file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cjcbe-;h4htm or #cjcbe-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cjcbe_/pg#cjcbe-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjcb e_/cjcbe-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,"o typographical error has be5 correct$3 x is li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,illu/rations occurr+ 9 ! middle ( a p>agraph 7 mov$ to ! ne>e/ p>agraph's beg9+4 ,libr>y ,edition ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,draw+ ,,& ,,p]spective ,,! ,,two ,,pa?s ,,unto ,,?is ,,la/ ,,mun]a ,,pulv]is ,,sesame ,,& ,,lilies ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,du/ ,national ,libr>y ,association ,new ,york ,*icago ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,?ree ,,lett]s ,,to ,,beg9n]s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface ix ,,lett] ,i4 ,,on ,,fir/ ,,practice #a ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature #fe ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,color ,,& ,,composition #ajf ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,illu/rative ,,notes #ahc ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,be ,,/udi$ #ahh ,! ,elem5ts ( ,draw+ 0 writt5 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahef4 ,! ,fir/ ,edition 0 publi%$ 9 #aheg2 ! ,second foll[$ 9 ! same ye>1 ) "s additions & slight alt]ations4 ,! ,?ird ,edition consi/$ ( six? ?\s&1 #ahei2 sev5? ?\s&1 #ahfj2 & eigh? ?\s&1 #ahfa4 ,! "w 0 p>tly reproduc$ 9 ,our ,sket*+ ,club1 by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,/4 ,john ,tyr:itt1 ,m4,a41 #ahgd2 ) new editions 9 #ahge1 #ahhb1 & #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 meant1 dur+ 8 t5ure ( ! ,slade ,pr(essor%ip at ,ox=d1 to reca/ 8 tea*+1 & to write a sy/ematic manual = ! use ( 8 ,draw+ ,s*ool1 "u ! title ( ,! ,laws ( ,fsole4 ,( ?is only vol4 i4 0 complet$1 #ahgi2 second edition1 #ahhb4 ,z1 !re=e1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,draw+ has nev] be5 completely sup]s$$1 & z _m read]s ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's works h express$ a desire to possess ! book 9 its old =m1 x is n[ repr9t$ z x /ood 9 #ahei4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,z "o or two que/ions1 ask$ ( me s9ce ! publication ( ?is "w1 h indicat$ po9ts requir+ elucidation1 ,i h add$ a few %ort notes 9 ! fir/ ,app5dix4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 desirable o!rwise to modify ! =m or add to ! matt] ( a book z x passes ?r\gh successive editions2 ,i h1 !re=e1 only m5d$ ! word+ ( "s obscure s5t5ces2 ) :i* exception ! text rema9s1 & w rema91 9 its orig9al =m1 :i* ,i _h c>efully consid]$4 ,%\ld ! public f9d ! book useful1 & call = fur!r editions ( x1 su* additional notes z may be necess>y w be always plac$ 9 ! fir/ ,app5dix1 :]e !y c be at once ref]r$ to1 9 any libr>y1 by ! possessors ( ! e>li] editions2 & ,i w take c>e !y %all n be num]\s4 ,augu/ #c1 #aheg4 ,,preface4 i4 ,x may p]haps be ?\ght1 t 9 prefac+ a manual ( draw+1 ,i ought to expatiate on ! reasons :y draw+ %\ld be le>n$2 b ^? reasons appe> to me s _m & s weighty1 t ,i _c quickly /ate or en=ce !m4 ,) ! read]'s p]mission1 z ?is volume is too l>ge already1 ,i w waive all discussion respect+ ! importance ( ! subject1 & t\* only on ^? po9ts :i* may appe> que/ionable 9 ! me?od ( its treatm5t4 ii4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! book is n calculat$ = ! use ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( twelve or f\rte54 ,i d n ?9k x advisable to engage a *ild 9 any b ! mo/ volunt>y practice ( art4 ,if x has tal5t = draw+1 x w be cont9ually scrawl+ on :at pap] x c get2 & %\ld be all[$ to scrawl at its own free w1 due praise be+ giv5 = e appe>ance ( c>e1 or tru?1 9 its ef=ts4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to amuse itself ) *eap colors almo/ z soon z x has s5se en\gh to wi% = !m4 ,if x m]ely daubs ! pap] ) %apeless /a9s1 ! color-box may be tak5 away till x kn[s bett]3 b z soon z x beg9s pa9t+ r$ coats on soldi]s1 /rip$ flags to %ips1 etc41 x %\ld h colors at comm&2 &1 )\t re/ra9+ its *oice ( subject 9 t imag9ative & hi/orical art1 ( a milit>y t5d5cy1 :i* *ildr5 delight 91 7g5]ally q z valuable1 by ! way1 z any hi/orical art delight$ 9 by _! eld]s17 x %\ld be g5tly l$ by ! p>5ts to try to draw1 9 su* *ildi% fa%ion z may be1 ! ?+s x c see & likes1--birds1 or butt]flies1 or fl[]s1 or fruit4 iii4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ! indulg5ce ( us+ ! color %\ld only be grant$ z a rew>d1 aft] x has %[n c>e & progress 9 its draw+s ) p5cil4 ,a limit$ numb] ( good & amus+ pr9ts %\ld always be )9 a boy's rea*3 9 ^! days ( *eap illu/ration he c h>dly possess a volume ( nurs]y tales )\t good wood-cuts 9 x1 & %\ld be enc\rag$ to copy :at he likes be/ ( ?is k9d2 b %\ld be firmly re/rict$ to a few pr9ts & to a few books4 ,if a *ild has _m toys1 x w get tir$ ( !m & break !m2 if a boy has _m pr9ts he w m]ely dawdle & scrawl ov] !m2 x is by ! limitation ( ! numb] ( 8 possessions t 8 pleasure 9 !m is p]fect$1 & 8 att5tion conc5trat$4 ,! p>5ts ne$ give !mselves no tr\ble 9 in/ruct+ him1 z f> z draw+ is conc]n$1 beyond insi/+ ^u economical & neat habits ) 8 colors & pap]1 %[+ him ! be/ way ( hold+ p5cil & rule1 &1 s f> z !y take notice ( 8 "w1 po9t+ out :]e a l9e is too %ort or too long1 or too crook$1 :5 comp>$ ) ! copy2 accuracy be+ ! fir/ & la/ ?+ !y look =4 ,if ! *ild %[s tal5t = inv5t+ or gr\p+ figures1 ! p>5ts %\ld nei!r *eck1 nor praise x4 ,!y may laugh ) x frankly1 or %[ pleasure 9 :at x has done1 j z !y %[ pleasure 9 see+ x well1 or *e]ful2 b !y mu/ n praise x = be+ clev]1 any m ?an !y w\ld praise x = be+ /\t4 ,!y %\ld praise x only = :at co/s x self-d5ial1 namely att5tion & h>d "w2 o!rwise !y w make x "w = vanity's sake1 & always badly4 ,! be/ books to put into its h&s are ^? illu/rat$ by ,george ,cruik%ank or by ,ri*t]4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,at ab\t ! age ( twelve or f\rte51 x is q "t en\gh to set y\? or girl to s]i\s "w2 & !n ?is book w1 ,i ?9k1 be useful to !m2 & ,i h good hope x may be s1 likewise1 to p]sons ( m advanc$ age wi%+ to "k some?+ ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( art4 iv4 ,yet obs]ve1 t ! me?od ( /udy recomm5d$ is n br\ght =w>d z absolutely ! be/1 b only z ! be/ :i* ,i c at pres5t devise = an isolat$ /ud5t4 ,x is v likely t f>!r exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ may enable me to modify x ) advantage 9 sev]al important respects2 b ,i am sure ! ma9 pr9ciples ( x are s\nd1 & mo/ ( ! ex]cises z useful z !y c be r5d]$ )\t a ma/]'s sup]9t5d5ce4 ,! me?od diff]s1 h[ev]1 s mat]ially f t g5]ally adopt$ by draw+-ma/]s1 t a ^w or two ( explanation may be ne$$ to ju/ify :at might o!rwise be ?\ght willful ecc5tricity4 v4 ,! manuals at pres5t publi%$ on ! subject ( draw+ are all direct$1 z f> z ,i "k1 to "o or o!r ( two objects4 ,ei!r !y propose to give ! /ud5t a p[] ( dext]\s sket*+ ) p5cil or wat]-color1 s z to emulate 7at consid]able di/ance7 ! slight] "w ( our second-rate arti/s2 or !y propose to give him su* accurate comm& ( ma!matical =ms z may aft]w>ds enable him to design rapidly & *eaply = manufactures4 ,:5 draw+ is taught z an accompli%m5t1 ! fir/ is ! aim usually propos$2 :ile ! second is ! object kept *iefly 9 view at ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 & 9 ! bran* ,gov]nm5t ,s*ools ( ,design4 vi4 ,( ! fitness ( ! modes ( /udy adopt$ 9 ^? s*ools1 to ! end specially int5d$1 judgm5t is h>dly yet possible2 only1 x seems to me1 t we are all too mu* 9 ! habit ( confus+ art z appli$ to manufacture1 ) manufacture itself4 ,= in/ance1 ! skill by :i* an inv5tive workman designs & molds a beautiful cup1 is skill ( true art2 b ! skill by :i* t cup is copi$ & aft]w>ds multipli$ a ?\s&fold1 is skill ( manufacture3 & ! faculties :i* enable "o workman to design & elaborate 8 orig9al piece1 are n to be develop$ by ! same sy/em ( in/ruction z ^? :i* enable ano!r to produce a maximum numb] ( approximate copies ( x 9 a giv5 "t4 ,f>!r3 x is surely inexp$i5t t any ref]5ce to purposes ( manufacture %\ld int]f]e ) ! education ( ! arti/ himself4 ,try fir/ to manufacture a ,raphael2 !n let ,raphael direct y\r manufacture4 ,he w design y a plate1 or cup1 or a h\se1 or a palace1 :5ev] y want x1 & design !m 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t & rational way2 b d n let y\r anxiety to rea* ! platt] & ! cup int]f]e ) y\r education ( ! ,raphael4 ,obta9 fir/ ! be/ "w y c1 & ! able/ h&s1 irrespective ( any consid]ation ( economy or facility ( production4 ,!n leave y\r tra9$ arti/ to det]m9e h[ f> art c be popul>iz$1 or manufacture ennobl$4 vii4 ,n[1 ,i believe t 7irrespective ( diff]5ces 9 individual temp] & "*7 ! excell5ce ( an arti/1 z su*1 dep5ds :olly on ref9em5t ( p]ception1 & t x is ?is1 ma9ly1 :i* a ma/] or a s*ool c tea*2 s t :ile p[]s ( inv5tion di/+ui% man f man1 p[]s ( p]ception di/+ui% s*ool f s*ool4 ,all great s*ools en=ce delicacy ( draw+ & subtlety ( sight3 & ! only rule :i* ,i h1 z yet1 f\nd to be )\t exception respect+ art1 is t all great art is delicate4 viii4 ,!re=e1 ! *ief aim & b5t ( ! foll[+ sy/em is to obta91 fir/1 a p]fectly pati5t1 &1 to ! utmo/ ( ! pupil's p[]1 a delicate me?od ( "w1 su* z may insure 8 see+ truly4 ,= ,i am ne>ly conv9c$1 t :5 once we see ke5ly en\gh1 !re is v little difficulty 9 draw+ :at we see2 b1 ev5 suppos+ t ?is difficulty be /ill great1 ,i believe t ! sight is a m important ?+ ?an ! draw+2 & ,i w\ld r tea* draw+ t my pupils may le>n to love ,nature1 ?an tea* ! look+ at ,nature t !y may le>n to draw4 ,x is surely also a m important ?+1 = "y p & unpr(essional /ud5ts1 to "k h[ to appreciate ! art ( o!rs1 ?an to ga9 mu* p[] 9 art !mselves4 ,n[ ! modes ( sket*+ ord9>ily taught are inconsi/5t ) ?is p[] ( judgm5t4 ,no p]son tra9$ to ! sup]ficial execution ( mod]n wat]-color pa9t+1 c und]/& ! "w ( ,titian or ,leon>do2 !y mu/ =ev] rema9 bl9d to ! ref9em5t ( su* m5's p5cil+1 & ! precision ( _! ?9k+4 ,b1 h[ev] slight a degree ( manipulative p[] ! /ud5t may rea* by pursu+ ! mode recomm5d$ to him 9 ^! lett]s1 ,i w answ] = x t he _c g once ?r\gh ! advis$ ex]cises )\t beg9n+ to und]/& :at ma/]ly "w means2 &1 by ! "t he has ga9$ "s pr(ici5cy 9 !m1 he w h a pleasure 9 look+ at ! pa9t+ ( ! great s*ools1 & a new p]ception ( ! exquisit5ess ( natural sc5]y1 su* z w\ld repay him = mu* m labor ?an ,i h ask$ him to und]go4 ix4 ,t labor is1 nev]!less1 suffici5tly irksome1 nor is x possible t x %\ld be o!rwise1 s long z ! pupil works unassi/$ by a ma/]4 ,= ! smoo? & /raight road :i* admits unemb>rass$ progress mu/1 ,i fe>1 be dull z well z smoo?2 & ! h$ges ne$ to be close & trim :5 !re is no guide to w>n or br+ back ! err+ travel]4 ,! sy/em foll[$ 9 ?is "w w1 !re=e1 at fir/1 surprise some:at sorr[fully ^? :o are famili> ) ! practice ( our class at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college2 = !re1 ! pupil1 hav+ ! ma/] at 8 side to extricate him f su* emb>rassm5ts z 8 fir/ ef=ts may lead into1 is at once set to draw f a solid object1 & soon f9ds ent]ta9m5t 9 8 ef=ts & int]e/ 9 8 difficulties4 ,( c\rse ! simple/ object :i* x is possible to set be=e ! eye is a sph]e2 &1 practically1 ,i f9d a *ild's toy1 a :ite lea!r ball1 bett] ?an any?+ else2 z ! gradations on balls ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* ,i use sometimes to try ! /r5g? ( pupils :o h _h previ\s practice1 are a little too delicate = a beg9n] to p]ceive4 ,x has be5 object$ t a circle1 or ! outl9e ( a sph]e1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( all l9es to draw4 ,x is s2,a b ,i d n want x to be drawn4 ,all t 8 /udy ( ! ball is to tea* ! pupil1 is ! way 9 :i* %ade gives ! appe>ance ( projection4 ,?is he le>ns mo/ satisfactorily f a sph]e2 because any solid =m1 t]m9at$ by /raight l9es or flat surfaces1 owes "s ( its appe>ance ( projection to its p]spective2 b 9 ! sph]e1 :at1 )\t %ade1 0 a flat circle1 becomes1 m]ely by ! add$ %ade1 ! image ( a solid ball2 & ?is fact is j z /rik+ to ! le>n]1 :e!r 8 circul> outl9e be true or false4 ,he is1 !re=e1 nev] all[$ to tr\ble himself ab\t x2 if he makes ! ball look z oval z an egg1 ! degree ( error is simply po9t$ out to him1 & he does bett] next "t1 & bett] /ill ! next4 ,b 8 m9d is always fix$ on ! gradation ( %ade1 & ! outl9e left to take1 9 due "t1 c>e ( itself4 ,i call x outl9e1 = ! sake ( imm$iate intelligibility1--/rictly speak+1 x is m]ely ! edge ( ! %ade2 no pupil 9 my class be+ ev] all[$ to draw an outl9e1 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,x is po9t$ out to him1 f ! fir/1 t ,nature relieves "o mass1 or "o t9t1 aga9/ ano!r2 b outl9es none4 ,! outl9e ex]cise1 ! second sugge/$ 9 ?is lett]1 is recomm5d$1 n to enable ! pupil to draw outl9es1 b z ! only means by :i*1 unassi/$1 he c te/ 8 accuracy ( eye1 & discipl9e 8 h&4 ,:5 ! ma/] is by1 errors 9 ! =m & ext5t ( %ad[s c be po9t$ out z easily z 9 outl9e1 & ! h&l+ c be gradually correct$ 9 details ( ! "w4 ,b ! solit>y /ud5t c only f9d out 8 own mi/akes by help ( ! trac$ limit1 & c only te/ ! firmness ( 8 h& by an ex]cise 9 :i* no?+ b firmness is requir$2 & dur+ :i* all o!r consid]ations 7z ( s(tness1 complexity1 etc47 are entirely exclud$4 x4 ,bo? ! sy/em adopt$ at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college1 & t recomm5d$ "h1 agree1 h[ev]1 9 "o pr9ciple1 :i* ,i consid] ! mo/ important & special ( all t are involv$ 9 my tea*+3 namely1 ! atta*+ its full importance1 f ! fir/1 to local color4 ,i believe t ! endeavor to sep>ate1 9 ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 ! obs]vation ( light & %ade f t ( local color1 has always be51 & mu/ always be1 de/ructive ( ! /ud5t's p[] ( accurate sight1 & t x corrupts 8 ta/e z mu* z x ret>ds 8 progress4 ,i w n occupy ! read]'s "t by any discussion ( ! pr9ciple "h1 b ,i wi% him to note x z ! only di/9ctive "o 9 my sy/em1 s f> z x is a sy/em4 ,= ! recomm5dation to ! pupil to copy fai?fully1 & )\t alt]ation1 :atev] natural object he *ooses to /udy1 is s]viceable1 among o!r reasons1 j because x gets rid ( sy/ematic rules altoge!r1 & tea*es p to draw1 z c\ntry lads le>n to ride1 )\t saddle or /irrups2 my ma9 object be+1 at fir/1 n to get my pupils to hold _! re9s prettily1 b to sit l a jackanapes1 nev] (f4 xi4 ,9 ^! writt5 in/ructions1 !re=e1 x has always be5 ) regret t ,i h se5 myself =c$ to advise any?+ l monoton\s or =mal discipl9e4 ,b1 to ! unassi/$ /ud5t1 su* =malities are indisp5sable1 & ,i am n )\t hope t ! s5se ( secure advancem5t1 & ! pleasure ( indep5d5t ef=t1 may r5d] ! foll[+ out ( ev5 ! m t$i\s ex]cises "h propos$1 possible to ! solit>y le>n]1 )\t we>9ess4 ,b if x %\ld be o!rwise1 & he f9ds ! fir/ /eps pa9fully irksome1 ,i c only desire him to consid] :e!r ! acquirem5t ( s great a p[] z t ( pictorial expression ( ?\ght be n wor? "s toil2 or :e!r x is likely1 9 ! natural ord] ( matt]s 9 ?is work+ _w1 t s great a gift %\ld be atta9able by ^? :o w give no price = x4 xii4 ,"o task1 h[ev]1 ( "s difficulty1 ! /ud5t w f9d ,i h n impos$ ^u him3 namely1 le>n+ ! laws ( p]spective4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile to le>n !m1 if he c\ld d s easily2 b )\t a ma/]'s help1 & 9 ! way p]spective is at pres5t expla9$ 9 treatises1 ! difficulty is great] ?an ! ga94 ,= p]spective is n ( ! slighte/ use1 except 9 rudim5t>y "w4 ,y c draw ! r\nd+ l9e ( a table 9 p]spective1 b y _c draw ! sweep ( a sea bay2 y c =e%ort5 a log ( wood by x1 b y _c =e%ort5 an arm4 ,its laws are too gross & few to be appli$ to any subtle =m2 !re=e1 z y mu/ le>n to draw ! subtle =ms by ! eye1 c]ta9ly y may draw ! simple ones4 ,no great pa9t]s ev] tr\ble !mselves ab\t p]spective1 & v few ( !m "k its laws2 !y draw ev]y?+ by ! eye1 &1 naturally en\gh1 disda9 9 ! easy p>ts ( _! "w rules :i* _c help !m 9 difficult ones4 ,x w\ld take ab\t a mon?'s labor to draw imp]fectly1 by laws ( p]spective1 :at any great ,v5etian w draw p]fectly 9 five m9utes1 :5 he is ?r[+ a wrea? ( leaves r\nd a head1 or b5d+ ! curves ( a patt]n 9 & out among ! folds ( drap]y4 ,x is true t :5 p]spective 0 fir/ discov]$1 ev]ybody amus$ !mselves ) x2 & all ! great pa9t]s put f9e saloons & arcades beh9d _! ,madonnas1 m]ely to %[ t !y c\ld draw 9 p]spective3 b ev5 ?is 0 g5]ally done by !m only to cat* ! public eye1 & !y disda9$ ! p]spective s mu*1 t ?\gh !y took ! greate/ pa9s ) ! circlet ( a cr[n1 or ! rim ( a cry/al cup1 9 ! he>t ( _! picture1 !y w\ld twi/ _! capitals ( columns & t[]s ( *ur*es ab\t 9 ! backgr\nd 9 ! mo/ wanton way1 :]ev] !y lik$ ! l9es to g1 provid$ only !y left j p]spective en\gh to please ! public4 xiii4 ,9 mod]n days1 ,i d\bt if any arti/ among u1 except ,david ,rob]ts1 kn[s s mu* p]spective z w\ld enable him to draw a ,go?ic ar* to scale at a giv5 angle & di/ance4 ,turn]1 ?\gh he 0 pr(essor ( p]spective to ! ,royal ,academy1 did n "k :at he pr(ess$1 & nev]1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 drew a s+le build+ 9 true p]spective 9 8 life2 he drew !m only ) z mu* p]spective z suit$ him4 ,pr\t also knew no?+ ( p]spective1 & twi/$ 8 build+s1 z ,turn] did1 into :atev] %apes he lik$4 ,i d n ju/ify ?is2 & w\ld recomm5d ! /ud5t at lea/ to treat p]spective ) common civility1 b to pay no c\rt to x4 ,! be/ way he c le>n x1 by himself1 is by tak+ a pane ( glass1 fix$ 9 a frame1 s t x c be set upright be=e ! eye1 at ! di/ance at :i* ! propos$ sket* is int5d$ to be se54 ,let ! eye be plac$ at "s fix$ po9t1 opposite ! middle ( ! pane ( glass1 b z high or z l[ z ! /ud5t likes2 !n ) a bru% at ! end ( a /ick1 & a little body-color t w adh]e to ! glass1 ! l9es ( ! l&scape may be trac$ on ! glass1 z y see !m ?r\gh x4 ,:5 s trac$ !y are all 9 true p]spective4 ,if ! glass be slop$ 9 any direction1 ! l9es are /ill 9 true p]spective1 only x is p]spective calculat$ = a slop+ plane1 :ile common p]spective always supposes ! plane ( ! picture to be v]tical4 ,x is good1 9 e>ly practice1 to accu/om y\rself to inclose y\r subject1 be=e sket*+ x1 ) a light frame ( wood held upright be=e y2 x w %[ y :at y may legitimately take into y\r picture1 & :at *oice !re is betwe5 a n>r[ =egr\nd ne> y1 & a wide "o f>!r (f2 also1 :at height ( tree or build+ y c prop]ly take 91 etc4,b xiv4 ,( figure draw+1 no?+ is said 9 ! foll[+ pages1 because ,i d n ?9k figures1 z *ief subjects1 c be drawn to any good purpose by an amateur4 ,z access>ies 9 l&scape1 !y are j to be drawn on ! same pr9ciples z any?+ else4 xv4 ,la/ly3 ,if any ( ! directions giv5 subsequ5tly to ! /ud5t %\ld be f\nd obscure by him1 or if at any /age ( ! recomm5d$ practice he f9d himself 9 difficulties :i* ,i h n en\gh provid$ aga9/1 he may apply by lett] to ,mr4 ,w>d1 :o is my "u draw+-ma/] at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college 7#de ,great ,ormond ,/reet71 & :o w give any requir$ assi/ance1 on ! l[e/ t]ms t c remun]ate him = ! occupation ( 8 "t4 ,i h n leisure myself 9 g5]al to answ] lett]s ( inquiry1 h[ev] mu* ,i may desire to d s2 b ,mr4 ,w>d has always ! p[] ( ref]r+ any "q to me :5 he ?9ks x necess>y4 ,i h good hope1 h[ev]1 t en\gh guidance is giv5 9 ?is "w to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( any s]i\s emb>rassm5t2 & ,i believe t ! /ud5t :o obeys its directions w f9d1 on ! :ole1 t ! be/ answ]] ( que/ions is p]sev]ance2 & ! be/ draw+-ma/]s are ! woods & hills4 #aheg4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,or1 m accurately1 appe>s to be s1 because any "o c see an error 9 a circle4 ,b ,if ! /ud5t is fond ( ar*itecture1 & wi%es to "k m ( p]spective ?an he c le>n 9 ?is r\gh way1 ,mr4 ,runciman 7( #di ,acacia ,road1 ,/4 ,john's ,wood71 :o 0 my fir/ draw+-ma/]1 & to :om ,i owe _m happy h\rs1 c tea* x him quickly1 easily1 & rightly4 ,mr4 ,runciman has di$ s9ce ?is 0 writt53 ,mr4 ,w>d's pres5t address is ,b$=d ,*amb]s1 #bh ,s\?ampton ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,draw+4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,,on ,,fir/ ,,practice4 #a4 ,,my ,,de> ,,read]1--,:e!r ?is book is to be ( use to y or n1 dep5ds :olly on y\r reason = wi%+ to le>n to draw4 ,if y desire only to possess a graceful accompli%m5t1 to be able to conv]se 9 a flu5t mann] ab\t draw+1 or to amuse y\rself li/lessly 9 li/less h\rs1 ,i _c help y3 b if y wi% to le>n draw+ t y may be able to set d[n cle>ly1 & usefully1 records ( su* ?+s z _c be describ$ 9 words1 ei!r to assi/ y\r own memory ( !m1 or to convey di/9ct ideas ( !m to o!r p2 if y wi% to obta9 quick] p]ceptions ( ! beauty ( ! natural _w1 & to pres]ve some?+ l a true image ( beautiful ?+s t pass away1 or :i* y mu/ y\rself leave2 if1 also1 y wi% to und]/& ! m9ds ( great pa9t]s1 & to be able to appreciate _! "w s9c]ely1 see+ x = y\rself1 & lov+ x1 n m]ely tak+ up ! ?\ghts ( o!r p ab\t x2 !n ,i c help y1 or1 :i* is bett]1 %[ y h[ to help y\rself4 #b4 ,only y mu/ und]/&1 fir/ ( all1 t ^! p[]s1 :i* inde$ are noble & desirable1 _c be got )\t "w4 ,x is mu* easi] to le>n to draw well1 ?an x is to le>n to play well on any musical in/rum5t2 b y "k t x takes ?ree or f\r ye>s ( practice1 giv+ ?ree or f\r h\rs a day1 to acquire ev5 ord9>y comm& ov] ! keys ( a piano2 & y mu/ n ?9k t a ma/]ly comm& ( y\r p5cil1 & ! k ( :at may be done ) x1 c be acquir$ )\t pa9/ak+1 or 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! k9d ( draw+ :i* is taught1 or suppos$ to be taught1 9 our s*ools1 9 a t]m or two1 p]haps at ! rate ( an h\r's practice a week1 is n draw+ at all4 ,x is only ! p]=mance ( a few dext]\s 7n always ev5 t7 evolutions on pap] ) a black-lead p5cil2 pr(itless alike to p]=m] & behold]1 unless z a matt] ( vanity1 & t ! smalle/ possible vanity4 ,if any "y p]son1 aft] be+ taught :at is1 9 polite circles1 call$ draw+1 w try to copy ! commone/ piece ( real "w--suppose a li?ograph on ! titlepage ( a new op]a air1 or a wood-cut 9 ! *eape/ illu/rat$ newspap] ( ! day1--!y w f9d !mselves entirely beat54 ,& yet t common li?ograph 0 drawn ) co>se *alk1 mu* m difficult to manage ?an ! p5cil ( :i* an accompli%$ "y lady is suppos$ to h comm&2 & t wood-cut 0 drawn 9 urg5t ha/e1 & half spoil$ 9 ! cutt+ aft]w>ds2 & bo? 7 done by p :om nobody ?9ks ( z arti/s1 or praises = _! p[]2 bo? 7 done = daily bread1 ) no m arti/'s pride ?an any simple h&icraftsm5 feel 9 ! "w !y live by4 #c4 ,d n1 !re=e1 ?9k t y c le>n draw+1 any m ?an a new language1 )\t "s h>d & disagreeable labor4 ,b d n1 on ! o!r h&1 if y are ready & will+ to pay ?is price1 fe> t y may be unable to get on = want ( special tal5t4 ,x is inde$ true t ! p]sons :o h peculi> tal5t = art1 draw in/9ctively1 & get on almo/ )\t tea*+2 ?\gh nev] )\t toil4 ,x is true1 also1 t ( inf]ior tal5t = draw+ !re are _m degrees3 x w take "o p]son a mu* long] "t ?an ano!r to atta9 ! same results1 & ! results ?us pa9fully atta9$ are nev] q s satisfactory z ^? got ) great] ease :5 ! faculties are naturally adapt$ to ! /udy4 ,b ,i h nev] yet1 9 ! exp]im5ts ,i h made1 met ) a p]son :o c\ld n le>n to draw at all2 &1 9 g5]al1 !re is a satisfactory & available p[] 9 e "o to le>n draw+ if he wi%es1 j z ne>ly all p]sons h ! p[] ( le>n+ ,fr5*1 ,lat91 or ari?metic1 9 a dec5t & useful degree1 if _! lot 9 life requires !m to possess su* k4 #d4 ,suppos+ !n t y are ready to take a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa9s1 & to be> a little irksom5ess & a few disappo9tm5ts bravely1 ,i c promise y t an h\r's practice a day = six mon?s1 or an h\r's practice e o!r day = twelve mon?s1 or1 dispos$ 9 :atev] way y f9d conv5i5t1 "s hundr$ & fifty h\rs' practice1 w give y suffici5t p[] ( draw+ fai?fully :atev] y want to draw1 & a good judgm5t1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ( o!r p's "w3 ( :i* h\rs if y h "o to sp>e at pres5t1 we may z well beg9 at once4 ,,ex]cise ,i4 #e4 ,ev]y?+ t y c see 9 ! _w ar\nd y1 pres5ts itself to y\r eyes only z an arrangem5t ( pat*es ( diff]5t colors v>i\sly %ad$4#a ,"s ( ^! pat*es ( color h an appe>ance ( l9es or texture )9 !m1 z a piece ( clo? or silk has ( ?reads1 or an animal's sk9 %[s texture ( hairs3 b :e!r ?is be ! case or n1 ! fir/ broad aspect ( ! ?+ is t ( a pat* ( "s def9ite color2 & ! fir/ ?+ to be le>n$ is1 h[ to produce ext5ts ( smoo? color1 )\t texture4 #f4 ,?is c only be done prop]ly ) a bru%2 b a bru%1 be+ s(t at ! po9t1 causes s mu* unc]ta9ty 9 ! t\* ( an unpractic$ h&1 t x is h>dly possible to le>n to draw fir/ ) x1 & x is bett] to take1 9 e>ly practice1 "s in/rum5t ) a h>d & f9e po9t1 bo? t we may give "s support to ! h&1 & t by work+ ov] ! subject ) s delicate a po9t1 ! att5tion may be prop]ly direct$ to all ! mo/ m9ute p>ts ( x4 ,ev5 ! be/ arti/s ne$ occasionally to /udy subjects ) a po9t$ in/rum5t1 9 ord] ?us to discipl9e _! att5tion3 & a beg9n] mu/ be cont5t to d s = a consid]able p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 #g4 ,also1 obs]ve t be=e we tr\ble ourselves ab\t diff]5ces ( color1 we mu/ be able to lay on "o color prop]ly1 9 :atev] gradations ( dep? & :atev] %apes we want4 ,we w try1 !re=e1 fir/ to lay on t9ts or pat*es ( gray1 ( :atev] dep? we want1 ) a po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,take any f9ely po9t$ /eel p5 7"o ( ,gillott's li?ographic cr[quills is be/71 & a piece ( q smoo?1 b n %9+1 note-pap]1 cream laid1 & get "s ink t has /ood already "s "t 9 ! ink/&1 s z to be q black1 & z ?ick z x c be )\t clogg+ ! p54 ,take a rule1 & draw f\r /raight l9es1 s z to inclose a squ>e1 or ne>ly a squ>e1 ab\t z l>ge z a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,i say ne>ly a squ>e1 because x does n 9 ! lea/ matt] :e!r x is q squ>e or n1 ! object be+ m]ely to get a space inclos$ by /raight l9es4 #h4 ,n[1 try to fill 9 t squ>e space ) cross$ l9es1 s completely & ev5ly t x %all look l a squ>e pat* ( gray silk or clo?1 cut out & laid on ! :ite pap]1 z at b4 ,cov] x quickly1 fir/ ) /raighti% l9es1 9 any direction y l1 n tr\bl+ y\rself to draw !m mu* clos] or neat] ?an ^? 9 ! squ>e a4 ,let !m q dry be=e ret\*+ !m4 7,if y draw ?ree or f\r squ>es side by side1 y may always be go+ on ) "o :ile ! o!rs are dry+47 ,!n cov] ^! l9es ) o!rs 9 a diff]5t direction1 & let ^? dry2 !n 9 ano!r direction /ill1 & let ^? dry4 ,always wait long en\gh to run no risk ( blott+1 & !n draw ! l9es z quickly z y c4 ,ea* ought to be laid on z swiftly z ! da% ( ! p5 ( a good writ]2 b if y try to rea* ?is great spe$ at fir/1 y w g ov] ! edge ( ! squ>e1 :i* is a fault 9 ?is ex]cise4 ,yet x is bett] to d s n[ & !n ?an to draw ! l9es v sl[ly2 = if y d1 ! p5 leaves a little dot ( ink at ! end ( ea* l9e1 & ^! dots spoil y\r "w4 ,s draw ea* l9e quickly1 /opp+ always z ne>ly z y c at ! edge ( ! squ>e4 ,! ends ( l9es :i* g ov] ! edge are aft]w>ds to be remov$ ) ! p5knife1 b n till y h done ! :ole "w1 o!rwise y r\gh5 ! pap]1 & ! next l9e t goes ov] ! edge makes a blot4 #i4 ,:5 y h gone ov] ! :ole ?ree or f\r times1 y w f9d "s p>ts ( ! squ>e look d>k] ?an o!r p>ts4 ,n[ try to make ! light] p>ts z d>k z ! re/1 s t ! :ole may be ( equal dep? or d>kness4 ,y w f9d1 on exam9+ ! "w1 t :]e x looks d>ke/ ! l9es are close/1 or !re are "s mu* d>k] l9es ?an else:]e2 !re=e y mu/ put 9 o!r l9es1 or little scrat*es & dots1 betwe5 ! l9es 9 ! pal] p>ts2 & :]e !re are any v conspicu\s d>k l9es1 scrat* !m out lightly ) ! p5knife1 = ! eye mu/ n be attract$ by any l9e 9 p>ticul>4 ,! m c>efully & delicately y fill 9 ! little gaps & holes ! bett]2 y w get on fa/] by do+ two or ?ree squ>es p]fectly ?an a great _m badly4 ,z ! t9t gets clos] & beg9s to look ev51 "w ) v little ink 9 y\r p51 s z h>dly to make any m>k on ! pap]2 & at la/1 :]e x is too d>k1 use ! edge ( y\r p5knife v lightly1 & = "s "t1 to we> x s(tly into an ev5 tone4 ,y w f9d t ! greate/ difficulty consi/s 9 gett+ ev5ness3 "o bit w always look d>k] ?an ano!r bit ( y\r squ>e2 or !re w be a granulat$ & s&y look ov] ! :ole4 ,:5 y f9d y\r pap] q r\gh & 9 a mess1 give x up & beg9 ano!r squ>e1 b d n re/ satisfi$ till y h done y\r be/ ) e squ>e4 ,! t9t at la/ ought at lea/ to be z close & ev5 z t 9 b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,y w f9d1 h[ev]1 t x is v difficult to get a pale t9t2 because1 naturally1 ! ink l9es necess>y to produce a close t9t at all1 black5 ! pap] m ?an y want4 ,y mu/ get ov] ?is difficulty n s mu* by leav+ ! l9es wide ap>t z by try+ to draw !m excessively f9e1 lightly & swiftly2 be+ v cauti\s 9 fill+ 92 &1 at la/1 pass+ ! p5knife ov] ! :ole4 ,by keep+ sev]al squ>es 9 progress at "o "t1 & res]v+ y\r p5 = ! light "o j :5 ! ink is ne>ly exhau/$1 y may get on bett]4 ,! pap] ought1 at la/1 to look lightly & ev5ly ton$ all ov]1 ) no l9es di/9ctly visible4 ,,ex]cise ,,ii4 #aj4 ,z ?is ex]cise 9 %ad+ is v tiresome1 x w be well to v>y x by proce$+ ) ano!r at ! same "t4 ,! p[] ( %ad+ rightly dep5ds ma9ly on lightness ( h& & ke5ness ( sight2 b !re are o!r qualities requir$ 9 draw+1 dep5d5t n m]ely on lightness1 b /ead9ess ( h&2 & ! eye1 to be p]fect 9 its p[]1 mu/ be made accurate z well z ke51 & n only see %rewdly1 b measure ju/ly4 #aa4 ,possess y\rself !re=e ( any *eap "w on botany conta9+ outl9e plates ( leaves & fl[]s1 x does n matt] :e!r bad or good3 ,baxt]'s ,briti% ,fl[]+ ,plants is q good en\gh4 ,copy any ( ! simple/ outl9es1 fir/ ) a s(t p5cil1 foll[+ x1 by ! eye1 z ne>ly z y c2 if x does n look "r 9 proportions1 rub out & correct x1 always by ! eye1 till y ?9k x is "r3 :5 y h got x to y\r m9d1 lay trac+-pap] on ! book2 on ?is pap] trace ! outl9e y h be5 copy+1 & apply x to y\r own2 & hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! faults1 correct !m all pati5tly1 till y h got x z ne>ly accurate z may be4 ,"w ) a v s(t p5cil1 & d n rub out s h>d#b z to spoil ! surface ( y\r pap]2 nev] m9d h[ dirty ! pap] gets1 b d n r\gh5 x2 & let ! false outl9es alone :]e !y d n really int]f]e ) ! true "o4 ,x is a good ?+ to accu/om y\rself to hew & %ape y\r draw+ out ( a dirty piece ( pap]4 ,:5 y h got x z "r z y c1 take a quill p51 n v f9e at ! po9t2 re/ y\r h& on a book ab\t an in* & a half ?ick1 s z to hold ! p5 long2 & g ov] y\r p5cil outl9e ) ink1 rais+ y\r p5 po9t z seldom z possible1 & nev] lean+ m heavily on "o "p ( ! l9e ?an on ano!r4 ,9 mo/ outl9e draw+s ( ! pres5t day1 p>ts ( ! curves are ?ick5$ to give an effect ( %ade2 all su* outl9es are bad1 b !y w s]ve well en\gh = y\r ex]cises1 provid$ y d n imitate ?is "*3 x is bett]1 h[ev]1 if y c1 to *oose a book ( pure outl9es4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ matt] :e!r y\r p5 outl9e be ?9 or ?ick2 b x matt]s greatly t x %\ld be equal1 n heavi] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! p[] to be obta9$ is t ( draw+ an ev5 l9e sl[ly & 9 any direction2 all da%+ l9es1 or approximations to p5man%ip1 are bad4 ,! p5 %\ld1 z x 71 walk sl[ly ov] ! gr\nd1 & y %\ld be able at any mom5t to /op x1 or to turn x 9 any o!r direction1 l a well-manag$ horse4 #ab4 ,z soon z y c copy e curve sl[ly & accurately1 y h made satisfactory progress2 b y w f9d ! difficulty is 9 ! sl[ness4 ,x is easy to draw :at appe>s to be a good l9e ) a sweep ( ! h&1 or ) :at is call$ fre$om2#c ! real difficulty & ma/]l9ess is 9 nev] lett+ ! h& be free1 b keep+ x "u entire control at e "p ( ! l9e4 ,,ex]cise ,,iii4 #ac4 ,meantime1 y are always to be go+ on ) y\r %ad$ squ>es1 & *iefly ) ^!1 ! outl9e ex]cises be+ tak5 up only = re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,z soon z y f9d y h "s comm& ( ! p5 z a %ad+ in/rum5t1 & c lay a pale or d>k t9t z y *oose1 try to produce gradat$ spaces l ,fig4 #b1 ! d>k t9t pass+ gradually into ! light] ones4 ,ne>ly all expression ( =m1 9 draw+1 dep5ds on y\r p[] ( gradat+ delicately2 & ! gradation is always mo/ skillful :i* passes f "o t9t into ano!r v little pal]4 ,draw1 !re=e1 two p>allel l9es = limits to y\r "w1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 & try to gradate ! %ade ev5ly f :ite to black1 pass+ ov] ! greate/ possible di/ance1 yet s t e "p ( ! b& may h visible *ange 9 x4 ,! p]ception ( gradation is v defici5t 9 all beg9n]s 7n to say1 9 _m arti/s71 & y w probably1 = "s "t1 ?9k y\r gradation skillful en\gh1 :5 x is q pat*y & imp]fect4 ,by gett+ a piece ( gray %ad$ ribbon1 & comp>+ x ) y\r draw+1 y may arrive1 9 e>ly /ages ( y\r "w1 at a :olesome dissatisfaction ) x4 ,wid5 y\r b& little by little z y get m skillful1 s z to give ! gradation m lat]al space1 & accu/om y\rself at ! same "t to look = gradat$ spaces 9 ,nature4 ,! sky is ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ beautiful2 wat* x at twilight1 aft] ! sun is d[n1 & try to consid] ea* pane ( glass 9 ! w9d[ y look ?r\gh z a piece ( pap] color$ blue1 or gray1 or purple1 z x happ5s to be1 & obs]ve h[ quietly & cont9u\sly ! gradation ext5ds ov] ! space 9 ! w9d[1 ( "o or two feet squ>e4 ,obs]ve ! %ades on ! outside & inside ( a common :ite cup or b[l1 :i* make x look r\nd & holl[2#d & !n on folds ( :ite drap]y2 & ?us gradually y w be l$ to obs]ve ! m subtle transitions ( ! light z x increases or decl9es on flat surfaces4 ,at la/1 :5 y\r eye gets ke5 & true1 y w see gradation on ev]y?+ 9 ,nature4 #ad4 ,b x w n be 9 y\r p[] yet a:ile to draw f any objects 9 :i* ! gradations are v>i$ & complicat$2 nor w x be a bad om5 = y\r future progress1 & = ! use t art is to be made ( by y1 if ! fir/ ?+ at :i* y aim %\ld be a little bit ( sky4 ,s take any n>r[ space ( ev5+ sky1 t y c usually see1 betwe5 ! b\ghs ( a tree1 or betwe5 two *imneys1 or ?r\gh ! corn] ( a pane 9 ! w9d[ y l be/ to sit at1 & try to gradate a little space ( :ite pap] z ev5ly z t is gradat$--z t5d]ly y _c gradate x )\t color1 no1 nor ) color ei!r2 b y may d x z ev5ly2 or1 if y get impati5t ) y\r spots & l9es ( ink1 :5 y look at ! beauty ( ! sky1 ! s5se y w h ga9$ ( t beauty is some?+ to be ?ankful =4 ,b y ought n to be impati5t ) y\r p5 & ink2 = all great pa9t]s1 h[ev] delicate _! p]ception ( color1 are fond ( ! peculi> effect ( light :i* may be got 9 a p5-&-ink sket*1 & 9 a wood-cut1 by ! gleam+ ( ! :ite pap] betwe5 ! black l9es2 & if y _c gradate well ) pure black l9es1 y w nev] gradate well ) pale ones4 ,by look+ at any common wood-cuts1 9 ! *eap publications ( ! day1 y may see h[ gradation is giv5 to ! sky by leav+ ! l9es f>!r & f>!r ap>t2 b y mu/ make y\r l9es z f9e z y c1 z well z f> ap>t1 t[>ds ! light2 & d n try to make !m long or /raight1 b let !m cross irregul>ly 9 any directions easy to y\r h&1 dep5d+ on no?+ b _! gradation = y\r effect4 ,on ?is po9t ( direction ( l9es1 h[ev]1 ,i %all h to tell y m1 pres5tly2 9 ! meantime1 d n tr\ble y\rself ab\t x4 ,,ex]cise ,,iv4 #ae4 ,z soon z y f9d y c gradate tol]ably ) ! p51 take an ,h4 or ,,hh4 p5cil1 us+ its po9t to produce %ade1 f ! d>ke/ possible to ! pale/1 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! p51 light5+1 h[ev]1 n[ ) india-rubb] in/ead ( ! p5knife4 ,y w f9d t all pale t9ts ( %ade are ?us easily producible ) great precision & t5d]ness1 b t y _c get ! same d>k p[] z ) ! p5 & ink1 & t ! surface ( ! %ade is apt to become glossy & metallic1 or dirty-look+1 or s&y4 ,p]sev]e1 h[ev]1 9 try+ to br+ x to ev5ness ) ! f9e po9t1 remov+ any s+le speck or l9e t may be too black1 ) ! po9t ( ! knife3 y mu/ n scrat* ! :ole ) ! knife z y d ! ink4 ,if y f9d ! texture v speckl$-look+1 light5 x all ov] ) india-rubb]1 & recov] x aga9 ) %>p1 & excessively f9e t\*es ( ! p5cil po9t1 br++ ! p>ts t are too pale to p]fect ev5ness ) ! d>k] spots4 ,y _c use ! po9t too delicately or cunn+ly 9 do+ ?is2 "w ) x z if y 7 draw+ ! d[n on a butt]fly's w+4 #af4 ,at ?is /age ( y\r progress1 if n be=e1 y may be assur$ t "s clev] fri5d w come 91 & hold up 8 h&s 9 mock+ amazem5t1 & ask y :o c\ld set y to t niggl+2 & if y p]sev]e 9 x1 y w h to su/a9 consid]able p]secution f y\r arti/ical acqua9tances g5]ally1 :o w tell y t all good draw+ dep5ds on boldness4 ,b nev] m9d !m4 ,y d n he> !m tell a *ild1 beg9n+ music1 to lay its little h& ) a cra% among ! keys1 9 imitation ( ! great ma/]s3 yet !y might1 z reasonably z !y may tell y to be bold 9 ! pres5t /ate ( y\r k4 ,bold1 9 ! s5se ( be+ undaunt$1 yes2 b bold 9 ! s5se ( be+ c>eless1 confid5t1 or exhibitory1--no1--no1 & a ?\s& times no2 =1 ev5 if y 7 n a beg9n]1 x w\ld be bad advice t made y bold4 ,mis*ief may easily be done quickly1 b good & beautiful "w is g5]ally done sl[ly2 y w f9d no boldness 9 ! way a fl[] or a bird's w+ is pa9t$2 & if ,nature is n bold at h] "w1 d y ?9k y ought to be at y\rs8 ,s nev] m9d :at p say1 b "w ) y\r p5cil po9t v pati5tly2 & if y c tru/ me 9 any?+1 tru/ me :5 ,i tell y1 t ?\gh !re are all k9ds & ways ( art1--l>ge "w = l>ge places1 small "w = n>r[ places1 sl[ "w = p :o c wait1 & quick "w = p :o _c1--!re is "o quality1 &1 ,i ?9k1 only "o1 9 :i* all great & good art agrees2--x is all delicate art4 ,co>se art is always bad art4 ,y _c und]/& ?is at pres5t1 because y d n "k yet h[ mu* t5d] ?\ght1 & subtle c>e1 ! great pa9t]s put into t\*es t at fir/ look co>se2 b1 believe me1 x is true1 & y w f9d x is s 9 due "t4 #ag4 ,y w be p]haps also tr\bl$1 9 ^! fir/ essays at p5cil draw+1 by notic+ t m delicate gradations are got 9 an in/ant by a *ance t\* ( ! india-rubb]1 ?an by an h\r's labor ) ! po9t2 & y may wond] :y ,i tell y to produce t9ts s pa9fully1 :i* might1 x appe>s1 be obta9$ ) ease4 ,b !re are two reasons3 ! fir/1 t :5 y come to draw =ms1 y mu/ be able to gradate ) absolute precision1 9 :atev] place & direction y wi%2 n 9 any wise vaguely1 z ! india-rubb] does x3 &1 secondly1 t all natural %ad[s are m or less m+l$ ) gleams ( light4 ,9 ! d>kness ( gr\nd !re is ! light ( ! little pebbles or du/2 9 ! d>kness ( foliage1 ! glitt] ( ! leaves2 9 ! d>kness ( fle%1 transp>5cy2 9 t ( a /one1 granulation3 9 e case !re is "s m+l+ ( light1 :i* _c be repres5t$ by ! lead5 tone :i* y get by rubb+1 or by an in/rum5t kn[n to arti/s z ! /ump4 ,:5 y c manage ! po9t prop]ly1 y w inde$ be able to d mu* also ) ?is in/rum5t1 or ) y\r f+]s2 b !n y w h to ret\* ! flat t9ts aft]w>ds1 s z to put life & light into !m1 & t c only be done ) ! po9t4 ,labor on1 !re=e1 c\rage\sly1 ) t only4 ,,ex]cise ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 #ah4 ,:5 y c manage to t9t & gradate t5d]ly ) ! p5cil po9t1 get a good l>ge alphabet1 & try to t9t ! lett]s into %ape ) ! p5cil po9t4 ,d n outl9e !m fir/1 b measure _! height & extreme bread? ) ! compasses1 z a b1 a c1 ,fig4 #c1 & !n scrat* 9 _! %apes gradually2 ! lett] ,a1 inclos$ )9 ! l9es1 be+ 9 :at ,turn] w\ld h call$ a /ate ( =w>dness4 ,!n1 :5 y are satisfi$ ) ! %ape ( ! lett]1 draw p5-&-ink l9es firmly r\nd ! t9t1 z at d1 & remove any t\*es outside ! limit1 fir/ ) ! india-rubb]1 & !n ) ! p5knife1 s t all may look cle> & "r4 ,if y rub out any ( ! p5cil inside ! outl9e ( ! lett]1 ret\* x1 clos+ x up to ! ink$ l9e4 ,! /raight l9es ( ! outl9e are all to be rul$1#e b ! curv$ l9es are to be drawn by ! eye & h&2 & y w soon f9d :at good practice !re is 9 gett+ ! curv$ lett]s1 su* z ,bs1 ,cs1 etc41 to /& q /raight1 & come into accurate =m4 #ai4 ,all ^! ex]cises are v irksome1 & !y are n to be p]si/$ 9 alone2 nei!r is x necess>y to acquire p]fect p[] 9 any ( !m4 ,an entire ma/] ( ! p5cil or bru% ought1 inde$1 to be able to draw any =m at once1 z ,giotto 8 circle2 b su* skill z ?is is only to be expect$ ( ! consummate ma/]1 hav+ p5cil 9 h& all 8 life1 & all day long1--h5ce ! =ce ( ,giotto's pro( ( 8 skill2 & x is q possible to draw v beautifully1 )\t atta9+ ev5 an approximation to su* a p[]2 ! ma9 po9t be+1 n t e l9e %\ld be precisely :at we int5d or wi%1 b t ! l9e :i* we int5d$ or wi%$ to draw %\ld be "r4 ,if we always see rightly & mean rightly1 we %all get on1 ?\gh ! h& may /agg] a little2 b if we mean wrongly1 or mean no?+1 x does n matt] h[ firm ! h& is4 ,d n !re=e torm5t y\rself because y _c d z well z y w\ld l2 b "w pati5tly1 sure t e squ>e & lett] w give y a c]ta9 increase ( p[]2 & z soon z y c draw y\r lett]s pretty well1 "h is a m amus+ ex]cise = y4 ,,ex]cise ,,vi4 #bj4 ,*oose any tree t y ?9k pretty1 :i* is ne>ly b>e ( leaves1 & :i* y c see aga9/ ! sky1 or aga9/ a pale wall1 or o!r light gr\nd3 x mu/ n be aga9/ /rong light1 or y w f9d ! look+ at x hurt y\r eyes2 nor mu/ x be 9 sun%9e1 or y w be puzzl$ by ! lights on ! b\ghs4 ,b ! tree mu/ be 9 %ade2 & ! sky blue1 or gray1 or dull :ite4 ,a :olly gray or ra9y day is ! be/ = ?is practice4 #ba4 ,y w see t all ! b\ghs ( ! tree are d>k aga9/ ! sky4 ,consid] !m z s _m d>k riv]s1 to be laid d[n 9 a map ) absolute accuracy2 &1 )\t ! lea/ ?\ght ab\t ! r\ndness ( ! /ems1 map !m all out 9 flat %ade1 scrawl+ !m 9 ) p5cil1 j z y did ! limbs ( y\r lett]s2 !n correct & alt] !m1 rubb+ out & out aga91 nev] m9d+ h[ mu* y\r pap] is dirti$ 7only n de/roy+ its surface71 until e b\gh is exactly1 or z ne> z y\r utmo/ p[] c br+ x1 "r 9 curvature & 9 ?ickness4 ,look at ! :ite int]/ices betwe5 !m ) z mu* scrupul\sness z if !y 7 little e/ates :i* y _h to survey1 & draw maps (1 = "s important lawsuit1 involv+ heavy p5alties if y cut ! lea/ bit ( a corn] (f any ( !m1 or gave ! h$ge any:]e too deep a curve2 & try cont9ually to fancy ! :ole tree no?+ b a flat ramification on a :ite gr\nd4 ,d n take any tr\ble ab\t ! little twigs1 :i* look l a confus$ network or mi/2 leave !m all out1#f draw+ only ! ma9 bran*es z f> z y c see !m di/9ctly1 y\r object at pres5t be+ n to draw a tree1 b to le>n h[ to d s4 ,:5 y h got ! ?+ z ne>ly "r z y c1--& x is bett] to make "o good /udy1 ?an tw5ty left unnecess>ily inaccurate1--take y\r p51 & put a f9e outl9e to all ! b\ghs1 z y did to y\r lett]1 tak+ c>e1 z f> z possible1 to put ! outl9e )9 ! edge ( ! %ade1 s z n to make ! b\ghs ?ick]3 ! ma9 use ( ! outl9e is to affirm ! :ole m cle>ly2 to d away ) little accid5tal r\ghnesses & excresc5ces1 & especially to m>k :]e b\ghs cross1 or come 9 front ( ea* o!r1 z at su* po9ts _! arrangem5t 9 ?is k9d ( sket* is un9telligible )\t ! outl9e4 ,x may p]fectly well happ5 t 9 ,nature x %\ld be less di/9ct ?an y\r outl9e w make x2 b x is bett] 9 ?is k9d ( sket* to m>k ! facts cle>ly4 ,! temptation is always to be slov5ly & c>eless1 & ! outl9e is l a bridle1 & =ces our indol5ce into att5tion & precision4 ,! outl9e %\ld be ab\t ! ?ickness ( t 9 ,fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts ! ramification ( a small /one p9e1 only ,i h n endeavor$ to repres5t ! p5cil %ad+ )9 ! outl9e1 z ,i c\ld n easily express x 9 a wood-cut2 & y h no?+ to d at pres5t ) ! indication ( foliage above1 ( :i* 9 ano!r place4 ,y may also draw y\r trees z mu* l>g] ?an ?is figure z y l2 only1 h[ev] l>ge !y may be1 keep ! outl9e z delicate1 & draw ! bran*es f> en\gh into _! out] sprays to give q z sl5d] ramification z y h 9 ?is figure1 o!rwise y d n get good en\gh practice out ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 #bb4 ,y _c d too _m /udies ( ?is k9d3 e "o w give y "s new notion ab\t trees4 ,b :5 y are tir$ ( tree b\ghs1 take any =ms :atev] :i* are drawn 9 flat color1 "o ^u ano!r2 z patt]ns on any k9d ( clo?1 or flat *9a 7tiles1 = in/ance71 execut$ 9 two colors only2 & practice draw+ !m ( ! "r %ape & size by ! eye1 & fill+ !m 9 ) %ade ( ! dep? requir$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 y w fir/ h to meet ! difficulty ( repres5t+ dep? ( color by dep? ( %ade4 ,?us a patt]n ( ultram>9e blue w h to be repres5t$ by a d>k] t9t ( gray ?an a patt]n ( yell[4 #bc4 ,& n[ x is bo? "t = y to beg9 to le>n ! me*anical use ( ! bru%2 & necess>y = y to d s 9 ord] to provide y\rself ) ! gradat$ scale ( color :i* y w want4 ,if y c1 by any means1 get acqua9t$ ) any ord9>y skillful wat]-color pa9t]1 & prevail on him to %[ y h[ to lay on t9ts ) a bru%1 by all means d s2 n t y are yet1 nor = a long :ile yet1 to beg9 to color1 b because ! bru% is (t5 m conv5i5t ?an ! p5cil = lay+ on masses or t9ts ( %ade1 & ! soon] y "k h[ to manage x z an in/rum5t ! bett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y h no opportunity ( see+ h[ wat]-color is laid on by a workman ( any k9d1 ! foll[+ directions w help y3-- ,,ex]cise ,,vii4 #bd4 ,get a %ill+ cake ( ,prussian blue4 ,dip ! end ( x 9 wat] s z to take up a drop1 & rub x 9 a :ite sauc] till y _c rub mu* m1 & ! color gets d>k1 ?ick1 & oily-look+4 ,put two teaspoonfuls ( wat] to ! color y h rubb$ d[n1 & mix x well up ) a camel's-hair bru% ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* long4 #be4 ,!n take a piece ( smoo?1 b n glossy1 ,bri/ol bo>d or pa/ebo>d2 divide x1 ) y\r p5cil & rule1 into squ>es z l>ge z ^? ( ! v l>ge/ *ess-bo>d3 !y ne$ n be p]fect squ>es1 only z ne>ly s z y c quickly guess4 ,re/ ! pa/ebo>d on some?+ slop+ z mu* z an ord9>y desk2 !n1 dipp+ y\r bru% into ! color y h mix$1 & tak+ up z mu* ( ! liquid z x w c>ry1 beg9 at ! top ( "o ( ! squ>es1 & lay a pond or runlet ( color along ! top edge4 ,lead ?is pond ( color gradually d[nw>ds1 n fa/] at "o place ?an ano!r1 b z if y 7 add+ a r[ ( bricks to a build+1 all along 7only build+ d[n in/ead ( up71 dipp+ ! bru% frequ5tly s z to keep ! color z full 9 t1 & 9 z great quantity on ! pap]1 z y c1 s only t x does n run d[n any:]e 9 a little /ream4 ,b if x %\ld1 nev] m9d2 g on quietly ) y\r squ>e till y h cov]$ x all 94 ,:5 y get to ! bottom1 ! color w lodge !re 9 a great wave4 ,h ready a piece ( blott+-pap]2 dry y\r bru% on x1 & ) ! dry bru% take up ! sup]flu\s color z y w\ld ) a sponge1 till x all looks ev54 #bf4 ,9 lead+ ! color d[n1 y w f9d y\r bru% cont9ually g ov] ! edge ( ! squ>e1 or leave little gaps )9 x4 ,d n endeavor to ret\* ^!1 nor take mu* c>e ab\t !m2 ! great ?+ is to get ! color to lie smoo?ly :]e x rea*es1 n 9 alt]nate blots & pale pat*es2 try1 !re=e1 to lead x ov] ! squ>e z fa/ z possible1 ) su* att5tion to y\r limit z y are able to give4 ,! use ( ! ex]cise is1 inde$1 to enable y f9ally to /rike ! color up to ! limit ) p]fect accuracy2 b ! fir/ ?+ is to get x ev51--! p[] ( rightly /rik+ ! edge comes only by "t & practice3 ev5 ! greate/ arti/s r>ely c d ?is q p]fectly4 #bg4 ,:5 y h done "o squ>e1 proce$ to d ano!r :i* does n communicate ) x4 ,:5 y h ?us done all ! alt]nate squ>es1 z on a *ess-bo>d1 turn ! pa/ebo>d upside d[n1 beg9 aga9 ) ! fir/1 & put ano!r coat ov] x1 & s on ov] all ! o!rs4 ,! use ( turn+ ! pap] upside d[n is to neutralize ! increase ( d>kness t[>ds ! bottom ( ! squ>es1 :i* w\ld o!rwise take place f ! pond+ ( ! color4 #bh4 ,be resolv$ to use blott+-pap]1 or a piece ( rag1 in/ead ( y\r lips1 to dry ! bru%4 ,! habit ( do+ s1 once acquir$1 w save y f mu* p>tial poison+4 ,take c>e1 h[ev]1 always to draw ! bru% f root to po9t1 o!rwise y w spoil x4 ,y may ev5 wipe x z y w\ld a p5 :5 y want x v dry1 )\t do+ h>m1 provid$ y d n cru% x upw>ds4 ,get a good bru% at fir/1 & *]i% x2 x w s]ve y long] & bett] ?an _m bad ones4 #bi4 ,:5 y h done ! squ>es all ov] aga91 d !m a ?ird "t1 always try+ to keep y\r edges z neat z possible4 ,:5 y\r color is exhau/$1 mix m 9 ! same proportions1 two teaspoonfuls to z mu* z y c gr9d ) a drop2 & :5 y h done ! alt]nate squ>es ?ree times ov]1 z ! pap] w be gett+ v damp1 & dry m sl[ly1 beg9 on ! :ite squ>es1 & br+ !m up to ! same t9t 9 ! same way4 ,! am\nt ( jagg$ d>k l9e :i* !n w m>k ! limits ( ! squ>es w be ! exact measure ( y\r unskillfulness4 #cj4 ,z soon z y tire ( squ>es draw circles 7) compasses72 & !n draw /raight l9es irregul>ly across circles1 & fill up ! spaces s produc$ betwe5 ! /raight l9e & ! circumf]5ce2 & !n draw any simple %apes ( leaves1 accord+ to ! ex]cise ,no4 ,,ii41 & fill up ^?1 until y c lay on color q ev5ly 9 any %ape y want4 #ca4 ,y w f9d 9 ! c\rse ( ?is practice1 z y _c always put exactly ! same quantity ( wat] to ! color1 t ! d>k] ! color is1 ! m difficult x becomes to lay x on ev5ly4 ,!re=e1 :5 y h ga9$ "s def9ite degree ( p[]1 try to fill 9 ! =ms requir$ ) a full bru%1 & a d>k t9t1 at once1 in/ead ( lay+ sev]al coats "o ov] ano!r2 always tak+ c>e t ! t9t1 h[ev] d>k1 be q liquid2 & t1 aft] be+ laid on1 s mu* ( x is absorb$ z to prev5t its =m+ a black l9e at ! edge z x dries4 ,a little exp]i5ce w tea* y h[ apt ! color is to d ?is1 & h[ to prev5t x2 n t x ne$s always to be prev5t$1 = a great ma/] 9 wat]-colors w sometimes draw a firm outl9e1 :5 he wants "o1 simply by lett+ ! color dry 9 ?is way at ! edge4 #cb4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y beg9 to cov] complicat$ =ms ) ! d>k] color1 no rapidity w prev5t ! t9t f dry+ irregul>ly z x is l$ on f "p to "p4 ,y w !n f9d ! foll[+ me?od useful4 ,lay 9 ! color v pale & liquid2 s pale1 inde$1 t y c only j see :]e x is on ! pap]4 ,lead x up to all ! outl9es1 & make x precise 9 =m1 keep+ x ?or\ghly wet ev]y:]e4 ,!n1 :5 x is all 9 %ape1 take ! d>k] color1 & lay "s ( x into ! middle ( ! liquid color4 ,x w spread gradually 9 a bran*y k9d ( way1 & y may n[ lead x up to ! outl9es already det]m9$1 & play x ) ! bru% till x fills its place well2 !n let x dry1 & x w be z flat & pure z a s+le da%1 yet def9+ all ! complicat$ =ms accurately4 #cc4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$ ! p[] ( lay+ on a tol]ably flat t9t1 y mu/ try to lay on a gradat$ "o4 ,prep>e ! color ) ?ree or f\r teaspoonfuls ( wat]2 !n1 :5 x is mix$1 p\r away ab\t two-?irds ( x1 keep+ a teaspoonful ( pale color4 ,slop+ y\r pap] z be=e1 draw two p5cil l9es all ! way d[n1 leav+ a space betwe5 !m ( ! wid? ( a squ>e on y\r *ess-bo>d4 ,beg9 at ! top ( y\r pap]1 betwe5 ! l9es2 & hav+ /ruck on ! fir/ bru%ful ( color1 & l$ x d[n a little1 dip y\r bru% deep 9 wat]1 & mix up ! color on ! plate quickly ) z mu* m wat] z ! bru% takes up at t "o dip3 !n1 ) ?is pal] color1 lead ! t9t f>!r d[n4 ,dip 9 wat] aga91 mix ! color aga91 & ?us lead d[n ! t9t1 always dipp+ 9 wat] once betwe5 ea* repl5i%+ ( ! bru%1 & /irr+ ! color on ! plate well1 b z quickly z y c4 ,g on until ! color has become s pale t y _c see x2 !n wa% y\r bru% ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 & c>ry ! wave d[n a little f>!r ) t1 & !n absorb x ) ! dry bru%1 & leave x to dry4 #cd4 ,if y get to ! bottom ( y\r pap] be=e y\r color gets pale1 y may ei!r take long] pap]1 or beg91 ) ! t9t z x 0 :5 y left (f1 on ano!r %eet2 b be sure to exhau/ x to pure :it5ess at la/4 ,:5 all is q dry1 recomm5ce at ! top ) ano!r simil> mixture ( color1 & g d[n 9 ! same way4 ,!n aga91 & !n aga91 & s cont9ually until ! color at ! top ( ! pap] is z d>k z y\r cake ( ,prussian blue1 & passes d[n into pure :ite pap] at ! end ( y\r column1 ) a p]fectly smoo? gradation f "o into ! o!r4 #ce4 ,y w f9d at fir/ t ! pap] gets mottl$ or wavy1 in/ead ( ev5ly gradat$2 ?is is because at "s places y h tak5 up m wat] 9 y\r bru% ?an at o!rs1 or n mix$ x ?or\ghly on ! plate1 or l$ "o t9t too f> be=e repl5i%+ ) ! next4 ,practice only w enable y to d x well2 ! be/ arti/s _c always get gradations ( ?is k9d q to _! m9ds2 nor d !y ev] leave !m on _! pictures )\t aft]-t\*+4 #cf4 ,z y get m p[]1 & c /rike ! color m quickly d[n1 y w be able to gradate 9 less compass2#g beg9n+ ) a small quantity ( color1 & add+ a drop ( wat]1 in/ead ( a bru%ful2 ) f9] bru%es1 also1 y may gradate to a less scale4 ,b slight skill w enable y to te/ ! relations ( color to %ade z f> z is necess>y = y\r imm$iate progress1 :i* is to be done ?us3-- #cg4 ,take cakes ( lake1 ( gamboge1 ( sepia1 ( blue-black1 ( cobalt1 & v]milion2 & prep>e gradat$ columns 7exactly z y h done ) ! ,prussian blue7 ( ! lake & blue-black4#h ,cut a n>r[ slip1 all ! way d[n1 ( ea* gradat$ color1 & set ! ?ree slips side by side2 fa/5 !m d[n1 & rule l9es at equal di/ances across all ! ?ree1 s z to divide !m into fifty degrees1 & numb] ! degrees ( ea*1 f light to d>k1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,if y h gradat$ !m rightly1 ! d>ke/ "p ei!r ( ! r$ or blue w be ne>ly equal 9 p[] to ! d>ke/ "p ( ! blue-black1 & any degree ( ! black slip w also1 accurately en\gh = our purpose1 balance 9 weight ! degree simil>ly numb]$ 9 ! r$ or ! blue slip4 ,!n1 :5 y are draw+ f objects ( a crimson or blue color1 if y c mat* _! color by any comp>tm5t ( ! crimson or blue 9 y\r scales1 ! gray 9 ! comp>tm5t ( ! gray scale m>k$ ) ! same numb] is ! gray :i* mu/ repres5t t crimson or blue 9 y\r light & %ade draw+4 #ch4 ,next1 prep>e scales ) gamboge1 cobalt1 & v]milion4 ,y w f9d t y _c d>k5 ^! beyond a c]ta9 po9t2#i = yell[ & sc>let1 s long z !y rema9 yell[ & sc>let1 _c approa* to black2 we _c h1 prop]ly speak+1 a d>k yell[ or d>k sc>let4 ,make y\r scales ( full yell[1 blue1 & sc>let1 half-way d[n2 pass+ !n gradually to :ite4 ,aft]w>ds use lake to d>k5 ! upp] half ( ! v]milion & gamboge2 & ,prussian blue to d>k5 ! cobalt4 ,y w ?us h ?ree m scales1 pass+ f :ite ne>ly to black1 ?r\gh yell[ & orange1 ?r\gh sky-blue1 & ?r\gh sc>let4 ,by mix+ ! gamboge & ,prussian blue y may make ano!r ) gre52 mix+ ! cobalt & lake1 ano!r ) violet2 ! sepia alone w make a =cible br[n "o2 & s on1 until y h z _m scales z y l1 pass+ f black to :ite ?r\gh diff]5t colors4 ,!n1 suppos+ y\r scales prop]ly gradat$ & equally divid$1 ! comp>tm5t or degree ,no4 #a ( ! gray w repres5t 9 *i>oscuro ! ,no4 #a ( all ! o!r colors2 ,no4 #b ( gray ! ,no4 #b ( ! o!r colors1 & s on4 #ci4 ,x is only necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ?is matt] t y %\ld und]/& ! pr9ciple2 = x w\ld nev] be possible = y to gradate y\r scales s truly z to make !m practically accurate & s]viceable2 & ev5 if y c\ld1 unless y _h ab\t t5 ?\s& scales1 & 7 able to *ange !m fa/] ?an ev] juggl] *ang$ c>ds1 y c\ld n 9 a day measure ! t9ts on s mu* z "o side ( a fro/-bitt5 apple4 ,b :5 once y fully und]/& ! pr9ciple1 & see h[ all colors conta9 z x 7 a c]ta9 quantity ( d>kness1 or p[] ( d>k relief f :ite--"s m1 "s less2 & h[ ?is pit* or p[] ( ea* may be repres5t$ by equival5t values ( gray1 y w soon be able to arrive %rewdly at an approximation by a glance ( ! eye1 )\t any measur+ scale at all4 #dj4 ,y mu/ n[ g on1 aga9 ) ! p51 draw+ patt]ns1 & any %apes ( %ade t y ?9k pretty1 z ve9+s 9 m>ble or tortoise%ell1 spots 9 surfaces ( %ells1 etc41 z t5d]ly z y c1 9 ! d>knesses t correspond to _! colors2 & :5 y f9d y c d ?is successfully1 x is "t to beg9 r\nd+4 ,,ex]cise ,,viii4 #da4 ,g out into y\r g>d51 or into ! road1 & pick up ! fir/ r\nd or oval /one y c f9d1 n v :ite1 nor v d>k2 & ! smoo!r x is ! bett]1 only x mu/ n %9e4 ,draw y\r table ne> ! w9d[1 & put ! /one1 :i* ,i w suppose is ab\t ! size ( a 9 ,fig4 #e 7x _h bett] n be mu* l>g]71 on a piece ( n v :ite pap]1 on ! table 9 front ( y4 ,sit s t ! light may come f y\r left1 else ! %ad[ ( ! p5cil po9t int]f]es ) y\r sight ( y\r "w4 ,y mu/ n let ! sun fall on ! /one1 b only ord9>y light3 !re=e *oose a w9d[ :i* ! sun does n come 9 at4 ,if y c %ut ! %utt]s ( ! o!r w9d[s 9 ! room x w be all ! bett]2 b ?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce4 #db4 ,n[ if y c draw t /one1 y c draw any?+2 ,i mean1 any?+ t is drawable4 ,_m ?+s 7sea foam1 = in/ance7 _c be drawn at all1 only ! idea ( !m m or less sugge/$2 b if y c draw ! /one rightly1 ev]y?+ )9 rea* ( art is also )9 y\rs4 ,= all draw+ dep5ds1 prim>ily1 on y\r p[] ( repres5t+ ,r\ndness4 ,if y c once d t1 all ! re/ is easy & /raight=w>d2 if y _c d t1 no?+ else t y may be able to d w be ( any use4 ,= ,nature is all made up ( r\ndnesses2 n ! r\ndness ( p]fect globes1 b ( v>i\sly curv$ surfaces4 ,b\ghs are r\nd$1 leaves are r\nd$1 /ones are r\nd$1 cl\ds are r\nd$1 *eeks are r\nd$1 & curls are r\nd$3 !re is no m flatness 9 ! natural _w ?an !re is vacancy4 ,! _w itself is r\nd1 & s is all t is 9 x1 m or less1 except human "w1 :i* is (t5 v flat inde$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,!re=e1 set y\rself /eadily to conqu] t r\nd /one1 & y h won ! battle4 #dc4 ,look y\r /one antagoni/ boldly 9 ! face4 ,y w see t ! side ( x next ! w9d[ is light] ?an mo/ ( ! pap]2 t ! side ( x f>!/ f ! w9d[ is d>k] ?an ! pap]2 & t ! light passes into ! d>k gradually1 :ile a %ad[ is ?r[n to ! "r on ! pap] itself by ! /one3 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ?+s be+ m or less z 9 a1 ,fig4 #e1 ! spots on ! /one except$1 ( :i* m pres5tly4 #dd4 ,n[1 rememb] always :at 0 /at$ 9 ! outset1 t ev]y?+ y c see 9 ,nature is se5 only s f> z x is light] or d>k] ?an ! ?+s ab\t x1 or ( a diff]5t color f !m4 ,x is ei!r se5 z a pat* ( "o color on a gr\nd ( ano!r2 or z a pale ?+ reliev$ f a d>k ?+1 or a d>k ?+ f a pale ?+4 ,& if y c put on pat*es ( color or %ade ( exactly ! same size1 %ape1 & gradations z ^? on ! object & its gr\nd1 y w produce ! appe>ance ( ! object & its gr\nd4 ,! be/ draughtsman--,titian & ,paul ,v]onese !mselves--c\ld d no m ?an ?is2 & y w soon be able to get "s p[] ( do+ x 9 an inf]ior way1 if y once und]/& ! exce$+ simplicity ( :at is to be done4 ,suppose y h a br[n book on a :ite %eet ( pap]1 on a r$ tableclo?4 ,y h no?+ to d b to put on spaces ( r$1 :ite1 & br[n1 9 ! same %ape1 & gradat$ f d>k to light 9 ! same degrees1 & y\r draw+ is done4 ,if y w n look at :at y see1 if y try to put on bright] or dull] colors ?an are !re1 if y try to put !m on ) a da% or a blot1 or to cov] y\r pap] ) vigor\s l9es1 or to produce any?+1 9 fact1 b ! pla91 unaffect$1 & f9i%$ tranquillity ( ! ?+ be=e y1 y ne$ n hope to get on4 ,nature w %[ y no?+ if y set y\rself up = h] ma/]4 ,b =get y\rself1 & try to obey h]1 & y w f9d ob$i5ce easi] & happi] ?an y ?9k4 #de4 ,! real difficulties are to get ! ref9em5t ( ! =ms & ! ev5ness ( ! gradations4 ,y may dep5d ^u x1 :5 y are dissatisfi$ ) y\r "w1 x is always too co>se or too unev54 ,x may n be wrong--9 all probability is n wrong1 9 any 7s-call$7 great po9t4 ,b its edges are n true en\gh 9 outl9e2 & its %ades are 9 blot*es1 or scrat*es1 or full ( :ite holes4 ,get x m t5d] & m true1 & y w f9d x is m p[]ful4 #df4 ,d n1 !re=e1 ?9k y\r draw+ mu/ be weak because y h a f9ely po9t$ p5 9 y\r h&4 ,till y c draw ) t1 y c draw ) no?+2 :5 y c draw ) t1 y c draw ) a log ( wood *>r$ at ! end4 ,true boldness & p[] are only to be ga9$ by c>e4 ,ev5 9 f5c+ & danc+1 all ultimate ease dep5ds on e>ly precision 9 ! comm5cem5t2 mu* m 9 s++ or draw+4 #dg4 ,n[ ,i d n want y to copy my sket* 9 ,fig4 #e1 b to copy ! /one be=e y 9 ! way t my sket* is done4 ,to :i* end1 fir/ measure ! extreme l5g? ( ! /one ) compasses1 & m>k t l5g? on y\r pap]2 !n1 betwe5 ! po9ts m>k$1 leave some?+ l ! =m ( ! /one 9 light1 scrawl+ ! pap] all ov]1 r\nd x2 b1 9 ,fig4 #e1 is a beg9n+ ( ?is k9d4 ,r leave too mu* room = ! high light1 ?an too little2 & !n m cauti\sly fill 9 ! %ade1 %utt+ ! light gradually up1 & putt+ 9 ! d>k sl[ly on ! d>k side4 ,y ne$ n plague y\rself ab\t accuracy ( %ape1 because1 till y h practic$ a great deal1 x is impossible = y to draw ! %ape ( ! /one q truly1 & y mu/ gradually ga9 correctness by means ( ^! v>i\s ex]cises3 :at y h ma9ly to d at pres5t is1 to get ! /one to look solid & r\nd1 n mu* m9d+ :at its exact cont\r is--only draw x z ne>ly "r z y c )\t vexation2 & y w get x m "r by ?us feel+ y\r way to x 9 %ade1 ?an if y tri$ to draw ! outl9e at fir/4 ,= y c see no outl9e2 :at y see is only a c]ta9 space ( gradat$ %ade1 ) o!r su* spaces ab\t x2 & ^? pieces ( %ade y are to imitate z ne>ly z y c1 by scrawl+ ! pap] ov] till y get !m to ! "r %ape1 ) ! same gradations :i* !y h 9 ,nature4 ,& ?is is really m likely to be done well1 if y h to fight y\r way ?r\gh a little confusion 9 ! sket*1 ?an if y h an accurately trac$ outl9e4 ,= in/ance1 hav+ sket*$ ! fossil sea-ur*9 at a1 9 ,fig4 #e1 ^: =m1 ?\gh irregul>1 requir$ m c>e 9 foll[+ ?an t ( a common /one1 ,i 0 go+ to draw x also "u ano!r effect2 reflect$ light br++ its d>k side out f ! backgr\nd3 b :5 ,i _h laid on ! fir/ few t\*es ,i ?\ght x w\ld be bett] to /op1 & let y see h[ ,i _h begun x1 at b4 ,9 :i* beg9n+ x w be obs]v$ t no?+ is s det]m9$ b t ,i c m or less modify1 & add to or dim9i% ! cont\r z ,i "w on1 ! l9es :i* sugge/ ! outl9e be+ bl5d$ ) ! o!rs if ,i d n want !m2 & ! hav+ to fill up ! vacancies & conqu] ! irregul>ities ( su* a sket* w probably secure a high] completion at la/1 ?an if half an h\r _h be5 sp5t 9 gett+ a true outl9e be=e beg9n+4 #dh4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 take c>e n to get ! draw+ too d>k4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at ! %ades ( x really are1 cut a r\nd hole1 ab\t half ! size ( a pea1 9 a piece ( :ite pap] ! color ( t y use to draw on4 ,hold ?is bit ( pap] ) ! hole 9 x1 betwe5 y & y\r /one2 & pass ! pap] backw>ds & =w>ds1 s z to see ! diff]5t portions ( ! /one 7or o!r subject7 ?r\gh ! hole4 ,y w f9d t1 ?us1 ! circul> hole looks l "o ( ! pat*es ( color y h be5 accu/om$ to mat*1 only *ang+ 9 dep? z x lets diff]5t pieces ( ! /one be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,y w be able ?us actually to mat* ! color ( ! /one at any "p ( x1 by t9t+ ! pap] beside ! circul> op5+4 ,& y w f9d t ?is op5+ nev] looks q black1 b t all ! r\nd+s ( ! /one are giv5 by subdu$ grays4#aj #di4 ,y w probably f9d1 also1 t "s p>ts ( ! /one1 or ( ! pap] x lies on1 look lum9\s ?r\gh ! op5+2 s t ! little circle !n tells z a light spot in/ead ( a d>k spot4 ,:5 ?is is s1 y _c imitate x1 = y h no means ( gett+ light bright] ?an :ite pap]3 b by hold+ ! pap] m slop$ t[>ds ! light1 y w f9d t _m p>ts ( ! /one1 :i* be=e look$ light ?r\gh ! hole1 !n look d>k ?r\gh x2 & if y c place ! pap] 9 su* a position t e "p ( ! /one looks slightly d>k1 ! little hole w tell always z a spot ( %ade1 & if y\r draw+ is put 9 ! same light1 y c imitate or mat* e gradation4 ,y w be amaz$ to f9d1 "u ^! circum/ances1 h[ slight ! diff]5ces ( t9t are1 by :i*1 ?r\gh inf9ite delicacy ( gradation1 ,nature c express =m4 ,if any "p ( y\r subject w ob/9ately %[ itself z a light ?r\gh ! hole1 t "p y ne$ n hope to imitate4 ,leave x :ite2 y c d no m4 #ej4 ,:5 y h done ! be/ y c to get ! g5]al =m1 proce$ to f9i%1 by imitat+ ! texture & all ! cracks & /a9s ( ! /one z closely z y c2 & note1 9 do+ ?is1 t cracks or fissures ( any k9d1 :e!r betwe5 /ones 9 walls1 or 9 ! gra9 ( timb] or rocks1 or 9 any ( ! ?\s& o!r conditions !y pres5t1 are nev] expressible by s+le black l9es1 or l9es ( simple %ad[4 ,a crack mu/ always h its complete sy/em ( light & %ade1 h[ev] small its scale4 ,x is 9 reality a little rav9e1 ) a d>k or %ady side1 & light or sunny side1 &1 usually1 %ad[ 9 ! bottom4 ,?is is "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* x may be z well to und]/& ! reason ( ! appe>ance2 x is n (t5 s 9 draw+1 = ! aspects ( ?+s are s subtle & confus$ t !y _c 9 g5]al be expla9$2 & 9 ! endeavor to expla9 "s1 we are sure to lose sight ( o!rs1 :ile ! natural ov]e/imate ( ! importance ( ^? on :i* ! att5tion is fix$ causes u to exagg]ate !m1 s t m]ely sci5tific draughtsm5 c>icature a ?ird "p ( ,nature1 & miss two-?irds4 ,! be/ s*ol> is he ^: eye is s ke5 z to see at once h[ ! ?+ looks1 & :o ne$ n !re=e tr\ble himself ) any reasons :y x looks s3 b few p h ?is acut5ess ( p]ception2 & to ^? :o are de/itute ( x1 a little po9t+ out ( rule & reason w be a help1 especially :5 a ma/] is n ne> !m4 ,i nev] all[ my own pupils to ask ! reason ( any?+1 because1 z ,i wat* _! "w1 ,i c always %[ !m h[ ! ?+ is1 & :at appe>ance !y are miss+ 9 x2 b :5 a ma/] is n by to direct ! sight1 sci5ce may1 "h & !re1 be all[$ to d s 9 8 /ead4 #ea4 ,g5]ally1 !n1 e solid illum9$ object--= in/ance1 ! /one y are draw+--has a light side turn$ t[>ds ! light1 a d>k side turn$ away f ! light1 & a %ad[1 :i* is ca/ on some?+ else 7z by ! /one on ! pap] x is set ^u74 ,y may sometimes be plac$ s z to see only ! light side & %ad[1 sometimes only ! d>k side & %ad[1 & sometimes bo? or ei!r )\t ! %ad[2 b 9 mo/ positions solid objects w %[ all ! ?ree1 z ! /one does "h4 #eb4 ,hold up y\r h& ) ! edge ( x t[>ds y1 z y sit n[ ) y\r side to ! w9d[1 s t ! flat ( y\r h& is turn$ to ! w9d[4 ,y w see "o side ( y\r h& di/9ctly light$1 ! o!r di/9ctly 9 %ade4 ,"h are light side & d>k side1 ) no se5 %ad[2 ! %ad[ be+ deta*$1 p]haps on ! table1 p]haps on ! o!r side ( ! room2 y ne$ n look = x at pres5t4 #ec4 ,take a %eet ( note-pap]1 & hold+ x edgewise1 z y hold y\r h&1 wave x up & d[n pa/ ! side ( y\r h& :i* is turn$ f ! light1 ! pap] be+ ( c\rse f>!r f ! w9d[4 ,y w see1 z x passes1 a /rong gleam ( light /rike on y\r h&1 & light x consid]ably on its d>k side4 ,?is light is reflect$ light4 ,x is ?r[n back f ! pap] 7on :i* x /rikes fir/ 9 com+ f ! w9d[7 to ! surface ( y\r h&1 j z a ball w\ld be if somebody ?rew x ?r\gh ! w9d[ at ! wall & y caught x at ! reb\nd4 ,next1 in/ead ( ! note-pap]1 take a r$ book1 or a piece ( sc>let clo?4 ,y w see t ! gleam ( light fall+ on y\r h&1 z y wave ! book1 is n[ r$d5$4 ,take a blue book1 & y w f9d ! gleam is blue4 ,?us e object w ca/ "s ( its own color back 9 ! light t x reflects4 #ed4 ,n[ x is n only ^! books or pap]s t reflect light to y\r h&3 e object 9 ! room on t side ( x reflects "s1 b m feebly1 & ! colors mix+ all toge!r =m a neutral#aa light1 :i* lets ! color ( y\r h& itself be m di/9ctly se5 ?an t ( any object :i* reflects light to x2 b if !re 7 no reflect$ light1 t side ( y\r h& w\ld look z black z a coal4 #ee4 ,objects are se5 !re=e1 9 g5]al1 p>tly by direct light1 & p>tly by light reflect$ f ! objects ar\nd !m1 or f ! atmosph]e & cl\ds4 ,! color ( _! light sides dep5ds mu* on t ( ! direct light1 & t ( ! d>k sides on ! colors ( ! objects ne> !m4 ,x is !re=e impossible to say be=eh& :at color an object w h at any po9t ( its surface1 t color dep5d+ p>tly on its own t9t1 & p>tly on inf9ite comb9ations ( rays reflect$ f o!r ?+s4 ,! only c]ta9 fact ab\t d>k sides is1 t _! color w be *angeful1 & t a picture :i* gives !m m]ely d>k] %ades ( ! color ( ! light sides mu/ assur$ly be bad4 #ef4 ,n[1 lay y\r h& flat on ! :ite pap] y are draw+ on4 ,y w see "o side ( ea* f+] light$1 "o side d>k1 & ! %ad[ ( y\r h& on ! pap]4 ,"h1 !re=e1 are ! ?ree divisions ( %ade se5 at once4 ,& al?\gh ! pap] is :ite1 & y\r h& ( a rosy color some:at d>k] ?an :ite1 yet y w see t ! %ad[ all along1 j "u ! f+] :i* ca/s x1 is d>k] ?an ! fle%1 & is ( a v deep gray4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t mu* light is reflect$ f ! pap] to ! d>k side ( y\r f+]1 b v little is reflect$ f o!r ?+s to ! pap] itself 9 t *9k "u y\r f+]4 #eg4 ,9 g5]al1 = ?is reason1 a %ad[1 or1 at any rate1 ! "p ( ! %ad[ ne>e/ ! object1 is d>k] ?an ! d>k side ( ! object4 ,i say 9 g5]al1 because a ?\s& accid5ts may int]f]e to prev5t its be+ s4 ,take a little bit ( glass1 z a w9e-glass1 or ! ink-bottle1 & play x ab\t a little on ! side ( y\r h& f>!/ f ! w9d[2 y w pres5tly f9d y are ?r[+ gleams ( light all ov] ! d>k side ( y\r h&1 & 9 "s positions ( ! glass ! reflection f x w annihilate ! %ad[ altoge!r1 & y w see y\r h& d>k on ! :ite pap]4 ,n[ a /upid pa9t] w\ld repres5t1 = in/ance1 a dr9k+-glass beside ! h& ( "o ( 8 figures1 & because he _h be5 taught by rule t %ad[ 0 d>k] ?an ! d>k side1 he w\ld nev] ?9k ( ! reflection f ! glass1 b pa9t a d>k gray "u ! h&1 j z if no glass 7 !re4 ,b a great pa9t] w\ld be sure to ?9k ( ! true effect1 & pa9t x2 & !n comes ! /upid critic1 & wond]s :y ! h& is s light on its d>k side4 #eh4 ,?us x is always dang]\s to ass]t any?+ z a rule 9 matt]s ( art2 yet x is useful = y to rememb] t1 9 a g5]al way1 a %ad[ is d>k] ?an ! d>k side ( ! ?+ t ca/s x1 suppos+ ! colors o!rwise ! same2 t is to say1 :5 a :ite object ca/s a %ad[ on a :ite surface1 or a d>k object on a d>k surface3 ! rule w n hold if ! colors are diff]5t1 ! %ad[ ( a black object on a :ite surface be+1 ( c\rse1 n s d>k1 usually1 z ! black ?+ ca/+ x4 ,! only way to asc]ta9 ! ultimate tru? 9 su* matt]s is to look = x2 b1 9 ! meantime1 y w be help$ by notic+ t ! cracks 9 ! /one are little rav9es1 on "o side ( :i* ! light /rikes %>ply1 :ile ! o!r is 9 %ade4 ,?is d>k side usually ca/s a little d>k] %ad[ at ! bottom ( ! crack2 & ! g5]al tone ( ! /one surface is n s bright z ! light bank ( ! rav9e4 ,&1 !re=e1 if y get ! surface ( ! object ( a uni=m t9t1 m or less indicative ( %ade1 & !n scrat* out a :ite spot or /reak 9 x ( any %ape2 by putt+ a d>k t\* beside ?is :ite "o1 y may turn x1 z y *oose1 into ei!r a ridge or an incision1 into ei!r a boss or a cavity4 ,if y put ! d>k t\* on ! side ( x ne>e/ ! sun1 or r1 ne>e/ ! place t ! light comes f1 y w make x a cut or cavity2 if y put x on ! opposite side1 y w make x a ridge or m\nd2 & ! complete success ( ! effect dep5ds less on dep? ( %ade ?an on ! rightness ( ! draw+2 t is to say1 on ! evid5t correspond5ce ( ! =m ( ! %ad[ ) ! =m t ca/s x4 ,9 draw+ rocks1 or wood1 or any?+ irregul>ly %ap$1 y w ga9 f> m by a little pati5ce 9 foll[+ ! =ms c>efully1 ?\gh ) slight t\*es1 ?an by labor$ f9i%+ ( texture ( surface & transp>5cies ( %ad[4 #ei4 ,:5 y h got ! :ole well into %ape1 proce$ to lay on ! /a9s & spots ) great c>e1 q z mu* z y gave to ! =ms4 ,v (t51 spots or b>s ( local color d m to express =m ?an ev5 ! light & %ade1 & !y are always int]e/+ z ! means by :i* ,nature c>ries light into h] %ad[s1 & %ade into h] lights2 an art ( :i* we %all h m to say h]eaft]1 9 speak+ ( composition4 a1 9 ,fig4 #e1 is a r\gh sket* ( a fossil sea-ur*91 9 :i* ! projections ( ! %ell are ( black fl9t1 com+ ?r\gh a *alky surface4 ,^! projections =m d>k spots 9 ! light2 & _! sides1 ris+ out ( ! %ad[1 =m small] :it] spots 9 ! d>k4 ,y may take su* scatt]$ lights z ^! out ) ! p5knife1 provid$ y are j z c>eful to place !m rightly z if y got !m by a m labori\s process4 #fj4 ,:5 y h once got ! feel+ ( ! way 9 :i* gradation expresses r\ndness & projection1 y may try y\r /r5g? on any?+ natural or artificial t happ5s to take y\r fancy1 provid$ x be n too complicat$ 9 =m4 ,i h ask$ y to draw a /one fir/1 because any irregul>ities & failures 9 y\r %ad+ w be less (f5sive to y1 z be+ p>tly *>act]i/ic ( ! r\gh /one surface1 ?an !y w\ld be 9 a m delicate subject2 & y may z well g on draw+ r\nd$ /ones ( diff]5t %apes = a little :ile1 till y f9d y c really %ade delicately4 ,y may !n take up folds ( ?ick :ite drap]y1 a napk9 or t[el ?r[n c>elessly on ! table is z good z any?+1 & try to express !m 9 ! same way2 only n[ y w f9d t y\r %ades mu/ be wr\ght ) p]fect unity & t5d]ness1 or y w lose ! fl[ ( ! folds4 ,always rememb] t a little bit p]fect$ is wor? m ?an _m scrawls2 :5ev] y feel y\rself incl9$ to scrawl1 give up "w resolutely1 & d n g back to x till next day4 ,( c\rse y\r t[el or napk9 mu/ be put on some?+ t may be lock$ up1 s t its folds %all n be di/urb$ till y h f9i%$4 ,if y f9d t ! folds w n look "r1 get a photograph ( a piece ( drap]y 7!re are pl5ty n[ to be b\ght1 tak5 f ! sculpture ( ! ca!drals ( ,rheims1 ,ami5s1 & ,*>tres1 :i* w at once educate y\r h& & y\r ta/e71 & copy "s piece ( t2 y w !n asc]ta9 :at x is t is want+ 9 y\r /udies f ,nature1 :e!r m gradation1 or great] wat*fulness ( ! disposition ( ! folds4 ,probably = "s "t y w f9d y\rself fail+ pa9fully 9 bo?1 = drap]y is v difficult to foll[ 9 its sweeps2 b d n lose c\rage1 = ! great] ! difficulty1 ! great] ! ga9 9 ! ef=t4 ,if y\r eye is m j 9 measurem5t ( =m ?an delicate 9 p]ception ( t9t1 a patt]n on ! fold$ surface w help y4 ,try :e!r x does or n3 & if ! patt]n$ drap]y confuses y1 keep = a "t to ! simple :ite "o2 b if x helps y1 cont9ue to *oose patt]n$ /uffs 7t>tans & simple *eck]$ designs are bett] at fir/ ?an fl[]$ ones71 & ev5 ?\gh x %\ld confuse y1 beg9 pretty soon to use a patt]n occasionally1 copy+ all ! di/ortions & p]spective modifications ( x among ! folds ) scrupul\s c>e4 #fa4 ,nei!r mu/ y suppose y\rself condesc5d+ 9 do+ ?is4 ,! greate/ ma/]s are always fond ( draw+ patt]ns2 & ! great] !y are1 ! m pa9s !y take to d x truly4#ab ,nor c !re be bett] practice at any "t1 z introductory to ! nobl] complication ( natural detail4 ,= :5 y c draw ! spots :i* foll[ ! folds ( a pr9t$ /uff1 y w h "s *ance ( foll[+ ! spots :i* fall into ! folds ( ! sk9 ( a leop>d z he leaps2 b if y _c draw ! manufacture1 assur$ly y w nev] be able to draw ! creature4 ,s ! cl\d+s on a piece ( wood1 c>efully drawn1 w be ! be/ introduction to ! draw+ ( ! cl\ds ( ! sky1 or ! waves ( ! sea2 & ! dead leaf-patt]ns on a damask drap]y1 well r5d]$1 w enable y to dis5tangle ma/]fully ! liv+ leaf-patt]ns ( a ?orn ?icket or a violet bank4 #fb4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 9 draw+ any /uffs1 or b9d+s ( books1 or o!r f9ely textur$ sub/ances1 d n tr\ble y\rself1 z yet1 mu* ab\t ! wool9ess or gauz9ess ( ! ?+2 b get x "r 9 %ade & fold1 & true 9 patt]n4 ,we %all see1 9 ! c\rse ( aft]-practice1 h[ ! p5n$ l9es may be made indicative ( texture2 b at pres5t att5d only to ! light & %ade & patt]n4 ,y w be puzzl$ at fir/ by lu/r\s surfaces1 b a little att5tion w %[ y t ! expression ( ^! dep5ds m]ely on ! "r draw+ ( _! light & %ade1 & reflections4 ,put a small black japann$ tray on ! table 9 front ( "s books2 & y w see x reflects ! objects beyond x z 9 a little black rippl$ pond2 its own color m+l+ always ) t ( ! reflect$ objects4 ,draw ^! reflections ( ! books prop]ly1 mak+ !m d>k & di/ort$1 z y w see t !y are1 & y w f9d t ?is gives ! lu/] to y\r tray4 ,x is n well1 h[ev]1 to draw poli%$ objects 9 g5]al practice2 only y %\ld d "o or two 9 ord] to und]/& ! aspect ( any lu/r\s portion ( o!r ?+s1 su* z y _c avoid2 ! gold1 = in/ance1 on ! edges ( books1 or ! %9+ ( silk & damask1 9 :i* lies a great "p ( ! expression ( _! folds4 ,obs]ve also t !re are v few ?+s :i* are totally )\t lu/]2 y w frequ5tly f9d a light :i* puzzles y1 on "s app>5tly dull surface1 to be ! dim image ( ano!r object4 #fc4 ,& n[1 z soon z y c consci5ti\sly assure me t ) ! po9t ( ! p5 or p5cil y c lay on any =m & %ade y l1 ,i give y leave to use ! bru% ) "o color1--sepia1 or blue black1 or mix$ cobalt & blue black1 or neutral t9t2 & ?is w mu* facilitate y\r /udy1 & refre% y4 ,b1 prelim9>y1 y mu/ d "o or two m ex]cises 9 t9t+4 ,,ex]cise ,,ix4 #fd4 ,prep>e y\r color z direct$ = ,ex]cise ,,vii4 ,take a bru% full ( x1 & /rike x on ! pap] 9 any irregul> %ape2 z ! bru% gets dry1 sweep ! surface ( ! pap] ) x z if y 7 du/+ ! pap] v lightly2 e su* sweep ( ! bru% w leave a numb] ( m or less m9ute int]/ices 9 ! color4 ,! light] & fa/] e da% ! bett]4 ,!n leave ! :ole to dry2 &1 z soon z x is dry1 ) little color 9 y\r bru%1 s t y c br+ x to a f9e po9t1 fill up all ! little int]/ices "o by "o1 s z to make ! :ole z ev5 z y c1 & fill 9 ! l>g] gaps ) m color1 always try+ to let ! edges ( ! fir/ & ( ! newly appli$ color exactly meet1 & n lap ov] ea* o!r4 ,:5 y\r new color dries1 y w f9d x 9 places a little pal] ?an ! fir/4 ,ret\* x !re=e1 try+ to get ! :ole to look q "o piece4 ,a v small bit ( color ?us fill$ up ) y\r v be/ c>e1 & br\ght to look z if x _h be5 q ev5 f ! fir/1 w give y bett] practice & m skill ?an a great deal fill$ 9 c>elessly2 s d x ) y\r be/ pati5ce1 n leav+ ! mo/ m9ute spot ( :ite2 & d n fill 9 ! l>ge pieces fir/ & !n g to ! small1 b quietly & /eadily cov] 9 ! :ole up to a m>k$ limit2 !n advance a little f>!r1 & s on2 ?us always see+ di/9ctly :at is done & :at undone4 ,,ex]cise ,x4 #fe4 ,lay a coat ( ! blue1 prep>$ z usual1 ov] a :ole squ>e ( pap]4 ,let x dry4 ,!n ano!r coat ov] f\r fif?s ( ! squ>e1 or !reab\ts1 leav+ ! edge r irregul> ?an /raight1 & let x dry4 ,!n ano!r coat ov] ?ree fif?s2 ano!r ov] two fif?s2 & ! la/ ov] "o fif?2 s t ! squ>e may pres5t ! appe>ance ( gradual increase 9 d>kness 9 five b&s1 ea* d>k] ?an ! "o beyond x4 ,!n1 ) ! bru% r dry 7z 9 ! =m] ex]cise1 :5 fill+ up ! int]/ices71 try1 ) small t\*es1 l ^? us$ 9 ! p5 et*+1 only a little broad]1 to add %ade delicately beyond ea* edge1 s z to lead ! d>k] t9ts into ! pal] ones imp]ceptibly4 ,by t\*+ ! pap] v lightly1 & putt+ a multitude ( little t\*es1 cross+ & recross+ 9 e direction1 y w gradually be able to "w up to ! d>k] t9ts1 outside ( ea*1 s z q to efface _! edges1 & unite !m t5d]ly ) ! next t9t4 ,! :ole squ>e1 :5 done1 %\ld look ev5ly %ad$ f d>k to pale1 ) no b>s1 only a cross+ texture ( t\*es1 some?+ l *opp$ /raw1 ov] ! :ole4#ac #ff4 ,next1 take y\r r\nd$ pebble2 arrange x 9 any light & %ade y l2 outl9e x v loosely ) ! p5cil4 ,put on a wa% ( color1 prep>$ v pale1 q flat ov] all ( x1 except ! highe/ light1 leav+ ! edge ( y\r color q %>p4 ,!n ano!r wa%1 ext5d+ only ov] ! d>k] p>ts1 leav+ ! edge ( t %>p also1 z 9 t9t+ ! squ>e4 ,!n ano!r wa% ov] ! /ill d>k] p>ts1 & ano!r ov] ! d>ke/1 leav+ ea* edge to dry %>p4 ,!n1 ) ! small t\*es1 efface ! edges1 re9=ce ! d>ks1 & "w ! :ole delicately toge!r z y w\ld ) ! p51 till y h got x to ! lik5ess ( ! true light & %ade4 ,y w f9d t ! t9t und]nea? is a great help1 & t y c n[ get effects mu* m subtle & complete ?an ) ! p5 m]ely4 #fg4 ,! use ( leav+ ! edges always %>p is t y may n tr\ble or vex ! color1 b let x lie z x falls sudd5ly on ! pap]3 color looks mu* m lovely :5 x has be5 laid on ) a da% ( ! bru%1 & left to dry 9 its own way1 ?an :5 x has be5 dragg$ ab\t & di/urb$2 s t x is always bett] to let ! edges & =ms be a little wrong1 ev5 if "o _c correct !m aft]w>ds1 ?an to lose ?is fre% quality ( ! t9t4 ,v great ma/]s 9 wat] color c lay on ! true =ms at once ) a da%1 & bad ma/]s 9 wat] color lay on grossly false =ms ) a da%1 & leave !m false2 = p 9 g5]al1 n kn[+ false f true1 are z mu* pleas$ ) ! appe>ance ( p[] 9 ! irregul> blot z ) ! pres5ce ( p[] 9 ! det]m9$ "o2 b we1 9 our beg9n+s1 mu/ d z mu* z we c ) ! broad da%1 & !n correct ) ! po9t1 till we are q "r4 ,we mu/ take c>e to be "r1 at :atev] co/ ( pa9s2 & !n gradually we %all f9d we c be "r ) fre$om4 #fh4 ,i h hi!rto limit$ y to color mix$ ) two or ?ree teaspoonfuls ( wat]2 b1 9 f9i%+ y\r light & %ade f ! /one1 y may1 z y efface ! edge ( ! pale/ coat t[>ds ! light1 use ! color = ! small t\*es ) m & m wat]1 till x is s pale z n to be p]ceptible4 ,?us y may obta9 a p]fect gradation to ! light4 ,& 9 re9=c+ ! d>ks1 :5 !y are v d>k1 y may use less & less wat]4 ,if y take ! color tol]ably d>k on y\r bru%1 only always liquid 7n pa/y71 & da% away ! sup]flu\s color on blott+ pap]1 y w f9d t1 t\*+ ! pap] v lightly ) ! dry bru%1 y c1 by repeat$ t\*es1 produce a du/y k9d ( bloom1 v valuable 9 giv+ dep? to %ad[2 b x requires great pati5ce & delicacy ( h& to d ?is prop]ly4 ,y w f9d mu* ( ?is k9d ( "w 9 ! gr\nds & %ad[s ( ,william ,hunt's draw+s4#ad #fi4 ,z y get us$ to ! bru% & color1 y w gradually f9d out _! ways = y\rself1 & get ! managem5t ( !m4 ,& y w (t5 save y\rself mu* disc\ragem5t by rememb]+ :at ,i h s (t5 ass]t$1--t if any?+ goes wrong1 x is ne>ly sure to be ref9em5t t is want+1 n =ce2 & connection1 n alt]ation4 ,if y dislike ! /ate y\r draw+ is 91 d n lose pati5ce ) x1 nor da% at x1 nor alt] its plan1 nor rub x desp]ately out1 at ! place y ?9k wrong2 b look if !re are no %ad[s y c gradate m p]fectly2 no little gaps & r5ts y c fill2 no =ms y c m delicately def9e3 & d n ru% at any ( ! errors or incompletions ?us disc]n$1 b efface or supply sl[ly1 & y w soon f9d y\r draw+ take ano!r look4 ,a v useful exp$i5t 9 produc+ "s effects1 is to wet ! pap]1 & !n lay ! color on x1 m or less wet1 accord+ to ! effect y want4 ,y w soon see h[ prettily x gradates itself z x dries2 :5 dry1 y c re9=ce x ) delicate /ippl+ :5 y want x d>k]4 ,also1 :ile ! color is /ill damp on ! pap]1 by dry+ y\r bru% ?or\ghly1 & t\*+ ! color ) ! bru% s dri$1 y may take out s(t lights ) great t5d]ness & precision4 ,try all sorts ( exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 notic+ h[ ! color behaves2 b rememb]+ always t y\r f9al results mu/ be obta9$1 & c only be obta9$1 by pure "w ) ! po9t1 z mu* z 9 ! p5 draw+4 #gj4 ,y w f9d also1 z y deal ) m & m complicat$ subjects1 t ,nature's res\rces 9 light & %ade are s mu* ri*] ?an y\rs1 t y _c possibly get all1 or any?+ l all1 ! gradations ( %ad[ 9 any giv5 gr\p4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 det]m9e fir/ to keep ! broad masses ( ?+s di/9ct3 if1 = in/ance1 !re is a gre5 book1 & a :ite piece ( pap]1 & a black ink/& 9 ! gr\p1 be sure to keep ! :ite pap] z a light mass1 ! gre5 book z a middle t9t mass1 ! black ink/& z a d>k mass2 & d n %ade ! folds 9 ! pap]1 or corn]s ( ! book1 s z to equal 9 dep? ! d>kness ( ! ink/&4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ma/]s ( light & %ade1 & imp]fect arti/s1 is ! p[] ( ! =m] to draw s delicately z to express =m 9 a d>k-color$ object ) little light1 & 9 a light-color$ object ) little d>kness2 & x is bett] ev5 to leave ! =ms "h & !re unsatisfactorily r5d]$ ?an to lose ! g5]al relations ( ! great masses4 ,& ?is1 obs]ve1 n because masses are gr& or desirable ?+s 9 y\r composition 7= ) composition at pres5t y h no?+ :atev] to d71 b because x is a fact t ?+s d s pres5t !mselves to ! eyes ( m51 & t we see pap]1 book1 & ink/& z ?ree sep>ate ?+s1 be=e we see ! wr9kles1 or *9ks1 or corn]s ( any ( ! ?ree4 ,und]/&1 !re=e1 at once1 t no detail c be z /rongly express$ 9 draw+ z x is 9 reality2 & /rive to keep all y\r %ad[s & m>ks & m9or m>k+s on ! masses1 light] ?an !y appe> to be 9 ,nature2 y are sure o!rwise to get !m too d>k4 ,y w 9 do+ ?is f9d t y _c get ! projection ( ?+s suffici5tly %[n2 b nev] m9d t2 !re is no ne$ t !y %\ld appe> to project1 b great ne$ t _! relations ( %ade to ea* o!r %\ld be pres]v$4 ,all deceptive projection is obta9$ by p>tial exagg]ation ( %ad[2 & :5ev] y see x1 y may be sure ! draw+ is m or less bad3 a ?or\ghly f9e draw+ or pa9t+ w always %[ a slight t5d5cy t[>ds flatness4 #ga4 ,obs]ve1 on ! o!r h&1 t1 h[ev] :ite an object may be1 !re is always "s small po9t ( x :it] ?an ! re/4 ,y mu/ !re=e h a slight tone ( gray ov] ev]y?+ 9 y\r picture except on ! extreme high lights2 ev5 ! piece ( :ite pap]1 9 y\r subject1 mu/ be ton$ slightly d[n1 unless 7& !re are ?\s& *ances aga9/ its be+ s7 x %\ld all be turn$ s z fully to front ! light4 ,by exam9+ ! treatm5t ( ! :ite objects 9 any pictures accessible to y by ,paul ,v]onese or ,titian1 y w soon und]/& ?is4#ae #gb4 ,z soon z y feel y\rself capable ( express+ ) ! bru% ! undulations ( surfaces & ! relations ( masses1 y may proce$ to draw m complicat$ & beautiful ?+s4#af ,& fir/1 ! b\ghs ( trees1 n[ n 9 m]e d>k relief1 b 9 full r\nd+4 ,take ! fir/ bit ( bran* or /ump t comes to h&1 ) a =k 9 x2 cut (f ! ends ( ! =k+ bran*es1 s z to leave ! :ole only ab\t a foot 9 l5g?2 get a piece ( pap] ! same size1 fix y\r bit ( bran* 9 "s place :]e its position w n be alt]$1 & draw x ?or\ghly1 9 all its light & %ade1 full size2 /riv+1 above all ?+s1 to get an accurate expression ( its /ructure at ! =k ( ! bran*4 ,:5 once y h ma/]$ ! tree at its armpits1 y w h little m tr\ble ) x4 #gc4 ,always draw :atev] ! backgr\nd happ5s to be1 exactly z y see x4 ,:]ev] y h fa/5$ ! b\gh1 y mu/ draw :atev] is beh9d x1 ugly or n1 else y w nev] "k :e!r ! light & %ade are "r2 !y may appe> q wrong to y1 only = want ( ! backgr\nd4 ,& ?is g5]al law is to be obs]v$ 9 all y\r /udies3 :atev] y draw1 draw completely & unalt]+ly1 else y nev] "k if :at y h done is "r1 or :e!r y c\ld h done x rightly _h y tri$4 ,!re is no?+ visible out ( :i* y may n get useful practice4 #gd4 ,next1 to put ! leaves on y\r b\ghs4 ,ga!r a small twig ) f\r or five leaves on x1 put x into wat]1 put a %eet ( light-color$ or :ite pap] beh9d x1 s t all ! leaves may be reliev$ 9 d>k f ! :ite field2 !n sket* 9 _! d>k %ape c>efully ) p5cil z y did ! complicat$ b\ghs1 9 ord] to be sure t all _! masses & int]/ices are "r 9 %ape be=e y beg9 %ad+1 & complete z f> z y c ) p5 & ink1 9 ! mann] ( ,fig4 #f1 :i* is a "y %oot ( lilac4 #ge4 ,y w probably1 9 spite ( all y\r patt]n draw+s1 be at fir/ puzzl$ by leaf =e%ort5+2 especially because ! look ( retirem5t or projection dep5ds n s mu* on ! p]spective ( ! leaves !mselves z on ! d\ble sight ( ! two eyes4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 artifices by :i* good pa9t]s c p>tly conqu] ?is difficulty2 z slight exagg]ations ( =ce or color 9 ! ne>] p>ts1 & ( obscurity 9 ! m di/ant ones2 b y mu/ n attempt any?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,:5 y are fir/ sket*+ ! leaves1 %ut "o ( y\r eyes1 fix a po9t 9 ! backgr\nd1 to br+ ! po9t ( "o ( ! leaves aga9/2 & s sket* ! :ole b\gh z y see x 9 a fix$ position1 look+ ) "o eye only4 ,y\r draw+ nev] c be made to look l ! object itself1 z y see t object ) bo? eyes1#ag b x c be made p]fectly l ! object se5 ) "o1 & y mu/ be cont5t :5 y h got a resemblance on ^! t]ms4 #gf4 ,9 ord] to get cle>ly at ! notion ( ! ?+ to be done1 take a s+le long leaf1 hold x ) its po9t t[>ds y1 & z flat z y c1 s z to see no?+ ( x b its ?9ness1 z if y want$ to "k h[ ?9 x 02 outl9e x s4 ,!n slope x d[n gradually t[>ds y1 & wat* x z x l5g!ns out to its full l5g?1 held p]p5dicul>ly d[n be=e y4 ,draw x 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t positions betwe5 ^! extremes1 ) its ribs z !y appe> 9 ea* position1 & y w soon f9d out h[ x mu/ be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 #gg4 ,draw fir/ only two or ?ree ( ! leaves2 !n l>g] clu/]s2 & practice1 9 ?is way1 m & m complicat$ pieces ( b\gh & leafage1 till y f9d y c ma/] ! mo/ difficult arrangem5ts1 n consi/+ ( m ?an t5 or twelve leaves4 ,y w f9d z y d ?is1 if y h an opportunity ( visit+ any gall]y ( pictures1 t y take a mu* m lively int]e/ ?an be=e 9 ! "w ( ! great ma/]s2 y w see t v (t5 _! be/ backgr\nds are compos$ ( little m ?an a few sprays ( leafage1 c>efully /udi$1 br\ght aga9/ ! di/ant sky2 & t ano!r wrea? or two =m ! *ief int]e/ ( _! =egr\nds4 ,if y live 9 ,london y may te/ y\r progress accurately by ! degree ( admiration y feel = ! leaves ( v9e r\nd ! head ( ! ,bac*us1 9 ,titian's ,bac*us & ,ariadne4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 w n enable y to draw a mass ( foliage4 ,y w f9d1 on look+ at any ri* piece ( vegetation1 t x is only "o or two ( ! ne>] clu/]s t y c by any possibility draw 9 ?is complete mann]4 ,! mass is too va/1 & too intricate1 to be ?us dealt )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 #gh4 ,y mu/ n[ !re=e h rec\rse to "s confus$ mode ( execution1 capable ( express+ ! confusion ( ,nature4 ,&1 fir/1 y mu/ und]/& :at ! "* ( t confusion is4 ,if y look c>efully at ! out] sprays ( any tree at tw5ty or ?irty y>ds' di/ance1 y w see !m def9$ aga9/ ! sky 9 masses1 :i*1 at fir/1 look q def9ite2 b if y exam9e !m1 y w see1 m+l$ ) ! real %apes ( leaves1 _m indi/9ct l9es1 :i* are1 "s ( !m1 /alks ( leaves1 & "s1 leaves se5 ) ! edge turn$ t[>ds y1 & com+ into sight 9 a brok5 way2 =1 suppos+ ! real leaf %ape to be z at a1 ,fig4 #g1 ?is1 :5 remov$ "s y>ds f ! eye1 w appe> d>k aga9/ ! sky1 z at b2 !n1 :5 remov$ "s y>ds f>!r /ill1 ! /alk & po9t disappe> altoge!r1 ! middle ( ! leaf becomes little m ?an a l9e2 & ! result is ! condition at c1 only ) ?is f>!r subtlety 9 ! look ( x1 inexpressible 9 ! wood-cut1 t ! /alk & po9t ( ! leaf1 ?\gh !y h disappe>$ to ! eye1 h yet "s influ5ce 9 *eck+ ! light at ! places :]e !y exi/1 & cause a slight dimness ab\t ! "p ( ! leaf :i* rema9s visible1 s t its p]fect effect c\ld only be r5d]$ by two lay]s ( color1 "o subdu+ ! sky tone a little1 ! next draw+ ! brok5 portions ( ! leaf1 z at c1 & c>efully indicat+ ! great] d>kness ( ! spot 9 ! middle1 :]e ! "u side ( ! leaf is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,?is is ! p]fect !ory ( ! matt]4 ,9 practice we _c rea* su* accuracy2 b we %all be able to r5d] ! g5]al look ( ! foliage satisfactorily by ! foll[+ mode ( practice4 #gi4 ,ga!r a spray ( any tree1 ab\t a foot or eighte5 in*es long4 ,fix x firmly by ! /em 9 any?+ t w support x /eadily2 put x ab\t eight feet away f y1 or t5 if y are f>-sight$4 ,put a %eet ( n v :ite pap] beh9d x1 z usual4 ,!n draw v c>efully1 fir/ plac+ !m ) p5cil1 & !n fill+ !m up ) ink1 e leaf-mass & /alk ( x 9 simple black pr(ile1 z y see !m aga9/ ! pap]3 ,fig4 #h is a b\gh ( ,phillyrea s drawn4 ,d n be afraid ( runn+ ! leaves into a black mass :5 !y come toge!r2 ?is ex]cise is only to tea* y :at ! actual %apes ( su* masses are :5 se5 aga9/ ! sky4 #hj4 ,make two c>eful /udies ( ?is k9d ( "o b\gh ( e common tree1--oak1 a%1 elm1 bir*1 bee*1 etc42 9 fact1 if y are good1 & indu/ri\s1 y w make "o su* /udy c>efully at lea/ ?ree times a week1 until y h examples ( e sort ( tree & %rub y c get bran*es (4 ,y are to make two /udies ( ea* b\gh1 = ?is reason1--all masses ( foliage h an upp] & "u surface1 & ! side view ( !m1 or pr(ile1 %[s a :olly diff]5t organization ( bran*es f t se5 9 ! view f above4 ,!y are g5]ally se5 m or less 9 pr(ile1 z y look at ! :ole tree1 & ,nature puts h] be/ composition into ! pr(ile arrangem5t4 ,b ! view f above or bel[ occurs n unfrequ5tly1 also1 & x is q necess>y y %\ld draw x if y wi% to und]/& ! anatomy ( ! tree4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two views is (t5 f> great] ?an y c\ld easily conceive4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #i1 a is ! upp] view & b ! pr(ile1 ( a s+le spray ( ,phillyrea4 ,fig4 #h is an int]m$iate view ( a l>g] b\gh2 se5 f b5ea?1 b at "s lat]al di/ance also4 #ha4 ,:5 y h done a few bran*es 9 ?is mann]1 take "o ( ! draw+s y h made1 & put x fir/ a y>d away f y1 !n a y>d & a half1 !n two y>ds2 obs]ve h[ ! ?9n] /alks & leaves gradually disappe>1 leav+ only a vague & slight d>kness :]e !y 72 & make ano!r /udy ( ! effect at ea* di/ance1 tak+ c>e to draw no?+ m ?an y really see1 = 9 ?is consi/s all ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at w\ld be m]ely a m9iature draw+ ( ! leaves se5 ne>1 & a full-size draw+ ( ! same leaves at a di/ance4 ,by full size1 ,i mean ! size :i* !y w\ld really appe> ( if _! outl9e 7 trac$ ?r\gh a pane ( glass held at ! same di/ance f ! eye at :i* y mean to hold y\r draw+4 ,y c always asc]ta9 ?is full size ( any object by hold+ y\r pap] upright be=e y1 at ! di/ance f y\r eye at :i* y wi% y\r draw+ to be se54 ,br+ its edge across ! object y h to draw1 & m>k ^u ?is edge ! po9ts :]e ! outl9e ( ! object crosses1 or goes beh9d1 ! edge ( ! pap]4 ,y w always f9d x1 ?us measur$1 small] ?an y suppos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 #hb4 ,:5 y h made a few c>eful exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d on y\r own draw+s1 7:i* are bett] = practice1 at fir/1 ?an ! real trees1 because ! black pr(ile 9 ! draw+ is q /able1 & does n %ake1 & is n confus$ by sp>kles ( lu/] on ! leaves17 y may try ! extremities ( ! real trees1 only n do+ mu* at a "t1 = ! brightness ( ! sky w dazzle & p]plex y\r sight4 ,& ?is brightness causes1 ,i believe1 "s loss ( ! outl9e itself2 at lea/ ! *emical action ( ! light 9 a photograph ext5ds mu* )9 ! edges ( ! leaves1 &1 z x 71 eats !m away1 s t no tree extremity1 /& x ev] s /ill1 nor any o!r =m com+ aga9/ bright sky1 is truly drawn by a photograph2 & if y once succe$ 9 draw+ a few sprays rightly1 y w f9d ! result mu* m lovely & int]e/+ ?an any photograph c be4 #hc4 ,all ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 atta*es to ! r5d]+ m]ely ! d>k =m ( ! sprays z !y come aga9/ ! sky4 ,)9 ^? sprays1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! tree1 !re is a complexity ( a mu* m emb>rass+ k9d2 = ne>ly all leaves h "s lu/]1 & all are m or less transluc5t 7lett+ light ?r\gh !m72 !re=e1 9 any giv5 leaf1 besides ! intricacies ( its own prop] %ad[s & =e%ort5+s1 !re are ?ree s]ies ( circum/ances :i* alt] or hide its =ms4 ,fir/1 %ad[s ca/ on x by o!r leaves1--(t5 v =cibly4 ,secondly1 light reflect$ f its lu/r\s surface1 sometimes ! blue ( ! sky1 sometimes ! :ite ( cl\ds1 or ! sun itself fla%+ l a />4 ,?irdly1 =ms & %ad[s ( o!r leaves1 se5 z d>knesses ?r\gh ! transluc5t p>ts ( ! leaf2 a mo/ important elem5t ( foliage effect1 b :olly neglect$ by l&scape arti/s 9 g5]al4 #hd4 ,! consequ5ce ( all ?is is1 t except n[ & !n by *ance1 ! =m ( a complete leaf is nev] se52 b a m>vel\s & qua9t confusion1 v def9ite1 inde$1 9 its evid5ce ( direction ( gr[?1 & unity ( action1 b :olly indef9able & inextricable1 "p by "p1 by any am\nt ( pati5ce4 ,y _c possibly "w x out 9 facsimile1 ?\gh y took a twelvemon?'s "t to a tree2 & y mu/ !re=e try to discov] "s mode ( execution :i* w m or less imitate1 by its own v>iety & my/]y1 ! v>iety & my/]y ( ,nature1 )\t absolute del9eation ( detail4 #he4 ,n[ ,i h l$ y to ?is conclusion by obs]vation ( tree =m only1 because 9 t ! ?+ to be prov$ is cle>e/4 ,b no natural object exi/s :i* does n involve 9 "s "p or p>ts ( x ?is inimitabl5ess1 ?is my/]y ( quantity1 :i* ne$s peculi>ity ( h&l+ & trick ( t\* to express x completely4 ,if leaves are intricate1 s is moss1 s is foam1 s is rock cleavage1 s are fur & hair1 & texture ( drap]y1 & ( cl\ds4 ,& al?\gh me?ods & dext]ities ( h&l+ are :olly useless if y h n ga9$ fir/ ! ?or\gh k ( ! =m ( ! ?+2 s t if y _c draw a bran* p]fectly1 !n mu* less a tree2 & if n a wrea? ( mi/ p]fectly1 mu* less a flock ( cl\ds2 & if n a s+le grass blade p]fectly1 mu* less a grass bank2 yet hav+ once got ?is p[] ov] decisive =m1 y may safely--& mu/1 9 ord] to p]fection ( "w--c>ry out y\r k by e aid ( me?od & dext]ity ( h&4 #hf4 ,b1 9 ord] to f9d out :at me?od c d1 y mu/ n[ look at ,art z well z at ,nature1 & see :at means pa9t]s & engrav]s h actually employ$ = ! expression ( ^! subtleties4 ,:]eupon arises ! "q1 :at opportunity y h to obta9 engrav+s8 ,y ought1 if x is at all 9 y\r p[]1 to possess y\rself ( a c]ta9 numb] ( good examples ( ,turn]'s engrav$ works3 if ?is be n 9 y\r p[]1 y mu/ j make ! be/ use y c ( ! %op w9d[s1 or ( any plates ( :i* y c obta9 a loan4 ,v possibly1 ! difficulty ( gett+ sight ( !m may /imulate y to put !m to bett] use4 ,b1 suppos+ y\r means admit ( y\r do+ s1 possess y\rself1 fir/1 ( ! illu/rat$ edition ei!r ( ,rog]s's ,italy or ,rog]s's ,poems1 & !n ( ab\t a doz5 ( ! plates nam$ 9 ! annex$ li/s4 ,! prefix$ lett]s indicate ! p>ticul> po9ts des]v+ y\r /udy 9 ea* engrav+4#ah ,be sure1 !re=e1 t y\r selection includes1 at all ev5ts1 "o plate m>k$ ) ea* lett]4 ,d n get m ?an twelve ( ^! plates1 nor ev5 all ! twelve at fir/2 = ! m engrav+s y h1 ! less att5tion y w pay to !m4 ,x is a g5]al tru?1 t ! enjoym5t d]ivable f art _c be increas$ 9 quantity1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 by quantity ( possession2 x is only spread1 z x 71 ov] a l>g] surface1 & v (t5 dull$ by f9d+ ideas repeat$ 9 diff]5t works4 ,n[1 = a beg9n]1 x is always bett] t 8 att5tion %\ld be conc5trat$ on "o or two good ?+s1 & all 8 enjoym5t f\nd$ on !m1 ?an t he %\ld look at _m1 ) divid$ ?\ghts4 ,he has mu* to discov]2 & 8 be/ way ( discov]+ x is to ?9k long ov] few ?+s1 & wat* !m e>ne/ly4 ,x is "o ( ! wor/ errors ( ?is age to try to "k & to see too mu*3 ! m5 :o seem to "k ev]y?+1 nev] 9 reality "k any?+ rightly4 ,bew>e ( h&book k4 #hg4 ,^! engrav+s are1 9 g5]al1 m = y to look at ?an to copy2 & !y w be ( m use to y :5 we come to talk ( composition1 ?an !y are at pres5t2 /ill1 x w d y a great deal ( good1 sometimes to try h[ f> y c get _! delicate texture1 or gradations ( tone3 z y\r p5-&-ink draw+ w be apt to incl9e too mu* to a scrat*y & brok5 k9d ( %ade4 ,= in/ance1 ! texture ( ! :ite conv5t wall1 & ! draw+ ( its til$ ro(1 9 ! vignette at p4 #bbg ( ,rog]s's ,poems1 is z exquisite z "w c possibly be2 & x w be a great & pr(itable a*ievem5t if y c at all approa* x4 ,9 l mann]1 if y c at all imitate ! d>k di/ant c\ntry at p4 #g1 or ! sky at p4 #hj1 ( ! same volume1 or ! foliage at pp4 #ab & #add1 x w be good ga92 & if y c once draw ! roll+ cl\ds & runn+ riv] at p4 #i ( ! ,italy1 or ! city 9 ! vignette ( ,ao/a at p4 #be1 or ! moonlight at p4 #bbc1 y w f9d t ev5 ,nature h]self _c aft]w>ds v t]ribly puzzle y ) h] torr5ts1 or t[]s1 or moonlight4 #hh4 ,y ne$ n copy t\* = t\*1 b try to get ! same effect4 ,& if y feel disc\rag$ by ! delicacy requir$1 & beg9 to ?9k t engrav+ is n draw+1 & t copy+ x _c help y to draw1 rememb] t x diff]s f common draw+ only by ! difficulties x has to enc\nt]4 ,y p]haps h got into a c>eless habit ( ?9k+ t engrav+ is a m]e bus9ess1 easy en\gh :5 "o has got into ! knack ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a =m ( draw+ m difficult ?an common draw+1 by exactly s mu* z x is m difficult to cut /eel ?an to move ! p5cil ov] pap]4 ,x is true t !re are c]ta9 me*anical aids & me?ods :i* r$uce x at c]ta9 /ages ei!r to pure ma*9e "w1 or to m or less a habit ( h& & arm2 b ?is is n s 9 ! foliage y are try+ to copy1 ( :i* ! be/ & prettie/ p>ts are always et*$--t is1 drawn ) a f9e /eel po9t & free h&3 only ! l9e made is :ite in/ead ( black1 :i* r5d]s x mu* m difficult to judge ( :at y are ab\t4 ,& ! try+ to copy ^! plates w be good = y1 because x w awak5 y to ! real labor & skill ( ! engrav]1 & make y und]/& a little h[ p mu/ "w1 9 ?is _w1 :o h really to d any?+ 9 x4 #hi4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 suppose t ,i give y ! engrav+ z a model--f> f x2 b x is necess>y y %\ld be able to d z well#ai be=e y ?9k ( do+ bett]1 & y w f9d _m little helps & h9ts 9 ! v>i\s "w ( x4 ,only rememb] t all engrav]s' =egr\nds are bad2 :5ev] y see ! peculi> wriggl+ p>allel l9es ( mod]n engrav+s become di/9ct1 y mu/ n copy2 nor admire3 x is only ! s(t] masses1 & di/ances1 & portions ( ! foliage 9 ! plates m>k$ f1 :i* y may copy4 ,! be/ = ?is purpose1 if y c get x1 is ! ,*a9 bridge ov] ! ,tees1 ( ! ,engl& s]ies2 ! ?icket on ! "r is v beautiful & in/ructive1 & v l ,turn]4 ,! foliage 9 ! ,ludl[ & ,p[is is also rem>kably good4 #ij4 ,besides ^! l9e engrav+s1 & to protect y f :at h>m !re is 9 _! influ5ce1 y are to provide y\rself1 if possible1 ) a ,rembr&t et*+1 or a photograph ( "o 7( figures1 n l&scape74 ,x does n matt] ( :at subject1 or :e!r a sket*y or f9i%$ "o1 b ! sket*y ones are g5]ally *eape/1 & w tea* y mo/4 ,copy x z well z y c1 notic+ especially t ,rembr&t's mo/ rapid l9es h /eady purpose2 & t !y are laid ) almo/ inconceivable precision :5 ! object becomes at all int]e/+4 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 ,abraham & ,isaac1 & su* o!rs1 conta9+ incid5t & "* r ?an *i>oscuro1 w be ! mo/ in/ructive4 ,y c buy "o2 copy x well2 !n ex*ange x1 at little loss1 = ano!r2 & s1 gradually1 obta9 a good k ( 8 sy/em4 ,:5ev] y h an opportunity ( exam9+ 8 "w at museums1 etc41 d s ) ! greate/ c>e1 n look+ at _m ?+s1 b a long "t at ea*4 ,y mu/ also provide y\rself1 if possible1 ) an engrav+ ( ,alb]t ,dr]'s4 ,?is y w n be able to copy2 b y mu/ keep x beside y1 & ref] to x z a /&>d ( precision 9 l9e4 ,if y c get "o ) a w+ 9 x1 x w be be/4 ,! cre/ ) ! cock1 t ) ! skull & satyr1 & ! ,melan*oly1 are ! be/ y c\ld h1 b any w d4 ,p]fection 9 *i>oscuro draw+ lies betwe5 ^! two ma/]s1 ,rembr&t & ,dr]4 ,rembr&t is (t5 too loose & vague2 & ,dr] has little or no effect ( mi/ or unc]ta9ty4 ,if y c see any:]e a draw+ by ,leon>do1 y w f9d x balanc$ betwe5 ! two *>act]s2 b !re are no engrav+s :i* pres5t ?is p]fection1 & y\r /yle w be be/ =m$1 !re=e1 by alt]nate /udy ( ,rembr&t & ,dr]4 ,lean r to ,dr]2 x is bett]1 = amateurs1 to err on ! side ( precision ?an on t ( vagu5ess3 & ?\gh1 z ,i h j said1 y _c copy a ,dr]1 yet try e n[ & !n a qu>t] ( an in* squ>e or s1 & see h[ mu* ne>] y c come2 y _c possibly try to draw ! leafy cr[n ( ! ,melan*olia too (t54 #ia4 ,if y _c get ei!r a ,rembr&t or a ,dr]1 y may /ill le>n mu* by c>efully /udy+ any ( ,george ,cruik%ank's et*+s1 or ,lee*'s wood-cuts 9 ,pun*1 on ! free side2 ) ,alfr$ ,re!l's & ,ri*t]'s#bj on ! sev]e side4 ,b 9 s do+ y w ne$ to notice ! foll[+ po9ts3 #ib4 ,:5 ei!r ! mat]ial 7z ! copp] or wood7 or ! "t ( an arti/ does n p]mit him to make a p]fect draw+1--t is to say1 "o 9 :i* no l9es %all be prom95tly visible1--& he is r$uc$ to %[ ! black l9es1 ei!r drawn by ! p51 or on ! wood1 x is bett] to make ^! l9es help1 z f> z may be1 ! expression ( texture & =m4 ,y w ?us f9d _m textures1 z ( clo? or grass or fle%1 & _m subtle effects ( light1 express$ by ,lee* ) zigzag or cross$ or curi\sly brok5 l9es2 & y w see t ,alfr$ ,re!l & ,ri*t] con/antly express ! direction & r\nd+ ( surfaces by ! direction ( ! l9es :i* %ade !m4 ,all ^! v>i\s means ( expression w be useful to y1 z f> z y c le>n !m1 provid$ y rememb] t !y are m]ely a k9d ( %or?&2 tell+ c]ta9 facts n 9 q ! "r way1 b 9 ! only possible way "u ! conditions3 & provid$ 9 any aft] use ( su* means1 y nev] try to %[ y\r own dext]ity2 b only to get z mu* record ( ! object z y c 9 a giv5 "t2 & t y cont9ually make ef=ts to g beyond su* %or?&1 & draw portions ( ! objects rightly4 #ic4 ,& t\*+ ?is "q ( direction ( l9es z indicat+ t ( surface1 obs]ve ^! few po9ts3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,if l9es are to be di/9ctly %[n1 x is bett] t1 s f> z !y c indicate any?+ by _! direction1 !y %\ld expla9 r ?an oppose ! g5]al "* ( ! object4 ,?us1 9 ! piece ( wood-cut f ,titian1 ,fig4 #aj1 ! l9es are s]viceable by express+1 n only ! %ade ( ! trunk1 b p>tly also its r\ndness1 & ! fl[ ( its gra94 ,& ,alb]t ,dr]1 ^: "w 0 *iefly engrav+1 sets himself always ?us to make 8 l9es z valuable z possible2 tell+ mu* by !m1 bo? ( %ade & direction ( surface3 & if y 7 always to be limit$ to engrav+ on copp] 7& did n want to express effects ( mi/ or d>kness1 z well z delicate =ms71 ,alb]t ,dr]'s way ( "w w\ld be ! be/ example = y4 ,b1 inasmu* z ! p]fect way ( draw+ is by %ade )\t l9es1 & ! great pa9t]s always conceive _! subject z complete1 ev5 :5 !y are sket*+ x mo/ rapidly1 y w f9d t1 :5 !y are n limit$ 9 means1 !y d n mu* tru/ to direction ( l9e1 b w (t5 scrat* 9 ! %ade ( a r\nd$ surface ) ne>ly /raight l9es1 t is to say1 ) ! easie/ & quicke/ l9es possible to !mselves4 ,:5 ! h& is free1 ! easie/ l9e = x to draw is "o incl9+ f ! left upw>ds to ! "r1 or vice v]s1 f ! "r d[nw>ds to ! left2 & :5 done v quickly1 ! l9e is hook$ a little at ! end by ! ef=t at return to ! next4 ,h5ce1 y w always f9d ! p5cil1 *alk1 or p5 sket* ( a v great ma/] full ( ^! k9d ( l9es2 & ev5 if he draws c>efully1 y w f9d him us+ simple /raight l9es f left to "r1 :5 an inf]ior ma/] w\ld h us$ curv$ ones4 ,fig4 #aa is a fair facsimile ( "p ( a sket* ( ,raphael's1 :i* exhibits ^! *>act]s v di/9ctly4 ,ev5 ! c>eful draw+s ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci are %ad$ mo/ commonly ) /raight l9es2 & y may always assume x z a po9t increas+ ! probability ( a draw+ be+ by a great ma/] if y f9d r\nd$ surfaces1 su* z ^? ( *eeks or lips1 %ad$ ) /raight l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 #id4 ,b y w also n[ und]/& h[ easy x mu/ be = di%one/ deal]s to =ge or imitate scrawl$ sket*es l ,fig4 #aa1 & pass !m = ! "w ( great ma/]s2 & h[ ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! g5u95ess ( a draw+ dep5ds entirely on y\r kn[+ ! facts ( ! objects drawn1 & p]ceiv+ :e!r ! ha/y h&l+ is all conducive to ! expression ( ^? tru?s4 ,9 a great man's "w1 at its fa/e/1 no l9e is ?r[n away1 & x is n by ! rapidity1 b ! economy ( ! execution t y "k him to be great4 ,n[ to judge ( ?is economy1 y mu/ "k exactly :at he meant to d1 o!rwise y _c ( c\rse disc]n h[ f> he has done x2 t is1 y mu/ "k ! beauty & nature ( ! ?+ he 0 draw+4 ,all judgm5t ( art ?us f9ally f\nds itself on k ( ,nature4 #ie4 ,b f>!r obs]ve1 t ?is scrawl$1 or economic1 or impetu\s execution is nev] affect$ly impetu\s4 ,if a great man is n 9 a hurry1 he nev] pret5ds to be2 if he has no eag]ness 9 8 he>t1 he puts none into 8 h&2 if he ?9ks 8 effect w\ld be bett] got ) two l9es1 he nev]1 to %[ 8 dext]ity1 tries to d x ) "o4 ,be assur$1 !re=e 7& ?is is a matt] ( great importance71 t y w nev] produce a great draw+ by imitat+ ! execution ( a great ma/]4 ,acquire 8 k & %>e 8 feel+s1 & ! easy execution w fall f y\r h& z x did f 83 b if y m]ely scrawl because he scrawl$1 or blot because he blott$1 y w n only nev] advance 9 p[]1 b e able draughtsman1 & e judge ^: op9ion is wor? hav+1 w "k y = a *eat1 & despise y accord+ly4 #if4 ,aga91 obs]ve respect+ ! use ( outl9e3 ,all m]ely outl9$ draw+s are bad1 = ! simple reason1 t an arti/ ( any p[] c always d m1 & tell m1 by quitt+ 8 outl9es occasionally1 & scrat*+ 9 a few l9es = %ade1 ?an he c by re/rict+ himself to outl9e only4 ,h5ce ! fact ( 8 s re/rict+ himself1 :atev] may be ! occasion1 %[s him to be a bad draughtsman1 & n to "k h[ to apply 8 p[] economically4 ,?is h>d law1 h[ev]1 be>s only on draw+s meant to rema9 9 ! /ate 9 :i* y see !m2 n on ^? :i* 7 meant to be proce$$ )1 or = "s me*anical use4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to draw pure outl9es1 z an incipi5t arrangem5t ( a composition1 to be fill$ up aft]w>ds ) color1 or to be prick$ ?r\gh & us$ z patt]ns or trac+s2 b if1 ) no su* ultimate object1 mak+ ! draw+ :olly = its own sake1 & mean+ x to rema9 9 ! /ate he leaves x1 an arti/ re/ricts himself to outl9e1 he is a bad draughtsman1 & 8 "w is bad4 ,!re is no exception to ?is law4 ,a good arti/ habitually sees masses1 n edges1 & c 9 e case make 8 draw+ m expressive 7) any giv5 quantity ( "w7 by rapid %ade ?an by cont\rs2 s t all good "w :atev] is m or less t\*$ ) %ade1 & m or less int]rupt$ z outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 #ig4 ,h5ce1 ! publi%$ works ( ,retzs*1 & all ! ,engli% imitations ( !m1 & all outl9e engrav+s f pictures1 are bad "w1 & only s]ve to corrupt ! public ta/e4 ,& ( su* outl9es1 ! wor/ are ^? :i* are d>k5$ 9 "s "p ( _! c\rse by way ( express+ ! d>k side1 z ,flaxman's f ,dante1 & su* o!rs2 because an outl9e c only be true s long z x accurately repres5ts ! =m ( ! giv5 object ) "o ( its edges4 ,?us1 ! outl9e a & ! outl9e b1 ,fig4 #ab1 are bo? true outl9es ( a ball2 because1 h[ev] ?ick ! l9e may be1 :e!r we take ! int]ior or ext]ior edge ( x1 t edge ( x always draws a true circle4 ,b c is a false outl9e ( a ball1 because ei!r ! inn] or out] edge ( ! black l9e mu/ be an untrue circle1 else ! l9e c\ld n be ?ick] 9 "o place ?an ano!r4 ,h5ce all =ce1 z x is call$1 is ga9$ by falsification ( ! cont\rs2 s t no arti/ ^: eye is true & f9e c\ld endure to look at x4 ,x does inde$ (t5 happ5 t a pa9t]1 sket*+ rapidly1 & try+ aga9 & aga9 = "s l9e :i* he _c q /rike1 black5s or loads ! fir/ l9e by sett+ o!rs beside & across x2 & !n a c>eless obs]v] supposes x has be5 ?ick5$ on purpose3 or1 sometimes also1 at a place :]e %ade is aft]w>ds to inclose ! =m1 ! pa9t] w /rike a broad da% ( ?is %ade beside 8 outl9e at once1 look+ z if he meant to ?ick5 ! outl9e2 :]eas ?is broad l9e is only ! fir/ in/allm5t ( ! future %ad[1 & ! outl9e is really drawn ) its inn] edge4#ba ,& ?us1 f> f good draughtsm5 d>k5+ ! l9es :i* turn away f ! light1 ! t5d5cy ) !m is r to d>k5 !m t[>ds ! light1 = x is !re 9 g5]al t %ade w ultimately inclose !m4 ,! be/ example ( ?is treatm5t t ,i "k is ,raphael's sket*1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( ! head ( ! angel pursu+ ,heliodorus1 ! "o t %[s "p ( ! left eye2 :]e ! d>k /rong l9es :i* t]m9ate ! nose & =ehead t[>ds ! light are oppos$ to t5d] & light ones beh9d ! e>1 & 9 o!r places t[>ds ! %ade4 ,y w see 9 ,fig4 #aa ! same pr9ciple v>i\sly exemplifi$2 ! pr9cipal d>k l9es1 9 ! head & drap]y ( ! arms1 be+ on ! side turn$ to ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 #ih4 ,all ^! ref9em5ts & ultimate pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 d n affect y\r draw+ = ! pres5t4 ,y mu/ try to make y\r outl9es z equal z possible2 & employ pure outl9e only = ! two foll[+ purposes3 ei!r 7#a47 to /eady y\r h&1 z 9 ,ex]cise ,,ii41 = if y _c draw ! l9e itself1 y w nev] be able to t]m9ate y\r %ad[ 9 ! precise %ape requir$1 :5 ! l9e is abs5t2 or 7#b47 to give y %or?& memor&a ( =ms1 :5 y are press$ = "t4 ,?us ! =ms ( di/ant trees 9 gr\ps are def9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ! light edge ( ! r\nd$ mass ( ! ne>] "o be+ %[n aga9/ ! d>k] "p ( ! r\nd$ mass ( a m di/ant "o2 & to draw ?is prop]ly1 ne>ly z mu* "w is requir$ to r\nd ea* tree z to r\nd ! /one 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,( c\rse y _c (t5 get "t to d ?is2 b if y m>k ! t]m9al l9e ( ea* tree z is done by ,dr] 9 ,fig4 #ac1 y w get a mo/ useful memor&um ( _! arrangem5t1 & a v int]e/+ draw+4 ,only obs]ve 9 do+ ?is1 y mu/ n1 because ! proc$ure is a quick "o1 hurry t proc$ure itself4 ,y w f9d1 on copy+ t bit ( ,dr]1 t e "o ( 8 l9es is firm1 delib]ate1 & accurately descriptive z f> z x goes4 ,x means a bu% ( su* a size & su* a %ape1 def9itely obs]v$ & set d[n2 x conta9s a true signalem5t ( e nut-tree1 & apple-tree1 & high] bit ( h$ge1 all r\nd t village4 ,if y h n "t to draw ?us c>efully1 d n draw at all--y are m]ely wa/+ y\r "w & spoil+ y\r ta/e4 ,:5 y h _h f\r or five ye>s' practice y may be able to make useful memor&a at a rapid rate1 b n yet2 except sometimes ( light & %ade1 9 a way ( :i* ,i w tell y pres5tly4 ,& ?is use ( outl9e1 note f>!r1 is :olly conf9$ to objects :i* h edges or limits4 ,y c outl9e a tree or a /one1 :5 x rises aga9/ ano!r tree or /one2 b y _c outl9e folds 9 drap]y1 or waves 9 wat]2 if ^! are to be express$ at all1 x mu/ be by "s sort ( %ade1 & !re=e ! rule t no good draw+ c consi/ ?r\gh\t ( pure outl9e rema9s absolute4 ,y see1 9 t wood-cut ( ,dr]'s1 8 reason = ev5 limit+ himself s mu* to outl9e z he has1 9 ^? di/ant woods & pla9s1 is t he may leave !m 9 bright light1 to be ?r[n out /ill m by ! d>k sky & ! d>k village spire3 & ! sc5e becomes real & sunny only by ! addition ( ^! %ades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 #ii4 ,und]/&+1 !n1 ?us mu* ( ! use ( outl9e1 we w g back to our "q ab\t tree-draw+ left unansw]$ at page #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,we 71 y rememb]1 9 pursuit ( my/]y among ! leaves4 ,n[1 x is q easy to obta9 my/]y & disord]1 to any ext5t2 b ! difficulty is to keep organization 9 ! mid/ ( my/]y4 ,& y w nev] succe$ 9 do+ ?is unless y lean always to ! def9ite side1 & all[ y\rself r>ely to become q vague1 at lea/ ?r\gh all y\r e>ly practice4 ,s1 aft] y\r s+le gr\ps ( leaves1 y\r fir/ /ep mu/ be to conditions l ,figs4 #ad & #ae1 :i* are c>eful facsimiles ( two portions ( a beautiful wood-cut ( ,dr]'s1 ! ,flight into ,egypt4 ,copy ^! c>efully1--nev] m9d h[ little at a "t1 b ?or\ghly2 !n trace ! ,dr]1 & apply x to y\r draw+1 & d n be cont5t till ! "o fits ! o!r1 else y\r eye is n true en\gh to c>ry y safely ?r\gh me%es ( real leaves4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( do+ ?is1 y w f9d t n a l9e nor dot ( ,dr]'s c be displac$ )\t h>m2 t all add to ! effect1 & ei!r express some?+1 or illum9e some?+1 or relieve some?+4 ,if1 aft]w>ds1 y copy any ( ! pieces ( mod]n tree draw+1 ( :i* s _m ri* examples are giv5 con/antly 9 our *eap illu/rat$ p]iodicals 7any ( ! ,*ri/mas numb]s ( la/ ye>'s ,illu/rat$ ,news or o!rs are full ( !m71 y w see t1 ?\gh good & =cible g5]al effect is produc$1 ! l9es are ?r[n 9 by ?\s&s )\t special int5tion1 & might j z well g "o way z ano!r1 s only t !re be en\gh ( !m to produce all toge!r a well-%ap$ effect ( intricacy3 & y w f9d t a little c>eless scrat*+ ab\t ) y\r p5 w br+ y v ne> ! same result )\t an ef=t2 b t no scrat*+ ( p51 nor any =tunate *ance1 nor any?+ b d[nright skill & ?\ght1 w imitate s mu* z "o leaf ( ,dr]'s4 ,yet !re is consid]able intricacy & glitt]+ confusion 9 ! int]/ices ( ^? v9e leaves ( 81 z well z ( ! grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 #ajj4 ,:5 y h got famili>iz$ to 8 firm mann]1 y may draw f ,nature z mu* z y l 9 ! same way2 & :5 y are tir$ ( ! int5se c>e requir$ = ?is1 y may fall into a little m easy mass+ ( ! leaves1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj 7p4 #ee74 ,?is is facsimild f an engrav+ aft] ,titian1 b an engrav+ n q fir/-rate 9 mann]1 ! leaves be+ a little too =mal2 /ill1 x is a good en\gh model = y\r times ( re/2 & :5 y _c c>ry ! ?+ ev5 s f> z ?is1 y may sket* ! =ms ( ! masses1 z 9 ,fig4 #af1bb tak+ c>e always to h ?or\gh comm& ov] y\r h&2 t is1 n to let ! mass take a free %ape because y\r h& ran glibly ov] ! pap]1 b because 9 ,nature x has actually a free & noble %ape1 & y h fai?fully foll[$ ! same4 #aja4 ,& n[ t we h come to que/ions ( noble %ape1 z well z true %ape1 & t we are go+ to draw f ,nature at our pleasure1 o!r consid]ations ent] into ! bus9ess1 :i* are by no means conf9$ to fir/ practice1 b ext5d to all practice2 ^! 7z ?is lett] is long en\gh1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 to satisfy ev5 ! mo/ exact+ ( correspond5ts7 ,i w arrange 9 a second lett]2 pray+ y only to excuse ! tiresom5ess ( ?is fir/ "o--tiresom5ess insep>able f directions t\*+ ! beg9n+ ( any art1--& to believe me1 ev5 ?\gh ,i am try+ to set y to dull & h>d "w1 ,v fai?fully y\rs1 ,j4 ,,rusk94 ,,footnotes3 #a 7,n4,b4--,?is note is only = ! satisfaction ( incr$ul\s or curi\s read]s4 ,y may miss x if y are 9 a hurry1 or are will+ to take ! /atem5t 9 ! text on tru/47 ,! p]ception ( solid ,=m is entirely a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,we see no?+ b flat colors2 & x is only by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts t we f9d out t a /a9 ( black or gray indicates ! d>k side ( a solid sub/ance1 or t a fa9t hue indicates t ! object 9 :i* x appe>s is f> away4 ,! :ole te*nical p[] ( pa9t+ dep5ds on our recov]y ( :at may be call$ ! innoc5ce ( ! eye2 t is to say1 ( a sort ( *ildi% p]ception ( ^! flat /a9s ( color1 m]ely z su*1 )\t consci\sness ( :at !y signify1--z a bl9d man w\ld see !m if sudd5ly gift$ ) sight4 ,= in/ance3 :5 grass is light$ /rongly by ! sun 9 c]ta9 directions1 x is turn$ f gre5 into a peculi> & some:at du/y-look+ yell[4 ,if we _h be5 born bl9d1 & 7 sudd5ly end[$ ) sight on a piece ( grass ?us light$ 9 "s p>ts by ! sun1 x w\ld appe> to u t "p ( ! grass 0 gre51 & "p a du/y yell[ 7v ne>ly ( ! color ( primroses72 &1 if !re 7 primroses ne>1 we %\ld ?9k t ! sunlight$ grass 0 ano!r mass ( plants ( ! same sulphur-yell[ color4 ,we %\ld try to ga!r "s ( !m1 & !n f9d t ! color w5t away f ! grass :5 we /ood betwe5 x & ! sun1 b n f ! primroses2 & by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts we %\ld f9d out t ! sun 0 really ! cause ( ! color 9 ! "o1--n 9 ! o!r4 ,we g ?r\gh su* processes ( exp]im5t unconsci\sly 9 *ildhood2 & hav+ once come to conclusions t\*+ ! signification ( c]ta9 colors1 we always suppose t we see :at we only "k1 & h h>dly any consci\sness ( ! real aspect ( ! signs we h le>n$ to int]pret4 ,v few p h any idea t sunlight$ grass is yell[4 ,n[1 a highly accompli%$ arti/ has always r$uc$ himself z ne>ly z possible to ?is condition ( infant9e sight4 ,he sees ! colors ( nature exactly z !y are1 & !re=e p]ceives at once 9 ! sunlight$ grass ! precise relation betwe5 ! two colors t =m its %ade & light4 ,to him x does n seem %ade & light1 b blui% gre5 b>r$ ) gold4 ,/rive1 !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 to conv9ce y\rself ( ?is great fact ab\t sight4 ,?is1 9 y\r h&1 :i* y "k by exp]i5ce & t\* to be a book1 is to y\r eye no?+ b a pat* ( :ite1 v>i\sly gradat$ & spott$2 ?is o!r ?+ ne> y1 :i* by exp]i5ce y "k to be a table1 is to y\r eye only a pat* ( br[n1 v>i\sly d>k5$ & ve9$2 & s on3 & ! :ole art ( ,pa9t+ consi/s m]ely 9 p]ceiv+ ! %ape & dep? ( ^! pat*es ( color1 & putt+ pat*es ( ! same size1 dep?1 & %ape on canvas4 ,! only ob/acle to ! success ( pa9t+ is1 t _m ( ! real colors are bright] & pal] ?an x is possible to put on canvas3 we mu/ put d>k] ones to repres5t !m4 #b ,/ale crumb ( bread is bett]1 if y are mak+ a delicate draw+1 ?an india-rubb]1 = x di/urbs ! surface ( ! pap] less3 b x crumbles ab\t ! room & makes a mess2 &1 besides1 y wa/e ! good bread1 :i* is wrong2 & y\r draw+ w n = a long :ile be wor? ! crumbs4 ,s use india-rubb] v lightly2 or1 if heavily1 press+ x only1 n pass+ x ov] ! pap]1 & leave :at p5cil m>ks w n come away s1 )\t m9d+ !m4 ,9 a f9i%$ draw+ ! uneffac$ p5cil+ is (t5 s]viceable1 help+ ! g5]al tone1 & enabl+ y to take out little bright lights4 #c ,:at is usually s mu* s\ght aft] "u ! t]m fre$om is ! "* ( ! draw+ ( a great ma/] 9 a hurry1 ^: h& is s ?or\ghly discipl9$1 t :5 press$ = "t he c let x fly z x w1 & x w n g f> wrong4 ,b ! h& ( a great ma/] at real "w is nev] free3 its swifte/ da% is "u p]fect gov]nm5t4 ,paul ,v]onese or ,t9toret c\ld pause )9 a hair's bread? ( any appo9t$ m>k1 9 _! fa/e/ t\*es2 & foll[1 )9 a hair's bread?1 ! previ\sly int5d$ curve4 ,y mu/ nev]1 !re=e1 aim at fre$om4 ,x is n requir$ ( y\r draw+ t x %\ld be free1 b t x %\ld be "r2 9 "t y w be able to d "r easily1 & !n y\r "w w be free 9 ! be/ s5se2 b !re is no m]it 9 do+ wrong easily4 ,^! rem>ks1 h[ev]1 d n apply to ! l9es us$ 9 %ad+1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 are to be made z quickly z possible4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! quick] a l9e is drawn1 ! light] x is at ! ends1 & !re=e ! m easily jo9$ ) o!r l9es1 & conceal$ by !m2 ! object 9 p]fect %ad+ be+ to conceal ! l9es z mu* z possible4 ,& obs]ve1 9 ?is ex]cise1 ! object is m to get firmness ( h& ?an accuracy ( eye = outl9e2 = !re are no outl9es 9 ,nature1 & ! ord9>y /ud5t is sure to draw !m falsely if he draws !m at all4 ,d n1 !re=e1 be disc\rag$ if y f9d mi/akes cont9ue to occur 9 y\r outl9es2 be cont5t at pres5t if y f9d y\r h& ga9+ comm& ov] ! curves4 #d ,if y c get any pieces ( dead :ite porcela91 n glaz$1 !y w be useful models4 #e ,arti/s :o glance at ?is book may be surpris$ at ?is p]mission4 ,my *ief reason is1 t ,i ?9k x m necess>y t ! pupil's eye %\ld be tra9$ to accurate p]ception ( ! relations ( curve & "r l9es1 by hav+ ! latt] absolutely true1 ?an t he %\ld practice draw+ /raight l9es4 ,b also1 ,i believe1 ?\gh ,i am n q sure ( ?is1 t he nev] ought to be able to draw a /raight l9e4 ,i d n believe a p]fectly tra9$ h& ev] c draw a l9e )\t "s curvature 9 x1 or "s v>iety ( direction4 ,pr\t c\ld draw a /raight l9e1 b ,i d n believe ,raphael c\ld1 nor ,t9toret4 ,a great draughtsman c1 z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 draw e l9e b a /raight "o4 #f ,or1 if y feel able to d s1 scrat* !m 9 ) confus$ quick t\*es1 indicat+ ! g5]al %ape ( ! cl\d or mi/ ( twigs r\nd ! ma9 bran*es2 b d n take mu* tr\ble ab\t !m4 #g ,x is m difficult1 at fir/1 to get1 9 color1 a n>r[ gradation ?an an ext5d$ "o2 b ! ultimate difficulty is1 z ) ! p51 to make ! gradation g f>4 #h ,( c\rse1 all ! columns ( color are to be ( equal l5g?4 #i ,! degree ( d>kness y c rea* ) ! giv5 color is always indicat$ by ! color ( ! solid cake 9 ! box4 #aj ,! figure a1 ,fig4 #e1 is v d>k1 b ?is is to give an example ( all k9ds ( dep?s ( t9t1 )\t repeat$ figures4 #aa ,ne>ly neutral 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 b yet ) q diff]5t tones 9 its neutrality1 accord+ to ! colors ( ! v>i\s reflect$ rays t compose x4 #ab ,if we _h any bus9ess ) ! reasons ( ?is1 ,i might p]haps be able to %[ y "s metaphysical ones = ! enjoym5t1 by truly arti/ical m9ds1 ( ! *anges wr\ght by light & %ade & p]spective 9 patt]n$ surfaces2 b ?is is at pres5t n to ! po9t2 & all t y ne$ to "k is t ! draw+ ( su* ?+s is good ex]cise1 & moreov] a k9d ( ex]cise :i* ,titian1 ,v]onese1 ,t9toret1 ,giorgione1 & ,turn]1 all enjoy$1 & /rove to excel 94 #ac ,! use ( acquir+ ?is habit ( execution is t y may be able1 :5 y beg9 to color1 to let "o hue be se5 9 m9ute portions1 gleam+ betwe5 ! t\*es ( ano!r4 #ad ,william ,hunt1 ( ! ,old ,wat]-color ,society4 #ae ,at ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 9 #aheg among ! f\r pr9cipal examples ( ,turn]'s lat] wat]-color draw+1 p]haps ! mo/ neglect$ 0 t ( fi%+-boats & fi% at sunset4 ,x is "o ( 8 mo/ wond]ful works1 ?\gh unf9i%$4 ,if y exam9e ! l>g] :ite fi%+-boat sail1 y w f9d x has a little sp>k ( pure :ite 9 its "r-h& upp] corn]1 ab\t z l>ge z a m9ute p9's head1 & t all ! surface ( ! sail is gradat$ to t focus4 ,try to copy ?is sail once or twice1 & y w beg9 to und]/& ,turn]'s "w4 ,simil>ly1 ! w+ ( ! ,cupid 9 ,correggio's l>ge picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y is focus$ to two little gra9s ( :ite at ! top ( x4 ,! po9ts ( light on ! :ite fl[] 9 ! wrea? r\nd ! head ( ! danc+ *ild-faun1 9 ,titian's ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 exemplify ! same ?+4 #af ,i %all n h5ce=w>d numb] ! ex]cises recomm5d$2 z !y are di/+ui%$ only by increas+ difficulty ( subject1 n by diff]5ce ( me?od4 #ag ,if y und]/& ! pr9ciple ( ! /]eoscope y w "k :y2 if n1 x does n matt]2 tru/ me = ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 z ,i _c expla9 ! pr9ciple )\t diagrams & mu* loss ( "t4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,note #a1 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #ah ,! plates m>k$ ) a /> are peculi>ly desirable4 ,see note at ! end ( ,app5dix ,i4 ,! lett]s mean z foll[s3-- a /&s = ar*itecture1 includ+ di/ant gr\p+ ( t[ns1 cottages1 etc4 c cl\ds1 includ+ mi/ & arial effects4 f foliage4 g gr\nd1 includ+ l[ hills1 :5 n rocky4 l effects ( light4 m m\nta9s1 or bold rocky gr\nd4 p p[] ( g5]al arrangem5t & effect4 q quiet wat]4 r runn+ or r\gh wat]2 or riv]s1 ev5 if calm1 :5 _! l9e ( fl[ is beautifully m>k$4 ,f ! ,engl& ,s]ies4 a c f r4 ,arundel4 a f p4 ,lanca/]4 a f l4 ,a%by de la ,z\*e4 c l m r4 ,lanca/] ,s&s499 a l q r4 ,b>n>d ,ca/le499 a g f4 ,launce/on499 f m r4 ,bolton ,abbey4 c f l r4 ,leice/] ,abbey4 f g r4 ,buckfa/leigh499 f r4 ,ludl[4 a l p4 ,ca]n>von4 a f l4 ,m>gate4 c l q4 ,ca/le ,upnor4 a l q4 ,or=d4 a f l4 ,col*e/]4 c p4 ,plym\?4 l q4 ,c[es4 f4 ,p[is ,ca/le4 c f p4 ,d>tm\? ,cove499 l m q4 ,prudhoe ,ca/le4 c l q4 ,fl9t ,ca/le499 f l m r4 ,*a9 ,bridge ov] a f g l4 ,kn>esbor\gh499 ,tees499 m r4 ,high ,=ce ( ,tees499 m q4 ,ulleswat]4 a f q4 ,trematon4 f m4 ,valle ,crucis4 ,f ! ,keepsake4 m p q4 ,arona4 p4 ,/4 ,g]ma9 en ,laye4 l m4 ,dra*5fels499 l p q4 ,flor5ce4 f l4 ,m>ly499 l m4 ,ballyburgh ,ness499 ,f ! ,bible ,s]ies4 f m4 ,m\nt ,lebanon4 a c g4 ,joppa4 m4 ,rock ( ,moses at c l p q4 ,solomon's ,pools499 ,s9ai4 a l4 ,santa ,saba4 a l m4 ,j]i*o4 a l4 ,pool ( ,be!sda4 ,f ,scott's ,works4 p r4 ,melrose499 c m4 ,gl5coe4 f r4 ,dryburgh499 c m4 ,lo* ,corisk9499 a l4 ,ca]lav]ock4 ,f ! ,riv]s ( ,france4 a q4 ,*teau ( ,amboise1 ) a p4 ,r\5 ,ca!dral4 l>ge bridge on "r4 f p4 ,pont de l',ar*e4 l p r4 ,r\51 look+ d[n ! f l p4 ,view on ! ,se9e1 riv]1 popl>s on "r499 ) av5ue4 a l p4 ,r\51 ) ca!dral a c p4 ,bridge ( ,meulan4 & ra9b[1 av5ue c g p r4 ,caudebec499 on left4 #ai ,z well2--n z m9utely3 ! diamond cuts f9] l9es on ! /eel ?an y c draw on pap] ) y\r p52 b y mu/ be able to get tones z ev51 & t\*es z firm4 #bj ,see1 = acc\nt ( ^! plates1 ! ,app5dix on ,works to be /udi$4 #ba ,see ,note #b 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #bb ,?is sket* is n ( a tree /&+ on its head1 ?\gh x looks l x4 ,y w f9d x expla9$ pres5tly4 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature4 #ajb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,read]1--,! "w we h already gone ?r\gh toge!r has1 ,i hope1 enabl$ y to draw ) fair success ei!r r\nd$ & simple masses1 l /ones1 or complicat$ arrangem5ts ( =m1 l ^? ( leaves2 provid$ only ^! masses or complexities w /ay quiet = y to copy1 & d n ext5d into quantity s great z to baffle y\r pati5ce4 ,b if we are n[ to g out to ! fields1 & to draw any?+ l a complete l&scape1 nei!r ( ^! conditions w any m be obs]v$ = u4 ,! cl\ds w n wait :ile we copy _! heaps or clefts2 ! %ad[s w escape f u z we try to %ape !m1 ea*1 9 its /eal?y m9ute m>*1 /ill leav+ light :]e its tremul\s edge _h re/$ ! mom5t be=e1 & involv+ 9 eclipse objects t _h seem$ safe f its influ5ce2 & in/ead ( ! small clu/]s ( leaves :i* we c\ld reckon po9t by po9t1 emb>rass+ en\gh ev5 ?\gh num]able1 we h n[ leaves z little to be c\nt$ z ! s&s ( ! sea1 & re/less1 p]haps1 z its foam4 #ajc4 ,9 all t we h to d n[1 !re=e1 direct imitation becomes m or less impossible4 ,x is always to be aim$ at s f> z x is possible2 & :5 y h "t & opportunity1 "s portions ( a l&scape may1 z y ga9 great] skill1 be r5d]$ ) an approximation almo/ to mirror$ portraiture4 ,/ill1 :atev] skill y may rea*1 !re w always be ne$ ( judgm5t to *oose1 & ( spe$ to seize1 c]ta9 ?+s t are pr9cipal or fugitive2 & y mu/ give m & m ef=t daily to ! obs]vance ( *>act]i/ic po9ts1 & ! atta9m5t ( concise me?ods4 #ajd4 ,i h direct$ y\r att5tion e>ly to foliage = two reasons4 ,fir/1 t x is always accessible z a /udy2 & secondly1 t its modes ( gr[? pres5t simple examples ( ! importance ( lead+ or gov]n+ l9es4 ,x is by seiz+ ^! lead+ l9es1 :5 we _c seize all1 t lik5ess & expression are giv5 to a portrait1 & grace & a k9d ( vital tru? to ! r5d]+ ( e natural =m4 ,i call x vital tru?1 because ^! *ief l9es are always expressive ( ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t action ( ! ?+4 ,!y %[ 9 a m\nta91 fir/1 h[ x 0 built or heap$ up2 & secondly1 h[ x is n[ be+ worn away1 & f :at qu>t] ! wilde/ /orms /rike x4 ,9 a tree1 !y %[ :at k9d ( =tune x has _h to endure f its *ildhood3 h[ tr\blesome trees h come 9 its way1 & pu%$ x aside1 & tri$ to /rangle or />ve x2 :]e & :5 k9d trees h %elt]$ x1 & gr[n up lov+ly toge!r ) x1 b5d+ z x b5t2 :at w9ds torm5t x mo/2 :at b\ghs ( x behave be/1 & be> mo/ fruit2 & s on4 ,9 a wave or cl\d1 ^! lead+ l9es %[ ! run ( ! tide & ( ! w9d1 & ! sort ( *ange :i* ! wat] or vapor is at any mom5t endur+ 9 its =m1 z x meets %ore1 or c\nt]-wave1 or melt+ sun%9e4 ,n[ rememb]1 no?+ di/+ui%es great m5 f inf]ior m5 m ?an _! always1 :e!r 9 life or 9 art1 kn[+ ! way ?+s are go+4 ,y\r dunce ?9ks !y are /&+ /ill1 & draws !m all fix$2 y\r wise man sees ! *ange or *ang+ 9 !m1 & draws !m s1--! animal 9 its motion1 ! tree 9 its gr[?1 ! cl\d 9 its c\rse1 ! m\nta9 9 its we>+ away4 ,try always1 :5ev] y look at a =m1 to see ! l9es 9 x :i* h _h p[] ov] its pa/ fate & w h p[] ov] its futurity4 ,^? are its awful l9es2 see t y seize on ^?1 :atev] else y miss4 ,?us1 ! leafage 9 ,fig4 #af 7p4 #fc7 grew r\nd ! root ( a /one p9e1 on ! br[ ( a crag at ,se/ri ne> ,g5oa1 & all ! sprays ( x are ?ru/ away 9 _! fir/ budd+ by ! great rude root1 & spr+ out 9 e direction r\nd x1 z wat] spla%es :5 a heavy /one is ?r[n into x4 ,!n1 :5 !y h got cle> ( ! root1 !y beg9 to b5d up aga92 "s ( !m1 be+ little /one p9es !mselves1 h a great notion ( gr[+ upright1 if !y c2 & ?is /ruggle ( !irs to recov] _! /raight road t[>ds ! sky1 aft] be+ oblig$ to gr[ sideways 9 _! e>ly ye>s1 is ! ef=t t w ma9ly influ5ce _! future de/9y1 & det]m9e if !y are to be crabb$1 =ky p9es1 /rik+ f t rock ( ,se/ri1 ^: clefts n\ri% !m1 ) b>$ r$ lightn+ ( angry arms t[>ds ! sea2 or if !y are to be goodly & solemn p9es1 ) trunks l pill>s ( temples1 & ! purple burn+ ( _! bran*es %ea!d 9 deep globes ( cl\dy gre54 ,^?1 !n1 are _! fateful l9es2 see t y give t spr+ & resili5ce1 :atev] y leave ungiv53 dep5d ^u x1 _! *ief beauty is 9 ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 #aje4 ,s 9 trees 9 g5]al1 & bu%es1 l>ge or small1 y w notice t1 ?\gh ! b\ghs spr+ irregul>ly & at v>i\s angles1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 all to /oop less & less z !y ne> ! top ( ! tree4 ,?is /ructure1 typifi$ 9 ! simple/ possible t]ms at c1 ,fig4 #ag1 is common to all trees t ,i "k (1 & x gives !m a c]ta9 plumy "*1 & aspect ( unity 9 ! he>ts ( _! bran*es :i* are ess5tial to _! beauty4 ,! /em does n m]ely s5d (f a wild bran* "h & !re to take its own way1 b all ! bran*es %>e 9 "o great f\nta9-l impulse2 ea* has a curve & a pa? to take1 :i* fills a def9ite place1 & ea* t]m9ates all its m9or bran*es at its out] extremity1 s z to =m a great] out] curve1 ^: "* & proportion are peculi> = ea* species4 ,t is to say1 ! g5]al type or idea ( a tree is n z a1 ,fig4 #ag1 b z b1 9 :i*1 obs]ve1 ! b\ghs all c>ry _! m9or divisions "r out to ! b\nd+ curve2 n b t small] bran*es1 by ?\s&s1 t]m9ate 9 ! he>t ( ! tree1 b ! idea & ma9 purpose 9 e bran* are to c>ry all its *ild bran*es well out to ! air & light1 & let ea* ( !m1 h[ev] small1 take its "p 9 fill+ ! unit$ fl[ ( ! b\nd+ curve1 s t ! type ( ea* sep>ate b\gh is aga9 n a1 b b1 ,fig4 #ah2 approximat+1 t is to say1 s f> to ! /ructure ( a plant ( broccoli z to ?r[ ! great mass ( spray & leafage out to a r\nd$ surface4 ,!re=e bew>e ( gett+ into a c>eless habit ( draw+ b\ghs ) successive sweeps ( ! p5 or bru%1 "o hang+ to ! o!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,if y look at ! tree-b\ghs 9 any pa9t+ ( ,wilson's y w see ?is /ructure1 & ne>ly e o!r t is to be avoid$1 9 _! int5se/ types4 ,y w also notice t ,wilson nev] conceives a tree z a r\nd mass1 b flat1 z if x _h be5 press$ & dri$4 ,mo/ p 9 draw+ p9es seem to fancy1 9 ! same way1 t ! b\ghs come out only on two sides ( ! trunk1 in/ead ( all r\nd x3 always1 !re=e1 take m pa9s 9 try+ to draw ! b\ghs ( trees t gr[ t[>ds y ?an ^? t g (f to ! sides2 anybody c draw ! latt]1 b ! =e%ort5$ ones are n s easy4 ,x w help y 9 draw+ !m to obs]ve t 9 mo/ trees ! ramification ( ea* bran*1 ?\gh n ( ! tree itself1 is m or less flatt5$1 & approximates1 9 its position1 to ! look ( a h& held out to receive some?+1 or %elt] some?+4 ,if y take a look+-glass1 & hold y\r h& be=e x slightly holl[$1 ) ! palm upw>ds1 & ! f+]s op51 z if y 7 go+ to support ! base ( "s great b[l1 l>g] ?an y c\ld easily hold2 & sket* y\r h& z y see x 9 ! glass ) ! po9ts ( ! f+]s t[>ds y2 x w mat]ially help y 9 und]/&+ ! way trees g5]ally hold out _! h&s3 & if !n y w turn y\rs ) its palm d[nw>ds1 z if y 7 go+ to try to hide some?+1 b ) ! f+]s exp&$1 y w get a good type ( ! action ( ! l[] b\ghs 9 c$>s & su* o!r spread+ trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 #ajf4 ,fig4 #bj w give y a good idea ( ! simple/ way 9 :i* ^! & o!r su* facts c be rapidly express$2 if y copy x c>efully1 y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ ! t\*es all gr\p toge!r1 9 express+ ! plumy toss ( ! tree bran*es1 & ! spr++ ( ! bu%es out ( ! bank1 & ! undulation ( ! gr\nd3 note ! c>eful draw+ ( ! foot/eps made by ! climb]s ( ! little m\nd on ! left4#bc ,x is facsimild f an et*+ ( ,turn]'s1 & is z good an example z y c h ( ! use ( pure & firm l9es2 x w also %[ y h[ ! p>ticul> action 9 foliage1 or any?+ else to :i* y wi% to direct att5tion1 may be int5sifi$ by ! adjuncts4 ,! tall & upright trees are made to look m tall & upright /ill1 because _! l9e is cont9u$ bel[ by ! figure ( ! f>m] ) 8 /ick2 & ! r\nd$ bu%es on ! bank are made to look m r\nd$ because _! l9e is cont9u$ 9 "o broad sweep by ! black dog & ! boy climb+ ! wall4 ,^! figures are plac$ entirely ) ?is object1 z we %all see m fully h]eaft] :5 we come to talk ab\t composition2 b1 if y please1 we w n talk ab\t t yet a:ile4 ,:at ,i h be5 tell+ y ab\t ! beautiful l9es & action ( foliage has no?+ to d ) composition1 b only ) fact1 & ! brief & expressive repres5tation ( fact4 ,b !re w be no h>m 9 y\r look+ =w>d1 if y l to d s1 to ! acc\nt1 9 ,lett] ,,iii4 ( ! ,law ( ,radiation1 & read+ :at is said !re ab\t tree gr[?3 inde$ x w\ld 9 "s respects h be5 bett] to h said x "h ?an !re1 only x w\ld h brok5 up ! acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples ( composition some:at awkw>dly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 #ajg4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! l9es indicative ( action are n always q s manife/ 9 o!r ?+s z 9 trees1 a little att5tion w soon enable y to see t !re are su* l9es 9 ev]y?+4 ,9 an old h\se ro(1 a bad obs]v] & bad draughtsman w only see & draw ! spotty irregul>ity ( tiles or slates all ov]2 b a good draughtsman w see all ! b5ds ( ! "u timb]s1 :]e !y are weake/ & ! weight is tell+ on !m mo/1 & ! tracks ( ! run ( ! wat] 9 "t ( ra91 :]e x runs (f fa/e/1 & :]e x lies long & fe$s ! moss2 & he w be c>eful1 h[ev] few slates he draws1 to m>k ! way !y b5d toge!r t[>ds ^? holl[s 7:i* h ! future fate ( ! ro( 9 !m71 & cr[d gradually toge!r at ! top ( ! gable1 p>tly dim9i%+ 9 p]spective1 p>tly1 p]haps1 dim9i%$ on purpose 7!y are s 9 mo/ ,engli% old h\ses7 by ! slate-lay]4 ,s 9 gr\nd1 !re is always ! direction ( ! run ( ! wat] to be notic$1 :i* r\nds ! e>? & cuts x into holl[s2 &1 g5]ally1 9 any bank or height wor? draw+1 a trace ( b$d$ or o!r int]nal /ructure besides4 ,figure #bj w give y "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* su* facts may be express$ by a few l9es4 ,d y n feel ! depression 9 ! gr\nd all d[n ! hill :]e ! foot/eps are1 & h[ ! p always turn to ! left at ! top1 los+ brea? a little1 & !n h[ ! wat] runs d[n 9 t o!r holl[ t[>ds ! valley1 beh9d ! roots ( ! trees8 #ajh4 ,n[1 ,i want y 9 y\r fir/ sket*es f ,nature to aim exclusively at und]/&+ & repres5t+ ^! vital facts ( =m2 us+ ! p5--n n[ ! /eel1 b ! quill--firmly & /eadily1 nev] scrawl+ ) x1 b say+ to y\rself be=e y lay on a s+le t\*1--t leaf is ! ma9 "o1 t b\gh is ! guid+ "o1 & ?is t\*1 s long1 s broad1 means t "p ( x1--po9t or side or knot1 z ! case may be4 ,resolve always1 z y look at ! ?+1 :at y w take1 & :at miss ( x1 & nev] let y\r h& run away ) y1 or get into any habit or me?od ( t\*4 ,if y want a cont9u\s l9e1 y\r h& %\ld pass calmly f "o end ( x to ! o!r )\t a tremor2 if y want a %ak+ & brok5 l9e1 y\r h& %\ld %ake1 or break (f1 z easily z a musician's f+] %akes or /ops on a note3 only rememb] ?is1 t !re is no g5]al way ( do+ any ?+2 no recipe c be giv5 y = s mu* z ! draw+ ( a clu/] ( grass4 ,! grass may be ragg$ & /iff1 or t5d] & fl[+2 sunburnt & %eep-bitt51 or rank & languid2 fre% or dry2 lu/r\s or dull3 look at x1 & try to draw x z x is1 & don't ?9k h[ somebody told y to d grass4 ,s a /one may be r\nd or angul>1 poli%$ or r\gh1 crack$ all ov] l an ill-glaz$ teacup1 or z unit$ & broad z ! brea/ ( ,h]cules4 ,x may be z flaky z a waf]1 z p[d]y z a field puff-ball2 x may be knott$ l a %ip's haws]1 or knead$ l hamm]$ iron1 or knit l a ,damascus sab]1 or fus$ l a glass bottle1 or cry/alliz$ l ho>-fro/1 or ve9$ l a =e/ leaf3 look at x1 & don't try to rememb] h[ anybody told y to d a /one4 #aji4 ,z soon z y f9d t y\r h& obeys y ?or\ghly1 & t y c r5d] any =m ) a firmness & tru? approa*+ t ( ,turn]'s or ,dr]'s "w1#bd y mu/ add a simple b equally c>eful light & %ade to y\r p5 draw+1 s z to make ea* /udy z complete z possible2 = :i* y mu/ prep>e y\rself ?us4 ,get1 if y h ! means1 a good impression ( "o plate ( ,turn]'s ,lib] ,/udiorum2 if possible1 "o ( ! subjects nam$ 9 ! note bel[4#be ,if y _c obta91 or ev5 borr[ = a little :ile1 any ( ^! engrav+s1 y mu/ use a photograph in/ead 7h[1 ,i w tell y pres5tly72 b1 if y c get ! ,turn]1 x w be be/4 ,y w see t x is compos$ ( a firm et*+ 9 l9e1 ) mezzot9t %ad[ laid ov] x4 ,y mu/ fir/ copy ! et*$ "p ( x accurately2 to :i* end put ! pr9t aga9/ ! w9d[1 & trace sl[ly ) ! greate/ c>e e black l9e2 retrace ?is on smoo? draw+-pap]2 &1 f9ally1 g ov] ! :ole ) y\r p51 look+ at ! orig9al plate always1 s t if y err at all1 x may be on ! "r side1 n mak+ a l9e :i* is too curv$ or too /raight already 9 ! trac+1 m curv$ or m /raight1 z y g ov] x4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 nev] "w aft] y are tir$1 nor to get ! ?+ done1 = if x is badly done1 x w be ( no use to y4 ,! true zeal & pati5ce ( a qu>t] ( an h\r are bett] ?an ! sulky & inatt5tive labor ( a :ole day4 ,if y h n made ! t\*es "r at ! fir/ go+ ov] ) ! p51 ret\* !m delicately1 ) little ink 9 y\r p51 ?ick5+ or re9=c+ !m z !y ne$3 y _c give too mu* c>e to ! facsimile4 ,!n keep ?is et*$ outl9e by y 9 ord] to /udy at y\r ease ! way 9 :i* ,turn] uses 8 l9e z prep>atory = ! subsequ5t %ad[2#bf x is only 9 gett+ ! two sep>ate t y w be able to reason on ?is4 ,next1 copy once m1 ?\gh = ! f\r? "t1 any "p ( ?is et*+ :i* y l1 & put on ! light & %ade ) ! bru%1 & any br[n color t mat*es t ( ! plate2#bg work+ x ) ! po9t ( ! bru% z delicately z if y 7 draw+ ) p5cil1 & dott+ & cross-hat*+ z lightly z y c t\* ! pap]1 till y get ! gradations ( ,turn]'s engrav+4 #aaj4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 z 9 ! =m] "o1 a qu>t] ( an in* work$ to close resemblance ( ! copy is wor? m ?an ! :ole subject c>elessly done4 ,n t 9 draw+ aft]w>ds f ,nature y are to be oblig$ to f9i% e gradation 9 ?is way1 b t1 once hav+ fully accompli%$ ! draw+ some?+ rightly1 y w !nce=w>d feel & aim at a high] p]fection ?an y c\ld o!rwise h conceiv$1 & ! bru% w obey y1 & br+ out quickly & cle>ly ! lovelie/ results1 ) a submissiv5ess :i* x w\ld h :olly refus$ if y _h n put x to sev]e/ "w4 ,no?+ is m /range 9 art ?an ! way t *ance & mat]ials seem to favor y1 :5 once y h ?or\ghly conqu]$ !m4 ,make y\rself q indep5d5t ( *ance1 get y\r result 9 spite ( x1 & f t day =w>d all ?+s w someh[ fall z y w\ld h !m4 ,%[ ! camel's hair1 & ! color 9 x1 t no b5d+ nor blott+ is ( any use to escape y\r w2 t ! t\* & ! %ade %all f9ally be "r1 if x co/s y a ye>'s toil2 & f t h\r ( corrective conviction1 said camel's hair w b5d itself to all y\r wi%es1 & no blot w d>e to transgress its appo9t$ bord]4 ,if y _c obta9 a pr9t f ! ,lib] ,/udiorum1 get a photograph#bh ( "s g5]al l&scape subject1 ) high hills & a village or picturesque t[n1 9 ! middle di/ance1 & "s calm wat] ( v>i$ "* 7a /ream ) /ones 9 x1 if possible71 & copy any "p ( x y l1 9 ?is same br[n color1 work+1 z ,i h j direct$ y to d f ! ,lib]1 a great deal ) ! po9t ( ! bru%4 ,y are "u a tw(old disadvantage "h1 h[ev]2 fir/1 !re are portions 9 e photograph too delicately done = y at pres5t to be at all able to copy2 &1 secondly1 !re are portions always m obscure or d>k ?an !re w\ld be 9 ! real sc5e1 & involv$ 9 a my/]y :i* y w n be able1 z yet1 to deciph]4 ,bo? ^! *>act]s w be advantage\s to y = future /udy1 aft] y h ga9$ exp]i5ce1 b !y are a little aga9/ y 9 e>ly attempts at t9t+2 /ill y mu/ fight ?r\gh ! difficulty1 & get ! p[] ( produc+ delicate gradations ) br[n or gray1 l ^? ( ! photograph4 #aaa4 ,n[ obs]ve2 ! p]fection ( "w w\ld be t9t$ %ad[1 l photography1 )\t any obscurity or exagg]at$ d>kness2 & z long z y\r effect dep5ds 9 anywise on visible l9es1 y\r art is n p]fect1 ?\gh x may be fir/-rate ( its k9d4 ,b to get complete results 9 t9ts m]ely1 requires bo? long "t & consummate skill2 & y w f9d t a few well-put p5 l9es1 ) a t9t da%$ ov] or "u !m1 get m expression ( facts ?an y c\ld rea* 9 any o!r way1 by ! same exp5diture ( "t4 ,! use ( ! ,lib] ,/udiorum pr9t to y is *iefly z an example ( ! simple/ %or?& ( ?is k9d1 a %or?& :i* is yet capable ( deal+ ) ! mo/ subtle natural effects2 = ! firm et*+ gets at ! expression ( complicat$ details1 z leaves1 masonry1 textures ( gr\nd1 etc41 :ile ! ov]laid t9t enables y to express ! mo/ t5d] di/ances ( sky1 & =ms ( play+ light1 mi/1 or cl\d4 ,mo/ ( ! be/ draw+s by ! old ma/]s are execut$ on ?is pr9ciple1 ! t\*es ( ! p5 be+ useful also to give a look ( transp>5cy to %ad[s1 :i* c\ld n o!rwise be atta9$ b by great f9i% ( t9t+2 & if y h access to any ord9>ily good public gall]y1 or c make fri5ds ( any pr9tsell]s :o h folios ei!r ( old draw+s1 or facsimiles ( !m1 y w n be at a loss to f9d "s example ( ?is unity ( p5 ) t9t+4 ,multitudes ( photographs also are n[ tak5 f ! be/ draw+s by ! old ma/]s1 & ,i hope t our ,me*anics' ,in/itutes & o!r societies organiz$ ) a view to public in/ruction1 w n fail to possess !mselves ( examples ( ^!1 & to make !m accessible to /ud5ts ( draw+ 9 ! vic9ity2 a s+le pr9t f ,turn]'s ,lib]1 to %[ ! unison ( t9t ) p5 et*+1 & ! ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 photograph$ by ,?ur/on ,?ompson f ,raphael's draw+ 9 ! ,l\vre1 to %[ ! unity ( ! s(t t9t+ ( ! /ump ) *alk1 w\ld be all t is necess>y1 & w\ld1 ,i believe1 be 9 _m cases m s]viceable ?an a l>g] collection1 & c]ta9ly ?an a :ole gall]y ( second-rate pr9ts4 ,two su* examples are peculi>ly desirable1 because all o!r modes ( draw+1 ) p5 sep>ately1 or *alk sep>ately1 or color sep>ately1 may be se5 by ! poore/ /ud5t 9 any *eap illu/rat$ book1 or 9 %op w9d[s4 ,b ?is unity ( t9t+ ) l9e he _c g5]ally see b by "s special inquiry1 & 9 "s out ( ! way places he c\ld n f9d a s+le example ( x4 ,suppos+ t ?is %\ld be s 9 y\r own case1 & t y _c meet ) any example ( ?is k9d1 try to make ! matt] out alone1 ?us3 #aab4 ,take a small & simple photograph2 all[ y\rself half an h\r to express its subjects ) ! p5 only1 us+ "s p]man5t liquid color in/ead ( ink1 outl9+ its build+s or trees firmly1 & lay+ 9 ! deep] %ad[s1 z y h be5 accu/om$ to d 9 y\r bold] p5 draw+s2 !n1 :5 ?is et*+ is dry1 take y\r sepia or gray1 & t9t x ov]1 gett+ n[ ! f9] gradations ( ! photograph2 &1 f9ally tak+ out ! high] lights ) p5knife or blott+ pap]4 ,y w soon f9d :at c be done 9 ?is way2 & by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts y may asc]ta9 = y\rself h[ f> ! p5 may be made s]viceable to re9=ce %ad[s1 m>k *>act]s ( texture1 outl9e un9telligible masses1 & s on4 ,! m "t y h1 ! m delicate y may make ! p5 draw+1 bl5d+ x ) ! t9t2 ! less y h1 ! m di/9ct y mu/ keep ! two4 ,practice 9 ?is way f "o photograph1 all[+ y\rself sometimes only a qu>t] ( an h\r = ! :ole ?+1 sometimes an h\r1 sometimes two or ?ree h\rs2 9 ea* case draw+ ! :ole subject 9 full dep? ( light & %ade1 b ) su* degree ( f9i% 9 ! p>ts z is possible 9 ! giv5 "t4 ,& ?is ex]cise1 obs]ve1 y w d well to repeat frequ5tly1 :e!r y c get pr9ts & draw+s z well z photographs1 or n4 #aac4 ,& n[ at la/1 :5 y c copy a piece ( ,lib] ,/udiorum1 or its photographic sub/itute1 fai?fully1 y h ! complete means 9 y\r p[] ( work+ f ,nature on all subjects t int]e/ y1 :i* y %\ld d 9 f\r diff]5t ways4 ,fir/4 ,:5 y h full "t1 & y\r subject is "o t w /ay quiet = y1 make p]fect light & %ade /udies1 or z ne>ly p]fect z y c1 ) gray or br[n color ( any k9d1 re9=c$ & def9$ ) ! p54 #aad4 ,secondly4 ,:5 y\r "t is %ort1 or ! subject is s ri* 9 detail t y feel y _c complete x intelligibly 9 light & %ade1 make a ha/y /udy ( ! effect1 & give ! re/ ( ! "t to a ,dr]esque expression ( ! details4 ,if ! subject seems to y int]e/+1 & !re are po9ts ab\t x :i* y _c und]/&1 try to get five sp>e m9utes to g close up to x1 & make a ne>] memor&um2 n t y are ev] to br+ ! details ( ?is ne>] sket* into ! f>!r "o1 b t y may ?us p]fect y\r exp]i5ce ( ! aspect ( ?+s1 & "k t su* & su* a look ( a t[] or cottage at five hundr$ y>ds (f means t sort ( t[] or cottage ne>2 :ile1 also1 ?is ne>] sket* w be useful to prev5t any future mis9t]pretation ( y\r own "w4 ,if y h "t1 h[ev] f> y\r light & %ade /udy 9 ! di/ance may h be5 c>ri$1 x is always well1 = ^! reasons1 to make also y\r ,dr]esque & y\r ne> memor&a2 = if y\r light & %ade draw+ be good1 mu* ( ! int]e/+ detail mu/ be lo/ 9 x1 or disguis$4 #aae4 ,y\r ha/y /udy ( effect may be made mo/ easily & quickly ) a s(t p5cil1 da%$ ov] :5 done ) "o tol]ably deep tone ( gray1 :i* w fix ! p5cil4 ,:ile ?is fix+ color is wet1 take out ! high] lights ) ! dry bru%2 &1 :5 x is q dry1 scrat* out ! highe/ lights ) ! p5knife4 ,five m9utes1 c>efully appli$1 w d mu* by ^! means4 ,( c\rse ! pap] is to be :ite4 ,i d n l /udies on gray pap] s well2 = y c get m gradation by ! tak+ (f y\r wet t9t1 & lay+ x on cunn+ly a little d>k] "h & !re1 ?an y c ) body-color :ite1 unless y are consummately skillful4 ,!re is no objection to y\r mak+ y\r ,dr]esque memor&a on gray or yell[ pap]1 & t\*+ or reliev+ !m ) :ite2 only1 d n dep5d mu* on y\r :ite t\*es1 nor make ! sket* = _! sake4 #aaf4 ,?irdly4 ,:5 y h nei!r "t = c>eful /udy nor = ,dr]esque detail1 sket* ! outl9e ) p5cil1 !n da% 9 ! %ad[s ) ! bru% boldly1 try+ to d z mu* z y possibly c at once1 & to get a habit ( exp$ition & decision2 lay+ m color aga9 & aga9 into ! t9ts z !y dry1 us+ e exp$i5t :i* y\r practice has sugge/$ to y ( c>ry+ out y\r *i>oscuro 9 ! manageable & moi/ mat]ial1 tak+ ! color (f "h ) ! dry bru%1 scrat*+ out lights 9 x !re ) ! wood5 h&le ( ! bru%1 rubb+ x 9 ) y\r f+]s1 dry+ x (f ) y\r sponge1 etc4 ,!n1 :5 ! color is 91 take y\r p5 & m>k ! outl9e *>act]s vigor\sly1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,lib] ,/udiorum4 ,?is k9d ( /udy is v conv5i5t = c>ry+ away pieces ( effect :i* dep5d n s mu* on ref9em5t z on complexity1 /range %apes ( involv$ %ad[s1 sudd5 effects ( sky1 etc42 & x is mo/ useful z a safegu>d aga9/ any too s]vile or sl[ habits :i* ! m9ute copy+ may induce 9 y2 = al?\gh ! endeavor to obta9 velocity m]ely = velocity's sake1 & da% = display's sake1 is z baneful z x is despicable2 !re are a velocity & a da% :i* n only are compatible ) p]fect draw+1 b obta9 c]ta9 results :i* _c be _h o!rwise4 ,& x is p]fectly safe = y to /udy occasionally = spe$ & decision1 :ile y\r cont9ual c\rse ( practice is su* z to insure y\r reta9+ an accurate judgm5t & a t5d] t\*4 ,spe$1 "u su* circum/ances1 is r fatigu+ ?an tempt+2 & y w f9d y\rself always beguil$ r into elaboration ?an neglig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 #aag4 ,f\r?ly4 ,y w f9d x ( great use1 :atev] k9d ( l&scape sc5]y y are pass+ ?r\gh1 to get into ! habit ( mak+ memor&a ( ! %apes ( %ad[s4 ,y w f9d t _m objects ( no ess5tial int]e/ 9 !mselves1 & nei!r des]v+ a f9i%$ /udy1 nor a ,dr]esque "o1 may yet become ( s+ul> value 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanta/ic %apes ( _! %ad[s2 = x happ5s (t51 9 di/ant effect1 t ! %ad[ is by mu* a m important elem5t ?an ! sub/ance4 ,?us1 9 ! ,alp9e bridge1 ,fig4 #ba1 se5 )9 a few y>ds ( x1 z 9 ! figure1 ! arrangem5t ( timb]s to :i* ! %ad[s are ow+ is p]ceptible2 b at half a mile's di/ance1 9 bright sunlight1 ! timb]s w\ld n be se52 & a good pa9t]'s expression ( ! bridge w\ld be m]ely ! l>ge spot1 & ! cross$ b>s1 ( pure gray2 :olly )\t indication ( _! cause1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb a2 & if we saw x at /ill great] di/ances1 x w\ld appe>1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb b & c1 dim9i%+ at la/ to a /range1 un9telligible1 spid]-l spot ( gray on ! light hill-side4 ,a p]fectly great pa9t]1 ?r\gh\t 8 di/ances1 cont9ually r$uces 8 objects to ^! %ad[ ab/racts2 & ! s+ul>1 & to _m p]sons unacc\ntable1 effect ( ! confus$ t\*es 9 ,turn]'s di/ances1 is ow+ *iefly to ?is ?or\gh accuracy & int5se mean+ ( ! %ad[ ab/racts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 #aah4 ,/udies ( ?is k9d are easily made1 :5 y are 9 ha/e1 ) an ,f4 or ,,hb4 p5cil3 x requires "s h>dness ( ! po9t to insure y\r draw+ delicately en\gh :5 ! =ms ( ! %ad[s are v subtle2 !y are sure to be s some:]e1 & are g5]ally s ev]y:]e4 ,! p5cil is inde$ a v preci\s in/rum5t aft] y are ma/] ( ! p5 & bru%1 = ! p5cil1 cunn+ly us$1 is bo?1 & w draw a l9e ) ! precision ( ! "o & ! gradation ( ! o!r2 nev]!less1 x is s unsatisfactory to see ! %>p t\*es1 on :i* ! be/ ( ! detail dep5ds1 gett+ gradually dead5$ by "t1 or to f9d ! places :]e =ce 0 want$ look %9y1 & l a fire-grate1 t ,i %\ld recomm5d r ! /eady use ( ! p51 or bru%1 & color1 :5ev] "t admits ( x2 keep+ only a small memor&um-book 9 ! brea/-pocket1 ) its well-cut1 %ea!d p5cil1 ready = notes on pass+ opportunities3 b nev] be+ )\t ?is4 #aai4 ,?us mu*1 !n1 respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* y are at fir/ to draw f ,nature4 ,b x may p]haps be s]viceable to y1 if ,i also note "o or two po9ts respect+ y\r *oice ( subjects = /udy1 & ! be/ special me?ods ( treat+ "s ( !m2 = "o ( by no means ! lea/ difficulties :i* y h at fir/ to enc\nt] is a peculi> in/9ct1 common1 z f> z ,i h notic$1 to all beg9n]s1 to fix on exactly ! mo/ unmanageable feature 9 ! giv5 sc5e4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 e l&scape :i* c be drawn1 if at all1 only by ! mo/ accompli%$ arti/s2 & ,i h notic$ t x is ne>ly always ^! :i* a beg9n] w da% at2 or1 if n ^!1 x w be some?+ :i*1 ?\gh pleas+ to him 9 itself1 is unfit = a picture1 & 9 :i*1 :5 he has drawn x1 he w h little pleasure4 ,z "s slight protection aga9/ ?is evil g5ius ( beg9n]s1 ! foll[+ g5]al w>n+s may be useful3 #abj4 7#a47 ,d n draw ?+s t y love1 on acc\nt ( _! associations2 or at lea/ d n draw !m because y love !m2 b m]ely :5 y _c get any?+ else to draw4 ,if y try to draw places t y love1 y are sure to be always entangl$ among/ neat brick walls1 iron rail+s1 gravel walks1 gre5h\ses1 & quickset h$ges2 besides t y w be cont9ually l$ into "s endeavor to make y\r draw+ pretty1 or complete1 :i* w be fatal to y\r progress4 ,y ne$ nev] hope to get on1 if y are ! lea/ anxi\s t ! draw+ y are actually at "w ^u %\ld look nice :5 x is done4 ,all y h to c>e ab\t is to make x "r1 & to le>n z mu* 9 do+ x z possible4 ,s !n1 ?\gh :5 y are sitt+ 9 y\r fri5d's p>lor1 or 9 y\r own1 & h no?+ else to d1 y may draw any?+ t is !re1 = practice2 ev5 ! fire-irons or ! patt]n on ! c>pet3 be sure t x is = practice1 & n because x is a belov$ c>pet1 or a fri5dly pok] & tongs1 nor because y wi% to please y\r fri5d by draw+ h] room4 #aba4 ,also1 nev] make pres5ts ( y\r draw+s4 ,( c\rse ,i am address+ y z a beg9n]--a "t may come :5 y\r "w w be preci\s to ev]ybody2 b be resolute n to give x away till y "k t x is wor? some?+ 7z soon z x is wor? any?+ y w "k t x is s74 ,if any "o asks y = a pres5t ( a draw+1 s5d !m a c\ple ( cakes ( color & a piece ( ,bri/ol bo>d3 ^? mat]ials are1 = ! pres5t1 ( m value 9 t =m ?an if y _h spread ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is rule is1 h[ev]1 t its obs]vance w mu* protect y f ! great dang] ( try+ to make y\r draw+s pretty4 #abb4 7#b47 ,nev]1 by *oice1 draw any?+ poli%$2 especially if complicat$ 9 =m4 ,avoid all brass rods & curta9 ornam5ts1 *&eli]s1 plate1 glass1 & f9e /eel4 ,a %9+ knob ( a piece ( furniture does n matt] if x comes 9 y\r way2 b d n fret y\rself if x w n look "r1 & *oose only ?+s t d n %9e4 7#c47 ,avoid all v neat ?+s4 ,!y are exce$+ly difficult to draw1 & v ugly :5 drawn4 ,*oose r\gh1 worn1 & clumsy-look+ ?+s z mu* z possible2 = in/ance1 y _c h a m difficult or pr(itless /udy ?an a newly pa9t$ ,?ames :]ry1 nor a bett] /udy ?an an old empty coal-b>ge1 ly+ a%ore at l[ tide3 9 g5]al1 ev]y?+ t y ?9k v ugly w be good = y to draw4 7#d47 ,avoid1 z mu* z possible1 /udies 9 :i* "o ?+ is se5 ?r\gh ano!r4 ,y w con/antly f9d a ?9 tree /&+ be=e y\r *os5 cottage1 or betwe5 y & ! turn ( ! riv]2 its ne> bran*es all entangl$ ) ! di/ance4 ,x is int5sely difficult to repres5t ?is2 & ?\gh1 :5 ! tree is !re1 y mu/ n imag9>ily cut x d[n1 b d x z well z y c1 yet always look = subjects t fall into def9ite masses1 n into network2 t is1 r = a cottage ) a d>k tree beside x1 ?an = "o ) a ?9 tree 9 front ( x1 r = a mass ( wood1 s(t1 blue1 & r\nd$1 ?an = a ragg$ copse1 or confusion ( intricate /ems4 7#e47 ,avoid1 z f> z possible1 c\ntry divid$ by h$ges4 ,p]haps no?+ 9 ! :ole compass ( l&scape is s utt]ly unpicturesque & unmanageable z ! ord9>y ,engli% pat*work ( field & h$ge1 ) trees dott$ ov] x 9 indep5d5t spots1 gnaw$ /raight at ! cattle l9e4 ,/ill1 d n be disc\rag$ if y f9d y h *os5 ill1 & t ! subject ov]ma/]s y4 ,x is mu* bett] t x %\ld1 ?an t y %\ld ?9k y _h entirely ma/]$ x4 ,b at fir/1 & ev5 = "s "t1 y mu/ be prep>$ = v discom=table failure2 :i*1 nev]!less1 w n be )\t "s :olesome result4 #abc4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i h told y :at mo/ def9itely to avoid1 ,i may1 p]haps1 help y a little by say+ :at to seek4 ,9 g5]al1 all banks are beautiful ?+s1 & w rew>d "w bett] ?an l>ge l&scapes4 ,if y live 9 a l[l& c\ntry1 y mu/ look = places :]e ! gr\nd is brok5 to ! riv]'s edges1 ) decay$ po/s1 or roots ( trees2 or1 if by great good luck !re %\ld be su* ?+s )9 y\r rea*1 = remnants ( /one quays or /eps1 mossy mill-dams1 etc4 ,ne>ly e o!r mile ( road 9 *alk c\ntry w pres5t beautiful bits ( brok5 bank at its sides2 bett] 9 =m & color ?an high *alk cliffs4 ,9 woods1 "o or two trunks1 ) ! fl[]y gr\nd bel[1 are at once ! ri*e/ & easie/ k9d ( /udy3 a n v ?ick trunk1 say n9e in*es or a foot 9 diamet]1 ) ivy runn+ up x sp>+ly1 is an easy1 & always a rew>d+ subject4 #abd4 ,l>ge ne/s ( build+s 9 ! middle di/ance are always beautiful1 :5 drawn c>efully1 provid$ !y are n mod]n r[s ( patt]n cottages1 or villas ) ,ionic & ,doric porticoes4 ,any old ,engli% village1 or clu/] ( f>mh\ses1 drawn ) all its ins & outs1 & hay/acks1 & pal+s1 is sure to be lovely2 mu* m a ,fr5* "o4 ,fr5* l&scape is g5]ally z mu* sup]ior to ,engli% z ,swiss l&scape is to ,fr5*2 9 "s respects1 ! ,fr5* is incomp>able4 ,su* sc5es z t av5ue on ! ,se9e1 :i* ,i h recomm5d$ y to buy ! engrav+ (1 admit no rival%ip 9 _! expression ( graceful ru/icity & *e]ful peace1 & 9 ! beauty ( compon5t l9es4 ,9 draw+ villages1 take great pa9s ) ! g>d5s2 a ru/ic g>d5 is 9 e way beautiful4 ,if y h "t1 draw all ! r[s ( cabbages1 & hollyhocks1 & brok5 f5ces1 & w&]+ eglant9es1 & bossy roses2 y _c h bett] practice1 nor be kept by any?+ 9 pur] ?\ghts4 ,make intimate fri5ds ) all ! brooks 9 y\r neighborhood1 & /udy !m ripple by ripple4 ,village *ur*es 9 ,engl& are n (t5 good subjects2 !re is a peculi> meanness ab\t mo/ ( !m & awkw>dness ( l9e4 ,old manor-h\ses are (t5 pretty4 ,ru9s are usually1 ) u1 too prim1 & ca!drals too ord]ly4 ,i d n ?9k !re is a s+le ca!dral 9 ,engl& f :i* x is possible to obta9 "o subject = an impressive draw+4 ,!re is always "s discordant civility1 or j>r+ v]g]ism ab\t !m4 #abe4 ,if y live 9 a m\nta9 or hill c\ntry1 y\r only dang] is r$undance ( subject4 ,be resolv$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to draw a piece ( r\nd$ rock1 ) its v>iegat$ li*5s1 q rightly1 gett+ its complete r\nd+s1 & all ! patt]ns ( ! li*5 9 true local color4 ,till y c d ?is1 x is ( no use y\r ?9k+ ( sket*+ among hills2 b :5 once y h done ?is1 ! =ms ( di/ant hills w be comp>atively easy4 #abf4 ,:5 y h practic$ = a little "t f su* ( ^! subjects z may be accessible to y1 y w c]ta9ly f9d difficulties aris+ :i* w make y wi% m ?an ev] = a ma/]'s help3 ^! difficulties w v>y accord+ to ! "* ( y\r own m9d 7"o "q occurr+ to "o p]son1 & "o to ano!r71 s t x is impossible to anticipate !m all2 & x w\ld make ?is too l>ge a book if ,i answ]$ all t ,i c anticipate2 y mu/ be cont5t to "w on1 9 good hope t ,nature w1 9 h] own "t1 int]pret to y mu* = h]self2 t f>!r exp]i5ce on y\r own "p w make "s difficulties disappe>2 & t o!rs w be remov$ by ! occasional obs]vation ( su* arti/s' "w z may come 9 y\r way4 ,nev]!less1 ,i w n close ?is lett] )\t a few g5]al rem>ks1 su* z may be useful to y aft] y are some:at advanc$ 9 p[]2 & ^! rem>ks may1 ,i ?9k1 be conv5i5tly arrang$ "u ?ree heads1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! draw+ ( vegetation1 wat]1 & skies4 #abg4 ,&1 fir/1 ( vegetation4 ,y may ?9k1 p]haps1 we h said en\gh ab\t trees already2 yet if y h done z y 7 bid1 & tri$ to draw !m frequ5tly en\gh1 & c>efully en\gh1 y w be ready by ?is "t to he> a little m ( !m4 ,y w also recollect t we left our "q1 respect+ ! mode ( express+ intricacy ( leafage1 p>tly unsettl$ 9 ! fir/ lett]4 ,i left x s because ,i want$ y to le>n ! real /ructure ( leaves1 by draw+ !m = y\rself1 be=e ,i tr\bl$ y ) ! mo/ subtle consid]ations z to me?od 9 draw+ !m4 ,& by ?is "t1 ,i imag9e1 y mu/ h f\nd out two pr9cipal ?+s1 univ]sal facts1 ab\t leaves2 namely1 t !y always1 9 ! ma9 t5d5cies ( _! l9es1 indicate a beautiful div]g5ce ( gr[?1 accord+ to ! law ( radiation1 already ref]r$ to2#bi & ! second1 t ?is div]g5ce is nev] =mal1 b c>ri$ out ) endless v>iety ( individual l9e4 ,i mu/ n[ press bo? ^! facts on y\r att5tion a little f>!r4 #abh4 ,y may1 p]haps1 h be5 surpris$ t ,i h n yet spok5 ( ! works ( ,j4 ,d4 ,h>d+1 especially if y happ5 to h met ) ! passages ref]r+ to !m 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 9 :i* !y are highly prais$4 ,!y are des]v$ly prais$1 = !y are ! only works by a mod]n#cj draughtsman :i* express 9 any wise ! en]gy ( trees1 & ! laws ( gr[?1 ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,!re are no li?ographic sket*es :i*1 = tru? ( g5]al "*1 obta9$ ) little co/ ( "t1 at all rival ,h>d+'s4 ,calame1 ,rob]t1 & ! o!r li?ographic l&scape sket*]s are altoge!r inf]ior 9 p[]1 ?\gh sometimes a little deep] 9 mean+4 ,b y mu/ n take ev5 ,h>d+ = a model1 ?\gh y may use 8 works = occasional ref]5ce2 & if y c af=d to buy 8 ,lessons on ,trees1#ca x w be s]viceable to y 9 v>i\s ways1 & w at pres5t help me to expla9 ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,& x is well t ,i %\ld illu/rate ?is po9t by ref]5ce to ,h>d+'s works1 because _! great influ5ce on "y /ud5ts r5d]s x desirable t _! real "* %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 #abi4 ,y w f9d1 fir/1 9 ! titlepage ( ! ,lessons on ,trees1 a pretty wood-cut1 9 :i* ! tree /ems are drawn ) great tru?1 & 9 a v int]e/+ arrangem5t ( l9es4 ,plate #a is n q wor?y ( ,mr4 ,h>d+1 t5d+ too mu* to make 8 pupil1 at />t+1 ?9k ev]y?+ dep5ds on black dots2 /ill1 ! ma9 l9es are good1 & v *>act]i/ic ( tree gr[?4 ,!n1 9 ,plate #b1 we come to ! po9t at issue4 ,! fir/ examples 9 t plate are giv5 to ! pupil t he may practice f !m till 8 h& gets into ! habit ( arrang+ l9es freely 9 a simil> mann]2 & !y are /at$ by ,mr4 ,h>d+ to be univ]sal 9 application2 all outl9es expressive ( foliage1 he says1 are b modifications ( !m4 ,!y consi/ ( gr\ps ( l9es1 m or less resembl+ our ,fig4 #bc bel[2 & ! *>act]s especially insi/$ ^u are1 t !y t5d at _! inn] ends to a common c5t]2 t _! ends t]m9ate 9 are inclos$ by ovoid curves2 & t ! out] ends are mo/ emphatic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 #acj4 ,n[1 z ?us expressive ( ! great laws ( radiation & inclosure1 ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ?is me?od ( execution confirms1 9 a v int]e/+ way1 our conclusions respect+ foliage composition4 ,! reason ( ! la/ rule1 t ! out] end ( ! l9e is to be mo/ emphatic1 does n inde$ at fir/ appe>2 = ! l9e at "o end ( a natural leaf is n m emphatic ?an ! l9e at ! o!r3 b ultimately1 9 ,h>d+'s me?od1 ?is d>k] "p ( ! t\* /&s m or less = ! %ade at ! out] extremity ( ! leaf mass2 &1 z ,h>d+ uses ^! t\*es1 !y express z mu* ( tree "* z any m]e habit ( t\* c express4 ,b1 un=tunately1 !re is ano!r law ( tree gr[?1 q z fix$ z ! law ( radiation1 :i* ?is & all o!r conv5tional modes ( execution :olly lose sight (4 ,?is second law is1 t ! radiat+ t5d5cy %all be c>ri$ out only z a rul+ _s 9 reconcilem5t ) p]petual individual caprice on ! "p ( ! sep>ate leaves4 ,s t ! mom5t a t\* is monoton\s1 x mu/ be also false1 ! lib]ty ( ! leaf individually be+ j z ess5tial a tru?1 z its unity ( gr[? ) its companions 9 ! radiat+ gr\p4 #aca4 ,x does n matt] h[ small or app>5tly symmetrical ! clu/] may be1 nor h[ l>ge or vague4 ,y c h>dly h a m =mal "o ?an b 9 ,fig4 #i1 p4 #dg1 nor a less =mal "o ?an ?is %oot ( ,spani% *e/nut1 %$d+ its leaves1 ,fig4 #bd2 b 9 ei!r ( !m1 ev5 ! g5]al read]1 unpractic$ 9 any ( ! previ\sly recomm5d$ ex]cises1 mu/ see t !re are w&]+ l9es mix$ ) ! radiat+ ones1 & radiat+ l9es ) ! wild ones3 & if he takes ! p51 & tries to copy ei!r ( ^! examples1 he w f9d t nei!r play ( h& to left nor to "r1 nei!r a free t\* nor a firm t\*1 nor any le>nable or describable t\* :atsoev]1 w enable him to produce1 curr5tly1 a resemblance ( x2 b t he mu/ ei!r draw x sl[ly or give x up4 ,& 7:i* makes ! matt] worse /ill7 ?\gh ga!r+ ! b\gh1 & putt+ x close to y1 or see+ a piece ( ne> foliage aga9/ ! sky1 y may draw ! entire outl9e ( ! leaves1 yet if ! spray has light ^u x1 & is ev] s little a way (f1 y w miss1 z we h se51 a po9t ( a leaf "h1 & an edge !re2 "s ( ! surfaces w be confus$ by glitt]1 & "s spott$ ) %ade2 & if y look c>efully ?r\gh ?is confusion = ! edges or d>k /ems :i* y really c see & put only ^? d[n1 ! result w be nei!r l ,fig4 #i nor ,fig4 #bd1 b su* an int]rupt$ & puzzl+ piece ( "w z ,fig4 #be4cb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 #acb4 ,n[1 x is 9 ! p]fect ackn[l$gm5t & expression ( ^! ?ree laws t all good draw+ ( l&scape consi/s4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! organic unity2 ! law1 :e!r ( radiation1 or p>allelism1 or concurr5t action1 :i* rules ! masses ( h]bs & trees1 ( rocks1 & cl\ds1 & waves2 secondly1 ! individual lib]ty ( ! memb]s subject$ to ^! laws ( unity2 &1 la/ly1 ! my/]y "u :i* ! sep>ate "* ( ea* is m or less conceal$4 ,i say1 fir/1 !re mu/ be obs]vance ( ! rul+ organic law4 ,?is is ! fir/ di/9ction betwe5 good arti/s & bad arti/s4 ,y\r common sket*] or bad pa9t] puts 8 leaves on ! trees z if !y 7 moss ti$ to /icks2 he _c see ! l9es ( action or gr[?2 he scatt]s ! %apeless cl\ds ov] 8 sky1 n p]ceiv+ ! sweeps ( associat$ curves :i* ! real cl\ds are foll[+ z !y fly2 & he breaks 8 m\nta9 side into rugg$ fragm5ts1 :olly unconsci\s ( ! l9es ( =ce ) :i* ! real rocks h ris51 or ( ! l9es ( c\* 9 :i* !y repose4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! ma9 delight ( ! great draughtsman to trace ^! laws ( gov]nm5t2 & 8 t5d5cy to error is always 9 ! exagg]ation ( _! au?ority r ?an 9 its d5ial4 #acc4 ,secondly1 ,i say1 we h to %[ ! individual "* & lib]ty ( ! sep>ate leaves1 cl\ds1 or rocks4 ,& h]e9 ! great ma/]s sep>ate !mselves f9ally f ! inf]ior ones2 = if ! m5 ( inf]ior g5ius ev] express law at all1 x is by ! sacrifice ( individuality4 ,?us1 ,salvator ,rosa has great p]ception ( ! sweep ( foliage & roll+ ( cl\ds1 b nev] draws a s+le leaflet or mi/ wrea? accurately4 ,simil>ly1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 9 8 l&scape1 has great feel+ = masses ( =m & h>mony ( color2 b 9 ! detail gives no?+ b mean+less t\*es2 n ev5 s mu* z ! species ( tree1 mu* less ! v>iety ( its leafage1 be+ ev] disc]nible4 ,n[1 al?\gh bo? ^! expressions ( gov]nm5t & individuality are ess5tial to ma/]ly "w1 ! individuality is ! m ess5tial1 & ! m difficult ( atta9m5t2 &1 !re=e1 t atta9m5t sep>ates ! great ma/]s f9ally f ! inf]ior ones4 ,x is ! m ess5tial1 because1 9 ^! matt]s ( beautiful arrangem5t 9 visible ?+s1 ! same rules hold t hold 9 moral ?+s4 ,x is a lam5table & unnatural ?+ to see a numb] ( m5 subject to no gov]nm5t1 actuat$ by no rul+ pr9ciple1 & associat$ by no common affection3 b x w\ld be a m lam5table ?+ /ill1 7 x possible1 to see a numb] ( m5 s oppress$ into assimilation z to h no m any individual hope or "*1 no diff]5ces 9 aim1 no dissimil>ities ( passion1 no irregul>ities ( judgm5t2 a society 9 :i* no man c\ld help ano!r1 s9ce none w\ld be feebl] ?an himself2 no man admire ano!r1 s9ce none w\ld be /rong] ?an himself2 no man be grateful to ano!r1 s9ce by none he c\ld be reliev$2 no man rev]5ce ano!r1 s9ce by none he c\ld be in/ruct$2 a society 9 :i* e s\l w\ld be z ! syllable ( a /amm]] in/ead ( ! ^w ( a speak]1 9 :i* e man w\ld walk z 9 a frightful dream1 see+ spect]s ( himself1 9 ev]la/+ multiplication1 glid+ helplessly ar\nd him 9 a spee*less d>kness4 ,!re=e x is t p]petual diff]5ce1 play1 & *ange 9 gr\ps ( =m are m ess5tial to !m ev5 ?an _! be+ subdu$ by "s great ga!r+ law3 ! law is ne$ful to !m = _! p]fection & _! p[]1 b ! diff]5ce is ne$ful to !m = _! life4 #acd4 ,& "h x may be not$ 9 pass+1 t1 if y enjoy ! pursuit ( analogies & types1 & h any +5uity ( judgm5t 9 disc]n+ !m1 y may always accurately asc]ta9 :at are ! noble *>act]s 9 a piece ( pa9t+ by m]ely consid]+ :at are ! noble *>act]s ( man 9 8 association ) 8 fell[s4 ,:at grace ( mann] & ref9em5t ( habit are 9 society1 grace ( l9e & ref9em5t ( =m are 9 ! association ( visible objects4 ,:at advantage or h>m !re may be 9 %>pness1 rugg$ness1 or qua9tness 9 ! deal+s or conv]sations ( m52 precisely t relative degree ( advantage or h>m !re is 9 !m z elem5ts ( pictorial composition4 ,:at p[] is 9 lib]ty or relaxation to /r5g!n or relieve human s\ls2 t p[] precisely 9 ! same relative degree1 play & laxity ( l9e h to /r5g!n or refre% ! expression ( a picture4 ,& :at goodness or greatness we c conceive to arise 9 companies ( m51 f *a/ity ( ?\ght1 regul>ity ( life1 simplicity ( cu/om1 & balance ( au?ority2 precisely t k9d ( goodness & greatness may be giv5 to a picture by ! purity ( its color1 ! sev]ity ( its =ms1 & ! symmetry ( its masses4 #ace4 ,y ne$ n be 9 ! lea/ afraid ( pu%+ ^! analogies too f>4 ,!y _c be pu%$ too f>2 !y are s precise & complete1 t ! f>!r y pursue !m1 ! cle>]1 ! m c]ta91 ! m useful y w f9d !m4 ,!y w n fail y 9 "o p>ticul>1 or 9 any direction ( inquiry4 ,!re is no moral vice1 no moral virtue1 :i* has n its precise prototype 9 ! art ( pa9t+2 s t y may at y\r w illu/rate ! moral habit by ! art1 or ! art by ! moral habit4 ,affection & discord1 fretfulness1 & quietness1 feebl5ess & firmness1 luxury & purity1 pride & mode/y1 & all o!r su* habits1 & e conceivable modification & m+l+ ( !m1 may be illu/rat$1 ) ma!matical exactness1 by conditions ( l9e & color2 & n m]ely ^! def9able vices & virtues1 b also e conceivable %ade ( human "* & passion1 f ! righte\s or unrighte\s maje/y ( ! k+ to ! innoc5t or faultful simplicity ( ! %eph]d boy4 #acf4 ,! pursuit ( ?is subject belongs prop]ly1 h[ev]1 to ! inve/igation ( ! high] bran*es ( composition1 matt]s :i* x w\ld be q useless to treat ( 9 ?is book2 & ,i only allude to !m "h1 9 ord] t y may und]/& h[ ! utmo/ nobl5esses ( art are conc]n$ 9 ?is m9ute "w1 to :i* ,i h set y 9 y\r beg9n+ ( x4 ,= x is only by ! close/ att5tion1 & ! mo/ noble execution1 t x is possible to express ^! v>ieties ( individual "*1 on :i* all excell5ce ( portraiture dep5ds1 :e!r ( masses ( mank9d1 or ( gr\ps ( leaves4 #acg4 ,n[ y w be able to und]/&1 among o!r matt]s1 :]e9 consi/s ! excell5ce1 & :]e9 ! %ortcom+1 ( ! tree-draw+ ( ,h>d+4 ,x is excell5t 9 s f> z x fondly obs]ves1 ) m tru? ?an any o!r "w ( ! k9d1 ! great laws ( gr[? & action 9 trees3 x fails1--& obs]ve1 n 9 a m9or1 b 9 ! pr9cipal po9t1--because x _c rightly r5d] any "o individual detail or incid5t ( foliage4 ,& 9 ?is x fails1 n f m]e c>elessness or incompletion1 b ( necessity2 ! true draw+ ( detail be+ = ev]more impossible to a h& :i* has contract$ a habit ( execution4 ,! noble draughtsman draws a leaf1 & /ops1 & says calmly1--,t leaf is ( su* & su* a "*2 ,i w give him a fri5d :o w entirely suit him3 !n he consid]s :at 8 fri5d ought to be1 & hav+ det]m9$1 he draws 8 fri5d4 ,?is process may be z quick z lightn+ :5 ! ma/] is great--"o ( ! sons ( ! giants2 or x may be sl[ & timid3 b ! process is always gone ?r\gh2 no t\* or =m is ev] add$ to ano!r by a good pa9t] )\t a m5tal det]m9ation & affirmation4 ,b :5 ! h& has got into a habit1 leaf ,no4 #a necessitates leaf ,no4 #b2 y _c /op1 y\r h& is z a horse ) ! bit 9 its tee?2 or r is1 = ! "t1 a ma*9e1 ?r[+ out leaves to ord] & patt]n1 all alike4 ,y mu/ /op t h& ( y\rs1 h[ev] pa9fully2 make x und]/& t x is n to h its own way any m1 t x %all nev] m slip f "o t\* to ano!r )\t ord]s2 o!rwise x is n y :o are ! ma/]1 b y\r f+]s4 ,y may !re=e /udy ,h>d+'s draw+1 & take pleasure 9 x2#cc & y may prop]ly admire ! dext]ity :i* applies ! habit ( ! h& s well1 & produces results on ! :ole s satisfactory3 b y mu/ nev] copy x2 o!rwise y\r progress w be at once arre/$4 ,! utmo/ y c ev] hope to d w\ld be a sket* 9 ,h>d+'s mann]1 b ( f> inf]ior dext]ity2 = he has giv5 8 life's toil to ga9 8 dext]ity1 & y1 ,i suppose1 h o!r ?+s to "w at besides draw+4 ,y w\ld also incapacitate y\rself f ev] und]/&+ :at truly great "w 01 or :at ,nature 02 b1 by ! e>ne/ & complete /udy ( facts1 y w gradually come to und]/& ! "o & love ! o!r m & m1 :e!r y c draw well y\rself or n4 #ach4 ,i h yet to say a few words respect+ ! ?ird law above /at$1 t ( my/]y2 ! law1 namely1 t no?+ is ev] se5 p]fectly1 b only by fragm5ts1 & "u v>i\s conditions ( obscurity4#cd ,?is la/ fact r5d]s ! visible objects ( ,nature complete z a type ( ! human nature4 ,we h1 obs]ve1 fir/1 ,subord9ation2 secondly1 ,individuality2 la/ly1 & ?is n ! lea/ ess5tial "*1 ,incompreh5sibility2 a p]petual lesson1 9 e s]rat$ po9t & %9+ ve9 :i* escapes or deceives our sight among ! =e/ leaves1 h[ little we may hope to disc]n cle>ly1 or judge ju/ly1 ! r5ts & ve9s ( ! human he>t2 h[ mu* ( all t is r\nd u1 9 m5's actions or spirits1 :i* we at fir/ ?9k we und]/&1 a clos] & m lov+ wat*fulness w\ld %[ to be full ( my/]y1 nev] to be ei!r fa?om$ or )drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 #aci4 ,! expression ( ?is f9al "* 9 l&scape has nev] be5 completely rea*$ by any except ,turn]2 nor c y hope to rea* x at all until y h giv5 mu* "t to ! practice ( art4 ,only try always :5 y are sket*+ any object ) a view to completion 9 light & %ade1 to draw only ^? p>ts ( x :i* y really see def9itely2 prep>+ = ! aft] developm5t ( ! =ms by *i>oscuro4 ,x is ?is prep>ation by isolat$ t\*es = a future arrangem5t ( sup]impos$ light & %ade :i* r5d]s ! et*+s ( ! ,lib] ,/udiorum s ine/imable z examples1 & s peculi>4 ,! "* exi/s m or less 9 !m exactly 9 proportion to ! pa9s t ,turn] has tak54 ,?us ! sacus & ,hesp]ie 0 wr\ght out ) ! greate/ possible c>e2 & ! pr9cipal bran* on ! ne> tree is et*$ z 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! "w looks at fir/ l a s*ol>'s in/ead ( a ma/]'s2 b :5 ! light & %ade are add$1 e t\* falls into its place1 & a p]fect expression ( grace & complexity results4 ,nay1 ev5 be=e ! light & %ade are add$1 y ought to be able to see t ^! irregul> & brok5 l9es1 especially :]e ! expression is giv5 ( ! way ! /em loses itself 9 ! leaves1 are m true ?an ! monoton\s ?\gh graceful leaf-draw+ :i*1 be=e ,turn]'s "t1 _h be5 employ$1 ev5 by ! be/ ma/]s1 9 _! di/ant masses4 ,fig4 #bg is suffici5tly *>act]i/ic ( ! mann] ( ! old wood-cuts aft] ,titian2 9 :i*1 y see1 ! leaves are too mu* ( "o %ape1 l bun*es ( fruit2 & ! b\ghs too completely se51 besides be+ some:at s(t & lea!ry 9 aspect1 ow+ to ! want ( angles 9 _! outl9e4 ,by great m5 l ,titian1 ?is some:at conv5tional /ructure 0 only giv5 9 ha/e to di/ant masses2 & _! exquisite del9eation ( ! =egr\nd1 kept _! conv5tionalism f deg5]acy3 b 9 ! draw+s ( ! ,c>racci & o!r d]ivative ma/]s1 ! conv5tionalism prevails ev]y:]e1 & s9ks gradually into scrawl$ "w1 l ,fig4 #bh1 ab\t ! wor/ :i* x is possible to get into ! habit ( us+1 ?\gh an ignorant p]son might p]haps suppose x m free1 & !re=e bett] ?an ,fig4 #bf4 ,note also1 t 9 noble outl9e draw+1 x does n foll[ t a b\gh is wrongly drawn1 because x looks contract$ unnaturally some:]e1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 j above ! foliage4 ,v (t5 ! muscul> action :i* is to be express$ by ! l9e runs into ! middle ( ! bran*1 & ! actual outl9e ( ! bran* at t place may be dimly se51 or n at all2 & x is !n only by ! future %ade t its actual %ape1 or ! cause ( its disappe>ance1 w be indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 #adj4 ,"o po9t m rema9s to be not$ ab\t trees1 & ,i h done4 ,9 ! m9ds ( our ord9>y wat]-color arti/s a di/ant tree seems only to be conceiv$ z a flat gre5 blot1 gr\p+ pleasantly ) o!r masses1 & giv+ cool color to ! l&scape1 b diff]+ no wise1 9 texture1 f ! blots ( o!r %apes :i* ^! pa9t]s use to express /ones1 or wat]1 or figures4 ,b z soon z y h drawn trees c>efully a little :ile1 y w be impress$1 & impress$ m /rongly ! bett] y draw !m1 ) ! idea ( _! s(tness ( surface4 ,a di/ant tree is n a flat & ev5 piece ( color1 b a m or less globul> mass ( a d[ny or bloomy texture1 p>tly pass+ into a mi/y vagu5ess4 ,i f9d1 practically1 ?is lovely s(tness ( f>-away trees ! mo/ difficult ( all *>act]s to rea*1 because x _c be got by m]e scrat*+ or r\gh5+ ! surface1 b is always associat$ ) su* delicate expressions ( =m & gr[? z are only imitable by v c>eful draw+4 ,! p5knife pass$ lightly ov] ?is c>eful draw+ w d a good deal2 b y mu/ accu/om y\rself1 f ! beg9n+1 to aim mu* at ?is s(tness 9 ! l9es ( ! draw+ itself1 by cross+ !m delicately1 & m or less effac+ & confus+ ! edges4 ,y mu/ inv5t1 accord+ to ! "* ( tree1 v>i\s modes ( execution adapt$ to express its texture2 b always keep ?is "* ( s(tness 9 y\r m9d1 & 9 y\r scope ( aim2 = 9 mo/ l&scapes x is ! int5tion ( ,nature t ! t5d]ness & transp>5t inf9itude ( h] foliage %\ld be felt1 ev5 at ! f> di/ance1 9 ! mo/ di/9ct opposition to ! solid masses & flat surfaces ( rocks or build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 #ada4 ,,ii4 ,we 71 9 ! second place1 to consid] a little ! modes ( repres5t+ wat]1 ( :i* important feature ( l&scape ,i h h>dly said any?+ yet4 ,wat] is express$1 9 common draw+s1 by conv5tional l9es1 ^: horizontality is suppos$ to convey ! idea ( its surface4 ,9 pa9t+s1 :ite da%es or b>s ( light are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,b ^! & all o!r su* exp$i5ts are va9 & absurd4 ,a piece ( calm wat] always conta9s a picture 9 itself1 an exquisite reflection ( ! objects above x4 ,if y give ! "t necess>y to draw ^! reflections1 di/urb+ !m "h & !re z y see ! breeze or curr5t di/urb !m1 y w get ! effect ( ! wat]2 b if y h n pati5ce to draw ! reflections1 no exp$i5t w give y a true effect4 ,! picture 9 ! pool ne$s ne>ly z mu* delicate draw+ z ! picture above ! pool2 except only t if !re be ! lea/ motion on ! wat]1 ! horizontal l9es ( ! images w be diffus$ & brok51 :ile ! v]tical ones w rema9 decisive1 & ! oblique ones decisive 9 proportion to _! /eepness4 #adb4 ,a few close /udies w soon tea* y ?is3 ! only ?+ y ne$ to be told is to wat* c>efully ! l9es ( di/urbance on ! surface1 z :5 a bird swims across x1 or a fi% rises1 or ! curr5t plays r\nd a /one1 re$1 or o!r ob/acle4 ,take ! greate/ pa9s to get ! curves ( ^! l9es true2 ! :ole value ( y\r c>eful draw+ ( ! reflections may be lo/ by y\r admitt+ a s+le false curve ( ripple f a wild duck's brea/4 ,& 7z 9 o!r subjects7 if y are dissatisfi$ ) y\r result1 always try = m unity & delicacy3 if y\r reflections are only s(t & gradat$ en\gh1 !y are ne>ly sure to give y a pleasant effect4#ce ,:5 y are tak+ pa9s1 "w ! s(t] reflections1 :]e !y are drawn out by motion 9 ! wat]1 ) t\*es z ne>ly horizontal z may be2 b :5 y are 9 a hurry1 indicate ! place & play ( ! images ) v]tical l9es4 ,! actual con/ruction ( a calm elongat$ reflection is ) horizontal l9es3 b x is (t5 impossible to draw ! desc5d+ %ades delicately en\gh ) a horizontal t\*2 & x is be/ always :5 y are 9 a hurry1 & sometimes :5 y are n1 to use ! v]tical t\*4 ,:5 ! ripples are l>ge1 ! reflections become %ak51 & mu/ be drawn ) bold undulatory desc5d+ l9es4 #adc4 ,i ne$ n1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 tell y t x is ( ! greate/ possible importance to draw ! curves ( ! %ore rightly4 ,_! p]spective is1 if n m subtle1 at lea/ m /r+5t ?an t ( any o!r l9es 9 ,nature4 ,x w n be detect$ by ! g5]al obs]v]1 if y miss ! curve ( a bran*1 or ! sweep ( a cl\d1 or ! p]spective ( a build+2#cf b e intellig5t spectator w feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 a rightly-drawn b5d ( %ore or %+le1 & a false "o4 ,absolutely "r1 9 difficult riv] p]spectives se5 f heights1 ,i believe no "o b ,turn] ev] has be5 yet2 & obs]ve1 !re is ,,no rule = !m4 ,to develop ! curve ma!matically w\ld require a k ( ! exact quantity ( wat] 9 ! riv]1 ! %ape ( its b$1 & ! h>dness ( ! rock or %ore2 & ev5 ) ^! data1 ! problem w\ld be "o :i* no ma!matician c\ld solve b approximatively4 ,! in/9ct ( ! eye c d x2 no?+ else4 #add4 ,if1 aft] a little /udy f ,nature1 y get puzzl$ by ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! aspect ( ! reflect$ image & t ( ! object ca/+ x2 & if y wi% to "k ! law ( reflection1 x is simply ?is3 ,suppose all ! objects above ! wat] actually rev]s$ 7n 9 appe>ance1 b 9 fact7 b5ea? ! wat]1 & precisely ! same 9 =m & 9 relative position1 only all topsy-turvy4 ,!n1 :atev] y c\ld see1 f ! place 9 :i* y /&1 ( ! solid objects s rev]s$ "u ! wat]1 y w see 9 ! reflection1 always 9 ! true p]spective ( ! solid objects s rev]s$4 ,if y _c q und]/& ?is 9 look+ at wat]1 take a mirror1 lay x horizontally on ! table1 put "s books & pap]s ^u x1 & draw !m & _! reflections2 mov+ !m ab\t1 & wat*+ h[ _! reflections alt]1 & *iefly h[ _! reflect$ colors & %ades diff] f _! own colors & %ades1 by be+ br\ght into o!r oppositions4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 *i>oscuro is a m important "* 9 wat]-pa9t+ ?an m]e diff]5ce 9 =m4 #ade4 ,:5 y are draw+ %all[ or muddy wat]1 y w see %ad[s on ! bottom1 or on ! surface1 cont9ually modify+ ! reflections2 & 9 a cle> m\nta9 /ream1 ! mo/ wond]ful complications ( effect result+ f ! %ad[s & reflections ( ! /ones 9 x1 m+l+ ) ! aspect ( ! /ones !mselves se5 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,d n be fright5$ at ! complexity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 d n hope to r5d] x ha/ily4 ,look at x well1 mak+ out ev]y?+ t y see1 & di/+ui%+ ea* compon5t "p ( ! effect4 ,!re w be1 fir/1 ! /ones se5 ?r\gh ! wat]1 di/ort$ always by refraction1 s t1 if ! g5]al /ructure ( ! /one %[s /raight p>allel l9es above ! wat]1 y may be sure !y w be b5t :]e !y ent] x2 !n ! reflection ( ! "p ( ! /one above ! wat] crosses & int]f]es ) ! "p t is se5 ?r\gh x1 s t y c h>dly tell :i* is :i*2 & :]ev] ! reflection is d>ke/1 y w see ?r\gh ! wat] be/1#cg & vice v]s4 ,!n ! real %ad[ ( ! /one crosses bo? ^! images1 & :]e t %ad[ falls1 x makes ! wat] m reflective1 & :]e ! sun%9e falls1 y w see m ( ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ( any du/ or motes t may be float+ on x3 b :e!r y are to see1 at ! same spot1 mo/ ( ! bottom ( ! wat]1 or ( ! reflection ( ! objects above1 dep5ds on ! position ( ! eye4 ,! m y look d[n into ! wat]1 ! bett] y see objects ?r\gh x2 ! m y look along x1 ! eye be+ l[1 ! m y see ! reflection ( objects above x4 ,h5ce ! color ( a giv5 space ( surface 9 a /ream w entirely *ange :ile y /& /ill 9 ! same spot1 m]ely z y /oop or raise y\r head2 & ?us ! colors ) :i* wat] is pa9t$ are an indication ( ! position ( ! spectator1 & connect$ insep>ably ) ! p]spective ( ! %ores4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( all results t ,i "k 9 m\nta9 /reams is :5 ! wat] is %all[1 & ! /ones at ! bottom are ri* r$di%-orange & black1 & ! wat] is se5 at an angle :i* exactly divides ! visible colors betwe5 ^? ( ! /ones & t ( ! sky1 & ! sky is ( cle>1 full blue4 ,! result+ purple1 obta9$ by ! bl5d+ ( ! blue & ! orange-r$1 brok5 by ! play ( innum]able gradations 9 ! /ones1 is indescribably lovely4 #adf4 ,all ?is seems complicat$ en\gh already2 b if !re be a /rong color 9 ! cle> wat] itself1 z ( gre5 or blue 9 ! ,swiss lakes1 all ^! ph5om5a are d\bly involv$2 = ! d>k] reflections n[ become ( ! color ( ! wat]4 ,! reflection ( a black gondola1 = in/ance1 at ,v5ice1 is nev] black1 b pure d>k gre54 ,&1 f>!r1 ! color ( ! wat] itself is ( ?ree k9ds3 "o1 se5 on ! surface1 is a k9d ( milky bloom2 ! next is se5 :]e ! waves let light ?r\gh !m1 at _! edges2 & ! ?ird1 %[n z a *ange ( color on ! objects se5 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?us1 ! same wave t makes a :ite object look ( a cle> blue1 :5 se5 ?r\gh x1 w take a r$ or violet-color$ bloom on its surface1 & w be made pure em]ald gre5 by transmitt$ sun%9e ?r\gh its edges4 ,) all ?is1 h[ev]1 y are n mu* conc]n$ at pres5t1 b ,i tell x y p>tly z a prep>ation = :at we h aft]w>ds to say ab\t color1 & p>tly t y may approa* lakes & /reams ) rev]5ce1#ch & /udy !m z c>efully z o!r ?+s1 n hop+ to express !m by a few horizontal da%es ( :ite1 or a few tremul\s blots4#ci ,n b t mu* may be done by tremul\s blots1 :5 y "k precisely :at y mean by !m1 z y w see by _m ( ! ,turn] sket*es1 :i* are n[ fram$ at ! ,national ,gall]y2 b y mu/ h pa9t$ wat] _m & _m a day--yes1 & all day long--be=e y c hope to d any?+ l ^?4 #adg4 ,,iii4 ,la/ly4 ,y may p]haps wond] :y1 be=e pass+ to ! cl\ds1 ,i say no?+ special ab\t gr\nd4#dj ,b !re is too mu* to be said ab\t t to admit ( my say+ x "h4 ,y w f9d ! pr9cipal laws ( its /ructure exam9$ at l5g? 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s2 & if y c get t volume1 & copy c>efully ,plate #ba1 :i* ,i h et*$ aft] ,turn] ) great pa9s1 x w give y z mu* help z y ne$ 9 ! l9e> expression ( gr\nd-surface4 ,/rive to get ! retirem5t & succession ( masses 9 irregul> gr\nd3 mu* may be done 9 ?is way by c>eful wat*+ ( ! p]spective dim9utions ( its h]bage1 z well z by cont\r2 & mu* also by %ad[s4 ,if y draw ! %ad[s ( leaves & tree trunks on any undulat+ gr\nd ) entire c>efulness1 y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* !y expla9 ( ! =m & di/ance ( ! e>? on :i* !y fall4 #adh4 ,pass+ !n to skies1 note t !re is ?is great peculi>ity ab\t sky subject1 z di/+ui%$ f e>? subject2--t ! cl\ds1 n be+ mu* liable to man's int]f]5ce1 are always beautifully arrang$4 ,y _c be sure ( ?is 9 any o!r features ( l&scape4 ,! rock on :i* ! effect ( a m\nta9 sc5e especially dep5ds is always precisely t :i* ! roadmak] bla/s or ! l&lord qu>ries2 & ! spot ( gre5 :i* ,nature left ) a special purpose by h] d>k =e/ sides1 & f9i%$ ) h] mo/ delicate grasses1 is always t :i* ! f>m] pl[s or builds ^u4 ,b ! cl\ds1 ?\gh we c hide !m ) smoke1 & mix !m ) poison1 _c be qu>ri$ nor built ov]1 & !y are always !re=e glori\sly arrang$2 s glori\sly1 t unless y h notable p[]s ( memory y ne$ n hope to approa* ! effect ( any sky t int]e/s y4 ,= bo? its grace & its gl[ dep5d ^u ! unit$ influ5ce ( e cl\d )9 its compass3 !y all move & burn toge!r 9 a m>vel\s h>mony2 n a cl\d ( !m is out ( its appo9t$ place1 or fails ( its "p 9 ! *oir3 & if y are n able to recollect 7:i* 9 ! case ( a complicat$ sky x is impossible y %\ld7 precisely ! =m & position ( all ! cl\ds at a giv5 mom5t1 y _c draw ! sky at all2 = ! cl\ds w n fit if y draw "o "p ( !m ?ree or f\r m9utes be=e ano!r4 #adi4 ,y mu/ try !re=e to help :at memory y h1 by sket*+ at ! utmo/ possible spe$ ! :ole range ( ! cl\ds2 m>k+1 by any %or?& or symbolic "w y c hit ^u1 ! peculi> "* ( ea*1 z transp>5t1 or fleecy1 or l9e>1 or undulatory2 giv+ aft]w>ds su* completion to ! p>ts z y\r recollection w enable y to d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! sky is int]e/+ f its g5]al aspect2 at o!r times1 d n try to draw all ! sky1 b a s+le cl\d3 sometimes a r\nd cumulus w /ay five or six m9utes q /eady en\gh to let y m>k out 8 pr9cipal masses2 & "o or two :ite or crimson l9es :i* cross ! sunrise w (t5 /ay )\t s]i\s *ange = z long4 ,& 9 ord] to be ! readi] 9 draw+ !m1 practice occasionally draw+ lumps ( cotton1 :i* w tea* y bett] ?an any o!r /able ?+ ! k9d ( s(tness !re is 9 cl\ds4 ,= y w f9d :5 y h made a few g5u9e /udies ( sky1 & !n look at any anci5t or mod]n pa9t+1 t ord9>y arti/s h always fall5 into "o ( two faults3 ei!r1 9 r\nd+ ! cl\ds1 !y make !m z solid & h>d-edg$ z a heap ( /ones ti$ up 9 a sack1 or !y repres5t !m n z r\nd$ at all1 b z vague wrea?s ( mi/ or flat lights 9 ! sky2 & ?9k !y h done en\gh 9 leav+ a little :ite pap] betwe5 da%es ( blue1 or 9 tak+ an irregul> space out ) ! sponge4 ,n[ cl\ds are n z solid z fl\r-sacks2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are nei!r spongy nor flat4 ,!y are def9ite & v beautiful =ms ( sculptur$ mi/2 sculptur$ is a p]fectly accurate ^w2 !y are n m drift$ into =m ?an !y are c>v$ into =m1 ! w>m air ar\nd !m cutt+ !m into %ape by absorb+ ! visible vapor beyond c]ta9 limits2 h5ce _! angul> & fanta/ic outl9es1 z diff]5t f a swoll51 sph]ical1 or globul> =mation1 on ! "o h&1 z f t ( flat films or %apeless mi/s on ! o!r4 ,& ! wor/ ( all is1 t :ile ^! =ms are difficult en\gh to draw on any t]ms1 especially consid]+ t !y nev] /ay quiet1 !y mu/ be drawn also at great] disadvantage ( light & %ade ?an any o!rs1 ! =ce ( light 9 cl\ds be+ :olly unatta9able by art2 s t if we put %ade en\gh to express _! =m z positively z x is express$ 9 reality1 we mu/ make !m pa9fully too d>k on ! d>k sides4 ,nev]!less1 !y are s beautiful1 if y 9 ! lea/ succe$ ) !m1 t y w h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 lose c\rage4 #aej4 ,outl9e !m (t5 ) ! p51 z y c cat* !m "h & !re2 "o ( ! *ief uses ( do+ ?is w be1 n s mu* ! memor&um s obta9$1 z ! lesson y w get respect+ ! s(tness ( ! cl\d-outl9es4 ,y w always f9d y\rself at a loss to see :]e ! outl9e really is2 & :5 drawn x w always look h>d & false1 & w assur$ly be ei!r too r\nd or too squ>e1 h[ev] (t5 y alt] x1 m]ely pass+ f ! "o fault to ! o!r & back aga91 ! real cl\d /rik+ an inexpressible mean betwe5 r\ndness & squ>5ess 9 all its coils or battlem5ts4 ,i speak at pres5t1 ( c\rse1 only ( ! cumulus cl\d3 ! light] wrea?s & flakes ( ! upp] sky _c be outl9$2--!y c only be sket*$1 l locks ( hair1 by _m l9es ( ! p54 ,firmly develop$ b>s ( cl\d on ! horizon are 9 g5]al easy en\gh1 & may be drawn ) decision4 ,:5 y h ?us accu/om$ y\rself a little to ! plac+ & action ( cl\ds1 try to "w out _! light & %ade1 j z c>efully z y d t ( o!r ?+s1 look+ exclusively = examples ( treatm5t to ! vignettes 9 ,rog]s's ,italy & ,poems1 & to ! ,lib] ,/udiorum1 unless y h access to "s examples ( ,turn]'s own "w4 ,no o!r arti/ ev] yet drew ! sky3 ev5 ,titian's cl\ds1 & ,t9toret's1 are conv5tional4 ,! cl\ds 9 ! ,b5 ,ar?ur1 ,s\rce ( ,arv]on1 & ,calais ,pi]1 are among ! be/ ( ,turn]'s /orm /udies2 & ( ! upp] cl\ds1 ! vignettes to ,rog]s's ,poems furni% z _m examples z y ne$4 #aea4 ,& n[1 z our fir/ lesson 0 tak5 f ! sky1 s1 = ! pres5t1 let our la/ be4 ,i d n advise y to be 9 any ha/e to ma/] ! cont5ts ( my next lett]4 ,if y h any real tal5t = draw+1 y w take delight 9 ! discov]ies ( natural lovel9ess1 :i* ! /udies ,i h already propos$ w lead y into1 among ! fields & hills2 & be assur$ t ! m quietly & s+le-he>t$ly y take ea* /ep 9 ! art1 ! quick]1 on ! :ole1 w y\r progress be4 ,i w\ld r1 inde$1 h discuss$ ! subjects ( ! foll[+ lett] at great] l5g?1 & 9 a sep>ate "w address$ to m advanc$ /ud5ts2 b z !re are "o or two ?+s to be said on composition :i* may set ! "y arti/'s m9d some:at m at re/1 or furni% him ) def5se f ! urg5cy ( ill-advis]s1 ,i w glance ov] ! ma9 heads ( ! matt] "h2 tru/+ t my do+ s may n beguile y1 my de> read]1 f y\r s]i\s "w1 or lead y to ?9k me1 9 occupy+ "p ( ?is book ) talk n altoge!r relevant to x1 less entirely or ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,j4 ,,rusk94 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,x is meant1 ,i believe1 = ,salt ,hill4 #bd ,i d n mean t y c approa* ,turn] or ,dr] 9 _! /r5g?1 t is to say1 9 _! imag9ation or p[] ( design4 ,b y may approa* !m1 by p]sev]ance1 9 tru? ( mann]4 #be ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ desirable plates3-- ,gr&e ,*>treuse4 ,little ,devil's ,bridge4 sacus & ,hesp]ie4 ,riv] ,wye 7n ,wye & ,sev]n74 ,cephalus & ,procris4 ,holy ,isl&4 ,s\rce ( ,arv]on4 ,clyde4 ,b5 ,ar?ur4 ,lauff5burg4 ,wat]mill4 ,blair ,a?ol4 ,h9dhead ,hill4 ,alps f ,gr5oble4 ,h$g+ & ,dit*+4 ,raglan4 7,subject ) quiet brook1 ,dumblane ,abbey4 trees1 & ca/le on ! "r47 ,morpe?4 ,calais ,pi]4 ,pembury ,mill4 ,if y _c get "o ( ^!1 any ( ! o!rs w be s]viceable1 except only ! twelve foll[+1 :i* are q useless3-- #a4 ,sc5e 9 ,italy1 ) goats on a wall$ road1 & trees above4 #b4 ,int]ior ( *ur*4 #c4 ,sc5e ) bridge1 & trees above2 figures on left1 "o play+ a pipe4 #d4 ,sc5e ) figure play+ on tamb\r9e4 #e4 ,sc5e on ,?ames ) high trees1 & a squ>e t[] ( a *ur* se5 ?r\gh !m4 #f4 ,fif? ,plague ( ,egypt4 #g4 ,t5? ,plague ( ,egypt4 #h4 ,rivaulx ,abbey4 #i4 ,wye & ,sev]n4 #aj4 ,sc5e ) ca/le 9 c5t]1 c[s "u trees on ! left4 #aa4 ,m>tello ,t[]s4 #ab4 ,calm4 ,x is v unlikely t y %\ld meet ) "o ( ! orig9al et*+s2 if y %\ld1 x w be a draw+-ma/] 9 itself alone1 = x is n only equival5t to a p5-&-ink draw+ by ,turn]1 b to a v c>eful "o2 only obs]ve1 ! ,s\rce ( ,arv]on1 ,raglan1 & ,dumblane 7 n et*$ by ,turn]2 & ! et*+s ( ^? ?ree are n good = sep>ate /udy1 ?\gh x is deeply int]e/+ to see h[ ,turn]1 app>5tly provok$ at ! failure ( ! beg9n+s 9 ! ,arv]on & ,raglan1 took ! plates up himself1 & ei!r conqu]$ or br\ght into use ! bad et*+ by 8 m>vel\s engrav+4 ,! ,dumblane 01 h[ev]1 well et*$ by ,mr4 ,lupton1 & beautifully engrav$ by him4 ,! f9e/ ,turn] et*+ is ( an aqu$uct ) a /ork /&+ 9 a m\nta9 /ream1 n 9 ! publi%$ s]ies2 & next to x1 are ! unpubli%$ et*+s ( ! ,via ,mala & ,cr[hur/4 ,turn] seems to h be5 s fond ( ^! plates t he kept ret\*+ & f9i%+ !m1 & nev] made up 8 m9d to let !m g4 ,! ,via ,mala is c]ta9ly1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,turn] left x1 ! f9e/ ( ! :ole s]ies3 its et*+ is1 z ,i said1 ! be/ aft] t ( ! aqu$uct4 ,figure #bj1 above1 is "p ( ano!r f9e unpubli%$ et*+1 ,w9dsor1 f ,salt ,hill4 ,( ! publi%$ et*+s1 ! f9e/ are ! ,b5 ,ar?ur1 sacus1 ,cephalus1 & ,/one ,p9es1 ) ! ,girl wa%+ at a ,ci/]n2 ! ?ree latt] are ! m g5]ally in/ructive4 ,h9dhead ,hill1 ,isis1 ,jason1 & ,morpe?1 are also v desirable4 #bf ,y w f9d m notice ( ?is po9t 9 ! acc\nt ( ,h>d+'s tree-draw+1 a little f>!r on4 #bg ,! impressions v>y s mu* 9 color t no br[n c be specifi$4 #bh ,y _h bett] get su* a photograph1 ev5 ?\gh y h a ,lib] pr9t z well4 #bi ,see ! clos+ lett] 9 ?is volume4 #cj ,9 #aheg4 #ca ,if y are n acqua9t$ ) ,h>d+'s works1 7an unlikely supposition1 consid]+ _! popul>ity17 & _c meet ) ! "o 9 "q1 ! diagrams giv5 "h w enable y to und]/& all t is ne$ful = our purposes4 #cb ,i draw ?is figure 7a "y %oot ( oak7 9 outl9e only1 x be+ impossible to express ! ref9em5ts ( %ade 9 di/ant foliage 9 a wood-cut4 #cc ,8 li?ographic sket*es1 ^? = in/ance 9 ! ,p>k & ! ,=e/1 & 8 v>i\s lessons on foliage1 possess great] m]it ?an ! m ambiti\s engrav+s 9 8 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,art4 ,!re are _m useful rem>ks1 h[ev]1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ?is latt] "w4 #cd ,on ?is law y d well1 if y c get access to x1 to look at ! f\r? *apt] ( ! f\r? volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 #ce ,see ,note #c 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #cf ,! /ud5t may h>dly at fir/ believe t ! p]spective ( build+s is ( little consequ5ce2 b he w f9d x s ultimately4 ,see ! rem>ks on ?is po9t 9 ! ,preface4 #cg ,see ,note #d 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #ch ,see ,note #e 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #ci ,x is a useful piece ( /udy to dissolve "s ,prussian blue 9 wat]1 s z to make ! liquid def9itely blue3 fill a l>ge :ite bas9 ) ! solution1 & put any?+ y l to float on x1 or lie 9 x2 walnut %ells1 bits ( wood1 leaves ( fl[]s1 etc4 ,!n /udy ! effects ( ! reflections1 & ( ! /ems ( ! fl[]s or subm]g$ portions ( ! float+ objects1 z !y appe> ?r\gh ! blue liquid2 not+ especially h[1 z y l[] y\r head & look along ! surface1 y see ! reflections cle>ly2 & h[1 z y raise y\r head1 y lose ! reflections1 & see ! subm]g$ /ems cle>ly4 #dj ,respect+ ,ar*itectural ,draw+1 see ! notice ( ! works ( ,pr\t 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,color ,,& ,,composition4 #aeb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,read]1--,if y h be5 ob$i5t1 & h hi!rto done all t ,i h told y1 ,i tru/ x has n be5 )\t mu* subdu$ remon/rance1 & "s s]i\s vexation4 ,= ,i %\ld be sorry if1 :5 y 7 l$ by ! c\rse ( y\r /udy to obs]ve closely su* ?+s z are beautiful 9 color1 y _h n long$ to pa9t !m1 & felt consid]able difficulty 9 comply+ ) y\r re/riction to ! use ( black1 or blue1 or gray4 ,y ought to love color1 & to ?9k no?+ q beautiful or p]fect )\t x2 & if y really d love x1 = its own sake1 & are n m]ely desir\s to color because y ?9k pa9t+ a f9] ?+ ?an draw+1 !re is "s *ance y may color well4 ,nev]!less1 y ne$ n hope ev] to produce any?+ m ?an pleasant helps to memory1 or useful & sugge/ive sket*es 9 color1 unless y mean to be :olly an arti/4 ,y may1 9 ! "t :i* o!r vocations leave at y\r disposal1 produce f9i%$1 beautiful1 & ma/]ly draw+s 9 light & %ade4 ,b to color well1 requires y\r life4 ,x _c be done *eap]4 ,! difficulty ( do+ "r is increas$--n tw(old nor ?reefold1 b a ?\s&fold1 & m--by ! addition ( color to y\r "w4 ,= ! *ances are m ?an a ?\s& to "o aga9/ y\r be+ "r bo? 9 =m & color ) a giv5 t\*3 x is difficult en\gh to be "r 9 =m1 if y att5d to t only2 b :5 y h to att5d1 at ! same mom5t1 to a mu* m subtle ?+ ?an ! =m1 ! difficulty is /rangely increas$1--& multipli$ almo/ to inf9ity by ?is great fact1 t1 :ile =m is absolute1 s t y c say at ! mom5t y draw any l9e t x is ei!r "r or wrong1 color is :olly relative4 ,e hue ?r\gh\t y\r "w is alt]$ by e t\* t y add 9 o!r places2 s t :at 0 w>m a m9ute ago1 becomes cold :5 y h put a hott] color 9 ano!r place1 & :at 0 9 h>mony :5 y left x1 becomes discordant z y set o!r colors beside x2 s t e t\* mu/ be laid1 n ) a view to its effect at ! "t1 b ) a view to its effect 9 futurity1 ! result ^u x ( all t is aft]w>ds to be done be+ previ\sly consid]$4 ,y may easily und]/& t1 ?is be+ s1 no?+ b ! devotion ( life1 & great g5ius besides1 c make a colori/4 #aec4 ,b ?\gh y _c produce f9i%$ color$ draw+s ( any value1 y may give y\rself mu* pleasure1 & be ( great use to o!r p1 by occasionally sket*+ ) a view to color only2 & pres]v+ di/9ct /atem5ts ( c]ta9 color facts--z t ! h>ve/ moon at ris+ 0 ( su* & su* a r$1 & surr\nd$ by cl\ds ( su* & su* a rosy gray2 t ! m\nta9s at ev5+ 7 9 tru? s deep 9 purple2 & ! waves by ! boat's side 7 inde$ ( t incr$ible gre54 ,?is only1 obs]ve1 if y h an eye = color2 b y may presume t y h ?is1 if y enjoy color4 #aed4 ,&1 ?\gh ( c\rse y %\ld always give z mu* =m to y\r subject z y\r att5tion to its color w admit (1 rememb] t ! :ole value ( :at y are ab\t dep5ds1 9 a color$ sket*1 on ! color m]ely4 ,if ! color is wrong1 ev]y?+ is wrong3 j z1 if y are s++1 & s+ false notes1 x does n matt] h[ true ! words are4 ,if y s+ at all1 y mu/ s+ sweetly2 & if y color at all1 y mu/ color rightly4 ,give up all ! =m1 r ?an ! slighte/ "p ( ! color3 j z1 if y felt y\rself 9 dang] ( a false note1 y w\ld give up ! ^w1 & s+ a mean+less s\nd1 if y felt t s y c\ld save ! note4 ,nev] m9d ?\gh y\r h\ses are all tumbl+ d[n1--?\gh y\r cl\ds are m]e blots1 & y\r trees m]e knobs1 & y\r sun & moon l crook$ sixp5ces1--s only t trees1 cl\ds1 h\ses1 & sun or moon1 are ( ! "r colors4 ,( c\rse1 ! discipl9e y h gone ?r\gh w enable y to h9t some?+ ( =m1 ev5 9 ! fa/e/ sweep ( ! bru%2 b d n let ! ?\ght ( =m hamp] y 9 ! lea/1 :5 y beg9 to make color$ memor&a4 ,if y want ! =m ( ! subject1 draw x 9 black & :ite4 ,if y want its color1 take its color1 & be sure y h x1 & n a spuri\s1 trea*]\s1 half-measur$ piece ( mutual concession1 ) ! colors all wrong1 & ! =ms /ill any?+ b "r4 ,x is be/ to get into ! habit ( consid]+ ! color$ "w m]ely z supplem5t>y to y\r o!r /udies2 mak+ y\r c>eful draw+s ( ! subject fir/1 & !n a color$ memor&um sep>ately1 z %apeless z y l1 b fai?ful 9 hue1 & entirely m9d+ its own bus9ess4 ,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 be>s *iefly on l>ge & di/ant subjects3 9 =egr\nds & ne> /udies1 ! color _c be _h )\t a good deal ( def9ition ( =m4 ,= if y d n map ! mosses on ! /ones accurately1 y w n h ! "r quantity ( color 9 ea* bit ( moss patt]n1 & !n none ( ! colors w look "r2 b x always simplifies ! "w mu* if y are cle> z to y\r po9t ( aim1 & satisfi$1 :5 necess>y1 to fail ( all b t4 #aee4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 if ,i 7 to ent] into detail respect+ color+1 :i* is ! beg9n+ & end ( a pa9t]'s craft1 ,i %\ld ne$ to make ?is a "w 9 ?ree volumes in/ead ( ?ree lett]s1 & to illu/rate x 9 ! co/lie/ way4 ,i only hope1 at pres5t1 to set y pleasantly & pr(itably to "w1 leav+ y1 )9 ! te!r+ ( c]ta9 lead+-/r+s1 to ga!r :at advantages y c f ! works ( art ( :i* e ye> br+s a great] numb] )9 y\r rea*2--& f ! in/ruction :i*1 e ye>1 our ris+ arti/s w be m ready to give k9dly1 & bett] able to give wisely4 #aef4 ,&1 fir/1 ( mat]ials4 ,use h>d cake colors1 n moi/ colors3 gr9d a suffici5t quantity ( ea* on y\r palette e morn+1 keep+ a sep>ate plate1 l>ge & deep1 = colors to be us$ 9 broad wa%es1 & wa% bo? plate & palette e ev5+1 s z to be able always to get good & pure color :5 y ne$ x2 & =ce y\rself into cleanly & ord]ly habits ab\t y\r colors4 ,! two be/ colori/s ( mod]n times1 ,turn] & ,rossetti1#da af=d u1 ,i am sorry to say1 no confirmation ( ?is precept by _! practice4 ,turn] 01 & ,rossetti is1 z slov5ly 9 all _! proc$ures z m5 c well be2 b ! result ( ?is 01 ) ,turn]1 t ! colors h alt]$ 9 all 8 pictures1 & 9 _m ( 8 draw+s2 & ! result ( x ) ,rossetti is1 t ?\gh 8 colors are safe1 he has sometimes to ?r[ aside "w t 0 half done1 & beg9 ov] aga94 ,william ,hunt1 ( ! ,old ,wat]-color1 is v neat 9 8 practice2 s1 ,i believe1 is ,mulready2 s is ,john ,lewis2 & s are ! lead+ ,pre-,raphaelites1 ,rossetti only except$4 ,& !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! goodness ( ! advice1 if x 7 only = ?is reason1 t ! m p>ticul> y are ab\t y\r colors ! m y w get into a delib]ate & me?odical habit 9 us+ !m1 & all true spe$ 9 color+ comes ( ?is delib]ation4 #aeg4 ,use ,*9ese :ite1 well gr\nd1 to mix ) y\r colors 9 ord] to pale !m1 in/ead ( a quantity ( wat]4 ,y w ?us be able to %ape y\r masses m quietly1 & play ! colors ab\t ) m ease2 !y w n damp y\r pap] s mu*1 & y w be able to g on cont9ually1 & lay =ms ( pass+ cl\d & o!r fugitive or delicately %ap$ lights1 o!rwise unatta9able except by "t4 #aeh4 ,?is mix+ ( :ite ) ! pigm5ts1 s z to r5d] !m opaque1 con/itutes body-color draw+ z oppos$ to transp>5t-color draw+1 & y w1 p]haps1 h x (t5 said to y t ?is body-color is illegitimate4 ,x is j z legitimate z oil-pa9t+1 be+1 s f> z h&l+ is conc]n$1 ! same process1 only )\t its uncleanl9ess1 its un:olesom5ess1 or its inconv5i5ce2 = oil w n dry quickly1 nor c>ry safely1 nor give ! same effects ( atmosph]e )\t t5fold labor4 ,& if y he> x said t ! body-color looks *alky or opaque1 &1 z is v likely1 ?9k s y\rself1 be yet assur$ ( ?is1 t ?\gh c]ta9 effects ( gl[ & transp>5cies ( gloom are n to be rea*$ )\t transp>5t color1 ^? gl[s & glooms are n ! noble/ aim ( art4 ,aft] _m ye>s' /udy ( ! v>i\s results ( fresco & oil pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 & ( body-color & transp>5t color 9 ,engl&1 ,i am n[ entirely conv9c$ t ! greate/ ?+s t are to be done 9 art mu/ be done 9 dead color4 ,! habit ( dep5d+ on v>ni% or on lucid t9ts = transp>5cy1 makes ! pa9t] comp>atively lose sight ( ! nobl] transluc5ce :i* is obta9$ by break+ v>i\s colors amid/ ea* o!r3 & ev5 :51 z by ,correggio1 exquisite play ( hue is jo9$ ) exquisite transp>5cy1 ! delight 9 ! dep? almo/ always leads ! pa9t] into mean & false *i>oscuro2 x leads him to l d>k backgr\nds in/ead ( lum9\s ones1#db & to enjoy1 9 g5]al1 quality ( color m ?an gr&eur ( composition1 & conf9$ light r ?an op5 sun%9e3 s t ! really greate/ ?\ghts ( ! greate/ m5 h always1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 be5 rea*$ 9 dead color1 & ! noble/ oil pictures ( ,t9toret & ,v]onese are ^? :i* are like/ frescoes4 #aei4 ,besides all ?is1 ! fact is1 t ?\gh sometimes a little *alky & co>se-look+ body-color is1 9 a sket*1 inf9itely lik] ,nature ?an transp>5t color3 ! bloom & mi/ ( di/ance are accurately & in/antly repres5t$ by ! film ( opaque blue 7q accurately1 ,i ?9k1 by no?+ else72 & = gr\nd1 rocks1 & build+s1 ! e>?y & solid surface is1 ( c\rse1 always tru] ?an ! mo/ f9i%$ & c>efully wr\ght "w 9 transp>5t t9ts c ev] be4 #afj4 ,aga9/ "o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ /eadily caution y4 ,all k9ds ( color are equally illegitimate1 if y ?9k !y w all[ y to alt] at y\r pleasure1 or blund] at y\r ease4 ,!re is no vehicle or me?od ( color :i* admits ( alt]ation or rep5tance2 y mu/ be "r at once1 or nev]2 & y might z well hope to cat* a rifle bullet 9 y\r h&1 & put x /raight1 :5 x 0 go+ wrong1 z to recov] a t9t once spoil$4 ,! secret ( all good color 9 oil1 wat]1 or any?+ else1 lies prim>ily 9 t s5t5ce spok5 to me by ,mulready3 ,"k :at y h to d4 ,! process may be a long "o1 p]haps3 y may h to gr\nd ) "o color2 to t\* x ) fragm5ts ( a second2 to crumble a ?ird into ! int]/ices2 a f\r? into ! int]/ices ( ! ?ird2 to glaze ! :ole ) a fif?2 & to re-en=ce 9 po9ts ) a six?3 b :e!r y h "o1 or t51 or tw5ty processes to g ?r\gh1 y mu/ g /raight ?r\gh !m kn[+ly & =esee+ly all ! way2 & if y get ! ?+ once wrong1 !re is no hope = y b 9 wa%+ or scrap+ boldly d[n to ! :ite gr\nd1 & beg9n+ aga94 #afa4 ,! draw+ 9 body-color w t5d to tea* y all ?is1 m ?an any o!r me?od1 & above all x w prev5t y f fall+ into ! pe/il5t habit ( spong+ to get texture2 a trick :i* has ne>ly ru9$ our mod]n wat]-color s*ool ( art4 ,!re are sometimes places 9 :i* a skillful arti/ w r\gh5 8 pap] a little to get c]ta9 conditions ( du/y color ) m ease ?an he c\ld o!rwise2 & sometimes a skillfully ras$ piece ( pap] w1 9 ! mid/ ( transp>5t t9ts1 answ] ne>ly ! purpose ( *alky body-color 9 repres5t+ ! surfaces ( rocks or build+4 ,b artifices ( ?is k9d are always trea*]\s 9 a tyro's h&s1 tempt+ him to tru/ 9 !m3 & y _h bett] always "w on :ite or gray pap] z smoo? z silk2#dc & nev] di/urb ! surface ( y\r color or pap]1 except f9ally to scrat* out ! v highe/ lights if y are us+ transp>5t colors4 #afb4 ,i h said above t body-color draw+ w tea* y ! use ( color bett] ?an work+ ) m]ely transp>5t t9ts2 b ?is is n because ! process is an easi] "o1 b because x is a m complete "o1 & also because x involves "s work+ ) transp>5t t9ts 9 ! be/ way4 ,y are n to ?9k t because y use body-color y may make any k9d ( mess t y l1 & yet get out ( x4 ,b y are to avail y\rself ( ! *>act]s ( y\r mat]ial1 :i* enable y mo/ ne>ly to imitate ! processes ( ,nature4 ,?us1 suppose y h a r$ rocky cliff to sket*1 ) blue cl\ds float+ ov] x4 ,y pa9t y\r cliff fir/ firmly1 !n take y\r blue1 mix+ x to su* a t9t 7& "h is a great "p ( ! skill ne$$7 t :5 x is laid ov] ! r$1 9 ! ?ickness requir$ = ! effect ( ! mi/1 ! w>m rock-color %[+ ?r\gh ! blue cl\d-color1 may br+ x to exactly ! hue y want 7y\r upp] t9t1 !re=e1 mu/ be mix$ cold] ?an y want x72 !n y lay x on1 v>y+ x z y /rike x1 gett+ ! =ms ( ! mi/ at once1 &1 if x be rightly done1 ) exquisite quality ( color1 f ! w>m t9t's %[+ ?r\gh & betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! o!r4 ,:5 x is dry1 y may add a little color to ret\* ! edges :]e !y want %ape1 or height5 ! lights :]e !y want r\ndness1 or put ano!r tone ov] ! :ole3 b y c take none away4 ,if y t\* or di/urb ! surface1 or by any unt[>d accid5t mix ! "u & upp] colors toge!r1 all is lo/ irrecov]ably4 ,beg9 y\r draw+ f ! gr\nd aga9 if y l1 or ?r[ x into ! fire if y l4 ,b d n wa/e "t 9 try+ to m5d x4#dd #afc4 ,?is discussion ( ! relative m]its ( transp>5t & opaque color has1 h[ev]1 l$ u a little beyond ! po9t :]e we %\ld h begun2 we mu/ g back to our palette1 if y please4 ,get a cake ( ea* ( ! h>d colors nam$ 9 ! note bel[#de & try exp]im5ts on _! simple comb9ations1 by mix+ ea* color ) e o!r4 ,if y l to d x 9 an ord]ly way1 y may prep>e a squ>$ piece ( pa/ebo>d1 & put ! pure colors 9 columns at ! top & side2 ! mix$ t9ts be+ giv5 at ! int]sections1 ?us 7! lett]s /&+ = colors73 b c d e f etc4 a a b a c a d a e a f b -- b c b d b e b f c -- -- c d c e c f d -- -- -- d e d f e -- -- -- -- e f etc4 ,?is w give y "s g5]al notion ( ! *>act]s ( mix$ t9ts ( two colors only1 & x is bett] 9 practice to conf9e y\rself z mu* z possible to ^!1 & to get m complicat$ colors1 ei!r by putt+ ! ?ird ov] ! fir/ bl5d$ t9t1 or by putt+ ! ?ird into its int]/ices4 ,no?+ b wat*ful practice w tea* y ! effects t colors h on ea* o!r :5 ?us put ov]1 or beside1 ea* o!r4 #afd4 ,:5 y h got a little us$ to ! pr9cipal comb9ations1 place y\rself at a w9d[ :i* ! sun does n %9e 9 at1 comm&+ "s simple piece ( l&scape3 outl9e ?is l&scape r\ghly2 !n take a piece ( :ite c>dbo>d1 cut out a hole 9 x ab\t ! size ( a l>ge pea2 & suppos+ ,r is ! room1 a d ! w9d[1 & y are sitt+ at a1 ,fig4 #bi1 hold ?is c>dbo>d a little outside ( ! w9d[1 upright1 & 9 ! direction b d1 p>allel to ! side ( ! w9d[1 or a little turn$1 s z to cat* m light1 z at a d1 nev] turn$ z at c d1 or ! pap] w be d>k4 ,!n y w see ! l&scape1 bit by bit1 ?r\gh ! circul> hole4 ,mat* ! colors ( ea* important bit z ne>ly z y c1 mix+ y\r t9ts ) :ite1 beside ! ap]ture4 ,:5 mat*$1 put a t\* ( ! same t9t at ! top ( y\r pap]1 writ+ "u x3 d>k tree color1 hill color1 field color1 z ! case may be4 ,!n wa% ! t9t away f beside ! op5+1 & ! c>dbo>d w be ready to mat* ano!r piece ( ! l&scape4#df ,:5 y h got ! colors ( ! pr9cipal masses ?us indicat$1 lay on a piece ( ea* 9 y\r sket* 9 its "r place1 & !n proce$ to complete ! sket* 9 h>mony ) !m1 by y\r eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 #afe4 ,9 ! c\rse ( y\r e>ly exp]im5ts1 y w be mu* /ruck by two ?+s3 ! fir/1 ! inimitable brilliancy ( light 9 sky & 9 sunlight$ ?+s2 & ! second1 t among ! t9ts :i* y c imitate1 ^? :i* y ?\ght ! d>ke/ w cont9ually turn out to be 9 reality ! lighte/4 ,d>kness ( objects is e/imat$ by u1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 mu* m by k ?an by sight2 ?us1 a c$> or ,scot* fir1 at #bjj y>ds (f1 w be ?\ght ( d>k] gre5 ?an an elm or oak ne> u2 because we "k by exp]i5ce t ! peculi> color !y exhibit1 at t di/ance1 is ! sign ( d>kness ( foliage4 ,b :5 we try !m ?r\gh ! c>dbo>d1 ! ne> oak w be f\nd1 inde$1 r d>k gre51 & ! di/ant c$>1 p]haps1 pale gray-purple4 ,! quantity ( purple & gray 9 ,nature is1 by ! way1 ano!r some:at surpris+ subject ( discov]y4 #aff4 ,well1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ?us y\r pr9cipal t9ts1 y may proce$ to fill up y\r sket*2 9 do+ :i* obs]ve ^! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 7#a47 ,_m portions ( y\r subject appe>$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! pap] bright] ?an ! pap]1 z sky1 sunlight$ grass1 etc4 ,leave ^! portions1 = ! pres5t1 :ite2 & proce$ ) ! p>ts ( :i* y c mat* ! t9ts4 7#b47 ,z y tri$ y\r subject ) ! c>dbo>d1 y mu/ h obs]v$ h[ _m *anges ( hue took place ov] small spaces4 ,9 fill+ up y\r "w1 try to educate y\r eye to p]ceive ^! diff]5ces ( hue )\t ! help ( ! c>dbo>d1 & lay !m delib]ately1 l a mosaic-work]1 z sep>ate colors1 prep>+ ea* c>efully on y\r palette1 & lay+ x z if x 7 a pat* ( color$ clo?1 cut out1 to be fitt$ neatly by its edge to ! next pat*2 s t ! fault ( y\r "w may be1 n a slurr$ or mi/y look1 b a pat*$ b$-cov] look1 z if x _h all be5 cut out ) scissors4 ,= in/ance1 9 draw+ ! trunk ( a bir* tree1 !re w be probably :ite high lights1 !n a pale rosy gray r\nd !m on ! light side1 !n a 7probably gre5i%7 deep] gray on ! d>k side1 v>i$ by reflect$ colors1 &1 ov] all1 ri* black /rips ( b>k & br[n spots ( moss4 ,lay fir/ ! rosy gray1 leav+ :ite = ! high lights & = ! spots ( moss1 & n t\*+ ! d>k side4 ,!n lay ! gray = ! d>k side1 fitt+ x well up to ! rosy gray ( ! light1 leav+ also 9 ?is d>k] gray ! :ite pap] 9 ! places = ! black & br[n moss2 !n prep>e ! moss colors sep>ately = ea* spot1 & lay ea* 9 ! :ite place left = x4 ,n "o gra9 ( :ite1 except t purposely left = ! high lights1 mu/ be visible :5 ! "w is done1 ev5 ?r\gh a magnify+-glass1 s cunn+ly mu/ y fit ! edges to ea* o!r4 ,f9ally1 take y\r backgr\nd colors1 & put !m on ea* side ( ! tree trunk1 fitt+ !m c>efully to its edge4 #afg4 ,f9e "w y w\ld make ( ?is1 w\ldn't y1 if y _h n le>n$ to draw fir/1 & c\ld n n[ draw a good outl9e = ! /em1 mu* less t]m9ate a color mass 9 ! outl9e y want$8 ,y\r "w w look v odd = "s "t1 :5 y fir/ beg9 to pa9t 9 ?is way1 & be=e y c modify x1 z ,i %all tell y pres5tly h[2 b nev] m9d2 x is ( ! greate/ possible importance t y %\ld practice ?is sep>ate lay+ on ( ! hues1 = all good color+ f9ally dep5ds on x4 ,x is1 inde$1 (t5 necess>y1 & sometimes desirable1 to lay "o color & =m boldly ov] ano!r3 ?us1 9 lay+ leaves on blue sky1 x is impossible always 9 l>ge pictures1 or :5 press$ = "t1 to fill 9 ! blue ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! leaves2 & ! great ,v5etians con/antly lay _! blue gr\nd fir/1 & !n1 hav+ let x dry1 /rike ! gold5 br[n ov] x 9 ! =m ( ! leaf1 leav+ ! "u blue to %9e ?r\gh ! gold1 & subdue x to ! olive-gre5 !y want4 ,b 9 ! mo/ preci\s & p]fect "w ea* leaf is inlaid1 & ! blue work$ r\nd x2 &1 :e!r y use "o or o!r mode ( gett+ y\r result1 x is equally necess>y to be absolute & decisive 9 y\r lay+ ! color4 ,ei!r y\r gr\nd mu/ be laid firmly fir/1 & !n y\r upp] color /ruck ^u x 9 p]fect =m1 =ev]1 !nce=w>d1 unalt]able2 or else ! two colors mu/ be individually put 9 _! places1 & l$ up to ea* o!r till !y meet at _! appo9t$ bord]1 equally1 !nce=w>d1 un*angeable4 ,ei!r process1 y see1 involves absolute decision4 ,if y once beg9 to slur1 or *ange1 or sket*1 or try ?is way & t ) y\r color1 x is all ov] ) x & ) y4 ,y w cont9ually see bad copyi/s try+ to imitate ! ,v5etians1 by daub+ _! colors ab\t1 & ret\*+1 & f9i%+1 & s(t5+3 :5 e t\* & e add$ hue only lead !m f>!r into *aos4 ,!re is a dog betwe5 two *ildr5 9 a ,v]onese 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* gives ! copyi/s mu* employm5t4 ,he has a d>k gr\nd beh9d him1 :i* ,v]onese has pa9t$ fir/1 & !n :5 x 0 dry1 or ne>ly s1 /ruck ! locks ( ! dog's :ite hair ov] x ) "s half-doz5 curl+ sweeps ( 8 bru%1 "r at once1 & =ev]4 ,_h "o l9e or hair ( !m gone wrong1 x w\ld h be5 wrong =ev]2 no ret\*+ c\ld h m5d$ x4 ,! poor copyi/s daub 9 fir/ "s backgr\nd1 & !n "s dog's hair2 !n ret\* ! backgr\nd1 !n ! hair2 "w = h\rs at x1 expect+ x always to come "r to-morr[--:5 x is f9i%$4 ,!y may "w = c5turies at x1 & !y w nev] d x4 ,if !y c d x ) ,v]onese's all[ance ( "w1 half a doz5 sweeps ( ! h& ov] ! d>k backgr\nd1 well2 if n1 !y may ask ! dog himself :e!r x w ev] come "r1 & get true answ] f him--on ,launce's conditions3 ,if he say 'ay1' x w2 if he say 'no1' x w2 if he %ake 8 tail & say no?+1 x w4 #afh4 7#c47 ,:5ev] y lay on a mass ( color1 be sure t h[ev] l>ge x may be1 or h[ev] small1 x %all be gradat$4 ,no color exi/s 9 ,nature "u ord9>y circum/ances )\t gradation4 ,if y d n see ?is1 x is ! fault ( y\r inexp]i5ce3 y w see x 9 due "t1 if y practice en\gh4 ,b 9 g5]al y may see x at once4 ,9 ! bir* trunk1 = in/ance1 ! rosy gray mu/ be gradat$ by ! r\ndness ( ! /em till x meets ! %ad$ side2 simil>ly ! %ad$ side is gradat$ by reflect$ light4 ,accord+ly1 :e!r by add+ wat]1 or :ite pa9t1 or by unequal =ce ( t\* 7?is y w d at pleasure1 accord+ to ! texture y wi% to produce71 y mu/1 9 e t9t y lay on1 make x a little pal] at "o "p ?an ano!r1 & get an ev5 gradation betwe5 ! two dep?s4 ,?is is v l lay+ d[n a =mal law or recipe = y2 b y w f9d x is m]ely ! ass]tion ( a natural fact4 ,x is n inde$ physically impossible to meet ) an ungradat$ piece ( color1 b x is s supremely improbable1 t y _h bett] get into ! habit ( ask+ y\rself inv>iably1 :5 y are go+ to copy a t9t--n ,is t gradat$8 b ,:i* way is t gradat$8 & at lea/ 9 n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ in/ances1 y w be able to answ] decisively aft] a c>eful glance1 ?\gh ! gradation may h be5 s subtle t y did n see x at fir/4 ,& x does n matt] h[ small ! t\* ( color may be1 ?\gh n l>g] ?an ! smalle/ p9's head1 if "o "p ( x is n d>k] ?an ! re/1 x is a bad t\*2 = x is n m]ely because ! natural fact is s1 t y\r color %\ld be gradat$2 ! preci\sness & pleasantness ( ! color itself dep5ds m on ?is ?an on any o!r ( its qualities1 = gradation is to colors j :at curvature is to l9es1 bo? be+ felt to be beautiful by ! pure in/9ct ( e human m9d1 & bo?1 consid]$ z types1 express+ ! law ( gradual *ange & progress 9 ! human s\l itself4 ,:at ! diff]5ce is 9 m]e beauty betwe5 a gradat$ & ungradat$ color1 may be se5 easily by lay+ an ev5 t9t ( rose-color on pap]1 & putt+ a rose leaf beside x4 ,! victori\s beauty ( ! rose z comp>$ ) o!r fl[]s1 dep5ds :olly on ! delicacy & quantity ( its color gradations1 all o!r fl[]s be+ ei!r less ri* 9 gradation1 n hav+ s _m folds ( leaf2 or less t5d]1 be+ pat*$ & ve9$ in/ead ( flu%$4 #afi4 7#d47 ,b obs]ve1 x is n en\gh 9 g5]al t color %\ld be gradat$ by be+ made m]ely pal] or d>k] at "o place ?an ano!r4 ,g5]ally color *anges z x dim9i%es1 & is n m]ely d>k] at "o spot1 b also pur] at "o spot ?an any:]e else4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t ! d>ke/ spots %\ld be ! pure/2 /ill less s t ! lighte/ %\ld be ! pure/4 ,v (t5 ! two gradations m or less cross ea* o!r1 "o pass+ 9 "o direction f pal5ess to d>kness1 ano!r 9 ano!r direction f purity to dullness1 b !re w almo/ always be bo? ( !m1 h[ev] reconcil$2 & y mu/ nev] be satisfi$ ) a piece ( color until y h got bo?3 t is to say1 e piece ( blue t y lay on mu/ be q blue only at "s giv5 spot1 nor t a l>ge spot2 & mu/ be gradat$ f t into less pure blue1--grayi% blue1 or gre5i% blue1 or purpli% blue1--ov] all ! re/ ( ! space x occupies4 ,& ?is y mu/ d 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 ei!r1 :ile ! color is wet1 mix ) x ! color :i* is to subdue x1 add+ gradually a little m & a little m2 or else1 :5 ! color is q dry1 /rike a gradat$ t\* ( ano!r color ov] x1 leav+ only a po9t ( ! fir/ t9t visible2 or else1 lay ! subdu+ t9ts on 9 small t\*es1 z 9 ! ex]cise ( t9t+ ! *ess-bo>d4 ,( ea* ( ^! me?ods ,i h some?+ to tell y sep>ately2 b t is di/9ct f ! subject ( gradation1 :i* ,i mu/ n quit )\t once m press+ ^u y ! prem95t necessity ( introduc+ x ev]y:]e4 ,i h pr(\nd dislike ( any?+ l habit ( h&1 & yet1 9 ?is "o in/ance1 ,i feel almo/ tempt$ to enc\rage y to get into a habit ( nev] t\*+ pap] ) color1 )\t secur+ a gradation4 ,y w n1 9 ,turn]'s l>ge/ oil pictures1 p]haps six or sev5 feet long by f\r or five high1 f9d "o spot ( color z l>ge z a gra9 ( :eat ungradat$3 & y w f9d 9 practice1 t brilliancy ( hue1 & vigor ( light1 & ev5 ! aspect ( transp>5cy 9 %ade1 are ess5tially dep5d5t on ?is "* alone2 h>dness1 coldness1 & opacity result+ f> m f equality ( color ?an f nature ( color4 ,give me "s mud (f a city cross+1 "s o*] out ( a gravel pit1 a little :it5+1 & "s coal-du/1 & ,i w pa9t y a lum9\s picture1 if y give me "t to gradate my mud1 & subdue my du/3 b ?\gh y _h ! r$ ( ! ruby1 ! blue ( ! g5tian1 sn[ = ! light1 & amb] = ! gold1 y _c pa9t a lum9\s picture1 if y keep ! masses ( ^? colors unbrok5 9 purity1 & unv>y+ 9 dep?4 #agj4 7#e47 ,next1 note ! ?ree processes by :i* gradation & o!r *>act]s are to be obta9$3 ,a4 ,mix+ :ile ! color is wet4 ,y may be confus$ by my fir/ tell+ y to lay on ! hues 9 sep>ate pat*es1 & !n tell+ y to mix hues toge!r z y lay !m on3 b ! sep>ate masses are to be laid1 :5 colors di/9ctly oppose ea* o!r at a giv5 limit2 ! hues to be mix$1 :5 !y palpitate "o ?r\gh ! o!r1 or fade "o into ! o!r4 ,x is bett] to err a little on ! di/9ct side4 ,?us ,i told y to pa9t ! d>k & light sides ( ! bir* trunk sep>ately1 ?\gh1 9 reality1 ! two t9ts *ange1 z ! trunk turns away f ! light1 gradually "o into ! o!r2 &1 aft] be+ laid sep>ately on1 w ne$ "s f>!r t\*+ to h>monize !m3 b !y d s 9 a v n>r[ space1 m>k$ di/9ctly all ! way up ! trunk1 & x is easi] & saf]1 !re=e1 to keep !m sep>ate at fir/4 ,:]eas x (t5 happ5s t ! :ole beauty ( two colors w dep5d on ! "o be+ cont9u$ well ?r\gh ! o!r1 & play+ 9 ! mid/ ( x3 blue & gre5 (t5 d s 9 wat]2 blue & gray1 or purple & sc>let1 9 sky3 9 hundr$s ( su* in/ances ! mo/ beautiful & tru?ful results may be obta9$ by lay+ "o color into ! o!r :ile wet2 judg+ wisely h[ f> x w spread1 or bl5d+ x ) ! bru% 9 some:at ?ick] consi/5ce ( wet body-color2 only obs]ve1 nev] mix 9 ?is way two mixtures2 let ! color y lay into ! o!r be always a simple1 n a comp\nd t9t4 #aga4 ,b4 ,lay+ "o color ov] ano!r4 ,if y lay on a solid t\* ( v]milion1 & aft] x is q dry1 /rike a little v wet c>m9e quickly ov] x1 y w obta9 a mu* m brilliant r$ ?an by mix+ ! c>m9e & v]milion4 ,simil>ly1 if y lay a d>k color fir/1 & /rike a little blue or :ite body-color lightly ov] x1 y w get a m beautiful gray ?an by mix+ ! color & ! blue or :ite4 ,9 v p]fect pa9t+1 artifices ( ?is k9d are cont9ually us$2 b ,i w\ld n h y tru/ mu* to !m3 !y are apt to make y ?9k too mu* ( quality ( color4 ,i %\ld l y to dep5d on little m ?an ! dead colors1 simply laid on1 only obs]ve always ?is1 t ! less color y d ! "w )1 ! bett] x w always be3#dg s t if y _h laid a r$ color1 & y want a purple "o above1 d n mix ! purple on y\r palette & lay x on s ?ick z to ov]p[] ! r$1 b take a little ?9 blue f y\r palette1 & lay x lightly ov] ! r$1 s z to let ! r$ be se5 ?r\gh1 & ?us produce ! requir$ purple2 & if y want a gre5 hue ov] a blue "o1 d n lay a quantity ( gre5 on ! blue1 b a little yell[1 & s on1 always br++ ! "u color into s]vice z f> z y possibly c4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! color b5ea? is :olly oppos$ to ! "o y h to lay on1 z1 suppose1 if gre5 is to be laid ov] sc>let1 y mu/ ei!r remove ! requir$ p>ts ( ! "u color da9tily fir/ ) y\r knife1 or ) wat]2 or else1 lay solid :ite ov] x massively1 & leave t to dry1 & !n glaze ! :ite ) ! upp] color4 ,?is is bett]1 9 g5]al1 ?an lay+ ! upp] color itself s ?ick z to conqu] ! gr\nd1 :i*1 9 fact1 if x be a transp>5t color1 y _c d4 ,?us1 if y h to /rike w>m b\ghs & leaves ( trees ov] blue sky1 & !y are too intricate to h _! places left = !m 9 lay+ ! blue1 x is bett] to lay !m fir/ 9 solid :ite1 & !n glaze ) si5na & o*]1 ?an to mix ! si5na & :ite2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! process is long] & m tr\blesome4 ,nev]!less1 if ! =ms ( t\*es requir$ are v delicate1 ! aft] glaz+ is impossible4 ,y mu/ !n mix ! w>m color ?ick at once1 & s use x3 & ?is is (t5 necess>y = delicate grasses1 & su* o!r f9e ?reads ( light 9 =egr\nd "w4 #agb4 ,c4 ,break+ "o color 9 small po9ts ?r\gh or ov] ano!r4 ,?is is ! mo/ important ( all processes 9 good mod]n#dh oil & wat]-color pa9t+1 b y ne$ n hope to atta9 v great skill 9 x4 ,to d x well is v labori\s1 & requires su* skill & delicacy ( h& z c only be acquir$ by unceas+ practice4 ,b y w f9d advantage 9 not+ ! foll[+ po9ts3 #agc4 7a47 ,9 di/ant effects ( ri* subject1 wood1 or rippl$ wat]1 or brok5 cl\ds1 mu* may be done by t\*es or crumbl+ da%es ( r dry color1 ) o!r colors aft]w>ds put cunn+ly into ! int]/ices4 ,! m y practice ?is1 :5 ! subject evid5tly calls = x1 ! m y\r eye w enjoy ! high] qualities ( color4 ,! process is1 9 fact1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! pr9ciple ( sep>ate colors to ! utmo/ possible ref9em5t2 us+ atoms ( color 9 juxtaposition1 in/ead ( l>ge spaces4 ,& note1 9 fill+ up m9ute int]/ices ( ?is k9d1 t if y want ! color y fill !m ) to %[ brightly1 x is bett] to put a r positive po9t ( x1 ) a little :ite left beside or r\nd x 9 ! int]/ice1 ?an to put a pale t9t ( ! color ov] ! :ole int]/ice4 ,yell[ or orange w h>dly %[1 if pale1 9 small spaces2 b !y %[ brightly 9 firm t\*es1 h[ev] small1 ) :ite beside !m4 #agd4 7b47 ,if a color is to be d>k5$ by sup]impos$ portions ( ano!r1 x is1 9 _m cases1 bett] to lay ! upp]mo/ color 9 r vigor\s small t\*es1 l f9ely *opp$ /raw1 ov] ! "u "o1 ?an to lay x on z a t9t1 = two reasons3 ! fir/1 t ! play ( ! two colors toge!r is pleasant to ! eye2 ! second1 t mu* expression ( =m may be got by wise adm9i/ration ( ! upp] d>k t\*es4 ,9 di/ant m\nta9s !y may be made p9es (1 or brok5 crags1 or villages1 or /ones1 or :atev] y *oose2 9 cl\ds !y may indicate ! direction ( ! ra91 ! roll & outl9e ( ! cl\d masses2 & 9 wat]1 ! m9or waves4 ,all noble effects ( d>k atmosph]e are got 9 good wat]-color draw+ by ^! two exp$i5ts1 int]lac+ ! colors1 or ret\*+ ! l[] "o ) f9e d>k] draw+ 9 an upp]4 ,spong+ & wa%+ = d>k atmosph]ic effect is b>b>\s1 & m]e tyro's "w1 ?\gh x is (t5 useful = passages ( delicate atmosph]ic light4 #age4 7c47 ,:5 y h "t1 practice ! production ( mix$ t9ts by int]lac$ t\*es ( ! pure colors out ( :i* !y are =m$1 & use ! process at ! p>ts ( y\r sket*es :]e y wi% to get ri* & lusci\s effects4 ,/udy ! works ( ,william ,hunt1 ( ! ,old ,wat]-color ,society1 9 ?is respect1 cont9ually1 & make frequ5t memor&a ( ! v>iegations 9 fl[]s2 n pa9t+ ! fl[] completely1 b lay+ ! gr\nd color ( "o petal1 & pa9t+ ! spots on x ) /udi\s precision3 a s]ies ( s+le petals ( lilies1 g]aniums1 tulips1 etc41 numb]$ ) prop] ref]5ce to _! position 9 ! fl[]1 w be int]e/+ to y on _m gr\nds besides ^? ( art4 ,be c>eful to get ! gradat$ di/ribution ( ! spots well foll[$ 9 ! calceol>ias1 foxgloves1 & ! l2 & "w out ! odd1 indef9ite hues ( ! spots !mselves ) m9ute gra9s ( pure int]lac$ color1 o!rwise y w nev] get _! ri*ness or bloom4 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d z y d ?is1 fir/1 ! univ]sality ( ! law ( gradation we h s mu* insi/$ ^u2 secondly1 t ,nature is j z economical ( h] f9e colors z ,i h told y to be ( y\rs4 ,y w\ld ?9k1 by ! way %e pa9ts1 t h] colors co/ h] some?+ enorm\s2 %e w only give y a s+le pure t\*1 j :]e ! petal turns into light2 b d[n 9 ! bell all is subdu$1 & "u ! petal all is subdu$1 ev5 9 ! %[ie/ fl[]4 ,:at y ?\ght 0 bright blue is1 :5 y look close1 only du/y gray1 or gre51 or purple1 or e color 9 ! _w at once1 only a s+le gleam or /reak ( pure blue 9 ! c5t] ( x4 ,& s ) all h] colors4 ,sometimes ,i h really ?\ght h] mis]l9ess intol]able3 9 a g5tian1 = in/ance1 ! way %e economizes h] ultram>9e d[n 9 ! bell is a little too bad4#di #agf4 ,next1 respect+ g5]al tone4 ,i said1 j n[1 t1 = ! sake ( /ud5ts1 my tax %\ld n be laid on black or on :ite pigm5ts2 b if y mean to be a colori/1 y mu/ lay a tax on !m y\rself :5 y beg9 to use true color2 t is to say1 y mu/ use !m little1 & make ( !m mu*4 ,!re is no bett] te/ ( y\r color tones be+ good1 ?an y\r hav+ made ! :ite 9 y\r picture preci\s1 & ! black conspicu\s4 #agg4 ,i say1 fir/1 ! :ite preci\s4 ,i d n mean m]ely glitt]+ or brilliant3 x is easy to scrat* :ite seagulls out ( black cl\ds1 & dot clumsy foliage ) *alky dew2 b :5 :ite is well manag$1 x ought to be /rangely delici\s1--t5d] z well z bright1--l inlaid "m ( pe>l1 or :ite roses wa%$ 9 milk4 ,! eye ought to seek x = re/1 brilliant ?\gh x may be2 & to feel x z a space ( /range1 heav5ly pal5ess 9 ! mid/ ( ! flu%+ ( ! colors4 ,?is effect y c only rea* by g5]al dep? ( middle t9t1 by absolutely refus+ to all[ any :ite to exi/ except :]e y ne$ x1 & by keep+ ! :ite itself subdu$ by gray1 except at a few po9ts ( *ief lu/]4 #agh4 ,secondly1 y mu/ make ! black conspicu\s4 ,h[ev] small a po9t ( black may be1 x ought to cat* ! eye1 o!rwise y\r "w is too heavy 9 ! %ad[4 ,all ! ord9>y %ad[s %\ld be ( "s color1--nev] black1 nor approa*+ black1 !y %\ld be evid5tly & always ( a lum9\s nature1 & ! black %\ld look /range among !m2 nev] occurr+ except 9 a black object1 or 9 small po9ts indicative ( int5se %ade 9 ! v c5t] ( masses ( %ad[4 ,%ad[s ( absolutely negative gray1 h[ev]1 may be beautifully us$ ) :ite1 or ) gold2 b /ill ?\gh ! black ?us1 9 subdu$ /r5g?1 becomes spaci\s1 x %\ld always be conspicu\s2 ! spectator %\ld notice ?is gray neutrality ) "s wond]1 & enjoy1 all ! m int5sely on acc\nt ( x1 ! gold color & ! :ite :i* x relieves4 ,( all ! great colori/s ,velasquez is ! greate/ ma/] ( ! black *ords4 ,8 black is m preci\s ?an mo/ o!r p's crimson4 #agi4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 only :ite & black :i* y mu/ make valuable2 y mu/ give r>e wor? to e color y use2 b ! :ite & black ought to sep>ate !mselves qua9tly f ! re/1 :ile ! o!r colors %\ld be cont9ually pass+ "o into ! o!r1 be+ all evid5tly companions 9 ! same gay _w2 :ile ! :ite1 black1 & neutral gray %\ld /& monki%ly alo( 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,y may melt y\r crimson into purple1 y\r purple into blue1 & y\r blue into gre51 b y mu/ n melt any ( !m into black4 ,y %\ld1 h[ev]1 try1 z ,i said1 to give preci\sness to all y\r colors2 & ?is especially by nev] us+ a gra9 m ?an w j d ! "w1 & giv+ ea* hue ! highe/ value by opposition4 ,all f9e color+1 l f9e draw+1 is delicate2 & s delicate t if1 at la/1 y see ! color y are putt+ on1 y are putt+ on too mu*4 ,y ought to feel a *ange wr\ght 9 ! g5]al tone1 by t\*es ( color :i* individually are too pale to be se52 & if !re is "o atom ( any color 9 ! :ole picture :i* is unnecess>y to x1 t atom hurts x4 #ahj4 ,notice also t ne>ly all good comp\nd colors are odd colors4 ,y %all look at a hue 9 a good pa9t]'s "w t5 m9utes be=e y "k :at to call x4 ,y ?\ght x 0 br[n1 pres5tly y feel t x is r$2 next t !re is1 someh[1 yell[ 9 x2 pres5tly aft]w>ds t !re is blue 9 x4 ,if y try to copy x y w always f9d y\r color too w>m or too cold--no color 9 ! box w seem to h an aff9ity ) x2 & yet x w be z pure z if x 7 laid at a s+le t\* ) a s+le color4 #aha4 ,z to ! *oice & h>mony ( colors 9 g5]al1 if y _c *oose & h>monize !m by in/9ct1 y w nev] d x at all4 ,if y ne$ examples ( utt]ly h>% & horrible color1 y may f9d pl5ty giv5 9 treatises ^u color+1 to illu/rate ! laws ( h>mony2 & if y want to color beautifully1 color z be/ pleases y\rself at quiet times1 n s z to cat* ! eye1 nor look z if x 7 clev] or difficult to color 9 t way1 b s t ! color may be pleasant to y :5 y are happy or ?\ghtful4 ,look mu* at ! morn+ & ev5+ sky1 & mu* at simple fl[]s--dog-roses1 wood-hyac9?s1 violets1 poppies1 ?i/les1 hea!r1 & su* l1--z ,nature arranges !m 9 ! woods & fields4 ,if ev] any sci5tific p]son tells y t two colors are discordant1 make a note ( ! two colors1 & put !m toge!r :5ev] y c4 ,i h actually he>d p say t blue & gre5 7 discordant2 ! two colors :i* ,nature seems to int5d nev] to be sep>at$1 & nev] to be felt1 ei!r ( !m1 9 its full beauty )\t ! o!r6--a peacock's neck1 or a blue sky ?r\gh gre5 leaves1 or a blue wave ) gre5 lights ?r\gh x1 be+ precisely ! lovelie/ ?+s1 next to cl\ds at sunrise1 9 ?is color$ _w ( ours4 ,if y h a good eye = colors1 y w soon f9d out h[ con/antly ,nature puts purple & gre5 toge!r1 purple & sc>let1 gre5 & blue1 yell[ & neutral gray1 & ! l2 & h[ %e /rikes ^! color-concords = g5]al tones1 & !n works into !m ) innum]able subord9ate ones2 & y w gradually come to l :at %e does1 & f9d out new & beautiful *ords ( color 9 h] "w e day4 ,if y enjoy !m1 dep5d ^u x y w pa9t !m to a c]ta9 po9t "r3 or1 at lea/1 if y d n enjoy !m1 y are c]ta9 to pa9t !m wrong4 ,if color does n give y int5se pleasure1 let x alone2 dep5d ^u x1 y are only torm5t+ ! eyes & s5ses ( p :o feel color1 :5ev] y t\* x2 & t is unk9d & improp]4 #ahb4 ,y w f9d1 also1 y\r p[] ( color+ dep5d mu* on y\r /ate ( heal? & "r balance ( m9d2 :5 y are fatigu$ or ill y w n see colors well1 & :5 y are ill-temp]$ y w n *oose !m well3 ?us1 ?\gh n infallibly a te/ ( "* 9 individuals1 color p[] is a great sign ( m5tal heal? 9 nations2 :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( intellectual decl9e1 _! color+ always gets dull4#ej ,y mu/ also take great c>e n to be misl$ by affect$ talk ab\t colors f p :o h n ! gift ( x3 numb]s are eag] & voluble ab\t x :o probably nev] 9 all _! lives receiv$ "o g5u9e color-s5sation4 ,! mod]n religioni/s ( ! s*ool ( ,ov]beck are j l p :o eat slate-p5cil & *alk1 & assure ev]ybody t !y are nic] & pur] ?an /rawb]ries & plums4 #ahc4 ,take c>e also nev] to be misl$ into any idea t color c help or display =m2 color#ea always disguises =m1 & is meant to d s4 #ahd4 ,x is a favorite dogma among mod]n writ]s on color t w>m colors 7r$s & yell[s7 approa*1 or express ne>ness1 & cold colors 7blue & gray7 retire1 or express di/ance4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t no expression ( di/ance 9 ! _w is s great z t ( ! gold & orange 9 twilight sky4 ,colors1 z su*1 are ,,absolutely inexpressive respect+ di/ance4 ,x is _! quality 7z dep?1 delicacy1 etc47 :i* expresses di/ance1 n _! t9t4 ,a blue b&box set on ! same %elf ) a yell[ "o w n look an in* f>!r (f1 b a r$ or orange cl\d1 9 ! upp] sky1 w always appe> to be beyond a blue cl\d close to u1 z x is 9 reality4 ,x is q true t 9 c]ta9 objects1 blue is a sign ( di/ance2 b t is n because blue is a retir+ color1 b because ! mi/ 9 ! air is blue1 & !re=e any w>m color :i* has n /r5g? ( light en\gh to pi]ce ! mi/ is lo/ or subdu$ 9 its blue3 b blue is no m1 on ?is acc\nt1 a retir+ color1 ?an br[n is a retir+ color1 because1 :5 /ones are se5 ?r\gh br[n wat]1 ! deep] !y lie ! br[n] !y look2 or ?an yell[ is a retir+ color1 because1 :5 objects are se5 ?r\gh a ,london fog1 ! f>!r (f !y are ! yell[] !y look4 ,nei!r blue1 nor yell[1 nor r$1 c h1 z su*1 ! smalle/ p[] ( express+ ei!r ne>ness or di/ance3 !y express !m only "u ! peculi> circum/ances :i* r5d] !m at ! mom5t1 or 9 t place1 signs ( ne>ness or di/ance4 ,?us1 vivid orange 9 an orange is a sign ( ne>ness1 = if y put ! orange a great way (f1 its color w n look s bright2 b vivid orange 9 sky is a sign ( di/ance1 because y _c get ! color ( orange 9 a cl\d ne> y4 ,s purple 9 a violet or a hyac9? is a sign ( ne>ness1 because ! clos] y look at !m ! m purple y see4 ,b purple 9 a m\nta9 is a sign ( di/ance1 because a m\nta9 close to y is n purple1 b gre5 or gray4 ,x may1 inde$1 be g5]ally assum$ t a t5d] or pale color w m or less express di/ance1 & a p[]ful or d>k color ne>ness2 b ev5 ?is is n always s4 ,hea!ry hills w usually give a pale & t5d] purple ne>1 & an int5se & d>k purple f> away2 ! rose color ( sunset on sn[ is pale on ! sn[ at y\r feet1 deep & full on ! sn[ 9 ! di/ance2 & ! gre5 ( a ,swiss lake is pale 9 ! cle> waves on ! bea*1 b int5se z an em]ald 9 ! sun/reak six miles f %ore4 ,& 9 any case1 :5 ! =egr\nd is 9 /rong light1 ) mu* wat] ab\t x1 or :ite surface1 ca/+ int5se reflections1 all its colors may be p]fectly delicate1 pale1 & fa9t2 :ile ! di/ance1 :5 x is 9 %ad[1 may relieve ! :ole =egr\nd ) int5se d>ks ( purple1 blue gre51 or ultram>9e blue4 ,s t1 on ! :ole1 x is q hopeless & absurd to expect any help f laws ( arial p]spective4 ,look = ! natural effects1 & set !m d[n z fully z y c1 & z fai?fully1 & nev] alt] a color because x won't look 9 its "r place4 ,put ! color /rong1 if x be /rong1 ?\gh f> (f2 fa9t1 if x be fa9t1 ?\gh close to y4 ,:y %\ld y suppose t ,nature always means y to "k exactly h[ f> "o ?+ is f ano!r8 ,%e c]ta9ly int5ds y always to enjoy h] color+1 b %e does n wi% y always to measure h] space4 ,y w\ld be h>d put to x1 e "t y pa9t$ ! sun sett+1 if y _h to express 8 #ie1jjj1jjj miles ( di/ance 9 arial p]spective4 #ahe4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 "o law ab\t di/ance1 :i* has "s claims to be consid]$ a con/ant "o3 namely1 t dullness & heav9ess ( color are m or less indicative ( ne>ness4 ,all di/ant color is pure color3 x may n be bright1 b x is cle> & lovely1 n opaque nor soil$2 = ! air & light com+ betwe5 u & any e>?y or imp]fect color1 purify or h>monize x2 h5ce a bad colori/ is peculi>ly incapable ( express+ di/ance4 ,i d n ( c\rse mean t y are to use bad colors 9 y\r =egr\nd by way ( mak+ x come =w>d2 b only t a failure 9 color1 !re1 w n put x out ( its place2 :ile a failure 9 color 9 ! di/ance w at once d away ) its remot5ess2 y\r dull-color$ =egr\nd w /ill be a =egr\nd1 ?\gh ill-pa9t$2 b y\r ill-pa9t$ di/ance w n be m]ely a dull di/ance1--x w be no di/ance at all4 #ahf4 ,i h only "o ?+ m to advise y1 namely1 nev] to color petulantly or hurri$ly4 ,y w n1 inde$1 be able1 if y att5d prop]ly to y\r color+1 to get any?+ l ! quantity ( =m y c\ld 9 a *i>oscuro sket*2 nev]!less1 if y d n da% or ru% at y\r "w1 nor d x lazily1 y may always get en\gh =m to be satisfactory4 ,an extra qu>t] ( an h\r1 di/ribut$ 9 quietness ov] ! c\rse ( ! :ole /udy1 may j make ! diff]5ce betwe5 a q intelligible draw+1 & a slov5ly & obscure "o4 ,if y det]m9e well be=eh& :at outl9e ea* piece ( color is to h1 &1 :5 x is on ! pap]1 guide x )\t n]v\sness1 z f> z y c1 into ! =m requir$2 & !n1 aft] x is dry1 consid] ?or\ghly :at t\*es are ne$$ to complete x1 be=e lay+ "o ( !m on2 y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ ma/]ly ! "w w soon look1 z comp>$ ) a hurri$ or ill-consid]$ sket*4 ,9 no process t ,i "k (--lea/ ( all 9 sket*+--c "t be really ga9$ by precipitation4 ,x is ga9$ only by caution2 & ga9$ 9 all sorts ( ways2 = n only tru? ( =m1 b =ce ( light1 is always add$ by an intellig5t & %apely lay+ ( ! %ad[ colors4 ,y may (t5 make a simple flat t9t1 rightly gradat$ & edg$1 express a complicat$ piece ( subject )\t a s+le ret\*4 ,! two ,swiss cottages1 = in/ance1 ) _! balconies1 & glitt]+ w9d[s1 & g5]al "* ( %+ly eaves1 are express$ 9 ,fig4 #cj ) "o t9t ( gray1 & a few disp]s$ spots & l9es ( x2 all ( :i* y ought to be able to lay on )\t m ?an ?rice dipp+ y\r bru%1 & )\t a s+le t\* aft] ! t9t is dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 #ahg4 ,"h1 !n1 = ,i _c )\t color$ illu/rations tell y m1 ,i mu/ leave y to foll[ out ! subject = y\rself1 ) su* help z y may receive f ! wat]-color draw+s accessible to y2 or f any ( ! little treatises on _! art :i* h be5 publi%$ lately by our wat]-color pa9t]s4#eb ,b d n tru/ mu* to works ( ?is k9d4 ,y may get valuable h9ts f !m z to mixture ( colors2 & "h & !re y w f9d a useful artifice or process expla9$2 b ne>ly all su* books are writt5 only to help idle amateurs to a m]etrici\s skill1 & !y are full ( precepts & pr9ciples :i* may1 = ! mo/ "p1 be int]pret$ by _! precise negatives1 & !n act$ ^u ) advantage4 ,mo/ ( !m praise boldness1 :5 ! only safe att5dant _s ( a beg9n] is caution2--advise velocity1 :5 ! fir/ condition ( success is delib]ation2--& plead = g5]alization1 :5 all ! f\ndations ( p[] mu/ be laid 9 k ( speciality4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahh4 ,& n[1 9 ! la/ place1 ,i h a few ?+s to tell y respect+ t dang]\s nobl5ess ( consummate art1--,,composition4 ,= ?\gh x is q unnecess>y = y yet a:ile to attempt x1 & x may be inexp$i5t = y to attempt x at all1 y ought to "k :at x means1 & to look = & enjoy x 9 ! art ( o!rs4 ,composition means1 lit]ally & simply1 putt+ sev]al ?+s toge!r1 s z to make "o ?+ out ( !m2 ! nature & goodness ( :i* !y all h a %>e 9 produc+4 ,?us a musician composes an air1 by putt+ notes toge!r 9 c]ta9 relations2 a poet composes a poem1 by putt+ ?\ghts & words 9 pleasant ord]2 & a pa9t] a picture1 by putt+ ?\ghts1 =ms1 & colors 9 pleasant ord]4 ,9 all ^! cases1 obs]ve1 an int5d$ unity mu/ be ! result ( composition4 ,a pavior _c be said to compose ! heap ( /ones :i* he empties f 8 c>t1 nor ! s[] ! h&ful ( se$ :i* he scatt]s f 8 h&4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( composition t ev]y?+ %\ld be 9 a det]m9$ place1 p]=m an int5d$ "p1 & act1 9 t "p1 advantage\sly = ev]y?+ t is connect$ ) x4 #ahi4 ,composition1 und]/ood 9 ?is pure s5se1 is ! type1 9 ! arts ( mank9d1 ( ! ,provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ! _w4#ec ,x is an exhibition1 9 ! ord] giv5 to notes1 or colors1 or =ms1 ( ! advantage ( p]fect fell[%ip1 discipl9e1 & cont5tm5t4 ,9 a well-compos$ air1 no note1 h[ev] %ort or l[1 c be sp>$1 b ! lea/ is z necess>y z ! greate/3 no note1 h[ev] prolong$1 is t$i\s2 b ! o!rs prep>e =1 & are b5efit$ by1 its duration3 no note1 h[ev] high1 is tyrann\s2 ! o!rs prep>e =1 & are b5efit$ by1 its exaltation3 no note1 h[ev] l[1 is ov]p[]$2 ! o!rs prep>e =1 & sympa?ize )1 its humility3 & ! result is1 t ea* & e note has a value 9 ! position assign$ to x1 :i*1 by itself1 x nev] possess$1 & ( :i*1 by sep>ation f ! o!rs1 x w\ld in/antly be depriv$4 #aij4 ,simil>ly1 9 a good poem1 ea* ^w & ?\ght enhances ! value ( ^? :i* prec$e & foll[ x2 & e syllable has a lovel9ess :i* dep5ds n s mu* on its ab/ract s\nd z on its position4 ,look at ! same ^w 9 a diction>y1 & y w h>dly recognize x4 ,mu* m 9 a great picture2 e l9e & color is s arrang$ z to advantage ! re/4 ,none are iness5tial1 h[ev] slight2 & none are indep5d5t1 h[ev] =cible4 ,x is n en\gh t !y truly repres5t natural objects2 b !y mu/ fit into c]ta9 places1 & ga!r into c]ta9 h>moni\s gr\ps3 s t1 = in/ance1 ! r$ *imney ( a cottage is n m]ely set 9 its place z a *imney1 b t x may affect1 9 a c]ta9 way pleasurable to ! eye1 ! pieces ( gre5 or blue 9 o!r p>ts ( ! picture2 & we ought to see t ! "w is ma/]ly1 m]ely by ! positions & quantities ( ^! pat*es ( gre51 r$1 & blue1 ev5 at a di/ance :i* r5d]s x p]fectly impossible to det]m9e :at ! colors repres5t3 or to see :e!r ! r$ is a *imney1 or an old woman's cloak2 & :e!r ! blue is smoke1 sky1 or wat]4 #aia4 ,x seems to be appo9t$1 9 ord] to rem9d u1 9 all we d1 ( ! great laws ( ,div9e gov]nm5t & human polity1 t composition 9 ! arts %\ld /rongly affect e ord] ( m9d1 h[ev] unle>n$ or ?\ghtless4 ,h5ce ! popul> delight 9 rhy?m & met]1 & 9 simple musical melodies4 ,b x is also appo9t$ t p[] ( composition 9 ! f9e arts %\ld be an exclusive attribute ( great intellect4 ,all m5 c m or less copy :at !y see1 &1 m or less1 rememb] x3 p[]s ( reflection & inve/igation are also common to u all1 s t ! decision ( inf]iority 9 ^! re/s only on que/ions ( degree4 ,a4 has a bett] memory ?an ,b41 & ,c4 reflects m pr(\ndly ?an ,d4 ,b ! gift ( composition is n giv5 at all to m ?an "o man 9 a ?\s&2 9 its highe/ range1 x does n occur above ?ree or f\r times 9 a c5tury4 #aib4 ,x foll[s1 f ^! g5]al tru?s1 t x is impossible to give rules :i* w enable y to compose4 ,y might mu* m easily receive rules to enable y to be witty4 ,if x 7 possible to be witty by rule1 wit w\ld cease to be ei!r admirable or amus+3 if x 7 possible to compose melody by rule1 ,moz>t & ,cim>osa ne$ n h be5 born3 if x 7 possible to compose pictures by rule1 ,titian & ,v]onese w\ld be ord9>y m54 ,! ess5ce ( composition lies precisely 9 ! fact ( its be+ untea*able1 9 its be+ ! op]ation ( an individual m9d ( range & p[] exalt$ above o!rs4 ,b ?\gh no "o c inv5t by rule1 !re are "s simple laws ( arrangem5t :i* x is well = y to "k1 because1 ?\gh !y w n enable y to produce a good picture1 !y w (t5 assi/ y to set =? :at goodness may be 9 y\r "w 9 a m tell+ way ?an y c\ld h done o!rwise2 & by trac+ !m 9 ! "w ( good compos]s1 y may bett] und]/& ! grasp ( _! imag9ation1 & ! p[] x possesses ov] _! mat]ials4 ,i %all briefly /ate ! *ief ( ^! laws4 #a4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,pr9cipality4 #aic4 ,! great object ( composition be+ always to secure unity2 t is1 to make out ( _m ?+s "o :ole2 ! fir/ mode 9 :i* ?is c be effect$ is1 by det]m9+ t "o feature %all be m important ?an all ! re/1 & t ! o!rs %all gr\p ) x 9 subord9ate positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,?is is ! simple/ law ( ord9>y ornam5tation4 ,?us ! gr\p ( two leaves1 a1 ,fig4 #ca1 is unsatisfactory1 because x has no lead+ leaf2 b t at b is pretti]1 because x has a head or ma/] leaf2 & c m satisfactory /ill1 because ! subord9ation ( ! o!r memb]s to ?is head leaf is made m manife/ by _! gradual loss ( size z !y fall back f x4 ,h5ce "p ( ! pleasure we h 9 ! ,greek honeysuckle ornam5t1 & su* o!rs4 #aid4 ,?us1 also1 good pictures h always "o light l>g] & bright] ?an ! o!r lights1 or "o figure m prom95t ?an ! o!r figures1 or "o mass ( color dom9ant ov] all ! o!r masses2 & 9 g5]al y w f9d x mu* b5efit y\r sket* if y manage t !re %all be "o light on ! cottage wall1 or "o blue cl\d 9 ! sky1 :i* may attract ! eye z lead+ light1 or lead+ gloom1 above all o!rs4 ,b ! obs]vance ( ! rule is (t5 s cunn+ly conceal$ by ! great compos]s1 t its =ce is h>dly at fir/ traceable2 & y w g5]ally f9d !y are vulg> pictures 9 :i* ! law is /rik+ly manife/4 #aie4 ,?is may be simply illu/rat$ by musical melody3 = in/ance1 9 su* phrases z ?is-- ,illu/ration "o note 7"h ! upp] ,g7 rules ! :ole passage1 & has ! full en]gy ( x conc5trat$ 9 itself4 ,su* passages1 correspond+ to completely subord9at$ compositions 9 pa9t+1 are apt to be we>isome if (t5 repeat$4 ,b1 9 su* a phrase z ?is-- ,illu/ration x is v difficult to say :i* is ! pr9cipal note4 ,! ,a 9 ! la/ b> is slightly dom9ant1 b !re is a v equal curr5t ( p[] runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole2 & su* passages r>ely we>y4 ,& ?is pr9ciple holds ?r\gh va/ scales ( arrangem5t2 s t 9 ! gr&e/ compositions1 su* z ,paul ,v]onese's ,m>riage 9 ,cana1 or ,raphaels ,disputa1 x is n easy to fix at once on ! pr9cipal figure2 & v commonly ! figure :i* is really *ief does n cat* ! eye at fir/1 b is gradually felt to be m & m conspicu\s z we gaze4 ,?us 9 ,titian's gr& composition ( ! ,corn>o ,family1 ! figure meant to be pr9cipal is a y\? ( fifte5 or sixte51 ^: portrait x 0 evid5tly ! pa9t]'s object to make z int]e/+ z possible4 ,b a gr& ,madonna1 & a ,/4 ,george ) a drift+ bann]1 & _m figures m1 occupy ! c5t] ( ! picture1 & fir/ cat* ! eye2 little by little we are l$ away f !m to a gleam ( pe>ly light 9 ! l[] corn]1 & f9d t1 f ! head :i* x %9es ^u1 we c turn our eyes no m4 #aif4 ,z1 9 e good picture1 ne>ly all laws ( design are m or less exemplifi$1 x w1 on ! :ole1 be an easi] way ( expla9+ !m to analyze "o composition ?or\ghly1 ?an to give in/ances f v>i\s works4 ,i %all !re=e take "o ( ,turn]'s simple/2 :i* w all[ u1 s to speak1 easily to decompose x1 & illu/rate ea* law by x z we proce$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cb is a rude sket* ( ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole subject2 ! old bridge ov] ! ,moselle at ,cobl5tz1 ! t[n ( ,cobl5tz on ! "r1 ,ehr5breit/e9 on ! left4 ,! lead+ or ma/] feature is1 ( c\rse1 ! t[] on ! bridge4 ,x is kept f be+ too pr9cipal by an important gr\p on ea* side ( x2 ! boats1 on ! "r1 & ,ehr5breit/e9 beyond4 ,! boats are l>ge 9 mass1 & m =cible 9 color1 b !y are brok5 into small divisions1 :ile ! t[] is simple1 & !re=e x /ill leads4 ,ehr5breit/e9 is noble 9 its mass1 b s r$uc$ by arial p]spective ( color t x _c cont5d ) ! t[]1 :i* !re=e holds ! eye1 & becomes ! key ( ! picture4 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ ! v objects :i* seem at fir/ to cont5d ) x = ! ma/]y are made1 occultly1 to increase its prem95ce4 #b4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,repetition4 #aig4 ,ano!r important means ( express+ unity is to m>k "s k9d ( sympa?y among ! diff]5t objects1 & p]haps ! pleasante/1 because mo/ surpris+1 k9d ( sympa?y1 is :5 "o gr\p imitates or repeats ano!r2 n 9 ! way ( balance or symmetry1 b subord9ately1 l a f>-away & brok5 e*o ( x4 ,pr\t has insi/$ mu* on ?is law 9 all 8 writ+s on composition2 & ,i ?9k x is ev5 m au?oritatively pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ great compos]s ?an ! law ( pr9cipality4#ed ,x is q curi\s to see ! pa9s t ,turn] sometimes takes to e*o an important passage ( color2 9 ! ,pembroke ,ca/le = in/ance1 !re are two fi%+-boats1 "o ) a r$1 & ano!r ) a :ite sail4 ,9 a l9e ) !m1 on ! bea*1 are two fi% 9 precisely ! same relative positions2 "o r$ & "o :ite4 ,x is obs]vable t he uses ! artifice *iefly 9 pictures :]e he wi%es to obta9 an expression ( repose3 9 my notice ( ! plate ( ,sc>bor\gh1 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,h>bors ( ,engl&1 ,i h already _h occasion to dwell on ?is po9t2 & ,i extract 9 ! note#ee "o or two s5t5ces :i* expla9 ! pr9ciple4 ,9 ! composition ,i h *os5 = our illu/ration1 ?is r$uplication is employ$ to a s+ul> ext5t4 ,! t[]1 or lead+ feature1 is fir/ repeat$ by ! l[ e*o ( x to ! left2 put y\r f+] ov] ?is l[] t[]1 & see h[ ! picture is spoil$4 ,!n ! spires ( ,cobl5tz are all arrang$ 9 c\ples 7h[ !y are arrang$ 9 reality does n matt]2 :5 we are compos+ a great picture1 we mu/ play ! t[]s ab\t till !y come "r1 z fe>lessly z if !y 7 *essm5 in/ead ( ca!drals74 ,! dual arrangem5t ( ^! t[]s w\ld h be5 too easily se51 7 x n = ! little "o :i* pret5ds to make a triad ( ! la/ gr\p on ! "r1 b is s fa9t z h>dly to be disc]nible3 x j takes (f ! att5tion f ! artifice1 help$ 9 do+ s by ! ma/ at ! head ( ! boat1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has in/antly its own duplicate put at ! /]n4#ef ,!n !re is ! l>ge boat ne>1 & its e*o beyond x4 ,t e*o is divid$ into two aga91 & ea* ( ^? two small] boats has two figures 9 x2 :ile two figures are also sitt+ toge!r on ! great rudd] t lies half 9 ! wat]1 & half agr\nd4 ,!n1 f9ally1 ! great mass ( ,ehr5breit/e91 :i* appe>s at fir/ to h no answ]+ =m1 has almo/ its facsimile 9 ! bank on :i* ! girl is sitt+2 ?is bank is z absolutely ess5tial to ! completion ( ! picture z any object 9 ! :ole s]ies4 ,all ?is is done to deep5 ! effect ( repose4 #aih4 ,symmetry1 or ! balance ( p>ts or masses 9 ne>ly equal opposition1 is "o ( ! conditions ( treatm5t "u ! law ( ,repetition4 ,= ! opposition1 9 a symmetrical object1 is ( l ?+s reflect+ ea* o!r3 x is n ! balance ( contr>y natures 7l t ( day & night71 b ( l natures or l =ms2 "o side ( a leaf be+ set l ! reflection ( ! o!r 9 wat]4 ,symmetry 9 ,nature is1 h[ev]1 nev] =mal nor accurate4 ,%e takes ! greate/ c>e to secure "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! correspond+ ?+s or p>ts ( ?+s2 & an approximation to accurate symmetry is only p]mitt$ 9 animals1 because _! motions secure p]petual diff]5ce betwe5 ! balanc+ p>ts4 ,/& be=e a mirror2 hold y\r arms 9 precisely ! same position at ea* side1 y\r head upright1 y\r body /raight2 divide y\r hair exactly 9 ! middle & get x z ne>ly z y c into exactly ! same %ape ov] ea* e>2 & y w see ! effect ( accurate symmetry3 y w see1 no less1 h[ all grace & p[] 9 ! human =m result f ! int]f]5ce ( motion & life ) symmetry1 & f ! reconciliation ( its balance ) its *angefulness4 ,y\r position1 z se5 9 ! mirror1 is ! highe/ type ( symmetry z und]/ood by mod]n ar*itects4 #aii4 ,9 _m sacr$ compositions1 liv+ symmetry1 ! balance ( h>moni\s opposites1 is "o ( ! pr(\nde/ s\rces ( _! p[]3 almo/ any works ( ! e>ly pa9t]s1 ,angelico1 ,p]ug9o1 ,giotto1 etc41 w furni% y ) notable in/ances ( x4 ,! ,madonna ( ,p]ug9o 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ) ! angel ,mi*ael on "o side & ,raphael on ! o!r1 is z beautiful an example z y c h4 ,9 l&scape1 ! pr9ciple ( balance is m or less c>ri$ out1 9 proportion to ! wi% ( ! pa9t] to express discipl9$ calmness4 ,9 bad compositions1 z 9 bad ar*itecture1 x is =mal1 a tree on "o side answ]+ a tree on ! o!r2 b 9 good compositions1 z 9 graceful /atues1 x is always easy & sometimes h>dly traceable4 ,9 ! ,cobl5tz1 h[ev]1 y _c h mu* difficulty 9 see+ h[ ! boats on "o side ( ! t[] & ! figures on ! o!r are set 9 ne>ly equal balance2 ! t[]1 z a c5tral mass1 unit+ bo?4 #c4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,cont9uity4 #bjj4 ,ano!r important & pleasurable way ( express+ unity1 is by giv+ "s ord]ly succession to a numb] ( objects m or less simil>4 ,& ?is succession is mo/ int]e/+ :5 x is connect$ ) "s gradual *ange 9 ! aspect or "* ( ! objects4 ,?us ! succession ( ! pill>s ( a ca!dral aisle is mo/ int]e/+ :5 !y retire 9 p]spective1 becom+ m & m obscure 9 di/ance3 s ! succession ( m\nta9 promontories "o beh9d ano!r1 on ! flanks ( a valley2 s ! succession ( cl\ds1 fad+ f>!r & f>!r t[>ds ! horizon2 ea* promontory & ea* cl\d be+ ( diff]5t %ape1 yet all evid5tly foll[+ 9 a calm & appo9t$ ord]4 ,if !re be no *ange at all 9 ! %ape or size ( ! objects1 !re is no cont9uity2 !re is only repetition--monotony4 ,x is ! *ange 9 %ape :i* sugge/s ! idea ( _! be+ individually free1 & able to escape1 if !y l1 f ! law t rules !m1 & yet submitt+ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 #bja4 ,i w leave our *os5 illu/rative composition = a mom5t to take up ano!r1 /ill m expressive ( ?is law4 ,x is "o ( ,turn]'s mo/ t5d] /udies1 a sket* on ,calais ,s&s at sunset2 s delicate 9 ! expression ( wave & cl\d1 t x is ( no use = me to try to rea* x ) any k9d ( outl9e 9 a wood-cut2 b ! r\gh sket*1 ,fig4 #cc1 is en\gh to give an idea ( its arrangem5t4 ,! aim ( ! pa9t] has be5 to give ! int5se/ expression ( repose1 toge!r ) ! en*ant$1 lull+1 monoton\s motion ( cl\d & wave4 ,all ! cl\ds are mov+ 9 innum]able ranks aft] ! sun1 meet+ t[>ds t po9t 9 ! horizon :]e he has set2 & ! tidal waves ga9 9 w9d+ curr5ts ^u ! s&1 ) t /eal?y ha/e 9 :i* !y cross ea* o!r s quietly1 at _! edges2 j fold+ "o ov] ano!r z !y meet1 l a little piece ( ruffl$ silk1 & leap+ up a little z two *ildr5 kiss & clap _! h&s1 & !n go+ on aga91 ea* 9 its sil5t hurry1 draw+ po9t$ ar*es on ! s& z _! ?9 edges int]sect 9 p>t+4 ,b all ?is w\ld n h be5 en\gh express$ )\t ! l9e ( ! old pi]-timb]s1 black ) we$s1 /ra9$ & b5t by ! /orm waves1 & n[ seem+ to /oop 9 foll[+ "o ano!r1 l d>k gho/s escap+ sl[ly f ! cruelty ( ! pursu+ sea4 #bjb4 ,i ne$ n1 ,i hope1 po9t out to ! read] ! illu/ration ( ?is law ( cont9uance 9 ! subject *os5 = our g5]al illu/ration4 ,x 0 simply t gradual succession ( ! retir+ ar*es ( ! bridge :i* induc$ ,turn] to pa9t ! subject at all2 & x 0 ?is same pr9ciple :i* l$ him always to seize on subjects includ+ long bridges :]ev] he c\ld f9d !m2 b especially1 obs]ve1 unequal bridges1 hav+ ! highe/ ar* at "o side r ?an at ! c5t]4 ,!re is a reason = ?is1 irrespective ( g5]al laws ( composition1 & connect$ ) ! nature ( riv]s1 :i* ,i may z well /op a m9ute to tell y ab\t1 & let y re/ f ! /udy ( composition4 #bjc4 ,all riv]s1 small or l>ge1 agree 9 "o "*1 !y l to lean a little on "o side3 !y _c be> to h _! *annels deepe/ 9 ! middle1 b w always1 if !y c1 h "o bank to sun !mselves ^u1 & ano!r to get cool "u2 "o %+ly %ore to play ov]1 :]e !y may be %all[1 & fooli%1 & *ildlike1 & ano!r /eep %ore1 "u :i* !y c pause1 & purify !mselves1 & get _! /r5g? ( waves fully toge!r = due occasion4 ,riv]s 9 ?is way are j l wise m51 :o keep "o side ( _! life = play1 & ano!r = "w2 & c be brilliant1 & *att]+1 & transp>5t1 :5 !y are at ease1 & yet take deep c\nsel on ! o!r side :5 !y set !mselves to _! ma9 purpose4 ,& riv]s are j 9 ?is divid$1 also1 l wick$ & good m53 ! good riv]s h s]viceable deep places all along _! banks1 t %ips c sail 92 b ! wick$ riv]s g scoop+ irregul>ly "u _! banks until !y get full ( /rangl+ eddies1 :i* no boat c r[ ov] )\t be+ twi/$ aga9/ ! rocks2 & pools l wells1 :i* no "o c get out ( b ! wat]-kelpie t lives at ! bottom2 b1 wick$ or good1 ! riv]s all agree 9 hav+ two k9ds ( sides4 ,n[ ! natural way 9 :i* a village /one-mason !re=e ?r[s a bridge ov] a /rong /ream is1 ( c\rse1 to build a great door to let ! cat ?r\gh1 & little doors to let ! kitt5s ?r\gh2 a great ar* = ! great curr5t1 to give x room 9 flood "t1 & little ar*es = ! little curr5ts along ! %all[ %ore4 ,?is1 ev5 )\t any prud5tial respect = ! floods ( ! great curr5t1 he w\ld d 9 simple economy ( "w & /one2 = ! small] y\r ar*es are1 ! less mat]ial y want on _! flanks4 ,two ar*es ov] ! same span ( riv]1 suppos+ ! butm5ts are at ! same dep?1 are *eap] ?an "o1 & t by a great deal2 s t1 :]e ! curr5t is %all[1 ! village mason makes 8 ar*es _m & l[3 z ! wat] gets deep]1 & x becomes tr\blesome to build 8 pi]s up f ! bottom1 he ?r[s 8 ar*es wid]2 at la/ he comes to ! deep /ream1 &1 z he _c build at ! bottom ( t1 he ?r[s 8 l>ge/ ar* ov] x ) a leap1 & ) ano!r little "o or s ga9s ! opposite %ore4 ,( c\rse z ar*es are wid] !y mu/ be high]1 or !y w n /&2 s ! roadway mu/ rise z ! ar*es wid54 ,& ?us we h ! g5]al type ( bridge1 ) its highe/ & wide/ ar* t[>ds "o side1 & a tra9 ( m9or ar*es runn+ ov] ! flat %ore on ! o!r3 usually a /eep bank at ! riv]-side next ! l>ge ar*2 always1 ( c\rse1 a flat %ore on ! side ( ! small ones3 & ! b5d ( ! riv] assur$ly concave t[>ds ?is flat1 cutt+ r\nd1 ) a sweep into ! /eep bank2 or1 if !re is no /eep bank1 /ill assur$ly cutt+ into ! %ore at ! /eep end ( ! bridge4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( bridge1 sympa?iz+1 z x does1 ) ! _s ( ! riv]1 & m>k+ ! nature ( ! ?+ x has to deal ) & conqu]1 is ! ideal ( a bridge2 & all endeavors to d ! ?+ 9 a gr& eng9e]'s mann]1 ) a level roadway & equal ar*es1 are b>b>\s2 n only because all monoton\s =ms are ugly 9 !mselves1 b because ! m9d p]ceives at once t !re has be5 co/ uselessly ?r[n away = ! sake ( =mality4#eg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 #bjd4 ,well1 to return to our cont9uity4 ,we see t ! ,turn]ian bridge 9 ,fig4 #cb is ( ! absolutely p]fect type1 & is /ill f>!r int]e/+ by hav+ its ma9 ar* cr[n$ by a wat*-t[]4 ,b z ,i want y to note especially :at p]haps 0 n ! case 9 ! real bridge1 b is entirely ,turn]'s do+1 y w f9d t ?\gh ! ar*es dim9i% gradually1 n "o is regul>ly dim9i%$--!y are all ( diff]5t %apes & sizes3 y _c see ?is cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #cb1 b 9 ! l>g] diagram1 ,fig4 #cd1 ov] leaf1 y w ) ease4 ,?is is inde$ also "p ( ! ideal ( a bridge1 because ! lat]al curr5ts ne> ! %ore are ( c\rse irregul> 9 size1 & a simple build] w\ld naturally v>y 8 ar*es accord+ly2 & also1 if ! bottom 0 rocky1 build 8 pi]s :]e ! rocks came4 ,b x is n z a "p ( bridge ideal1 b z a necessity ( all noble composition1 t ?is irregul>ity is introduc$ by ,turn]4 ,x at once raises ! object ?us treat$ f ! l[] or vulg> unity ( rigid law to ! great] unity ( cl\ds1 & waves1 & trees1 & human s\ls1 ea* diff]5t1 ea* ob$i5t1 & ea* 9 h>moni\s s]vice4 #d4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,curvature4 #bje4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r po9t to be notic$ 9 ?is bridge ( ,turn]'s4 ,n only does x slope away unequally at its sides1 b x slopes 9 a gradual ?\gh v subtle curve4 ,& if y sub/itute a /raight l9e = ?is curve 7draw+ "o ) a rule f ! base ( ! t[] on ea* side to ! ends ( ! bridge1 9 ,fig4 #cd1 & effac+ ! curve71 y w in/antly see t ! design has suff]$ griev\sly4 ,y may asc]ta91 by exp]im5t1 t all beautiful objects :atsoev] are ?us t]m9at$ by delicately curv$ l9es1 except :]e ! /raight l9e is indisp5sable to _! use or /ability2 & t :5 a complete sy/em ( /raight l9es1 ?r\gh\t ! =m1 is necess>y to t /ability1 z 9 cry/als1 ! beauty1 if any exi/s1 is 9 color & transp>5cy1 n 9 =m4 ,cut out ! %ape ( any cry/al y l1 9 :ite wax or wood1 & put x beside a :ite lily1 & y w feel ! =ce ( ! curvature 9 its purity1 irrespective ( add$ color1 or o!r int]f]+ elem5ts ( beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 #bjf4 ,well1 z curves are m beautiful ?an /raight l9es1 x is necess>y to a good composition t its cont9uities ( object1 mass1 or color %\ld be1 if possible1 9 curves1 r ?an /raight l9es or angul> ones4 ,p]haps "o ( ! simple/ & prettie/ examples ( a graceful cont9uity ( ?is k9d is 9 ! l9e trac$ at any mom5t by ! corks ( a net z x is be+ drawn3 ne>ly e p]son is m or less attract$ by ! beauty ( ! dott$ l9e4 ,n[1 x is almo/ always possible1 n only to secure su* a cont9uity 9 ! arrangem5t or b\nd>ies ( objects :i*1 l ^! bridge ar*es or ! corks ( ! net1 are actually connect$ ) ea* o!r1 b--& ?is is a /ill m noble & int]e/+ k9d ( cont9uity--among features :i* appe> at fir/ entirely sep>ate4 ,?us ! t[]s ( ,ehr5breit/e91 on ! left1 9 ,fig4 #cb1 appe> at fir/ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 b :5 ,i give _! pr(ile1 on a l>g] scale1 ,fig4 #ce1 ! read] may easily p]ceive t !re is a subtle cad5ce & h>mony among !m4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t !y are all b\nd$ by "o gr& curve1 trac$ by ! dott$ l9e2 out ( ! sev5 t[]s1 f\r precisely t\* ?is curve1 ! o!rs only fall+ hack f x "h & !re to keep ! eye f discov]+ x too easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 #bjg4 ,& x is n only always possible to obta9 cont9uities ( ?is k9d3 x is1 9 draw+ l>ge =e/s or m\nta9 =ms1 ess5tial to tru?4 ,! t[]s ( ,ehr5breit/e9 might or might n 9 reality fall into su* a curve1 b assur$ly ! basalt rock on :i* !y /& did2 = all m\nta9 =ms n clov5 into absolute precipice1 nor cov]$ by /raight slopes ( %ales1 are m or less gov]n$ by ^! great curves1 x be+ "o ( ! aims ( ,nature 9 all h] "w to produce !m4 ,! read] mu/ already "k ?is1 if he has be5 able to sket* at all among m\nta9s2 if n1 let him m]ely draw = himself1 c>efully1 ! outl9es ( any l[ hills accessible to him1 :]e !y are tol]ably /eep1 or ( ! woods :i* gr[ on !m4 ,! /eep] %ore ( ! ,?ames at ,maid5head1 or any ( ! d[ns at ,brighton or ,dov]1 or1 ev5 ne>]1 ab\t ,croydon 7z ,add+ton ,hills71 is easily accessible to a ,london]2 & he w soon f9d n only h[ con/ant1 b h[ graceful ! curvature is4 ,graceful curvature is di/+ui%$ f ungraceful by two *>act]s2 fir/ 9 its mod]ation1 t is to say1 its close approa* to /raightness 9 "s "p ( its c\rse2#eh &1 secondly1 by its v>iation1 t is to say1 its nev] rema9+ equal 9 degree at diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse4 #bjh4 ,?is v>iation is itself tw(old 9 all good curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,a4 ,!re is1 fir/1 a /eady *ange ?r\gh ! :ole l9e1 f less to m curvature1 or m to less1 s t no "p ( ! l9e is a segm5t ( a circle1 or c be drawn by compasses 9 any way :atev]4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #cf1 a is a bad curve because x is "p ( a circle1 & is !re=e monoton\s ?r\gh\t2 b b is a good curve1 because x cont9ually *anges its direction z x proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad draw+ ( tree b\ghs consi/s 9 obs]vance ( ?is fact4 ,?us1 :5 ,i put leaves on ! l9e b1 z 9 ,fig4 #cg1 y c imm$iately feel ! spr+9ess ( "* dep5d5t on ! *angefulness ( ! curve4 ,y may put leaves on ! o!r l9e = y\rself1 b y w f9d y _c make a "r tree spray ( x4 ,= all tree b\ghs1 l>ge or small1 z well z all noble natural l9es :atsoev]1 agree 9 ?is "*2 & x is a po9t ( primal necessity t y\r eye %\ld always seize & y\r h& trace x4 ,"h are two m portions ( good curves1 ) leaves put on !m at ! extremities in/ead ( ! flanks1 ,fig4 #ch2 & two %[+ ! arrangem5t ( masses ( foliage se5 a little f>!r (f1 ,fig4 #ci1 :i* y may 9 l mann] amuse y\rself by turn+ into segm5ts ( circles--y w see ) :at result4 ,i hope h[ev] y h beside y1 by ?is "t1 _m good /udies ( tree b\ghs c>efully made1 9 :i* y may /udy v>iations ( curvature 9 _! mo/ complicat$ & lovely =ms4#ei ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 #bji4 ,b4 ,n only does e good curve v>y 9 g5]al t5d5cy1 b x is modulat$1 z x proce$s1 by myriads ( subord9ate curves4 ,?us ! outl9es ( a tree trunk are nev] z at a1 ,fig4 #dj1 b z at b4 ,s also 9 waves1 cl\ds1 & all o!r nobly =m$ masses4 ,?us ano!r ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad draw+1 or good & bad sculpture1 dep5ds on ! quantity & ref9em5t ( m9or curvatures c>ri$1 by good "w1 into ! great l9es4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ?is is n v>iation 9 l>ge curves1 b composition ( l>ge curves out ( small ones2 x is an increase 9 ! quantity ( ! beautiful elem5t1 b n a *ange 9 its nature4 #e4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,radiation4 #baj4 ,we h hi!rto be5 conc]n$ only ) ! b9d+ ( our v>i\s objects into beautiful l9es or processions4 ,! next po9t we h to consid] is1 h[ we may unite ^! l9es or processions !mselves1 s z to make gr\ps ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,n[1 !re are two k9ds ( h>monies ( l9es4 ,"o 9 :i*1 mov+ m or less side by side1 !y v>i\sly1 b evid5tly ) cons5t1 retire f or approa* ea* o!r1 int]sect or oppose ea* o!r2 curr5ts ( melody 9 music1 = diff]5t voices1 ?us approa* & cross1 fall & rise1 9 h>mony2 s ! waves ( ! sea1 z !y approa* ! %ore1 fl[ into "o ano!r or cross1 b ) a great unity ?r\gh all2 & s v>i\s l9es ( composition (t5 fl[ h>moni\sly ?r\gh & across ea* o!r 9 a picture4 ,b ! mo/ simple & p]fect connection ( l9es is by radiation2 t is1 by _! all spr++ f "o po9t1 or clos+ t[>ds x2 & ?is h>mony is (t51 9 ,nature almo/ always1 unit$ ) ! o!r2 z ! b\ghs ( trees1 ?\gh !y int]sect & play among/ ea* o!r irregul>ly1 indicate by _! g5]al t5d5cy _! orig9 f "o root4 ,an ess5tial "p ( ! beauty ( all vegetable =m is 9 ?is radiation2 x is se5 mo/ simply 9 a s+le fl[] or leaf1 z 9 a convolvulus bell1 or *e/nut leaf2 b m beautifully 9 ! complicat$ arrangem5ts ( ! l>ge b\ghs & sprays4 ,= a leaf is only a flat piece ( radiation2 b ! tree ?r[s its bran*es on all sides1 & ev5 9 e pr(ile view ( x1 :i* pres5ts a radiation m or less correspond5t to t ( its leaves1 x is m beautiful1 because v>i$ by ! fre$om ( ! sep>ate bran*es4 ,i believe x has be5 asc]ta9$ t1 9 all trees1 ! angle at :i*1 9 _! leaves1 ! lat]al ribs are set on _! c5tral rib is approximately ! same at :i* ! bran*es leave ! great /em2 & ?us ea* section ( ! tree w\ld pres5t a k9d ( magnifi$ view ( its own leaf1 7 x n = ! int]f]+ =ce ( gravity on ! masses ( foliage4 ,?is =ce 9 proportion to _! age1 & ! lat]al lev]age ^u !m1 be>s !m d[nw>ds at ! extremities1 s t1 z be=e notic$1 ! l[] ! b\gh gr[s on ! /em1 ! m x droops 7,fig4 #ag1 p4 #fg72 besides ?is1 ne>ly all beautiful trees h a t5d5cy to divide into two or m pr9cipal masses1 :i* give a pretti] & m complicat$ symmetry ?an if "o /em ran all ! way up ! c5t]4 ,fig4 #da may ?us be consid]$ ! simple/ type ( tree radiation1 z oppos$ to leaf radiation4 ,9 ?is figure1 h[ev]1 all second>y ramification is unrepres5t$1 = ! sake ( simplicity2 b if we take "o half ( su* a tree1 & m]ely give two second>y bran*es to ea* ma9 bran* 7z repres5t$ 9 ! g5]al bran* /ructure %[n at b1 ,fig4 #ah1 p4 #fh71 we %all h ! =m ,fig4 #db4 ,?is ,i consid] ! p]fect g5]al type ( tree /ructure2 & x is curi\sly connect$ ) c]ta9 =ms ( ,greek1 ,byzant9e1 & ,go?ic ornam5tation1 into ! discussion ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n ent] "h4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t bo? 9 ,figs4 #da & #db all ! bran*es s spr+ f ! ma9 /em z v ne>ly to sugge/ _! unit$ radiation f ! root ,r4 ,?is is by no means univ]sally ! case2 b if ! bran*es d n b5d t[>ds a po9t 9 ! root1 !y at lea/ conv]ge to "s po9t or o!r4 ,9 ! examples 9 ,fig4 #dc1 ! ma!matical c5t] ( curvature1 a1 is ?us1 9 "o case1 on ! gr\nd1 at "s di/ance f ! root1 & 9 ! o!r1 ne> ! top ( ! tree4 ,half1 only1 ( ea* tree is giv51 = ! sake ( cle>ness3 ,fig4 #dd gives bo? sides ( ano!r example1 9 :i* ! orig9s ( curvature are bel[ ! root4 ,z ! positions ( su* po9ts may be v>i$ )\t end1 & z ! arrangem5t ( ! l9es is also f>!r complicat$ by ! fact ( ! b\ghs spr++ = ! mo/ "p 9 a spiral ord] r\nd ! tree1 & at proportionate di/ances1 ! sy/ems ( curvature :i* regulate ! =m ( vegetation are q inf9ite4 ,inf9ite is a ^w easily said1 & easily writt51 & p d n always mean x :5 !y say x2 9 ?is case ,i d mean x3 ! numb] ( sy/ems is incalculable1 & ev5 to furni% any?+ l a repres5tative numb] ( types1 ,i %\ld h to give sev]al hundr$s ( figures su* z ,fig4 #dd4fj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 #baa4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we h only be5 speak+ ( ! great relations ( /em & bran*es4 ,! =ms ( ! bran*es !mselves are regulat$ by /ill m subtle laws1 = !y occupy an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! =m ( ! tree & ( ! leaf4 ,! leaf has a flat ramification2 ! tree a completely r\nd$ "o2 ! b\gh is nei!r r\nd$ nor flat1 b has a /ructure exactly balanc$ betwe5 ! two1 9 a half-flatt5$1 half-r\nd$ flake1 closely resembl+ 9 %ape "o ( ! ?ick leaves ( an arti*oke or ! flake ( a fir cone2 by comb9ation =m+ ! solid mass ( ! tree1 z ! leaves compose ! arti*oke head4 ,i h be=e po9t$ out to y ! g5]al resemblance ( ^! bran* flakes to an ext5d$ h&2 b !y may be m accurately repres5t$ by ! ribs ( a boat4 ,if y c imag9e a v broad-head$ & flatt5$ boat appli$ by its keel to ! end ( a ma9 bran*1#fa z 9 ,fig4 #de1 ! l9es :i* its ribs w take1 suppos+ !m outside ( its timb]s in/ead ( inside1 & ! g5]al cont\r ( x1 z se5 9 diff]5t directions1 f above & bel[1 w give y ! close/ approximation to ! p]spectives & =e%ort5+s ( a well-gr[n bran*-flake4 ,fig4 #be above1 p4 #hi1 is an unh>m$ & unre/ra9$ %oot ( heal?y "y oak2 &1 if y comp>e x ) ,fig4 #de1 y w und]/& at once ! action ( ! l9es ( leafage2 ! boat only fail+ z a type 9 t its ribs are too ne>ly p>allel to ea* o!r at ! sides1 :ile ! b\gh s5ds all its ramification well =w>ds1 r\nd+ to ! head1 t x may accompli% its "p 9 ! out] =m ( ! :ole tree1 yet always secur+ ! compliance ) ! great univ]sal law t ! bran*es ne>e/ ! root b5d mo/ back2 &1 ( c\rse1 ?r[+ "s always back z well z =w>ds2 ! appe>ance ( rev]s$ action be+ mu* increas$1 & r5d]$ m /rik+ & beautiful1 by p]spective4 ,fig4 #be %[s ! p]spective ( su* a b\gh z x is se5 f bel[2 ,fig4 #df gives rudely ! look x w\ld h f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 #bab4 ,y may suppose1 if y h n already discov]$1 :at subtleties ( p]spective & light & %ade are involv$ 9 ! draw+ ( ^! bran*-flakes1 z y see !m 9 diff]5t directions & actions2 n[ rais$1 n[ depress$3 t\*$ on ! edges by ! w9d1 or lift$ up & b5t back s z to %[ all ! :ite "u surfaces ( ! leaves %iv]+ 9 light1 z ! bottom ( a boat rises :ite ) spray at ! surge-cre/2 or droop+ 9 quietness t[>ds ! dew ( ! grass b5ea? !m 9 w9dless morn+s1 or b[$ d[n "u oppressive grace ( deep-*>g$ sn[4 ,sn[ "t1 by ! way1 is "o ( ! be/ = practice 9 ! plac+ ( tree masses2 b y w only be able to und]/& !m ?or\ghly by beg9n+ ) a s+le b\gh & a few leaves plac$ tol]ably ev51 z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 p4 #adi4 ,fir/ "o ) ?ree leaves1 a c5tral & two lat]al ones1 z at a2 !n ) five1 z at b1 & s on2 direct+ y\r :ole att5tion to ! expression1 bo? by cont\r & light & %ade1 ( ! boat-l arrangem5ts1 :i*1 9 y\r e>li] /udies1 w h be5 a good deal confus$1 p>tly ow+ to y\r inexp]i5ce1 & p>tly to ! dep? ( %ade1 or absolute blackness ( mass requir$ 9 ^? /udies4 #bac4 ,"o ?+ m rema9s to be not$1 & ,i w let y out ( ! wood4 ,y see t 9 e g5]ally repres5tative figure ,i h surr\nd$ ! radiat+ bran*es ) a dott$ l9e3 su* l9es d inde$ t]m9ate e vegetable =m2 & y see t !y are !mselves beautiful curves1 :i*1 accord+ to _! fl[1 & ! wid? or n>r[ness ( ! spaces !y inclose1 *>act]ize ! species ( tree or leaf1 & express its free or =mal action1 its grace ( y\? or weight ( age4 ,s t1 ?r\gh\t all ! fre$om ( h] wilde/ foliage1 ,nature is resolv$ on express+ an encompass+ limit2 & m>k+ a unity 9 ! :ole tree1 caus$ n only by ! ris+ ( its bran*es f a common root1 b by _! jo9+ 9 "o "w1 & be+ b\nd by a common law4 ,& hav+ asc]ta9$ ?is1 let u turn back = a mom5t to a po9t 9 leaf /ructure :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 y mu/ already h obs]v$ 9 y\r e>li] /udies1 b :i* x is well to /ate "h1 z connect$ ) ! unity ( ! bran*es 9 ! great trees4 ,y mu/ h notic$1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 t :5ev] a leaf is comp\nd1--t is to say1 divid$ into o!r leaflets :i* 9 any way repeat or imitate ! =m ( ! :ole leaf1--^? leaflets are n symmetrical1 z ! :ole leaf is1 b always small] on ! side t[>ds ! po9t ( ! great leaf1 s z to express _! subord9ation to x1 & %[1 ev5 :5 !y are pull$ (f1 t !y are n small indep5d5t leaves1 b memb]s ( "o l>ge leaf4 #bad4 ,fig4 #dg1 :i* is a block-plan ( a leaf ( columb9e1 )\t its m9or divisions on ! edges1 w illu/rate ! pr9ciple cle>ly4 ,x is compos$ ( a c5tral l>ge mass1 ,a1 & two lat]al ones1 ( :i* ! "o on ! "r only is lett]$1 ,b4 ,ea* ( ^! masses is aga9 compos$ ( ?ree o!rs1 a c5tral & two lat]al ones2 b obs]ve1 ! m9or "o1 a ( ,a1 is balanc$ equally by its opposite2 b ! m9or b #a ( ,b is l>g] ?an its opposite b #b4 ,aga91 ea* ( ^! m9or masses is divid$ into ?ree2 b :ile ! c5tral mass1 ,a ( ,a1 is symmetrically divid$1 ! ,b ( ,b is unsymmetrical1 its l>ge/ side-lobe be+ l[e/4 ,aga91 9 b #b1 ! lobe c #a 7its l[e/ lobe 9 relation to ,b7 is l>g] ?an c #b2 & s also 9 b #a4 ,s t univ]sally "o lobe ( a lat]al leaf is always l>g] ?an ! o!r1 & ! small] lobe is t :i* is ne>] ! c5tral mass2 ! l[] leaf1 z x 7 by c\rtesy1 subdu+ "s ( its own dignity or p[]1 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! great] or capta9 leaf1 & always express+1 !re=e1 its own subord9ation & second>y "*4 ,?is law is c>ri$ out ev5 9 s+le leaves4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! upp] half1 t[>ds ! po9t ( ! spray1 is always ! small]2 & a slightly diff]5t curve1 m convex at ! spr++1 is us$ = ! l[] side1 giv+ an exquisite v>iety to ! =m ( ! :ole leaf2 s t "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! beauty ( e subord9ate leaf ?r\gh\t ! tree is made to dep5d on its confession ( its own l[l9ess & subjection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 #bae4 ,& n[1 if we br+ toge!r 9 "o view ! pr9ciples we h asc]ta9$ 9 trees1 we %all f9d !y may be summ$ "u f\r great laws2 & t all p]fect#fb vegetable =m is appo9t$ to express ^! f\r laws 9 noble balance ( au?ority4 #a4 ,support f "o liv+ root4 #b4 ,radiation1 or t5d5cy ( =ce f "s "o giv5 po9t1 ei!r 9 ! root or 9 "s /at$ connection ) x4 #c4 ,lib]ty ( ea* b\gh to seek its own livelihood & happ9ess accord+ to its ne$s1 by irregul>ities ( action bo? 9 its play & its "w1 ei!r /ret*+ out to get its requir$ n\ri%m5t f light & ra91 by f9d+ "s suffici5t brea?+-place among ! o!r bran*es1 or knott+ & ga!r+ itself up to get /r5g? = any load :i* its fruitful blossoms may lay ^u x1 & = any /ress ( its /orm-toss$ luxuriance ( leaves2 or play+ hi!r & ?i!r z ! fitful sun%9e may tempt its "y %oots1 9 _! undecid$ /ates ( m9d ab\t _! future life4 #d4 ,imp]ative requirem5t ( ea* b\gh to /op )9 c]ta9 limits1 expressive ( its k9dly fell[%ip & frat]nity ) ! b\ghs 9 its neighborhood2 & to "w ) !m accord+ to its p[]1 magnitude1 & /ate ( heal?1 to br+ out ! g5]al p]fectness ( ! great curve1 & circumf]5t /atel9ess ( ! :ole tree4 #baf4 ,i ?9k ,i may leave y1 unhelp$1 to "w out ! moral analogies ( ^! laws2 y may1 p]haps1 h[ev]1 be a little puzzl$ to see ! mean+ ( ! second "o4 ,x typically expresses t heal?y human actions %\ld spr+ radiantly 7l rays7 f "s s+le he>t motive2 ! mo/ beautiful sy/ems ( action tak+ place :5 ?is motive lies at ! root ( ! :ole life1 & ! action is cle>ly se5 to proce$ f x2 :ile also _m beautiful second>y sy/ems ( action tak+ place f motives n s deep or c5tral1 b 9 "s beautiful subord9ate connection ) ! c5tral or life motive4 ,! o!r laws1 if y ?9k ov] !m1 y w f9d equally significative2 & z y draw trees m & m 9 _! v>i\s /ates ( heal? & h>d%ip1 y w be e day m /ruck by ! beauty ( ! types !y pres5t ( ! tru?s mo/ ess5tial = mank9d to "k2#fc & y w see :at ?is vegetation ( ! e>?1 :i* is necess>y to our life1 fir/1 z purify+ ! air = u & !n z food1 & j z necess>y to our joy 9 all places ( ! e>?1--:at ^! trees & leaves1 ,i say1 are meant to tea* u z we contemplate !m1 & read or he> _! lovely language1 writt5 or spok5 = u1 n 9 frightful black lett]s nor 9 dull s5t5ces1 b 9 fair gre5 & %ad[y %apes ( wav+ words1 & blossom$ brightness ( odorif]\s wit1 & sweet :isp]s ( un9trusive wisdom1 & playful morality4 #bag4 ,well1 ,i am sorry myself to leave ! wood1 :atev] my read] may be2 b leave x we mu/1 or we %all compose no m pictures to-day4 ,?is law ( radiation1 !n1 en=c+ unison ( action 9 aris+ f1 or proce$+ to1 "s giv5 po9t1 is p]haps1 ( all pr9ciples ( composition1 ! mo/ influ5tial 9 produc+ ! beauty ( gr\ps ( =m4 ,o!r laws make !m =cible or int]e/+1 b ?is g5]ally is *ief 9 r5d]+ !m beautiful4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( masses 9 pictures1 x is con/antly obey$ by ! great compos]s2 b1 l ! law ( pr9cipality1 ) c>eful concealm5t ( its imp]ativ5ess1 ! po9t to :i* ! l9es ( ma9 curvature are direct$ be+ v (t5 f> away out ( ! picture4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a sy/em ( curves w be employ$ def9itely to exalt1 by _! concurr5ce1 ! value ( "s lead+ object1 & !n ! law becomes traceable en\gh4 #bah4 ,9 ! in/ance be=e u1 ! pr9cipal object be+1 z we h se51 ! t[] on ! bridge1 ,turn] has det]m9$ t 8 sy/em ( curvature %\ld h its orig9 9 ! top ( ?is t[]4 ,! diagram ,fig4 #cd1 p4 #ade1 comp>$ ) ,fig4 #cb1 p4 #acg1 w %[ h[ ?is is done4 ,"o curve jo9s ! two t[]s1 & is cont9u$ by ! back ( ! figure sitt+ on ! bank into ! piece ( b5t timb]4 ,?is is a limit+ curve ( great importance1 & ,turn] has drawn a consid]able "p ( x ) ! edge ( ! timb] v c>efully1 & !n l$ ! eye up to ! sitt+ girl by "s :ite spots & indications ( a l$ge 9 ! bank2 !n ! passage to ! tops ( ! t[]s _c be miss$4 #bai4 ,! next curve is begun & drawn c>efully = half an in* ( its c\rse by ! rudd]2 x is !n tak5 up by ! basket & ! heads ( ! figures1 & leads accurately to ! t[] angle4 ,! gunwales ( bo? ! boats beg9 ! next two curves1 :i* meet 9 ! same po9t2 & all are c5traliz$ by ! long reflection :i* cont9ues ! v]tical l9es4 #bbj4 ,subord9at$ to ?is fir/ sy/em ( curves !re is ano!r1 begun by ! small cross+ b> ( wood ins]t$ 9 ! angle beh9d ! rudd]2 cont9u$ by ! bottom ( ! bank on :i* ! figure sits1 int]rupt$ =cibly beyond x1#fd b tak5 up aga9 by ! wat]-l9e lead+ to ! bridge foot1 & pass+ on 9 delicate %ad[s "u ! ar*es1 n easily %[n 9 s rude a diagram1 t[>ds ! o!r extremity ( ! bridge4 ,?is is a mo/ important curve1 indicat+ t ! =ce & sweep ( ! riv] h inde$ be5 9 old times "u ! l>ge ar*es2 :ile ! antiquity ( ! bridge is told u by a long tongue ( l&1 ei!r ( c>t$ rubbi%1 or wa%$ d[n by "s m9or /ream1 :i* has int]rupt$ ?is curve1 & is n[ us$ z a l&+-place = ! boats1 & = emb>kation ( m]*&ise1 ( :i* "s bales & bundles are laid 9 a heap1 imm$iately b5ea? ! great t[]4 ,a common compos] w\ld h put ^! bales to "o side or ! o!r1 b ,turn] kn[s bett]2 he uses !m z a f\ndation = 8 t[]1 add+ to its importance precisely z ! sculptur$ base adorns a pill>2 & he f>!r increases ! aspect ( its height by ?r[+ ! reflection ( x f> d[n 9 ! ne>] wat]4 ,all ! great compos]s h ?is same feel+ ab\t su/a9+ _! v]tical masses3 y w con/antly f9d ,pr\t us+ ! artifice mo/ dext]\sly 7see1 = in/ance1 ! figure ) ! :eelb>r[ "u ! great t[]1 9 ! sket* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 at ,prague1 & ! :ite gr\p ( figures "u ! t[] 9 ! sket* ( ,augsburg#fe72 & ,v]onese1 ,titian1 & ,t9toret cont9ually put _! pr9cipal figures at bases ( pill>s4 ,turn] f\nd out _! secret v e>ly1 ! mo/ prom95t in/ance ( 8 composition on ?is pr9ciple be+ ! draw+ ( ,tur9 f ! ,sup]ga1 9 ,hakewell's ,italy4 ,i *ose ,fig4 #bj1 already giv5 to illu/rate foliage draw+1 *iefly because1 be+ ano!r in/ance ( precisely ! same arrangem5t1 x w s]ve to conv9ce y ( its be+ int5tional4 ,!re1 ! v]tical1 =m$ by ! l>g] tree1 is cont9u$ by ! figure ( ! f>m]1 & t ( "o ( ! small] trees by 8 /ick4 ,! l9es ( ! int]ior mass ( ! bu%es radiate1 "u ! law ( radiation1 f a po9t beh9d ! f>m]'s head2 b _! outl9e curves are c>ri$ on & repeat$1 "u ! law ( cont9uity1 by ! curves ( ! dog & boy--by ! way1 note ! rem>kable in/ance 9 ^! ( ! use ( d>ke/ l9es t[>ds ! light--all m or less guid+ ! eye up to ! "r1 9 ord] to br+ x f9ally to ! ,keep ( ,w9dsor1 :i* is ! c5tral object ( ! picture1 z ! bridge t[] is 9 ! ,cobl5tz4 ,! wall on :i* ! boy climbs answ]s ! purpose ( contra/+1 bo? 9 direction & "*1 ) ^! great] curves2 ?us correspond+ z ne>ly z possible to ! m9or tongue ( l& 9 ! ,cobl5tz4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 introduces u to ano!r law1 :i* we mu/ consid] sep>ately4 #f4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contra/4 #bba4 ,( c\rse ! "* ( ev]y?+ is be/ manife/$ by ,contra/4 ,re/ c only be enjoy$ aft] labor2 s\nd to be he>d cle>ly1 mu/ rise out ( sil5ce2 light is exhibit$ by d>kness1 d>kness by light2 & s on 9 all ?+s4 ,n[ 9 art e color has an oppon5t color1 :i*1 if br\ght ne> x1 w relieve x m completely ?an any o!r2 s1 also1 e =m & l9e may be made m /rik+ to ! eye by an oppon5t =m or l9e ne> !m2 a curv$ l9e is set (f by a /raight "o1 a massy =m by a slight "o1 & s on2 & 9 all good "w ne>ly d\ble ! value1 :i* any giv5 color or =m w\ld h uncomb9$1 is giv5 to ea* by contra/4#ff ,9 ?is case aga91 h[ev]1 a too manife/ use ( ! artifice vulg>izes a picture4 ,great pa9t]s d n commonly1 or v visibly1 admit viol5t contra/4 ,!y introduce x by /eal?1 & ) int]m$iate l9ks ( t5d] *ange2 all[+1 inde$1 ! opposition to tell ^u ! m9d z a surprise1 b n z a %ock4#fg #bbb4 ,?us 9 ! rock ( ,ehr5breit/e91 ,fig4 #ce1 ! ma9 curr5t ( ! l9es be+ d[nw>ds1 9 a convex swell1 !y are sudd5ly /opp$ at ! l[e/ t[] by a c\nt] s]ies ( b$s1 direct$ ne>ly /raight across !m4 ,?is adv]se =ce sets (f & relieves ! great curvature1 b x is reconcil$ to x by a s]ies ( radiat+ l9es bel[1 :i* at fir/ sympa?ize ) ! oblique b>1 !n gradually get /eep]1 till !y meet & jo9 9 ! fall ( ! great curve4 ,no passage1 h[ev] int5tionally monoton\s1 is ev] introduc$ by a good arti/ )\t "s slight c\nt] curr5t ( ?is k9d2 s mu*1 inde$1 d ! great compos]s feel ! necessity ( x1 t !y w ev5 d ?+s purposely ill or unsatisfactorily1 9 ord] to give great] value to _! well-do+ 9 o!r places4 ,9 a skillful poet's v]sification ! s-call$ bad or inf]ior l9es are n inf]ior because he c\ld n d !m bett]1 b because he feels t if all 7 equally weighty1 !re w\ld be no real s5se ( weight any:]e2 if all 7 equally melodi\s1 ! melody itself w\ld be fatigu+2 & he purposely introduces ! labor+ or discordant v]se1 t ! full r+ may be felt 9 8 ma9 s5t5ce1 & ! f9i%$ sweetness 9 8 *os5 rhy?m4#fh ,& cont9ually 9 pa9t+1 inf]ior arti/s de/roy _! "w by giv+ too mu* ( all t !y ?9k is good1 :ile ! great pa9t] gives j en\gh to be enjoy$1 & passes to an opposite k9d ( enjoym5t1 or to an inf]ior /ate ( enjoym5t3 he gives a passage ( ri*1 involv$1 exquisitely wr\ght color1 !n passes away into slight1 & pale1 & simple color2 he pa9ts = a m9ute or two ) int5se decision1 !n sudd5ly becomes1 z ! spectator ?9ks1 slov5ly2 b he is n slov5ly3 y c\ld n h tak5 any m decision f him j !n2 y h _h z mu* z is good = y3 he pa9ts ov] a great space ( 8 picture =ms ( ! mo/ r\nd$ & melt+ t5d]ness1 & sudd5ly1 z y ?9k by a freak1 gives y a bit z jagg$ & %>p z a leafless black?orn4 ,p]haps ! mo/ exquisite piece ( subtle contra/ 9 ! _w ( pa9t+ is ! arr[ po9t1 laid %>p aga9/ ! :ite side & among ! fl[+ hair ( ,correggio's ,antiope4 ,x is q s+ul> h[ v little contra/ w sometimes s]ve to make an entire gr\p ( =ms int]e/+ :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 valueless4 ,!re is a good deal ( picturesque mat]ial1 = in/ance1 9 ?is top ( an old t[]1 ,fig4 #dh1 tiles & /ones & slop+ ro( n disagreeably m+l$2 b all w\ld h be5 unsatisfactory if !re _h n happ5$ to be t iron r+ on ! inn] wall1 :i* by its vigor\s black circul> l9e precisely opposes all ! squ>e & angul> *>act]s ( ! battlem5ts & ro(4 ,draw ! t[] )\t ! r+1 & see :at a diff]5ce x w make4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 #bbc4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important applications ( ! law ( contra/ is 9 association ) ! law ( cont9uity1 caus+ an unexpect$ b g5tle break 9 a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,?is artifice is p]petual 9 music1 & p]petual also 9 good illum9ation2 ! way 9 :i* little surprises ( *ange are prep>$ 9 any curr5t bord]s1 or *a9s ( ornam5tal design1 be+ "o ( ! mo/ subtle *>act]i/ics ( ! "w ( ! good p]iods4 ,we take1 = in/ance1 a b> ( ornam5t betwe5 two writt5 columns ( an e>ly f\rte5? c5tury ,,ms41 & at ! fir/ glance we suppose x to be q monoton\s all ! way up1 compos$ ( a w9d+ t5dril1 ) alt]nately a blue leaf & a sc>let bud4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 we see t1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! law ( pr9cipality1 !re is "o l>ge sc>let leaf in/ead ( a bud1 ne>ly half-way up1 :i* =ms a c5t] to ! :ole rod2 & :5 we beg9 to exam9e ! ord] ( ! leaves1 we f9d x v>i$ c>efully4 ,let ,a /& = sc>let bud1 b = blue leaf1 c = two blue leaves on "o /alk1 s = a /alk )\t a leaf1 & ,r1 = ! l>ge r$ leaf4 ,!n1 c\nt+ f ! gr\nd1 ! ord] beg9s z foll[s3 b1 b1 ,a2 b1 s1 b1 ,a2 b1 b1 ,a2 b1 b1 ,a2 & we ?9k we %all h two b's & an ,a all ! way1 :5 sudd5ly x becomes b1 ,a2 b1 ,r2 b1 ,a2 b1 ,a2 b1 ,a2 & we ?9k we are go+ to h b1 ,a cont9u$2 b no3 "h x becomes b1 s2 b1 s2 b1 ,a2 b1 s2 b1 s2 c1 s2 b1 s2 b1 s2 & we ?9k we are surely go+ to h b1 s cont9u$1 b behold x runs away to ! end ) a quick b1 b1 ,a2 b1 b1 b1 b6#fi ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! design] is satisfi$ ) "o surprise1 b ,i nev] saw a good illum9at$ bord] )\t "o at lea/2 & no s]ies ( any k9d 0 ev] introduc$ by a great compos] 9 a pa9t+ )\t a snap some:]e4 ,!re is a pretty "o 9 ,turn]'s draw+ ( ,rome ) ! l>ge balu/rade = a =egr\nd 9 ! ,hakewell's ,italy s]ies3 ! s+le balu/] /ruck out ( ! l9e1 & %[+ ! /reet bel[ ?r\gh ! gap1 simply makes ! :ole composition "r1 :5 o!rwise x w\ld h be5 /iff & absurd4 #bbd4 ,if y look back to ,fig4 #dh y w see1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! battlem5ts1 a simple in/ance ( ! use ( su* v>iation4 ,! :ole top ( ! t[]1 ?\gh actually ?ree sides ( a squ>e1 /rikes ! eye z a cont9u\s s]ies ( five masses4 ,! fir/ two1 on ! left1 some:at squ>e & blank1 !n ! next two high] & ri*]1 ! tiles be+ se5 on _! slopes4 ,bo? ^! gr\ps be+ c\ples1 !re is en\gh monotony 9 ! s]ies to make a *ange pleasant2 & ! la/ battlem5t1 !re=e1 is a little high] ?an ! fir/ two1--a little l[] ?an ! second two1--& diff]5t 9 %ape f ei!r4 ,hide x ) y\r f+]1 & see h[ ugly & =mal ! o!r f\r battlem5ts look4 #bbe4 ,!re are 9 ?is figure sev]al o!r simple illu/rations ( ! laws we h be5 trac+4 ,?us ! :ole %ape ( ! walls' mass be+ squ>e1 x is well1 /ill = ! sake ( contra/1 to oppose x n only by ! elem5t ( curvature1 9 ! r+1 & l9es ( ! ro( bel[1 b by t ( %>pness2 h5ce ! pleasure :i* ! eye takes 9 ! project+ po9t ( ! ro(4 ,also1 because ! walls are ?ick & /urdy1 x is well to contra/ _! /r5g? ) weakness2 !re=e we enjoy ! evid5t decrepitude ( ?is ro( z x s9ks betwe5 !m4 ,! :ole mass be+ ne>ly :ite1 we want a contra/+ %ad[ some:]e2 & get x1 "u our piece ( decrepitude4 ,?is %ade1 ) ! tiles ( ! wall bel[1 =ms ano!r po9t$ mass1 necess>y to ! fir/ by ! law ( repetition4 ,hide ?is inf]ior angle ) y\r f+]1 & see h[ ugly ! o!r looks4 ,a s5se ( ! law ( symmetry1 ?\gh y might h>dly suppose x1 has "s %>e 9 ! feel+ ) :i* y look at ! battlem5ts2 !re is a c]ta9 pleasure 9 ! oppos$ slopes ( _! top1 on "o side d[n to ! left1 on ! o!r to ! "r4 ,/ill less w\ld y ?9k ! law ( radiation _h any?+ to d ) ! matt]3 b if y take ! extreme po9t ( ! black %ad[ on ! left = a c5t]1 & foll[ fir/ ! l[ curve ( ! eaves ( ! wall1 x w lead y1 if y cont9ue x1 to ! po9t ( ! t[] cornice2 foll[ ! second curve1 ! top ( ! tiles ( ! wall1 & x w /rike ! top ( ! "r-h& battlem5t2 !n draw a curve f ! highe/ po9t ( ! angl$ battlem5t on ! left1 ?r\gh ! po9ts ( ! ro( & its d>k e*o2 & y w see h[ ! :ole top ( ! t[] radiates f ?is l[e/ d>k po9t4 ,!re are o!r curvatures cross+ ^! ma9 ones1 to keep !m f be+ too conspicu\s4 ,foll[ ! curve ( ! upp] ro(1 x w take y to ! top ( ! highe/ battlem5t2 & ! /ones indicat$ at ! "r-h& side ( ! t[] are m ext5d$ at ! bottom1 9 ord] to get "s less direct expression ( sympa?y1 su* z irregul> /ones may be capable (1 ) ! g5]al fl[ ( ! curves f left to "r4 #bbf4 ,y may n readily believe1 at fir/1 t all ^! laws are inde$ involv$ 9 s trifl+ a piece ( composition4 ,b1 z y /udy long]1 y w discov] t ^! laws1 & _m m1 are obey$ by ! p[]ful compos]s 9 e t\*3 t lit]ally1 !re is nev] a da% ( _! p5cil :i* is n c>ry+ out appo9t$ purposes ( ?is k9d 9 tw5ty v>i\s ways at once2 & t !re is z mu* diff]5ce1 9 way ( int5tion & au?ority1 betwe5 "o ( ! great compos]s rul+ 8 colors1 & a common pa9t] confus$ by !m1 z !re is betwe5 a g5]al direct+ ! m>* ( an army1 & an old lady c>ri$ (f h] feet by a mob4 #g4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,int]*ange4 #bbg4 ,closely connect$ ) ! law ( contra/ is a law :i* en=ces ! unity ( opposite ?+s1 by giv+ to ea* a portion ( ! "* ( ! o!r4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y divide a %ield into two masses ( color1 all ! way d[n--suppose blue & :ite1 & put a b>1 or figure ( an animal1 p>tly on "o division1 p>tly on ! o!r1 y w f9d x pleasant to ! eye if y make ! "p ( ! animal blue :i* comes ^u ! :ite half1 & :ite :i* comes ^u ! blue half4 ,?is is done 9 h]aldry1 p>tly = ! sake ( p]fect intelligibility1 b yet m = ! sake ( delight 9 int]*ange ( color1 s9ce1 9 all ornam5tation :atev]1 ! practice is cont9ual1 9 ! ages ( good design4 #bbh4 ,sometimes ?is alt]nation is m]ely a rev]sal ( contra/s2 z t1 aft] r$ has be5 = "s "t on "o side1 & blue on ! o!r1 r$ %all pass to blue's side & blue to r$'s4 ,?is k9d ( alt]nation takes place simply 9 f\r-qu>t]$ %ields2 9 m subtle pieces ( treatm5t1 a little bit only ( ea* color is c>ri$ into ! o!r1 & !y are z x 7 dovetail$ toge!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts :i* w impress itself ^u y1 :5 y h drawn "s "t c>efully f ,nature 9 light & %ade1 is ! appe>ance ( int5tional artifice ) :i* contra/s ( ?is alt]nate k9d are produc$ by h]2 ! arti/ry ) :i* %e w d>k5 a tree trunk z long z x comes aga9/ light sky1 & ?r[ sunlight on x precisely at ! spot :]e x comes aga9/ a d>k hill1 & simil>ly treat all h] masses ( %ade & color1 is s great1 t if y only foll[ h] closely1 e "o :o looks at y\r draw+ ) att5tion w ?9k t y h be5 inv5t+ ! mo/ artificially & unnaturally delightful int]*anges ( %ad[ t c\ld possibly be devis$ by human wit4 #bbi4 ,y w f9d ?is law ( int]*ange insi/$ ^u at l5g? by ,pr\t 9 8 ,lessons on ,light & ,%ade3 x seems ( all 8 pr9ciples ( composition to be ! "o he is mo/ consci\s (2 _m o!rs he obeys by in/9ct1 b ?is he =mally accepts & =cibly decl>es4 ,! typical purpose ( ! law ( int]*ange is1 ( c\rse1 to tea* u h[ opposite natures may be help$ & /r5g!n$ by receiv+ ea*1 z f> z !y c1 "s impress or reflection1 or imp>t$ p[]1 f ! o!r4 #h4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,consi/5cy4 #bcj4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 9 ! next place1 t :ile contra/ exhibits ! *>act]s ( ?+s1 x v (t5 neutralizes or p>alyzes _! p[]4 ,a numb] ( :ite ?+s may be %[n to be cle>ly :ite by opposition ( a black ?+1 b if we want ! full p[] ( _! ga!r$ light1 ! black ?+ may be s]i\sly 9 our way4 ,?us1 :ile contra/ displays ?+s1 x is unity & sympa?y :i* employ !m1 conc5trat+ ! p[] ( sev]al into a mass4 ,&1 n 9 art m]ely1 b 9 all ! affairs ( life1 ! wisdom ( man is cont9ually call$ ^u to reconcile ^! opposite me?ods ( exhibit+1 or us+1 ! mat]ials 9 8 p[]4 ,by *ange he gives !m pleasantness1 & by consi/5cy value2 by *ange he is refre%$1 & by p]sev]ance /r5g!n$4 #bca4 ,h5ce _m compositions address !mselves to ! spectator by aggregate =ce ( color or l9e1 m ?an by contra/s ( ei!r2 _m noble pictures are pa9t$ almo/ exclusively 9 v>i\s tones ( r$1 or gray1 or gold1 s z to be in/antly /rik+ by _! bread? ( flu%1 or gl[1 or t5d] coldness1 ^! qualities be+ exhibit$ only by slight & subtle use ( contra/4 ,simil>ly z to =m2 "s compositions associate massive & rugg$ =ms1 o!rs slight & graceful ones1 ea* ) few int]ruptions by l9es ( contr>y "*4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 su* compositions possess high] sublimity ?an ^? :i* are m m+l$ 9 _! elem5ts4 ,!y tell a special tale1 & summon a def9ite /ate ( feel+1 :ile ! gr& compositions m]ely please ! eye4 #bcb4 ,?is unity or bread? ( "* g5]ally atta*es mo/ to ! works ( ! greate/ m52 _! sep>ate pictures h all sep>ate aims4 ,we h n1 9 ea*1 gray color set aga9/ somb]1 & %>p =ms aga9/ s(t1 & l\d passages aga9/ l[3 b we h ! bright picture1 ) its delicate sadness2 ! somb] picture1 ) its s+le ray ( relief2 ! /]n picture1 ) only "o t5d] gr\p ( l9es2 ! s(t & calm picture1 ) only "o rock angle at its flank2 & s on4 ,h5ce ! v>iety ( _! "w1 z well z its impressiv5ess4 ,! pr9cipal be>+ ( ?is law1 h[ev]1 is on ! sep>ate masses or divisions ( a picture3 ! "* ( ! :ole composition may be brok5 or v>i\s1 if we please1 b !re mu/ c]ta9ly be a t5d5cy to consi/5t assemblage 9 its divisions4 ,z an army may act on sev]al po9ts at once1 b c only act effectually by hav+ some:]e =m$ & regul> masses1 & n :olly by skirmi%]s2 s a picture may be v>i\s 9 its t5d5cies1 b mu/ be some:]e unit$ & coh]5t 9 its masses4 ,good compos]s are always associat+ _! colors 9 great gr\ps2 b9d+ _! =ms toge!r by encompass+ l9es1 & secur+1 by v>i\s dext]ities ( exp$i5t1 :at !y !mselves call bread?3 t is to say1 a l>ge ga!r+ ( ea* k9d ( ?+ into "o place2 light be+ ga!r$ to light1 d>kness to d>kness1 & color to color4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is be done by introduc+ false lights or false colors1 x is absurd & mon/r\s2 ! skill ( a pa9t] consi/s 9 obta9+ bread? by rational arrangem5t ( 8 objects1 n by =c$ or wanton treatm5t ( !m4 ,x is an easy matt] to pa9t "o ?+ all :ite1 & ano!r all black or br[n2 b n an easy matt] to assemble all ! circum/ances :i* w naturally produce :ite 9 "o place1 & br[n 9 ano!r4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 bread? w result 9 suffici5t degree f fidelity ( /udy3 ,nature is always broad2 & if y pa9t h] colors 9 true relations1 y w pa9t !m 9 maje/ic masses4 ,if y f9d y\r "w look brok5 & scatt]$1 x is1 9 all probability1 n only ill compos$1 b untrue4 #bcc4 ,! opposite quality to bread?1 t ( division or scatt]+ ( light & color1 has a c]ta9 contra/+ *>m1 & is occasionally introduc$ ) exquisite effect by good compos]s4#gj ,/ill x is nev] ! m]e scatt]+1 b ! ord] disc]nible ?r\gh ?is scatt]+1 :i* is ! real s\rce ( pleasure2 n ! m]e multitude1 b ! con/ellation ( multitude4 ,! brok5 lights 9 ! "w ( a good pa9t] w&] l flocks ^u ! hills1 n un%eph]d$1 speak+ ( life & peace3 ! brok5 lights ( a bad pa9t] fall l hail/ones1 & are capable only ( mis*ief1 leav+ x to be wi%$ !y 7 also ( dissolution4 #i4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,h>mony4 #bcd4 ,?is la/ law is n1 /rictly speak+1 s mu* "o ( composition z ( tru?1 b x mu/ guide composition1 & is prop]ly1 !re=e1 to be /at$ 9 ?is place4 ,good draw+ is1 z we h se51 an ab/ract ( natural facts2 y _c repres5t all t y w\ld1 b mu/ cont9ually be fall+ %ort1 :e!r y w or no1 ( ! =ce1 or quantity1 ( ,nature4 ,n[1 suppose t y\r means & "t d n admit ( y\r giv+ ! dep? ( color 9 ! sc5e1 & t y are oblig$ to pa9t x pal]4 ,if y pa9t all ! colors proportionately pal]1 z if an equal quantity ( t9t _h be5 wa%$ away f ea* ( !m1 y /ill obta9 a h>moni\s1 ?\gh n an equally =cible1 /atem5t ( natural fact4 ,b if y take away ! colors unequally1 & leave "s t9ts ne>ly z deep z !y are 9 ,nature1 :ile o!rs are mu* subdu$1 y h no long] a true /atem5t4 ,y _c say to ! obs]v]1 ,fancy all ^? colors a little deep]1 & y w h ! actual fact4 ,h[ev] he adds 9 imag9ation1 or takes away1 some?+ is sure to be /ill wrong4 ,! picture is out ( h>mony4 #bce4 ,x w happ51 h[ev]1 mu* m frequ5tly1 t y h to d>k5 ! :ole sy/em ( colors1 ?an to make !m pal]4 ,y rememb]1 9 y\r fir/ /udies ( color f ,nature1 y 7 to leave ! passages ( light :i* 7 too bright to be imitat$1 z :ite pap]4 ,b1 9 complet+ ! picture1 x becomes necess>y to put color into !m2 & !n ! o!r colors mu/ be made d>k]1 9 "s fix$ relation to !m4 ,if y deep5 all proportionately1 ?\gh ! :ole sc5e is d>k] ?an reality1 x is only z if y 7 look+ at ! reality 9 a l[] light3 b if1 :ile y d>k5 "s ( ! t9ts1 y leave o!rs und>k5$1 ! picture is out ( h>mony1 & w n give ! impression ( tru?4 #bcf4 ,x is n1 inde$1 possible to deep5 all ! colors s mu* z to relieve ! lights 9 _! natural degree1 y w\ld m]ely s9k mo/ ( y\r colors1 if y tri$ to d s1 into a broad mass ( blackness3 b x is q possible to l[] !m h>moni\sly1 & yet m 9 "s p>ts ( ! picture ?an 9 o!rs1 s z to all[ y to %[ ! light y want 9 a visible relief4 ,9 well-h>moniz$ pictures ?is is done by gradually deep5+ ! tone ( ! picture t[>ds ! light] p>ts ( x1 )\t mat]ially l[]+ x 9 ! v d>k p>ts2 ! t5d5cy 9 su* pictures be+1 ( c\rse1 to include l>ge masses ( middle t9ts4 ,b ! pr9cipal po9t to be obs]v$ 9 do+ ?is1 is to deep5 ! individual t9ts )\t dirty+ or obscur+ !m4 ,x is easy to l[] ! tone ( ! picture by wa%+ x ov] ) gray or br[n2 & easy to see ! effect ( ! l&scape1 :5 its colors are ?us univ]sally pollut$ ) black1 by us+ ! black convex mirror1 "o ( ! mo/ pe/il5t inv5tions = falsify+ ,nature & degrad+ art :i* ev] 0 put into an arti/'s h&4#ga ,= ! ?+ requir$ is n to d>k5 pale yell[ by mix+ gray ) x1 b to deep5 ! pure yell[2 n to d>k5 crimson by mix+ black ) x1 b by mak+ x deep] & ri*] crimson3 & ?us ! requir$ effect c\ld only be se5 9 ,nature1 if y _h pieces ( glass ( ! color ( e object 9 y\r l&scape1 & ( e m9or hue t made up ^? colors1 & !n c\ld see ! real l&scape ?r\gh ?is deep gorge\sness ( ! v>i$ glass4 ,y _c d ?is ) glass1 b y c d x = y\rself z y "w2 t is to say1 y c put deep blue = pale blue1 deep gold = pale gold1 & s on1 9 ! proportion y ne$2 & !n y may pa9t z =cibly z y *oose1 b y\r "w w /ill be 9 ! mann] ( ,titian1 n ( ,c>avaggio or ,spagnoletto1 or any o!r ( ! black slaves ( pa9t+4#gb #bcg4 ,suppos+ ^? scales ( color1 :i* ,i told y to prep>e 9 ord] to %[ y ! relations ( color to gray1 7 q accurately made1 & num]\s en\gh1 y w\ld h no?+ m to d1 9 ord] to obta9 a deep] tone 9 any giv5 mass ( color1 ?an to sub/itute = ea* ( its hues ! hue z _m degrees deep] 9 ! scale z y want$1 t is to say1 if y want$ to deep5 ! :ole two degrees1 sub/itut+ = ! yell[ ,no4 #e ! yell[ ,no4 #g1 & = ! r$ ,no4 #i ! r$ ,no4 #aa1 & s on3 b ! hues ( any object 9 ,nature are f> too num]\s1 & _! degrees too subtle1 to admit ( s me*anical a process4 ,/ill1 y may see ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole matt] cle>ly by tak+ a gr\p ( colors out ( y\r scale1 arrang+ !m prettily1 & !n wa%+ !m all ov] ) gray3 t repres5ts ! treatm5t ( ,nature by ! black mirror4 ,!n arrange ! same gr\p ( colors1 ) ! t9ts five or six degrees deep] 9 ! scale2 & t w repres5t ! treatm5t ( ,nature by ,titian4 #bch4 ,y c only1 h[ev]1 feel y\r way fully to ! "r ( ! ?+ by work+ f ,nature4 ,! be/ subject on :i* to beg9 a piece ( /udy ( ?is k9d is a good ?ick tree trunk1 se5 aga9/ blue sky ) "s :ite cl\ds 9 x4 ,pa9t ! cl\ds 9 true & t5d]ly gradat$ :ite2 !n give ! sky a bold full blue1 br++ !m well out2 !n pa9t ! trunk & leaves gr&ly d>k aga9/ all1 b 9 su* gl[+ d>k gre5 & br[n z y see !y w be>4 ,aft]w>ds proce$ to m complicat$ /udies1 mat*+ ! colors c>efully fir/ by y\r old me?od2 !n deep5+ ea* color ) its own t9t1 & be+ c>eful1 above all ?+s1 to keep tru? ( equal *ange :5 ! colors are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 z 9 d>k & light sides ( ! same object4 ,mu* m aspect & s5se ( h>mony are ga9$ by ! precision ) :i* y obs]ve ! relation ( colors 9 d>k sides & light sides1 & ! influ5ce ( modify+ reflections1 ?an by m]e accuracy ( add$ dep? 9 indep5d5t colors4 #bci4 ,?is h>mony ( tone1 z x is g5]ally call$1 is ! mo/ important ( ^? :i* ! arti/ has to reg>d4 ,b !re are all k9ds ( h>monies 9 a picture1 accord+ to its mode ( production4 ,!re is ev5 a h>mony ( t\*4 ,if y pa9t "o "p ( x v rapidly & =cibly1 & ano!r "p sl[ly & delicately1 ea* division ( ! picture may be "r sep>ately1 b !y w n agree toge!r3 ! :ole w be effectless & valueless1 out ( h>mony4 ,simil>ly1 if y pa9t "o "p ( x by a yell[ light 9 a w>m day1 & ano!r by a gray light 9 a cold day1 ?\gh bo? may h be5 sunlight1 & bo? may be well ton$1 & h _! relative %ad[s truly ca/1 nei!r w look l light2 !y w de/roy ea* o!r's p[]1 by be+ out ( h>mony4 ,^! are only broad & def9able in/ances ( discordance2 b !re is an ext5t ( h>mony 9 all good "w mu* too subtle = def9ition2 dep5d+ on ! draughtsman's c>ry+ ev]y?+ he draws up to j ! balanc+ & h>moni\s po9t1 9 f9i%1 & color1 & dep? ( tone1 & int5sity ( moral feel+1 & /yle ( t\*1 all consid]$ at once2 & nev] all[+ himself to lean too emphatically on deta*$ p>ts1 or exalt "o ?+ at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 or feel acutely 9 "o place & coldly 9 ano!r4 ,if y h got "s ( ,cruik%ank's et*+s1 y w be able1 ,i ?9k1 to feel ! nature ( h>moni\s treatm5t 9 a simple k9d1 by comp>+ !m ) any ( ,ri*t]'s illu/rations to ! num]\s ,g]man /ory-books lately publi%$ at ,*ri/mas1 ) all ! ,g]man /ories spoil$4 ,cruik%ank's "w is (t5 incomplete 9 "* & poor 9 incid5t1 b1 z draw+1 x is p]fect 9 h>mony4 ,! pure & simple effects ( daylight :i* he gets by 8 ?or\gh ma/]y ( treatm5t 9 ?is respect1 are q unrival$1 z f> z ,i "k1 by any o!r "w execut$ ) s few t\*es4 ,8 vignettes to ,grimm's ,g]man /ories1 already recomm5d$1 are ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is quality4 ,ri*t]'s illu/rations1 on ! contr>y1 are ( a v high /amp z respects und]/&+ ( human "*1 ) inf9ite playfulness & t5d]ness ( fancy2 b1 z draw+s1 !y are almo/ un5durably out ( h>mony1 viol5t blacks 9 "o place be+ cont9ually oppos$ to tr5*ant :ite 9 ano!r2 &1 z is almo/ sure to be ! case ) bad h>moni/s1 ! local color h>dly felt any:]e4 ,all ,g]man "w is apt to be out ( h>mony1 9 consequ5ce ( its too frequ5t conditions ( affectation1 & its willful refusals ( fact2 z well z by reason ( a fev]i% k9d ( excitem5t1 :i* dwells viol5tly on p>ticul> po9ts1 & makes all ! l9es ( ?\ght 9 ! picture to /& on end1 z x 71 l a cat's fur electrifi$2 :ile good "w is always z quiet z a c\*ant leop>d1 & z /rong4 99 99 99 99 99 #bdj4 ,i h n[ /at$ to y all ! laws ( composition :i* occur to me z capable ( be+ illu/rat$ or def9$2 b !re are multitudes ( o!rs :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( my k1 ,i _c def9e1 & o!rs :i* ,i nev] hope to def9e2 & ^! ! mo/ important1 & connect$ ) ! deepe/ p[]s ( ! art4 ,i hope1 :5 ,i h ?\ght ( !m m1 to be able to expla9 "s ( ! laws :i* relate to nobl5ess & ignobl5ess2 t ignobl5ess especially :i* we commonly call vulg>ity & :i*1 9 its ess5ce1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s subjects ( inquiry connect$ ) human feel+4 ,o!rs ,i nev] hope to expla91 laws ( expression1 be>+ simply on simple matt]s2 b1 = t v reason1 m influ5tial ?an any o!rs4 ,^! are1 f ! fir/1 z inexplicable z our bodily s5sations are2 x be+ j z impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to %[1 f9ally1 :y "o succession ( musical notes#gc %all be l(ty & pa!tic1 & su* z might h be5 sung by ,casella to ,dante1 & :y ano!r succession is base & ridicul\s1 & w\ld be fit only = ! reasonably good e> ( ,bottom1 z to expla9 :y we l sweetness1 & dislike bitt]ness4 ,! be/ "p ( e great "w is always inexplicable3 x is good because x is good2 & innoc5tly graci\s1 op5+ z ! gre5 ( ! e>?1 or fall+ z ! dew ( heav54 #bda4 ,b ?\gh y _c expla9 !m1 y may always r5d] y\rself m & m s5sitive to ^! high] qualities by ! discipl9e :i* y g5]ally give to y\r "*1 & ?is especially ) reg>d to ! *oice ( incid5ts2 a k9d ( composition 9 "s sort easi] ?an ! arti/ical arrangem5ts ( l9es & colors1 b 9 e sort nobl]1 because address$ to deep] feel+s4 #bdb4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,datur ,hora ,quieti1 ! la/ vignette to ,rog]s's ,poems1 ! pl[ 9 ! =egr\nd has ?ree purposes4 ,! fir/ purpose is to meet ! /ream ( sunlight on ! riv]1 & make x bright] by opposition2 b any d>k object :atev] w\ld h done ?is4 ,its second purpose is1 by its two arms1 to repeat ! cad5ce ( ! gr\p ( ! two %ips1 & ?us give a great] expression ( repose2 b two sitt+ figures w\ld h done ?is4 ,its ?ird & *ief1 or pa!tic1 purpose is1 z x lies ab&on$ 9 ! furr[ 7! vessels also be+ moor$1 & hav+ _! sails d[n71 to be a type ( human labor clos$ ) ! close ( day4 ,! p>ts ( x on :i* ! h& leans are br\ght mo/ cle>ly into sight2 & !y are ! *ief d>k ( ! picture1 because ! tillage ( ! gr\nd is requir$ ( man z a puni%m5t3 b !y make ! s(t light ( ! sett+ sun bright]1 because re/ is sweete/ aft] toil4 ,^! ?\ghts may nev] occur to u z we glance c>elessly at ! design2 & yet _! "u curr5t assur$ly affects ! feel+s1 & increases1 z ! pa9t] meant x %\ld1 ! impression ( melan*oly1 & ( peace4 #bdc4 ,aga91 9 ! ,lanca/] ,s&s1 :i* is "o ( ! plates ,i h m>k$ z mo/ desirable = y\r possession3 ! /ream ( light :i* falls f ! sett+ sun on ! advanc+ tide /&s simil>ly 9 ne$ ( "s =ce ( ne> object to relieve its brightness4 ,b ! incid5t :i* ,turn] has "h adopt$ is ! swoop ( an angry sea-gull at a dog1 :o yelps at x1 draw+ back z ! wave rises ov] 8 feet1 & ! bird %rieks )9 a foot ( 8 face4 ,its unexpect$ boldness is a type ( ! ang] ( its ocean elem5t1 & w>ns u ( ! sea's advance j z surely z ! ab&on$ pl[ told u ( ! ceas$ labor ( ! day4 #bdd4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* 9 ! selection ( s+le incid5ts ( ?is k9d1 z 9 ! feel+ :i* regulates ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole subject1 t ! m9d ( a great compos] is kn[n4 ,a s+le incid5t may be sugge/$ by a felicit\s *ance1 z a pretty motto might be = ! head+ ( a *apt]4 ,b ! great compos]s s arrange all _! designs t "o incid5t illu/rates ano!r1 j z "o color relieves ano!r4 ,p]haps ! ,hey%am1 ( ! ,york%ire s]ies1 :i*1 z to its locality1 may be consid]$ a companion to ! la/ draw+ we h spok5 (1 ! ,lanca/] ,s&s1 pres5ts z int]e/+ an example z we c\ld f9d ( ,turn]'s feel+ 9 ?is respect4 ,! subject is a simple nor?-c\ntry village1 on ! %ore ( ,morecambe ,bay2 n 9 ! common s5se a picturesque village2 !re are no pretty b[-w9d[s1 or r$ ro(s1 or rocky /eps ( entrance to ! ru/ic doors1 or qua9t gables2 no?+ b a s+le /reet ( ?at*$ & *iefly clay-built cottages1 rang$ 9 a some:at monoton\s l9e1 ! ro(s s gre5 ) moss t at fir/ we h>dly disc]n ! h\ses f ! fields & trees4 ,! village /reet is clos$ at ! end by a wood5 gate1 indicat+ ! little traffic !re is on ! road ?r\gh x1 & giv+ x some?+ ! look ( a l>ge f>m/ead1 9 :i* a "r ( way lies ?r\gh ! y>d4 ,! road :i* leads to ?is gate is full ( ruts1 & w9ds d[n a bad bit ( hill betwe5 two brok5 banks ( moor gr\nd1 succe$+ imm$iately to ! few inclosures :i* surr\nd ! village2 !y c h>dly be call$ g>d5s3 b a decay$ fragm5t or two ( f5c+ fill ! gaps 9 ! bank2 a clo!s-l9e1 ) "s clo!s on x1 /rip$ blue & r$1 & a smock-frock1 is /ret*$ betwe5 ! trunks ( "s /unt$ will[s2 a v small hay/ack & pig-/y be+ se5 at ! back ( ! cottage beyond4 ,an empty1 two-:eel$1 lumb]+ c>t1 drawn by a pair ( horses ) huge wood5 coll>s1 ! driv] sitt+ lazily 9 ! sun1 sideways on ! lead]1 is go+ sl[ly home along ! r\gh road1 x be+ ab\t c\ntry d9n]-"t4 ,at ! end ( ! village !re is a bett] h\se1 ) ?ree *imneys & a dorm] w9d[ 9 its ro(1 & ! ro( is ( /one %+le in/ead ( ?at*1 b v r\gh4 ,?is h\se is no d\bt ! cl]gyman's3 !re is "s smoke f "o ( its *imneys1 none f any o!r 9 ! village2 ?is smoke is f ! l[e/ *imney at ! back1 evid5tly t ( ! kit*51 & x is r ?ick1 ! fire n hav+ be5 long light$4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds f ! cl]gyman's h\se1 ne>] ! %ore1 is ! *ur*1 disc]nible f ! cottages only by its l[ two-ar*$ belfry1 a little neat] ?an "o w\ld expect 9 su* a village2 p]haps lately built by ! ,puseyite incumb5t3#gd & beyond ! *ur*1 close to ! sea1 are two fragm5ts ( a bord] w>-t[]1 /&+ on _! circul> m\nd1 worn on its br[ deep into edges & furr[s by ! feet ( ! village *ildr54 ,on ! bank ( moor1 :i* =ms ! =egr\nd1 are a few c[s1 ! c>t]'s dog b>k+ at a vix5i% "o3 ! milkmaid is fe$+ ano!r1 a g5tle :ite "o1 :i* turns its head to h]1 expectant ( a h&ful ( fre% hay1 :i* %e has br\ght = x 9 h] blue apron1 fa/5$ up r\nd h] wai/2 %e /&s ) h] pail on h] head1 evid5tly ! village coquette1 = %e has a neat bodice1 & pretty /rip$ petticoat "u ! blue apron1 & r$ /ock+s4 ,ne>] u1 ! c[h]d1 b>e-foot$1 /&s on a piece ( ! lime/one rock 7= ! gr\nd is ?i/ly & n pleasurable to b>e feet72--:e!r boy or girl we are n sure3 x may be a boy1 ) a girl's worn-out bonnet on1 or a girl ) a pair ( ragg$ tr\s]s on2 probably ! fir/1 z ! old bonnet is evid5tly useful to keep ! sun out ( our eyes :5 we are look+ = /ray$ c[s among ! moorl& holl[s1 & helps u at pres5t to wat* 7hold+ ! bonnet's edge d[n7 ! qu>rel ( ! vix5i% c[ ) ! dog1 :i*1 lean+ on our long /ick1 we all[ to proce$ )\t any int]f]5ce4 ,a little to ! "r ! hay is be+ got 91 ( :i* ! milkmaid has j tak5 h] apronful to ! :ite c[2 b ! hay is v ?91 & _c well be rak$ up because ( ! rocks2 we mu/ glean x l corn1 h5ce ! smallness ( our /ack beh9d ! will[s2 & a woman is press+ a bundle ( x h>d toge!r1 kneel+ aga9/ ! rock's edge1 to c>ry x safely to ! hay-c>t )\t dropp+ any4 ,beyond ! village is a rocky hill1 deep set ) bru%wood1 a squ>e crag or two ( lime/one em]g+ "h & !re1 ) pleasant turf on _! br[s1 heav$ 9 russet & mossy m\nds aga9/ ! sky1 :i*1 cle> & calm1 & z gold5 z ! moss1 /ret*es d[n beh9d x t[>ds ! sea4 ,a s+le cottage j %[s its ro( ov] ! edge ( ! hill1 look+ seaw>ds3 p]haps "o ( ! village %eph]ds is a sea capta9 n[1 & may h built x !re1 t 8 "m may fir/ see ! sails ( 8 %ip :5ev] x runs into ! bay4 ,!n "u ! hill1 & beyond ! bord] t[]1 is ! blue sea itself1 ! waves fl[+ 9 ov] ! s& 9 long curv$ l9es sl[ly2 %ad[s ( cl\d1 & gleams ( %all[ wat] on :ite s& alt]nat+--miles away2 b no sail is visible1 n "o fi%]-boat on ! bea*1 n "o d>k speck on ! quiet horizon4 ,beyond all are ! ,cumb]l& m\nta9s1 cle> 9 ! sun1 ) rosy light on all _! crags4 #bde4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! read] _c b feel ! k9d ( h>mony !re is 9 ?is composition2 ! entire purpose ( ! pa9t] to give u ! impression ( wild1 yet g5tle1 c\ntry life1 monoton\s z ! succession ( ! noiseless waves1 pati5t & endur+ z ! rocks2 b peaceful1 & full ( heal? & quiet hope1 & sanctifi$ by ! pure m\nta9 air & baptismal dew ( heav51 fall+ s(tly betwe5 days ( toil & nights ( innoc5ce4 #bdf4 ,all noble composition ( ?is k9d c be rea*$ only by in/9ct2 y _c set y\rself to arrange su* a subject2 y may see x1 & seize x1 at all times1 b nev] labori\sly inv5t x4 ,& y\r p[] ( disc]n+ :at is be/ 9 expression1 among natural subjects1 dep5ds :olly on ! temp] 9 :i* y keep y\r own m9d2 above all1 on y\r liv+ s mu* alone z to all[ x to become acutely s5sitive 9 its own /illness4 ,! noisy life ( mod]n days is :olly incompatible ) any true p]ception ( natural beauty4 ,if y g d[n into ,cumb]l& by ! railroad1 live 9 "s frequ5t$ hotel1 & explore ! hills ) m]ry companions1 h[ev] mu* y may enjoy y\r t\r or _! conv]sation1 dep5d ^u x y w nev] *oose s mu* z "o pictorial subject rightly2 y w n see into ! dep? ( any4 ,b take knapsack & /ick1 walk t[>ds ! hills by %ort day's j\rneys1--t5 or twelve miles a day--tak+ a week f "s />t+-place sixty or sev5ty miles away3 sleep at ! pretty little wayside inns1 or ! r\gh village ones2 !n take ! hills z !y tempt y1 foll[+ gl5 or %ore z y\r eye glances or y\r he>t guides1 :olly scornful ( local fame or fa%ion1 & ( ev]y?+ :i* x is ! ord9>y travel]'s duty to see1 or pride to d4 ,nev] =ce y\rself to admire any?+ :5 y are n 9 ! humor2 b nev] =ce y\rself away f :at y feel to be lovely1 9 se>* ( any?+ bett]2 & gradually ! deep] sc5es ( ! natural _w w unfold !mselves to y 9 /ill increas+ fullness ( passionate p[]2 & y\r difficulty w be no m to seek or to compose subjects1 b only to *oose "o f among ! multitude ( melodi\s ?\ghts ) :i* y w be haunt$1 ?\ghts :i* w ( c\rse be noble or orig9al 9 proportion to y\r own dep? ( "* & g5]al p[] ( m9d2 = x is n s mu* by ! consid]ation y give to any s+le draw+1 z by ! previ\s discipl9e ( y\r p[]s ( ?\ght1 t ! "* ( y\r composition w be det]m9$4 ,simplicity ( life w make y s5sitive to ! ref9em5t & mode/y ( sc5]y1 j z inord9ate excitem5t & pomp ( daily life w make y enjoy co>se colors & affect$ =ms4 ,habits ( pati5t comp>ison & accurate judgm5t w make y\r art preci\s1 z !y w make y\r actions wise2 & e increase ( noble en?usiasm 9 y\r liv+ _s w be measur$ by ! reflection ( its light ^u ! works ( y\r h&s4--,fai?fully y\rs1 ,j4 ,,rusk94 ,,footnotes3 #da ,i give ,rossetti ?is pre-em95ce1 because1 ?\gh ! lead+ ,pre-,raphaelites h all ab\t equal p[] ov] color 9 ! ab/ract1 ,rossetti & ,holman ,hunt are di/+ui%$ above ! re/ = r5d]+ color "u effects ( light2 & ( ^! two1 ,rossetti composes ) ri*] fancy1 & ) a deep] s5se ( beauty1 ,hunt's /]n realism lead+ him cont9ually into h>%ness4 ,rossetti's c>elessness1 to d him ju/ice1 is only 9 wat]-color1 nev] 9 oil4 #db ,all ! degradation ( art :i* 0 br\ght ab\t1 aft] ! rise ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 by asphaltum1 yell[ v>ni%1 & br[n trees w\ld h be5 prev5t$1 if only pa9t]s _h be5 =c$ to "w 9 dead color4 ,any color w d = "s p1 if x is br[n$ & %9+2 b fallacy 9 dead color is detect$ on ! in/ant4 ,i ev5 believe t :5ev] a pa9t] beg9s to wi% t he c\ld t\* any portion ( 8 "w ) gum1 he is go+ wrong4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ?is matt]1 c>efully to di/+ui% betwe5 transluc5cy & lu/]4 ,transluc5cy1 ?\gh1 z ,i h said above1 a dang]\s temptation1 is1 9 its place1 beautiful2 b lu/] or %99ess is always1 9 pa9t+1 a defect4 ,nay1 "o ( my be/ pa9t]-fri5ds 7! be/ be+ und]/ood to atta* to bo? divisions ( t awkw>d comp\nd ^w17 tri$ ! o!r day to p]suade me t lu/] 0 an ignobl5ess 9 any?+2 & x 0 only ! fe> ( treason to ladies' eyes1 & to m\nta9 /reams1 & to morn+ dew1 :i* kept me f yield+ ! po9t to him4 ,"o is apt always to g5]alize too quickly 9 su* matt]s2 b !re c be no "q t lu/] is de/ructive ( lovel9ess 9 color1 z x is ( intelligibility 9 =m4 ,:atev] may be ! pride ( a "y beauty 9 ! k t h] eyes %9e 7?\gh p]haps ev5 eyes are mo/ beautiful 9 dimness71 %e w\ld be sorry if h] *eeks did2 & :i* ( u w\ld wi% to poli% a rose8 #dc ,b n %9y or greasy4 ,bri/ol bo>d1 or hot-press$ imp]ial1 or gray pap] t feels slightly adhesive to ! h&1 is be/4 ,co>se1 gritty1 & s&y pap]s are fit only = blott]s & blund]]s2 no good draughtsman w\ld lay a l9e on !m4 ,turn] work$ mu* on a ?9 t\gh pap]1 dead 9 surface2 roll+ up 8 sket*es 9 tight bundles t w\ld g deep into 8 pockets4 #dd ,i insi/ ^u ?is unalt]ability ( color ! m because ,i address y z a beg9n]1 or an amateur3 a great arti/ c sometimes get out ( a difficulty ) cr$it1 or rep5t )\t confession4 ,yet ev5 ,titian's alt]ations usually %[ z /a9s on 8 "w4 #de ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a piece ( affectation to try to "w ) few colors3 x saves "t to h en\gh t9ts prep>$ )\t mix+1 & y may at once all[ y\rself ^! tw5ty-f\r4 ,if y arrange !m 9 y\r color-box 9 ! ord] ,i h set !m d[n1 y w always easily put y\r f+] on ! "o y want4 ,cobalt ,smalt ,antw]b blue ,prussian blue ,black ,gamboge ,em]ald gre5 ,hook]'s gre5 ,lemon yell[ ,cadmium yell[ ,yell[ o*] ,roman o*] ,raw si5na ,burnt si5na ,light r$ ,indian r$ ,m>s orange ,extract ( v]milion ,c>m9e ,violet c>m9e ,br[n madd] ,burnt umb] ,v&yke br[n ,sepia ,antw]p blue & ,prussian blue are n v p]man5t colors1 b y ne$ n c>e mu* ab\t p]man5ce 9 y\r "w z yet1 & !y are bo? beautiful2 :ile ,indigo is m>k$ by ,field z m fugitive /ill1 & is v ugly4 ,hook]'s gre5 is a mix$ color1 put 9 ! box m]ely to save y loss ( "t 9 mix+ gamboge & ,prussian blue4 ,no4 #a is ! be/ t9t ( x4 ,violet c>m9e is a noble color = lay+ brok5 %ad[s )1 to be work$ into aft]w>ds ) o!r colors4 ,if y wi% to take up color+ s]i\sly y _h bett] get ,field's ,*romatography at once2 only d n att5d to any?+ x says ab\t pr9ciples or h>monies ( color2 b only to its /atem5ts ( practical s]viceabl5ess 9 pigm5ts1 & ( _! op]ations on ea* o!r :5 mix$1 etc4 #df ,a m me?odical1 ?\gh "u g5]al circum/ances uselessly prolix way1 is to cut a squ>e hole1 "s half an in* wide1 9 ! %eet ( c>dbo>d1 & a s]ies ( small circul> holes 9 a slip ( c>dbo>d an in* wide4 ,pass ! slip ov] ! squ>e op5+1 & mat* ea* color beside "o ( ! circul> op5+s4 ,y w ?us h no occasion to wa% any ( ! colors away4 ,b ! fir/ r\gh me?od is g5]ally all y want1 z1 aft] a little practice1 y only ne$ to look at ! hue ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ord] to be able to transf] x to y\r draw+ at once4 #dg ,if colors 7 tw5ty times z co/ly z !y are1 we %\ld h _m m good pa9t]s4 ,if ,i 7 ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] ,i w\ld lay a tax ( tw5ty %ill+s a cake on all colors except black1 ,prussian blue1 ,v&yke br[n1 & ,*9ese :ite1 :i* ,i w\ld leave = /ud5ts4 ,i don't say ?is je/+ly2 ,i believe su* a tax w\ld d m to advance real art ?an a great _m s*ools ( design4 #dh ,i say mod]n1 because ,titian's quiet way ( bl5d+ colors1 :i* is ! p]fectly "r "o1 is n und]/ood n[ by any arti/4 ,! be/ color we rea* is got by /ippl+2 b ?is is n q "r4 #di ,see ,note #f 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #ej ,! wor/ g5]al "* t color c possibly h is a preval5t t5d5cy to a dirty yell[i% gre51 l t ( a decay+ heap ( vegetables2 ?is color is accurately indicative ( decl9e or p>alysis 9 missal-pa9t+4 #ea ,t is to say1 local color inh]5t 9 ! object4 ,! gradations ( color 9 ! v>i\s %ad[s belong+ to v>i\s lights exhibit =m1 & !re=e no "o b a colori/ c ev] draw =ms p]fectly 7see ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iv4 *ap4 iii4 at ! end72 b all notions ( expla9+ =m by sup]impos$ color1 z 9 ar*itectural mold+s1 are absurd4 ,color adorns =m1 b does n int]pret x4 ,an apple is pretti] because x is /rip$1 b x does n look a bit r\nd]2 & a *eek is pretti] because x is flu%$1 b y w\ld see ! =m ( ! *eek bone bett] if x 7 n4 ,color may1 inde$1 deta* "o %ape f ano!r1 z 9 gr\nd+ a bas-relief1 b x always dim9i%es ! appe>ance ( projection1 & :e!r y put blue1 purple1 r$1 yell[1 or gre51 = y\r gr\nd1 ! bas-relief w be j z cle>ly or j z imp]fectly reliev$1 z long z ! colors are ( equal dep?4 ,! blue gr\nd w n retire ! hundr$? "p ( an in* m ?an ! r$ "o4 #eb ,see1 h[ev]1 at ! close ( ?is lett]1 ! notice ( "o m po9t connect$ ) ! managem5t ( color1 "u ! head ,law ( ,h>mony4 #ec ,see f>!r1 on ?is subject1 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iv4 *ap4 viii4 #f4 #ed ,see ,note #g 9 ,app5dix ,i4 #ee ,9 g5]al1 ?r\gh\t ,nature1 reflection & repetition are peaceful ?+s1 associat$ ) ! idea ( quiet succession 9 ev5ts2 t "o day %\ld be l ano!r day1 or "o hi/ory ! repetition ( ano!r hi/ory1 be+ m or less results ( quietness1 :ile dissimil>ity & non-succession are results ( int]f]5ce & disquietude4 ,?us1 ?\gh an e*o actually increases ! quantity ( s\nd he>d1 its repetition ( ! note or syllable gives an idea ( calmness atta9able 9 no o!r way2 h5ce also ! feel+ ( calm giv5 to a l&scape by ! voice ( a cuckoo4 #ef ,?is is obscure 9 ! rude wood-cut1 ! ma/s be+ s delicate t !y are confus$ among ! l9es ( reflection4 ,9 ! orig9al !y h orange light ^u !m1 reliev$ aga9/ purple beh9d4 #eg ,! co/ ( art 9 gett+ a bridge level is always lo/1 = y mu/ get up to ! height ( ! c5tral ar* at any rate1 & y only c make ! :ole bridge level by putt+ ! hill f>!r back1 & pret5d+ to h got rid ( x :5 y h n1 b h only wa/$ money 9 build+ an unnecess>y embankm5t4 ,( c\rse1 ! bridge %\ld n be difficultly or dang]\sly /eep1 b ! necess>y slope1 :atev] x may be1 %\ld be 9 ! bridge itself1 z f> z ! bridge c take x1 & n pu%$ aside into ! approa*1 z 9 our ,wat]loo road2 ! only rational excuse = do+ :i* is t :5 ! slope mu/ be long x is inconv5i5t to put on a drag at ! top ( ! bridge1 & t any re/iv5ess ( ! horse is m dang]\s on ! bridge ?an on ! embankm5t4 ,to ?is ,i answ]3 fir/1 x is n m dang]\s 9 reality1 ?\gh x looks s1 = ! bridge is always gu>d$ by an effective p>apet1 b ! embankm5t is sure to h no p>apet1 or only a useless rail2 & secondly1 t x is bett] to h ! slope on ! bridge & make ! roadway wide 9 proportion1 s z to be q safe1 because a little wa/e ( space on ! riv] is no loss1 b y\r wide embankm5t at ! side loses good gr\nd2 & s my picturesque bridges are "r z well z beautiful1 & ,i hope to see !m built aga9 "s day in/ead ( ! frightful /raight-back$ ?+s :i* we fancy are f9e1 & accept f ! pontifical rigidities ( ! eng9e]+ m9d4 #eh ,i _c wa/e space "h by repr9t+ :at ,i h said 9 o!r books2 b ! read] ought1 if possible1 to ref] to ! notices ( ?is "p ( our subject 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iv4 *ap xvii42 & ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 vol4 iii4 *ap4 i4 #h4 #ei ,if y happ5 to be read+ at ?is "p ( ! book1 )\t hav+ gone ?r\gh any previ\s practice1 turn back to ! sket* ( ! ramification ( /one p9e1 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #ag1 & exam9e ! curves ( its b\ghs "o by "o1 try+ !m by ! conditions "h /at$ "u ! heads ,a & ,b4 #fj ,! read]1 ,i hope1 obs]ves always t e l9e 9 ^! figures is itself "o ( v>y+ curvature1 & _c be drawn by compasses4 #fa ,i hope ! read] und]/&s t ^! wood-cuts are m]ely facsimiles ( ! sket*es ,i make at ! side ( my pap] to illu/rate my mean+ z ,i write--(t5 sadly scrawl$ if ,i want to get on to some?+ else4 ,?is "o is really a little too c>eless2 b x w\ld take m "t & tr\ble to make a prop] draw+ ( s odd a boat ?an ! matt] is wor?4 ,x w answ] ! purpose well en\gh z x is4 #fb ,imp]fect vegetable =m ,i consid] t :i* is 9 its nature dep5d5t1 z 9 runn]s & climb]s2 or :i* is susceptible ( cont9ual injury )\t mat]ially los+ ! p[] ( giv+ pleasure by its aspect1 z 9 ! case ( ! small] grasses4 ,i h n1 ( c\rse1 space "h to expla9 ^! m9or di/9ctions1 b ! laws above /at$ apply to all ! m important trees & %rubs likely to be famili> to ! /ud5t4 #fc ,!re is a v t5d] lesson ( ?is k9d 9 ! %ad[s ( leaves ^u ! gr\nd2 %ad[s :i* are ! mo/ likely ( all to attract att5tion1 by _! pretty play & *ange4 ,if y exam9e !m1 y w f9d t ! %ad[s d n take ! =ms ( ! leaves1 b t1 ?r\gh ea* int]/ice1 ! light falls1 at a little di/ance1 9 ! =m ( a r\nd or oval spot2 t is to say1 x produces ! image ( ! sun itself1 ca/ ei!r v]tically or obliquely1 9 circle or ellipse accord+ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,( c\rse ! sun's rays produce ! same effect1 :5 !y fall ?r\gh any small ap]ture3 b ! op5+s betwe5 leaves are ! only ones likely to %[ x to an ord9>y obs]v]1 or to attract 8 att5tion to x by its frequ5cy1 & lead him to ?9k :at ?is type may signify respect+ ! great] ,sun2 & h[ x may %[ u t1 ev5 :5 ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! e>? receives light is too small to let u see ! ,sun ,himself1 ! ray ( light t ent]s1 if x comes /raight f ,him1 w /ill be> ) x ,8 image4 #fd ,9 ! small] figure 7#cb71 x w be se5 t ?is int]ruption is caus$ by a c>t com+ d[n to ! wat]'s edge2 & ?is object is s]viceable z beg9n+ ano!r sy/em ( curves lead+ out ( ! picture on ! "r1 b s obscurely drawn z n to be easily repres5t$ 9 outl9e4 ,z x is unnecess>y to ! explanation ( our po9t "h1 x has be5 omitt$ 9 ! l>g] diagram1 ! direction ( ! curve x beg9s be+ indicat$ by ! da%es only4 #fe ,bo? 9 ! ,sket*es 9 ,fl&]s & ,g]many4 #ff ,if y happ5 to meet ) ! plate ( ,dr]'s repres5t+ a coat-(-arms ) a skull 9 ! %ield1 note ! value giv5 to ! concave curves & %>p po9t ( ! helmet by ! convex leafage c>ri$ r\nd x 9 front2 & ! use ( ! blank :ite "p ( ! %ield 9 oppos+ ! ri* folds ( ! dress4 #fg ,turn] h>dly ev]1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 all[s a /rong light to oppose a full d>k1 )\t "s int]v5+ t9t4 ,8 suns nev] set beh9d d>k m\nta9s )\t a film ( cl\d above ! m\nta9's edge4 #fh ,a prud5t *ief n always mu/ display ,8 p[]s 9 equal ranks & fair array1 ,b ) ! occasion & ! place comply1 ,conceal 8 =ce2 nay1 seem sometimes to fly4 ,^? (t are /ratagems :i* errors seem1 ,nor is x ,hom] nods1 b we t dream4 ,essay on ,criticism4 #fi ,i am describ+ f an ,,ms41 circa #acjj1 ( ,gregory's ,decretalia1 9 my own possession4 #gj ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful compositions ( ,t9toret 9 ,v5ice1 is little m ?an a field ( subdu$ crimson1 spott$ ) flakes ( scatt]$ gold4 ,! upp] cl\ds 9 ! mo/ beautiful skies owe great "p ( _! p[] to inf9itude ( divisions2 ord] be+ m>k$ ?r\gh ?is division4 #ga ,i fully believe t ! /range gray gloom1 accompani$ by consid]able p[] ( effect1 :i* prevails 9 mod]n ,fr5* art1 mu/ be ow+ to ! use ( ?is mis*iev\s in/rum5t2 ! ,fr5* l&scape always gives me ! idea ( ,nature se5 c>elessly 9 ! d>k mirror1 & pa9t$ co>sely1 b sci5tifically1 ?r\gh ! veil ( its p]v]sion4 #gb ,v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ?is subject are ent]$ into1 especially 9 _! be>+ on ! ideal ( pa9t+1 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iv4 *ap4 iii4 #gc ,9 all ! be/ arrangem5ts ( color1 ! delight occasion$ by _! mode ( succession is entirely inexplicable1 nor c x be reason$ ab\t2 we l x j z we l an air 9 music1 b _c reason any refractory p]son into lik+ x1 if !y d n3 & yet !re is di/9ctly a "r & a wrong 9 x1 & a good ta/e & bad ta/e respect+ x1 z also 9 music4 #gd ,puseyism 0 unkn[n 9 ! days :5 ?is draw+ 0 made2 b ! k9dly & helpful influ5ces ( :at may be call$ ecclesia/ical s5tim5t1 :i*1 9 a morbidly exagg]at$ condition1 =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ,puseyism1--,i use ?is ^w regretfully1 no o!r exi/+ :i* w s]ve = x1--_h be5 kn[n & felt 9 our wild nor!rn di/ricts long be=e4 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,illu/rative ,,notes4 ,,note #a1 p4 #db4--,pr9ciple ( ! /]eoscope4 #bdg4 ,i am sorry to f9d a notion curr5t among arti/s1 t !y c1 9 "s degree1 imitate 9 a picture ! effect ( ! /]eoscope1 by confusion ( l9es4 ,!re are inde$ "o or two artifices by :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 an appe>ance ( retirem5t or projection may be obta9$1 s t !y p>tly supply ! place ( ! /]eoscopic effect1 b !y d n imitate t effect4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! human sight is simply ?is3--by means ( our two eyes we lit]ally see ev]y?+ f two places at once2 &1 by calculat$ comb9ation1 9 ! bra91 ( ! facts ( =m s se51 we arrive at conclusions respect+ ! di/ance & %ape ( ! object1 :i* we c\ld n o!rwise h rea*$4 ,b x is j z va9 to hope to pa9t at once ! two views ( ! object z se5 f ^! two places1 ?\gh only an in* & a half di/ant f ea* o!r1 z x w\ld be if !y 7 a mile & a half di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,) ! "r eye y see "o view ( a giv5 object1 reliev$ aga9/ "o "p ( ! di/ance2 ) ! left eye y see ano!r view ( x1 reliev$ aga9/ ano!r "p ( ! di/ance4 ,y may pa9t :i*ev] ( ^? views y please2 y _c pa9t bo?4 ,hold y\r f+] upright1 betwe5 y & ?is page ( ! book1 ab\t six in*es f y\r eyes1 & ?ree f ! book2 %ut ! "r eye1 & hide ! words in*es f1 9 ! second l9e above ?is1 ) y\r f+]2 y w !n see six on "o side ( x1 & y\r1 on ! o!r4 ,n[ %ut ! left eye & op5 ! "r )\t mov+ y\r f+]1 & y w see in*es1 b n six4 ,y may pa9t ! f+] ) in*es beyond x1 or ) six beyond x1 b n ) bo?4 ,& ?is pr9ciple holds = any object & any di/ance4 ,y might j z well try to pa9t ,/4 ,paul's at once f bo? ends ( ,london ,bridge z to realize any /]eoscopic effect 9 a picture4 ,,note #b1 p4 #ei4--;,d>k l9es turn$ to ! light4 #bdh4 ,x ought to h be5 f>!r obs]v$1 t ! inclosure ( ! light by future %ad[ is by no means ! only reason = ! d>k l9es :i* great ma/]s (t5 ?us introduce4 ,x con/antly happ5s t a local color w %[ its own d>kness mo/ on ! light side1 by project+ into & aga9/ masses ( light 9 t direction2 & !n ! pa9t] w indicate ?is future =ce ( ! mass by 8 d>k t\*4 ,bo? ! monk's head 9 ,fig4 #aa & dog 9 ,fig4 #bj are d>k t[>ds ! light = ?is reason4 ,,note #c1 p4 #ih4--,s(tness ( reflections4 #bdi4 ,i h n q insi/$ en\gh on ! extreme c>e :i* is necess>y 9 giv+ ! t5d] evanesc5ce ( ! edges ( ! reflections1 :5 ! wat] is 9 ! lea/ agitat$2 nor on ! decision ) :i* y may rev]se ! object1 :5 ! wat] is q calm4 ,mo/ draw+ ( reflections is at once confus$ & h>d2 b ,nature's is at once intelligible & t5d]4 ,g5]ally1 at ! edge ( ! wat]1 y ought n to see :]e reality ceases & reflection beg9s2 z ! image loses itself y ought to keep all its subtle & v>i$ v]acities1 ) ! mo/ exquisite s(t5+ ( its edge4 ,practice z mu* z y c f ! reflections ( %ips 9 calm wat]1 foll[+ out all ! rev]s$ rigg+1 & tak+1 if any?+1 m pa9s ) ! reflection ?an ) ! %ip4 ,,note #d1 p4 #ajj4--,:]e ! reflection is d>ke/1 y w see ?r\gh ! wat] be/4 #bej4 ,= ?is reason x (t5 happ5s t if ! wat] be %all[1 & y are look+ /eeply d[n into x1 ! reflection ( objects on ! bank w consi/ simply ( pieces ( ! bottom se5 cle>ly ?r\gh ! wat]1 & reliev$ by fla%es ( light1 :i* are ! reflection ( ! sky4 ,?us y may h to draw ! reflect$ d>k %ape ( a bu%3 b1 inside ( t %ape1 y mu/ n draw ! leaves ( ! bu%1 b ! /ones "u ! wat]2 &1 outside ( ?is d>k reflection1 ! blue or :ite ( ! sky1 ) no /ones visible4 ,,note #e1 p4 #aja4--;,approa* /reams ) rev]5ce4 #bea4 ,i h h>dly said any?+ ab\t waves ( torr5ts or wat]falls1 z ,i d n consid] !m subjects = beg9n]s to practice ^u2 b1 z _m ( our y\ng] arti/s are almo/ break+ _! he>ts ov] !m1 x may be well to /ate at once t x is physically impossible to draw a runn+ torr5t q rightly1 ! lu/] ( its curr5ts & :it5ess ( its foam be+ dep5d5t on int5sities ( light :i* art has n at its comm&4 ,?is also is to be obs]v$1 t mo/ "y pa9t]s make _! defeat c]ta9 by attempt+ to draw runn+ wat]1 :i* is a lu/r\s object 9 rapid motion1 )\t ev] try+ _! /r5g? on a lu/r\s object /&+ /ill4 ,let !m break a co>se gre5-glass bottle into a great _m bits1 & try to pa9t ^?1 ) all _! undulations & edges ( fracture1 z !y lie /ill on ! table2 if !y _c1 ( c\rse !y ne$ n try ! ru%+ cry/al & foam+ fracture ( ! /ream4 ,if !y c manage ! glass bottle1 let !m next buy a fragm5t or two ( yell[ fire-opal2 x is q a common & *eap m9]al1 & pres5ts1 z closely z any?+ c1 ! milky bloom & color ( a torr5t wave3 & if !y c conqu] ! opal1 !y may at la/ h "s *ance ) ! /ream1 z f> z ! /ream is 9 any wise possible4 ,b1 z ,i h j said1 ! bright p>ts ( x are n possible1 & ought1 z mu* z may be1 to be avoid$ 9 *oos+ subjects4 ,a great deal m may1 h[ev]1 be done ?an any arti/ has done yet1 9 pa9t+ ! gradual disappe>ance & lovely color+ ( /ones se5 ?r\gh cle> & calm wat]4 ,/ud5ts liv+ 9 t[ns may make great progress 9 rock-draw+ by frequ5tly & fai?fully draw+ brok5 edges ( common ro(+ slates1 ( _! real size4 ,,note #f1 p4 #abe4--,nature's economy ( color4 #beb4 ,i he>d x wisely object$ to ?is /atem5t1 ! o!r day1 by a "y lady1 t x 0 n ?r\gh economy t ,nature did n color deep d[n 9 ! fl[] bells1 b because %e _h n light en\gh !re to see to pa9t )4 ,?is may be true2 b x is c]ta9ly n = want ( light t1 :5 %e is lay+ ! d>k spots on a foxglove1 %e w n use any m purple ?an %e has got already on ! bell1 b takes out ! color all r\nd ! spot1 & conc5trates x 9 ! middle4 ,,note #g1 p4 #ach4--,! law ( repetition4 #bec4 ,! read] may p]haps recollect a v beautiful picture ( ,v&yck's 9 ! ,man*e/] ,exhibition1 repres5t+ ?ree *ildr5 9 c\rt dresses ( ri* black & r$4 ,! law 9 "q 0 amus+ly illu/rat$1 9 ! l[] corn] ( t picture1 by ! introduction ( two cr[s1 9 a simil> color ( c\rt dress1 hav+ jet black fea!rs & bright r$ beaks4 #bed4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t !re are two s]ies ( engrav+s f ! ,bible draw+s m5tion$ 9 ! li/ at p4 #ej4 ,"o ( ^! is inf]ior to ! o!r1 & 9 _m respects false to ! draw+2 ! ,j]i*o1 = in/ance1 9 ! false s]ies1 has common bu%es in/ead ( palm trees 9 ! middle di/ance4 ,! orig9al plates may be _h at almo/ any respectable pr9tsell]'s2 & ord9>y impressions1 :e!r ( ^! or any o!r plates m5tion$ 9 ! li/ at p4 #ej1 w be q z useful z pro(s3 b1 9 buy+ ,lib] ,/udiorum1 x is always well to get ! be/ impressions t c be _h1 & if possible impressions ( ! orig9al plates1 publi%$ by ,turn]4 ,9 case ^! are n to be _h1 ! copies :i* are 9 c\rse ( publication by ,mr4 ,lupton 7#d ,keppel ,/reet1 ,russell ,squ>e7 are good & s]viceable2 b no o!rs are ( any use4--,note ( #aheg4 ,i h plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,w>d 7,work+ ,m5's ,college7 "s photographs f ! et*+s made by ,turn] = ! ,lib]2 ! orig9al et*+s be+ n[ unobta9able1 except by =tunate accid5t4 ,i h select$ ! subjects c>efully f my own collection ( ! et*+s2 & ?\gh "s ( ! m subtle qualities ( l9e are lo/ 9 ! photographs1 ! /ud5t w f9d ^! pro(s ! be/ lessons 9 p5-draw+ accessible to him4--,note ( #ahei ,,ii4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,be ,,/udi$4 #bee4 ,! wor/ dang] by f>1 to :i* a solit>y /ud5t is expos$1 is t ( lik+ ?+s t he %\ld n4 ,x is n s mu* 8 difficulties1 z 8 ta/es1 :i* he mu/ set himself to conqu]3 & al?\gh1 "u ! guidance ( a ma/]1 _m works ( art may be made in/ructive1 :i* are only ( p>tial excell5ce 7! good & bad ( !m be+ duly di/+ui%$71 8 safegu>d1 z long z he /udies alone1 w be 9 all[+ himself to possess only ?+s1 9 _! way1 s free f faults1 t no?+ he copies 9 !m c s]i\sly mislead him1 & to contemplate only ^? works ( art :i* he kn[s to be ei!r p]fect or noble 9 _! errors4 ,i w !re=e set d[n1 9 cle> ord]1 ! names ( ! ma/]s :om y may safely admire1 & a few ( ! books :i* y may safely possess4 ,9 ^! days ( *eap illu/ration1 ! dang] is always r ( y\r possess+ too mu* ?an too little4 ,x may admit ( "s "q1 h[ f> ! look+ at bad art may set (f & illu/rate ! *>act]s ( ! good2 b1 on ! :ole1 ,i believe x is be/ to live always on q :olesome food1 & t our enjoym5t ( x w nev] be made m acute by fe$+ on a%es2 ?\gh x may be well sometimes to ta/e ! a%es1 9 ord] to "k ! bitt]ness ( !m4 ,( c\rse ! works ( ! great ma/]s c only be s]viceable to ! /ud5t aft] he has made consid]able progress himself4 ,x only wa/es ! "t & dulls ! feel+s ( "y p]sons1 to drag !m ?r\gh picture gall]ies2 at lea/1 unless !y !mselves wi% to look at p>ticul> pictures4 ,g5]ally1 "y p only c>e to ent] a picture gall]y :5 !re is a *ance ( gett+ leave to run a race to ! o!r end ( x2 & !y _h bett] d t 9 ! g>d5 bel[4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y h any real enjoym5t ( pictures1 & want to look at ?is "o or t1 ! pr9cipal po9t is nev] to di/urb !m 9 look+ at :at int]e/s !m1 & nev] to make !m look at :at does n4 ,no?+ is ( ! lea/ use to "y p 7nor1 by ! way1 ( mu* use to old ones71 b :at int]e/s !m2 & !re=e1 ?\gh x is ( great importance to put no?+ b good art into _! possession1 yet1 :5 !y are pass+ ?r\gh great h\ses or gall]ies1 !y %\ld be all[$ to look precisely at :at pleases !m3 if x is n useful to !m z art1 x w be 9 "s o!r way2 & ! heal?ie/ way 9 :i* art c int]e/ !m is :5 !y look at x1 n z art1 b because x repres5ts some?+ !y l 9 ,nature4 ,if a boy has _h 8 he>t fill$ by ! life ( "s great man1 & goes up ?ir/ily to a ,v&yck portrait ( him1 to see :at he 0 l1 t is ! :olesome/ way 9 :i* he c beg9 ! /udy ( portraiture2 if he loves m\nta9s1 & dwells on a ,turn] draw+ because he sees 9 x a lik5ess to a ,york%ire sc> or an ,alp9e pass1 t is ! :olesome/ way 9 :i* he c beg9 ! /udy ( l&scape2 & if a girl's m9d is fill$ ) dreams ( angels & sa9ts1 & %e pauses be=e an ,angelico because %e ?9ks x mu/ surely be l heav51 t is ! "r way = h] to beg9 ! /udy ( religi\s art4 #bef4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t has made "s def9ite progress1 & e picture becomes really a guide to him1 false or true1 9 8 own "w1 x is ( great importance t he %\ld nev] look1 ) ev5 p>tial admiration1 at bad art2 & !n1 if ! read] is will+ to tru/ me 9 ! matt]1 ! foll[+ advice w be useful to him4 ,9 :i*1 ) 8 p]mission1 ,i w quit ! indirect & return to ! epi/ol>y address1 z be+ ! m conv5i5t4 ,fir/1 9 ,gall]ies ( ,pictures3 #a4 ,y may look1 ) tru/ 9 _! be+ always "r1 at ,titian1 ,v]onese1 ,t9toret1 ,giorgione1 ,john ,bell9i1 & ,velasquez2 ! au!nticity ( ! picture be+ ( c\rse e/abli%$ = y by prop] au?ority4 #b4 ,y may look ) admiration1 admitt+1 h[ev]1 "q ( "r & wrong1#ge at ,van ,eyck1 ,holbe91 ,p]ug9o1 ,francia1 ,angelico1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,correggio1 ,v&yck1 ,rembr&t1 ,reynolds1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,turn]1 & ! mod]n ,pre-,raphaelites4#gf ,y _h bett] look at no o!r pa9t]s ?an ^!1 = y run a *ance1 o!rwise1 ( be+ l$ f> (f ! road1 or into griev\s faults1 by "s ( ! o!r great ones1 z ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 & ,rub5s2 & ( be+1 besides1 corrupt$ 9 ta/e by ! base ones1 z ,murillo1 ,salvator1 ,claude1 ,gasp> ,p\ss91 ,t5i]s1 & su* o!rs4 ,y may look1 h[ev]1 = examples ( evil1 ) safe univ]sality ( reprobation1 be+ sure t ev]y?+ y see is bad1 at ,dom5i*9o1 ! ,c>racci1 ,bronz9o1 & ! figure pieces ( ,salvator4 ,among ^? nam$ = /udy "u "q1 y _c look too mu* at1 nor gr[ too en?usia/ically fond (1 ,angelico1 ,correggio1 ,reynolds1 ,turn]1 & ! ,pre-,raphaelites2 b1 if y f9d y\rself gett+ especially fond ( any ( ! o!rs1 leave (f look+ at !m1 = y mu/ be go+ wrong "s way or o!r4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y beg9 to l ,rembr&t or ,leon>do especially1 y are los+ y\r feel+ = color2 if y l ,van ,eyck or ,p]ug9o especially1 y mu/ be gett+ too fond ( rigid detail2 & if y l ,v&yck or ,ga9sbor\gh especially1 y mu/ be too mu* attract$ by g5tlemanly flims9ess4 #beg4 ,secondly1 ( publi%$1 or o!rwise multipli$1 art1 su* z y may be able to get y\rself1 or to see at private h\ses or 9 %ops1 ! works ( ! foll[+ ma/]s are ! mo/ desirable1 aft] ! ,turn]s1 ,rembr&ts1 & ,dr]s1 :i* ,i h ask$ y to get fir/3 #a4 ,samuel ,pr\t4#gg ,all 8 publi%$ li?ographic sket*es are ( ! greate/ value1 :olly unrival$ 9 p[] ( composition1 & 9 love & feel+ ( ar*itectural subject4 ,8 some:at mann]$ l9e> execution1 ?\gh n to be imitat$ 9 y\r own sket*es f ,nature1 may be occasionally copi$1 = discipl9e's sake1 ) great advantage3 x w give y a peculi> /ead9ess ( h&1 n quickly atta9able 9 any o!r way2 & !re is no fe> ( y\r gett+ into any faultful mann]ism z long z y c>ry out ! diff]5t modes ( m delicate /udy above recomm5d$4 ,if y are int]e/$ 9 ar*itecture1 & wi% to make x y\r *ief /udy1 y %\ld draw mu* f photographs ( x2 & !n f ! ar*itecture itself1 ) ! same completion ( detail & gradation1 only keep+ ! %ad[s ( due pal5ess1--9 photographs !y are always ab\t f\r times z d>k z !y ought to be1--& treat build+s ) z mu* c>e & love z arti/s d _! rock =egr\nds1 draw+ all ! moss1 & we$s1 & /a9s ^u !m4 ,b if1 )\t c>+ to und]/& ar*itecture1 y m]ely want ! picturesque "* ( x1 & to be able to sket* x fa/1 y _c d bett] ?an take ,pr\t = y\r exclusive ma/]2 only d n ?9k t y are copy+ ,pr\t by draw+ /raight l9es ) dots at ! end ( !m4 ,get fir/ 8 ,rh9e1 & draw ! subjects t h mo/ hills1 & lea/ ar*itecture 9 !m1 ) *alk on smoo? pap]1 till y c lay on 8 broad flat t9ts1 & get 8 gradations ( light1 :i* are v wond]ful2 !n take up ! ar*itectural subjects 9 ! ,rh9e1 & draw aga9 & aga9 ! gr\ps ( figures1 etc41 9 8 ,microcosm1 & ,lessons on ,light & ,%ad[4 ,aft] t1 proce$ to copy ! gr& subjects 9 ! ,sket*es 9 ,fl&]s & ,g]many2 or 9 ,switz]l& & ,italy1 if y _c get ! ,fl&]s2 b ! ,switz]l& is v f> inf]ior4 ,!n "w f ,nature1 n try+ to ,pr\tize ,nature1 by break+ smoo? build+s into r\gh ones1 b only draw+ :at y see1 ) ,pr\t's simple me?od & firm l9es4 ,don't copy 8 color$ works4 ,!y are good1 b n at all equal to 8 *alk & p5cil draw+s2 & y w become a m]e imitator1 & a v feeble imitator1 if y use color at all 9 ,pr\t's me?od4 ,i h n space to expla9 :y ?is is s1 x w\ld take a long piece ( reason+2 tru/ me = ! /atem5t4 #b4 ,john ,lewis4 ,8 sket*es 9 ,spa91 li?ograph$ by himself1 are v valuable4 ,get !m1 if y c1 & also "s engrav+s 7ab\t eight or t51 ,i ?9k1 altoge!r7 ( wild bea/s1 execut$ by 8 own h& a long "t ago2 !y are v preci\s 9 e way4 ,! s]ies ( ! ,alhambra is r slight1 & few ( ! subjects are li?ograph$ by himself2 /ill x is well wor? hav+4 ,b let no li?ographic "w come into ! h\se1 if y c help x1 nor ev5 look at any1 except ,pr\t's1 & ^? sket*es ( ,lewis's4 #c4 ,george ,cruik%ank4 ,if y ev] happ5 to meet ) ! two volumes ( ,grimm's ,g]man ,/ories1 :i* 7 illu/rat$ by him long ago1 p\nce ^u !m in/antly2 ! et*+s 9 !m are ! f9e/ ?+s1 next to ,rembr&t's1 t1 z f> z ,i "k1 h be5 done s9ce et*+ 0 inv5t$4 ,y _c look at !m too mu*1 nor copy !m too (t54 ,all 8 works are v valuable1 ?\gh disagreeable :5 !y t\* on ! wor/ vulg>ities ( mod]n life2 & (t5 mu* spoil$ by a curi\sly mi/ak5 type ( face1 divid$ s z to give too mu* to ! m\? & eyes & leave too little = =ehead1 ! eyes be+ set ab\t two ?irds up1 in/ead ( at half ! height ( ! head4 ,b 8 mann] ( "w is always "r2 & 8 tragic p[]1 ?\gh r>ely develop$1 & w>p$ by habits ( c>icature1 is1 9 reality1 z great z 8 grotesque p[]4 ,!re is no fe> ( 8 hurt+ y\r ta/e1 z long z y\r pr9cipal "w lies among art ( s totally diff]5t a "* z mo/ ( t :i* ,i ,h recomm5d$ to y2 & y may1 !re=e1 get great good by copy+ almo/ any?+ ( 8 t may come 9 y\r way2 except only 8 illu/rations1 lately publi%$1 to ,c9d]ella1 & ,jack & ! ,bean-/alk1 & ,tom ,?umb1 :i* are mu* ov]labor$1 & confus$ 9 l9e4 ,y %\ld get !m1 b d n copy !m4 #d4 ,alfr$ ,re!l4 ,i only "k two publications by him2 "o1 ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 ) text by ,re9ick1 publi%$ 9 ,leipsic1 b to be _h n[ ( any ,london booksell] = ! sum1 ,i believe1 ( eighte5 p5ce1 & conta9+ six plates full ( in/ructive "*2 ! o!r1 ( two plates only1 ,dea? ! ,av5g]1 & ,dea? ! ,fri5d4 ,^! two are f> sup]ior to ! ,todt5tanz1 &1 if y c get !m1 w be en\gh 9 !mselves to %[ all t ,re!l c tea* y4 ,if y dislike gha/ly subjects1 get ,dea? ! ,fri5d only4 #e4 ,bewick4 ,! execution ( ! plumage 9 ,bewick's birds is ! mo/ ma/]ly ?+ ev] yet done 9 wood-cutt+2 x is work$ j z ,paul ,v]onese w\ld h work$ 9 wood1 _h he tak5 to x4 ,8 vignettes1 ?\gh too co>se 9 execution1 & vulg> 9 types ( =m1 to be good copies1 %[1 nev]!less1 intellectual p[] ( ! highe/ ord]2 & !re are pieces ( s5tim5t 9 !m1 ei!r pa!tic or satirical1 :i* h nev] s9ce be5 equal$ 9 illu/rations ( ?is simple k9d2 ! bitt] int5sity ( ! feel+ be+ j l t :i* *>act]izes "s ( ! lead+ ,pre-,raphaelites4 ,bewick is ! ,burns ( pa9t+4 #f4 ,blake4 ,! ,book ( ,job1 engrav$ by himself1 is ( ! highe/ rank 9 c]ta9 *>act]s ( imag9ation & expression2 9 ! mode ( obta9+ c]ta9 effects ( light x w also be a v useful example to y4 ,9 express+ conditions ( gl>+ & flick]+ light1 ,blake is great] ?an ,rembr&t4 #g4 ,ri*t]4 ,i h already told y :at to gu>d aga9/ 9 look+ at 8 works4 ,i am a little d\btful :e!r ,i h done well 9 includ+ !m 9 ?is catalogue at all2 b ! imag9ations 9 !m are s lovely & numb]less1 t ,i mu/ risk1 = _! sake1 ! *ance ( hurt+ y a little 9 judgm5t ( /yle4 ,if y want to make pres5ts ( /ory-books to *ildr51 8 are ! be/ y c n[ get2 b 8 mo/ beautiful "w1 z f> z ,i "k1 is 8 s]ies ( ,illu/rations to ! ,"l's ,pray]4 #h4 ,rossetti4 ,an edition ( ,t5nyson1 lately publi%$1 conta9s wood-cuts f draw+s by ,rossetti & o!r *ief ,pre-,raphaelite ma/]s4 ,!y are t]ribly spoil$ 9 ! cutt+1 & g5]ally ! be/ "p1 ! expression ( feature1 entirely lo/2#gh /ill !y are full ( in/ruction1 & _c be /udi$ too closely4 ,b obs]ve1 respect+ ^! wood-cuts1 t if y h be5 9 ! habit ( look+ at mu* spuri\s "w1 9 :i* s5tim5t1 action1 & /yle are borr[$ or artificial1 y w assur$ly be (f5d$ at fir/ by all g5u9e "w1 :i* is int5se 9 feel+4 ,g5u9e art1 :i* is m]ely art1 su* z ,v]onese's or ,titian's1 may n (f5d y1 ?\gh ! *ances are t y w n c>e ab\t x2 b g5u9e works ( feel+1 su* z ,maud or ,aurora ,leigh 9 poetry1 or ! gr& ,pre-,raphaelite designs 9 pa9t+1 are sure to (f5d y3 & if y cease to "w h>d1 & p]si/ 9 look+ at vici\s & false art1 !y w cont9ue to (f5d y4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to h "o type ( entirely false art1 9 ord] to "k :at to gu>d aga9/4 ,flaxman's outl9es to ,dante conta91 ,i ?9k1 examples ( almo/ e k9d ( falsehood & feebl5ess :i* x is possible = a tra9$ arti/1 n base 9 ?\ght1 to commit or admit1 bo? 9 design & execution4 ,base or degrad$ *oice ( subject1 su* z y w con/antly f9d 9 ,t5i]s & o!rs ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 ,i ne$ n1 ,i hope1 w>n y aga9/2 y w simply turn away f x 9 disgu/2 :ile m]e bad or feeble draw+1 :i* makes mi/akes 9 e direction at once1 _c tea* y ! p>ticul> sort ( educat$ fallacy 9 "q4 ,b1 9 ^! designs ( ,flaxman's1 y h g5tlemanly feel+1 & fair k ( anatomy1 & firm sett+ d[n ( l9es1 all appli$ 9 ! fooli%e/ & wor/ possible way2 y _c h a m f9i%$ example ( le>n$ error1 amiable want ( mean+1 & bad draw+ ) a /eady h&4#gi ,retzs*'s outl9es h m real mat]ial 9 !m ?an ,flaxman's1 occasionally %[+ true fancy & p[]2 9 arti/ic pr9ciple !y are ne>ly z bad1 & 9 ta/e1 worse4 ,all outl9es f /atu>y1 z giv5 9 works on classical art1 w be v hurtful to y if y 9 ! lea/ l !m2 & ne>ly all f9i%$ l9e engrav+s4 ,"s p>ticul> pr9ts ,i c\ld "n :i* possess in/ructive qualities1 b x w\ld take too long to di/+ui% !m1 & ! be/ way is to avoid l9e engrav+s ( figures altoge!r4#hj ,if y happ5 to be a ri* p]son1 possess+ quantities ( !m1 & if y are fond ( ! l>ge f9i%$ pr9ts f ,raphael1 ,correggio1 etc41 x is :olly impossible t y c make any progress 9 k ( real art till y h sold !m all1--or burnt !m1 :i* w\ld be a great] b5efit to ! _w4 ,i hope t1 "s day1 true & noble engrav+s w be made f ! few pictures ( ! great s*ools1 :i* ! re/orations und]tak5 by ! mod]n manag]s ( =eign gall]ies may leave u2 b ! exi/+ engrav+s h no?+ :atev] 9 common ) ! good 9 ! works !y pr(ess to repres5t1 &1 if y l !m1 y l 9 ! orig9als ( !m h>dly any?+ b _! errors4 #beh4 ,f9ally1 y\r judgm5t w be1 ( c\rse1 mu* affect$ by y\r ta/e 9 lit]ature4 ,inde$1 ,i "k _m p]sons :o h ! pure/ ta/e 9 lit]ature1 & yet false ta/e 9 art1 & x is a ph5om5on :i* puzzles me n a little2 b ,i h nev] kn[n any "o ) false ta/e 9 books1 & true ta/e 9 pictures4 ,x is also ( ! greate/ importance to y1 n only = art's sake1 b = all k9ds ( sake1 9 ^! days ( book deluge1 to keep out ( ! salt swamps ( lit]ature1 & live on a little rocky isl& ( y\r own1 ) a spr+ & a lake 9 x1 pure & good4 ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 sugge/ ! *oice ( y\r libr>y to y3 e sev]al m9d ne$s diff]5t books2 b !re are "s books :i* we all ne$1 & assur$ly1 if y read ,hom]1#ha ,plato1 s*ylus1 ,h]odotus1 ,dante1#hb ,%akspe>e1 & ,sp5s]1 z mu* z y ought1 y w n require wide enl>gem5t ( %elves to "r & left ( !m = purposes ( p]petual /udy4 ,among mod]n books avoid g5]ally magaz9e & review lit]ature4 ,sometimes x may conta9 a useful abridgm5t or a :olesome piece ( criticism2 b ! *ances are t5 to "o x w ei!r wa/e y\r "t or mislead y4 ,if y want to und]/& any subject :atev]1 read ! be/ book ^u x y c he> (3 n a review ( ! book4 ,if y don't l ! fir/ book y try1 seek = ano!r2 b d n hope ev] to und]/& ! subject )\t pa9s1 by a review]'s help4 ,avoid especially t class ( lit]ature :i* has a kn[+ tone2 x is ! mo/ poison\s ( all4 ,e good book1 or piece ( book1 is full ( admiration & awe2 x may conta9 firm ass]tion or /]n satire1 b x nev] sne]s coldly1 nor ass]ts haughtily1 & x always leads y to rev]5ce or love some?+ ) y\r :ole he>t4 ,x is n always easy to di/+ui% ! satire ( ! v5om\s race ( books f ! satire ( ! noble & pure ones2 b 9 g5]al y may notice t ! cold-blood$1 ,cru/acean & ,batra*ian books w sne] at s5tim5t2 & ! w>m-blood$1 human books1 at s94 ,!n1 9 g5]al1 ! m y c re/ra9 y\r s]i\s read+ to reflective or lyric poetry1 hi/ory1 & natural hi/ory1 avoid+ fiction & ! drama1 ! heal?i] y\r m9d w become4 ,( mod]n poetry1 keep to ,scott1 ,wordswor?1 ,keats1 ,crabbe1 ,t5nyson1 ! two ,br[n+s1 ,?omas ,hood1 ,l[ell1 ,longfell[1 & ,cov5try ,patmore1 ^: ,angel 9 ! ,h\se is a mo/ f9i%$ piece ( writ+1 & ! sweete/ analysis we possess ( quiet mod]n dome/ic feel+2 :ile ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,aurora ,leigh is1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! greate/ poem :i* ! c5tury has produc$ 9 any language4 ,ca/ ,col]idge at once aside1 z sickly & useless2 & ,%elley1 z %all[ & v]bose2 ,byron1 until y\r ta/e is fully =m$1 & y are able to disc]n ! magnific5ce 9 him f ! wrong4 ,nev] read bad or common poetry1 nor write any poetry y\rself2 !re is1 p]haps1 r too mu* ?an too little 9 ! _w already4 #bei4 ,( reflective prose1 read *iefly ,bacon1 ,johnson1 & ,helps4 ,c>lyle is h>dly to be nam$ z a writ] = beg9n]s1 because 8 tea*+1 ?\gh to "s ( u vitally necess>y1 may to o!rs be hurtful4 ,if y und]/& & l him1 read him2 if he (f5ds y1 y are n yet ready = him1 & p]haps may nev] be s2 at all ev5ts1 give him up1 z y w\ld sea-ba?+ if y f\nd x hurt y1 till y are /rong]4 ,( fiction1 read ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison1 ,scott's novels1 ,miss ,edgewor?'s1 &1 if y are a "y lady1 ,madame de ,g5lis'1 ! ,fr5* ,miss ,edgewor?2 mak+ ^!1 ,i mean1 y\r con/ant companions4 ,( c\rse y mu/1 or w1 read o!r books = amusem5t once or twice2 b y w f9d t ^! h an elem5t ( p]petuity 9 !m1 exi/+ 9 no?+ else ( _! k9d2 :ile _! peculi> quietness & repose ( mann] w also be ( ! greate/ value 9 tea*+ y to feel ! same *>act]s 9 art4 ,read little at a "t1 try+ to feel int]e/ 9 little ?+s1 & read+ n s mu* = ! sake ( ! /ory z to get acqua9t$ ) ! pleasant p into ^: company ^! writ]s br+ y4 ,a common book w (t5 give y mu* amusem5t1 b x is only a noble book :i* w give y de> fri5ds4 ,rememb]1 also1 t x is ( less importance to y 9 y\r e>li] ye>s1 t ! books y read %\ld be clev] ?an t !y %\ld be "r4 ,i d n mean oppressively or repulsively in/ructive2 b t ! ?\ghts !y express %\ld be j1 & ! feel+s !y excite g5]\s4 ,x is n necess>y = y to read ! wittie/ or ! mo/ sugge/ive books3 x is bett]1 9 g5]al1 to he> :at is already kn[n1 & may be simply said4 ,mu* ( ! lit]ature ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh good to be read by p]sons ( ripe age1 has a t5d5cy to agitate r ?an confirm1 & leaves its read]s too frequ5tly 9 a helpless or hopeless indignation1 ! wor/ possible /ate into :i* ! m9d ( y\? c be ?r[n4 ,x may1 inde$1 become necess>y = y1 z y advance 9 life1 to set y\r h& to ?+s t ne$ to be alt]$ 9 ! _w1 or apply y\r he>t *iefly to :at mu/ be piti$ 9 x1 or condemn$2 b1 = a "y p]son1 ! safe/ temp] is "o ( rev]5ce1 & ! safe/ place "o ( obscurity4 ,c]ta9ly at pres5t1 & p]haps ?r\gh all y\r life1 y\r tea*]s are wise/ :5 !y make y cont5t 9 quiet virtue1 & t lit]ature & art are be/ = y :i* po9t out1 9 common life1 & 9 famili> ?+s1 ! objects = hopeful labor1 & = humble love4 ,,footnotes3 #ge ,i d n mean necess>ily to imply inf]iority ( rank 9 say+ t ?is second class ( pa9t]s h que/ionable qualities4 ,! greate/ m5 h (t5 _m faults1 & sometimes _! faults are a "p ( _! greatness2 b su* m5 are n1 ( c\rse1 to be look$ ^u by ! /ud5t ) absolute implicitness ( fai?4 #gf ,includ+1 "u ?is t]m1 ,john ,lewis1 & ,william ,hunt ( ! ,old ,wat]-color1 :o1 take him all 9 all1 is ! be/ pa9t] ( /ill life1 ,i believe1 t ev] exi/$4 #gg ,! ord] 9 :i* ,i place ^! ma/]s does n 9 ! lea/ imply sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,i wrote _! names d[n z !y occurr$ to me2 putt+ ,rossetti's la/ because :at ,i _h to say ( him 0 connect$ ) o!r subjects2 & "o or ano!r w appe> to y great1 or be f\nd by y useful1 accord+ to ! k9d ( subjects y are /udy+4 #gh ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,/4 ,cecily1 ,rossetti's fir/ illu/ration to ! ,palace ( ,art1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! be/ 9 ! book _h x be5 well engrav$4 ,! :ole "w %\ld be tak5 up aga91 & done by l9e engrav+1 p]fectly2 & :olly f ,pre-,raphaelite designs1 ) :i* no o!r mod]n "w c be> ! lea/ comp>ison4 #gi ,! praise ,i h giv5 incid5tally to ,flaxman's sculpture 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 & else:]e1 ref]s :olly to 8 /udies f ,nature1 & simple gr\ps 9 m>ble1 :i* 7 always good & int]e/+4 ,/ill1 ,i h ov]rat$ him1 ev5 9 ?is respect2 & x is g5]ally to be rememb]$ t1 9 speak+ ( arti/s ^: works ,i _c be suppos$ to h specially /udi$1 ! errors ,i fall into w always be on ! side ( praise4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 praise is mo/ likely to be giv5 :5 ! ?+ prais$ is above "o's k2 &1 !re=e1 z our k increases1 su* ?+s may be f\nd less praisewor?y ?an we ?\ght4 ,b blame c only be ju/ly giv5 :5 ! ?+ blam$ is bel[ "o's level ( sight2 &1 practically1 ,i nev] d blame any?+ until ,i h got well pa/ x1 & am c]ta9 t !re is demon/rable falsehood 9 x4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 all my blame to be :olly tru/-wor?y1 hav+ nev] yet _h occasion to rep5t ( "o depreciatory ^w t ,i h ev] writt51 :ile ,i h (t5 f\nd t1 ) respect to ?+s ,i _h n "t to /udy closely1 ,i 0 l$ too f> by sudd5 admiration1 help$1 p]haps1 by peculi> associations1 or o!r deceptive accid5ts2 & ?is ! m1 because ,i nev] c>e to *eck an expression ( delight1 ?9k+ ! *ances are1 t1 ev5 if mi/ak51 x w d m good ?an h>m2 b ,i weigh e ^w ( blame ) scrupul\s caution4 ,i h sometimes eras$ a /rong passage ( blame f second editions ( my books2 b ?is 0 only :5 ,i f\nd x (f5d$ ! read] )\t conv9c+ him1 nev] because ,i rep5t$ ( x myself4 #hj ,l>ge l9e engrav+s1 ,i mean1 9 :i* ! l9es1 z su*1 are conspicu\s4 ,small vignettes 9 l9e are (t5 beautiful 9 figures no less ?an l&scape2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? f ,/o?>d's draw+s 9 ,rog]s's ,italy2 &1 !re=e1 ,i h j recomm5d$ ! vignettes to ,t5nyson to be done by l9e engrav+4 #ha ,*apman's1 if n ! orig9al4 #hb ,g>y's or ,cayley's1 if n ! orig9al4 ,i d n "k :i* are ! be/ translations ( ,plato4 ,h]odotus & s*ylus c only be read 9 ! orig9al4 ,x may seem /range t ,i "n books l ^! = beg9n]s3 b all ! greate/ books conta9 food = all ages2 & an intellig5t & rightly br$ y\? or girl ought to enjoy mu*1 ev5 9 ,plato1 by ! "t !y are fifte5 or sixte54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,correction ,,made ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text4 ,page #eh3 ',?us1 ! outl9e a & ! outl9e d4' 'd' replac$ by 'b4'