,the ,book of ,religions ,comprising ,the ,views1 ,creeds1 ,sentiments1 or ,opinions1 ,of ,all ,the ,principal ,religious ,sects ,in ,the ,world ,particularly ,of ,all ,christian ,denominations ,in ,europe and ,america ,to ,which ,are ,added ,church and ,missionary ,statistics ,together ,with ,biographical ,sketches ,by ,john ,hayward ,author of 8,new ,england ,gazetteer0 ,boston3 ,albert ,colby ,and ,company4 #bj ,washington ,street4 #ahfj ,,contents ,preface4 ,index4 ,lutherans1 ,or1 ,the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church4 ,calvinists4 ,hopkinsians4 ,arians4 ,socinians4 ,humanitarians4 ,sectarians4 ,church ,government4 ,presbyterians4 ,cumberland ,presbyterians4 ,episcopalians4 ,historical ,notice ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,united ,states4 ,articles ,of ,religion4 ,cambridge ,and ,saybrook ,platforms4 ,moravians1 ,or ,united ,brethren4 ,tunkers4 ,mennonites1 ,or ,harmless ,christians4 ,disciples ,of ,christ2 ,sometimes ,called ,campbellites1 or ,reformers4 ,friends1 or ,quakers4 ,shakers1 ,or ,the ,united ,society ,of ,believers4 ,reformation4 ,reformed ,churches4 ,reformed ,dutch ,church4 ,reformed ,german ,church4 ,restorationists4 ,universalists4 ,roman ,catholics4 ,bereans4 ,materialists4 ,arminians4 ,methodists1 ,or ,the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,methodists1 ,or ,the ,methodist ,protestant ,church4 ,protestants4 ,sabellians4 ,sandemanians4 ,antinomians4 ,pelagians4 ,pre-,adamites4 ,predestinarians4 ,orthodox ,creeds4 ,andover ,orthodox ,creed4 ,new ,haven ,orthodox ,creed4 ,swedenborgians1 ,or1 ,the ,new ,jerusalem ,church4 ,fighting ,quakers4 ,harmonists4 ,dorrelites4 ,osgoodites4 ,rogerenes4 ,whippers4 ,wilkinsonians4 ,aquarians4 ,baxterians4 ,miller's ,views on the ,second ,coming of ,christ4 ,come-,outers4 ,jumpers4 ,baptists4 ,anabaptists4 ,free-,will ,baptists4 ,seventh-,day ,baptists1 ,or ,sabbatarians1 ,six-,principle ,baptists4 ,quaker ,baptists1 ,or ,keithians4 ,pedobaptists4 ,anti-,pedobaptists4 ,unitarians4 ,brownists4 ,puritans4 ,bourignonists4 ,jews4 ,indian ,religions4 ,deists4 ,atheists4 ,pantheists4 ,mahometans4 ,simonians4 ,pagans4 ,satanians4 ,abelians1 or ,abelonians4 ,supralapsarians4 ,dancers4 ,epicureans4 ,skeptics4 ,wickliffites4 ,diggers4 ,zuinglians4 ,seekers4 ,wilhelminians4 ,non-,resistants4 ,southcotters4 ,family ,of ,love4 ,hutchinsonians4 ,mormonites1 ,or ,the ,church ,of ,the ,latter-,day ,saints4 ,daleites4 ,emancipators4 ,perfectionists4 ,waldenses4 ,allenites4 ,johnsonians4 ,donatists4 ,se-,baptists4 ,re-,anointers4 ,tao-,se1 or ,taou-,tsze4 ,quietists4 ,knipperdolings4 ,mendans1 ,mendaites1 ,mendai ,ijahi1 ,or ,disciples ,of ,st4 ,john1 ,that ,is1 ,the ,baptist4 ,muggletonians4 ,yezidees1 ,or ,worshippers ,of ,the ,devil4 ,greek or ,russian ,church4 ,primitive ,christians4 ,trinitarians4 ,millenarians4 ,whitefield ,calvinistic ,methodists4 ,nonjurors4 ,nonconformists4 ,christian ,connection4 ,puseyites4 ,free ,communion ,baptists4 ,transcendentalists4 ,augsburg ,confession ,of ,faith4 ,armenians4 ,primitive ,methodists4 ,novatians4 ,nestorians4 ,high-,churchmen4 ,ancient ,american ,covenant ,or ,confession ,of ,faith4 ,statistics ,of ,churches4 ,baptists4 ,free-,will ,baptists4 ,seventh-,day ,baptists4 ,christian ,connection4 ,calvinistic ,congregationalists4 ,disciples ,of ,christ4 ,episcopalians4 ,friends4 ,jews4 ,lutherans4 ,protestant ,methodists4 ,methodists4 ,presbyterians4 ,other ,presbyterian ,communities4 ,reformed ,dutch ,church4 ,roman ,catholics4 ,swedenborgians4 ,unitarians4 ,universalists4 ,missionary ,statistics4 ,first ,protestant ,missions4 ,moravian ,missions4 ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,american ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,presbyterian ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,english ,baptist ,missionary ,society4 ,american ,baptist ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,free-,will ,baptists4 ,episcopal ,missions4 ,society ,for ,propagating ,the ,gospel ,among ,the ,indians ,and ,others4 ,wesleyan ,or ,english ,methodist ,missionary ,society4 ,missions ,of ,the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,seventh-,day ,baptist ,missionary ,society4 ,french ,protestant ,missionary ,society4 ,netherlands ,missionary ,society4 ,scottish ,missionary ,society4 ,german ,missionary ,society4 ,church ,of ,scotland ,missions4 ,rhenish ,missionary ,society4 ,missions ,of ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,jews' ,missionary ,society4 ,indians4 ,biographical ,sketches of the ,fathers of the ,reformation1 ,founders of ,sects1 and of other ,distinguished ,individuals ,mentioned in this ,volume4 ,john ,wickliffe4 ,jerome of ,prague4 ,john ,huss4 ,john colampadius4 ,martin ,luther4 ,ulriucus ,zuinglius4 ,martin ,bucer4 ,philip ,melancthon4 ,peter ,martyr4 ,henry ,bullinger4 ,john ,knox4 ,john ,calvin4 ,jerome ,zanchius4 ,theodore ,beza4 ,leo ,x4 ,justin4 ,arius4 ,athanasius4 ,moses ,maimonides4 ,john ,agricola4 ,michael ,servetus4 ,simonis ,menno4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,faustus ,socinus4 ,robert ,brown4 ,james ,arminius4 ,francis ,higginson4 ,richard ,baxter4 ,george ,fox4 ,william ,penn4 ,benedict ,spinoza4 ,ann ,lee4 ,john ,glass4 ,george ,keith4 ,nicholas ,louis1 ,count ,zinzendorf4 ,william ,courtney4 ,richard ,hooker4 ,charles ,chauncey4 ,roger ,williams4 ,john ,clarke4 ,ann ,hutchinson4 ,michael ,molinos4 ,john ,wesley4 ,george ,whitefield4 ,selina ,huntingdon4 ,robert ,sandeman4 ,samuel ,hopkins4 ,jonathan ,mayhew4 ,samuel ,seabury4 ,richard ,clarke4 ,joseph ,priestly4 ,james ,purves4 ,john ,jebb4 ,john ,gaspar ,christian ,lavater4 ,john ,tillotson4 ,isaac ,newton4 ,charles ,v4 ,francis ,bacon4 ,matthew ,hale4 ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,robert ,boyle4 ,john ,locke4 ,joseph ,addison4 ,isaac ,watts4 ,philip ,doddridge4 ,john ,murray4 ,elhanan ,winchester4 ,saint ,genevieve4 ,gilbert ,burnet4 ,theological ,schools4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,a few years since1 the ,editor of the following pages published a volume of 8,religious ,creeds and ,statistics20 and1 as the work1 although quite limited1 met with general approbation1 he has been induced to publish another of the same nature1 but on a much larger plan1 trusting that it will prove more useful1 and more worthy of public favor4 ,his design has been1 to exhibit to his readers1 with the utmost impartiality and perspicuity1 and as briefly as their nature will permit1 the views1 creeds1 sentiments1 or opinions1 of all the religious sects or denominations in the world1 so far as utility seemed to require such an exhibition2 but more especially to give the rise1 progress1 and peculiarities1 of all the principal schemes or systems of religion which exist in the ,united ,states at the present day4 ,the work is intended to serve as a manual for those who are desirous of acquiring1 with as little trouble as possible1 a correct knowledge of the tenets or systems of religious faith1 presented for the consideration of mankind2--to enable them1 almost at a glance1 to compare one creed or system with another1 and each with the holy ,scriptures2--to settle the minds of those who have formed no definite opinions on religious subjects2--and to lead us all1 by contrasting the sacred truths and sublime beauties of ,christianity with the absurd notions of pagan idolaters1 of skeptics1 and of infidels1 to set a just value on the doctrines of ,,him ,,who ,,spake ,,as ,,never ,,man ,,spake4 ,to accomplish this design1 the ,editor has obtained1 from the most intelligent and candid among the living defenders of each denomination1 full and explicit statements of their religious sentiments--such as they believe and teach4 ,he is indebted to the friends of some new sects or parties in philosophy and religion1 for an account of their respective views and opinions4 ,with regard to anterior sects1 he has noticed1 from the best authorities1 as large a number as is thought necessary for the comparison of ancient with modern creeds4 ,the ,church and ,missionary ,statistics are believed to be as accurate as can be constructed from materials which annually undergo greater or less changes4 ,the ,biographical ,sketches are derived from the most authentic sources4 ,while they convey useful knowledge in regard to the fathers and defenders of the various systems of religious faith1 they may also stimulate our readers to the practice of those ,christian virtues and graces which adorned the lives of many of them1 and render their names immortal4 ,a few only of the works from which valuable aid has been received1 can be mentioned3--,mosheim and ,mc,laine's ,ecclesiastical ,history2 ,gregory and ,ruter's ,church ,history2 ,encyclopdia ,americana2 ,brown's ,encyclopedia of ,religious ,knowledge2 ,adams's ,view of ,religions1 and ,history of the ,jews2 ,benedict's ,history of all ,religions2 ,evans's ,sketches2 ,buck's and ,henderson's ,theological ,dictionaries2 ,eliot's1 ,allen's1 and ,blake's ,biographical ,dictionaries2 ,davenport2 ,watson2 ,grant's ,nestorians1 ,coleman's ,christian ,antiquities2 ,ratio ,disciplin2 ,haydn's ,dictionary of ,dates1 c4 ,to clergymen and laymen of all denominations1 who have assisted the ,editor in presenting their various views with clearness and fairness2 to the secretaries of the several missionary boards2 to editors of religious journals1 and to other persons who have kindly furnished documents for the ,statistics and ,biographical ,sketches1 he tenders acknowledgments of unfeigned gratitude4 ,while the ,editor assures the public that the whole has been prepared with much diligence and care1 and with an entire freedom from sectarian zeal or party bias1 he cannot but indulge the hope that his 8,book of ,religions0 will prove acceptable and beneficial to the community1 as imbodying a great variety of facts on a subject of deep concern1 worthy of the exercise of our highest faculties1 and requiring our most charitable conclusions4 ,,index4 ,abelians1 or ,abelonians1 #bdc ,addison1 ,joseph1 #dag ,agricola1 ,john1 #cgj ,allenites1 #bhj ,american ,missions1 #ccf ,anabaptists1 #aij ,ancient ,american ,covenant1 #cjh ,andover ,orthodox ,creed1 #ach ,antinomians1 #abh ,anti-,pedobaptists1 #aif ,apostles' ,creed1 #ajb ,aquarians1 #afh ,arians1 #ah ,arius1 #cfh ,armenians1 #cjc ,arminians1 #aae ,arminius1 ,james1 #cgc ,assembly's ,catechism1 #ada ,athanasian ,creed1 #ajb ,athanasius1 #cfh ,atheists1 #bag ,augsburg ,confession1 #cjb ,bacon1 ,francis1 #djg ,baptists1 #ahb1 #caa1 #cdj ,quaker1 #aic ,baptist ,missions1 ,english1 #cci ,baxter1 ,richard1 #cgf ,baxterians1 #afi ,bereans1 #aji ,beza1 ,theodore1 #cff ,bible ,chronology1 #age ,biographical ,sketches1 #cej ,bishops1 ,episcopal1 #cad ,bourignonists1 #bja ,boyle1 ,robert1 #dab ,brown1 ,robert1 #cgc ,brownists1 #bjj ,bucer1 ,martin1 #cfj ,bullinger1 ,henry1 #cfc ,burnet1 ,gilbert1 #dbi ,calvin1 ,john1 #cfe ,calvinists1 #aa1 #cac ,cambridge ,platform1 #dh ,campbellites1 #eh ,charles ,v41 #dje ,chauncey1 ,charles1 #che ,christian ,connection1 #bie1 #cac ,christianity1 ,progress of1 #dcb ,chronology1 ,bible1 #age ,church ,government1 #bj ,church ,statistics1 #caa ,clarke1 ,john1 #chg ,clarke1 ,richard1 #cii ,come-,outers1 #agg ,congregationalists1 #bj1 #cac ,courtney1 ,william1 #chd ,creed1 ,andover1 #ach ,apostles'1 #ajb ,athanasian1 #ajb ,augsburg1 #cjb ,new ,haven1 #adb ,nicene1 #aje ,orthodox1 #acb ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 #be ,daleites1 #bgb ,dancers1 #bdd ,deists1 #bae ,diggers1 #bdf ,disciples of ,christ1 #eh1 #cad ,disciples of ,st ,john1 #bhd ,dissenters4 ,see ,puritans4 ,doddridge1 ,philip1 #dbj ,donatists1 #bha ,dorrelites1 #afd ,dutch ,reformed ,church1 #hh ,elizabeth1 ,princess1 #daa ,emancipators1 #bgb ,english ,baptist ,missions1 #cci ---- ,methodist ,missions1 #cdc ,epicureans1 #bdd ,episcopalians1 #bf1 #cad1 #cda ,essenes1 #bjb ,family of ,love1 #bei ,fighting ,quakers1 #afb ,fox1 ,george1 #cgg ,free ,communion ,baptists1 #cjj ,free-,will ,baptists1 #aij1 #cab1 #cda ,french ,missions1 #cdf ,friends1 or ,quakers1 #fd1 #cai ,genevieve1 #afb1 #dbh ,german ,missions1 #cdf ,german ,reformed ,church1 #ij ,glass1 ,john1 #chc ,glassites1 #abf ,government1 ,church1 #bj ,greek ,church1 #bhh ,hale1 ,matthew1 #djh ,harmless ,christians1 #eg ,harmonists1 #afc ,hicksites1 #gd1 #cai ,high ,churchmen1 #cjh ,higginson1 ,francis1 #caj1 #cgd ,hooker1 ,richard1 #che ,hopkins1 ,samuel1 #cig ,hopkinsians1 #ac ,humanitarians1 #ai ,huntingdon1 ,lady ,selina1 #cie ,huss1 ,john1 #ced ,hutchinson1 ,ann1 #chi ,hutchinsonians1 #bei ,independents1 #bj ,indian ,missions1 #cdb ,religions1 #baj ,statistics1 #cdg ,jebb1 ,john1 #dja ,jerome of ,prague1 #ceb ,jews1 #bjb1 #cai1 #cdg ,johnsonians1 #bhj ,jumpers1 #aha ,justin ,martyr1 #cfh ,keith1 ,george1 #chc ,keithians1 #aic ,knipperdolings1 #bhc ,knox1 ,john1 #cfc ,latter-,day ,saints1 #bfj ,lavater1 ,john ,g4 ,c41 #djb ,lee1 ,ann1 #cha ,leo ,x41 #cfg ,locke1 ,john #dae ,london ,missionary ,society1 #cce ,luther1 ,martin1 #cee ,lutherans1 #i1 #cbj ,mahometans1 #bbj ,maimonides1 ,moses1 #bjc1 #cgj ,martyr1 ,peter1 #cfb ,materialists1 #aab ,mayhew1 ,jonathan1 #cih ,mendans1 #bhd ,melancthon1 ,philip1 #cfa ,mennonites1 #eg ,menno1 ,simonis1 #cgb ,methodists1 ,episcopal1 #aag1 #cba ,protestant1 #abc1 #cba ,methodists1 ,primitive1 #cje ,methodists' ,missions1 #cdd ,views of ,perfection1 #bgd ,miller's ,views on the ,second ,coming of ,christ1 #agj ,millenarians1 #bib ,missionary ,statistics1 #ccc ,missions1 ,american ,foreign1 #ccf ,missions1 ,indian1 #cdb ,molinos1 ,michael1 #chi ,moravians1 #di1 #ccc ,mormonites1 #bfj ,muggletonians1 #bhd ,murray1 ,john1 #dbc ,n4 ,necessarians4 ,see ,materialists4 ,nestorians1 #cjf ,netherland ,missions1 #cdf ,new ,haven ,orthodox ,creed1 #adb ,new ,jerusalem ,church1 #aej ,newton1 ,isaac1 #djc ,nicene ,creed1 #aje ,nonconformists1 #bid ,nonjurors1 #bid ,non-,resistants1 #bdg ,novatians1 #cje ,oberlin ,views of ,sanctification1 #bgh colampadius1 ,john1 #cee ,orthodox ,creeds1 #acb ,osgoodites1 #aff ,pantheists1 #bai ,pagans1 #bcd ,pedobaptists1 #aic ,pelagians1 #acj ,penn1 ,william1 #cgh ,perfectionists1 #bgd ,pharisees1 #bjb ,popes of ,rome1 #cbf ,pre-,adamites1 #aca ,predestinarians1 #acb ,presbyterians1 #bb1 #cbb ,cumberland1 #be ,presbyterian ,missions1 #cch ,priestley1 ,joseph1 #djj ,primitive ,christians1 #bij ,methodists1 #cje ,princess ,elizabeth1 #daa ,progress of ,christianity1 #dcb ,protestants1 #abe ,protestant ,methodists1 #abc1 #cba ,missions1 #ccc ,puritans1 #bjj ,purves1 ,james1 #dja ,puseyites1 #bii ,quakers1 or ,friends1 #fd ,quaker ,baptists1 #aic ,quietists1 #bhc ,ranters4 ,see ,seekers4 ,re-,anointers1 #bhb ,reformation1 #he ,reformed ,churches1 #hh ,reformed ,dutch ,church1 #hh1 #cbd ,german ,church1 #ij ,rhenish ,missions1 #cdg ,restorationists1 #ia ,rogerenes1 #aff ,roman ,catholics1 #ajb1 #cbd1 #cdg ,russian ,church1 #bhh ,sabbatarians1 #aia ,sabellians1 #abe ,sadducees1 #bjb ,sanctification1 ,views on1 #bgh ,sandemanians1 #abf ,sandeman1 ,robert1 #cif ,satanians1 #bdc ,saybrook ,platform1 #dh ,seabury1 ,samuel1 #cc1 #cih ,schools1 ,theological1 #dcb ,scottish ,missions1 #cdf1 #cdg ,se-,baptists1 #bha ,sectarians1 #bj ,seekers1 #bdg ,servetus1 ,michael1 #cga ,seventh-,day ,baptists1 #aia1 #cab1 #cde ,shakers1 #ge ,simonians1 #bcc ,six-,principle ,baptists1 #aib ,skeptics1 #bde ,socinius1 ,faustus1 #cgb ,socinians1 #ai ,southcotters1 #bee ,spinoza1 ,benedict1 #chj ,statistics of ,churches1 #caa of ,missions1 #ccc ,succession of ,bishops1 #cae ,supralapsarians1 #bdc ,swedenborg1 #aej ,swedenborgians1 #aej1 #ccj ,tao-,se1 #bhb ,taylor's 7,dr47 ,views1 #adb ,theological ,schools1 #dcb ,tillotson1 ,john1 #djb ,transcendentalists1 #cja ,trinitarians1 #bij ,tunkers1 or ,tumblers1 #ee ,unitarians1 #aif1 #cca ,united ,brethren1 #di ,united ,society of ,believers1 #ge ,universalists1 #ie1 #cca ,waldenses1 #bgi ,water-,drinkers1 #afh ,watts1 ,isaac1 #dah ,wesley1 ,john1 #cij ,wesleyan ,missions1 #cdc ,westminster ,catechism1 #ada ,whippers1 #afg ,whitefield1 ,george1 #cic ,whitefield ,methodists1 #bic ,wickliffe1 ,john1 #cej ,wickliffites1 #bde ,wilhelminians1 #bdg ,wilkinsonians1 #afg ,williams1 ,roger1 #chf ,winchester1 ,elhanan1 #dbe ,worshippers of the ,devil1 #bhe ,xavier1 ,francis1 #afa1 #cgb ,yezidees1 or ,worshippers of the ,devil1 #bhe ,zanchius1 ,jerome1 #cff ,zinzendorf1 ,count1 #chc ,zuinglius1 ,ulricus1 #cei ,zuinglians1 #bdf ,,lutherans1 ,,or1 ,,the ,,evangelical ,,lutheran ,,church4 ,this denomination adheres to the opinions of ,martin ,luther1 the celebrated reformer4 ,the ,lutherans1 of all ,protestants1 are those who differ least from the ,romish church1 as they affirm that the body and blood of ,christ are materially present in the sacrament of the ,lord's supper1 though in an incomprehensible manner3 this they term consubstantiation4 ,they likewise represent some rites and institutions1 as the use of images in churches1 the vestments of the clergy1 the private confession of sins1 the use of wafers in the administration of the ,lord's supper1 the form of exorcism in the celebration of baptism1 and other ceremonies of the like nature1 as tolerable1 and some of them useful4 ,the ,lutherans maintain1 with regard to the divine decrees1 that they respect the salvation or misery of men in consequence of a previous knowledge of their sentiments and characters1 and not as founded on the mere will of ,god4 ,see ,augsburg ,confession of ,faith4 ,towards the close of the last century1 the ,lutherans began to entertain a greater liberality of sentiment than they had before adopted1 though in many places they persevered longer in despotic principles than other ,protestant churches4 ,their public teachers now enjoy an unbounded liberty of dissenting from the decisions of those symbols of creeds which were once deemed almost infallible rules of faith and practice1 and of declaring their dissent in the manner they judge most expedient4 ,the capital articles which ,luther maintained are as follow3-- #a4 ,that the holy ,scriptures are the only source whence we are to draw our religious sentiments1 whether they relate to faith or practice4 7,see #b ,tim4 #c3ae-ag4 ,prov4 #a3i4 ,isa4 #h3bj4 ,luke #a3d4 ,john #e3ci2 #bj3ca4 #a ,cor #d3f1 c47 #b4 ,that justification is the effect of faith1 exclusive of good works1 and that faith ought to produce good works1 purely in obedience to ,god1 and not in order to our justification4 7,see ,gal4 #b3ba47 #c4 ,that no man is able to make satisfaction for his sins4 7,see ,luke #ag3aj47 ,in consequence of these leading articles1 ,luther rejected tradition1 purgatory1 penance1 auricular confession1 masses1 invocation of saints1 monastic vows1 and other doctrines of the church of ,rome4 ,the external affairs of the ,lutheran church are directed by three judicatories1 viz41 a vestry of the congregation1 a district or special conference1 and a general synod4 ,the synod is composed of ministers1 and an equal number of laymen1 chosen as deputies by the vestries of their respective congregations4 ,from this synod there is no appeal4 ,the ministerium is composed of ministers only1 and regulates the internal or spiritual concerns of the church1 such as examining1 licensing1 and ordaining ministers1 judging in controversies about doctrine1 c4 ,the synod and ministerium meet annually4 ,confession and absolution1 in a very simple form1 are practised by the ,american ,lutherans2 also confirmation1 by which baptismal vows are ratified1 and the subjects become communicants4 ,their liturgies are simple and impressive1 and the clergy are permitted to use extempore prayer4 ,see ,statistics of ,churches4 ,,calvinists4 ,this denomination of ,christians1 of the ,congregational order1 are chiefly descendants of the ,english ,puritans1 who founded most of the early settlements in ,new ,england4 ,they derive their name from ,john ,calvin1 an eminent reformer4 ,the ,calvinists are divided into three parties1--,high1 ,strict1 and ,moderate4 ,the ,high ,calvinists favor the ,hopkinsian system4 ,the ,moderate ,calvinists embrace the leading features of ,calvin's doctrine1 but object to some parts1 particularly to his views of the doctrines of predestination1 and the extent of the design of ,christ's death4 ,while they hold to the election of grace1 they do not believe that ,god has reprobated any of his creatures4 ,they believe that the atonement is1 in its nature1 general1 but in its application1 particular2 and that free salvation is to be preached to sinners indiscriminately4 ,the doctrines of the ,strict ,calvinists are those of ,calvin himself1 as established at the synod of ,dort1 ,a4 ,d4 #afah1 and are as follow1 viz43-- #a4 ,they maintain that ,god hath chosen a certain number of the fallen race of ,adam in ,christ1 before the foundation of the world1 unto eternal glory1 according to his immutable purpose1 and of his free grace and love1 without the least foresight of faith1 good works1 or any conditions performed by the creature2 and that the rest of mankind he was pleased to pass by1 and ordain to dishonor and wrath1 for their sins1 to the praise of his vindictive justice4 7,see ,prov4 #af3d4 ,rom4 #i3 from ver4 #aa to end of chap42 #h3cj4 ,eph4 #a3d4 ,acts #ac3dh47 #b4 ,they maintain that1 though the death of ,christ be a most perfect sacrifice1 and satisfaction for sins1 of infinite value1 abundantly sufficient to expiate the sins of the whole world1--and though1 on this ground1 the gospel is to be preached to all mankind indiscriminately1 yet it was the will of ,god that ,christ1 by the blood of the cross1 should efficaciously redeem all those1 and those only1 who were from eternity elected to salvation1 and given to him by the ,father4 7,see ,ps4 #cc3aa4 ,john #f3cg2 #aj3aa2 #ag3i47 #c4 ,they maintain that mankind are totally depraved1 in consequence of the fall of the first man1 who being their public head1 his sin involved the corruption of all his posterity1 and which corruption extends over the whole soul1 and renders it unable to turn to ,god1 or to do any thing truly good1 and exposes it to his righteous displeasure1 both in this world and that which is to come4 7,see ,gen4 #h3ba4 ,ps4 #ad3b1 #c4 ,rom4 #c3aj1 #aa1 #ab1 c42 #d3ad2 #e3ai4 ,gal4 #c3aj4 #b ,cor4 #c3f1 #g47 #d4 ,they maintain that all whom ,god hath predestinated unto life1 he is pleased1 in his appointed time1 effectually to call1 by his word and ,spirit1 out of that state of sin and death1 in which they are by nature1 to grace and salvation by ,jesus ,christ4 7,see ,eph4 #a3ai2 #b3a1 #e4 ,phil4 #b3ac4 ,rom4 #c3bg4 ,i ,cor4 #a3ca1 ,titus #c3e47 #e4 ,lastly1 they maintain that those whom ,god has effectually called1 and sanctified by his ,spirit1 shall never finally fall from a state of grace4 ,they admit that true believers may fall partially1 and would fall totally and finally1 but for the mercy and faithfulness of ,god1 who keepeth the feet of his saints2 also1 that he who bestoweth the grace of perseverance1 bestoweth it by means of reading and hearing the word1 meditation1 exhortations1 threatenings1 and promises2 but that none of these things imply the possibility of a believer's falling from a state of justification4 7,see ,isa4 #ec3d1 #e1 #f2 #ed3aj4 ,jer4 #cb3ch1 #dj4 ,rom4 #h3ch1 #ci4 ,john #d3ad2 #f3ci2 #aj3bh2 #aa3bf4 ,james #a3ag4 #a ,pet4 #b3be47 ,see ,orthodox ,creeds1 and ,hopkinsians4 ,,hopkinsians4 ,this denomination of ,christians derives its name from ,samuel ,hopkins1 ,d4 ,d41 formerly pastor of the first ,congregational church in ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,the following is a summary of the distinguishing tenets of the ,hopkinsians1 together with a few of the reasons they bring forward in support of their sentiments3-- 8#a4 ,that all true virtue1 or real holiness1 consists in disinterested benevolence4 ,the object of benevolence is universal being1 including ,god and all intelligent creatures4 ,it wishes and seeks the good of every individual1 so far as is consistent with the greatest good of the whole1 which is comprised in the glory of ,god and the perfection and happiness of his kingdom4 ,the law of ,god is the standard of all moral rectitude or holiness4 ,this is reduced into love to ,god1 and our neighbor as ourselves2 and universal good-will comprehends all the love to ,god1 our neighbor1 and ourselves1 required in the divine law1 and1 therefore1 must be the whole of holy obedience4 ,let any serious person think what are the particular branches of true piety2 when he has viewed each one by itself1 he will find that disinterested friendly affection is its distinguishing characteristic4 ,for instance1 all the holiness in pious fear1 which distinguishes it from the fear of the wicked1 consists in love4 ,again1 holy gratitude is nothing but good-will to ,god and our neighbor1--in which we ourselves are included1--and correspondent affection1 excited by a view of the good-will and kindness of ,god4 ,universal good-will also implies the whole of the duty we owe to our neighbor2 for justice1 truth1 and faithfulness1 are comprised in universal benevolence2 so are temperance and chastity4 ,for an undue indulgence of our appetites and passions is contrary to benevolence1 as tending to hurt ourselves or others1 and so1 opposite to the general good1 and the divine command1 in which all the crime of such indulgence consists4 ,in short1 all virtue is nothing but benevolence acted out in its proper nature and perfection2 or love to ,god and our neighbor1 made perfect in all its genuine exercises and expressions4 8#b4 ,that all sin consists in selfishness4 ,by this is meant an interested1 selfish affection1 by which a person sets himself up as supreme1 and the only object of regard2 and nothing is good or lovely in his view1 unless suited to promote his own private interest4 ,this self-love is1 in its whole nature1 and every degree of it1 enmity against ,god2 it is not subject to the law of ,god1 and is the only affection that can oppose it4 ,it is the foundation of all spiritual blindness1 and1 therefore1 the source of all the open idolatry in the heathen world1 and false religion under the light of the gospel3 all this is agreeable to that self-love which opposes ,god's true character4 ,under the influence of this principle1 men depart from truth1 it being itself the greatest practical lie in nature1 as it sets up that which is comparatively nothing above universal existence4 ,self-love is the source of all profaneness and impiety in the world1 and of all pride and ambition among men1 which is nothing but selfishness1 acted out in this particular way4 ,this is the foundation of all covetousness and sensuality1 as it blinds people's eyes1 contracts their hearts1 and sinks them down1 so that they look upon earthly enjoyments as the greatest good4 ,this is the source of all falsehood1 injustice1 and oppression1 as it excites mankind by undue methods to invade the property of others4 ,self-love produces all the violent passions--envy1 wrath1 clamor1 and evil speaking2 and every thing contrary to the divine law is briefly comprehended in this fruitful source of all iniquity--self-love4 8#c4 ,that there are no promises of regenerating grace made to the doings of the unregenerate4 ,for1 as far as men act from self-love1 they act from a bad end2 for those who have no true love to ,god1 really do no duty when they attend on the externals of religion4 ,and as the unregenerate act from a selfish principle1 they do nothing which is commanded2 their impenitent doings are wholly opposed to repentance and conversion1 therefore not implied in the command to repent1 c43 so far from this1 they are altogether disobedient to the command4 ,hence it appears that there are no promises of salvation to the doings of the unregenerate4 8#d4 ,that the impotency of sinners1 with respect to believing in ,christ1 is not natural1 but moral2 for it is a plain dictate of common sense1 that natural impossibility excludes all blame4 ,but an unwilling mind is universally considered as a crime1 and not as an excuse1 and is the very thing wherein our wickedness consists4 ,that the impotence of the sinner is owing to a disaffection of heart1 is evident from the promises of the gospel4 ,when any object of good is proposed and promised to us upon asking1 it clearly evinces that there can be no impotence in us1 with respect to obtaining it1 besides the disapprobation of the will2 and that inability which consists in disinclination1 never renders any thing improperly the subject of precept or command4 8#e4 ,that1 in order to faith in ,christ1 a sinner must approve1 in his heart1 of the divine conduct1 even though ,god should cast him off forever2 which1 however1 never implies love of misery1 nor hatred of happiness4 ,for if the law is good1 death is due to those who have broken it4 ,the ,judge of all the earth cannot but do right4 ,it would bring everlasting reproach upon his government to spare us1 considered merely as in ourselves4 ,when this is felt in our hearts1 and not till then1 we shall be prepared to look to the free grace of ,god1 through the redemption which is in ,christ1 and to exercise faith in his blood1 #8who is set forth to be a propitiation to declare ,god's righteousness1 that he might be just1 and yet be the justifier of him who believeth in ,jesus4' 8#f4 ,that the infinitely wise and holy ,god has exerted his omnipotent power in such a manner as he purposed should be followed with the existence and entrance of moral evil into the system4 ,for it must be admitted on all hands1 that ,god has a perfect knowledge1 foresight1 and view of all possible existences and events4 ,if that system and scene of operation1 in which moral evil should never have existed1 were actually preferred in the divine mind1 certainly the ,deity is infinitely disappointed in the issue of his own operations4 ,nothing can be more dishonorable to ,god than to imagine that the system which is actually formed by the divine hand1 and which was made for his pleasure and glory1 is yet not the fruit of wise contrivance and design4 8#g4 ,that the introduction of sin is1 upon the whole1 for the general good4 ,for the wisdom and power of the ,deity are displayed in carrying on designs of the greatest good2 and the existence of moral evil has1 undoubtedly1 occasioned a more full1 perfect1 and glorious discovery of the infinite perfections of the divine nature1 than could otherwise have been made to the view of creatures4 ,if the extensive manifestations of the pure and holy nature of ,god1 and his infinite aversion to sin1 and all his inherent perfections1 in their genuine fruits and effects1 is either itself the greatest good1 or necessarily contains it1 it must necessarily follow that the introduction of sin is for the greatest good4 8#h4 ,that repentance is before faith in ,christ4 ,by this is not intended1 that repentance is before a speculative belief of the being and perfections of ,god1 and of the person and character of ,christ2 but only that true repentance is previous to a saving faith in ,christ1 in which the believer is united to ,christ1 and entitled to the benefits of his mediation and atonement4 ,that repentance is before faith in this sense1 appears from several considerations4 #a4 ,as repentance and faith respect different objects1 so they are distinct exercises of the heart2 and therefore one not only may1 but must1 be prior to the other4 #b4 ,there may be genuine repentance of sin without faith in ,christ1 but there cannot be true faith in ,christ without repentance of sin2 and since repentance is necessary in order to faith in ,christ1 it must necessarily be prior to faith in ,christ4 #c4 ,john the ,baptist1 ,christ1 and his apostles1 taught that repentance is before faith4 ,john cried1 #8,repent1 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand2' intimating that true repentance was necessary in order to embrace the gospel of the kingdom4 ,christ commanded1 #8,repent ye1 and believe the gospel4' ,and ,paul preached #8repentance toward ,god1 and faith toward our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4' 8#i4 ,that1 though men became sinners by ,adam1 according to a divine constitution1 yet they have1 and are accountable for1 no sins but personal2 for1 #a4 ,adam's act1 in eating the forbidden fruit1 was not the act of his posterity2 therefore they did not sin at the same time he did4 #b4 ,the sinfulness of that act could not be transferred to them afterwards1 because the sinfulness of an act can no more be transferred from one person to another than an act itself4 #c4 ,therefore ,adam's act1 in eating the forbidden fruit1 was not the cause but only the occasion1 of his posterity's being sinners4 ,god was pleased to make a constitution1 that1 if ,adam remained holy through his state of trial1 his posterity should1 in consequence1 be holy also2 but if he sinned1 his posterity should1 in consequence1 be sinners likewise4 ,adam sinned1 and now ,god brings his posterity into the world sinners4 ,by ,adam's sin we are become sinners1 not for it2 his sin being only the occasion1 not the cause1 of our committing sins4 8#aj4 ,that1 though believers are justified through ,christ's righteousness1 yet his righteousness is not transferred to them4 ,for1 #a4 ,personal righteousness can no more be transferred from one person to another1 than personal sin4 #b4 ,if ,christ's personal righteousness were transferred to believers1 they would be as perfectly holy as ,christ1 and so stand in no need of forgiveness4 #c4 ,but believers are not conscious of having ,christ's personal righteousness1 but feel and bewail much indwelling sin and corruption4 #d4 ,the ,scripture represents believers as receiving only the benefits of ,christ's righteousness in justification1 or their being pardoned and accepted for ,christ's righteousness' sake2 and this is the proper ,scripture notion of imputation4 ,jonathan's righteousness was imputed to ,mephibosheth when ,david showed kindness to him for his father ,jonathan's sake40 ,the ,hopkinsians warmly contend for the doctrine of the divine decrees1 that of particular election1 total depravity1 the special influences of the ,spirit of ,god in regeneration1 justification by faith alone1 the final perseverance of the saints1 and the consistency between entire freedom and absolute dependence1 and1 therefore1 claim it as their just due1 since the world will make distinctions1 to be called ,,hopkinsian ,,calvinists4 ,the statistics of this denomination are included with those of the ,calvinists1 near the close of this volume4 ,,arians4 ,the followers of ,arius1 a presbyter of the church of ,alexandria1 about ,a4 ,d4 #cae1 who held that the ,son of ,god was totally and essentially distinct from the ,father2 that he was the first and noblest of those beings whom ,god had created1 the instrument by whose subordinate operation he formed the universe1 and1 therefore1 inferior to the ,father1 both in nature and dignity2 also1 that the ,holy ,ghost was not ,god1 but created by the power of the ,son4 ,the ,arians owned that the ,son was the ,word1 but denied that ,word to have been eternal4 ,they held that ,christ had nothing of man in him but the flesh1 to which the ,word was joined1 which was the same as the soul in us4 ,in modern times1 the term ,arian is indiscriminately applied to those who consider ,jesus simply subordinate to the ,father4 ,some of them believe ,christ to have been the creator of the world2 but they all maintain that he existed previously to his incarnation1 though1 in his prexistent state1 they assign him different degrees of dignity4 7,see ,matt4 #d3aj2 #ai3ag2 #bg3df4 ,mark #e3g2 #ac3cb ,john #d3bc2 #ad3bh2 #bj3ag4 ,acts #d3bd4 #a ,cor4 #a3d2 #aa3c2 #ae3bd4 ,eph4 #a3ag2 #d3f4 ,phil4 #a3c1 #d1 c47 ,,socinians4 ,a sect so called from ,faustus ,socinus1 who died in ,poland1 in #afjd4 ,there were two who bore the name of ,socinus1--uncle and nephew1--and both disseminated the same doctrine2 but it is the nephew who is generally considered as the founder of this sect4 ,they maintain that ,jesus ,christ was a mere man1 who had no existence before he was conceived by the ,virgin ,mary2 that the ,holy ,ghost is no distinct person2 but that the ,father is truly and properly ,god4 ,they own that the name of ,god is given1 in the holy ,scriptures1 to ,jesus ,christ1 but contend that it is only a deputed title1 which1 however1 invests him with a great authority over all created beings4 ,they deny the doctrines of satisfaction and imputed righteousness1 and say that ,christ only preached the truth to mankind1 set before them1 in himself1 an example of heroic virtue1 and sealed his doctrines with his blood4 ,original sin1 and absolute predestination1 they esteem scholastic chimeras4 ,some of them likewise maintain the sleep of the soul1 which1 they say1 becomes insensible at death1 and is raised again1 with the body1 at the resurrection1 when the good shall be established in the possession of eternal felicity1 while the wicked shall be consigned to a fire that will not torment them eternally1 but for a certain duration1 proportioned to their demerits4 7,see ,acts #b3bb2 #ag3ca4 #a ,tim4 #b3e47 ,,humanitarians4 ,the ,humanitarians believe in the simple humanity of ,christ1 or that he was nothing more than a mere man1 born according to the usual course of nature1 and who lived and died according to the ordinary circumstances of mankind4 ,,sectarians4 ,this term is used among ,christians to denote those who form separate communions1 and do not associate with one another in religious worship and ceremonies4 ,thus we call ,papists1 ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 different sects1 not so much on account of their differences in opinion1 as because they have established to themselves different fraternities1 to which1 in what regards public worship1 they confine themselves2 the several denominations above mentioned having no intercommunity with one another in sacred matters4 ,high1 ,strict1 and ,moderate ,calvinists1 ,high ,church and ,low ,church1 we call only parties1 because they have not formed separate communions4 ,great and known differences in opinion1 when followed by no external breach in the society1 are not considered constituting distinct sects1 though their differences in opinion may give rise to mutual aversion4 ,the ,jewish1 ,christian1 ,mahometan1 and ,pagan world is divided into an almost innumerable variety of sects1 each claiming to themselves the title of orthodox1 and each charging their opponents with heresy4 ,where perfect religious liberty prevails1 as in the ,united ,states1 and where emigrants from all quarters of the globe resort in great numbers1 it is not surprising that most of the ,christian sects in foreign countries1 with some of native origin1 should be found in this part of the ,american continent4 ,,church ,,government4 ,there are three modes of church government1 viz41 the ,episcopalian1 from the ,latin word episcopus1 signifying bishop2 the ,presbyterian1 from the ,greek word presbuteros1 signifying senior1 elder1 or presbyter2 and the ,congregational or ,independent mode4 ,under one of these forms1 or by a mixture of their several peculiarities1 every church in the ,christian world is governed4 ,the ,episcopal form is the most extensive1 as it embraces the ,catholic1 ,greek1 ,english1 ,methodist1 and ,moravian churches4 ,episcopalians have three orders in the ministry1 viz41 bishops1 priests1 and deacons2 they all have liturgies1 longer or shorter1 which they either statedly or occasionally use4 ,all ,episcopalians believe in the existence and the necessity of an apostolic succession of bishops1 by whom alone regular and valid ordinations can be performed4 ,the ,presbyterians believe that the authority of their ministers to preach the gospel and to administer the sacraments is derived from the ,holy ,ghost1 by the imposition of the hands of the presbytery4 ,they affirm1 however1 that there is no order in the church1 as established by ,christ and his apostles1 superior to that of presbyters2 that all ministers1 being ambassadors of ,christ1 are equal by their commission2 that presbyter and bishop1 though different words1 are of the same import2 and that prelacy was gradually established upon the primitive practice of making the moderator1 or speaker of the presbytery1 a permanent officer4 ,the ,congregationalists1 or ,independents1 are so called from their maintaining that each congregation of ,christians1 which meets in one house for public worship1 is a complete church1 has sufficient power to act and perform every thing relating to religious government within itself1 and is in no respect subject or accountable to other churches4 ,independents1 or ,congregationalists1 generally ordain their ministers by a council of ministers called for the purpose3 but still they hold that the essence of ordination lies in the voluntary choice and call of the people1 and that public ordination is no other than a declaration of that call4 ,,presbyterians4 ,the first settlers of ,new ,england were driven away from ,old ,england1 in pursuit of religious liberty4 ,they were required to conform to the established ,protestant ,episcopal church1 in all her articles of belief1 and modes of worship and discipline3 their consciences forbade such conformity3 their ministers were displaced3 their property was tithed for the support of an ecclesiastical prelacy1 which they renounced2 and the only relief which they could find1 was in abandoning their country for the new world4 ,most of the first settlers of ,new ,england were ,congregationalists2 and established the government of individuals by the male communicating members of the churches to which they belonged1 and of congregations by sister congregations1 met by representation in ecclesiastical councils4 ,a part of the ministers and people of ,connecticut1 at a very early period of her history1 were ,presbyterians in their principles of church government4 ,being intermixed1 however1 with ,congregational brethren1 instead of establishing presbyteries in due form1 they united with their fellow-,christians in adopting1 in #agjh1 the ,saybrook ,platform1 according to which the churches and pastors are consociated1 so as virtually to be under ,presbyterian government1 under another name4 ,the first ,presbyterian churches duly organized in the ,united ,states1 were the first ,presbyterian church in ,philadelphia1 and the church at ,snow ,hill1 in ,maryland4 ,the first presbytery in the ,united ,states was formed about #agid1 by the voluntary association of several ministers1 who had received ,presbyterian orders in ,europe1 and who agreed to govern themselves agreeably to the ,westminster ,confession of ,faith1 ,form of ,government1 ,book of ,discipline1 and ,directory for ,worship4 7,see ,andover ,orthodox ,creed47 ,the reason why the ,presbyterians first settled in ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 and ,new ,jersey1 was undoubtedly this--that in these places they found toleration1 and equal religious rights1 while the ,episcopacy was established by law in ,virginia1 ,congregationalism in ,new ,england1 and the ,reformed ,dutch church1 with ,episcopacy1 in ,new ,york4 ,the doctrines of the ,presbyterian church are ,calvinistic2 and the only fundamental principle which distinguishes it from other ,protestant churches is this--that ,god has authorized the government of his church by presbyters1 or elders1 who are chosen by the people1 and ordained to office by predecessors in office1 in virtue of the commission which ,christ gave his apostles as ministers in the kingdom of ,god2 and that1 among all presbyters1 there is an official parity1 whatever disparity may exist in their talents or official employments4 ,all the different congregations1 under the care of the general assembly1 are considered as the one ,presbyterian church in the ,united ,states1 meeting1 for the sake of convenience and edification1 in their several places of worship4 ,each particular congregation of baptized people1 associated for godly living1 and the worship of ,almighty ,god1 may become a ,presbyterian church1 by electing one or more elders1 agreeably to the form prescribed in the book styled the ,constitution of the ,presbyterian ,church1 and having them ordained and installed as their session4 ,they judge that to presbyteries the ,lord ,jesus has committed the spiritual government of each particular congregation1 and not to the whole body of the communicants2 and on this point they are distinguished from ,independents and ,congregationalists4 ,if all were governors1 they should not be able to distinguish the overseers or bishops from all the male and female communicants2 nor could they apply the command1 8,obey them that have the rule over you1 and submit yourselves2 for they watch for your souls1 as they that must give account40 7,heb4 #ac3ag47 ,if all are rulers in the church who are communicants1 they are at a loss for the meaning of the exhortation1 8,we beseech you1 brethren1 to know them that labor among you1 and are over you in the ,lord1 and admonish you2 and to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake40 ,if an aggrieved brother should tell the story of his wrongs to each individual communicant1 he would not thereby tell it to the church judicially1 so that cognizance could be taken of the affair4 ,it is to the church1 acting by her proper organs1 and to her overseers1 met as a judicatory1 that he must bring his charge1 if he would have discipline exercised in such a way as ,god empowered his church to exercise it4 ,the general assembly is the highest judicatory in the ,presbyterian church1 and is constituted by an equal number of teaching and ruling elders1 elected by each presbytery annually1 and specially commissioned to deliberate1 vote1 and determine1 in all matters which may come before that body4 ,each presbytery may send one bishop and one ruling elder to the assembly3 each presbytery1 having more than twelve ministers1 may send two ministers and two ruling elders1 and so1 in the same proportion1 for every twelve ministerial members4 ,every ,presbyterian church elects its own pastor2 but1 to secure the whole church against insufficient1 erroneous1 or immoral men1 it is provided that no church shall prosecute any call1 without first obtaining leave from the presbytery under whose care that church may be2 and that no licentiate1 or bishop1 shall receive any call1 but through the hands of his own presbytery4 ,any member of the ,presbyterian church may be the subject of its discipline2 and every member1 if he judges himself injured by any portion of the church1 may1 by appeal1 or complaint1 carry his cause up from the church session to the presbytery1 from the presbytery to the synod1 and from the synod to the general assembly1 so as to obtain the decision of the whole church1 met by representation in this high judicatory4 ,evangelical ministers of the gospel1 of all denominations1 are permitted1 on the invitation of a pastor1 or of the session of a vacant church1 to preach in their pulpits2 and any person known properly1 or made known to a pastor or session1 as a communicant in good1 regular standing1 in any truly ,christian denomination of people1 is1 in most of their churches1 affectionately invited to occasional communion4 ,they wish to have ,christian fellowship with all the redeemed of the ,lord1 who have been renewed by his ,spirit2 but1 in ecclesiastical government and discipline1 they ask and expect the coperation of none but ,presbyterians4 ,see ,statistics4 ,,cumberland ,,presbyterians4 ,in the year #ahjj1 a very great revival of religion took place within the bounds of the synod of ,kentucky1 in consequence of which1 a greater number of new congregations were formed than it was possible to supply with regularly-educated ministers4 ,to remedy this evil1 it was resolved to license men to preach who were apt to teach1 and sound in the faith1 though they had not gone through any course of classical study4 ,this took place at the ,transylvania presbyter2 but1 as many of its members were dissatisfied with the proposed innovation1 an appeal was made to the synod1 which appointed a commission to examine into the circumstances of the case1 the result of whose report was1 a prohibition of the labors of uneducated ministers1 which led the opposite party to form themselves into an independent presbytery1 which took its name from the district of ,cumberland1 in which it was constituted4 ,as to the doctrinal views1 they occupy a kind of middle ground between ,calvinists and ,arminians4 ,they reject the doctrine of eternal reprobation1 and hold the universality of redemption1 and that the ,spirit of ,god operates on the world1 or as coxtensively as ,christ has made the atonement1 in such a manner as to leave all men inexcusable4 ,the ,cumberland ,presbyterians have about #eej churches and ministers1 and about #gj1jjj members4 ,they have a college at ,cumberland1 ,ky4 ,,episcopalians4 ,that form of ,church polity1 in which the ministry is divided into the three orders of ,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons1 each having powers and duties1 distinct from the others1 the ,bishops being superior to the ,priests and ,deacons1 and the immediate source of all their authority1 is called ,,episcopacy1 and those who adhere to this polity1 are called ,,episcopalians4 ,it is believed1 by ,episcopalians1 that the ,savior1 when upon earth1 established a ,church1 or ,society1 of which ,he was the ,ruler and ,head1 and with which ,he promised to be1 till the end of the world4 ,they believe1 that1 during the forty days in which ,he remained upon earth1 after ,his resurrection1 8speaking0 to ,his disciples 8of the things pertaining to the kingdom of ,god10 ,he gave them such directions for the government and management of this ,society1 or ,church1 as were necessary2 which directions1 they implicitly followed3 and that1 from their subsequent practice1 these directions of the ,savior1 whatever they may have been1 are to be ascertained4 8,that it was the design of our blessed ,redeemer to continue a ministry in the ,church1 after ,his ascension1 is a truth1 for which we ask no better proof1 than that furnished by the narratives of the ,evangelists1 and the practice of the ,apostles4 ,if1 then1 a ministry1 divinely authorized1 was to exist1 it is equally evident1 that it would assume some definite form4 ,it would consist1 either of a single grade of office1 in which every person ordained would have an equal share in its functions and prerogatives2 or1 of two1 three1 or more grades1 distinguished from each other by degrees of authority and peculiarities of duty40 ,there must1 also1 exist1 somewhere1 the power of transmitting the ministry1 by ordination4 ,among those1 who suppose there is but one grade of office1 this power is lodged in every minister4 ,by ,episcopalians1 the power is confined to the highest order of the ministry1--the ,bishops4 ,it is evident1 that the ,savior could not have established both these different modes2 and therefore both cannot possibly be correct4 8,to suppose1 that ,he1 who is the ,fountain of all wisdom1 could have been the ,author of such inevitable disorder1--a kind of disorder which must ever keep the axe at the root of that unity for which ,he prayed1--is not only an absurdity1 but an opinion equally repudiated by all parties40 8,it is manifest10 therefore1 8that whatever may prove itself to be ,,the form of ministry1 established and authorized by ,jesus ,christ1 every other must be altogether void of such authority1 and based simply on human appointment40 ,that this ,church1 or ,society1 might endure1 it must be provided with a well-arranged organization1 or form of government1 and consist of officers and members4 ,no society can exist1 without this2 and the powers and duties of the officers should be well defined1 and so adjusted1 as to promote1 in the best manner1 the permanent good of the society4 ,that this ,society might endure forever1 some provision must be made for the renewal of its officers1 so that1 when any were taken away1 by death1 their places might be supplied with suitable successors4 ,that the ,savior made all necessary provision for these purposes1 there can be no doubt2 and that the organization which ,he directed ,his ,apostles to establish1 was ,episcopal1 is easily susceptible of proof4 ,throughout the ,bible1 different orders in the ministry are recognized or referred to4 ,under the ,jewish dispensation1 7which1 be it remembered1 was established by ,god ,himself17 there were the three orders of ,high ,priest1 ,priests1 and ,levites4 ,when the ,savior was upon earth1 ,he was the visible head of the ,church1--the 8,bishop and ,shepherd of our souls10--and the ,apostles and seventy ,disciples were the other two orders4 ,after his ascension1 the ,apostles became the visible heads of the ,church1 the lower orders being ,bishops1 7called also ,priests or ,presbyters1 and ,elders17 and ,deacons4 ,when the ,apostles were called hence1 their successors did not assume the name or title of ,apostle1 but took that of ,bishop1 which thenceforth was applied exclusively to the highest order of the ministry1 the other two orders being the ,presbyters 7,priests or ,elders7 and ,deacons4 ,thus it has continued to the present day4 ,it is worthy of remark1 that 8early writers have been careful to record the ecclesiastical genealogy or succession of the ,bishops1 in several of the principal ,churches4 ,thus1 we have catalogues of the ,bishops of ,jerusalem1 ,antioch1 ,rome1 c42 though it does not appear that the ,presbyters and ,deacons of those ,churches were honored with any similar notice40 ,in like manner1 catalogues of temporal ,rulers are preserved1 when the names of officers subordinate to them are suffered to pass into oblivion4 ,it is easy to trace back the line of ,bishops1 by name1 from our own day1 up to the ,apostles themselves4 ,there is no ancient writer on ecclesiastical matters1 who does not speak of the division of the ministry into different and distinct ,orders1 and of certain individuals as ,bishops of particular ,churches2 or who mentions1 as existing at the same time1 and in the same ,churches1 any other persons by the same name of ,bishops4 ,but1 it is to be observed1 that it is not only necessary that a ,church should preserve the true ,order in the ,ministry1 but also that it retain the true faith4 ,for a true faith and true ,order are both necessary to constitute a ,church4 ,all the heretical sects of the ancient ,church had the ,apostolic ,ministry2 but1 when they departed from the true faith1 they were excluded from the communion of the ,church4 8,the ,arians1 the ,donatists1 the ,novatians1 c4 c41 were all ,episcopal in their ,ministry1 and in this respect differed in nothing from the ,orthodox ,catholic ,church4 ,their grand error lay in the want of that union of ,order and ,faith1 which are essential to the being of a ,church40 ,an external commission1 conveyed by ,episcopal consecration or ordination1 is considered necessary to constitute a lawful ministry2 and it is therefore declared1 by the ,church1 that 8no man shall be accounted or taken to be a lawful ,bishop1 ,priest1 or ,deacon1 in this ,church1 or suffered to execute any of said functions10 unless he has 8had ,episcopal consecration or ordination20 and the power of ordaining1 or setting apart to the ministry1 and of laying on hands upon others1 is vested in the ,bishops4 ,the ministry is of ,divine appointment1 and consists of three orders1 only1--,bishop1 ,priest1 and ,deacon4 ,the government is of human regulation1 and may be modified as circumstances require4 ,other officers may be appointed1 and the manner in which ministers are invested with their jurisdiction may be varied4 ,to use the language of the ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states1 in the ,preface to her ,book of ,common ,prayer1 8,it is a most invaluable part of that blessed liberty1 wherewith ,christ hath made us free1 that1 in ,his worship1 different forms and usages may1 without offence1 be allowed1 provided the substance of the faith be kept entire2 and that1 in every ,church1 what cannot be clearly determined to belong to ,doctrine1 must be referred to ,discipline2 and therefore1 by common consent and authority1 may be altered1 abridged1 enlarged1 amended1 or otherwise disposed of1 as may seem most convenient for the edification of the people1 #8according to the various exigencies of times and occasions4' 444 ,the particular ,forms of ,divine ,worship1 and the ,rites and ,ceremonies appointed to be used therein1 being things in their own nature indifferent and alterable1 and so acknowledged1 it is but reasonable1 that1 upon weighty and important considerations1 according to the various exigencies of times and occasions1 such changes and alterations should be made therein1 as to those1 who are in places of authority should1 from time to time1 seem either necessary or expedient40 ,in the ,church of ,england1 there are ,archbishops1 ,deans1 and various other officers and titles of office2 but these are of local authority1 and do not interfere with the three ,divinely-appointed orders4 ,to use the language of ,hooker1 8,i may securely1 therefore1 conclude1 that there are1 at this day1 in the ,church of ,england1 no other than the same degrees of ecclesiastical orders1 namely1 ,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons1 which had their beginning from ,christ and ,his blessed ,apostles themselves4 ,as for ,deans1 ,prebendaries1 ,parsons1 ,vicars1 ,curates1 ,archdeacons1 and such like names1 being not found in the ,scriptures1 we have been thereby1 through some men's errors1 thought to allow ecclesiastical degrees not known nor ever heard of in the better ages of former times4 ,all these are in truth but titles of office10 admitted 8as the state of the ,church doth need1 degrees of order still remaining the same as they were from the beginning40 ,two hundred years ago1 ,hooker gave the following challenge1 which has never yet been accepted3--8,we require you to find but one ,church upon the face of the whole earth that hath not been ordered by ,episcopal regiment since the time that the blessed ,apostles were here conversant40 ,and though1 says ,bishop ,doane1 departures from it1 since the time of which he spoke1 have been but too frequent and too great1 8,episcopal regiment0 is still maintained as ,christ's ordinance1 for the perpetuation and government of his ,church1 and is received as such by eleven twelfths of the whole ,christian world4 ,for a period of fifteen hundred years after the ,apostolic age1 ordination by ,presbyters was totally unknown1 except in a few crooked cases1 where the attempt was made1 and followed by instant condemnation from the ,church1 and the declaration that they were utterly null and void4 ,there was no ministry in existence1 before the era of the ,reformation1 but that which had come down direct from the ,apostles1 that is1 the ,episcopal4 ,this is admitted by nearly all the opponents of ,episcopacy4 ,the ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states1 agrees with that of ,england1 in doctrine1 discipline1 and worship1 with some few unessential variations4 ,their ,ritual1 or ,form of ,worship1 is the same1 except that some few parts have been omitted for the sake of shortening the service1 or for other reasons4 ,changes became necessary in the prayers for ,rulers1 in consequence of the independence of the ,united ,states4 ,the different ,episcopal parishes in each of the ,united ,states1 7except in some of the newly-settled parts of the ,country1 where two or more ,states are united for this purpose17 are connected by a ,constitution1 which provides for a convention of the clergy and lay delegates from each parish in the ,state or ,diocese4 ,this ,convention is held annually1 and regulates the local concerns of its own ,diocese1 the ,bishop of which1 is the ,president of the ,convention4 ,the ,conventions of the different ,dioceses elect ,deputies to a ,general ,convention1 which is held once in three years4 ,each ,diocese may elect four ,clergymen and four ,laymen1 as delegates1 who1 when assembled in ,general ,convention1 form what is called the 8,house of ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies10 each ,order from a ,diocese having one vote1 and the concurrence of both being necessary to every act of the ,convention4 ,the ,bishops form a separate ,house1 with a right to originate measures for the concurrence of the ,house of ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies1 each ,house having a negative upon the other1 as in the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,the whole ,church is governed by ,canons1 framed by the ,general ,convention4 ,these ,canons regulate the mode of elections of ,bishops1 declare the age and qualifications necessary for obtaining the orders of ,deacon or ,priest1 the studies to be previously pursued1 the examinations which each candidate is to undergo1 and all other matters of permanent legislation4 ,deacon's orders cannot be conferred on any person under the age of twenty-one1 nor those of ,priest before that of twenty-four4 ,a ,bishop must be at least thirty years of age4 ,prejudices have prevailed against the ,episcopal ,church1 and probably still exist in the minds of some persons1 from an impression1 that ,episcopacy is not congenial with a republican form of government1 and the civil institutions of our ,country4 ,but1 that this is an erroneous opinion1 will be evident1 to any one who will carefully and impartially examine the subject4 ,it will he seen1 from what has been stated above1 that its ,constitution is founded on the representative principle1 and is strikingly analogous to the form of government of the ,united ,states4 8,in the permanent official stations of the ,bishops and ,clergy in her legislative bodies1 our own ,church10 says ,bishop ,hobart1 8resembles all other religious communities1 whose clergy also are permanent legislators4 ,but1 in some respects1 she is more conformed than they are to the organization of our civil governments4 ,of these1 it is a characteristic1 that legislative power is divided between two branches4 ,and it is a peculiar character of our own ,church1 that her legislative power is thus divided4 ,again1 a single responsible ,executive characterizes our civil constitutions4 ,the same feature marks our own ,church1 in the single ,episcopal ,executive in each ,diocese1 chosen1 in the first instance1 by the ,clergy and representatives of the ,laity4 ,nor are these the only points in which the ,bishop of our ,church may feel pleasure in asserting the free and republican constitution of our government2 for1 in our ecclesiastical judicatories1 the representatives of the laity possess strict coordinate authority1--the power of voting as a separate body1 and of annulling1 by a majority of votes1 the acts of the ,bishops and ,clergy40 ,the doctrines of the ,episcopal ,church are contained in the ,thirty-nine ,articles of ,religion1 subjoined to this notice4 ,see ,book of ,homilies1 the ,canons of the ,church1 ,archbishop ,potter's ,discourse on ,church ,government1 ,hooker's ,ecclesiastical ,polity1 ,daubeny's ,guide to the ,church1 ,burton's ,early ,english ,church1 the ,church ,dictionaries of ,rev4 ,dr ,hook and ,rev4 ,mr4 ,staunton1 ,bishop ,onderdonk's ,episcopacy ,examined and ,reexamined1 and other similar works4 ,historical ,notice ,of ,the ,church ,in ,the ,united ,states4 ,though the greater proportion of the early emigrants to this ,country were opposed to the form of religious worship established in the ,mother ,country1 some of them were devoted adherents of that establishment1 and ,episcopal churches existed1 of course1 in several of the ,colonies1 at an early period1 although1 from the opposition made to them by the other emigrants1 and from other causes1 the number was not so considerable as might have been expected under different circumstances4 ,at the commencement of the ,revolutionary ,war1 there were not more than eighty parochial clergymen ,north and ,east of ,maryland2 and these1 with the exception of those in the towns of ,boston and ,newport1 and the cities of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 derived the principal part of their support from ,england1 through the 8,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts10 an old and venerable ,institution1 yet in existence1 and still zealously engaged in spreading the ,gospel to the utmost parts of the earth4 ,in ,maryland and ,virginia1 the members of the ,church were much more numerous1 than in the other parts of the ,country1 and the clergy were supported by a legal establishment4 ,the distance of this from the ,mother ,country1 and the consequent separation of the members of the ,church from their parent stock1 which rendered them dependent for the ministry upon emigrations from ,england1 or obliged them to send candidates to that ,country1 for ,holy ,orders1 operated as a serious obstacle to the increase of the ,church here4 ,all the clergy of this ,country were attached to the diocese of the ,bishop of ,london1 who thus became the only bond of union between them2 but his authority could not be effectually exerted1 at such a distance1 in those cases where it was most needed2 and1 for these and other reasons1 several efforts were made by the clergy to obtain an ,american ,episcopate4 ,but the jealousy with which such a measure was regarded by other denominations1 and the great opposition with which it consequently met1 prevented the accomplishment of the design4 ,when1 however1 the tie1 which had thus bound the members of the ,church together in one communion1 had been severed1 by the independence of the ,united ,states1 it was necessary that some new bond of union should be adopted2 and renewed efforts were made to procure an ,episcopate4 ,the clergy of the ,church in ,connecticut1 at a meeting held in ,march1 #aghc1 elected the ,rev4 ,samuel ,seabury1 ,d4 ,d41 their ,bishop1 and sent him to ,england1 with an application to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury for his consecration to that holy office4 ,the ,english ,bishops were unable to consecrate him1 till an ,act of ,parliament1 authorizing them so to do1 could be passed2 and he then made application to the ,bishops of the ,church in ,scotland1 who readily assented to the request1 and he was consecrated by them1 in ,aberdeen1 on the #adth of ,november1 #aghd4 ,the ,prelates1 who were thus the instruments of first communicating the ,episcopate to this ,country1 were1 the ,right ,reverend ,robert ,kilgour1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,aberdeen1 the ,right ,reverend ,arthur ,petrie1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,ross and ,moray1 and the ,right ,reverend ,john ,skinner1 ,d4 ,d41 ,coadjutor ,bishop of ,aberdeen4 ,bishop ,seabury returned to this ,country1 immediately after his consecration1 and commenced his ,episcopal duties without delay4 ,a few clergymen of ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,pennsylvania1 having held a meeting at ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 on the #acth and #adth of ,may1 #aghd1 for the purpose of consulting in what way to renew a ,society for the support of widows and children of deceased clergymen1 determined to procure a larger meeting on the #eth of the ensuing ,october1 not only for the purpose of completing the object for which they had then assembled1 but also to confer and agree on some general principles of a union of the ,church throughout the ,states4 ,at this latter meeting1 a plan of ecclesiastical union was agreed upon1 with great unanimity2 and a recommendation to the several ,states1 to send delegates to a general meeting1 at ,philadelphia1 in ,september1 #aghe1 was adopted4 ,at the meeting1 in ,philadelphia1 in ,september and ,october1 #aghe1 there were present1 deputies from seven of the thirteen ,states4 ,this ,convention framed an ,ecclesiastical ,constitution1 recommended sundry alterations in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 to adapt it to the local circumstances of the ,country1 now severed from the parent ,state1 and also took some measures towards procuring the ,episcopate from ,england4 ,an ,address was forwarded to the ,english ,bishops1 through his ,excellency ,john ,adams1 then ,minister to ,england1 and afterwards ,president of the ,united ,states who zealously used his influence to promote the views of the ,convention4 ,another ,convention was held in ,philadelphia1 in ,june1 #aghf1 at which1 a ,letter was read1 from the ,archbishops and ,bishops of ,england1 in answer to the ,address forwarded from the preceding ,convention2 and another ,address to the same ,right ,reverend ,prelates1 was adopted1 to accompany the ,ecclesiastical ,constitution now finally agreed upon4 ,this ,convention then adjourned1 to meet again whenever answers should be received from ,england4 ,the next meeting was held at ,wilmington1 in ,delaware1 in ,october1 #aghf1 at which1 ,letters from the ,english ,prelates were read1 and also an ,act of ,parliament1 authorizing the consecration of ,bishops for foreign places4 ,sundry further amendments and modifications of the ,ecclesiastical ,constitution1 and ,book of ,common ,prayer1 were agreed upon1 another ,address to the ,english ,prelates was adopted1 and testimonials signed for three clergymen1 who had been elected ,bishops by their respective ,dioceses4 ,two of these clergymen proceeded to ,england1 in the course of the next month2 and1 after some further delays1 all difficulties were finally removed1 and the ,rev4 ,william ,white1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,philadelphia1 and the ,rev4 ,samuel ,provoost1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,new ,york1 having been elected to the ,bishoprics of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york1 were consecrated to their high and holy office1 on the fourth of ,february1 ,a4 ,d4 #aghg1 in the chapel of the ,archiepiscopal palace at ,lambeth1 by the ,most ,reverend ,john ,moore1 ,d4 ,d41 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 assisted by the ,most ,reverend ,william ,markham1 ,d4 ,d41 ,archbishop of ,york1 the ,right ,reverend ,charles ,moss1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells1 and the ,right ,reverend ,charles ,hinchliff1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,peterborough4 ,the newly-consecrated ,bishops returned to ,america1 ,april #g1 #aghg1 and soon after1 began the exercise of their ,episcopal functions in their respective dioceses4 ,of these three original ,bishops of the ,church1 ,bishop ,seabury discharged his ,episcopal duties between nine and ten years1 and died1 ,february #be1 #agif4 ,bishop ,white continued to be as a patriarch of the ,church for many years1 his life having been prolonged to the age of #hh1 and the discharge of his ,episcopal functions having continued forty-nine years4 ,he died1 ,july #ag1 #ahcf4 ,bishop ,provoost died1 ,september #f1 #ahae1 in the twenty-ninth year of his ,episcopate4 ,the first triennial ,convention of the ,church was held in ,july and ,august1 #aghi1 and the sessions of this body continue to be regularly held every three years4 ,rev4 ,james ,madison1 ,d4 ,d41 was consecrated ,bishop of ,virginia1 by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,september #ai1 #agij1 and died ,march #f1 #ahab4 ,rev4 ,thomas ,john ,claggett1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,maryland1 was the first ,bishop consecrated in the ,united ,states1 having been elevated to that holy ,order by the ,right ,reverend ,bishops ,provoost1 ,seabury1 ,white1 and ,madison1 in ,new ,york1 ,september #ag1 #agib2 since which time1 thirty-three ,bishops have been consecrated1 making the whole number1 thirty-eight1 of whom twenty are now living4 ,for the succession of ,bishops1 from the first establishment of the ,church1 to the present day1 see ,statistics4 ,the last ,general ,convention was held in ,new ,york1 in ,october1 #ahda1 at which time1 there were present1 twenty-one ,bishops1 and #gi clerical and #eg lay members4 ,the ,bishops reported the consecration of #ic churches1 the ordination of #cee clergymen1 and the confirmation of #ad1gfg persons1 in the years #ahch to #ahda4 ,the whole number of clergymen1 at the present time1 7#ahdb17 is #aaad4 ,other facts of interest1 in relation to the ,church in this ,country1 will be found among the ,statistics of this volume2 and for more full information1 the reader is referred to 8,swords's ,pocket ,almanack1 ,churchman's ,register1 and ,ecclesiastical ,calendar10 a valuable little manual1 published annually1 and to the 8,churchman's ,almanack10 also published annually2 and for historical notices1 reference may be made to ,bishop ,white's 8,memoirs of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church10 ,journals of the ,general1 and ,state ,conventions1 ,hawks's ,ecclesiastical ,history of different ,states1 and other similar works4 ,articles ,of ,religion4 ,as established by the ,bishops1 the ,clergy1 and ,laity of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states of ,america1 in ,convention1 on the twelfth ,day of ,september1 in the ,year of our ,lord1 one thousand eight hundred and one4 8,,article ,i4 ,of ,faith in the ,holy ,trinity4--,there is but one living and true ,god1 everlasting1 without body1 parts1 or passions2 of infinite power1 wisdom1 and goodness2 the ,maker and ,preserver of all things1 both visible and invisible4 ,and in unity of this ,godhead there be three persons1 of one substance1 power1 and eternity2 the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 8,,art4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,word1 or ,son of ,god1 which was made very ,man4--,the ,son1 which is the ,word of the ,father1 begotten from everlasting of the ,father1 the very and eternal ,god1 of one substance with the ,father1 took man's nature in the womb of the blessed ,virgin1 of her substance3 so that two whole and perfect natures1 that is to say1 the ,godhead and ,manhood1 were joined together in one person1 never to be divided2 whereof is one ,christ1 very ,god1 and very ,man2 who truly suffered1 was crucified1 dead1 and buried1 to reconcile ,his ,father to us1 and to be a sacrifice1 not only for original guilt1 but also for actual sins of men4 8,,art4 ,,iii4 ,of the going down of ,christ into ,hell4--,as ,christ died for us1 and was buried1 so also is it to be believed1 that ,he went down into hell4 8,,art4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,resurrection of ,christ4--,christ did truly rise again from death1 and took again ,his body1 with flesh1 bones1 and all things appertaining to the perfection of man's nature1 wherewith ,he ascended into heaven1 and there sitteth1 until ,he return to judge all men at the last day4 8,,art4 ,v4 ,of the ,holy ,ghost4--,the ,holy ,ghost1 proceeding from the ,father and the ,son1 is of one substance1 majesty1 and glory1 with the ,father and the ,son1 very and eternal ,god4 8,,art4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,sufficiency of the ,holy ,scriptures for ,salvation4--,holy ,scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation2 so that whatsoever is not read therein1 nor may be proved thereby1 is not to be required of any man1 that it should be believed as an article of the faith1 or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation4 ,in the name of the ,holy ,scripture we do understand those ,canonical ,books of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 of whose authority was never any doubt in the ,church4 8,of the ,names and ,number of the ,canonical ,books4--,genesis1 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numeri1 ,deuteronomium1 ,joshue1 ,judges1 ,ruth1 ,the ,first ,book of ,samuel1 ,the ,second ,book of ,samuel1 ,the ,first ,book of ,kings1 ,the ,second ,book of ,kings1 ,the ,first ,book of ,chronicles1 ,the ,second ,book of ,chronicles1 ,the ,first ,book of ,esdras1 ,the ,second ,book of ,esdras1 ,the ,book of ,hester1 ,the ,book of ,job1 ,the ,psalms1 ,the ,proverbs1 ,ecclesiastes or ,preacher1 ,cantica or ,songs of ,solomon1 ,four ,prophets the greater1 ,twelve ,prophets the less4 8,and the other ,books 7as ,hierome saith7 the ,church doth read for example of life1 and instruction of manners1 but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine2 such are these following3 8,the ,third ,book of ,esdras1 ,the ,fourth ,book of ,esdras1 ,the ,book of ,tobias1 ,the ,book of ,judith1 ,the ,rest of the ,book of ,hester1 ,the ,book of ,wisdom1 ,jesus the ,son of ,sirach1 ,baruch the ,prophet1 ,the ,song of the ,three ,children1 ,the ,story of ,susanna1 ,of ,bel and the ,dragon1 ,the ,prayer of ,manasses1 ,the ,first ,book of ,maccabees1 ,the ,second ,book of ,maccabees4 8,all the ,books of the ,new ,testament1 as they are commonly received1 we do receive1 and account them ,canonical4 8,,art4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,old ,testament4--,the ,old ,testament is not contrary to the ,new2 for both in the ,old and ,new ,testament1 everlasting life is offered to mankind by ,christ1 who is the only ,mediator between ,god and man1 being both ,god and ,man4 ,wherefore they are not to be heard1 which feign1 that the old fathers did look only for transitory promises ,although the law given from ,god by ,moses1 as touching ceremonies and rites1 do not bind ,christian men1 nor the civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth2 yet1 notwithstanding1 no ,christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called ,moral4 8,,art4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,creeds4--,the ,nicene ,creed1 and that which is commonly called the ,apostles' ,creed1 ought thoroughly to be received and believed2 for they may be proved by most certain warrants of ,holy ,scripture4 8,,art4 ,,ix4 ,of ,original or ,birth-,sin4--,original sin standeth not in the following of ,adam1 7as the ,pelagians do vainly talk17 but it is the fault and corruption of the nature of every man1 that naturally is engendered of the offspring of ,adam1 whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness1 and is1 of his own nature1 inclined to evil1 so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the ,spirit2 and therefore1 in every person born into this world1 it deserveth ,god's wrath and damnation4 ,and this infection of nature doth remain1 yea1 in them that are regenerated2 whereby the lust of the flesh1 called in ,greek1 ,phronema sarkos1 which some do expound the wisdom1 some sensuality1 some the affection1 some the desire1 of the flesh1 is not subject to the law of ,god4 ,and although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized1 yet the ,apostle doth confess1 that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin4 8,,art4 ,x4 ,of ,free ,will4--,the condition of man1 after the fall of ,adam1 is such1 that he cannot turn and prepare himself1 by his own natural strength and good works1 to faith1 and calling upon ,god2 wherefore we have no power to do good works pleasant and acceptable to ,god1 without the grace of ,god by ,christ preventing us1 that we may have a good will1 and working with us1 when we have that good will4 8,,art4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,justification of ,man4--,we are accounted righteous before ,god1 only for the merit of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ by faith1 and not for our own works or deservings4 ,wherefore1 that we are justified by faith only1 is a most wholesome doctrine1 and very full of comfort1 as more largely is expressed in the ,homily of ,justification4 8,,art4 ,,xii4 ,of ,good ,works4--,albeit that good works1 which are the fruits of faith1 and follow after justification1 cannot put away our sins1 and endure the severity of ,god's judgment2 yet are they pleasing and acceptable to ,god in ,christ1 and do spring out1 necessarily1 of a true and lively faith1 insomuch that by them a lively faith may be as evidently known1 as a tree discerned by the fruit4 8,,art4 ,,xiii4 ,of ,works before ,justification4--,works done before the grace of ,christ1 and the inspiration of his ,spirit1 are not pleasant to ,god1 forasmuch as they spring not of faith in ,jesus ,christ1 neither do they make men meet to receive grace1 or 7as the school authors say7 deserve grace of congruity2 yea1 rather1 for that they are not done as ,god hath willed and commanded them to be done1 we doubt not but they have the nature of sin4 8,,art4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,works of ,supererogation4--,voluntary works1 besides over and above ,god's commandments1 which they call works of supererogation1 cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety2 for by them men do declare1 that they do not only render unto ,god as much as they are bound to do1 but that they do more for ,his sake than of bounden duty is required2 whereas ,christ saith plainly1 ,when ye have done all that are commanded to you1 say1 ,we are unprofitable servants4 8,,art4 ,,xv4 ,of ,christ alone without ,sin4--,christ1 in the truth of our nature1 was made like unto us in all things1 sin only except1 from which ,he was clearly void1 both in ,his flesh and in ,his spirit4 ,he came to be a ,lamb without spot1 who1 by sacrifice of ,himself once made1 should take away the sins of the world2 and sin 7as ,saint ,john saith7 was not in ,him4 ,but all we the rest 7although baptized and born again in ,christ7 yet offend in many things2 and if we say we have no sin1 we deceive ourselves1 and the truth is not in us4 8,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,of ,sin after ,baptism4--,not every deadly sin willingly committed after baptism1 is sin against the ,holy ,ghost1 and unpardonable4 ,wherefore the grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after baptism4 ,after we have received the ,holy ,ghost1 we may depart from grace given1 and fall into sin1 and by the grace of ,god 7we may7 arise again1 and amend our lives4 ,and therefore they are to be condemned1 which say1 they can no more sin as long as they live here1 or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent4 8,,art4 ,,xvii4 ,of ,predestination and ,election4--,predestination to life is the everlasting purpose of ,god1 whereby 7before the foundations of the world were laid7 ,he hath constantly decreed1 by ,his counsel1 secret to us1 to deliver from curse and damnation those whom ,he hath chosen in ,christ out of mankind1 and to bring them by ,christ to everlasting salvation1 as vessels made to honor4 ,wherefore they1 which be endued with so excellent a benefit of ,god1 be called according to ,god's purpose by ,his ,spirit working in due season3 they1 through grace1 obey the calling3 they be justified freely3 they be made sons of ,god by adoption3 they be made like the image of ,his only begotten ,son ,jesus ,christ1 they walk religiously in good works2 and at length1 by ,god's mercy1 they attain to everlasting felicity4 8,as the godly consideration of predestination1 and our election in ,christ1 is full of sweet1 pleasant1 and unspeakable comfort to godly persons1 and such as feel in themselves the working of the ,spirit of ,christ1 mortifying the works of the flesh and their earthly members1 and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things1 as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal salvation1 to be enjoyed through ,christ1 as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards ,god2 so1 for curious and carnal persons1 lacking the ,spirit of ,christ1 to have continually before their eyes the sentence of ,god's predestination1 is a most dangerous downfall1 whereby the devil doth thrust them either into desperation1 or into wretchlessness of most unclean living1 no less perilous than desperation4 8,furthermore1 we must receive ,god's promises in such wise as they be generally set forth to us in ,holy ,scripture and1 in our doings1 that will of ,god is to be followed1 which we have expressly declared unto us in the ,word of ,god4 8,,art4 ,,xviii4 ,of obtaining eternal ,salvation only by the ,name of ,christ4--,they also are to be had accursed1 that presume to say1 ,that every man shall be saved by the law or sect which he professeth1 so that he be diligent to frame his life according to that law1 and the light of nature4 ,for ,holy ,scripture doth set out unto us only the ,name of ,jesus ,christ1 whereby men must be saved4 8,,art4 ,,xix4 ,of the ,church4--,the visible ,church of ,christ is a congregation of faithful men1 in the which the pure ,word of ,god is preached1 and the sacraments be duly ministered according to ,christ's ordinance1 in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same4 8,as the ,church of ,hierusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch1 have erred1 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred1 not only in their living and manner of ceremonies1 but also in matters of faith4 8,,art4 ,,xx4 ,of the ,authority of the ,church4--,the ,church hath power to decree rites or ceremonies1 and authority in controversies of faith2 and yet it is not lawful for the ,church to ordain any thing that is contrary to ,god's ,word written2 neither may it so expound one place of ,scripture1 that it be repugnant to another4 ,wherefore1 although the ,church be a witness and a keeper of ,holy ,writ1 yet1 as it ought not to decree any thing against the same1 so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of salvation4 8,,art4 ,,xxi4 ,of the ,authority of ,general ,councils47#a7 8,,art4 ,,xxii4 ,of ,purgatory4--,the ,romish doctrine concerning purgatory1 pardons1 worshipping1 and adoration1 as well of images as of reliques1 and also invocation of saints1 is a fond thing vainly invented1 and grounded upon no warranty of ,scripture1 but rather repugnant to the ,word of ,god4 8,,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,of ,ministering in the ,congregation4--,it is not lawful for any man to take upon him the office of public preaching1 or ministering the sacraments in the ,congregation1 before he be lawfully called1 and sent to execute the same4 ,and those we ought to judge lawfully called and sent1 which be chosen and called to this work by men who have public authority given unto them in the ,congregation1 to call and send ministers into the ,lord's vineyard4 8,,art4 ,,xxiv4 ,of ,speaking in the ,congregation in such a ,tongue as the ,people understandeth4--,it is a thing plainly repugnant to the ,word of ,god1 and the custom of the primitive ,church1 to have public prayer in the ,church1 or to minister the sacraments1 in a tongue not understanded of the people4 8,,art4 ,,xxv4 ,of the ,sacraments4--,sacraments ordained of ,christ1 be not only badges or tokens of ,christian men's profession2 but rather they be certain sure witnesses1 and effectual signs of grace1 and ,god's good will toward us1 by the which ,he doth work invisibly in us1 and doth not only quicken1 but also strengthen and confirm our faith in ,him4 8,there are two ,sacraments ordained of ,christ our ,lord in the ,gospel1 that is to say1 ,baptism1 and the ,supper of the ,lord4 8,those five commonly called sacraments1 that is to say1 ,confirmation1 ,penance1 ,orders1 ,matrimony1 and ,extreme ,unction1 are not to be counted for ,sacraments of the ,gospel1 being such as have grown1 partly of the corrupt fallowing of the ,apostles1 partly are states of life allowed by the ,scriptures2 but yet have not like nature of ,sacraments with ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper1 for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of ,god4 8,the ,sacraments were not ordained of ,christ to be gazed upon1 or to be carried about1 but that we should duly use them4 ,and in such only as worthily receive the same1 they have a wholesome effect or operation2 but they that receive them unworthily purchase to themselves damnation1 as ,saint ,paul saith4 8,,art4 ,,xxvi4 ,of the ,unworthiness of the ,ministers1 which hinders not the ,effect of the ,sacraments4--,although in the visible ,church1 the evil be ever mingled with the good1 and sometime the evil have chief authority in the ministration of the ,word and ,sacraments2 yet1 forasmuch as they do not the same in their own name1 but in ,christ's1 and do minister by his commission and authority1 we may use their ministry1 both in hearing the ,word of ,god1 and in receiving the ,sacraments4 ,neither is the effect of ,christ's ordinance taken away by their wickedness1 nor the grace of ,god's gifts diminished from such as1 by faith1 and rightly1 do receive the ,sacraments ministered unto them1 which be effectual1 because of ,christ's institution and promise1 although they be ministered by evil men4 8,nevertheless1 it appertaineth to the discipline of the ,church1 that inquiry be made of evil ministers1 and that they be accused by those that have knowledge of their offences2 and finally1 being found guilty1 by just judgment1 be deposed4 8,,art4 ,,xxvii4 ,of ,baptism4--,baptism is not only a sign of profession1 and mark of difference1 whereby ,christian men are discerned from others that be not christened2 but it is also a sign of regeneration1 or new birth1 whereby1 as by an instrument1 they that receive ,baptism rightly are grafted into the ,church3 the promises of the forgiveness of sin1 and of our adoption to be the sons of ,god by the ,holy ,ghost1 are visibly signed and sealed3 faith is confirmed1 and grace increased by virtue of prayer unto ,god4 ,the ,baptism of young children is in any wise to be retained in the ,church1 as most agreeable with the institution of ,christ4 8,,art4 ,,xxviii4 ,of the ,lord's ,supper4--,the ,supper of the ,lord is not only a sign of the love that ,christians ought to have among themselves one to another2 but rather it is a ,sacrament of our redemption by ,christ's death3 insomuch that1 to such as rightly1 worthily1 and with faith1 receive the same1 the ,bread which we break is a partaking of the body of ,christ2 and likewise the ,cup of ,blessing is a partaking of the blood of ,christ4 8,transubstantiation 7or the change of the substance of bread and wine7 in the ,supper of the ,lord1 cannot be proved by ,holy ,writ2 but it is repugnant to the plain words of ,scripture1 overthrowing the nature of a sacrament1 and hath given occasion to many superstitions4 8,the body of ,christ is given1 taken1 and eaten in the ,supper1 only after a heavenly and spiritual manner4 ,and the mean1 whereby the body of ,christ is received and eaten in the ,supper1 is faith4 8,the ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper was not by ,christ's ordinance reserved1 carried about1 lifted up1 or worshipped4 8,,art4 ,,xxix4 ,of the ,wicked1 which eat not of the ,body of ,christ in the ,use of the ,lord's ,supper4--,the wicked1 and such as be void of a lively faith1 although they do carnally and visibly press with their teeth 7as ,saint ,augustine saith7 the ,sacrament of the body and blood of ,christ2 yet in nowise are they partakers of ,christ2 but rather1 to their condemnation1 do eat and drink the sign or sacrament of so great a thing4 8,,art4 ,,xxx4 ,of ,both ,kinds4--,the ,cup of the ,lord is not to be denied to the lay people2 for both the parts of the ,lord's ,sacrament1 by ,christ's ordinance and commandment1 ought to be ministered to all ,christian men alike4 8,,art4 ,,xxxi4 ,of the one ,oblation of ,christ finished upon the ,cross4--,the offering of ,christ once made1 is that perfect redemption1 propitiation1 and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world1 both original and actual2 and there is none other satisfaction for sin1 but that alone4 ,wherefore the sacrifice of masses1 in the which it was commonly said1 that the ,priest did offer ,christ for the quick and the dead1 to have remission of pain or guilt1 were blasphemous fables1 and dangerous deceits4 8,,art4 ,,xxxii4 ,of the ,marriage of ,priests4--,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons1 are not commanded by ,god's law either to vow the estate of single life1 or to abstain from marriage3 therefore it is lawful for them1 as for all other ,christian men1 to marry at their own discretion1 as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness4 8,,art4 ,,xxxiii4 ,of excommunicate ,persons1 how they are to be avoided4--,that person which1 by open denunciation of the ,church1 is rightly cut off from the unity of the ,church1 and excommunicated1 ought to be taken1 of the whole multitude of the faithful1 as a heathen and publican1 until he be openly reconciled by penance1 and received into the ,church by a judge that hath authority thereunto4 8,,art4 ,,xxxiv4 ,of the ,traditions of the ,church4--,it is not necessary that traditions and ceremonies be in all places one1 or utterly like2 for at all times they have been divers1 and may be changed according to the diversity of countries1 times1 and men's manners1 so that nothing be ordained against ,god's ,word4 ,whosoever1 through his private judgment1 willingly and purposely doth openly break the traditions and ceremonies of the ,church1 which be not repugnant to the ,word of ,god1 and be ordained and approved by common authority1 ought to be rebuked openly1 7that other may fear to do the like17 as he that offendeth against the common order of the ,church1 and hurteth the authority of the magistrate1 and woundeth the consciences of the weak brethren4 8,every particular or national ,church hath authority to ordain1 change1 and abolish ceremonies or rites of the ,church1 ordained only by man's authority1 so that all things be done to edifying4 8,,art4 ,,xxxv4 ,of ,homilies4--,the second ,book of ,homilies1 the several titles whereof we have joined1 under this article1 doth contain a godly and wholesome doctrine1 and necessary for these times1 as doth the former ,book of ,homilies1 which were set forth in the time of ,edward the ,sixth2 and therefore we judge them to be read in ,churches by the ,ministers1 diligently and distinctly1 that they may be understanded of the people4 8,of the ,names of the ,homilies4--#a4 ,of the right ,use of the ,church4 #b4 ,against ,peril of ,idolatry4 #c4 ,of repairing and keeping clean of ,churches4 #d4 ,of ,good ,works2 first of ,fasting4 #e4 ,against ,gluttony and ,drunkenness4 #f4 ,against ,excess of ,apparel4 #g4 ,of ,prayer4 #h4 ,of the ,place and ,time of ,prayer4 #i4 ,that ,common ,prayers and ,sacraments ought to be ministered in a known ,tongue4 #aj4 ,of the reverent ,estimation of ,god's ,word4 #aa4 ,of ,alms-doing4 #ab4 ,of the ,nativity of ,christ4 #ac4 ,of the ,passion of ,christ4 #ad4 ,of the ,resurrection of ,christ4 #ae4 ,of the worthy receiving of the ,sacrament of the ,body and ,blood of ,christ4 #af4 ,of the ,gifts of the ,holy ,ghost4 #ag4 ,for the ,rogation-,days4 #ah4 ,of the ,state of ,matrimony4 #ai4 ,of ,repentance4 #bj4 ,against ,idleness4 #ba4 ,against ,rebellion4 8,this article is received in this ,church1 so far as it declares the ,books of ,homilies to be an explication of ,christian doctrine1 and instructive in piety and morals4 ,but all references to the constitution and laws of ,england are considered as inapplicable to the circumstances of this ,church1 which also suspends the order for the reading of said ,homilies in ,churches1 until a revision of them may be conveniently made1 for the clearing of them1 as well from obsolete words and phrases1 as from the local references4 8,,art4 ,,xxxvi4 ,of ,consecration of ,bishops and ,ministers4--,the ,book of ,consecration of ,bishops1 and ,ordering of ,priests and ,deacons1 as set forth by the ,general ,convention of this ,church1 in #agib1 doth contain all things necessary to such consecration and ordering2 neither hath it any thing that1 of itself1 is superstitious and ungodly3 and1 therefore1 whosoever are consecrated or ordered according to said form1 we decree all such to be rightly1 orderly1 and lawfully1 consecrated and ordered4 8,,art4 ,,xxxvii4 ,of the ,power of the ,civil ,magistrates4--,the power of the civil magistrate extendeth to all men1 as well clergy as laity1 in all things temporal2 but hath no authority in things purely spiritual4 ,and we hold it to be the duty of all men1 who are professors of the ,gospel1 to pay respectful obedience to the civil authority1 regularly and legitimately constituted4 8,,art4 ,,xxxviii4 ,of ,christian ,men's ,goods which are not common4--,the riches and goods of ,christians are not common1 as touching the right1 title1 and possession1 of the same1 as certain ,anabaptists do falsely boast4 ,notwithstanding1 every man ought1 of such things as he possesseth1 liberally to give alms to the poor1 according to his ability4 8,,art4 ,,xxxix4 ,of a ,christian ,man's ,oath4--,as we confess that vain1 and rash swearing is forbidden ,christian men by our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and ,james his ,apostle2 so we judge that ,christian religion doth not prohibit1 but that a man may swear when the magistrate requireth1 in a cause of faith and charity1 so it be done according to the prophet's teaching1 in justice1 judgment1 and truth40 ,,cambridge ,,and ,,saybrook ,,platforms4 ,the ,cambridge ,platform of church government1 and the ,confession of ,faith of the ,new ,england churches1 adopted in #afhj2 the ,saybrook ,platform1 adopted in #agjh2 and the ,heads of ,agreement1 assented to by the ,presbyterians and ,congregationalists in ,england in #afij1--;form a volume1 and cannot1 therefore1 be inserted in this work4 ,the form of church government1 however1 embraced in those ,platforms1 is essentially the same as that now in use by the ,orthodox ,congregationalists at the present day1 and the ,confession of ,faith the same in substance to that we term the 8,andover ,orthodox ,creed40 ,,moravians1 ,,or ,,united ,,brethren4 ,a name given to the followers of ,nicholas ,lewis1 count of ,zinzendorf1 who1 in the year #agba1 settled at ,bartholdorf1 in ,upper ,lusatia4 ,there he made proselytes of two or three ,moravian families1 and1 having engaged them to leave their country1 received them at ,bartholdorf1 in ,germany4 ,they were directed to build a house in a wood1 about half a league from that village1 where1 in #agbb1 this people held their first meeting4 ,this society increased so fast1 that1 in a few years1 they had an orphan-house and other public buildings4 ,an adjacent hill1 called the ,huth-,berg1 gave the colonists occasion to call this dwelling-place ,herrnhut1 which may be interpreted the guard or protection of the ,lord4 ,hence this society are sometimes called ,herrnhuters4 ,the ,moravians avoid discussions respecting the speculative truths of religion1 and insist upon individual experience of the practical efficiency of the gospel in producing a real change of sentiment and conduct1 as the only essentials in religion4 ,they consider the manifestation of ,god in ,christ as intended to be the most beneficial revelation of the ,deity to the human race2 and1 in consequence1 they make the life1 merits1 acts1 words1 sufferings1 and death1 of the ,savior the principal theme of their doctrine1 while they carefully avoid entering into any theoretical disquisitions on the mysterious essence of the ,godhead1 simply adhering to the words of ,scripture4 ,admitting the sacred ,scriptures as the only source of divine revelation1 they nevertheless believe that the ,spirit of ,god continues to lead those who believe in ,christ into all further truth1 not by revealing new doctrines1 but by teaching those who sincerely desire to learn1 daily1 better to understand and apply the truths which the ,scriptures contain4 ,they believe that1 to live agreeably to the gospel1 it is essential to aim1 in all things1 to fulfil the will of ,god4 ,even in their temporal concerns1 they endeavor to ascertain the will of ,god4 ,they do not1 indeed1 expect some miraculous manifestation of his will1 but only endeavor to test the purity of their purposes by the light of the divine word4 ,nothing of consequence is done by them1 as a society1 until such an examination has taken place2 and1 in cases of difficulty1 the question is decided by lot1 to avoid the undue preponderance of influential men1 and in the humble hope that ,god will guide them right by its decision1 where their limited understanding fails them4 ,in former times1 the marriages of the members of the society were1 in some respects1 regarded as a concern of the society1 as it was part of their social agreement that none should take place without the approval of the elders2 and the elders' consent or refusal was usually determined by lot4 ,but this custom was at length abandoned2 and nothing is now requisite to obtain the consent of the elders1 but propriety of conduct in the parties4 ,they consider none of their peculiar regulations essential1 but all liable to be altered or abandoned1 whenever it is found necessary1 in order better to attain their great object--the promotion of piety4 ,what characterizes the ,moravians most1 and holds them up to the attention of others1 is their missionary zeal4 ,in this they are superior to any other body of people in the world4 8,their missionaries10 as one observes1 8are all of them volunteers2 for it is an inviolable maxim with them to persuade no man to engage in missions4 ,they are all of one mind as to the doctrines they teach1 and seldom make an attempt where there are not half a dozen of them in the mission4 ,their zeal is calm1 steady1 persevering4 ,they would reform the world1 but are careful how they quarrel with it4 ,they carry their point by address1 and the insinuations of modesty and mildness1 which commend them to all men1 and give offence to none4 ,the habits of silence1 quietness1 and decent reserve1 mark their character40 ,the following is a sketch of the mode of life of the ,moravians1 or ,united ,brethren1 where they form separate communities1 which1 however1 is not always the case2 for1 in many instances1 societies belonging to the ,unity are situated in larger and smaller cities and towns1 intermingled with the rest of the inhabitants1 in which cases their peculiar regulations are1 of course1 out of the question4 ,in their separate communities1 they do not allow the permanent residence of any persons as householders who are not members in full communion1 and who have not signed the written instrument of brotherly agreement1 upon which their constitution and discipline rest2 but they freely admit of the temporary residence among them of such other persons as are willing to conform to their external regulations4 ,according to these1 all kinds of amusements considered dangerous to strict morality are forbidden1 as balls1 dancing1 plays1 gambling of any kind1 and all promiscuous assemblies of youth of both sexes4 ,these1 however1 are not debarred from forming1 under proper advice and parental superintendence1 that acquaintance which their future matrimonial connections may require4 ,in the communities on the ,european continent1 whither1 to this day1 numbers of young persons of both sexes resort1 in order to become members of the society from motives of piety and a desire to prepare themselves to become missionaries among the heathen1 and where1 moreover1 the difficulties of supporting a family greatly limit the number of marriages1 a stricter attention to this point becomes necessary4 ,on this account1 the unmarried men and boys1 not belonging to the families of the community1 reside together1 under the care of an elder of their own class1 in a building called the single brethren's house1 where usually divers trades and manufactures are carried on1 for the benefit of the house or of the community1 and which1 at the same time1 furnishes a cheap and convenient place for the board and lodging of those who are employed as journeymen1 apprentices1 or otherwise1 in the families constituting the community4 ,particular daily opportunities of edification are there afforded them2 and such a house is the place of resort where the young men and boys of the families spend their leisure time1 it being a general rule1 that every member of the society shall devote himself to some useful occupation4 ,a similar house1 under the guidance of a female superintendent1 and under similar regulations1 is called the single sisters' house1 and is the common dwelling-place of all unmarried females1 not members of any family1 or not employed as servants in the families of the community4 ,even these regard the sisters' house as their principal place of association at leisure hours4 ,industrious habits are here inculcated in the same way4 ,in the communities of the ,united ,brethren in ,america1 the facilities of supporting families1 and the consequent early marriages1 have superseded the necessity of single brethren's houses2 but they all have sisters' houses of the above description1 which afford a comfortable asylum to aged unmarried females1 while they furnish an opportunity of attending to the further education and improvement of the female youth after they have left school4 ,in the larger communities1 similar houses afford the same advantages to such widows as desire to live retired1 and are called widows' houses4 ,the individuals residing in these establishments pay a small rent1 by which1 and by the sums paid for their board1 the expenses of these houses are defrayed1 assisted occasionally by the profits on the sale of ornamental needle-work1 c41 on which some of the inmates subsist4 ,the aged and needy are supported by the same means4 ,each division of sex and station just alluded to1 viz41 widows1 single men and youths1 single women and girls past the age of childhood1 is placed under the special guidance of elders of their own description1 whose province it is to assist them with good advice and admonition1 and to attend1 as much as may be1 to the spiritual and temporal welfare of each individual4 ,the children of each sex are under the immediate care of the superintendent of the single choirs1 as these divisions are termed4 ,their instruction in religion1 and in all the necessary branches of human knowledge1 in good schools1 carried on separately for each sex1 is under the special superintendence of the stated minister of each community1 and of the board of elders4 ,similar special elders are charged to attend to the spiritual welfare of the married people4 ,all these elders1 of both sexes1 together with the stated minister1 to whom the preaching of the gospel is chiefly committed1 7although all other elders who may be qualified participate therein17 and with the persons to whom the economical concerns of the community are intrusted1 form together the board of elders1 in which rests the government of the community1 with the concurrence of the committee elected by the inhabitants for all temporal concerns4 ,this committee superintends the observance of all regulations1 has charge of the police1 and decides differences between individuals4 ,matters of a general nature are submitted to a meeting of the whole community1 consisting either of all male members of age1 or of an intermediate body elected by them4 ,public meetings are held every evening in the week4 ,some of these are devoted to the reading of the ,scriptures1 others to the communication of accounts from the missionary stations1 and others to the singing of hymns or selected verses4 ,on ,sunday mornings1 the church litany is publicly read1 and sermons are delivered to the congregation1 which1 in many places1 is the case likewise in the afternoon4 ,in the evening1 discourses are delivered1 in which the texts for that day are explained and brought home to the particular circumstances of the community4 ,besides these regular means of edification1 the festival days of the ,christian church1 such as ,easter1 ,pentecost1 ,christmas1 c41 are commemorated in a special manner1 as well as some days of peculiar interest in the history of the society4 ,a solemn church music constitutes a prominent feature of their means of edification1 music in general being a favorite employment of the leisure of many4 ,on particular occasions1 and before the congregation meets to partake of the ,lord's supper1 they assemble expressly to listen to instrumental and vocal music1 interspersed with hymns1 in which the whole congregation joins1 while they partake together of a cup of coffee1 tea1 or chocolate1 and light cakes1 in token of fellowship and brotherly union4 ,this solemnity is called a love-feast1 and is in imitation of the custom of the agap in the primitive ,christian churches4 ,the ,lord's supper is celebrated at stated intervals1 generally by all communicant members together1 under very solemn but simple rites4 ,easter morning is devoted to a solemnity of a peculiar kind4 ,at sunrise1 the congregation assembles in the graveyard2 a service1 accompanied by music1 is celebrated1 expressive of the joyful hopes of immortality and resurrection1 and a solemn commemoration is made of all who have1 in the course of the last year1 departed this life from among them1 and 8gone home to the ,lord0--an expression they often use to designate death4 ,considering the termination of the present life no evil1 but the entrance upon an eternal state of bliss to the sincere disciples of ,christ1 they desire to divest this event of all its terrors4 ,the decease of every individual is announced to the community by solemn music from a band of instruments4 ,outward appearances of mourning are discountenanced4 ,the whole congregation follows the bier to the graveyard1 7which is commonly laid out as a garden17 accompanied by a band1 playing the tunes of well-known verses1 which express the hopes of eternal life and resurrection2 and the corpse is deposited in the simple grave during the funeral service4 ,the preservation of the purity of the community is intrusted to the board of elders and its different members1 who are to give instruction and admonition to those under their care1 and make a discreet use of the established church discipline4 ,in cases of immoral conduct1 or flagrant disregard of the regulations of the society1 this discipline is resorted to4 ,if expostulations are not successful1 offenders are for a time restrained from participating in the holy communion1 or called before the committee4 ,for pertinacious bad conduct1 or flagrant excesses1 the culpable individual is dismissed from the society4 ,the ecclesiastical church officers1 generally speaking1 are the bishops1--through whom the regular succession of ordination1 transmitted to the ,united ,brethren through the ancient church of the ,bohemian and ,moravian ,brethren1 is preserved1 and who alone are authorized to ordain ministers1 but possess no authority in the government of the church1 except such as they derive from some other office1 being1 most frequently1 the presidents of some board of elders1--the civil seniors1--to whom1 in subordination to the board of elders of the ,unity1 belongs the management of the external relations of the society1--the presbyters1 or ordained stated ministers of the communities1 and the deacons4 ,the degree of deacon is the first bestowed upon young ministers and missionaries1 by which they are authorized to administer the sacraments4 ,females1 although elders among their own sex1 are never ordained2 nor have they a vote in the deliberations of the board of elders1 which they attend for the sake of information only4 ,the ,moravians that first visited the ,united ,states1 settled at ,savannah1 ,ga41 in #agce4 ,,tunkers4 ,a denomination of ,seventh-,day ,baptists1 which took its rise in the year #agbd4 ,it was founded by a ,german1 who1 weary of the world1 retired to an agreeable solitude1 within sixty miles of ,philadelphia1 for the more free exercise of religious contemplation4 ,curiosity attracted followers1 and his simple and engaging manners made them proselytes4 ,they soon settled a little colony1 called ,ephrata1 in allusion to the ,hebrews1 who used to sing psalms on the border of the ,river ,euphrates4 ,this denomination seem to have obtained their name from their baptizing their new converts by plunging4 ,they are also called ,tumblers1 from the manner in which they perform baptism1 which is by putting the person1 while kneeling1 head first under water1 so as to resemble the motion of the body in the action of tumbling4 ,they use the trine immersion1 with laying on the hands and prayer1 even when the person baptized is in the water4 ,their habit seems to be peculiar to themselves1 consisting of a long tunic or coat1 reaching down to their heels1 with a sash or girdle round the waist1 and a cap or hood hanging from the shoulders4 ,they do not shave the head or beard4 ,the men and women have separate habitations and distinct governments4 ,for these purposes1 they erected two large wooden buildings1 one of which is occupied by the brethren1 the other by the sisters1 of the society2 and in each of them there is a banqueting-room1 and an apartment for public worship2 for the brethren and sisters do not meet together even at their devotions4 ,they used to live chiefly upon roots and other vegetables1 the rules of their society not allowing them flesh1 except upon particular occasions1 when they hold what they call a love-feast2 at which time1 the brethren and sisters dine together in a large apartment1 and eat mutton1 but no other meat4 ,in each of their little cells they have a bench fixed1 to serve the purpose of a bed1 and a small block of wood for a pillow4 ,they allow of marriages1 but consider celibacy as a virtue4 ,the principal tenet of the ,tunkers appears to be this--that future happiness is only to be obtained by penance and outward mortifications in this life1 and that1 as ,jesus ,christ1 by his meritorious sufferings1 became the ,redeemer of mankind in general1 so each individual of the human race1 by a life of abstinence and restraint1 may work out his own salvation4 ,nay1 they go so far as to admit of works of supererogation1 and declare that a man may do much more than he is in justice or equity obliged to do1 and that his superabundant works may1 therefore1 be applied to the salvation of others4 ,this denomination deny the eternity of future punishments1 and believe that the dead have the gospel preached to them by our ,savior1 and that the souls of the just are employed to preach the gospel to those who have had no revelation in this life4 ,they suppose the ,jewish ,sabbath1 sabbatical year1 and year of jubilee1 are typical of certain periods after the general judgment1 in which the souls of those who are not then admitted into happiness are purified from their corruption4 ,if any1 within those smaller periods1 are so far humbled as to acknowledge the perfections of ,god1 and to own ,christ as their only ,savior1 they are received to felicity2 while those who continue obstinate are reserved in torments1 until the grand period1 typified by the jubilee1 arrives1 in which all shall be made happy in the endless fruition of the ,deity4 ,they also deny the imputation of ,adam's sin to his posterity4 ,they disclaim violence1 even in cases of self-defence1 and suffer themselves to be defrauded1 or wronged1 rather than go to law4 ,their church government and discipline are the same with other ,baptists2 except that every brother is allowed to speak in the congregation2 and their best speaker is usually ordained to be the minister4 ,they have deacons and deaconesses from among their ancient widows and exhorters1 who are all licensed to use their gifts statedly4 ,the ,tunkers are not so rigid in their dress and manner of life as formerly2 still they retain the faith of their fathers1 and lead lives of great industry1 frugality1 and purity4 ,,mennonites1 ,,or ,,harmless ,,christians4 ,the ,mennonites derive their name from ,menno ,simons1 an illustrious reformer4 ,this people came to the ,united ,states from ,holland1 and first settled in ,pennsylvania1 where a large body of them now reside4 ,it is a universal maxim of this denomination1 that practical piety is the essence of religion1 and that the surest mark of the true church is the sanctity of its members4 ,they all unite in pleading for toleration in religion1 and debar none from their assemblies who lead pious lives1 and own the ,scriptures for the word of ,god4 ,they teach that infants are not the proper subjects of baptism2 that ministers of the gospel ought to receive no salary2 and that it is not lawful to swear1 or wage war1 upon any occasion4 ,they also maintain that the terms person and ,trinity are not to be used in speaking of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,mennonites meet privately1 and every one in the assembly has the liberty to speak1 to expound the ,scriptures1 to pray1 and sing4 ,the ,mennonites do not baptize by immersion1 though they administer the ordinance to none but adult persons4 ,their common method is this3 ,the person who is to be baptized1 kneels2 the minister holds his hands over him1 into which the deacon pours water1 and through which it runs on the crown of the kneeling person's head2 after which follow imposition of hands and prayer4 ,mr4 ,van ,beuning1 the ,dutch ambassador1 speaking of these ,harmless ,christians1 as they choose to call themselves1 says1 8,the ,mennonites are good people1 and the most commodious to a state of any in the world2 partly1 because they do not aspire to places of dignity2 partly1 because they edify the community by the simplicity of their manners1 and application to arts and industry2 and partly1 because we fear no rebellion from a sect who make it an article of their faith never to bear arms40 ,,disciples ,,of ,,christ2 ,,sometimes ,,called ,,campbellites1 ,,or ,,reformers4 ,the rise of this society1 if we only look back to the drawing of the lines of demarkation between it and other professors1 is of recent origin4 ,about the commencement of the present century1 the ,bible alone1 without any human addition in the form of creeds or confessions of faith1 began to be preached by many distinguished ministers of different denominations1 both in ,europe and ,america4 ,with various success1 and with many of the opinions of the various sects imperceptibly carried with them from the denominations to which they once belonged1 did the advocates of the ,bible cause plead for the union of ,christians of every name1 on the broad basis of the apostles' teaching4 ,but it was not until the year #ahbc1 that a restoration of the original gospel and order of things began to be advocated in a periodical1 edited by ,alexander ,campbell1 of ,bethany1 ,virginia1 entitled 8,the ,christian ,baptist40 ,he and his father1 ,thomas ,campbell1 renounced the ,presbyterian system1 and were immersed1 in the year #ahab4 ,they1 and the congregations which they had formed1 united with the ,redstone ,baptist association1 protesting against all human creeds as bonds of union1 and professing subjection to the ,bible alone4 ,this union took place in the year #ahac4 ,but1 in pressing upon the attention of that society and the public the all-sufficiency of the sacred ,scriptures for every thing necessary to the perfection of ,christian character1--whether in the private or social relations of life1 in the church1 or in the world1--they began to be opposed by a strong creed-party in that association4 ,after some ten years debating and contending for the ,bible alone1 and the apostles' doctrine1 ,alexander ,campbell1 and the church to which he belonged1 united with the ,mahoning association1 in the ,western ,reserve of ,ohio2 that association being more favorable to his views of reform4 ,in his debates on the subject and action of baptism with ,mr4 ,walker1 a seceding minister1 in the year #ahbj1 and with ,mr4 ,m',calla1 a ,presbyterian minister of ,kentucky1 in the year #ahbc1 his views of reformation began to be developed1 and were very generally received by the ,baptist society1 as far as these works were read4 ,but in his 8,christian ,baptist10 which began ,july #d1 #ahbc his views of the need of reformation were more fully exposed1 and1 as these gained ground by the pleading of various ministers of the ,baptist denomination1 a party in opposition began to exert itself1 and to oppose the spread of what they were pleased to call heterodoxy4 ,but not till after great numbers began to act upon these principles1 was there any attempt towards separation4 ,after the ,mahoning association appointed ,mr4 ,walter ,scott an evangelist1 in the year #ahbg1 and when great numbers began to be immersed into ,christ1 under his labors1 and new churches began to be erected by him and other laborers in the field1 did the ,baptist associations begin to declare non-fellowship with the brethren of the reformation4 ,thus by constraint1 not of choice1 they were obliged to form societies out of those communities that split1 upon the ground of adherence to the apostles' doctrine4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of their views and practices are the following3-- ,they regard all the sects and parties of the ,christian world as having1 in greater or less degrees1 departed from the simplicity of faith and manners of the first ,christians1 and as forming what the apostle ,paul calls 8the apostasy40 ,this defection they attribute to the great varieties of speculation and metaphysical dogmatism of the countless creeds1 formularies1 liturgies1 and books of discipline1 adopted and inculcated as bonds of union and platforms of communion in all the parties which have sprung from the ,lutheran reformation4 ,the effect of these synodical covenants1 conventional articles of belief1 and rules of ecclesiastical polity1 has been the introduction of a new nomenclature1--a human vocabulary of religious words1 phrases1 and technicalities1 which has displaced the style of the living oracles1 and affixed to the sacred diction ideas wholly unknown to the apostles of ,christ4 ,to remedy and obviate these aberrations1 they propose to ascertain from the holy ,scriptures1 according to the commonly-received and well-established rules of interpretation1 the ideas attached to the leading terms and sentences found in the holy ,scriptures1 and then to use the words of the ,holy ,spirit in the apostolic acceptation of them4 ,by thus expressing the ideas communicated by the ,holy ,spirit1 in the terms and phrases learned from the apostles1 and by avoiding the artificial and technical language of scholastic theology1 they propose to restore a pure speech to the household of faith2 and1 by accustoming the family of ,god to use the language and dialect of the heavenly ,father1 they expect to promote the sanctification of one another through the truth1 and to terminate those discords and debates which have always originated from the words which man's wisdom teaches1 and from a reverential regard and esteem for the style of the great masters of polemic divinity2 believing that speaking the same things in the same style1 is the only certain way to thinking the same things4 ,they make a very marked difference between faith and opinion2 between the testimony of ,god and the reasonings of men2 the words of the ,spirit and human inferences4 ,faith in the testimony of ,god1 and obedience to the commandments of ,jesus1 are their bond of union1 and not an agreement in any abstract views or opinions upon what is written or spoken by divine authority4 ,hence all the speculations1 questions1 debates of words1 and abstract reasonings1 found in human creeds1 have no place in their religious fellowship4 ,regarding ,calvinism and ,arminianism1 ,trinitarianism and ,unitarianism1 and all the opposing theories of religious sectaries1 as extremes begotten by each other1 they cautiously avoid them1 as equidistant from the simplicity and practical tendency of the promises and precepts1 of the doctrine and facts1 of the exhortations and precedents1 of the ,christian institution4 ,they look for unity of spirit and the bonds of peace in the practical acknowledgment of one faith1 one ,lord1 one immersion1 one hope1 one body1 one ,spirit1 one ,god and ,father of all2 not in unity of opinions1 nor in unity of forms1 ceremonies1 or modes of worship4 ,the holy ,scriptures of both ,testaments they regard as containing revelations from ,god1 and as all necessary to make the man of ,god perfect1 and accomplished for every good word and work2 the ,new ,testament1 or the living oracles of ,jesus ,christ1 they understand as containing the ,christian religion2 the testimonies of ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john1 they view as illustrating and proving the great proposition on which our religion rests1 viz41 that ,jesus of ,nazareth is the ,messiah1 the only-begotten and well-beloved ,son of ,god1 and the only ,savior of the world2 the ,acts of the ,apostles as a divinely-authorized narrative of the beginning and progress of the reign or kingdom of ,jesus ,christ1 recording the full development of the gospel by the ,holy ,spirit sent down from heaven1 and the procedure of the apostles in setting up the church of ,christ on earth2 the ,epistles as carrying out and applying the doctrine of the apostles to the practice of individuals and congregations1 and as developing the tendencies of the gospel in the behavior of its professors2 and all as forming a complete standard of ,christian faith and morals1 adapted to the interval between the ascension of ,christ and his return with the kingdom which he has received from ,god2 the ,apocalypse1 or ,revelation of ,jesus ,christ to ,john1 in ,patmos1 as a figurative and prospective view of all the fortunes of ,christianity1 from its date to the return of the ,savior4 ,every one who sincerely believes the testimony which ,god gave of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 saying1 8,this is my ,son1 the beloved1 in whom ,i delight10 or1 in other words1 believes what the evangelists and apostles have testified concerning him1 from his conception to his coronation in heaven as ,lord of all1 and who is willing to obey him in every thing1 they regard as a proper subject of immersion1 and no one else4 ,they consider immersion into the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 after a public1 sincere1 and intelligent confession of the faith in ,jesus1 as necessary to admission to the privileges of the kingdom of the ,messiah1 and as a solemn pledge1 on the part of ,heaven1 of the actual remission of all past sins1 and of adoption into the family of ,god4 ,the ,holy ,spirit is promised only to those who believe and obey the ,savior4 ,no one is taught to expect the reception of that heavenly ,monitor and ,comforter1 as a resident in his heart1 till he obeys the gospel4 ,thus1 while they proclaim faith and repentance1 or faith and a change of heart1 as preparatory to immersion1 remission1 and the ,holy ,spirit1 they say to all penitents1 or all those who believe and repent of their sins1 as ,peter said to the first audience addressed after the ,holy ,spirit was bestowed1 after the glorification of ,jesus1 8,be immersed1 every one of you1 in the name of the ,lord ,jesus1 for the remission of sins1 and you shall receive the gift of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,they teach sinners that ,god commands all men1 every where1 to reform1 or to turn to ,god2 that the ,holy ,spirit strives with them1 so to do1 by the apostles and prophets2 that ,god beseeches them to be reconciled1 through ,jesus ,christ2 and that it is the duty of all men to believe the gospel1 and turn to ,god4 ,the immersed believers are congregated into societies1 according to their propinquity to each other1 and taught to meet every first day of the week1 in honor and commemoration of the resurrection of ,jesus1 and to break the loaf1 which commemorates the death of the ,son of ,god1 to read and hear the living oracles1 to teach and admonish one another1 to unite in all prayer and praise1 to contribute to the necessities of saints1 and to perfect holiness in the fear of the ,lord4 ,every congregation chooses its own overseers and deacons1 who preside over and administer the affairs of the congregations2 and every church1 either from itself1 or in coperation with others1 sends out1 as opportunity offers1 one or more evangelists1 or proclaimers of the word1 to preach the word1 and to immerse those who believe1 to gather congregations1 and to extend the knowledge of salvation where it is necessary1 as far as their means allow4 ,but every church regards these evangelists as its servants2 and1 therefore1 they have no control over any congregation1 each congregation being subject to its own choice of presidents or elders1 whom they have appointed4 ,perseverance in all the work of faith1 labor of love1 and patience of hope1 is inculcated1 by all the disciples1 as essential to admission into the heavenly kingdom4 ,such are the prominent outlines of the faith and practices of those who wish to be known as the ,disciples of ,christ2 but no society among them would agree to make the preceding items either a confession of faith or a standard of practice1 but1 for the information of those who wish an acquaintance with them1 are willing to give1 at any time1 a reason for their faith1 hope1 and practice4 ,,friends1 ,,or ,,quakers4 ,this class of ,christians arose in ,england about the middle of the #agth century4 ,they were at first called ,seekers1 from their seeking the truth2 and afterwards ,quakers1 for directing their enemies to tremble at the word of the ,lord4 ,they prefer the more endearing appellation of ,,friends1 which has been transmitted to them by their predecessors4 ,george ,fox was the first who publicly advocated their principles in ,england1 and the celebrated ,william ,penn in ,america4 ,the following is a ,,summary of the doctrines and discipline of the society of ,friends1 published in ,london in #ahjj1 and sanctioned by the orthodox society of ,friends in this country4 ,,doctrine4--8,we agree1 with other professors of the ,christian name1 in the belief of one eternal ,god1 the ,creator and ,preserver of the universe1 and in ,jesus ,christ1 his ,son1 the ,messiah1 and ,mediator of the new covenant4 8,when we speak of the gracious display of the love of ,god to mankind1 in the miraculous conception1 birth1 life1 miracles1 death1 resurrection1 and ascension1 of our ,savior1 we prefer the use of such terms as we find in ,scripture2 and1 contented with that knowledge which ,divine ,wisdom hath seen meet to reveal1 we attempt not to explain those mysteries which remain under the veil2 nevertheless1 we acknowledge and assert the divinity of ,christ1 who is the wisdom and power of ,god unto salvation4 8,to ,christ1 alone1 we give the title of the ,word of ,god1 and not to the ,scriptures2 although we highly esteem these sacred writings1 in subordination to the ,spirit1 from which they were given forth2 and we hold1 with the apostle ,paul1 that they are able to make wise unto salvation1 through faith which is in ,christ ,jesus4 8,we reverence those most excellent precepts which are recorded1 in ,scripture1 to have been delivered by our great ,lord2 and we firmly believe that they are practicable1 and binding on every ,christian1 and that1 in the life to come1 every man will be rewarded according to his works4 ,and1 further1 it is our belief that1 in order to enable mankind to put in practice these sacred precepts1 many of which are contradictory to the unregenerate will of man1 every man1 coming into the world1 is endued with a measure of the light1 grace1 or good spirit1 of ,christ1 by which1 as it is attended to1 he is enabled to distinguish good from evil1 and to correct the disorderly passions and corrupt propensities of his nature1 which mere reason is altogether insufficient to overcome4 ,for all that belongs to man is fallible1 and within the reach of temptation2 but this divine grace1 which comes by ,him who hath overcome the world1 is1 to those who humbly and sincerely seek it1 an all-sufficient and present help in time of need4 ,by this1 the snares of the enemy are detected1 his allurements avoided1 and deliverance is experienced1 through faith in its effectual operation2 whereby the soul is translated out of the kingdom of darkness1 and from under the power of ,satan1 into the marvellous light and kingdom of the ,son of ,god4 8,being thus persuaded that man1 without the ,spirit of ,christ inwardly revealed1 can do nothing to the glory of ,god1 or to effect his own salvation1 we think this influence especially necessary to the performance of the highest act of which the human mind is capable1--even the worship of the ,father of lights and of spirits1 in spirit and in truth2 therefore we consider as obstruction to pure worship1 all forms which divert the attention of the mind from the secret influence of this unction from the ,holy ,one4 ,yet1 although true worship is not confined to time and place1 we think it incumbent on ,christians to meet often together1 in testimony of their dependence on the heavenly ,father1 and for a renewal of their spiritual strength3 nevertheless1 in the performance of worship1 we dare not depend1 for our acceptance with him1 on a formal repetition of the words and experiences of others2 but we believe it to be our duty to lay aside the activity of the imagination1 and to wait in silence1 to have a true sight of our condition bestowed upon us2 believing even a single sight1 arising from such a sense of our infirmities1 and of the need we have of divine help1 to be more acceptable to ,god than any performances1 however specious1 which originate in the will of man4 8,from what has been said respecting worship1 it follows that the ministry we approve must have its origin from the same source2 for that which is needful for man's own direction1 and for his acceptance with ,god1 must be eminently so to enable him to be helpful to others4 ,accordingly1 we believe that the renewed assistance of the light and power of ,christ is indispensably necessary for all true ministry1 and that this holy influence is not at our command1 or to be procured by study1 but is the free gift of ,god to chosen and devoted servants4 ,hence arises our testimony against preaching for hire1 in contradiction to ,christ's positive command1 #8,freely ye have received1 freely give2' and hence our conscientious refusal to support such ministry by tithes or other means4 8,as we dare not encourage any ministry but that which we believe to spring from the influence of the ,holy ,spirit1 so neither dare we attempt to restrain this influence to persons of any condition in life1 or to the male sex alone2 but1 as male and female are one in ,christ1 we allow such of the female sex as we believe to be endued with a right qualification for the ministry1 to exercise their gifts for the general edification of the church2 and this liberty we esteem a peculiar mark of the gospel dispensation1 as foretold by the prophet ,joel1 and noticed by the apostle ,peter4 8,there are two ceremonies in use among most professors of the ,christian name--water baptism1 and what is termed the ,lord's supper4 ,the first of these is generally esteemed the essential means of initiation into the church of ,christ1 and the latter of maintaining communion with him4 ,but1 as we have been convinced that nothing short of his redeeming power1 inwardly revealed1 can set the soul free from the thraldom of sin1 by this power alone we believe salvation to be effected4 ,we hold that1 as there is one ,lord1 and one faith1 so his baptism is one1 in nature and operation2 that nothing short of it can make us living members of his mystical body2 and that the baptism with water1 administered by his forerunner ,john1 belonged1 as the latter confessed1 to an inferior and decreasing dispensation4 8,with respect to the other rite1 we believe that communion between ,christ and his church is not maintained by that1 nor any other external performance1 but only by a real participation of his divine nature1 through faith2 that this is the supper alluded to in ,revelation1 #8,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock2 if any man hear my voice1 and open the door1 ,i will come in to him1 and will sup with him1 and he with me2' and that1 where the substance is attained1 it is unnecessary to attend to the shadow1 which doth not confer grace1 and concerning which1 opinions so different1 and animosities so violent1 have arisen4 8,now1 as we thus believe that the grace of ,god1 which comes by ,jesus ,christ1 is alone sufficient for salvation1 we can neither admit that it is conferred on a few only1 whilst others are left without it1 nor1 thus asserting its universality1 can we limit its operation to a partial cleansing of the soul from sin1 even in this life4 ,we entertain worthier notions1 both of the power and goodness of our heavenly ,father1 and believe that he doth vouchsafe to assist the obedient to experience a total surrender of the natural will to the guidance of his pure1 unerring ,spirit1 through whose renewed assistance they are enabled to bring forth fruits unto holiness1 and to stand perfect in their present rank4 8,there are not many of our tenets more generally known than our testimony against oaths1 and against war4 ,with respect to the former of these1 we abide literally by ,christ's positive injunction1 delivered in his ,sermon on the ,mount1 #8,swear not at all4' ,from the same sacred collection of the most excellent precepts of moral and religious duty1 from the example of our ,lord himself1 and from the correspondent convictions of his ,spirit in our hearts1 we are confirmed in the belief that wars and fightings are1 in their origin and effects1 utterly repugnant to the gospel1 which still breathes peace and good-will to men4 ,we also are clearly of the judgment1 that1 if the benevolence of the gospel were generally prevalent in the minds of men1 it would effectually prevent them from oppressing1 much more enslaving1 their brethren1 7of whatever color or complexion17 for whom1 as for themselves1 ,christ died2 and would even influence their conduct in their treatment of the brute creation1 which would no longer groan1 the victims of their avarice1 or of their false ideas of pleasure4 8,some of our tenets have1 in former times1 as hath been shown1 subjected our friends to much suffering from government1 though to the salutary purposes of government our principles are a security4 ,they inculcate submission to the laws in all cases wherein conscience is not violated4 ,but we hold that1 as ,christ's kingdom is not of this world1 it is not the business of the civil magistrate to interfere in matters of religion1 but to maintain the external peace and good order of the community4 ,we1 therefore1 think persecution1 even in the smallest degree1 unwarrantable4 ,we are careful in requiring our members not to be concerned in illicit trade1 nor in any manner to defraud the revenue4 8,it is well known that the society1 from its first appearance1 has disused those names of the months and days1 which having been given in honor of the heroes or false gods of the heathen1 originated in their flattery or superstition2 and the custom of speaking to a single person in the plural number1 as having arisen also from motives of adulation4 ,compliments1 superfluity of apparel1 and furniture1 outward shows of rejoicing and mourning1 and the observation of days and times1 we esteem to be incompatible with the simplicity and sincerity of a ,christian life2 and public diversions1 gaming1 and other vain amusements of the world1 we cannot but condemn4 ,they are a waste of that time which is given us for nobler purposes1 and divert the attention of the mind from the sober duties of life1 and from the reproofs of instruction1 by which we are guided to an everlasting inheritance4 8,to conclude3 ,although we have exhibited the several tenets which distinguish our religious society1 as objects of our belief1 yet we are sensible that a true and living faith is not produced in the mind of man by his own effort1 but is the free gift of ,god in ,christ ,jesus1 nourished and increased by the progressive operation of his ,spirit in our hearts1 and our proportionate obedience4 ,therefore1 although1 for the preservation of the testimonies given us to bear1 and for the peace and good order of the society1 we deem it necessary that those who are admitted into membership with us should be previously convinced of those doctrines which we esteem essential1 yet we require no formal subscription to any articles1 either as a condition of membership1 or a qualification for the service of the church4 ,we prefer the judging of men by their fruits1 and depending on the aid of ,him1 who1 by his prophet1 hath promised to be #8a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment4' ,without this there is a danger of receiving numbers into outward communion1 without any addition to that spiritual sheepfold1 whereof our blessed ,lord declared himself to be both the door and the shepherd2 that is1 such as know his voice1 and follow him in the paths of obedience4 7,see ,heb4 #ab3bd4 #a ,cor4 #a3bd4 ,john #a3a4 #b ,pet4 #a3ba4 #b ,tim4 #c3ae4 ,matt4 #af3bg4 ,john #a3i-af1 #cc4 #a ,john #b3bj1 #bg4 ,heb4 #aj3be4 ,rom #h3bf4 ,jer4 #bc3cj-cb4 ,matt #aj3h4 ,joel #b3bh1 #bi4 ,acts #b3af1 #ag4 ,eph4 #d3e4 ,john #c3cj4 #b ,pet4 #a3d4 ,rev4 #c3bj4 ,matt4 #e3dh4 ,eph4 #d3ac4 ,col4 #d3ab4 ,matt4 #e3cd1 #ci1 #dd1 c42 #bf3eb1 #ec4 ,luke #bb3ea4 ,john #ah3aa4 ,eph4 #b3h4 ,john #g3ag4 ,isa4 #bh3f4 ,john #aj3g1 #aa47 8,,discipline4--,the purposes which our discipline hath chiefly in view1 are1 the relief of the poor2 the maintenance of good order2 the support of the testimonies which we believe it is our duty to bear to the world2 and the help and recovery of such as are overtaken in faults4 8,in the practice of discipline1 we think it indispensable that the order recommended by ,christ himself be invariably observed4 #8,if thy brother shall trespass against thee1 go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone2 if he shall hear thee1 thou hast gained thy brother2 but if he will not hear thee1 then take with thee one or two more1 that in the mouth of two or three witnesses1 every word may be established2 and if he shall neglect to hear them1 tell it unto the church4' 8,to effect the salutary purposes of discipline1 meetings were appointed1 at an early period of the society1 which1 from the times of their being held1 were called quarterly meetings4 ,it was afterward found expedient to divide the districts of those meetings1 and to meet more frequently2 from whence arose monthly meetings1 subordinate to those held quarterly4 ,at length1 in #affi1 a yearly meeting was established1 to superintend1 assist1 and provide rules for the whole2 previously to which1 general meetings had been occasionally held4 8,a monthly meeting is usually composed of several particular congregations1 situated within a convenient distance from each other4 ,its business is to provide for the subsistence of the poor1 and for the education of their offspring2 to judge of the sincerity and fitness of persons appearing to be convinced of the religious principles of the society1 and desiring to be admitted into membership2 to excite due attention to the discharge of religious and moral duty2 and to deal with disorderly members4 ,monthly meetings also grant to such of their members as remove into other monthly meetings1 certificates of their membership and conduct1 without which they cannot gain membership in such meetings4 ,each monthly meeting is required to appoint certain persons1 under the name of overseers1 who are to take care that the rules of our discipline be put in practice1 and1 when any case of complaint1 or disorderly conduct1 comes to their knowledge1 to see that private admonition1 agreeably to the gospel rule before mentioned1 be given1 previously to its being laid before the monthly meeting4 8,when a case is introduced1 it is usual for a small committee to be appointed to visit the offender1 to endeavor to convince him of his error1 and to induce him to forsake and condemn it4 ,if they succeed1 the person is by minute declared to have made satisfaction for the offence2 if not1 he is disowned as a member of the society4 8,in disputes between individuals1 it has long been the decided judgment of the society1 that its members should not sue each other at law4 ,it therefore enjoins all to end their differences by speedy and impartial arbitration1 agreeably to rules laid down4 ,if any refuse to adopt this mode1 or1 having adopted it1 to submit to the award1 it is the direction of the yearly meeting that such be disowned4 8,to monthly meetings1 also1 belongs the allowing of marriages2 for our society hath always scrupled to acknowledge the exclusive authority of the priests in the solemnization of marriage4 ,those who intend to marry appear together1 and propose their intention to the monthly meeting1 and1 if not attended by their parents and guardians1 produce a written certificate of their consent1 signed in the presence of witnesses4 ,the meeting then appoints a committee to inquire whether they be clear of other engagements respecting marriage2 and if1 at a subsequent meeting1 to which the parties also come and declare the continuance of their intention1 no objections be reported1 they have the meeting's consent to solemnize their intended marriage4 ,this is done in a public meeting for worship1 toward the close whereof the parties stand up1 and solemnly take each other for husband and wife4 ,a certificate of the proceedings is then publicly read1 and signed by the parties1 and afterward by the relations and others as witnesses4 ,of such marriage the monthly meeting keeps a record1 as also of the births and burials of its members4 ,a certificate of the date1 of the name of the infant1 and of its parents1 signed by those present at the birth1 is the subject of one of these last-mentioned records1 and an order for the interment1 countersigned by the grave-maker1 of the other4 ,the naming of children is without ceremony4 ,burials are also conducted in a simple manner4 ,the body1 followed by the relations and friends1 is sometimes1 previously to interment1 carried to a meeting2 and at the grave a pause is generally made2 on both which occasions it frequently falls out1 that one or more friends present have somewhat to express for the edification of those who attend2 but no religious rite is considered as an essential part of burial4 8,several monthly meetings compose a quarterly meeting4 ,at the quarterly meeting are produced written answers from the monthly meetings1 to certain queries respecting the conduct of their members1 and the meetings' care over them4 ,the accounts thus received are digested into one1 which is sent also in the form of answers to queries1 by representatives1 to the yearly meeting4 ,appeals from the judgment of monthly meetings are brought to the quarterly meetings1 whose business also it is to assist in any difficult case1 or where remissness appears in the care of the monthly meetings over the individuals who compose them4 8,the yearly meeting has the general superintendence of the society in the country in which it is established2 and therefore1 as the accounts which it receives discover the state of inferior meetings1 as particular exigencies require1 or as the meeting is impressed with a sense of duty1 it gives forth its advice1 makes such regulations as appear to be requisite1 or excites to the observance of those already made1 and sometimes appoints committees to visit those quarterly meetings which appear to be in need of immediate advice4 ,appeals from the judgment of quarterly meetings are here finally determined2 and a brotherly correspondence1 by epistles1 is maintained with other yearly meetings4 8,in this place it is proper to add that1 as we believe women may be rightly called to the work of the ministry1 we also think that to them belongs a share in the support of our ,christian discipline1 and that some parts of it1 wherein their own sex is concerned1 devolve on them with peculiar propriety2 accordingly1 they have monthly1 quarterly1 and yearly meetings of their own sex1 held at the same time and in the same place with those of the men1 but separately1 and without the power of making rules2 and it may be remarked that1 during the persecutions1 which1 in the last century1 occasioned the imprisonment of so many of the men1 the care of the poor often fell on the women1 and was by them satisfactorily administered4 8,in order that those who are in the situation of ministers may have the tender sympathy and counsel of those of either sex1 who1 by their experience in the work of religion1 are qualified for that service1 the monthly meetings are advised to select such1 under the denomination of elders4 ,these1 and ministers approved by their monthly meetings1 have meetings peculiar to themselves1 called meetings of ministers and elders1 in which they have an opportunity of exciting each other to a discharge of their several duties1 and of extending advice to those who may appear to be weak1 without any needless exposure4 ,such meetings are generally held in the compass of each monthly1 quarterly1 and yearly meeting4 ,they are conducted by rules prescribed by the yearly meeting1 and have no authority to make any alteration or addition to them4 ,the members of them unite with their brethren in the meetings for discipline1 and are equally accountable to the latter for their conduct4 8,thus have we given a view of the foundation and establishment of our discipline2 by which it will be seen that it is not1 as hath been frequently insinuated1 merely the work of modern times1 but was the early care and concern of our pious predecessors4 ,we cannot better close this short sketch of it1 than by observing that1 if the exercise of discipline should in some instances appear to press hard upon those1 who1 neglecting the monitions of divine counsel in their hearts1 are also unwilling to be accountable to their brethren1 yet1 if that great1 leading1 and indispensable rule1 enjoined by our ,lord1 be observed by those who undertake to be active in it1--#8,whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them1'--it will prevent the censure of the church from falling on any thing but that which really obstructs the progress of truth4 ,discipline will then promote1 in an eminent degree1 that love of our neighbor which is the mark of discipleship1 and without which a profession of love to ,god1 and to his cause1 is a vain pretence4 #8,he1' said the beloved disciple1 #8that loveth not his brother1 whom he hath seen1 how can he love ,god1 whom he hath not seen8 ,and this commandment have we from him1 that he who loveth ,god1 love his brother also4' 0 ------------------------------------- ,the ,friends are divided in sentiment2 there are1 in fact1 two sects1 denominated ,orthodox and ,hicksites4 ,some opinion of ,elias ,hicks's sentiments1 in regard to the ,trinity1 may be formed by an extract from one of his publications1 7,sermons1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bhh1 #bhi47 8,he that laid down his life1 and suffered his body to be crucified by the ,jews1 without the gates of ,jerusalem1 is ,christ1 the only ,son of the most high ,god4 ,but that the outward person which suffered was properly the ,son of ,god1 we utterly deny4 ,flesh and blood cannot enter into heaven4 ,by the analogy of reason1 spirit cannot beget a material body1 because the thing begotten must be of the same nature with its father4 ,spirit cannot beget any thing but spirit3 it cannot beget flesh and blood4 #8,a body hast thou prepared me1' said the ,son3 then the ,son was not the body1 though the body was the ,son's40 ,,shakers1 ,,or ,,the ,,united ,,society ,,of ,,believers4 ,the editor gives an account of the religious tenets1 c41 of this society1 in the precise words of his worthy friends and correspondents at ,enfield1 ,n4 ,h43-- 8,respected ,friend1 8,having received your circular1 requesting information concerning our society1 we freely notice it1 and are most willing to give you any information respecting us4 8,it appears your request extends sufficiently far to embrace an exposition of our moral and religious tenets1 our faith1 principles1 and manner of life1 our secular concerns1 c4 8,we have seen several historical sketches of our society by different writers2 but it is very rare to find one free from misrepresentations of some kind1 which must be owing either to ignorance or prejudice4 ,therefore1 in our communications1 we may be somewhat particular on some points2 in any of which1 if there be any thing found agreeable to your desires1 you are welcome to it2 and1 as it is presumed your publication is intended for information1 among other truths1 we hope to see something relative to us1 different from most of the descriptions of former writers4 8,in obtaining information of one society1 you get a general understanding of all2 for we are of one heart and one mind4 ,our faith is one1 our practice is one4 8,we are acknowledged and distinguished as a peculiar people1 singular from all others2 which peculiarity arises wholly from these two principles--our faith and manner of life1 which comprise our motives in separating from the course and practice of the world1 the manner in which our property is held1 c4 c4 8,it is a fact acknowledged by all professed ,christians1 that there are two creations1 an old and a new2 or1 which is the same thing1 two kingdoms1 the kingdom of this world1 and the kingdom of ,christ4 ,it is also a truth as frankly granted1 that these two creations1 or kingdoms1 are headed1 the one by the first ,adam1 denominated the old man1 and the other by the second ,adam1 ,christ ,jesus1 denominated the new man--two different personages1 possessing very different spirits1 and executing very different works4 ,as positive as the preceding declarations are1 that there exist two distinct creations1 and which are headed by two distinct characters1 so positive are the following3--that the subjects of each kingdom bear a strong resemblance to their respective king1 and plainly represent the particular kingdom they inhabit2 for1 #8,as we have borne the image of the earthly1 we shall also bear the image of the heavenly4' 7#a ,cor4 #ae3di47 8,also that no person can have demands upon1 and privileges in1 these two men and creations at one and the same time4 ,we must either hold to the old1 and have nothing to do with the new1 or we must come out and forsake the old1 and come into the new4 ,we must either put off the old man1 ,adam1 and his works1 which are well known to be multiplying and supporting of an earthly kingdom1 which is the kingdom of this world1 or we must put on the new man1 ,christ ,jesus1 and his works1 which are well known to be a life without spot1 chaste1 virgin1 and unstained by indulgences in any of those things which a beloved worthy said constitutes the world4 7#a ,john #b3ae1 #af47 ,to these principles of faith we are strict1 and may be called rigid1 adherents2 equally tenacious in the practical part of the new man1 and in the same degree pointed against the old4 8,the second part of this subject of singularity in us consists in the manner in which we hold our property1 which1 perhaps1 is well known to be in common1 after the order of the primitive church in the days of the apostles1 in which state we have lived rising forty years1 #8of one heart and one soul2' not any of us saying that #8aught of the things which he possessed was his own1' 7,acts #d3cb27 #8buying as though we possessed not1' 7#a ,cor4 #g3cj27 and #8having nothing1 and yet possessing all things4' 7#b ,cor4 #f3aj47 ,in consequence thereof1 we are retired from the world1 as not of that kingdom2 #8,my kingdom is not of this world1' c41 7,john #ah3cf27 by which we enjoy a closer communion with our ,god1 and by which we follow the instruction of the ,spirit1 which saith1 #8,come ye out from among them1 and be ye separate1' c4 7#b ,cor4 #f3ag47 8,our society contains three distinct families1 comprising #bcc souls2 #ajc males1 and #acj females4 ,the number of persons over #gj is #ah2 between #fj and #gj1 #ba2 between #ba and #fj1 #abe2 under #ba1 #fc4 ,the oldest person is #hh4 ,deaths since the gathering of the society1 in #agib1 #he4 8,our village is situated in the ,n4 ,w4 corner of the town1 on the western shore of ,mascomy ,pond1 a pleasant sheet of water1 of nearly five miles in length1 and half a mile average width4 ,our village and home are pleasant to us1 and are said to be so by travellers4 ,it is about ten miles ,s4 ,e4 from ,dartmouth ,college1 forty ,n4 ,w4 from ,concord1 and one hundred from ,boston4 8,in all the families there are nearly thirty buildings1 unadorned1 except with neatness1 simplicity1 and convenience1 besides many out-buildings4 ,among the buildings are one house of public worship1 one convenient school-house1 three dwelling-houses1 one for each family1 sufficiently large to accommodate us as places for cooking1 eating1 sleeping1 and retirement from labor1 and shops for the different branches of work4 ,our privilege for mills is very small2 consequently our machinery cannot be extensive4 ,yet the little water that is running in small brooks1 which can be conveniently collected into artificial ponds1 is improved1 by their emptying from one to another1 and by the interspersion of mills upon their discharging streams4 ,we have three saw-mills1 two grist-mills1 and some other machinery4 8,as strangers1 who many times wish to call1 are frequently much straitened and embarrassed by not knowing where to call1 or what to say1 we should be pleased to have it particularly noticed1 that we have one building designated from the rest by the sign1 #8,trustees' ,office1' over the door1 where strangers are received1 where our commercial business is transacted1 and where civil people wishing for information may freely obtain it1 or be directed where it can be obtained4 8,in our occupation we are agriculturists and mechanics4 ,the products of the garden may be said to be as important as any2 which are principally seeds1 herbs1 c41 from which this section of the country is chiefly supplied4 ,our manufactures are wooden ware1 such as tubs1 pails1 half-bushel and other measures1 boxes1 c42 also1 whips1 corn-brooms1 leather1 and various other articles4 8,we keep from #abjj to #aejj sheep1 mostly ,saxon and ,merino1 which afford wool for our own wear1 and is likewise a source of small trade with us4 ,we keep about eighty cows1 which supply us with milk for a dairy1 for our own consumption only4 8,the education of our youth and children has been a subject of much conversation among many people4 ,it has been reported1 that the children which we frequently take in and bring up with us1 are kept in ignorance1 having no opportunity of improving their minds by a literary education4 ,but the weight of this censure is gradually growing less1 by the contrary proof to the hundreds of visitors who flock into our school1 and who are not at all sparing of their high encomiums upon it4 ,it is conducted partially on the ,lancasterian system1 and is said to surpass any of the common schools about us4 ,our school-room is furnished with books and apparatus of a superior kind1 which1 we presume1 is not equalled by any school in the country1 save the one among our people at ,canterbury1 which1 perhaps1 is not in any respect inferior4 8,in this society are two physicians4 ,each family has its respective elders or ministers2 among these and other individuals of the society1 are public speakers1 whom you would denominate the clergy4 8,you see1 from what we have here written1 that we have taken up many subjects1 and several of them explicitly treated upon1 although short2 from which1 together with the pamphlet accompanying this letter1 we conclude you may be able to get considerable of an understanding1 and which you are at liberty to call at your pleasure4 ,but it is sincerely to be hoped1 if you publish any thing concerning us1 you will be careful to preserve the true ideas of our communications40 ,from the pamphlet above mentioned we make the following extracts3-- 8,faith ,and ,principles ,of ,the ,society4 8#a4 ,a life of innocence and purity1 according to the example of ,jesus ,christ and his first true followers2 implying entire abstinence from all sensual and carnal gratifications4 8#b4 ,,love4--#8,by this shall all men know that ye are my disciples1 if ye have love one to another4 ,love is the fulfilling of the law4' ,this is our bond of union4 8#c4 ,,peace4--#8,follow peace with all men1' is a divine precept2 hence our abstinence from war and bloodshed1 from all acts of violence towards our fellow-men1 from all the party contentions and politics of the world1 and from all the pursuits of pride and worldly ambition4 #8,my kingdom 7said ,christ7 is not of this world4' 8#d4 ,,justice4--#8,render to every man his due4 ,owe no man any thing1 but to love one another4' ,we are to be just and honest in all our dealings with mankind1 to discharge all just dues1 duties1 and equitable claims1 as seasonably and effectually as possible4 8#e4 ,,holiness4--#8,without which no man shall see the ,lord4' ,which signifies to be consecrated1 or set apart from a common to a sacred use4 ,hence arise all our doctrines and practical rules of dedicating our persons1 services1 and property1 to social and sacred uses1 having adopted the example of the first gospel church1 in establishing and supporting one consecrated and united interest by the voluntary choice of every member1 as a sacred privilege1 and not by any undue constraint or persuasion4 8#f4 ,,goodness4--,do good to all men1 as far as opportunity and ability may serve1 by administering acts of charity and kindness1 and promoting light and truth among mankind4 #8,whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them4' 8#g4 ,,truth4--,this principle is opposed to falsehood1 lying1 deceit1 and hypocrisy1 and implies fidelity1 reality1 good1 earnest sincerity1 and punctuality in keeping vows and promises4 ,these principles are the genuine basis of our institution1 planted by its first founders1 exhibited in all our public writings1 justified by ,scripture and fair reason1 and practically commended as a system of morality and religion1 adapted to the best interest and happiness of man1 both here and hereafter4 8,manner ,of ,admitting ,members4 8#a4 ,all persons who unite with this society1 in any degree1 must do it freely and voluntarily1 according to their own faith and unbiased judgment4 8#b4 ,in the testimony of the society1 both public and private1 no flattery nor any undue influence is used1 but the most plain and explicit statements of its faith and principles are laid before the inquirer1 so that the whole ground may be comprehended1 as far as possible1 by every candidate for admission4 8#c4 ,no considerations of property are ever made use of1 by this society1 to induce any person to join it1 nor to prevent any one from leaving it2 because it is our faith1 that no act of devotion1 or service1 that does not flow from the free and voluntary emotions of the heart1 can be acceptable to ,god1 as an act of true religion4 8#d4 ,no believing husband1 or wife1 is allowed1 by the principles of this society1 to separate from an unbelieving partner1 except by mutual agreement1 unless the conduct of the unbeliever be such as to warrant a separation by the laws of ,god and man4 ,nor can any husband1 or wife1 who has otherwise abandoned his or her partner1 be received into communion with the society4 8#e4 ,any person becoming a member1 must rectify all his wrongs1 and1 as fast and as far as it is in his power1 discharge all just and legal claims1 whether of creditors or filial heirs4 ,nor can any person1 not conforming to this rule1 long remain in union with the society4 ,but the society is not responsible for the debts of any individual1 except by agreement because such responsibility would involve a principle ruinous to the institution4 8#f4 ,no difference is to be made in the distribution of parental estate among the heirs1 whether they belong to the society or not2 but an equal partition must be made1 as far as may be practicable1 and consistent with reason and justice4 8#g4 ,if an unbelieving wife separate from a believing husband1 by agreement1 the husband must give her a just and reasonable share of the property2 and if they have children who have arrived to years of understanding sufficient to judge for themselves1 and who choose to go with their mother1 they are not to be disinherited on that account4 ,though the character of this institution has been much censured on this ground1 yet we boldly assert that the rule above stated has never1 to our knowledge1 been violated by this society4 8#h4 ,industry1 temperance1 and frugality1 are prominent features of this institution4 ,no member who is able to labor1 can be permitted to live idly upon the labors of others4 ,all are required to be employed in some manual occupation1 according to their several abilities1 when not engaged in other necessary duties40 ------------------------------------- 8,the rules of government in the society are adapted to the different orders of which it is composed4 ,in all 7as far as respects adults7 it is spiritual2 its powers and authorities growing out of the mutual faith1 love1 and confidence1 of all the members1 and harmoniously concurring in the general form and manner of government established by the first founders of the society4 8,the leading authority of the society is vested in a ministry1 generally consisting of four persons1 including both sexes4 ,these1 together with the elders and trustees1 constitute the general government of the society in all its branches1 and1 being supported by the general union and approbation of the members1 are invested with power to appoint their successors and other subordinate officers1 as occasion may require2 to counsel1 advise1 and direct1 in all matters1 whether of a spiritual or temporal nature2 to superintend the concerns of the several families1 and establish all needful orders1 rules1 and regulations1 for the direction and protection of the several branches of the society2 but no rule can be made1 nor any member assume a lead1 contrary to the original faith and known principles of the society4 ,and nothing which respects the government1 order1 and general arrangement1 of the society is considered as fully established until it has received the general approbation of the society1 or of that branch thereof which it more immediately concerns4 8,this community is divided into several different branches1 commonly called families4 ,this division is generally made for the sake of convenience1 and is often rendered necessary on account of local situation and occurrent circumstances2 but the proper division and arrangement of the community1 without respect to local situation1 are into three classes1 or progressive degrees of order4 8,those children taken into the society are treated with care and tenderness1 receive a good school education1 and1 according to their genius1 are trained to industry and virtuous habits1 restrained from vice1 and1 at a suitable age1 led into the knowledge of the sacred ,scriptures1 and practically taught the divine precepts contained in them1 particularly those of ,jesus ,christ and the apostles4 8,during a period of more than forty years1 since the permanent establishment of this society at ,new ,lebanon and ,watervliet1 there never has been a legal claim entered by any person for the recovery of property brought into the society but all claims of that nature1 if any have existed1 have been amicably settled1 to the satisfaction of the parties concerned4 ,complaints and legal prosecutions have not1 hitherto1 come from persons who brought property into the institution1 but from those who came destitute of property1 and who1 generally speaking1 have been no benefit to the society in any way1 but1 on the contrary1 after having enjoyed its hospitality1 and brought no small share of trouble upon the people1 have had the assurance to lay claim to wages which they never earned1 or property to which they never had any just or legal claim4 8,no person can be received into this order until he shall have settled all just and legal claims1 both of creditors and filial heirs2 so that whatever property he may possess1 may be justly and truly his own4 ,minors cannot be admitted as covenant members of this order2 yet they may be received under its immediate care and protection4 ,and when they shall have arrived at lawful age1 if they should choose to continue in the society1 and sign the covenant of the order1 and support its principles1 they are then admitted to all the privileges of members4 ,the members of this order are all equally entitled to the benefits and privileges thereof1 without any difference made on account of what any one may have contributed to the interest of the society4 ,all are equally entitled to their support and maintenance1 and to every necessary comfort1 whether in health1 sickness1 or old age1 so long as they continue to maintain the principles1 and conform to the orders1 rules1 and regulations1 of the institution4 ,they1 therefore1 give their property and services for the most valuable of all temporal considerations--an ample security1 during life1 for every needful support1 if they continue faithful to their contract and covenant1 the nature of which they clearly understand before they enter into it4 8,we believe it will be generally granted that the history of the world does not furnish a single instance of any religious institution which has stood fifty years without a visible declension of the principles of the institution1 in the general purity and integrity of its members4 ,this has been generally acknowledged by the devotees of such institutions and facts have fully verified it4 ,but we would appeal to the candid judgment of those who have known this institution from the beginning1 and have had a fair opportunity of observing the progress of its improvement1 whether they have1 in reality1 found any declension1 either in the external order and regulations of the society1 or in the purity and integrity of its members1 in the general practice of the moral and ,christian duties2 and whether they have not1 on the contrary1 discovered a visible and manifest increase in all these respects4 ,and hence they may judge for themselves1 whether the moral character of the society1 and its progressive improvement1 can be ascribed to any other cause than the blessing1 protection1 and government1 of ,divine ,power and ,wisdom40 ,this denomination is also styled the millennial church4 ,although celibacy is enjoined by the ,shakers upon their members1 yet their numbers rather increase1 by converts from the world4 ,there are fifteen societies of ,shakers in the ,united ,states1 located in the following places3--,alfred1 ,new ,gloucester1 and ,poland1 ,me42 ,canterbury and ,enfield1 ,n4 ,h42 ,shirley1 ,harvard1 ,tyringham1 and ,hancock1 ,mass42 ,enfield1 ,conn42 ,watervliet and ,new ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,y42 ,union ,village and ,watervliet1 ,ohio2 ,pleasant ,hill and ,south ,union1 ,ky4 ,the number of ,shakers in the ,united ,states is about #fjjj4 ,this sect of ,christians arose at ,manchester1 in ,england2 and ,,ann ,,lee has the credit of being its founder4 ,they derive their name from their manner of worship1 which is performed by singing1 dancing1 and clapping their hands in regular time1 to a novel1 but rather pleasant kind of music4 ,this sect was persecuted in ,england1 and came to ,america in #aggd4 ,they first settled in ,watervliet1 near ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,they have1 or think they have1 revelations from ,heaven1 or gifts from the ,holy ,spirit1 which direct them in the choice of their leaders1 and in other important concerns4 ,their dress and manners are similar to those of the society of ,friends2 hence they are often called ,shaking ,quakers4 ,they display great skill and science in agriculture1 horticulture1 and the mechanic arts2 and their honesty1 industry1 hospitality1 and neatness1 are proverbial4 ,these people choose their locations with great taste and judgment4 ,a ,shaker village always presents a scene of beauty4 ,we close this article with an extract from a speech of the ,hon4 ,john ,breathitt1 late governor of ,kentucky4 8,much has been urged against ,shakerism1 much has been said against their covenant2 but1 ,i repeat it1 that individual who is prepared to sign the church covenant1 stands in an enviable situation3 his situation is1 indeed1 an enviable one1 who1 devoted to ,god1 is prepared to say of his property1 #8,here it is1 little or much2 take it1 and leave me unmolested to commune with my ,god4 ,indeed1 ,i dedicate myself to what8 not to a fanatical tenet2 ,o1 no6 to a subject far beyond2 to the worship of ,almighty ,god1 the great ,creator and ,governor of the universe4 ,under the influence of his love1 ,i give my all3 only let me worship according to my faith1 and in a manner ,i believe acceptable to my ,god6' 8,i say again1 the world cannot produce a parallel to the situation which such a man exhibits--resigned to the will of ,heaven1 free from all the feelings of earthly desire1 and pursuing1 quietly1 the peaceful tenor of his way40 ,,reformation4 ,this term is used1 by way of eminence1 to denote that great change which took place in the ,christian world1 under the ministry of ,luther1 ,calvin1 ,zuinglius1 ,melancthon1 and others1 who successfully opposed some of the doctrines1 and many of the practices1 of the ,roman church4 ,it commenced at ,wittemberg1 in ,saxony1 in #aeag1 and greatly weakened the ,papal authority4 ,it was from causes seemingly fortuitous1 and from a source very inconsiderable1 that all the mighty effects of the reformation flowed4 ,leo ,x41 when raised to the ,papal throne1 in #aeac1 found the revenues of the church exhausted by the vast projects of his two ambitious predecessors4 ,his own temper1 naturally liberal and enterprising1 rendered him incapable of severe and patient economy2 and his schemes for aggrandizing the family of ,medicis1 his love of splendor1 and his munificence in rewarding men of genius1 involved him daily in new expenses1 in order to provide a fund for which1 he tried every device that the fertile invention of priests had fallen upon1 to drain the credulous multitude of their wealth4 ,among others1 he had recourse to a sale of indulgences4 ,the ,romish church believe that pious persons may do works of supererogation1 that is to say1 more good works than are necessary for their own salvation4 ,all such works1 according to their doctrine1 are deposited1 together with the infinite merits of ,jesus ,christ1 in one inexhaustible treasury4 ,the keys of this were committed to ,st4 ,peter1 and to his successors the popes1 who may open it at pleasure1 and1 by transferring a portion of this superabundant merit to any particular person for a sum of money1 may convey to him either pardon for his own sins1 or a release for any one1 for whom he feels an interest1 from the pains of purgatory4 ,such indulgences were offered as a recompense for those who engaged in the wars of the crusades against the ,infidels4 ,since those times1 the power of granting indulgences has been greatly abused in the church of ,rome4 ,pope ,leo ,x41 finding that the sale of indulgences was likely to be lucrative1 granted to ,albert1 elector of ,mentz and archbishop of ,magdeburg1 the benefit of the indulgences of ,saxony1 and the neighboring parts1 and farmed out those of other countries to the highest bidders2 who1 to make the best of their bargain1 procured the ablest preachers to cry up the value of the commodity4 ,the form of these indulgences was as follows4--8,may our ,lord ,jesus ,christ have mercy upon thee1 and absolve thee by the merits of his most holy passion4 ,and ,i1 by his authority1 that of his blessed apostles1 ,peter and ,paul and of the most holy pope1 granted and committed to me in these parts1 do absolve thee1 first1 from all ecclesiastical censures1 in whatever manner they may have been incurred2 then from all thy sins1 transgressions1 and excesses1 how enormous soever they may be2 even from such as are reserved for the cognizance of the holy see1 and as far as the keys of the holy church extend4 ,i remit to you all punishment which you deserve in purgatory on their account2 and ,i restore you to the holy sacraments of the church1 to the unity of the faithful1 and to that innocence and purity which you possessed at baptism2 so that1 when you die1 the gates of punishment shall be shut1 and the gates of the paradise of delight shall be opened2 and if you shall not die at present1 this grace shall remain in full force when you are at the point of death4 ,in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost40 ,according to a book1 called the 8,tax of the ,sacred ,roman ,chancery10 in which are the exact sums to be levied for the pardon of each particular sin1 some of the fees are thus stated3--,for simony1 #ajs4 #f;d42 for sacrilege1 #ajs4 #f;d42 for taking a false oath1 #is42 for robbing1 #abs42 for burning a neighbor's house1 #abs42 for defiling a virgin1 #is42 for murdering a layman1 #gs4 #f;d42 for keeping a concubine1 #ajs4 #f;d42 for laying violent hands on a clergyman1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the terms in which the retailers of these abominable licenses described their advantages to the purchasers1 and the arguments with which they urged the necessity of obtaining them1 were so extravagant that they appear almost incredible4 8,if any man10 said they1 8purchase letters of indulgence1 his soul may rest secure with respect to its salvation4 ,the souls confined in purgatory1 for whose redemption indulgences are purchased1 as soon as the money is paid1 instantly escape from that place of torment1 and ascend into heaven40 ,they said that the efficacy of indulgences was so great1 that the most heinous sins would be remitted and expiated by them1 and the person be freed both from punishment and guilt3 this was the unspeakable gift of ,god1 in order to reconcile man to himself2 the cross erected by the preachers of indulgences was equally efficacious with the cross of ,christ4 8,lo10 said they1 8the heavens are open2 if you enter not now1 when will you enter8 ,for twelve pence you may redeem the soul of your father out of purgatory2 and are you so ungrateful that you will not rescue the soul of your parent from torment8 ,if you had but one coat1 you ought to strip yourself of that instantly1 and sell it1 in order to purchase such benefit10 c4 ,it was against these preachers of licentiousness1 and their diabolical conduct1 that ,luther began first to declaim4 ,,reformed ,,churches4 ,the ,reformed churches comprehend the whole ,protestant churches in ,europe and ,america1 whether ,lutheran1 ,calvinistic1 ,independent1 ,quaker1 ,baptist1 or any other denomination who dissent from the church of ,rome4 ,the term ,reformed is now1 however1 more particularly employed to distinguish the ,calvinists from the ,lutherans4 ,the ,reformed churches in ,america are the two following3-- ,reformed ,dutch ,church4 ,this is the oldest body of ,presbyterians in ,america3 it descended immediately from the church of ,holland2 and1 for about a century from its commencement in this country1 it hung in colonial dependence on the ,classis of ,amsterdam1 and the ,synod of ,north ,holland1 and was unable to ordain a minister1 or perform any ecclesiastical function of the kind1 without a reference to the parent country and mother church4 ,the origin of this church will lead us back to the earliest history of the city and state of ,new ,york2 for they were first settled by this people1 and by them a foundation was laid for the first churches of this persuasion1 the most distinguished of which were planted at ,new ,york1 7then called ,new ,amsterdam17 ,flatbush1 ,esopus1 and ,albany4 ,the church at ,new ,york was probably the oldest1 and was founded at1 or before1 the year #afci2 this is the earliest period to which its records conduct us4 ,the first minister was the ,rev4 ,evarardus ,bogardus4 ,but when he came from ,holland1 does not appear4 ,next to him were two ministers by the name of ,megapolensis1 ,john and ,samuel4 ,the first place of worship built by the ,dutch in the colony of ,new ,netherlands1 as it was then called1 was erected in the fort at ,new ,york1 in the year #afdb4 ,the second1 it is believed1 was a chapel built by ,governor ,stuyvesant1 in what is now called the ,bowery4 ,in succession1 churches of this denomination arose on ,long ,island1 in ,schenectady1 on ,staten ,island1 and in a number of towns on the ,hudson ,river1 and several1 it is believed1 in ,new ,jersey4 ,but the churches of ,new ,york1 ,albany1 and ,esopus1 were the most important1 and the ministers of these churches claimed and enjoyed a kind of episcopal dignity over the surrounding churches4 ,the ,dutch church was the established religion of the colony1 until it surrendered to the ,british in #affd2 after which its circumstances were materially changed4 ,not long after the colony passed into the hands of the ,british1 an act was passed1 which went to establish the ,episcopal church as the predominant party2 and for almost a century after1 the ,dutch and ,english ,presbyterians1 and all others in the colony1 were forced to contribute to the support of that church4 ,the first judicatory higher than a consistory1 among this people1 was a ,ctus1 formed in #agdg4 ,the object and powers of this assembly were merely those of advice and fraternal intercourse4 ,it could not ordain ministers1 nor judicially decide in ecclesiastical disputes1 without the consent of the ,classis of ,amsterdam4 ,the first regular ,classis among the ,dutch was formed in #ageg4 ,but the formation of this ,classis involved this infant church in the most unhappy collisions1 which sometimes threatened its very existence4 ,these disputes continued for many years1 by which two parties were raised in the church1 one of which was for1 and the other against1 an ecclesiastical subordination to the judicatories of the mother church and country4 ,these disputes1 in which eminent men on both sides were concerned1 besides disturbing their own peace and enjoyment1 produced unfavorable impressions towards them among their brethren at home4 ,in #agff1 ,john ,h4 ,livingston1 ,d4 ,d41 then a young man1 went from ,new ,york to ,holland1 to prosecute his studies in the ,dutch universities4 ,by his representations1 a favorable disposition was produced towards the ,american church in that country2 and1 on his return1 in full convention of both parties1 an amicable adjustment of their differences was made and a friendly correspondence was opened with the church in ,holland1 which was continued until the revolution of the country under ,bonaparte4 ,the ,dutch church suffered much in the loss of its members1 and in other respects1 by persisting to maintain its service in the ,dutch language after it had gone greatly into disuse4 ,the solicitation for ,english preaching was long resisted1 and ,dr4 ,laidlie1 a native of ,scotland1 was the first minister in the ,dutch church in ,north ,america1 who was expressly called to officiate in the ,english language4 ,reformed ,german ,church4 ,as the ,dutch ,reformed church in this country is an exact counterpart of the church of ,holland1 so the ,german ,reformed is of the ,reformed or ,calvinistic church of ,germany4 ,the people of this persuasion were among the early settlers of ,pennsylvania3 here their churches were first formed2 but they are now to be found in nearly all the states south and west of the one above named4 ,the ,german ,reformed churches in this country remained in a scattered and neglected state until #agdf1 when the ,rev4 ,michael ,schlatter1 who was sent from ,europe for the purpose1 collected them together1 and put their concerns in a more prosperous train4 ,they have since increased to a numerous body1 and are assuming an important stand among the ,american ,presbyterians4 ,this denomination is scattered over the ,middle1 ,western1 and ,southern ,states1 but is most numerous in the states of ,ohio and ,pennsylvania4 ,the population of this church in the ,united ,states is estimated at #cjj1jjj2 #ahj ministers1 #fjj congregations1 and #cj1jjj communicants4 ,,restorationists4 ,the ,restorationists are those who believe that all men will ultimately become holy and happy4 ,they maintain that ,god created only to bless1 and that1 in pursuance of that purpose1 he sent his ,son to 8be for salvation to the ends of the earth20 that ,christ's kingdom is moral in its nature1 and extends to moral beings in every state or mode of existence2 that the probation of man is not confined to the present life1 but extends through the mediatorial reign2 and that1 as ,christ died for all1 so1 before he shall have delivered up the kingdom to the ,father1 all shall be brought to a participation of the knowledge and enjoyment of that truth which maketh free from the bondage of sin and death4 ,they believe in a general resurrection and judgment1 when those who have improved their probation in this life will be raised to more perfect felicity1 and those who have misimproved their opportunities on earth will come forward to shame and condemnation1 which will continue till they become truly penitent2 that punishment itself is a mediatorial work1 a discipline1 perfectly consistent with mercy2 that it is a means1 employed by ,christ to humble and subdue the stubborn will1 and prepare the mind to receive a manifestation of the goodness of ,god1 which leadeth the sinner to true repentance4 7,see ,gen4 #ab3c2 #bb3ah4 ,gal4 #c3h4 ,isa4 #de3bb1 #bc4 ,phil4 #b3aj1 #aa4 ,rev4 #e3ac4 #a ,tim4 #b3a-f4 ,col4 #a3bj4 ,eph4 #a3g-aa4 ,rom4 #e3ab-ba2 #h3bj1 #ba4 #a ,cor4 #ae3bd-bh47 ,they contend that this doctrine is not only sustained by particular texts1 but grows necessarily out of some of the first principles of divine revelation4 ,they maintain that it is immediately connected with the perfections of the ,deity2 that ,god1 being infinitely benevolent1 must have desired the happiness of all his offspring2 that his infinite wisdom would enable him to form a perfect plan1 and his almighty power will secure its accomplishment4 ,they contend that the mission of ,christ is abortive on any other plan1 and that nothing short of the 8restitution of all things0 can satisfy the ardent desires of every pious soul4 ,on this system alone can they reconcile the attributes of justice and mercy1 and secure to the ,almighty a character worthy of our imitation4 ,they insist that the words rendered everlasting1 eternal1 and forever1 which are1 in a few instances1 applied to the misery of the wicked1 do not prove that misery to be endless1 because these terms are loose in their signification1 and are frequently used in a limited sense2 that the original terms1 being often used in the plural number1 clearly demonstrate that the period1 though indefinite1 is limited in its very nature4 ,they maintain that the meaning of the term must always be sought in the subject to which it is applied1 and that there is nothing in the nature of punishment which will justify an endless sense4 ,they believe that the doctrine of the restoration is the most consonant to the perfections of the ,deity1 the most worthy of the character of ,christ1 and the only doctrine which will accord with pious and devout feelings1 or harmonize with the ,scriptures4 ,they teach their followers that ardent love to ,god1 active benevolence to man1 and personal meekness and purity1 are the natural results of these views4 ,though the ,restorationists1 as a separate sect1 have arisen within a few years1 their sentiments are by no means new4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,origen1 ,didymus of ,alexandria1 ,gregory ,nyssen1 and several others1 among the ,christian fathers of the first four centuries1 it is said1 believed and advocated the restoration of all fallen intelligences4 ,a branch of the ,german ,baptists1 before the reformation1 held this doctrine1 and propagated it in ,germany4 ,since the reformation1 this doctrine has had numerous advocates2 and some of them have been among the brightest ornaments of the church4 ,among the ,europeans1 we may mention the names of ,jeremy ,white1 of ,trinity ,college1 ,dr4 ,burnet1 ,dr4 ,cheyne1 ,chevalier ,ramsay1 ,dr4 ,hartley1 ,bishop ,newton1 ,mr4 ,stonehouse1 ,mr4 ,petitpierre1 ,dr4 ,cogan1 ,mr4 ,lindsey1 ,dr4 ,priestley1 ,dr4 ,jebb1 ,mr4 ,relly1 ,mr4 ,kenrick1 ,mr4 ,belsham1 ,dr4 ,southworth1 ,smith1 and many others4 ,in fact1 the restoration is the commonly-received doctrine among the ,english ,unitarians at the present day4 ,in ,germany1 a country which1 for several centuries1 has taken the lead in all theological reforms1 the ,orthodox have espoused this doctrine4 ,the restoration was introduced into ,america about the middle of the eighteenth century1 though it was not propagated much till about #agge or #aghj1 when ,john ,murray and ,elhanan ,winchester became public advocates of this doctrine1 and by their untiring labors extended it in every direction4 ,from that time to the present1 many men have been found1 in all parts of our country1 who have rejoiced in this belief4 ,this doctrine found able advocates in the learned ,dr4 ,chauncy1 of ,boston1 ,dr4 ,rush1 of ,philadelphia1 and ,dr4 ,smith1 of ,new ,york3 ,mr4 ,foster1 of ,new ,hampshire1 may also be mentioned as an advocate of the restoration4 ,most of the writers whose names are given above1 did not belong to a sect which took the distinctive name of ,restorationists4 ,they were found in the ranks of the various sects into which the ,christian world has been divided4 ,and those who formed a distinct sect were more frequently denominated ,universalists than ,restorationists4 ,in #aghe1 a convention was organized at ,oxford1 ,massachusetts1 under the auspices of ,messrs4 ,winchester and ,murray4 ,and as all who had embraced universal salvation believed that the effects of sin and the means of grace extended into a future life1 the terms ,restorationist and ,universalist were then used as synonymous2 and those who formed that convention adopted the latter as their distinctive name4 ,during the first twenty-five years1 the members of the ,universalist convention were believers in a future retribution4 ,but1 about the year #ahah1 ,hosea ,ballou1 now of ,boston1 advanced the doctrine that all retribution is confined to this world4 ,that sentiment1 at first1 was founded upon the old ,gnostic notion that all sin originates in the flesh1 and that death frees the soul from all impurity4 ,subsequently1 some of the advocates for the no-future punishment scheme adopted the doctrine of materialism1 and hence maintained that the soul was mortal2 that the whole man died a temporal death1 and that the resurrection was the grand event which would introduce all men into heavenly felicity4 ,those who have since taken to themselves the name of ,restorationists1 viewed these innovations as corruptions of the gospel1 and raised their voices against them4 ,but a majority of the convention having espoused those sentiments1 no reformation could be effected4 ,the ,restorationists1 believing these errors to be increasing1 and finding in the connection what appeared to them to be a want of engagedness in the cause of true piety1 and in some instances an open opposition to the organization of churches1 and finding that a spirit of levity and bitterness characterized the public labors of their brethren1 and that practices were springing up totally repugnant to the principles of ,congregationalism1 resolved to obey the apostolic injunction1 by coming out from among them1 and forming an independent association4 ,accordingly a convention1 consisting of ,rev4 ,paul ,dean1 ,rev4 ,david ,pickering1 ,rev4 ,charles ,hudson1 ,rev4 ,adin ,ballou1 ,rev4 ,lyman ,maynard1 ,rev4 ,nathaniel ,wright1 ,rev4 ,philemon ,r4 ,russell1 and ,rev4 ,seth ,chandler1 and several laymen1 met at ,mendon1 ,massachusetts1 ,august #ag1 #ahca1 and formed themselves into a distinct sect1 and took the name of ,universal ,restorationists4 ,the ,restorationists are ,congregationalists on the subject of church government4 ,the difference between the ,restorationists and ,universalists relates principally to the subject of a future retribution4 ,the ,universalists believe that a full and perfect retribution takes place in this world1 that our conduct here cannot affect our future condition1 and that the moment man exists after death1 he will be as pure and as happy as the angels4 ,from these views the ,restorationists dissent4 ,they maintain that a just retribution does not take place in time2 that the conscience of the sinner becomes callous1 and does not increase in the severity of its reprovings with the increase of guilt2 that men are invited to act with reference to a future life2 that1 if all are made perfectly happy at the commencement of the next state of existence1 they are not rewarded according to their deeds2 that1 if death introduces them into heaven1 they are saved by death1 and not by ,christ2 and if they are made happy by being raised from the dead1 they are saved by physical1 and not by moral means1 and made happy without their agency or consent2 that such a sentiment weakens the motives to virtue1 and gives force to the temptations of vice2 that it is unreasonable in itself1 and opposed to many passages of ,scripture4 7,see ,acts #bd3be2 #ag3cj1 #ca4 ,heb4 #i3bg1 #bh4 ,matt4 #aa3bc1 #bd4 #b ,pet4 #b3i4 #b ,cor4 #e3h-aa4 ,john #e3bh1 #bi4 ,matt4 #aj3bh4 ,luke #ab3d1 #e2 #af3ai-ca4 #a ,pet4 #c3ah-bj47 ,,universalists4 ,the grand distinguishing characteristic of this class of ,christians is their belief in the final holiness and happiness of the whole human family4 ,some of them believe that all punishment for sin is endured in the present state of existence1 while others believe it extends into the future life2 but all agree that it is administered in a spirit of kindness1 is intended for the good of those who experience it1 and that it will finally terminate1 and be succeeded by a state of perfect and endless holiness and happiness4 ,doctrine4 ,the following is the 8,profession of ,belief10 adopted by the ,general ,convention of ,universalists in the ,united ,states1 at the session holden in #ahjc4 ,it has never been altered1 and it is perfectly satisfactory to the denomination4 8,,art4 ,i4 ,we believe that the ,holy ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testaments contain a revelation of the character of ,god1 and of the duty1 interest1 and final destination1 of mankind4 8,,art4 ,,ii4 ,we believe that there is one ,god1 whose nature is love2 revealed in one ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by one ,holy ,spirit of grace1 who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to holiness and happiness4 8,,art4 ,,iii4 ,we believe that holiness and true happiness are inseparably connected1 and that believers ought to be careful to maintain order1 and practise good works2 for these things are good and profitable unto men40 ,history4 ,universalists claim that the salvation of all men was taught by ,jesus ,christ and his apostles4 ,it was also taught and defended by several of the most eminent ,christian fathers2 such as ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,origen1 c4 ,in the third and fourth centuries1 this doctrine prevailed extensively1 and1 for aught which appears to the contrary1 was then accounted orthodox4 ,it was at length condemned1 however1 by the fifth general council1 ,a4 ,d4 #eec2 after which1 we find few traces of it through the dark ages1 so called4 ,it revived at the period of the reformation1 and since that time has found many able and fearless advocates2--in ,switzerland1 ,petitpierre and ,lavater2 in ,germany1 ,seigvolk1 ,everhard1 ,steinbart1 and ,semler2 in ,scotland1 ,purves1 ,douglass1 and ,t4 ,s4 ,smith2 in ,england1 ,coppin1 ,jeremy ,white1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,more1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,burnet1 ,whiston1 ,hartley1 ,bishop ,newton1 ,stonehouse1 ,barbauld1 ,lindsey1 ,priestley1 ,belsham1 ,carpenter1 ,relly1 ,vidler1 ,scarlett1 and many others4 ,at the present day1 ,universalism prevails more extensively than elsewhere in ,england1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,states4 ,in ,england1 the ,unitarian divines1 generally1 believe in the final salvation of all men4 ,dr4 ,lant ,carpenter says1 8,most of us1 however1 believe that a period will come to each individual1 when punishment shall have done its work--when the awful sufferings with which the gospel threatens the impenitent and disobedient1 will have humbled the stubborn1 purified the polluted1 and eradicated malignity1 impiety1 hypocrisy1 and every evil disposition2 that a period will come 7which it may be the unspeakable bliss of those who enter the joy of their ,lord to accelerate1 which1 at least1 it will be their delight to anticipate17 when he who #8must reign till he hath put all enemies under his feet1' #8shall have put down all rule1 and all authority1 and power4' #8,the ,,last ,,enemy1 death1 shall be ,,destroyed4' #8,every tongue shall confess that ,jesus ,christ is ,lord1 to the glory of ,god the ,father1' #8who wills that all men should be saved1 and come to the knowledge of the truth1'--that truth which sanctifies the heart1--that knowledge which is life eternal1--and ,god shall be ,,all ,,in ,,all40 ,in ,germany1 nearly every theologian is a believer in the final salvation of all men4 ,speaking of ,professor ,tholuck1 ,professor ,sears says1 8,the most painful disclosures remain yet to be made4 ,this distinguished and excellent man1 in common with the great majority of the ,evangelical divines of ,germany1 though he professes to have serious doubts1 and is cautious in avowing the sentiment1 believes that all men and fallen spirits will finally be saved40 ,mr4 ,dwight1 in his recent publication1 says1 8,the doctrine of the eternity of future punishments is almost universally rejected4 ,i have seen but one person in ,germany who believed it1 and but one other whose mind was wavering on this subject40 ,universalism may1 therefore1 be considered the prevailing religion in ,germany4 ,in the ,united ,states1 ,universalism was little known until about the middle of the last century2 and afterwards it found but few advocates during several years4 ,dr4 ,george de ,benneville1 of ,germantown1 ,penn41 ,rev4 ,richard ,clarke1 of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 and ,jonathan ,mayhew1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,boston1 were1 perhaps1 the only individuals who publicly preached the doctrine before the arrival of ,rev4 ,john ,murray1 in #aggj4 ,mr4 ,murray labored almost alone until #aghj1 when ,rev4 ,elhanan ,winchester1 a popular ,baptist preacher1 embraced ,universalism1 though on different principles4 ,about ten years afterwards1 ,rev4 ,hosea ,ballou embraced the same doctrine1 but on principles different from those advocated by ,mr4 ,murray or ,mr4 ,winchester4 ,to the efforts of these three men is to be attributed much of the success which attended the denomination in its infancy4 ,although they differed widely from each other in their views of punishment1 yet they labored together in harmony and love1 for the advancement of the cause which was dear to all their hearts4 ,the seed which they sowed has since produced an abundant harvest4 ,the ministry of the ,universalist denomination in the ,united ,states1 hitherto1 has been provided for1 not so much by the means of schools1 as by the unaided1 but irresistible influence of the gospel of ,christ4 ,this has furnished the denomination with its most successful preachers4 ,it has turned them from other sects and doctrines1 and brought them out from forests and fields1 and from secular pursuits of almost every kind1 and driven them1 with inadequate literary preparation1 to the work of disseminating the truth4 ,this state of things has been unavoidable1 and the effect of it is visible4 ,it has made the ministry of the ,universalist denomination very different from that of any other sect in the country2 studious of the ,scriptures1 confident in the truth of their distinguishing doctrine1 zealous1 firm1 industrious2 depending more on the truths communicated for their success1 than on the manner in which they are stated4 ,it has had the effect1 also1 to give the ministry a polemic character--the natural result of unwavering faith in the doctrine believed1 and of an introduction into the desk without scholastic training4 ,but the attention of the denomination1 in various parts of the country1 has of late been turned to the education of the ministry2 and conventions and associations have adopted resolves requiring candidates to pass examinations in certain branches of literature4 ,the same motives have governed many in their effort to establish literary and theological institutions4 ,the desire to have the ministry respectable for literary acquirements1 is universal4 ,a few years since1 a small number separated from the denomination1 and adopted the appellation of ,restorationists4 ,to prevent misapprehension1 it may be repeated1 that1 although a few have thus seceded1 yet a difference of opinion in regard to the duration of punishment has not disturbed the harmony of the denomination generally1 nor is it regarded as sufficient cause for breach of fellowship1 or alienation of heart and affection4 ,the ,universalists quote the following texts of ,scripture1 among others1 in support of their sentiments3--,gen4 #bb3ah4 ,ps4 #bb3bg2 #hf3i4 ,isa4 #be3f1 #g1 #h2 #de3bc1 #bd4 ,jer4 #ca3cc1 #cd4 ,lam4 #c3ca-cc4 ,john #ab3cb4 ,acts #c3ca4 ,rom4 #e3ah1 #ba2 #h3cc1 #ci2 #aa3be-cf4 #a ,cor4 #ae3bb-bh1 and #ea-eg4 #b ,cor4 #e3ah1 #ai4 ,gal4 #c3h4 ,eph4 #a3i1 #aj4 ,phil4 #b3i-aa4 ,col4 #a3ai1 #bi4 #a ,tim4 #b3a-f4 ,heb4 #h3aj1 #aa4 ,rev4 #e3ac2 #ba3c1 #d4 ------------------------------------- ,we copy the following from the ,trumpet and ,universalist ,magazine of ,june #d1 #ahcf4 ,it is by the ,rev4 ,,hosea ,,ballou1 of ,boston1 in answer to the question1 8,who are ,universalists80 8,there seems to be an evident propriety in calling all who believe in the final holiness and happiness of all mankind1 ,universalists4 ,there appears no good reason why those who believe in a limited punishment1 in the future state1 should have a less or a greater claim to be called ,universalists1 than those who entertain a hope that all sin and misery end when the functions of life cease in the mortal body4 ,as they both agree in the belief that ,god is the ,savior of all men1 if this belief entitle one to the name of ,universalist1 of course it gives the other the same title4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,murray was called a ,universalist1 and he called himself by this name1 although he admitted there might be suffering hereafter1 in consequence of blindness or unbelief4 ,it is true1 he did not allow that the sinner was punished for sin1 either here or in the future world1 in his own person1 because he maintained that the whole penalty of the divine law1 for the sin of the whole world1 was suffered by the ,lord ,jesus1 as the head of every man4 ,he allowed1 notwithstanding1 that the natural consequences of sin would inevitably follow transgression1 as we see is the case by every day's observation4 ,so1 likewise1 was the ,rev4 ,elhanan ,winchester called a ,universalist1 and he called himself so1 although his views respecting a state of retribution1 and the sufferings to which the wicked in the world to come will be subjected1 were widely different from those entertained by ,mr4 ,murray4 ,mr4 ,winchester believed in a place of material fire and brimstone1 where the wicked would endure a torment as intense as has been represented by those ,christians who believe in endless misery4 ,but1 as he believed that all these sufferings will end1 though they might continue for many thousand years1 and that those miserable wretches will at last be subdued and reconciled to the divine government1 and be happy1 he was denominated a ,universalist4 8,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,huntington is ranked a ,universalist1 equally with those who have been named2 but he believed in no punishment hereafter1 being ,calvinistic in his views of the demerit of sin1 and of the atonement made by ,christ4 8,from the commencement of the denomination of ,univeralists in this country1 there has been a difference of opinion respecting the doctrine of rewards and punishments1 among both the clergy and the laity belonging to the connection4 ,but this difference was not considered1 in those times1 a good reason for a distinction of either name1 denomination1 or fellowship4 ,all united in the cheering hope that1 in the fulness of the dispensation of times1 sin will be finished1 transgression ended1 and all moral intelligences reconciled to ,god1 in true holiness and everlasting happiness4 ,a view so grand and glorious1 so full of comfort1 of joy1 and of peace1 and so triumphant1 was sufficiently powerful to draw together all who enjoyed it1 and to hold them together as a denomination distinct from all those who hold the unmerciful doctrine of endless punishment4 8,when the ,general ,convention of the ,new ,england ,states1 professing the doctrine of universal salvation1 appointed a committee to draft articles of faith and a constitution1 by which it might be known and distinguished from other religious sects1 care was taken to appoint on that committee brethren whose views differed respecting the subject of a future state of rewards and punishments4 ,the worthy and fondly-remembered brother ,walter ,ferriss1 who penned that instrument1 was a believer in future rewards and punishments2 but he so wrote that confession of faith as to comprehend the full belief of universal salvation1 without making any distinction between the belief of future punishment1 or no future punishment4 ,and it is well remembered that this circumstance was1 at the time of accepting the report of the committee1 viewed as one of its excellences4 8,it seems improper to give so much weight to different opinions1 which differ not in principle1 but in circumstances only1 as to constitute them walls of separation and disfellowship4 ,if one believe that all misery ends with this mortal state1 and another believe that it may continue twenty years after1 and then come to an end1 is there any real difference as to principle8 ,all believe that our heavenly ,father holds all times and seasons1 and all events1 in his own power1 and that he worketh all things after the counsel of his own will4 ,and1 moreover1 all believe that ,god will have all men to be saved1 and to come unto the knowledge of the truth4 ,this constitutes us all ,universalists1 and calls on us to keep the unity of the spirit1 and to walk in the bonds of peace40 ,,roman ,,catholics4 ,the following ,creeds and ,rule of ,faith contain the fundamental principles of the ,latin or ,roman church4 ,apostles' ,creed4 8,i believe in ,god the ,father almighty1 ,creator of heaven and earth2 and in ,jesus ,christ1 his only ,son1 our ,lord1 who was conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 born of the ,virgin ,mary1 suffered under ,pontius ,pilate1 was crucified1 dead1 and buried2 he descended into hell2 the third day he rose again from the dead2 he ascended into heaven1 sitteth at the right hand of ,god the ,father almighty2 from thence he shall come to judge the living and the dead4 ,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost2 the holy ,catholic church2 the communion of saints2 the forgiveness of sins1 the resurrection of the body2 and life everlasting4 ,,amen40 ,it is doubtful who composed the above ,creed4 ,it was not in common use in the church until the end of the fifth century4 ,see ,king's ,history of the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,the ,symbol1 ,or ,creed ,of ,st4 ,athanasius4 8,whosoever will be saved1 before all things it is necessary that he hold the ,catholic faith2 8,which faith except every one do keep entire and inviolate1 without doubt he shall perish everlastingly4 8,now1 the ,catholic faith is this--that we worship one ,god in ,trinity1 and ,trinity in ,unity4 8,neither confounding the persons1 nor dividing the substance4 8,for one is the person of the ,father1 another of the ,son1 another of the ,holy ,ghost4 8,but the ,godhead of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 is all one1 the glory equal1 the majesty co-eternal4 8,such as the ,father is1 such is the ,son1 and such is the ,holy ,ghost4 8,the ,father is uncreated1 the ,son is uncreated1 and the ,holy ,ghost uncreated4 8,the ,father incomprehensible1 the ,son incomprehensible1 and the ,holy ,ghost incomprehensible4 8,the ,father eternal1 the ,son eternal1 and the ,holy ,ghost eternal4 8,and yet they are not three ,eternals1 but one ,eternal4 8,as also they are not three ,uncreated1 nor three ,incomprehensibles2 but one ,uncreated1 and one ,incomprehensible4 8,in like manner1 the ,father is almighty1 the ,son almighty1 and the ,holy ,ghost almighty4 8,and yet they are not three ,almighties1 but one ,almighty4 8,so the ,father is ,god1 the ,son is ,god1 and the ,holy ,ghost is ,god4 8,and yet they are not three ,gods1 but one ,god4 8,so likewise the ,father is ,lord1 the ,son is ,lord1 and the ,holy ,ghost is ,lord4 8,and yet they are not three ,lords1 but one ,lord1 8,for1 as we are compelled by the ,christian truth to acknowledge every person by himself to be ,god and ,lord1 8,so we are forbidden by the ,catholic religion to say there are three ,gods or three ,lords4 8,the ,father is made of no one1 neither created nor begotten4 8,the ,son is from the ,father alone1 not made1 nor created1 but begotten4 8,the ,holy ,ghost is from the ,father and the ,son1 not made1 nor created1 nor begotten1 but proceeding4 8,so there is one ,father1 not three ,fathers2 one ,son1 not three ,sons2 one ,holy ,ghost1 not three ,holy ,ghosts4 8,and in this ,trinity there is nothing before or after1 nothing greater or less2 but the whole three ,persons are co-eternal to one another1 and coqual4 8,so that in all things1 as has been already said above1 the ,unity is to be worshipped in ,trinity1 and the ,trinity in ,unity4 8,he1 therefore1 that will be saved1 must thus think of the ,trinity4 8,furthermore1 it is necessary to everlasting salvation1 that he also believe rightly the incarnation of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 8,now1 the right faith is1 that we believe and confess that our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 is both ,god and ,man4 8,he is ,god of the substance of his ,father1 begotten before the world2 and he is ,man of the substance of his mother1 born in the world4 8,perfect ,god and perfect ,man2 of a rational soul1 and human flesh subsisting4 8,equal to the ,father according to his ,godhead1 and less than the ,father according to his ,manhood4 8,who1 although he be both ,god and ,man1 yet he is not two1 but one ,christ4 8,one1 not by the conversion of the ,godhead into flesh1 but by the taking of the ,manhood unto ,god4 8,one altogether1 not by confusion of substance1 but by unity of person4 8,for as the rational soul and the flesh is one man1 so ,god and ,man is one ,christ4 8,who suffered for our salvation1 descended into hell1 rose again the third day from the dead4 8,he ascended into heaven3 he sitteth at the right hand of ,god the ,father almighty2 thence he shall come to judge the living and dead4 8,at whose coming all men shall rise again with their bodies1 and shall give an account of their own works4 8,and they that have done good shall go into life everlasting1 and they that have done evil into everlasting fire4 8,this is the ,catholic faith1 which except a man believe faithfully and steadfastly1 he cannot be saved4 8,glory be to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost4 ,as it was in the beginning1 is now1 and ever shall be1 one ,god1 world without end4 ,,amen40 ,this ,creed is said to have been drawn up in the fourth century4 8,it obtained in ,france about ,a4 ,d4 #hej1 and was received in ,spain and ,germany about one hundred and eighty years later4 ,we have clear proofs of its being sung alternately in the ,english churches in the tenth century4 ,it was in common use in some parts of ,italy in #ifj1 and was received at ,rome about ,a4 ,d4 #ajad40 ,this ,creed is retained by the church of ,england1 but the ,protestant ,episcopal churches in the ,united ,states have rejected it4 ,the ,nicene ,creed4 8,credo in unum ,deum1 ,patrem omnipotentem1 ,factorem cli et terr1 visibilium omnium et invisibilium4 ,et in unum ,dominum ,jesum ,christum1 ,filium ,dei unigenitum4 ,et ex ,patre natum1 ante omnia scula4 ,deum de ,deo1 ,lumen de ,lumine1 ,deum verum de ,deo vero1 genitum1 non factum2 consubstantialem ,patri1 per quem omnia facta sunt4 ,qui propter nos homines1 et propter nostram salutem1 descendit de clis4 ,et incarnatus est de ,spiritu ,sancto ex ,maria ,virgine2 ,,et ,,homo ,,factus ,,est3 crucifixus etiam pro nobis sub ,pontio ,pilato1 passus1 et sepultus est4 ,et resurrexit tertia die1 secundum ,scripturas4 ,et ascendit in clum1 sedet ad dexteram ,patris4 ,et iterum venturus est cum gloria judicare vivos et mortuos3 cujus regni non erit finis4 ,et in ,spiritum ,sanctum1 ,dominum et ,vivificantem2 qui ex ,patre ,filioque procedit4 ,qui cum ,patre et ,filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur2 qui locutus est per ,prophetas4 ,et unam ,sanctam1 ,catholicam1 et ,apostolicam ,ecclesiam4 ,confiteor unum ,baptisma1 in remissionem peccatorum4 ,et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum4 ,et vitam venturi sculi4 ,amen40 ,translation4 8,i believe in one ,god1 the ,father almighty1 ,maker of heaven and earth1 of all things visible and invisible4 ,and in one ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the only-begotten ,son of ,god4 ,and born of the ,father1 before all ages4 ,god of ,god1 ,light of ,light1 true ,god of true ,god1 begotten1 not made2 consubstantial to the ,father1 by whom all things were made4 ,who for us men1 and for our salvation1 came down from heaven4 ,and was incarnated by the ,holy ,ghost of the ,virgin ,mary2 ,,and ,,he ,,was ,,made ,,man3 was crucified also under ,pontius ,pilate2 he suffered1 and was buried4 ,and the third day he rose again1 according to the ,scriptures4 ,and he ascended into heaven4 ,sits at the right hand of the ,father4 ,and he is to come again with glory to judge the living and the dead2 of whose kingdom there shall be no end4 ,and in the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,lord and ,giver of ,life1 who proceeds from the ,father and the ,son1 who1 together with the ,father and the ,son1 is adored and glorified2 who spoke by the ,prophets4 ,and ,one1 ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolical ,church4 ,i confess one ,baptism1 for the remission of sins4 ,and ,i look for the resurrection of the dead2 and the life of the world to come4 ,amen40 ,this ,creed was adopted at ,constantinople1 ,a4 ,d4 #cha4 ,it is used in the ,protestant ,episcopal churches in ,england1 and occasionally in those of the ,united ,states4 ,the foregoing ,creeds are copied from ,catholic books4 ------------------------------------- ,the ,catholics1 both in ,europe and ,america1 acknowledge the following ,rule is 8all that1 and only that1 belongs to ,catholic belief1 which is revealed in the word of ,god1 and which is proposed by the ,catholic church to all its members to be believed with divine faith40 8,guided by this certain criterion10 they say1 8we profess to believe1 #a4 8,that ,christ has established a church upon earth1 and that this church is that which holds communion with the see of ,rome1 being one1 holy1 ,catholic1 and apostolical4 #b4 8,that we are obliged to hear this church2 and1 therefore1 that she is infallible1 by the guidance of ,almighty ,god1 in her decisions regarding faith4 #c4 8,that ,st4 ,peter1 by divine commission1 was appointed the head of this church1 under ,christ1 its ,founder2 and that the pope1 or bishop of ,rome1 as successor to ,st4 ,peter1 has always been1 and is1 at present1 by divine right1 head of this church4 #d4 8,that the canon of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 as proposed to us by this church1 is the word of ,god2 as also such traditions1 belonging to faith and morals1 which1 being originally delivered by ,christ to his apostles1 have been preserved by constant succession4 #e4 8,that honor and veneration are due to the angels of ,god and his saints2 that they offer up prayers to ,god for us2 that it is good and profitable to have recourse to their intercession2 and that the relics1 or earthly remains1 of ,god's particular servants1 are to be held in respect4 #f4 8,that no sins ever were1 or can be1 remitted1 unless by the mercy of ,god1 through ,jesus ,christ2 and1 therefore1 that man's justification is the work of divine grace4 #g4 8,that the good works which we do1 receive their whole value from the grace of ,god2 and that1 by such works1 we not only comply with the precepts of the divine law1 but that we thereby likewise merit eternal life4 #h4 8,that1 by works done in the spirit of penance1 we can make satisfaction to ,god for the temporal punishment which often remains due1 after our sins1 by the divine goodness1 have been forgiven us4 #i4 8,that ,christ has left to his church a power of granting indulgences1 that is1 a relaxation from such temporal chastisement only1 as remains due after the divine pardon of sin2 and that the use of such indulgences is profitable to sinners4 #aj4 8,that there is a purgatory1 or middle state2 and that the souls of imperfect ,christians1 therein detained1 are helped by the prayers of the faithful4 #aa4 8,that there are seven sacraments1 all instituted by ,christ--baptism1 confirmation1 eucharist1 penance1 extreme unction1 holy order1 matrimony4 #ab4 8,that1 in the most holy sacrament of the eucharist1 there is truly1 really1 and substantially1 the body and blood1 together with the soul and divinity1 of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 #ac4 8,that1 in this sacrament1 there is1 by the omnipotence of ,god1 a conversion1 or change1 of the whole substance of the bread into the body of ,christ1 and of the whole substance of the wine into his blood1 which change we call ,,transubstantiation4 #ad4 8,that1 under either kind1 ,christ is received whole and entire4 #ae4 8,that1 in the mass1 or sacrifice of the altar1 is offered to ,god a true1 proper1 and propitiatory1 sacrifice for the living and the dead4 #af4 8,that1 in the sacrament of penance1 the sins we fall into after baptism are1 by the divine mercy1 forgiven us4 8,these are the great points of ,catholic belief1 by which we are distinguished from other ,christian societies2 and these1 only1 are the real and essential tenets of our religion4 ,we admit1 also1 the other grand articles of revealed and natural religion1 which the gospel and the light of reason have manifested to us4 ,to these we submit1 as men and as ,christians1 and to the former as obedient children of the ,catholic church40 ,,bereans4 ,the ,bereans are a sect of ,protestant dissenters from the church of ,scotland1 who take their title from1 and profess to follow the example of1 the ancient ,bereans1 in building their system of faith and practice upon the ,scriptures alone1 without regard to any human authority whatever4 ,the ,bereans first assembled1 as a separate society of ,christians1 in the city of ,edinburgh1 in the autumn of #aggc4 ,mr4 ,barclay1 a ,scotch clergyman1 was the founder of this sect4 ,the ,bereans agree with the great majority of ,christians respecting the doctrine of the ,trinity1 which they hold as a fundamental article2 and they also agree1 in a great measure1 with the professed principles of our ,orthodox churches1 respecting predestination and election1 though they allege that these doctrines are not consistently taught4 ,but they differ from the majority of all sects of ,christians in various other important particulars1 such as1-- #a4 ,respecting our knowledge of the ,deity4 ,upon this subject1 they say the majority of professed ,christians stumble at the very threshold of revelation2 and1 by admitting the doctrine of natural religion1 natural conscience1 natural notices1 c41 not founded upon revelation1 or derived from it by tradition1 they give up the cause of ,christianity at once to the infidels1 who may justly argue1 as ,mr4 ,paine1 in fact1 does1 in his 8,age of ,reason10 that there is no occasion for any revelation or word of ,god1 if man can discover his nature and perfections from his works alone4 ,but this1 the ,bereans argue1 is beyond the natural powers of human reason2 and1 therefore1 our knowledge of ,god is from revelation alone2 and1 without revelation1 man would never have entertained an idea of his existence4 #b4 ,with regard to faith in ,christ1 and assurance of salvation through his merits1 they differ from almost all other sects whatsoever4 ,these they reckon inseparable1 or rather the same1 because 7they say7 8,god hath expressly declared1 ,he that believeth shall be saved2 and1 therefore1 it is not only absurd1 but impious1 and1 in a manner1 calling ,god a liar1 for a man to say1 #8,i believe the gospel1 but have doubts1 nevertheless1 of my own salvation4' 0 ,with regard to the various distinctions and definitions that have been given of different kinds of faith1 they argue that there is nothing incomprehensible or obscure in the meaning of this word1 as used in ,scripture2 but that1 as faith1 when applied to human testimony1 signifies neither more nor less than the mere simple belief of that testimony as true1 upon the authority of the testifier1 so1 when applied to the testimony of ,god1 it signifies precisely 8the belief of his testimony1 and resting upon his veracity alone1 without any kind of collateral support from concurrence of any other evidence or testimony whatever40 ,and they insist that1 as this faith is the gift of ,god alone1 so the person to whom it is given is as conscious of possessing it1 as the being to whom ,god gives life is of being alive2 and1 therefore1 he entertains no doubts1 either of his faith1 or his consequent salvation through the merits of ,christ1 who died and rose again for that purpose4 ,in a word1 they argue that the gospel would not be what it is held forth to be1--glad tidings of great joy1--if it did not bring full personal assurance of eternal salvation to the believer2 which assurance1 they insist1 is the present infallible privilege and portion of every individual believer of the gospel4 #c4 ,consistently with the above definition of faith1 they say that the sin against the ,holy ,ghost1 which has alarmed and puzzled so many in all ages1 is nothing else but unbelief2 and that the expression1 8it shall not be forgiven1 neither in this world nor that which is to come10 means only that a person dying in infidelity would not be forgiven1 neither under the former dispensation by ,moses1 7the then present dispensation1 kingdom1 or government1 of ,god17 nor under the gospel dispensation1 which1 in respect of the ,mosaic1 was a kind of future world1 or kingdom to come4 #d4 ,the ,bereans interpret a great part of the ,old ,testament prophecies1 and1 in particular1 the whole of the ,psalms1 excepting such as are merely historical or laudatory1 to be typical or prophetical of ,jesus ,christ1 his sufferings1 atonement1 mediation1 and kingdom2 and they esteem it a gross perversion of these psalms and prophecies1 to apply them to the experiences of private ,christians4 ,in proof of this1 they not only urge the words of the apostle1 that no prophecy is of any private interpretation1 but they insist that the whole of the quotations from the ancient prophecies in the ,new ,testament1 and particularly those from the ,psalms1 are expressly applied to ,christ4 ,in this opinion1 many other classes of ,protestants agree with them4 #e4 ,of the absolute1 all-superintending sovereignty of the ,almighty1 the ,bereans entertain the highest idea1 as well as of the uninterrupted exertion thereof over all his works1 in heaven1 earth1 and hell1 however unsearchable by his creatures4 ,a ,god without election1 they argue1 or choice in all his works1 is a ,god without existence1 a mere idol1 a nonentity4 ,and to deny ,god's election1 purpose1 and express will1 in all his works1 is to make him inferior to ourselves4 ,the ,bereans consider infant baptism as a divine ordinance1 instituted in the room of circumcision1 and think it absurd to suppose that infants1 who1 all agree1 are admissible to the kingdom of ,god in heaven1 should1 nevertheless1 be incapable of being admitted into his visible church on earth4 ,they commemorate the ,lord's supper generally once a month2 but1 as the words of the institution fix no particular period1 they sometimes celebrate it oftener1 and sometimes at more distant periods1 as it may suit their general convenience4 ,they meet every ,lord's day1 for the purpose of preaching1 praying1 and exhorting to love and good works4 ,with regard to admission and exclusion of members1 their method is very simple3 when any person1 after hearing the ,berean doctrines1 professes his belief and assurance of the truths of the gospel1 and desires to be admitted into their communion1 he is cheerfully received1 upon his profession1 whatever may have been his former manner of life4 ,but1 if such a one should afterwards draw back from his good profession or practice1 they first admonish him1 and1 if that has no effect1 they leave him to himself4 ,they do not think that they have any power to deliver a backsliding brother to ,satan2 that text1 and other similar passages1 such as1 8,whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven10 c41 they consider as restricted to the apostles1 and to the inspired testimony alone1 and not to be extended to any church on earth1 or any number of churches1 or of ,christians1 whether decided by a majority of votes1 or by unanimous voices4 ,neither do they think themselves authorized1 as a ,christian church1 to inquire into each other's political opinions1 any more than to examine into each other's notions of philosophy4 ,they both recommend and practise1 as a ,christian duty1 submission to lawful authority2 but they do not think that a man1 by becoming a ,christian1 or joining their society1 is under any obligation1 by the rules of the gospel1 to renounce his right of private judgment upon matters of public or private importance4 ,upon all such subjects1 they allow each other to think and act as each may see it his duty2 and they require nothing more of the members1 than a uniform and steady profession of the apostolic faith1 and a suitable walk and conversation4 7,see ,acts #ag3aa4 ,rom4 #aj3i47 ,the ,berean doctrines have found converts in various parts of ,europe and ,america4 ,,materialists4 ,materialists are those who maintain that the soul of man is material1 or that the principle of perception and thought is not a substance distinct from the body1 but the result of corporeal organization4 ,there are others called by this name who have maintained that there is nothing but matter in the universe4 ,the followers of the late ,dr4 ,priestley are considered as ,materialists1 or philosophical ,necessarians4 ,according to the doctor's writings1 he believed1-- #a4 ,that man is no more than what we now see of him2 his being commenced at the time of his conception1 or perhaps at an earlier period4 ,the corporeal and mental faculties1 inhering in the same substance1 grow1 ripen1 and decay together2 and whenever the system is dissolved1 it continues in a state of dissolution1 till it shall please that ,almighty ,being who called it into existence1 to restore it to life again4 ,for if the mental principle were1 in its own nature1 immaterial and immortal1 all its peculiar faculties would be so too2 whereas we see that every faculty of the mind1 without exception1 is liable to be impaired1 and even to become wholly extinct1 before death4 ,since1 therefore1 all the faculties of the mind1 separately taken1 appear to be mortal1 the substance or principle1 in which they exist1 must be pronounced mortal too4 ,thus we might conclude that the body was mortal1 from observing that all the separate senses and limbs were liable to decay and perish4 ,this system gives a real value to the doctrine of the resurrection from the dead1 which is peculiar to revelation2 on which alone the sacred writers build all our hope of future life2 and it explains the uniform language of the ,scriptures1 which speak of one day of judgment for all mankind1 and represent all the rewards of virtue1 and all the punishments of vice1 as taking place at that awful day1 and not before4 ,in the ,scriptures1 the heathen are represented as without hope1 and all mankind as perishing at death1 if there be no resurrection of the dead4 ,the apostle ,paul asserts1 in #a ,cor4 #ae3af1 that 8if the dead rise not1 then is not ,christ risen2 and if ,christ be not raised1 your faith is vain1 ye are yet in your sins3 then they also who are fallen asleep in ,christ are perished40 ,and again1 verse #cb1 8,if the dead rise not1 let us eat and drink1 for to-morrow we die40 ,in the whole discourse1 he does not even mention the doctrine of happiness or misery without the body4 ,if we search the ,scriptures for passages expressive of the state of man at death1 we shall find such declarations as expressly exclude any trace of sense1 thought1 or enjoyment4 7,see ,ps4 #f3e4 ,job #ad3g1 c47 #b4 ,that there is some fixed law of nature respecting the will1 as well as the other powers of the mind1 and every thing else in the constitution of nature2 and consequently that it is never determined without some real or apparent cause foreign to itself1 i4 e41 without some motive of choice2 or that motives influence us in some definite and invariable manner1 so that every volition1 or choice1 is constantly regulated and determined by what precedes it2 and this constant determination of mind1 according to the motives presented to it1 is what is meant by its necessary determination4 ,this being admitted to be fact1 there will be a necessary connection between all things past1 present1 and to come1 in the way of proper cause and effect1 as much in the intellectual as in the natural world2 so that1 according to the established laws of nature1 no event could have been otherwise than it has been1 or is to be1 and therefore all things past1 present1 and to come1 are precisely what the ,author of ,nature really intended them to be1 and has made provision for4 ,to establish this conclusion1 nothing is necessary but that throughout all nature the same consequences should invariably result from the same circumstances4 ,for if this be admitted1 it will necessarily follow that1 at the commencement of any system1 since the several parts of it1 and their respective situations1 were appointed by the ,deity1 the first change would take place according to a certain rule established by himself1 the result of which would be a new situation2 after which the same laws containing another change would succeed1 according to the same rules1 and so on forever2 every new situation invariably leading to another1 and every event1 from the commencement to the termination of the system1 being strictly connected1 so that1 unless the fundamental laws of the system were changed1 it would be impossible that any event should have been otherwise than it was4 ,in all these cases1 the circumstances preceding any change are called the causes of that change2 and1 since a determinate event1 or effect1 constantly follows certain circumstances1 or causes1 the connection between cause and effect is concluded to be invariable1 and therefore necessary4 ,it is universally acknowledged that there can be no effect without an adequate cause4 ,this is even the foundation on which the only proper argument for the being of a ,god rests4 ,and the ,necessarian asserts that if1 in any given state of mind1 with respect both to dispositions and motives1 two different determinations1 or volitions1 be possible1 it can be on no other principle1 than that one of them should come under the description of an effect without a cause2 just as if the beam of a balance might incline either way1 though loaded with equal weights4 ,and if any thing whatever--even a thought in the mind of man--could arise without an adequate cause1 any thing else--the mind itself1 or the whole universe--might likewise exist without an adequate cause4 ,this scheme of philosophical necessity implies a chain of causes and effects established by infinite wisdom1 and terminating in the greatest good of the whole universe2 evils of all kinds1 natural and moral1 being admitted1 as far as they contribute to that end1 or are in the nature of things inseparable from it4 ,vice is productive1 not of good1 but of evil1 to us1 both here and hereafter1 though good may result from it to the whole system2 and1 according to the fixed laws of nature1 our present and future happiness necessarily depends on our cultivating good dispositions4 ,,arminians4 ,those persons who follow the doctrines of ,arminius1 who was pastor at ,amsterdam1 and afterwards professor of divinity at ,leyden4 ,arminius had been educated in the opinions of ,calvin2 but1 thinking the doctrine of that great man1 with regard to free will1 predestination1 and grace1 too severe1 he began to express his doubts concerning them in the year #aeia1 and1 upon further inquiry1 adopted the sentiments of those whose religious system extends the love of the ,supreme ,being and the merits of ,jesus ,christ to all mankind4 ,the distinguishing tenets of the ,arminians may be comprised in the five following articles relative to predestination1 universal redemption1 the corruption of man1 conversion1 and perseverance1 viz43-- 8#a4 ,that ,god determined to bestow pardon and present salvation on all who repent and believe in ,christ1 and final salvation on all who persevere to the end1 and to inflict everlasting punishment on those who should continue in their unbelief1 and resist his divine succors2 so that election was conditional1 and reprobation1 in like manner1 the result of foreseen infidelity and persevering wickedness1 7,see ,ezek4 #ah3cj-cb4 ,acts #ag3bd-cj4 ,matt4 #bc3cg4 ,rom4 #b3d1 #e2 #e3ah4 #a ,tim4 #aa3a-d4 #b ,pet4 #a3aj2 #c3i47 8#b4 ,that ,jesus ,christ1 by his sufferings and death1 made an atonement for the sins of all mankind in general1 and of every individual in particular2 that1 however1 none but those who believe in him can be partakers of divine benefits4 7,see ,john #b3b2 #c3af1 #ag4 ,heb4 #b3i4 ,isa4 #ej3ai1 #bj4 #a ,cor4 #h3aa47 8#c4 ,that true faith cannot proceed from the exercise of our natural faculties and powers1 nor from the force and operation of free will2 since man1 in consequence of his natural corruption1 is incapable either of thinking or doing any good thing2 and that1 therefore1 it is necessary1 in order to his conversion and salvation1 that he be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the ,holy ,ghost1 which is the gift of ,god through ,jesus ,christ4 8#d4 ,that this divine grace1 or energy1 of the ,holy ,ghost1 begins and perfects every thing that can be called good in man1 and1 consequently1 all good works are to be attributed to ,god alone2 that1 nevertheless1 this grace is offered to all1 and does not force men to act against their inclinations1 but may be resisted1 and rendered ineffectual1 by the perverse will of the impenitent sinner4 ,some modern ,arminians interpret this and the last article with a greater latitude4 7,see ,isa4 #a3af4 ,deut4 #aj3af4 ,eph4 #d3bb47 8#e4 ,that ,god gives to the truly faithful1 who are regenerated by his grace1 the means of preserving themselves in this state40 ,the first ,armenians1 indeed1 had some doubt with respect to the closing part of the latter article2 but their followers uniformly maintain1 8that the regenerate may lose true1 justifying faith1 fall from a state of grace1 and die in their sins40 7,see ,heb4 #f3d-f4 #b ,pet4 #b3bj1 #ba4 ,luke #ba3ce4 #b ,pet4 #c3ag47 ,,methodists1 ,,or ,,the ,,methodist ,,episcopal ,,church4 ,this denomination arose in ,england1 in #agbi1 and derived their name from the exact regularity of their lives4 ,in #agda1 they divided into two parties1 under ,george ,whitefield and ,john ,wesley4 ,the former adopted the sentiments of ,calvin1 and the latter those of ,arminius4 ,the ,arminian class compose the great body of ,methodists in this country and in ,great ,britain4 ,both of those men were eminently distinguished for the variety and extent of their labors4 ,the following are the articles of religion1 as published in the 8,doctrines and ,discipline of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church30-- 8#a4 ,there is but one living and true ,god1 everlasting1 without body or parts1 of infinite power1 wisdom1 and goodness2 the ,maker and ,preserver of all things1 visible and invisible4 ,and in unity of this ,godhead1 there are three persons1 of one substance1 power and eternity--the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 8#b4 ,the ,son1 who is the ,word of the ,father1 the very and eternal ,god1 of one substance with the ,father1 took man's nature in the womb of the blessed ,virgin2 so that two whole and perfect natures1 that is to say1 the ,godhead and manhood1 were joined together in one person1 never to be divided1 whereof is one ,christ1 very ,god and very man1 who truly suffered1 was crucified1 dead1 and buried1 to reconcile his ,father to us1 and to be a sacrifice1 not only for original guilt1 but also for the actual sins of men4 8#c4 ,christ did truly rise again from the dead1 and took again his body1 with all things appertaining to the perfection of man's nature1 wherewith he ascended into heaven1 and there sitteth1 until he return to judge all men at the last day4 8#d4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 proceeding from the ,father and the ,son1 is of one substance1 majesty1 and glory1 with the ,father and the ,son1 very and eternal ,god4 8#e4 ,the holy ,scriptures contain all things necessary to salvation2 so that whatsoever is not read therein1 nor may be proved thereby1 is not to be required of any man1 that it should be believed as an article of faith1 or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation4 ,by the name of the holy ,scriptures1 we do understand those canonical books of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 of whose authority was never any doubt in the church4 ,here follow the names of the canonical books of the ,scriptures4 8#f4 ,the ,old ,testament is not contrary to the ,new2 for1 both in the ,old and ,new ,testament1 everlasting life is offered to mankind by ,christ1 who is the only ,mediator between ,god and man1 being both ,god and man4 ,wherefore they are not to be heard1 who feign that the old fathers did look only for transitory promises4 ,although the law given from ,god by ,moses1 as touching ceremonies and rites1 doth not bind ,christians1 nor ought the civil precepts thereof of necessity to be received in any commonwealth1 yet1 notwithstanding1 no ,christian whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral4 8#g4 ,original sin standeth not in the following of ,adam1 7as the ,pelagians do vainly talk17 but it is the corruption of the nature of every man1 that naturally is engendered of the offspring of ,adam1 whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness1 and of his own nature inclined to evil1 and that continually4 8#h4 ,the condition of man1 after the fall of ,adam1 is such1 that he cannot turn and prepare himself1 by his own natural strength and works1 to faith1 and calling upon ,god2 wherefore we have no power to do good works1 pleasant and acceptable to ,god1 without the grace of ,god by ,christ preventing us1 that we may have a good will1 and working with us when we have that good will4 8#i4 ,we are accounted righteous before ,god1 only for the merit of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ by faith1 and not for our own works or deservings4 ,wherefore1 that we are justified by faith only1 is a most wholesome doctrine1 and very full of comfort4 8#aj4 ,although good works1 which are the fruits of faith1 and follow after justification1 cannot put away our sins1 and endure the severity of ,god's judgments1 yet are they pleasing and acceptable to ,god in ,christ1 and spring out of a true and lively faith1 insomuch that by them a lively faith may be as evidently known1 as a tree is discerned by its fruit4 8#aa4 ,voluntary works1 being over and above ,god's commandments1 which are called works of supererogation1 cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety4 ,for by them men do declare that they do not only render unto ,god as much as they are bound to do1 but they do more for his sake than of bounden duty is required2 whereas ,christ saith plainly1 #8,when ye have done all that is commanded you1 say1 ,we are unprofitable servants4' 8#ab4 ,not every sin willingly committed after justification1 is the sin against the ,holy ,ghost1 and unpardonable4 ,wherefore1 the grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after justification2 after we have received the ,holy ,ghost1 we may depart from grace given1 and fall into sin1 and1 by the grace of ,god1 rise again1 and amend our lives4 ,and1 therefore1 they are to be condemned who say they can no more sin as long as they live here1 or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent4 8#ac4 ,the visible church of ,christ is a congregation of faithful men1 in which the pure word of ,god is preached1 and the sacraments duly administered according to ,christ's ordinance1 in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same4 8#ad4 ,the ,romish doctrine concerning purgatory1 pardon1 worshipping and adoration as well of images as of relics1 and also invocation of saints1 is a fond thing1 vainly invented1 and grounded upon no warrant of ,scripture1 but repugnant to the word of ,god4 8#ae4 ,it is a thing plainly repugnant to the word of ,god1 and the custom of the primitive church1 to have public prayer in the church1 or to minister the sacraments1 in a tongue not understood by the people4 8#af4 ,sacraments ordained of ,christ are not only badges or tokens of ,christian men's profession1 but rather they are certain signs of grace1 and ,god's good-will towards us1 by the which he doth work invisibly in us1 and doth not only quicken1 but also strengthen and confirm1 our faith in him4 8,there are two sacraments ordained of ,christ our ,lord to the gospel2 that is to say1 baptism and the supper of the ,lord4 8,those five commonly called sacraments--that is to say1 confirmation1 penance1 orders1 matrimony1 and extreme unction--are not to be counted for sacraments of the gospel1 being such as have partly grown out of the corrupt following of the apostles1 and partly are states of life allowed in the ,scriptures1 but yet have not the like nature of baptism and the ,lord's supper1 because they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of ,god4 8,the sacraments were not ordained of ,christ to be gazed upon1 or to be carried about1 but that we should duly use them4 ,and in such only as worthily receive the same1 they have a wholesome effect or operation2 but they that receive them unworthily1 purchase to themselves condemnation1 as ,st4 ,paul saith4 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bi47 8#ag4 ,baptism is not only a sign of profession1 and mark of difference1 whereby ,christians are distinguished from others that are not baptized1 but it is also a sign of regeneration1 or the new birth4 ,the baptism of young children is to be retained in the church4 8#ah4 ,the supper of the ,lord is not only a sign of the love that ,christians ought to have among themselves one to another1 but rather is a sacrament of our redemption by ,christ's death2 insomuch that to such as rightly1 worthily1 and with faith1 receive the same1 the bread which we break is a partaking of the body of ,christ1 and likewise the cup of blessing is a partaking of the blood of ,christ4 8,transubstantiation1 or the change of the substance of bread and wine in the supper of our ,lord1 cannot be proved by ,holy ,writ1 but is repugnant to the plain words of ,scripture1 overthroweth the nature of a sacrament1 and hath given occasion to many superstitions4 8,the body of ,christ is given1 taken1 and eaten1 in the supper1 only after a heavenly and scriptural manner4 ,and the means whereby the body of ,christ is received and eaten in the supper1 is faith4 8,the sacrament of the ,lord's supper was not by ,christ's ordinance reserved1 carried about1 lifted up1 or worshipped4 8#ai4 ,the cup of the ,lord is not to be denied to the lay people2 for both the parts of the ,lord's supper1 by ,christ's ordinance and commandment1 ought to be administered to all ,christians alike4 8#bj4 ,the offering of ,christ1 once made1 is that perfect redemption1 propitiation1 and satisfaction1 for all the sins of the whole world1 both original and actual2 and there is none other satisfaction for sin but that alone4 ,wherefore the sacrifice of masses1 in the which it is commonly said that the priest doth offer ,christ for the quick and the dead1 to have remission of pain or guilt1 is a blasphemous fable and dangerous deceit4 8#ba4 ,the ministers of ,christ were not commanded by ,god's law either to vow the estate of single life1 or to abstract from marriage2 therefore it is lawful for them1 as for all other ,christians1 to marry at their own discretion1 as they shall judge the same to serve best to godliness4 8#bb4 ,it is not necessary that rites and ceremonies should in all places be the same1 or exactly alike2 for they have been always different1 and may be changed according to the diversity of countries1 times1 and men's manners1 so that nothing be ordained against ,god's word4 ,whosoever1 through his private judgment1 willingly and purposely doth openly break the rites and ceremonies of the church to which he belongs1 which are not repugnant to the word of ,god1 and are ordained and approved by common authority1 ought to be rebuked openly1 that others may fear to do the like1 as one that offendeth against the common order of the church1 and woundeth the consciences of weak brethren4 8,every particular church may ordain1 change1 and abolish1 rites and ceremonies1 so that all things may be done to edification4 8#bc4 ,the president1 the congress1 the general assemblies1 the governors1 and the councils of state1 as the delegates of the people1 are the rulers of the ,united ,states of ,america according to the division of power made to them by the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and by the constitutions of their respective states4 ,and the said states are a sovereign and independent nation1 and ought not to be subject to any foreign jurisdiction47#b7 8#bd4 ,the riches and goods of ,christians are not common1 as touching the right1 title1 and possession1 of the same1 as some do falsely boast4 ,notwithstanding every man ought1 of such things as he possesseth1 liberally to give alms to the poor1 according to his ability4 8#be4 ,as we confess that vain and rash swearing is forbidden ,christian men by our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and ,james his apostle1 so we judge that the ,christian religion doth not prohibit but that a man may swear when the magistrate requireth1 in a cause of faith and charity1 so it be done according to the prophet's teaching1 in justice1 judgment1 and truth40 ,,methodists1 ,,or ,,the ,,methodist ,,protestant ,,church4 ,the ,protestant ,methodists adhere to the ,wesleyan ,methodist doctrines1 but discard certain parts of the discipline1 particularly those concerning episcopacy and the manner of constituting the general conference4 ,they seceded from the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church in #ahcj1 and formed a constitution and discipline of their own4 ,the following preamble and articles precede the constitution3-- 8,we1 the representatives of the associated ,methodist churches1 in general convention assembled1 acknowledging the ,lord ,jesus ,christ as the only ,,head of the church1 and the word of ,god as the sufficient rule of faith and practice1 in all things pertaining to godliness1 and being fully persuaded that the representative form of church government is the most scriptural1 best suited to our condition1 and most congenial with our views and feelings as fellow-citizens with the saints1 and of the household of ,god2 and whereas1 a written constitution1 establishing the form of government1 and securing to the ministers and members of the church their rights and privileges1 is the best safeguard of ,christian liberty4 ,we1 therefore1 trusting in the protection of ,almighty ,god1 and acting in the name and by the authority of our constituents1 do ordain and establish1 and agree to be governed by1 the following elementary principles and constitution3-- 8#a4 ,a ,christian church is a society of believers in ,jesus ,christ1 and is a divine institution4 8#b4 ,christ is the only ,head of the church1 and the word of ,god the only rule of faith and conduct4 8#c4 ,no person who loves the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and obeys the gospel of ,god our ,savior1 ought to be deprived of church membership4 8#d4 ,every man has an inalienable right to private judgment in matters of religion1 and an equal right to express his opinion in any way which will not violate the laws of ,god1 or the rights of his fellow-men4 8#e4 ,church trials should be conducted on gospel principles only2 and no minister or member should be excommunicated except for immorality1 the propagation of unchristian doctrines1 or for the neglect of duties enjoined by the word of ,god4 8#f4 ,the pastoral or ministerial office and duties are of divine appointment1 and all elders in the church of ,god are equal2 but ministers are forbidden to be lords over ,god's heritage1 or to have dominion over the faith of the saints4 8#g4 ,the church has a right to form and enforce such rules and regulations only as are in accordance with the holy ,scriptures1 and may be necessary or have a tendency to carry into effect the great system of practical ,christianity4 8#h4 ,whatever power may be necessary to the formation of rules and regulations1 is inherent in the ministers and members of the church2 but so much of that power may be delegated1 from time to time1 upon a plan of representation1 as they may judge necessary and proper4 8#i4 ,it is the duty of all ministers and members of the church1 to maintain godliness1 and to oppose all moral evil4 8#aj4 ,it is obligatory on ministers of the gospel to be faithful in the discharge of their pastoral and ministerial duties1 and it is also obligatory on the members to esteem ministers highly for their works' sake1 and to render them a righteous compensation for their labors4 8#aa4 ,the church ought to secure to all her official bodies the necessary authority for the purposes of good government2 but she has no right to create any distinct or independent sovereignties40 ,we omit the constitution1 as the preceding elementary principles sufficiently develop the peculiarities of this denomination4 ,,protestants4 ,a name first given1 in ,germany1 to those who adhered to the doctrine of ,luther2 because1 in #aebi1 they protested against a decree of the emperor ,charles ,v41 and the diet of ,spires1 declaring that they appealed to a general council4 ,the same name has also been given to the ,calvinists1 and is now become a common denomination for all sects which differ from the church of ,rome4 ,,sabellians4 ,a sect1 in the third century1 that embraced the opinions of ,sabellius1 a philosopher of ,egypt1 who openly taught that there is but one person in the ,godhead4 ,the ,sabellians maintained that the ,word and the ,holy ,spirit are only virtues1 emanations1 or functions of the ,deity1 and held that he who is in heaven is the ,father of all things2 that he descended into the ,virgin1 became a child1 and was born of her as a ,son2 and that1 having accomplished the mystery of our salvation1 he diffused himself on the apostles in tongues of fire1 and was then denominated the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this they explained by resembling ,god to the sun2 the illuminated virtue or quality of which was the ,word1 and its warming virtue the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,word1 they taught1 was darted1 like a divine ray1 to accomplish the work of redemption2 and that1 being re-ascended to heaven1 the influences of the ,father were communicated after a like manner to the apostles4 ,,sandemanians4 ,so called from ,mr4 ,robert ,sandeman1 a ,scotchman1 who published his sentiments in #ageg4 ,he afterwards came to ,america1 and established societies at ,boston1 and other places in ,new ,england1 and in ,nova ,scotia4 ,this sect arose in ,scotland about the year #agbh1 where it is distinguished at the present day by the name of ,glassites1 after its founder1 ,mr4 ,john ,glass1 a minister of the established church4 ,the ,sandemanians consider that faith is neither more nor less than a simple assent to the divine testimony concerning ,jesus ,christ1 delivered for the offences of men1 and raised again for their justification1 as recorded in the ,new ,testament1 ,they also maintain that the word faith1 or belief1 is constantly used by the apostles to signify what is denoted by it in common discourse1 viz41 a persuasion of the truth of any proposition1 and that there is no difference between believing any common testimony and believing the apostolic testimony1 except that which results from the testimony itself1 and the divine authority on which it rests4 ,they differ from other ,christians in their weekly administration of the ,lord's supper2 their love-feasts1 of which every member is not only allowed1 but required1 to partake1 and which consist of their dining together at each other's houses in the interval between the morning and afternoon service2 their kiss of charity1 used on this occasion1 at the admission of a new member1 and at other times1 when they deem it necessary and proper2 their weekly collection1 before the ,lord's supper1 for the support of the poor1 and defraying other expenses2 mutual exhortation2 abstinence from blood and things strangled2 washing each other's feet1 when1 as a deed of mercy1 it might be an expression of love1 the precept concerning which1 as well as other precepts1 they understand literally2 community of goods1 so far as that every one is to consider all that he has in his possession and power liable to the calls of the poor and the church2 and the unlawfulness of laying up treasures upon earth1 by setting them apart for any distant1 future1 or uncertain use4 ,they allow of public and private diversions1 so far as they are not connected with circumstances really sinful2 but1 apprehending a lot to be sacred1 disapprove of lotteries1 playing at cards1 dice1 c4 ,they maintain a plurality of elders1 pastors1 or bishops1 in each church1 and the necessity of the presence of two elders in every act of discipline1 and at the administration of the ,lord's supper4 ,in the choice of these elders1 want of learning and engagement in trade are no sufficient objections1 if qualified according to the instructions given to ,timothy and ,titus2 but second marriages disqualify for the office2 and they are ordained by prayer and fasting1 imposition of hands1 and giving the right hand of fellowship4 ,in their discipline they are strict and severe1 and think themselves obliged to separate from communion and worship of all such religious societies as appear to them not to profess the simple truth for their only ground of hope1 and who do not walk in obedience to it4 7,see ,john #ac3ad1 #ae2 #af3ac4 ,acts #f3g4 ,rom4 #c3bg2 #d3d1 #e2 #af3af4 #a ,cor4 #af3bj4 #b ,cor4 #d3ac4 #a ,pet4 #a3bb47 ,,antinomians4 ,as we elsewhere give the sentiments of the ancient ,bereans1 ,pelagians1 and ,sabellians1 it is proper to notice those of ,agricola1 an eminent doctor in the ,lutheran church1 who flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,the word ,antinomian is derived from two ,greek words1 signifying against law4 ,it will be observed that the above names are used to denote sentiments or opinions1 rather than sects or denominations4 ,the principal doctrines of the ,antinomians1 together with a short specimen of the arguments made use of in their defence1 are comprehended in the following summary3-- 8#a4 ,that the law ought not to be proposed to the people as a rule of manners1 nor used in the church as a means of instruction2 and that the gospel alone is to be inculcated and explained1 both in the churches and in the schools of learning4 8,for the ,scriptures declare that ,christ is not the lawgiver2 as it is said1 #8,the law was given by ,moses2 but grace and truth came by ,jesus ,christ4' ,therefore the ministers of the gospel ought not to teach the law4 ,christians are not ruled by the law1 but by the spirit of regeneration2 according as it is said1 #8,ye are not under the law1 but under grace4' ,therefore the law ought not to be taught in the church of ,christ4 8#b4 ,that the justification of sinners is an immanent and eternal act of ,god1 not only preceding all acts of sin1 but the existence of the sinner himself4 8,for nothing new can arise in ,god2 on which account1 he calls things that are not1 as though they were2 and the apostle saith1 #8,who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places1 in ,christ ,jesus1 before the foundation of the world4' ,besides1 ,christ was set up from everlasting1 not only as the ,head of the church1 but as the surety of his people2 by virtue of which engagement1 the ,father decreed never to impute unto them their sins4 7,see #b ,cor4 #e3 #ai47 8#c4 ,that justification by faith is no more than a manifestation to us of what was done before we had a being4 8,for it is thus expressed1 in ,heb4 #aa3a3 #8,now1 faith is the substance of things hoped for1 the evidence of things not seen4' ,we are justified only by ,christ2 but by faith we perceive it1 and by faith rejoice in it1 as we apprehend it to be our own4 8#d4 ,that men ought not to doubt of their faith1 nor question whether they believe in ,christ4 8,for we are commanded to #8draw near in full assurance of faith4' 7,heb4 #aj3bb47 #8,he that believeth on the ,son of ,god1 hath the witness in himself1' 7#b ,john #e3aj27 i4 e41 he has as much evidence as can be desired4 8#e4 ,that ,god sees no sin in believers2 and they are not bound to confess sin1 mourn for it1 or pray that it may be forgiven4 8,for ,god has declared1 7,heb4 #aj3ag17 #8,their sins and iniquities ,i will remember no more4' ,and in ,jer4 #ej3bj1 #8,in those days1 and in that time1 saith the ,lord1 the iniquity of ,israel shall be sought for1 and there shall be none2 and the sins of ,judah1 and they shall not be found2 for ,i will pardon them whom ,i reserve4' 8#f4 ,that ,god is not angry with the elect1 nor doth he punish them for their sins4 8,for ,christ has made ample satisfaction for their sins4 ,see ,isaiah #ec3e1 #8,he was wounded for our transgressions1 he was bruised for our iniquities1' c4 ,and to inflict punishment once upon the surety1 and again upon the believer1 is contrary to the justice of ,god1 as well as derogatory to the satisfaction of ,christ4 8#g4 ,that by ,god's laying our iniquities upon ,christ1 he became as completely sinful as we1 and we as completely righteous as ,christ4 8,for ,christ represents our persons to the ,father2 and we represent the person of ,christ to him4 ,the loveliness of ,christ is transferred to us4 ,on the other hand1 all that is hateful in our nature is put upon ,christ1 who was forsaken by the father for a time4 ,see #b ,cor4 #e3ba1 #8,he was made sin for us1 who knew no sin2 that we might be made the righteousness of ,god in him4' 8#h4 ,that believers need not fear either their own sins or the sins of others1 since neither can do them any injury4 8,see ,rom4 #h3cc1 #cd1 #8,who shall lay any thing to the charge of ,god's elect8' c4 ,the apostle does not say that they never transgress1 but triumphs in the thought that no curse can be executed against them4 8#i4 ,that the new covenant is not made properly with us1 but with ,christ for us2 and that this covenant is all of it a promise1 having no conditions for us to perform2 for faith1 repentance1 and obedience1 are not conditions on our part1 but ,christ's2 and he repented1 believed1 and obeyed for us4 8,for the covenant is so expressed1 that the performance lies upon the ,deity himself4 #8,for this is the covenant that ,i will make with the house of ,israel1 after those days1 saith the ,lord2 ,i will put my laws into their mind1 and write them in their hearts2 and ,i will be to them a ,god1 and they shall be to me a people4' ,heb4 #h3aj4 8#aj4 ,that sanctification is not a proper evidence of justification4 8,for those who endeavor to evidence their justification by their sanctification1 are looking to their own attainments1 and not to ,christ's righteousness1 for hopes of salvation40 ,,pelagians4 ,a denomination which arose in the fifth century1 so called from ,pelagius1 a monk1 who looked upon the doctrines which were commonly received1 concerning the original corruption of human nature1 and the necessity of divine grace to enlighten the understanding and purify the heart1 as prejudicial to the progress of holiness and virtue1 and tending to establish mankind in a presumptuous and fatal security4 ,he maintained the following doctrines3-- 8#a4 ,that the sins of our first parents were imputed to them only1 and not to their posterity2 and that we derive no corruption from their fall1 but are born as pure and unspotted as ,adam came out of the forming hand of his ,creator4 8#b4 ,that mankind1 therefore1 are capable of repentance and amendment1 and of arriving to the highest degrees of piety and virtue1 by the use of their natural faculties and powers4 ,that1 indeed1 external grace is necessary to excite their endeavors1 but that they have no need of the internal succors of the divine ,spirit4 8#c4 ,that ,adam was1 by nature1 mortal1 and1 whether he had sinned or not1 would certainly have died4 8#d4 ,that the grace of ,god is given in proportion to our merits4 8#e4 ,that mankind may arrive at a state of perfection in this life4 8#f4 ,that the law qualified men for the kingdom of heaven1 and was founded upon equal promises with the gospel40 ,,pre-,,adamites4 ,this denomination began about the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,their principal tenet is that there must have been men before ,adam4 ,one proof of this they bring from ,rom4 #e3ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,the apostle says1 8,sin was in the world till the law20 meaning the law given to ,adam4 ,but sin1 it is evident1 was not imputed1 though it might have been committed1 till the time of the pretended first man4 8,for sin is not imputed when there is no law40 ,the election of the ,jews1 they say1 is a consequence of the same system4 ,it began at ,adam1 who is called their father or founder4 ,god is also their ,father1 having espoused the ,judaical church4 ,the ,gentiles are only adopted children1 as being ,pre-,adamites4 ,men 7or ,gentiles7 are said to be made by the word of ,god4 7,gen4 #a3bf1 #bg47 ,adam1 the founder of the ,jewish nation1 whose history alone ,moses wrote1 is introduced in the second chapter1 as the workmanship of ,god's own hands1 and as created apart from other men4 ,they argue thus3--,cain1 having killed his brother ,abel1 was afraid of being killed himself4 ,by whom8 ,he married--yet ,adam had then no daughter4 ,what wife could he get8 ,he built a town--what architects1 masons1 carpenters1 and workmen1 did he employ8 ,the answer to all these questions is in one word--,pre-,adamites4 ,this reasoning is opposed by sundry texts of ,scripture1 7,see ,gen4 #a3bf2 #b3g2 #c3bj4 ,mark #aj3f4 ,i ,cor4 #ae3de1 #dg47 ,,predestinarians4 ,are those who believe that ,god1 for his own glory1 hath foreordained whatsoever comes to pass4 7,see ,matt4 #be3cd4 ,rom4 #h3bi1 #cj4 ,eph4 #a3c1 #f1 #aa4 #b ,tim4 #a3i4 #b ,thess4 #aa3ac4 #a ,pet4 #a3a1 #b4 ,john #f3cg2 #ag3b-bd4 ,rev4 #ac3h2 #ag3h4 ,dan4 #d3ce4 #a ,thess4 #e3ai4 ,matt4 #aa3bf4 ,exod4 #d3ba4 ,prov4 #af3d4 ,acts #ac3dh47 ,,orthodox ,,creeds4 ,orthodoxy literally signifies correct opinions4 ,the word is generally used to denote those who are attached to the ,trinitarian scheme of ,christian doctrine4 ,the following article is found in the 8,spirit of the ,pilgrims10 vol4 v4 ,no4 #a1 and is supposed to have been written by the late ,rev4 ,,benjamin ,b4 ,,wisner1 ,d4 ,d41 pastor of the ,old ,south church1 ,boston4 ,the following summary contains the more material parts of the ,orthodox faith4 ,those who embrace this system believe1-- 8,that1 since the fall of ,adam1 men are1 in their natural state1 altogether destitute of true holiness1 and entirely depraved4 8,that men1 though thus depraved1 are justly required to love ,god with all the heart1 and justly punishable for disobedience2 or1 in other words1 they are complete moral agents1 proper subjects of moral government1 and truly accountable to ,god for their actions4 8,that in the unspeakable wisdom and love of ,god was disclosed a plan of redemption for sinful men4 8,that1 in the development of this plan1 ,god saw fit to reveal so much concerning the nature and the mode of the divine existence1 as that he is manifested to his creatures as the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost2 and that these three1 each partaking of all the attributes of the ,deity1 and being entitled to receive divine worship and adoration1 are the one living and true ,god4 8,that the ,son of ,god1 laying aside the glory which he had with the ,father from everlasting1 came down from heaven1 took upon himself man's nature1 and by his humiliation1 sufferings1 and death1 made an atonement for the sins of the world4 8,that1 in consequence of this atonement1 the offer of pardon and eternal life was freely made to all2 so that those who truly repent of sin1 and believe in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 will be saved4 8,that men are naturally so averse to ,god and holiness1 that1 if left to themselves1 they reject the offers of salvation1 and neither repent of sin nor truly believe in a ,savior4 8,that ,god1 being moved with infinite love and compassion1 sends forth the ,holy ,spirit1 according to his sovereign pleasure1 by whose beneficent energy an innumerable multitude of the human family are renewed1 sanctified1 and prepared for heaven2 while others are suffered to pursue the course which they have freely chosen1 and in which they obstinately persevere till the day of salvation is past4 8,that ,god1 in his providential dispensations1 in the bestowment of his saving mercy1 and in his universal government1 exhibits his adorable perfections1 in such a manner as will call forth the admiration and love of all holy beings forever4 8,that believers are justified by faith1 through the efficacy of the atonement1 so that all claims of human merit1 and all grounds of boasting1 are forever excluded4 8,that the law of ,god is perpetually binding upon all moral beings1 and upon believers not less than other men1 as a rule of life2 and that no repentance is genuine unless it bring forth fruits meet for repentance1 and no faith is saving unless it produce good works4 8,that those who have been renewed by the ,spirit will be preserved by the power of ,god1 and advanced in holiness unto final salvation4 ,and1 8,that ,christ1 as the great ,king of the universe1 the ,lord and ,proprietor of created beings1 will judge the world at the last day1 when the righteous will be received to life eternal1 and the wicked will be consigned to endless punishment40 ------------------------------------- 8,since the reformation from ,popery1 those who profess to admit these doctrines1 and others necessarily connected with them1 and forming a part of the same system1 have been denominated ,orthodox1 while to those who openly reject them1 or any considerable part of them1 this appellation has been denied4 8,it is not to be inferred1 however1 that the ,orthodox have been1 or are1 entirely unanimous on the subject of religion4 ,in matters comparatively unessential1 and in their modes of stating1 explaining1 and establishing essential truths1 there has always been more or less a diversity4 ,thus persons may disagree as to the form of church government1 or as to the mode of administering ordinances1 and yet have an equal claim to be entitled ,orthodox4 ,or persons may disagree in their interpretation of particular passages of ,scripture1 and as to the manner in which these bear on the doctrines of religion1 without forfeiting their title to the some honorable appellation4 ,for instance1 one person may regard a particular passage as proof conclusive of the divinity of ,christ1 while another may be in doubt respecting it1 or may apply it differently1 and yet both be firm believers in the divinity of ,christ4 ,many passages which the old writers quoted as proof-texts1 have1 in the progress of critical science1 been differently interpreted2 and yet the evidence in support of the ,orthodox system1 so far from being weakened in this way1 has been constantly gaining strength4 8,again3 persons may disagree1 to a certain extent1 at least1 in their statements and explanations of the most essential doctrines1 and yet be properly and equally ,orthodox4 ,in illustration of this remark1 several examples will be given4 8,all ,orthodox ,christians believe in the full inspiration of the sacred ,scriptures2 or that the holy men1 through whose instrumentality the world originally received these ,scriptures1 spake and wrote #8as they were moved by the ,holy ,ghost4' ,they believe in this as a fact of the utmost importance4 ,but there have been various modes of stating1 explaining1 and illustrating this fact4 ,some1 for instance1 have spoken of two or three kinds of inspiration2 others have insisted that there can be but one kind2 while others have thought it better to state the subject in general terms1 without attempting very minutely to define or explain them4 8,all ,orthodox ,christians believe in the doctrine of the ,trinity1 or that the one ,god exists in a threefold distinction1 commonly called persons1--the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,they believe this as a revealed fact1 and as an essential part of the ,christian doctrine4 ,but how differently has this fact been stated by different individuals6 ,what different explanations have been put upon it6 ,while not a few have preferred to leave the subject--as ,god seems to have left it--altogether unexplained4 8,all ,orthodox ,christians believe in the universality of ,god's eternal purposes1 in the certainty of their execution1 and that they are so executed as not to obstruct or impair the free agency of man4 ,but respecting the manner of ,god's executing his purposes1--whether by the instrumentality of motives1 or by a direct efficiency1--persons having equal claims to the appellation of ,orthodox1 have not been agreed4 8,all the ,orthodox believe in the natural and entire depravity of man2 or that1 in consequence of the sin of his first progenitors1 and previous to regeneration1 every thing within him1 going to constitute moral character1 is sinful4 ,but how many theories have been framed to account for the connection of our sin with that of ,adam6 ,and how many explanations have been put upon the doctrine of entire depravity6 ,some have made this depravity to extend to all the powers of the soul2 others have restricted it to our voluntary exercises and actions2 while others have confined it chiefly to a moral taste1 disposition1 or instinct1 which is regarded as back of our voluntary exercises1 and the source of them4 8,all the ,orthodox believe in the doctrine of atonement2 but all do not state or explain this important doctrine after the same manner4 ,some suppose the atonement of ,christ to consist wholly in his obedience1 others wholly in his sufferings1 and others in both his obedience and sufferings4 ,some hold that ,christ suffered the penalty of the law for sinners1 and others that he only opened a way in which1 on condition of repentance1 this penalty may be remitted4 ,some think the atonement made only for the elect1 while others regard it as the propitiation for the sins of the whole world4 8,the doctrine of instantaneous regeneration by the special operations of the ,holy ,spirit1 is believed by all who have any claim to be called ,orthodox4 ,but this doctrine1 like the others mentioned1 is variously stated and explained4 ,some consider man as entirely active in regeneration1 others as entirely passive1 and others as not entirely the one or the other4 ,some believe there is a holy principle implanted in regeneration1 which ever afterwards remains in the heart of the subject1 while others believe the change to consist in the commencement of holy exercises1 which may be subsequently interrupted1 though not finally lost4 ,as to the manner in which the ,spirit operates in regeneration1 there is also a difference of opinion2 some holding that he changes the heart by a direct efficiency1 and others that this is done by the more powerful presentation and impression of motives4 8,another doctrine of the ,orthodox system is1 that of justification by faith in ,christ4 ,but this1 also1 has been differently stated and explained4 ,some think the believer justified by ,christ's righteousness1 others by the influence of his sufferings and death1 and others by the joint efficacy of both his obedience and sufferings4 ,some believe justification to be the same as forgiveness1 while others regard it as implying1 not only forgiveness1 but also a title to eternal life4 8,it is evident1 from the examples here given1 that1 although ,orthodoxy denotes a general system of important doctrines or facts on the subject of religion1 it is not to be inferred1 either by friends or foes1 that ,orthodox ,christians are tied up to precisely the same views of subjects1 or that there exists no diversity of sentiment among them4 ,there is1 and always has been1 a diversity of sentiment1 in regard not only to modes and forms1 but to the statement1 proofs1 and explanations1 of the most important doctrines4 ,some of them1 to be sure1 are little more than verbal2 but others are real1 are fitted to excite interest1 and are entitled to very serious consideration4 ,still1 as they are all held in avowed consistency with that great series of facts which go to constitute the ,orthodox system1 they should not be regarded as placing their advocates beyond the proper limits of ,orthodoxy4 ,they constitute a wide field of important discussion1 over which those who agree in holding the ,head1--in holding the great doctrines of redemption by the blood of ,christ1 and of sanctification by the ,holy ,spirit1--may freely and fraternally traverse4 ,modes and forms1 the interpretation of passages1 and explanations of particular doctrines1 7so long as essential doctrines are not discarded17 may be discussed without the interruption of brotherly affection1 and without the imputation and reproach of heresy4 ,one person may hold that all ,scripture is given by the inspiration of suggestion2 and another that1 while some parts are the fruit of immediate suggestion1 others may more properly be attributed to the inspiration of superintendence2 and neither should charge the other with denying the inspiration of the ,scriptures1 or with being a heretic1 or an infidel4 ,one person may insist that the passage in #a ,john #e3g1 is authentic ,scripture1 and strong proof of the doctrine of the ,trinity2 and another may doubt this1 or deny it altogether2 and neither should be charged with intentionally corrupting the ,scriptures1 or with being a ,unitarian4 ,one person may hold that ,god executes his immutable and eternal decrees by a direct efficiency1 and another that he does it by the intervention of motives1 and yet one be no more an ,arminian than the other40 ,,andover ,,orthodox ,,creed4 ,every person appointed or elected a professor in the ,theological ,institution at ,andover1 in the state of ,massachusetts1 shall1 on the day of his inauguration into office1 publicly make and subscribe the following ,,creed and ,,declaration3-- ,creed4 8,i believe that there is one1 and but one1 living and true ,,god2 that the word of ,,god1 contained in the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 is the only perfect rule of faith and practice2 that1 agreeably to those ,scriptures1 ,,god is a ,spirit1 infinite1 eternal1 and unchangeable1 in his being1 wisdom1 power1 holiness1 justice1 goodness1 and truth2 that in the ,godhead are three ,persons1 the ,,father1 the ,,son1 and the ,,holy ,,ghost2 and that those ,,three are ,,one ,,god1 the same in substance1 equal in power and glory2 that ,god created man1 after his own image1 in knowledge1 righteousness1 and holiness2 that the glory of ,,god is man's chief end1 and the enjoyment of ,,god his supreme happiness2 that this enjoyment is derived solely from conformity of heart to the moral character and will of ,,god2 that ,,adam1 the federal head and representative of the human race1 was placed in a state of probation1 and that1 in consequence of his disobedience1 all his descendants were constituted sinners2 that1 by nature1 every man is personally depraved1 destitute of holiness1 unlike and opposed to ,,god2 and that1 previously to the renewing agency of the ,,divine ,,spirit1 all his moral actions are adverse to the character and glory of ,,god2 that1 being morally incapable of recovering the image of his ,,creator1 which was lost in ,,adam1 every man is justly exposed to eternal damnation2 so that1 except a man be born again1 he cannot see the kingdom of ,,god2 that ,,god1 of his mere good pleasure1 from all eternity1 elected some to everlasting life1 and that he entered into a covenant of grace1 to deliver them out of this state of sin and misery by a ,,redeemer2 that the only ,,redeemer of the elect is the eternal ,,son of ,,god1 who1 for this purpose1 became man1 and continues to be ,,god and man1 in two distinct natures1 and one person1 forever2 that ,,christ1 as our ,redeemer1 executeth the office of a ,prophet1 ,priest1 and ,king2 that1 agreeably to the covenant of redemption1 the ,,son of ,,god1 and he alone1 by his sufferings and death1 has made atonement for the sins of all men2 that repentance1 faith1 and holiness1 are the personal requisites in the gospel scheme of salvation2 that the righteousness of ,,christ is the only ground of a sinner's justification2 that this righteousness is received through faith2 and that this faith is the gift of ,,god2 so that our salvation is wholly of grace2 that no means whatever can change the heart of a sinner1 and make it holy2 that regeneration and sanctification are effects of the creating and renewing agency of the ,,holy ,,spirit1 and that supreme love to ,,god constitutes the essential difference between saints and sinners2 that1 by convincing us of our sin and misery1 enlightening our minds1 working faith in us1 and renewing our wills1 the ,,holy ,,spirit makes us partakers of the benefits of redemption2 and that the ordinary means by which these benefits are communicated to us1 are the word1 sacraments1 and prayer2 that repentance unto life1 faith to feed upon ,,christ1 love to ,,god1 and new obedience1 are the appropriate qualifications for the ,lord's supper2 and that a ,christian church ought to admit no person to its holy communion1 before he exhibit credible evidence of his godly sincerity2 that perseverance in holiness is the only method of making our calling and election sure1 and that the final perseverance of saints1 though it is the effect of the special operation of ,,god on their hearts1 necessarily implies their own watchful diligence2 that they who are effectually called1 do1 in this life1 partake of justification1 adoption1 and sanctification1 and the several benefits which do either accompany or flow from them2 that the souls of believers are1 at their death1 made perfect in holiness1 and do immediately pass into glory2 that their bodies1 being still united to ,,christ1 will1 at the resurrection1 be raised up to glory1 and that the saints will be made perfectly blessed in the full enjoyment of ,,god1 to all eternity3 but that the wicked will awake to shame and everlasting contempt1 and1 with devils1 be plunged into the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone forever and ever4 ,i moreover believe that ,,god1 according to the counsel of his own will1 and for his own glory1 hath foreordained whatsoever comes to pass1 and that all beings1 actions1 and events1 both in the natural and moral world1 are under his providential direction2 that ,,god',s decrees perfectly consist with human liberty1 ,,god',s universal agency with the agency of man1 and man's dependence with his accountability2 that man has understanding and corporeal strength to do all that ,,god requires of him2 so that nothing but the sinner's aversion to holiness prevents his salvation2 that it is the prerogative of ,,god to bring good out of evil1 and that he will cause the wrath and rage of wicked men and devils to praise him2 and that all the evil which has existed1 and will forever exist1 in the moral system1 will eventually be made to promote a most important purpose1 under the wise and perfect administration of that ,,almighty ,,being1 who will cause all things to work for his own glory1 and thus fulfil all his pleasure40 ,declaration4 8,and1 furthermore1 ,i do solemnly promise that ,i will open and explain the ,scriptures to my pupils with integrity and faithfulness2 that ,i will maintain and inculcate the ,christian faith1 as expressed in the creed1 by me now repeated1 together with all the other doctrines and duties of our holy religion1 so far as may appertain to my office1 according to the best light ,,god shall give me1 and in opposition1 not only to ,atheists and ,infidels1 but to ,jews1 ,papists1 ,mahometans1 ,arians1 ,pelagians1 ,antinomians1 ,arminians1 ,socinians1 ,sabellians1 ,unitarians1 and ,universalists1 and to all heresies and errors1 ancient and modern1 which may be opposed to the gospel of ,,christ1 or hazardous to the souls of men2 that1 by my instruction1 counsel1 and example1 ,i will endeavor to promote true piety and godliness2 that ,i will consult the good of this ,,institution1 and the peace of the churches of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ on all occasions2 and that ,i will religiously conform to the constitution and laws of this ,,seminary1 and to the statutes of this foundation40 ,the foregoing creed is considered a summary of what is commonly called the ,,assembly',s ,,catechism4 ,the ,westminster ,assembly met in ,london1 in the reign of ,charles ,i1 ,a4 ,d4 #afdc4 ,it was a synod of learned divines1 assembled by order of parliament1 for the purpose of settling the government1 liturgy1 and doctrine1 of the church of ,england4 ,,new ,,haven ,,orthodox ,,creed4 ,considerable anxiety existed1 a few years since1 in regard to the ,orthodoxy of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,taylor1 professor of divinity at ,yale ,college1 at ,new ,haven1 in the state of ,connecticut4 ,the following letter from ,dr4 ,,taylor to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,hawes1 of ,hartford1 contains a full exposition of the religious views of that distinguished theologian3-- ,,yale ,,college1 ,feb4 #a1 #ahcb4 8,dear ,brother3 8,i thank you for yours of the #bc;d ult41 in which you express your approbation of my preaching during the protracted meetings at ,hartford4 ,this expression of fraternal confidence is grateful to me1 not because ,i ever supposed that we differed in our views of the great doctrines of the gospel1 but because1 for some reason or other1 an impression has been made1 to some extent1 that ,i am unsound in the faith4 ,this impression1 ,i feel bound to say1 in my own view1 is wholly groundless and unauthorized4 ,you think1 however1 that #8,i owe it to myself1 to the institution with which ,i am connected1 and to the ,christian community1 to make a frank and full statement of my views of some of the leading doctrines of the gospel1 and that this cannot fail to relieve the minds of many1 who are now suspicious of my ,orthodoxy4' 8,here ,i must be permitted to say1 that the repeated and full statements of my opinions1 which ,i have already made to the public1 would seem to be sufficient to prevent or remove such suspicions4 ,the course you propose1 however1 may furnish information to some who would desire it before they form an opinion1 as well as the means of correcting the misrepresentations of others4 ,i therefore readily comply with your request1 and submit to your disposal the following statement of my belief on some of the leading doctrines of the gospel4 ,i believe1-- 8#a4 ,that there are three persons in one ,god1--the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 8#b4 ,that the eternal purposes of ,god extend to all actual events1 sin not excepted2 or that ,god foreordains whatsoever comes to pass1 and so executes these purposes1 as to leave the free moral agency of man unimpaired4 8#c4 ,that all mankind1 in consequence of the fall of ,adam1 are born destitute of holiness1 and are by nature totally depraved2 in other words1 that all men1 from the commencement of moral agency1 do1 without the interposition of divine grace1 sin1 and only sin1 in all their moral conduct4 8#d4 ,that an atonement for sin has been made for all mankind by the ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 that this atonement was necessary to magnify the law1 and to vindicate and unfold the justice of ,god in the pardon of sin2 and that the sinner who believes in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ is freely justified on the ground of his atoning sacrifice1 and on that ground alone4 8#e4 ,that the change in regeneration is a moral change1 consisting in a new1 holy disposition1 or governing purpose of the heart1 as a permanent principle of action2 in which change1 the sinner transfers the supreme affection of his heart from all inferior objects to the living ,god1 chooses him as the portion of his soul1 and his service and glory as his supreme good1 and thus1 in respect to moral character1 becomes a new man4 8#f4 ,that this moral change is never produced in the human heart by moral suasion1 i4 e41 by the mere influence of truth and motives1 as the ,pelagians affirm1 but is produced by the influence of the ,holy ,spirit1 operating on the mind through the truth1 and in perfect consistency with the nature of moral action1 and laws of moral agency4 8#g4 ,that all men 7in the words of the article of your church7 may accept of the offers of salvation freely made to them in the gospel1 but that no one will do this1 except he be drawn by the ,father4 8#h4 ,that the necessity of the influence of the ,holy ,spirit in regeneration results solely from the voluntary perverseness of the sinner's heart1 or disinclination to serve ,god1 which1 while it leaves him a complete moral agent1 and without excuse for neglecting his duty1 suspends his actual salvation on the sovereign will of ,god4 8#i4 ,that the renewing grace of ,god is special1 in distinction from that which is common1 and is resisted by the sinful mind1 inasmuch as it is that which is designed to secure1 and does infallibly secure1 the conversion of the sinner4 8#aj4 ,that all who are renewed by the ,holy ,spirit are elected or chosen of ,god from eternity1 that they should be holy1 not on account of foreseen faith1 or good works1 but according to the good pleasure of his will4 8#aa4 ,that all who are renewed by the ,holy ,spirit1 will1 through his continual influence1 persevere in holiness to the end1 and obtain eternal life4 8,such is my faith in respect to some of the lending doctrines of the gospel4 ,these doctrines ,i preach2 these ,i teach in the theological department of this ,seminary2 these ,i have repeatedly published to the world4 ,with what truth or justice any regard me as a #8teacher of theology1 introducing heresy into our churches1' the candid can judge4 8,but it may be asked1 whether1 after all1 there are not some points on which ,i differ from my brethren generally1 or1 at least1 from some of them4 ,i answer1--,it would be strange if any two man should be found to agree exactly in all the minute matters of religious opinion4 ,with respect1 however1 to what is properly considered the ,orthodox or ,calvinistic ,,system of doctrines1 as including the great ,,facts of ,christianity1 and as opposed to1 and distinguished from1 the ,unitarian1 ,pelagian1 and ,arminian systems1 ,i suppose there is between the ,orthodox ministry and myself an entire agreement4 ,in respect to comparatively minor points1 and philosophical theories1 and modes of defending the ,calvinistic system of doctrines1 there has always been1 as you are aware1 a diversity of opinion1 with freedom of discussion1 among the ,calvinists in this country1 especially in ,new ,england1 but which has never impaired their fellowship or mutual confidence4 ,to these topics of difference1 greater or less importance has been attached by different individuals4 ,in respect to some of these1 7and1 in respect to them1 ,i suppose myself to agree with a large majority of our ,calvinistic clergy17 ,i will now briefly but frankly state what ,i do not1 and what ,i do1 believe4 8,i do not believe that the posterity of ,adam are1 in the proper sense of the language1 guilty of his sin2 or that the ill desert of that sin is truly theirs2 or that they are punished for that sin4 ,but ,i do believe that1 by the wise and holy constitution of ,god1 all mankind1 in consequence of ,adam's sin1 become sinners by their own act4 8,i do not believe that the nature of the human mind1 which ,god creates1 is itself sinful2 or that ,god punishes men for the nature which he creates2 or that sin pertains to any thing in the mind which precedes all conscious mental exercise or action1 and which is neither a matter of consciousness nor of knowledge4 ,but ,i do believe that sin1 universally1 is no other than selfishness1 or a preference of one's self to all others1--of some inferior good to ,god2 that this free1 voluntary preference is a permanent principle of action in all the unconverted2 and that this is sin1 and all that in the ,scriptures is meant by sin4 ,i also believe that such is the nature of the human mind1 that it becomes the occasion of universal sin in men in all the appropriate circumstances of their existence1 and that1 therefore1 they are truly and properly said to be sinners by nature4 8,i do not believe that sin can be proved to be the necessary means of the greatest good1 and that1 as such1 ,god prefers it1 on the whole1 to holiness in its stead2 or that a ,god of sincerity and truth punishes his creatures for doing that which he1 on the whole1 prefers they should do1 and which1 as the means of good1 is the best thing they can do4 ,but ,i do believe that holiness1 as the means of good1 may be better than sin2 that it may be true that ,god1 all things considered1 prefers holiness to sin in all instances in which the latter takes place1 and1 therefore1 sincerely desires that all men should come to repentance1 though1 for wise and good reasons1 he permits1 or does not prevent1 the existence of sin4 ,i do not believe that it can be proved that an omnipotent ,god would be unable to secure more good by means of the perfect and universal obedience of his creatures1 if they would render it1 than by means of their sin4 ,but ,i do believe that it may involve a dishonorable limitation of his power to suppose that he could not do it47#c7 8,i do not believe that the grace of ,god can be truly said to be irresistible1 in the primary1 proper import of this term4 ,but ,i do believe that1 in all cases1 it may be resisted by man as a free moral agent1 and that1 when it becomes effectual to conversion1 as it infallibly does in the case of all the elect1 it is unresisted4 8,i do not believe that the grace of ,god is necessary1 as ,arminians and some others maintain1 to render man an accountable agent1 and responsible for rejecting the offers of eternal life4 ,but ,i do believe that man would be such an agent1 and thus responsible1 were no such grace afforded1 and that otherwise #8grace would be no more grace4' 8,i do not believe that it is necessary that the sinner1 in using the means of regeneration1 should commit sin in order to become holy4 ,but ,i do believe that1 as a moral agent1 he is qualified so to use these means1 i4 e41 the truth of ,god when present to his mind1 as to become holy at once2 that he is authorized to believe that1 through the grace of the ,holy ,spirit1 this may be done2 and that1 except in so doing1 he cannot be truly and properly said to use the means of regeneration4 8,i do not believe that we are authorized to assure the sinner1 as ,arminians do1 and some others also1 that the ,holy ,spirit is always ready to convert him4 ,but ,i do believe that we are authorized to assure any sinner that it may be true that the ,holy ,spirit is now ready to convert him2 #8that ,god ,,peradventure will now give him repentance2' and that thus1 in view of the possible intervention of divine influence1 we remove what would otherwise be a ground of fatal discouragement to the sinner1 when we exhort him to immediate repentance4 8,i have dwelt the more on some of these particulars1 because much pains has been taken1 by some individuals1 to make the impression that ,i have departed from the true faith respecting the influences of the ,holy ,spirit1 even denying his influences altogether4 ,so far is this from the fact1 that1 as you well know1 no one attaches higher importance to this doctrine than ,i do1 preaches it more decisively1 or appreciates more highly its practical relations and bearings4 ,in my own view1 the power of the gospel on the mind of the sinner very much consists in the two great facts of his complete moral agency as the basis of his obligation1 of his guilt1 and of his duty2--and of his dependence on the sovereign grace of ,god1 resulting from his voluntary perverseness in sin4 ,without the latter1 we could1 in my opinion1 neither show the ,christian what thanks he owes his ,deliverer from sin1 nor awaken the sinner to flee from the wrath to come4 ,this doctrine seems to be indispensable to destroy the presumptuous reliance of the sinner on future repentance1 as it shows him how fearfully he provokes an offended ,god to withhold the grace on which all depends4 ,at the same time1 one thing is indubitably certain1 viz41 that ,god never revealed the doctrine of the sinner's dependence on his ,spirit1 to present the sinner from doing his duty at once4 ,god does not call sinners to instant compliance with the terms of life1 and then assure them that such compliance is utterly out of the question1 and to be wholly despaired of4 ,the opposite impression1 however1 is not uncommon2 and it is an error not less fatal to immediate repentance1 than the fond hope of repenting hereafter4 ,both are to be destroyed2 and he who does not preach the gospel in that manner which tends to destroy both1 preaches it but imperfectly4 8,in the earlier revivals of this country1 great prominence was given1 in the preaching1 to the doctrine of dependence1 in the forms of regeneration1 election1 c4 ,this was what was to be expected from the ,calvinistic preachers of the time1 in view of the prevalence of ,arminianism4 ,in the more recent revivals1 however1 a similar prominence seems to be given to moral agency1 in the forms of present obligation to duty1 its present practicability1 c4 ,the preaching1 thus distinguished in its more prominent characteristics1 has been undeniably owned and blessed by the ,spirit of ,god1 although we are very apt to believe that what is true of one kind of preaching at one time1 must be true of it at another4 ,now1 ,i believe that both the doctrines of dependence and moral accountability must be admitted by the public mind1 to secure upon that mind the full power of the gospel4 ,i also believe that greater or less prominence should be given to the one or the other of these doctrines1 according to the prevailing state of public opinion4 ,when1 at the earlier periods alluded to1 the doctrine of dependence was dwelt on chiefly1 7,i do not suppose exclusively17 the public mind believed enough--,i might say too much--concerning the free moral agency of man1 and had not so well learned as since to pervert the doctrine of dependence to justify the waiting attitude of a passive recipient4 ,and1 then1 both doctrines told with power on the mind and the conscience1 and1 through ,god1 were attended with great and happy results4 ,but the prominence given to the doctrine of dependence1 in preaching1 was continued1 until1 if ,i mistake not1 it so engrossed the public attention1 and so obscured or weakened the doctrine of responsibility1 that many fell into the opposite error of quietly waiting for ,god's interposition4 ,hence1 when this prevailing error is again corrected by a more prominent exhibition of man's responsibility1 in the form of immediate obligation1 c41 the power of both doctrines is again combined on the public mind1 and we see the same or even greater results in revivals of religion4 ,nor would it be strange if the latter kind of preaching should1 in its turn1 prevail so exclusively and so long1 that the practical influence of the doctrine of dependence should be greatly impaired1 to be followed with another dearth of revivals and a quiet reliance of sinful men on their own self-sufficiency4 ,on this subject1 ,i have often1 in view of the tendency of the human mind to vacillate from one extreme to the other1 expressed my apprehensions4 ,in some of my brethren1 whom ,i love and respect1 ,i see what ,i esteem a disproportioned estimate of the importance of preaching dependence2 in others1 whom ,i equally respect1 ,i see what ,i regard as a disproportioned estimate of the importance of preaching moral responsibility4 ,in regard to myself1 ,i can say that ,i have aimed1 in this respect1 rightly to divide the word of truth1 and that those discourses in which ,i have best succeeded in bringing the two doctrines to bear1 in their combined force1 on the mind1 have been more blessed to the awakening and conversion of sinners1 than almost any others which ,i preach4 ,when both doctrines are wisely and truly presented1 the sinner has no resting-place4 ,ho cannot well avoid a sense of guilt while proposing to remain in his sins1 for he sees that he is a free moral agent1 under all the responsibilities of such an agent to immediate duty4 ,he cannot well presume on his resolution of future repentance1 for he sees that sovereign1 injured grace may at once abandon him to hopeless sin4 ,he is thus shut up to the faith1--to the immediate performance of his duty4 ,in accordance with these views1 ,i aim1 in my instructions to those who are preparing for the ministry1 to inculcate the importance of a consistent1 well-proportioned exhibition of the two great doctrines of the sinner's dependence and responsibility1 that1 in this respect1 they may hold the minds of their hearers under the full influence of that gospel which is the power of ,god to salvation4 8,i have thus stated1 more minutely1 perhaps1 than you anticipated1 my views and opinions4 ,i could wish that they might be satisfactory to all our ,orthodox brethren4 ,i have no doubt that they will be to very many1 and to some who have been alarmed by groundless rumors concerning my unsoundness in the faith4 ,with respect to what ,i have called leading doctrines1 ,i regard these as among the cardinal truths of the ,christian system4 ,they are truths to which ,i attach the highest importance1 and in which my faith is more and more confirmed1 the more ,i examine the word of ,god4 ,to some of those of which ,i have spoken as comparatively minor points1 ,i attach a high importance in their practical bearings and doctrinal connections4 ,they are points1 however1 in regard to which there is more or less diversity of opinion among the ,orthodox2 and1 as it is not my intention nor my practice to denounce others as heretics1 merely because they differ from me in these matters1 so ,i should be pleased with the reciprocation of the like catholicism on their part40 ,,swedenborgians1 ,,or1 ,,the ,,new ,,jerusalem ,,church4 ,emanuel ,swedenborg1 the father of this sect1 was the son of a bishop of ,west ,gothnia1 in the kingdom of ,sweden1 whose name was ,swedberg1 a man of considerable learning and celebrity in his time4 ,the son was born at ,stockholm1 ,january #bi1 #afhh1 and died in ,london1 #aggb4 ,he enjoyed early the advantages of a liberal education1 and1 being naturally endowed with uncommon talents for the acquirement of learning1 his progress in the sciences was rapid and extensive1 and he soon distinguished himself by several publications in the ,latin language1 which gave proof of equal genius and erudition4 ,it may reasonably be supposed that1 under the care of his pious and reverend father1 our author's religious instruction was not neglected4 ,this1 indeed1 appears plain from the general tenor of his life and writings1 which are marked with strong and lively characters of a mind deeply impressed with a sense of the divine ,being1 and of all the relative duties thence resulting4 ,he was ennobled in the year #agai1 by ,queen ,ulrica ,eleonora1 and named ,swedenborg1 from which time he took his seat with the nobles of the equestrian order1 in the triennial assembly of the states4 ,baron ,swedenborg had many eccentricities2 but perhaps the most remarkable circumstance respecting him was his asserting that1 during the uninterrupted period of twenty-seven years1 he enjoyed open intercourse with the world of departed spirits1 and during that time was instructed in the internal sense of the sacred ,scriptures1 hitherto undiscovered4 ,articles of ,faith1 ,of the ,new ,church1 signified by the ,new ,jerusalem in the ,revelation4 8#a4 ,that ,,jehovah ,,god1 the ,creator and ,preserver of heaven and earth1 is ,love ,itself and ,wisdom ,itself1 or ,good ,itself and ,truth ,itself3 ,that he is ,one both in ,essence and in ,person1 in whom1 nevertheless1 is the ,divine ,trinity of ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 which are the ,essential ,divinity1 the ,divine ,humanity1 and the ,divine ,proceeding1 answering to the soul1 the body1 and the operative energy1 in man3 ,and that the ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ is that ,,god4 8#b4 ,that ,,jehovah ,,god himself descended from heaven1 as ,divine ,truth1 which is the ,word1 and took upon him ,human ,nature for the purpose of removing from man the powers of hell1 and restoring to order all things in the spiritual world1 and all things in the church3 ,that he removed from man the powers of hell1 by combats against and victories over them2 in which consisted the great work of ,redemption3 ,that by the same acts1 which were his temptations1 the last of which was the passion of the cross1 he united1 in his ,humanity1 ,divine ,truth to ,divine ,good1 or ,divine ,wisdom to ,divine ,love1 and so returned into his ,divinity in which he was from eternity1 together with1 and in1 his ,glorified ,humanity2 whence he forever keeps the infernal powers in subjection to himself3 ,and that all who believe in him1 with the understanding1 from the heart1 and live accordingly1 will be saved4 8#c4 ,that the ,sacred ,scripture1 or ,word of ,,god1 is ,divine ,truth itself2 containing a ,spiritual ,sense heretofore unknown1 whence it is divinely inspired1 and holy in every syllable2 as well as a ,literal ,sense1 which is the basis of its ,spiritual ,sense1 and in which ,divine ,truth is in its fulness1 its sanctity1 and its power2 thus that it is accommodated to the apprehension both of angels and men3 ,that the spiritual and natural senses are united1 by correspondences1 like soul and body1 every natural expression and image answering to1 and including1 a spiritual and divine idea3 ,and thus that the ,word is the medium of communication with heaven1 and of conjunction with the ,lord4 8#d4 ,that the government of the ,lord's ,divine ,love and ,wisdom is the ,divine ,providence2 which is universal1 exercised according to certain fixed laws of ,order1 and extending to the minutest particulars of the life of all men1 both of the good and of the evil3 ,that in all its operations it has respect to what is infinite and eternal1 and makes no account of things transitory1 but as they are subservient to eternal ends2 thus that it mainly consists1 with man1 in the connection of things temporal with things eternal2 for that the continual aim of the ,lord1 by his ,divine ,providence1 is to join man to himself and himself to man1 that he may be able to give him the felicities of eternal life3 ,and that the laws of permission are also laws of the ,divine ,providence2 since evil cannot be prevented without destroying the nature of man as an accountable agent2 and because1 also1 it cannot be removed unless it be known1 and cannot be known unless it appear4 ,thus that no evil is permitted but to prevent a greater2 and all is overruled1 by the ,lord's ,divine ,providence1 for the greatest possible good4 8#e4 ,that man is not life1 but is only a recipient of life from the ,lord1 who1 as he is ,love ,itself and ,wisdom ,itself1 is also ,life ,itself2 which life is communicated by influx to all in the spiritual world1 whether belonging to heaven or to hell1 and to all in the natural world2 but is received differently by every one1 according to his quality and consequent state of reception4 8#f4 ,that man1 during his abode in the world1 is1 as to his spirit1 in the midst between heaven and hell1 acted upon by influences from both1 and thus is kept in a state of spiritual equilibrium between good and evil2 in consequence of which he enjoys free will1 or freedom of choice1 in spiritual things as well as in natural1 and possesses the capacity of either turning himself to the ,lord and his kingdom1 or turning himself away from the ,lord1 and connecting himself with the kingdom of darkness3 ,and that1 unless man had such freedom of choice1 the ,word would be of no use1 the church would be a mere name1 man would possess nothing by virtue of which he could be conjoined to the ,lord1 and the cause of evil would be chargeable on ,,god himself4 8#g4 ,that man at this day is born into evil of all kinds1 or with tendencies towards it3 ,that1 therefore1 in order to his entering the kingdom of heaven1 he must be regenerated1 or created anew2 which great work is effected in a progressive manner1 by the ,lord alone1 by charity and faith as mediums1 during man's coperation3 ,that1 as all men are redeemed1 all are capable of being regenerated1 and1 consequently saved1 every one according to his state3 ,and that the regenerate man is in communion with the angels of heaven1 and the unregenerate with the spirits of hell3 ,but that no one is condemned for hereditary evil1 any further than as he makes it his own by actual life2 whence all who die in infancy are saved1 special means being provided by the ,lord in the other life for that purpose4 8#h4 ,that ,repentance is the first beginning of the ,church in man2 and that it consists in a man's examining himself1 both in regard to his deeds and his intentions1 in knowing and acknowledging his sins1 confessing them before the ,lord1 supplicating him for aid1 and beginning a new life3 ,that1 to this end1 all evils1 whether of affection1 of thought1 or of life1 are to be abhorred and shunned as sins against ,,god1 and because they proceed from infernal spirits1 who in the aggregate are called the ,devil and ,satan2 and that good affections1 good thoughts1 and good actions1 are to be cherished and performed1 because they are of ,,god and from ,,god3 ,that these things are to be done by man as of himself2 nevertheless1 under the acknowledgment and belief1 that it is from the ,lord1 operating in him and by him3 ,that so far as man shuns evils as sins1 so far they are removed1 remitted1 or forgiven2 so far also he does good1 not from himself1 but from the ,lord2 and in the same degree he loves truth1 has faith1 and is a spiritual man3 ,and that the ,decalogue teaches what evils are sins4 8#i4 ,that ,charity1 ,faith1 and ,good ,works1 are unitedly necessary to man's salvation2 since charity1 without faith1 is not spiritual1 but natural2 and faith1 without charity1 is not living1 but dead2 and both charity and faith1 without good works1 are merely mental and perishable things1 because without use or fixedness3 ,and that nothing of faith1 of charity1 or of good works1 is of man2 but that all is of the ,lord1 and all the merit is his alone4 8#aj4 ,that ,baptism and the ,holy ,supper are sacraments of divine institution1 and are to be permanently observed2 ,baptism being an external medium of introduction into the ,church1 and a sign representative of man's purification and regeneration2 and the ,holy ,supper being an external medium to those who receive it worthily1 of introduction1 as to spirit1 into heaven1 and of conjunction with the ,lord2 of which also it is a sign and seal4 8#aa4 ,that1 immediately after death1 which is only a putting off of the material body1 never to be resumed1 man rises again in a spiritual or substantial body1 in which he continues to live to eternity2 in heaven1 if his ruling affections1 and hence his life1 have been good2 and in hell1 if his ruling affections1 and thence his life1 have been evil4 8#ab4 ,that ,now is the time of the ,second ,advent of the ,lord which is a ,coming1 not in ,person1 but in the power and glory of his ,holy ,word3 ,that it is attended1 like his first ,coming1 with the restoration to order of all things in the spiritual world1 where the wonderful divine operation1 commonly expected under the name of the ,last ,judgment1 has in consequence been performed2 and with the preparing of the way for a ,new ,church on the earth1--the first ,christian ,church having spiritually come to its end or consummation1 through evils of life and errors of doctrine1 as foretold by the ,lord in the ,gospels3 ,and that this ,new or ,second ,christian ,church1 which will be the ,crown of all ,churches1 and will stand forever1 is what was representatively seen by ,john1 when he beheld the holy city1 ,new ,jerusalem1 descending from ,,god out of heaven1 prepared as a bride adorned for her husband40 ------------------------------------- ,the leading theological works of ,swedenborg are1 the ,heavenly ,arcana1 in twelve octavo volumes1 giving an explanation of the books of ,genesis and ,exodus1 being a key to what he calls the internal or spiritual sense of the sacred ,scriptures4 ,the next in importance is the ,apocalypse ,explained1 in six octavo volumes1 containing a full explanation of that book4 ,from his last work1 ,the ,true ,christian ,religion1 we make the following extracts1 to show some of his peculiar views and style of writing3-- 8,concerning the ,spiritual ,world4 8,the spiritual world has been treated of in a particular work concerning ,,heaven ,,and ,,hell1 in which many things of that world are described2 and1 because every man1 after death1 comes into that world1 the state of men there is also described4 ,who does not know1 or may not know1 that man lives after death8 both because he is born a man1 created an image of ,god1 and because the ,lord teaches it in his word4 ,but what life he is to live1 has been hitherto unknown4 ,it has been believed that then he would be a soul1 of which they entertained no other idea than as of ether1 or air2 thus that it is breath1 or spirit1 such as man breathes out of his mouth when he dies1 in which1 nevertheless1 his vitality resides2 but that it is without sight1 such as is of the eye1 without hearing1 such as is of the ear1 and without speech1 such as is of the mouth2 when yet1 man1 after death1 is equally a man1 and such a man1 that he does not know but that he is still in the former world4 ,he walks1 runs1 and sits1 as in the former world2 he lies down1 sleeps1 and wakes up1 as in the former world2 he eats and drinks1 as in the former world2 he enjoys conjugial delight1 as in the former world2 in a word1 he is a man as to all and every particular2 whence it is manifest1 that death is not an extinction1 but a continuation1 of life1 and that it is only a transition4 8,that man is equally a man after death1 although he does not then appear to the eyes of the material body1 may be evident from the angels seen by ,abraham1 ,hagar1 ,gideon1 ,daniel1 and some of the prophets1--from the angels seen in the ,lord's sepulchre1 and afterwards1 many times1 by ,john1 concerning whom in the ,revelation1--and especially from the ,lord himself1 who showed that he was a man by the touch and by eating1 and yet he became invisible to their eyes4 ,who can be so delirious1 as not to acknowledge that1 although he was invisible1 he was still equally a man8 ,the reason why they saw him was1 because then the eyes of their spirit were opened2 and1 when these are opened1 the things which are in the spiritual world appear as clearly as those which are in the natural world4 ,the difference between a man in the natural world and a man in the spiritual world is1 that the latter is clothed with a substantial body1 but the former with a material body1 in which1 inwardly1 is his substantial body2 and a substantial man sees a substantial man as clearly as a material man sees a material man2 but a substantial man cannot see a material man1 nor a material man a substantial man1 on account of the difference between material and substantial1 which is such as may be described1 but not in a few words4 8,from the things seen for so many years1 ,i can relate the following3 ,that there are lands in the spiritual world1 as well as in the natural world1 and that there are also plains1 and valleys1 and mountains1 and hills1 and likewise fountains and rivers2 that there are paradises1 gardens1 groves1 and woods2 that there are cities1 and in them palaces and houses2 and also that there are writings and books2 that there are employments and tradings2 and that there are gold1 silver1 and precious stones2 in a word1 that there are all things whatsoever that are in the natural world2 but those in heaven are immensely more perfect4 ,but the difference is1 that all things that are seen in the spiritual world are created in a moment by the ,lord1 as houses1 paradises1 food1 and other things2 and that they are created for correspondence with the interiors of the angels and spirits1 which are their affections and thoughts thence2 but that all things that are seen in the natural world exist and grow from seed4 8,since it is so1 and ,i have daily spoken there with the nations and people of this world1--thus not only with those who are in ,europe1 but also with those who are in ,asia and in ,africa1 thus with those who are of various religions1--,i shall add1 as a conclusion to this work1 a short description of the state of some of them4 ,it is to be observed1 that the state of every nation and people in general1 as well as of each individual in particular1 in the spiritual world1 is according to the acknowledgment of ,god1 and the worship of him2 and that all who in heart acknowledge a ,god1 and1 after this time1 those who acknowledge the ,lord ,jesus ,christ to be ,god1 the ,redeemer and ,savior1 are in heaven2 and that those who do not acknowledge him are under heaven1 and are there instructed2 and that those who receive are raised up into heaven1 and that those who do not receive are cast down into hell40 ,swedenborg says1 8,the ,dutch are easily distinguished from others in the spiritual world1 because they appear in garments like those which they wore in the natural world2 with the distinction1 that those appear in finer ones1 who have received faith and spiritual life4 ,the reason why they are clothed in the like garments is1 because they remain constantly in the principles of their religion2 and all in the spiritual world are clothed according to them2 wherefore1 those there who are in divine truths1 have white garments1 and of fine linen4 8,the cities in which the ,dutch live are guarded in a singular manner3 all the streets in them are covered with roofs1 and there are gates in the streets1 so that they may not be seen from the rocks and hills round about3 this is done on account of their inherent prudence in concealing their designs1 and not divulging their intentions2 for such things1 in the spiritual world1 are drawn forth by inspection4 ,when any one comes for the purpose of exploring their state1 and is about to go out1 he is led to the gates of the streets1 which are shut1 and thus is led back1 and led to others1 and this even to the highest degree of vexation1 and then he is let out2 this is done that he may not return4 ,wives1 who affect dominion over their husbands1 live at one side of the city1 and do not meet their husbands1 except when they are invited1 which is done in a civil manner2 and then they also lead them to houses1 where consorts live without exercising dominion over each other1 and show them how clean and elegant their houses are1 and what enjoyment of life they have1 and that they have these things from mutual and conjugal love4 ,those wives who attend to these things1 and are affected by them1 cease to exercise dominion1 and live together with their husbands2 and then they have a habitation assigned to them nearer to the middle1 and are called angels3 the reason is1 because truly conjugal love is heavenly love1 which is without dominion4 8,with respect to the ,english nation1 the best of them are in the centre of all ,christians1 because they have interior intellectual light4 ,this does not appear to any one in the natural world1 but it appears conspicuously in the spiritual world4 ,this light they derive from the liberty of speaking and writing1 and thereby of thinking4 ,with others1 who are not in such liberty1 that light1 not having any outlet1 is obstructed4 ,that light1 indeed1 is not active of itself1 but it is made active by others1 especially by men of reputation and authority4 ,as soon as any thing is said by them1 that light shines forth4 8,for this reason1 they have moderators appointed over them in the spiritual world2 and priests are given to them1 of high reputation and eminent talents1 in whose opinions1 from this their natural disposition1 they acquiesce4 8,there are two great cities1 like ,london1 into which most of the ,english come after death3 it has been given me to see the former city1 and also to walk over it4 ,the middle of that city is where the merchants meet in ,london1 which is called the ,exchange3 there the moderators dwell4 ,above that middle is the east1 below it is the west1 on the right side is the south1 on the left side is the north4 ,in the eastern quarter1 those dwell who have preminently led a life of charity3 there are magnificent palaces4 ,in the southern quarter the wise dwell1 with whom there are many splendid things4 ,in the northern quarter1 those dwell who have preminently loved the liberty of speaking and writing4 ,in the western quarter1 those dwell who boast of justification by faith atone4 ,on the right there1 in this quarter1 is the entrance into this city1 and also a way out of it3 those who live ill are sent out there4 ,the ministers who are in the west1 and teach that faith alone1 dare not enter the city through the great streets1 but through narrow alleys2 since no other inhabitants are tolerated in the city itself1 than those who are in the faith of charity4 ,i have heard them complaining of the preachers from the west1 that they compose their sermons with such art and eloquence1 and introduce into them the strange doctrine of justification by faith1 that they do not know whether good ought to be done or not4 ,they preach faith as intrinsic good1 and separate this from the good of charity1 which they call meritorious1 and thus not acceptable to ,god4 ,but1 when those who dwell in the eastern and southern quarters of the city hear such sermons1 they go out of the temples2 and the preachers afterwards are deprived of the priestly office40 8,concerning the ,popish ,saints in the ,spiritual ,world4 8,it is known that man has innate or hereditary evil from parents2 but it is known to few in what that dwells1 in its fulness3 it dwells in the love of possessing the goods of all others1 and in the love of ruling2 for this latter love is such1 that1 as far as the reins are given to it1 so far it bursts forth1 until it burns with the desire of ruling over all1 and1 at length1 wishes to be invoked and worshipped as a god4 ,this love is the serpent1 which deceived ,eve and ,adam2 for it said to the woman1 ,god doth know1 in the day that ye eat of the fruit of that tree1 your eyes will be opened1 ,,and ,,then ,,ye ,,will ,,be ,,as ,,god4 7,gen4 iii4 #d1 #e47 ,as far1 therefore1 as man1 without restraint1 rushes into this love1 so far he averts himself from ,god1 and turns to himself1 and becomes a worshipper of himself2 and then he can invoke ,god with a warm mouth from the love of self1 but with a cold heart from contempt of ,god4 ,and then1 also1 the divine things of the church may serve for means2 but1 because the end is dominion1 the means are regarded no more than as they are subservient to it4 ,such a person1 if he is exalted to the highest honors1 is1 in his own imagination1 like ,atlas bearing the terraqueous globe upon his shoulders1 and like ,phbus1 with his horses1 carrying the sun around the world4 8,since man hereditarily is such1 therefore all who1 by papal bulls1 have been made saints1 in the spiritual world are removed from the eyes of others1 and concealed1 and all intercourse with their worshippers is taken away from them2 the reason is1 lest that most pernicious root of evil should be excited in them1 and they should be brought into such fantastic deliriums as there are with demons4 ,into such deliriums those come1 who1 while they live in the world1 zealously aspire to be made saints after death1 that they may be invoked4 8,many of the ,roman ,catholic persuasion1 especially the monks1 when they come into the spiritual world1 inquire for the saints1 particularly the saint of their order2 but they do not find them1 at which they wonder2 but afterwards they are instructed that they are mixed together1 either with those who are in heaven1 or with those who are in the earth below2 and that1 in either case1 they know nothing of the worship and invocation of themselves1 and that those who do know1 and wish to be invoked1 fall into deliriums1 and talk foolishly4 ,the worship of saints is such an abomination in heaven1 that1 if they only hear it1 they are filled with horror2 since1 as far as worship is ascribed to any man1 so far it is withheld from the ,lord2 for thus1 he alone is not worshipped2 and1 if the ,lord alone is not worshipped1 a discrimination is made1 which destroys communion1 and the happiness of life flowing from it4 ,that ,i might know what the ,roman ,catholic saints are1 in order that ,i might make it known1 as many as a hundred were brought forth from the earth below1 who knew of their canonization4 ,they ascended behind my back1 and only a few before my face2 and ,i spoke with one of them1 who1 they said1 was ,xavier4 ,he1 while he talked with me1 was like a fool2 yet he could tell1 that1 in his place1 where he was shut up with others1 he was not a fool1 but that he becomes a fool as often as he thinks that he is a saint1 and wishes to be invoked4 ,a like murmur ,i heard from those who were behind my back4 ,it is otherwise with the saints1 so called1 in heaven3 these know nothing at all of what is done on earth2 nor is it given them to speak with any of the ,roman ,catholic persuasion1 who are in that superstition1 lest any idea of that thing should enter into them4 8,from this their state1 every one may conclude that invocations of them are only mockeries2 and1 moreover1 ,i can assert1 that they do not hear their invocations on earth1 any more than their images do at the sides of the streets1 nor any more than the walls of the temple1 nor any more than the birds that build their nests in towers4 ,it is said by their servants on earth1 that the saints reign in heaven1 together with the ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 but this is a figment and a falsehood2 for they no more reign with the ,lord1 than a hostler with a king1 a porter with a grandee1 or a footman with a primate2 for ,john the ,baptist said1 concerning the ,lord1 that he was not worthy to unloose the latchet of his shoe1 7,mark #a3g4 ,john #a3bg47 ,what1 then1 are those who are such8 8,there appears1 sometimes1 to the people of ,paris1 who are in the spiritual world1 in a society1 a certain woman of a common stature1 in shining raiment1 and of a face1 as it were1 holy2 and she says that she is ,,genevieve2 but1 when any begin to adore her1 then her face is immediately changed1 and also her raiment1 and she becomes like an ordinary woman1 and reproves them for wishing to adore a woman1 who1 among her companions1 is in no higher estimation than as a maid-servant1 wondering that the men of the world should be captivated by such trifles4 8,to the above1 ,i shall add this1 which is most worthy of attention4 ,once1 ,,mary1 ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,the ,,lord1 passed by1 and was seen overhead in white raiment2 and then1 stopping a while1 she said that she was the mother of the ,lord1 and that he was indeed born of her2 but that he1 being made ,god1 put off all the human from her1 and that1 therefore1 she now adores him as her ,god2 and that she is unwilling that any one should acknowledge him for her son1 since in him all is divine40 ,,fighting ,,quakers4 ,the term ,fighting or ,wet ,quaker is applied to those who retain the ,quaker faith1 but adopt the manners and costume1 of other denominations4 ,the celebrated ,nathaniel ,greene was one of this character1 as were many of the people of ,rhode ,island1 where religious liberty first erected its standard in ,america4 8,when the ,british army had possession of ,philadelphia1 a committee of three of the leading men of the society of ,friends had permission to go to the head-quarters of ,general ,washington1 relative to some matters of inconvenience of some of their brethren1 within ,washington's command4 ,the general listened to them with his usual courtesy and wisdom1 but could not determine the business till the next day4 ,in the mean time1 he told them he would put them under the protection of an officer of their own society1 and thereupon sent for ,general ,nathaniel ,greene2 and when he arrived1 in full uniform1 he introduced #8the ,friends' to each other4 ,after a little silence1 ,friend ,james ,pemberton turned slowly to ,general ,greene1 and said1 #8,dost thou profess to be one of our persuasion8' #8,o1 yes1' said the general2 #8,i was so educated4' ,the committee looked at each other1 and upon the general's sword1 when one of them said1 #8,may ,i ask ,general ,greene what part of our land thou wast born and brought up in8' #8,o1 yes1 yes1' replied ,greene2 #8,i'm from ,,rhode ,,island4' #8,oho1' rejoined more than one of them1 #8yes1 yes1 a ,,rhode ,,island ,,quaker6 ,yes1 ,friend ,greene1 we are satisfied with thy explanation1 and will accept of thy kind offer4' ,greene betrayed a momentary flush of disconcertion1 at which1 it was said1 ,washington's countenance half smiled at the ,rhode ,island ,quaker60 ,,harmonists4 ,mr4 ,george ,rapp and other emigrants arrived from ,germany1 and settled in the interior of ,pennsylvania1 about the year #ahje4 ,they formed an economy on the primitive plan of having 8all things in common40 ,they appear to have prospered4 ,in #ahad they sold their property in ,pennsylvania and removed to ,indiana1 to form a new establishment1 on an improved plan4 ,they profess the ,protestant religion1 but admit of universal toleration4 ,they cultivate the learned languages and professions1 and maintain strict morals1 with a due observation of the ,sabbath4 ,they keep watch by turns at night2 and1 after crying the hour1 add1 8,a day is past1 and a step made nearer our end4 ,our time runs away1 and the joys of heaven are our reward40 7,see ,acts #d3cb47 ,,dorrelites4 ,a sectary1 by the name of ,dorrel1 appeared in ,leyden1 ,mass41 about fifty years ago1 and made some proselytes4 ,the following are some of his leading sentiments3--,jesus ,christ is1 as to substance1 a spirit1 and is ,god4 ,he took a body1 died1 and never rose from the dead4 ,none of the human race will ever rise from their graves4 ,the resurrection1 spoken of in ,scripture1 is only one from sin to spiritual life1 which consists in perfect obedience to ,god4 ,written revelation is a type of the substance of the true revelation1 which ,god makes to those whom he raises from spiritual death4 ,the substance is ,god revealed in the soul4 ,those who have it are perfect1 are incapable of sinning1 and have nothing to do with the ,bible4 ,the eternal life1 purchased by ,christ1 was an eternal succession of natural generation4 ,heaven is light1 and hell is darkness4 ,god has no wrath4 ,there is no opposition between ,god and the devil1 who have equal power in their respective worlds of light and darkness4 ,those who are raised are free from all civil laws2 are not bound by the marriage covenant2 and the perfect have a right to promiscuous intercourse4 ,neither prayer nor any other worship is necessary4 ,there is no law but that of nature4 ,there is no future judgment1 nor any knowledge in the future state1 of what is done in this world4 ,god has no forethought1 no knowledge of what passes in the dark world1 which is hell1 nor any knowledge of what has taken place1 or will take place1 in this world4 ,neither ,god nor the devil has any power to control man4 ,there are two kinds of perfection--that of the head1 and that of the members4 ,the leader is perfect as the head2 but none of his followers can be so1 in this sense1 so long as the leader continues4 ,all covenants which ,god has heretofore entered into with man1 are at an end1 and a new covenant made with the leader1 7,dorrel17 in which he has all power to direct1 and all the blessings of which must be looked for through him4 ,neither ,moses nor ,christ wrought any miracles4 ,i 7says ,dorrel7 stand the same as ,jesus ,christ in all respects4 ,my disciples stand in the same relation to me1 as the disciples of ,christ did to him4 ,i am to be worshipped in the same manner as ,christ was to be worshipped1 as ,god united to human flesh4 ,this sect was broken up in the following manner3-- ,one of ,dorrel's lectures was attended by ,captain ,ezekiel ,foster1 of ,leyden1 a man of good sense1 of a strong1 muscular frame1 and a countenance which bespoke authority4 ,when ,dorrel came to the declaration of his extraordinary powers1 he had no sooner uttered the words1 8,no arm can hurt my flesh10 than ,foster rose1 indignant at the imposture he was practising on his deluded followers1 and knocked down ,dorrel with his fist4 ,dorrel1 in great trepidation1 and almost senseless1 attempted to rise1 when he received a second blow1 at which he cried for mercy4 ,foster engaged to forbear1 on condition that he would renounce his doctrines1 but continued beating him4 ,soon a short parley ensued1 when ,dorrel consented1 and did renounce his doctrines in the hearing of all his astonished followers4 ,he further told them1 that his object was to see what fools he could make of mankind4 ,his followers1 ashamed and chagrined at being made the dupes of such an unprincipled fellow1 departed in peace to their homes4 ,dorrel promised his assailant1 upon the penalty of his life never to attempt any similar imposition upon the people4 ,,osgoodites4 ,these people profess to believe in one ,god1 who is fully acquainted with all his own works2 but they believe there are some things done by wicked agents1 of which ,god has no knowledge4 ,they reject the idea of ,christ's divinity1 and of any thing special in regeneration4 ,they pretend to miraculous gifts1 such as healing the sick1 and praying down the judgments of ,god upon those who oppose them4 ,they deny any thing peculiarly sacred in the ,christian ,sabbath1 although they generally meet on that day for religious worship1 but without much regard to order4 ,they reject the ordinances of baptism and the ,lord's supper4 ,they are opposed to ,bible societies1 and other moral and religious institutions of the day1 particularly to temperance societies4 ,this sect arose about the year #ahab1 in the county of ,merrimack1 ,n4 ,h4 where a few societies exist4 ,jacob ,osgood is their leader4 ,,rogerenes4 ,this is a sect calling themselves ,seventh-,day ,baptists1 that arose in ,new ,england about the year #afgd4 ,john and ,james ,rogers were their leaders4 ,they were peculiar in their language1 dress1 and manners2 they employed no physician1 nor used any medicine3 they paid no regard to the ,christian ,sabbath1 and disturbed and abused those that did4 ,it is said that a few of this people still remain4 ,see the ,battle-,axe1 a work published by them a few years ago1 at their printing establishment1 at ,groton1 ,conn4 ,,whippers4 ,this denomination sprang up in ,italy1 in the thirteenth century1 and was thence propagated through almost all the countries of ,europe4 ,the society that embraced this new discipline1 ran in multitudes1 composed of persons of both sexes1 and all ranks and ages1 through the public streets1 with whips in their hands1 lashing their naked bodies with the most astonishing severity1 with a view to obtain the divine mercy for themselves and others1 by their voluntary mortification and penance4 ,this sect made their appearance anew in the fourteenth century1 and taught1 among other things1 that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and other sacraments2 that the forgiveness of all sins was to be obtained by it from ,god1 without the merit of ,jesus ,christ2 that the old law of ,christ was soon to be abolished1 and that a new law1 enjoining the baptism of blood1 to be administered by whipping1 was to be substituted in its place4 ,a new denomination of ,whippers arose in the fifteenth century1 who rejected the sacraments and every branch of external worship1 and placed their only hopes of salvation in faith and flagellation4 ,,wilkinsonians4 ,the followers of ,jemima ,wilkinson1 who was born in ,cumberland1 ,r4 ,i4 ,in #aggf1 she asserted that she was taken sick1 and actually died1 and that her soul went to heaven4 ,soon after1 her body was reanimated with the spirit and power of ,christ1 upon which she set up as a public teacher1 and declared she had an immediate revelation for all she delivered1 and was arrived to a state of absolute perfection4 ,it is also said she pretended to foretell future events1 to discern the secrets of the heart1 and to have the power of healing diseases2 and if any person who had made application to her was not healed1 she attributed it to his want of faith4 ,she asserted that those who refused to believe these exalted things concerning her1 will be in the state of the unbelieving ,jews1 who rejected the counsel of ,god against themselves2 and she told her hearers that was the eleventh hour1 and the last call of mercy that ever should be granted them2 for she heard an inquiry in heaven1 saying1 8,who will go and preach to a dying world80 or words to that import2 and she said she answered1 8,here am ,i--send me20 and that she left the realms of light and glory1 and the company of the heavenly host1 who are continually praising and worshipping ,god1 in order to descend upon earth1 and pass through many sufferings and trials for the happiness of mankind4 ,she assumed the title of the universal friend of mankind4 ,jemima made some converts in ,rhode ,island and ,new ,york1 and died in #ahai4 ,she is said to have been a very beautiful1 but artful woman4 ,,aquarians4 ,,water-,,drinkers1 a branch of the ,encratites1 a sect in the second century1 who abstained from marriage1 wine1 and animal food2 who carried their aversion to wine so far1 that they substituted water in the holy communion1 though some refused it only in their morning ceremonies4 ,it is well known that the ancient ,christians mingled water with their wine for sacred use1 partly1 perhaps1 for economy1 and partly from sobriety2 but ,cyprian gives a mystical reason--because the wine and water represent ,christ and his people united4 ,,baxterians4 ,the ,baxterian strikes into a middle path between ,arminianism and ,calvinism1 and thus endeavors to unite both schemes4 ,with the ,calvinist1 he professes to believe that a certain number1 determined upon in the divine councils1 will be infallibly saved2 and with the ,arminian1 he joins in rejecting the doctrine of reprobation1 as absurd and impious2--admits that ,christ1 in a certain sense1 died for all1 and supposes that such a portion of grace is allotted to every man1 as renders it his own fault if he does not attain to eternal life4 ,this conciliatory system was espoused by the famous ,nonconformist1 ,richard ,baxter1 who was celebrated for the acuteness of his controversial talents1 and the utility of his practical writings4 ,among ,baxterians are ranked both ,watts and ,doddridge4 ,dr4 ,doddridge1 indeed1 has this striking remark--8,that a ,being who is said not to tempt any one1 and even swears that he desires not the death of a sinner1 should irresistibly determine millions to the commission of every sinful action of their lives1 and then1 with all the pomp and pageantry of a universal judgment1 condemn them to eternal misery1 on account of these actions1 that hereby he may promote the happiness of others who are1 or shall be1 irresistibly determined to virtue1 in the like manner1 is of all incredible things to me the most incredible60 ,in the scale of religious sentiment1 ,baxterianism seems to be1 with respect to the subject of divine favor1 what ,arianism is with respect to the person of ,christ4 ,it appears to have been considered by some pious persons as a safe middle way between two extremes4 ,,miller',s ,,views ,,on ,,the ,,second ,,coming ,,of ,,christ4 ,the following letter from ,rev4 ,,william ,,miller to ,rev4 ,,joshua ,v4 ,,himes contains a synopsis of ,mr4 ,miller's views on this interesting subject3-- 8,rev4 ,j4 ,v4 ,himes3 8,my dear brother3 ,you have requested a synopsis of my views of the ,christian faith4 ,the following sketch will give you some idea of the religious opinions ,i have formed1 by a careful study of the word of ,god3-- 8,i believe all men1 coming to years of discretion1 do and will disobey ,god2 and this is1 in some measure1 owing to corrupted nature by the sin of our parent4 ,i believe ,god will not condemn us for any pollution in our father2 but the soul that sinneth shall die4 ,all pollution of which we may be partakers from the sins of our ancestors1 in which we could have no agency1 can and will be washed away in the blood and sacrifice of ,jesus ,christ1 without our agency4 ,but all sins committed by us as rational1 intelligent agents1 can only be cleansed by the blood of ,jesus ,christ1 through our repentance and faith4 ,i believe in the salvation of all men who receive the grace of ,god by repentance and faith in the mediation of ,jesus ,christ4 ,i believe in the condemnation of all men who reject the gospel and mediation of ,christ1 and thereby lose the efficacy of the blood and righteousness of our ,redeemer1 as proffered to us in the gospel4 ,i believe in practical godliness1 as commanded us in the ,scriptures1 7which are our only rule of faith and practice17 and that they only will be entitled to heaven and future blessedness1 who obey and keep the commandments of ,god1 as given us in the ,bible1 which is the word of ,god4 ,i believe in ,god1 the ,father of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who is a ,spirit1 omnipresent1 omniscient1 having all power1 ,creator1 ,preserver1 and self-existent4 ,as being holy1 just1 and beneficent1 ,i believe in ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 having a body in fashion and form like man1 divine in his nature1 human in his person1 godlike in his character and power4 ,he is a ,savior for sinners1 a ,priest to ,god1 a ,mediator between ,god and man1 and ,king in ,zion4 ,he will be all to his people1 ,god with us forever4 ,the spirit of the ,most ,high is in him1 the power of the ,most ,high is given him1 the people of the ,most ,high are purchased by him1 the glory of the ,most ,high shall be with him1 and the kingdom of the ,most ,high is his on earth4 8,i believe the ,bible is the revealed will of ,god to man1 and all therein is necessary to be understood by ,christians in the several ages and circumstances to which they may refer2--for instance1 what may be understood to-day1 might not have been necessary to have been understood a thousand years ago2 for its object is to reveal things new and old1 that the man of ,god may be thoroughly furnished for1 and perfected in1 every good word and work1 for the age in which he lives4 ,i believe it is revealed in the best possible manner for all people1 in every age and under every circumstance1 to understand1 and that it is to be understood as literal as it can be and make good sense2 and that in every case where the language is figurative1 we must let the ,bible explain its own figures4 ,we are in no case allowed to speculate on the ,scriptures1 and suppose things which are not clearly expressed1 nor reject things which are plainly taught4 ,i believe all of the prophecies are revealed to try our faith1 and to give us hope1 without which we could have no reasonable hope4 ,i believe that the ,scriptures do reveal unto us1 in plain language1 that ,jesus ,christ will appear again on this earth2 that he will come in the glory of ,god1 in the clouds of heaven1 with all his saints and angels2 that he will raise the dead bodies of all his saints who have slept1 change the bodies of all that are alive on the earth that are his1 and both these living and raised saints will be caught up to meet the ,lord in the air4 ,there the saints will be judged and presented to the ,father1 without spot or wrinkle4 ,then the gospel kingdom will be given up to ,god the ,father4 ,then will the ,father give the bride to the ,son ,jesus ,christ2 and when the marriage takes place1 the church will become the #8,new ,jerusalem1' the #8beloved city4' ,and while this is being done in the air1 the earth will be cleansed by fire1 the elements will melt with fervent heat1 the works of men will be destroyed1 the bodies of the wicked will be burned to ashes1 the devil and all evil spirits1 with the souls and spirits of those who have rejected the gospel1 will be banished from the earth1 shut up in the pit or place prepared for the devil and his angels1 and will not be permitted to visit the earth again until a thousand years4 ,this is the first resurrection1 and first judgment4 ,then ,christ and his people will come down from the heavens1 or middle air1 and live with his saints on the new earth in a new heaven1 or dispensation1 forever1 even forever and ever4 ,this will be the restitution of the right owners to the earth4 8,then will the promise of ,god to his ,son be accomplished--#8,i will give him the heathen for his inheritance1 and the utmost parts of the earth for his possession4' ,then #8the whole earth shall be full of his glory4' ,and then will the holy people take possession of their joint heirship with ,christ1 and his promise be verified1 #8,the meek shall inherit the earth1' and the kingdom of ,god will have come1 and #8his will done in earth as in heaven4' ,after a thousand years shall have passed away1 the saints will all be gathered and encamped in the beloved city4 ,the sea1 death1 and hell1 will give up their dead1 which will rise up on the breadths of the earth1 out of the city1 a great company like the sand of the sea-shore4 ,the devil will be let loose1 to go out and deceive this wicked host4 ,he will tell them of a battle against the saints1 the beloved city2 he will gather them in the battle around the camp of the saints4 ,but there is no battle2 the devil has deceived them4 ,the saints will judge them2 the justice of ,god will drive them from the earth into the lake of fire and brimstone1 where they will be tormented day and night1 forever and ever4 #8,this is the second death4' ,after the second resurrection1 second judgment1 the righteous will then possess the earth forever4 8,i understand that the judgment day will be a thousand years long4 ,the righteous are raised and judged in the commencement of that day1 the wicked in the end of that day4 ,i believe that the saints will be raised and judged about the year #ahdc1 according to ,moses' prophecy1 ,lev4 ch4 #bf2 ,ezek4 ch4 #ci2 ,daniel1 ch4 #b1 #g1 #h-ab2 ,hos4 #e3a-c2 ,rev41 the whole book2 and many other prophets have spoken of these things4 ,time will soon tell if ,i am right1 and soon he that is righteous will be righteous still1 and he that is filthy will be filthy still4 ,i do most solemnly entreat mankind to make their peace with ,god1 to be ready for these things4 ',the end of all things is at hand4' ,i do ask my brethren in the gospel ministry to consider well what they say before they oppose these things4 ,say not in your hearts1 #8,my ,lord delayeth his coming4' ,let all do as they would wish they had if it does come1 and none will say they have not done right if it does not come4 ,i believe it will come2 but if it should not come1 then ,i will wait and look until it does come4 ,yet ,i must pray1 #8,come1 ,lord ,jesus1 come quickly4' 8,this is a synopsis of my views4 ,i give it as a matter of faith4 ,i know of no scripture to contradict any view given in the above sketch4 ,men's theories may oppose4 ,the ancients believed in a temporal and personal reign of ,christ on earth4 ,the moderns believe in a temporal1 spiritual reign as a millennium4 ,both views are wrong2 both are too gross and carnal4 ,i believe in a glorious1 immortal1 and personal reign of ,jesus ,christ1 with all his people1 on the purified earth forever4 ,i believe the millennium is between the two resurrections and two judgments1 the righteous and the wicked1 the just and the unjust4 ,i hope the dear friends of ,christ will lay by all prejudice1 and look at and examine these three views by the only rule and standard1 the ,,bible4 8,william ,miller40 ,a ,bible ,chronology1 ,from ,adam ,to ,christ4 ,by ,william ,miller4 ,no4 ,names of ,age4 ,a4 ,m4 ,b4 ,c4 ,reference4 ,patriarchs1 c4 ,creation1 #a #daeg ,gen4 i41 ii4 #b4 ,adam #acj #acj #djbg ,gen4 v4 #c4 #c4 ,enos #ij #cbe #chcb ,gen4 v4 #f4 #d4 ,cainan #gj #cie #cgfb ,gen4 v4 #i4 #e4 ,mahalaleel #fe #dfj #cfig ,gen4 v4 #ae4 #f4 ,jared #afb #fbb #cece ,gen4 v4 #ah4 #g4 ,enoch #fe #fhg #cdgj ,gen4 v4 #ba4 #h4 ,methuselah #ahg #hgd #cbhc ,gen4 v4 #be4 #i4 ,lamech #ahb #ajef #caja ,gen4 v4 #bh4 #aj4 ,noah #fjj #afef #beja ,gen4 vii4 #f4 ,the ,flood #a #afeg #bejj ,gen4 viii4 #ac4 #aa4 ,shem #b #afei #bdih ,gen4 xi4 #aj4 #ab4 ,arphaxad #ce #afid #bdfc ,gen4 xi4 #ab4 #ac4 ,salah #cj #agbd #bdcc ,gen4 xi4 #ad4 #ad4 ,heber #cd #ageh #bcii ,gen4 xi4 #af4 #ae4 ,peleg #cj #aghh #bcfi ,gen4 xi4 #ah4 #af4 ,reu #cb #ahbj #bccg ,gen4 xi4 #bj4 #ag4 ,serug #cj #ahej #bcjg ,gen4 xi4 #bb4 #ah4 ,nahor #bi #ahgi #bbgh ,gen4 xi4 #bd4 #ai4 ,terah's life #bje7d7 #bjhd #bjgc ,gen4 xi4 #cb4 #bj4 ,exode1 c4 #dcj7e7 #bead #afdc ,exod4 xii4 #dj1 #da4 #ba4 ,wilderness #dj #beed #afjc ,josh4 v4 #f2 xiv4 #g4 #bb4 ,joshua #be7f7 #begi #aegh ,josh4 xxiv4 #bi4 #a4 ,elders and #ah #beig #aefj ,see ,josephus4 ,anarchy17#g7 #b4 ,under ,cushan #h #bfje #aeeb ,judges iii4 #h4 #c4 ,othniel #dj #bfde #aeab ,judges iii4 #aa4 #d4 ,eglon #ah #bffc #adid ,judges iii4 #ad4 #e4 ,ehud #hj #bgdc #adad ,judges iii4 #cj4 #f4 ,jabin #bj #bgfc #acid ,judges iv4 #c4 #g4 ,barak #dj #bhjc #aced ,judges v4 #ca4 #h4 ,midianites #g #bhaj #acdg ,judges vi4 #a4 #i4 ,gideon #dj #bhej #acjg ,judges viii4 #bh4 #aj4 ,abimelech #c #bhec #acjd ,judges ix4 #bb4 #aa4 ,tola #bc #bhgf #abha ,judges x4 #b4 #ab4 ,jair #bb #bhih #abei ,judges x4 #c4 #ac4 ,philistines #ah #biaf #abda ,judges x4 #h4 #ad4 ,jephthah #f #bibb #abce ,judges xii4 #g4 #ae4 ,ibzan #g #bibi #abbh ,judges xii4 #i4 #af4 ,elon #aj #bici #abah ,judges xii4 #aa4 #ag4 ,abdon #h #bidg #abaj ,judges xii4 #ad4 #ah4 ,philistines #dj #bihg #aagj ,judges xiii4 #a4 #ai4 ,eli #dj7h7 #cjbg #aacj #a ,sam4 iv4 #ah4 #bj4 ,samuel1 #bd7i7 #cjea #aajf #a ,sam4 vii4 #b-ag4 prophet #a4 ,saul1 ,king #dj #cjia #ajff ,acts xiii4 #ba4 #b4 ,david #dj #caca #ajbf #b ,sam4 v4 #d4 #c4 ,solomon #dj #caga #ihf #a ,kings xi4 #db4 #d4 ,rehoboam #ag #cahh #ifi #b ,chron4 xii4 #ac4 #e4 ,abijam #c #caia #iff #a ,kings xv4 #b4 #f4 ,asa #da #cbcb #ibe #a ,kings xv4 #aj4 #g4 ,jehoshaphat #be #cbeg #ijj #a ,kings xxii4 #db4 #h4 ,jehoram #e #cbfb #hie #b ,kings viii4 #ag4 #i4 ,ahaziah #a #cbfc #hid #b ,kings viii4 #bf4 #aj4 ,athaliah1 #f #cbfi #hhh #b ,kings xi4 #c1 #d4 his mother #aa4 ,joash #dj #ccji #hah #b ,kings xii4 #a4 #ab4 ,amaziah #bi #ccch #hai #b ,kings xiv4 #b4 ,interregnum7#aj7 #aa #ccdi #hjh #b ,kings xv4 #a1 #b4 #ac4 ,azariah #eb #cdja #gef #b ,kings xv4 #b4 #ad4 ,jotham #af #cdag #gdj #b ,kings xv4 #cc4 #ae4 ,ahaz #af #cdcc #gbd #b ,kings xvi4 #b4 #af4 ,hezekiah #bi #cdfb #fie #b ,kings xviii4 #b4 #ag4 ,manasseh #ee #ceag #fdj #b ,kings xxi4 #a4 #ah4 ,amon #b #ceai #fch #b ,kings xxi4 #ai4 #ai4 ,josiah #ca #ceej #fjg #b ,kings xxii4 #a4 #bj4 ,jehoahaz #ceej #fjg #b ,kings xxiii4 #ca4 #ba4 ,jehoiakim #aa #cefa #eif #b ,kings xxiii4 #cf4 ,the #gj years of #gj #cfca #ebf #b ,chron4 xxxvi4 ,captivity began #e-aj4 ,cyrus #f #cfcg #ebj ,rollin i4 p4 #ced4 ,cambyses #g #cfdd #eac ,rollin i4 p4 #cff4 ,darius #cf #cfhj #dgg ,rollin ii4 p4 #i4 ,hystaspes ,xerxes #ac #cfic #dfd ,rollin ii4 p4 #i4 ,artaxerxes #g #cgjj #deg ,ezra vii4 #aj-ac4 ,longimanus ,birth of #deg #daeg ,christ7#aa7 ,add present #ahdj #eiig year1 #ahdj ,to #ahdc #c #fjjj ,mr4 ,miller adduces the following texts of ,scripture in support of his sentiments3--,rev4 #bb3bj4 ,ps4 #acj3f4 #a ,thess4 #c3ac4 ,ps4 #ej3d4 ,rev4 #aa3ae4 ,isa4 #b3ai-ba4 ,john #e3bh4 #a ,thess4 #d3ag4 #b ,thess4 #a3e-g4 #a ,cor4 #ae3eb4 ,rev #e3i4 ,dan4 #g3i-ad4 ,rev4 #ad3ad-af4 ,matt4 #bf3fd4 ,isa4 #bg3ac4 ,matt4 #bd3bi4 ,rev4 #bj3aa4 ,isa4 #ff3ae1 #af4 ,mal4 #d3a4 ,isa4 #e3bd4 ,rev4 #ai3ah4 ,ezek4 #ci3ag-bj4 ,dan4 #b #ce1 #dd4 ,isa4 #ag3ac4 ,rev4 #ac3a-g2 #bj3aj4 ,isa4 #bd3bj1 #bc4 #b ,pet4 #c3ac4 ,rev4 #ai3h2 #ba3b4 ,heb4 #d3i-aa2 #f3b1 #c4 ,isa4 #ce3aj2 #fe3ag4 ,rev4 #bj3f2 #bj3i4 ,zech4 #h3e4 ,rev4 #c3ab2 #e3aj1 #bj3b1 #c1 #g2 #ba3a2 #bj3h1 #i1 #ac4 ,rom4 #g3e4 #a ,pet4 #d3f4 ,ps4 #ei3f-ad4 ,jer4 #d3ab4 ,rev4 #ba3ab1 #bg4 ,zech4 #ad3i-aa4 #a ,cor4 #f3b4 ,rev4 #bj3i1 #ad1 #ae4 ,mal4 #d3b4 ,isa4 #d3c-e4 ,hos4 #ac3ad4 ,rom4 #h3ag4 ,rev4 #ba3bc2 #bb3e4 ,jer4 #ca3ab-ad4 ,eph4 #a3aj4 ,tit4 #b3ac4 ,rev4 #d3aa4 ,eph4 #f3ac4 ,heb4 #aj3cf1 #cg4 ,the believers in ,mr4 ,miller's theory are numerous1 and converts to his doctrines are increasing4 ,mr4 ,miller was born at ,hampton1 ,n4 ,y41 ,feb4 #ae1 #aghb4 ,he is a farmer1 of common school education1 and possesses strong intellectual and colloquial powers4 ,he is a man of unexceptionable character1 is a member of the ,baptist church1 in good standing1 and has a license to preach the gospel4 ,for the last fifteen years1 he has almost exclusively devoted himself to investigating ,scripture prophecies1 and in promulgating his peculiar views of them to the world4 ,the ,rev ,j4 ,v4 ,himes and ,rev4 ,j4 ,litch1 ,no4 #ad ,devonshire ,street1 ,boston1 publish the ,signs of the ,times1 a weekly paper1 devoted to ,miller's views4 ,they also publish ,miller's works1 and a variety of other books1 embracing similar sentiments4 ,,come-,,outers4 ,this is a term which has been applied to a considerable number of persons in various parts of the ,northern ,states1 principally in ,new ,england1 who have recently come out of the various religious denominations with which they were connected2--hence the name4 ,they have not themselves assumed any distinctive name1 not regarding themselves as a sect1 as they have not formed1 and do not contemplate forming1 any religious organization4 ,they have no creed1 believing that every one should be left free to hold such opinions on religious subjects as he pleases1 without being held accountable for the same to any human authority4 ,hence1 as might be expected1 they hold a diversity of opinions on many points of belief upon which agreement is considered essential by the generality of professing ,christians4 ,amongst other subjects upon which they differ is that of the authority of the ,scriptures of the ,old and the ,new ,testaments1 some among them holding the prevailing belief of their divine inspiration1 whilst others regard them as mere human compositions1 and subject them to the same rules of criticism as they do any other book1 attaching to them no authority any further than they find evidence of their truth4 ,they believe the commonly-received opinion of the plenary inspiration of the writers of those books to be unfounded1 not claimed by the writers themselves1 and therefore unscriptural1 as well as unreasonable4 ,whilst1 then1 they believe the authors of the ,gospels to have been fallible men1 liable to err both in relation to matters of fact and opinion1 they believe they find in their writings abundant evidence of their honesty4 ,therefore they consider their testimony satisfactory as regards the main facts there stated of the life of ,jesus ,christ1 at least so far1 that there can be no difficulty in deducing therefrom the great principles of the religion which he taught4 ,they all believe him to have been a divinely-inspired teacher1 and his religion1 therefore1 to be a revelation of eternal truth4 ,they regard him as the only authorized expositor of his own religion1 and believe that to apply in practice its principles as promulgated by him1 and as exemplified in his life1 is all that is essential to constitute a ,christian1 according to his testimony1 7,matt4 #g3bd17--8,whosoever heareth these sayings of mine1 and doeth them1 ,i will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a rock10 c4 ,hence they believe that to make it essential to ,christianity to assent to all the opinions expressed by certain men1 good men though they were1 who wrote either before or after his time1 involves a denial of the words of ,christ4 ,they believe that1 according to his teachings1 true religion consists in purity of heart1 holiness of life1 and not in opinions2 that ,christianity1 as it existed in the mind of ,christ1 is a life rather than a belief4 ,this class of persons agree in the opinion that he only is a ,christian who has the spirit of ,christ2 that all such as these are members of his church1 and that it is composed of none others2 therefore that membership in the ,christian church is not1 and cannot1 in the nature of things1 be determined by any human authority4 ,hence they deem all attempts to render the church identical with any outward organizations as utterly futile1 not warranted by ,christ himself1 and incompatible with its spiritual character4 ,having no organized society1 they have no stations of authority or superiority1 which they believe to be inconsistent with the ,christian idea1 7,matt4 #bc3h17--8;,but be not ye called ,rabbi3 for one is your ,master1 even ,christ2 and all ye are brethren40 7,matt4 #bj3be1 #bf17--8,ye know that the princes of the ,gentiles exercise dominion over them1 and they that are great exercise authority upon them4 ,but it shall not be so among you40 ,as might be inferred from the foregoing1 they discard all outward ordinances as having no place in a spiritual religion the design of which is to purify the heart1 and the extent of whose influence is to be estimated1 by its legitimate effects in producing a life of practical righteousness1 and not by any mere arbitrary sign1 which cannot be regarded as a certain indication of the degree of spiritual life1 and must consequently be inefficient and unnecessary4 ,their views of worship correspond1 as they believe1 with the spiritual nature of the religion they profess4 ,they believe that true ,christian worship is independent of time and place2 that it has no connection with forms1 and ceremonies1 and external arrangements1 any further than these are the exponents of a divine life2 that it spontaneously arises from the pure in heart at all times and in all places3 in short1 they regard the terms ,christian worship and ,christian obedience as synonymous1 believing that he gives the highest and only conclusive evidence of worshipping the ,creator1 who exhibits in his life the most perfect obedience to his will4 ,these views they consider in perfect harmony with the teachings of ,jesus1 particularly in his memorable conversation with the woman of ,samaria4 ,they also agree in the belief that the religion of ,christ asserts the equality of all men before ,god2 that it confers upon no man1 or class of men1 a monopoly of ,heaven's favors2 neither does it give to a portion of his children any means of knowing his will not common to the race4 ,they believe the laws of the soul are so plain that they may be easily comprehended by all who sincerely seek to know them1 without the intervention of any human teacher or expounder4 ,hence they regard no teaching as authoritative but that of the ,spirit of ,god1 and reject all priesthoods but the universal priesthood which ,christianity establishes4 ,they believe that every one whose soul is imbued with a knowledge of the truth is qualified to be its minister1 and it becomes his duty and his pleasure1 by his every word and action1 to preach it to the world4 ,it follows1 then1 that1 as ,christ prepares and appoints his own ministers1 and as they receive their commissions only from him1 they are accountable to him alone for their exercise1 and not to any human authority whatsoever4 ,they therefore reject all human ordinations1 appointments1 or control1 or any designation by man of an order of men to preach the gospel1 as invasions of his rightful prerogative4 ,amongst the prevailing sins1 against which they feel bound to bear testimony1 are slavery and war2 and it is alleged as the main reason why many of them have disconnected themselves from the professedly ,christian denominations to which they belonged1 that those bodies gave their sanction to those anti-,christian practices4 ,they believe slaveholding to be sinful under all circumstances1 and that1 therefore1 it should be immediately abandoned4 ,they believe1 not only that national wars are forbidden by ,christianity1 but that the taking of human life for any purpose1 by governments or individuals1 is incompatible with its spirit4 ,a large proportion of them1 also1 consider all resort to punishment1 as a penalty for crime1 equally inconsistent with the law of love4 ,hence they deem it their duty to withhold their voluntary sanction or support from human governments1 and all institutions which claim the right to exercise powers which they thus regard as unlawful4 ,in various places1 these persons hold meetings on the first day of the week1 which are conducted consistently with their views of ,christian freedom and equality4 ,it is understood that the object of thus meeting together1 is to promote their spiritual welfare4 ,for this purpose1 they encourage a free interchange of sentiment on religious subjects1 without any restraint or formality4 ,they have no prescribed exercises1 but every one is left free to utter his thoughts as he may feel inclined2 and even those who differ from them in opinion are not only at liberty1 but are invited1 to give expression to their thoughts4 ,they believe this to be the only mode of holding religious meetings consistent with the genius of their religion1 and for an example of like gatherings they refer to those of the primitive ,christians4 ,they meet on the first day of the week1 not because they believe it incumbent to devote that portion of time more than any other to objects regarded as peculiarly religious1--for they regard all days as equally holy1 and equally devoted to the service of the ,lord1--but merely because they have become habituated to abstain from their ordinary occupations on that day1 and it is1 therefore1 the most convenient time for them to assemble4 ,the practical acknowledgment of the moral equality of the sexes is another distinguishing characteristic of these people4 ,they regard woman as equally qualified to hold any station in society from which she is not excluded by her physical disability2 and that she alone must decide for herself what position she shall occupy1 or what duties in the community she shall perform2 the control of woman never1 as they conceive1 having been delegated to man by the ,creator4 ,therefore they consider her equal in all mental and intellectual pursuits4 ,and when they associate together for religious and benevolent objects1 they exercise the various duties pertaining to them indiscriminately4 ,the number of persons who hold a similarity of opinions on these subjects cannot be known4 ,it is1 at present1 comparatively small1 but rapidly increasing4 ,,jumpers4 ,persons so called from the practice of jumping during the time allotted for religious worship4 ,this singular practice began1 it is said1 in the western part of ,wales1 about the year #agfj4 ,it was soon after defended by ,mr4 ,william ,williams1 7the ,welsh poet1 as he is sometimes called17 in a pamphlet1 which was patronized by the abettors of jumping in religious assemblies4 ,several of the more zealous itinerant preachers encouraged the people to cry out1 8,goganiant10 7the ,welsh word for glory17 8,amen10 c4 c41 to put themselves in violent agitations1 and1 finally1 to jump until they were quite exhausted1 so as often to be obliged to fall down on the floor1 or the field1 where this kind of worship was held4 ,,baptists4 ,this denomination of ,christians holds that a personal profession of faith and an immersion in water are essential to baptism4 ,there are several bodies of ,baptists in the ,united ,states1 which will be found under their different names4 ,the ,regular or ,associated ,baptists are1 in sentiment1 moderate ,calvinists1 and form the most numerous body of ,baptists in this country4 ,the ,baptists being ,independent1 or ,congregational1 in their form of church government1 their ecclesiastical assemblies disclaim all right to interfere with the concerns of individual churches4 ,their public meetings1 by delegation from different churches1 are held for the purpose of mutual advice and improvement1 but not for the general government of the whole body4 ,the following ,declaration of ,faith1 with the ,church ,covenant1 was recently published by the ,baptist ,convention of ,new ,hampshire1 and is believed to express1 with little variation1 the general sentiments of the ,regular or ,associated ,baptists3-- 8,i4 ,,of ,,the ,,scriptures4--,we believe the ,holy ,bible was written by men divinely inspired1 and is a perfect treasure of heavenly instruction2 that it has ,god for its ,author1 salvation for its end1 and truth1 without any mixture of error1 for its matter2 that it reveals the principles by which ,god will judge us1 and therefore is1 and shall remain to the end of the world1 the true centre of ,christian union1 and the supreme standard by which all human conduct1 creeds1 and opinions1 should be tried4 8,,ii4 ,,of ,,the ,,true ,,god4--,that there is one1 and only one1 true and living ,god1 whose name is ,,jehovah1 the ,maker and ,supreme ,ruler of heaven and earth2 inexpressibly glorious in holiness2 worthy of all possible honor1 confidence1 and love2 revealed under the personal and relative distinctions of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost equal in every divine perfection1 and executing distinct but harmonious offices in the great work of redemption4 8,,iii4 ,,of ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,man4--,that man was created in a state of holiness1 under the law of his ,maker1 but by voluntary transgression fell from that holy and happy state2 in consequence of which all mankind are now sinners1 not by constraint1 but choice2 being by nature utterly void of that holiness required by the law of ,god1 wholly given to the gratification of the world1 of ,satan1 and of their own sinful passions1 and therefore under just condemnation to eternal ruin1 without defence or excuse4 8,,iv4 ,,of ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,salvation4--,that the salvation of sinners is wholly of grace1 through the mediatorial offices of the ,son of ,god1 who took upon him our nature1 yet without sin2 honored the law by his personal obedience1 and made atonement for our sins by his death2 being risen from the dead1 he is now enthroned in heaven2 and uniting in his wonderful person the tenderest sympathies with divine perfections1 is every way qualified to be a suitable1 a compassionate1 and an all-sufficient ,savior4 8,v4 ,,of ,,justification4--,that the great gospel blessing which ,christ1 of his fulness1 bestows on such as believe in him1 is justification2 that justification consists in the pardon of sin and the promise of eternal life1 on principles of righteousness2 that it is bestowed1 not in consideration of any works of righteousness which we have done1 but solely through his own redemption and righteousness2 that it brings us into a state of most blessed peace and favor with ,god1 and secures every other blessing needful for time and eternity4 8,,vi4 ,,of ,,the ,,freeness ,,of ,,salvation4--,that the blessings of salvation are made free to all by the gospel2 that it is the immediate duty of all to accept them by a cordial and obedient faith2 and that nothing prevents the salvation of the greatest sinner on earth1 except his own voluntary refusal to submit to the ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 which refusal will subject him to an aggravated condemnation4 8,,vii4 ,,of ,,grace ,,in ,,regeneration4--,that1 in order to be saved1 we must be regenerated1 or born again2 that regeneration consists in giving a holy disposition to the mind1 and is effected in a manner above our comprehension or calculation1 by the power of the ,holy ,spirit1 so as to secure our voluntary obedience to the gospel2 and that its proper evidence is found in the holy fruit which we bring forth to the glory of ,god4 8,,viii4 ,,of ,,god',s ,,purpose ,,of ,,grace4--,that election is the gracious purpose of ,god1 according to which he regenerates1 sanctifies1 and saves sinners2 that1 being perfectly consistent with the free agency of man1 it comprehends all the means in connection with the end2 that it is a most glorious display of ,god's sovereign goodness1 being infinitely wise1 holy1 and unchangeable2 that it utterly excludes boasting1 and promotes humility1 prayer1 praise1 trust in ,god1 and active imitation of his free mercy2 that it encourages the use of means in the highest degree2 that it is ascertained by its effects in all who believe the gospel2 is the foundation of ,christian assurance2 and that to ascertain it with regard to ourselves1 demands and deserves our utmost diligence4 8,,ix4 ,,of ,,the ,,perseverance ,,of ,,saints4--,that such only are real believers as endure unto the end2 that their persevering attachment to ,christ is the grand mark which distinguishes them from superficial professors2 that a special ,providence watches over their welfare2 and they are kept by the power of ,god through faith unto salvation4 8,x4 ,,harmony ,,of ,,the ,,law ,,and ,,gospel4--,that the law of ,god is the eternal and unchangeable rule of his moral government2 that it is holy1 just1 and good2 and that the inability which the ,scriptures ascribe to fallen men to fulfil its precepts1 arises entirely from their love of sin2 to deliver them from which1 and to restore them1 through a ,mediator1 to unfeigned obedience to the holy law1 is one great end of the gospel1 and of the means of grace connected with the establishment of the visible church4 8,,xi4 ,,of ,a ,,gospel ,,church4--,that a visible church of ,christ is a congregation of baptized believers1 associated by covenant in the faith and fellowship of the gospel2 observing the ordinances of ,christ2 governed by his laws2 and exercising the gifts1 rights1 and privileges1 invested in them by his word2 that its only proper officers are bishops1 or pastors1 and deacons1 whose qualifications1 claims1 and duties1 are defined in the ,epistles to ,timothy and ,titus4 8,,xii4 ,,of ,,baptism ,,and ,,the ,,lord',s ,,supper4--,that ,christian baptism is the immersion of a believer in water1 in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,spirit2 to show forth1 in a solemn and beautiful emblem1 our faith in a crucified1 buried1 and risen ,savior1 with its purifying power2 that it is prerequisite to the privileges of a church relation1 and1 to the ,lord's supper1 in which the members of the church1 by the use of bread and wine1 are to commemorate together the dying love of ,christ1--preceded always by solemn self-examination4 8,,xiii4 ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,sabbath4--,that the first day of the week is the ,lord's day1 or ,christian ,sabbath1 and is to be kept sacred to religious purposes1 by abstaining from all secular labor and recreations2 by the devout observance of all the means of grace1 both private and public2 and by preparation for that rest which remaineth for the people of ,god4 8,,xiv4 ,,of ,,civil ,,government4--,that civil government is of divine appointment1 for the interests of good order of human society2 and that magistrates are to be prayed for1 conscientiously honored1 and obeyed1 except in things opposed to the will of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who is the only ,lord of the conscience1 and the ,prince of the kings of the earth4 8,,xv4 ,,of ,,the ,,righteous ,,and ,,the ,,wicked4--,that there is a radical and essential difference between the righteous and the wicked2 that such only as through faith are justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus1 and sanctified by the ,spirit of our ,god1 are truly righteous in his esteem2 while all such as continue in impenitence and unbelief are in his sight wicked1 and under the curse2 and this distinction holds among men both in and after death4 8,,xvi4 ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,to ,,come4--,that the end of this world is approaching2 that1 at the last day1 ,christ will descend from heaven1 and raise the dead from the grave to final retribution2 that a solemn separation will then take place2 that the wicked will be adjudged to endless punishment1 and the righteous to endless joy2 and that this judgment will fix forever the final state of men1 in heaven or hell1 on principles of righteousness4 8,,church ,,covenant4--having been1 as we trust1 brought by divine grace to embrace the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and to give up ourselves wholly to him1 we do now solemnly and joyfully covenant with each other1 ,,to ,,walk ,,together ,,in ,,him ,,with ,,brotherly ,,love1 to his glory as our common ,lord4 ,we do1 therefore1 in his strength engage1 8,that we will exercise a mutual care1 as members one of another1 to promote the growth of the whole body in ,christian knowledge1 holiness1 and comfort2 to the end that we may stand perfect and complete in all the will of ,god4 8,that1 to promote and secure this object1 we will uphold the public worship of ,god and the ordinances of his house1 and hold constant communion with each other therein2 that we will cheerfully contribute of our property for the support of the poor1 and for the maintenance of a faithful ministry of the gospel among us4 8,that we will not omit closet and family religion at home1 nor allow ourselves in the too common neglect of the great duty of religiously training up our children1 and those under our care1 with a view to the service of ,christ and the enjoyment of heaven4 8,that we will walk circumspectly in the world1 that we may win their souls2 remembering that ,god hath not given us the spirit of fear1 but of power1 and of love1 and of a sound mind1 that we are the light of the world and the salt of the earth1 and that a city set on a hill cannot be hid4 8,that we will frequently exhort1 and1 if occasion shall require1 admonish1 one another1 according to ,matthew #ahth1 in the spirit of meekness2 considering ourselves1 lest we also be tempted2 and that1 as in baptism1 we have been buried with ,christ1 and raised again1 so there is on us a special obligation henceforth1 to walk in newness of life4 8,and may the ,god of peace1 who brought again from the dead our ,lord ,jesus1 that great ,shepherd of the sheep1 through the blood of the everlasting covenant1 make us perfect in every good work to do his will2 working in us that which is well pleasing in his sight1 through ,jesus ,christ2 to whom be glory forever and ever4 ,,amen40 7,see ,matt4 #c3e1 #f1 #aa1 #ac-af2 #bj3bb1 #bc2 #ba3be2 #bh3ai4 ,mark #a3d1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 #aa3cj2 #af3ae1 #af4 ,luke #c3c1 #g1 #ab1 #af1 #ba2 #g3bi1 #cj2 #ab3ej2 #bj3d4 ,john #a3bh1 #ca1 #cc2 #c3bb1 #bc2 #d3a1 #b4 ,acts #a3e1b #b2 #b3ch1 #da2 #h3 #ab1 #ac1 #cf-ci2 #i3ah2 #aj3cg1 #dg1 #dh2 #ac3bd2 #af3ae1 #cc2 #ah3h1 #be2 #ai3d1 #e2 #bb3af4 ,rom4 #f3c1 #d4 #a ,cor4 #a3 #ac-ag2 #aj3b2 #ab3ac2 #ae3bi4 ,gal4 #c3bg4 ,eph4 #d3e4 ,col4 #b3ab4 ,heb4 #f3b4 #a ,pet4 #c3ca47 ------------------------------------- 8,this denomination claims an immediate descent from the apostles1 and asserts that the constitution of their churches is from the authority of ,jesus ,christ himself1 and his immediate successors4 ,many others1 indeed1 deduce their origin as a sect from much later times1 and affirm that they first sprang up in ,germany in the sixteenth century4 ,this denomination of ,christians is distinguished from others by their opinions respecting the mode and subjects of baptism4 ,instead of administering the ordinance by sprinkling or pouring water1 they maintain that it ought to be administered only by immersion3 such1 they insist1 is the meaning of the ,greek word baptizo1 to wash or dip1 so that a command to baptize is a command to immerse4 ,they also defend their practice from the phrase buried with him in baptism1 from the first administrators' repairing to rivers1 and the practice of the primitive church1 after the apostles4 8,with regard to the subjects of baptism1 this denomination alleges that it ought not to be administered to children or infants at all1 nor to adults in general2 but to those only who profess repentance for sin and faith in ,christ4 ,our ,savior's commission to his apostles1 by which ,christian baptism was instituted1 is to go and teach all nations1 baptizing them1 c41 that is1 not to baptize all they meet with1 but first to examine and instruct them1 and whoever will receive instruction1 to baptize in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this construction of the passage is confirmed by another passage--#8,go ye into all the world1 and preach the gospel to every creature2 he that believeth1 and is baptized1 shall be saved4' ,to such persons1 and to such only1 this denomination says1 baptism was administered by the apostles and the immediate disciples of ,christ2 for those who were baptized in primitive times are described as repenting of their sins1 and believing in ,christ4 7,see ,acts #b3ch1 #h3cg1 and other passages of ,scripture47 8,they further insist that all positive institutions depend entirely upon the will and declaration of the institutor2 and that1 therefore1 reasoning by analogy from previous abrogated rites is to be rejected1 and the express commands of ,christ respecting the mode and subjects of baptism ought to be our only rule4 8,they observe that the meaning of the word baptizo signifies immersion or dipping only2 that ,john baptized in ,jordan2 that he chose a place where there was much water2 that ,jesus came up out of the water2 that ,philip and the eunuch went down both into the water2 that the terms washing1 purifying1 burying in baptism1 so often mentioned in ,scripture1 allude to this mode2 that immersion only was the practice of the apostles and the first ,christians2 and that it was only laid aside from the love of novelty1 and the coldness of our climate4 ,these positions1 they think1 are so clear from ,scripture1 and the history of the church1 that they stand in need of but little argument to support them40 ,there are some interesting facts connected with the history of the ,baptists in ,america4 ,in #afca1 the ,rev4 ,roger ,williams1 who had been a clergyman of the church of ,england1 but1 disliking its formalities1 seceded1 and ranged himself with the ,nonconformists1 fled to ,america from the persecutions which then raged in ,england4 ,the great principles of civil and religious liberty were not then understood in the western world1 and1 as ,mr4 ,williams was a man of intrepid firmness in advocating those principles1 we are not surprised at the excitement and opposition which his doctrines awakened4 ,he settled first in ,salem1 ,new ,england1 the magistracy of which condemned his opinions1 and subsequently sentenced him to banishment4 ,under that cruel act of legislation1 he was driven from his family1 in the midst of winter1 to seek for refuge among the wild ,indians4 ,after great sufferings1 having conciliated the ,indians1 he commenced the formation of a colony1 to which he gave the name of ,providence1 situate in ,rhode ,island1 a name which it still bears4 ,thus he became the founder of a new order of things4 ,several of his friends afterwards joined him1 and in that infant settlement he sustained the twofold character of minister and lawgiver4 ,he formed a constitution on the broad principle of civil and religious liberty1 and thus became the first ruler that recognized equal rights4 ,nearly a century and a half after that1 when the ,americans achieved their independence1 thirteen of the states united in forming a government for themselves1 and adopted that principle2 thus ,america became1 what the little colony of ,providence had been before1 a refuge for the persecuted for conscience sake4 ,it has been well observed that the millions in both hemispheres who are now rejoicing in the triumph of liberal principles1 should unite in erecting a monument to perpetuate the memory of ,,roger ,,williams1 the first governor who held liberty of conscience1 as well as of person1 to be the birthright of man4 ,in the year #afci1 ,mr4 ,williams formed the first ,baptist church in ,america1 at ,providence4 ,throughout succeeding years1 few changes1 comparatively1 were experienced in the movements of the ,baptist denomination on this vast continent4 ,baptist churches multiplied exceedingly1 until they assumed a leading attitude among the religious communities of ,america4 ,they have amply provided for an efficient and learned ministry1 and the extraordinary revivals with which they have been frequently favored1 invest them with a moral strength and glory which cannot be contemplated but with astonishment and admiration4 ,,anabaptists4 ,those who maintain that baptism ought always to be performed by immersion4 ,the word is compounded of ana 8new10 and baptistes1 8a ,baptist10 signifying that those who have been baptized in their infancy1 ought to be baptized anew4 ,it is a word which has been indiscriminately applied to ,christians of very different principles and practices4 ,the ,english and ,dutch ,baptists do not consider the word as at all applicable to their sect1 because those persons whom they baptize they consider as never having been baptized before1 although they have undergone what they term the ceremony of sprinkling in their infancy4 ,,free-,,will ,,baptists4 ,the first church gathered1 of this order1 was in ,new ,durham1 ,n4 ,h41 in the year #aghj1 principally by the instrumentality of ,elder ,benjamin ,randall1 who then resided in that town4 ,soon after1 several branches were collected which united with this church2 and several preachers1 of different persuasions1 were brought to see the beauties of a free salvation1 and united as fellow-laborers with ,elder ,randall4 ,they believe that1 by the death of ,christ1 salvation was provided for all men2 that1 through faith in ,christ1 and sanctification of the ,spirit1--though by nature entirely sinners1--all men may1 if they improve every means of grace in their power1 become new creatures in this life1 and1 after death1 enjoy eternal happiness2 that all who1 having actually sinned1 die in an unrenewed state1 will suffer eternal misery4 ,respecting the divine attributes of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 they in substance agree with other ,orthodox ,christians4 ,they hold the holy ,scriptures to be their only rule of religious faith and practice1 to the exclusion of all written creeds1 covenants1 rules of discipline1 or articles of organization4 ,they consider that elders and deacons are the officers of the church designed in the ,scriptures1 and maintain that piety1 and a call to the work1 are the essential qualifications of a minister1 without regard to literary attainments4 ,,seventh-,,day ,,baptists1 ,,or ,,sabbatarians1 ,are those who keep the seventh day of the week as the ,sabbath4 ,they are to be found principally1 if not wholly1 among the ,baptists4 ,they object to the reasons which are generally alleged for keeping the first day1 and assert that the change from the seventh to the first was effected by ,constantine1 on his conversion to ,christianity1 ,a4 ,d4 #cba4 ,the three following propositions contain a summary of their principles as to this article of the ,sabbath1 by which they stand distinguished3-- #a4 ,that ,god hath required the seventh or last day of every week to be observed by mankind1 universally1 for the weekly ,sabbath4 #b4 ,that this command of ,god is perpetually binding on man till time shall be no more4 #c4 ,that this sacred rest of the seventh-day ,sabbath is not by divine authority changed from the seventh and last to the first day of the week1 and that the ,scripture doth nowhere require the observation of any other day of the week for the weekly ,sabbath1 but the seventh day only4 ,they hold1 in common with other ,christians1 the distinguishing doctrines of ,christianity4 ,,six-,,principle ,,baptists4 ,this appellation is given to those who hold the imposition of hands1 subsequent to baptism1 and generally on the admission of candidates into the church1 as an indispensable prerequisite for church membership and communion4 ,they support their peculiar principle chiefly from ,heb4 #f3a1 #b--8,therefore1 leaving the principles of the doctrine of ,christ1 let us go on unto perfection2 not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works1 and faith toward ,god1 of the doctrine of baptism1 and of laying on of hands1 and of resurrection of the dead1 and of eternal judgment10 ,as these two verses contain six distinct propositions1 one of which is the laying on of hands1 these brethren have1 from thence1 acquired the name of ,six-,principle ,baptists1 to distinguish them from others1 whom they sometimes call ,five-,principle ,baptists4 ,they have fourteen churches in ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island4 ,,quaker ,,baptists1 ,,or ,,keithians4 ,a party from the society of ,friends1 in ,pennsylvania1 separated in the year #afia4 ,it was headed by the famous ,,george ,,keith4 ,they practised baptism1 and received the ,lord's supper1 but retained the language1 dress1 and manners1 of the ,friends1 or ,quakers4 ,,pedobaptists4 ,are those who practise the baptism of children1 without regard to personal faith4 ,pedobaptists1 in common with all others1 claim for their practice an apostolical origin2 and1 although they differ much in theological opinions1 in forms of church government1 and modes of worship1 yet they all adopt substantially the same mode of reasoning in their defence of pedobaptism4 ,they say that the church1 under both the old and new dispensations1 has ever been the same1 although under a different form2 that infants1 as well as parents1 were admitted into the church under the earlier dispensations1 the rite of circumcision being the sign of their introduction1 into it2 and that the ,christian dispensation 7as the ,savior came not to destroy1 but to fulfil1 the law and the prophets7 did not annul or abridge any of the privileges of the church that were possessed under the dispensations of former times4 ,but as the right of children1 who are bound to their parents by the strongest natural tie1 to be solemnly and visibly dedicated to ,god1 and to come within the pale and under the watch of the church1 is a blessing and a privilege1 we are entitled to ask for the passages in the ,new ,testament which require its abandonment4 ,we take it for granted1 that children are to be publicly dedicated to ,god1 now1 as in former times1 unless some positive directions can be shown to the contrary4 ,it appearing1 therefore1 that children may be dedicated to ,god1 by their parents1 in some public and visible way1 and there remaining no outward ceremony1 under the ,christian dispensation1 suitable to that purpose1 but baptism1 we infer that baptism is designed to take the place of circumcision1 and that children may be baptized4 ,and these views are thought to be encouraged by the affectionate saying of ,christ1 8,suffer little children to come unto me1 and forbid them not1 for of such is the kingdom of ,god40 7,mark #aj3ad47 ,a second argument in favor of infant baptism is derived from the repeated accounts1 in the ,acts1 of the baptism of whole families4 ,the families referred to are those of ,lydia1 a seller of purple in the city of ,thyatira1 of the jailer1 in the same city1 and of ,cornelius1 the centurion1 of ,csarea4 ,instances of this kind are not to be considered as conclusively proving the ,scripture authority of infant baptism of themselves2 but they form a presumptive argument1 in its favor1 of great weight4 ,and1 further1 it may be shown1 from ecclesiastical history1 that the baptism of infants was practised in the time of the primitive ,christians4 ,this being the fact1 the conclusion seems to follow irresistibly1 that they received the practice from the apostles1 and that it was1 therefore1 known and recognized by the ,savior himself2 and1 if it were known and recognized by him1 or even introduced1 subsequently and solely1 by those he commissioned1 it must be received1 in either case1 as the will of ,christ1 and as a law of the ,christian dispensation4 ,again1 they say that the particular mode of baptism can not be determined from the meaning of the word baptizo1 which may mean either to immerse or to lave1 according to the particular connection in which it is found4 7,see ,mark #g3d4 ,heb4 #i3aj47 ,none of the accounts of baptism1 which are given in the ,new ,testament1 necessarily imply that it was performed by immersion4 ,it is true the ,savior and the eunuch1 when they were baptized1 went up out of1 or rather from1 the water1 but the inference that they went under the water1 which is sometimes drawn from these expressions1 does not appear to be sufficiently warranted4 ,the circumstances attending the baptism of the jailer and his family are of such a nature as to render the opinion of its being performed by immersion improbable4 ,the baptism was evidently performed at midnight1 and within the limits of the prison1--a time and a situation evidently implying some other mode than plunging4 ,similar views will hold in respect to the baptism of the three thousand at the season of ,pentecost4 ,as1 therefore1 there are no passages of ,scripture which positively require immersion1 but various scriptural considerations against it1 besides its being always inconvenient1 and not unfrequently impracticable1 the ,pedobaptists have ever thought it fit and requisite1 as a general rule1 to practise baptism by sprinkling or laving4 ,the ,greek church1 in all its branches1--whether in the frozen regions of ,siberia1 or in the torrid zone1--practise trine immersion4 ,all ,pedobaptists require of adults1 who seek for baptism1 a personal profession of their faith1 and so far agree with the ,baptists4 ,they also1 with the ,baptists1 allow immersion to be valid baptism2 but1 in opposition to them1 the ,baptists deny that any other mode of administering this rite is valid4 7,see ,exod4 #ad3bb4 ,isa4 #dd3c4 ,matt4 #c3aa2 #ai3ac4 ,mark #g3d4 ,acts #b3ci2 #ai3b1 #e4 ,rom4 #d3aa2 #aa3ag4 #a ,cor4 #g3ad2 #aj3b4 ,eph4 chap4 #b4 ,heb4 #i3aj1 #ac1 #ad47 ,the term ,pedobaptist is derived from two ,greek words--pais1 a child1 and baptismos1 baptism4 ,this mode of baptism is practised by nearly the whole ,christian world1 except the ,baptists and ,friends4 ,,anti-,,pedobaptists4 ,a name given to those who object to the baptism of infants4 ,the word is derived from the ,greek words signifying against1 a child1 and ,i baptize4 ,,unitarians4 ,those ,christians who are usually designated by this name in the ,united ,states1 and who are also called ,liberal ,christians1 are mostly ,congregationalists1 and are found principally in ,new ,england4 ,they acknowledge no other rule of faith and practice than the holy ,scriptures1 which they consider it the duty of every man to search for himself1 prayerfully1 and with the best exercise of his understanding4 ,they reject all creeds of human device1 as generally unjust to the truth of ,god and the mind of man1 tending to produce exclusiveness1 bigotry1 and divisions1 and at best of doubtful value4 ,they regard1 however1 with favor the earliest creed on record1 commonly called the ,apostles'1 as approaching nearest to the simplicity of the gospel1 and as imbodying the grand points of the ,christian faith4 ,they adopt the words of ,st4 ,paul1 7#a ,cor4 #h3f17 8,to us there is but one ,god1 the ,father1 of whom are all things1 and we in him2 and one ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by whom are all things1 and we by him40 ,they make great account of the doctrine of ,god's paternal character and government1 and continually set it forward as the richest source of consolation1 and the most powerful motive to repentance and improvement4 ,receiving and trusting in ,christ as their ,lord1 ,teacher1 ,mediator1 ,intercessor1 ,savior1 they hold in less esteem than many other sects1 nice theological questions and speculations concerning his precise rank1 and the nature of his relation to ,god4 ,they feel that by honoring him as the ,son of ,god1 they honor him as he desired to be honored2 and that by obeying and imitating him1 they in the best manner show their love4 ,they believe that the ,holy ,ghost is not a distinct person in the ,godhead1 but that power of ,god1 that divine influence1 by which ,christianity was established through miraculous aids1 and by which its spirit is still shed abroad in the hearts of men4 ,they advocate the most perfect toleration4 ,they regard ,,charity as the crowning ,christian grace1--the end of the commandment of ,god4 ,they consider a pure and lofty morality as not only inseparable from true religion1 but the most acceptable service that man can render to his ,maker1 and the only indubitable evidence of a believing heart4 ,they believe that sin is its own punishment1 and virtue its own rewarder2 that the moral consequences of a man's good or evil conduct go with him into the future life1 to afford him remorse or satisfaction2 that ,god will be influenced in all his dealings with the soul by mercy and justice1 punishing no more severely than the sinner deserves1 and always for a benevolent end4 ,indeed1 the greater part of the denomination are ,restorationists4 ,unitarians consider that1 besides the ,bible1 all the ,ante-,nicene fathers--that is1 all ,christian writers for three centuries after the birth of ,christ--give testimony in their favor1 against the modern popular doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,as for antiquity1 it is their belief that it is really on their side4 ,in the ,first ,epistle of ,clement to the ,corinthians1 which was written towards the close of the first century1--and the evidence for the genuineness of which is stronger than for that of any other of the productions attributed to the apostolical fathers1--the supremacy of the ,father is asserted or implied throughout1 and ,jesus is spoken of in terms mostly borrowed from the ,scriptures4 ,he is once called the 8sceptre of the majesty of ,god20 and this highly-figurative expression is the most exalted applied to him in the whole ,epistle4 ,justin ,martyr1 the most distinguished of the ancient fathers of the church1 who flourished in the former part of the second century1 and whose writings 7with the exception of those attributed to the apostolic fathers7 are the earliest ,christian records next to the ,new ,testament1 expressly says1 8,we worship ,god1 the ,maker of the universe1 offering up to him prayers and thanks4 ,but1 assigning to ,jesus1 who came to teach us these things1 and for this end was born1 the #8second place' after ,god1 we not without reason honor him40 ,the germ and origin of the doctrine of the ,trinity1 the ,unitarians find in the speculations of those ,christianized philosophers of the second century1 whose minds were strongly tinctured with the ,platonic philosophy1 combined with the emanation system1 as taught at ,alexandria1 and held by ,philo4 ,from this time they trace the gradual formation of the doctrine through successive ages down to ,athanasius and ,augustine2 the former of whom1 ,a4 ,d4 #cfb1 was the first to insist upon the equality of the ,holy ,ghost with the ,father and the ,son2 and the latter1 about half a century afterwards1 was the first to insist upon their numerical unity4 ,in all ages of the church1 there have been many learned and pious men who have rejected the ,trinity as unscriptural and irrational4 ,the first attempt1 at the council of ,nice1 to establish and make universal the ,trinitarian creed1 caused disturbances and dissensions in the church1 which continued for ages1 and produced results the most deplorable to every benevolent mind which exalts charity over faith4 ,soon after the reformation1 the ,unitarian faith was avowed by ,martin ,cellarius1 who was then finishing his studies at ,wittenberg1 where ,luther was professor4 ,in #aedf1 the ,unitarian opinions made a considerable movement in ,italy1 and several persons of learning and eminence were put to death4 ,in #aeec1 ,michael ,servetus was burned for this heresy1 at ,geneva4 ,the elder ,socinus made his escape from this persecution1 and spread his views throughout several countries of ,europe1 more particularly in ,poland1 where a large part of the ,reformed clergy embraced them1 and were separated1 in #aefe1 from the communion of the ,calvinists and ,lutherans4 ,in ,england1 the number of ,unitarians was considerable1 according to ,strype1 as early as #aedh2 and in #aeej1 he represents the ,unitarian doctrine as spreading so fast that the leading ,churchmen were alarmed1 and 8thought it necessary to suppress its expression by rigid measures40 ,these 8rigid measures10 such as imprisonment and burning1 were successful for a time4 ,but afterwards1 the 8heresy0 gained new and able supporters1 such as ,biddle1 ,firmin1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,clarke1 ,dr4 ,lardner1 ,whiston1 ,emlyn1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 c41 and has been spreading to this day4 ,in the north of ,ireland1 the ,unitarians compose several presbyteries4 ,there are also congregations of ,unitarians in ,dublin1 and in other southern cities of the kingdom4 ,in ,scotland1 there are chapels of this character in ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 and other principal places4 ,in the ,united ,states1 ,unitarian opinions were not prevalent till towards the close of the last century4 ,since that time1 however1 they have advanced rapidly1 and have been embraced by some of the wisest and best men in the land4 ,of late years1 the ,congregational ,unitarians have generally abstained from controversy1 in the ,united ,states4 ,they have1 however1 published and circulated extensively a large number of tracts1 of a doctrinal and practical character4 ,they have at the present time assumed a positive condition1 gained a strong and permanent hold amongst the ,christian sects1 and are manifesting new signs of vitality and usefulness4 ,the following proof-texts are some of those upon which the ,unitarians rest their belief in the inferiority of the ,son to the ,father3--,john #h3ag1 #ah4 ,john #ag3c4 ,acts #aj3ch #a ,tim4 #b3e4 #a ,john #d3ad4 ,rom4 #h3cd #a ,cor4 #aa3c4 ,john #aj3bi4 ,john #ad3bh4 ,matt4 #ai3ag4 ,john #ag3ba4 ,john #bj3ag4 #a ,cor4 #h3e1 #f4 ,john #aj3be2 #g3af1 #ag1 #h3bh2 #e3ai1 #bj2 #h3di1 #ej4 ,matt4 #bj3bc4 ,john #f3ch1 #eg2 #e3cj4 ,mark #ac3cb4 ,luke #f3ab4 ,john #aa3da1 #db4 ,matt4 #bg3df4 ,acts #b3bb-bd4 ,phil4 #b3aa4 ,col4 #a3ae4 ,rev4 #c3ad4 ,heb4 #c3c4 ,matt4 #ab3ah4 ,luke #b3eb4 ,,brownists4 ,a denomination which sprung up in ,england towards the close of the sixteenth century4 ,they derive their name from their leader1 ,robert ,brown4 ,this denomination did not differ in point of doctrine from the church of ,england1 or from the other ,puritans2 but they apprehended1 according to ,scripture1 that every church ought to be confined within the limits of a single congregation1 and that the government should be democratical4 ,they maintained the discipline of the church of ,england to be ,popish and antichristian1 and all her ordinances and sacraments invalid4 ,hence they forbade their people to join with them in prayer1 in hearing the word1 or in any part of public worship4 ,they not only renounced communion with the church of ,england1 but with all other churches1 except such as were of the same model4 ,,puritans4 ,this name was given to a party which appeared in ,england in the year #aefe1 who opposed the liturgy and ceremonies of the church of ,england4 ,they acquired this denomination from their professed design to establish a purer form of worship and discipline4 ,those who were first styled ,puritans were ,presbyterians1 but the term was afterwards applied to others who differed from the church of ,england4 ,those who separated from the church of ,england were also styled ,dissenters4 ,,bourignonists4 ,the followers of ,antoinette ,bourignon1 a lady in ,france1 who pretended to particular inspirations4 ,she was born at ,lisle1 in #afaf4 ,at her birth1 she was so deformed that it was debated some days in the family whether it was not proper to stifle her as a monster2 but1 her deformity diminishing1 she was spared1 and afterwards obtained such a degree of beauty1 that she had her admirers4 ,from her childhood to her old age she had an extraordinary turn of mind4 ,she set up for a reformer1 and published a great number of books1 filled with very singular notions2 the most remarkable of which are entitled 8,the ,light of the ,world10 and 8,the ,testimony of ,truth40 ,in her confession of faith1 she professes her belief in the ,scriptures1 the divinity and atonement of ,christ4 ,she believed1 also1 that man is perfectly free to resist or receive divine grace2 that ,god is ever unchangeable love towards all his creatures1 and does not inflict any arbitrary punishment1 but that the evils they suffer are the natural consequence of sin2 that religion consists not in outward forms of worship1 nor systems of faith1 but in an entire resignation to the will of ,god4 ,she held many extravagant notions1 among which1 it is said1 she asserted that ,adam1 before the fall1 possessed the principles of both sexes1 that1 in an ecstasy1 ,god represented ,adam to her mind in his original state1 as also the beauty of the first world1 and how he had drawn from it the chaos2 and that every thing was bright1 transparent1 and darted forth life and ineffable glory1 with a number of other wild ideas4 ,she dressed like a hermit1 and travelled through ,france1 ,holland1 ,england1 and ,scotland4 ,she died at ,franeker1 in the province of ,frise1 ,october #cj1 #afhj4 ,,jews4 ,a complete system of the religious doctrines of the ,jews is contained in the five books of ,moses1 their great lawgiver1 who was raised up to deliver them from their bondage in ,egypt1 and to conduct them to the possession of ,canaan1 the promised land4 ,the principal sects among the ,jews1 in the time of our ,savior1 were the ,pharisees1 who placed religion in external ceremony2 the ,sadducees1 who were remarkable for their incredulity2 and the ,essenes1 who were distinguished by an austere sanctity4 ,the ,pharisees and ,sadducees are frequently mentioned in the ,new ,testament2 and an acquaintance with their principles and practices serves to illustrate many passages in the sacred history4 ,at present1 the ,jews have two sects--the ,caraites1 who admit no rule of religion but the law of ,moses2 and the ,rabbinists1 who add to the laws the tradition of the ,talmud1 a collection of the doctrines and morality of the ,jews4 ,the expectation of a ,messiah is the distinguishing feature of their religious system4 ,the word ,messiah signifies one anointed1 or installed into an office by an unction4 ,christians believe that ,jesus ,christ is the ,messiah1 in whom all the ,jewish prophecies are accomplished4 ,the ,jews1 infatuated with the idea of a temporal ,messiah1 who is to subdue the world1 still wait for his appearance4 ,the most remarkable periods in the history of the ,jews are the call of ,abraham1 the giving of the law by ,moses1 their establishment in ,canaan under ,joshua1 the building of the temple by ,solomon1 the division of the tribes1 their captivity in ,babylon1 their return under ,zerubbabel and the destruction of their city and temple by ,titus1 afterwards emperor1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,maimonides1 an illustrious rabbi1 drew up for the ,jews1 in the eleventh century1 a confession of faith1 which all ,jews admit4 ,it is as follows3-- 8#a4 ,i believe1 with a true and perfect faith1 that ,god is the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 ,governor1 and ,maker1 of all creatures1 and that he hath wrought all things1 worketh and shall work forever4 8#b4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 is one1 and that such a unity as in him can be found in none other1 and that he alone hath been our ,god1 is1 and forever shall be4 8#c4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 is not corporeal1 nor to be comprehended with any bodily property1 and that there is no bodily essence that can be likened unto him4 8#d4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 to be the first and the last1 that nothing was before him1 and that he shall abide the last forever4 8#e4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 is to be worshipped1 and none else4 8#f4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that all the words of the prophets are true4 8#g4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 the prophecies of ,moses1 our master1-- may he rest in peace2--that he was the father and chief of all wise men that lived before him1 or ever shall live after him4 8#h4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that all the law which at this day is found in our hands1 was delivered by ,god himself to our master1 ,moses4 ,god's peace be with him4 8#i4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the same law is never to be changed1 nor another to be given us of ,god1 whose name be blessed4 8#aj4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that ,god1 whose name be blessed1 understandeth all the works and thoughts of men1 as it is written in the prophets4 ,he fashioneth their hearts alike2 he understandeth all their works4 8#aa4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that ,god will recompense good to them that keep his commandments1 and will punish them who transgress them4 8#ab4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the ,messiah is yet to come2 and1 although he retard his coming1 yet ,i will wait for him till he come4 8#ac4 ,i believe1 with a perfect faith1 that the dead shall be restored to life1 when it shall seem fit unto ,god the ,creator1 whose name be blessed1 and memory celebrated1 world without end4 ,,amen40 ,this people constitute one of the most singular and interesting portions of mankind4 ,for about three thousand years1 they have existed as a distinct nation2 and1 what is remarkable1 by far the greatest part of this time they have been in bondage and captivity4 ,the calling of ,abraham1 the father and founder of this nation2 the legislation of ,moses2 the priesthood of ,aaron3 the ,egyptian bondage2 the conquest of ,canaan1 and the history of the ,jews to the coming of the ,messiah2 their cruel and injurious treatment of this august and innocent personage1--are facts which the ,scriptures disclose1 and with which1 it is presumed1 every reader is well acquainted4 ,for about eighteen hundred years1 this wonderful people have maintained their peculiarities of religion1 language1 and domestic habits1 among ,pagans1 ,mahometans1 and ,christians1 and have suffered a continued series of reproaches1 privations1 and miseries1 which have excited the admiration and astonishment of all who have reflected on their condition4 ,the siege and destruction of ,jerusalem by ,titus1 the ,roman general1 was one of the most awful and distressing scenes that mortals ever witnessed2 and the details1 as given by ,josephus1 are enough to make humanity shudder4 ,during the siege1 which lasted nearly five months1 upwards of eleven hundred thousand ,jews perished4 ,john and ,simon1 the two generals of the ,hebrews1 who were accounted the ringleaders of the rebellious nation1 with seven hundred of the most beautiful and vigorous of the ,jewish youth1 were reserved to attend the victor's triumphal chariot4 ,the number taken captive1 during this fatal contest1 amounted to ninety-seven thousand2 many of whom were sent into ,syria1 and the other provinces1 to be exposed in public theatres1 to fight like gladiators1 or to be devoured by wild beasts4 ,the number of those destroyed in the whole war1 of which the taking of the holy city was the bloody and tremendous consummation1 is computed to have been one million1 four hundred and sixty thousand4 ,in addition to the terrors of the ,roman sword1 this devoted nation was exposed to famine1 pestilence1 and the implacable fury of contending parties among themselves1 which all conspired together to make the siege of ,jerusalem surpass1 in horror1 every account of any other siege in the records of the world4 ,a small portion1 indeed1 of this wretched1 ruined nation were permitted to remain1 and establish themselves in ,judea1 who1 by degrees1 reorganized a regular system of government1 which became the centre of ,jewish operations1 not only for those in ,judea1 but for such as were dispersed in other nations4 ,but the yoke of foreign masters was so grievous and burdensome1 that they were continually restless and impatient2 and1 in consequence of a general revolt under the emperor ,adrian1 in #acd1 they were a second time slaughtered in multitudes1 and were driven to madness and despair4 ,bither1 the place of their greatest strength1 was compelled to surrender1 and ,barchochba1 their leader1 who pretended to be the ,messiah1 was slain1 and five hundred and eighty thousand fell by the sword in battle1 besides vast numbers who perished by famine1 sickness1 fire1 and other calamities4 ,kings have enacted the severest laws against them1 and employed the hand of executioners to ruin them4 ,the seditious multitudes1 by murders and massacres1 have committed outrages against them1 if possible1 still more violent and tragical4 ,besides their common share in the sufferings of society1 they have undergone a series of horrid and unutterable calamities1 which no other description of men has ever experienced in any age1 or in any country4 ,princes and people1 ,pagans1 ,mahometans1 and ,christians1 disagreeing in so many things1 have united in the design of exterminating this fugitive and wretched race1 but have not succeeded4 ,they have been banished1 at different times1 from ,france1 ,germany1 ,spain1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 and ,england2 and from some of these kingdoms they have been banished and recalled many times in succession4 ,the ,romans and ,spaniards have probably done more than any other nations to oppress and destroy this people2 and the inquisition has doomed multitudes of them to torture and death4 ,at different times1 they were accused of poisoning wells1 rivers1 and reservoirs of water1 and1 before any proof of these strange and malicious charges was produced1 the populace in many parts of ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,france1 have fallen upon them with merciless and murderous severity4 ,at one time1 the ,german emperor found it necessary to issue an edict for their banishment1 to save them from the rage of his exasperated and unrestrained subjects4 ,as the ,jews have generally been the bankers and brokers of the people among whom they have resided1 and have made a show of much wealth1 this has tempted their avaricious adversaries to impose upon them enormous taxes and ruinous fines4 ,muley ,archy1 a prince of one of the ,barbary states1 by seizing the property of a rich ,jew1 was enabled to dispossess his brother of the throne of ,morocco4 ,the ,english parliament of ,northumberland1 in #aahh1 for the support of a projected war1 assessed the ,jews with #fj1jjj pounds1 while only #gj1jjj were assessed upon the ,christians2 which proves either that the ,jews were immensely rich1 or that the parliament was extremely tyrannical4 ,the ,english king ,john was unmercifully severe upon this afflicted people4 ,in #abaj1 regardless of the costly freedom he had sold them1 he subjected them all1 as a body1 to a fine of #fj1jjj marks4 ,the ransom required by this same unfeeling king1 of a rich ,jew of ,bristol1 was #aj1jjj marks of silver2 and on his refusing to pay this ruinous fine1 he ordered one of his teeth to be extracted every day2 to which the unhappy man submitted seven days1 and on the eighth day he agreed to satisfy the king's rapacity4 ,isaac of ,norwich was1 not long after1 compelled to pay a similar fine4 ,but the king1 not satisfied with these vast sums extorted from these injured ,israelites1 in the end confiscated all their property1 and expelled them from the kingdom4 ,about the beginning of the #afth century1 the ,jews in ,persia were subjected to a tax of two millions of gold4 ,long would be the catalogue of injuries of this kind1 which this outcast and hated nation has sustained4 ,numerous are the cases in which those who have become deeply in debt to them for borrowed money1 have procured their banishment1 and the confiscation of their property1 as the readiest way to cancel their demands2 and1 as they have ever been addicted to usurious practices1 they have1 by this means1 furnished plausible pretexts to their foes to fleece and destroy them4 ,the fraternal disposition of this people led them to seek the society of each other2 and1 notwithstanding the wideness of their dispersion1 in process of time1 they1 by uniting under different leaders1 formed two communities of considerable extent1 known by the name of the eastern and western ,jews4 ,the western ,jews inhabited ,egypt1 ,judea1 ,italy1 and other parts of the ,roman empire2 the eastern ,jews settled in ,babylon1 ,chaldea1 ,persia1 c4 ,the head of the western division was known by the name of the patriarch1 while he who presided over the eastern ,jews1 was called the prince of the captivity4 ,the office of patriarch was abolished1 by imperial laws1 about #dbi1 from which time the western ,jews were solely under the rule of the chiefs of their synagogues1 whom they called primates4 ,but the princes of the captivity had a longer and more splendid sway4 ,they resided at ,babylon1 or ,bagdad1 and exercised an extensive authority over their brethren1 as far down as the #abth century4 ,about this period1 a ,jewish historian asserts that he found1 at ,bagdad1 the prince of the captivity1 lineally descended from ,david1 and permitted1 by the caliph1 to exercise the rights of sovereignty over the ,jews from ,syria to ,indostan4 ,the existence of a succession of these imaginary potentates1 from the destruction of ,jerusalem by the ,romans1 the ,jews have ever been strenuous in maintaining1 partly to aggrandize their nation1 and partly to deprive ,christians of the benefit of an argument furnished by the prophecy of ,jacob1 concerning the termination of the ,jewish polity and independence1 soon after the coming of the ,messiah4 ,notwithstanding the world1 in general1 has shown a spirit of hostility and contempt for the remnant of ,israel1 yet they have found a few1 in every age1 who1 either from motives of policy or justice1 have treated them with kindness and respect4 ,the first ,mahometan caliphs1 a number of the ,roman pontiffs1 and some of the ,asiatic and ,european sovereigns1 have shown them friendship and protection4 ,don ,solomon1 a learned and illustrious ,jew of ,portugal1 in the #abth century1 was raised to the highest military command in that kingdom4 ,casimir the ,great1 of ,poland1 in the #adth century1 received the ,jews as refugees into his kingdom1 and granted them extensive privileges2 and from that time to the present1 they have been more numerous in that country than in any other in ,europe4 ,for many centuries1 this persecuted race found a favorite asylum in ,holland1 and1 by their dexterity and success in commerce1 became very affluent4 ,cromwell1 seeing the benefit which the ,netherlands had derived from this money-making and money-lending community1 was very desirous to recall them to ,england1 from which they had been exiled about three hundred and fifty years4 ,the celebrated ,manasses ,ben ,israel had many interviews with the ,protector2 and so high were the expectations of the ,israelites1 from the clemency and authority of this illustrious statesman1 that they began to look up to him as the promised ,messiah4 ,and1 although ,cromwell's friendly proposals1 as to their recall1 were overruled by the bigoted and intolerant policy of the times1 yet1 from that period1 they have found favor and protection in ,england1 and have been much more numerous and prosperous there than formerly4 ,in ,france and the ,united ,states1 the ,jews are admitted to equal rights with all other citizens1 which cannot be said of any other nations in ,christendom4 ,in the ,united ,states1 they have acquired this freedom1 of course1 with all other citizens of this free country4 ,in ,france1 they were admitted to it by ,bonaparte2 and afterwards1 in #ahjg1 by his directions1 they convened a ,grand ,sanhedrim1 consisting1 according to ancient custom1 of #gj members1 exclusive of the president4 ,the number and distinction of the spectators of this ,sanhedrim greatly added to the solemnity of the scene4 ,this venerable assembly passed and agreed to various articles respecting the ,mosaic worship1 and their civil and ecclesiastical concerns4 ,the extreme aversion of the ,jews to every thing which bears the ,christian name1 and their obstinate attachment to their ancient religion1 have1 in former years1 discouraged all attempts to convert them to the ,christian faith4 ,and not only has their conversion been neglected1 but for many centuries they have been persecuted1 plundered1 and destroyed1 by those who have called themselves ,christians2 they have not been permitted to enter their churches as worshippers1 nor their dwellings as guests1 nor reside in their territories1 where ,pagans and ,mahometans have found an unmolested abode4 ,while we1 then1 blame the blindness and incredulity of the descendants of ,abraham1 let us lament the folly and unkindness of the professed disciples of the mild and compassionate ,redeemer4 ,but a different spirit is now prevailing in many parts of ,christendom1 and a new era1 as to the tribes of ,israel1 seems about to burst upon the world4 ,societies are formed in ,europe and ,america for their benefit1 and a disposition is said to be increasing1 among the ,jews1 favorable to that ,messiah and that religion which they have so long hated and rejected4 ,the history of this people certainly forms a striking evidence of the truth of divine revelation4 ,they are a living and perpetual miracle1 continuing to subsist as a distinct and peculiar race for upwards of three thousand years1 intermixed among almost all the nations of the world1 flowing forward in a full and continued stream1 like the waters of the ,rhone1 without mixing with the waves of the expansive lake through which the passage lies to the ocean of eternity4 ,,indian ,,religions4 8,lo1 the poor ,indian6 whose untutored mind ,sees ,god in clouds1 or hears him in the wind2 ,his soul proud science never taught to stray ,far as the solar walk1 or milky way2 ,yet simple nature to his hope has given1 ,behind the cloud-topped hill1 an humbler heaven-- ,some safer world in depth of woods embraced1 ,some happier island in the watery waste1 ,where slaves once more their native land behold1 ,no fiends torment1 no ,christians thirst for gold4 ,to be1 contents his natural desire2 ,he asks no angel's wing1 no seraph's fire2 ,but thinks1 admitted to that equal sky1 ,his faithful dog will bear him company40--,,pope4 ,the natives of ,,canada have an idea of the ,supreme ,being2 and they all1 in general1 agree in looking upon him as the ,first ,spirit1 and the ,governor and the ,creator of the world4 ,it is said that almost all the nations of the ,algonquin language give this ,sovereign ,being the appellation of the ,great ,hare4 ,some1 again1 call him ,michabou1 and others ,atahocan4 ,most of them hold the opinion that he was born upon the waters1 together with his whole court1 entirely composed of four-footed animals1 like himself2 that he formed the earth of a grain of sand1 which he took from the bottom of the ocean2 and that he created man of the bodies of the dead animals4 ,there are1 likewise1 some who mention a god of the waters1 who opposed the designs of the ,great ,hare1 or1 at least1 refused to be assisting to him4 ,this god is1 according to some1 the ,great ,tiger4 ,they have a third1 called ,matcomek1 whom they invoke in the winter season4 ,the ,agreskoui of the ,hurons1 and the ,agreskouse of the ,iroquois1 is1 in the opinion of these nations1 the ,sovereign ,being1 and the god of war4 ,these ,indians do not give the same original to mankind with the ,algonquins2 they do not ascend so high as the first creation4 ,according to them1 there were1 in the beginning1 six men in the world2 and1 if you ask them who placed them there1 they answer you1 they do not know4 ,the gods of the ,indians have bodies1 and live much in the same manner as themselves1 but without any of those inconveniences to which they are subject4 ,the word spirit1 among them1 signifies only a being of a more excellent nature than others4 ,according to the ,iroquois1 in the third generation there came a deluge1 in which not a soul was saved2 so that1 in order to repeople the earth1 it was necessary to change beasts into men4 ,beside the ,first ,being1 or the ,great ,spirit1 they hold an infinite number of genii1 or inferior spirits1 both good and evil1 who have each their peculiar form of worship4 ,they ascribe to these beings a kind of immensity and omnipresence1 and constantly invoke them as the guardians of mankind4 ,but they never address themselves to the evil genii1 except to beg of them to do them no hurt4 ,they believe in the immortality of the soul1 and say that the region of their everlasting abode lies so far westward1 that the souls are several months in arriving at it1 and have vast difficulties to surmount4 ,the happiness which they hope to enjoy is not believed to be the recompense of virtue only2 but to have been a good hunter1 brave in war1 c41 are the merits which entitle them to this paradise1 which they1 and the other ,american natives1 figure as a delightful country1 blessed with perpetual spring1 whose forests abound with game1 whose rivers swarm with fish1 where famine is never felt1 and uninterrupted plenty shall be enjoyed without labor or toil4 ,the natives of ,,new ,,england believed not only a plurality of gods1 who made and governed the several nations of the world1 but they made deities of every thing they imagined to be great1 powerful1 beneficial1 or hurtful to mankind4 ,yet they conceived an ,almighty ,being1 who dwells in the south-west regions of the heavens1 to be superior to all the rest4 ,this ,almighty ,being they called ,kichtan1 who at first1 according to their tradition1 made a man and woman out of a stone1 but1 upon some dislike1 destroyed them again2 and then made another couple out of a tree1 from whom descended all the nations of the earth2 but how they came to be scattered and dispersed into countries so remote from one another1 they cannot tell4 ,they believed their ,supreme ,god to be a good being1 and paid a sort of acknowledgment to him for plenty1 victory1 and other benefits4 ,but there is another power1 which they called ,hobamocko1 7the devil17 of whom they stood in greater awe1 and worshipped merely from a principle of fear4 ,the immortality of the soul was universally believed among them4 ,when good men die1 they said1 their souls go to ,kichtan1 where they meet their friends1 and enjoy all manner of pleasures2 when wicked men die1 they go to ,kichtan also1 but are commanded to walk away1 and wander about in restless discontent and darkness forever4 ,after the coming of the white people1 the ,indians in ,,new ,,jersey1 who once held a plurality of deities1 supposed there were only three1 because they saw people of three kinds of complexion1 viz41 ,english1 negroes1 and themselves4 ,it was a notion generally prevailing among them1 that the same ,god who made them did not make us1 but that they were created after the white people2 and it is probable they supposed their ,god gained some special skill by seeing the white people made1 and so made them better2 for it is certain they considered themselves and their methods of living1 which they said their ,god expressly prescribed for them1 vastly preferable to the white people and their methods4 ,with regard to a future state of existence1 many of them imagined that the ,chichung1 i4 e41 the shadow1 or what survives the body1 will1 at death1 go southward1 to some unknown1 but curious place1--will enjoy some kind of happiness1 such as hunting1 feasting1 dancing1 or the like2 and what they suppose will contribute much to their happiness in the next state1 is1 that they shall never be weary of these entertainments4 ,those who have any notion about rewards and sufferings in a future state1 seem to imagine that most will be happy1 and that in the delightful fields1 chasing the game1 or reposing themselves with their families2 but the poor1 frozen sinners cannot stir one step towards that sunny region4 ,nevertheless1 their misery has an end2 it is longer or shorter1 according to the degree of their guilt2 and1 after its expiation1 they are permitted to become inhabitants of the ,indian paradise4 ,the ,indians of ,,virginia gave the names of ,okee1 ,quioccos1 or ,kiwasa1 to the idol which they worshipped4 ,these names might possibly be so many epithets1 which they varied according to the several functions they ascribed to this deity1 or the different notions they might form to themselves of it in their religious exercises and common discourses4 ,moreover1 they were of opinion that this idol is not one sole being1 but that there were many more of the same nature1 besides the tutelary gods4 ,they gave the general name of ,quioccos to all these genii1 or beings1 so that the name of ,kiwasa might be particularly applied to the idol in question4 ,these savages consecrated chapels and oratories to this deity1 in which the idol was often represented under a variety of shapes4 ,they even kept some of these in the most retired parts of their houses1 to whom they communicated their affairs1 and consulted them upon occasion4 ,in this case1 they made use of them in the quality of tutelary gods1 from whom they supposed they received blessings on their families4 ,the sacerdotal vestment of their priests was like a woman's petticoat plaited1 which they put about their necks1 and tied over the right shoulder2 but they always kept one arm out1 to use it as occasion required4 ,this cloak was made round at bottom1 and descended no lower than the middle of the thigh2 it was made of soft1 well-dressed skins1 with the hair outwards4 ,these priests shaved their heads close1 the crown excepted1 where they left only a little tuft1 that reached from the top of the forehead to the nape of the neck1 and even on the top of the forehead4 ,they here left a border of hair1 which1 whether it was owing to nature1 or the stiffness contracted by the fat and colors with which they daubed themselves1 bristled up1 and came forward like the corner of a square cap4 ,the natives of ,virginia had a great veneration for their priests2 and the latter endeavored to procure it1 by daubing themselves all over in a very frightful manner1 dressing themselves in a very odd habit1 and tricking up their hair after a very whimsical manner4 ,every thing they said was considered as an oracle1 and made a strong impression on the minds of the people2 they often withdrew from society1 and lived in woods or in huts1 far removed from any habitation4 ,they were difficult of access1 and did not give themselves any trouble about provisions1 because care was always taken to set food for them near their habitations4 ,they were always addressed in cases of great necessity4 ,they also acted in the quality of physicians1 because of the great knowledge they were supposed to have of nature4 ,in fine1 peace or war was determined by their voice2 nor was any thing of importance undertaken without first consulting them4 ,they had not any stated times nor fixed days1 on which they celebrated their festivals1 but they regulated them only by the different seasons of the year2 as1 for instance1 they celebrated one day at the arrival of their wild birds1 another upon the return of the hunting season1 and for the maturity of their fruits2 but the greatest festival of all was at harvest time4 ,they then spent several days in diverting themselves1 and enjoyed most of their amusements1 such as martial dances and heroic songs4 ,after their return from war1 or escaping some danger1 they lighted fires1 and made merry about them1 each having his gourd-bottle1 or his little bell1 in his hand4 ,men1 women1 and children1 often danced in a confused manner about these fires4 ,their devotions1 in general1 consisted only of acclamations of joy1 mixed with dances and songs1 except in seasons of sorrow and affliction1 when they were changed into howlings4 ,the priests presided at this solemnity1 dressed in their sacerdotal ornaments1 part of which were the gourd-bottle1 the petticoat above mentioned1 and the serpents' or weasels' skins1 the tails of which were dexterously tied upon their heads like a tiara1 or triple crown4 ,these priests began the song1 and always opened the religious exercise1 to which they often added incantations1 part of the mysteries of which were comprehended in the songs4 ,the noise1 the gestures1 the wry faces1 in a word1 every thing1 contributed to render these incantations terrible4 ,,deists4 ,the ,deists believe in a ,god1 but reject a written revelation from him4 ,they are extravagant in their encomiums on natural religion1 though they differ much respecting its nature1 extent1 obligation1 and importance4 ,dr4 ,clarke1 in his treatise on ,deism1 divides them into four classes1 according to the number of articles comprised in their creed4 ,the first are such as pretend to believe the existence of in eternal1 infinite1 independent1 intelligent ,being1 and who1 to avoid the name of ,epicurean ,atheists1 teach also that this ,supreme ,being made the world2 though1 at the same time1 they agree with the ,epicureans in this--that they fancy ,god does not at all concern himself in the government of the world1 nor has any regard to1 or care of1 what is done therein4 ,the second sort of ,deists are those who believe not only the being1 but also the providence1 of ,god1 with respect to the natural world1 but who1 not allowing any difference between moral good and evil1 deny that ,god takes any notice of the morally good or evil actions of men2 these things depending1 as they imagine1 on the arbitrary constitution of human laws4 ,a third sort of ,deists there are1 who1 having right apprehensions concerning the natural attributes of ,god and his all-governing providence1 and some notion of his moral perfections also1 yet1 being prejudiced against the notion of the immortality of the soul1 believe that men perish entirely at death1 and that one generation shall perpetually succeed another1 without any further restoration or renovation of things4 ,a fourth and last sort of ,deist are such as believe the existence of a ,supreme ,being1 together with his providence in the government of the world2 also all the obligations of natural religion1 but so far only as these things are discoverable by the light of nature alone1 without believing any divine revelation4 ,these1 the learned author observes1 are the only true ,deists2 but1 as their principles would naturally lead them to embrace the ,christian revelation1 he concludes there is now no consistent scheme of ,deism in the world4 ,dr4 ,clarke then adds1 8,the heathen philosophers--those few of them who taught and lived up to the obligations of natural religion--had1 indeed1 a consistent scheme of ,deism1 as far as it went4 ,but the case is not so now2 the same scheme is not any longer consistent with its own principles2 it does not now lead men to embrace revelation1 as it then taught them to hope for it4 ,deists in our days1 who reject revelation when offered to them1 are not such men as ,socrates and ,cicero were2 but1 under pretence of ,deism1 it is plain they are generally ridiculers of all that is truly excellent in natural religion itself4 ,their trivial and vain cavils2 their mocking and ridiculing without and before examination2 their directing the whole stress of objections against particular customs1 or particular and perhaps uncertain opinions or explications of opinions1 without at all considering the main body of religion2 their loose1 vain1 and frothy discourses2 and1 above all1 their vicious and immoral lives1--show1 plainly and undeniably1 that they are not real ,deists1 but mere ,atheists1 and1 consequently1 not capable to judge of the truth of ,christianity40 ,dr4 ,paley observes1 8,of what a revelation discloses to mankind1 one1 and only one1 question can be properly asked4--,was it of importance to mankind to know or to be better assured of8 ,in this question1 when we turn our thoughts to the great ,christian doctrine of a resurrection from the dead and a future judgment1 no doubt can be possibly entertained4 ,he who gives me riches or honors does nothing2 he who even gives me health1 does little in comparison with that which lays before me just grounds for expecting a restoration to life1 and a day of account and retribution1 which thing ,christianity hath done for millions40 ,,atheists4 ,the ,atheists are those who deny the existence of ,god2 this is called speculative ,atheism4 ,professing to believe in ,god1 and yet acting contrary to this belief1 is called practical ,atheism4 ,absurd and irrational as ,atheism is1 it has had its votaries and martyrs4 ,in the seventeenth century1 ,spinosa was its noted defender4 ,lucilio ,venini1 a native of ,naples also publicly taught ,atheism in ,france2 and1 being convicted of it at ,toulouse1 was condemned and executed in #afai4 ,it has been questioned1 however1 whether any man ever seriously adopted such a principle4 ,archbishop ,tillotson says1 8,i appeal to any man of reason1 whether any thing can be more unreasonable than obstinately to impute an effect to chance1 which carries in the very face of it all the arguments and characters of a wise design and contrivance4 ,was ever any considerable work in which there were required a great variety of parts1 and a regular and orderly disposition of those parts1 done by chance8 ,will chance fit means to ends1 and that in ten thousand instances1 and not fail in any one8 ,how often might a man1 after he had jumbled a set of letters in a bag1 fling them out upon the ground1 before they would fall into an exact poem6 yea1 or so much as make a good discourse in prose6 ,and may not a little book be as easily made by chance as the great volume of the world8 ,how long might a man be in sprinkling colors upon canvass with a careless hand1 before they would happen to make the exact picture of a man6 ,and is a man easier made by chance than his picture8 ,how long might twenty thousand blind men1 who should be sent out from several remote parts of ,england1 wander up and down before they would all meet upon ,salisbury ,plain1 and fall into rank and file in the exact order of an army6 ,and yet this is much more easy to be imagined than how the innumerable blind parts of matter should rendezvous themselves into a world4 ,a man that sees ,henry the ,seventh's chapel at ,westminster1 might with as good reason maintain 7yea1 with much better1 considering the vast difference betwixt that little structure and the huge fabric of the world7 that it was never contrived or built1 by any means1 but that the stones did by chance grow into those curious figures into which they seem to have been cut and graven2 and that1 upon a time1 7as tales usually begin17 the materials of that building--the stone1 mortar1 timber1 iron1 lead1 and glass--happily met together1 and very fortunately ranged themselves into that delicate order in which we see them now1 so close compacted1 that it must be a very great chance that parts them again4 ,what would the world think of a man that should advance such an opinion as this1 and write a book for it8 ,if they would do him right1 they ought to look upon him as mad2 but yet with a little more reason than any man can have to say that the world was made by chance1 or that the first men grew up out of the earth as plants do now4 ,for can any thing be more ridiculous1 and against all reason1 than to ascribe the production of men to the first fruitfulness of the earth1 without so much as one instance and experiment1 in any age or history1 to countenance so monstrous a supposition8 ,the thing is1 at first sight1 so gross and palpable1 that no discourse about it can make it more apparent4 ,and yet these shameful beggars of principles give this precarious account of the original of things2 assume to themselves to be the men of reason1 the great wits of the world1 the only cautious and wary persons1 that hate to be imposed upon1 that must have convincing evidence for every thing1 and can admit of nothing without a clear demonstration of it40 ,lord ,bacon remarks1 that 8,a little philosophy inclineth a man's mind to ,atheism1 but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion2 for1 while the mind of man looketh upon second causes scattered1 it may rest in them1 and go no farther2 but when it beholdeth the chain of them confederated and linked together1 it must needs fly to ,providence and ,deity40 ,,pantheists4 ,abner ,kneeland's 8,philosophical ,creed10 as he terms it1 is probably a good definition of the views of those who consider the universe as an immense animal1 8,whose body nature is1 and ,god the soul40 ,mr4 ,kneeland says1 8,i believe in the existence of a universe of suns and planets1 among which there is one sun belonging to our planetary system1 and that other suns1 being more remote1 are called stars2 but that they are indeed suns to other planetary systems4 ,i believe that the whole universe is ,,nature1 and that the word ,,nature embraces the whole universe1 and that ,god and ,nature1 so far as we can attach any rational idea to either1 are perfectly synonymous terms4 ,hence ,i am not an ,atheist1 but a ,,pantheist2 that is1 instead of believing there is no ,god1 ,i believe that1 in the abstract1 all is ,god2 and that all power that is1 is in ,god1 and that there is no power except that which proceeds from ,god4 ,i believe that there can be no will or intelligence where there is no sense1 and no sense where there are no organs of sense2 and hence sense1 will1 and intelligence1 is the effect1 and not the cause1 of organization4 ,i believe in all that logically results from those premises1 whether good1 bad1 or indifferent4 ,hence ,i believe that ,god is all in all2 and that it is in ,god we live1 move1 and have our being2 and that the whole duty of man consists in living as long as he can1 and in promoting as much happiness as he can while he lives40 ,,mahometans4 ,mahometanism is a scheme of religion formed and propagated by ,mahomet1 who was born at ,mecca1 ,a4 ,d4 #efi1 and died at ,medina1 in #fcb4 ,his system is a compound of ,paganism1 ,judaism1 and ,christianity2 and the ,koran1 which is their ,bible1 is held in great reverence4 ,it is replete with absurd representations1 and is supposed to have been written by a ,jew4 ,the most eloquent passage is allowed to be the following1 where ,god is introduced1 bidding the waters of the deluge to cease3--8,earth1 swallow up the waters2 heaven1 draw up those thou hast poured out2 immediately the waters retreated1 the command of ,god was obeyed1 the ark rested on the mountains1 and these words were heard--#8,woe to the wicked6' 0 ,this religion is still professed and adhered to by the ,turks and ,persians1 and by several nations in ,asia and ,africa4 ,the best statistical writers estimate the number of ,mahometans in the world at about one hundred and forty millions4 ,mahomet descended from an honorable tribe1 and from the noblest family of that tribe2 yet his original lot was poverty4 ,by his good conduct1 he obtained the hand of a widow of wealth and respectability1 and was soon raised to an equality with the richest people in ,mecca4 ,soon after his marriage1 he formed the scheme of establishing a new religion1 or1 as he expressed it1 of replanting the only true and ancient one professed by ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 and all the prophets1 by destroying the gross idolatry into which most of his countrymen had fallen1 and weeding out the corruptions and superstitions which the later ,jews and ,christians had1 as he thought1 introduced into their religion1 and reducing it to its original purity1 which consisted chiefly in the worship of one ,god4 ,the ,mahometans divide their religion into two general parts1 faith and practice1 of which the first is divided into six distinct branches--belief in ,god1 in his angels1 in his ,scriptures1 in his prophets1 in the resurrection and final judgment1 and in ,god's absolute decrees4 ,the points relating to practice are1 prayer1 with washings1 alms1 fasting1 pilgrimage to ,mecca1 and circumcision4 ,they believe that both ,mahomet and those among his followers who are reckoned orthodox1 had1 and continue to have1 just and true notions of ,god1 and that his attributes appear so plain from the ,koran itself1 and all the ,mahometan divines1 that it would be loss of time to refute those who suppose the ,god of ,mahomet to be different from the true ,god1 and only a fictitious deity1 or idol of his own creation4 ,they believe that the existence of angels1 and their purity1 are absolutely required to be believed in the ,koran2 and he is reckoned an infidel who denies there are such beings1 or hates any of them1 or asserts any distinction of sexes among them4 ,they believe them to have pure and subtile bodies1 created of fire2 that they neither eat1 drink1 nor propagate their species2 that they have various forms and offices1 some adoring ,god in different postures1 others singing praises to him1 or interceding for mankind4 ,they hold that some of them are employed in writing down the actions of men1 others in carrying the throne of ,god1 and other services4 ,as to the ,scriptures1 the ,mahometans are taught by the ,koran1 that ,god1 in divers ages of the world1 gave revelations of his will in writing to several prophets1 the whole and every one of which it is absolutely necessary for a good ,moslem to believe4 ,the number of these sacred books were1 according to them1 one hundred and four2 of which ten were given to ,adam1 fifty to ,seth1 thirty to ,edris or ,enoch1 ten to ,abraham1 and the other four1 being the ,pentateuch1 the ,psalms1 the ,gospel1 and the ,koran1 were successively delivered to ,moses1 ,david1 ,jesus1 and ,mahomet2 which last being the seal of the prophets1 those revelations are now closed1 and no more are to be expected4 ,all these divine books1 except the four last1 they agree now to be entirely lost1 and their contents unknown1 though the ,sabians have several books which they attribute to some of the antediluvian prophets4 ,and of those four1 the ,pentateuch1 ,psalms1 and ,gospel1 they say1 have undergone so many alterations and corruptions1 that1 though there may possibly be some part of the true word of ,god therein1 yet no credit is to be given to the present copies in the hands of the ,jews and ,christians4 ,they believe that the number of the prophets which have been from time to time sent by ,god into the world1 amounts to no less than #bbd1jjj1 according to one ,mahometan tradition2 or to #abd1jjj1 according to another2 among whom #cac were apostles1 sent with special commissions to reclaim mankind from infidelity and superstition2 and six of them brought new laws or dispensations1 which successively abrogated the preceding3 these were ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 and ,mahomet4 ,all the prophets in general the ,mahometans believe to have been freed from great sins and errors of consequence1 and professors of one and the same religion1 that is1 ,islamism1 notwithstanding the different laws and institutions which they observed4 ,they allow of degrees among them1 and hold some of them to be more excellent and honorable than others4 ,the first place they give to the revealers and establishes of new dispensations1 and the next to the apostles4 ,they believe in a general resurrection and a future judgment4 ,the time of the resurrection the ,mahometans allow to be a perfect secret to all but ,god alone2 the angel ,gabriel himself acknowledging his ignorance in this point1 when ,mahomet asked him about it4 ,however1 they say the approach of that day may be known from certain signs which are to precede it4 ,after the examination is past1 and every one's work weighed in a just balance1 they say that mutual retaliation will follow1 according to which every creature will take vengeance one of another1 or have satisfaction made them for the injuries which they have suffered4 ,and1 since there will then be no other way of returning like for like1 the manner of giving this satisfaction will be by taking away a proportional part of the good works of him who offered the injury1 and adding it to those of him who suffered it2 which being done1 if the angels 7by whose ministry this is to be performed7 say1 8,lord we have given to every one his due1 and there remaineth of this person's good works so much as equalleth the weight of an ant10 ,god will1 of his mercy1 cause it to be doubled unto him1 that he may be admitted into paradise2 but if1 on the contrary1 his good works be exhausted1 and there remain evil works only1 and there be any who have not yet received satisfaction from him1 ,god will order that an equal weight of their sins be added unto his1 that he may be punished for them in their stead1 and he will be sent to hell laden with both4 ,this will be the method of ,god's dealing with mankind4 ,as to brutes1 after they shall have likewise taken vengeance of one another1 he will command them to be changed into dust2 wicked men being reserved to more grievous punishment1 so that they shall cry out1 on hearing this sentence passed on the brutes1 8,would to ,god that we were dust also60 ,the trials being over1 and the assembly dissolved1 the ,manometans hold that those who are to be admitted into paradise will take the right hand way1 and those who are destined into hell-fire will take the left2 but both of them must first pass the bridge called in ,arabic al ,sirat1 which1 they say1 is laid over the midst of hell1 and described to be finer than a hair1 and sharper than the edge of a sword2 so that it seems very difficult to conceive how any one shall be able to stand upon it2 for which reason most of the sect of the ,motazalites reject it as a fable2 though the orthodox think it a sufficient proof of the truth of this article1 that it was seriously affirmed by him who never asserted a falsehood1 meaning their prophet1 who1 to add to the difficulty of the passage1 has likewise declared that this bridge is beset on each side with briers and hooked thorns1 which will1 however1 be no impediment to the good2 for they shall pass with wonderful ease and swiftness1 like lightning1 or the wind1 ,mahomet1 and his ,moslems leading the way2 whereas the wicked1 what with the slipperiness and extreme narrowness of the path1 the entangling of the thorns1 and the extinction of the light which directed the former to paradise1 will soon miss their footing1 and fall down headlong into hell1 which is gaping beneath them4 ,as to the punishment of the wicked1 the ,mahometans are taught that hell is divided into seven stories or apartments1 one below another1 designed for the reception of as many distinct classes of the damned4 ,the first1 which they call ,jehenan1 they say1 will be the receptacle of those who acknowledged one ,god1 that is1 the wicked ,mahometans2 who1 after having been punished according to their demerits1 will at length be released2 the second1 named ,ladha1 they assign to the ,jews2 the third1 named al ,hotama1 to the ,christians2 the fourth1 named al ,sair1 to the ,sabians2 the fifth2 named ,sakar1 to the ,magians2 the sixth1 named al ,jahin1 to the idolaters2 and the seventh1 which is the lowest and worst of all1 and is called al ,howyat1 to the hypocrites1 or those who outwardly professed some religion1 but in their hearts were of none4 ,over each of these apartments they believe there will be set a guard of angels1 nineteen in number2 to whom the damned will confess the just judgment of ,god1 and beg them to intercede with him for some alleviation of their pain1 or that they may be delivered by being annihilated4 ,mahomet has1 in his ,koran and traditions1 been very exact in describing the various torments of hell1 which1 according to him1 the wicked will suffer1 both from intense heat and excessive cold4 ,the degrees of these pains will also vary in proportion to the crimes of the sufferer1 and the apartment he is condemned to2 and he who is punished the most lightly of all will be shod with shoes of fire1 the fervor of which will cause his skull to boil like a caldron4 ,the condition of these unhappy wretches1 as the same prophet teaches1 cannot be properly called either life or death2 and their misery will be greatly increased by their despair of being ever delivered from that place1 since1 according to that frequent expression in the ,koran1 they must remain therein forever4 ,it must be remarked1 however1 that the infidels alone will be liable to eternity of damnation2 for the ,moslems1 or those who have embraced the true religion1 and have been guilty of heinous sins1 will be delivered thence after they shall have expiated their crimes by their sufferings4 ,the time which these believers shall be detained there1 according to a tradition handed down from their prophet1 will not be less than nine hundred years1 nor more than seven thousand4 ,and1 as to the manner of their delivery1 they say that they shall be distinguished by the marks of prostration on those parts of their bodies with which they used to touch the ground in prayer1 and over which the fire will therefore have no power2 and that1 being known by this characteristic1 they will be released by the mercy of ,god1 at the intercession of ,mahomet and the blessed whereupon those who shall have been dead will be restored to life1 as has been said2 and those whose bodies shall have contracted any sootiness or filth1 from the flames and smoke of hell1 will be immersed in one of the rivers of paradise1 called the ,river of ,life1 which will wash them whiter than pearls4 ,the righteous1 as the ,mahometans are taught to believe1 having surmounted the difficulties1 and passed the sharp bridge above mentioned1 before they enter paradise1 will be refreshed by drinking at the ,pond of their prophet1 who describes it to be an exact square1 of a month's journey in compass2 its water1 which is supplied by two pipes from al ,cawthay1 one of the rivers of paradise1 being whiter than milk or silver1 and more odoriferous than musk1 with as many cups set round it as there are stars in the firmament2 of which water whoever drinks will thirst no more forever4 ,this is the first taste which the blessed will have of their future and now near-approaching felicity4 ,though paradise be so very frequently mentioned in the ,koran1 yet it is a dispute among the ,mahometans1 whether it be already created1 or to be created hereafter2 the ,motazalites and some other sectaries asserting that there is not at present any such place in nature1 and that the paradise which the righteous will inhabit in the next life will be different from that from which ,adam was expelled4 ,however1 the orthodox profess the contrary1 maintaining that it was created even before the world1 and describe it from their prophet's traditions in the following manner3-- ,they say it is situated in the seventh heaven1 and next under the throne of ,god2 and1 to express the amenity of the place1 tell us that the earth of it is of the finest wheat-flour1 or of the purest mask1 or1 as others will have it1 of saffron2 that its stones are pearls and jacinths1 the walls of its building enriched with gold and silver1 and that the trunks of all its trees are of gold2 among which the most remarkable is the tree called tuba1 or the tree of happiness4 ,concerning this tree1 they fable that it stands in the palace of ,mahomet though a branch of it will reach to the house of every true believer2 that it will be laden with pomegranates1 grapes1 dates1 and other fruits of surprising bigness1 and of tastes unknown to mortals2 so that1 if a man desire to eat of any particular kind of fruit1 it will immediately be presented him2 or1 if he choose flesh1 birds ready dressed will be set before him1 according to his wish4 ,they add that the boughs of this tree will spontaneously bend down to the hand of the person who would gather of its fruits1 and that it will supply the blessed not only with food1 but also with silken garments1 and beasts to ride on ready saddled and bridled1 and adorned with rich trappings1 which will burst forth from its fruits2 and that this tree is so large1 that a person mounted on the fleetest horse1 would not be able to gallop from one end of its shade to the other in one hundred years4 ,as plenty of water is one of the greatest additions to the pleasantness of any place1 the ,koran often speaks of the rivers of paradise as a principal ornament thereof3 some of these rivers1 they say1 flow with water1 some with milk1 some with wine1 and others with honey2 all taking their rise from the root of the tree tuba4 ,but all these glories will be eclipsed by the resplendent and ravishing girls of paradise1 called1 from their large black eyes1 ,hur al oyun1 the enjoyment of whose company will be a principal felicity of the faithful4 ,these1 they say1 are created1 not of clay1 as mortal women are1 but of pure musk2 being1 as their prophet often affirms in his ,koran1 free from all natural impurities1 of the strictest modesty1 and secluded from public view in pavilions of hollow pearls1 so large that1 as some traditions have it1 one of them will be no less than sixty miles square4 ,the name which the ,mahometans usually give to this happy mansion is al ,jannat1 or 8the ,garden20 and sometimes they call it the 8,garden of ,paradise10 the 8,garden of ,eden10 the 8,garden of ,abode10 the 8,garden of ,pleasure10 and the like2 by which several appellations some understand so many different gardens1 or at least places of different degrees of felicity1 7for they reckon no less than one hundred such in all17 the very meanest whereof will afford its inhabitants so many pleasures and delights1 that one would conclude they must even sink under them1 had not ,mahomet declared that1 in order to qualify the blessed for a full enjoyment of them1 ,god will give to every one the abilities of one hundred men4 ,the orthodox doctrine is1 that whatever hath or shall come to pass in this world1 whether it be good or whether it be bad1 proceedeth entirely from the divine will1 and is irrevocably fixed and recorded from all eternity in the preserved table2 ,god having secretly predetermined not only the adverse and prosperous fortune of every person in this world1 in the most minute particulars1 but also his faith or infidelity1 his obedience or disobedience1 and consequently his everlasting happiness or misery after death2 which fate or predestination it is not possible by any foresight or wisdom to avoid4 ,the pilgrimage to ,mecca is so necessary a point of practice1 that1 according to a tradition of ,mahomet1 he who dies without performing it1 may as well die a ,jew or a ,christian2 and the same is expressly commanded in the ,koran4 ,what is principally reverenced in ,mecca1 and gives sanctity to the whole1 is a square stone building1 called the ,caaba4 ,before the time of ,mahomet1 this temple was a place of worship for the idolatrous ,arabs1 and is said to have contained no less than three hundred and sixty different images1 equalling in number the days of the ,arabian year4 ,they were all destroyed by ,mahomet1 who sanctified the ,caaba1 and appointed it to be the chief place of worship for all true believers4 ,the ,mussulmen pay so great a veneration to it1 that they believe a single sight of its sacred walls1 without any particular act of devotion1 is as meritorious in the sight of ,god as the most careful discharge of one's duty1 for the space of a whole year1 in any other temple4 ,the ,mahometans have an established priesthood and a numerous body of clergymen3 their spiritual head1 in ,turkey1 whose power is not inferior to the ,roman ,pontiff1 or the ,grecian ,patriarch1 is denominated the ,mufti1 and is regarded as the oracle of sanctity and wisdom4 ,their houses of worship are denominated mosques1 many of which are very magnificent1 and very richly endowed4 ,the revenues of some of the royal mosques are said to amount to the enormous sum of #fj1jjj pounds sterling4 ,in the city of ,fez1 the capital of the emperor of ,morocco1 there are near one thousand mosques1 fifty of which are built in a most magnificent style1 supported by marble pillars4 ,the circumference of the grand mosque is near a mile and a half1 in which near a thousand lamps are lighted every night4 ,the ,mahometan priests1 who perform the rites of their public worship1 are called ,imams2 and they have a set of ministers called ,sheiks1 who preach every ,friday1 the ,mahometan ,sabbath1 much in the manner of ,christian preachers4 ,they seldom touch upon points of controversy in their discourses1 but preach upon moral duties1 upon the dogmas and ceremonies of their religion1 and declaim against vice1 luxury1 and corruption of manners4 ,the rapid success which attended the propagation of this new religion was owing to causes that are plain and evident1 and must remove1 or rather prevent1 our surprise1 when they are attentively considered4 ,the terror of ,mahomet's arms1 and the repeated victories which were gained by him and his successors1 were1 no doubt1 the irresistible arguments that persuaded such multitudes to embrace his religion1 and submit to his dominion4 ,besides1 his law was artfully and marvellously adapted to the corrupt nature of man1 and1 in a most particular manner1 to the manners and opinions of the ,eastern nations1 and the vices to which they were naturally addicted2 for the articles of faith which it proposed were few in number1 and extremely simple2 and the duties it required were neither many nor difficult1 nor such as were incompatible with the empire of appetites and passions4 ,it is to be observed1 further1 that the gross ignorance under which the ,arabians1 ,syrians1 ,persians1 and the greatest part1 of the ,eastern nations1 labored at this time1 rendered many an easy prey to the artifice and eloquence of this bold adventurer4 ,to these causes of the progress of ,mahometanism we may add the bitter dissensions and cruel animosities that reigned among the ,christian sects--dissensions that filled a great part of the ,east with carnage1 assassinations1 and such detestable enormities as rendered the very name of ,christianity odious to many4 ,other causes of the sudden progress of that religion will naturally occur to such as consider attentively its spirit and genius1 and the state of the world at this time4 ,to show the subtlety of ,mahomet's mind1 and the extreme ignorance of his followers1 we give the story of that impostor's night journey from ,mecca to ,jerusalem1 and from thence to heaven4 ,the story1 as related in the ,koran1 and believed by the ,mahometans1 is this3 8,at night1 as he lay in his bed1 with his best beloved wife ,ayesha1 he heard a knocking at his door2 upon which1 arising1 he found there the angel ,gabriel1 with seventy pair of wings1 expanded from his sides1 whiter than snow1 and clearer than crystal1 and the beast ,alborak standing by him2 which1 they say1 is the beast on which the prophets used to ride1 when they were carried from one place to another1 upon the execution of any divine command4 ,mahomet describes it to be a beast as white as milk1 and of a mixed nature1 between an ass and a mule1 and also of a size between both2 but of such extraordinary swiftness as to equal even lightning itself4 8,as soon as ,mahomet appeared at the door1 the angel ,gabriel kindly embraced him1 saluted him in the name of ,god1 and told him that he was sent to bring him unto ,god1 into heaven1 where he should see strange mysteries1 which were not lawful to be seen by any other man4 ,he prayed him1 then1 to get upon ,alborak2 but the beast1 having lain idle and unemployed from the time of ,christ to ,mahomet1 was grown so mettlesome and skittish1 that he would not stand still for ,mahomet to mount him1 till at length he was forced to bribe him to it by promising him a place in paradise4 ,when he was firmly seated on him1 the angel ,gabriel led the way1 with the bridle of the beast in his hand1 and carried the prophet from ,mecca to ,jerusalem in the twinkling of an eye4 ,on his coming thither1 all the departed prophets and saints appeared at the gate of the temple to salute him1 and1 thence attending him into the chief oratory1 desired him to pray for them1 and then withdrew4 ,after this1 ,mahomet went out of the temple with the angel ,gabriel1 and found a ladder of light1 ready fixed for them1 which they immediately ascended1 leaving ,alborak tied to a rock till their return4 8,on their arrival at the first heaven1 the angel knocked at the gate2 and1 informing the porter who he was1 and that he had brought ,mahomet1 the friend of ,god1 he was immediately admitted4 ,this first heaven1 he tells us1 was all of pure silver2 from whence he saw the stars hanging from it by chains of gold1 each as big as ,mount ,noho1 near ,mecca1 in ,arabia4 ,on his entrance1 he met a decrepit old man1 who1 it seems1 was our first father1 ,adam2 and1 as he advanced1 he saw a multitude of angels in all manner of shapes--in the shape of birds1 beasts1 and men4 ,we must not forget to observe that ,adam had the piety immediately to embrace the prophet1 giving ,god thanks for so great a son1 and then recommended himself to his prayers4 ,from this first heaven he tells us that he ascended into the second1 which was at the distance of five hundred years' journey above it1 and this he makes to be the distance of every one of the seven heavens1 each above the other4 ,here the gates being opened to him as before1 at his entrance he met ,noah1 who1 rejoicing much at the sight of him1 recommended himself to his prayers4 ,this heaven was all of pure gold1 and there were twice as many angels in it as in the former2 for he tells us that the number of angels in every heaven increased as he advanced4 ,from this second heaven he ascended into the third1 which was made of precious stones1 where he met ,abraham1 who also recommended himself to his prayers2 ,joseph1 the son of ,jacob1 did the same in the fourth heaven1 which was all of emerald2 ,moses in the fifth1 which was all of adamant2 and ,john the ,baptist in the sixth1 which was all of carbuncle2 whence he ascended into the seventh1 which was of divine light2 and here he found ,jesus ,christ4 ,however1 it is observed that here he alters his style2 for he does not say that ,jesus ,christ recommended himself to his prayers1 but that he recommended himself to the prayers of ,jesus ,christ4 8,the angel ,gabriel1 having brought him thus far1 told him that he was not permitted to attend him any farther1 and therefore directed him to ascend the rest of the way to the throne of ,god by himself4 ,this he performed with great difficulty1 passing through rough and dangerous places1 till he came where he heard a voice saying unto him1 #8,o ,mahomet1 salute thy ,creator2' whence ascending higher1 he came into a place where he saw a vast expansion of light1 so exceedingly bright1 that his eyes could not bear it4 ,this1 it seems1 was the habitation of the ,almighty1 where his throne was placed2 on the right side of which1 he says1 ,god's name and his own were written in these ,arabic words3 #8,la ellah ellallah ,mahomet reful ollah2' that is1 #8,,there ,,is ,,no ,,god ,,but ,,god1 ,,and ,,mahomet ,,is ,,his ,,prophet1' which is at this day the creed of the ,mahometans4 ,being approached to the divine presence1 he tells us that ,god entered into a familiar converse with him1 revealed to him many hidden mysteries1 made him understand the whole of his law1 gave him many things in charge concerning his instructing men in the knowledge of it1 and1 in conclusion1 bestowed on him several privileges above the rest of mankind4 ,he then returned1 and found the angel ,gabriel waiting for him in the place where he left him4 ,the angel led him back along the seven heavens1 through which he had brought him1 and set him again upon the beast ,alborak1 which stood tied to the rock near ,jerusalem4 ,then he conducted him back to ,mecca1 in the same manner as he brought him thence2 and all this within the space of the tenth part of one night40 ------------------------------------- ,dr4 ,joseph ,white thus concludes one of his discourses on ,mahometanism3 8,what raises ,christ and his religion far above all the fictions of ,mahomet1 is that awful alternative of hopes and fears1 that looking-for of judgment1 which our ,christian faith sets before us4 ,at that day1 when time1 the great arbiter of truth and falsehood1 shall bring to pass the accomplishment of the ages1 and the ,son of ,god shall make his enemies his footstool1--then shall the deluded followers of the great ,impostor1 disappointed of the expected intercession of their prophet1 stand trembling and dismayed at the approach of the glorified ,messiah4 ,then shall they say1 #8,yonder cometh in the clouds that ,jesus whose religion we labored to destroy2 whose temples we profaned2 whose servants and followers we cruelly oppressed6 ,behold1 he cometh1 but no longer the humble son of ,mary2 no longer a mere mortal prophet1 the equal of ,abraham1 and of ,moses1 as that deceiver taught us1 but the everlasting ,son of the everlasting ,father2 the ,judge of mankind2 the ,sovereign of angels2 the ,lord of all things1 both in earth and in heaven6' 0 ,,simonians4 ,an infidel sect1 organized in ,france1 some years since1 whose fundamental principle is1 that religion is to perfect the social condition of man2 therefore ,christianity is no longer suitable for society1 because it separates the ,christian from other men1 and leads him to live for another world4 ,the world requires a religion that shall be of this world1 and1 consequently1 a ,god of this world4 ,they reject whatever they suppose to have been derived from the philosophy of the ,east2 they consider the ,deity neither as spirit nor matter1 but as including the whole universe1 and are thus plainly ,pantheists2 and they regard evil as nothing more than an indication of the progress which mankind are doomed make1 in order to be freed from it2 in itself1 they maintain it is nothing4 ,its members are principally of the higher ranks1 and display1 not without success1 the greatest activity in spreading the venom of their infidel principles4 ,they occupy1 in ,paris1 the largest and most handsomely fitted halls1 where they meet in great numbers4 ,what is very curious in the history of the ,simonians is1 that they were1 at first1 merely philosophers1 and not at all the founders of a religion4 ,they spoke of science and industry1 but not of religious doctrines4 ,all at once1 however1 it seemed to occur to them to teach a religion4 ,then their school became a church1 and their association a sect4 ,it is evident that1 with them1 religion was not originally the end of their institution1 but has been employed by them as the means of collecting a greater number of hearers4 ,,pagans4 ,a general term1 applied to heathen idolaters1 who worship false gods1 and are not acquainted either with the doctrines of the ,old ,testament or the ,christian dispensation4 ,the worship of the ,grand ,lama is of the most extensive and splendid character among the ,pagan idolaters4 ,this extends all over ,thibet and ,mongolia1 is almost universal in ,bucharia and several provinces of ,tartary2 it has followers in ,cashmere1 and is the predominant religion of ,china4 ,the ,grand ,lama is a name given to the sovereign pontiff1 or high priest1 of the ,thibetian ,tartars1 who resides at ,patoli1 a vast palace on a mountain1 near the banks of ,burhampooter1 about seven miles from ,lahassa4 ,the foot of this mountain is inhabited by twenty thousand ,lamas1 or priests1 who have their separate apartments round about the mountain1 and1 according to their respective quality1 are placed nearer or at a greater distance from the sovereign pontiff4 ,he is not only the sovereign pontiff1 the vicegerent of the ,deity on earth1 but the more remote ,tartars are said to absolutely regard him as the ,deity himself1 and call him ,god1 the everlasting ,father of heaven4 ,they believe him to be immortal1 and endowed with all knowledge and virtue4 ,every year they come up1 from different parts1 to worship1 and make rich offerings at his shrine4 ,even the emperor of ,china1 who is a ,manchou ,tartar1 does not fail in acknowledgments to him1 in his religious capacity1 and actually entertains1 at a great expense1 in the palace of ,pekin1 an inferior ,lama1 deputed as his nuncio from ,thibet4 ,the ,grand ,lama1 it has been said1 is never to be seen but in a secret place of his palace1 amidst a great number of lamps1 sitting cross-legged upon a cushion1 and decked all over with gold and precious stones2 where1 at a distance1 the people prostrate themselves before him1 it being not lawful for any so much as to kiss his feet4 ,he returns not the least sign of respect1 nor ever speaks1 even to the greatest princes1 but only lays his hand upon their heads2 and they are fully persuaded they receive from thence a full forgiveness of all their sins4 ,the magnificence and number of the ancient heathen temples almost exceed calculation or belief4 ,at one time1 there were no less than #dbd temples in the city of ,rome1 ,the temple of ,diana1 at ,ephesus1 was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world4 ,it was #dbe feet in length1 #bbj in breadth1 and was adorned with #ajj columns #fj feet high2 and1 as each column is said to have contained #aej tons of marble1--as the stupendous edifice1 outside and in1 was adorned with gold1 and a profusion of ornaments1--how immense must have been the whole expense of its erection6 ,at the present day1 many of the pagan nations go to immense expense in the support of their religious worship4 ,it is stated1 in the ,indo-,chinese ,gleaner1 a paper published by the missionaries in ,china1 that there are1 in that empire1 #ajef temples dedicated to ,confucius1 where above #fj1jjj animals are annually offered4 ,the followers of ,confucius form one of the smallest of the three leading sects among the ,chinese4 ,mr4 ,ward1 a distinguished missionary1 was present at the worship of the goddess ,doorga1 at ,calcutta1 in #ahjf4 ,after describing the greatness of the assembly1 the profusion of the offerings1 and the many strange peculiarities of the worship1 he observes1 8,the whole produced on my mind sensations of the greatest honor4 ,the dress of the singers1 their indecent gestures1 the abominable nature of the songs1 the horrid din of their miserable drum1 the lateness of the hour1 the darkness of the place1 with the reflection that ,i was standing in an idol temple1 and that this immense multitude of rational and immortal creatures1 capable of superior joys1 were1 in the very act of worship1 perpetrating a crime of high treason against the ,god of heaven1 while they themselves believed they were performing an act of merit1--excited ideas and feelings in my mind which time can never obliterate40 ,the vast empire of ,china1 misnamed the ,celestial ,empire1 is given up to the vilest idolatry4 ,idols are encountered at every step1 not merely in the temples1 but in the houses1 and even in the vessels1 where a part of the forecastle is consecrated to them1 as the most honorable place4 ,the idol is dressed and adorned with a splendor proportioned to the wealth of the captain of the vessel1 and daily receives an offering1 composed of flesh and fruits1 together with the smoke of perfumes4 ,besides this regular service1 the captain makes a solemn sacrifice to his wooden deity1 on all important occasions2 as1 for instance1 in passing from one river into another1 or in time of tempest1 or when the sails flap idly in a calm4 ,the ,chinese have likewise a practice of deifying their dead ancestors1 and of prostrating themselves before the monumental tablets which are erected to their memory4 ,yet they appear to have no real veneration for any of their idols2 nor do they hesitate to profane the temples1 by smoking their pipes1 and taking refreshments1 and even by gambling1 within the consecrated precincts4 ,the priests are shameless impostors4 ,they practise the mountebank sciences of astrology1 divination1 necromancy1 and animal magnetism1 and keep for sale a liquid1 which1 they pretend1 will confer immortality on those who drink it4 ,tortures of various kinds1 burning1 and burying alive1 are considered religious duties among the pagans4 ,the festival of ,juggernaut is annually held on the sea-coast of ,orissa1 where there is a celebrated temple1 and an idol of the god4 ,the idol is a carved block of wood1 with a frightful visage1 painted black1 and a distended mouth of a bloody color4 ,he is dressed in gorgeous apparel1 and his appellation is one of the numerous names of ,vishnu1 the preserving power of the universe1 according to the theology of the ,bramins4 ,on festival days1 the throne of the idol is placed upon a stupendous movable tower1 about sixty feet in height1 resting on wheels1 which indent the ground deeply1 as they turn slowly under the ponderous machine4 ,he is accompanied by two other idols1 his brother ,balaram1 and his sister ,shubudra1 of a white and yellow color1 each on a separate tower1 and sitting on thrones of nearly an equal height4 ,attached to the principal tower are six ropes1 of the length and size of a ship's cable1 by which the people draw it along4 ,the priests and attendants are stationed around the throne1 on the car1 and occasionally address the worshippers in libidinous songs and gestures4 ,both the walls of the temple and sides of the car are covered with the most indecent emblems1 in large and durable sculpture4 ,obscenity and blood are the characteristics of the idol's worship4 ,as the tower moves along1 devotees1 throwing themselves under the wheels1 are crushed to death2 and such acts are hailed with the acclamations of the multitude1 as the most acceptable sacrifices4 ,a body of prostitutes are maintained in the temple1 for the use of the worshippers2 and various other systematic indecencies1 which will not admit of description1 form a part of the service4 ,a number of sacred bulls are kept in the place1 which are generally fed with vegetables from the hands of the pilgrims1 but1 from the scarcity of the vegetation1 are commonly seen walking about1 and eating the fresh ordure of the worshipping crowds4 ,in the temple1 also1 is preserved a bone of ,krishna1 which is considered as a most venerable and precious relic1 and which few persons are allowed to see4 ,the following is an account of the burning of a ,gentoo woman1 on the funeral pile of her deceased husband3--8,we found10 says ,m4 ,stavorinus1 8the body of the deceased lying upon a couch1 covered with a piece of white cotton1 and strewed with betel leaves4 ,the woman1 who was to be the victim1 sat upon the couch1 with her face turned to that of the deceased4 ,she was richly adorned1 and held a little green branch in her right hand1 with which she drove away the flies from the body4 ,she seemed like one buried in the most profound meditation1 yet betrayed no signs of fear4 ,many of her relations attended upon her1 who1 at stated intervals1 struck up various kinds of music4 8,the pile was made by driving green bamboo stakes into the earth1 between which was first laid fire-wood1 very dry and combustible2 upon this was put a quantity of dry straw1 or reeds1 besmeared with grease3 this was done alternately1 till the pile was five feet in height2 and the whole was then strewed with rosin1 finely powdered4 ,a white cotton sheet1 which had been washed in the ,ganges1 was then spread over the pile1 and the whole was ready for the reception of the victim4 8,the widow was now admonished1 by a priest1 that it was time to begin the rites4 ,she was then surrounded by women1 who offered her betel1 and besought her to supplicate favors for them when she joined her husband in the presence of ,ram1 or their highest god1 and1 above all1 that she would salute their deceased friends whom she might meet in the celestial mansions4 8,in the mean time1 the body of the husband was taken and washed in the river4 ,the woman was also led to the ,ganges for ablution1 where she divested herself of all her ornaments4 ,her head was covered with a piece of silk1 and a cloth was tied round her body1 in which the priests put some parched rice4 8,she then took a farewell of her friends1 and was conducted by two of her female relations to the pile4 ,when she came to it1 she scattered flowers and parched rice upon the spectators1 and put some into the mouth of the corpse4 ,two priests next led her three times round it1 while she threw rice among the bystanders1 who gathered it up with great eagerness4 ,the last time she went round1 she placed a little earthen burning lamp to each of the four corners of the pile1 then laid herself down on the right side1 next to the body1 which she embraced with both her arms2 a piece of white cotton was spread over them both2 they were bound together with two easy bandages1 and a quantity of fire-wood1 straw1 and rosin1 was laid upon them4 ,in the last place1 her nearest relations1 to whom1 on the banks of the river1 she had given her nose-jewels1 came with a burning torch1 and set the straw on fire1 and in a moment the whole was in a flame4 ,the noise of the drums1 and the shouts of the spectators1 were such that the shrieks of the unfortunate woman1 if she uttered any1 could not have been heard40 ,instances are related of women eighty years of age1 or upwards1 perishing in this manner4 ,one case is mentioned1 by ,mr4 ,ward1 of a ,bramin who had married upwards of a hundred wives1 thirty-seven of whom were burnt with him4 ,the pile was kept burning for three days1 and when one or more of them arrived1 they threw themselves into the blazing fire4 ,the ,pagans worship an immense variety of idols1 both animate and inanimate1 and very frequently make to themselves gods of objects that are contemptible even among brutes4 ,in ,hindoo1 the monkey is a celebrated god4 ,a few years since1 the rajah of ,nudeeya expended #ej1jjj in celebrating the marriage of a pair of those mischievous creatures1 with all the parade and solemnity of a ,hindoo wedding4 ,a ,bramin of superior understanding gave ,mr4 ,ward the following confession of faith1 as the present belief of the philosophical ,hindoos1 concerning the nature of ,god1 viz43--8,god is invisible1 independent1 ever-living1 glorious1 uncorrupt1 all-wise1 the ever-blessed1 the almighty2 his perfections are indescribable and past finding out2 he rules over all1 supports all1 destroys all1 and remains after the destruction of all2 there is none like him2 he is silence2 he is free from passion1 from birth1 c41 and from increase and decrease1 from fatigue1 the need of refreshment1 c4 ,he possesses the power of infinite diminution and lightness1 and is the soul of all4 8,he created1 and then entered into1 all things1 in which he exists in two ways1 untouched by matter1 and receiving the fruits of practice4 ,he now assumes visible forms for the sake of engaging the minds of mankind4 ,the different gods are parts of ,god1 though his essence remains undiminished1 as rays of light leave the sun his undiminished splendor4 ,he created the gods to perform those things in the government of the world1 of which man was incapable4 ,some gods are parts of other gods1 and there are deities of still inferior powers4 ,if it be asked why ,god himself does not govern the world1 the answer is1 that it might subject him to exposure1 and he chooses to be concealed3 he therefore governs by the gods1 who are emanations from the one ,god1 possessing a portion of his power3 he who worships the gods as the one ,god1 substantially worships ,god4 ,the gods are helpful to men in all human affairs1 but they are not friendly to those who seek final absorption1 being jealous lest1 instead of attaining absorption1 they should become gods1 and rival them4 8,religious ceremonies procure a fund of merit to the performer1 which raises him in every future birth1 and at length advances him to heaven1 where he enjoys happiness for a limited period1 or carries him towards final absorption4 ,a person may sink to earth again by crimes committed in heaven4 ,the joys of heaven arise only from the gratification of the senses4 ,a person raised to heaven is considered as a god4 8,when the following lines of ,pope were read to a learned ,bramin1 he started from his seat1 begged a copy of them1 and declared the author must have been a ,hindoo3-- 8,all are but parts of one stupendous whole1 ,whose body ,nature is1 and ,god the soul2 444 ,warms in the sun1 refreshes in the breeze1 ,glows in the stars1 and blossoms in the trees1 ,lives through all life1 extends through all extent1 ,spreads undivided1 operates unspent40 8,such are the best views of the best of men among the ,hindoos4 ,such a mixture of truth and error1 of sense and folly1 do they believe and teach40 ,according to the best accounts that can be obtained from missionaries and others1 the number of ,pagans1 in different countries1 exceeds half the population of the globe4 ,considerable attempts have been made1 of late years1 for the enlightening of the heathen2 and there is every reason to believe good has been done4 ,from the aspect of ,scripture prophecy1 we are led to expect that the kingdoms of the heathen at large shall be brought to the light of the gospel4 7,matt4 #bd3ad1 ,isa4 #fj1 ,ps4 #bb3bh1 #bi2 #b3g1 #h47 ,it has been much disputed whether it be possible that the heathen should be saved without the knowledge of the gospel2 some have absolutely denied it1 upon the authority of those texts which universally require faith in ,christ2 but to this it is answered1 that those texts regard only such to whom the gospel comes1 and are capable of understanding the contents of it4 8,the truth10 says ,dr4 ,doddridge1 8seems to be this--that none of the heathen will be condemned for not believing the gospel1 but they are liable to condemnation for the breach of ,god's natural law3 nevertheless1 if there be any of them in whom there is a prevailing love to the ,divine ,being1 there seems reason to believe that1 for the sake of ,christ1 though to them unknown1 they may be accepted by ,god2 and so much the rather1 as the ancient ,jews1 and even the apostles1 during the time of our ,savior's abode on earth1 seem to have had but little notion of those doctrines1 which those who deny the salvability of the heathen are most apt to imagine40 7,rom4 #b3aj-bb1 ,acts #aj3cd1 #ce4 ,matt4 #h3aa1 #ab47 ,grove1 ,watts1 ,saurin1 and the immortal ,newton1 favor the same opinion2 the latter of whom thus observes3 8,if we suppose a heathen brought to a sense of his misery2 to a conviction that he cannot be happy without the favor of the great ,lord of the world2 to a feeling of guilt1 and desire of mercy2 and that1 though he has no explicit knowledge of a ,savior1 he directs the cry of his heart to the unknown ,supreme1 to have mercy upon him1--who will prove that such views and desires can arise in the heart of a sinner1 without the energy of that ,spirit which ,jesus is exalted to bestow8 ,who will take upon him to say that his blood has not sufficient efficacy to redeem to ,god a sinner who is thus disposed1 though he have never heard of his name8 ,or who has a warrant to affirm that the supposition ,i have made is in the nature of things impossible to be realized80 8,that there exist beings1 one or many1 powerful above the human race1 is a proposition10 says ,lord ,kaimes1 8universally admitted as true in all ages and among all nations4 ,i boldly call it universal1 notwithstanding what is reported of some gross savages2 for reports that contradict what is acknowledged to be general among men1 require able vouchers4 ,among many savage tribes there are no words but for objects of external sense3 is it surprising that such people are incapable of expressing their religious perceptions1 or any perception of internal sense8 ,the conviction that men have of superior powers1 in every country where there are words to express it1 is so well vouched1 that1 in fair reasoning1 it ought to be taken for granted among the few tribes where language is deficient40 ,the same ingenious author shows1 with great strength of reasoning1 that the operations of nature and the government of this world1 which to us loudly proclaim the existence of a ,deity1 are not sufficient to account for the universal belief of superior beings among savage tribes4 ,he is1 therefore1 of opinion that this universality of conviction can spring only from the image of ,deity stamped upon the mind of every human being1 the ignorant equally with the learned4 ,this1 he thinks1 may be termed the sense of ,deity4 ,,satanians4 ,a branch of the ,messalians1 who appeared about the year #cij4 ,it is said1 among other things1 that they believed the devil to be extremely powerful1 and that it was much wiser to respect and adore than to curse him4 ,,abelians1 ,,or ,,abelonians4 ,a sect which arose in the diocese of ,hippo1 in ,africa1 in the fifth century4 ,they regulated marriage after the example of ,abel1 who1 they pretended1 was married1 but lived in a state of continence3 they therefore allowed each man to marry one woman1 but enjoined them to live in the same state4 ,to keep up the sect1 when a man and woman entered into this society1 they adopted a boy and a girl1 who were to inherit their goods1 and to marry upon the same terms of not having children1 but of adopting two of different sexes4 ,,supralapsarians4 ,persons who hold that ,god1 without any regard to the good or evil works of men1 has resolved1 by an eternal decree1 supra lapsum1 antecedently to any knowledge of the fall of ,adam1 and independently of it1 to save some and reject others2 or1 in other words1 that ,god intended to glorify his justice in the condemnation of some1 as well as his mercy in the salvation of others1 and1 for that purpose1 decreed that ,adam should necessarily fall4 ,,dancers4 ,a sect which sprung up1 about #acgc1 in ,flanders1 and places about4 ,it was their custom all of a sudden to fall a-dancing1 and1 holding each other's hands1 to continue thereat1 till1 being suffocated with the extraordinary violence1 they fell down breathless together4 ,during these intervals of vehement agitation1 they pretended to be favored with wonderful visions4 ,like the ,whippers1 they roved from place to place1 begging their victuals1 holding their secret assemblies1 and treating the priesthood and worship of the church with the utmost contempt4 ,,epicureans4 ,the disciples of ,epicurus1 who flourished about ,a4 ,m4 #cgjj4 ,this sect maintained that the world was formed not by ,god1 nor with any design1 but by the fortuitous concourse of atoms4 ,they denied that ,god governs the world1 or in the least condescends to interfere with creatures below2 they denied the immortality of the soul1 and the existence of angels2 they maintained that happiness consisted in pleasure2 but some of them placed this pleasure in the tranquillity and joy of the mind1 arising from the practice of moral virtue1 and which is thought by some to have been the true principle of ,epicurus3 others understood him in the gross sense1 and placed all their happiness in corporeal pleasure4 ,when ,paul was at ,athens1 he had conferences with the ,epicurean philosophers4 7,acts #ag3ah7 ,the word ,epicurean is used1 at present1 for an indolent1 effeminate1 and voluptuous person1 who only consults his private and particular pleasure4 ,,skeptics4 ,the word ,skeptic properly signifies considerative and inquisitive1 or one who is always weighing reasons on one side or the other1 without ever deciding between them4 ,the word is applied to an ancient sect of philosophers founded by ,pyrrho1 who denied the real existence of all qualities in bodies1 except those which are essential to primary atoms1 and referred every thing else to the perceptions of the mind produced by external objects2 in other words1 to appearance and opinion4 ,in modern times1 the word has been applied to ,deists1 or those who doubt of the truth and authenticity of the sacred ,scriptures4 ,,wickliffites4 ,the followers of the famous ,john ,wickliffe1 called 8the first reformer10 who was born in ,yorkshire1 in the year #acbd4 ,he attacked the jurisdiction of the pope and the bishops4 ,he was for this twice summoned to a council at ,lambeth1 to give an account of his doctrines1 but1 being countenanced by the duke of ,lancaster1 was both times dismissed without condemnation4 ,wickliffe1 therefore1 continued to spread his new principles1 as usual1 adding to them doctrines still more alarming2 by which he drew after him a great number of disciples4 ,upon this1 ,william ,courtney1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 called another council in #achb1 which condemned #bd propositions of ,wickliffe and his disciples1 and obtained a declaration of ,richard ,,ii4 against all who should preach them2 but while these proceedings were agitating1 ,wickliffe died at ,lutterworth1 leaving many works behind him for the establishment of his doctrines4 ,he was buried in his own church1 at ,lutterworth1 in ,leicestershire1 where his bones were suffered to rest in peace till the year #adbh1 when1 by an order from the pope1 they were taken up and burnt4 ,wickliffe was doubtless a very extraordinary man1 considering the times in which he lived4 ,he discovered the absurdities and impositions of the church of ,rome1 and had the honesty and resolution to promulgate his opinions1 which a little more support would probably have enabled him to establish3 they were evidently the foundation of the subsequent reformation4 ,,diggers4 ,a denomination which sprung up in ,germany1 in the fifteenth century2 so called because they dug their assemblies under ground1 in caves and forests4 ,they derided the church1 its ministers1 and sacraments4 ,,zuinglians4 ,a branch of the ,reformers1 so called from ,zuinglius1 a noted divine of ,switzerland4 ,his chief difference from ,luther was concerning the eucharist4 ,he maintained that the bread and wine were only significations of the body and blood of ,jesus ,christ1 whereas ,luther believed in consubstantiation4 ,,seekers4 ,a denomination which arose in the year #afde4 ,they derived their name from their maintaining that the true church ministry1 ,scripture1 and ordinances1 were lost1 for which they were seeking4 ,they taught that the ,scriptures were uncertain2 that present miracles were necessary to faith2 that our ministry is without authority2 and that our worship and ordinances are unnecessary or vain4 ,,wilhelminians4 ,a denomination in the #acth century1 so called from ,wilhelmina1 a ,bohemian woman1 who resided in the territory of ,milan4 ,she persuaded a large number that the ,holy ,ghost was become incarnate in her person1 for the salvation of a great part of mankind4 ,according to her doctrines1 none were saved by the blood of ,jesus but true and pious ,christians1 while the ,jews1 ,saracens1 and unworthy ,christians1 were to obtain salvation through the ,holy ,spirit which dwelt in her1 and that1 in consequence thereof1 all which happened in ,christ during his appearance upon earth in the human nature1 was to be exactly renewed in her person1 or rather in that of the ,holy ,ghost1 which was united to her4 ,,non-,,resistants4 ,this is a name assumed by those who believe in the inviolability of human life1 and whose motto is1 ,,resist ,,not ,,evil1--that is1 by the use of carnal weapons or brute force4 ,they cannot properly be called a religious sect1 in the common acceptation of that term1 and they repudiate the title2 for they differ very widely among themselves in their religious speculations1 and have no forms1 ordinances1 creed1 church1 or community4 ,some of them belong to almost every religious persuasion1 while others refuse to be connected with any denomination1 and to be called by any sectarian name4 ,like the friends of negro emancipation1 or of total abstinence from all intoxicating substances1 their eyes are fastened upon a common object1 and their hearts united together by a common principle2 and whatever calls for the violation of that principle1 or for the sacrifice of that object1 they feel in duty bound to reject4 ,in the autumn of #ahch1 an association was formed in ,boston1 called the 8,,new ,,england ,,non-,,resistance ,,society10 the principles of which are comprehensively imbodied in the second article of its constitution1 as follows3-- 8,the members of this society agree in opinion that no man1 or body of men1 however constituted1 or by whatever name called1 have the right to take the life of man as a penalty for transgression2 that no one1 who professes to have the ,spirit of ,christ1 can consistently sue a man at law for redress of injuries1 or thrust any evil-doer into prison1 or fill any office in which he would come under obligation to execute penal enactments1 or take any part in the military service1 or acknowledge allegiance to any human government1 or justify any man in fighting in defence of property1 liberty1 life1 or religion2 that he cannot engage in or countenance any plot or effort to revolutionize1 or change1 by physical violence1 any government1 however corrupt or oppressive2 that he will obey #8the powers that be1' except in those cases in which they bid him violate his conscience--and then1 rather than to resist1 he will meekly submit to the penalty of disobedience2 and that1 while he will cheerfully endure all things for ,christ's sake1 without cherishing even the desire to inflict injury upon his persecutors1 yet he will be bold and uncompromising for ,god1 in bearing his testimony against sin1 in high places and in low places1 until righteousness and peace shall reign in all the earth1 and there shall be none to molest or make afraid40 ,on the same occasion1 a ,,declaration ,,of ,,sentiments was adopted1 in which the views of ,non-,resistants are set forth in the following positive and argumentative form3-- 8,we cannot acknowledge allegiance to any human government2 neither can we oppose any such government by a resort to physical force4 ,we recognize but one ,,king and ,,lawgiver1 one ,,judge and ,,ruler of mankind4 ,we are bound by the laws of a kingdom which is not of this world2 the subjects of which are forbidden to fight2 in which ,,mercy and ,,truth are met together1 and ,,righteousness and ,,peace have kissed each other2 which has no state lines1 no national partitions1 no geographical boundaries2 in which there is no distinction of rank1 or division of caste1 or inequality of sex2 the officers of which are ,,peace1 its exactors ,,righteousness1 its walls ,,salvation1 and its gates ,,praise2 and which is destined to break in pieces and consume all other kingdoms4 8,our country is the world1 our countrymen are all mankind4 ,we love the land of our nativity only as we love all other lands4 ,the interests1 rights1 liberties of ,american citizens1 are no more dear to us than are those of the whole human race4 ,hence we can allow no appeal to patriotism1 to revenge any national insult or injury4 ,the ,,prince ,,of ,,peace1 under whose stainless banner we rally1 came not to destroy1 but to save1 even the worst of enemies4 ,he has left us an example1 that we should follow his steps4 ,,god ,,commendeth ,,his ,,love ,,toward ,,us1 ,,in ,,that1 ,,while ,,we ,,were ,,yet ,,sinners1 ,,christ ,,died ,,for ,,us4 8,we conceive that1 if a nation has no right to defend itself against foreign enemies1 or to punish its invaders1 no individual possesses that right in his own case4 ,the unit cannot be of greater importance than the aggregate4 ,if one man may take life1 to obtain or defend his rights1 the same license must necessarily be granted to communities1 states1 and nations4 ,if he may use a dagger or a pistol1 they may employ cannon1 bomb-shells1 land and naval forces4 ,the means of self-preservation must be in proportion to the magnitude of interests at stake1 and the number of lives exposed to destruction4 ,but if a rapacious and bloodthirsty soldiery1 thronging these shores from abroad1 with intent to commit rapine and destroy life1 may not be resisted by the people or magistracy1 then ought no resistance to be offered to domestic troublers of the public peace1 or of private security4 ,no obligations can rest upon ,americans to regard foreigners as more sacred in their persons than themselves1 or to give them a monopoly of wrong-doing with impunity4 8,the dogma1 that all the governments of the world are approvingly ordained of ,god1 and that ,,the ,,powers ,,that ,,be1 in the ,united ,states1 in ,russia1 in ,turkey1 are in accordance with his will1 is not less absurd than impious4 ,it makes the impartial ,author of human freedom and equality unequal and tyrannical4 ,it cannot be affirmed that ,,the ,,powers ,,that ,,be1 in any nation1 are actuated by the spirit1 or guided by the example1 of ,christ1 in the treatment of enemies2 therefore they cannot be agreeable to the will of ,god2 and1 therefore1 their overthrow1 by a spiritual regeneration of their subjects1 is inevitable4 8,we register our testimony1 not only against all wars1 whether offensive or defensive1 but all preparations for war2 against every naval ship1 every arsenal1 every fortification2 against the militia system and a standing army2 against all military chieftains and soldiers2 against all monuments commemorative of victory over a foreign foe1 all trophies won in battle1 all celebrations in honor of military or naval exploits2 against all appropriations for the defence of a nation by force and arms1 on the part of any legislative body2 against every edict of government requiring of its subjects military service4 ,hence we deem it unlawful to bear arms1 or to hold a military office4 8,as every human government is upheld by physical strength1 and its laws are enforced virtually at the point of the bayonet1 we cannot hold any office which imposes upon its incumbent the obligation to compel men to do right1 on pain of imprisonment or death4 ,we therefore voluntarily exclude ourselves from every legislative and judicial body1 and repudiate all human politics1 worldly honors1 and stations of authority4 ,if we cannot occupy a seat in the legislature1 or on the bench1 neither can we elect others to act as our substitutes in any such capacity4 8,it follows that we cannot sue any man at law1 to compel him by force to restore any thing which he may have wrongfully taken from us or others2 but1 if he has seized our coat1 we shall surrender up our cloak rather than subject him to punishment4 8,we believe that the penal code of the old covenant1 ,,an ,,eye ,,for ,,an ,,eye1 ,,and ,a ,,tooth ,,for ,a ,,tooth1 has been abrogated by ,,jesus ,,christ2 and that1 under the new covenant1 the forgiveness1 instead of the punishment1 of enemies has been enjoined upon all his disciples1 in all cases whatsoever4 ,to extort money from enemies1 or set them upon a pillory1 or cast them into prison or hang them upon a gallows1 is obviously not to forgive1 but to take retribution4 ,,vengeance ,,is ,,mine--,i ,,will ,,repay1 ,,saith ,,the ,,lord4 8,the history of mankind is crowded with evidences proving that physical corcion is not adapted to moral regeneration2 that the sinful dispositions of man can be subdued only by love2 that evil can be exterminated from the earth only by goodness2 that it is not safe to rely upon an arm of flesh1 upon man1 whose breath is in his nostrils1 to preserve us from harm2 that there is great security in being gentle1 harmless1 long-suffering1 and abundant in mercy2 that it is only the meek who shall inherit the earth1 for the violent1 who resort to the sword1 are destined to perish with the sword4 ,hence1 as a measure of sound policy1--of safety to property1 life1 and liberty1--of public quietude and private enjoyment1--as well as on the ground of allegiance to ,,him who is ,,king ,,of ,,kings and ,,lord ,,of ,,lords1--we cordially adopt the non-resistance principle2 being confident that it provides for all possible consequences1 will insure all things needful to us1 is armed with omnipotent power1 and must ultimately triumph over every assailing force4 8,we advocate no ,jacobinical doctrines4 ,the spirit of ,jacobinism is the spirit of retaliation1 violence1 and murder4 ,it neither fears ,god nor regards man4 ,we would be filled with the ,spirit of ,,christ4 ,if we abide by our principles1 it is impossible for us to be disorderly1 or plot treason1 or participate in any evil work3 we shall submit to every ordinance of man1 ,,for ,,the ,,lord',s ,,sake2 obey all the requirements of government1 except such as we deem contrary to the commands of the gospel2 and in no case resist the operation of law1 except by meekly submitting to the penalty of disobedience4 8,but while we shall adhere to the doctrine of non-resistance and passive submission to enemies1 we purpose1 in a moral and spiritual sense1 to speak and act boldly in the cause of ,,god2 to assail iniquity in high places and in low places2 to apply our principles to all existing civil1 political1 legal1 and ecclesiastical institutions2 and to hasten the time when the kingdoms of this world will have become the kingdoms of our ,,lord and of his ,,christ1 and he shall reign forever4 8,it appears to us a self-evident truth1 that whatever the gospel is designed to destroy at any period of the world1 being contrary to it1 ought now to be abandoned4 ,if1 then1 the time is predicted1 when swords shall be beaten into ploughshares1 and spears into pruning-hooks1 and men shall not learn the art of war any more1 it follows that all who manufacture1 sell1 or wield those deadly weapons1 do thus array themselves against the peaceful dominion of the ,,son ,,of ,,god on earth40 ,having thus frankly stated their principles and purposes1 they proceed to specify the measures they propose to adopt1 in carrying their object into effect1 as follows3-- 8,we expect to prevail through ,,the ,,foolishness ,,of ,,preaching1 striving to commend ourselves unto every man's conscience1 in the sight of ,,god4 ,from the press1 we shall promulgate our sentiments as widely as practicable4 ,we shall endeavor to secure the coperation of all persons1 of whatever name or sect4 ,the triumphant progress of the cause of ,,temperance and of ,,abolition in our land1 through the instrumentality of benevolent and voluntary associations1 encourages us to combine our own means and efforts for the promotion of a still greater cause4 ,hence we shall employ lecturers1 circulate tracts and publications1 form societies1 and petition our state and national governments1 in relation to the subject of ,,universal ,,peace4 ,it will be our leading object to devise ways and means for effecting a radical change in the views1 feelings and practices of society1 respecting the sinfulness of war and the treatment of enemies4 8,in entering upon the great work before us1 we are not unmindful that1 in its prosecution1 we may be called to test our sincerity1 even as in a fiery ordeal4 ,it may subject us to insult1 outrage1 suffering1 yea1 even death itself4 ,we anticipate no small amount of misconception1 misrepresentation1 calumny4 ,tumults may arise against us4 ,the ungodly and violent1 the proud and ,pharisaical1 the ambitious and tyrannical1 principalities and powers1 and spiritual wickedness in high places1 may combine to crush us4 ,so they treated the ,,messiah1 whose example we are humbly striving to imitate4 ,if we suffer with him1 we know that we shall reign with him4 ,we shall not be afraid of their terror1 neither be troubled4 ,our confidence is in the ,,lord ,,almighty1 not in man4 8,having withdrawn from human protection1 what can sustain us but that faith which overcomes the world8 ,we shall not think it strange concerning the fiery trial which is to try us1 as though some strange thing had happened unto us1 but rejoice1 inasmuch as we are partakers of ,,christ',s sufferings4 ,wherefore we commit the keeping of our souls to ,,god1 in well-doing1 as unto a faithful ,creator4 ,,for ,,every ,,one ,,that ,,forsakes ,,houses1 ,,or ,,brethren1 ,,or ,,sisters1 ,,or ,,father1 ,,or ,,mother1 ,,or ,,wife1 ,,or ,,children1 ,,or ,,lands ,,for ,,christ',s ,,sake1 ,,shall ,,receive ,a ,,hundred ,,fold1 ,,and ,,shall ,,inherit ,,everlasting ,,life40 ,for entertaining these sentiments1 they say that they 8have been stigmatized as no human government men10 and ranked among disorganizers and anarchists4 ,but they believe that the gospel requires men to suppress every angry emotion1 to forgive every injury1 to revenge none2 and they ask1 8,shall we forgive as individuals1 and retaliate as communities8 ,shall we turn the other cheek as individuals1 and plunge a dagger into the heart of our enemy as nations8 ,we might as well be sober as individuals1 and drunk as nations4 ,we might as well be merciful as individuals1 and rob as patriots40 ,they believe that the forgiveness of enemies1 whether foreign or domestic1 is the essence1 the chief virtue1 the soul of the gospel2 that we should preach our ,savior's peace1 even if it brings us to our ,savior's cross2 that ,christians should not punish1 either to amend those who trespass against them1 or to comfort themselves2 for they do not amend others by fines and imprisonments1 nor do they need any better comfort than that of their ,savior1 who1 on the cross1 not only prayed1 but apologized for his murderers2 that1 if the gospel is right in prescribing pardon1 the law is wrong in inflicting punishment2 that1 if a ,christian reigns1 he reigns by love1 not by force2 that he cannot smile with frowns1 forgive with punishment1 love with hatred1 bless with the sword1 do good with evil1 be humble with pride1 love ,god and serve ,mammon2 that moral power would govern men altogether cheaper and better than physical2 that the destruction of every kingdom that has heretofore existed1 proves that men will not1 cannot be governed by physical force2 that the refusal of our ,savior to govern1 when he had the power of miracles1 was his greatest miracle2 and that his obedience1 forgiveness1 sufferings1 and death1 established the constitution of a government1 in which peace on earth and good-will to men will be maintained by the ,god of peace1 the ,prince of peace1 and the ,spirit of peace4 ,they believe that1 when ,jesus referred his hearers to the law of retaliation1 which law constituted the great fundamental principle in the ,jewish civil government1 and when1 in express terms1 he repealed that law1 he laid the axe at the root of that government1 and virtually repealed or abrogated the whole of it2 for of what force can any civil government be1 which cannot enforce its laws by inflicting evil upon its violators8 ,when ,jesus took from the ,jewish civil ruler the right to inflict punishment1 he declared the only civil government1 which ,god had ever instituted1 and recognized as of any rightful authority1 to be null and void forever4 ,they think it will be admitted1 by all who receive the plain declarations of ,scripture as truth1 that no man1 as an individual1 has the right to render evil for evil1 or to enforce even his lawful claims1 by his fist1 the club1 or the sword4 ,but if a man has no such right as an individual1 he has none as a member of a family1 or as the inhabitant of a town1 county1 state1 or nation2 hence he cannot delegate any such right to others1 called legislators1 magistrates1 judges1 sheriffs1 c4 ,if no man has the right to retaliate with the fist1 or club1 or sword1 it is equally and immutably true that he has no right to render evil for evil1 by using laws1 or magistrates1 or judges1 or sheriffs1 as the clubs1 or swords1 or the instruments of such retaliation4 ,when men 8resist evil10 either by the use of the club1 or of human law1 the principle upon which they act is the same in both cases2 the only difference is in the instruments employed4 ,,southcotters4 ,dr4 ,evans gives the following account of the religious views and opinions of ,joanna ,southcott1 who made considerable noise in ,england1 towards the close of the last century3-- 8,the mission of this prophetess commenced in the year #agib1 and the number of people who have joined with her from that period to the present time1 as believing her to be divinely inspired1 was considerable4 ,it was asserted that she was the instrument1 under the direction of ,christ1 to announce the establishment of his kingdom on earth1 as a fulfilment of all the promises in the ,scriptures1 and of that prayer which he himself gave to his followers2 and more particularly of the promise made to the woman in the fall1 through which the human race is to be redeemed from all the effects of it in the end4 ,we are taught by the communication of the ,spirit of truth to her1 that the seven days of the creation were types of the two periods in which the reign of ,satan and of ,christ are to be proved and contrasted4 ,satan was conditionally to have his reign tried for six thousand years1 shadowed by the six days in which the ,lord worked1 as his ,spirit has striven with man while under the powers of darkness2 but ,satan's reign is to be shortened1 for the sake of the elect1 as declared in the gospel2 and ,satan is to have a further trial at the expiration of the thousand years1 for a time equal to the number of the days shortened4 ,at the close of the seven thousand years1 the judgment is to take place1 and the whole human race will collectively bring forward the testimony of the evil they suffered under the reign of ,satan1 and of the good they enjoyed under the spiritual reign of ,christ4 ,these two testimonies will be evidence1 before the whole creation of ,god1 that the pride of ,satan was the cause of his rebellion in heaven1 and that he was the root of evil upon earth2 and1 consequently1 when those two great proofs have been brought forward1 that part of the human race that has fallen under his power1 to be tormented by being in the society of ,satan and his angels1 will revolt from him in that great day1 will mourn that they have been deluded1 will repent1 and the ,savior of all will hold out his hand to them in mercy1 and will then prepare a new earth for them to work righteousness1 and prepare them ultimately to join his saints1 who have fought the good fight in this world1 while under the reign of ,satan4 8,the mission of ,joanna is to be accomplished by a perfect obedience to the ,spirit that directs her1 and so to be made to claim the promise of #8bruising the head of the serpent2' and which promise was made to the woman on her casting the blame upon ,satan1 whom she unwittingly obeyed1 and thus man became dead to the knowledge of the good2 and so he blamed his ,creator for giving him the woman1 who was pronounced his helpmate for good4 ,to fulfil the attribute of justice1 ,christ took upon himself that blame1 and assumed his humanity1 to suffer on the cross for it1 that he might justly bring the cross upon ,satan1 and rid him from the earth1 and then complete the creation of man1 so as to be after his own image4 ,it is declared that #8the seed of the woman' are those who in faith shall join with her in claiming the promise made in the fall2 and they are to subscribe with their hands unto the ,lord that they do thus join with her1 praying for the destruction of the powers of darkness1 and for the establishment of the kingdom of ,christ4 ,those who thus come forward in this spiritual war1 are to have the seal of the ,lord's protection2 and if they remain faithful soldiers1 death and hell shall not have power over them2 and these are to make up the sealed number of one hundred and forty-four thousand1 to stand with the ,lamb on ,mount ,sion4 ,the fall of ,satan's kingdom will be a second deluge over the earth2 so that1 from his having brought the human race under his power1 a great part of them will fall with him2 for the ,lord will pluck out of his kingdom all that offend and do wickedly4 ,the voice which announces the coming of the ,messiah is accompanied with judgments1 and the nations must be shaken and brought low before they will lay these things to heart4 ,when all these things are accomplished1 then the desire of nations will come in glory1 so that #8every eye shall see him1' and he will give his kingdom to his saints4 8,it is represented that in the ,bible is recorded every event by which the ,deity will work the ultimate happiness of the human race1 but that the great plan is1 for the most part1 represented by types and shadows1 and otherwise so wrapped up in mysteries1 as to be inscrutable to human wisdom4 ,as the ,lord pronounced that man should become dead to knowledge if he ate the forbidden fruit1 so the ,lord must prove his words true4 ,he therefore selected a peculiar people as depositaries of the records of that knowledge2 and he appeared among them1 and they proved themselves dead to every knowledge of him1 by crucifying him4 ,he will1 in like manner1 put the wild olive to the same test2 and the result will be1 that he will be now crucified in the spirit4 8,the mission of ,joanna began in #agib1 at which time she had prophecies given her1 showing how the whole was to be accomplished4 ,among other things1 the ,lord said he should visit the surrounding nations with various calamities for fifteen years1 as a warning to this land2 and that then he should bring about events here which should more clearly manifest the truth of her mission1 by judgment and otherwise2 so that this should be the happy nation to be the first redeemed from its troubles1 and be the instrument for awakening the rest of the world to a sense of what is coming upon all1 and for destroying the ,beast1 and those who worship his image4 8,joanna ,southcott died of a protracted illness4 ,it ,was given out that she was to be the mother of a ,second ,shiloh4 ,presents were accordingly made her for the ,babe1 especially a superb cradle1 with a ,hebrew inscription in poetry4 ,but she expired1 and no child appeared on the occasion4 ,a stone placed over her remains in the ,new ,burial-ground1 ,mary-le-bone1 has this mystic inscription3-- ,in ,memory ,of ,joanna ,southcott4 ,who departed this life ,december #bgth1 #ahad1 ,aged #fj years4 ,while1 through all thy wondrous days1 ,heaven and earth enraptured gaze1-- ,while vain sages think they know ,secrets thou alone canst show1-- ,time alone will tell what hour ,thou'lt appear in greater power40 ,,family ,,of ,,love4 ,a sect that arose in ,holland1 in the sixteenth century1 founded by ,henry ,nicholas1 a ,westphalian4 ,he maintained that he had a commission from ,heaven to teach men that the essence of religion consisted in the feelings of divine love2 that all other theological tenets1 whether they related to objects of faith or modes of worship1 were of no sort of moment1 and1 consequently1 that it was a matter of the most perfect indifference what opinions ,christians entertained concerning the divine nature1 provided their hearts burned with the pure and sacred flame of piety and love4 ,,hutchinsonians4 ,hutchinsonians1 the followers of ,john ,hutchinson1 born in ,yorkshire1 #afgd1 and who1 in the early part of his life1 served the duke of ,somerset in the capacity of steward4 ,the ,hebrew ,scriptures1 he says1 comprise a perfect system of natural philosophy1 theology1 and religion4 ,in opposition to ,dr4 ,woodward's 8,natural ,history of the ,earth10 ,mr4 ,hutchinson1 in #agbd1 published the first part of his curious book1 called 8,moses' ,principia40 ,its second part was presented to the public in #agbg1 which contains1 as he apprehends1 the principles of the ,scripture philosophy1 which are a plenum and the air4 ,so high an opinion did he entertain of the ,hebrew language1 that he thought the ,almighty must have employed it to communicate every species of knowledge1 and that1 accordingly1 every species of knowledge is to be found in the ,old ,testament4 ,of his mode of philosophizing1 the following specimen is brought forward to the reader's attention3--8,the air1 he supposes1 exists in three conditions1--fire1 light1 and spirit2--the two latter are the finer and grosser parts of the air in motion2 from the earth to the sun1 the air is finer and finer1 till it becomes pure light near the confines of the sun1 and fire in the orb of the sun1 or solar focus4 ,from the earth towards the circumference of this system1 in which he includes the fixed stars1 the air becomes grosser and grosser1 till it becomes stagnant1 in which condition it is at the utmost verge of this system1 from whence1 in his opinion1 the expression of outer darkness1 and blackness of darkness1 used in the ,new ,testament1 seems to be taken40 ,the followers of ,mr4 ,hutchinson are numerous1 and among others the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,romaine1 ,lord ,duncan ,forbes1 of ,culloden1 and the late amiable ,dr4 ,horne1 bishop of ,norwich4 ,,mormonites1 ,,or ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,latter-,,day ,,saints4 ,in a little work entitled ,religious ,creeds and ,statistics1 published in #ahcf1 we gave some account of the origin and faith of the ,mormonites1 or ,latter-,day ,saints1 as they prefer being called4 ,since that time1 we have received an additional stock of the publications of this people1 and are now enabled to tell their story in their own words4 ,in a letter dated ,nauvoo1 ,illinois1 ,march #a1 #ahdb1 ,prophet ,joseph ,smith says3-- 8,on the evening of the #bast of ,september1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbc1 while ,i was praying unto ,god1 and endeavoring to exercise faith in the precious promises of ,scripture1 on a sudden a light like that of day1 only of a far purer and more glorious appearance and brightness1 burst into the room2 indeed1 the first sight was as though the house was filled with consuming fire2 the appearance produced a shock that affected the whole body ,in a moment1 a personage stood before me surrounded with a glory yet greater than that with which ,i was already surrounded4 ,this messenger proclaimed himself to be an angel of ,god1 sent to bring the joyful tidings1 that the covenant which ,god made with ancient ,israel was at hand to be fulfilled2 that the preparatory work for the second coming of the ,messiah was speedily to commence2 that the time was at hand for the gospel1 in all its fulness1 to be preached1 in power1 unto all nations1 that a people might be prepared for the millennial reign4 8,i was informed that ,i was chosen to be an instrument in the hands of ,god to bring about some of his purposes in this glorious dispensation4 8,i was also informed concerning the aboriginal inhabitants of this country1 and shown who they were1 and from whence they came2 a brief sketch of their origin1 progress1 civilization1 laws1 governments1 of their righteousness and iniquity1 and the blessings of ,god being finally withdrawn from them as a people1 was made known unto me4 ,i was also told where there were deposited some plates1 on which was engraven an abridgment of the records of the ancient prophets that had existed on this continent4 ,the angel appeared to me three times the same night1 and unfolded the same things4 ,after having received many visits from the angels of ,god1 unfolding the majesty and glory of the events that should transpire in the last days1 on the morning of the #bb;d of ,september1 ,a4 ,d #ahbg1 the angel of the ,lord delivered the records into my hands4 8,these records were engraven on plates which had the appearance of gold2 each plate was six inches wide and eight inches long1 and not quite so thick as common tin4 ,they were filled with engravings1 in ,egyptian characters1 and bound together in a volume1 as the leaves of a book1 with three rings running through the whole4 ,the volume was something near six inches in thickness1 a part of which was sealed4 ,the characters on the unsealed part were small1 and beautifully engraved4 ,the whole book exhibited many marks of antiquity in its construction1 and much skill in the art of engraving4 ,with the records was found a curious instrument1 which the ancients called #8,urim and ,thummim1' which consisted of two transparent stones set in the rim of a bow fastened to a breastplate4 8,through the medium of the ,urim and ,thummim ,i translated the record1 by the gift and power of ,god4 8,in this important and interesting book the history of ancient ,america is unfolded1 from its first settlement by a colony that came from the tower of ,babel1 at the confusion of languages1 to the beginning of the fifth century of the ,christian era4 ,we are informed by these records that ,america1 in ancient times1 has been inhabited by two distinct races of people4 ,the first were called ,jaredites1 and came directly from the tower of ,babel4 ,the second race came directly from the city of ,jerusalem1 about six hundred years before ,christ4 ,they were principally ,israelites1 of the descendants of ,joseph4 ,the ,jaredites were destroyed about the time that the ,israelites came from ,jerusalem1 who succeeded them in the inheritance of the country4 ,the principal nation of the second race fell in battle towards the close of the fourth century4 ,the remnant are the ,indians that now inhabit this country4 ,this book also tells us that our ,savior made his appearance upon this continent after his resurrection1 that he planted the gospel here in all its fulness1 and richness1 and power1 and blessing2 that they had apostles1 prophets1 pastors1 teachers1 and evangelists2 the same order1 the same priesthood1 the same ordinances1 gifts1 powers1 and blessing1 as were enjoyed on the eastern continent2 that the people were cut off in consequence of their transgressions2 that the last of their prophets who existed among them was commanded to write an abridgment of their prophecies1 history1 c41 and to hide it up in the earth1 and that it should come forth1 and be united with the ,bible1 for the accomplishment of the purposes of ,god in the last days4 ,for a more particular account1 ,i would refer to the ,book of ,mormon1 which can be purchased at ,nauvoo1 or from any of our travelling elders4 8,as soon as the news of this discovery was made known1 false reports1 misrepresentation1 and slander flew1 as on the wings of the wind1 in every direction2 the house was frequently beset by mobs and evil-designing persons2 several times ,i was shot at1 and very narrowly escaped1 and every device was made use of to get the plates away from me2 but the power and blessing of ,god attended me1 and several began to believe my testimony4 8,on the #fth of ,april1 #ahcj1 the #8,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints' was first organized in the town of ,manchester1 ,ontario county1 state of ,new ,york4 ,some few were called and ordained by the spirit of revelation and prophecy1 and began to preach as the ,spirit gave them utterance2 and though weak1 yet were they strengthened by the power of ,god1 and many were brought to repentance1 were immersed in the water1 and were filled with the ,holy ,ghost by the laying on of hands4 ,they saw visions and prophesied3 devils were cast out1 and the sick healed by the laying on of hands4 ,from that time1 the work rolled forth with astonishing rapidity1 and churches were soon formed in the states of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,missouri4 ,in the last-named state1 a considerable settlement was formed in ,jackson county2 numbers joined the church1 and we were increasing rapidly2 we made large purchases of land1 our farms teemed with plenty1 and peace and happiness were enjoyed in our domestic circle and throughout our neighborhood2 but we could not associate with our neighbors1 who were many of them of the basest of men40 ,after giving an account of their removal from ,jackson to ,clay1 and from ,clay to ,caldwell and ,davies counties1 ,missouri1 with a relation of their persecutions and consequent distresses1 the prophet proceeds3-- 8,we arrived in the state of ,illinois in #ahci1 where we found a hospitable people and a friendly home2 a people who were willing to be governed by the principles of law and humanity4 ,we have commenced to build a city1 called #8,nauvoo1' in ,hancock county4 ,we number from six to eight thousand here1 besides vast numbers in the county around1 and in almost every county of the state4 ,we have a city charter granted us1 and a charter for a legion1 the troops of which now number fifteen hundred4 ,we have also a charter for a university1 for an agricultural and manufacturing society1 have our own laws and administrators1 and possess all the privileges that other free and enlightened citizens enjoy4 8,persecution has not stopped the progress of truth1 but has only added fuel to the flame2 it has spread with increasing rapidity4 ,proud of the cause which they have espoused1 and conscious of their innocence1 and of the truth of their system1 amidst calumny and reproach have the elders of this church gone forth1 and planted the gospel in almost every state in the ,union2 it has penetrated our cities1 it has spread over our villages1 and has caused thousands of our intelligent1 noble1 and patriotic citizens to obey its divine mandates1 and be governed by its sacred truths4 ,it has also spread into ,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,wales4 ,in the year #ahci1 where a few of our missionaries were sent1 over five thousand joined the standard of truth4 ,there are numbers now joining in every land4 8,our missionaries are going forth to different nations2 and in ,germany1 ,palestine1 ,new ,holland1 the ,east ,indies1 and other places1 the standard of truth has been erected4 ,no unhallowed hand can stop the work from progressing4 ,persecutions may rage1 mobs may combine1 armies may assemble1 calumny may defame1 but the truth of ,god will go forth boldly1 nobly1 and independent1 till it has penetrated every continent1 visited every clime1 swept every country1 and sounded in every ear1 till the purposes of ,god shall be accomplished1 and the great ,jehovah shall say1 #8,the work is done6' 8,we believe in ,god1 the eternal ,father1 and in his ,son ,jesus ,christ1 and in the ,holy ,ghost4 8,we believe that men will be punished for their own sins1 and not for ,adam's transgression4 8,we believe that1 through the atonement of ,christ1 all mankind may be saved by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the gospel4 8,we believe that these ordinances are1 #a4 faith in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 #b4 repentance2 #c4 baptism1 by immersion1 for the remission of sins2 #d4 laying on of hands for the gift of the ,holy ,ghost4 8,we believe that a man must be called of ,god by #8prophecy1 and by laying on of hands1' by those who are in authority to preach the gospel1 and administer in the ordinances thereof4 8,we believe in the same organization that existed in the primitive church1 viz41 apostles1 prophets1 pastors1 teachers1 evangelists1 c4 8,we believe in the gift of tongues1 prophecy1 revelation1 visions1 healing1 interpretation of tongues1 c4 8,we believe the ,bible to be the word of ,god1 as far as it is translated correctly2 we also believe the ,book of ,mormon to be the word of ,god4 8,we believe all that ,god has revealed1 all that he does now reveal1 and we believe that he will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the kingdom of ,god4 8,we believe in the literal gathering of ,israel1 and in the restoration of the ten tribes2 that ,zion will be built upon this continent2 that ,christ will reign personally upon the earth2 and that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisaic glory4 8,we claim the privilege of worshipping ,almighty ,god according to the dictates of our conscience1 and allow all men the same privilege1 let them worship how1 where1 or what1 they may4 8,we believe in being subject to kings1 presidents1 rulers1 and magistrates1 in obeying1 honoring1 and sustaining the law4 8,we believe in being honest1 true1 chaste1 benevolent virtuous1 and in doing good to all men4 ,indeed1 we may say that we follow the admonition of ,paul1--we 'believe all things1 we hope all things2'--we have endured many things1 and hope to be able to endure all things4 ,if there is any thing virtuous1 lovely1 or of good report1 or praiseworthy1 we seek after these things40 ------------------------------------- ,from the ,gospel ,reflector1 a volume edited by ,b4 ,winchester1 presiding elder of the ,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints1 ,philadelphia1 we extract the following4 8,history ,of ,the ,ancients ,of ,america1 ,and ,also ,of ,the ,book ,of ,mormon4 8,six hundred years ,b4 ,c1 according to the ,book of ,mormon1 ,lehi1 who was a righteous man1 was forewarned of the destruction of ,jerusalem and the ,babylonish captivity1 who was commanded by the ,lord1 took his family and fled into the wilderness4 ,he pitched his tent in the wilderness1 near the ,red ,sea1 and sent back his sons to ,jerusalem1 who persuaded one ,ishmael and his family to accompany them to their father ,lehi4 ,the ,lord promised to lead them to a choice land above all lands2 therefore they set out on their journey for this land4 ,after a long and tedious journey1 they came to the great waters1 or the ocean4 ,nephi1 the son of ,lehi1 who was also a prophet1 and their pilot1 or leader1 in the wilderness1 was commanded and instructed to build a ship sufficiently large to transport them over the sea4 ,this work was accomplished in eight years from the time they left ,jerusalem4 ,they set sail1 and in a proper time they landed1 as we infer from their record1 somewhere on the western coast of ,south ,america4 ,they immediately commenced tilling the earth1 and erecting mansions for dwelling-places4 8,lehi had six sons1 ,laman1 ,lemuel1 ,nephi1 ,sam1 ,jacob1 and ,joseph4 ,laman1 ,lemuel1 and the sons of ,ishmael1 rebelled against ,god1 and would not keep his commandments2 for this they were cursed4 ,their posterity1 in process of time1 became a powerful nation1 but extremely wicked2 and their chief occupations were hunting1 plundering1 and roving about from place to place4 ,in the ,book of ,mormon1 they are called ,lamanites4 ,the other sons of ,lehi were obedient to the commands of ,god4 ,their posterity1 also1 in the course of time1 became a great nation1 and were called ,nephites4 ,to them ,god committed his divine oracles1 7the holy priesthood17 and they had prophets and inspired men among them4 ,they also kept a record of their prophecies and revelations1 and the proceedings of their nation4 ,when they left ,jerusalem1 they brought with them the law of ,moses1 and the writings of the former prophets1 down to the days of ,jeremiah4 ,this accounts for the quotations from ,isaiah and others1 which are found in the ,book of ,mormon4 8,the ,nephites tilled the land1 built cities1 and erected temples for places of worship2 but the ,lamanites lived a more indolent life1 although1 in some instances1 they built cities4 ,the ,nephites were at times faithful to ,god2 at other times they were indifferent1 and would not be faithful4 ,they frequently had long and tedious wars with the ,lamanites1 and were often driven before them4 ,they were constantly emigrating to the north4 ,at length they commenced settlements in the region of country not far from the ,isthmus of ,darien2 and1 while in those parts1 they advanced further in science and arts than at any time previous1 and built more spacious cities and buildings than they did before4 8,six hundred and thirty odd years from the time ,lehi left ,jerusalem1 ,christ1 after his resurrection1 appeared unto many of the ,nephites1 and established his church1 chose disciples1 and sent them throughout the land to preach his gospel1 thus fulfilling the saying1 #8,other sheep ,i have1 which are not of this fold2 them ,i must go and bring also4' 8,individuals of the ,lamanites1 at times1 were obedient to the faith4 ,the ,nephites1 after ,christ's appearance1 were faithful for many years2 but1 in the third or fourth century1 iniquity began to abound1 and their love began to wax cold4 ,some dissented1 and raised up churches for the sake of gain2 and thus they were troubled with the spirit of pride and haughtiness4 ,god commanded ,mormon1 who lived in the fourth century1 to preach repentance to them1 and foretell their destruction if they would not repent4 ,the ,lord1 foreseeing that they would not repent1 commanded ,mormon to collect the writings of his forefathers1--their revelations and prophecies1 c41--and make an abridgment of them1 and engrave them upon new plates1 7their manner of keeping records was to engrave them on metallic plates47 ,but in consequence of their wars1 and their flight to the north1 to escape the ,lamanites1 he did not live to finish this work2 and1 when the final destruction of the ,nephites drew near1 he gave the records to his son ,moroni1 who lived to see their final extermination1 or destruction1 by the hands of the ,lamanites1 and they1 with his father1 left to moulder on the plain4 8,thus a powerful nation1 whose fathers were the favorites of ,heaven1 were cut off1 and their names have faded into oblivion6 8,the ,indians of ,america are the descendants of the ,lamanites1 and1 according to predictions that are in the ,book of ,mormon1 they will yet lay down their weapons of war1 and be converted unto the ,lord4 8,moroni finished compiling and abridging the records of his fathers1 which he engraved upon new plates1 for that purpose1 to use his own words1 as follows3--#8,and now1 behold1 we have written this record1 according to our knowledge1 in the characters which are called among us the reformed ,egyptian2 being handed down and altered by us1 according to our manner of speech4 ,and1 if our plates had been sufficiently large1 we should have written in ,hebrew2 but the ,hebrew hath been altered by us also2 and1 if we could have written in ,hebrew1 behold1 ye would have had no imperfection in our record4 ,but the ,lord knoweth the things which we have written1 and also that none other people knoweth our language2 therefore he hath prepared means for the interpretation thereof4' 8,he also engraved on them an account1 called the #8,book of ,ether' of a people who left the old world1 and came to this continent at the time the language was confounded at ,babel1 which was a partial fulfilment of the saying1 #8,so the ,lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth4' 7,gen4 #aa3h47 8,moroni was then commanded to deposit this record in the earth1 together with the ,urim and ,thummim1 or1 as the ,nephites would have said1 ,interpreters1 which were instruments to assist in the work of the translation1 with a promise from the ,lord that it should be brought to light by means of a ,gentile nation that should possess the land1 and be published to the world1 and go forth to the ,lamanites1 and be one of the instruments in the hands of ,god for their conversion4 ,it remained safe in the place where it was deposited1 till it was brought to light by the administration of angels1 and translated by the gift and power of ,god40 ,the ,mormon ,bible contains five hundred and eighty-eight duodecimo pages1 and purports to have been written at different times1 and by the different authors1 whose names the parts respectively bear4 ,the following are the names of the different books1 in the order in which they occur3-- #a4 ,first ,book of ,nephi4 #b4 ,second ,book of ,nephi4 #c4 ,book of ,jacob1 brother of ,nephi4 #d4 ,book of ,enos1 son of ,jacob4 #e4 ,book of ,jarom1 son of ,enos4 #f4 ,book of ,omni1 son of ,jarom4 #g4 ,words of ,mormon4 #h4 ,book of ,mosiah4 #i4 ,book of ,alma4 #aj4 ,book of ,helaman4 #aa4 ,book of ,nephi1 son of ,nephi1 son of ,helaman4 #ab4 ,book of ,nephi1 son of ,nephi1 one of the disciples of ,christ4 #ac4 ,book of ,mormon4 #ad4 ,book of ,ether4 #ae4 ,book of ,moroni4 ,two new books have recently been published1--the ,prophecies of ,enoch1 in the ,morning and ,evening ,star1 and the ,book of ,abraham1 in the ,times and ,seasons4 ,the ,mormons seem to think that revelations from ,heaven and miracles wrought1 are as necessary now1 and as important to the salvation of the present generation1 as they were to any generation in any preceding age or period4 ,in a volume entitled 8,doctrine and ,covenants10 are a great number of revelations1 purporting to be from ,jesus ,christ to ,smith and his coadjutors4 ,the following extracts from a revelation given on the #bb;d and #bc;d of ,september1 #ahcb1 convey1 it is believed1 a fair specimen of the whole4 ,we copy verbatim4 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 ,it is expedient that every man who goes forth to proclaim mine everlasting gospel1 that1 inasmuch as they have families1 and receive moneys by gift1 that they should send it unto them1 or make use of it for their benefit1 as the ,lord shall direct them2 for thus it seemeth me good4 ,and let all those who have not families1 who receive moneys1 send it up unto the bishop in ,zion1 or unto the bishop in ,ohio1 that it may be consecrated for the bringing forth of the revelations1 and the printing thereof1 and for establishing ,zion4 8,and if any man shall give unto any of you a coat1 or a suit1 take the old and cast it unto the poor1 and go your way rejoicing4 ,and if any man among you be strong in the ,spirit1 let him take with him he that is weak1 that he may be edified in all meekness1 that he may become strong also4 8,and the bishop1 also1 should travel round about and among all the churches1 searching after the poor1 to administer to their wants by humbling the rich and the proud2 he should1 also1 employ an agent to take charge and to do his secular business1 as he shall direct2 nevertheless1 let the bishop go unto the city of ,new ,york1 and also to the city of ,albany1 and also to the city of ,boston1 and warn the people of those cities with the sound of the gospel1 with a loud voice1 of the desolation and utter abolishment which awaits them if they do reject these things2 for if they do reject these things1 the hour of their judgment is nigh1 and their house shall be left unto them desolate4 ,let him trust in me1 and he shall not be confounded1 and a hair of his head shall not fall to the ground unnoticed4 8,and verily ,i say unto you1 the rest of my servants1 ,go ye forth1 as your circumstances shall permit1 in your several callings1 unto the great and notable cities and villages1 reproving the world1 in righteousness1 of all their unrighteous and ungodly deeds1 setting forth clearly and understandingly the desolation of abomination in the last days2 for with you1 saith the ,lord ,almighty1 ,i will rend their kingdoms2 ,i will not only shake the earth1 but the starry heavens shall tremble2 for ,i the ,lord have put forth my hand to exert the powers of heaven3 ye cannot see it now2 yet a little while and ye shall see it1 and know that ,i am1 and that ,i will come and reign with my people4 ,i am ,alpha and ,omega1 the beginning and the end4 ,amen40 ,joseph ,smith is the son of a farmer1 and was born in ,sharon1 ,vermont1 #bc;d ,december1 #ahje4 ,his father removed to the state of ,new ,york about the year #ahae1 and resided in ,palmyra1 and afterwards in ,manchester4 ,smith has many enemies1 and his doctrines are warmly opposed2 still1 it must be acknowledged that1 by his talents1 or the magic influence his scheme of religion has on the minds of men1 or by a union of both1 he has acquired an imposing station in the world4 ,he is styled ,prophet and ,high ,priest of ,jesus ,christ1 ,president of the ,council of the ,church of the ,latter-,day ,saints1 and ,lieutenant-,general of the ,nauvoo ,legion4 ,he sends his elders1 bishops1 priests1 and teachers1 by scores1 into all lands1 and more than seventy-five thousand people bow1 with willing subjection1 to his mandates4 ------------------------------------- ,nauvoo1 ,illinois1 formerly ,commerce1 is situated on the east side of the ,mississippi ,river1 at the head of ,des ,moines ,rapids1 about two hundred and ten miles 7by the river7 above ,st4 ,louis1 thirteen hundred and fifty miles above ,new ,orleans1 and about three hundred miles below ,dubuque1 in ,iowa4 ,it comprises two miles square of fertile land4 ,the city of ,nauvoo1 which was incorporated in #ahda1 is delightfully located1 on rising ground1 near the bank of the river4 ,it contains many handsome buildings of brick and stone1 among which are the ,nauvoo ,house1 a large stone building for the accommodation of travellers1 and the ,mormon ,temple1 likewise of stone1 measuring on the ground one hundred by one hundred and twenty feet1 exclusive of the wings of the building4 ,this place has one of the best landings on the river1 and its trade is considerable4 ,the number of inhabitants1 at the present time1 is about eight thousand1 chiefly ,mormons4 ,nauvoo is said to signify1 ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,god4 ,,daleites4 ,the followers of ,david ,dale1 a very industrious manufacturer1 a most benevolent ,christian1 and the humble pastor of an ,independent congregation at ,glasgow4 ,at first1 he formed a connection with the ,glassites1 in many of whose opinions he concurred1 but was disgusted by their narrow and worldly spirit3 he therefore separated from them1 chiefly on the ground of preferring practical to speculative religion1 and ,christian charity to severity of church discipline4 ,as he grew rich by industry1 he devoted all his property to doing good1 and ranks high among the philanthropists of his age4 ,he was founder of the celebrated institution of ,new ,lanark1 now under ,mr4 ,robert ,owen1 his son-in-law4 ,the ,daleites now form the second class of ,independents in ,scotland4 ,,emancipators4 ,this body of ,christians was formed in ,kentucky1 in #ahje1 by the association of a number of ministers and churches of the ,baptist denomination4 ,they differ in no respect from the regular ,baptists1 except in the decided stand they have taken against slavery1 in every branch of it1 both in principle and practice1 as being a sinful and abominable system1 fraught with peculiar evils and miseries1 which every good man ought to abandon and bear his testimony against4 ,their desires and endeavors are1 to effect1 as soon as it can be done1 and in the most prudent and advantageous manner1 both to the slaves and to their owners1 the general and complete emancipation of this numerous race of enslaved1 ignorant1 and degraded beings1 who are now1 by the laws and customs of the land1 exposed to hereditary and perpetual bondage4 7,see ,exod4 #c3g1 #i2 #aj3c2 #f3b2 #ba3b1 #af4 ,levit4 #ai3ah4 ,deut4 #ae3ab1 #ah2 #bc3ae2 #bd3g4 ,job #f3ad2 #bi3aa4 ,ps4 #ab3e2 #ajc3f4 ,prov4 #af3h2 #bb3af4 ,eccl4 #d3a2 #e3h4 ,isa4 #a3af2 #cc3ae2 #eh3f4 ,jer4 #e3bf2 #ba3ab2 #bb3ac2 #cd3aj1 #aa1 #ag2 #ej3cc1 #cd4 ,ezek4 #ah3e1 #i2 #bb3bi2 #bg3ac4 ,dan4 #d3bg4 ,joel #c3c1 #f4 ,mal4 #b3aj4 ,matt4 #e3g2 #g3ab4 ,luke #d3ah2 #f3cf4 ,rom4 #ab3i4 #a ,cor4 #g3bc4 ,gal4 #e3ac4 ,col4 #d3a4 #a ,tim4 #a3aj4 ,heb4 #ac3c4 ,james #b3ac2 #e3d4 #b ,pet4 #b3b4 #a ,john #d3bj4 ,rev4 #ah3aa1 #ac47 ,the ,emancipators say to ,christians of all denominations in the ,united ,states1 in the words of an eloquent philanthropist1 8,banish from your land the remains of slavery4 ,be consistent with your congressional declaration of rights4 ,remember1 there never was1 nor will be1 a period when justice should not be done4 ,do what is just1 and leave the event with ,god4 ,justice is the pillar that upholds the whole fabric of human society1 and mercy is the genial ray which cheers and warms the habitations of men4 ,the perfection of our social character consists in properly tempering the two with one another2 in holding that middle course which admits of our being just without being rigid1 and allows us to be generous without being unjust4 ,may all the citizens of ,america be found in the performance of such social duties as will secure them peace and happiness in this world1 and in the world to come life everlasting60 ,,perfectionists4 ,a modern sect in ,new ,england1 who believe that every individual action is either wholly sinful or wholly righteous1 and that every being in the universe1 at any given time1 is either entirely holy or entirely wicked4 ,consequently1 they unblushingly maintain that they themselves are free from sin4 ,in support of this doctrine1 they say that ,christ dwells in and controls believers1 and thus secures their perfect holiness2 that the body of ,christ1 which is the church1 is nourished and guided by the life and wisdom of its ,head4 ,hence they condemn the greatest portion of the religion in the world named ,christianity1 as the work of ,antichrist4 8,all the essential features of ,judaism10 they say1 8and of its successor1 ,popery1 may be distinctly traced in nearly every form of ,protestantism2 and although we rejoice in the blessings which the reformation has given us1 we regard it as rightly named the reformation1 it being an improvement of ,antichrist1 not a restoration of ,christianity40 ,this last opinion1 which has some foundation in truth1 has been long held1 variously modified1 in different parts of the ,christian world4 ,an unsuccessful attempt was made to propagate the views of this sect through the medium of a paper published at ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 entitled the ,perfectionist4 ,methodists' ,views ,of ,perfection4 8,the highest perfection which man can attain1 while the soul dwells in the body1 does not exclude ignorance1 and error1 and a thousand other infirmities4 ,now1 from wrong judgments1 wrong words and actions will often necessarily flow2 and in some cases1 wrong affections1 also1 may spring from the same source4 ,i may judge wrong of you2 ,i may think more or less highly of you than ,i ought to think2 and this mistake in my judgment may not only occasion something wrong in my behavior1 but it may have a still deeper effect2 it may occasion something wrong in my affection4 ,from a wrong apprehension1 ,i may love and esteem you either more or less than ,i ought4 ,nor can ,i be freed from a liableness to such a mistake while ,i remain in a corruptible body4 ,a thousand infirmities1 in consequence of this1 will attend my spirit1 till it returns to ,god1 who gave it2 and1 in numberless instances1 it comes short of doing the will of ,god1 as ,adam did in paradise4 ,hence the best of men may say from the heart1 8,every moment1 ,lord1 ,i need ,the merit of thy death10 for innumerable violations of the ,adamic1 as well as the angelic law4 ,it is well1 therefore1 for us1 that we are not now under these1 but under the law of love4 8,love is now the fulfilling of the law10 which is given to fallen man4 ,this is now1 with respect to us1 8the perfect law40 ,but even against this1 through the present weakness of our understanding1 we are continually liable to transgress4 ,therefore every man living needs the blood of atonement2 or he could not stand before ,god4 8,what is1 then1 the perfection of which man is capable while he dwells in a corruptible body8 ,it is the complying with that kind command1 #8,my son1 give me thy heart4' ,it is the #8loving the ,lord his ,god with all his heart1 and with all his soul1 and with all his mind4' ,this is the sum of ,christian perfection3 it is all comprised in that one word1 love4 ,the first branch of it is the love of ,god2 and1 as he that loves ,god loves his brother also1 it is inseparably connected with the second1 #8,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself2' thou shalt love every man as thy own soul1 as ,christ loved us4 #8,on these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets3' these contain the whole of ,christian perfection4 8,another view of this is given us in those words of the great apostle1 #8,let this mind be in you which was also in ,christ ,jesus4' ,for1 although this immediately and directly refers to the humility of our ,lord1 yet it may be taken in a far more extensive sense1 so as to include the whole disposition of his mind1 all his affections1 all his tempers1 both toward ,god and man4 ,now1 it is certain that1 as there was no evil affection in him1 so no good affection or temper was wanting2 so that #8whatsoever things are holy1 whatsoever things are lovely1' are all included in #8the mind that was in ,christ ,jesus4' 8,st4 ,paul1 when writing to the ,galatians1 places perfection in yet another view4 ,it is the one undivided fruit of the ,spirit1 which he describes thus3 #8,the fruit of the ,spirit is love1 joy1 peace1 long-suffering1 gentleness1 goodness1 fidelity1 so the word should be translated here1 meekness1 temperance4' ,what a glorious constellation of grace is here6 ,now1 suppose all these things to be knit together in one1 to be united together in the soul of a believer1--this is ,christian perfection4 ,how ,to ,be ,sought4 8',but what is that faith whereby we are sanctified1 saved from sin1 and perfected in love8' ,it is a divine evidence and conviction1 first1 that ,god hath promised it in the holy ,scripture4 ,till we are thoroughly satisfied of this1 there is no moving one step farther4 ,and one would imagine there needed not one word more to satisfy a reasonable man of this than the ancient promise1 #8,then will ,i circumcise thy heart1 and the heart of thy seed1 to love the ,lord thy ,god with all thy heart1 and with all thy soul1 and with all thy mind4' ,how clearly does this express the being perfected in love6--how strongly imply the being saved from all sin6 ,for as long as love takes up the whole heart1 what room is there for sin therein8 8,it is a divine evidence and conviction1 secondly1 that what ,god hath promised he is able to perform4 ,admitting1 therefore1 that #8with men it is impossible' #8to bring a clean thing out of an unclean1' to purify the heart from all sin1 and to fill it with all holiness1--yet this creates no difficulty in the case1 seeing #8with ,god all things are possible4' ,and surely no one ever imagined it was possible to any power less than that of the ,almighty6 ,but if ,god speaks1 it shall be done4 ,god saith1 #8,let there be light2 and there is light4' 8,it is1 thirdly1 a divine evidence and conviction that he is able and willing to do it now4 ,and why not8 ,is not a moment to him the same as a thousand years8 ,he cannot want more time to accomplish whatever is his will4 ,and he cannot want to stay for any more worthiness or fitness in the persons he is pleased to honor4 ,we may1 therefore1 boldly say1 at any point of time1 #8,now is the day of salvation6' #8,to-day1 if ye will hear his voice1 harden not your hearts4' #8,behold1 all things are now ready2 come unto the marriage4' 8,to this confidence that ,god is both able and willing to sanctify us now1 there needs to be added one thing more--a divine evidence and conviction that he doeth it4 ,in that hour it is done3 ,god says to the inmost soul1 #8,according to thy faith be it unto thee4' ,then the soul is pure from every spot of sin2 it is clean #8from all unrighteousness4' ,the believer then experiences the deep meaning of those solemn words1 #8,if we walk in the light as he is in the light1 we have fellowship one with another1 and the blood of ,jesus ,christ his ,son cleanseth us from all sin4' 8 #8,but does ,god work this great work in the soul gradually1 or instantaneously8' ,perhaps it may be gradually wrought in some3 ,i mean1 in this sense1 they do not advert to the particular moment wherein sin ceases to be4 ,but it is infinitely desirable1 were it the will of ,god1 that it should be done instantaneously2 that the ,lord should destroy sin #8by the breath of his mouth1' in a moment1 in the twinkling of an eye4 ,and so he generally does--a plain fact1 of which there is evidence enough to satisfy any unprejudiced person4 ,thou1 therefore1 look for it every moment40--,see ,wesley's ,sermons1 vols4 i4 and ii4 ,oberlin ,views ,of ,sanctification4 ,in the fall of #ahcf1 during an interesting revival of religion in ,oberlin1 ,ohio1 the minds of many became deeply interested in the inquiry1 8,can we live holy lives8 and1 if we can1 how80 ,at first1 fears were entertained that some would run into the errors of the ,perfectionists2 but1 finally1 after much prayer and investigation1 they adopted the following views of sanctification3-- 8#a4 ,that entire obedience to the moral law constitutes entire sanctification or holiness4 8#b4 ,that all moral agents are able to render this obedience4 8#c4 ,that because all moral agents are able to render this obedience1 they are bound to do so4 8#d4 ,that sufficient grace for the actual attainment of this state is abundantly in the gospel1 and that nothing prevents any ,christian from making this attainment in this life1 but a neglect to avail himself of the proffered grace of ,christ4 8#e4 ,that all are bound to aim at and pray for this attainment in this life1 and that aiming at this state is indispensable to ,christian character4 8#f4 ,that obedience to the moral law1 or a state of entire sanctification1 is in such a sense attainable1 as to make it an object of rational pursuit1 with the expectation of attaining it4 8#g4 ,that the philosophy of the mind1 the commandments of ,god1 the promises and provisions of the gospel1 and the attainments of ,paul and many others1 should be presented1 to induce men to aim at a state of entire sanctification1 with the expectation of attaining it40 ,since these views were embraced at ,oberlin1 they have been extensively circulated by many books and pamphlets1 and a paper1 entitled the ,oberlin ,evangelist4 ,by many ,christians and ministers of different denominations these views have been received2 but by others they are opposed4 ,,waldenses4 ,many authors of note make the antiquity of this denomination coeval with the apostolic age4 ,the following is an extract from their confession of faith1 which is said to have been copied out of certain manuscripts1 bearing date nearly four hundred years before the time of ,luther3-- 8#a4 ,that the ,scriptures teach that there is one ,god1 almighty1 all-wise1 and all-good1 who made all things by his goodness2 for he formed ,adam in his own image and likeness2 but that1 by the envy of the devil1 sin entered into the world2 and that we are sinners in and by ,adam4 8#b4 ,that ,christ was promised to our fathers1 who received the law2 that so knowing1 by the law1 their unrighteousness and insufficiency1 they might desire the coming of ,christ1 to satisfy for their sins1 and accomplish the law by himself4 8#c4 ,that ,christ was born in the time appointed by ,god the ,father2 that is to say1 in the time when all iniquity abounded1 that he might show us grace and mercy1 as being faithful2 that ,christ is our life1 truth1 peace1 and righteousness1 as also our pastor1 advocate1 and priest1 who died for the salvation of all who believe1 and is risen for our justification2 that there is no mediator and advocate with ,god the ,father1 save ,jesus ,christ2 that1 after this life1 there are only two places1 the one for the saved1 and the other for the damned2 that the feasts1 the vigils of saints1 the water which they call holy1 as also to abstain from flesh on certain days1 and the like1 but especially the masses1 are the inventions of men1 and ought to be rejected2 that the sacraments are signs of the holy thing1 visible forms of the invisible grace2 and that it is good for the faithful to use those signs1 or visible forms1 but that they are not essential to salvation2 that there are no other sacraments but baptism and the ,lord's supper2 that we ought to honor the secular powers1 by subjection1 ready obedience1 and paying of tribute40 ,,allenites4 ,the disciples of ,henry ,allen1 of ,nova ,scotia1 who began to propagate his doctrines in that country about the year #aggh1 and died in #aghc1 during which interval he made many proselytes1 and at his death left a considerable party behind him1 though now much declined4 ,he published several treatises and sermons1 in which he declares that the souls of all the human race are emanations1 or rather parts1 of the one great ,spirit2 that they were all present in ,eden1 and were actually in the first transgression4 ,he supposes that our first parents1 in innocency1 were pure spirits1 and that the material world was not then made2 but that1 in consequence of the fall1 that mankind might not sink into utter destruction1 this world was produced1 and men clothed with material bodies2 and that all the human race will1 in their turn1 be invested with such bodies1 and in them enjoy a state of probation for immortal happiness4 ,,johnsonians4 ,the followers of ,mr4 ,john ,johnson1 many years ,baptist minister at ,liverpool1 in the last century1 of whose followers there are still several congregations in different parts of ,england4 ,he denied that faith was a duty1 or even action of the soul1 and defined it 8an active principle0 conferred by grace2 and denied also the duty of ministers to exhort the unconverted1 or preach any moral duties whatever4 ,though ,mr4 ,johnson entertained high ,supralapsarian notions on the divine decrees1 he admitted the universality of the death of ,christ4 ,on the doctrine of the ,trinity1 his followers are said to have embraced the indwelling scheme1 with ,calvinistic views of justification and the atonement4 ,,donatists4 ,a denomination which arose in the fourth century4 ,they derived their name from ,donatus1 bishop of ,numidia4 ,they maintained that their community was alone to be considered as the true church1 and avoided all communication with other churches1 from an apprehension of contracting their impurity and corruption4 ,hence they pronounced the sacred rites and institutions void of all virtue and efficacy among those ,christians who were not precisely of their sentiments1 and not only rebaptized those who came over to their party from other churches1 but1 with respect to those who had been ordained ministers of the gospel1 they either deprived them of their office1 or obliged them to be ordained the second time4 ,,se-,,baptists4 ,a sect of small note1 which was formed in ,england about the beginning of the seventeenth century1 by one ,john ,smith1 who maintained that it was lawful for every one to baptize himself4 ,there is at this day an inconsiderable sect in ,russia who are known by this name1 and who perform the rite upon themselves1 from an idea that no one is left on earth sufficiently holy to administer it aright4 ,,re-,,anointers4 ,a sect in ,russia1 which sprang up about the year #aggj4 ,they do not rebaptize those who join them from the ,greek church1 but insist on the necessity of their having the mystery of the chrism or unction again administered to them4 ,they are very numerous in ,moscow4 ,,tao-,,se1 ,,or ,,taou-,,tsze4 ,the name of a famous sect among the ,chinese1 who owe their rise to ,laou-tsze ,lao ,kian1 or ,laokium1 a philosopher1 who lived1 if we may credit his disciples1 about five hundred years before ,christ4 ,he professed to restore the religion of ,tao1 7,taou17 or ,reason4 ,some of his writings are still extant1 and are full of maxims and sentiments of virtue and morality4 ,among others1 this sentence is often repeated in them3 8,tao hath produced one1 one hath produced two1 two have produced three1 and three have produced all things40 ,the morality of this philosopher and his disciples is not unlike that of the ,epicureans1 consisting in a tranquillity of mind1 free from all vehement desires and passions4 ,but as this tranquillity would be disturbed by thoughts of death1 they boast of a liquor that has the power of rendering them immortal4 ,they are addicted to chemistry1 alchemy1 and magic1 and are persuaded that1 by the assistance of demons1 whom they invoke1 they can obtain all that they desire4 ,the hope of avoiding death prevailed upon a great number of mandarins to study this diabolical art1 and certain credulous and superstitious emperors brought it greatly into vogue4 ,the doctrine of this sect1 concerning the formation of the world1 according to ,dr4 ,milne1 much resembles that of the ,epicureans4 ,if they do not maintain the eternity of matter1 on the other hand1 they do not deny it2 but1 in analogy with the favorite science of alchemy1 they represent the first pair as drawn out of the boiling mouth of an 8immense crucible10 by a celestial being4 ,the ,platonic notion of an anima mundi1 or soul of the world1 is very common2 and hence it is that the heavens are considered the body of this imaginary being1 the wind its breath1 the lights of heaven as proceeding from its eyes1 the watery fluids as its spittle and tears4 ,,quietists4 ,the disciples of ,michael de ,molinos1 a ,spanish priest1 who flourished in the seventeenth century1 and wrote a book called 8,the ,spiritual ,guide40 ,they argue thus3--8,the apostle tells us1 that #8the ,spirit makes intercession for1' or in #8us4' ,now1 if the ,spirit pray in us1 we must resign ourselves to his impulses1 by remaining in a state of absolute rest1 or quietude1 till we attain the perfection of the unitive life0--a life of union with1 and1 as it should seem1 of absorption in1 the ,deity4 ,,knipperdolings4 ,a denomination in the sixteenth century1 so called from ,bertrand ,knipperdoling1 who taught that the righteous1 before the day of judgment1 shall have a monarchy on earth1 and the wicked be destroyed2 that men are not justified by their faith in ,christ ,jesus2 that there is no original sin2 that infants ought not to be baptized1 and immersion is the only mode of baptism2 that every one has authority to preach1 and administer the sacraments2 that men are not obliged to pay respect to magistrates2 that all things ought to be in common2 and that it is lawful to marry many wives4 ,,mend,,ans1 ,,mendaites1 ,,mendai ,,ijahi1 ,,or ,,disciples ,,of ,,st4 ,,john1 ,,that ,,is1 ,,the ,,baptist4 ,from twenty to twenty-five thousand families of this sect still remain1 chiefly in the neighborhood of ,bassora1 a city between ,arabia and ,persia1 on the extremity of the desert of ,irac4 ,they are sometimes called ,christians of ,st4 ,john--a name which they probably received from the ,turks1 and to which they contentedly submit for the sake of the toleration it affords them2 but they are better known in ecclesiastical history as ,hemero 7or every day7 ,baptists1 from their frequent washings4 ,,muggletonians4 ,the followers of ,ludovic ,muggleton1 a journeyman tailor1 who1 with his companion ,reeves1 set up for great prophets1 in the time of ,cromwell4 ,they pretended to absolve or condemn whom they pleased1 and gave out that they were the two last witnesses spoken of in the ,revelation1 who were to appear previous to the final destruction of the world4 ,they affirmed that there was no devil at all without the body of man or woman2 that the devil is man's spirit of unclean reason and cursed imagination2 that the ministry in this world1 whether prophetical or ministerial1 is all a lie1 and abomination to the ,lord2 with a variety of other vain and inconsistent tenets4 ,muggleton died in #afig1 and on his gravestone is this inscription3-- 8,whilst mausoleums and large inscriptions give ,might1 splendor1 and1 past death1 make potents live1 ,it is enough briefly to write thy name3 ,succeeding times by that will read thy fame2 ,thy deeds1 thy acts1 around the world resound2 ,no foreign soil where ,muggleton's not found40 ,the raven plume of oblivion hath long ago waved over this prophet's grave4 ,,yezidees1 ,,or ,,worshippers ,,of ,,the ,,devil4 ,from a very interesting work recently published by ,asahel ,grant1 ,m4 ,d41 a medical missionary to the ,nestorians1 we copy the following account3-- 8,the passage of the ,tigris transferred me from ,mesopotamia into ,assyria1 and ,i stood upon the ruins of ,nineveh1 #8that great city1' where the prophet ,jonah proclaimed the dread message of ,jehovah to so many repenting thousands whose deep humiliation averted for a time the impending ruin4 ,but when her proud monarchs had scourged idolatrous ,israel and carried the ten tribes into captivity1 and raised their hands against ,judah and the holy city1 the inspired strains of the eloquent ,nahum1 clothed in terrible sublimity as they were1 met their full accomplishment in the utter desolation of one of the largest cities on which the sun ever shone4 #8,nineveh is laid waste6 who will bemoan her8 ,she is empty1 and void1 and waste2 her nobles dwell in the dust2 her people are scattered upon the mountains1 and no man gathereth them4' 8,where her gorgeous palaces once resounded to the strains of music and the shouts of revelry1 a few black tents of the wandering ,arab and ,trkomn are now scattered among the shapeless mounds of earth and rubbish1--the ruins of the city1--as if in mockery of her departed glory2 while their tenants were engaged in the fitting employment of weaving #8sackcloth of hair1' as if for the mourning attire of the world's great emporium1 whose #8merchants' were multiplied above the stars of heaven4 ,the largest mound1 from which very ancient relics and inscriptions are dug1 is now crowned with the ,moslem village of ,neby ,ynas1 or the prophet ,jonah1 where his remains are said to be interred1 and over which has been reared1 as his mausoleum1 a temple of ,islm4 8,soon after leaving the ruins of ,nineveh1 we came in sight of two villages of the ,yezidees1 the reputed worshippers of the devil4 ,large and luxuriant olive-groves1 with their rich green foliage1 and fruit just ripening in the autumnal sun1 imparted such a cheerful aspect to the scene as soon dispelled whatever of pensive melancholy had gathered around me1 while treading upon the dust of departed greatness4 ,several white sepulchres of ,yezidee sheiks attracted attention as ,i approached the villages4 ,they were in the form of fluted cones or pyramids1 standing upon quadrangular bases1 and rising to the height of some twenty feet or more4 ,we became the guests of one of the chief ,yezidees of ,baa-sheka1 whose dwelling1 like others in the place1 was a rude stone structure1 with a flat terrace roof4 ,coarse felt carpets were spread for our seats in the open court1 and a formal welcome was given us2 but it was evidently not a very cordial one4 ,my ,turkish cavass understood the reason1 and at once removed it4 ,our host had mistaken me for a ,mahometan towards whom the ,yezidees cherish a settled aversion4 ,as soon as ,i was introduced to him as a ,christian1 and he had satisfied himself that this was my true character1 his whole deportment was changed4 ,he at once gave me a new and cordial welcome1 and set about supplying our wants with new alacrity4 ,he seemed to feel that he had exchanged a ,moslem foe for a ,christian friend1 and ,i became quite satisfied of the truth of what ,i had often heard1--that the ,yezidees are friendly towards the professors of ,christianity4 8,they are said to cherish a high regard for the ,christian religion1 of which clearly they have some corrupt remains4 ,they practise the rite of baptism1 make the sign of the cross1 so emblematical of ,christianity in the ,east1 put off their shoes1 and kiss the threshold when they enter a ,christian church2 and it is said that they often speak of wine as the blood of ,christ1 hold the cup with both hands1 after the sacramental manner of the ,east1 when drinking it1 and1 if a drop chance to fall on the ground1 they gather it up with religious care4 8,they believe in one supreme ,god1 and1 in some sense at least1 in ,christ as a ,savior4 ,they have also a remnant of ,sabianism1 or the religion of the ancient fire-worshippers4 ,they bow in adoration before the rising sun1 and kiss his first rays when they strike on a wall or other object near them2 and they will not blow out a candle with their breath1 or spit in the fire1 lest they should defile that sacred element4 8,circumcision and the passover1 or a sacrificial festival allied to the passover in time and circumstance1 seem also to identify them with the ,jews2 and1 altogether1 they certainly present a most singular chapter in the history of man4 8,that they are really the worshippers of the devil can only be true1 if at all1 in a modified sense1 though it is true that they pay him so much deference as to refuse to speak of him disrespectfully1 7perhaps for fear of his vengeance27 and1 instead of pronouncing his name1 they call him the #8lord of the evening1' or #8prince of darkness2' also1 ,sheik ,maazen1 or ,exalted ,chief4 ,some of them say that ,satan was a fallen angel1 with whom ,god was angry2 but he will at some future day be restored to favor1 and there is no reason why they should treat him with disrespect4 8,the ,christians of ,mesopotamia report that the ,yezidees make votive offerings to the devil1 by throwing money and jewels into a certain deep pit in the mountains of ,sinjar1 where a large portion of them reside2 and it is said that when that district1 which has long been independent1 was subjugated by the ,turks1 the pacha compelled the ,yezidee priest to disclose the place1 and then plundered it of a large treasure1 the offerings of centuries4 ,the ,yezidees here call themselves ,daseni1 probably from the ancient name of the district1 ,dasen1 which was a ,christian bishopric in early times4 ,their chief place of concourse1 the religious temple of the ,yezidees1 is said to have once been a ,christian church or convent4 ,the late ,mr4 ,rich speaks of the ,yezidees as #8lively1 brave1 hospitable1 and good-humored1' and adds that1 #8under the ,british government1 much might be made of them4' 8,the precise number of the ,yezidees it is difficult to estimate1 so little is known of them2 but it is probable that we must reckon them by tens of thousands1 instead of the larger computations which have been made by some travellers1 who have received their information merely from report4 ,still they are sufficiently numerous to form an important object of attention to the ,christian church2 and ,i trust1 as we learn more about them1 sympathy1 prayer1 and effort1 will be enlisted in their behalf4 ,it will be a scene of no ordinary interest when the voice of prayer and praise to ,god shall ascend from hearts now devoted to the service of the prince of darkness1 #8the worshippers of the devil'6 ,may that day be hastened on60 ,,greek ,,or ,,russian ,,church4 ,the ,greek church separated from the ,latin or ,romish church about ,a4 ,d4 #ajed4 ,it is under the jurisdiction of the patriarchs or bishops of ,constantinople1 ,alexandria1 ,antioch1 and ,jerusalem4 ,the ,greek or ,russian church is very extensive4 ,its jurisdiction embraces more territory than that of the ,roman see4 ,the population of this church is estimated at about forty millions4 ,the following are some of the chief tenets held by the ,greek or ,russian church3--,they disown the authority of the pope1 and deny that the church of ,rome is the true catholic church4 ,they do not baptize their children till they are three1 four1 five1 six1 ten1 nay1 sometimes eighteen years of age3 baptism is performed by trine immersion4 ,they insist that the sacrament of the ,lord's supper ought to be administered in both kinds1 and they give the sacrament to children immediately after baptism4 ,they grant no indulgences1 nor do they lay any claim to the character of infallibility1 like the church of ,rome4 ,they deny that there is any such place as purgatory2 notwithstanding1 they pray for the dead1 that ,god would have mercy on them at the general judgment4 ,they practise the invocation of saints2 though1 they say1 they do not invoke them as deities1 but as intercessors with ,god4 ,they exclude confirmation1 extreme unction1 and matrimony out of the seven sacraments4 ,they deny auricular confession to be a divine precept1 and say it is only a positive injunction of the church4 ,they pay no religious homage to the eucharist4 ,they administer the communion in both kinds to the laity1 both in sickness and in health1 though they have never applied themselves to their confessors1 because they are persuaded that a lively faith is all which is requisite for the worthy receiving of the ,lord's supper4 ,they maintain that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds only from the ,father1 and not from the ,son4 ,they believe in predestination4 ,they admit of no images in relief or embossed work1 but use paintings and sculptures in copper or silver4 ,they approve of the marriage of priests1 provided they enter into that state before their admission into holy orders4 ,they condemn all fourth marriages4 ,they observe a number of holy days1 and keep four fasts in the year more solemn than the rest1 of which the fast in ,lent1 before ,easter1 is the chief4 ,they believe the doctrine of consubstantiation1 or the union of the body of ,christ with the sacramental bread4 ,the ,russians adhere to the doctrine and ceremonies of the ,greek church1 though they are now independent of the patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,the church service is contained in twenty-four volumes1 folio1 in the ,sclavonian language1 which is not well understood by the common people4 ,,primitive ,,christians4 ,a new sect1 professing to be an association of ,christians to promote the revival and spread of primitive ,christianity1 has recently sprung up at ,bradford1 in ,england4 ,its originators1 or founders1 are a ,mr4 ,barker and a ,mr4 ,trother1 who have recently been expelled from the ministry of the ,new ,connection of ,methodists1 by the annual assembly or conference of the members of that body1 for some difference of opinion on doctrinal points between them and the conference4 ,,trinitarians4 ,by this term we are to understand those who believe that there are three distinct1 persons in the ,godhead1 the ,,father1 ,,son1 and ,,holy ,,spirit1 the same in substance1 equal in power and dignity1 and that these three are one4 ,hence it is said they believe in a triune ,god4 7,see ,deut4 #f3d4 #b ,kings #ai3ae4 ,ps4 #ai3a2 #hc3ah2 #aci3g4 ,isa4 #f3c1 #i2 #i3f2 #aa3c2 #ad3e1 #bc1 #be4 ,jer4 #ag3aj2 #bc3f4 ,ezek4 #h3a1 #c4 ,matt4 #c3af1 #ag2 #i3f2 #ah3bj2 #bc3ai4 ,luke #a3gf2 #bd3be4 ,john #a3a2 #b3a2 #e3ai1 #bc2 #aj3cj2 #af3aj1 #ae4 ,acts #e3d2 #bh3bc1 #be4 ,rom4 #a3e2 #i3e2 #ad3ab1 #ai4 #a ,cor4 #b3aj2 #h3f4 #b ,cor4 #ac3ad4 ,phil4 #b3e1 #f1 #g1 c42 #c3ba4 ,heb4 #a3c1 #f1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab2 #i3ad2 #ac3h4 #a ,john #e3g1 #bj4 ,rev4 #a3d1 #e1 #f1 #h2 #c3ad2 #e3ac1 c47 ,the ,unitarians believe that there is but one person in the ,godhead1 and that this person is the ,father2 and they insist that the ,trinitarian distinction of persons is contradictory and absurd4 ,the unity of ,god is a doctrine which both parties consider the foundation of all true religion4 ,although the doctrine of the ,trinity is ostensibly the main subject of dispute between ,trinitarians and ,unitarians1 yet it is in reality respecting the character of ,christ4 ,those who believe in his proper deity very easily dispose of all the other difficulties in the ,trinitarian system2 while anti-,trinitarians find more fault with this doctrine than any other in the ,trinitarian creed2 and the grand obstacle to their reception of the ,trinitarian faith is removed1 when they can admit that ,jesus ,christ is ,god1 as well as man2 so that the burden of labor1 on both sides1 is either to prove or disprove the proper deity of the ,son of ,god4 ,in proof of this doctrine1 the ,trinitarians urge many declarations of the ,scripture1 which1 in their opinion1 admit of no consistent explanation upon the ,unitarian scheme2 they there find that offices are assigned to ,christ1 and to the ,holy ,spirit1 which none but ,god can perform2 particularly the creation of the world1 and the grand decisions of the day of judgment4 ,as they read the ,scriptures1 the attributes of omnipotence1 omniscience1 omnipresence1 unchangeableness1 and eternity1 are ascribed to ,jesus ,christ2 and they infer that a being to whom all these perfections are ascribed must be truly ,god1 coqual and coternal with the ,father4 ,the ,unitarians1 on the other hand1 contend that some of these passages are interpolations1 and that the others are either mistranslated or misunderstood4 ,the passage in ,john1 in particular1 respecting the three that bear record1 c41 has been set aside by such high authority1 that they consider it unfair to introduce it in the controversy4 ------------------------------------- ,the excellent and learned ,stillingfleet1 in the preface to his ,vindication of the ,doctrine of the ,trinity1 says1 8,since both sides yield that the matter they dispute about is above their reach1 the wisest course they can take is1 to assert and defend what is revealed1 and not to be peremptory and quarrelsome about that which is acknowledged to be above our comprehension2 ,i mean as to the manner how the three persons partake of the divine nature40 ,,millenarians4 ,the ,millenarians are those who believe that ,christ will reign personally on earth for a thousand years2 and their name1 taken from the ,latin mille1 a thousand1 has a direct allusion to the duration of the spiritual empire4 ,the doctrine of the millennium1 or a future paradisaical state of the earth1 it is said1 is not of ,christian1 but of ,jewish origin4 ,the tradition is attributed to ,elijah1 which fixes the duration of the world1 in its present imperfect condition1 to six thousand years1 and announces the approach of a ,sabbath of a thousand years of universal peace and plenty1 to be ushered in by the glorious advent of the ,messiah4 ,this idea may be traced in the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 and in the opinions of ,papias1 who knew of no written testimony in its behalf4 ,it was adopted by the author of the ,revelation1 by ,justin ,martyr1 by ,irenus1 and by a long succession of the fathers4 ,as the theory is animating and consolatory1 when it is divested of cabalistic numbers and allegorical decorations1 it will no doubt always retain a number of adherents4 ,however the ,millenarians may differ among themselves respecting the nature of this great event1 it is agreed1 on all hands1 that such a revolution will be effected in the latter days1 by which vice and its attendant misery shall be banished from the earth2 thus completely forgetting all those dissensions and animosities by which the religious world hath been agitated1 and terminating the grand drama of ,providence with universal felicity4 ,we are not unmindful of the prophetic language of ,isaiah1 7#di3bb1 #bc17 together with a sublime passage from the book of the ,revelation1 7#aa3ae17 with which the canon of ,scripture concludes--8,thus saith the ,lord ,god1 ,behold1 ,i will lift up mine hand to the ,gentiles1 and set up my standard to the people4 ,and kings shall be thy nursing fathers1 and their queens thy nursing mothers1 they shall become good themselves1 and be the protectors of religion and liberty1 and thou shalt know that ,i am the ,lord1 for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me4 ,and the seventh angel sounded1 and there were great voices in heaven1 saying1 ,the kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our ,lord1 and of his ,christ1 and he shall reign forever and ever40 7,see ,matt #ac3bi1 #cj2 #bg3cb4 ,luke #ag3bi1 #cj4 ,acts #c3ba4 ,heb4 #a3ab4 ,phil4 #c3i1 #aa4 #b ,pet4 #c3ac4 ,rev4 #bj3a-f1 and chaps4 #ba1 #bb4 ,apoc4 chap4 #ba4 ,ezek4 chap4 #cf47 ,,whitefield ,,calvinistic ,,methodists4 ,the ,tabernacle or ,lady ,huntingdon ,connection1 formed by ,whitefield1 is so called from the name given to several places of worship1 in ,london1 ,bristol1 c4 ,in some of the chapels in this ,connection1 the service of the church of ,england is read2 in others1 the worship is conducted much in the same way as among the ,congregationalists2 while1 in all1 the system of supply is more or less kept up1 consisting in the employment1 for a month or six weeks1 of ministers from different parts of the country1 who either take the whole duty1 or assist the resident minister4 ,some of the congregations consist of several thousand hearers2 and1 by the blessing of ,god on the rousing and faithful sermons which are usually delivered to them1 very extensive good is effected in the way of conversion4 ,most of the ministers now employed as supplies in this ,connection are of the ,congregational order1 to which1 of late years1 there appears to be a gradual approximation2 and it is not improbable that ere long both bodies will coalesce4 ,the number of chapels belonging to this body1 at the present time1 is about sixty1 in all of which the liturgy of the church of ,england is read1 and most of her forms scrupulously kept up4 ,the ministers1 who used formerly to supply at different chapels in the course of the year1 are now become more stationary1 and have assumed more of the pastoral character4 ,they have a respectable college at ,cheshunt1 in ,hertfordshire4 ,the ,calvinistic ,methodists in ,wales are very numerous4--,see ,biographical ,sketches of ,whitefield1 ,wesley1 and ,lady ,huntingdon4 ,,nonjurors4 ,those who refused to take the oaths to government1 and who were1 in consequence1 under certain incapacities1 and liable to certain severe penalties4 ,the members of the ,episcopal church of ,scotland have long been denominated ,nonjurors2 but perhaps they are now called so improperly1 as the ground of their difference from the established church is more on account of ecclesiastical than political principles4 ,,nonconformists4 ,those who refuse to join the established church4 ,nonconformists in ,england may be considered of three sorts3--#a4 ,such as absent themselves from divine worship in the established church through total irreligion1 and attend the service of no other persuasion4--#b4 ,such as absent themselves on the plea of conscience2 as1 ,presbyterians1 ,independents1 ,baptists1 c4--#c4 ,internal ,nonconformists1 or unprincipled clergymen1 who applaud and propagate doctrines quite inconsistent with several of those articles they promised on oath to defend4 ,the word is generally used in reference to those ministers who were ejected from their livings by the ,act of ,uniformity1 in #affb4 ,the number of these was about two thousand4 ,however some affect to treat these men with indifference1 and suppose that their consciences were more tender than they need be1 it must be remembered that they were men of as extensive learning1 great abilities1 and pious conduct1 as ever appeared4 ,,christian ,,connection4 ,this denomination1 among themselves1 are generally called simply ,christians4 ,this they do merely to denote their character as the followers of ,christ2 but1 when applied to them collectively1 it necessarily becomes the name of a denomination4 ,they are sometimes1 by their opposers1 called ,christ-ians2 but this pronunciation of the word they universally reject as very improper4 ,the ,christians began to associate and to form a distinct people about the beginning of the nineteenth century1 so that they may be said to have existed but about forty years4 ,they seem to have sprung up almost simultaneously in different and remote parts of the country1 without any interchange of sentiments1 concert of action1 or even knowledge of each other's views or movements1 till after a public stand had been taken in several parts of the country4 ,the first branch arose in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 and consisted of seceders from the ,methodists4 ,at first1 there were about one thousand communicants4 ,the northern branch of this denomination sprung up in ,new ,england4 ,it commenced by the formation of several new churches1 under the administration of a few ministers who had separated themselves from the ,baptists1 who were soon joined by several other ministers1 and nearly whole churches1 from the same denomination4 ,the western branch arose in ,kentucky1 and was composed of seceders from the ,presbyterians4 ,some of their ministers were men of strong and well-cultivated minds1 who urged forward the reform they had undertaken1 till they have spread over most of the ,western ,states4 ,in all these different sections1 their leading purpose1 at first1 appears to have been1 not so much to establish any peculiar or distinctive doctrine1 as to assert for individuals and churches more liberty and independence in relation to matters of faith and practice2 to shake off the authority of human creeds1 and the shackles of prescribed modes and forms2 to make the ,bible their only guide1 claiming for every man the right to judge for himself what is its doctrine1 and what are its requirements2 and in practice to follow more strictly the simplicity of the apostles and primitive ,christians4 ,this class of believers recognize no individual as a leader or founder1 and no man claims this high eminence1 although several persons were instrumental in giving rise and progress to the society4 ,they point all to ,christ as the ,leader and ,founder1 and professedly labor to bring all to the first principles of original1 apostolic ,christianity4 ,seceding1 as the first ministers did1 from different denominations1 they necessarily brought with them some of the peculiarities of faith and usage in which they had been educated4 ,but the two prominent sentiments that led them out1 both kept them together1 by rendering them tolerant toward each other1 and gradually brought them to be very similar both in faith and practice4 ,these two sentiments were1 that the ,scriptures only should be consulted as a rule of faith and duty1 and that all ,christians should enjoy universal toleration4 ,hence scarcely any churches have written creeds1 although nearly all record their principles of action4 ,very few are ,trinitarians1 though nearly all believe in the prexistence and proper ,sonship of ,christ4 ,perhaps not any believe in or practise sprinkling1 but almost all practise immersion2 from which circumstance many1 though very improperly1 call them ,christian ,baptists4 ,perfect uniformity does not exist among all the members of this community1 although the approximation to it is far greater than many have supposed it ever could be without a written creed4 ,but there are several important points in which they generally agree fully2 and these are regarded as sufficient to secure ,christian character1 ,christian fellowship1 and concert of action4 ,some of these points are the following3--,that the ,scriptures1 including the ,old and ,new ,testament1 were given by inspiration of ,god1 and are sufficient to teach what men should believe1 and what they should practise4 ,that every man has a right to study the ,scriptures1 and to exercise his own judgment with regard to their true import and meaning4 ,that there is one ,god1 perfect and infinite4 ,that ,jesus ,christ is the ,son of ,god in the highest possible sense1 and that salvation is found in him alone4 ,that all men have sinned and come short of the glory of ,god1 therefore are polluted and guilty4 ,that no transgressor can find pardon but by repentance and faith in ,jesus ,christ4 ,that the ,holy ,spirit reproves all sinners1 and comforts all ,christians4 ,that whoever has sinned has also a way of salvation set before him4 ,that pardon and eternal salvation are found alone through regeneration4 ,that none are proper subjects of church membership1 or the ordinances except the regenerated4 ,that ,god calls men to the ministry1 and no others are his true ministers4 ,that perseverance to the end is the only condition on our part that can secure our eternal happiness4 ,that revivals of religion are of the first importance1 and should be labored for continually4 ,that every believer should be immersed1 and become a public member of some visible church4 ,that every church should continue to observe the ,lord's supper4 ,that there will be a resurrection of the dead1 both of the just and of the unjust2 and that1 at the day of judgment1 the righteous and the wicked will be separated1 and pass1 the righteous into everlasting life1 and the wicked into eternal damnation4 ,on all the above points1 there is but very little difference of opinion or practice throughout the whole body4 ,candidates for baptism and church membership are required to give the reason of their hope1 by a relation of their ,christian experience2 and persons coming from other churches are expected to furnish satisfactory testimonials of their ,christian character4 ,their communions are always open and free for all ,christians of every denomination2 but no unconverted or immoral person is invited to the ,lord's table4 ,each church is so far independent as to have a right to transact all its internal affairs without foreign interference4 ,every church makes choice of its own minister1 agrees on its own principles of action1 and administers its own discipline1 as they understand the ,new ,testament2 but the imposition of hands is invariably administered by ordained ministers4 ,the connection between the several churches1 and between the ministers1 is kept up by means of associations called conferences1 each of which is generally composed of the ministers and churches within a certain district4 ,these hold annual sessions1 at which the ministers meet in person1 and the churches by delegates4 ,the churches and ministers are generally thus associated2 but1 if any choose not to do so1 the fraternal bonds are not thereby impaired4 ,very few of their ministers are thoroughly educated men2 but they are generally well acquainted with the ,bible1 and many of them good sermonizers and powerful preachers4 ,all the important means by which pure ,christianity may be advanced are fast gaining favor both in the ministry and the churches4 ,within the last few years1 there has been a very rapid spread1 and great increase2 while all has been settling upon a firm and consistent basis4 ,while many are engaged calling sinners to repentance1 the churches are set in order1 and thus mightily the word of ,god grows and prevails4 ,,puseyites4 ,this school of theology1 which has become famous both in ,england and abroad1 had its origin at ,oxford1 about ,a4 ,d4 #ahch4 ,some distinguished members of the university thought that the church of ,england was in an alarming position1 and that irreligious principles and false doctrines had been admitted into the measures of the government of the country on a large scale4 ,to check the progress of these supposed errors and mischievous practices1 they published a series of 8,tracts for the ,times10 on such subjects as the constitution of the church2 the authority of its ministers2 refutations of the errors of ,romanism1 and how to oppose it1 c4 c4 ,the ,puseyites strenuously assert the apostolical succession2 in other words1 that the clergy derive their power from the apostles1 through episcopal ordination4 ,in regard to church polity1 they maintain that the church is an empire and government of its own1--a government appointed by ,god1--and that its laws1 as they are to be found in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 ought to be implicitly obeyed4 ,they deprecate the neglect of the daily service1 the desecration of festivals1 and the scanty administration of the eucharist4 ,with respect to sacraments1 the ,puseyites hold that they are not subjects of discussion1 or for speculation2 but 8high1 mysterious1 awful ,christian privileges--to be felt1 reverenced1 embraced1 realized1 acted40 ,with respect to church authority1 they hold that human tradition has no place in revelation2 that no individuals1 since the apostles1 can be regarded as expositors of the will of ,christ2 that the unanimous witness of ,christendom1 as to the teaching of the apostles1 is the only and the fully-sufficient guaranty of the whole revealed faith1 and that we do possess historically such a guaranty in the remains of the primitive church4 ,the ,puseyites inculcate the necessity of dispensing religious truth with caution and reverence1 not throwing it promiscuously before minds ill suited to receive it4 ,a characteristic feature of the ,oxford school of theology1 is its opposition to what is called the 8popular religionism of the day40 ,the masters of the school grieve that men are sent from the seat of their education with the belief that they are to think1 not read2 judge1 rather than learn2 and look to their own minds for truth1 rather than to some permanent external standard4 ,at the head of this school are ,dr4 ,pusey1 ,regius professor of ,hebrew1 and canon of ,christ ,church1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,keble1 professor of poetry1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,williams1 and ,rev4 ,w4 ,sewall1 professor of moral philosophy4 ,,free ,,communion ,,baptists4 ,this denomination of ,christians dissent from the regular ,baptists on the point that immersion is a prerequisite to the privileges of a church relation1 and permit ,christians of all denominations1 in regular church standing1 to partake with them at the ,lord's table4 ,the ,rev4 ,robert ,hall1 of ,england1 one of the most learned and eloquent ,baptist ministers of the age1 was an unflinching opposer of the practice of 8close communion10 which he denounced as 8unchristian and unnatural40 ,in a tract written in defence of his views on this subject1 he remarks1 8,it is too much to expect an enlightened public will be eager to enroll themselves among the members of a sect which displays much of the intolerance of ,popery1 without any portion of its splendor1 and prescribes1 as the pledge of conversion1 the renunciation of the whole ,christian world40 ,in reference to the mode of baptism1 ,mr4 ,hall says1 8,i would not myself baptize in any other way than by immersion1 because ,i look upon immersion as the ancient mode2 that it best represents the meaning of the original term employed1 and the substantial import of this institution2 and because ,i should think it right to guard against the spirit of innovation1 which1 in positive rites1 is always dangerous and progressive2 but ,i should not think myself authorized to rebaptize any one who has been sprinkled in adult age40 ,this class of ,baptists are found chiefly in the western and northern parts of the state of ,new ,york4 ,they number between forty and fifty churches and ministers4 ,,transcendentalists4 ,,transcendent and ,,transcendental are technical terms in philosophy4 ,according to their etymology1 7from transcendere17 they signify that which goes beyond a certain limit2 in philosophy1 that which goes beyond1 or transcends1 the circle of experience1 or of what is perceptible by the senses4 ,properly speaking1 all philosophy is in this sense transcendental1 because all philosophical investigations rise above the sensual1 even if they start from that which is perceptible by the senses4 ,but philosophical inquiries are to be distinguished according as they proceed from experience1 or from principles and ideas not derived from that source4 ,the latter sort are called1 in a narrower sense1 pure1 or transcendental4 ,the school of ,kant makes a still further distinction3 it gives the name of transcendental to that which does not1 indeed1 originate from experience1 but yet is connected with it1 because it contains the grounds of the possibility of experience2 but the term transcendent it applies to that which cannot be connected with experience1 but transcends the limit of possible experience and of philosophizing4 ,as applied in this country1 especially when used as a term of reproach1 ,transcendentalism would designate a system which builds on feeling1 rather than on reason1 and relies more on the imagination than on the judgment4 ,in the main1 however1 the ,transcendentalists are persons who hold that man has the power to perceive intuitively truths which transcend the reach of the senses2 but they divide1 some taking the unction of ,sentimentalism1 and others of ,mysticism4 ,,augsburg ,,confession ,,of ,,faith4 ,the first ,protestant ,confession was that presented1 in #aecj1 to the diet of ,augsburg1 by the suggestion and under the direction of ,john1 elector of ,saxony4 ,this wise and prudent prince1 with the view of having the principal grounds on which the ,protestants had separated from the ,romish communion distinctly submitted to that assembly1 intrusted the duty of preparing a summary of them to the divines of ,wittemberg4 ,nor was that task a difficult one2 for the ,reformed doctrines had already been digested into seventeen articles1 which had been proposed at the conferences both at ,sultzbach and ,smalcald1 as the confession of faith to be adopted by the ,protestant confederates4 ,these1 accordingly1 were delivered to the elector by ,luther1 and served as the basis of the celebrated ,augsburg ,confession1 written 8by the elegant and accurate pen of ,melancthon0--a work which has been admired by many even of its enemies1 for its perspicuity1 piety1 and erudition4 ,it contains twenty-eight chapters1 the leading topics of which are1 the true and essential divinity of ,christ2 his substitution and vicarious sacrifice2 original sin2 human inability2 the necessity1 freedom1 and efficacy of divine grace2 consubstantiation2 and particularly justification by faith1 to establish the truth and importance of which was one of its chief objects4 ,the last seven articles condemn and confute the ,popish tenets of communion in one kind1 clerical celibacy1 private masses1 auricular confession1 legendary traditions1 monastic vows1 and the exorbitant power of the church4 ,this ,confession is silent on the doctrine of predestination4 ,this is the universal standard of orthodox doctrine among those who profess to be ,lutherans1 in which no authoritative alteration has ever been made4 ,,armenians4 ,the chief point of separation between the ,armenians on the one side1 and the ,greeks and the ,papists on the other1 is1 that1 while the latter believe in two natures and one person of ,christ1 the former believe that the humanity and divinity of ,christ were so united as to form but one nature2 and hence they are called ,monophysites1 signifying single nature4 ,another point on which they are charged with heresy by the ,papists is1 that they adhere to the notion that the ,spirit proceeds from the ,father only2 and in this the ,greeks join them1 though the ,papists say that he proceeds from the ,father and the ,son4 ,in other respects1 the ,greeks and ,armenians have very nearly the same religious opinions1 though they differ somewhat in their forms and modes of worship4 ,for instance1 the ,greeks make the sign of the cross with three fingers1 in token of their belief in the doctrine of the ,trinity1 while the ,armenians use two fingers1 and the ,jacobites1 one4 ,the ,armenians hold to seven sacraments1 like the ,latins although baptism1 confirmation1 and extreme unction1 are all performed at the same time2 and the forms of prayer for confirmation and extreme unction are perfectly intermingled1 which leads one to suppose that1 in fact1 the latter sacrament does not exist among them1 except in name1 and that this they have borrowed from the ,papists4 ,infants are baptized both by triple immersion and pouring water three times upon the head2 the former being done1 as their books assert1 in reference to ,christ's having been three days in the grave1 and probably suggested by the phrase buried with him in baptism4 ,the latter ceremony they derive from the tradition that1 when ,christ was baptized1 he stood in the midst of ,jordan1 and ,john poured water from his hand three times upon his head4 ,in all their pictures of this scene1 such is the representation of the mode of our ,savior's baptism4 ,converted ,jews1 or ,mahometans1 though adults1 are baptized in the same manner4 ,the ,armenians acknowledge sprinkling as a lawful mode of baptism2 for they receive from other churches those that have merely been sprinkled1 without rebaptizing them4 ,they believe firmly in transubstantiation1 and worship the consecrated elements as ,god4 ,unleavened bread is used in the sacrament1 and the broken pieces of bread are dipped in undiluted wine1 and thus given to the people4 ,the latter1 however1 do not handle it1 but receive it into their mouths from the hands of the priest4 ,they suppose it has in itself a sanctifying and saving power4 ,the ,greeks1 in this sacrament1 use leavened bread1 and wine mixed with water4 ,the ,armenians discard the ,popish doctrine of purgatory but yet1 most inconsistently1 they pray for the dead4 ,they hold to confession of sins to the priests1 who impose penances and grant absolution1 though without money1 and they give no indulgences4 ,they pray through the mediation of the virgin ,mary1 and other saints4 ,the belief that ,mary was always a virgin1 is a point of very high importance with them2 and they consider the thought of her having given birth to children after the birth of ,christ1 as in the highest degree derogatory to her character1 and impious4 ,they regard baptism and regeneration as the same thing and have no conception of any spiritual change2 and they know little of any other terms of salvation than penance1 the ,lord's supper1 fasting1 and good works in general4 ,the ,armenians are strictly ,trinitarians in their views1 holding firmly to the supreme divinity of ,christ1 and the doctrine of atonement for sin2 though their views on the latter subject1 as well as in regard to faith and repentance1 are somewhat obscure4 ,they say that ,christ died to atone for original sin1 and that actual sin is to be washed away by penances1--which1 in their view1 is repentance4 ,penances are prescribed by the priests1 and sometimes consist in an offering of money to the church1 a pilgrimage1 or more commonly in repeating certain prayers1 or reading the whole book of ,psalms a specified number of times4 ,faith in ,christ seems to mean but little more than believing in the mystery of transubstantiation4--,see ,coleman's ,christian ,antiquities4 ,,primitive ,,methodists4 ,this sect forms a party in ,england1 which seceded from the ,wesleyans in #ahag4 ,they differ from the ,wesleyans chiefly in church government1 by admitting lay representation4 ,they are said to increase rapidly4 ,their present number is about seventy thousand4 ,,novatians4 ,an heretical sect in the early church1 which derives its name from ,novatian1 an heresiarch of the third century1 who was ordained a priest of the church of ,rome1 and afterwards got himself clandestinely consecrated bishop of ,rome1 by three weak men1 upon whom he had imposed1 and one of whom afterwards did penance for his concern in the business4 ,he was never acknowledged bishop of ,rome1 but was condemned and excommunicated4 ,he still1 however taught his doctrine1 and became the head of the party that bore his name4 ,he denied1 in opposition to the opinion of the church1 that those who had been guilty of idolatry could be again received by the church4 ,,nestorians4 ,the branch of the ,christian church known by this name is so called from ,nestorius1 a patriarch of ,constantinople1 who was born in ,germanica1 a city of ,syria1 in the latter part of the fourth century4 ,he was educated and baptized at ,antioch1 and1 soon after his baptism1 withdrew to a monastery in the vicinity of that city4 ,his great reputation for eloquence1 and the regularity of his life1 induced the emperor ,theodosius to select him for the see of ,constantinople2 and he was consecrated bishop of that church ,a4 ,d4 #dbi4 ,he became a violent persecutor of heretics2 but1 because he favored the doctrine of his friend ,anastasius1 that 8the virgin ,mary cannot with propriety be called the mother of ,god10 he was anathematized by ,cyril1 bishop of ,alexandria1 who1 in his turn1 was anathematized by ,nestorius4 ,in the council of ,ephesus1 ,a4 ,d4 #dca1 7the third ,general ,council of the church17 at which ,cyril presided1 and at which ,nestorius was not present1 he was judged and condemned without being heard1 and deprived of his see4 ,he then retired to his monastery1 in ,antioch1 and was afterwards banished to ,petra1 in ,arabia1 and thence to ,oasis1 in ,egypt1 where he died1 about ,a4 ,d4 #dce or #dci4 ,the decision of the council of ,ephesus caused many difficulties in the church2 and the friends of ,nestorius carried his doctrines through all the ,oriental provinces1 and established numerous congregations1 professing an invincible opposition to the decrees of the ,ephesian council4 ,nestorianism spread rapidly over the ,east1 and was embraced by a large number of the oriental bishops4 ,barsumas1 bishop of ,nisibis1 labored with great zeal and activity to procure for the ,nestorians a solid and permanent footing in ,persia2 and his success was so remarkable that his fame extended throughout the ,east4 ,he established a school at ,nisibis1 which became very famous1 and from which issued those ,nestorian doctors who1 in that and the following centuries1 spread abroad their tenets through ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,tartary1 and ,china4 ,the ,nestorian church is ,episcopal in its government1 like all the other ,oriental churches4 ,its doctrines1 also1 are1 in general1 the same with those of those churches1 and they receive and repeat1 in their public worship1 the ,nicene creed4 ,their distinguishing doctrines appear to be1 their believing that ,mary was not the mother of ,jesus ,christ1 as ,god1 but only as man1 and that there are1 consequently1 two persons1 as well as two natures1 in the ,son of ,god4 ,this notion was looked upon in the earlier ages of the church as a most momentous error2 but it has in later times been considered more as an error of words than of doctrine2 and that the error of ,nestorius was in the words he employed to express his meaning1 rather than in the doctrine itself4 ,while the ,nestorians believe that ,christ had two natures and two persons1 they say 8that these natures and persons are so closely and intimately united that they have but one aspect40 8,now1 the word barsopa1 by which they express this aspect1 is precisely of the same signification with the ,greek word 1 which signifies a person2 and hence it is evident that they attached to the word aspect the same idea that we attach to the word person1 and that they understood1 by the word person1 precisely what we understand by the term nature40 ,the ,nestorians1 of all the ,christian churches of the ,east1 have been the most careful and successful in avoiding a multitude of superstitious opinions and practices1 which have infected the ,romish and many ,eastern churches4 ,our readers are referred to an interesting volume recently published by ,asahel ,grant1 ,m4 ,d41 in which is contained strong evidence that the ,nestorians and the 8,lost ,tribes0 are one people4 ,,high-,,churchmen4 ,a term first given to the ,nonjurors1 who refused to acknowledge ,william ,,iii4 as their lawful king1 and who had very proud notions of church power2 but it is now commonly used in a more extensive signification1 and is applied to all those who1 though far from being ,nonjurors1 yet form high conceptions of the authority and jurisdiction of the church4 ,,ancient ,,american ,,covenant ,,or ,,confession ,,of ,,faith4 ,copy of the first ,covenant1 or ,confession of ,faith1 of the ,first ,church in ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,the first ordination to the pastoral office1 and the first complete organization and erection of a ,protestant church1 in ,north ,america1 took place in that town1 in the year #afbi4 ,the ,first ,covenant1 ,or ,confession ,of ,faith1 ,of ,the ,first ,church ,in ,salem4 8,we covenant with our ,lord1 and one with another1 and we do bind ourselves1 in the presence of ,god1 to walk together in all his ways1 according as he is pleased to reveal himself unto us in his blessed word of truth2 and do explicitly1 in the name and fear of ,god1 profess and protest to walk as followeth1 through the power and grace of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ3-- 8,we avouch the ,lord to be our ,god1 and ourselves to be his people1 in the truth and simplicity of our spirits4 8,we give ourselves to the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and the word of his grace1 for the teaching1 ruling1 and sanctifying of us in matters of worship and conversation1 resolving to cleave unto him alone for life and glory1 and to reject all contrary ways1 canons1 and constitutions of men1 in his worship4 8,we promise to walk with our brethren1 with all watchfulness and tenderness1 avoiding jealousies and suspicions1 backbitings1 censurings1 provokings1 secret risings of spirit against them2 but1 in all offences1 to follow the rule of our ,lord ,jesus1 and to bear and forbear1 give and forgive1 as he hath taught us4 8,in public or private1 we will willingly do nothing to the offence of the church1 but will be willing to take advice for ourselves and ours1 as occasion shall be presented4 8,we will not1 in the congregation1 be forward1 either to show our own gifts and parts in speaking or scrupling1 or there discover the weakness or failings of our brethren2 but attend an orderly call thereunto1 knowing how much the ,lord may be dishonored1 and his gospel1 and the profession of it1 slighted by our distempers and weaknesses in public4 8,we bind ourselves to study the advancement of the gospel in all truth and peace1 both in regard to those that are within or without2 no way slighting our sister churches1 but using their counsel1 as need shall be2 not laying a stumbling-block before any1 no1 not the ,indians1 whose good we desire to promote2 and so to converse1 as we may avoid the very appearance of evil4 8,we do hereby promise to carry ourselves in all lawful obedience to those that are over us1 in church or commonwealth1 knowing how well pleasing it will be to the ,lord1 that they should have encouragement in their places1 by our not grieving their spirits through our irregularities4 8,we resolve to approve ourselves to the ,lord in our particular callings1 shunning idleness1 as the bane of any state2 nor will we deal hardly or oppressingly with any1 wherein we are the ,lord's stewards4 8,promising1 also1 unto our best ability1 to teach our children and servants the knowledge of ,god1 and of his will1 that they may serve him also2 and all this1 not by any strength of our own1 but by the ,lord ,christ1 whose blood we desire may sprinkle this our covenant1 made in his name0 8,the above is a covenant10 says a learned divine1 8to which all good ,christians1 of every denomination1 to the end of time1 will be able to subscribe their names1--written in a style of touching simplicity1 which has seldom been equalled1 and containing sentiments which are felt to be eloquent by every amiable and pious heart1--and should form the bond to unite the whole church on earth1 as they will unite the church of the redeemed in heaven4 ,this ,covenant might well be adopted by all ,congregational and ,protestant churches2 and it will forever constitute the glory1 perpetuate the fame1 and render precious the memory1 of ,,francis ,,higginson1 the first minister of ,salem407#ab7 ,,statistics ,,of ,,churches4 ,baptists4 ,the following table1 from the ,baptist ,register of #ahdb1 exhibits the statistics of the ,regular or ,associated ,baptists in a perspicuous light3-- ,churches1 ,ministers1 c4 ,states4 ,churches4 ,ministers4 ,baptized4 ,members4 ,maine #bfa #aha #bbdi #bfdij ,new ,hampshire #ajd #gg #ajdb #ieeg ,vermont #acd #id #ghd #ajiej ,massachusetts #bji #agi #bcee #bejib ,rhode ,island #cb #be #cdh #eaif ,connecticut #ih #ib #eei #aabff ,new ,york #had #fig #gecc #hbbjj ,new ,jersey7#ac7 #ee #ec #ifa #fgaf ,pennsylvania #beb #aha #bcgj #bjihc ,delaware #i #h #cbf ,maryland #bg #ah #ffa #agaj ,virginia #dgg #bch #cjhf #egcij ,north ,carolina #ddh #aic #aedc #bfafi ,south ,carolina #cfg #aib #adcd #cdjib ,georgia #fea #bgf #ajdc #ddjbb ,alabama #ejc #bej #ijh #bejhd ,mississippi #aej #fd #fae #fjej ,louisiana7#ad7 #ae #i #bhh ,arkansas #dc #ba #aje #gih ,tennessee #fff #ddd #ich #cjhgi ,kentucky #fbg #cjj #ehdb #dgcbe ,ohio #ejb #bhd #ceid #bbccc ,indiana #dcg #bbi #agid #ahaih ,illinois #cea #bej #abbg #aadjh ,missouri #bhb #afa #hag #aajaj ,michigan #acj #hb #ffh #fbgf ,iowa #ad #i #aj #chb ,wisconsin #ae #i #eh #che ,british ,provinces #bbe #abe #ddad #cgabg ,total #ghih #dgda #dfieh #egcgjb ,,publications4--,,quarterly3 ,christian ,review1 ,boston1 ,mass4--,,monthly3 ,missionary ,magazine1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,sabbath ,school ,treasury1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,mother's ,monthly ,journal1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y42 ,sabbath ,school ,gleaner1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,baptist ,memorial1 ,n4 ,y42 ,michigan ,christian ,herald1 ,detroit1 ,mich4--,,semi-,,monthly3 ,the ,register1 ,montreal1 ,ca42 ,baptist ,library1 ,lexington1 ,n4 ,y4--,,weekly3 ,zion's ,advocate1 ,portland1 ,me42 ,n4 ,h4 ,baptist ,register1 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h42 ,vermont ,telegraph1 ,brandon1 ,vt42 ,vermont ,baptist ,journal1 ,middlebury1 ,vt42 ,christian ,watchman1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,christian ,reflector1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,christian ,secretary1 ,hartford1 ,ct42 ,n4 ,y4 ,baptist ,register1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y42 ,baptist ,advocate1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,baptist ,record1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,religious ,herald1 ,richmond1 ,va42 ,the ,truth1 ,morristown1 ,pa42 ,christian ,index1 ,penfield1 ,ga42 ,banner and ,pioneer1 ,louisville1 ,ky42 ,cross and ,journal1 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,christian ,messenger1 ,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 ,free-,will ,baptists4 ,this denomination of ,baptists have in their connection nine hundred and eighty-one churches1 six hundred and forty-seven ordained ministers1 one hundred and seventy-two licensed preachers1 forty-seven thousand two hundred and seventeen communicants1 eighty-seven quarterly and fourteen yearly meetings4 ,of this number of members1 thirty-five thousand two hundred and eighty-seven reside in ,new ,england and ,new ,york4 ,they are most numerous in ,maine and ,new ,hampshire4 ,,publications1 c4--,there are two periodicals published by this denomination at ,dover1 ,n4 ,h43 the ,morning ,star1 a weekly paper1 and the ,sabbath ,school ,repository1 published monthly2 also the ,christian ,soldier1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 once in two weeks4 ,the ,free-,will ,baptists have several benevolent institutions in ,maine1 and flourishing seminaries of learning at ,parsonsfield1 ,me41 ,strafford1 ,n4 ,h41 ,smithfield1 ,r4 ,i41 and at ,clinton and ,varysburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,these people do not believe in the doctrine of election and reprobation1 as taught by ,calvin1 and invite to the ,lord's table all evangelical ,christians in good standing in their churches4 ,seventh-,day ,baptists4 ,this people have in the ,united ,states about forty-eight churches1 thirty-four elders1 twenty licentiates1 and five thousand communicants4 ,they reside principally in ,rhode ,island and ,new ,york2 but have a few churches in ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 c4 ,they are divided into three associations1 and meet by delegation annually in general conference4 ,their government1 however1 is ,independent4 ,they have a general ,missionary ,society1 a ,society for the ,promotion of ,christianity among the ,jews1 a ,tract and an ,education ,society4 ,their principal institution of learning is at ,,de ,,ruyter1 ,n4 ,y41 and is in a flourishing state1 having several teachers1 and about two hundred scholars4 ,they are close communionists4 ,christian ,connection4 ,this denomination of ,christians are found in almost every state in the ,union1 and in ,canada4 ,in #ahda1 there were in ,america forty-one conferences1 five hundred and ninety-one churches1 five hundred and ninety-three ordained preachers1 one hundred and eighty-nine unordained preachers1 and about thirty thousand church members4 ,,publications4--,this connection has three religious periodicals1 viz4 ,the ,christian ,palladium1 ,union ,mills1 ,n4 ,y42 ,christian ,journal1 ,exeter1 ,n4 ,h42 and the ,christian ,messenger1 ,jacksonville1 ,illinois4 ,calvinistic ,congregationalists4 ,so late as the year #agjj1 eighty years after the landing of the ,pilgrims1 there were1 in all the ,new ,england ,states then settled1 but one ,episcopal church1 no ,methodist church1 and1 with the exception of ,rhode ,island1 not more than half a dozen ,baptist churches4 ,at that time1 however1 there were one hundred and twenty ,congregational churches1 composed of emigrants from ,europe and their descendants1 and thirty others composed of converted ,indians4 ,the great mass of the descendants of the early settlers of ,new ,england are ,congregationalists1 maintaining1 substantially1 the same views of church order and religious faith which their venerated ancestry sacrificed home1 and country1 and life1 to maintain and perpetuate4 ,the present number of ,congregational churches in ,new ,england is about fifteen hundred2 and in the ,middle and ,western ,states there are about fourteen hundred and fifty2 although the mode of church government adopted by some of them is1 in some degree1 modified by the 8,plan of ,union0 with ,presbyterians4 ,these churches contain1 as nearly as can be ascertained1 about one hundred and ninety-four thousand communicants4 ,recently1 symptoms of dissatisfaction with the 8,plan of ,union0 have extensively developed themselves1 particularly in ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,missouri1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 and ,iowa2 and the probability now is1 that a pure ,congregational mode of church government will soon be generally adopted by the descendants of ,new-,england ,congregationalists1 who are scattered over the great ,west4 ,these ,congregational churches are more particularly denominated ,orthodox than any other churches in the ,united ,states1 and adhere to the doctrines of ,calvin or ,hopkins4 ,,publications4--,the ,orthodox ,congregationalists publish a great number of periodicals1 the principal of which are the ,boston ,recorder1 the ,new ,england ,puritan1 ,boston1 ,mass42 the ,christian ,mirror1 ,portland1 ,me42 the ,congregational ,journal1 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h42 the ,vermont ,chronicle1 ,windsor1 ,vt42 the ,congregational ,observer1 ,hartford1 ,ct42 and several in the ,western ,states1 which are sustained partly by ,congregationalists and partly by ,presbyterians4 ,disciples ,of ,christ4 ,the largest number of this denomination is found in the region of country around where its doctrines were first propagated4 ,there are1 however1 societies of this class of ,christians in other parts of the country1 some adopting1 and others rejecting1 its views on baptism4 ,the total number in the ,united ,states is about one hundred and fifty thousand4 ,,publications4 ,the ,disciples of ,christ publish a periodical1 the ,millennial ,harbinger1 at ,bethany1 ,va41 7edited by ,,campbell1 the founder of the sect17 and another1 the ,evangelist1 at ,carthage1 ,ohio4 ,episcopalians4 ,we have already given1 in the historical account of the ,episcopal ,church1 in this ,country1 a few brief notices of its condition2 and we now present the following additional statistics4 ,list ,of ,bishops4 ,it being the essential principle of ,episcopacy1 that legitimate church authority is not originated by voluntary associations of men1 but is of ,divine origin1 derived from ,christ1 and transmitted through an unbroken succession of ,bishops1 who trace their appointment to ,him1 we here give a list of the names of persons who constitute such succession4 ,,order ,,of ,,episcopal ,,succession4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,jesus ,,christ4 #dd4 ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul at ,rome4 #ff4 ,linus4 #ha4 ,anacletus4 #ia4 ,clement4 #ajb4 ,euarestus4 #aaa4 ,alexander4 #aba4 ,sixtus ,i4 #acj4 ,telesphorus4 #ada4 ,hyginus4 #add4 ,pius4 #aei4 ,anicetus4 #afh4 ,soter4 #agf4 ,eleutherius4 #aic4 ,victor4 #bja4 ,zephyrinus4 #bah4 ,callistus4 #bbd4 ,urbanus4 #bcb4 ,pontianus4 #bch4 ,anterus4 #bch4 ,fabianus4 #beb4 ,cornelius4 #bed4 ,lucius4 #bee4 ,stephanus4 #beh4 ,sixtus ,,ii4 #bfe4 ,dionysius4 #bgj4 ,felix ,i4 #bge4 ,eutychianus #bhc4 ,caius4 #bif4 ,marcellinus4 #cjd4 ,marcellus4 #cji4 ,eusebius4 #caa4 ,miltiades4 #cad4 ,sylvester4 #ccf4 ,marcus4 #ccg4 ,julius4 #ceb4 ,liberius4 #cef4 ,felix ,,ii4 #cff4 ,damasus4 #che4 ,siricius4 #cih4 ,anastasius ,i4 #djb4 ,innocent4 #dag4 ,zosimus4 #dai4 ,boniface ,i4 #dbc4 ,celestine4 #dcd4 ,sixtus ,,iii4 #ddc4 ,leo 7the ,great47 #dfd4 ,hilary4 #dfh4 ,simplicius4 #dhc4 ,felix ,,iii4 #dib4 ,gelasius4 #dif4 ,anastasius ,,ii4 #dih4 ,symmachus #ead4 ,hormisdas4 #ebd4 ,john ,i4 #ebf4 ,felix ,,iv4 #ecj4 ,boniface ,,ii4 #ecb4 ,john ,,ii4 #ece4 ,agapetus4 #ecg4 ,silverius4 #edj4 ,virgilius4 #eee4 ,pelagius ,i4 #efj4 ,john ,,iii4 #egd4 ,benedictus4 #egh4 ,pelagius ,,ii4 #eif4 ,gregory 7the ,great47 #eif4 ,augustine1 ,missionary ,bishop to ,england4 #faa4 ,laurentius4 #fai4 ,melitus4 #fbd4 ,justus4 #fbh4 ,honorius4 #fef4 ,adeodatus4 #ffh4 ,theodore4 #fib4 ,brithwald4 #gca4 ,tatwyn1 or ,cadwyn4 #gce4 ,egbright4 #gcf4 ,nothelmus4 #gdb4 ,cuthbert4 #gei4 ,bregwin4 #gfb4 ,lambert4 #gic4 ,atheland4 #hjf4 ,wulfred4 #hcj4 ,theologild4 #hcj4 ,syred4 #hca4 ,ceolnoth4 #hga4 ,athelredus4 #hhi4 ,plegmund4 #iae4 ,athelme4 #ibd4 ,wolfhelme4 #icd4 ,odo ,severus4 #ieg4 ,elfin4 #ieh4 ,brithelme4 #iei4 ,dunstan4 #ihh4 ,ethelgarus4 #ihi4 ,siricius4 #iid4 ,alfricus4 #ajjf4 lfeagus4 #ajac4 ,livingus1 or ,elstan4 #ajbj4 ,agelnoth4 #ajch4 ,eadsius1 or ,eadsinus4 #ajej4 ,robert ,gemiticensis4 #ajeb4 ,stigand4 #ajgj4 ,lanfranc4 #ajic4 ,anselme4 #aaad4 ,rodolph1 or ,raphe4 #aabb4 ,william ,corbel1 or ,corbois4 #aach4 ,theobald4 #aafb4 ,thomas a ,becket4 #aagc4 ,richard4 #aahd4 ,baldwin4 #aaia4 ,reginald ,fitz ,joceline4 #aaic4 ,hubert ,walter4 #abjg4 ,stephen ,langton4 #abbi4 ,richard ,weatherhead4 #abce4 ,edmund4 #abdd4 ,boniface ,,iii4 #abgb4 ,robert ,kilwarby4 #abgh4 ,john ,peckam4 #abid4 ,robert ,winchelsey4 #acac4 ,walter ,raynolds4 #acbg4 ,simon ,mepham4 #accc4 ,john ,stratford4 #acdi4 ,thomas ,bradwardin4 #acdi4 ,simon ,islippe4 #acff4 ,simon ,langham4 #acfh4 ,william ,wittlesey4 #acge4 ,simon ,sudbury4 #acha4 ,william ,courtney4 #acif4 ,thomas ,arundel4 #adad4 ,henry ,chichley4 #addc4 ,john ,stafford4 #adeb4 ,john ,kemp4 #aded4 ,thomas ,bourchier4 #adhf4 ,john ,morton4 #aeja4 ,henry ,deane4 #aejd4 ,william ,warham4 #aeba4 ,john ,longland4 #aecc4 ,,thomas ,,cranmer47#ae7 #aecf4 ,robert ,parfew4 #aecg4 ,john ,hodgskins4 #aeei4 ,matthew ,parker4 #aeei4 ,edmund ,grindal4 #aegg4 ,john ,whitgift4 #aeig4 ,richard ,bancroft4 #afji4 ,george ,abbott4 #afag4 ,george ,monteigne #afba4 ,william ,laud4 #afcd4 ,matthew ,wren4 #affj4 ,gilbert ,sheldon4 #afgd4 ,henry ,compton4 #afgg4 ,william ,sancroft4 #afhe4 ,jonathan ,trelawney4 #agae4 ,john ,potter4 #agcg4 ,thomas ,herring4 #agdi4 ,frederick ,cornwallis4 #agge4 ,john ,moore4 #agic4 ,charles ,manners ,sutton4 #ahac4 ,william ,howley1 7now living47 #agge4 ,john ,moore4 #aghg4 ,,william ,,white4 #ahaa4 ,alexander ,v4 ,griswold4 ,,list ,,of ,,bishops ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,those with an asterisk 7997 are deceased4 99#aghd4 ,samuel ,seabury1 ,d4 ,d41 ,connecticut1 died1 #agif4 99#aghg4 ,william ,white1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pennsylvania1 died1 #ahcf4 99#aghg4 ,samuel ,provoost1 ,d4 ,d41 ,new ,york1 died1 #ahae4 99#agij4 ,james ,madison1 ,d4 ,d41 ,virginia1 died1 #ahab4 99#agib4 ,thomas ,john ,claggett1 ,d4 ,d41 ,maryland1 died1 #ahaf4 99#agie4 ,robert ,smith1 ,d4 ,d41 ,south ,carolina1 died1 #ahja4 99#agig4 ,edward ,bass1 ,d4 ,d41 ,massachusetts1 died1 #ahjc4 99#agig4 ,abraham ,jarvis1 ,d4 ,d41 ,connecticut1 died1 #ahac4 99#ahja4 ,benjamin ,moore1 ,d4 ,d41 ,new ,york1 died1 #ahaf4 99#ahjd4 ,samuel ,parker1 ,d4 ,d41 ,massachusetts1 died1 #ahjd4 99#ahaa4 ,john ,henry ,hobart1 ,d4 ,d41 ,new ,york1 died1 #ahcj4 #ahaa4 ,alexander ,viets ,griswold1 ,d4 ,d41 ,massachusetts4 99#ahab4 ,theodore ,dehon1 ,d4 ,d41 ,south ,carolina1 died1 #ahag4 99#ahad4 ,richard ,channing ,moore1 ,d4 ,d41 ,virginia1 died1 #ahda4 99#ahad4 ,james ,kemp1 ,d4 ,d41 ,maryland1 died1 #ahbg4 99#ahae4 ,john ,croes1 ,d4 ,d41 ,now ,jersey1 died1 #ahcb4 99#ahah4 ,nathaniel ,bowen1 ,d4 ,d41 ,south ,carolina1 died1 #ahci4 #ahai4 ,philander ,chase1 ,d4 ,d41 ,illinois4 #ahai4 ,thomas ,church ,brownell1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,connecticut4 99#ahbc4 ,john ,stark ,ravenscroft1 ,d4 ,d41 ,north ,carolina1 died1 #ahcj4 #ahbg4 ,henry ,ustick ,onderdonk1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pennsylvania4 #ahbi4 ,william ,meade1 ,d4 ,d41 ,virginia4 99#ahcj4 ,william ,murray ,stone1 ,d4 ,d41 ,maryland1 died1 #ahch4 #ahcj4 ,benjamin ,tredwell ,onderdonk1 ,d4 ,d41 ,new ,york4 #ahca4 ,levi ,silliman ,ives1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,north ,carolina4 #ahcb4 ,john ,henry ,hopkins1 ,d4 ,d41 ,vermont4 #ahcb4 ,benjamin ,bosworth ,smith1 ,d4 ,d41 ,kentucky4 #ahcb4 ,charles ,pettit ,mc,ilvaine1 ,d4 ,d41 ,ohio4 #ahcb4 ,george ,washington ,doane1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,new ,jersey4 #ahcd4 ,james ,hervey ,otey1 ,d4 ,d41 ,tennessee4 #ahce4 ,jackson ,kemper1 ,d4 ,d41 ,missionary ,bishop1 for ,wisconsin ,iowa1 and the ,indian territory ,north of ,lat4 #cf-a_/b4 #ahcf4 ,samuel ,allen ,mc,coskry1 ,d4 ,d41 ,michigan4 #ahch4 ,leonidas ,polk1 ,d4 ,d41 ,louisiana4 #ahci4 ,william ,heathcote ,de ,lancey1 ,d4 ,d41 ,western ,new ,york4 #ahdj4 ,christopher ,edwards ,gadsden1 ,d4 ,d41 ,south ,carolina4 #ahdj4 ,william ,rollinson ,whittingham1 ,d4 ,d41 ,maryland4 #ahda4 ,stephen ,elliott1 jun41 ,d4 ,d41 ,georgia4 #ahda4 ,alfred ,lee1 ,d4 ,d41 ,delaware4 ,the following table contains the statistics of this church in the ,united ,states3-- ,states4 ,dioceses4 ,bishops4 ,clergy4 ,maine #a #g ,new ,hampshire #a #aj ,vermont #a #a #bd ,massachusetts #a #a #di ,rhode ,island #a #bj ,connecticut #a #a #ib ,new ,york #a #a #aif ,western ,new ,york #a #a #aja ,new ,jersey #a #a #db ,pennsylvania #a #a #ajg ,delaware #a #a #aj ,maryland #a #a #ha ,virginia #a #a #id ,north ,carolina #a #a #cj ,south ,carolina #a #a #dg ,georgia #a #a #af ,louisiana1 ,alabama #a #a #ah ,mississippi1 #a #a #bc ,tennessee1 ,arkansas ,kentucky #a #a #ba ,ohio #a #a #eh ,illinois #a #a #i ,michigan #a #a #ai ,indiana1 ,missouri1 #a #a #dd ,iowa1 ,wisconsin ,florida #a #d ,totals #cj #bj #aaad ,the ,dioceses of ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 and ,rhode ,island1 are under the charge of the same ,bishop4 ,indiana and ,missouri are under the charge of the ,missionary ,bishop for ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 and the ,indian territory ,north of ,lat4 #cf-a_/b4 ,alabama is under the charge of the ,bishop of ,louisiana4 ,mississippi and ,arkansas are under the charge of the ,bishop of ,tennessee4 ,in the ,british ,american ,provinces and ,islands1 there are six dioceses1 containing six ,bishops1 and #ded other clergymen4 ,there are numerous local ,societies for religious purposes1 in every ,diocese4 ,,periodical ,,publications4--,,weekly3 ,the ,churchman1 ,new ,york2 ,gospel ,messenger1 ,utica2 ,gospel ,messenger and ,southern ,episcopal ,register1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 ,episcopal ,recorder1 ,philadelphia2 ,southern ,churchman1 ,alexandria1 ,d4 ,c42 ,christian ,witness1 ,boston2 ,western ,episcopal ,observer1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 ,banner of the ,cross1 ,philadelphia2 ,practical ,christian and ,church ,chronicle1 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4--,,monthly3 ,journal of ,christian ,education1 ,new ,york2 ,children's ,magazine1 ,new ,york2 ,spirit of ,missions1 ,new ,york2 ,church ,record1 ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y4 ,friends4 ,the ,friends are found in most of the states in the ,union1 and some in the ,british ,provinces4 ,they are most numerous in ,pennsylvania1 a state first settled by them1 under their worthy head and father1 in this country1 ,,william ,,penn1 in #afhb4 ,in ,england and ,ireland1 they number about fifty thousand2 and in ,america1 about two hundred thousand1 and are divided into four hundred and fifty congregations4 ,about half are ,orthodox1 and the other half ,hicksites1 or followers of ,,elias ,,hicks1 who died at ,jericho1 ,n4 ,y4 in #ahcj1 aged #gf4 ,jews4 ,the number of ,jews in the ,united ,states is estimated at about four thousand4 ,they have synagogues in ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 the cities of ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 and in other parts of the country4 ,their mode of worship is exceedingly interesting4 ,with regard to the number of this people in the world1 ,blackwood's ,magazine says3-- 8,the statistics of the ,jewish population are among the most singular circumstances of this most singular of all people4 ,under all their calamities and dispersions1 they seem to have remained at nearly the same amount as in the days of ,david and ,solomon--never much more in prosperity1 never much less after ages of suffering4 ,nothing like this has occurred in the history of any other race2 ,europe in general having doubled its population within the last hundred years1 and ,england nearly tripled hers within the last half century2 the proportion of ,america being still more rapid1 and the world crowding in a constantly-increasing ratio4 ,yet the ,jews seem to stand still in this vast and general movement4 ,the population of ,judea1 in its most palmy days1 probably did not exceed1 if it reached1 four millions4 ,the numbers who entered ,palestine from the wilderness1 were evidently not much more than three2 and their census1 according to the ,german statists1 who are generally considered to be exact1 is now nearly the same as that of the people under ,moses--about three millions40 ,on the above1 ,judge ,noah1 of ,new ,york1 a learned ,jew1 remarks3-- 8,we apprehend there is some error in the above statistics1 and that the number of ,jews throughout the world may be estimated at nearer six millions than three4 ,there are more than a million in ,poland and ,russia2 in all ,asia1 there are full two millions2 half a million in ,austria2 in the ,barbary ,states and ,africa1 a million2 in all ,europe1 two millions and a half4 ,we do not think1 during the most splendid periods of ,jewish history1 that they ever exceeded four millions2 but then their colonies and countries held tributary in ,europe and ,asia1 amounted to many millions more4 ,for example1 at one period all ,spain paid tribute to ,king ,solomon2 and all ,spain and ,portugal1 at this day1 are descendants of the ,jews and ,moors2 and there are many thousands of ,jews1 in both those countries1 now adhering in secret to the ancient faith of their fathers1 while outwardly professing the ,catholic religion4 ,all the familiar ,spanish and ,portuguese names--,lopez1 ,mendez1 ,carvalho1 ,fonseca1 ,rodrigues1 ,peirara1 ,azavedo1 ,montefiores1 c4 c4--are of ,jewish origin4 ,their numbers1 therefore1 will never be accurately known until the restoration1 when thousands who1 from convenience and pride1 and some from apprehension1 conceal their religion1 will be most eager to avow it when their nation takes rank among the governments of the earth40 ,lutherans4 ,the government of the ,lutherans is somewhat singular4 ,where it is established by law1 the supreme head of the state is also supreme head of the church4 ,they have bishops1 but no diocesan episcopacy1 except in ,denmark and ,sweden4 ,these are called superintendents in ,germany1 and presidents in the ,united ,states4 ,there is but one archbishop1 and he is the primate of ,sweden4 ,they have in the ,united ,states about one thousand churches1 four hundred ministers1 seventy thousand communing members1 and about one hundred and forty thousand which do not commune4 ,,education1 c4--,they have a college1 located at ,gettysburg1 ,pa41 and several academies in different parts of the country2 also four theological seminaries1 located at ,gettysburg1 ,pa42 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,lexington1 ,s4 ,c42 ,hartwich1 ,n4 ,y41 a fifth is contemplated in ,indiana4 ,their different education societies support about eighty beneficiaries1 preparing for the ministry1 at an expense of one hundred dollars each1 annually4 ,the ,lutheran ,observer is published weekly1 at ,baltimore4 ,the ,lutherans are one of the most numerous sects of ,christians in the world4 ,the whole number in ,europe is estimated at twenty-seven millions1 embracing seventeen reigning sovereigns4 ,this estimate1 of course1 includes the ,moravians4 ,protestant ,methodists4 ,this infant church is rapidly increasing1 especially in the middle ,states4 ,its population in the ,united ,states exceeds one hundred and fifty thousand4 ,this class of ,christians have twenty-one annual conferences in as many states2 nearly four hundred travelling1 and a large number of unstationed ministers4 ,they have a general conference1 which meets once in four years1 consisting of two delegates from every thousand communicants1 one a minister1 the other a layman3 this is their legislative body4 ,the number of communicants is about sixty-five thousand4 ,,publications4 ,the ,protestant ,methodists support four religious papers3--the ,olive ,branch1 ,boston1 ,mass42 the ,new ,york ,luminary1 ,new ,york1 the ,methodist ,protestant1 ,baltimore1 ,md41 and the ,western ,recorder1 ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ,methodists4 ,the population of all denominations of ,methodists in the ,united ,states exceeds three millions4 ,,publications4--,the ,christian ,advocate and ,journal1 ,new ,york city2 ,zion's ,herald and ,wesleyan ,journal1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,northern ,advocate1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,christian ,repository1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,richmond ,christian ,advocate1 ,richmond1 ,va42 ,southern ,christian ,advocate1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 ,south-,western ,christian ,advocate1 ,nashville1 ,tenn42 ,pittsburg ,christian ,advocate1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa42 ,western ,christian ,advocate1 and the ,christian ,apologist1 a ,german paper1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,there is also published by this denomination1 the ,methodist ,quarterly ,review1 ,new ,york city2 ,ladies' ,repository1 7monthly17 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 ,guide to ,christian ,perfection1 7monthly17 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,sunday ,school ,advocate1 7semi-monthly17 ,new ,york city2 ,sabbath ,school ,messenger1 7semi-monthly17 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the ,methodists have ten colleges1 and thirty academies4 ,in the ,methodist church in ,canada1 are two weekly newspapers viz41 ,christian ,guardian1 ,toronto1 ,u4 ,c42 ,the ,wesleyan1 ,montreal1 ,l4 ,c4 ,from the 8,minutes of the ,annual ,conferences of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 for the ,year #ahdj10 we copy the following table3-- ,conferences1 ,ministers1 c4 ,conferences4 ,whites4 ,colored4 ,indians4 ,total ,com4 ,trav4 ,prs4 ,troy #bd1dhh #gh #bd1eff #add ,new ,england #bb1cai #bce #bb1eed #aeg ,new #bj1jhd #bj1jhd #aea ,hampshire ,pittsburg #ce1bgf #dgd #ce1gej #acf ,maine #bb1cei #bb1cei #ade ,black ,river #ae1ijh #bg #ae1ice #if ,erie #ag1hfj #ej #ag1iaj #ajg ,oneida #bb1iji #fe #bb1igd #adb ,michigan #aa1cjh #ab #hg #aa1djg #gd ,rock ,river #f1eai #ba #de #f1ehe #ge ,genesee #bg1ica #ej #bg1iha #afb ,north ,ohio #bc1eid #ia #bac #bc1hih #ie ,ohio #ec1fba #ffb #ed1bhc #afh ,illinois #bd1fjg #hj #bd1fhg #ajc ,missouri #ab1chf #a1bbd #chb #ac1iib #ff ,kentucky #cj1fgi #f1cba #cg1jjj #aad ,tennessee #ba1fge #d1dje #bf1jhj #ie ,indiana #eb1bjh #djg #eb1fae #aef ,memphis #ab1dig #a1iie #ad1dib #fi ,arkansas #d1bbh #gbe #a1ebd #f1dgi #da ,holston #be1ijb #b1dbj #bh1cbb #fh ,mississippi #h1dcc #d1agh #fg #ab1fgh #ha ,north #ae1ihc #d1dhj #bj1dfc #fa ,carolina ,texas #a1fbc #bcj #a1hec #ai ,alabama #ai1dia #e1hba #be1cab #hg ,south #bf1ide #cj1dha #eg1dbf #ajb ,carolina ,virginia #ba1hda #c1jhf #bd1ibg #id ,georgia #bh1hfh #i1ihi #ch1heg #abg ,baltimore #db1ghi #ac1ijd #ef1fic #ahb ,philadelphia #ce1jid #h1ggh #dc1hgb #abh ,new ,jersey #bb1gcc #edb #bc1bge #ajh ,new ,york #cf1bhd #dje #cf1fhi #bae ,liberia #ibb #ibb #ai ,mission ,total1 #ahdj #gdh1ddb #ajb1aeh #b1cah #heb1iah #c1ehg ,total1 #ahdb #gif1die #ajg1bea #b1fag #ijf1cfc #c1hdf ,presbyterians4 ,the ,protestant faith was introduced into ,scotland about #aebg2 and about #aeib ,andrew ,melville effected the introduction of the ,presbyterian form of church polity4 ,this form1 through much persecution1 and even bloodshed1 has been maintained ever since4 ,its creed is ,calvinistic4 ,this church has nearly a thousand ministers1 and about one million five hundred thousand church members4 ,it is the established religion of ,scotland1 sustained by law4 ,there are also several bodies of dissenting ,presbyterians in ,scotland4 ------------------------------------- ,presbyterianism was first introduced into ,england by those ,christians who returned from ,frankfort1 after the death of ,queen ,mary4 ,for a time1 it flourished1 but at length lapsed into ,socinianism4 ,there are1 however1 a few churches in ,england still pure1 which are in fellowship with the ,scotch ,presbyterians4 ------------------------------------- ,this denomination began its organized existence in ,america about the year #agjj1 and is the offspring of the church of ,scotland4 ,its first ministers were ,rev4 ,francis ,mc,kemie1 and the ,rev4 ,john ,hampton1 who labored in ,virginia4 ,the first church of this order was organized in ,philadelphia1 #agjc1 the first presbytery1 #agjd1 and the first synod in #agaf4 ,since that time1 they have steadily increased1 and their number in #ahdj was ninety-six presbyteries1 twelve hundred and thirty-two ministers1 eighteen hundred and twenty-three churches1 and one hundred and fifty-two thousand four hundred and fifty-one communicants4 ,the ,presbyterians are found chiefly in the ,middle1 ,western1 and ,southern ,states4 ,the number of people attached to this form of church government in the ,united ,states1 is supposed to exceed two millions4 ,,education4--,within the bounds of the church there are thirteen theological seminaries1 three of which are under the care of the ,general ,assembly4 ,they have a board of education1 which has about four hundred young men in training for the ministry4 ,the ,calvinistic publications announce their sentiments4 ------------------------------------- ,in #ahcg1 a division arose in the ,presbyterian church1 into ,old and ,new ,schools1 in consequence of variant views of doctrine and discipline4 ,the friends of the ,new ,school were exscinded1 or cut off1 from the old church1 but still claim to be the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian church4 ,unfortunately1 the difficulty is not settled2 we cannot1 therefore1 give the strength of the parties4 ,other ,presbyterian ,communities4 ,the ,associate ,presbyterians have about one hundred ministers1 one hundred and ninety congregations1 and twenty thousand communicants4 ,they are principally found south and west of the ,hudson ,river4 ,the ,reformed ,presbyterians1 or ,covenanters1 are located principally in ,ohio4 ,they have about thirty ministers1 fifty congregations1 and four thousand communicants4 ,the ,associate ,reformed have about one hundred and twenty-five ministers1 more than two hundred congregations1 and about fifteen thousand communicants4 ,they are located principally in ,pennsylvania4 ,reformed ,dutch ,church4 ,this church comprises one general synod1 and two particular synods2 one at ,new ,york1 and another at ,albany4 ,the two synods comprise eighteen classes1 about two hundred ministers1 two hundred churches1 twenty-seven thousand communicants1 and a population of about one hundred and thirty thousand4 ,this denomination of ,christians is found almost entirely in the first settlements in the states of ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,christian ,intelligencer1 published at ,new ,york1 advocates the principles of this church4 ,roman ,catholics4 ,this denomination is spread over every section of the ,united ,states and the ,british ,provinces4 ,they form1 it is stated1 more than three fourths of the population of the ,canadas4 ,they are also found in large numbers in the ,provinces of ,nova ,scotia and ,new ,brunswick4 ,in this ,union1 they are most numerous in the ,middle ,states2 but in consequence of the great influx of this people into ,north ,america1 and their frequent change of location1 it is utterly impossible to state their numbers1 in each state1 with any degree of accuracy4 ,their number in the ,united ,states is variously stated from five hundred thousand to one million five hundred thousand4 ,their number1 probably1 is not less than eight hundred thousand1 nor more than one million two hundred thousand4 ,the population of ,canada1 in #ahdj1 was at least one million4 ------------------------------------- ,the first ,roman ,catholics that came to this country were from ,england1 under ,lord ,baltimore1 a ,catholic nobleman1 in #afcd4 ,they settled the state of ,maryland2 and1 much to their honor1 while some of the ,protestant provinces were persecuting all those who differed from them on religious subjects1 the ,catholic ,marylanders protected all sects that were moral and civil in their deportment4 ,we copy from the 8,metropolitan ,catholic ,almanac and ,laity's ,directory for #ahda0 the following statistical table3-- ,,statistics ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,diocese4 ,churches ,clergymen ,clergymen ,eccl4 ,clerical and in the otherwise ,inst4 ,students4 ,chapels4 ,ministry4 employed4 ,baltimore #fh #ch #ca #d #eb ,richmond #g #f #a #j #j ,philadelphia #ia #eg #b #a #bb ,new ,york #fd #fe #a #a #ad ,boston #cj #ca #j #j #j ,detroit #be #ag #a #j #j ,cincinnati #ch #cd #b #a ,vincennes #bg #be #e #a #i ,du ,buque #e #h #j #j #j ,st ,louis #ef #ej #bc #b #cj ,bardstown #dj #bf #be #a ,nashville #a #f #j #a #b ,new ,orleans #ch #ci #aa #a #i ,natchez #a #b ,mobile #g #ab #g ,charleston #ad #bj #j #d #f ,total #eab #dcf #aji #ag #add ,diocese4 ,literary ,young ,men ,female ,female ,pupils in ,inst4 for in ,religious ,academ4 ,female young ,men4 ,college4 ,inst4 ,academ4 ,baltimore #e #fcc #e #i #ecj ,richmond #j #j #j #c #ajj ,philadelphia #b #fj #j #a #cj ,new ,york #a #j #b #abj ,boston #a #fj #a #a ,detroit #a #a #a ,cincinnati #a #b #b #gj ,vincennes #a #ej #a #a #ej ,du ,buque #a #j #a ,st ,louis #c #cbj #aj #aj #fdj ,bardstown #c #cjj #c #aj #ebh ,nashville #a #j #j #j ,new ,orleans #a #ajj #d #d #ebf ,natchez #j #j ,mobile #b #gj #b #b #fj ,charleston #a #b #b #abh ,total #bd #aeic #ca #di #bghb ,the sacred college of cardinals has fifty-seven members4 ,the total number is seventy4 ,there are twelve patriarchs in the ,christian world4 ,the archbishops and bishops amount to six hundred and seventy-one4 ,the vicars apostolic in different countries are fifty-seven in number1 besides whom there are thirty-eight coadjutor-bishops1 making the grand total of the ,catholic episcopacy amount to seven hundred and sixty-six bishops4 ,,catholic ,,periodicals4--,the ,united ,states ,catholic ,miscellany1 published weekly in ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 the ,catholic ,telegraph1 published weekly in ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 the ,catholic ,herald1 published weekly in ,philadelphia2 the ,catholic ,advocate1 published weekly in ,bardstown1 ,ky42 ,der ,wahrheit's ,freund1 7,german paper17 published weekly in ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 the ,new ,york ,catholic ,register1 published weekly in the city of ,new ,york2 ,ordo divini ,officii recitandi1 ,missque celebrand1 juxta ,rubricas ,breviarii ac ,missalis ,romani1 published annually in ,baltimore2 the ,young ,catholic's ,magazine1 enlarged series1 published on the first of each month1 in ,new ,york4 ------------------------------------- ,at the time of the reformation1 #aeag1 papal power1 or the power of the pope of ,rome1 had acquired so great a spiritual dominion over the minds and consciences of men1 that all ,europe submitted to it with implicit obedience4 ,at the present day1 the ,roman ,catholic religion prevails1 more or less1 in every country in ,christendom4 ,its population is stated to exceed eighty millions4 ,it is the established religion of ,austria1 ,france1 ,portugal1 and ,spain1 and of thirteen other states in ,europe4 ,popes of ,rome47#af7 ,a4 ,d4 #cc4 ,st4 ,peter1 martyred4 #ff4 ,st4 ,linus1 martyred4 #fg4 ,st4 ,clement1 abdicated4 #gg4 ,st4 ,cletus1 martyred4 #hc4 ,st4 ,anaclitus4 #if4 ,st4 ,evaristus1 coadjutor to the former1 martyred4 #ajh4 ,st4 ,alexander ,i41 martyred4 #aag4 ,st4 ,sixtus ,i41 martyred4 #abg4 ,telesphorus1 martyred4 #ach4 ,hygenus1 martyred4 ,the first called pope4 #adb4 ,pius ,i41 martyred4 #aej4 ,anicetus1 martyred4 #afb4 ,soter4 #aga4 ,eleutherius1 martyred4 #ahe4 ,victor ,i41 martyred4 #aig4 ,zephyrinus1 martyred4 #bag4 ,calixtus ,i41 martyred4 #bbb4 ,urban ,i41 martyred4 #bcj4 ,pontianus1 martyred4 #bce4 ,anterus1 martyred4 #bcf4 ,fabian1 martyred4 #bcf4 ,novatianus1 antipope4 #bej4 ,cornelius1 beheaded4 #beb4 ,lucius ,i41 martyred4 #bed4 ,stephen ,i41 martyred4 #beg4 ,sixtus ,,ii41 coadjutor to the former1 martyred4 #bei4 ,dionysius4 #bfi4 ,felix ,i4 #bgd4 ,eutychianus4 #bhc4 ,caius4 #bie4 ,marcellinus1 martyred4 #cjd4 ,marcellus ,i41 martyred4 #caj4 ,eusebius1 martyred4 #caj4 ,melchiades1 coadjutor to the former4 #cad4 ,sylvester4 #ccf4 ,marcus4 #ccg4 ,julius ,i4 #ceb4 ,liberius1 banished4 #cef4 ,felix ,,ii41 antipope4 #ceh4 ,liberius1 again1 abdicated4 #ceh4 ,felix became legal pope but was killed by ,liberius4 #cei4 ,liberius1 again4 #cff4 ,damasius4 #che4 ,siricius4 #cii4 ,anastasius4 #dja4 ,innocent ,i4 #dag4 ,zosimus4 #dah4 ,boniface ,i4 #dbb4 ,celestinus ,i4 #dcb4 ,sixtus ,,iii4 #ddj4 ,leo ,i41 the ,great4 #dfa4 ,hilary4 #dfh4 ,simplicius4 #dhc4 ,felix ,,iii4 #dib4 ,gelasius4 #dif4 ,anastasius ,,ii4 #dih4 ,symmachus4 #ead4 ,hormisdas4 #ebc4 ,john ,i41 died in prison at ,ravenna4 #ebf4 ,felix ,,iv4 #ecj4 ,boniface ,,ii4 #ecc4 ,john ,,ii4 #ece4 ,agapetus4 #ecf4 ,sylvester2 he was made prisoner by the antipope ,vigilius1 who enjoyed the papacy4 #ech4 ,vigilius1 banished1 and restored4 #eee4 ,pelagius ,i4 #efj4 ,john ,,iii4 #egd4 ,benedict ,i4 #egh4 ,pelagius ,,ii4 #eij4 ,gregory the ,great4 #fjd4 ,sabiamus4 #fjf4 ,boniface ,,iii4 #fjh4 ,boniface ,,iv4 #fae4 ,deusdedit4 #fah4 ,boniface ,v4 #fbd4 ,honorius ,i4 #fdj4 ,severinus4 #fdj4 ,john ,,iv4 #fdb4 ,theodorus4 #fdi4 ,martin ,i41 starved to death4 #fed1 ,eugenius ,i4 #feg4 ,vitalianus4 #fgb4 ,adeodatus4 #fgf4 ,donus4 #fgi4 ,agatho4 #fhb4 ,leo ,,ii4 #fhd4 ,benedict ,,ii4 #fhe4 ,john ,v4 #fhf4 ,conon4 #fhf4 ,theodore and ,pascan1 antipopes4 #fhg4 ,sergius4 #gja4 ,john ,,vi4 #gje4 ,john ,,vii4 #gjh4 ,sisinnius4 #gjh4 ,constantine4 #gae4 ,gregory ,,ii4 #gca4 ,gregory ,,iii4 #gda4 ,zacharias4 #geb4 ,stephen ,,ii41 governed only four days4 #geb4 ,stephen ,,iii4 #geg4 ,paul ,i4 #gfh4 ,stephen ,,iv4 #gib4 ,adrian ,i4 #gie4 ,leo ,,iii4 #haf4 ,stephen ,v4 #hag4 ,paschal ,i4 #hbd4 ,eugenius ,,ii4 #hbg4 ,valentinus4 #hbh4 ,gregory ,,iv4 #hdd4 ,sergius ,,ii4 #hdg4 ,leo ,,iv4 #hee4 ,benedict ,,iii4 #heh4 ,nicholas ,i4 #hfg4 ,adrian ,,ii4 #hgb4 ,john ,,viii4 #hhb4 ,martin ,,ii4 #hhc4 ,adrian ,,iii4 #hhe4 ,stephen ,,vi4 #hia4 ,formosus4 #hif4 ,boniface ,,vi4 #hig4 ,romanus1 antipope4 #hig4 ,stephen ,,vii4 #hih4 ,theodorus ,,ii41 governed twenty-two days4 #hih4 ,john ,,ix4 #ijj4 ,benedict ,,iv4 #ijd4 ,leo ,v41 killed by ,christiphilus4 #ije4 ,sergius ,,iii4 #iac4 ,anastasius ,,iii4 #iad4 ,laudo4 #iae4 ,john ,x41 was stifled4 #ibh4 ,leo ,,vi4 #ibi4 ,stephen ,,viii4 #ica4 ,john ,,xi4 #icf4 ,leo ,,vii4 #ici4 ,stephen ,,ix4 #idc4 ,martin ,,iii4 #idf4 ,agapetus ,,ii4 #ief4 ,john ,,xii4 #ifc4 ,leo ,,viii41 turned out4 #ifd4 ,benedict ,v41 banished4 #ifd4 ,leo ,,viii4 #ife4 ,benedict ,v41 again4 #ife4 ,john ,,xiii4 #igb4 ,benedict ,,vi4 #igd4 ,domus4 #ige4 ,benedict ,,vii4 #ige4 ,boniface ,,vii4 #ihd4 ,john ,,xiv4 #ihe4 ,john ,,xv41 died before consecration4 #ihf4 ,john ,,xvi4 #iif4 ,gregory ,v4 #iii4 ,silvester ,,ii4 #ajjc4 ,john ,,xvi4 #ajjd4 ,john ,,xvii4 #ajji4 ,sergius ,,vi4 #ajab4 ,benedict ,,viii4 #ajbd4 ,john ,,xviii4 #ajcc4 ,benedict ,,ix41 deposed4 #ajde4 ,gregory ,,vi4 #ajdf4 ,clement ,,ii4 #ajdg4 ,benedict ,,ix41 again1 abdicated4 #ajdh4 ,damasius ,,ii4 #ajdi4 ,leo ,,ix4 #ajee4 ,victor ,,ii4 #ajeg4 ,stephen ,x4 #ajeh4 ,nicholas ,,ii4 #ajfa4 ,alexander ,,ii4 #ajgc4 ,gregory ,,vii4 #ajhf4 ,victor ,,iii41 poisoned #ajhh4 ,urban ,,ii4 #ajii4 ,paschal ,,ii4 #aaah4 ,gelasius ,,ii4 #aaai4 ,calixtus ,,ii4 #aabd4 ,honorius ,,ii4 #aacj4 ,innocent ,,ii4 #aadc4 ,clestine ,,ii4 #aadd4 ,lucius ,,ii4 #aade4 ,eugenius ,,iii4 #aaec4 ,anastasius ,,iv41 a short time4 #aaed4 ,adrian ,,iv41 choked by a fly as he was drinking4 #aaei4 ,alexander ,,iii4 #aaha4 ,lucius ,,iii4 #aahe4 ,urban ,,iii4 #aahg4 ,gregory ,,viii4 #aahg4 ,clement ,,iii4 #aaia4 ,clestine ,,iii4 #aaih4 ,innocent ,,iii4 #abaf4 ,honorius ,,iii4 #abbg4 ,gregory ,,ix4 #abda4 ,clestine ,,iv4 #abdc4 ,innocent ,,iv4 #abed4 ,alexander ,,iv4 #abfa4 ,urban ,,iv4 #abfe4 ,clement ,,iv4 #abga4 ,gregory ,x4 #abgf4 ,innocent ,v4 #abgf4 ,adrian ,v4 #abgf4 ,vicedominus1 died the next day4 #abgf4 ,john ,,xix41 killed by the fall of his chamber at ,viterbium4 #abgg4 ,nicholas ,,iii4 #abha4 ,martin ,,iv4 #abhe4 ,honorius ,,iv4 #abhh4 ,nicholas ,,iv4 #abid4 ,clestine ,v4 #abid4 ,boniface ,,viii4 #acjc4 ,benedict ,,xi4 #acje4 ,clement ,v4 #acaf4 ,john ,,xx4 #accd4 ,benedict ,,xii4 #acdb4 ,clement ,,vi4 #aceb4 ,innocent ,,vi4 #acfb4 ,urban ,v4 #acgj4 ,gregory ,,xi4 #acgh4 ,urban ,,vi4 #achi4 ,boniface ,,ix4 #adjd4 ,innocent ,,vii4 #adjf4 ,gregory ,,xii41 deposed4 #adji4 ,alexander ,v4 #adaj4 ,john ,,xxi4 #adag4 ,martin ,v4 #adca4 ,eugenius ,,iv4 #adee4 ,calixtus ,,iii4 #adeh4 ,pius ,,ii4 #adfd4 ,paul ,,ii4 #adgf4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 #adhd4 ,innocent ,,viii4 #adib4 ,alexander ,,vi4 #aejc4 ,pius ,,iii4 #aejc4 ,julius ,,ii4 #aeac4 ,leo ,x4 #aebb4 ,adrian ,,vi4 #aebc4 ,clement ,,vii4 #aecd4 ,paul ,,iii4 #aeej4 ,julius ,,iii4 #aeee4 ,marcellus ,,ii4 #aeee4 ,paul ,,iv4 #aeei4 ,pius ,,iv4 #aeff4 ,pius ,v4 #aegb4 ,gregory ,,xiii4 #aehe4 ,sixtus ,v4 #aeij4 ,urban ,,vii4 #aeij4 ,gregory ,,xiv4 #aeia4 ,innocent ,,ix4 #aeib4 ,clement ,,viii4 #afje4 ,leo ,,xi4 #afje4 ,paul ,v4 #afba4 ,gregory ,,xv4 #afbc4 ,urban ,,viii4 #afdd4 ,innocent ,x4 #afee4 ,alexander ,,vii4 #affg4 ,clement ,,ix4 #afgj4 ,clement ,x4 #afgf4 ,innocent ,,xi4 #afhi4 ,alexander ,,viii4 #afia4 ,innocent ,,xii4 #agjj4 ,clement ,,xi4 #agba4 ,innocent ,,xiii4 #agbd4 ,benedict ,,xiii4 #agcj4 ,clement ,,xii4 #agdj4 ,benedict ,,xiv4 #ageh4 ,clement ,,xiii4 #agfi4 ,clement ,,xiv41 poisoned4 #agge4 ,pius ,,vi41 ,february #ad4 #ahjj4 ,cardinal ,chiaramonte4 elected at ,venice1 as ,pius ,,vii41 ,march #ac4 #ahbc4 ,annibal della ,genga1 ,leo ,,xii41 ,sept4 #bh4 #ahca4 ,cardinal ,mauro ,capellari1 as ,gregory ,,xvi41 ,feb4 #b4 ,the title of pope was originally given to all bishops4 ,it was first adopted by ,hygenus1 ,a4 ,d4 #ach2 and ,pope ,boniface ,,iii4 procured ,phocas1 emperor of the ,east1 to confine it to the prelates of ,rome1 #fjf4 ,by the connivance of ,phocas1 also1 the pope's supremacy over the ,christian church was established4 ,the custom of kissing the pope's toe was introduced in #gjh4 ,the first sovereign act of the popes of ,rome was by ,adrian ,i41 who caused money to be coined with his name1 #ghj4 ,servius ,,ii4 was the first pope who changed his name1 on his election1 in #hdd4 ,the first pope who kept an army was ,leo ,,ix41 #ajed4 ,gregory ,,vii4 obliged ,henry ,,iv41 emperor of ,germany1 to stand three days1 in the depth of winter1 barefooted1 at his castle gate1 to implore his pardon #ajgg4 ,the pope's authority was firmly fixed in ,england #ajgi4 ,appeals from ,english tribunals to the pope were introduced #aaed4 ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england held the stirrup for ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 to mount his horse1 #aafa1 and also for ,becket1 #aagj4 8,when ,louis1 king of ,france1 and ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 met ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 at the castle of ,torci1 on the ,loire1 they both dismounted to receive him1 and1 holding each of them one of the reins of his bridle1 walked on foot by his side1 and conducted him in that submissive manner into the castle40 ,pope ,adrian ,,iv4 was the only ,englishman that ever obtained the tiara4 ,his arrogance was such1 that he obliged ,frederick ,i4 to prostrate himself before him1 kiss his foot1 hold his stirrup1 and lead the white palfrey on which he rode4 ,celestine ,,iii4 kicked the emperor ,henry ,,vi4's crown off his head while kneeling1 to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings1 #aaia4 ,the pope collected the tenths of the whole kingdom of ,england1 #abbf4 ,appeals to ,rome from ,england were abolished #aecc4 ,the words 8,lord ,pope0 were struck out of all ,english books #aeda4 ,the papal authority declined about #afjj4 ,kissing the pope's toe1 and other ceremonies1 were abolished by ,clement ,,xiv41 #aggc4 ,the pope became destitute of all political influence in ,europe1 #aghg4 ,pius ,,vi4 was burnt in effigy at ,paris1 #agia4 ,he made submission to the ,french republic1 #agif1 was expelled from ,rome1 and deposed1 ,february #bb1 #agih1 and died at ,valence1 ,august #ai1 #agii4 ,pius ,,vii4 was elected in exile1 ,march #ac1 #ahjj2 he crowned ,napoleon1 ,december #b1 #ahjd2 was dethroned ,may #ac1 #ahji2 remained a prisoner at ,fontainebleau till ,napoleon's overthrow2 and was restored ,may #bd1 #ahad4 ,swedenborgians4 ,believers in the doctrines of ,swedenborg are found in all the states in the ,union4 ,in ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 and ,ohio1 are eight ordaining ministers1 ten priests and teaching ministers1 fifteen licentiates1 and between thirty and forty societies4 ,there are between two and three hundred towns or places in the ,united ,states where the doctrines of the ,new ,jerusalem church are received by some portion of the people4 ,the number of ,swedenborgians in the ,united ,states is about five thousand4 ,the societies of this class of ,christians in ,england are more numerous than in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,sweden they are quite numerous4 ,,periodicals4--,the ,new ,jerusalem ,magazine is issued monthly at ,boston1 ,mass42 the ,precursor is issued monthly at ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 the ,new ,churchman is issued quarterly at ,philadelphia4 ,unitarians4 ,of this denomination1 there are about three hundred churches and congregations in the ,united ,states1 and near that number of ministers4 ,in the city of ,boston it is one of the most numerous and influential classes of ,christians1 having eighteen societies1 most of which are large and flourishing4 ,in the ,middle1 ,southern1 and ,western ,states their congregations are fewer1 but gradually multiplying4 ,,periodicals4--,the ,christian ,examiner1 the ,monthly ,miscellany1 and the ,christian ,register1 are published in ,boston1 ,mass4 ------------------------------------- ,a favorite project of ,christian philanthropy with the ,unitarians has been the 8ministry to the poor0 in large cities and towns4 ,they have established such an institution in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 ,louisville1 ,providence1 and elsewhere4 ,in ,boston1 three large and commodious chapels have been erected1 and three ministers constantly employed1 by the aid of funds obtained from individual donors and annual subscriptions from associations in the several churches of the denomination4 ,universalists4 ,there are1 in the ,united ,states and ,territories1 one ,united ,states ,convention1 one ,united ,states ,universalist ,historical ,society1 twelve ,state ,conventions1 fifty-nine ,associations1 eight hundred and seventy-five societies1 five hundred and fifty meeting-houses1 and five hundred and forty preachers4 ,besides these1 there are twenty-one periodicals published by the order1 and twenty new books have been published within the year1 besides reprints4 ,there are also five schools in the patronage of the denomination4 ,there is an ,educational ,association in ,maine1 a ,sunday ,school ,association in ,massachusetts1 a ,publishing ,association in ,pennsylvania1 a public library of fifteen hundred volumes in ,ohio1 and two ,book ,associations in ,indiana and ,illinois4 ,by adding the numbers of societies1 etc41 in the ,british ,provinces1 to those in the ,united ,states1 there are1 at present1 the grand total of one ,general ,convention1 twelve ,state ,conventions1 fifty-five ,associations1 eight hundred and ninety-five societies1 five hundred and fifty-six meeting-houses1 and five hundred and forty-six preachers4 ------------------------------------- ,,periodicals4--,gospel ,banner and ,christian ,pilot1 ,augusta1 ,me42 ,,eastern ,,rose-,,bud1 ,portland1 ,me42 ,universalist and ,family ,visitor1 ,contoocookville1 ,n4 ,h42 ,universalist ,watchman1 ,montpelier1 ,vt42 ,trumpet and ,universalist ,magazine1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,christian ,freeman and ,family ,visitor1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,universalist and ,ladies ,repository1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,light of ,zion1 and ,sabbath ,school ,contributor1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,star and ,palladium1 ,lowell1 ,mass42 ,gospel ,messenger1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i42 ,universalist1 ,middletown1 ,ct42 ,new ,york ,christian ,messenger1 ,new ,york city2 ,universalist ,union1 ,new ,york city2 ,evangelical ,magazine and ,gospel ,advocate1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y42 ,western ,luminary1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y42 ,the ,nazarene1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,christian ,warrior1 ,richmond1 ,va42 ,southern ,universalist1 ,columbus1 ,ga42 ,star in the ,west1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio2 ,christian ,teacher1 ,lafayette1 ,ind42 ,better ,covenant1 ,rockford1 ,ill4 ,,missionary ,,statistics4 ,we have been much assisted in our missionary statistics by the kindness of the secretaries of the several ,missionary ,boards1 and by permission of the proprietor1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,rand1 for the use of his valuable ,missionary ,chart1 prepared with great care1 in #ahdj1 by the ,reverend ,messrs4 ,jefferson ,hascall and ,daniel ,wise4 ,those of the ,congregationalists1 ,baptists1 ,methodists1 and ,episcopalians1 are brought down to #ahda1 and are quite accurate2 but the efforts of some of the other denominations in this great and glorious cause are not fully stated1 as some of the items have not been reported4 ,first ,protestant ,missions4 ,the first ,protestant mission on record was undertaken in #aeei1 by ,michael1 who was sent into ,lapland by ,gustavus ,vasa1 king of ,sweden4 ,john ,eliot commenced the first mission to the ,indians at ,nonantum1 now ,newton1 ,massachusetts1 in #afdf4 ,this mission gave rise to a society in ,england for the propagation of the gospel in ,new ,england1 and to the formation of several other missionary stations2 so that1 in #afif1 there were thirty ,indian churches in ,new ,england4 ,in #agje1 ,messrs4 ,ziegenbalg and ,plutcho1 under the auspices of ,frederick ,,iv41 king of ,denmark1 commenced a mission at ,tranquebar1 in ,south ,hindoostan1 which was very successful4 ,its fruits continue to the present time4 ,in #agbh1 a mission was begun by ,schultze1 at ,madras1 under the patronage of the ,christian ,knowledge ,society4 ,in the following thirty-three years1 fourteen hundred and seventy converts united with the church4 ,moravian ,missions4 ,the ,moravians trace their origin to the ninth century1 when the king of ,moravia united with the ,greek church4 ,,west ,,indian ,,mission4--,the ,moravians commenced their mission on the ,island of ,st4 ,thomas in #agcb4 ,its commencement was occasioned by a conversation between a negro1 named ,anthony1 and some servants of ,count ,zinzendorf4 ,the negro said he had a sister at ,st4 ,thomas1 who was deeply anxious to be instructed about religion4 ,this remark was repeated to one of 8the brethren10 named ,leonard ,dober4 ,he determined to visit ,st4 ,thomas1 8even10 as he said1 8if he were obliged to sell himself for a slave to effect his purpose40 ,dober went2 and though1 for a time1 little good was effected1 yet1 in #agcf1 the ,lord poured out his spirit1 and many of the slaves were awakened4 ,there are now two stations on this island4 ,in #agcd1 they began their mission on the ,island of ,st4 ,croix4 ,it was soon abandoned1 but was restablished in #agdj4 ,in #aged1 missions were commenced on the ,islands of ,st4 ,jan and ,jamaica2 in #agef1 at ,antigua2 in #agfe1 at ,barbadoes2 in #aggg1 at ,st4 ,christopher's2 and at ,tobago in #agij4 ,,greenland ,,mission4--,this was commenced in #agcc1 at ,new ,herrnhut1 or ,lusatia1 by ,matthew and ,christian ,stach1 when the congregation of the brethren at home amounted to but six hundred members4 ,they persevered through cold1 hunger1 and discouragement1 though for five years they had no conversions4 ,greenland is now a ,christian country4 ,,north ,,american ,,indian ,,missions4--,these were begun in ,georgia1 #agce1 among the ,creeks1 at the instigation of ,count ,zinzendorf4 ,it was followed by numerous other stations1 many of which have since become extinct4 ,,south ,,american ,,missions4--,surinam1 a ,dutch settlement in ,guiana1 was the scene of their first operations here1 about #agce or #agch4 ,they began on the invitation of a planter4 ,several other settlements were attempted1 but were subsequently abandoned1 for various causes4 ,in #agfg1 they commenced a prosperous station at ,paramaribo4 ,,labrador ,,missions4--,supposing that a natural affinity subsisted between this people and the ,greenlanders1 the brethren commenced their labors here in #ageb4 ,this attempt failed2 but1 in #aggj1 a settlement was effected at ,nain1 by the agency of ,messrs4 ,haven1 ,drachart1 and ,jensen4 ,,south ,,african ,,mission4--,george ,schmidt was the father of this mission4 ,he commenced it in #agcg2 but it was afterwards abandoned for about fifty years1 until1 in #agib1 a permanent settlement was effected at ,gnadenthal1 one hundred and thirty-five miles east of ,cape ,town4 ,,note4--,the brethren have also had missions1 at different periods1 in ,asiatic ,russia1 ,egypt1 ,persia1 ,lapland1 ,guinea1 ,algiers1 ,ceylon and the ,nicobar ,islands2 all of which1 for various causes1 have been abandoned4 ,summary4 ,in the year #ahdj1 the ,moravians had1 in the afore-mentioned places and in ,south ,africa1 forty-seven stations and out-stations1 one hundred and ninety-seven missionaries and assistants1 seventeen thousand seven hundred and three communicants1 and fifty-seven thousand two hundred and fifty-five souls under their care4 ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,the extensive and splendid missions of this board originated with the ,rev4 ,david ,bogue1 while on a visit to ,london4 ,from his suggestions1 the society was formed1 in #agie1 by several ministers of various denominations4 ,,south ,,sea ,,islands4--,the society commenced their labors among these isles by sending out thirty-six missionaries1 in #agif1 who arrived safely1 and commenced their duties at ,otaheite1 ,tongataboo1 and ,st4 ,christina1 in ,march1 #agig4 ,subsequently1 they spread their influence over nearly all the islands of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,these missions have been eminently successful4 ,,new ,,south ,,wales4--,this mission was begun by the labors of ,mr4 ,threlkeld1 in #ahbf1 in ,bahtabee1 on ,lake ,macquaire4 ,,south ,,african ,,missions4--,the success of the missions in the islands of the ,pacific and ,south ,seas1 turned their attention to this dark land4 ,dr4 ,vanderkemp1 who was their first laborer1 began his labors on the ,river ,keis ,kamma1 in ,caffraria1 in #agii4 ,in #ahja1 he removed to ,graff ,reinet1 and preached to the ,hottentots in that vicinity4 ,these missions afterwards spread very widely among the ,caffres and ,hottentots4 ,,east ,,indian ,,missions4--,the society's missions in this most interesting quarter of the globe were commenced at ,calcutta and ,chinsura1 by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,forsyth1 in #agih4 ,subsequently1 their stations spread over ,northern and ,peninsular ,india1 ,india beyond the ,ganges1 into ,china1 ,siam1 and some of the ,asiatic ,isles4 ,,guiana ,,and ,,west ,,indies4--,at the request of a pious ,dutch planter1 ,mr4 ,wray was sent to ,demerara1 in ,guiana1 in #ahjg4 ,this was the beginning of the society's operations in ,south ,america4 ,,other ,,missions4--,beside these1 are the ,european and ,mediterranean islands missions1 which1 though of recent date1 are promising in their aspects4 ,,education4--,this society has several presses distributed over the vast field occupied by their agents1 by means of which millions of pages are annually scattered among the people4 ,they publish tracts parts of the ,scriptures1 c4 c4 ,they have also upwards of four hundred native assistants1 which are not mentioned in the following summary4 ,summary4 ,from the best accounts we can obtain1 this society had1 in #ahdj1 in ,asia1 the ,south ,sea ,islands1 ,africa1 ,guiana1 and in ,europe1 about five hundred and fifty missionary stations and out-stations1 one hundred and sixty-four missionaries1 five thousand communicants1 and about twenty-five thousand scholars4 ,american ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,,missions ,,in ,,asia4--,the news of the success of ,english missionary enterprise1 seconded by the zeal and influence of ,s4 ,j4 ,mills1 originated the germ of the invaluable labors of this board1 which was organized in #ahaj4 ,their first missions were in ,asia4 ,bombay was the scene of their first labors1 in the year #ahac1 and ,messrs4 ,nott1 ,newell1 and ,hall1 their first missionaries4 ,from ,bombay they extended their influence to ,ceylon1 in #ahaf2 to ,china1 and ,south-eastern ,asia1 and to ,siam1 in #ahcj4 ,,mediterranean ,,missions4--,these missions were begun by sending out ,messrs4 ,parsons and ,fisk on a voyage of research4 ,the first station occupied was ,beyroot1 in ,syria1 in #ahbc4 ,to this1 stations at ,malta1 in ,greece1 at ,constantinople1 c41 have been added4 ,,missions ,,at ,,the ,,sandwich ,,islands4--,a special providence marked the commencement of these missions4 ,two boys1 named ,obookiah and ,hopu1 were1 at their own request1 brought to ,america4 ,this gave rise to a train of interesting circumstances1 which led to the commencement of the mission1 in #ahbj1 by ,messrs4 ,bingham1 ,thurston1 and others4 ,vast success has attended this mission1 especially of late4 ,,north ,,american ,,indian ,,missions4--,these were commenced in #ahaf1 among the ,cherokees1 by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,kingsbury4 ,the ,choctaws1 the ,chickasaws1 the ,osages1 and other tribes1 have since shared the labors of the board4 ,the late unhappy removal of the ,cherokee nation has done much towards the prostration of missionary success among that interesting but deeply-injured tribe4 ,,missions ,,in ,,africa4--,the efforts of the board in this quarter of the globe are of recent date4 ,only seven years have elapsed since their commencement4 ,some native towns on the western coast1 and a numerous aboriginal tribe called the ,zulus1 on the south-east shore1 are the chief objects of their labors at present4 ,this field is considered very promising1 and it is confidently believed that its occupation will be one effectual aid in the great work of regenerating that darkened1 enslaved1 and degraded continent4 ,in #ahda1 this board had missions to the ,zulus in ,south ,africa1 the ,grebos in ,west ,africa1 to ,greece1 to ,turkey1 ,syria1 the ,nestorians of ,persia1 the ,independent ,nestorians1 the ,persian ,mahometans1 to the ,mahrattas in ,western ,india1 to ,madras and ,madura in ,southern ,india1 to ,ceylon1 ,siam1 ,china ,singapore1 ,borneo1 and to the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,they have missions to the ,cherokee ,indians1 the ,choctaws1 ,pawnees1 to the ,oregon ,indians1 the ,sioux1 ,ojibwas1 ,stockbridge ,indians1 ,new ,york ,indians1 and to the ,abenaquis4 ,summary ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,the number of missions in this department is seventeen2 of stations1 sixty-one2 of ordained missionaries1 one hundred and eleven1 five of whom are also physicians2 of physicians1 seven2 of teachers1 eight2 of secular superintendents1 two2 of printers1 eleven2 of bookbinders1 one2 of female helpers1 married and unmarried1 one hundred and thirty-nine2--making a total of laborers beyond sea from this country of two hundred and eighty4 ,to these add four native preachers1 and one hundred and thirty-five other native helpers1 and the number of laborers who are employed and supported by the board in the missions beyond sea1 is four hundred and nineteen4 ,summary ,of ,indian ,missions4 ,among the ,indian nations1 there are twenty-five stations2 twenty-five missionaries1 two of whom are physicians2 two other physicians1 five teachers2 ten other male1 and fifty-nine female1 assistant missionaries2 three native preachers2 and three other native assistants2--total1 one hundred and seven4 ,general ,summary4 ,the number of the missions in #ahda was twenty-six2 stations1 eighty-five2 and ordained missionaries1 one hundred and thirty-six1 ten of whom were physicians4 ,there were nine physicians not preachers1 thirteen teachers1 twelve printers and bookbinders1 and twelve other male and one hundred and ninety-eight female assistant missionaries4 ,the whole number of laborers from this country was three hundred and eighty-one1 or sixteen more than were reported in #ahdj4 ,to these we must add seven native preachers1 and one hundred and thirty-eight native helpers1 which made the whole number five hundred and twenty-six1 thirty-nine more than in #ahdj4 ,nine ordained missionaries1 three male and seventeen female assistant missionaries1 have been sent forth during the year4 ,the number of mission churches was fifty-nine1 containing nineteen thousand eight hundred and forty-two members1 of whom four thousand three hundred and fifty were received the year before4 ,there were fifteen printing establishments1 twenty-nine presses1 five type-founderies1 and fifty founts of type in the native languages4 ,the printing for the year was about fifty million pages2 the amount of printing from the beginning is about two hundred and ninety million pages4 ,twenty-four thousand copies of the ,missionary ,herald are now published monthly1 and sixty-five thousand copies of the ,day-spring1 a monthly paper1 are also issued4 ,seven of the thirty-four boarding-schools have received the name of seminaries1 and these contain four hundred and ninety-nine boys2 the other twenty-seven contain two hundred and fifty three boys and three hundred and seventy-eight girls2--making a total of boarding scholars of one thousand one hundred and thirty4 ,the number of free schools was four hundred and ninety1 containing about twenty-three thousand pupils4 ,the receipts have been two hundred and thirty-five thousand one hundred and eighty-nine dollars1 and the expenditures two hundred and sixty eight thousand1 nine hundred and fifteen dollars4 ,presbyterian ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,until within a few years1 this body of ,christians united with the ,american board in their operations among the heathen4 ,a distinct society1 under the name of the ,western ,foreign ,missionary ,society1 was formed in #ahca1 by the synod of ,pittsburg1 which was merged into the present board in #ahcg4 ,three of the missions of the board were begun by this society1 namely1 the ,western ,africa1 the ,hindoostan1 and ,iowa and ,sac missions4 ,this board is intending to renforce its missions1 and to occupy several new stations1 as soon as the requisite arrangements can be made4 ,its main efforts will be directed towards ,hindoostan1 where it has now two presses in active coperation with its missionaries4 ,this denomination of ,christians have the following missions3--,iowa and ,sac ,indians2 ,chippewa and ,ottawa ,indians2 ,texas2 ,western ,africa1 ,kroos2 ,chinese1 ,singapore2 ,siam2 ,northern ,india1 ,lodiana1 ,allahabad1 ,furrukhabad4 ,summary4 ,this church has now under her care in the foreign field1 fifty-seven laborers sent from her own bosom1 twenty-three of whom are ministers of the gospel2 besides eight native assistants1 some of them men of learning1 all of them hopefully pious1 and in different stages of preparation and trial for the missionary work among their own benighted people4 ,through the mission stations occupied by these brethren1 the church is brought in direct contact with five different heathen nations1 containing two thirds of the whole human race4 ,annual expenditure about sixty-five thousand dollars4 ,the ,presbyterian ,domestic ,board of ,missions employs or aids two hundred and sixty missionaries and agents1 who have under their charge about twenty thousand communicants1 and twenty thousand ,sabbath school scholars4 ,annual disbursements about thirty-five thousand dollars4 ,english ,baptist ,missionary ,society4 ,,east ,,indies4--,a mission was commenced at ,serampore in #agic4 ,the ,english ,baptists were just awakening to a sense of their responsibility for the conversion of the world1 when ,dr4 ,thomas arrived in ,london1 to solicit missionary aid for ,hindoostan4 ,the society took him under their patronage1 and sent him back in company with ,dr4 ,cary4 ,after laboring successfully in various places1 in #ahjj ,dr4 ,cary removed to ,serampore1 which thenceforward became a central station4 ,,west ,,indian ,,missions4--,in #ahad1 a mulatto preacher1 named ,baker1 requested this society to send a missionary to ,jamaica4 ,in compliance with this request1 ,mr4 ,i4 ,rowe was sent out1 who1 after laboring with pleasing success1 died2 and1 in #ahae1 the society sent out ,mr4 ,compere and assistants1 who established a mission in ,kingston4 ,this was the origin of the ,baptist missions in the ,west ,indies4 ,,south ,,american ,,mission4--,on a representation to the society1 that much good might be done among the negro population and the ,indians in and around ,honduras1 in the ,bay of ,mexico1 the society1 in #ahbb1 sent out ,mr4 ,j4 ,bourne1 who succeeded in establishing a church and congregation4 ,,south ,,african ,,mission4--,in #ahca1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,davies was sent to ,graham's ,town1 at the urgent solicitation of some ,baptists1 resident at that place4 ,summary4 ,this society have1 in ,asia1 the ,asiatic ,islands1 ,west ,indies1 ,south ,america1 and ,south ,africa1 one hundred and twenty-nine stations and out-stations1 one hundred and thirty-four missionaries and assistants1 twenty-two thousand four hundred and eighty-eight communicants1 and seventeen thousand seven hundred and thirty-five scholars4 ,this statement does not contain the full amount of their labors to the present year4 ,american ,baptist ,board ,of ,foreign ,missions4 ,,missions ,,in ,,asia4--,rev4 ,a4 ,judson may be said to be the father of ,baptist missions in this country1 and1 indeed1 of the missionary labors of this society4 ,it was his conversion to the principles of the ,baptists1 while a missionary of the ,american board in ,india1 that roused them to action4 ,he commenced his labors under discouraging circumstances1 at ,rangoon1 in the ,burman empire1 #ahac4 ,since then1 the operations of this board have become very extensive1 embracing immense portions of the ,burman empire1 ,siam1 c4 ,asia is their principal mission field1 and they have laid sure foundations for the evangelization of many parts of that benighted clime4 ,,indian ,,missions4--,an impression1 made1 no doubt1 by divine influence1 of the importance of missions to this people1 led1 in #ahag1 to the appointment of ,j4 ,m4 ,peck and ,j4 ,e4 ,welch to be missionaries to the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,j4 ,m4 ,peck commenced their first ,indian mission among the ,cherokees in #ahah4 ,many tribes are now embraced by the labors of the board1 and although the progress of truth has been slow among the 8red men10 yet the board have cause to rejoice over their ,indian missions4 ,,african ,,mission4--,this mission was commenced by the offer of ,l4 ,cary and ,c4 ,teage1 colored men1 to become the messengers of the churches in this work4 ,they commenced their duties1 in #ahba1 at ,liberia1 where the board continues its efforts for the redemption of ,africa1 with some success1 chiefly among the ,bassas4 ,,european ,,missions4--,these missions were commenced in #ahcb4 ,professor ,chase was sent to explore the kingdom of ,france1 and the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,rostan commenced a course of evangelical demonstrations at ,paris2 since which1 ,germany and ,greece have shared the attention of the board4 ,these are missions of the first importance4 ,general ,summary4 ,this board have missions as follow3--,in ,north ,america1 to the ,ojibwas1 near ,lake ,superior2 the ,ottawas1 in ,michigan2 ,oneidas1 in ,new ,york2 ,otoes1 near the junction of ,missouri and ,platte ,rivers2 ,shawanoes1 including the ,delawares1 ,putawatomies1 and ,western ,ottawas1 in the ,indian ,territory2 ,cherokees1 ,creeks1 and ,choctaws1 in the ,indian ,territory4 ,in ,europe1 they have missions to ,france1 ,germany1 ,denmark1 and ,greece2--to the ,bassas1 in ,west ,africa2--in ,asia1 to ,burmah and the ,karens2 to ,siam and ,china1 ,arracan1 ,asam1 and to the ,teloogoos4 ,the number of ,indian missions is eight2 stations and out-stations1 sixteen2 missionaries and assistant missionaries1 twenty-eight2 native assistants1 ten2 churches1 sixteen2 baptisms reported the last year1 two hundred and seventy-one2 present number of church members1 one thousand three hundred and twenty-four2 schools1 seven2 scholars1 one hundred and ninety-two4 ,the number of ,european missions is three2 stations and out-stations1 twenty2 missionaries and assistant missionaries1 seven2 native preachers and assistants1 twenty-three2 churches1 twenty-seven2 baptisms the past year1 one hundred and eighty-seven2 church members1 five hundred and fifty-eight4 ,in the mission to ,west ,africa there are two stations1 five missionaries and assistant missionaries1 one native assistant1 two churches of twenty-five members1 and two schools containing eighty-five scholars4 ,the number of the ,asiatic missions is eight1 stations and out-stations1 sixty-two2 missionaries and assistant missionaries1 fifty-nine2 native assistants1 seventy-seven2 churches1 thirty-two2 baptisms the past year1 three hundred and seventeen2 church members1 one thousand eight hundred and two2 schools1 thirty-five1 scholars1 five hundred and sixty4 ,grand total1 twenty missions1 one hundred stations and out-stations1 ninety-nine missionaries and assistant missionaries1 one hundred and eleven native preachers and assistants1 seventy-seven churches1 seven hundred and eighty baptisms the past year1 more than three thousand seven hundred members of mission churches1 forty-four schools1 and eight hundred and seventy-seven scholars4 ,the annual expenditure of the board is about eighty thousand dollars4 ,free-,will ,baptists4 ,this flourishing class of ,christians have not1 until recently1 directed their efforts to a foreign field4 ,they now occupy one station in ,orissa1 where they have two missionaries with their ladies4 ,two other missionaries are about being located1 for which purpose funds are now provided4 ,episcopal ,missions4 ,the ,church of ,england has been actively engaged in missionary operations since the year #afih1 when the 8,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge0 was formed4 ,in #agja1 the 8,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts0 was instituted4 ,the 8,church ,missionary ,society0 was established in #ahjj4 ,these societies are still in active and vigorous operation4 ,they have missions in every quarter of the globe1 and their annual expenditures1 for the propagation of the ,gospel1 amount to about one million three hundred and seventeen thousand three hundred and fifty-six dollars4 ,the ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states established a ,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary ,society in #ahbj2 and the ,general ,convention of #ahce resolved1 ,that the ,church itself was the missionary society and that every member of the ,church1 by baptism1 was1 of course1 bound to support her missions4 ,the missionary field was declared to be ,,the ,,world1 domestic missions being those established within the territory of the ,united ,states1 and foreign missions those without that territory4 ,at each triennial meeting of the ,general ,convention1 a ,board of ,missions1 consisting of about one hundred members1 is selected from the different dioceses4 ,this ,board has the general supervision of all the missionary operations of the ,church2 and meets annually1 or oftener1 if necessary4 ,there are two standing committees of this ,board1--the ,committee for ,domestic ,missions and the ,committee for ,foreign ,missions1 to whom1 during the recess of the ,board1 the care and management of the missions is confided4 ,this ,society now has under its charge one hundred and forty-five domestic1 and twelve foreign stations1 employing eighty-five domestic and eleven foreign missionaries1 and also eighteen teachers and assistants in the foreign stations4 ,the expenditures of this ,board1 for the year #ahda1 were sixty-one thousand five hundred and eighty-six dollars and thirty-seven cents4 ,this ,society has missionary stations in ,athens1 ,crete1 ,constantinople1 ,china1 7,maca17 ,cape ,palmas and other stations in ,western ,africa1 and in ,texas4 ,society ,for ,propagating ,the ,gospel ,among ,the ,indians ,and ,others4 ,this society derived its origin among the ,puritans1 in ,england1 in #afdh4 ,the charter under which it now acts was granted by the legislature of ,massachusetts1 in #afhg4 ,its list of past and present members in #ahdj1 comprised one hundred and twenty-five names of the most eminent divines1 jurists1 and laymen in ,massachusetts1 in which state the operations of the society are chiefly confined4 ,the funds of this society1 in #ahdj1 amounted to thirty-six thousand three hundred and eighty-seven dollars1 the income of which is annually expended for the 8propagation of the gospel0 among the needy and destitute4 ,in conformity with the spirit and design of this ancient and venerable society1 all measures in any degree of a party or sectarian character1 are scrupulously avoided4 ,wesleyan ,or ,english ,methodist ,missionary ,society4 ,scarcely had ,mr4 ,wesley raised the standard of ,methodism in ,england1 before he turned his attention to the wants of other lands4 ,america presenting a vast field for missionary labor1 he sent over ,richard ,boardman and ,joseph ,pilmore1 in #agfi4 ,these were the first ,methodist missionaries4 ,from their labors the ,methodist ,episcopal church in the ,united ,states gradually came into being4 ,dr4 ,coke was preminently useful in establishing missions in various places ,this society was organized in #ahag4 ,,west ,,indies4--,a peculiar providence marked the commencement of this mission4 ,dr4 ,coke1 with three preachers1 was proceeding to ,nova ,scotia1 in ,september1 #aghf1 but was driven1 by stress of weather1 to ,antigua4 ,finding a number of serious persons there1 he preached ,jesus to them1 and by his labors laid the foundation for extensive missions4 ,,british ,,north ,,america4--,about #aggi1 several ,methodist emigrants were the means of awakening many souls4 ,among these was ,mr4 ,black1 who1 after laboring for some time with zeal and success1 was appointed the superintendent of the mission in ,british ,north ,america4 ,this mission embraces ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada1 ,newfoundland1 and ,honduras4 ,,missions ,,in ,,asia4--,the plan of establishing missions in ,asia originated with ,dr4 ,coke2 and1 in #ahac1 he sailed1 with ,messrs4 ,harvard1 ,clough1 ,ault1 ,erskine1 ,squance1 and ,lynch1 for ,ceylon4 ,unfortunately1 he died on the passage4 ,the brethren1 after many trials1 reached ,ceylon1 and commenced their labors at ,jaffna1 ,batticaloa1 and ,matura4 ,from ,ceylon1 the society directed its attention to continental ,india1 where their labors have become very extensive4 ,,missions ,,in ,,south ,,africa4--,these missions were begun in #ahaf1 by ,rev4 ,barnabas ,shaw1 among the ,namaquas1 a tribe of ,hottentots4 ,these missions have subsequently spread over large portions of this benighted land4 ,,missions ,,in ,,the ,,south ,,seas4--,these missions include the ,friendly ,isles1 ,new ,zealand1 ,new ,south ,wales1 c4 ,they were commenced at the latter place1 in #ahae1 by ,mr4 ,leigh1 who began his duties and labors at ,sydney1 with favorable auspices and good success4 ,,missions ,,in ,,the ,,mediterranean4--,these were commenced in ,gibraltar1 in #ahjd1 by ,mr4 ,mc,mullen1 who died a few days after beginning his labors4 ,the mission was then suspended until #ahjh1 when ,mr4 ,william ,griffith was appointed to its charge4 ,besides this mission1 the ,methodists have stations at ,malta1 ,alexandria1 and ,zanto4 ,,missions ,,in ,,europe4--,these missions embrace the labors of the society in ,sweden1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,ireland1 and the ,norman and ,shetland ,isles4 ,notwithstanding many obstacles1 arising from intolerance1 ignorance1 or superstition1 the good work progresses at these missions4 ,summary4 ,in #ahdj1 this society had1 in the ,west ,indies1 fifty missionary stations2 in ,british ,north ,america1 eighty-four stations2 in ,asia1 twenty-two12 in the ,south ,seas1 twenty-five2 in ,africa1 thirty-one2 and in ,europe1 forty-two stations4 ,in all these countries the society had two hundred and fifty-four stations1 six hundred and twenty-three missionaries and teachers1 seventy-two thousand seven hundred and twenty-four communicants1 and fifty-six thousand five hundred and twenty-two scholars4 ,missions ,of ,the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,i4 ,,foreign ,,missions4 #a4 ,the ,liberia ,mission was commenced in #ahcc1 by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,b4 ,cox1 who1 in a few short months after1 was called to his eternal reward4 ,his dying language was1 8,though a thousand fall1 ,africa must not be given up40 ,five other missionaries have fallen in the same field4 ,the ,liberia mission now includes an annual conference of seventeen preachers1 all colored1 except the superintendent and the two brethren recently sent out4 ,it has a membership of nearly one thousand1 of whom one hundred and fifty are natives4 ,there are thirteen day schools1 in which from five hundred to six hundred children are instructed1 7of whom about forty are natives1 preparing for future usefulness17 fourteen churches1 eight mission-houses1 three school-houses1 one academy1 7a stone building17 and one printing-office4 ,total of missionaries1 male and female1 twenty-four4 #b4 ,the ,oregon ,mission4--,this mission was commenced by ,rev4 ,messrs4 ,jason and ,daniel ,lee1 and now numbers twenty-one missionaries1 including preachers1 teachers1 physicians1 farmers1 mechanics1 c4 ,the greater part of these were sent out in #ahdj1 making1 with their wives and children1 about fifty souls--the largest missionary expedition going1 at one time1 from this country4 ,they are now laying the foundations of their future work4 #c4 ,the ,texas ,mission was commenced by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ruter1 assisted by two young preachers1 who accompanied him to that country in #ahcg4 ,an annual conference was established in this mission field in #ahdj1 which now includes three regular presiding elders' districts1 and eighteen stations and circuits4 ,it numbers twenty-three travelling preachers1 thirty-six local preachers1 7i4 e41 lay preachers1 who support themselves1 and preach as they have opportunity7 and two thousand seven hundred and ninety-five members4 ,there is a college at ,rutersville4 ,,ii4 ,,domestic ,,missions4 #a4 ,german ,missions4--,the first ,german mission was established in ,cincinnati1 in #ahce1 by ,rev4 ,william ,nast4 ,there are now seventeen ,german missions1 containing about one thousand members1 in the states of ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,kentucky1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 and ,new ,york4 ,a ,german paper is published at ,cincinnati1 called ,the ,christian ,apologist1 having eleven hundred subscribers4 #b4 ,indian ,missions4--,there are eighteen missions1 and one manual labor school1 among the ,indians located within the bounds of ,rock ,river1 ,michigan1 ,holston1 ,missouri1 ,mississippi1 and ,arkansas conferences4 ,these now include two thousand six hundred and seventeen native church members4 #c4 ,missions among the ,slaves4--,there are forty-seven of these missions in successful operation1 including twelve thousand three hundred and ninety-three in church fellowship4 #d4 ,missions in ,destitute ,portions of the ,country4--,there are one hundred and eight domestic missions of this kind1 which embrace twenty-three thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight church members4 ,aggregate4 ,foreign missions--sixty-three missionaries1 four thousand three hundred and seventeen church members4--,domestic missions--one hundred and seventy-eight missionaries1 forty-one thousand church members4--,total--two hundred and forty-one missionaries1 forty-five thousand three hundred and seventeen church members4 ,the whole amount of missionary money collected for the year ending ,april #bj1 #ahdb1 is one hundred and five thousand two hundred and eighty-one dollars2 expended1 one hundred and forty-nine thousand and sixty-five dollars4 ,seventh-,day ,baptist ,missionary ,society4 ,the operations of this society are confined to the occasional assistance of destitute churches at home4 ,it employs six agents and missionaries4 ,its receipts for #ahch were one hundred and eighty-six dollars4 ,the ,seventh-,day ,baptists have also a ,society for the ,promotion of ,christianity among the ,,jews1 at home and abroad4 ,it was organized in #ahch4 ,french ,protestant ,missionary ,society4 ,this society was formed in #ahbb1 at the house of ,s4 ,v4 ,s4 ,wilder ,esq41 an ,american merchant1 then residing in ,paris4 ,it has a seminary for the preparation of students4 ,in #ahbi1 it sent out three missionaries to their first field of labor1 among the ,french emigrants of ,south ,africa1 and among the surrounding tribes4 ,it had1 in #ahci1 in ,south ,africa1 seven stations1 twelve missionaries1 about one hundred converts1 and five hundred scholars4 ,netherlands ,missionary ,society4 ,the principal labors of this society are expended in ,dutch ,india and in ,siam4 ,in ,dutch ,india they have eighteen missionaries1 at thirteen stations4 ,of the success of this society1 little is known in this country4 ,scottish ,missionary ,society4 ,this society was established1 in #agif1 by the members of the ,episcopal church in ,edinburgh4 ,it has had missions in ,tartary1 ,asia1 and the ,west ,indies4 ,some of them are still sustained4 ,german ,missionary ,society4 ,this society was preceded in its formation by the ,missionary ,seminary at ,bsle1 in #ahaf4 ,in #ahba1 the ,missionary ,society was formed by the various pastors and churches of the surrounding country1 under the encouragement of ,dr4 ,steinkopff4 ,the scene of their first labors was among the ,german colonies in ,asiatic ,russia1 in #ahbb1 when seven missionaries were sent to prepare the way of the ,lord in that important field4 ,others followed1 and their mission was beginning to promise great results1 when1 in #ahcg1 by a ukase from the emperor of the ,russias1 they were required to abandon their work4 ,in #ahbh1 they commenced a mission at ,liberia4 ,death became their opponent here1 and seven of their missionaries died through the sickliness of the climate4 ,two missionaries are still laboring in that field4 ,they have seven missionaries in ,hindoostan1 who occupy two stations1--,mangalore and ,dharwar4 ,they expect to establish another1 shortly1 at ,hoobly1 for which five missionaries have been sent out4 ,there are several schools1 and one seminary1 connected with these stations4 ,church ,of ,scotland ,missions4 ,these missions appear to be of recent date4 ,most of their labor is expended on ,asia4 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,poonah1 and ,madras1 are their principal stations4 ,their missionaries devote a large portion of their efforts to the promotion of education4 ,rhenish ,missionary ,society4 ,the successes of the ,london ,missionary ,society inspired the pious inhabitants of the valley of the ,rhine with an ardent wish to imitate their zeal4 ,under this impulse1 a society was formed1 in #ahbh1 at ,barmen1 on the ,rhine1 by a union of the previously-formed societies of ,barmen1 ,elberfield1 ,cologne1 and ,wesel4 ,messrs4 ,gottlieb1 ,leipold1 ,zahn and ,wurmb1 were among their earliest missionaries4 ,wurmb was formerly a soldier4 ,he fought in the battle of ,leipsic as lieutenant1 and obtained two medals of honor4 ,he next studied medicine1 and gained a diploma2 and when he became a subject of religious influence1 he laid all his honors and learning at the foot of the cross4 ,he began his labors at ,wupperthal1 in ,south ,africa1 in which country are several missionaries1 and four stations4 ,missions ,of ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,we regret that it is not in our power to record the missionary efforts of the ,roman ,catholics4 ,suffice it to say that their missions extend to all countries1 and that they are ardent in their zeal1 indefatigable in their labors1 and unsparing in their expenditures1 in the propagation of the doctrines of this ancient church4 ,jews' ,missionary ,society4 ,this association was formed in ,england1 in #ahjh4 ,it is patronized chiefly by ministers and members of the established church4 ,it has forty-nine missionaries and agents1 who occupy twenty-three stations in ,asia and ,europe4 ,of these missionaries1 twenty-four are ,jewish converts4 ,its receipts in #ahci were upwards of eighty thousand dollars4 ,three or four thousand ,jews have been converted1 by this and other instrumentalities1 within a few years4 ,in ,england1 there is an institution for the purpose of receiving ,jewish converts1 and teaching them a trade4 ,a considerable number have enjoyed its privileges4 ,indians4 ,as great efforts are making1 by almost all classes of ,christians to spread the benign influence of the gospel among the red men on our borders1 it may not be amiss to state their locations1 numbers1 c4 c4 ------------------------------------- ,mr4 ,mc,coy1 in his valuable 8,annual ,register of ,indian ,affairs10 published at ,shawanoe1 in the ,indian ,territory1 makes many important statements respecting this highly-interesting people4 ,he says that the number of ,indians north of ,mexico may be fairly estimated at one million eight hundred thousand4 ,he estimates the population of the tribes east and west of the ,mississippi as follows3-- ,tribes ,east ,of ,mississippi ,river4 ,indians in ,new ,england and ,new ,york #d1gae ,indians from ,new ,york1 at ,green ,bay #gbe ,wyandots1 in ,ohio and ,michigan #fbc ,miamies #a1bjj ,winnebagoes #d1eia ,chippewas #f1gic ,ottawas and ,chippewas of ,lake ,michigan #e1cjj ,chippewas1 ,ottawas1 and ,putawatomies #h1jjj ,putawatomies #a1djj ,menominees #d1bjj ,creeks #bc1ffh ,cherokees #aj1jjj ,chickasaws #e1dbi ,choctaws #c1ejj ,seminoles #b1dbj ,appalachicolas #cdj ,total #ha1ijd ,tribes ,west ,of ,mississippi ,river4 ,sioux #bg1ejj ,iowas #a1bjj ,sauks of ,missouri #ejj ,sauks and ,foxes #f1djj ,assinaboines #h1jjj ,crees #c1jjj ,camanches #g1jjj ,crows #d1ejj ,arrepahas1 ,kiawas1 c4 #a1djj ,caddoes #hjj ,snake and other tribes within the ,rocky ,mountains #bj1jjj ,gros-ventres #c1jjj ,arrekaras #c1jjj ,cheyennes #b1jjj ,minatarees #a1ejj ,mandans #a1ejj ,black ,feet #cj1jjj ,tribes west of ,rocky ,mountains #hj1jjj ,total #bja1cjj ,the above tribes1 although within the territory of the ,united ,states1 are not within what is commonly called the ,indian ,territory4 ,mr4 ,mc,coy states the names and numbers of the indigenous and emigrant tribes within the ,indian ,territory1 so called1 as follow3-- ,indigenous ,tribes4 ,osage #e1eaj ,kauzau1 or ,kansas #a1fhd ,otoe and ,missouria #a1fjj ,omaha #a1djj ,pawnee #aj1jjj ,puncah #hjj ,quapau #dej ,total #ba1ddd ,emigrant ,tribes4 ,choctaw #ae1jjj ,cherokee #d1jjj ,creek #c1fjj ,seneca and ,shawanoo of ,neosho #dfb ,wea #bbe ,piankasha #aai ,peoria and ,kaskaskias #ace ,ottawa #ha ,shawanoe of ,kauzau ,river #gfd ,delaware #hef ,kickapoo #fjc ,putawatomie #ddd ,emigrant #bf1bhi ,indigenous #ba1ddd ,total #dg1gcc ,among the population of the emigrant tribes are included thirteen hundred and fifty negro slaves4 ,mr4 ,mc,coy estimates that1 of the one million eight hundred thousand ,indians in ,north ,america1 about seventy thousand may be classed with civilized man1 having in greater or less degrees advanced towards civilization4 ------------------------------------- ,by the ,indian ,territory is meant the country within the following limits1 viz43 ,beginning on ,red ,river1 on the ,mexican boundary1 and as far west of the state of ,arkansas as the country is habitable2 thence down ,red ,river1 eastwardly1 along the ,mexican boundary to ,arkansas2 thence northwardly1 along the line of ,arkansas1 to the state of ,missouri2 thence north1 along its western line1 to ,missouri ,river2 thence up ,missouri ,river to ,puncah ,river2 thence westerly as far as the country is habitable2 thence southwardly to the place of beginning4 ,,biographical ,,sketches ,,of ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,reformation1 ,,founders ,,of ,,sects1 ,,and ,,of ,,other ,,distinguished ,,individuals ,,mentioned ,,in ,,this ,,volume4 ,john ,wickliffe4 ,a celebrated doctor1 professor of divinity at ,oxford1 and deservedly considered as the forerunner of ,luther in the reformation4 ,he was born at ,wickliffe1 in ,yorkshire1 about #acbd1 and educated at ,queen's ,college1 and afterwards at ,merton1 and in #acfa raised to the mastership of ,baliol ,college4 ,in #acfe1 he was made1 by the scholars1 head of ,canterbury ,hall1 just founded at ,oxford by ,archbishop ,islip2 but his elevation was opposed by the monks1 and ,langham1 the next primate2 and the pope1 to whom the dispute was referred1 displaced him and his secular associates4 ,thus disgraced by violence1 he retired to his living at ,lutterworth1 in ,leicestershire1 meditating revenge against the authors of his unjust privation4 ,in the works of ,marsilius of ,padua1 and other bold writers1 he found ample room to indulge his opposition2 and1 well aware of the popularity of attacking a foreign power1 which overawed the throne1 and submitted the industry and the revenues of the kingdom to its own avaricious views1 he loudly inveighed against the errors and the encroachments of the ,romish church4 ,his writings alarmed the clergy1 and a council was assembled at ,lambeth1 by ,archbishop ,sudbury1 #acgg1 and ,wickliffe summoned to give an account of his doctrines4 ,he appeared before it1 accompanied by the duke of ,lancaster1 then in power2 and he made so able a defence1 that he was dismissed without condemnation4 ,his acquittal1 however1 displeased the pope1 ,gregory ,,xi41 who directed his emissaries to seize the offending heretic1 or1 if he were protected by the great and powerful of the kingdom1 to cite him to ,rome1 to answer in person before the sovereign pontiff4 ,in consequence of this1 a second council assembled at ,lambeth1 and the nineteen propositions1 which the pope had declared heretical1 were so ably vindicated by the eloquence of the undaunted reformer1 that his judges1 afraid of offending the nobles1 or of exciting a commotion among the people1 who loudly supported the cause of their champion1 permitted him to depart in safety1 and enjoined on him silence in matters of religion and of controversy4 ,undismayed by the power of his enemies1 ,wickliffe continued to preach his doctrines1 which were now more universally spread2 and a third council1 therefore1 assembled1 under ,courtnay1 the primate1 #achb1 and twenty-four propositions of the reformer were condemned as heretical1 and fourteen as erroneous4 ,the severity of the church was1 at the suggestion of the pope1 and the concurrence of the weak ,richard ,,ii41 directed with effect against the supporters of the new heresy2 but1 while some of his followers suffered punishment for their adherence to his principles1 ,wickliffe unhappily died at ,lutterworth1 #achd1 at a time when nothing was wanting to emancipate the ,english nation from the tyranny of ,rome1 but the boldness1 perseverance1 and eloquence1 of a popular leader4 ,of the several works which he wrote1 his ,trialogus is almost the only one which has been printed4 ,the noble struggle which ,wickliffe had made against the gigantic power of ,rome was almost forgotten after his death1 till ,martin ,luther arose to follow his steps1 and to establish his doctrines on a foundation which will last till ,christianity is no more4 ,the memory of ,wickliffe was branded with ignominy by the impotent ,papists1 and by the order of the council of ,constance1 whose cruelties towards ,john ,huss and ,jerome of ,prague are so well known1 the illustrious reformer was declared to have died an obstinate heretic2 and his bones were therefore dug up from holy ground1 and contemptuously burnt4 ,jerome of ,prague4 ,the celebrated lay reformer was born at ,prague1 about the year #acgj4 ,very little is extant relative to the early part of his life2 but he was very eager in the pursuit of knowledge1 and spent his youth in the universities of ,prague1 ,paris1 ,heidelberg1 ,cologne1 and ,oxford4 ,at the latter university1 he became acquainted with the works of ,wickliffe1 translated them into his native language1 professed himself1 on his return to ,prague1 to be an open favorer of him1 and attached himself to the ,reformed in ,bohemia1 over whom ,huss presided4 ,before the council of ,constance1 ,jerome was cited on the #agth of ,april1 #adae1 when ,huss was confined at that place4 ,on his arrival1 he found that he could not render any assistance to ,huss1 and therefore thought it prudent to retire2 and1 on behalf of ,huss1 he wrote to the emperor4 ,at ,kirsaw1 ,jerome was seized by an officer of the duke of ,sulzbach1 who immediately wrote to the council concerning him1 and they directed him to send his prisoner to ,constance4 ,on his arrival at that place1 he was immediately brought before the council1 accused of his attachment to ,protestant principles1 and was remanded from the assembly into a dungeon4 ,as he was there sitting1 ruminating on his approaching fate1 he heard a voice calling out in these words3--8,fear not1 ,jerome1 to die in the cause of that truth which1 during thy life1 thou hast defended40 ,it was the voice of ,madderwitz1 who had contributed to the comfort of ,huss2 but1 in consequence of it1 ,jerome was conveyed to a strong tower1 and exposed to torture and want4 ,this suffering brought on him a dangerous illness1 and attempts were then made to induce him to retract his principles2 but he remained immovable4 ,unhappily1 however1 for his subsequent peace of mind1 he was at length induced to retract1 and acknowledged the errors of ,wickliffe and ,huss1 assented to the condemnation of the latter1 and declared himself a firm believer in the church of ,rome4 ,but the conscience of ,jerome would not allow him to suffer that retraction to remain2 and he accordingly recanted1 and demanded a second trial4 ,accordingly1 in the month of ,may1 #adaf1 ,jerome was again called before the council1 and charged with his adherence to the errors of ,wickliffe1 his having had a picture of him in his chamber1 his denial of transubstantiation1 with other matters of a similar description4 ,on these articles he answered with equal spirit4 ,through the whole oration he manifested an amazing strength of memory4 ,his voice was sweet1 distinct1 and full4 ,firm and intrepid1 he stood before the council2 collected in himself1 and not only despising1 but seeming even desirous of death4 ,his speech did not1 however1 excite pity2 and he was delivered over to the civil power for martyrdom4 ,when surrounded by blazing fagots1 he cried out1 8,o ,lord ,god1 have mercy upon me60 and a little afterwards1 8,thou knowest how ,i have loved thy truth40 ,with cheerful countenance he met his fate2 and1 observing the executioner about to set fire to the wood behind his back1 he cried out1 8,bring thy torch hither3 perform thy office before my face4 ,had ,i feared death1 ,i might have avoided it40 ,as the wood began to blaze1 he sang a hymn1 which the violence of the flames did not interrupt4 ,jerome was1 unquestionably1 an excellent man4 ,his ,christianity must have been sincere1 thus to have supported him2 and the uniform tenor of his virtuous life corroborated the truth of that opinion4 ,his temper was mild and affable1 and the relations of life he supported with great piety and benevolence4 ,he was a light set upon a hill2 and though for a few moments it was obscured and darkened1 yet it again burst forth1 and continued to shine with splendor and advantage4 ,john ,huss4 ,a famous divine and martyr1 born in ,bohemia1 #acgf1 and educated at ,prague1 where he took his degrees1 and entered into the ministry4 ,the writings of ,wickliffe converted him from the superstitions of ,rome1 and1 with eloquent zeal1 he began to preach against the power and influence of the pope4 ,his efforts proved successful2 the ,papal authority began to be slighted in ,bohemia2 but the archbishop of ,prague issued two mandates against the heresies of ,wickliffe1 and the labors of ,huss and his followers2 and this exertion of power was soon seconded by a bull from ,rome1 for the suppression of all tenets offensive to the holy see4 ,huss exclaimed against these proceedings1 and1 though summoned to ,rome to answer for his conduct1 he1 supported by the favor of ,wenceslaus1 king of ,bohemia1 disregarded the pope's authority1 and was excommunicated2 and1 soon after1 his friends and adherents were included in the same interdict4 ,after causing1 by his opposition to the ,papal decrees1 various tumults in ,prague and ,bohemia1 ,huss was prevailed upon to appear at the council of ,constance1 to give an account of his doctrines4 ,the emperor ,sigismund granted him his protection1 and insured security to his person2 but when1 soon after1 he reached ,constance1 #adad1 he was seized as a heretic1 and imprisoned1 and1 after a confinement of severe hardships for six months1 he was condemned without a hearing2 and1 when he refused to recant his errors1 he was tumultuously sentenced to be burnt4 ,the emperor indeed complained of the contempt shown to his authority1 and of the perfidy used towards the delinquent1 but all in vain4 ,huss was inhumanly dragged to execution2 he was stripped of his sacerdotal habit1 deprived of his degrees1 and1 with a paper crown on his head1 with pictures of devils round1 and the inscription of 8,heresiarch10 he was burned alive1 ,july1 #adae4 ,he endured his torments with uncommon fortitude and truly ,christian resignation4 ,his ashes were collected1 and then sprinkled in the ,rhine4 ,john colampadius4 ,an eminent ,german reformer1 born1 in #adhb1 at ,weinsberg in ,franconia4 ,he was converted to the ,protestant faith by reading the works of ,luther2 became professor of theology at ,basle2 embraced the opinions of ,zuinglius respecting the sacrament2 contributed much to the progress of ecclesiastical reform1 and died in #aeca4 colampadius was of a meek and quiet disposition2 in the undertaking of any business he was very circumspect2 nor was there any thing more pleasing to him1 than to spend his time in reading and commenting4 ,his publications are numerous1 consisting chiefly of annotations on the holy ,scriptures4 ,martin ,luther4 ,the celebrated reformer was born at ,isleben1 in ,saxony1 #ajth ,november1 #adhc4 ,his parents wished him to devote himself to the labors of the bar1 but an extraordinary accident diverted his purpose4 ,as he walked one day in the fields with a fellow-student1 he was struck down by lightning1 and his companion killed by his side2 and this had such effect upon his mind that1 without consulting his friends1 he retired from the world1 into the order of the ,augustines4 ,in this seclusion he found by accident a ,latin ,bible1 which he never before had seen1 and in perusing it he was astonished at the little knowledge of ,scripture and of ,christianity which the clergy then imparted to the people4 ,from the convent of ,erfurt he was removed to ,wittemberg ,university2 and here he read lectures on philosophy1 for three years1 to numerous and applauding audiences4 ,the completion of ,st4 ,peter's ,church at ,rome at this time required extraordinary sums1 and the pope1 ,leo ,x41 to fill his coffers with greater facility1 published general indulgences for the forgiveness of sins to such as would contribute to the pious work4 ,the ,dominicans were intrusted with the selling of these indulgences in ,germany1 and in paying their money the good friar ,tetzel informed the superstitious people that they might release themselves not only from past1 but also future sins4 ,this pious imposition did not escape the discerning eye of ,luther2 he published1 in #aeag1 a thesis1 containing ninety-five propositions on indulgences1 and challenged opposition4 ,tetzel was not silent on the occasion2 but while he1 with the voice of authority1 called his opponent a damnable heretic1 and whilst he burnt the thesis with all possible ignominy1 ,luther asserted boldly the inefficacy of indulgences1 and regarded penitence and works of mercy and charity alone capable of forming a reconciliation with ,heaven4 ,though attacked by numbers1 ,luther had the satisfaction to see his sentiments embraced with eagerness by the body of the people2 and1 when summoned by the pope to appear at ,rome to answer for his conduct1 he had the firmness to refuse1 though he1 at the same time1 in the most submissive manner1 exculpated himself1 and deprecated the resentment of the supreme pontiff4 ,maximilian1 the emperor1 was anxious to support the cause of ,rome2 but ,luther happily found a protector and friend in the elector of ,saxony1 and1 upon an assurance of personal safety1 he did not refuse to appear at ,augsburg before the ,papal legate1 ,cajetan4 ,the conference ended by the refusal of ,luther to submit implicitly to the pleasure of the ,papal see4 ,the pope1 however1 finding that violence could not destroy the obstinacy of ,luther1 had recourse to milder means1 and his agent ,miltitius was employed to visit the reformer1 to argue with him1 and to offer terms of reconciliation4 ,luther was struck with the civilities and the temper of the ,papal missionary2 but1 instead of making submission1 he was roused to greater opposition by the exhortations of the ,bohemians1 and the able support of ,melancthon1 ,carolostadius1 and other learned men4 ,in #aeai1 he was engaged in a personal controversy at ,leipsic with ,eccius1 divinity professor at ,ingolstadt2 but it tended only to sow greater enmity and deeper variance between the disputants4 ,the same year1 his book against indulgences was censured by the divines of ,louvaine and ,cologne2 but ,luther disregarded their opinions1 and appealed for protection to the new emperor1 ,charles ,v4 ,though he had written1 at the suggestion of ,miltitius1 a letter to the pope1 not indeed of submission1 but rather of exculpation1 in language bold and energetic1 he was in #aebj formally condemned by a bull from ,rome1 which1 after enumerating forty-one of his heretical opinions1 denounces against him the vengeance of the church1 and excommunication1 if within sixty days he did not make a due submission4 ,this violent conduct ,luther answered by 8,the ,captivity of ,babylon10 a book in which he inveighed bitterly against the abuses of ,rome2 and then1 calling the students of ,wittemberg together1 he flung into the fire the offensive decree1 which he called the execrable bull of ,antichrist4 ,in #aeba1 he was summoned to appear before the emperor at the diet of ,worms1 with a promise of protection2 and1 though his friends dissuaded him1 and told him that1 as his opponents had burned his writings1 so they would treat him after the manner of ,huss1 he declared1 with fearless voice1 8,if ,i knew there were as many devils at ,worms as tiles on the houses1 ,i would go40 ,at ,worms he was required by ,eccius to retract his opinions2 but he declared that1 except what he advanced could be proved contrary to ,scripture1 he neither could nor would recant4 ,his obstinacy proved offensive to the emperor2 but1 as he had promised him his protection1 he permitted him to depart4 ,charles1 nevertheless1 published his edict against him and his adherents1 and placed him under the ban of the empire4 ,luther1 however1 remained secure under the protection of the elector1 who had thus effected his deliverance1 and in the castle of ,wittemberg1 which he denominated his hermitage and his ,palmos1 he held a secret correspondence with his friends1 or composed books in defence of his opinions4 ,at the end of ten months1 when the emperor was departed for ,flanders1 he again appeared publicly at ,wittemberg1 and had the satisfaction to find that1 instead of being checked1 his doctrines had gained ground1 and were universally embraced through ,germany4 ,in #aebb1 he published1 in conjunction with ,melancthon1 a ,latin translation of the ,new ,testament2 and the work was read with avidity by the ,german nation4 ,in #aebd1 he had to contend with ,erasmus1 a man who had apparently adopted his sentiments1 though he had not the manliness to acknowledge them2 and he now found in him an able antagonist enlisted in defence of the pope4 ,in #aebd1 ,luther threw aside the monastic habit2 and the next year he married ,catherine de ,bore1 a nun who had escaped from a convent2 and though he was ridiculed by his enemies1 and censured for taking a young wife1 he defended his conduct by scriptural texts1 and again set at nought the authority of ,rome and the cavils of her advocates4 ,in #aebe1 the emperor called a diet at ,spires1 in consequence of the war with the ,turks1 as well as the troubled state of ,germany in consequence of religious disputes2 and in the sitting of the next year he proposed that the edict of ,worms should be duly enforced1 the ,catholic religion supported1 and heretics punished4 ,the new doctrines1 though thus openly attacked by the head of the empire1 were ably defended by the electors of ,saxony and ,brandenburg1 the landgrave of ,hesse1 the prince of ,anhalt1 and others2 and in another diet1 held again at ,spires1 these dissentient princes protested against the measures of the empire1 and were consequently called ,protestants4 ,in the midst of the confusion of ,germany1 a confession of faith was drawn up by ,melancthon1 the mildest and most moderate of ,luther's followers1 and1 as it was presented to the emperor at ,augsburg1 it has been called the ,augsburg ,confession4 ,thus the opposition raised against the mighty empire of spiritual ,rome by an obscure monk1 was supported by intelligent princes and powerful nations1 and ,luther1 now regarded as the champion of the faith through ,germany1 had nothing to apprehend from his persecutors1 but had only to labor earnestly to confirm what had been so happily established4 ,his ,german translation of the ,bible appeared in #aece1 and was received with grateful raptures by the ,germans4 ,he died at ,isleben1 #ahth ,february1 #aedf1 aged #fc4 ,this illustrious man1 engaged1 as ,atterbury has observed1 against the united forces of the ,papal world1 stood the shock with bravery and success4 ,he was a man of high endowments of mind1 and great virtues4 ,he had a vast understanding1 which raised him to a pitch of learning unknown in the age in which he lived4 ,his works1 collected after his death1 appeared at ,wittemberg1 in seven volumes1 folio4 ,ulriucus ,zuinglius4 ,a zealous reformer1 born at ,wildehausen1 in ,switzerland1 #adhg4 ,he studied the learned languages at ,bsle and ,berne1 and applied himself to philosophy at ,vienna1 and took his degree of doctor of divinity1 at ,bsle1 #aeje4 ,for ten years he acquired popularity as public preacher at ,glaris1 and in #aeaf he was invited to ,zurich to undertake the office of minister4 ,the tenets of ,luther1 which were now propagated in ,germany1 encouraged the ,swiss preacher to oppose the sale of indulgences1 and to regard them as impositions from the court of ,rome upon the superstitious credulity of the people4 ,undaunted in the publication of his opinions1 he continued to increase the number of his adherents1 and in #aebc he assembled the senate and the clergy of ,zurich1 and presented before them in sixty-seven propositions the minute articles of his faith4 ,though opposed by the bishop of ,constance1 his doctrines were adopted by the full senate1 and he was exhorted to preach the word of ,god1 whilst all pastors were forbidden to teach any thing but what could be proved by the gospel4 ,another synod still more powerfully favored the cause of ,zuinglius and of truth2 images and relics were removed from churches1 processions were forbidden1 and the greater part of the outward worship and ceremonies of the church of ,rome was abolished4 ,while1 however1 successful in the establishment of his doctrines in the canton of ,zurich1 ,zuinglius met with violent opposition in the other members of the ,swiss confederacy1 and1 after the fruitless conferences of ,baden between colampadius on the part of ,zurich1 and of ,eckius on the part of the ,catholics1 both sides had recourse to arms4 ,in one of the first encounters1 the great champion of the reformation was slain1 #aath ,october1 #aeca4 ,as a leader1 ,zuinglius displayed great firmness1 deep learning1 and astonishing presence of mind4 ,though he opposed the doctrines of the ,romish church1 he greatly differed from the ,german reformer1 and each1 unhappily1 paid little respect to the opinions of the other4 ,his followers continued to increase2 and in bearing his name they maintained doctrines on original sin1 and on grace1 which were rejected by the other seceders from the jurisdiction of ,rome4 ,according to ,zuinglius1 salvation was extended not only to infants1 who died before baptism1 but to heathens of a virtuous and moral life4 ,some alterations were afterwards introduced by ,calvin1 by ,beza1 and others2 but whilst the proselytes to these new opinions acquired the name of ,calvinists in ,france1 and in other parts of ,europe1 the ,zuinglians1 who firmly adhered to the tenets of their founder1 assumed the appellation of ,sacramentarians4 ,the works of ,zuinglius1 as a controversialist1 were respectable1 chiefly written in ,german1 and were comprehended in four volumes1 folio4 ,martin ,bucer4 ,a ,dominican1 born in ,alsace1 in #adia1 who early embraced the tenets of ,luther4 ,he afterwards inclined more to the opinions of ,zuinglius1 and1 in his zeal for the reformation1 attempted in vain to reconcile these two powerful leaders4 ,for twenty years1 his eloquence was exerted at ,strasburg to establish the ,protestant cause2 but the turbulence of the times1 and his opposition to the views of the ,catholics at ,augsburg1 rendered him unpopular1 so that he received with pleasure the invitations of ,cranmer to settle in ,england4 ,he was received with gratitude by the nation4 ,edward ,,vi4 treated him with great kindness1 and he was appointed theological professor at ,cambridge1 in #aedi1 where he died two years after4 ,five years after1 the persecutions of ,mary were extended to his remains1 which were ignominiously burned2 but the insult was repaired by the good sense of ,elizabeth4 ,in learning1 judgment1 and moderation1 ,bucer was inferior to none of the great reformers1 and1 with ,melancthon1 he may be considered as the best calculated to restore and maintain unanimity among contending churches and opposite sects4 ,his writings1 in ,latin and ,german1 were very numerous1 and all on theological subjects4 ,philip ,melancthon4 ,a celebrated reformer1 born #afth ,february1 #adig1 at ,bretten1 in the ,palatinate of the ,rhine4 ,his father's name was ,schwartserdt1 which signifies black earth2 but the word was changed1 according to the affectation of the times1 by his friend ,reuchlin1 into ,melancthon1 which1 in ,greek1 expresses the same meaning4 ,he studied at ,bretten1 ,pfortsheim1 and ,heidelberg1 and with such success that1 at thirteen1 he wrote a comedy of some merit4 ,he left ,heidelberg in #aeab1 because he was refused a degree on account of his youth1 and then passed to ,tubingen1 where he resided for six years1 and gave public lectures on ,virgil1 ,terence1 and other classics4 ,in #aeah1 by the recommendation of his friend ,reuchlin1 he was appointed1 by the elector of ,saxony1 ,greek professor at ,wittemberg2 and here began that intimacy with ,luther1 which contributed so much to the progress of the reformation4 ,he was1 in #aebg1 appointed by his patron1 the duke1 to visit the churches of the electorate1 and afterwards he was employed in the arduous labors of preparing those articles of faith which have received the name of the ,augsburg ,confession1 because presented to the emperor at the diet of that city4 ,in the disputes which he maintained in those days of controversial enmity1 he displayed great candor and mildness1 which his friend ,luther attributed more to a spirit of timidity1 than to the meekness of the ,christian character4 ,his moderation1 as well as his learning1 was so universally acknowledged1 that he received a liberal invitation from ,francis ,i4 to come to ,france1 to settle the disputes of the ,protestants2 but through the interference of the duke of ,saxony1 the offer was declined1 as likewise a similar invitation from the king of ,england4 ,he was engaged in the various conferences which took place on religious subjects at ,frankfort1 ,reinspurg1 ,worms1 ,spires1 and ,ratisbon1 and every where evinced the deepest learning1 the most peaceable temper1 and the strongest moderation4 ,the character of the times1 and not inclination1 rendered him a controversialist1 and his answer to his mother displayed the great and the good man4 ,when asked by the aged woman1 who repeated before him her prayers in a simple but pious manner1 what she must believe in this great confusion of creeds2 he replied1 8,go on1 mother1 to believe and pray as you have done1 and never trouble yourself about controversies40 ,he died at ,wittemberg1 #aith ,april1 #aefj1 and was buried by the side of his friend ,luther1 in the church of the castle4 ,among the reasons which1 on his death-bed1 he assigned for considering dissolution as happiness1 he said that it delivered him from theological persecutions4 ,his works were very numerous1 and1 as they were written in the midst of controversy and ecclesiastical avocations1 they were not always so correct in language1 as they proved useful in advancing the reformation4 ,a chronological catalogue of these was published in #aehb1 and they appeared altogether in four volumes1 folio1 at ,wittemberg1 #afja4 ,peter ,martyr4 ,a celebrated reformer and theologian1 whose real name was ,vermigli1 was born1 in #aejj1 at ,florence4 ,he was originally an ,augustine monk1 and became an eminent preacher1 and prior of ,st4 ,fridian's1 at ,lucca4 ,having1 however1 embraced the ,protestant doctrines1 he found it necessary to quit his native country4 ,after having been for some time professor of divinity at ,strasburg1 he was invited to ,england1 and appointed professor of theology at ,oxford4 ,he left ,england on the accession of ,mary1 and died in #aefa1 theological professor at ,zurich4 ,he wrote several works1 of great erudition1 among which are ,commentaries upon parts of the ,scriptures4 ,his personal character is said to have been extremely amiable4 ,henry ,bullinger4 ,one of the early reformers1 born in the canton of ,zurich at ,baumgarten1 in #aejd4 ,the works of ,melancthon converted him to ,protestantism1 and he became closely connected with ,zuinglius1 to whom he succeeded as pastor of ,zurich4 ,he was one of the authors of the ,helvetic ,confession1 and assisted ,calvin in drawing up the formulary of #aedi4 ,bullinger was a moderate and conscientious man2 and it is much to his honor that1 on the ground of its being inconsistent with ,christianity for any one to hire himself out to slaughter those who had never injured him1 he successfully opposed a treaty for supplying ,france with a body of ,swiss mercenaries4 ,he died in #aege4 ,his printed works form ten folio volumes4 ,john ,knox4 ,the great champion of the ,scottish reformation was born1 in #aeje1 at ,gifford1 in ,east ,lothian1 and was educated at ,haddington and ,st4 ,andrews4 ,after he was created master of arts1 he taught philosophy1 most probably as a regent in one of the colleges of the university4 ,his class became celebrated1 and he was considered as equalling1 if not excelling1 his master in the subtilties of the dialectic art4 ,about the same time1 although he had no interest but what was procured by his own merit1 he was advanced to clerical orders1 and ordained a priest before he reached the age fixed by the canons of the church4 ,at this time1 the fathers of the ,christian church1 ,jerome and ,augustine1 attracted his particular attention4 ,by the writings of the former1 he was led to the ,scriptures as the only pure fountain of divine truth1 and instructed in the utility of studying them in the original languages4 ,in the works of the latter he found religious sentiments very opposite to those taught in the ,romish church1 who1 while she retained his name as a saint in her calendar1 had banished his doctrine as heretical from her pulpits4 ,from this time he renounced the study of scholastic theology2 and1 although not yet completely emancipated from superstition1 his mind was fitted for improving the means which ,providence had given for leading him to a fuller and more comprehensive view of the system of evangelical religion4 ,it was about the year #aece1 when this favorable change commenced2 but it does not appear that he professed himself a ,protestant before the year #aedb4 ,he was converted from the ,romish faith by ,wishart1 and became a zealous preacher of the new doctrines4 ,having been compelled to take shelter in the castle of ,st4 ,andrews1 he fell into the hands of the ,french in ,july1 #aedg1 and was carried with the garrison to ,france1 where he remained a captive on board of the galleys till #aedi4 ,subsequent to his liberation1 he was for a short time chaplain to ,edward ,,vi41 after which he visited ,geneva and ,frankfort1 and1 in #aeee1 returned to his native country4 ,after having for twelve months labored actively and successfully to strengthen the ,protestant cause in ,scotland1 he revisited ,geneva1 where he remained till #aeei4 ,during his residence in ,geneva1 he published his 8,first ,blast of the ,trumpet against the monstrous ,government of ,women0--a treatise which was levelled against ,mary of ,england1 but which gave serious offence to ,elizabeth4 ,from ,april1 #aeei1 when he once more and finally set foot on ,scottish earth1 till his decease1 which took place ,november #bd1 #aegb1 the reformed church was triumphant1 and he was one of its most prominent1 admired1 and honored leaders4 ,when his body was laid in the grave1 the regent of ,scotland emphatically pronounced his eulogium1 in the well-known words1 8,there lies he who never feared the face of man40 ,knox has been styled the intrepid reformer2 and that character he unquestionably deserves4 ,in personal intrepidity and popular eloquence he resembled ,luther4 ,his doctrinal sentiments were those of ,calvin2 and1 like ,zuinglius1 he felt an attachment to the principles of religious liberty4 ,he effected much in the great work of the reformation2 but his manners were so severe1 and his temper so acrid1 that whilst he may be equally respected with ,luther and ,melancthon1 he is not equally beloved4 ,knox was1 however1 known and beloved by the principal persons among the reformed in ,france1 ,switzerland1 and ,germany2 and the affectionate veneration in which his memory was held in ,scotland after his death1 evinced that the influence he possessed among his countrymen1 during his life1 was not constrained1 but founded on the high opinion which they entertained4 ,banatyne has thus drawn his character1 and it is unquestionably entitled to consideration3--8,in this manner10 says he1 8departed this man of ,god2 the light of ,scotland1 the comfort of the church within the same1 the mirror of godliness1 and pattern and example to all true ministers1 in purity of life1 soundness of doctrine1 and boldness in reproving of wickedness2 one that cared not for the favor of men1 how great soever they were40 ,john ,calvin4 ,a celebrated reformer1 born at ,noyon1 in ,picardy1 #ajth ,july1 #aeji4 ,his family name was ,cauvin1 which he ,latinized into ,calvinus4 ,he was first intended for the church1 and1 subsequently1 for the profession of civil law4 ,having embraced the principles of ,protestantism1 he was under the necessity of quitting ,france2 and he settled at ,bsle1 where he published his celebrated 8,institutions of the ,christian ,religion40 ,after having visited ,italy1 he was returning by the way of ,geneva1 in #aecf1 when ,farel and other reformers induced him to take up his abode in that city4 ,he was chosen one of the ministers of the gospel1 and professor of divinity4 ,a dispute with the city authorities soon compelled him to leave ,geneva1 and he withdrew to ,strasburg2 whence he was recalled in #aeda4 ,from the time of his recall1 he possessed almost absolute power at ,geneva2 and he exerted himself vigorously in establishing the ,presbyterian form of church government4 ,the reformer1 who so loudly exclaimed against the tyranny of ,rome1 directed the whole torrent of his persecution against ,servetus1 a physician1 who had in an ambiguous style written upon the ,trinity2 and his vengeance was not appeased till the unfortunate heretic had expired in the flames4 ,he died ,may #bf1 #aefd2 and1 though he had long enjoyed a high reputation and exercised an unbounded authority1 he left only three hundred crowns to his heirs1 including his library1 the books of which sold afterwards at a great price4 ,the works of ,calvin were printed in twelve volumes1 folio1 ,geneva1 and in nine1 ,amsterdam1 in #affg4 ,jerome ,zanchius4 ,a native of ,alzano1 who entered in the congregation of the ,lateran canons4 ,he embraced the tenets of the ,protestants by the conversation of ,peter ,martyr1 who was of the same establishment2 and1 afraid of persecution1 he retired1 #aeec1 to ,strasburg1 where he taught divinity and the philosophy of ,aristotle4 ,he quitted ,strasburg1 in #aefc1 for ,chiavene1 and1 in #aefh1 removed to ,heidelberg1 where he was appointed professor of theology1 and where he died #aith ,november1 #aeij1 aged eighty-four4 ,he was author of 8,commentaries on ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles10 and other works1 published together at ,geneva1 in eight volumes1 folio1 #afac4 ,in his character he was a man of moderation1 learned1 benevolent1 and pious4 ,theodore ,beza4 one of the most eminent of the reformers1 was born at ,vezelai1 in the ,nivernois1 in #aeai1 and was originally a ,catholic1 and intended for the law4 ,at the age of twenty1 he gained an unenviable reputation by the composition of ,latin poetry which was at once elegant and licentious1 and which1 some years afterwards1 he published under the title of 8,juvenile ,poems40 ,though not in orders1 he possessed benefices of considerable value4 ,these1 however1 he abandoned in #aedh1 and retired to ,geneva1 where he publicly abjured ,popery4 ,to this he was induced by his having meditated1 during illness1 upon the doctrines which he had heard from his ,protestant tutor1 ,melchior ,wolmar2 and perhaps also1 in some measure1 by his attachment to a lady1 whom he carried with him to ,geneva1 and married4 ,he now accepted the ,greek professorship at ,lausanne1 which he held for ten years4 ,it was while he was thus occupied that he produced his tragedy of 8,abraham's ,sacrifice10 his version of the ,new ,testament1 and his hateful defence of the right of the magistrate to punish heretics4 ,in #aeei1 he removed to ,geneva1 and became the colleague of ,calvin1 through whom he was appointed rector of the academy1 and theological professor4 ,two years after this1 he took a prominent part in the conference at ,poissy1 and was present at the battle of ,dreux4 ,he returned to ,geneva in #aefc1 succeeded ,calvin in his offices and influence1 and was thenceforward considered as the head of the ,calvinistic church4 ,after an exceedingly active life1 he died on the #acth of ,october1 #afje4 ,leo ,x4 ,pope ,,john ,,de ,,medici1 the son of the illustrious ,lorenzo1 was born in #adge1 at ,florence1 and was nominated a cardinal in his thirteenth year4 ,in #aeje1 he was made governor of ,perugia2 was intrusted with the command of the ,papal army in #aeaa2 and was made prisoner1 in the following year1 at the battle of ,ravenna4 ,he attained the ,papal crown in #aeac1 on the death of ,julius ,,ii4 ,he died in #aeba4 ,leo was one of the most munificent patrons of learning and of the arts2 but he was prodigal1 and on some occasions grossly violated the principles of justice4 ,to his shameless sale of indulgences1 to raise money to complete ,st4 ,peter's ,church at ,rome1 and other extravagances1 the world is indebted for the reformation of the church by ,luther and others4 ,justin4 ,surnamed the ,,martyr1 one of the fathers of the church1 was born at ,neapolis1 anciently ,sichem1 in ,palestine1 and was a philosopher of the ,platonic school4 ,he is believed to have preached the gospel in ,italy1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,egypt4 ,he was beheaded at ,rome1 in #afe4 ,of his works1 the principal are two ,apologies for the ,christians4 ,arius4 ,founder of the sect of the ,arians1 was an ,african by birth4 ,disappointment made him a sectary4 ,he propagated the opinion that the ,word was not a divine person2 and the heresy1 though condemned by various councils1 gained followers1 and excited schisms in the ,roman empire4 ,the ,nicene creed was drawn up to combat his errors4 ,he was a violent enemy of ,athanasius4 ,he died at ,alexandria1 #chf4 ,athanasius4 ,the celebrated patriarch of ,alexandria was born in that city about #bif4 ,at the council of ,nice1 though then but a deacon of ,alexandria1 his reputation for skill in controversy gained him an honorable place in the council1 and with signal ability he exposed the sophistry of those who pleaded on the side of ,arius4 ,six months after1 he was appointed the successor of ,alexander4 ,notwithstanding the influence of the emperor1 who had recalled ,arius from banishment1 and1 upon a plausible confession of his faith1 in which he affected to be ,orthodox in his sentiments1 directed that he should be received by the ,alexandrian church1 ,athanasius refused to admit him to communion1 and exposed his prevarication4 ,the ,arians upon this exerted themselves to raise tumults at ,alexandria1 and to injure the character of ,athanasius with the emperor1 who was prevailed upon by falsehoods to pronounce against him a sentence of banishment4 ,in the beginning of the reign of ,constantius1 he was recalled to his happy people1 but was again disturbed and deposed through the influence of the ,arians4 ,accusations were also sent against him and other bishops from the east to the west2 but they were acquitted by ,pope ,julius in full council4 ,athanasius was restored a second time to his see1 upon the death of the ,arian bishop1 who had been placed in it4 ,arianism1 however1 being in favor at court1 he was condemned by a council convened at ,arles1 and by another at ,milan1 and was a third time obliged to fly into the deserts4 ,his enemies pursued him even here1 and set a price upon his head4 ,in this situation1 ,athanasius composed writings full of eloquence to strengthen the faith of believers1 and expose the falsehood of his enemies4 ,he returned with the other bishops whom ,julian the ,apostate recalled from banishment1 and1 in ,a4 ,d4 #cfb1 held a council at ,alexandria1 where the belief of a consubstantial ,trinity was openly professed4 ,many now were recovered from ,arianism1 and brought to subscribe the ,nicene creed4 ,but his peace was again interrupted by the complaints of the heathen1 whose temples the zeal of ,athanasius kept always empty4 ,he was again obliged to fly to save his life4 ,the accession of ,jovian brought him back4 ,during the reign of ,jovian1 also1 ,athanasius held another council1 which declared its adherence to the ,nicene faith2 and with the exception of a short retirement under ,valens1 he was permitted to sit down in quiet and govern his affectionate church of ,alexandria1 until his death1 in #cgc4 ,of the forty-six years of his official life1 he spent twenty in banishment4 ,athanasius 7says the ,encyclopedia ,americana7 is one of the greatest men of whom the church can boast4 ,his deep mind1 his noble heart1 his invincible courage1 his living faith1 his unbounded benevolence1 sincere humility1 lofty eloquence1 and strictly virtuous life1 gained the honor and love of all4 ,in all his writings1 his style is distinguished for clearness and moderation4 ,moses ,maimonides4 ,moses son of ,maimon1 commonly called ,moses ,egypticus1 because physician to the sultan of ,egypt1 was a ,jewish rabbi1 born at ,cordova1 in ,spain1 #aaca4 ,he opened a school in ,egypt1 and as his skill1 not only in languages1 but in all branches of science and of philosophy1 was very great1 his instructions were attended by numerous and respectable pupils4 ,thus eminently distinguished as a scholar1 as a physician1 and also as a divine1 so as to be called inferior only to the legislator ,moses1 he beheld with indifference1 and even contempt1 the fables and traditions of his countrymen1 and applied all the powers of learning1 and the vast resources of his mind1 in the cause of truth1 virtue1 and philosophy4 ,some of his works were written in ,arabic1 but are extant now in ,hebrew only4 ,the most famous of these are his ,commentaries on the ,misna2 ,jad1 a complete pandect of the ,jewish law2 ,more ,nevochim1 a valuable work1 explaining the difficult passages1 phrases1 parables1 and allegories1 in ,scripture1 and several other works4 ,this great and learned man died in ,egypt at the age of seventy1 and was buried with his nation in the land of ,upper ,galilee4 ,his death was mourned for three whole days by ,jews and ,egyptians1 and the year in which he died1 in respect of his great virtues and learning1 was called ,lamentum ,lamentabile4 ,john ,agricola4 ,a ,german divine1 born at ,isleb4 ,he was the friend and the disciple of ,luther1 but afterwards violently opposed him1 and became the head of the ,antinomians1 a sect which regarded faith as the whole of the duties of man4 ,he was also engaged in a dispute with ,melancthon2 but1 with the most laudable motives1 he endeavored to effect a reconciliation between the ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,he died at ,berlin1 #aeff1 aged seventy-four4 ,michael ,servetus4 ,a native of ,villanuova1 in ,arragon1 son of a notary4 ,he studied the law at ,toulouse1 but afterwards applied to medicine at ,paris1 and took there his doctor's degree4 ,the boldness and pertinacity of his opinions created him enemies1 and he left the capital to settle at ,lyons1 but afterwards he retired to ,charlieu4 ,on the invitation of the archbishop of ,vienne1 in ,dauphiny1 he was prevailed upon to fix his residence there1 and he might have lived in peace and respected1 had he been satisfied to seek celebrity in medical pursuits alone4 ,eager to publish his ,arian opinions on religion1 he sent three questions to ,calvin on the ,divinity of ,christ1 on ,regeneration1 and on the ,necessity of ,baptism1 and1 when answered with civility1 he reflected on the sentiments of his correspondent with arrogant harshness4 ,this produced a quarrel1 and ended in the most implacable hatred1 so that ,calvin1 bent on revenge1 obtained1 by secret means1 copies of a work in which his antagonist was engaged1 and caused him to be accused before the archbishop as a dangerous man4 ,servetus escaped from prison2 but1 on his way to ,italy1 he had the imprudence to pass in disguise through ,geneva1 where he was recognized by ,calvin1 and immediately seized by the magistrate as an impious heretic4 ,forty heretical errors were proved against him by his accusers2 but ,servetus refused to renounce them1 and the magistrates1 at last yielding to the loud representations of the ministers of ,bsle1 ,berne1 and ,zurich1 and especially of ,calvin1 who demanded the punishment of a profane heretic1 ordered the unhappy man to be burnt4 ,on the #bgth ,october1 #aeec1 the wretched ,servetus was conducted to the stake1 and1 as the wind prevented the flames from fully reaching his body1 two long hours elapsed before he was freed from his miseries4 ,this cruel treatment deservedly called down the general odium on the head of ,calvin1 who ably defended his conduct and that of the magistrates4 ,servetus published various works against the ,trinity1 which were burnt in disgrace at ,geneva1 and other places4 ,simonis ,menno4 ,an ecclesiastic of ,friesland1 embraced the tenets of the ,anabaptists1 and1 after being again baptized by ,ubbo ,philippi1 became a powerful leader of his sect4 ,he denied that ,jesus ,christ received a human shape from his mother1 the virgin ,mary2 and while he maintained the necessity of again baptizing adults1 he inveighed against the custom of infant baptism1 which he regarded as ,popish innovation4 ,his eloquence and his learning were so much admired1 that he gained a great number of followers in ,westphalia1 ,guelderland1 ,holland1 and ,brabant2 but1 though a price was set on his head1 he had the good fortune to escape his persecutors4 ,he was1 in his opinions1 more moderate than the rest of the ,anabaptists4 ,his followers are still to be found in the ,low ,countries1 under the name of ,mennonites1 divided into two distinct sects4 ,he died at ,oldeslo1 between ,lubec and ,hamburg1 #aefe4 ,his works were published at ,amsterdam1 #afha4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,denominated the ,apostle of the ,indies1 was born1 in #aejf1 at the castle of ,xavier1 in ,navarre2 studied at ,paris2 became one of the first and most zealous disciples of ,ignatius ,loyola2 was sent to the ,east by ,john ,,iii4 of ,portugal1 to propagate the gospel2 performed his mission in ,hindoostan1 the ,moluccas1 and ,japan2 and was on the point of landing in ,china1 when he died1 #aeeb4 ,faustus ,socinus4 ,he who from whom the ,socinians derive their name1 was born1 in #aeci1 at ,sienna1 and was for a considerable period in the service of the grand duke of ,tuscany2 after which he went to study theology1 at ,bsle4 ,the result of his studies was the adoption of those anti-,trinitarian doctrines1 which his uncle ,lelio ,socinus is believed also to have professed4 ,faustus settled in ,poland1 gained many followers1 endured much persecution1 and died in #afjd4 ,robert ,brown4 ,educated at ,cambridge1 and was a man of good parts and some learning4 ,he began to inveigh openly against the ceremonies of the church1 at ,norwich1 in #aehj2 but1 being much opposed by the bishops1 he1 with his congregation1 left ,england1 and settled at ,middleburgh1 in ,zealand1 where they obtained leave to worship ,god in their own way1 and form a church according to their own model4 ,they soon1 however1 began to differ among themselves1 so that ,brown1 growing weary of his office1 returned to ,england in #aehi1 renounced his principles of separation1 and was preferred to the rectory of a church in ,northamptonshire4 ,he died in prison in #afcj4 ,the revolt of ,brown was attended with the dissolution of the church at ,middleburgh2 but the seeds of ,brownism which he had sown in ,england were so far from being destroyed1 that ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 in a speech in #aeib1 computes no less than twenty thousand of this sect4 ,james ,arminius4 ,a native of ,oude-water1 in ,holland1 #aefj1 founder of the sect of the ,arminians4 ,as he lost his father early1 he was supported at the university of ,utrecht1 and of ,marpurg1 by the liberality of his friends2 but when he returned home1 in the midst of the ravages caused by the ,spanish arms1 instead of being received by his mother1 he found that she1 as well as her daughters1 and all her family1 had been sacrificed to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy4 ,his distress was for a while inconsolable2 but the thirst after distinction called him to the newly-founded university of ,leyden1 where his industry acquired him the protection of the magistrates of ,amsterdam1 at whose expense he travelled to ,geneva and ,italy1 to hear the lectures of ,theodore ,beza and ,james ,zabarella4 ,on his return to ,holland1 he was ordained minister of ,amsterdam1 #aehh4 ,as professor of divinity at ,leyden1 to which office he was called #afjc1 he distinguished himself by three valuable orations on the object of theology1 on the author and end of it1 and on the certainty of it2 and he afterwards explained the prophet ,jonah4 ,in his public and private life1 ,arminius has been admired for his moderation2 and though many gross insinuations have been thrown against him1 yet his memory has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens1 and he seemed entitled to the motto which he assumed1--,a good conscience is a paradise4 ,a life of perpetual labor and vexation of mind at last brought on a sickness of which he died1 ,october #ai1 #afai4 ,his writings were all on controversial and theological subjects1 and were published in one volume1 quarto1 ,frankfort1 #affa4 ,francis ,higginson4 ,first minister of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 after receiving his education at ,emanuel ,college1 in ,cambridge1 became the minister of a church at ,leicester1 in ,england4 ,while his popular talents filled his church with attentive hearers1 such was the divine blessing upon his labors1 that a deep attention to religious subjects was excited among his people4 ,becoming at length a conscientious ,nonconformist to the rites of the ,english church1 some of which he thought not only were unsupported by ,scripture1 but corrupted the purity of ,christian worship and discipline1 he was excluded from the parish church1 and became obnoxious to the ,high ,commission ,court4 ,one day two messengers came to his house1 and with loud knocks cried out1 8,where is ,mr4 ,higginson8 ,we must speak with ,mr4 ,higginson60 ,his wife ran to his chamber1 and entreated him to conceal himself2 but he replied1 that he should acquiesce in the will of ,god4 ,he went down1 and1 as the messengers entered the hall1 they presented him with some papers1 saying1 in a rough manner1 8,sir1 we came from ,london1 and our business is to convey you to ,london1 as you may see by those papers40 8,i thought so10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,higginson1 weeping2 but a woman's tears could have but little effect upon hard-hearted pursuivants4 ,mr4 ,higginson opened the packet to read the form of his arrest1 but1 instead of an order from ,bishop ,laud for his seizure1 he found a copy of the charter of ,massachusetts1 and letters from the governor and company1 inviting him to embark with them for ,new ,england4 ,the sudden transition of feeling from despondence to joy1 may be better imagined than described4 ,having sought advice and implored the divine direction1 he resolved to accept the invitation4 ,in his farewell sermon1 preached before a vast assembly1 he declared his persuasion1 that ,england would be chastised by war1 and that ,leicester would have more than an ordinary share of sufferings4 ,it was not long before his prediction was verified4 ,it is not meant that he claimed the power of foretelling future events1 but he could reason with considerable accuracy from cause to effect1 knowing that iniquity is generally followed by its punishment2 and he lived in an age when it was usual for ministers to speak with more confidence1 and authority1 and efficacy1 than at present4 ,he sailed from ,gravesend1 ,april #be1 #afbi1 accompanied by ,mr4 ,skelton1 whose principles accorded with his own4 ,when he came to the ,land's ,end1 he called his children and the other passengers on deck to take the last view of their native country2 and he now exclaimed1 8,farewell1 ,england6 farewell1 the church of ,god in ,england1 and all the ,christian friends there6 ,we do not go to ,america as separatists from the church of ,england1 though we cannot but separate from its corruptions40 ,he then concluded with a fervent prayer for the king1 church1 and state1 in ,england4 ,he arrived at ,cape ,ann1 ,june #bg1 #afbi1 and1 having spent the next day there1 which was ,sunday1 on the #bith he entered the harbor of ,salem4 ,july the #bjth was observed as a day of fasting by the appointment of ,governor ,endicott1 and the church then made choice of ,mr4 ,higginson to be their teacher1 and ,mr4 ,skelton their pastor4 ,thus auspicious was the commencement of the settlement of ,naumkeag1 or ,salem2 but the scene was soon changed4 ,during the first winter1 about one hundred persons died1 and ,mr4 ,higginson was soon seized with a hectic1 which terminated his days in ,august1 #afcj1 aged forty-two4 ,in his last sickness1 he was reminded of his benevolent exertions in the service of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,to consoling suggestions of this kind he replied1 8,i have been an unprofitable servant1 and all my desire is to win ,christ1 and be found in him1 not having my own righteousness40 ,richard ,baxter4 ,a ,nonconformist1 born at ,rowton1 ,shropshire1 #abth ,november1 #afae4 ,he compensated for the deficiencies of a neglected education by unusual application1 and was appointed master of ,dudley free-school by the interest of ,mr4 ,richard ,foley1 of ,stourbridge1 and soon after admitted into orders by the bishop of ,winchester4 ,his scruples were raised by the oath which was proposed by the convention at that time sitting1 and he was among the number of those who showed their dislike to an unqualified submission 8to archbishops1 bishops1 et cetera10 as they knew not what the et cetera comprehended4 ,in #afdj1 he was invited to be minister at ,kidderminster2 but the civil war1 which broke out soon after1 exposed him to persecution1 as he espoused the cause of the parliament4 ,he retired to ,coventry1 and continued his ministerial labors till the success of the republicans recalled him to his favorite flock at ,kidderminster4 ,the usurpation of ,cromwell gave him great offence1 and he even presumed to argue in private with the tyrant on the nature and illegality of his power2 but in the only sermon which he preached before him1 he wisely confined his subject to the dissensions which existed in the kingdom on religious matters4 ,he was in ,london after ,cromwell's death1 and preached before parliament the day before the king's return was voted1 and likewise before the lord mayor for ,monk's successes4 ,charles ,,ii4 made him one of his chaplains1 and ,chancellor ,clarendon offered him the bishopric of ,hereford1 which he declined4 ,he was1 however1 soon involved in the general persecution of the ,nonconformists4 ,his paraphrase on the ,new ,testament drew upon him1 in #afhe1 the vengeance of ,jeffreys1 and he was condemned to be imprisoned for two years1 from which punishment1 six months after1 he was discharged by the interference of ,lord ,powis with ,king ,james4 ,he died ,december #hth1 #afia1 and was interred in ,christ ,church4 ,george ,fox4 ,the founder of the society of ,friends1 or ,quakers1 was born1 in #afbd1 at ,drayton1 in ,leicestershire1 and was the son of a weaver1 a pious and virtuous man1 who gave him a religious education4 ,being apprenticed to a grazier1 he was employed in keeping sheep--an occupation1 the silence and solitude of which were well calculated to nurse his naturally enthusiastic feelings4 ,when he was about nineteen1 he believed himself to have received a divine command to forsake all1 renounce society1 and dedicate his existence to the service of religion4 ,for five years1 he accordingly led a wandering life1 fasting1 praying1 and living secluded2 but it was not till about #afdh that he began to preach his doctrines4 ,manchester was the place where he first promulgated them4 ,thenceforth he pursued his career with untirable zeal and activity1 in spite of frequent imprisonment and brutal usage4 ,it was at ,derby that his followers were first denominated ,quakers1 either from their tremulous mode of speaking1 or from their calling on their hearers to 8tremble at the name of the ,lord40 ,the labors of ,fox were crowned with considerable success2 and1 in #affi1 he extended the sphere of them to ,america1 where he spent two years4 ,he also twice visited the continent4 ,he died in #afij4 ,his writings were collected in three volumes1 folio4 ,whatever may be thought of the tenets of ,fox there can be no doubt that he was sincere in them1 and that he was a man of strict temperance1 humility1 moderation1 and piety4 ,william ,penn4 ,the founder of ,pennsylvania1 born in ,london1 #afdd1 ,from a private school at ,chigwell1 ,essex1 he entered1 in #affj1 as a gentleman commoner at ,christ ,church1 ,oxford2 but1 as he withdrew from the national forms of worship with other students1 who1 like himself1 had listened to the preaching of ,thomas ,loe1 a ,quaker of eminence1 who was fined for ,non-conformity1 and1 the next year1 as he pertinaciously adhered to his opinions1 he was expelled from the college4 ,his father sent him to ,france1 and1 on his return1 he entered at ,lincoln's ,inn1 as a law student4 ,in #afff1 he was sent to manage an estate in ,ireland1 and1 during his residence there1 he renewed his acquaintance with ,loe1 and showed such partiality to the ,quakers1 that he was1 in those days of persecution1 taken up at a meeting at ,cork1 and imprisoned by the mayor1 who at last restored him to liberty at the request of ,lord ,orrery4 ,his return to ,england produced a violent altercation with his father1 who wished him to abandon those singular habits so offensive to decorum and established forms2 and1 when he refused to appear uncovered before him and before the king1 he a second time dismissed him from his protection and favor4 ,in #affh1 he first appeared as a preacher and as an author among the ,quakers2 and1 in consequence of some controversial dispute1 he was sent to the ,tower1 where he remained in confinement for seven months4 ,the passing of the conventicle act soon after again sent him to prison in ,newgate1 from which he was released by the interest of his father1 who about this time was reconciled to him1 and left him1 on his decease some time after1 a valuable estate of about fifteen hundred pounds per annum4 ,in #afgb1 he married ,gulielma ,maria ,springett1 a lady of principles similar to his own1 and then fixed his residence at ,rickmansworth1 where he employed himself zealously in promoting the cause of the ,friends by his preaching1 as well as by his writings4 ,in #afgg1 he went1 with ,george ,fox and ,robert ,barclay1 to the continent on a religious excursion2 and1 after visiting ,amsterdam and the other chief towns of ,holland1 they proceeded to the court of ,princess ,elizabeth1 the granddaughter of ,james ,i41 at ,herwerden or ,herford1 where they were received with great kindness and hospitality4 ,soon after his return to ,england1 ,charles ,,ii4 granted him1 in consideration of the services of his father1 and for a debt due to him from the crown1 a province of ,north ,america1 then called ,new ,netherlands1 but now making the state of ,pennsylvania4 ,in consequence of this acquisition1 he invited1 under the royal patent1 settlers from all parts of the kingdom1 and drew up1 in twenty-four articles1 the fundamental constitution of his new province1 in which he held out a greater degree of religious liberty than had at that time appeared in the ,christian world4 ,a colony of people1 chiefly of his persuasion1 soon flocked to share his fortunes2 the lands of the country were cleared and improved1 and a town was built1 which1 on the principle of brotherly love1 received the name of ,philadelphia4 ,in #afhb1 ,penn visited the province1 and confirmed that good understanding which he had recommended with the natives2 and1 after two years' residence1 and with the satisfaction of witnessing and promoting the prosperity of the colonists1 he returned to ,england4 ,soon after1 ,charles died1 and the acquaintance which ,penn had with the new monarch was honorably used to protect the people of his persuasion4 ,at the revolution however1 he was suspected of treasonable correspondence with the exiled prince1 and therefore exposed to molestation and persecution4 ,in #afid1 he lost his wife2 but1 though severely afflicted by the event1 he in about two years married again1 and afterwards employed himself in travelling in ,ireland1 and over ,england1 in disseminating1 as a preacher1 the doctrines of his sect4 ,he visited1 in #afii1 his province with his wife and family1 and returned to ,england in #agja4 ,the suspicion with which he had been regarded under ,william's government1 ceased at the accession of ,queen ,anne1 and the unyielding advocate of ,quakerism was permitted to live with greater freedom1 and to fear persecution less4 ,in #agaj1 he removed to ,rushcomb1 near ,twyford1 ,berks1 where he spent the rest of his life4 ,three repeated attacks of an apoplexy at last came to weaken his faculties and his constitution1 and1 after nearly losing all recollection of his former friends and associates1 he expired1 #cjth ,july1 #agah1 and was buried at ,jordan1 near ,beaconsfield1 ,bucks4 ,the character of ,penn is truly amiable1 benevolent1 and humane2 his labors were exerted for the good of mankind1 and1 with the strictest consistency of moral conduct and religious opinion1 he endured persecution and malice with resignation2 and1 guided by the approbation of a pure conscience1 he showed himself indefatigable in the fulfilling of what he considered as the law of ,god1 and the clear demonstration of the truth of the gospel4 ,the long prosperity of ,pennsylvania1 and of his favorite city1 ,philadelphia1 furnishes the best evidence of his wisdom as a legislator4 ,benedict ,spinoza4 ,an atheistical writer1 son of a ,portuguese ,jew1 born at ,amsterdam1 #afch4 ,he studied medicine and theology2 but his religion was so loose1 and his inquiries for the reason of every thing which he was to believe1 became so offensive to the rabbies1 that he was thrust out of the synagogue4 ,in consequence of this1 he became a ,christian1 and was baptized2 but his conversion was insincere1 and though1 during his life1 he did not openly profess himself an atheist1 his posthumous works plainly proved him such4 ,he died1 of a consumption1 at the ,hague1 ,february1 #afgg1 aged forty-five4 ,he is the founder of a regular system of atheism1 and by his hypothesis he wished to establish that there is but one substance in nature1 which is endowed with infinite attributes1 with extension and thought2 that all spirits are modifications of that substance2 and that ,god1 the necessary and most perfect being1 is the cause of all things that exist1 but does not differ from them4 ,these monstrous doctrines1 though not new1 were thus built into a regular system by this extraordinary man1 who is said in other respects to have been of a good moral character in private life1 benevolent1 friendly1 and charitable4 ,his conduct was marked by no licentiousness or irregularity2 but he retired from the tumults of ,amsterdam to a more peaceful residence at the ,hague1 where curiosity led princes1 philosophers1 and learned men1 to see and to converse with this bold assertor of atheism4 ,ann ,lee4 ,born in the town of ,manchester1 in ,england1 in #agcf4 ,her father1 ,john ,lee1 though not in affluent circumstances1 was an honest and industrious man4 ,her mother was esteemed as a very pious woman4 ,as was common with the laboring classes of people in ,england at that period1 their children1 instead of being sent to school1 were brought up to work from early childhood4 ,by this means1 ,ann1 though quite illiterate1 acquired a habit of industry1 and was early distinguished for her activity1 faithfulness1 neatness1 and good economy in her temporal employments4 ,from early childhood she was the subject of religious impressions and divine manifestations4 ,these continued1 in a greater or less degree1 as she advanced in years2 so that1 at times1 she was strongly impressed with a sense of the great depravity of human nature1 and of the lost state of mankind by reason of sin4 ,but losing her mother at an early age1 and finding no person to assist her in the pursuit of a life of holiness1 and being urged by the solicitations of her relations and friends1 she was married to ,abraham ,stanley1 by whom she had four children1 who all died in infancy4 ,but the convictions of her youth often returned upon her with great force1 which at length brought her under excessive tribulation of soul4 ,in this situation1 she sought earnestly for deliverance from the bondage of sin4 ,while under these exercises of mind1 she became acquainted with a society of people associated under the ministration of ,james ,wardly1 who1 with ,jane1 his wife1 had been greatly favored with divine manifestations concerning the second appearing of ,christ1 which they foresaw was near at hand4 ,ann readily embraced their testimony1 and united herself to the society in the month of ,september1 #ageh4 ,in this society1 ,ann found that strength and protection against the powerful influences of evil1 which1 for the time being1 were answerable to her faith2 and1 by her faithful obedience1 she by degrees attained to the full knowledge and experience in spiritual things which they had found4 ,but as she still found in herself the remains of the propensities of fallen nature1 she could not rest satisfied short of full salvation2 she therefore sought earnestly1 day and night1 in the most fervent prayers and cries to ,god1 to find complete deliverance from a sinful nature1 and to know more perfectly the way of full redemption and final salvation4 ,after passing through many scenes of tribulation and suffering1 she received a full answer to her prayers and desires to ,god4 ,she then came forward1 and1 with extraordinary power and energy of spirit1 testified that she had received1 through the ,spirit of ,christ1 a full revelation of the fallen nature of man1 and of the only means of redemption1 which were comprised in his precepts and living example while on earth4 ,the astonishing power of ,god which accompanied her testimony of this revelation to the society1 was too awakening and convincing to leave a doubt on the minds of the society of its divine authority4 ,when1 therefore1 ,ann had thus manifested to the society the revelation of light which she had received1 she was received and acknowledged as their leader and spiritual ,mother in ,christ4 ,this was the only name of distinction by which she was known in the society4 ,the term ,elect ,lady was given to her by her enemies4 ,ann1 with a number of her followers1 visited ,america in #aggd1 and formed the first society of ,shakers in this country1 at ,watervliet1 ,n4 ,y41 where she died in #aghd4 ,john ,glass4 ,scotch divine1 born at ,dundee1 #afih1 and educated at ,aberdeen4 ,upon his publication of a pamphlet on the inconsistency of a civil establishment with ,christianity1 he was deposed from his church1 near ,dundee1 and then became the founder of a new sect1 called the ,glassites in ,scotland1 and ,sandemanians in ,england4 ,as the discipline of his sect was very rigorous1 few embraced his tenets1 and the name is scarce known now4 ,george ,keith4 ,a ,quaker1 born at ,aberdeen1 and was well educated4 ,he came1 in #afhb1 to ,east ,jersey1 where he was surveyor-general4 ,in #afhi1 he taught a school in ,philadelphia4 ,after various exertions1 writing and travelling for the propagation of the sentiments of his sect1 he at first seceded1 and at length entirely deserted the society4 ,in ,england1 he became an ,episcopalian1 and was consecrated as an ,episcopal missionary1 and in that capacity officiated for a short time in ,new ,york and ,boston4 ,returning to ,england in #agjf1 he was a rector at ,edburton1 in ,sussex1 where he died4 ,his publications were numerous1 but almost exclusively controversial4 ,nicholas ,louis1 ,count ,zinzendorf4 ,the patron of the sect of the ,moravians1 was born at ,dresden1 in ,may1 #agjj4 ,he studied at ,halle and ,utrecht4 ,about the year #agba1 he purchased the lordship of ,bertholdsdorf1 in ,lusatia4 ,some poor ,christians1 the followers of ,john ,huss1 obtained leave1 in #agbb1 to settle on his estate4 ,they soon made converts4 ,such was the origin of the village of ,herrnhut4 ,their noble patron soon after joined them4 ,from this period ,count ,zinzendorf devoted himself to the business of instructing his fellow-men by his writings and by preaching4 ,he travelled through ,germany1 and in ,denmark became acquainted with the ,danish missions in the ,east ,indies and ,greenland4 ,about #agcb1 he engaged earnestly in the promotion of missions by his ,moravian brethren1 whose numbers at ,herrnhut were then about five hundred4 ,so successful were these missions1 that in a few years four thousand negroes were baptized in the ,west ,indies1 and the converts in ,greenland amounted to seven hundred and eighty-four4 ,in #agcg1 he visited ,london1 and1 in #agda1 came to ,america1 and preached at ,germantown and ,bethlehem4 ,february #aa1 #agdb1 he ordained at ,oly1 in ,pennsylvania1 the missionaries ,rauch and ,buettner1 and ,rauch baptized three ,indians from ,shekomeco1 east of the ,hudson1 8the firstlings of the ,indians40 ,he soon1 with his daughter1 ,benigna1 and several brethren and sisters1 visited various tribes of ,indians4 ,at ,shekomeco he established the first ,indian ,moravian congregation in ,north ,america4 ,in #agdc1 he returned to ,europe4 ,he died at ,herrnhut1 in #agfj1 and his coffin was carried to the grave by thirty-two preachers and missionaries1 whom he had reared1 and some of whom had toiled in ,holland1 ,england1 ,ireland1 ,north ,america1 and ,greenland4 ,what monarch was ever honored by a funeral like this8 ,william ,courtney4 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the fourth son of ,hugh ,courtney1 earl of ,devonshire1 by ,margaret1 granddaughter of ,edward ,i4 ,he was educated at ,oxford1 and1 though possessed of abilities1 owed his elevation in the church to the consequence of his family4 ,when twenty-eight1 he was made bishop of ,hereford1 and afterwards translated to ,london1 where he summoned before him the great ,wickliffe1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 #acgg4 ,the bold reformer was on this occasion attended by his friends ,john of ,gaunt and ,lord ,percy1 who1 in supporting his tenets1 treated the prelate with such asperity1 that a tumult was excited among the citizens of ,london4 ,courtney was made chancellor1 #acha1 and afterwards raised to the see of ,canterbury4 ,he was a violent persecutor of the ,wickliffites1 and condemned their tenets in a synod4 ,he died at ,maidstone1 #acif1 aged #ee4 ,richard ,hooker4 ,an eminent divine of the church of ,england1 was born in #aeec1 at ,heavitree1 near ,exeter1 and1 under the patronage of ,bishop ,jewel1 was educated at ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,oxford1 where he was distinguished for his piety and exemplary conduct4 ,an unhappy marriage1 which he contracted before he was thirty1 with a scold who had neither beauty1 money1 nor manners1 lost him his college fellowship1 and was a fertile source of annoyance to him4 ,in #aehe1 he was made master of the ,temple2 but1 weary of disputes with the afternoon lecturer1--a violent ,presbyterian1--and longing for rural retirement1 he relinquished this preferment1 and obtained the rectory of ,bishop's ,bourne1 in ,kent1 at which he resided till his decease1 in #afjj4 ,his great work is the treatise on 8,ecclesiastical ,polity20 of which ,pope ,clement ,,viii4 said1 8,there are in it such seeds of eternity as will continue till the last fire shall devour all learning40 ,charles ,chauncey4 ,second president of ,harvard ,college1 born in ,england1 in #aehi4 ,he received his grammar education at ,westminster1 and took the degree of ,m4 ,d4 at the university of ,cambridge4 ,he emigrated to ,new ,england in #afch1 and1 after serving for a number of years in the ministry at ,scituate1 was appointed1 in #afed1 president of ,harvard ,college4 ,in this office he remained till his death1 in #afga1 performing all its duties with industrious fidelity4 ,he was eminent as a physician1 and was of opinion that there ought to be no distinction between physic and divinity4 ,roger ,williams4 ,the founder of the ,providence ,plantations1 born in ,wales1 in #aeii1 and was educated at ,oxford4 ,being a dissenter1 he came to ,america1 in the hope of enjoying in freedom his religious opinions4 ,he arrived at ,hull1 ,february #e1 #afca1 and was established at ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 as colleague with ,mr4 ,skelton4 ,his peculiar notions soon subjected him to the severest censure4 ,he maintained that the magistrates were bound to grant toleration to all sects of ,christians1 and in his actions and words avowed the liberality of his principles4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,skelton1 he was sole minister of ,salem4 ,continuing to avow his opinions1 which were considered not only heretical1 but seditious1 he was summoned before the ,general ,court1 to answer to numerous charges4 ,he1 however1 refused to retract any of his opinions1 and was accordingly banished1 #afce4 ,he first repaired to ,seekonk3 but1 being informed that that territory was within the jurisdiction of ,plymouth1 he proceeded to ,mooshausic1 where1 with others1 in #afcf1 he began a plantation4 ,the land was honestly purchased of the ,indians2 and the town1 in acknowledgment of the kindness of ,heaven1 was called ,providence4 ,mr4 ,williams's benevolence was not confined to his civilized brethren2 he learned the language of the ,indians1 travelled among them1 won the entire confidence of their chiefs1 and was often the means of saving from injury the colony that had driven him from its protection4 ,in #afdc1 he was sent to ,england1 as agent for both settlements1 and in ,september1 #afdd1 returned with a patent for the territory1 with permission for the inhabitants to institute a government for themselves4 ,in #afea1 he was again sent to ,england1 in the capacity of agent1 and returned in #afed1 when he was chosen president of the government4 ,benedict ,arnold succeeded him in #afeg4 ,he died in ,april1 #afhc1 aged eighty-four4 ,mr4 ,williams was consistent in his religious doctrines1 and set a bright example of that toleration which he demanded from others4 ,his mind was strong and well cultivated2 and he read the ,scriptures in the originals4 ,after his banishment from ,massachusetts1 he maintained a correspondence with some of its principal men1 and ever entertained for them the highest affection and respect4 ,in his writings1 he evinces his power at argument4 ,in #afgb1 he held a public dispute with the most eminent ,quaker preachers1 of which he has published an account4 ,he also published a 8,key to the ,indian ,language10 octavo1 #afdc2 an answer to ,mr4 ,cotton's letters1 concerning the power of the magistrate in matters of religion1 with other letters and discourses4 ,john ,clarke4 ,a distinguished ,baptist minister1 and one of the first founders of ,rhode ,island1 was a physician in ,london1 before he came to this country4 ,soon after the first settlement of ,massachusetts1 he was driven from that colony with a number of others2 and ,march #g1 #afch1 they formed themselves into a body politic1 and purchased ,aquetneck of the ,indian sachems1 calling it the ,isle of ,rhodes1 or ,rhode ,island4 ,the settlement commenced at ,pocasset1 or ,portsmouth4 ,the ,indian deed is dated ,march #bd1 #afch4 ,mr4 ,clarke was soon employed as a preacher2 and1 in #afdd1 he formed a church at ,newport1 and became its pastor4 ,this was the second ,baptist church which was established in ,america4 ,in #afdi1 he was an assistant and treasurer of ,rhode ,island colony4 ,in #afea1 he went to visit one of his brethren at ,lynn1 near ,boston1 and he preached on ,sunday1 ,july #bj2 but1 before he had completed the services of the forenoon1 he was seized1 with his friends1 by an officer of the government4 ,in the afternoon1 he was compelled to attend the parish meeting1 at the close of which he spoke a few words4 ,he was tried before the ,court of ,assistants1 and fined twenty pounds2 in case of failure in the payment of which sum he was to be whipped4 ,in passing the sentence1 ,judge ,endicott observed1 8,you secretly insinuate things into those who are weak1 which you cannot maintain before our ministers2 you may try and dispute with them40 ,mr4 ,clarke accordingly wrote from prison1 proposing a dispute upon the principles which he professed4 ,he represented his principles to be1 that ,jesus ,christ had the sole right of prescribing any laws respecting the worship of ,god which it was necessary to obey2 that baptism1 or dipping in water1 was an ordinance to be administered only to those who gave some evidence of repentance towards ,god and faith in ,jesus ,christ2 that such visible believers only constituted the church2 that each of them had a right to speak in the congregation1 according as the ,lord had given him talents1 either to make inquiries for his own instruction1 or to prophesy for the edification of others1 and that at all times and in all places they ought to reprove folly and open their lips to justify wisdom2 and that no servant of ,jesus ,christ had any authority to restrain any fellow-servant in his worship1 where injury was not offered to others4 ,no dispute1 however1 occurred1 and ,mr4 ,clarke1 his friends paying his fine without his consent1 was soon released from prison1 and directed to leave the colony4 ,his companion ,obadiah ,holmes shared a severer fate2 for1 on declining to pay his fine of thirty pounds1 which his friends offered to do for him1 he was publicly whipped in ,boston4 ,mr4 ,clarke died at ,newport1 ,april #bj1 #afgf1 aged about #ff years1 resigning his soul to his merciful ,redeemer1 through faith in whose name he enjoyed the hope of a resurrection to eternal life4 ,his life was so pure1 that he was never accused of any vice1 to leave a blot on his memory4 ,his noble sentiments respecting religious toleration did not1 indeed1 accord with the sentiments of the age in which he lived1 and exposed him to trouble2 but at the present time they are almost universally embraced4 ,his exertions to promote the civil prosperity of ,rhode ,island must endear his name to those who are now enjoying the fruits of his labors4 ,he possessed the singular honor of contributing much towards establishing the first government upon the earth1 which gave equal liberty1 civil and religious1 to all men living under it4 ,ann ,hutchinson4 ,a woman who occasioned much difficulty in ,new ,england1 soon after its first settlement1 came from ,lincolnshire to ,boston1 #afce1 and was the wife of one of the representatives of ,boston4 ,the members of ,mr4 ,cotton's church used to meet every week to repeat his sermons1 and discourse on doctrines4 ,she set up meetings for women1 and soon had a numerous audience4 ,after repeating the sermons of ,mr4 ,cotton1 she added reflections of her own2 she advocated her own sentiments1 and warped the discourses of her minister to coincide with them4 ,she soon threw the whole colony into a flame4 ,the progress of her sentiments occasioned the synod of #afcg1 the first synod in ,america4 ,this convention of ministers condemned eighty-two erroneous opinions1 then propagated in the country4 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 after this sentence of her opinions1 was herself called before the court in ,november of the same year1 and1 being convicted of traducing the ministers1 and advancing errors1 was banished the colony4 ,she went with her husband to ,rhode ,island4 ,in the year #afdb1 after her husband's death1 she removed into the ,dutch country beyond ,new ,haven2 and the next year1 she1 her son ,francis1 and most of her family of sixteen persons1 were killed by the ,indians4 ,michael ,molinos4 ,founder of the ancient sect of ,quietists1 was a ,spaniard1 of a rich and honorable family4 ,he entered into priest's orders young1 but would accept no preferment in the church4 ,he possessed great talents1 and was ardently pious1 without any of the austerities of the ,romish religious orders4 ,he went to ,rome1 where1 in #afge1 he published his 8,spiritual ,guide10 which gave him universal reputation4 ,the ,jesuits and ,dominicans1 envious at his success1 charged him with heresy1 and at last succeeded in getting him condemned by the ,inquisition4 ,he died of torment in their dungeons1 a few years after4 ,john ,wesley4 ,the great founder of ,methodism was born at ,epworth1 in ,england1 in #agjc4 ,in #agad1 he was placed at the ,charter ,house2 and two years after he was elected to ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,in #agbe1 he was ordained deacon1 and the next year became fellow and tutor of ,lincoln ,college4 ,wesley's character1 says his biographer1 is itself a study4 ,he equalled ,luther in energy and courage1 and ,melancthon in learning and prudence4 ,all the excellences of both the ,wittemberg reformers were combined1 if not transcended1 in his individual character4 ,he possessed1 in an eminent degree1 the power of comprehending at once the general outlines and the details of plans1 the aggregate and the integrants4 ,it is this power which forms the philosophical genius in science2 it is indispensable to the successful commander and the great statesman4 ,it is illustrated in the whole economical system of ,methodism--a system which1 while it fixes itself to the smallest localities with the utmost detail and tenacity1 is sufficiently general in its provisions to reach the ends of the world1 and still maintain its unity of spirit and discipline4 ,no man knew better than ,wesley the importance of small things4 ,his whole financial system was based on weekly penny collections4 ,it was a rule of his preachers never to omit a single preaching appointment1 except when the 8risk of limb or life0 required4 ,he was the first to apply extensively the plan of tract distribution4 ,he wrote1 printed1 and scattered over the kingdom1 placards on almost every topic of morals and religion4 ,in addition to the usual means of grace1 he introduced the band meeting1 the class meeting1 the prayer meeting1 the love feast1 and the watch night4 ,not content with his itinerant laborers1 he called into use the less available powers of his people by establishing the new departments of local preachers1 exhorters1 and leaders4 ,it was1 in fine1 by gathering together fragments1 by combining minuti1 that he formed that stupendous system of spiritual means which is rapidly evangelizing the world4 ,it was not only in the theoretical construction of plans that he excelled2 he was1 if possible1 still more distinguished by practical energy4 ,the variety and number of his labors would be absolutely incredible with less authentic evidence than that which corroborates them4 ,he was perpetually travelling and preaching1 studying and writing1 translating and abridging1 superintending his societies1 and applying his great plans4 ,he travelled usually five thousand miles a year1 preaching twice and thrice a day1 commencing at five o'clock in the morning4 ,in the midst of all this travelling and preaching1 he carried with him the meditative and studious habits of the philosopher4 ,no department of human inquiry was omitted by him4 8,history1 poetry1 and philosophy10 said he1 8,i read on horseback40 ,like ,luther1 he knew the importance of the press2 he kept it teeming with his publications4 ,his itinerant preachers were good agents for their circulation4 8,carry them with you through every round10 he would say2 8exert yourselves in this2 be not ashamed1 be not weary1 leave no stone unturned40 ,his works1 including abridgments and translations1 amounted to about two hundred volumes4 ,these comprise treatises on almost every subject of divinity1 poetry1 music1 history1--natural1 moral1 metaphysical1 and political philosophy4 ,he wrote1 as he preached1 ad populum2 and his works have given to his people1 especially in ,great ,britain1 an elevated tone of intelligence as well as of piety4 ,he may1 indeed1 be considered the leader in those exertions which are now being made for the popular diffusion of knowledge4 ,differing from the usual character of men who are given to various exertions and many plans1 he was accurate and profound4 ,he was an adept in classical literature and the use of the classical tongues2 his writings are adorned with their finest passages4 ,he was familiar with a number of modern languages2 his own style is one of the best examples of strength and perspicuity among ,english writers4 ,he was ready on every subject of learning and general literature4 ,as a logician1 he was considered by his enemies1 as well as his friends1 to be unrivalled4 ,he was but little addicted to those exhilarations and contrarieties of frame which characterize imaginative minds4 ,his temperament was warm1 but not fiery4 ,his intellect never appears inflamed1 but was a glowing1 serene radiance4 ,his immense labors were accomplished1 not by the impulses of restless enthusiasm1 but by the cool calculations of his plans1 and the steady self-possession with which he pursued them4 8,though always in haste10 he said1 8,i am never in a hurry40 ,he was as economical with his time as a miser could be with his gold2 rising at four o'clock in the morning1 and allotting to every hour its appropriate work4 8,leisure and ,i have taken leave of each other10 said he4 ,and yet such was the happy arrangement of his employments1 that1 amidst a multiplicity that would distract an ordinary man1 he declares that 8there are few persons who spend so many hours secluded from all company as myself40 8,the wonder of his character10 said ,robert ,hall1 8is the self-control by which he preserved himself calm1 while he kept all in excitement around him4 ,he was the last man to be infected by fanaticism4 ,his writings abound in statements of preternatural circumstances2 but it must be remembered that his faults in these respects were those of his age1 while his virtues were peculiarly his own40 ,though of a feeble constitution1 the regularity of his habits1 sustained through a life of great exertions and vicissitudes1 produced a vigor and equanimity which are seldom the accompaniments of a laborious mind or of a distracted life4 8,i do not remember10 he says1 8to have felt lowness of spirits one quarter of an hour since ,i was born40 8,ten thousand cares are no more weight to my mind than ten thousand hairs are to my head40 8,i have never lost a night's sleep in my life40 8,his face was remarkably fine1 his complexion fresh to the last week of his life1 and his eye quick1 keen1 and active40 ,he ceased not his labors till death4 ,after the eightieth year of his age1 he visited ,holland twice4 ,at the end of his eighty-second1 he says1 8,i am never tired 7such is the goodness of ,god7 either with writing1 preaching1 or travelling40 ,he preached under trees which he had planted himself1 at ,kingswood4 ,he outlived most of his first disciples and preachers1 and stood up1 mighty in intellect and labors1 among the second and third generations of his people4 ,in his later years persecution had subsided2 he was every where received as a patriarch1 and sometimes excited1 by his arrival in towns and cities1 an interest 8such as the presence of the king himself would produce40 ,he attracted the largest assemblies1 perhaps1 which were ever congregated for religious instruction1 being estimated sometimes at more than thirty thousand6 ,great intellectually1 morally1 and physically1 he at length died1 in the eighty-eighth year of his age and sixty-fifth of his ministry1 unquestionably one of the most extraordinary men of any age4 ,nearly one hundred and forty thousand members1 upward of five hundred itinerant1 and more than one thousand local preachers1 were connected with him when he died4 ,george ,whitefield4 ,one of the founders of the sect of the ,methodists1 born at ,gloucester1 where his mother kept the ,bell inn1 #agad4 ,from the ,crypt school of his native town1 he entered as servitor at ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford1 and was ordained at the proper age by ,benson1 bishop of ,gloucester4 ,enthusiasm and the love of singularity now influenced his conduct1 and in his eagerness to obtain popularity1 he preached not only in prisons1 but in the open fields1 and by a strong persuasive eloquence1 multitudes regarded him as a man of superior sanctity4 ,in #agch1 he went to ,america1 to increase the number of his converts2 but1 after laboring for some time as the friend and the associate of the ,wesleys1 he at last was engaged with them in a serious dispute1 which produced a separation4 ,while he zealously asserted the doctrine of absolute election and final perseverance1 agreeably to the notions of ,calvin1 his opponents regarded his opinion as unsupported by ,scripture1 and therefore inadmissible2 and in consequence of this arose the two sects of the ,calvinistic and the ,arminian ,methodists4 ,secure in the good opinion of a great number of adherents1 and in the patronage of ,lady ,huntingdon1 to whom he was chaplain1 he continued his labors1 and built two ,tabernacles in the city and in ,tottenham ,court ,road for the commodious reception of his followers4 ,he died at ,newburyport1 ,massachusetts1 while on a visit to his churches in ,america1 and had the satisfaction to know that his adherents were numerous on both continents4 ,at ,newburyport1 the ,hon4 ,,william ,,bartlett has erected an elegant marble monument1 on which is the following inscription3-- 8,this ,cenotaph is erected1 with affectionate veneration1 to the memory of the ,rev4 ,,george ,,whitefield1 born at ,gloucester1 ,england1 ,december #af1 #agad2 educated at ,oxford ,university2 ordained #agcf4 ,in a ministry of thirty-four years1 he crossed the ,atlantic thirteen times1 and preached more than eighteen thousand sermons4 ,as a soldier of the cross1 humble1 devoted1 ardent1 he put on the whole armor of ,god2 preferring the honor of ,christ to his own interest1 repose1 reputation1 and life4 ,as a ,christian orator1 his deep piety1 disinterested zeal1 and vivid imagination1 gave unexampled energy to his look1 utterance1 and action4 ,bold1 fervent1 pungent1 and popular in his eloquence1 no other uninspired man ever preached to so large assemblies1 or enforced the simple truths of the gospel by motives so persuasive and awful1 and with an influence so powerful on the hearts of his hearers4 ,he died of asthma1 ,september #cj1 #aggj1 suddenly exchanging his life of unparalleled labors for his eternal rest40 ,during ,mr4 ,whitefield's visit to ,philadelphia1 he preached often in the evening from the gallery of the court-house in ,market ,street4 ,so loud was his voice at that time1 that it was distinctly heard on the ,jersey shore1 and so distinct was his speech1 that every word he said was understood at ,market ,street wharf1 a distance of upwards of four hundred feet from the court-house4 ,all the intermediate space was crowded with his hearers4 ,mr4 ,whitefield was truly remarkable for his uncommon eloquence and fervent zeal4 ,his eloquence was indeed very great1 and of the truest kind4 ,he was utterly devoid of all affectation2 the importance of his subject1 and the regard due to his hearers1 engrossed all his concern4 ,every accent of his voice spoke to the ear1 every feature of his face1 every motion of his hands1 and every gesture1 spoke to the eye2 so that the most dissipated and thoughtless found their attention arrested1 and the dullest and most ignorant could not but understand4 ,he appeared to be devoid of the spirit of sectarianism2 his only object seemed to be to 8preach ,christ and him crucified40 ,the following anecdote respecting his manner of preaching will serve to illustrate this part of his character4 ,one day1 while preaching from the balcony of the court-house1 in ,philadelphia1 he cried out1 8,father ,abraham1 who have you got in heaven2 any ,episcopalians80 8,no60 8,any ,presbyterians80 8,no60 8,any ,baptists80 8,no60 8,have you any ,methodists there80 8,no60 8,have you any ,independents or ,seceders80 8,no6 ,no60 8,why1 who have you1 then80 8,we don't know those names here2 all that are here are ,christians--believers in ,christ--men who have overcome by the blood of the ,lamb1 and the word of his testimony60 8,o1 is this the case8 then ,god help me--,god help us all--to forget party names1 and to become ,christians in deed and in truth40 ,selina ,huntingdon4 ,countess1 second daughter of ,washington1 earl ,ferrers1 born #agjg1 and married ,lord ,huntingdon1 by whom she had four sons and three daughters4 ,from habits of gayety and scenes of dissipation1 she became all at once1 after a serious illness1 grave1 reserved1 and melancholy4 ,her thoughts were wholly absorbed by religion1 and she employed the ample resources which she possessed in disseminating her principles by the popular arts of ,whitefield1 ,romaine1 and others4 ,not only her house in ,park ,street was thrown open for the frequent assembling of these pious reformers1 but chapels were built in various parts of the kingdom1 and a college erected in ,wales for the education of young persons in the future labors of the ministry4 ,after many acts of extensive charity1 and with the best intentions1 this enthusiastic lady died in #agia4 ,robert ,sandeman4 ,the founder of the sect called ,sandemanians1 born at ,perth1 in ,scotland1 about the year #agah1 and was educated at ,st4 ,andrews4 ,instead of entering into the church1 for which he was intended1 he became a linen manufacturer1 and afterwards turned preacher4 ,he came to ,america in ,october1 #agfd1 and from ,boston he went to ,danbury1 ,connecticut4 ,in that town he gathered a church the following year4 ,he afterwards established several societies in ,new ,england4 ,individuals are still found who adhere to his peculiarities1 and are known by the name of his sect4 ,he wrote an answer to ,hervey's 8,theron and ,aspasio10 said to be a work of talent1 but exhibiting great asperity4 ,the following is copied from the monument of ,mr4 ,sandeman1 in the burying-ground at ,danbury3-- 8,here lies1 until the resurrection1 the body of ,,robert ,,sandeman1 a native of ,perth1 ,north ,britain1 who1 in the face of continual opposition from all sorts of men1 long boldly contended for the ancient faith1 that the bare word of ,jesus ,christ1 without a deed or thought on the part of man1 is sufficient to present the chief of sinners spotless before ,god4 ,to declare this blessed truth1 as testified in the holy ,scriptures1 he left his country1 he left his friends1 and1 after much patient suffering1 finished his labors at ,danbury1 ,april #b1 #agga1 4 #ec years4 ,deigned ,christ to come so nigh to us1 ,as not to count it shame ,to call us brethren1 should we blush ,at aught that bears his name8 ,nay1 let us boast in his reproach1 ,and glory in his cross2 ,when he appears1 one smile from him ,would far o'erpay our loss40 ,samuel ,hopkins4 ,an ,american divine1 who1 in his sermons and tracts1 has made several additions to the sentiments first advanced by the celebrated ,jonathan ,edwards1 late president of ,new ,jersey ,college4 ,dr4 ,hopkins was born at ,waterbury1 in ,connecticut1 #agba1 and graduated at ,yale ,college1 in #agda4 ,soon after1 he engaged in theological studies1 at ,northampton1 ,massachusetts1 under the superintendence of ,jonathan ,edwards1 and1 in #agdc1 was ordained at ,housatonic1 now ,great ,barrington1 ,massachusetts1 where he continued till he removed to ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 in consequence of the diminution of his congregation1 and his want of support4 ,when he had resided some time in this place1 the people became dissatisfied with his sentiments1 and resolved1 at a meeting1 to intimate to him their disinclination to his continuance among them4 ,on the ensuing ,sabbath1 he preached his farewell discourse1 which was so interesting and impressive that they besought him to remain1 which he did till his death1 in #ahjc4 ,he was a pious and zealous man1 of considerable talents1 and almost incredible powers of application4 ,he is said to have been sometimes engaged during eighteen hours in his studies4 ,his doctrinal views are contained in his 8,system of ,divinity10 published in a second edition at ,boston1 in #ahaa1 in two volumes1 octavo4 ,jonathan ,mayhew4 ,a divine of ,boston1 was born in ,martha's ,vineyard1 in #agbj and educated at ,harvard ,college4 ,in #agdg1 he was ordained pastor of the ,west ,church1 in ,boston1 and continued in this station the remainder of his life4 ,he possessed a mind of great acuteness and energy1 and in his principles was a determined republican4 ,he had no little influence in producing the ,american revolution4 ,his sermons and controversial tracts obtained for him a high reputation2 and many of them were republished several times in ,england4 ,he died in #agff4 ,samuel ,seabury4 ,first bishop of the ,protestant ,episcopal church in the ,united ,states1 was born in #agbh1 and graduated at ,yale ,college in #agea4 ,after finishing his classical education1 he went to ,scotland with the view of studying medicine2 but soon1 having turned his attention to theology1 he altered his purpose and took orders in ,london1 #agec4 ,returning to ,america1 he officiated1 first at ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey1 then at ,jamaica1 ,long ,island1 next at ,west ,chester1 ,new ,york1 and lastly at ,new ,london1 ,connecticut1 where he remained1 as rector of the parish in that city1 during the remainder of his life4 ,as much as he was esteemed by his parishioners1 his influence was extended among his brethren throughout the state4 ,consequently1 when the ,episcopal church was organized in that diocese1 he was elected bishop4 ,he went immediately to ,england1 in order to obtain consecration2 but1 meeting with some unexpected obstacles1 he repaired to ,scotland4 ,here he was able to accomplish the object of his mission4 ,he was consecrated at ,aberdeen1 ,november #ad1 #aghd4 ,as soon as he was able to reach home1 he resumed his duties as parish minister at ,new ,london1 in connection with his episcopal functions for the diocese4 ,bishop ,seabury had a vigorous and well-cultivated mind1 and acquired a reputation corresponding with his high station4 ,three volumes of his sermons have been published4 ,the following is the inscription on ,bishop ,seabury's monument at ,new ,london1 ,connecticut3-- 8,here lyeth the body of ,,samuel ,,seabury1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island1 who departed from this transitory scene ,february #beth1 ,anno ,domini #agif1 in the #fhth year of his age1 and the #abth of his episcopal consecration4 8,ingenious without pride1 learned without pedantry1 good without severity1 he was duly qualified to discharge the duties of the ,christian and the ,bishop4 ,in the pulpit he enforced religion2 in his conduct he exemplified it4 ,the poor he assisted with his charity2 the ignorant he blessed with his instruction4 ,the friend of men1 he ever designed their good2 the enemy of vice1 he ever opposed it4 ,christian1 dost thou aspire to happiness8 ,seabury has shown the way that leads to it40 ,richard ,clarke4 ,a clergyman of the ,episcopal church1 who maintained for many years a high reputation in ,south ,carolina4 ,he was a native of ,england1 and soon after his arrival in ,charleston was appointed rector of ,st4 ,philip's ,church in that city4 ,here he was greatly admired as a popular preacher1 and highly respected as an exemplary1 amiable1 benevolent1 and liberal man4 ,he returned to ,england in #agei1 and was soon afterwards appointed a stated preacher in one of the principal churches in ,london4 ,in this station1 his eloquence and piety attracted a large share of public attention4 ,his publications1 chiefly on theological subjects1 were numerous1 amounting to six or seven octavo volumes4 ,he lived to a late period in the eighteenth century1 universally beloved and respected4 ,joseph ,priestly4 ,an ,english philosopher and dissenting divine1 born at ,fieldheald1 ,yorkshire1 #agcc4 ,he was educated at ,daventry1 under ,dr4 ,ashworth1 for the ministry among the dissenters1 and at the proper age he took care of a congregation at ,needham ,market1 ,suffolk1 and afterwards at ,nantwich1 ,cheshire4 ,he became1 in #agfa1 professor of belles lettres in the ,warrington ,academy1 and after seven years' residence there he removed to ,leeds1 and two years after accepted the office of librarian and philosophical companion to the earl of ,shelburne4 ,in this retreat1 the philosopher devoted himself laboriously to metaphysical and theological studies1 and published various works2 and when1 at last1 he separated from his noble patron1 he retired with an annual pension of one hundred and fifty pounds1 to settle at ,birmingham1 as pastor to a ,unitarian congregation1 in #aghj4 ,while here usefully employed in advancing the cause of philosophy1 and too often engaged in theological disputes1 he became the victim of popular fury2 and the conduct of some of his neighbors in celebrating the anniversary of the ,french revolution1 in #agia1 with more intemperance than became ,englishmen and loyal subjects1 excited a dreadful riot4 ,not only the meeting-houses were destroyed on this melancholy occasion1 but1 among others1 ,dr4 ,priestley's house1 library1 manuscripts1 and philosophical apparatus1 were totally consumed2 and1 though he recovered a compensation by suing the county1 he quitted this scene of prejudice and unpopularity4 ,after residing some time at ,london and ,hackney1 where he preached to the congregation over which his friend ,price once presided1 he determined to quit his native country1 and seek a more peaceful retreat in ,america1 where some of his family were already settled4 ,he left ,england in #agid1 and fixed his residence at ,northumberland1 in ,pennsylvania1 where he died in #ahjd4 ,his writings were very numerous1 and he long attracted the public notice1 not only by discoveries in philosophy1 but by the boldness of his theological opinions4 ,had he confined his studies merely to philosophical pursuits1 his name would have descended to posterity with greater lustre2 but he who attempts innovations in government and religion1 for singularity1 and to excite popular prejudices1 must be little entitled to the applauses of the world4 ,james ,purves4 ,a learned ,arian preacher1 born at a little village of ,berwickshire1 in #agcd4 ,his father was only a keeper of cattle1 and intended ,james for the same profession4 ,he1 meanwhile1 having obtained the loan of some books on mathematics1 made himself master of geometry and trigonometry1 and afterwards taught these sciences1 with other branches of mathematics1 and assisted some public authors in compiling mathematical works1 which have been well received4 ,he joined a party of the ancient ,cameronians1 and in #agfi1 at one of their general meetings1 was called to be a pastor among them4 ,to qualify himself for this office1 he studied the ,greek and ,hebrew languages1 and compiled a ,hebrew grammar1 which is still in manuscript4 ,these acquisitions led him into the study of the ,arian controversy1 when finally he adopted the opinions of ,arius1 and afterwards became preacher to a small ,arian congregation in ,edinburgh1 where he also kept a school and a book-shop1 for many years before he died4 ,john ,jebb4 ,bishop of ,limerick1 born ,september #bg1 #agge1 and died ,december #i1 #ahcc1 aged #eh4 ,he was educated at the university of ,dublin1 where he gained a high reputation as a scholar4 ,he was greatly esteemed as a man of a most amiable and gentle spirit2 had the reputation of an accomplished orator and a learned and able theologian2 and as a clergyman and a bishop he was truly exemplary4 ,his original publications are not numerous1 but are of high merit4 ,john ,gaspar ,christian ,lavater4 ,a celebrated writer1 born at ,zurich1 #agda4 ,he was pastor of the church of ,st ,peter's at ,zurich1 and as a minister he acquired great reputation both by his eloquent discourses and his exemplary life4 ,he was wounded by a ,french soldier when ,zurich was taken by storm under ,massena in #agii1 and died there in consequence of it1 #abth ,january1 #ahja4 ,he acquired deserved celebrity as a physiognomist1 and his writings on the subject1 possessing great merit1 ingenious remarks1 and truly original ideas1 have been translated into all the languages of ,europe4 ,his ,christian piety was of the highest order4 ,john ,tillotson4 ,an eminent prelate1 was born in #afcj1 at ,sowerby1 in ,yorkshire1 and was educated at ,clare ,hall1 ,cambridge4 ,in #afia1 after fruitless attempts to avoid the honor1 he accepted1 with unfeigned reluctance1 the see of ,canterbury1 which was become vacant by the deprivation of ,sancroft4 ,this promotion1 however1 he did not long survive1 as his decease took place in #afid4 ,in his domestic relations1 friendships1 and the whole commerce of business1 he was easy and humble1 frank and open1 tender-hearted and bountiful1 to such an extent1 that1 while he was in a private station1 he laid aside two tenths of his income for charitable uses4 ,he despised wealth but as it furnished him for charity1 in which he was judicious as well as liberal4 ,his affability and candor1 as well as abilities in his profession1 made him frequently consulted in points relating both to practice and opinion4 ,his love for the real philosophy of nature1 and his conviction that the study of it is the most solid support of religion1 induced him1 not many years after the establishment of the ,royal ,society1 to desire to be admitted into that assembly of the greatest men of the age2 into which he was accordingly elected on the #beth of ,january1 #afgb4 ,his kindness towards the dissenters was attended with the consequence intended by him1 of reconciling many of them to the communion of the established church1 and almost all of them to a greater esteem of it than they had before entertained4 ,he died poor1 the copy-right of his ,posthumous ,sermons 7which1 however1 sold for two thousand five hundred guineas7 being all that his family inherited4 ,his works form three folio volumes4 ,isaac ,newton4 ,a most celebrated ,english philosopher and mathematician1 and one of the greatest geniuses that ever appeared in the world1 descended from an ancient family in ,lincolnshire1 where he was born in the year #afdb4 ,his powers of mind were wonderfully comprehensive and penetrating4 ,fontenelle says of him1 8that in learning mathematics1 he did not study ,euclid1 who seemed to him too plain and simple1 and unworthy of taking up his time4 ,he understood him almost before he read him3 a cast of his eye on the contents of the theorems of that great mathematician1 seemed to be sufficient to make him master of them40 ,several of his works mark a profundity of thought and reflection that has astonished the most learned men4 ,he was highly esteemed by the university of ,cambridge1 and was twice chosen to represent that place in parliament4 ,he was also greatly favored by ,queen ,anne1 and by ,george ,i4 ,the princess of ,wales1 afterwards queen consort of ,england1 who had a turn for philosophical inquiries1 used frequently to propose questions to him4 ,this princess had a great regard for him1 and often declared that she thought herself happy to live at the same time as he did1 and to have the pleasure and advantage of his conversation4 ,this eminent philosopher was remarkable for being of a very meek disposition and a great lover of peace4 ,he would rather have chosen to remain in obscurity1 than to have the serenity of his days disturbed by those storms and disputes1 which genius and learning often draw upon those who are eminent for them4 ,we find him reflecting on the controversy respecting his optic lectures 7in which he had been almost unavoidably engaged7 in the following terms3--8,i blamed my own imprudence1 for parting with so real a blessing as my quiet1 to run after a shadow40 ,the amiable quality of modesty stands very conspicuous in the character of this great man's mind and manners4 ,he never spoke1 either of himself or others1 in such a manner as to give the most malicious censurers the least occasion even to suspect him of vanity4 ,he was candid and affable2 and he did not assume any airs of superiority over those with whom he associated4 ,he never thought either his merit or his reputation sufficient to excuse him from any of the common offices of social life4 ,though he was firmly attached to the church of ,england1 he was averse to the persecution of the ,nonconformists4 ,he judged of men by their conduct2 and the true schismatics1 in his opinion1 were the vicious and the wicked4 ,this liberality of sentiment did not spring from the want of religion2 for he was thoroughly persuaded of the truth of revelation2 and amidst the great variety of books which he had constantly before him1 that which he loved the best1 and studied with the greatest application1 was the ,bible4 ,he was1 indeed1 a truly pious man2 and his discoveries concerning the frame and system of the universe1 were applied by him to demonstrate the being of a ,god1 and to illustrate his power and wisdom4 ,he also wrote an excellent discourse1 to prove that the remarkable prophecy of ,daniel's weeks was an express prediction of the coming of the ,messiah1 and that it was fulfilled in ,jesus ,christ4 ,the testimony of the pious and learned ,dr4 ,doddridge to the most interesting part of this great man's character1 cannot be omitted on the present occasion4 8,according to the best information10 says he1 8whether public or private1 ,i could ever obtain1 his firm faith in the divine revelation discovered itself in the most genuine fruits of substantial virtue and piety1 and consequently gives us the justest reason to conclude that he is now rejoicing in the happy effects of it1 infinitely more than in all the applause which his philosophical works have procured him1 though they have commanded a fame lasting as the world40 ,he departed this life in the eighty-fifth year of his age1 and1 in his principles and conduct through life1 has left a strong and comfortable evidence that the highest intellectual powers harmonize with religion and virtue1 and that there is nothing in ,christianity but what will abide the scrutiny of the soundest and most enlarged understanding4 ,how great and satisfactory a confirmation is it to the sincere1 humble ,christian1 and what an insurmountable barrier does it present to the infidel1 to perceive1 in the list of ,christian believers1 the exalted and venerable name of ,newton6 a man who must be acknowledged to be an ornament of human nature1 when we consider the wide compass of his abilities1 the great extent of his learning and knowledge1 and the piety1 integrity1 and beneficence1 of his life4 ,this eminent character firmly adhered to the belief of ,christianity1 after the most diligent and exact researches into the life of its ,founder1 the authenticity of its records1 the completion of its prophecies1 the sublimity of its doctrines1 the purity of its precepts1 and the arguments of its adversaries4 ,charles ,v4 ,emperor of ,germany1 king of ,spain1 and lord of the ,netherlands1 born at ,ghent1 in the year #aejj4 ,he is said to have fought sixty battles1 in most of which he was victorious1 to have obtained six triumphs1 conquered four kingdoms1 and to have added eight principalities to his dominions--an almost unparalleled instance of worldly prosperity and the greatness of human glory4 ,but all these fruits of his ambition1 and all the honors which attended him1 could not yield true and solid satisfaction4 ,reflecting on the evils and miseries which he had occasioned1 and convinced of the emptiness of earthly magnificence1 he became disgusted with the splendor that surrounded him1 and thought it his duty to withdraw from it1 and spend the rest of his days in religious retirement4 ,accordingly1 he voluntarily resigned all his dominions to his brother and son2 and1 after taking an affectionate and last farewell of the latter1 and a numerous retinue of princes and nobility who respectfully attended him1 he repaired to his chosen retreat1 which was situated in ,spain1 in a vale of no great extent1 watered by a small brook1 and surrounded with rising grounds covered with lofty trees4 ,a deep sense of his frail condition and great imperfections appears to have impressed his mind in this extraordinary resolution1 and through the remainder of his life4 ,as soon as he landed in ,spain1 he fell prostrate on the ground1 and considering himself now as dead to the world1 he kissed the earth1 and said1 8,naked came ,i out of my mother's womb1 and naked ,i now return to thee1 thou common mother of mankind60 ,in this humble retreat1 he spent his time in religious exercises and innocent employments1 and buried here1 in solitude and silence1 his grandeur and his ambition1 together with all those vast projects1 which1 for near half a century1 had alarmed and agitated ,europe1 and filled every kingdom in it1 by turns1 with the terror of his arms1 and the dread of being subjected to his power4 ,far from taking any part in the political transactions of the world1 he restrained his curiosity even from any inquiry concerning them1 and seemed to view the busy scene he had abandoned with an elevation and indifference of mind which arose from his thorough experience of its vanity1 as well as from the pleasing reflection of having disengaged himself from its cares and temptations4 ,here he enjoyed more complete contentment than all his grandeur had ever yielded him2 as a full proof of which he has left this short but comprehensive testimony3--8,i have tasted more satisfaction in my solitude1 in one day1 than in all the triumphs of my former reign4 ,the sincere study1 profession1 and practice1 of the ,christian religion have in them such joys and sweetness as are seldom found in courts and grandeur40 ,francis ,bacon4 ,baron of ,verulam1 viscount ,st4 ,albans1 and lord high chancellor of ,england1 born in the year #aefa4 ,he was one of the most remarkable men of whom any age or country can boast2 and his writings furnish incontestable proofs that his knowledge1 wisdom1 and benevolence1 were very extraordinary4 ,lord ,bacon died in #afbf4 ,that this illustrious character was deeply influenced by a truly humble and religious spirit1 is manifest from the following prayer1 which was found amongst his papers1 in his own hand-writing3-- 8,most gracious ,lord ,god1 my merciful ,father2 my creator1 my ,redeemer1 my ,comforter6 thou soundest and searchest the depths and secrets of all hearts2 thou acknowledgest the upright2 thou judgest the hypocrite2 vanity and crooked ways cannot be hid from thee4 8,remember1 ,o ,lord1 how thy servant has walked before thee2 remember what ,i have first sought1 and what has been principal in my intentions4 ,i have loved thy assemblies2 ,i have mourned for the divisions of thy church2 ,i have delighted in the brightness of thy sanctuary2 ,i have ever prayed unto thee1 that the vine which thy right hand hath planted in this nation1 might have the former and the latter rain1 and that it might stretch its branches to the seas and to the floods4 ,the state and bread of the poor and oppressed have been precious in my eyes2 ,i have hated all cruelty and hardness of heart2 ,i have1 though a despised weed1 endeavored to procure the good of all men4 ,if any have been my enemies1 ,i thought not of them1 neither has the sun gone down upon my displeasure2 but ,i have been as a dove1 free from superfluity of maliciousness4 ,thy creatures have been my books1 but thy ,scriptures much more so4 ,i have sought thee in the courts1 the fields1 and the gardens2 but ,i have found thee in thy temples4 8,o ,lord1 my strength6 ,i have1 from my youth1 met with thee in all my ways2 in thy fatherly compassions1 in thy merciful chastisements1 and in thy most visible providences4 ,as thy favors have increased upon me1 so have thy corrections2 as my worldly blessings were exalted1 so secret darts from thee have pierced me2 and when ,i have ascended before men1 ,i have descended in humiliation before thee4 ,and now1 when ,i have been thinking most of peace and honor1 thy hand is heavy upon me1 and has humbled me according to thy former loving-kindness1 keeping me still in thy fatherly school1 not as a bastard1 but as a child4 ,just are thy judgments upon me for my sins1 which are more in number than the sands of the sea1 but which have no proportion to thy mercies4 ,besides my innumerable sins1 ,i confess before thee1 that ,i am a debtor to thee for the gracious talent of thy gifts and graces2 which ,i have neither put into a napkin nor placed1 as ,i ought1 with exchangers1 where it might have made best profit2 but ,i have misspent it in things for which ,i was least fit3 so ,i may truly say1 my soul hath been a stranger in the course of my pilgrimage4 ,be merciful unto me1 ,o ,lord1 for my ,savior's sake1 and receive me into thy bosom1 or guide me into thy ways40 ,matthew ,hale4 ,lord chief justice of ,england1 born in ,gloucestershire1 in the year #afji1 and1 by the care of a wise and religious father1 had great attention paid to his education4 ,in his youth1 he was fond of company1 and fell into many levities and extravagances4 ,but this propensity and conduct were corrected by a circumstance that made a considerable impression on his mind during the rest of his life4 ,being one day in company with other young men1 one of the party1 through excess of wine1 fell down1 apparently dead1 at their feet4 ,young ,hale was so affected on this occasion1 that he immediately retired to another room1 and1 shutting the door1 fell on his knees1 and prayed earnestly to ,god that his friend might be restored to life1 and that he himself might be pardoned for having given countenance to so much excess4 ,at the same time1 he made a solemn vow that he would never again keep company in that manner1 nor 8drink a health0 while he lived4 ,his friend recovered1 and ,hale religiously observed his vow4 ,after this event1 there was an entire change in his disposition2 he forsook all dissipated company1 and was careful to divide his time between the duties of religion and the studies of his profession4 ,he became remarkable for his solid and grave deportment1 his inflexible regard to justice1 and a religious tenderness of spirit1 which appear to have accompanied him through life4 ,his retired meditations on religious subjects manifest a pious and humble frame of mind1 and a solemnity well adapted to excite kindred emotions in the breast of the reader4 8,true religion10 says he1 8teaches the soul a high veneration for ,almighty ,god1 a sincere and upright walking1 as in the presence of the invisible1 all-seeing ,god4 ,it makes a man truly love1 honor1 and obey him1 and therefore careful to know what his will is4 ,it renders the heart highly thankful to him1 as his ,creator1 ,redeemer1 and ,benefactor4 ,it makes a man entirely depend on him1 seek him for guidance1 direction1 and protection1 and submit to his will with patience and resignation of soul4 ,it gives the law1 not only to his words and actions1 but to his very thoughts and purposes2 so that he dares not entertain any which are unbecoming the presence of that ,god by whom all our thoughts are legible4 ,it crushes all pride and haughtiness1 both in a man's heart and carriage1 and gives him an humble state of mind before ,god and men4 ,it regulates the passions1 and brings them into due moderation4 ,it gives a man a right estimate of this present world1 and sets his heart and hopes above it2 so that he never loves it more than it deserves4 ,it makes the wealth and the glory of this world1--high places and great preferments1--of but little consequence to him2 so that he is neither covetous1 nor ambitious1 nor over-solicitous1 concerning the advantages of them4 ,it makes him value the love of ,god and the peace of his own conscience above all the wealth and honor in the world1 and to be very diligent in preserving them4 ,he performs all his duties to ,god with sincerity and humility2 and1 whilst he lives on earth1 his conversation1 his hope1 his treasures1 are in heaven2 and he endeavors to walk suitably to such a hope40 8,they who truly fear ,god1 have a secret guidance from a higher wisdom than what is barely human1 namely1 the ,spirit of truth and goodness2 which does really1 though secretly1 prevent and direct them4 ,any man that sincerely and truly fears ,almighty ,god1 and calls and relies upon him for his direction1 has it as really as a son has the counsel and direction of his father2 and though the voice be not audible1 nor discernible by sense1 yet it is equally as real as if a man heard a voice1 saying1 #8,this is the way2 walk in it4' 0 8,though this secret direction of ,almighty ,god is principally seen in matters relating to the good of the soul1 yet1 even in the concerns of this life1 a good man fearing ,god1 and begging his direction1 will very often1 if not at all times1 find it4 ,i can call my own experience to witness1 that even in the temporal affairs of my whole life1 ,i have never been disappointed of the best direction1 when ,i have1 in humility and sincerity1 implored it4 8,the observance of the secret admonition of this ,spirit of ,god in the heart1 is an effectual means to cleanse and sanctify us2 and the more it is attended to1 the more it will be conversant with our souls1 for our instruction4 ,in the midst of difficulties1 it will be our counsellor2 in the midst of temptations1 it will be our strength1 and grace sufficient for us2 in the midst of troubles1 it will be our light and our comforter40 ,chief ,justice ,hale died on the twenty-fifth of ,december1 #afgf4 ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,princess of the ,rhine1 born in the year #afbj4 ,she was the eldest daughter of ,frederick ,v41 elector palatine and king of ,bohemia1 by ,anne1 daughter of ,james ,i41 king of ,england4 ,this excellent princess possessed only a small territory2 but she governed it with great judgment and attention to the happiness of her subjects4 ,she made it a rule to hear1 one day in the week1 all such causes as were brought before her4 ,on these occasions1 her wisdom1 justice1 and moderation1 were very conspicuous4 ,she frequently remitted forfeitures1 in cases where the parties were poor1 or in any respect worthy of favor4 ,it was remarkable that she often introduced religious considerations as motives to persuade the contending parties to harmony and peace4 ,she was greatly beloved and respected by her subjects1 and also by many persons of learning and virtue not resident in her dominions2 for she patronized men of this character1 whatever might be their country or religious profession4 ,in the year #afgg1 the famous ,william ,penn paid her a visit1 and was treated by her with great respect4 ,the following account of her is taken from his works3-- 8,the meekness and humility of the princess appeared to me extraordinary3 she did not consider the quality1 but the merit1 of the people she entertained4 ,did she hear of a retired man1 seeking after the knowledge of a better world1 she was sure to set him down in the catalogue of her charity1 if he wanted it4 ,i have casually seen1 ,i believe1 fifty tokens of her benevolence1 sealed and directed to the several poor subjects of her bounty1 whose distance prevented them from being personally known to her4 ,thus1 though she kept no sumptuous table in her own court1 she spread the tables of the poor in their solitary cells2 breaking bread to virtuous pilgrims1 according to their wants and her ability4 8,she was abstemious in her living1 and in apparel void of all vain ornaments4 ,i must needs say1 that her mind had a noble prospect3 her eye was to a better and more lasting inheritance1 than can be found below4 ,this made her not overrate the honors of her station1 or the learning of the schools1 of which she was an excellent judge4 ,being once at ,hamburgh1 a religious person1 whom she went to see for religion's sake1 remarked to her1 that #8it was too great an honor for him1 that a visitant of her quality1 who was allied to so many great kings and princes of this world1 should come under his roof3' to whom she humbly replied1 #8,if they were religious1 as well as great1 it would be an honor indeed2 but if you knew what that greatness was1 as well as ,i do1 you would value it less4' 8,after a religious meeting which we had in her chamber1 she was much affected1 and said1 #8,it is a hard thing to be faithful to what one knows4 ,o1 the way is strait6 ,i am afraid ,i am not weighty enough in my spirit to walk in it4' 8,she once withdrew1 on purpose to give her servants1 who were religiously disposed1 the liberty of discoursing with us that they might the more freely put what questions of conscience they desired to be satisfied in4 ,sometimes she suffered both them and the poorest persons of her town to sit by her in her own chamber1 where we had two meetings4 ,i cannot forget her last words1 when ,i took my leave of her3--#8,let me desire you to remember me1 though ,i live at so great a distance1 and you should never see me more4 ,i thank you for this good time4 ,be assured that1 though my condition subjects me to divers temptations1 yet my soul has strong desires after the best things4' 8,she lived till the age of sixty years1 and then departed at her house in ,herwerden1 in the year #afhj1 as much lamented as she had been beloved by her people4 ,to her real worth ,i do1 with a religious gratitude1 dedicate this memorial40 ,robert ,boyle4 ,an eminent philosopher1 and a truly good man1 was the son of ,richard1 earl of ,cork1 and was born at ,lismore1 in ,ireland1 in the year #afbg4 ,at ,eton ,school1 where he was educated1 he soon discovered a force of understanding which promised great things1 and a disposition to improve it to the utmost4 ,during his education1 and before he was ten years old1 he was much afflicted with an ague1 which considerably depressed his spirits2 and1 to divert his attention1 he was persuaded to read ,amadis de ,gaul1 and other romantic books4 ,but this kind of reading1 he says in his memoirs1 produced such restlessness in him1 that he was obliged to apply himself to mathematical studies1 in order to fix and settle the volatility of his fancy4 ,he died in the sixty-fifth year of his age4 ,he was a man of great learning1 and his stock of knowledge was immense4 ,the celebrated ,dr4 ,boerhaave has passed the following eulogium upon him3--8,boyle was the ornament of his age and country4 ,which of his writings shall ,i commend8 ,all of them4 ,to him we owe the secrets of fire1 air1 water1 animals1 vegetables1 fossils2 so that from his works may be deduced the whole system of natural knowledge40 ,he was treated with particular kindness and respect by ,charles ,,ii41 as well as by the two great ministers ,southampton and ,clarendon4 ,by the latter he was solicited to enter into orders2 for his distinguished learning and unblemished reputation induced ,lord ,clarendon to think that so very respectable a personage would do great honor to the clergy4 ,boyle considered the proposal with due attention4 ,he reflected that1 in his present situation of life1 whatever he wrote with respect to religion1 would have greater weight1 as coming from a layman2 for he well knew that the irreligious fortified themselves against all that the clergy could offer1 by supposing and saying that it was their trade1 and that they were paid for it4 ,he considered1 likewise1 that1 in point of fortune and character1 he needed no accessions2 and1 indeed1 his desire for these was always very limited4 ,but ,bishop ,burnet1 to whom ,boyle had communicated memorandums concerning his life1 tells us that what had the greatest weight in determining his judgment1 was1 8the not feeling within himself any motion or tendency of mind which he could safely esteem a call from the ,holy ,spirit1 and so not venturing to take holy orders1 lest he should be found to have lied unto it40 ,bishop ,burnet1 who was ,boyle's particular friend1 and who1 during an acquaintance of twenty-nine years1 had spent many happy hours in conversation with him1 gives a full account of his genuine piety and virtue1 and of his zeal for the ,christian religion4 8,this zeal10 he says1 8was unmixed with narrow notions1 or a bigoted heat in favor of a particular sect2 it was that spirit which is the ornament of a true ,christian40 ,burnet mentions1 as a proof of this1 his noble foundation for lectures in defence of the gospel1 against infidels of all sorts2 the effects of which have been very conspicuous1 in the many volumes of excellent discourses1 which have been published in consequence of that laudable and pious design4 ,the great object of his philosophical pursuits was to promote the cause of religion1 and to discountenance atheism and infidelity4 ,his intimate friend ,bishop ,burnet makes the following observations on this point3--8,it appeared to those who conversed with him on his inquiries into nature1 that his main design 7on which as he had his own eye constantly fixed1 so he took care to put others often in mind of it7 was to raise in himself and others more exalted sentiments of the greatness and glory1 the wisdom and goodness1 of ,god4 ,this design was so deeply impressed on his mind1 that he concludes the article of his will1 which relates to the ,royal ,society1 in these words3--#8,i wish them a happy success in their attempts to discover the true nature of the works of ,god2 and ,i pray that they1 and all searchers into physical truths1 may cordially refer their attainments to the glory of the great ,author of nature1 and to the comfort of mankind4' 0 ,on another occasion1 the same person speaks of him thus--8,he had the most profound veneration for the great ,god of heaven and earth that ,i ever observed in any man4 ,the very name of ,god was never mentioned by him without a pause and observable stop in his discourse40 ,so brightly did the example of this great and good man shine1 through his whole course1 that ,bishop ,burnet1 on reviewing it1 in a moment of pious exultation thus expressed himself3--8,i might challenge the whole tribe of libertines to come and view the usefulness1 as well as the excellence1 of the ,christian religion1 in a life that was entirely dedicated to it40 ,john ,locke4 ,a very celebrated philosopher1 and one of the greatest men that ,england ever produced1 born in the year #afcb4 ,he was well educated2 and1 applying himself with vigor to his studies1 his mind became enlarged1 and stored with much useful knowledge4 ,he went abroad as secretary to the ,english ambassador at several of the ,german courts1 and afterwards had the offer of being made envoy at the court of the emperor1 or of any other that he chose2 but he declined the proposal1 on account of the infirm state of his health4 ,he was a commissioner of trade and plantations1 in which station he very honorably distinguished himself4 ,notwithstanding his public employments1 he found leisure to write much for the benefit of mankind4 ,his 8,essay on ,human ,understanding10 his 8,discourses on ,government10 and his 8,letters on ,toleration10 are justly held in the highest esteem4 ,this enlightened man and profound reasoner was most firmly attached to the ,christian religion4 ,his zeal to promote it appeared1 first1 in his middle age1 by publishing a discourse to demonstrate the reasonableness of believing ,jesus to be the promised ,messiah2 and1 afterwards1 in the latter part of his life1 by a ,commentary on several of the ,epistles of the apostle ,paul4 ,the sacred ,scriptures are every where mentioned by him with the greatest reverence2 and he exhorts ,christians 8to betake themselves in earnest to the study of the way to salvation1 in those holy writings1 wherein ,god has revealed it from heaven1 and proposed it to the world2 seeking our religion where we are sure it is in truth to be found1 comparing spiritual things with spiritual40 ,in a letter written the year before his death1 to one who asked this question1 8,what is the shortest and surest way for a young man to attain the true knowledge of the ,christian religion80 he says1 8,let him study the holy ,scriptures1 especially the ,new ,testament3 therein are contained the words of eternal life4 ,it has ,god for its author2 salvation for its end2 and truth1 without any mixture of error1 for its matter40 ,this advice was conformable to his own practice4 8,for fourteen or fifteen years1 he applied himself in an especial manner to the study of the ,scriptures1 and employed the last years of his life hardly in any thing else4 ,he was never weary of admiring the great views of that sacred book1 and the just relation of all its parts3 he every day made discoveries in it that gave him fresh cause of admiration40 ,the consolation which he derived from divine revelation is forcibly expressed in these words3--8,i gratefully receive and rejoice in the light of revelation1 which has set me at rest in many things1 the manner whereof my poor reason can by no means make out to me40 ,after he had diligently employed a great part of his life in a variety of occupations1 he chose a pleasing retirement for the remainder of his days4 ,this leisure appears to have been productive of solid improvement1 by enabling him to look calmly over the scenes of past life2 to form a proper estimate of its enjoyments1 and to dedicate himself more fully to the cause of piety and virtue4 ,about two months before his death1 in #agjd1 he wrote a letter to his friend ,anthony ,collins1 and left this direction upon it3--8,to be delivered to him after my decease40 ,it concludes with the following remarkable words3-- 8,may you live long and happy1 in the enjoyment of health1 freedom1 content1 and all those blessings which ,providence has bestowed on you1 and to which your virtue entitles you4 ,you loved me living1 and will preserve my memory when ,i am dead4 ,all the use to be made of it is1 that this life is a scene of vanity1 which soon passes away1 and affords no solid satisfaction1 but in the consciousness of doing well1 and in the hopes of another life4 ,this is what ,i can say upon experience2 and what you will find to be true1 when you come to make up the account4 ,adieu60 ,joseph ,addison4 ,a celebrated ,english writer1 born at ,milston1 in ,wiltshire1 in the year #afgb4 ,about the age of fifteen1 he was entered at ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 where1 by his fine parts and great application1 he made a surprising proficiency in classical learning4 ,before he left the university1 he was warmly solicited to enter into orders2 and he once resolved to do so2 but his great modesty1 and an uncommonly delicate sense of the importance of the sacred function1 made him afterwards alter his resolution4 ,he was highly respected by many of the greatest and the most learned of his contemporaries4 ,he travelled into ,italy1 where he made many useful observations1 and prepared materials for some of his literary works4 ,on his return to ,england1 he was chosen one of the lords commissioners for trade4 ,in #agji1 he was appointed secretary to the lord lieutenant of ,ireland1 and1 in #agag1 was advanced to the high office of secretary of state4 ,he died in #agbi4 ,his writings have been of great use to the world1 and his 8,evidences of the ,christian ,religion0 not the least so4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 in delineating his character as a writer1 gives the following amiable picture of him3--8,he employed wit on the side of virtue and religion4 ,he not only made the proper use of wit himself1 but taught it to others2 and1 from his time1 it has been generally subservient to the cause of reason and truth4 ,he has dissipated the prejudice that had long connected cheerfulness with vice1 and easiness of manners with laxity of principles4 ,he has restored virtue to its dignity1 and taught innocence not to be ashamed4 ,this is an elevation of literary character above all ,greek1 above all ,roman fame4 ,as a teacher of wisdom1 he may be confidently followed4 ,his religion has nothing in it enthusiastic or superstitious2 he appears neither weakly credulous nor wantonly skeptical2 his morality is neither dangerously lax nor impracticably rigid4 ,all the enchantment of fancy1 and all the cogency of argument1 are employed to recommend to the reader his real interest--the care of pleasing the ,author of his being40 ,of his integrity in discharging the duties of his office1 there is a striking proof recorded4 ,when he was secretary in ,ireland1 he had materially promoted the interest of an individual1 who offered him1 in return1 a bank note of three hundred pounds1 and a diamond ring of the same value4 ,these he strenuously refused to accept1 and wrote to the person as follows3--8,and now1 sir1 believe me1 when ,i assure you ,i never did1 nor ever will1 on any pretence whatsoever1 take more than the stated and customary fees of my office4 ,i might keep the contrary practice concealed from the world1 were ,i capable of it1 but ,i could not from myself2 and ,i hope ,i shall always fear the reproaches of my own heart more than those of all mankind40 ,a mind conscious of its own uprightness1 and humbly trusting in the goodness of ,god1 has the best ground to look forward with complacency towards another life4 ,the following lines of ,addison are sweetly expressive of the peace and pleasure which he enjoyed in contemplating his future existence3--8,the prospect of a future state is the secret comfort and refreshment of my soul4 ,it is that which makes nature look cheerful about me2 it doubles all my pleasures1 and supports me under all my afflictions4 ,i can look at disappointments and misfortunes1 pain and sickness1 death itself1 with indifference1 so long as ,i keep in view the pleasures of eternity1 and the state of being in which there will be no fears nor apprehensions1 pains nor sorrows40 ,isaac ,watts4 ,a learned and eminent dissenting minister1 born at ,southampton1 in the year #afgd1 of parents who were distinguished by their piety and virtue4 ,he died in #agdh4 ,he possessed an uncommon genius1 of which he gave early proofs4 ,he received a very liberal education1 which was rendered highly beneficial to him by his own unwearied efforts to improve himself4 ,after the most serious deliberation1 he determined to devote his life to the ministry1 of the importance of which office he had a deep and awful sense4 ,he labored very diligently to promote the instruction and happiness of the people under his care1 to whom1 by his ,christian conduct and amiable disposition1 he greatly endeared himself4 ,soon after he had undertaken the pastoral office1 his health sustained a severe shock by a painful and dangerous illness1 from which he recovered very slowly4 ,but1 in the year #agab1 he was afflicted with a violent fever1 that entirely broke his constitution1 and left such weakness upon his nerves1 as continued with him1 in some measure1 to his dying day4 ,for four years he was wholly prevented from discharging the public offices of his station4 ,though this long interval of sickness was1 no doubt1 very trying to his active mind1 yet it proved ultimately a blessing to him2 for it drew upon him the particular notice of ,sir ,thomas ,abney1 a very pious and worthy man1 who1 from motives of friendship1 invited him into his family1 in which he continued to the end of his life1 and1 for the long space of thirty-six years1 was treated with uniform kindness1 attention1 and respect4 ,this excellent man was1 by his natural temper1 quick of resentment2 but1 by his established and habitual practice1 he was gentle1 modest1 and inoffensive4 ,his tenderness appeared in his attention to children and to the poor4 ,to the poor1 while he lived in the family of his friend1 he allowed the third part of his annual revenue2 and for children1 he condescended to lay aside the scholar1 the philosopher1 and the wit1 to write little poems of devotion1 and systems of instruction1 adapted to their wants and capacities1 from the dawn of reason1 through its gradations of advance in the morning of life4 ,few men have left behind them such purity of character1 or such monuments of laborious piety4 ,he has provided instruction for all ages1 from those who are lisping their first lessons1 to the enlightened readers of ,malebranche and ,locke4 ,his 8,improvement of the ,mind0 is a work in the highest degree useful and pleasing4 ,whatever he took in hand was1 by his incessant solicitude for souls1 converted to theology4 ,as piety predominated in his mind1 it is diffused over his works4 ,under his direction1 it may be truly said that philosophy is subservient to evangelical instruction3 it is difficult to read a page without learning1 or at least wishing to be better4 ,the virtue of this good man eminently appeared in the happy state of his mind under great pains and weakness of body1 and in the improvement which he derived from them4 ,of those seasons of affliction1 he says1 with a truly elevated mind and thankful heart1 8,i am not afraid to let the world know that1 amidst the sinkings of life and nature1 ,christianity and the gospel were my support4 ,amidst all the violence of my distemper1 and the tiresome months of it1 ,i thank ,god ,i never lost sight of reason or religion1 though sometimes ,i had much difficulty to preserve the machine of animal nature in such order as regularly to exercise either the man or the ,christian40 ,the sweet peace of conscience he enjoyed under these trying circumstances1 and the rational and ,christian foundation of his hope and trust in the divine goodness1 are beautifully and justly expressed by him1 in the following lines3-- 8,yet1 gracious ,god1 amid these storms of nature1 ,thine eyes behold a sweet and sacred calm ,reign through the realms of conscience2 all within ,lies peaceful1 all composed4 ',tis wondrous grace ,keeps off thy terrors from this humble bosom2 ,though stained with sins and follies1 yet serene ,in penitential peace and cheerful hope1 ,sprinkled and guarded with atoning blood1 ,thy vital smiles1 amidst this desolation1 ,like heavenly sunbeams hid behind the clouds1 ,break out in happy moments1 with bright radiance ,cleaving the gloom2 the fair1 celestial light1 ,softens and gilds the horrors of the storm1 ,and richest cordials to the heart conveys40 ,philip ,doddridge4 ,born in ,london1 in the year #agjb4 ,his parents1 who were persons of great worth1 brought him up in an early knowledge of religion2 but he had the misfortune to lose them before he was fourteen years old4 ,this circumstance excited in his mind very serious reflections1 which1 however1 were not wholly of a gloomy nature2 for he expressed a devout1 and even a cheerful trust in the protection of the ,god of mercies1 the universal ,parent of mankind4 ,he diligently improved his time1 and was anxious to be daily advancing in knowledge1 piety1 virtue1 and usefulness4 ,he possessed strong powers of mind1 and1 by unwearied application1 acquired a large fund of sound and elegant learning4 ,his publications1 which are chiefly on religious subjects1 have been eminently useful to the world4 ,by his literary acquisitions1 his amiable disposition1 and his desire to imbue the young mind with knowledge and virtue1 he was qualified1 in a peculiar manner1 to become the instructor of youth2 and for many years he superintended a very respectable academy4 ,as the pastor of a congregation1 he manifested a sincere and zealous regard for the happiness of the people under his care1 by whom he was greatly honored and beloved4 ,he possessed many virtues2 but the prime and leading feature of his soul was devotion4 ,he was very solicitous to preserve and cultivate an habitual sense of the ,supreme ,being1 to maintain and increase the ardor of religion in his heart1 and to prepare himself1 by devout exercises1 for the important labors of his station4 ,nor was it to his secret retirements that his piety was limited2 it was manifested in every part of the day1 and appeared in his usual intercourse with men4 ,in the little vacancies of time which occur to the busiest of mankind1 he was frequently lifting up his soul to ,god4 ,when he lectured on philosophy1 history1 anatomy1 or other subjects not immediately theological1 he would endeavor to graft some religious instructions upon them1 that he might raise the minds of his pupils to devotion1 as well as to knowledge2 and1 in his visits to his people1 the ,christian friend and minister were united4 ,the piety of ,dr4 ,doddridge was accompanied with the warmest benevolence to his fellow-creatures4 ,no one could more strongly feel that the love of ,god was to be united with love to man4 ,nor was this a principle that rested in kind wishes and pathetic feelings for the happiness of others1 but it was manifested in the most active exertions for their welfare4 ,no scheme of doing good was ever suggested to him into which he did not enter with ardor4 ,but the generosity of his mind was most displayed when any plans of propagating religion1 and of spreading the gospel among those who were strangers to it1 were proposed4 ,in every thing of this kind he was always ready to take the lead1 and was ardent in endeavoring to inspire his friends with the same spirit4 ,he was of a weak and delicate bodily constitution2 and a severe cold which he caught about the forty-eighth year of his age1 brought on a consumption of the lungs4 ,the nearer he approached to his dissolution1 the more plainly was observed his continual improvement in a spiritual and heavenly temper4 ,indeed1 he seemed to have risen above the world1 and to be daily breathing after immortality4 ,this disposition of his mind was ardently expressed in several of his letters1 and is manifest from his will1 which was made at this time1 and is prefaced in the following language3--8,whereas it is customary1 on these occasions1 to begin with commending the soul into the hands of ,god1 through ,christ1 ,i do it2 not in mere form1 but with sincerity and joy2 esteeming it my greatest happiness1 that ,i am taught and encouraged to do it1 by that glorious gospel1 which1 having most assuredly believed1 ,i have spent my life in preaching to others2 and which ,i esteem an infinitely greater treasure than all my little worldly store1 or possessions ten thousand times greater than mine40 ,a short time before his death1 he had been induced to try the mild air of the south2 but change of climate did not produce the desired effect1 and ,dr4 ,doddridge continued gradually to weaken1 till death put a period to his afflictions4 ,in his last hours1 he preserved the same calmness1 vigor1 and joy of mind1 which he had felt and expressed through the whole of his illness4 ,the only pain he had in the thought of dying1 was the fear of that grief and distress which his wife would suffer from his removal4 ,to his children1 his congregation1 and his friends in general1 he desired to be remembered in the most affectionate manner2 nor did he1 in the effusions of his pious benevolence1 forget the family where he lodged1 or his own servant4 ,many devout sentiments and aspirations were uttered by him2 but the heart of his wife was too much affected with his approaching change to be able to recollect them distinctly4 ,though he died in a foreign land1 and1 in a certain sense1 among strangers1 his decease was embalmed with many tears4 ,his age was #di years4 ,john ,murray4 ,a distinguished preacher of ,universalism in the ,united ,states1 born in ,alton1 county of ,hampshire1 ,england1 on the #ajth of ,december1 #agda4 ,when he had attained his eleventh year1 the family removed to ,ireland1 in the vicinity of ,cork4 ,while here1 he was converted to ,methodism1 and gained the attention of ,john ,wesley1 by whom he was appointed a class-leader4 ,he was very earnest and devout in his religious exercises1 and was regarded by his brethren as a valuable accession to their church4 ,about this time his father died1 and he shortly after left ,ireland for ,england4 ,he took up his residence in ,london1 and was gradually led into gay society4 ,the secret monitor1 however1 frequently reproached him1 and finally brought him back again to the services of the sanctuary1 and quickened the flame of religious devotion4 ,at this time his prejudices against ,universalism were very strong2 his soul 8kindled with indignation0 against them4 ,but1 shortly after his marriage to a very amiable young lady of ,london1 he was induced to visit ,mr4 ,relly's chapel1 the preacher of universal salvation2 and1 notwithstanding he had been so filled with wrath against ,mr4 ,relly1 that1 as he subsequently said1 he thought it would have been doing both ,god and man service to kill him1 yet he was moved to tenderness by his preaching and subsequently became an attendant on his ministry4 ,rich were the consolations enjoyed by him and his amiable wife in their new faith4 ,but great sorrows awaited him2 she sickened and died2 and the death-scene is described by himself1 in his autobiography1 with thrilling effect4 ,he would gladly have accompanied her to the spirit-world4 ,he was now alone2 he felt himself a solitary being2 he had no taste for the joys of life2 his mind dwelt only on death and eternity2 he was unfitted for society2 and in this state of mind1 ,providence seems to have directed his thoughts to ,america4 ,he resolved to embark2 and1 in the month of ,september1 #aggj1 he landed upon the shores of ,new ,jersey4 ,here he became at once acquainted with a philanthropic landholder1 by the name of ,thomas ,potter1 who1 in the belief that ,god would send him a preacher1 had erected a meeting-house1 and who insisted that ,murray was the man whom ,god had sent4 ,in this house ,murray commenced his labors as a preacher2 and from this time1 he is to be contemplated as the public advocate of ,universalism1 on the system of ,relly4 ,he soon visited the city of ,new ,york1 and various other cities and towns in the ,middle ,states1 preaching the gospel whithersoever he went4 ,his first visit to ,boston was made in ,october1 #aggc1 and his second in ,september1 #aggd4 ,it was during this second visit that he was stoned in the pulpit of ,rev4 ,mr4 ,croswell1 in ,school ,street4 ,about this time he visited ,gloucester1 ,massachusetts1 which was afterwards his residence for many years4 ,in #agge1 he was appointed by ,general ,washington chaplain to the ,rhode ,island troops1 in the army then lying around ,boston4 ,he soon1 however1 returned to his charge in ,gloucester1 where he remained1 making frequent visits to different parts of the ,united ,states1 until ,october1 #agic1 when he was ordained pastor of the ,first ,universalist ,society in ,boston1 which had purchased the house of worship formerly occupied by the society of ,dr4 ,samuel ,mather4 ,his labors were not confined to this society1 however2 in one respect he was a minister at large2 he continued his itinerant habits1 more or less1 until ,october1 #ahji1 when he was stricken with the palsy4 ,he lived nearly six years after this affliction1 and expired on the third day of ,september1 #ahae4 ,he was buried in the ,granary burying-ground1 where his remains were suffered to lie unhonored until #ahcg1 when they were removed to ,mount ,auburn1 and a monument was erected to his memory4 ,the monument is a beautiful fluted column1 surmounted by an urn4 ,it is encircled by a belt1 or tablet1 on which two inscriptions are placed2 on one side-- 8,,john ,,murray1 ,preacher of the ,gospel2 born in ,alton1 ,england1 ,december #aj1 #agda2 died in ,boston1 ,september #c1 #ahae2 rentombed beneath this stone1 ,june #h1 #ahcg40 ,on the opposite side-- 8,erected at the recommendation of the ,united ,states ,general ,convention of ,universalists40 ,elhanan ,winchester4 ,a distinguished advocate of ,universalism1 born in ,brookline1 ,massachusetts1 ,september #cj1 #agea4 ,in his nineteenth year1 he was converted1 under the preaching of the ,baptists2 and it was by his labors that the present ,baptist society in ,newton was originally gathered4 ,in the autumn of #aggd1 he made a journey to the ,southern ,states4 ,early in #aggh1 he first saw ,siegvolk's 8,everlasting ,gospel10 a work which originally appeared in ,holland1 but which had been translated and published by the ,mennonites of ,pennsylvania4 ,it made a very deep impression upon his mind4 ,in #aggi1 he came back to ,new ,england1 his convictions of the truth of ,universalism increasing upon him daily4 ,he set out on his return to ,south ,carolina in the autumn of #aghj1 and arrived at ,philadelphia on the #gth of ,october4 ,here he intended to remain but a few days2 but ,god evidently had a great work for him to do in this place4 ,even his enemies acknowledged that his 8manner of preaching was popular1 his address very fascinating1 and his appearance dignified and commanding40 ,the ,baptist church in that city invited him to tarry and preach to them1 and he at length consented4 ,about this time he read 8,stonehouse on ,universal ,restitution10 which served to confirm him greatly in his belief of that doctrine4 ,notwithstanding his great popularity1 a discontent began to show itself in certain members of the church4 ,he foresaw that a storm was rising1 and he determined to prepare for it2 not 7to use his words7 8by denying what ,i had said1 but by more fully examining1 and determining for myself1 whether the sentiment was according to ,scripture1 or not4 ,if ,i found it was not1 ,i was determined to retract2 but if it was1 to hold it fast1 let the consequences be what they might40 ,such was his truly ,christian resolution4 ,he avowed his belief in the final happiness of all men4 ,a majority of the church were in his favor2 but1 being a man of remarkably peaceful disposition1 he did not urge them to press their claims to the meeting-house2 but they retired to the hall of the university1 where they held their meetings for about four years1 until they purchased a place for themselves4 ,during the rest of his life1 he is to be viewed as the public advocate of universal restitution4 ,there were several eminent men who adhered to him1 and among others1 ,dr4 ,redman1 and the celebrated ,dr4 ,benjamin ,rush1 who remained his correspondent when he was in ,europe4 ,added to all his other troubles1 his domestic afflictions were very great4 ,at the age of thirty-two1 he had buried four wives4 ,the fifth was a desperate fury1 who gave him great trouble as long as he lived4 ,after preaching about six years in ,philadelphia1 he was seized with an irresistible impulse to visit ,england4 ,no persuasions could divert him from the purpose2 and in ,september1 #aghg1 he arrived1 almost penniless1 and a total stranger1 in the great metropolis of the ,british empire4 ,he preached in different parts of ,london1 and1 by his fervid eloquence and earnest defence of the restoration1 he soon gathered a congregation1 who took for him the chapel in ,parliament ,court1 in which he held his meetings until his departure for ,america4 ,he spent six years and a half in this country1 laboring assiduously to bring men to the knowledge of the truth2 and a deep and wide impression was made by his labors4 ,in consequence of the ill treatment he experienced from his wife1 he was obliged to leave her2 and he quitted ,england privately1 and came home1 filling the friends whom he had left behind with amazement1 being ignorant at first what had befallen him4 ,he arrived in ,boston in ,july1 #agid4 ,various were the speculations in this country in regard to his return4 ,but he commenced at once his labors as a preacher1 travelling in several of the states1--visited his former friends in ,philadelphia1 where he was joined by his wife1 who had come home to ,america1 and whom he freely forgave4 ,it became evident1 about this time1 that his health was greatly impaired2 and an increasing asthma foretold a fatal termination4 ,he came to ,hartford1 ,connecticut1 in ,october1 #agif1 and raised a congregation1 to which he preached until he could preach no more4 ,in ,april1 #agig1 he delivered a sermon1 under a strong presentiment that it was his last1 from ,st4 ,paul's farewell address to the elders of the ,ephesian church4 ,he never entered the desk again4 ,he contemplated his death with serenity and joy4 ,on the morning of his decease1 he commenced singing the hymn with several of his friends1--8,farewell1 my friends in ,christ below10 but his voice soon faltered1 and the torpor of death fell on him4 ,his friends became disconcerted1 and ceased to sing2 but he revived a little1 and encouraged them to go on1 joining in the first line of each verse1 until his voice was actually 8lost in death40 ,this was on the #ahth of ,april1 #agig1 in the #dgth year of his age4 ,his funeral sermon was preached by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,strong1 of ,hartford1 who bore a frank testimony to ,mr4 ,winchester's excellent character1 and his final constancy in the doctrine he had preached4 ,the following is the inscription on the stone erected to his memory3-- 8,the ,general ,convention of the ,universal ,churches1 in ,memory of their dear departed ,brother1 the ,,rev4 ,,elhanan ,,winchester1 erected this ,monumental ,stone4 ,he died ,april #ahth1 #agig1 aged #df years4 ,twas thine to preach1 with animated zeal1 ,the glories of the resurrection morn1 ,when sin1 death1 hell1 the power of ,christ shall feel1 ,and light1 life1 immortality1 be born40 ,saint ,genevieve4 ,born at ,nanterre1 about five miles from ,paris1 in the year #dbc1 about the time of ,pharamond1 the first king of ,france4 ,st4 ,germain1 bishop of ,auxerre1 observing in her1 when yet very young1 a particular disposition to sanctity1 advised her to take a vow of perpetual virginity1 which she accordingly did in the presence of the bishop of ,paris4 ,after the death of her parents1 she went to ,paris4 ,the city was about to be deserted1 when ,attila1 with his ,huns1 broke into ,france2 but ,genevieve assured the inhabitants of complete security1 if they would seek it by fervent prayers4 ,attila took his course from ,champaigne to ,orleans1 returned thence into ,champaigne1 without touching ,paris1 and was defeated in #dea4 ,by this event1 ,genevieve's reputation was established4 ,in a time of famine1 she went along the ,river ,seine1 from city to city1 and soon returned with twelve large vessels loaded with grain1 which she distributed gratuitously among the sufferers4 ,this increased her authority1 and she was highly honored by ,merovus and ,chilperic4 ,nothing1 however1 contributed more to her reputation for sanctity1 than the circumstance1 that1 from her fifteenth to her fiftieth year1 she ate nothing but barley-bread1 except that she took some beans every two or three weeks1 and1 after her fiftieth year1 some fish and milk4 ,in #dfj1 she built a church over the graves of ,st4 ,dionysius ,rusticus and ,eleutherius1 near the village of ,chasteville1 where ,dagobert afterwards founded the abbey of ,st4 ,denys4 ,she died in #dii or #eja1 and her body was placed in the subterraneous chapel which ,st4 ,denys had consecrated to the apostles ,paul and ,peter4 ,clovis1 by her request1 built a church over it1 which was afterwards called by her name1 as was also the abbey that was founded there4 ,another church1 consecrated to this saint1 was built adjoining to the church of ,notre ,dame4 ,her relics are preserved in the former4 ,the church celebrates the third of ,january1 the day on which she died1 in honor of her4 ,gilbert ,burnet4 ,bishop of ,salisbury1 was born at ,edinburgh1 in the year #afdc4 ,he was carefully educated by his father2 and1 having a strong constitution and a prodigious memory1 he applied himself closely to study1 and acquired a great portion of learning and knowledge1 which he seemed to have ready for all occasions4 ,he travelled through ,france1 ,italy1 and ,holland1 where he formed connections with many of the greatest persons of his time1 by whom he was much respected for his talents and virtues4 ,at ,amsterdam1 he became acquainted with the leading men of the different persuasions tolerated in the ,united ,provinces--,calvinists1 ,arminians1 ,lutherans1 ,anabaptists1 ,brownists1 ,roman ,catholics1 and ,unitarians2 amongst each of which1 he used frequently to declare1 he met with men of such unfeigned piety and virtue1 that he became strongly fixed in a principle of universal charity1 and an invincible abhorrence of all severities on account of religious opinions4 ,the following sentiments1 which he solemnly uttered towards the conclusion of his days1 are very expressive of the nature and power of true religion1 and of its influence upon his own mind3-- 8,i recommend10 he observes1 8to all sorts of men1 in the most serious manner1 the study and practice of religion1 as that which is the most important of all things1 and which is both the light of the world1 and the salt of the earth4 8,nothing so opens our faculties1 and composes and directs the whole man1 as an inward sense of ,god2 of his authority over us2 of the laws he has set us2 of his eye ever upon us2 of his hearing our prayers1 assisting our endeavors1 watching over our concerns2 of his being to judge1 and reward or punish1 us in another state1 according to what we have done in this4 ,nothing will give us such a detestation of sin1 and such a sense of the goodness of ,god1 and of our obligations to holiness1 as a right understanding and firm belief of the ,christian religion4 8,by living according to the rules of religion1 a man becomes the wisest1 the best1 and the happiest creature that he is capable of being4 ,honest industry1 the employing of time well1 a constant sobriety1 an undefiled purity and chastity1 with continued serenity1 are the best preservatives1 too1 of life and health2 so that1 take a man as an individual1 religion is his guard1 his perfection1 his beauty1 and his glory4 ,this will make him a light in the world1 shining brightly1 and enlightening many round about him4 8,thus religion1 if truly received and sincerely adhered to1 would prove the greatest of all blessings to a nation4 ,but by religion ,i understand something more than receiving particular doctrines1 though ever so true1 or professing them1 and engaging to support them1 even with zeal and eagerness4 ,what signify the best doctrines1 if men do not live suitably to them2 if they have not a due influence upon their thoughts and their lives8 ,men of bad lives1 with sound opinions1 are self-condemned1 and lie under a highly-aggravated guilt4 8,by religion ,i do not mean an outward compliance with forms and customs1 in going to church1 to prayers1 to sermons1 and to sacraments1 with an external show of devotion2 or1 which is more1 with some inward forced good thoughts1 in which many satisfy themselves1 while these have no visible effect on their lives1 nor any inward force to control and rectify their appetites1 passions1 and secret designs4 ,these customary performances1 how good and useful soever when understood and rightly directed1 are of little value when men rest on them1 and think1 because they do them1 they have acquitted themselves of their duty1 though they still continue proud1 covetous1 full of deceit1 envy1 and malice4 ,even secret prayers1 the most effectual means1 are designed for a higher end2 which is1 to possess our minds with such a constant and present sense of divine truths1 as may make these live in us1 and govern us1 and draw down such assistance1 as to exalt and sanctify our natures4 8,so that1 by religion1 ,i mean such a sense of divine truth as enters into a man1 and becomes the spring of a new nature within him2 reforming his thoughts and designs2 purifying his heart2 sanctifying and governing his whole deportment1 his words as well as his actions2 convincing him that it is not enough not to be scandalously vicious1 or to be innocent in his conversation1 but that he must be entirely1 uniformly1 and constantly1 pure and virtuous1 animated with zeal to be still better and better1 more eminently good and exemplary4 8,this is true religion1 which is the perfection of human nature1 and the joy and delight of every one that feels it active and strong within him4 ,it is true1 this is not arrived at all at once1 and it will have an unhappy alloy1 hanging long even about a good man2 but1 as those ill mixtures are the perpetual grief of his soul1 so that it is his chief care to watch over and to mortify them1 he will be in a continual progress1 still gaining ground upon himself2 and as he attains to a degree of purity1 he will find a noble flame of life and joy growing up in him4 ,of this ,i write with a greater concern and emotion1 because ,i have felt it to be the true1 and1 indeed1 the only joy which runs through a man's heart and life4 ,it is this which has been1 for many years1 my greatest support4 ,i rejoice daily in it4 ,i feel from it the earnest of that supreme joy which ,i want and long for2 and ,i am sure there is nothing else which can afford any true and complete happiness40 ,this eminent scholar1 ,christian1 and divine1 departed this life on the seventeenth of ,march1 #agad4 ,,theological ,,schools4 ,name4 ,place4 ,denom4 ,open4 ,prof4 ,stud4 ,total4 ,bangor ,bangor1 ,cong4 #ahaf #c #dc #aci ,theol4 ,me4 ,seminary ,new ,hampt4 ,n4 ,baptist #ahbh #b #cf #ge ,theo4 ,inst4 ,hampt41 ,n4 ,h4 ,gilmanton ,gilmanton ,cong4 #ahce #c #bf #ba ,theol4 ,sem4 do4 ,theological ,andover1 ,cong4 #ahjh #e #adb #ghe ,seminary4 ,mass4 ,divinity ,cambridge1 ,cong4 #ahaf #b #bg #aia ,sch4 ,harv4 do4 ,unit4 ,univ4 ,theological ,newton1 ,baptist #ahbe #c #cc #acg ,institution do4 ,theol4 ,dep4 ,n4 ,haven1 ,cong4 #ahbb #c #fa #bde ,yale ,college ,ct4 ,theol4 ,inst4 ,e4 ,cong4 #ahcd #c #bi #cg of ,conn4 ,windsor1 do4 ,theol4 ,inst4 ,new ,york1 ,prot4 #ahag #e #gd #ahf ,epis4 ,church ,n4 ,y4 ,epis4 ,new ,york do4 do4 ,presbyt4 #ahcf #d #abi ,theol4 ,sem4 ,theol4 ,sem4 ,auburn1 ,presbyt4 #ahba #d #ga #cdd of ,auburn do4 ,hamilton ,hamilton1 ,baptist #ahbj #d #bg #abd ,lit4 and ,th4 do4 ,inst4 ,hartwick ,hartwick1 ,lutheran #ahaf #b #c ,seminary do4 ,theol4 ,sem4 ,newburgh1 ,ass4 #ahcf #c #aa ,as4 ,ref4 ,ch4 do4 ,ref4 ,ch4 ,th4 ,sem4 ,n4 ,br'wick ,dutch #aghd #c #cf #agi ,dutch ,ref4 ,n4 ,j4 ,ref4 ,ch4 ,theol4 ,sem4 ,princeton1 ,presbyt4 #ahab #e #aac #gad ,pr4 ,ch4 ,u4 do4 ,s4 ,sem4 ,luth4 ,gettysburg1 ,evang4 #ahbf #c #bf #acj ,ch4 ,u4 ,pa4 ,l4 ,states ,german ,york1 do4 ,g4 ,ref4 #ahbe #b #bj ,reformed ,ch4 ,west4 ,theol4 ,alleghany ,presbyt4 #ahbh #b #ca #age ,seminary ,t4 do4 ,theological ,canonsburg1 ,asso4 #b #bb #dg ,school do4 ,ch4 ,theological ,pittsburg1 ,asso4 #ahbh #a #ai ,seminary do4 ,ref4 ,mercersburg ,mercersburg1 ,theol4 ,sem4 do4 ,epis4 ,theol4 ,fairfax ,co41 ,prot4 #ahbb #d #dc #abf ,school of ,va4 ,epis4 ,va4 ,union ,theol4 ,pr4 ,ed4 ,co41 ,presbyt4 #ahbd #c #bj #age ,seminary do4 ,virginia ,richmond1 ,baptist #ahcb #c #fg ,baptist do4 ,seminary ,southern ,columbia1 ,s4 ,presbyt4 #ahca #c #ah #fb ,theol4 ,c4 ,seminary ,theological ,lexington1 ,lutheran #ahce #b #aj #bj ,seminary do4 ,furman ,high ,hills1 ,baptist #b #cj #cj ,theol4 do4 ,seminary ,lit4 and ,eaton1 ,ga4 ,baptist #ahcd #aj ,theol4 ,seminary ,south-,west4 ,maryville1 ,presbyt4 #ahba #b #bd #ij ,theol4 ,sem4 ,ten4 ,lane ,cincinnati1 ,presbyt4 #ahbi #c #fa #dc ,seminary ,ohio4 ,theol4 ,dep1 ,gambier1 do4 ,prot4 #ahbh #c #aj ,ken4 ,college ,epis4 ,theol4 ,dep4 ,hudson1 do4 ,presbyt4 #c #ad #f ,wes4 ,res4 ,col4 ,theological ,columbus1 ,lutheran ,school do4 ,granville ,granville1 ,baptist #ahcb #b #h ,theol4 ,dep4 do4 ,oberlin ,oberlin1 do4 ,presbyt4 #ahcd #d #eh ,theol4 ,dep4 ,indiana ,s4 ,hanover1 ,presbyt4 #b #aj ,theol4 ,in4 ,seminary ,alton ,theol4 ,upper ,alton1 ,baptist #ahce ,seminary ,il4 ,carlinville ,carlinville1 ,presbyt4 #ahch ,theol4 ,sem4 do4 ,theol4 ,dep4 ,n4 ,palmyra1 ,presbyt4 #a ,marion ,col4 ,mo4 ,for a notice of the ,roman ,catholic seminaries1 see page #cbe4 ,progress ,of ,christianity4 ,m4 ,,laffon ,,de ,,ladebat1 of ,france1 computes the number of ,christians1 in each century1 since the ,christian era1 as follows3-- #ast century #ejj1jjj #b;d #b1jjj1jjj #c;d #e1jjj1jjj #dth #aj1jjj1jjj #eth #ae1jjj1jjj #fth #cj1jjj1jjj #gth #be1jjj1jjj #hth #cj1jjj1jjj #ith #dj1jjj1jjj #ajth #ej1jjj1jjj #aath #fj1jjj1jjj #abth #gj1jjj1jjj #acth #ge1jjj1jjj #adth #hj1jjj1jjj #aeth #ajj1jjj1jjj #afth #abe1jjj1jjj #agth #aee1jjj1jjj #ahth #bjj1jjj1jjj ,since the commencement of the nineteenth century1 the number of ,christians has increased1 with great rapidity1 in all parts of the world4 ,,footnotes #a ,the #bast of the former ,articles is omitted1 because it is partly of a local and civil nature1 and is provided for1 as to the remaining parts of it1 in other ,articles4 #b 8,as far as it respects civil affairs1 we believe it the duty of ,christians1 and especially all ,christian ministers1 to be subject to the supreme authority of the country where they may reside1 and to use all laudable means to enjoin obedience to the powers that be2 and therefore it is expected that all our preachers and people1 who may be under the ,british or any other government1 will behave themselves as peaceable and orderly subjects40 #c 8,the question is1 not whether ,god1 all things considered1 has purposed the existence of sin rather than to prevent it2 but for what reason has he purposed it8 ,some affirm this reason to be1 that sin is the necessary means of the greatest good4 ,now1 what ,i claim1 and all that ,i claim1 is1 that no one can prove this to be the reason why ,god has purposed the existence of sin1 and that some other may be the true reason1 without affirming what the true reason is40 #d ,the ,exode did not begin until ,terah's death2 then ,abraham left ,haran1 and the ,exode began1 as is clearly proved by ,acts #g3d4 #e ,exode in ,egypt from ,abraham to wilderness state4 #f ,joshua was a young man when he came out of ,egypt1 7,exod4 #cc3aa27 could not have been more than #de years old then2 #he when he entered ,canaan1 and #aaj when he died1 leaves #be years4 #g ,judges begin4 ,see ,judges #b3g-ae4 #h ,this ends the ,judges1--#ddh years4 ,acts #ac3bj2 also1 chap4 #h4 #i ,samuel could not have been more than #ch when ,eli died4 ,then1 ,israel was lamenting the loss of the ark more than #bj years4 ,samuel judged ,israel some years after1 and became old1 and his sons judged ,israel4 ,he must have been #fb or #fc when ,saul was made king4 #aj ,see #b ,kings1 chapters #ad and #ae4 #aa ,see ,ferguson's ,astronomy2 also1 ,prideaux's ,connection4 #ab ,see ,,biographical ,,sketches4 #ac #ag churches1 #af ministers1 and #bbcf members1 in this state1 are included in the ,new ,york ,association4 #ad #i churches1 #g ministers1 and #ebf members1 in this state1 are included in the ,mississippi ,association4 #ae ,archbishop ,cranmer was the first in this succession1 at and after the ,reformation2 and ,bishop ,white was the connecting link between the ,english and ,american successions4 #af ,the reader will perceive some difference in the dates1 and also in the spelling between this list and the list of ,bishops1 p4 #cae4 ,this difference arises from the following of different authorities in the chronology and spelling by the compilers of the two lists4 ,it will be seen that they agree in the order of succession1 with one or two exceptions4 ,the fourth and fifth names in this list are generally considered as the same individual1 and the best authorities place him before ,clement4 ,the other apparent differences in the succession are caused by the inserting in this list of the names of all who were in the see of ,rome at any time2 while in the other1 those who were not lawful bishops of ,rome are omitted4