gold & inc5se1 & !y %all %[ =? ! praises ( ! ,"l4 ,! repres5tation1 9 ^! & o!r simil> passages1 is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a figurative "o4 ,gifts are 9 ! ,ea/ a sign ( allegiance4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght is ?is3 ,! mo/ di/ant1 ! weal?ie/1 & ! mo/ p[]ful nations ( ! e>? %all d homage to ! ,messiah1 & consecrate to ,him !mselves & all t !y h4 ,b t :i* is ,pg #eji prophesi$ by a figurative repres5tation 9 ^! ,old ,te/am5t passages began to be fulfill$ by ! symbolical action ( ! ,magi1 by :i* ! image 0 repres5t$ ext]nally2 = ! gold1 inc5se1 & myrrh :i* !y consecrat$ to ! new-born ,k+ ( ! ,jews symboliz$ ! homage :i* !y (f]$ to ,him2 & ^! gifts are c]ta9ly expressly m5tion$ by ,mat!w = ?is reason1 t !y occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t passages4 ,z ?is ev5t =m$1 9 "o respect1 ! beg9n+ ( ! fulfilm5t1 s1 9 ano!r1 x =m$ a new prophecy by de$s1--! type ( a new1 great]1 & m prop] fulfilm5t4 ,! ,apo/les consid]$ ^! ,magi z ! types & repres5tatives ( ! :ole mass ( hea!n nations :o 71 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 to d homage to ! ,messiah4 ,!y 7 ! ambassadors1 z x 71 ( ! hea!n _w1 to greet ! new-born ,k+1 j z ! %eph]ds1 :om ,god ,himself _h *os51 7 ! deputies ( ! ,jews4 ,9 my "w on ,balaam1 pp4 #dhj-dhb1 ,i h prov$ t1 ev5 ) ^! ref]5ces1 ! cont5ts ( ! passage are n yet exhau/$1--t !re /ill rema9s a prom95t po9t1 viz41 ! /> :i* ! ,magi saw1 & t ?is ref]s to ,balaam's prophecy ( ! /> proce$+ f ,jacob4 ,b if x be e/abli%$ t ! view ( ! prophecy "u consid]ation1 :i* ! ,evangeli/ reports z t ( ! ,sanh$rim1 mu/1 at ! same "t1 be consid]$ z 8 own1 we mu/ also suppose t ! quotation1 ev5 9 its p>ticul>s1 is approv$ by him1 & t ! view :i* 0 fir/ advanc$ by ,j]ome 7,i believe t he wi%$ to exhibit ! neglig5ce ( ! scribes & prie/s1 & wrote x d[n z x _h be5 spok5 by !m71 & rec5tly by ,paulus1 _c be made use ( 9 ord] to ju/ify ! deviations1--if any %\ld inde$ be f\nd4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is1 we mu/ exam9e m closely ! quotation 9 its relation to ! orig9al text ( ! passage1 ,matt4 ii4 #f3 1 1 1 4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* dem&s our att5tion is = ! ,ephratah ( ! orig9al4 ,! reason ( ?is deviation is to be s\ght = 9 ! circum/ance1 t ! place appe>s z ,be?lehem ,judah 9 #a ,sam4 xvii4 #ab1 :]e x is m5tion$ ) a ref]5ce to ,david4 ,! deviation at ! beg9n+ has1 accord+ly1 ! same purpose ,pg #eaj z t at ! close4 ,z reg>ds ! grammatical exposition ( 1 x /&s =3 ,be?lehem situat$ 9 ! l& ( ,judah1--a %ort mode ( expression :i* is common 9 geographical & o!r simil> designations1 j z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t also we f9d 1 =3 ,be?lehem situat$ 9 ! l& ( ,judah4 ,! ass]tion ( _m int]pret]s1 t has "h ! signification t[n1 is z objectionable z ! attempt to *ange ! text1 made by ,fritzs*e1 :o advances no?+ on ! :ole v]se t c /& exam9ation4 ,! ,evangeli/ "h z little foll[s ! ,,lxx4 z he does ! ,hebrew text4 ,! =m] has "h3 1 7?us )\t an article4 ,cod4 ,vatic474 ,fritzs*e ?9ks t _h be5 br\ght into ! text f ! m>g94 ,b ! translator evid5tly consid]$ ,ephratah to be ! prop] "n ( ,caleb's wife 7#a ,*ron4 ii4 #ai1 #ej1 iv4 #d71 f :om o!rs also1 e4g41 ,adri*omius 7comp>e ,ba*i5e ii4 #b1 #aij71 d]iv$ ! "n ( ! place1 & did no?+ else ?an express m def9itely1 by ! subjo9$ 1 ! relation ( dep5d5ce :i*1 z he suppos$1 0 indicat$ by ! ,g5itive4 ,! app>5t contradiction1 t ! prophet calls ,be?lehem small1 :]eas ! ,evangeli/ speaks ( x z by no means small1 has already be5 s satisfactorily expla9$ by anci5t & mod]n int]pret]s 7comp>e1 e4g41 ,eu?ymius ,zigab5us l4 c4 p4 #ei3 ,al?\gh 9 appe>ance ?\ art small1 yet1 truly1 ?\ art by no means ! lea/ among ! pr9cipalities ( ! tribe ( ,judah2 ,mi*aelis3 ,micah1 look+ to ! outw>d condition1 calls x small2 ,mat!w1 look+ to ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 calls x by no means small1 inasmu* z1 by t bir?1 t t[n 0 9 a wond]ful mann] adorn$ & exalt$71 t we ne$ n dwell ^u x4 ,we only rem>k1 t ! supposition ( ,paulus1 t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim und]/ood ! v]se int]rogatively--,art ?\1 p]haps1 too small1 etc4--receives no confirmation f ! passage 9 ,pirke ,eliez]1 c4 #c1 :i* he quotes 9 fav\r ( x1 b :i* he saw only 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ,wetz/e92 =1 9 ! orig9al text1 ! v]se is quot$ 9 lit]al agreem5t ) ! ,hebrew orig9al2 comp>e ,eis5m5g]1 i4 p4 #caf4 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,*aldee1 :o ) simil> lib]ty p>aphrases1 ,?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephratah1 %alt soon be numb]$1 cle>ly %[s t ! deviation has aris5 r f an endeav\r to express ! s5se m ,pg #eaa cle>ly & def9itely4 ,on su* deviations1 ,calv9 /rik+ly rem>ks3 ,let ! read] always att5d to ! purpose = :i* ! ,evangeli/s quote ,scripture passages1 t !y may n scrupul\sly insi/ ^u s+le words1 b be satisfi$ ) ?is1--t ! ,scriptures are nev] di/ort$ by !m to a diff]5t s5se4--,micah introduces ,be?lehem 9 ! p]son ( its repres5tative2 b ?is figure ,mat!w has dropp$ at ! beg9n+4 ,in/ead ( ! ,mascul9e he puts ! ,fem99e 2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he r5d]s by 1 :i*1 9 a way n to be mi/ak51 sugge/s ?is repres5tation4 ,fritzs*e ann\nces himself z ! man :o w\ld heal ?is fdum solcismum :i* _h n hi!rto be5 rem>k$ by any "o4 ,he proposes to read3 1--& ?\ ,be?lehem1 by no means ! smalle/ "p ( ! l& ( ,judah1 art1 etc4 ,b altoge!r ap>t f ! arbitr>y *ange ( 1--:i* c]ta9ly no "o c\ld ev] h be5 tempt$ to put = ! m simple 1--! p]sonification c\ld ev5 !n n h be5 ma9ta9$1 & ! fdus solcismus w\ld /ill rema94 ,ev5 al?\gh ! be und]/ood 9 accordance ) ! elegantissimus ,grcorum usus1 ,be?lehem mu/1 aft] all1 be treat$ z a ?+--z a t[n4 ,nor is ! case mu* improv$ by ! assi/ance :i* ,fritzs*e imm$iately aft]w>ds endeav\rs to give to ! text3 1 1 1 among ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! families 9 ,judea4 ,is !re an in/ance 9 :i* means ! pr9cipal t[ns8 ,moreov]1 ! relation ( to ! subsequ5t 1 :i* requires ! ,mascul9e1 has be5 ov]look$4--,micah p]sonifies ,be?lehem f ! outset4 ,mat!w fir/ introduces ,be?lehem z a t[n1 b aft]w>ds passes to ! p]sonification by speak+ ( ! 2 in/ead ( ! tribes4 ,= ?is he _h a special reason 9 ! reg>d to ! subsequ5t 4 ,be?lehem1 al?\gh outw>dly small1 is1 not)/&+1 :5 reg>d$ f a high] po9t ( view1 ev5 9 ! pres5t by no means small among ! lead]s ( ,judah1 =1 f x1 9 ! future1 ! great lead] ( ,judah %all proce$4 ,?is relation1 :i* is s evid5t1 mu/ ! r be assum$1 t 9 ,micah also a contra/ occurs :i*1 z to ! s5se1 is altoge!r simil>4 ,x s]ves1 at ! ,pg #eab same "t1 = a pro( aga9/ ! assumption t ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ! ,aramean language1--a view :i* is1 g5]ally1 oppos$ also by ! free h&l+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text 9 ! :ole quotation4 ,! inconsi/5cy 9 ! use ( ! p]sonification is1 fur!r1 ! m easy ( explanation1 s9ce x is altoge!r ( an ideal "*1 &1 sub/antially1 p]son & t[n are n di/+ui%$4--,! la/ words 9 ,micah1 ,& ,8 go+s =?1 etc41 h be5 omitt$ by ,mat!w1 because !y 7 n ne$$ = 8 purpose1 :i* 0 to %[ t1 accord+ to ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,messiah 0 to be born at ,be?lehem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ( ,micah is p>aphras$ by3 1 4 ,^! words ref] to #b ,sam4 v4 #b3 ,& ! ,"l says to !e1 ,?\ %alt fe$ ,my p ,israel1 & ?\ %alt be a pr9ce ov] ,israel4 ,!y po9t out ! typical relation betwe5 ! fir/ ,david :o 0 born at ,be?lehem1 & ! second ,david1 ! ,messiah4 ,) respect to ! relation betwixt prophecy & its fulfilm5t1 we mu/ "h /ill make a g5]al rem>k4 ,x is ev]y:]e evid5t 7comp>e ! rem>ks on ,ze*4 ix4 #i71 t ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t =ms a second>y purpose ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b t 9 none ( ! latt] ?is fulfilm5t is ! sole object4 ,e "o1 on ! contr>y1 has its significance ap>t f ! prophecy2 & x is by ?is significance t prophecy & hi/ory are equally gov]n$4 ,?is g5]al rem>k is "h also confirm$4 ,! bir? ( ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem te/ifi$1 9 "o respect1 = ! div9e orig9 ( ! prophecy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &1 9 ano!r1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,b its ma9 object1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ?is1 0 to repres5t1 outw>dly also1 ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ f ,david4 ,?is 0 recognis$ by ! ,jews ev51 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 z appe>s f ! addition 1 ,john vii4 #db4 ,( ! two seats ( ! ,davidic family1 viz41 ,be?lehem & ,j]usalem1 ! =m] is *os51 p>tly1 because1 f its ext]nal littl5ess1 x 01 g5]ally1 v suitable = prefigur+ ! l[l9ess ( ! ,messiah at ! outset--a circum/ance :i* is expressly po9t$ out by ! prophet himself--& p>tly1 because x 0 peculi> to ! family ( ,david dur+ its obscurity2 :il/ ,j]usalem1 on ! contr>y1 belong$ to _! regal condition1--& ! ,messiah ,pg #eac 0 to be born 9 ! fall5 tab]nacle ( ,david1 to be a rod f ! cut (f /em ( ,jesse1 ,is4 xi4 #a4 ,t ?is ref]5ce also 0 9 ! view ( ! prophet1 seems to be evid5t f a comp>ison ( iii4 #ab1 & iv4 #h1 #i1 #ad4 ,at all ev5ts he consid]$ ! family ( ,david z hav+ altoge!r sunk at ! "t ( ! ,messiah's appe>+4 ,! v ?reat5+s 9 *ap4 i4-iii4 imply ! de/ruction ( ! ,davidic k+dom4 ,?is meets u1 v di/9ctly1 9 *ap4 iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v]4 #b4 ,!re=e w ,he give !m up until ! "t t %e :o is he>+ ha? br\ght =?2 & !n ! remnant ( 8 bre?r5 %all return unto ! sons ( ,israel4 ,! description ( :at ! ,messiah is to be/[ ^u ! ,cov5ant-p beg9s 9 ?is v]se1 & is c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! :ole *apt]4 ,by ! close connection ( v4 #a ) vi4 #i-ad is indicat$4 ,mi*aelis rem>ks3 ,because ?is is ! c\nsel ( ,god1 fir/ to afflict ,zion1 on acc\nt ( h] s9s1 &1 aft]w>ds only1 to re/ore h] ?r\gh ! ,messiah to be born at ,be?lehem4 ,9 *ap4 iv4 #i-ad1 x is impli$ t ! giv+ up w n t]m9ate be=e ,8 bir?2 9 v4 #a1 t x w come to an end ) ,8 bir?4 ,! :ole "t describ$ 9 iv4 #i-ad is a "t ( affliction1 ( giv+ up ,israel to ! _w's p[] 9 a ?reefold =m ( its manife/ation4 ,9 iv4 #ad1 h[ev]1 ! affliction has rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 & ! lucid int]val1 m5tion$ 9 v]s4 #ab1 #ac1 has fully expir$4 ,x is only :5 we look back to v4 #a alone1 t ! !re=e ) :i* our v]se op5s is n expla9$1 inasmu* z !re x is said only1 t ) ! ,messiah deliv]ance & salvation w\ld come1 b n t ! affliction w\ld cont9ue until ,he %\ld come4-- is simil>ly us$ 9 #b ,*ron4 xxx4 #g3 ,& be n ye l y\r fa!rs1 & l y\r bre?r5 :o trespass$ aga9/ ! ,"l ,god ( y\r fa!rs2 !re=e ,he gave !m up to desolation 7 71 z y see4 ,) respect to ! words1 ,until ! "t t %e :o is be>+ ha? br\ght =?1 !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! explanation ( ! ma9 po9t4 ,"o class ( int]pret]s--compreh5d+ ,eusebius & ,cyril1 & by f> ! greate/ numb] ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian expositors2 & among ! m rec5t1 ,ros5mll]1 ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,maur]1 & ,casp>i--und]/& ,pg #ead by h] :o is be>+1 ! "m ( ! ,messiah4 ,ano!r class und]/&s !reby ! ,congregation ( ,israel4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 diff] f ea* o!r z to ! signification & import ( ! figure ( ! bir?4 ,"s--,ab5dana1 ,calv91 & ,ju/i--suppose ! t]tium comp>ationis to be ! joy foll[+ ^u ! pa94 ,o!rs--,!odoret1 ,t>novius 7until ,israel1 l a fruitful "m1 has br\ght =? a num]\s prog5y71 ,vitr+a 79 8 ,comm5t>y on ,revel4 ,s4 #ecd7--suppose x to be ! great increase4 ,let u fir/ decide betwe5 ^! two modifications ( t view :i* ref]s ! words to ! ,congregation ( ,israel4 ,! =m]--! joy foll[+ aft] ! pa9--appe>s to be inadmissible = ?is s+le reason1 t among ! v num]\s passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e ! image ( a bir? is employ$1 !re does n occur ev5 "o1 9 :i* ! joy foll[+ aft] ! pa9 is made prom95t1 z is ! case 9 ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 all ! passages :i* come into consid]ation on ?is po9t1 x is r ! pa9 accompany+ ! bir? :i* is consid]$4 ,?us ,mic4 iv4 #aj2 ,is4 xxvi4 #ag2 ,j]4 iv4 #ca3 ,= ,i he> a voice z ( a woman 9 travail1 angui% z ( h] t br+e? =? h] fir/-born *ild1 ! voice ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 %e groane?1 spreade? h] h&s3 ,woe to me1 = my s\l is we>i$1 ?r\gh !m t kill2 xxx4 #f1 xlix4 #bd2 ,hos4 xiii4 #ac4 ,to consid] ! pa9 alone1 h[ev]1 z ! t]tium comp>ationis1 is inadmissible1 because1 9 t case1 we w\ld obta9 ! absurd mean+3 ! suff]+ %all cont9ue until ! suff]+ come?4 ,x is likewise impossible to und]/& ! br++ =? z ! highe/ degree ( affliction1--s t ! s5se w\ld be3 ! ,"l w give !m up until ! di/ress rea*es its highe/ po9t1--because ?is mean+ c\ld apply only 9 ! ev5t ( ! l[] degrees1 ! pa9s be=e ! bir?1 be+ also m5tion$4 ,!y :o hold & def5d ! second modification ( ?is view1 c inde$ ref] to1 & quote1 a l>ge numb] ( p>allel passages--almo/ all ( !m f ! second "p ( ,isaiah--:]e ?is image occurs ) a simil> signification4 ,?us1 e4g44 ,is4 liv4 #a3 ,%\t = joy1 ,o b>r51 ?\ t did/ n be>2 break =? into %\t+ & exult1 ?\ t did/ n travail2 = m num]\s are ! sons ( ! desolate ?an ! sons ( ! m>ri$ wife1 sai? ! ,"l2 xlix4 #ba1 #bb1 lxvi4 #g-i4 ,b we mu/ nev]!less pref] ,pg #eae to ?is explanation1 t :i* ref]s ! words to ! "m ( ! ,messiah1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 #a4 ,if ! words 7 to be ref]r$ to ! ,congregation ( ,israel1 we %\ld expect ! ,article be=e 4 ,= ! ,congregation ( ,israel is sub/antially m5tion$ 9 :at imm$iately prec$es2 %e is only a p]sonification ( ^? :o are to be giv5 up4 #b4 ,x is true t1 frequ5tly1 ! p]sonification is n consi/5tly c>ri$ out2 b ! circum/ance t "h1 9 ! same s5t5ce1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel are spok5 ( 9 ! plural 7,he w give !m up71 & t no trace ( a p]sonification is f\nd 9 :at foll[s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel are m5tion$ expressly1 makes ! pret5d$ p]sonification appe> 9 r an abrupt mann]1 s t su* an assumption w\ld be admissible 9 a case ( necessity only4 #c4 ,if ref]r$ to ! ,congregation ( ,israel1 ! relation ( ! ,messiah to t great ev5t1 & epo*1 is n intimat$ by a s+le ^w4 ,( ,him v]4 #a speaks1 & ( ,him v]s4 #c-e4 ,h[ !n c x be t 9 v]4 #b !re %\ld all at once be a transition to ! g5]al ,messianic repres5tation8 #d4 ,! suffix 9 1 :i* ref]s to ! ,messiah1 requires t ,he %\ld be indirectly m5tion$ 9 :at prec$es2 & su* is ! case1 only :5 ! is %e :o is to br+ =? ! ,rul] ann\nc$ 9 v]4 #a4 #e4 ,x appe>s f ! ref]5ce to ,g54 xxxv41 :i* we h already po9t$ out & prov$1 t ! prophet has 9 view "o :o is to br+ =? 9 ,be?lehem4 ,be?lehem1 :i* _h 9 anci5t times already become rem>kable by a bir?1 is 9 future to be ennobl$ by ano!r bir?1 inf9itely m important4 #f4 ,! comp>ison ( ,is4 vii4 #ad1 :]e likewise ! "m ( ! ,messiah is m5tion$2 comp>e ! rem>ks on t passage4 #g1 & la/ly--,! evid5t ref]5ce ( ,until ! "t t %e :o is be>+ ha? br\ght =? to ,f !e %all come =?1 sugge/s ! "m ( ! ,messiah4 ,t %e is designat$ z %e :o br+s =?1 may be expla9$ f ! circum/ance t %e comes into view "h 9 a relation :i* is altoge!r "o-sid$1 viz41 only z reg>ds ! "o ev5t ( ! bir? ( ! ,messiah4--,among ! bless+s :i* ! ,messiah is to conf] ^u ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l1 !re is fir/ ( all view$ ! fundam5tal bless+1 ! condition ( all o!rs1 viz41 ! *ange :i* ,he is to effect 9 ! disposition ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,pg #eaf ,x is ?is :i*1 above & be=e ev]y?+ else1 ne$s to be *ang$1 if ,israel is n any m to be giv5 up2 = ,israel :i* is s only by "n & 9 appe>ance1 is ! legitimate prey ( ! _w4--,by ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,messiah1 ! memb]s ( ! ,old ,cov5ant-p1 ,8 bre?r5 accord+ to ! fle%1 c alone be und]/ood4 ,!re is no ,old ,te/am5t analogy = ref]r+ ! expression to ! ,g5tiles4 ,we are l$ to ! ref]5ce to ,israel by ! connection ) ! fir/ memb] ( ! v]se4 ,! bre?r5 are su* z h become ! ,messiah's bre?r5 by ! circum/ance t ,he has be5 born ( ! ,be?lehemiti% woman :o is to br+ =? 7,casp>i74 ,we are l$ to x1 fur!r1 by v4 #a1 accord+ to :i*1 ! ,messiah is to be ,rul] 9 ,israel2 &1 /ill fur!r1 by ! fundam5tal passage 9 ,ps4 xxii4 #bc3 ,i w decl>e ,?y "n unto my bre?r51 :]e1 accord+ to ! address 9 v]4 #bd1 ! bre?r5 are all ! desc5dants ( ,israel1 among :om a great awak5+ is to be produc$4--,! con/ruction ( ) may be expla9$ by ! rem>k ( ,ewald3 /&s 9 its prim>y local signification ) v]bs also1 :5 ! ?+ moves to ano!r ?+1 & rema9s ^u x4 ,( a mat]ial return ! v]b ) is ?us us$ 9 ,prov4 xxvi4 #aa1 ,eccles4 i4 #f2--( a spiritual return1 #b ,*ron4 xxx4 #i3 :5 ye return to ! ,"l1 prop]ly1 ^u ! ,"l2 & ,mal4 iii4 #bd 7iv4 #f73 ,& he makes return ! he>ts ( ! fa!rs to ! sons1 1--:i* latt] passage has a /rik+ resemblance to ! "o "u review4 ,9 ! latt] signification mu/ be tak5 "h also4--,by ! sons ( ,israel1 "h1 z ord9>ily1 ! :ole ( ! ,cov5ant-p are signifi$1 & t by its highe/ & holie/ "n4 ,f ?is holy communion1 ! wick$--! s\ls :i*1 accord+ to ! expression ( ! ,"l1 are cut (f f _! p--are sep>at$ & dissev]$2 comp>e my comm5t>y on ,ps4 lxxiii4 #a4 ,! :ole description ( ! prevail+ corruption1 & especially vii4 #a1 #b1 %[ u to :at an ext5t ?is sep>ation exi/$ at ! "t ( ! prophet4 ,b1 by ! ,savi\r1 ?is sep>ation is to be aboli%$1 & ! lo/ & w&]+ are to be br\ght back to ! communion ( ! *ur*1--a "w :i*1 accord+ to ,rom4 xi41 w be p]fect$ 9 ! future only4#a ,pg #eag ,v]4 #c4 ,& ,he /&s & fe$s 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! "n ( ! ,"l ,8 ,god2 & !y dwell1 = n[ %all ,he be great unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,9 ?is v]se we are told :at ! ,savi\r %all d = awak5$ &1 ?us1 inw>dly unit$ ,israel4 ,he /&s1 has "h n ! signification ( ,he abides1 b belongs m]ely to ! graphic description ( ! habit ( ! %eph]d2 comp>e ,is4 lxi4 #e3 ,& /rang]s /& & fe$ y\r flocks4 ,! %eph]d /&s1 lean+ ^u 8 /aff1 & ov]looks ! flock4 ,! connection ( ,he fe$s ) 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 we _c bett] express ?an ,calv9 has done 9 ! words3 ,! ^w 'to fe$' expresses :at ,*ri/ w be t[>ds ,8 p1 i4e41 t[>ds ! flock committ$ to ,him4 ,he does n ex]cise dom9ion 9 ! ,*ur* l a =midable tyrant :o keeps d[n 8 subjects ?r\gh t]ror1 b ,he is a ,%eph]d1 & treats ,8 %eep ) all ! g5tl5ess :i* !y c desire4 ,b1 inasmu* z we are surr\nd$ on all sides by enemies1 ! prophet adds3 ',he %all fe$ 9 ! /r5g?1' etc42 i4e41 z mu* p[] z !re is 9 ,god1 s mu* protection !re w be 9 ,*ri/1 :5 x is necess>y to def5d & protect ,8 ,*ur* aga9/ enemies4 ,we may le>n1 !n1 f ?is1 t we may expect z mu* ( salvation f ,*ri/ z !re is /r5g? 9 ,god4 ,! great ,k+ is s closely unit$ to ,god1 t ! :ole fulness ( div9e p[] & maje/y belongs to ,him4 ,su* attributes are nev] giv5 to any e>?ly k+4 ,su* a k+ has1 inde$1 /r5g? 9 ! ,"l1 ,is4 xlv4 #bd2 ,! ,"l give? /r5g? to ,8 k+1 & exalte? ! horn ( ,8 ano9t$1 #a ,sam4 ii4 #aj2 b ! :ole /r5g? & maje/y ( ,god are n 8 possession4 ,! passage ,pg #eah 9 ,is4 ix4 #e 7#f7 is p>allel1--:]e ! ,messiah is call$ 1 ,god-h]o4--,! "n ( ,god po9ts to ! ri* fulness 9 de$s1 by :i* ,he has manife/$ ! glory ( ,8 nature4 ,! ,messiah w be ! brightness & image ( ?is ,8 glory1--a glory :i* is manife/$ by acts1 & n a glory :i* is inactive & conceal$4 ,!y dwell =ms a contra/ to ! disquietude & scatt]+1 & we are1 !re=e1 n at lib]ty to supply safely be=e x4 ,! la/ words are depriv$ ( _! mean+ & significance by explanations su* z t ( ,da!3 ,8 "n %all atta9 to great r5[n & celebrity4 ,! gr\nd ( ! pres5t re/ & safety ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,"l r is ?is1--t h] ,head has n[ ext5d$ ,8 dom9ion beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ,pale/9e1 ov] ! :ole e>?2 comp>e iv4 #c4--b ,sam4 vii4 #i _c "h be comp>$1 z !re ! "n ( ! ,"l is n spok5 ( z x is "h4 ,t ! be+ great "h implies real dom9ion 7,maur]3 auctoritate et pot5tia valebit71 :i* alone c af=d a pl$ge = ! dwell+ 9 safety1 is %[n also by ! fundam5tal passages ,ps4 ii4 #h1 lxxii4 #h2 comp>e ,ze*4 ix4 #aj4 ,9 ,luke i4 #cb ! passage be=e u is ref]r$ to4 ,! n[ does n by any means =m a contra/ ) a =m] condition ( ! ,messiah1 b ) ! =m] condition ( ! ,congregation :5 %e did n enjoy s p[]ful a ,rul]4 ,v]4 #d4 ,& ?is 7man7 is peace4 ,:5 ,as%ur comes into our l&1 & :5 he treads 9 our palaces1 we raise aga9/ him sev5 %eph]ds1 & eight pr9ces ( m54 ,v]4 #e4 ,& !y fe$ ! l& ( ,as%ur ) ! sword1 & ! l& ( ,nimrod 9 its gates2 & ,he protects f ,as%ur :5 he comes into our l&1 & :5 he treads )9 our bord]s4 ,& ?is man 7,he ^: glory has j be5 describ$7 is peace1--,he be/[s t :i* we h s mu* ne$$1 & long$ = ) s mu* anxiety 9 ^! tr\bl\s times be=e ,8 appe>+4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 & ) ref]5ce to ! passage be=e u1 x is said 9 ,ephes4 ii4 #ad3 1 comp>e also ,judges vi4 #bd3 ,& ,gideon built an alt> !re unto ! ,"l1 & call$ x ,jehovah-,peace1 4 ,ab&on+ ?is explanation1 :i* is s natural1 ,jona?an1 ,grotius1 ,ros5mll]1 & ,w9] expla93 ,& !re w be peace to u1--an int]pretation1 h[ev]1 :i* is inadmissible ev5 on philological gr\nds1 is n[h]e us$1 ei!r ,pg #eai z ,adv]b1 loci "h1 or z ,adv]b1 temp4 !n4 ,z reg>ds ! latt]1 su* passages z ,g54 xxxi4 #da--,^! are to me tw5ty ye>s1 in/ead (1 tw5ty ye>s h n[ elaps$--are1 ( c\rse1 n at all to ! purpose4 ,b ( su* a k9d are almo/ all ! examples quot$ by ,nolde4 ,9 ,e/h] ii4 #ac is us$4 ,! v]b 9 v]4 #e is likewise 9 fav\r ( und]/&+ p]sonally2 comp>e also ,ze*4 ix4 #aj3 ,& ,he %all speak peace unto ! nations4--,!re c sc>cely be any d\bt t ! words allude to ! "n ( ,solomon1 & t ! ,messiah is repres5t$ 9 !m z ! ,antitype ( ,solomon4 ,^u ?is po9t !re is ! less room = d\bt1 because ev5 ,solomon himself call$ ! ,messiah by 8 "n 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon2 & 9 ,is4 ix4 #e 7#f7 also1 ,he is1 ) an evid5t allusion to ! "n ( ,solomon1 call$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4--,all :i* foll[s aft] ^! words1 to ! end ( v]4 #e1 is only a p>ticul>iz+ expansion ( ! words3 ,& ?is 7man7 is peace4 ,int]pret]s h almo/ all agre$1 t ,as%ur1 ! mo/ dang]\s enemy ( ! ,cov5ant-p at ! "t ( ! prophet1 /&s "h z a type ( ! enemies ( ! ,cov5ant-p4 ,ev5 ,l4 ,baur has translat$3 ,& ?\gh ano!r ,as%ur1 etc41 ) a ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,virgil to :i* allusion _h already be5 made by ,ca/alio3 ,alt] erit tum ,tiphys et alt]a qu vehat ,argo delectos h]oas4 ,t ! prophet1 h[ev]1 0 fully consci\s ( 8 "h us+ ,as%ur typically1 appe>s f iv4 #i1 #aj4 ,=1 accord+ to ^! v]ses1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree cata/rophes :i* prec$$ ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 proce$s f a new phase ( ! _w's p[]1 viz41 f ! ,babylonian empire1 ! ris+ ( :i* implies ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,assyrian4 ,b ! figurative elem5t 9 ! repres5tation goes /ill f>!r4 ,f v]4 #i ff4--accord+ to :i* ! ,"l makes ,8 p outw>dly def5celess1 be=e !y become1 9 ,*ri/1 ! conqu]ors ( ! _w--x is obvi\s t ! spiritual /ruggle aga9/ ! _w's p[] is "h repres5t$ "u ! image ( ! outw>d /ruggle1 c>ri$ on ) ! sword4 ,"o might be tempt$ to conf9e ! ?\ght ( ! passage to ?is3 ,! ,messiah af=ds to ,8 p ! same protection & security z w\ld a l>ge numb] ( brave pr9ces ) _! ho/s1 inasmu* z ! be/[al ( ^! 01 "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ord9>y means by :i* ! ,"l deliv]$ ,8 p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! spiritual "* ,pg #ebj ( ! /ruggle only be ma9ta9$1 !re is no suffici5t reason = consid]+ ! sev5 & m %eph]ds & ! pr9ces z m]e imag]y1 because1 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ also1 ! cause ( ! k+dom ( ,god is c>ri$ on by human in/rum5ts1 :om ,he furni%es ) ,8 own /r5g?4 ,! words1 ,?is 7man7 is peace1 & ,he protects1 9 v]4 #e1 %[ inde$ ) suffici5t di/9ctness1 t1 9 ! ma91 ,*ri/ is ! only ,savi\r1--! %eph]ds1 ,8 in/rum5ts only1--& _! _w-conqu]+ p[]1 a d]iv$ "o only4 ,! app>5t contradiction ( ! passage be=e u to iv4 #a-c1 vii4 #ab--;accord+ to :i* ! hea!n nations %all1 9 ! "t ( ! ,messiah1 spontane\sly press t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,god--is remov$ by ! rem>k1 t we h "h be=e u two diff]5t /reams :i* may z well fl[ toge!r 9 prophecy z !y d 9 hi/ory4 ,! zeal ) :i* ! nations press t[>ds ! k+dom is1 9 "p1 greatly call$ =? by ! fact1 t1 9 attack+ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 !y h exp]i5c$ its _w-conqu]+ p[]4 ,! circum/ance t ! words1 ,?is 7man7 is peace1 /& at ! beg9n+1 proves t ! ma9 idea is ! security ( ! k+dom ( ,god aga9/ all ho/ile attacks4 ,= ! l reason x is1 t[>ds ! end1 resum$ 9 ! words1 ,& ,he protects1 etc4 ,b ?is af=ds no reason = say+1 ) ,casp>i3 ,x =ms "p ( ! def5ce1 x is inde$ its consummation1 t ! w> is c>ri$ into ,as%ur4 ,9 ! fir/ hemi/i* ( v]4 #e1 x is intimat$ r1 t1 9 ! "t ( ! ,messiah1 ! positions ( ! _w & ( ! p ( ,god are *ang$1--t ! latt] becomes _w-conqu]+2 & = ?is reason1 e ?\ght ( _! own insecurity mu/ s mu* ! r disappe>4 ,! l& ( ,nimrod is1 accord+ to ,g54 x4 #aa1 ,as%ur4 ,! gates are ^? ( ! cities & =tresses1 correspond+ )1 ,:5 he treads 9 our palaces1 9 v]4 #d4 ,x weak5s ! s5se to ?9k ( ! gates ( ! c\ntry1 z su*1 i4e41 ! bord]s4 ,! attack1 on ! contr>y1 is direct$ aga9/1 & /rikes ! real c5tre ( ! seat ( ! _w's p[]1 j z1 =m]ly1 ! /roke 0 always direct$ aga9/ ,zion4 ,) reg>d to ! rema9+ "p ( ! *apt]1 we cont5t ourselves ) a m]e /atem5t ( ! cont5ts4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,"l %all1 at t "t1 n only be lovely & refre%+1 v]4 #f 7#g71 7?is is ! con/ant signification ( ! ,pg #eba image ( ! dew1 comp>e ,ps4 cx4 #c1 cxxxiii4 #c1 lxxii4 #f2 ! relative pron\n mu/ be ref]r$ to ! grass1 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e2 t :i* ! dew desc5d+ f heav5 is to ! grass1 ,israel w1 9 8 heav5ly mission1 be to ! hea!n _w71 b at ! same "t fe>ful & irresi/ible1 v]s4 #g1 #h 7#h1 #i72 ! latt] ( ^! qualities %all %[ itself n only z a curse 9 ! case ( ob/9ate despis]s1 b also z a bless+ 9 ! case ( ^? :o are e/rang$ f ! k+dom ( ,god1 ?r\gh ignorance only4 ,resum+ !n ! la/ words ( v]4 #h 7#i71 ,all ?9e enemies %all be cut (f1 ! prophet decl>es t be=e ?is ^w %all be fulfill$1 ! de/ructive activity ( ! ,"l w be manife/$ 9 ,israel itself4 ,he w cut (f by ,8 judgm5ts1 & by ! cata/rophes describ$ 9 iv4 #i-ad1 ev]y?+ 9 :i*1 9 ! pres5t1 !y plac$ a c>nal confid5ce1 ev]y?+ by :i* !y became ext]nally /rong & p[]ful 7,casp>i3 ,a cutt+ (f1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( all :]e) else:]e enemies are commonly cut (f71 & s likewise all idolatry1 to :i* ! ,*aldean cata/rophe already put a viol5t end4 ,x is only ( su* a t]m9ation by =ce1 & n ( a purely inw>d effect ( ! g5tle p[] ( ! ,_s !n p\r$ out ^u !m1 t ! words "h1 z well z 9 ref]5ce to ! horses1 etc41 p]mit u to ?9k4 ,! two k9ds ( objects ( false confid5ce are !n1 9 conclusion1 9 v]4 #ac 7#ad7 once m summ$ up1--:5 ! cities1 j z 9 v]4 #aj 7#aa71 come into view z =tresses only4 ,if ?us ! pa? be cle>$ & prep>$ = ! ,"l1 ,he w1 on behalf ( ,8 p1 execute v5geance ^u ! hea!n _w4 ,footnote #a3 ,aft] ! example ( ,h(mann1 ,casp>i gives ?is exposition3 ,& ! remnant ( ,8 bre?r51 viz41 ! inhabitants ( ,judah1 %all return f ! captivity to ,canaan1 along ) ! sons ( ,israel1 i4e41 ! t5 tribes4 ,b ! return f ! captivity nev] appe>s 9 ! prophets1 z a "w ( ! ,messiah4 ,x has "h tak5 place long be=e ,8 appe>+3 *ap4 iv4 #aj1 iv4 #aa-ad supposes x to h tak5 place1 & ,zion to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,! bre?r5 ( ! ,messiah c nei!r be ! inhabitants ( ,judah especially1 nor ! sons ( ,israel1 ! t5 tribes1 unless ! anti!sis to ,judah be di/9ctly express$4 ,x is absurd to suppose t ! t5 tribes %\ld appe> z ^? *iefly :o are to be r$eem$4 1 :i* means to return1 _c be us$ simply ( a return to ! c\ntry1 :ile ) c1 accord+ to ! usus loqu5di1 be und]/ood only 9 ! s5se ( to return to1 etc41 etc4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,we %all n[1 9 conclusion1 give a survey ( ! ?ird & clos+ disc\rse ( ! prophet4 ,aft] an introduction 9 vi4 #a1 #b1 :]e ! m\nta9s s]ve only to give great] solemnity to ! sc5e 79 ! fundam5tal passages ,deut4 xxxii4 #a1 & 9 ,is4 #a1 #b1 heav5 & e>? are m5tion$ = ! same purposes1 inasmu* z !y are ! mo/ v5]able p>ts ( creation2 cont5d ) ! m\nta9s by tak+ !m 9 & apply+ to ,pg #ebb !m z he>]s71 ! prophet rem9ds ! p ( ! b5efits :i* !y h repaid ) +ratitude1 v]s4 #c-e4 7,9 v]4 #e ^? facts also :i* s]v$ z a pro( ( its tru?1 are consid]$ z "p ( ,balaam's answ]47 ,he !n1 9 v]s4 #f-h1 %[s ! fallacy ( ! imag9ation t !y c\ld satisfy ! ,"l by ! obs]vance ( ! m]e outw>d =ms ( wor%ip1 ?\gh su* %\ld be increas$ to ! utmo/1 & p]=m$ 9 a mann] totally diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 9 ! pres5t1 & po9ts out ! spiritual dem&s already made ev5 by ! law1 & especially by ,deut4 x4 #ab1 a compliance ) :i* c\ld alone be pleas+ to ! ,"l4 ,f vi4 #i-vii4 #f1 he %[s to h[ limit$ an ext5t ^! dem&s are compli$ ) by ! p1--h[ true & cordial piety & ju/ice h disappe>$ f ! mid/ ( !m1--& h[1 !re=e1 ! ?reat5+s ( ! law mu/1 & %all be fulfill$ ^u !m4 ,! repro( & ?reat5+ are !n foll[$ by ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation1 :i* ref]s inde$ to ! ,messianic times1 b )\t any m5tion 9 x ( ! p]son ( ! ,messiah1 ! brightness ( :i* meets u only 9 ! ma9 body ( ! prophecy4 ,! ma9 ?\ght "h also is ! entirely alt]$ position ( ,israel 9 _! relation to ! hea!n _w4 ,a day is com+--s x is said 9 v]4 #aa--to build ?y walls2 9 t day %all ! law be f> remov$4 is us$ especially ( ! walls & f5ces ( v9ey>ds2 & "u ! image ( a v9ey>d1 ,israel appe>s z e>ly z 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,! wall ar\nd ! v9ey>d ( ,israel is ! protection aga9/ ! hea!n _w2 ,is4 v4 #e4 ,! law is1 accord+ to ! context1 9 :i* ! hea!n oppressors are spok5 (1 t :i* is impos$ by !m ^u ! p ( ,god2 ,ps4 xciv4 #bj4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,a day x is :5 !y %all come to !e f ,as%ur1 & f ! cities ( ,egypt1 & f ,egypt to ! riv]1 & to sea f sea1 & to m\nta9 f m\nta94 ,x is n en\gh t ! p ( ,god are fre$ f ! s]vitude ( ! _w4 ,!y %all become ! objects ( ! long+ ( ! nations1 ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful & ho/ile4 ,!y become ! magnet :i* attracts !m2 comp>e iv4 #a1 #b4 ,f among ! hea!n nations ,as%ur & ,egypt are fir/ specially m5tion$1 z ! two pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ho/ility aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ! pres5t & pa/1 &1 at ! same "t1 z ! two mo/ p[]ful empires at ! "t ( ! prophet ,pg #ebc--! latt] quality be+ indicat$ by ! circum/ance ( ,egypt's appe>+ "u ! "n 1 =tress4 ,b !n1 by ! expressions f sea to sea1 f m\nta9 to m\nta91 :i* are equival5t to f e sea to e sea1 etc41 all b>ri]s 9 g5]al are completely remov$2 comp>e 9 v4 #c 7#d7 ! words3 ,he %all be great unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 7,! subject 9 c only be ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries !mselves1 n ! ,jews liv+ !re4 ,if ! latt] _h be5 int5d$1 a m di/9ct indication ( x w\ld h be5 requir$4 ,! ,mascul9e ,suffix to !e1 i4e41 n to ,zion b to ,israel1 is oppos$ to su* a ref]5ce4 ,?is %[s cle>ly t !y :o come are diff]5t f ,israel4 ,9 entire h>mony ) ?is prophecy is ,is4 xix4 #ah-be47 ,b1 be=e su* glory c be be/[$ ^u ! p ( ,god1 ! irrevocable judgm5t mu/ fir/ h done its fe>ful "w1 v]4 #ac2 comp>e ! fundam5tal passage ,lev4 xxvi4 #cc1 & ,is4 i4 #g4 ,9 v]4 #ad ! ann\ncem5t ( salvation takes a new />t4 ,v]s4 #ah-bj =m ! sublime close1 n only ( ! la/ disc\rse1 b also ( ! :ole book1 z is cle>ly indicat$ by ! co9cid5ce ( ! words1 ,:o is1 ,o ,god1 l unto ,!e8 v]4 #ah1 ) ! m5tion ( ,micah's "n 9 ! inscription4 ,! "n ( ! prophet1 by :i* he is d$icat$ to ! incomp>able ,god1 has be5 confirm$ by ! cont5ts ( 8 prophecy4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t p>allel passage is ,rom4 xi4 #cc-cf3 ,:o is1 ,o ,god1 l unto ,!e2 p>don+ iniquity1 & remitt+ transgression to ! remnant ( ,8 h]itage8 ,he reta9e? n ,8 ang] = ev]1 because ,he delighte? 9 m]cy4 ,:o is1 ,o ,god1 l unto ,!e8 s ! p once already sang aft] ! r$emption f ,egypt4 ,?us x res\nds /ill m l\dly 9 ! view ( ! antitypal r$emption1 by :i* ! fundam5tal def9ition ( ! div9e nature 9 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f1 #g1 & ,david's praise ( div9e m]cy 9 ,ps4 ciii41 are fully realiz$4 ,he w return & h compassion ^u u 7accord+ to ! promise 9 ,deut4 xxx4 #c71 w ov]come our iniquities 7:i*1 l a cruel tyrant1 l ,ph>aoh ( old1 subject$ u to _! p[]1 ,ps4 xix4 #ad71 & ca/ all _! s9s into ! dep? ( ! sea1 z once ,he ca/ ! pr\d ,egyptians1 ,exod4 xv4 #e-aj4 ,?\ wilt give tru? to ,jacob1 & m]cy to ,abraham1 z ,?\ ha/ sworn unto our fa!rs f ! days ( old4 ,pg #ebd ,blank page ,pg #ebe ,works ,publi%$ by ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,prospectus ,,( ,,! ,,ante-,,nic5e ,,*ri/ian ,,libr>y4 ,,messrs ,,cl>k ( ,ed9burgh1 ,publi%]s ( ! ,=eign ,!ological ,libr>y1 beg respectfully to invite att5tion to ! ,prospectus ( a ,collection ( all ! works ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 prior to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 to be ,edit$ by ,,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,rob]ts1 ,d4,d41 ,au?or ( ',discussions on ! ,gospels1' ,etc42 ,,& ,,james ,,donaldson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or ( ',a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature & ,doctr9e f ! ,dea? ( ! ,apo/les to ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil4' ,,! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians are all[$ on all h&s to be ( great importance1 & to be inve/$ ) a peculi> int]e/2 & regrets h (t5 be5 express$ t x %\ld be s difficult to "k _! cont5ts4 ,_m ( !m are m]e fragm5ts2 & :]e complete works exi/1 ! text is (t5 s corrupt1 & ! /yle is s involv$1 t ev5 a good classical s*ol> is repell$ f _! p]usal4 ,if ! /ud5t ( ,lat9 & ,greek meets ) ob/acles1 ! m]ely ,engli% read] is absolutely )\t ! means ( in=mation4 ,! great] "p ( ! mo/ important writ+s h nev] be5 translat$2 & ^? translations :i* h be5 made are1 ) ! exception ( ! few execut$ 9 rec5t times1 = ! mo/ "p loose1 inaccurate1 & difficult to procure4 ,to supply ?is great want is ! object ( ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y4 ,all ! ,*ri/ian writ+s antec$5t to ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil h be5 put into ! h&s ( compet5t translators4 ,^! w make x _! fir/ & pr9cipal aim to produce translations z fai?ful z possible1 uncol\r$ by any bias1 dogmatic or ecclesia/ical4 ,!y w also endeav\r1 9 brief notes1 to place ! ,engli% read] 9 ! position ( ^? acqua9t$ ) ! orig9al languages4 ,!y w indicate important v>iations 9 ! text2 !y w give diff]5t translations ( ! same passage :]e m ?an "o h be5 propos$2 !y w note ! v>i\s mean+s attribut$ to ! words 9 ecclesia/ical controv]sies2 & :5 ! anci5t docum5ts appe> 9 widely diff]5t =ms1 ! v>i\s =ms w be pres5t$4 ,at ! same "t1 !y w /rive to comb9e ) ?is /rict accuracy & fai?fulness z mu* elegance z may be consi/5t ) ! ma9 aim4 ,%ort biographical ,pg #ebf & explanatory notices w be prefix$ to ea* translation2 & 9 e case :]e !re is v>iety ( op9ion1 ! writ] w ab/a9 f express+ 8 own s5tim5ts1 & conf9e himself simply to an imp>tial /atem5t ( ! op9ions ( ! mo/ notewor?y critics on ! po9t4 ,! foll[+ are ! works :i* are n[ be+ translat$3-- ,i4 ,! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 includ+ ! ,epi/les ( ,clem5s ,romanus1 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius 9 _! v>i\s =ms1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 & ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 ) ! ,m>tyria ( ,ignatius & ,polyc>p4 ,,ii4 ,! und\bt$ & d\btful works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1--! ,apologies1 ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 ! ,oratio ad ,g5tiles1 ! ,cohortatio1 ! ,de ,mon>*ia1 & ! fragm5ts on ! ,resurrection1 along ) ! ,m>tyrium ( "o ,ju/94 ,,iii4 ,! works ( ,tatian1 ,a!nagoras1 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 ,h]mias1 & ! fragm5ts ( ! re/ ( ! ,apologi/s4 ,,iv4 ,ir5aeus3 ,all 8 extant works4 ,v4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us3 ,all 8 extant works4 ,,vi4 ,orig54 ,! ,s]ies w include ! ,de ,pr9cipiis1 & ! ,contra ,celsum4 ,! re/ ( 8 works w be translat$ if ! ,s]ies is successful4 ,,vii4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,julius ,africanus1 & ( ! o!r writ]s giv5 9 ,dr ,r\?'s ,reliqui ,sacr4 ,,viii4 ,! works g5]ally ascrib$ to ,hippolytus1 along ) ! rec5tly discov]$ ,refutatio ,omnium ,hresium4 ,,ix4 ,! works ascrib$ to ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 ,me?odius1 & o!rs ( ! same p]iod4 ,x4 ,! ,recognitions & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ! ,lett]s ( ,clem5s on ,virg9ity1 ! ,con/itutions1 ! ,canons ( ! ,apo/les1 ,decrees ( ,c\ncils till ! p]iod ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 & ! ,m>tyria writt5 )9 ! p]iod1 & g5]ally believ$ to be g5u9e4 ,,xi4 ,! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 & o!r ,apocryphal ,lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,xii4 ,! ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix4 ,,xiii4 ,! entire works ( ,t]tullian4 ,,xiv4 ,all ! g5u9e works ( ,cyprian4 ,,xv4 ,arnobius adv]sus ,g5tes4 ,,xvi4 ,! works ( ,lactantius4 ,,xvii4 ,! extant works ( ,novatian1 ,victor9us1 ,commodianus1 & o!r ,*ri/ian ,lat9 writ]s prec$+ ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice4 ,pg #ebg ,x is int5d$ to include 9 ! ,s]ies e ,*ri/ian writ+ & docum5t produc$ be=e ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 :e!r 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ?iopic1 or 9 any o!r language4 ,! li/ includes a numb] ( works1 "s portions ( :i* are g5]ally believ$ to h be5 writt5 aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice2 b z o!r portions 71 or may h be51 writt5 be=e t "t1 x has be5 ?\ght ! saf] c\rse to give !m fully4 ,only ^? works :i* are n[ all[$ on e h& to h be5 writt5 aft] ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 w be exclud$4 ,x is believ$ t ! writ+s compris$ 9 ! above ,synopsis w =m ab\t sixte5 or eighte5 ,volumes1 9 demy octavo1 ( a size simil> to ! ,publi%]s' ,=eign ,!ological ,libr>y2 & ! ,s]ies w be publi%$ at ! same rate to ,subscrib]s1 namely-- ,,f\r ,,volumes = ,,"o ,,gu9ea4 ,ea* "w w h a sep>ate ,index2 & a v complete ,index to ! :ole ,s]ies w be publi%$ 9 a sep>ate ,volume1 especial c>e be+ tak5 hi its compilation4 ,! ,publi%]s' arrangem5ts are su*1 t ! publication1 once comm5c$1 w proce$ v rapidly2 s t1 :il/ no ,subscrib] w be requir$ to take ! "w m rapidly ?an f\r ,volumes annually1 x is highly probable t ! :ole may be f9i%$ at a mu* e>li] p]iod1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o may desire to h _! sets complet$4 ,! ,volumes w be h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 ) r$ edges2 b ,subscrib]s may h !m ) uncut edges1 by intimat+ _! wi% ) _! ord]4 ,!y w be greatly oblig$ by int5d+ ,subscrib]s fill+ up ! accompany+ ,slip1 & return+ x to !m spe$ily1 z ?is w v mu* facilitate _! arrangem5ts4 9999 ,:5 n paid 9 advance1 ! retail ,booksell] is entitl$ to *>ge #bds 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 444444444444444444444444444444444444444# ahf 4 ,i reque/ ,messrs ,cl>k to ins]t my "n 9 _! li/ ( ,subscrib]s to ! ,,ante-,,nic5e ,,*ri/ian ,,libr>y1 & to =w>d ! books z publi%$1 ?r\gh my booksell]1 ,mr 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 7,sign$744444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444 ,if x is pref]r$ to h ! works =w>d$ direct p] railway or book po/ 7at co/ ( po/age71 ,x is reque/$ t x be s /at$4 ,! ,subscription is payable 9 advance1 annually1 on or be=e ! ,,fir/ ,issue = ea* ,ye>4 ,pg #ebh ,n[ ready1 9 ,f\r ,volumes1 demy #hvo1 price #cbs41 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,geography ,,( ,,pale/9e ,,& ,,! ,,s9aitic ,,p59sula4 ,by ,,c>l ,,ritt]1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geography ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,b]l94 ,translat$ & ,adapt$ to ! use ( ,biblical ,/ud5ts1 by ,,william ,l4 ,,gage4 ,,c>l ,,ritt]1 ! late ,pr(essor ( ,geography 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 is kn[n by "n to _m :o are comp>atively un9=m$ respect+ ! ext5t & value ( 8 lab\rs4 ,9 portray+ ! connection ( geography ) ! physical sci5ces1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt _h no sup]ior2 :ile 9 e/abli%+ ! relation betwe5 geography & hi/ory1 ,,c>l ,,ritt] 0 z unque/ionably pre-em95t4 ,a *air 0 creat$ = him 9 ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity z e>ly z #ahbj4 ,he liv$ to occupy x = =ty ye>s1 & to conf] no less hon\r ^u ! city :]e he resid$1 & ! in/itution 9 :i* he taught1 ?an ^u 8 own "n4 ,& ?\gh b slight glimpses ( 8 c>e] h be5 caught by ! p ( ,great ,brita91 yet su* ref]5ces to him z t 9 ! ,preface to ,rob9son's ,biblical ,rese>*es1 & works ( a simil> "*1 w conv9ce ! read]s ( ?is c\ntry t :atev] comes f 8 p5 mu/ h great & p]man5t value4 ,pr(essor ,,ritt]',s ma9 "w relates to ,asia1 & includes !re=e all ( t t]ritory :i* is kn[n z ! ,holy ,l&4 ,to ?is1--includ+ ! ,lebanon di/rict1 ,pale/9e prop]1 ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1--,,ritt] devotes a space equal to #fjjj pages ( ! size employ$ 9 ,messrs ,cl>k's publications4 ,to translate a mass s volum9\s z ?is w\ld be evid5tly impracticable2 & yet ! imm5se erudition & p[] ( graphic description ( ,pr(essor ,,ritt]1 conjo9$ ) ! fact t he br\ght to ! /udy ( ! ,holy ,l&1 n ! unbelief ( a rationali/1 b liv+ fai? ( a g5u9e ,*ri/ian1 has conv9c$ ! publi%]s t a portion ( 8 great "w w\ld be a welcome (f]+ to all /ud5ts ( ,biblical ,geography4 ,messrs ,cl>k accord+ly n[ publi% a translation execut$ by ,,rev4 ,,william ,l4 ,,gage1 a pupil & fri5d ( ! lam5t$ ,,ritt]1 compris+ t portion ( ! volumes relat+ to ! ,holy ,l&1 :i*1 9 8 judgm5t z editor1 %all be ! mo/ acceptable addition to our biblical lit]ature4 ,! "w is compris$ 9 f\r octavo volumes4 ,,mr ,,gage has be5 engag$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ! /udy & int]pretation ( ,pr(essor ,,ritt]',s writ+s1 & has enjoy$ ! active co-op]ation ( _m ( ! mo/ em95t liv+ geograph]s4 ,! ma9 object :i* has be5 held 9 view 9 cond5s+ & 9 select+ f ! orig9al1 is to prep>e ! "w = ! use ( biblical /ud5ts4 ,ev]y?+ illu/rat+ ! ,bible bas be5 consid]$ ( prime importance1 & ev]y?+ has be5 reta9$1 ne$ful to ma9ta9 ! unity ( ! "w4 ,notes are add$1 indicative ( discov]ies made s9ce ,,ritt] wrote1 & ! object has nev] be5 lo/ f sight--to make ! "w wor?y ( tak+ ! same place 9 ,engli% t x has already done 9 ,g]man lit]ature4