,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,mohl]1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,report ,,on ,,diseases ,,( ,,cattle4 ,,by ,drs4 ,,atk9son1 ,,dickson1 ,,ei*horn1 ,,hickman1 ,,law1 ,,l[e1 ,,m>%1 ,,mohl]1 ,,murray1 ,,pe>son1 ,,ransom1 ,,trumb[]1 & ,,woodw>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,revis$ ,,edition1 #aibc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,usda seal ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #aibc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$1 tables h be5 modifi$ :]e necess>y to fit )9 ! con/ra9ts ( a text file1 & footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! ends ( ! sections4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ 7e4g41 ,d',arboval_/,d',arborval7 & hyph5ation 7e4g41 po/mortem_/po/-mortem7 h be5 resolv$ 9 all cases :]e x 0 possible to div9e ! au?or's int5t ) a reasonable degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! occasional error :i* c\ld n be resolv$ 0 m>k$ sic4 ,italiciz$ lett]s & words are enclos$ by und]scores4 ,subscripts are repres5t$ by an und]score & curly braces3 #b 7= example1 ,si,o#b74 ,ligatures :i* _c be reproduc$ 9 ! ,lat9-#a "* set are enclos$ 9 brackets 7= example1 ,coenurus74 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract f ,an act mak+ appropriations = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aibd1 & = o!r purposes1 approv$ ,febru>y #bf1 #aibc4 ,public--,no4 #ddf4 ,= pr9t+1 b9d+1 & di/ribution ( ! publications entitl$ ,diseases ( ! ,horse & ,diseases ( ,cattle1 #bjj1jjj3 ,provid$1 ,t said publications %all be deposit$ "o-?ird 9 ! fold+ room ( ! ,s5ate & two-?irds 9 ! fold+ room ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & said docum5ts %all be di/ribut$ by ,memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es4 ,by ,,leon>d ,,pe>son #g ,diseases ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,murray #ab ,poisons & poison+4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atk9son #ea ,diseases ( ! he>t1 blood vessels1 & lymphatics4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,h>baugh #gc ,noncontagi\s diseases ( ! organs ( respiration4 ,by ,,william ,,h]b]t ,,l[e #hg ,diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,h>baugh #aja ,diseases ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law #aac ,diseases ( ! g5]ative organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law #adg ,diseases foll[+ p>turition4 ,by ,,james ,,law #bad ,diseases ( "y calves4 ,by ,,james ,,law #bdg ,bones3 ,diseases & accid5ts4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atk9son #bfd ,surgical op]ations4 ,by ,,william ,,dickson & ,,william ,,h]b]t ,,l[e #bhi ,tumors affect+ cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl] #cjc ,diseases ( ! sk94 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[] #cbj ,diseases ( ! foot4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[] #cce ,diseases ( ! eye & its app5dages4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[] #cdj ,diseases ( ! e>4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[] #cee ,infecti\s diseases ( cattle4 ,revis$ by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl] #ceh ,! animal p>asites ( cattle4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,ransom #ejb ,mycotic /omatitis ( cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl] #ecb ,index #ech ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,position ( ! fir/ /oma* 7rum5 or paun*7 #dh ,,ii4 ,/oma*s ( rum9ants #dh ,,iii4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 treat+ diseases ( dige/ive organs #dh ,,iv4 ,microscopic anatomy ( ! liv] #dh ,v4 ,ergot 9 hay #dh ,,vi4 ,ergotism #dh ,,vii4 ,diagram ( ! circulation ( ! blood #hf ,,viii4 ,position ( ! lung #ij ,,ix4 ,kidney & male g5]ative & ur9>y organs #ade ,x4 ,microscopic anatomy ( ! kidney #ade ,,xi4 ,calculi ( kidney & bladd] #adf ,,xii4 ,fetal calf )9 its membranes #baj ,,xiii4 ,pregnant ut]us ) cotyl$ons #baj ,,xiv4 ,vessels ( umbilical cord #baa ,,xv4 ,normal position ( calf 9 ut]o #baa ,,xvi4 ,abnormal positions ( calf 9 ut]o #baa ,,xvii4 ,abnormal positions ( calf 9 ut]o #baa ,,xviii4 ,abnormal positions ( calf 9 ut]o2 surgical in/rum5ts & sutures #bab ,,xix4 ,mon/rosities #bab ,,xx4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 difficult labor #bab ,,xxi4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 difficult labor #bac ,,xxii4 ,supports = prolaps$ ut]us #bdf ,,xxiii4 ,supports = prolaps$ ut]us #bdf ,,xxiv4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 diseases foll[+ p>turition #bdf ,,xxv4 ,skeleton ( ! c[ #bhb ,,xxvi4 ,devices = ca/+ cattle #cjb ,,xxvii4 ,surgical in/rum5ts & sutures #cjb ,,xxviii4 ,v>i\s bact]ia :i* produce disease 9 cattle #cfj ,,xxix4 ,upp] or dorsal surface ( ! lungs ( ! ox #cfh ,,xxx4 ,bron*o-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxi4 ,contagi\s pleuro-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxii4 ,contagi\s pleuro-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxiii4 ,foot-&-m\? disease #chd ,,xxxiv4 ,tub]culosis ( ! lungs ( cattle #daf ,,xxxv4 ,tub]culosis ( ! liv] #daf ,,xxxvi4 ,tub]culosis ( lymph gl& & ( om5tum 7caul7 #daf ,,xxxvii4 ,fig4 #a4--,tub]culosis ( sirlo9 & port]h\se cuts ( beef4 ,fig4 #b4--,tub]culosis ( pleura ( c[1 s-call$ pe>ly disease #daf ,,xxxviii4 ,tub]culosis ( c['s udd] #daf ,,xxxix4 ,act9omycosis #dej ,,xl4 ,act9omycosis ( ! jaw #dej ,,xli4 ,act9omycosis ( ! lungs #dej ,,xlii4 ,section ( muscle f a blackleg swell+ #dfd ,,xliii4 ,necrotic /omatitis 7calf diph!ria7 #dfd ,,xliv4 ,normal sple5 & sple5 affect$ by ,texas fev] #ejd ,,xlv4 ,texas fev] #ejd ,,xlvi4 ,! cattle tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus71 ! c>ri] ( ,texas fev] #ejd ,,xlvii4 ,! cattle tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus7 #ejd ,,xlviii4 ,portion ( a /e]'s hide %[+ ! ,texas fev] tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus7 #ejd ,,xlix4 ,fig4 #a4--,tick-infe/$ /e]4 ,fig4 #b4--;,dipp+ cattle to kill ticks #ejd ,l4 ,facsimile ( po/] comp>+ ticky & tick-free cattle #ejd ,,text ,,figures4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,hornfly 7,hmatobia s]rata7 9 re/+ position #ejd #b4 ,hornflies 7,hmatobia s]rata7 on c[ horn #eje #c4 ,buffalo gnat #ejf #d4 ,screw worm 7l>va ( ,*rysomyia macell>ia7 #ejf #e4 ,screw-worm fly 7,*rysomyia macell>ia7 #ejg #f4 ,! w>ble fly 7,hypod]ma l9eata7 #ejh #g4 ,%ort-nos$ blue l\se 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus7 ( cattle #eab #h4 ,long-nos$ blue l\se 7,hmatop9us vituli7 ( cattle #eab #i4 ,r$ l\se 7,tri*odectes scal>is7 ( cattle #eac #aj4 ,egg ( %ort-nos$ blue l\se 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus7 atta*$ to a hair #eac #aa4 ,mite :i* causes psoroptic scab ( %eep #ead #ab4 ,portion ( ! wall ( ! fir/ /oma* ) conical flukes 7,p>amphi/omum c]vi7 atta*$ #eai #ac4 ,twi/$ /oma* worms 7,hmon*us contortus7 #eai #ad4 ,twi/$ /oma* worms 7,hmon*us contortus7 enl>g$ #ebj #ae4 ,embryo ( twi/$ /oma* worm 7,hmon*us contortus7 coil$ on tip ( grass blade #eba #af4 ,a dr5*+ tube made f an ord9>y t9 funnel1 a piece ( rubb] hose1 & a piece ( brass pipe #ebb #ag4 ,piece ( l9+ ( f\r? /oma* %[+ cy/s ( ! ency/$ /oma* worm 7,o/]tatia o/]tagi7 #ebc #ah4 ,a tapeworm 7,moniezia planissima7 :i* infe/s cattle #ebd #ai4 ,! common liv] fluke 7,fasciola hepatica7 #ebf #bj4 ,! l>ge ,am]ican fluke 7,fasciola magna7 #ebf #ba4 ,portion ( grass /alk be>+ ?ree ency/$ c]c>i ( ! common liv] fluke 7,fasciola hepatica7 #ebg #bb4 ,hydatids 7,e*9ococcus granulosus7 9 portion ( hog's liv] #ebh #bc4 ,?9-neck$ bladd] worm 7,tnia hydatig5a7 f abdom9al cavity ( a /e] #ebi #bd4 ,lung worms 7,dictyocaulus vivip>us7 ( cattle #ecj ,,special ,,report ,,on ,,diseases ,,( ,,cattle ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,m$ic9es4 ,by ,,leon>d ,,pe>son1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,m$ic9es may be adm9i/]$ to cattle 9 _m ways4 ,! *annel & me?od ( adm9i/ration dep5d on :e!r a g5]al or local effect is desir$1 ! condition ( ! animal1 & ! nature ( ! m$ic9e t is to be giv54 ,! easie/ me?od1 & !re=e ! mo/ common1 is to give ord9>y rem$ies by ! m\? ) ! food1 ) dr9k1 or sep>ately4 ,!re1 are1 h[ev]1 "s conditions 9 :i* m$ic9es adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way w n act promptly en\gh1 or :]e9 a desir$ effect ( ! m$ic9e on a di/ant "p ( ! body is :olly lack+ unless x is appli$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( adm9i/]+ m$ic9es to cattle w be consid]$ bel[4 ,,by ,,! ,,m\?4--,! simple/ way to give m$ic9es by ! m\? is to mix !m ) ! food or wat]4 ,?is c be done :5 ! m$ic9e is 9 ! =m ( a p[d] or fluid1 if b a small quantity is to be giv51 if x does n h a ta/e t is disagreeable to ! animal & is n s irritant z to injure ! l9+ membranes ( ! m\? & ?roat4 ,! usual me?od ( adm9i/]+ bulky or unpalatable doses is to mix !m ) a fluid vehicle1 su* z wat]1 milk1 molasses1 or bro?1 & give f a bottle4 ,a dose giv5 9 ?is way is kn[n z a dr5*4 ,9 adm9i/]+ a dr5* ! head ( ! animal %\ld be elevat$ a little by an assi/ant4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ :5 /&+ on ! left side ( ! c['s head & by grasp+ ! nose ) ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! "r h& ins]t$ 9 ! no/rils2 ) ! left h& b5ea? ! *9 ! head is fur!r rais$ & support$4 ,if ! animal is unruly1 x may be ti$ 9 a /all or plac$ 9 a /an*ion4 ,! m$ic9e c n[ be p\r$ into ! m\? by ins]t+ ! neck ( ! bottle betwe5 ! lips on ! "r side4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid gett+ ! bottle betwe5 ! back tee?4 ,! m\? ( ! bottle %\ld be ins]t$ z f> z ! middle ( ! tongue & ! cont5ts p\r$ sl[ly4 ,if ! c[ c\ghs1 ! head mu/ at once be l[]$ to p]mit ! fluid to escape f ! l>ynx4 ,if m$ic9e is giv5 dur+ c\gh+1 "s ( ! dose may pass d[n ! w9dpipe to ! lungs & cause a sev]e or a fatal pneumonia4 ,?is is especially to be gu>d$ aga9/ :5 ! ?roat is p>tly p>alyz$ or ins5sitive1 z 9 p>turi5t p>esis 7milk fev]74 ,9 ?is disease x has (t5 happ5$ t dr5*es h be5 p\r$ into ! lungs1 ?us kill+ ! c[4 ,! quantity ( fluid to be giv5 9 a dr5* dep5ds ^u ! effect desir$ & ! nature ( ! m$ic9e4 ,9 impactions ( ! /oma* v l>ge quantities ( fluid may be giv5--z mu* z a gallon or sev]al gallons at a "t4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 x is n cu/om>y or desirable to give m ?an f #a to #b qu>ts at a dose1 & n m ?an a p9t unless x is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! irritant quality ( ! drug t has to be %ield$ ) a l>ge quantity ( ! vehicle4 ,soluble m$ic9es %\ld be completely dissolv$ be=e !y are giv52 insoluble ones %\ld be f9ely divid$ by p[d]+ or by %ak+1 & %\ld be well agitat$ & mix$ imm$iately be=e !y are giv54 ,9 ! latt] case a m5/ruum ) consid]able body1 su* z molasses or flaxse$ tea or milk1 w help to hold solids or oils 9 susp5sion until swall[$4 ,balls are l>ge pills adapt$ = ! l>g] animals4 ,p[d]s or gums are sometimes mix$ ) an adhesive sub/ance & roll$ into balls = ! purpose ( conv5i5ce ( adm9i/ration4 ,balls are n us$ s mu* & are n s well adapt$ to ! m$ication ( cattle z ( horses4 ,! process ( solution is sl[] 9 ! paun* ( a c[ ?an 9 ! /oma* ( a horse2 if ! c[ is s sick z to h /opp$ rum9at+1 a ball may get cov]$ up & lo/ 9 ! mass ( mat]ial 9 ! paun* & s lie = days1 produc+ no effect :atev]4 ,capsules are %ells or envelopes made ( soluble gelat9 9 :i* p[d]s or liquids may be inclos$4 ,capsules & balls are adm9i/]$ by be+ plac$ on ! tongue well back 9 ! m\? :ile ! tongue is drawn =w>d & ! m\? is held op5 by a block ( wood betwe5 ! back tee?4 ,! ball %\ld be dropp$1 ! tongue releas$1 & ! block remov$ z ne>ly simultane\sly z possible1 s t ! backw>d c>riage ( ! tongue w ?r[ ! ball into ! ?roat & lead to its be+ swall[$4 ,9 introduc+ ! ball c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid hav+ ! h& cut or cru%$4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce x is possible to d away ) ! block ( wood4 ,,by ,,! ,,/oma*4--,m$ic9es are introduc$ directly into ! fir/ /oma* by ! use ( an esophageal tube or ?r\gh ! cannula ( a troc> pass$ into ! paun* ?r\gh ! side4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( diseases ( dige/ion4 ,,by ,,! ,,rectum4--,m$ic9es are usually adm9i/]$ by ! rectum = ! purpose ( controll+ ! b[els & = ! treatm5t ( local diseases4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 m$ic9es t h a g5]al effect are giv5 9 ?is way :51 = any reason1 x is n possible or conv5i5t to give !m ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,only drugs t are readily absorb$ %\ld be giv5 p] rectum = a g5]al effect & 9 some:at l>g] dose or m frequ5tly ?an :5 giv5 by ! m\?4 ,su* /imulants z e!r1 alcohol1 or ! aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 dilut$ ) f f\r to six times _! bulk ( w>m wat]1 may be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,rectal injections1 or enemata1 are us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( con/ipation4 ,if x is ! purpose ( ! injection to s(t5 h>d5$ fecal masses1 ! wat] %\ld be com=tably w>m & may h a little clean soap 9 x4 ,if x is ! purpose ( ! injection to /imulate sluggi% b[els to contraction1 ! wat] may be cold4 ,9 giv+ rectal injections a rectal syr+e may be us$1 or1 bett]1 a piece ( "o-half to ?ree-qu>t] in* rubb] hose #e feet long ) a t9 funnel atta*$ to "o end4 ,! hose is soap$ or oil$ & introduc$ sl[ly & g5tly into ! rectum #b or #c feet4 ,! fluid is !n sl[ly p\r$ into ! funnel & all[$ to gravitate into ! rectum4 ,! same app>atus may be us$ = fe$+ by ! rectum4 ,,by ,,! ,,vag9a4--,m$ic9es are ins]t$ into ! vag9a1 & ?r\gh ! vag9a into ! womb1 9 a mann] simil> to t ( rectal adm9i/ration4 ,mo/ ( ! m$ication made use ( 9 ?is way is = ! local treatm5t ( ^! organs4 ,foll[+ calv+1 dur+ outbreaks ( abortion1 & 9 an infecti\s disease ( ! vag9a1 su* injections become necess>y4 ,,by ,,! ,,udd]4--,injections into ! udd] are n[ regul>ly made 9 ! treatm5t ( p>turi5t p>esis 7milk fev]74 ,= ?is purpose a #a p] c5t solution ( iodid ( potassium is commonly employ$1 al?\gh "s o!r solutions & oxyg5 gas are also us$4 ,9 mak+ ?is injection s _m precautions are necess>y 9 relation to ! /]ilization ( ! app>atus & ! teats & sk9 t ?is "w %\ld be left to a skill$ vet]9>ian4 ,! introduction ( ev5 a m9ute quantity ( infecti\s dirt may cause ! loss ( ! udd]4 ,= mak+ ?is injection "o may use "o ( ! prep>$ sets ( app>atus or a milk+ tube & funnel connect$ by a piece ( small rubb] hose4 ,! app>atus %\ld be boil$ & kept wrapp$ 9 a clean t[el until ne$$4 ,! udd] & teats & ! h&s ( ! op]ator mu/ be well dis9fect$1 & ! solution mu/ be fre%ly made ) rec5tly boil$ wat] kept 9 a /]ile bottle4 ,! udd] %\ld be empti$ ( milk be=e ! injection is made4 ,aft] all ^! precautions h be5 obs]v$ ! milk+ tube may be ins]t$ & ?r\gh x "o-half p9t ( solution introduc$ by gravity air pressure or by syr+e4 ,!re is practically no dang] 9 ?is mode ( treatm5t if x is prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,injections into ! udd] are sometimes made 9 ! treatm5t ( g>get1 b s f> ) indiff]5t success4 ,,by ,,! ,,no/rils4--,an animal may be caus$ to inhale m$ic9e 9 ! =m ( gas or vapor or to snuff up a f9e p[d]4 ,sometimes1 = ! purpose ( local treatm5t1 fluids are inject$ into ! nose4 ,a m$ic9e inhal$ may h ei!r a local or a g5]al effect4 ,m$icat$ /eam1 c>ry+ ! volatile products ( comp\nd cresol solution1 c>bolic acid1 balsam ( ,p]u1 comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 t9cture ( iod91 etc41 may be lib]at$ b5ea? ! no/rils ( a c[ s t %e mu/ inhale ^! soo?+ vapors2 b su* treatm5t is n s common = cattle z = horses4 ,9 produc+ g5]al ane/hesia1 or ins5sibility to pa91 ! vapor ( *lor(orm or e!r is adm9i/]$ by ! no/rils4 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is x is necess>y to ca/ & conf9e ! animal4 ,great c>e is necess>y to avoid complete /oppage ( ! he>t or brea?+4 ,,by ,,! ,,tra*ea4--,m$ic9es are inject$ into ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 9 ! treatm5t ( "s =ms ( diseases ( ! lungs1 & especially 9 t =m ( bron*itis or pneumonia t is caus$ by lungworms4 ,= ?is injection a l>ge hypod]mic syr+e1 fitt$ ) a v ?ick1 /rong ne$le1 is us$4 ,! ne$le is to be ins]t$ ab\t ! middle ( ! neck & betwe5 ! c>tilag9\s r+s ( ! tra*ea4 ,,by ,,! ,,sk94--,al?\gh a numb] ( drugs1 notably m]cury1 are s readily absorb$ by ! sk9 ( cattle z to r5d] poison+ easy1 m$ic9es are n giv5 9 ?is way = _! g5]al or con/itutional b only = _! local effect4 ,diseases ( ! sk9 & sup]ficial p>asites are treat$ or de/roy$ by applications 9 ! =ms ( wa%es1 o9tm5ts1 dips1 & p[d]s4 ,l9im5ts & lotions are appli$ to ! sk9 = ! relief ( "s ne>-ly+ "p1 su* z a muscle1 t5don1 or jo9t4 ,bli/]s are appli$ to ! sk9 = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! effect ( c\nt]irritation ^u a neighbor+ region or organ4 ,cold wat] may be appli$ to ! sk9 to r$uce ! temp]ature & to dim9i% conge/ion or inflammation 9 a sup]ficial area or to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! :ole body4 ,high fev] & heat /rokes are treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,,by ,,! ,,tissue ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,sk94--,hypod]mic or subcutane\s injections are (t5 made = ! purpose ( introduc+ a drug1 reag5t1 or vacc9e directly into ! connect+ tissue b5ea? ! sk94 ,introduc$ 9 ?is way1 ! sub/ance is quickly absorb$1 none ( x is lo/1 & its :ole effect is obta9$1 (t5 )9 a few m9utes4 ,!re are num]\s precautions necess>y 9 mak+ a subcutane\s injection1 mo/ ( :i* h to d ) cleans+ & /]ilization4 ,x is also important to select a prop] site = ! injection1 s t blood vessels1 jo9ts1 & sup]ficial n]ves1 organs1 or cavities may all be avoid$4 ,) due reg>d = ! necess>y precautions1 !re is practically no dang] 9 su* an injection1 b x %\ld be attempt$ only by ^? :o are able to c>ry x ?r\gh 9 a surgically clean way4 ,only c]ta9 drugs c be giv5 subcutane\sly1 & dosage mu/ be accurately graduat$4 ,,by ,,! ,,ve9s4--,c]ta9 m$ic9es act mo/ promptly & surely :5 introduc$ directly into ! blood by inject+ !m into a ve91 usually ! jugul>4 ,"s vacc9es & antitox9s are adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way4 ,intrav5\s injection %\ld be practic$ only by exp]i5c$ vet]9>ians4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,murray1 ,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,r4,w4 ,,hickman1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,"* ,,( ,,fe$s ,,& ,,fe$+4 ,diseases ( ! dige/ive organs are v common among cattle1 & may (t5 be trac$ to defects 9 fe$+4 ,! fir/ ?ree /oma*s ( ! l>g] rum9ants hold ! fe$ = a long "t1 dur+ :i* p]iod x is subject$ to mac]at+1 mix+1 & /ra9+ processes 9 prep>ation = entrance into ! f\r? or true /oma*4 ,! /ra9+ is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! manyplies or book1 :ile ! paun*1 or rum51 ) its adjunct1 ! wat]bag1 is conc]n$ 9 ! mac]at+1 knead+1 & mix+1 z well z 9 regurgitation = rum9ation or ! *ew+ ( ! cud4 ,! action ( ! fir/ ?ree /oma*s is m]ely prep>atory to dige/ion4 ,?us x w\ld seem t z a result ( _! complex anatomical & functional arrangem5t ! fe$ ( ! ox1 :5 ( good quality & :olesome1 is 9 ! mo/ favorable condition possible = ! dige/ive process :5 x rea*es ! f\r? /oma*1 :]e true dige/ion fir/ takes place4 ,! location & arrangem5t ( ! /oma*s are %[n 9 ,plates ,i & ,,ii4 ,if ! fe$ is ( improp] "*1 or is s giv5 t x c n be c>$ = by ! animal 9 a normal way1 false f]m5tations arise1 caus+ indige/ion1 & possibly1 lat]1 organic disease4 ,9 fe$+ cattle !re are a numb] ( important consid]ations ap>t f ! economy ( ! ration1 & "s ( ^! are not$ bel[4 ,fe$s mu/ n be damag$ by exposure to ! wea!r1 by fro/1 by molds1 or by delet]i\s f]m5tations4 ,damag$ fe$s ret>d or prev5t dige/ion1 & sometimes !y conta9 or cause to be g5]at$ sub/ances t irritate ! dige/ive tract1 or are di/9ctly poison\s to ! animal4 ,= example1 hay t 0 ra9$ on sev]ely dur+ cur+ has n only lo/ a "p ( its nutritive value ?r\gh a wa%+-out process1 b :at rema9s is n s readily available z 9 good hay4 ,roots t h be5 froz5 are likely to irritate & injure ! dige/ive tract4 ,grass eat5 ) fro/ on x may cause sev]e indige/ion4 ,all moldy fe$s are n injuri\s1 = "s molds appe> to h no influ5ce on ! process ( dige/ion1 b ^? ( o!r species may n only ret>d dige/ion & cause local injury to ! dige/ive organs1 b may cause g5]al poison+ ( a sev]e & fatal type4 ,! foll[+ molds h be5 %[n 7,dammann7 to be dang]\s 9 respect to ! production ( ! morbid conditions enum]at$3 ,tilletia c>ies gr[s *iefly 9 :eat & may be f\nd ) ! gra91 ?us appe>+ 9 ! bran or meal4 ,x causes p>alysis ( ! ?roat & sp9al cord & irritation ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,! ru/s1 su* z ,pucc9ia gram9is1 ,p4 /ram9is1 ,p4 ,coronata1 & ,p4 arud9acea1 cause colic & di>rhea1 & 9 "s cases p>tial p>alysis ( ! ?roat4 ,! ru/s t occur on clov]s1 beans1 & peas cause v sev]e irritation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\? & ?roat1 result+ sometimes 9 gangr5e ( ?is tissue4 ,polydesmus exitans gr[s on ! leaves ( rape & turnips1 appe>+ 9 e>ly summ]4 ,?is fungus is v irritat+ to ! m\?s & feet ( cattle1 caus+ sev]e inflammation & ! =mation ( a false membrane4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is condition has be5 mi/ak5 = foot-&-m\? disease1 b x c be diff]5tiat$ by ! abs5ce ( ! bli/] t is *>act]i/ic ( t disease & by ! fur!r fact t x is nontransmissible4 ,polytr9cium trifolii1 :i* gr[s on clov]1 caus+ x to become black1 causes sev]e irritation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es ( cattle fe$+ ^u x4 ,fe$s mu/ n conta9 too l>ge a proportion ( woody fib] or ( indige/ible sub/ances4 ,if ! dry matt] +e/$ or ! bulk ( ! fe$ is v great on acc\nt ( ! small proportion ( dige/ible matt]1 x is impossible = ! great mass to be moi/5$ prop]ly ) & attack$ by ! dige/ive juices4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 abnormal f]m5tations arise1 caus+ indige/ion & irritation ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ration too conc5trat$1 & especially too ri* 9 prote91 is n suitable1 because1 aft] a meal1 ! animal mu/ h a c]ta9 feel+ ( fullness 9 ord] to be com=table & quiet1 & ! dige/ive organs require a relatively l>ge volume ( cont5ts to fill !m to ! po9t :]e secretion is prop]ly /imulat$ & _! activity is mo/ effici5t4 ,if too mu* prote9 is 9 ! ration !re is a wa/e ( exp5sive fe$1 & ! t5d5cy is = ! animal to become ?94 ,x is evid5t t a c[ c n ?rive on conc5trat$ fe$s alone1 ev5 ?\gh ^! conta9 9 assimilable =m all ! nutritive mat]ials ne$$ = p]fect support4 ,x is because bulk is necess>y t ! /&>d ( ab\t #be p\nds ( dry matt] p] c[ p] day has be5 rea*$ by exp]im5t]s4 ,!re is no objection to fe$+ gra9 or meal sep>ately to a c[1 provid$ en\gh bulky fe$ is f$ at ano!r "t 9 ! day to keep ! dige/ive tract suffici5tly di/5d$4 ,9 *ang+ ! ration1 & especially 9 mak+ radical *anges1 z at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! pa/ur+ season1 ! *ange %\ld be made gradually1 s t ! dige/ive organs may accommodate !mselves to x4 ,aft] ! dige/ive organs & juices h f long practice become adju/$ to ! dige/ion ( a c]ta9 fe$1 :i* is !n sudd5ly )held & ano!r ( q diff]5t "* & prop]ties is sub/itut$1 ! second fe$ is n well dige/$2 x may ev5 irritate ! dige/ive canal4 ,x is (t5 obs]v$ t cattle lose f #be to #ajj p\nds :5 turn$ on pa/ure f dry /able fe$4 ,?is loss c readily be prev5t$ by n %ock+ ! dige/ive organs by a sudd5 *ange ( diet4 ,regul>ity 9 fe$+ has mu* to d ) ! utilization ( ! ration1 & gross irregul>ity may cause indige/ion & s]i\s disease4 ,wat] = live /ock %\ld be z free f contam9ation & z ne>ly pure z t us$ = h\sehold purposes4 ,:5 practicable x is well to w>m ! wat] 9 ! w9t] to ab\t #ej ,f4 & all[ cattle to dr9k (t54 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,m\?4 ,,w\nds ,,& ,,contusions ,,( ,,! ,,lips1 ,,& ,,snake ,,bite4 ,! lips may become inflam$ f contusions1 :i* are sometimes produc$ by a bl[ f ! horns ( ano!r animal1 or1 9 ! case ( work+ ox51 by a bl[ f ! driv]4 ,:ile cattle are graz+1 m especially :5 !y are 9 woods1 !y may be bitt5 9 ! lips by insects or s]p5ts4 ,symptoms4--,z a result ( a contusion ! lips become ?ick & swoll51 & if treatm5t is neglect$ ! swell+ may become h>d & indurat$1 or an abscess may =m4 ,?is condition r5d]s x difficult = ! animal to get food into its m\?1 on acc\nt ( ! lips hav+ lo/ _! natural flexibility4 ,9 su* cases an ox w use 8 tongue m 9 ! preh5sion ( food to make up = ! incapacity ( ! lips4 ,9 cases ( snake bite ! swell+ is s(t or puffy & its limits are n well def9$4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 we h to deal ) a bruise1 ! affect$ "p %\ld be ba!d ) hot wat] two or ?ree times daily4 ,9 rec5t cases no o!r treatm5t w be requir$1 b if ! swell+ is n rec5t & has become h>d or indurat$1 !n ! swoll5 "p %\ld be treat$ ea* day by pa9t+ x ) t9cture ( iod94 ,9 snake bite a /raight incision p5etrat+ into ! fle% or muscle %\ld be made across ! c5t] ( ! swell+ & 9 ! direction ( ! long axis ( ! face4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done a small wad ( cotton batt+ %\ld be press$ aga9/ ! w\nds until ! ble$+ has almo/ /opp$4 ,aft]w>ds ! foll[+ lotion may be appli$ to ! w\nds sev]al times a day3 ,p]manganate ( potassium1 half a dram2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z snake bites are usually att5d$ ) consid]able depression1 :i* may t]m9ate 9 /upor1 x is advisable to give a /imulant4 ,"o ounce ( aromatic spirits ( ammonia mix$ ) a p9t ( wat] %\ld be giv51 & ! dose %\ld be repeat$ 9 half an h\r if ! animal is s9k+ into a /upefi$ & unconsci\s condition4 ,! repetition ( ! dose mu/ dep5d on ! symptoms :i* ! animal %[s4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! object ( treatm5t is to w>d (f ! /upor1 :i* is "o ( ! results ( snake bite4 ,! swell+ f an insect bite %\ld be ba!d ) ammonia wat] z soon z notic$ & !n treat$ ) frequ5t applications ( hot wat]4 ,,salivation4 ,salivation is a symptom ( "s g5]al or local disord]4 ,x may be a symptom ( a g5]al disease1 su* z rabies or foot-&-m\? disease1 or x may be a purely local tr\ble1 z :5 copi\s secretion ( ! saliv>y gl&s is produc$ by ! eat+ ( irritat+ plants1 su* z wild mu/>d4 ,:5 saliva is obs]v$ to dribble f ! m\?1 t "p %\ld be c>efully exam9$ by introduc+ into ! m\? an in/rum5t l a ball+ iron1 or1 if "o is n at h&1 by grasp+ ! tongue & p>tially )draw+ x f ! m\?1 & by plac+ a block ( wood betwe5 ! back tee?1 :ile all p>ts ( ! m\? are expos$ to a good light1 s t ! pres5ce ( any =eign sub/ance may be detect$4 ,! cause is sometimes f\nd to be a %ort piece ( wood becom+ fix$ on ! palate1 its two ends re/+ on ! upp] mol> tee? ( ea* side2 or x may be a ne$le1 ?orn1 or spl9t] ( wood emb$d$ 9 ! tongue4 ,sometimes a %>p piece ( t9 or o!r metal may become p>tially emb$d$ 9 ! inn] surface ( ! *eek4 ,hay occasionally possesses "s quality1 usually dep5d5t ^u its hav+ heat$ 9 ! m[ or hav+ become moldy1 :i* produces salivation4 ,second-crop clov] & "s irritant we$s 9 ! pa/ure or =age may cause salivation4 ,cattle rubb$ ) m]curial o9tm5t may swall[ en\gh m]cury 9 lick+ !mselves to br+ ab\t ! same result4 7,see ,m]cury poison+1 p4 #eg47 ,su* cases1 ( c\rse1 arise f ! con/itutional action ( m]cury1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! common habit :i* ! animals h ( lick+ !mselves1 indicate ! dang] ( us+ su* prep>ation ext]nally4 ,m]cury is also readily absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk91 & z cattle are v susceptible to its action x is ?us easy = !m to be poison$ by x ev5 )\t lick+ x f ! surface4 ,cases ( m]curial poison+ sometimes foll[ dis9fection ( cattle /ables ) ! usual #a to #a1jjj solution ( m]curic *lorid4 ,treatm5t4--,if salivation dep5ds on ! irritation & inflammation set up by ! +e/ion ( acrid plants1 or =age possess+ "s peculi> /imulat+ prop]ty1 ! fe$ mu/ be *ang$1 & a lotion compos$ ( an ounce ( p[d]$ alum dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat] may be syr+$ into ! m\? twice a day1 us+ half a p9t ( ! solution ea* "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! salivation is due to ! pres5ce ( a ?orn1 spl9t] ( wood1 or any o!r =eign sub/ance emb$d$ 9 ! *eek or tongue1 ! (f5d+ object %\ld be remov$ & ! m\? wa%$ occasionally ) a weak solution 7#b p] c5t7 ( c>bolic acid & tepid wat]4 ,:5 salivation is produc$ by m]curial poison+ or by foot-&-m\? disease1 ! treatm5t appropriate to ^? g5]al conditions ( ! sy/em1 z well z ! local treatm5t %\ld be appli$4 7,= in=mation ab\t foot-&-m\? disease see p4 #chc47 ,,irregul>ities ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 ,irregul>ities ( ! tee? may be occasion$ by ! unequal we>+ ( "s ( ! tee? or by "s ( ! incisors be+ brok51 :i* may happ5 :5 cattle are pa/ur$ on s&y or gravelly soil4 ,! mol> tee? may also %[ irregul> we> f simil> causes1 or f a disease or mal=mation ( ! jaw4 ,_! edges may become %>p1 or x may happ5 t a mol> too? has be5 accid5tally fractur$4 ,x may also occur t a sup]num]>y too? has develop$ 9 an unusual position1 & t x int]f]es ) ! natural & regul> ma/ication ( ! fe$4 ,treatm5t4--,! m\? may be exam9$ by grasp+ ! animal's tongue ) "o h& & p>tially )draw+ x f ! m\?1 s z to expose ! incisor & mol> tee? to inspection4 ,:5 x is desir$1 h[ev]1 to exam9e ! mol> tee? ) ! f+]s1 s z to obta9 a bett] idea ( _! condition1 an in/rum5t l ! ball+ iron :i* is us$ = ! horse %\ld be introduc$ into ! m\?1 s z to sep>ate ! jaws & keep !m ap>t :ile ! exam9ation is be+ made4 ,any %>p edges ( ! mol>s mu/ be remov$ by ! too? rasp1 su* z is us$ = horses4 ,any sup]num]>y too? :i* int]f]es ) ma/ication or any too? :i* is fractur$ or loose %\ld be extract$4 ,9 p]=m+ su* op]ations x is desirable to ?r[1 or ca/1 ! animal1 & to h its head held securely1 s z to enable ! op]ator to d :at is necess>y )\t difficulty4 ,,c>ies ,,or ,,decay ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 ,! pres5ce ( c>ies may be suspect$ if ! m\? exhales a bad odor & if ! animal dur+ ma/ication occasionally /ops z if x 7 9 pa94 ,! exi/5ce ( c>ies 9 a mol> too? may be asc]ta9$ by exam9+ ! m\? 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,if "o ( ! mol>s is f\nd to be c>i\s1 x %\ld be extract$4 ,:5 ! cr[n ( ! too? has be5 de/roy$ & only ! /ump or root is left1 extraction is impracticable4 ,9 case ! animal has special value ! root /umps may be remov$ by a vet]9>ian by ! op]ation ( treph9+2 o!rwise1 x is be/ to sell ! animal to ! but*]4 ,,act9omycosis ,,( ,,! ,,jawbones 7,,big ,,jaw ,,or ,,lumpy ,,jaw74 ,see ,act9omycosis1 p4 #ddj4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,muc\s ,,membrane ,,( ,,m\? 7,,/omatitis74 ,! membrane ( ! m\? may become inflam$ by eat+ "s irritat+ sub/ance or plant1 or little vesicles may =m 9 ! m\?s ( calves :5 !y are affect$ ) indige/ion1 con/itut+ :at is t]m$ aph?a4 ,symptoms4--,! saliva dribbles f ! m\?1 & :5 ! m\? is exam9$ ! surface ( ! tongue & o!r p>ts appe> r$ & inflam$4 ,:5 "y animals are affect$ ) ! =m ( disease t]m$ aph?a1 small r$ elevations are obs]v$ on ! tongue & o!r p>ts ( ! m\?1 hav+ little :ite po9ts on _! c5t]s1 :i* consi/ ( ! epi!lium ( ! muc\s membrane rais$ into vesicles4 ,^! :ite pat*es are succe$$ by ulc]at$ surfaces1 :i* are caus$ by ! %$d+ ( ! :ite pat*es ( epi!lium4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 !re is m]ely a r$d5$ & inflam$ condition ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 x w suffice to syr+e x out sev]al times a day ) #d ounces ( ! foll[+ solution3 ,alum1 #a ounce2 wat]1 #b p9ts4 ,:5 ! edges ( ! tongue & o!r p>ts ( ! m\? are /udd$ ) ulc]s1 !y %\ld be pa9t$ ov] once a day ) ! foll[+ solution until ! affect$ surface is heal$3 ,p]manganate ( potassium1 #bj gra9s2 wat]1 #a ounce4 ,:5 indige/ion is associat$ ) an ulc]at$ condition ( ! m\?1 sep>ate treatm5t is requir$4 ,,ulc]ative ,,/omatitis 7,,or ,,ulc]s ,,9 ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,"y ,,calves74 ,see ,necrotic /omatitis1 p4 #dfd4 ,,mycotic ,,/omatitis 7,,sore ,,m\?74 ,see p4 #ecb4 ,,induration ,,( ,,! ,,tongue 7,,act9omycosis74 ,see ,act9omycosis1 p4 #ddj4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ph>ynx ,,& ,,gullet4 ,,ph>yngitis 7,,sore ,,?roat74 ,ph>yngitis is an inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! ph>ynx4 ,x is frequ5tly associat$ ) inflammatory diseases ( ! respiratory tract1 su* z l>yngitis & bron*itis or pleurisy4 ,symptoms4--,! muzzle is dry & ! saliva dribbles f ! corn]s ( ! m\?2 ! animal swall[s ) difficulty or n at all1 & holds its neck 9 a /iff1 /raight position1 mov+ x z little z possible4 ,! eyelids are half clos$1 ! :ite ( ! eye is blood%ot1 & ! animal occasionally gr9ds its tee?4 ,aft] ma/icat+ ! fe$ ! animal drops x out ( its m\? z if to avoid ! pa9 ( swall[+1 & also ev9ces pa9 :5 pressure is appli$ ext]nally on ! ph>ynx & tries to prev5t ! pressure f be+ appli$4 ,causes4--,ph>yngitis may be produc$ by a sudd5 cool+ ( ! surface ( ! body1 z :5 cattle are expos$ to a cold w9d or a cold ra92 or by swall[+ irritant sub/ances4 ,treatm5t4--,! ?roat %\ld be syr+$ ?ree times a day ) an ounce ( ! foll[+ solution3 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a-a_/b drams2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,bl& & soo?+ dr9ks1 su* z l9se$ tea or oatmeal & wat] %\ld occasionally be (f]$4 ,diet %\ld consi/ ( s(t food1 su* z bran ma%es ) a little l9se$ meal mix$ 9 !m4 ,dry hay & fodd] %\ld n be giv54 ,fre%1 gre5 grass or s\nd ensilage may be f$ 9 small quantities4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ?roat & ! space betwe5 ! jaws %\ld be well rubb$ once a day ) ! foll[+ l9im5t3 ,liquor ammonia =tior1 #d ounces2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d ounces2 olive oil1 #d ounces2 mix4 ,:5 evid5ce ( bli/]+ appe>s ! application ( ! l9im5t %\ld be /opp$ & ! sk9 ano9t$ ) vasel9e4 ,"u ! treatm5t describ$ above ! inflammation ( ! ?roat w gradually subside & ! animal w be able to swall[ z usual 9 five or six days4 ,we ne$ h>dly say t dur+ its treatm5t ! sick animal %\ld be kept 9 a com=table /able4 ,,p>otitis4 ,inflammation ( ! p>otid gl& may arise f ! inflammation ext5d+ to x :5 an ox is affect$ ) ph>yngitis or l>yngitis1 or ! inflammation may comm5ce 9 ! saliv>y ducts & may dep5d on "s influ5ce ! nature ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,p>otitis sometimes arises f a bl[ or contusion sev]e en\gh to set up inflammation 9 ! /ructure ( ! gl&4 ,tub]culosis & act9omycosis may infrequ5tly be *>act]iz$ by ! lodgm5t ( _! p>asitic causes 9 ! p>otid gl&s1 9 :i* case p>otitis may be a symptom ( ei!r ( ^! diseases4 ,symptoms4--,!re is an elongat$1 pa9ful swell+1 beg9n+ at ! base ( ! e> & pass+ d[nw>d along ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! swell+ is sometimes limit$ to "o side1 & :5 bo? are swoll5 x is g5]ally l>g] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,! secretion ( saliva is increas$1 ! appetite is poor1 ! neck is /iff1 s t x is pa9ful to raise ! head1 & fe$ is swall[$ ) difficulty4 ,9 _m cases ! swell+ ( ! gl&s1 :5 submitt$ to prop] treatm5t1 disappe>s 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 !y rema9 enl>g$1 ev5 aft] ! animal recov]s its appetite4 ,9 tub]culosis1 lymphatic gl&s b5ea? ! p>otid gl&s are sometimes enl>g$1 ?us caus+ ! appe>ance ( enl>g$ p>otid gl&s4 ,treatm5t4--,a w>m bran p\ltice1 made by mix+ bran ) a hot #b p] c5t comp\nd cresol solution 9 wat]1 %\ld be appli$ on ! swoll5 gl& & kept 9 place by means ( a b&age4 ,:5ev] ! p\ltice has cool$ x %\ld be replac$ by a new "o4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld be cont9u$ until ! pa9 is less & ! swell+ is r$uc$ or until !re is evid5ce ( pus =mation1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by exam9+ ! surface ( ! gl& ) ! f+]s2 & :51 on press+ any "p ( ! surface1 x is f\nd to fluctuate or give1 !n we may conclude t !re is a collection ( pus at t place4 ,x is well n to op5 ! abscess until ! fluctuation is well m>k$1 z at ?is /age ! pus or matt] is ne> ! surface & !re is less tr\ble 9 heal+ ! w\nd ?an if ! pus is deep seat$4 ,! abscess %\ld be op5$ ) a clean1 %>p knife4 ,! p\ltic+ %\ld !n be cont9u$ = two or ?ree days1 b ! =m ( ! p\ltice %\ld be *ang$1 by replac+ ! bran ) absorb5t cotton & p\r+ ! comp\nd cresol solution on ! cotton4 ,at all times ! w\nd %\ld be kept clean & ! cavity inject$ once or twice daily ) a solution ( #a dram ( c>bolic acid 9 #h ounces ( wat]4 ,"u ?is treatm5t ! pus may cease & ! w\nd heal )\t complications4 ,saliva may issue f ! orifice & result 9 ! =mation ( a saliv>y fi/ula4 ,?is requires op]ative treatm5t by a qualifi$ vet]9>ian4 ,:5 p\ltic+ fails to r$uce ! swell+ or produce s(t5+1 ! inflam$ area may be rubb$ once daily ) camphorat$ oil1 comp\nd iod9 o9tm5t1 or pa9t$ twice daily ) ,lugol's solution ( iod94 ,! diet %\ld be z recomm5d$ "u ,ph>yngitis 7p4 #ag74 ,,ph>yngeal ,,polypi4 ,tumors =m n infrequ5tly 9 ! ph>ynx1 & may give rise to a tra9 ( symptoms v>y+ accord+ to _! size & location4 ,! tumor may be s situat$ t by %ift+ its position a little x may p>tially ob/ruct ! po/]ior n>es 7no/rils71 :51 ( c\rse1 x w r5d] nasal brea?+ v noisy & labor$4 ,9 ano!r situation its p>tial displacem5t may imp$e ! entrance ( air into ! l>ynx4 ,9 almo/ any "p ( ! ph>ynx1 b especially ne> ! entrance ( ! gullet1 tumors int]f]e ) ! act ( swall[+4 ,z !y are frequ5tly atta*$ to ! wall ( ! ph>ynx by a p$icel or /alk1 x w be se5 t !y may readily be displac$ 9 diff]5t directions s z to produce ! symptoms be=e describ$4 ,enl>g$ po/ph>yngeal lymphatic gl&s are n r>e 9 tub]culosis1 & by press+ ^u ! wall ( ! ph>ynx & re/rict+ ! lum5 ( ?is organ !y cause difficulty 9 bo? brea?+ & swall[+4 ,su* enl>g$ gl&s may be diff]5tiat$ f tumors by pass+ ! h& into ! c['s ?roat aft] ! jaws are sep>at$ by a suitable speculum or gag4 ,treatm5t4--,! me?od ( treatm5t 9 su* cases is to sep>ate ! animal's jaws ) an in/rum5t t]m$ a gag1 & !n1 aft] draw+ ! tongue p>tially =w>d1 to pass ! h& into ! ph>ynx & to twi/ ! tumor g5tly f its atta*m5t4 ,"o vet]9>ian :o has _h consid]able practice 9 treat+ ?is =m ( disease scrapes ?r\gh ! atta*m5t ( ! tumor gradually ) 8 ?umb nail4 ,:5 ! atta*m5t is too /rong to be sev]$ 9 ?is way an in/rum5t l a ?imble1 b possess+ a %>p edge at ! end1 may be us$ to effect ! same purpose1 or ! base ( ! tumor may be sev]$ by ! use ( a cru%+ in/rum5t kn[n z an craseur4 ,,*ok+4 ,*ok+ usually happ5s f attempt+ to swall[ too l>ge an object1 su* z a turnip1 potato1 beet1 apple1 or pe>1 ?\gh 9 r>e cases x may occur f bran1 *aff1 or "s o!r f9ely divid$ fe$ lodg+ 9 & fill+ up a portion ( ! gullet4 ,?is latt] =m ( ! accid5t is mo/ likely to occur 9 animals t are gre$y fe$]s4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms v>y some:at accord+ to ! "p ( ! gullet or ?roat 9 :i* ! ob/ruction is4 ,9 mo/ cases !re is a dis*>ge ( saliva f ! m\?2 ! animal c\ghs frequ5tly1 & :5 x dr9ks ! wat] is soon eject$4 ,! c[ /ops eat+ & /&s back f ! tr\gh1 ! expression is tr\bl$1 brea?+ is accel]at$1 & (t5times !re is bloat+ z a result ( ! ret5tion ( gas 9 ! paun*4 ,^! symptoms1 h[ev]1 are n always pres5t1 = if ! ob/acle does n completely close ! ?roat or gullet1 gas & wat] may pass1 ?us ameliorat+ ! discom=t4 ,if ! ob/ruction is 9 ! neck portion ( ! gullet1 x may be felt z a lump 9 ! left jugul> gutt]4 ,treatm5t4--,if ! object is 9 ! ?roat1 x is advisable to put a gag 9 ! animal's m\?1 &1 :ile ! head is held 9 a horizontal direction by two assi/ants1 to pass ! h& into ! ph>ynx1 grasp ! =eign body1 & )draw x gradually & /eadily4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is lodg$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! gullet1 pressure %\ld be made by an assi/ant 9 an upw>d direction aga9/ ! object :ile ! op]ator passes 8 h& into ! ph>ynx1 & if ! assi/ant c n by pressure dislodge ! sub/ance f ! gullet1 ! op]ator may by pass+ 8 middle f+] above & p>tly beh9d ! sub/ance gradually slide x into ! ph>ynx & !n )draw x by ! m\?4 ,! pres5ce ( an ob/ruct+ sub/ance 9 ! c]vical 7neck7 portion ( ! gullet may be asc]ta9$ by pass+ ! h& along ! left side ( ! neck1 :5 a h>d & pa9less swell+ w be f\nd to indicate ! pres5ce ( ! =eign body4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ endeavor by g5tle & p]sev]+ pressure ) ! ?umb & next two f+]s to slide ! ob/ruct+ sub/ance gradually upw>d to ! ph>ynx4 ,to facilitate ?is x is well to give ! animal a half p9t ( raw l9se$ or olive oil be=e ! manipulations describ$ are comm5c$4 ,:5 ! sub/ance has be5 br\ght into or ne>ly into ! ph>ynx1 !n ! m\? gag %\ld be us$1 ! tongue drawn p>tially =w>d ) ! left h&1 & ! "r %\ld be pass$ backw>d into ! ph>ynx to )draw ! ob/ruction4 ,:5 bran or *aff causes ! tr\ble x is be/ to give a small quantity ( oil to lubricate ! walls ( ! gullet1 & !n by g5tle & p]sev]+ pressure1 to endeavor to sep>ate & divide ! mass & to "w x d[nw>d t[>d ! /oma*4 ,?is w be assi/$ by p\r+ small quantities ( oil & wat] d[n ! animal's ?roat4 ,x is n advisable to use ! probang to pu% d[n any s(t mat]ial1 su* z oats or *aff1 z ?is g5]ally cond5ses & r5d]s firm] ! ob/ruct+ sub/ance by press+ its p>ticles or elem5ts toge!r1 s t x =ms a solid1 resi/+ mass :i* c n be mov$4 ,9 "s cases ! =eign body1 ei!r because x is 9 ! *e/ portion ( ! esophagus1 & s beyond rea*1 or because too firmly seat$1 c n be dislodg$ f ! neck by press+ & manipulat+ t "p ext]nally4 ,9 su* ev5t we mu/ resort to ! use ( ! probang4 7,pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #b & #c47 ,a probang is a flexible in/rum5t & adapts itself to ! natural curvature ( ! gullet1 & if us$ cauti\sly !re is n mu* risk ( injury4 ,be=e pass+ ! probang1 a gag :i* has an ap]ture at ea* end1 f :i* /raps pass to be buckl$ at ! back ( ! head bel[ ! horns1 is introduc$ into ! m\?4 7,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #d47 ,! probang %\ld !n be oil$1 &1 ! head & neck be+ held 9 a /raight l9e by two assi/ants1 ! tongue mu/ be p>tly drawn out ( ! m\?1 ! probang cauti\sly pass$ along ! ro( ( ! m\? into ! ph>ynx & !nce into ! gullet1 ?r\gh :i* x is pass$ d[n4 ,if resi/ance is met1 g5tle & cont9u\s pressure mu/ be us$1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! object w g5]ally 9 a %ort "t pass into ! /oma*4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful n to pass ! probang into ! l>ynx & !nce into ! w9dpipe1 z an animal may readily be kill$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is accid5t is indicat$ by ef=ts to c\gh & by viol5tly di/urb$ brea?+4 ,if su* symptoms arise ! probang mu/ be )drawn at once4 ,to avoid a wrong passage1 ! end ( ! tube %\ld be press$ v sl[ly ?r\gh ! ?roat until its pres5ce 9 ! esophagus is assur$4 ,aft] x is once 9 ! esophagus c>e is /ill necess>y1 because ! walls ( ?is tube may easily be torn4 ,"s writ]s h advis$ t :5 ! ob/ruction is lodg$ 9 ! c]vical 7neck7 portion ( ! gullet x %\ld be /ruck ) a mallet1 to cru% x & ?us alt] its %ape1 s t x may easily slip d[n into ! /oma*4 ,if ! ob/ruct+ sub/ance is h>d1 ?is w be a dang]\s op]ation1 b if s(t--z 9 ! case ( a ripe pe>1 = example--?is proc$ure may be safely adopt$4 ,9 all cases1 if pressure appli$ on ! neck fails to move ! ob/ruction & ! probang also fails to move x1 x may be divid$ by a subcutane\s op]ation1 or ! gullet may be op5$ & ! ob/ruct+ sub/ance remov$ ?r\gh ! w\nd4 ,9 su* cases ! assi/ance ( a vet]9>ian or a surgeon mu/ be obta9$4 ,,w\nds ,,& ,,injuries ,,( ,,! ,,gullet4 ,sometimes ! walls ( ! gullet may be m or less lac]at$ or abrad$ by ! ra% & too =cible use ( ! probang1 & ! animal consequ5tly swall[s ) pa9 & difficulty4 ,9 su* cases dry fe$ mu/ be )held = five or six days1 s z to all[ ! injur$ p>ts to heal1 & ! diet mu/ be limit$ to l9se$ tea1 hay tea1 & ?9 oatmeal gruel & molasses4 ,! same k9d ( diet mu/ be f$ aft] ! op]ation ( cutt+ into ! gullet has be5 p]=m$4 ,sometimes ! gullet is ruptur$ & lac]at$ to su* an ext5t t treatm5t ( any k9d is hopeless4 ,?is has be5 kn[n to occur :5 ! h&le ( a pit*=k or buggy :ip has be5 pu%$ d[n a c['s ?roat to remove an ob/ruction4 ,:5 su* treatm5t has be5 appli$ x is be/ to slaught] ! animal )\t delay1 z ! fle% may be utiliz$ s long z !re is no fev] or g5]al disease1 & rem$ial treatm5t w\ld be hopeless4 ,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$ t :atev] sub/itute may be us$ = a probang1 :i* sometimes is n at h&1 x %\ld be flexible & %\ld possess a smoo? surface4 ,a piece ( new rope1 ) ! end closely wrapp$ & wax$ & !n oil$1 or a piece ( ?9 g>d5 hose1 or a well-wrapp$ twi/$ wire may be us$ 9 em]g5cies4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*s4 ,,acute ,,tympanites 7,,hov51 ,,or ,,bloat+74 ,tympanites is a di/5tion ( ! rum5 or paun* ) gases ( f]m5tation1 & is manife/$ outw>dly by swell+ 9 ! region ( ! left flank4 ,causes4--,tympanites may be caus$ by any k9d ( fe$ :i* produces indige/ion4 ,:5 cattle are fir/ turn$ into "y clov] !y eat s gre$ily ( x t tympanites frequ5tly results4 ,turnips1 potatoes1 cabbage1 or ! disc>d$ pulp f sug>-beet factories may also cause x4 ,middl+s & corn meal also frequ5tly give rise to x4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 turn+ animals into fields ( clov] or /ubble fields 9 :i* !re is a /rong gr[? ( volunte] gra94 ,x is always bett] to keep !m f su* pa/urage :ile x is wet ) dew1 & !y %\ld be tak5 out :5 !y h eat5 a mod]ate quantity4 ,:5 cattle are f$ ^u pulp f sug> beets1 g]m9at$ malt1 etc41 !y %\ld be f$ 9 mod]ate am\nts until !y h become accu/om$ to x1 z any ( ^! fe$s may give rise to sev]e bloat+4 ,an excessive quantity ( any ( ! be=e-m5tion$ fe$s may br+ on ?is disord]1 or x may n be caus$ by excess1 b to eat+ too ha/ily4 ,sometimes ! quality ( ! fe$ is at fault4 ,grass or clov] :5 wet by dew or ra9 frequ5tly disord]s dige/ion & br+s on tympanites2 froz5 roots or pa/ures cov]$ ) ho> fro/ %\ld also be reg>d$ z dang]\s4 ,:5 fe$ has be5 eat5 too ha/ily1 or :5 x is cold & wet1 ! dige/ive process is imp]fectly p]=m$1 & ! fe$ conta9$ 9 ! paun* f]m5ts1 dur+ :i* process l>ge quantities ( gas are =m$4 ,! same result may foll[ :5 a c[ is *ok$1 z ! ob/ruction 9 ! gullet prev5ts ! eructation or pass+ up ( gas f ! /oma*1 s t ! gas cont9ues to accumulate until tympanites results4 ,symptoms4--,! swell+ ( ! left flank is v *>act]i/ic1 z 9 well-m>k$ cases ! flank at its upp] "p rises above ! level ( ! backbone1 & :5 /ruck ) ! tips ( ! f+]s emits a drum-l s\nd4 ,! animal has an anxi\s expression1 moves uneasily1 & is evid5tly di/ress$4 ,if relief is n obta9$ 9 "t1 x brea!s ) difficulty1 reels 9 walk+ or 9 /&+1 & 9 a %ort "t falls & dies f suffocation4 ,! di/5tion ( ! /oma* may become s great z to prev5t ! animal f brea?+1 & 9 "s in/ances ! case may be complicat$ by rupture ( ! /oma*4 ,treatm5t4--,if ! case is n extreme1 x may be suffici5t to drive ! animal at a walk = a qu>t] or half an h\r2 or cold wat] by ! bucketful may be ?r[n aga9/ ! c['s sides4 ,9 "s cases ! foll[+ simple treatm5t is successful3 ,a rope or a twi/$ /raw b& is coat$ ) p9e t>1 wagon grease1 or o!r unsavory sub/ance & is plac$ 9 ! c['s m\? z a bit1 be+ secur$ by ty+ beh9d ! horns4 ,! ef=ts ( ! animal to dislodge ?is object result 9 movem5ts ( ! tongue1 jaws1 & ?roat t /imulate ! secretion ( saliva & swall[+1 ?us op5+ ! esophagus1 :i* p]mits ! exit ( gas & at ! same "t p]i/alsis is /imulat$ reflexly4 ,9 urg5t cases ! gas mu/ be all[$ to escape )\t delay1 & ?is is be/ accompli%$ by ! use ( ! troc>4 ,! troc> is a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t incas$ 9 a cannula or %ea?1 :i* leaves ! %>p po9t ( ! troc> free4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #e;a & #e;b47 ,9 select+ ! po9t = us+ ! troc> a spot on ! left side equally di/ant f ! la/ rib1 ! hip bone1 & ! transv]se processes ( ! lumb> v]tebr mu/ be *os54 ,"h an incision ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long %\ld be made ) a knife ?r\gh ! sk91 & !n ! %>p po9t ( ! troc>1 be+ direct$ d[nw>d1 inw>d1 & slightly =w>d1 is ?ru/ into ! paun*4 7,pl4 ,i47 ,! cannula or %ea? ( ! troc> %\ld be left 9 ! paun* s long z any gas cont9ues to issue f x4 ,if ! cannula is remov$ :ile gas is /ill =m+ 9 ! paun* & ! left flank becomes consid]ably swoll51 x may be necess>y to ins]t x aga94 ,x is well1 accord+ly1 to obs]ve ! cannula closely1 & if gas is f\nd to be issu+ f x1 x %\ld n be remov$4 ,:5 gas issues f x 9 consid]able quantities ! s\nd accompany+ its escape r5d]s ! exact condition obvi\s4 ,x is occasionally necess>y to keep ! cannula 9 ! /oma* = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ?is is necess>y a piece ( /\t cord %\ld be pass$ r\nd ! neck ( ! cannula imm$iately bel[ ! project+ rim & !n be pass$ r\nd ! animal's body & ti$ 9 a secure knot1 & a c>eful att5dant mu/ rema9 ) ! c[ dur+ ! entire p]iod t ! in/rum5t is 9 place4 ,! rim surr\nd+ ! m\? ( ! cannula %\ld be 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,:5ev] ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! c[ is conv9c$ t gas has ceas$ to issue f ! cannula ! in/rum5t %\ld be remov$4 ,! troc> is to be us$ only 9 extreme or urg5t cases1 ?\gh ev]yone :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 treat+ indige/ion 9 cattle realizes t he has sav$ ! lives ( _m animals by its prompt application4 ,:5 ! tympanitic animal is n di/ress$ & ! swell+ ( ! flank is n great1 or :5 ! mo/ di/ress+ condition has be5 remov$ by ! use ( ! troc>1 x is be/ to use int]nal m$ic9e4 ,two ounces ( aromatic spirits ( ammonia %\ld be giv5 e half h\r 9 a qu>t ( cold wat]2 or half an ounce ( *lorid ( lime may be dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( tepid wat] & ! dose repeat$ e half h\r until ! bloat+ has subsid$2 or #a ounce ( creol9 9 #b qu>ts ( tepid wat] may be giv5 at "o dose or c>efully inject$ ?r\gh ! cannula directly into ! paun* to /op f]m5tation & ! consequ5t =mation ( gas4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y to give a mod]ate dose ( purgative m$ic9e aft] bloat+ has subsid$1 z animals frequ5tly %[ symptoms ( con/ipation aft] attacks ( indige/ion4 ,= ?is purpose #a p\nd ( ,glaub]'s salt may be us$4 ,! animal %\ld be f$ c>efully ^u easily dige/$ food = sev]al days aft] ! bloat+ has subsid$1 s t all f]m5t+ matt] may pass out ( ! /oma*4 ,,*ronic ,,tympanites4 ,cattle1 especially ^? t h be5 kept 9 ! /able all w9t]1 are liable to suff] f *ronic tympanites4 ,9 ?is =m !y bloat up aft] fe$+1 b seldom swell s mu* z to cause any al>m4 ,! *ronic =m ( indige/ion may also foll[ an acute attack l t previ\sly describ$4 ,?is is also a symptom ( tub]culosis :5 ! lymphatic gl&s ly+ betwe5 ! lungs are s enl>g$ z to press ^u & p>tly occlude ! esophagus4 ,x may develop 9 calves z a result ( ! =mation ( hair balls 9 ! /oma*4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t %\ld be prec$$ by a mod]ate dose ( purgative m$ic9e3 #a p\nd ( sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salt7 or sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salt71 half an ounce ( p[d]$ ,b>bados aloes1 #a ounce ( p[d]$ g+]1 #a p9t ( molasses4 ,! salts & aloes %\ld be dissolv$ by /irr+ = a few m9utes 9 #b qu>ts ( lukew>m wat]1 !n ! molasses %\ld be add$1 & aft] all ! +r$i5ts h be5 /irr$ toge!r = ab\t #aj m9utes ! dose %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( ! purgative x is g5]ally necess>y to give "s tonic & antacid prep>ation to promote dige/ion1 :i* is imp]fectly p]=m$ 9 su* cases4 ,! foll[+ may be us$3 ,p[d]$ g5tian1 #c ounces2 p[d]$ bic>bonate ( pota%1 #c ounces2 p[d]$ g+]1 #c ounces2 p[d]$ capsicum1 #a ounce4 ,mix & divide into #ab p[d]s1 "o ( :i* %\ld be giv5 ?ree times a day be=e fe$+1 %ak5 up ) a p9t & a half ( wat]4 ,x is also advantage\s 9 su* cases to give two heap$ teaspoonsfuls ( wood *>coal1 mix$ ) ! animal's fe$ ?ree times a day4 ,! animal %\ld also g out dur+ ! day1 z want ( ex]cise favors ! cont9uance ( ?is =m ( indige/ion4 ,if ! dung is h>d1 ! con/ipation %\ld be ov]come by fe$+ a little flaxse$ twice daily or by giv+ a h&ful ( ,glaub]'s salt 9 ! fe$ once or twice daily1 z may be necess>y4 ,roots1 silage1 & o!r succul5t fe$s are useful 9 ?is connection4 ,if tub]culosis is suspect$ z ! cause ( *ronic bloat+1 a skill$ vet]9>ian %\ld make a diagnosis1 us+ ! tub]cul9 te/ if necess>y4 ,until x is settl$ t ! c[ has n tub]culosis1 %e %\ld be kept ap>t f ! o!r memb]s ( ! h]d4 ,,di/5tion ,,( ,,rum5 ,,or ,,paun* ,,) ,,fe$4 ,?is =m ( indige/ion is caus$ by ! animal gorg+ itself ) fe$1 & arises m f ! animal's voraci\s appetite ?an f any defect 9 ! quality ( ! fe$ suppli$ to x4 ,! condition is1 h[ev]1 m sev]e if ! fe$ consum$ is especially conc5trat$ or difficult ( dige/ion4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d !re is comp>atively no great =mation ( gas1 & ! gas :i* is =m$ is diffus$ ?r\gh ! /oma* in/ead ( accumulat+ 9 a lay] 9 its upp] "p4 ,on press+ ! flank ) ! clos$ fi/ ! ind5t ( ! h& rema9s = a %ort "t 9 ! flank1 z if ! rum5 7 fill$ ) a s(t1 d\ghy mass4 ,?is =m ( indige/ion %\ld be treat$ by /imulants1 su* z aromatic spirits ( ammonia4 ,if ! =mation ( gas is n great & ! di/5tion ) solid mat]ial is some:at limit$1 ! animal may be dr5*$ ?r\gh a piece ( ord9>y g>d5 hose1 "o end ins]t$ 9 ! m\?1 & ! o!r end fitt$ ) a funnel1 giv+ #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,epsom salt or ,glaub]'s salt dissolv$ 9 #b gallons ( wat]1 at a s+le dose4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is treatm5t ! left side ( ! animal1 ext5d+ bel[ ! m$ian l9e ( ! abdom51 %\ld be p[]fully knead$ ) ! fi/1 s t ! impact$ food mass w be brok51 all[+ ! wat] to sep>ate x into small portions :i* c be c>ri$ d[nw>d = ! process ( dige/ion4 ,b if ! treatm5t fails & ! impact$ or ov]load$ condition ( ! rum5 cont9ues1 x may become necess>y to make an incision ) a %>p1 long-blad$ knife 9 ! left flank1 comm5c+ at ! po9t :]e x is usual to puncture ! /oma* ( an ox1 & prolong ! incision 9 a d[nw>d direction until x is long en\gh to admit ! h&4 ,:5 ! po9t ( ! knife is ?ru/ into ! flank & ! blade cuts d[nw>d1 ! wall ( ! /oma*1 ! muscle1 & ! sk9 %\ld all be cut ?r\gh at ! same "t4 ,two assi/ants %\ld hold ! edges ( ! w\nd toge!r s z to prev5t any food f slipp+ betwe5 ! flank & ! wall ( ! /oma*1 & !n ! op]ator %\ld remove two-?ird sic ( ! cont5ts ( ! rum54 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 ! edges ( ! w\nd %\ld be spong$ ) a little c>boliz$ w>m wat]1 &1 ! lips ( ! w\nd 9 ! rum5 be+ turn$ inw>d1 !y %\ld be br\ght toge!r ) catgut /it*es4 ,! w\nd p5etrat+ ! muscle & ! sk9 may !n be br\ght toge!r by silk /it*es1 :i* %\ld pass ?r\gh ! entire ?ickness ( ! muscle & %\ld be ab\t #a in* ap>t4 ,! w\nd %\ld aft]w>ds be dress$ once a day ) a lotion & ! animal cov]$ ) a tight l95 %eet1 to protect ! w\nd f insects & dirt4 ,! lotion to be us$ 9 su* case is made up z foll[s3 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #a dram2 c>bolic acid1 #b drams2 glyc]91 #b ounces2 wat]1 #ad ounces2 mix4 ,x is cle> t ?is op]ation requires special skill & x %\ld be attempt$ only by ^? :o are compet5t4 ,,imag9>y ,,diseases 7,,holl[ ,,horn2 ,,loss ,,( ,,cud2 ,,wolf ,,9 ,,! ,,tail74 ,x w\ld appe> q 9 place "h1 9 connection ) ! diseases ( ! /oma* & b[els ( cattle1 to consid] ! ?ree old fallacies or sup]/itions kn[n by ! above names1 s9ce ^! names1 :5ev] & :]ev] us$1 seem to be inv>iably appli$ to "s =m ( dige/ive d]angem5t or disease hav+ its orig9 9 ! /oma* & b[els4 ,,holl[ ,,horn4--,9 ! fir/ place x %\ld be not$ t ! horns ( all animals ( ! ox tribe are holl[4 ,! horn cores are elongations ( ! frontal bones ( ! skull1 & ! frontal s9uses1 :i* are ! l>g] ( ! air spaces ( ! head1 are prolong$ into ! horn cores4 ,:5 a c[ is sick1 if ! horns are hot x is an evid5ce ( fev]2 if !y are cold x indicates impair$ circulation ( ! blood2 b ^! manife/ations ( sickness are to be reg>d$ z symptoms ( "s con/itutional disord] & d n 9 !mselves require treatm5t4 ,! treatm5t %\ld be appli$ to ! disease :i* causes ! abnormal temp]ature ( ! horns4 ,! usual treatm5t = ! suppos$ holl[ horn1 :i* consi/s 9 bor+ ! horns ) a gimlet & p\r+ turp5t9e into ! op5+s ?us made1 is n only useless & cruel1 b is liable to set up an acute inflammation & result 9 an abscess ( ! s9us4 ,,loss ,,( ,,cud4--,! s-call$ loss ( cud is simply a cessation ( rum9ation1 frequ5tly "o ( ! fir/ indications ( "s =m ( disease1 s9ce rum9ants /op *ew+ ! cud :5 !y feel sick4 ,loss ( cud is a symptom ( a great _m diseases1 & :5 x is detect$ x %\ld lead ! obs]v] to try to discov] o!r symptoms ^u :i* to base a correct op9ion z to ! nature ( ! disease f :i* ! animal suff]s4 ,no local treatm5t is requir$4 ,,wolf ,,9 ,,! ,,tail4--,?is t]m also seems to be vaguely appli$ to v>i\s di/urbances ( ! dige/ive function1 or to "s disease :i* is 9 reality 9 ! /oma* or b[els4 ,,vomit+4 ,vomit+ is n to be conf\nd$ ) rum9ation1 ?\gh "s writ]s h advanc$ ! op9ion t x is m]ely a disord]$ & irregul> rum9ation4 ,x is n ( common occurr5ce 9 cattle4 ,symptoms4--,animals :i* vomit are frequ5tly 9 poor condition4 ,aft] hav+ eat5 tranquilly = "s "t ! animal sudd5ly becomes uneasy1 ar*es ! back1 /ret*es ! neck & head1 & !n sudd5ly ejects #aj to #ab p\nds ( ! cont5ts ( ! rum54 ,aft] hav+ done ?is ! uneas9ess subsides & 9 a %ort "t ! animal resumes eat+ z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,cause4--,! cause ( ?is disord]$ /ate ( ! dige/ive sy/em 9 cattle is usually obscure1 b has 9 "s cases be5 trac$ to a p>tial closure ( ! op5+ into ! second /oma* or to a di/5tion ( ! esophagus4 ,x has be5 f\nd to occur :5 !re 0 canc]\s disease ( ! f\r? /oma*1 & exp]im5tally x has be5 %[n t a susp5sion ( dige/ion or great d]angem5t ( ?is /oma* produces consid]able n]v\s disord] ( ! rum5 & sometimes vomit+ or attempts to vomit4 ,,treatm5t4--,easily dige/$ fe$ & pl5ty ( wat] %\ld be giv54 ,fe> & excitem5t1 *as+1 or hurry+ animals aft] !y h eat5 he>tily are liable to br+ on ?is result4 ,9 ord] to ov]come irritation :i* may produce vomit+ ! foll[+ draft %\ld be giv53 ,hydrate ( *loral1 half an ounce2 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,! dose mu/ be repeat$ :5 ! condition ( ! animal seems to require x4 ,z a rule1 treatm5t is n successful4 ,,deprav$ ,,appetite 7,,pica74 ,cattle suff]+ f ?is disease h a caprici\s & v>iable appetite z reg>ds _! ord9>y fe$ b ev9ce a /rong desire to lick & eat sub/ances = :i* heal?y cattle %[ no incl9ation4 ,alkal9e & sal9e-ta/+ sub/ances are especially attractive to cattle hav+ a deprav$ appetite & !y frequ5tly lick lime1 e>?1 coal1 gravel1 & ev5 ! dung ( o!r cattle4 ,c[s 9 calf & "y cattle are especially liable to develop ^! symptoms4 ,animals affect$ 9 ?is way lose condition1 _! coat is />+1 gait sl[1 & small vesicles conta9+ yell[ liquid =m "u ! tongue2 ! milk giv5 by su* c[s is ?9 & wat]y4 ,su* animals become re/less & uneasy1 z is indicat$ by frequ5t bell[+4 ,! disease may la/ = mon?s1 ! animal ultimately dy+ emaciat$ & exhau/$4 ,deprav$ appetite frequ5tly prec$es ! condition 9 :i* ! bones ( cattle become brittle & fracture easily1 :i* is kn[n z o/eomalacia4 ,cause4--,f ! fact t ?is disease is l>gely "o ( regions1 x is g5]ally believ$ t "s condition ( ! soil & wat] & ( ! local vegetation is responsible = x4 ,x is m preval5t "s ye>s ?an o!rs1 & is mo/ common 9 old c\ntries1 :]e ! soil is m or less deplet$4 ,cattle pa/ur$ on l[1 swampy l& become pr$ispos$ to x4 ,x occasionally happ5s1 h[ev]1 t "o individual 9 a h]d suff]s ?\gh all are f$ alike2 9 su* cases ! disease mu/ arise f ! affect$ animal's imp]fect assimilation ( ! nutritive elem5ts ( ! fe$ :i* is suppli$ to x4 ,treatm5t4--,! aim 9 su* cases mu/ be to improve ! process ( dige/ion & to supply ! animal ) a suffici5cy ( s\nd & :olesome fe$4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be giv5 to ! c[ ?ree times a day1 a heap+ tablespoonful con/itut+ a dose3 ,c>bonate ( iron1 #d ounces2 f9ely gr\nd bone or bone fl\r1 #a p\nd2 p[d]$ g5tian1 #d ounces2 common salt1 #h ounces2 p[d]$ f5ugreek1 #d ounces2 mix4 ,9 addition to ?is1 #c tablespoonfuls ( p[d]$ *>coal may be mix$ ) ! fe$ ?ree times a day1 & a piece ( rock salt %\ld be plac$ :]e ! animal c lick x at w4 ,g]man vet]9>ians h _h brilliant results f ! treatm5t ( ?is disease ) subcutane\s injections ( apomorph9 9 doses ( #a-a_/b to #e gra9s = ?ree or f\r days4 ,,hair ,,concretions4 ,hair concretions1 or hair balls1 result f ! habit :i* "s cattle h ( lick+ !mselves or o!r animals4 ,z a result ! hairs :i* are swall[$ are c>ri$ ar\nd by ! contractions ( ! /oma* & gradually assume ! =m ( a small pellet or ball4 ,?is increases 9 size z fre% quantities ( hair are introduc$ into ! /oma* & adh]e to ! surface ( ! ball4 ,^! balls are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! reticulum or second /oma* 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,b71 ?\gh sometimes 9 ! rum54 ,9 calves hair balls are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! f\r? /oma*4 ,!re are no c]ta9 symptoms by :i* we c det]m9e ! pres5ce ( hair balls 9 ! /oma*1 & !re=e no treatm5t c be recomm5d$ = su* cases4 ,9 mak+ po/-mortem exam9ations ( cattle we h sometimes f\nd ! walls ( ! reticulum transfix$ ) nails or pieces ( wire1 & yet ! animal _h n %[n any symptoms ( indige/ion1 b _h di$ f maladies n involv+ ! second /oma*4 ,,indige/ion 7,,dyspepsia1 ,,or ,,ga/ro9te/9al ,,cat>rh74 ,tympanites1 already describ$1 is a =m ( indige/ion 9 :i* ! *ief symptom & mo/ ?reat5+ condition is ! collection ( gas 9 ! paun*4 ,?is symptom does n always accompany indige/ion1 s x is well "h to consid] o!r =ms "u a sep>ate head4 ,if indige/ion is long cont9u$1 ! irritant abnormal products develop$ cause cat>rh ( ! /oma* & inte/9es--ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 irritant sub/ances +e/$ may cause ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh1 :i*1 9 turn1 w cause indige/ion2 h5ce1 x results t ^! sev]al conditions are usually f\nd exi/+ toge!r4 ,causes4--,irritant fe$1 damag$ fe$1 ov]load+ ( ! /oma*1 or sudd5 *anges ( diet may cause ?is disease4 ,want ( ex]cise pr$isposes to x1 or fe$ :i* is co>se & indige/ible may aft] a "t produce x4 ,fe$ :i* possesses a/r+5t prop]ties & t5ds to *eck secretion may also act z an excit+ cause4 ,fe$ 9 excessive quantity may lead to disord] ( dige/ion & to ?is disease4 ,x is v likely to appe> t[>d ! end ( protract$ seasons ( dr\ght2 !re=e a defici5cy ( wat] mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! conditions :i* favor its developm5t4 ,symptoms4--,dim9i%$ appetite1 rum9ation irregul>1 tongue coat$1 m\? slimy1 dung pass$ app>5tly n well dige/$ & smell+ bad1 dullness1 & fullness ( ! flanks4 ,! disease may 9 "s cases assume a *ronic "*1 & 9 addition to ! =ego+ symptoms slight bloat+ or tympanites ( ! left flank may be obs]v$2 ! animal brea!s ) ef=t & ea* respiration may be accompani$ ) a grunt1 ! e>s & horns are alt]nately hot & cold1 rum9ation ceases1 ! usual rumbl+ s\nd 9 ! /oma* is n audible1 ! passage ( dung is almo/ entirely susp5d$1 & ! animal passes only a little mucus occasionally4 ,sometimes !re is alt]nat+ con/ipation & di>rhea4 ,!re is l[ fev] 9 _m cases4 ,! disease cont9ues a few days or a week 9 ! mild cases1 :ile ! sev]e cases may la/ sev]al weeks4 ,9 ! latt] =m ! emaciation & loss ( /r5g? may be v great4 ,!re is no appetite1 no rum9ation1 nor p]i/alsis4 ,! m\? is hot & /icky1 ! eyes h rec$$ 9 _! sockets1 & milk secretion has ceas$4 ,9 su* cases ! outlook = recov]y is unfavorable4 ,! pati5t falls away 9 fle% & becomes weak]1 z is %[n by ! fact t "o frequ5tly f9ds x ly+ d[n4 ,on exam9+ animals :i* h di$ ( ?is disease x is f\nd t ! l9+ membrane ( ! f\r? /oma* & ! inte/9es1 p>ticul>ly ! small inte/9e1 is r$1 swoll51 /reak$ ) deep] r$ or blui% l9es1 or spott$4 ,! l9+ ( ! fir/ ?ree /oma*s is m or less s(t5$1 & may easily be peel$ (f4 ,! ?ird /oma* 7psalt]7 conta9s dry fe$ 9 h>d masses closely adh]5t to its walls4 ,9 "s cases ! bra9 appe>s to become disord]$1 probably f ! pa9 & weakness & f ! absorption ( tox9s g5]at$ 9 ! dige/ive canal4 ,9 su* cases !re is weakness & an un/eady gait1 ! animal does n appe> to take notice ( & w consequ5tly run aga9/ ob/acles2 aft] a "t x falls & gives up to viol5t & disord]$ movem5ts4 ,?is deliri\s condition is succe$$ by coma or /upor1 & dea? ensues4 ,treatm5t4--,small quantities ( roots1 sweet silage1 or select$ grass or hay %\ld be (f]$ sev]al times daily4 ,v little fe$ %\ld be all[$4 ,aromatic & demulc5t drafts may be giv5 to produce a soo?+ effect on ! muc\s l9+ ( ! /oma*s & to promote dige/ion4 ,two ounces ( camomile fl[]s %\ld be boil$ = #bj m9utes 9 a qu>t ( wat] & ! infusion on cool+ %\ld be giv5 to ! affect$ animal4 ,?is may be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,:5 con/ipation is pres5t ! foll[+ purgative may be adm9i/]$3 ,"o p\nd ( ,glaub]'s salt dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( l9se$ tea & a p9t ( molasses4 ,aft] ?is purgative has act$1 if !re is a lack ( appetite & ! animal does n rum9ate regul>ly1 ! p[d] m5tion$ 9 rem>ks on ! treatm5t ( *ronic tympanites may be giv5 accord+ to directions4 ,! diet mu/ be r laxative & ( an easily dige/ible "* aft] an attack ( ?is =m ( indige/ion4 ,fe$ %\ld be giv5 9 mod]ate quantities1 z excess by ov]tax+ ! dige/ive functions may br+ on a relapse4 ,ice-cold wat] %\ld be avoid$4 ,,indige/ion ,,f ,,dr9k+ ,,cold ,,wat] 7,,colic74 ,?is disord] is produc$ by dr9k+ copi\sly ( cold wat]1 :i* arre/s dige/ion & produces cramp ( ! f\r? /oma*1 probably ( ! o!r /oma*s1 & also ( ! b[els4 ,causes4---,x is n cu/om>y = ! ox to dr9k mu* wat] at once4 ,9 fact1 he usually dr9ks sl[ly & z if he 7 m]ely ta/+ ! wat]1 lett+ "s fall out at ! corn]s ( 8 m\? at e m\?ful4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem to be contr>y to ! habits ( ! ox to dr9k copi\sly2 b we f9d t dur+ hot wea!r1 :5 he has be5 work+ & is consequ5tly v ?ir/y1 if he dr9ks a l>ge quantity ( cold wat] he may be imm$iately tak5 ) a v sev]e colic4 ,c[s :i* are f$ l>gely on dry hay dr9k copi\sly1 l ! work+ ox1 & become affect$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,9 su* cases !y are seiz$ ) a *ill or fit ( trembl+ be=e ! cramps come on4 ,symptoms4--,!re is "s di/5sion ( ! abdom51 b no accumulation ( gas4 ,z ! di/5sion & pa9 occur imm$iately aft] ! animal has drunk ! wat]1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! excit+ cause4 ,treatm5t4--,walk ! animal ab\t = #aj m9utes be=e adm9i/]+ m$ic9e1 & ?is all[s "t = a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* to pass into ! b[el1 & r5d]s x saf] to give m$ic9e4 ,9 _m cases ! walk+ ex]cise & ! di>rhea br+ ab\t a spontane\s cure ( ?is disord]1 b z 9 "s in/ances ! cramps & pa9s ( ! /oma*s p]si/1 "o may give #a ounce ( sulphuric e!r & #a ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 %ak5 up ) a p9t ( w>m wat]1 & repeat ! dose 9 half an h\r if ! animal is n reliev$4 ,9 an em]g5cy :5 ! m$ic9e is n to be _h1 a tablespoonful ( p[d]$ g+] may be adm9i/]$ 9 a p9t ( w>m wat]4 ,,indige/ion ,,9 ,,calves 7,,ga/ro9te/9al ,,cat>rh1 ,,di>rhea1 ,,or ,,sc\r74 ,calves are subject to a =m ( di>rhea to :i* ! =ego+ designations h be5 appli$4 ,causes4--,calves t suck _! dams are n frequ5tly affect$ ) ?is disease1 ?\gh x may be occasion$ by _! suck+ at long int]vals & ?us ov]load+ ! /oma* & br++ on indige/ion1 or f improp] fe$+ ( ! dam on s(t1 wat]y1 or damag$ fe$s4 ,suckl+ ! calf at irregul> times may also cause x4 ,exposure to damp & cold is a pot5t pr$ispos+ cause4 ,calves sep>at$ f _! dams & f$ consid]able quantities ( cold milk at long int]vals are liable to contract ?is =m ( indige/ion4 ,calves f$ on artificial fe$1 us$ z a sub/itute = milk1 frequ5tly contract x4 ,damag$ fe$1 s\r or rott5 milk1 milk f dirty cans1 skim milk f a dirty cream]y skim-milk vat1 skim milk haul$ w>m1 expos$ to ! sun & f$ f unclean buckets may all cause ?is disease4 ,symptoms4--,! calf is depress$2 appetite is poor2 sometimes !re is fev]2 ! extremities are cold4 ,! dung becomes gradually s(t] & light] 9 color until x is cream color$ & little ?ick] ?an milk4 ,x has a mo/ (f5sive odor & may conta9 clumps ( curd4 ,lat] x conta9s mucus & gas bubbles4 ,x /icks to ! hair ( ! tail & buttocks1 caus+ ! hair to drop (f & ! sk9 to become irritat$4 ,!re may be pa9 on pass+ dung & also abdom9al or colicky pa94 ,! calf /&s ab\t ) ! back ar*$ & belly contract$4 ,!re may be tympanites4 ,great weakness ensues 9 sev]e cases1 & )\t prompt & successful treatm5t dea? soon foll[s4 ,treatm5t4--,remove ! cause4 ,give appropriate fe$ ( be/ quality 9 small quantities4 ,make sure t ! c[ furni%+ ! milk is heal?y & is prop]ly f$4 ,clean all milk vessels4 ,clean & dis9fect ! /alls4 ,= ! di>rhea give two raw eggs or a cup ( /rong c(fee4 ,if ! case is sev]e1 give #a ounce ( ca/or oil ) a teaspoonful ( creol9 & #bj gra9s ( subnitrate ( bismu?4 ,repeat ! bismu? & creol9 ) flaxse$ tea e f\r h\rs4 ,tannop9 may be us$ 9 doses ( #ae to #cj gra9s4 ,calves artificially f$ on :ole or skim milk %\ld receive only su* milk z is sweet & has be5 h&l$ 9 a sanit>y mann]4 ,milk %\ld always be w>m$ to ! temp]ature ( ! body be=e fe$+4 ,:5 calves artificially milk-f$ develop di>rhea1 ! use ( ! foll[+ treatm5t has giv5 excell5t results 9 _m cases3 ,imm$iately aft] milk+1 or ! sep>ation ( ! skim milk f ! cream1 =mal9 9 ! proportion ( #a to #d1jjj %\ld be add$ to ! milk :i* is us$ = fe$+2 ?is may be closely approximat$ by add+ f\r drops ( =mal9 to ea* qu>t ( milk4 ,?is m$icat$ milk %\ld be f$ to ! calf 9 ! usual quantity4 ,:5 ! di>rhea is n controll$ 9 ?ree or f\r days by ?is treatm5t1 ! additional use ( "s ( ! ag5ts recomm5d$ above may assi/ 9 a recov]y4 ,,infecti\s ,,di>rhea2 ,,:ite ,,sc\r4 ,see *apt] on ,diseases ( "y calves1 p4 #bdg4 ,,ga/ro5t]itis4 ,?is consi/s ( an inflammation ( ! walls ( ! /oma*s & ( ! b[el4 ,ga/ro5t]itis1 or inflammation ( ! walls ( ! /oma*s & inte/9es1 foll[s ^u irritations m sev]e or long] cont9u$ ?an ^? t produce ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh4 ,causes4--,sev]e indige/ion may be foll[$ by ga/ro5t]itis1 or x may be caus$ by swall[+ irritant poisons1 su* z ars5ic or corrosive sublimate or irritant plants4 ,exposure to cold or inclem5t wea!r may produce ! disease1 especially 9 debilitat$ animals or animals f$ improp]ly4 ,x is ass]t$ t if cattle fe$ on vegetation infe/$ ) "s k9ds ( cat]pill>s ?is disease may result4 ,symptoms4--,dullness2 droop+ ( ! e>s2 dryness ( ! muzzle2 dry sk92 />+ coat2 lo9s morbidly s5sitive to pressure2 fullness ( ! left flank1 :i* is caus$ by ! di/5tion ( ! f\r? /oma* by gas4 ,! pulse is small1 ! gait is feeble & /agg]+2 ea* /ep tak5 is accompani$ ) a grunt1 & ?is symptom is especially m>k$ if ! animal walks 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,!re is loss ( appetite1 & rum9ation is susp5d$4 ,! passages at fir/ are few 9 numb]1 h>d1 & are sometimes coat$ ) mucus or ) blood4 ,lat] a sev]e di>rhea sets 91 :5 ! passages conta9 mucus & blood & h an (f5sive odor4 ,!re is evid5ce ( colicky pa91 & ! abdom5 is s5sitive to pressure4 ,pa9 may be cont9u\s4 ,!re is fev] & accel]ation ( pulse rate & respirations4 ,m5tal depression & ev5 ins5sibility occur be=e dea?4 ,! disease is always sev]e & (t5 fatal4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances4--,! muc\s membrane ( ! f\r? /oma* has a well-m>k$ r$ color & sometimes pres5ts ulc]ations4 ,! wall is ?ick5$ & s(t5$1 & simil> conditions are f\nd 9 ! walls ( ! inte/9es4 ,! r$ discoloration ext5ds 9 spots or l>ge areas q ?r\gh ! wall1 %[+ on ! outside4 ,treatm5t4--,v small quantities ( c>efully select$ fe$ mu/ be giv5 & ! appetite mu/ n be =c$4 ,protect ! animal well f cold & dampness4 ,int]nally1 give l9se$ tea1 boil$ milk1 boil$ oatmeal gruel1 or rice wat]4 ,^! protectives may c>ry ! m$ic9e4 ,tannop9 9 doses ( #cj to #fj gra9s is good4 ,subnitrate ( bismu? 9 doses ( #a to #b drams may be giv54 ,pulv]iz$ opium may be us$1 if ! di>rhea is sev]e1 9 #a to #b dram doses4 ,if ! b[el movem5ts are n free1 "o may give f a p9t to a qu>t ( ca/or or raw l9se$ oil4 ,,traumatic ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*4 ,?is disease results f ! pres5ce ( a =eign body4 ,?is condition is n r>e 9 cattle1 because ^! animals h ! habit ( swall[+ _! fe$ )\t c>eful *ew+1 & s nails1 screws1 hairp9s1 ends ( wire1 & o!r metal objects may be swall[$ unconsci\sly4 ,su* objects gravitate to ! second /oma*1 :]e !y may be caught 9 ! folds ( ! l9+ muc\s membrane1 & 9 "s in/ances ! wall ( ?is organ is p]=at$4 ,f ?is accid5t1 *ronic indige/ion results4 ,! symptoms1 m or less *>act]i/ic1 are pa9 :5 gett+ up or ly+ d[n2 grunt+ & pa9 ^u sudd5 motion1 especially d[nhill2 c\gh+2 pa9 on pressure ov] ! second /oma*1 :i* lies imm$iately above ! c>tilag9\s prolongation ( ! /]num4 ,if ! pres5ce ( su* a =eign body is recogniz$1 x may be remov$ by a difficult surgical op]ation1 or1 z is usually mo/ economical1 ! animal may be kill$ = beef1 if !re is no fev]4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,b[els4 ,,di>rhea ,,& ,,dys5t]y4 ,see also ,ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh1 p4 #cb4 ,! ^w dys5t]y1 z x is commonly us$ 9 relation to ! diseases ( animals1 signifies a sev]e =m ( di>rhea4 ,causes4--,di>rhea is a symptom ( irritation ( ! inte/9es1 result+ 9 increas$ secretion or increas$ muscul> contractions1 or bo?4 ,! irritation is sometimes ! result ( *ill+ f exposure1 improp] fe$+1 irritant fe$s1 indige/ion1 organic diseases ( ! inte/9es1 or p>asites4 ,symptoms4--,passages f ! b[els are frequ5t1 at fir/ consi/+ ( ?9 dung1 b z ! disease cont9ues !y become wat]y & (f5sive smell+1 & may be ev5 /reak$ ) blood4 ,at fir/ ! animal %[s no con/itutional di/urbance1 b lat] x becomes weak & may exhibit evid5ce ( abdom9al pa9 by look+ ar\nd to ! side1 draw+ ! feet toge!r1 ly+ d[n1 or mov+ re/lessly4 ,sometimes ?is malady is accompani$ ) fev]1 great depression1 loss ( /r5g?1 rapid loss ( fle%1 & x may t]m9ate 9 dea?4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! disease dep5ds on irritat+ prop]ties ( ! fe$ :i* has be5 suppli$ to ! animal1 x is advisable to give a mild purgative1 su* z a p9t ( ca/or or l9se$ oil4 ,:5 ! secretions ( ! b[els are irritat+1 an ounce ( c>bonate ( magnesia & half an ounce ( t9cture ( opium %\ld be %ak5 up 9 a qu>t ( l9se$ tea & giv5 to ! animal ?ree times a day until ! passages pres5t a natural appe>ance4 ,:5 !re is debility1 want ( appetite1 no fev]1 b a cont9uance ( ! wat]y dis*>ges f ! b[els1 !n an a/r+5t may be giv54 ,= su* cases ! foll[+ is s]viceable3 ,tannic acid1 #a ounce2 p[d]$ g5tian1 #b ounces2 mix & divide into #ab p[d]s1 "o p[d] to be giv5 ?ree times a day until ! passages pres5t a natural appe>ance4 ,ea* p[d] may be mix$ ) a p9t & a half ( wat]4 ,tannop9 is a new rem$y t is mo/ useful 9 su* cases4 ,! dose is f #cj gra9s to #b drams4 ,useful h\sehold rem$ies are raw eggs1 /rong c(fee1 p>*$ rye fl\r1 or decoction ( oak b>k4 ,9 all cases ! food mu/ be giv5 sp>+ly1 & x %\ld be c>efully select$ to insure good quality4 ,complete re/ 9 a box /all is desirable4 ,:5 di>rhea is a symptom ( a malady *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( a blood poison1 ! treatm5t appropriate to su* disease mu/ be appli$4 ,,simple ,,ent]itis4 ,see ,ga/ro5t]itis1 p4 #cc4 ,,cr\p\s ,,ent]itis4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 sev]e irritation ( ! dige/ive canal may1 9 cattle1 cause a =m ( inflammation ( ! inte/9es 7ent]itis7 t is *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( a false membrane ^u ! surface ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! inte/9es1 p>ticul>ly ! l>ge ones4 ,symptoms4--,!re is fev]1 depression1 loss ( appetite1 di>rhea1 & 9 ! fecal masses %r$s ( lea!ry false membrane may be f\nd4 ,^! %r$s are sometimes mi/ak5 = p>asites or = portions ( ! wall ( ! inte/9e4 ,treatm5t4--,give a p\nd ( ,glaub]'s salt1 foll[$ by bic>bonate ( soda 9 doses ( #b ounces f\r times daily4 ,,ent]itis 7,,ob/ruction ,,result+ ,,f ,,invag9ation1 ,,or ,,intussusception1 ,,twi/+1 ,,& ,,knott+ ,,( ,,! ,,b[els74 ,inflammation may arise f a knot =m+ on "s "p ( ! small inte/9e f ! portion ( ! b[el becom+ twi/$ on itself1 or f "o "p ( ! b[el slipp+ into ano!r1 :i* is t]m$ invag9ation4 ,?is =m ( ent]itis occurs occasionally 9 animals ( ! bov9e species4 ,causes4--,! small inte/9e1 :i* 9 ! ox re/s on ! "r side ( ! rum51 is1 f ! position :i* x occupies1 pr$ispos$ to ?is accid5t4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t animals :i* h %[n symptoms ( ?is malady h trott$1 gallop$1 or made o!r viol5t ex]tions 9 com+ f dr9k+1 or t !y h be5 *as$ by dogs or by animals ( _! own species :ile at pa/ure4 ,! accid5t is mo/ likely to occur among cattle on v hilly pa/ures4 ,! dang] ( jump+ or runn+ is greate/ :5 ! rum5 is di/5d$ ) food4 ,symptoms4--,?is =m ( ent]itis or ob/ruction is manife/$ by sev]e colicky pa9s2 ! ox scrapes & /rikes ! gr\nd ) 8 front & h9d feet alt]nately2 keeps ly+ d[n & gett+ up aga92 he keeps 8 tail con/antly rais$ & turns 8 nose frequ5tly to 8 "r flank2 he is frequ5tly bloat$1 or tympanitic1 on t side4 ,he refuses fe$ & does n rum9ate1 & = "s h\rs suff]s sev]e pa9s4 ,at fir/ he frequ5tly passes ?9 dung1 & also ur9ates frequ5tly1 b passes only a little ur9e at a "t4 ,on ! second day ! pa9s h become less acute2 ! animal rema9s ly+ d[n2 moans occasionally2 8 pulse is small & quick2 he /ill refuses fe$ & does n rum9ate4 ,at ?is /age he does n pass any dung1 ?\gh sometimes a small quantity ( bloody mucus may be pass$4 ,! animal passes v little ur9e4 ,?is condition may cont9ue = a consid]able "t1 z cattle s affect$ may live = #ae or ev5 #bj days4 ,po/-mortem appe>ance4--,at dea? ! b[els are f\nd to be misplac$ or ob/ruct$1 z m5tion$ above1 & inflam$1 ! inflammation always orig9at+ at ! po9t :]e ! inte/9e has be5 invag9at$1 twi/$1 or knott$4 ,sometimes ! "p is gangr5\s1 ! compression ( ! blood vessels prev5t+ circulation1 & ?us caus+ ! dea? ( ! tissues4 ,treatm5t4--,purgatives1 anodynes1 & o!r rem$ies are ( no s]vice 9 su* cases1 & ble$+ also fails to produce any b5efit4 ,inde$1 x is usually true t 9 su* cases treatm5t is useless4 ,"s cases are record$ 9 :i* an incision has be5 made 9 ! flank1 s z to enable ! op]ator to re/ore ! inte/9e to its normal position or to remove ! k9k4 ,,con/ipation4 ,con/ipation is to be reg>d$ r z a symptom ( disease or ( faults 9 fe$+ ?an z a disease 9 itself4 ,x occurs 9 almo/ all g5]al fev]s unless ! b[els are involv$ 9 local disease1 9 ob/ructions ( all k9ds1 f fe$+ on dry1 bulky fe$1 etc4 ,9 ord] to remove ! con/ipation ! treatm5t mu/ be appli$ to remove ! causes :i* give rise to x4 ,calves sometimes suff] f con/ipation imm$iately aft] bir? :5 ! meconium t accumulates 9 ! b[els be=e bir? is n pass$4 ,9 su* cases1 give a rectal injection ( w>m wat] & an ounce ( ca/or oil %ak5 up ) an ounce ( new milk4 ,! "m's milk is ! be/ food to prev5t con/ipation 9 ! new-born calf1 z x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( fatty matt] :i* r5d]s x laxative 9 its effects4 ,x is usually bett] to treat habitual con/ipation by a *ange ( diet ?an by m$ic9e4 ,flaxse$ is a good fe$ laxative4 ,if ! con/ipation has la/$ long1 repeat$ small doses ( purgatives are bett] ?an a s+le l>ge dose4 ,,inte/9al ,,worms4 ,see *apt] on ,! animal p>asites ( cattle1 p4 #ejb4 ,,ruptures 7,,v5tral ,,h]nia74 ,v5tral h]nia1 or rupture1 is an escape ( "s "o ( ! abdom9al organs ?r\gh a rupture 9 ! abdom9al muscles1 ! sk9 rema9+ intact4 ,! rum51 ! small inte/9e1 or "p ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 & ! f\r? /oma* are ! p>ts :i* usually =m a v5tral h]nia 9 bov9e animals4 ,causes4--,h]nia is frequ5tly produc$ by bl[s ( ! horns1 kicks1 & falls4 ,9 old c[s h]nia may sometimes occur )\t any direct injury4 ,,h]nia ,,( ,,! ,,rum54--,h]nia ( ! rum5 is g5]ally situat$ on ! left side ( ! abdom51 on acc\nt ( ! situation ( ! rum54 ,9 exceptional cases x may take place on ! "r side1 & 9 su* cases x also g5]ally happ5s t "s folds ( ! inte/9e pass into ! h]nial sac4 ,h]nias h be5 classifi$ into simple or complicat$1 rec5t or old1 traumatic 7f me*anical injury7 or spontane\s4 ,9 rec5t traumatic h]nia !re is swell+ on ! left side ( ! l[] "p ( ! abdom54 ,! swell+ is greate/ 9 ! cases ( h]nia :i* are situat$ on ! l[] "p ( ! abdom54 ,unless an exam9ation is made imm$iately aft] ! injury has be5 inflict$ x is difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to asc]ta9 ! exact ext5t ( ! rupture1 ow+ to ! swell+ :i* subsequ5tly takes place4 ,frequ5tly !re is no loss ( appetite1 fev]1 or o!r g5]al symptoms att5d+ ! injury4 ,f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? day ! swell+ has g5]ally subsid$ to su* an ext5t t x is possible by an exam9ation to det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! rupture4 ,9 old c[s :at is t]m$ spontane\s h]nia may sometimes take place )\t any direct injury4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is =m ( h]nia is expla9$ by ! increase 9 ! size ( ! abdom51 :i* takes place 9 an advanc$ /age ( pregnancy1 caus+ a ?9n+ & /ret*+ ( ! muscul> fib]s1 :i* at la/ may rupture1 or give way4 ,su* h]nias frequ5tly occur ab\t ! end ( ! p]iod ( ge/ation1 & 9 "s in/ances h conta9$ ! "r sac ( ! rum51 ! om5tum1 ! small & l>ge inte/9es1 a portion ( ! liv]1 & ! pregnant ut]us4 ,9 old h]nias ! swell+ is s(t & ela/ic1 & if !y h n contract$ adhesions to ! sides ( ! lac]ation1 !y c be made to disappe> by pressure c>efully appli$4 ,sometimes ?is accid5t is complicat$ by a rupture ( ! rum51 con/itut+ a complicat$ h]nia4 ,if a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! rum5 escape into ! abdom51 ! case w be aggravat$ by ! occurr5ce ( p]itonitis4 ,,h]nia ,,( ,,! ,,b[el4--,:5 ! inte/9es 7,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #f7 =m ! cont5ts ( ! h]nia1 x w be situat$ at ! "r side ( ! abdom54 ,9 an inte/9al h]nia ! swell+ is usually n pa9ful1 ( a d\ghy consi/5ce or ela/ic1 accord+ z ! inte/9e does or does n conta9 alim5t>y matt]4 ,?is swell+ c g5]ally be made to disappe> by pressure1 & :5 x has be5 r$uc$ "o c easily recognize ! direction & ext5t ( ! h]nial op5+4 ,h]nias ( ! b[el :i* are situat$ at ! upp] & "r side ( ! abdom5 are usually =m$ by ! small inte/9e4 ,!y are less easily r$uc$ ?an a h]nia 9 a l[] situation1 b :5 r$uction has be5 effect$ !y are less readily reproduc$ ?an ^? occurr+ l[]4 ,9 h]nias ( ! small inte/9e1 adhesion ( ! protrud+ p>ts to ! walls ( ! op5+1 or /rangulation1 are complications :i* sometimes take place4 ,if adhesion has tak5 place ! h]nia c n be r$uc$ by pressure1 & :5 /rangulation has occurr$ ! animal %[s symptoms ( pa9--is re/less1 turns its nose to ! pa9ful "p1 & %[s ^? symptoms :i* are usually collectively designat$ "u ! t]m colic4 ,if relief is n af=d$1 ! animal w die4 ,,h]nia ,,( ,,! ,,r5net1 ,,or ,,f\r? ,,/oma*4--,?is disease occasionally occurs 9 calves & is usually caus$ by a bl[ f a c['s horn on ! "r flank ( ! calf4 ,aft] su* an accid5t a swell+ =ms on ! "r flank ne> ! la/ rib4 ,?is swell+ may be nei!r hot nor pa9ful1 ev5 at fir/1 & is s(t to ! t\*4 ,x c be made to disappe> by c>eful pressure1 :5 ! sides ( ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* x has pass$ c be felt4 ,! application ( pressure s z to cause ! disappe>ance ( ! h]nia is be/ made imm$iately aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! accid5t1 or :5 ! edema :i* accompanies ! swell+ has disappe>$4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 a h]nia is r$ucible--t is1 c be pu%$ back into ! abdom5--!n1 if x is ( rec5t occurr5ce1 x is advisable to ma9ta9 ! natural position ( ! p>ts by b&ag+ & to all[ ! walls ( ! lac]ation to gr[ toge!r4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept reasonably empty by avoid+ ! use ( bulky fe$1 & ! animal mu/ be kept quiet4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( b&ag+ is recomm5d$ by ,b\ley3 ,fir/ prep>e a b&age 7mu/ be ( /rong mat]ial71 ab\t #aj y>ds long & betwe5 #c & #d in*es broad1 & a flexible & solid piece ( pa/ebo>d adapt$ 9 size to ! surface ( ! h]nia4 ,! protrud+ organ mu/ !n be replac$ 9 ! abdom5 & ma9ta9$ 9 t position dur+ ! application ( ! b&age4 ,?is be+ done1 a lay] ( melt$ pit* & turp5t9e is quickly spread on ! sk9 cov]+ ! seat ( ! h]nia1 s z to ext5d some:at beyond t space4 ,?is adhesive lay] is !n cov]$ ) a lay] ( f9e t[1 !n a new lay] ( pit* & turp5t9e is spread on ! t[1 & ! piece ( pa/ebo>d is appli$ on ! lay] ( pit*1 its out] surface be+ cov]$ ) ! same prep>ation4 ,la/ly1 ! b&age1 adh]+ to ! piece ( pa/ebo>d1 to ! sk91 & to ! diff]5t turns :i* x makes ar\nd ! body1 is c>efully appli$ s z to =m an immovable1 rigid1 & solid b&age1 :i* w reta9 ! h]nia long en\gh = ! w\nd 9 ! abdom9al walls to heal p]man5tly4 ,if ! h]nia is old & small x may be treat$ by inject+ a /rong solution ( common salt ab\t ! edges ( ! te>4 ,?is causes swell+ & inflammation1 :i*1 respectively1 =ces ! protrud$ organ back & closes ! op5+4 ,!re is "s risk atta*$ to ?is me?od ( treatm5t4 ,9 small1 old1 v5tral h]nias ! me?od ( compress+ & sl\gh+ (f ! sk9 has be5 us$ successfully4 ,if ! h]nia is l>ge a radical op]ation w be necess>y1 & ?is is also true :5 ! symptoms indicate t a h]nia is /rangulat$4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by cutt+ d[n on ! h]nia1 re/or+ ! organ to ! abdom9al cavity1 & !n clos+ ! w\nd ) two sets ( /it*es2 ! inn] /it*es1 9 ! muscul> wall1 %\ld be made ) catgut & ! out] /it*es1 9 ! sk91 may be made ) silk or silv] wire4 ,! /ricte/ surgical cleanl9ess mu/ be obs]v$4 ,ble$+ vessels %\ld be ti$4 ,!n a compress compos$ ( t5 or twelve folds ( clo? mu/ be plac$ smoo?ly ov] ! seat ( injury & a b&age appli$ ar\nd ! body1 ! two ends be+ fa/5$ at ! back4 ,9 ! small] k9ds ( h]nia1 nitric acid may sometimes be appli$ ) success4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld n be appli$ until ! swell+ & inflammation att5d+ ! appe>ance ( ! h]nia h subsid$2 !n1 ! cont5ts ( ! h]nia hav+ be5 return$1 ! surface ( sk9 correspond+ to x is spong$ ov] ) a solution compos$ ( #a "p ( nitric acid to #b ( wat]4 ,?is treatm5t acts by excit+ consid]able inflammation1 :i* has ! effect ( caus+ swell+1 & ?us frequ5tly clos+ ! h]nial op5+ & prev5t+ ! cont5ts ( ! sac f return+4 ,a second application %\ld n be made until ! inflammation excit$ by ! fir/ has subsid$4 ,9 :at is t]m$ spontane\s h]nia x is useless to apply any k9d ( treatm5t4 ,,umbilical ,,h]nia4--,! umbilicus1 or navel1 is ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! blood vessels pass f ! "m to ! fetus1 & naturally ! sides ( ?is ap]ture ought to adh]e or unite aft] bir?4 ,9 v "y animals1 & sometimes 9 newborn calves1 ?is ap]ture 9 ! abdom9al muscles rema9s op5 & a "p ( ! b[el or a portion ( ! mes5t]y may slip ?r\gh ! op5+1 con/itut+ :at is call$ umbilical h]nia4 ,! wall ( ! sac is =m$ by ! sk91 :i* is cov]$ on ! inn] surface by a lay] ( cellul> tissue1 & )9 ?is !re is sometimes1 b n always1 a lay] ( p]itoneum4 ,! cont5ts ( ! h]nia may be =m$ by a "p ( ! b[el1 by a portion ( ! p]itoneum1 or may conta9 portions ( bo? p]itoneum & b[el4 ,:5 ! sac conta9s only ! p]itoneum x has a d\ghy feel1 b :5 x is =m$ by a portion ( ! b[el x is m ela/ic on pressure4 ,causes4--,9 ! new-born animal ! op5+ ( ! navel is g5]ally l>ge1 & may sometimes give way to ! pressure ( ! b[el on acc\nt ( ! weak & relax$ condition ( ! abdom9al muscles4 ,?is defective & abnormal condition ( ! umbilicus is frequ5tly h]$it>y4 ,x may be occasion$ by r\ghly pull+ away ! umbilical cord2 ?r\gh kicks or bl[s on ! belly2 ?r\gh any sev]e /ra9+ by :i* ! sides ( ! navel are /ret*$ ap>t4 ,we may m5tion 9 ?is connection t x is be/ 9 new-born calves to tie ! umbilical cord tightly ab\t #b in*es f ! navel1 & !n to leave x alone1 :5 9 mo/ cases x w drop (f 9 a few days1 leav+ ! navel clos$4 ,treatm5t4--,x is well to be> 9 m9d t _m1 & especially ! small]1 umbilical h]nias heal spontane\sly2 t is1 nature effects a cure4 ,z ! animal gets old] ! abdom9al muscles get /rong] & possess m p[] ( resi/ance to pressure1 ! b[els become l>g] & d n pass s readily ?r\gh a small op5+1 s t f a comb9ation ( causes !re is a gradual gr[+ toge!r or adhesion ( ! sides ( ! navel4 ,9 cases ( umbilical h]nia 9 :i* !re are no indications t a spontane\s cure w take place1 ! calf %\ld be laid on its back2 imm$iately on ?is be+ done ! h]nia w (t5 disappe> into ! abdom54 ,if x does n1 its r$uction may be br\ght ab\t by g5tle h&l+1 endeavor+1 if ne$ be1 to empty ! organs =m+ ! h]nia be=e return+ !m into ! abdom54 ,aft] ! h]nia has be5 return$1 ! hair %\ld be clipp$ f ! sk9 cov]+ x & a compress compos$ ( #aj or #ab folds ( l95 or cotton %\ld be appli$1 fir/ sme>+ ! sk9 ) pit* & !n a b&age ab\t #c in*es wide %\ld be pass$ r\nd ! body s z to reta9 ! compress 9 position4 ,! l[] "p ( ! compress %\ld be sme>$ ) pit*1 & also ^? portions ( ! b&age :i* pass ov] x1 s z to keep x solid & prev5t x f %ift+4 ,9 "s cases x w be f\nd t ! cont5ts ( ! sac c n be return$ into ! abdom51 & ?is g5]ally arises f ! fact t "s "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! sac has gr[n to or become adh]5t to ! edges ( ! umbilical op5+4 ,9 su* a case ! sk9 mu/ be c>efully laid op5 9 ! long direction1 ! adhesions ( ! protrud+ organs c>efully sep>at$ f ! umbilicus1 & aft] ! protrud+ p>ts h be5 return$ into ! abdom51 ! sides ( ! umbilicus mu/ be fre%5$ if necess>y by p>+1 & !n ! edges ( ! op5+ br\ght toge!r by catgut /it*es2 ! w\nd 9 ! sk9 mu/ !n also be br\ght toge!r by /it*es4 ,! w\nd mu/ be c>efully dress$ e day & a b&age pass$ r\nd ! body s z to cov] & protect ! "p op]at$ on4 ,9 small h]nias nitric acid has be5 us$ successfully 9 ! same mann] z has be5 describ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( v5tral h]nia4 ,sulphuric acid has also be5 us$ = a simil> purpose1 dilut+ x to ! ext5t ( #a "p ( acid to #c or #e ( wat]4 ,9 ?9-sk9n$ animals ! weak] prep>ations ought to be pref]r$1 & caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 us+ su* prep>ations s z n to de/roy ! tissues on :i* !y are appli$4 ,ano!r me?od ( treatm5t is1 aft] ! cont5ts ( ! sac h be5 return$ into ! abdom51 to tie a piece ( /rong wax$ cord r\nd ! p5dul\s portion :i* =m$ ! out] cov]+ ( ! h]nia4 ,! /r+ is apt to slack5 aft] two or ?ree days1 :5 a new piece ( cord %\ld be appli$ above ! fir/ "o4 ,! con/riction ( ! sk9 sets up inflammation1 :i* g5]ally ext5ds to ! umbilicus & causes ! edges to adh]e toge!r1 & by ! "t ! portion ( sk9 bel[ ! ligature has lo/ its vitality & dropp$ (f1 ! umbilicus is clos$ & !re is no dang] ( ! abdom9al organs protrud+ ?r\gh x4 ,?is is :at takes place :5 ?is me?od has a favorable result1 ?\gh if ! umbilicus does n become adh]5t & ! sk9 sl\ghs1 ! b[els w protrude ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,,gut-,,tie 7,,p]itoneal ,,h]nia74--,9 p]itoneal h]nia ( ! ox a loop or knuckle ( inte/9e ent]s f ! abdom5 into a r5t 9 t "p ( ! p]itoneum :i* is situat$ at ! m>g9 ( ! hip bone or x passes "u ! rema9s ( ! sp]matic cord1 ! end ( :i* may be gr[n fa/ to ! inn] +u9al r+4 ,! onw>d pressure ( ! b[el1 z well z ! occasional turn+ ( ! latt] r\nd ! sp]matic cord1 is ! cause ( ! cord ex]cis+ consid]able pressure on ! b[el1 :i* occasions irritation1 ob/ructs ! passage ( excrem5t1 & excites inflammation1 :i* t]m9ates 9 gangr5e & dea?4 ,! r5t 9 ! p]itoneum is situat$ at ! upp] & front "p ( ! pelvis1 ne>] to ! sacrum ?an ! pubes4 ,causes4--,among ! causes ( p]itoneal h]nia consid]able importance is atta*$ to a me?od ( ca/ration :i* is practic$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 viz1 ! te>+ or ruptur+ ( ! sp]matic cord by ma9 =ce in/ead ( divid+ x at a prop] di/ance above ! te/icle 9 a surgical mann]4 ,aft] ?is viol5t & r\gh me?od ( op]at+1 ! cord retracts into ! abdom5 & its /ump becomes adh]5t to "s "p ( ! p]itoneum1 or x may w9d ar\nd ! b[el & !n ! /ump becomes adh]5t1 s t /rangulation ( ! b[el results4 ,! r\gh dragg+ on ! cord may also cause a te> 9 ! p]itoneum1 ! result ( :i* ne$ n be describ$4 ,! sev]e ex]tion ( asc5d+ hills & m\nta9s1 draw+ heavy loads1 or ! /ra9+ :i* ox5 und]go :ile fight+ ea* o!r may also give rise to p]itoneal h]nia4 ,symptoms4--,! ox sudd5ly becomes v re/less1 /amps ) 8 feet1 moves backw>d & =w>d1 hurri$ly lies d[n1 rises1 moves 8 tail uneasily1 & kicks at 8 belly ) ! foot ( ! affect$ side4 ,! pa9 ev9c$ may dim9i% b soon returns aga94 ,9 ! e>ly /age !re are frequ5t passages ( dung1 b aft] ! lapse ( #ah or #bd h\rs ?is ceases1 ! b[el app>5tly be+ empti$ to ! po9t ( /rangulation1 & ! passages n[ consi/ only ( a little mucus mix$ ) blood4 ,:5 injections are giv5 at ?is "t ! wat] passes out ( ! b[el )\t ev5 be+ color$4 ,! animal lies d[n on ! side :]e ! h]nia exi/s & /ret*es out 8 h9d feet 9 a backw>d direction4 ,^! two p>ticul> symptoms s]ve to di/+ui% ?is affection f ent]itis & invag9ation ( ! b[el4 ,z "t passes ! animal becomes quiet]1 b ?is cessation ( pa9 may indicate t gangr5e ( ! b[el has set 91 & may1 !re=e1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be consid]$ a precursor ( dea?4 ,gangr5e may take place 9 f f\r to six days1 :5 p]=ation ( ! b[el may occur & dea? result 9 a %ort "t4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! fir/ place ! ox %\ld be exam9$ by pass+ ! oil$ h& & arm into ! rectum2 ! h& %\ld be pass$ along ! m>g9 ( ! pelvis1 beg9n+ at ! sacrum & cont9u+ d[nw>d t[>d ! +u9al r+1 :5 a s(t1 pa9ful swell+ w be felt1 :i* may v>y f ! size ( an apple to t ( ! two fi/s4 ,?is swell+ w be felt to be tightly compress$ by ! sp]matic cord4 ,x v r>ely happ5s t !re is any simil> swell+ on ! left side1 ?\gh 9 su* cases x is be/ to make a ?or\gh exam9ation4 ,! b[el has sometimes be5 releas$ f its position by driv+ ! ox d[n a hill2 by caus+ him to jump f a height ( #b feet to ! gr\nd2 ! exp$i5t ( trott+ him also has be5 resort$ to ) ! hope t ! jolt+ movem5t might br+ ab\t a release ( ! b[el4 ,if ! simple exp$i5ts m5tion$ h be5 tri$ & fail$1 !n ! h& be+ pass$ into ! rectum %\ld be press$ g5tly on ! swell+ 9 an upw>d & =w>d direction1 s z to endeavor to pu% ! imprison$ portion ( ! b[el back into ! abdom54 ,:ile ?is is be+ done ! ox's h9d feet %\ld /& on high] gr\nd ?an ! front1 s z to favor ! slipp+ out ( ! b[el by its own weight1 & at ! same "t an assi/ant %\ld squeeze ! animal's lo9s1 s z to cause x to b5d d[nw>d & s relax ! b& =m$ by ! sp]matic cord4 ,if ! imprison$ portion ( gut is fre$1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! swell+1 ! usual s\nds produc$ by ! b[els mov+ 9 ! abdom5 w be he>d1 & 9 a few h\rs ! feces & ur9e w be pass$ z usual4 ,if ! means m5tion$ fail to release ! imprison$ portion ( ! gut1 !n an incision ab\t #d in*es long mu/ be made 9 ! "r flank 9 a d[nw>d direction1 ! h& introduc$ into ! abdom51 ! situation & condition ( swell+ exactly asc]ta9$1 & !n a probe-po9t$ knife ins]t$ betwe5 ! imprison$ b[el & b& compress+ x1 & turn$ outw>d aga9/ ! b&1 ! latt] be+ !n cauti\sly divid$ & ! imprison$ gut all[$ to escape1 or1 if necess>y1 ! b[el %\ld be drawn g5tly f its position into ! abdom54 ,! w\nd 9 ! flank mu/ be br\ght toge!r 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! w\nd made 9 op]at+ = impaction ( ! rum54 ,,w\nds ,,( ,,! ,,abdom54 ,a w\nd ( ! abdom5 may m]ely p5etrate ! sk92 b z su* cases are n att5d$ ) mu* dang]1 nor _! treatm5t ) mu* difficulty1 we w consid] "h m]ely ^? w\nds :i* p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! abdom9al walls & expose to a great] or less ext5t ! organs conta9$ 9 t cavity4 ,causes4--,su* accid5ts may be occasion$ by fall+ on fragm5ts ( brok5 glass or o!r %>p objects4 ,a bl[ f ! horn ( ano!r animal may p5etrate ! abdom54 ,exposure & protrusion ( "s ( ! abdom9al organs may also be occasion$ by ! incauti\s use ( cau/ics 9 ! treatm5t ( umbilical or v5tral h]nia4 ,! p>ts :i* g5]ally escape ?r\gh an abdom9al w\nd are ! small inte/9e & float+ colon4 ,symptoms4--,:5 ! abdom9al w\nd is small1 ! b[el expos$ pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a small r\nd tumor1 b 9 a few mom5ts a loop ( inte/9e may em]ge f ! op5+4 ,! animal !n %[s symptoms ( sev]e pa9 by paw+ ) 8 feet1 :i* has ! effect ( accel]at+ ! passage ( new loops ( inte/9e ?r\gh ! w\nd1 s t ! mass :i* !y =m may ev5 t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! pa9 becomes s great t ! ox n[ n only paws b lies d[n & rolls1 ?us te>+ & cru%+ 8 b[els4 ,9 su* cases x is be/ to slaught] ! animal at once2 b 9 ! case ( a valuable animal 9 :i* te>+ & cru%+ ( ! b[els has n tak5 place ! b[els %\ld be wa%$ ) fre%ly boil$ wat] r$uc$ to ! temp]ature ( ! body & return$ & ! w\nds 9 ! muscle & sk9 br\ght toge!r 9 a mann] some:at simil> to t describ$ 9 speak+ ( v5tral h]nia4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,liv] ,,& ,,sple54 ,,jaundice 7,,! ,,yell[s1 ,,or ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,! ,,liv]74 ,:5 jaundice exi/s1 !re is a yell[ appe>ance ( ! :ite ( ! eyes & ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?4 ,a simil> aspect ( ! sk9 may also be obs]v$ 9 animals :i* are ei!r p>tly or altoge!r cov]$ ) :ite hair4 ,jaundice is !n m]ely a symptom ( disease & ought to direct att5tion to asc]ta9+1 if possible1 ! cause or causes :i* h giv5 rise to x4 ,a swoll5 condition ( ! muc\s membrane ( t "p ( ! b[el call$ ! duod5um may produce jaundice1 z t me*anically closes ! orifice ( ! bili>y duct4 ,9 con/ipation !re is an inactive or torpid condition ( ! b[el1 & ! bile :i* passes into ! inte/9e may be absorb$ & cause ! yell[ /a9+ ( jaundice4 ,jaundice is "o ( ! symptoms ( ,texas fev]4 ,x may also arise f ! pres5ce ( p>asites or gall/ones 9 ! ducts1 =m+ a me*anical ob/ruction to ! onw>d fl[ ( bile4 ,! conditions "u :i* jaundice mo/ commonly calls = treatm5t are :5 cattle h be5 highly f$ & kept 9 a /ate ( inactivity4 ,at su* "t !re is an excess ( nutritive elem5ts c>ri$ into ! blood1 :i* is associat$ ) increas$ fullness ( ! portal ve9 & hepatic art]y4 ,:5 cont9u$ high fe$+ has produc$ ?is conge/$ /ate ( ! liv]1 ! functions ( t organ become disord]$1 s t a consid]able portion ( ! bile1 in/ead ( be+ excret$ & pass+ into ! inte/9e1 is absorb$ by ! hepatic ve9s4 ,! /ructure ( ! liv] is %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,symptoms4--,?is disease1 al?\gh r>e1 occurs mo/ frequ5tly among /all-f$ cattle4 ,pressure along ! m>g9 ( ! %ort ribs on ! "r side produces pa92 ! appetite is poor & ! animal %[s h>dly any incl9ation to dr9k2 ! muc\s membranes ( ! eye & m\? are yell[1 ! ur9e has a yell[ or br[n appe>ance1 ! animal lies d[n mu* & moves ) reluctance1 moans occasionally1 & has a tott]+ gait4 ,! e>s & horns are alt]nately hot & cold2 9 c[s ! secretion ( milk is mu* dim9i%$1 & t :i* is secret$ has a bitt] ta/e2 sometimes ! animal has a dry1 pa9ful c\gh & pres5ts a dull1 /upefi$ appe>ance4 ,treatm5t4--,9 su* cases x is advisable to produce a free action ( ! b[els1 s z to remove ! usually conge/$ condition ( ! portal ve9 & liv]4 ,= ?is purpose ! adm9i/ration ( ! foll[+ dose is recomm5d$3 ,sulphate ( soda1 #af ounces2 molasses1 #a p9t2 w>m wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,! sulphate ( soda is dissolv$ by /irr+ x up 9 tepid wat]4 ,foll[+ ?is ! animal %\ld h a heap+ tablespoonful ( artificial ,c>lsbad salt 9 ! fe$ ?ree times daily4 ,?is treatm5t may be assi/$ by giv+ occasional injections ( w>m wat] & soap4 ,! diet %\ld be laxative & mod]ate 9 quantity & may consi/ ( co>se bran ma%1 pulp$ roots1 grass 9 ! season1 & hay 9 mod]ate quantity4 ,,hepatitis 7,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,liv]74 ,hepatitis is an inflammation ( ! liv] & usually occurs z a complication ( "s infecti\s disease4 ,x may also occur z a complication ( ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh or 9 hot wea!r f ov]heat+ or damag$ 7putrid or f]m5t$7 fe$s4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are sometimes obscure & _! real significance is frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,! mo/ prom95t symptoms are yell[ness ( ! :ite ( ! eye & ( ! membrane l9+ ! m\?2 ! appetite is poor1 ! body pres5ts an emaciat$ appe>ance1 ! feces are light color$1 :ile ! ur9e is likely to be unusually d>k2 !re is ?ir/1 & pa9 is caus$ by press+ ov] ! liv]4 ,! gait is weak & ! animal lies d[n m ?an usual1 & :ile do+ s frequ5tly re/s its head on ! side ( its *e/4 ,treatm5t4--,give a purge ( ,glaub]'s salt & aft] x has op]at$ give artificial ,c>lsbad salts 9 ea* fe$1 z advis$ "u ,jaundice4 ,give gre5 fe$ & pl5ty ( wat]4 ,oil ( turp5t9e %\ld be rubb$ 9 well once a day ov] ! region ( ! liv]4 ,! sk9 on :i* x %\ld be appli$ ext5ds f ! false ribs on ! "r side to #f in*es 9 front ( ! la/ "o1 & f ! backbone to #ab in*es on ! "r side ( x4 ,,fluke ,,disease4 ,see *apt] on ,! animal p>asites ( cattle1 p4 #ejb4 ,,spl5itis 7,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,sple574 ,?is disease occurs almo/ solely z a result ( ! exi/5ce ( "s infecti\s disease1 & ! symptoms caus$ by x m]ge ) ! symptoms ( ! accompany+ causative disease4 ,! sple5 is s]i\sly involv$ & becomes enl>g$ & s(t 9 ,texas fev]1 an?rax1 & blood poison+4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,p]itoneum4 ,,p]itonitis4 ,p]itonitis consi/s ( an inflammation ( ! p]itoneum1 :i* is ! ?91 delicate membrane t l9es ! abdom5 & cov]s ! abdom9al organs4 ,causes4--,w\nds are ! usual cause 9 cattle4 ,! w\nd may be ( ! abdom9al wall or ( ! inte/9es1 /oma*1 or ut]us2 or inflammation may ext5d f "o ( ! organs ( ! abdom9al cavity to ! p]itoneum2 s ?is disease may complicate ent]itis or inflam$ womb4 ,a %>p metal body may p]=ate ! second /oma* & all[ ! ga/ric cont5ts to escape1 irritat+ ! p]itoneum4 ,?is disease may foll[ ca/ration or op]ation = h]nia4 ,symptoms4--,a cont9u\s or occasional %iv]+2 ! animal lies d[n1 b appe>s uneasy2 x frequ5tly turns its head t[>d its belly & l[s pla9tively2 pressure on ! flanks produces pa92 has no appetite2 muzzle is dry & no rum9ation2 :ile /&+1 its legs are plac$ well "u its body2 pulse small & h>d4 ,! evacuations f ! b[els are dry & h>d4 ,if ?is disease is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( inflammation ( ! b[els1 ! pa9 is m sev]e & ! animal is m re/less4 ,! sk9 is cold & dry 9 ! e>ly /age ( ?is disease1 b 9 a m advanc$ /age ?is condition may be succe$$ by heat ( ! sk9 & quick brea?+4 ,! fits ( trembl+1 uneas9ess1 small & h>d pulse1 & t5sion ( ! left flank are symptoms ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld enable "o to rea* ! conclusion t p]itonitis exi/s4 ,po/-mortem appe>ance4--,! membrane l9+ ! abdom5 & cov]+ ! surface ( ! b[els is r$d5$ to a great] or less ext5t1 & !re is usually consid]able s]\s1 or wat]y1 fluid collect$ 9 ! abdom54 ,treatm5t4--,:5 we h to d ) ! =m ( p]itonitis result+ f an injury1 z :5 ! horn ( ano!r animal has be5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! abdom9al walls1 ?is lesion mu/ be treat$ 9 accordance ) directions be=e giv51 b ! g5]al treatm5t mu/ be simil> to t :i* foll[s4 ,p]itonitis result+ f ca/ration or f p>turi5t fev] mu/ also be treat$ 9 connection ) ! special conditions :i* give rise to x1 z ! g5]al treatm5t ( ?is disease mu/ be modifi$ to "s ext5t by ! excit+ cause4 ,! aim mu/ be to discov] & remove ! cause4 ,! cause mu/ be treat$ accord+ to its nature4 ,h>ms /rongly recomm5ds borax 9 ! treatm5t ( p]itonitis4 ,he gives #f ounces 9 ! fir/ #bd h\rs1 divid$ into ?ree doses1 & aft]w>ds he gives #f drams ?ree times daily4 ,opium 9 doses ( #b to #c drams may be giv54 ,to br+ on evacuations ( ! b[els x is bett] to give rectal injections ?an to adm9i/] purges4 ,! /r5g? may be su/a9$ by c(fee or camphor4 ,! body %\ld be w>mly clo!d1 & x is advisable1 :5 practicable1 to h a blanket :i* has be5 wrung out ( hot wat] plac$ ov] ! abdom51 !n cov]$ by sev]al dry blankets1 :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 position by /raps or ropes pass+ r\nd ! body4 ,! wet blanket mu/ be *ang$ z x cools--! object ( treatm5t be+ to w>m ! surface ( ! body & to det]m9e z mu* blood to ! sk9 z possible4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ ( laxative food & dr9ks1 su* z l9se$ tea4 ,if p]itonitis assumes *ronic =m ! diet %\ld be nutriti\s1 su* z select$ clov] hay1 l9se$ cake1 grass1 etc41 & iodid ( potassium %\ld be giv5 ?ree times a day 9 gram doses dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,abdom5 7,,ascites74 ,9 ?is disease !re is a s]\s1 or wat]y1 effusion 9 ! cavity ( ! abdom54 ,causes4--,:5 old animals are f$ on innutriti\s fe$ or :5 r$uc$ by disease1 !y become anemic2 9 o!r words1 _! blood becomes impov]i%$ & dropsy may foll[4 ,an innutriti\s & insuffici5t diet produces ! same effect 9 "y animals4 ,x is "o ( ! results ( p]itonitis1 & may also arise f acute or *ronic inflammation ( ! liv]1 su* z is ( common occurr5ce :5 flukes are pres5t 9 ! liv] 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,he>t disease & *ronic lung disease may be foll[$ by ascites4 ,x is sometimes1 9 calves1 a symptom ( infe/ation ) worms4 ,symptoms4--,a gradual increase 9 ! size ( ! abdom5 at its l[] "p1 :ile ! flanks becomes holl[2 pallor ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & eye2 weak & sluggi% gait2 want ( appetite1 & irregul>ity 9 rum9at+4 ,on p]cussion or tapp+ ! surface ( ! abdom5 ) ! f+]s1 a dull s\nd is produc$4 ,if ! h& & arm are oil$ & pass$ into ! rectum z f> z possible1 on mov+ ! h& f "o side to ! o!r ! fluctuation caus$ by ! pres5ce ( fluid 9 ! abdom5 may be felt4 ,treatm5t4--,if possible ! cause mu/ be discov]$ & remov$4 ,! diet %\ld be nutriti\s1 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* we h m]ely to deal ) anemia 7! bloodless /ate7 aris+ f insuffici5t diet1 ! use ( tonics & diuretics1 at ! same "t keep+ ! sk9 w>m1 may br+ ab\t a gradual absorption ( ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! abdom54 ,"o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s may be mix$ ) ! animal's fe$ ?ree times a day2 or1 if !re is any unc]ta9ty z to its be+ tak5 9 t way1 x %\ld be mix$ ) sirup1 s z to =m a pa/e1 & sme>$ well back on ! animal's tongue ) a flat wood5 spoon3 ,c>bonate ( iron1 #c ounces2 p[d]$ g5tian1 #c ounces2 p[d]$ nitrate ( potassium1 #c ounces2 mix & divide into #ab p[d]s4 ,! adm9i/ration ( purgatives :i* promote a wat]y dis*>ge f ! muc\s surface ( ! b[els also t5ds1 by dim9i%+ ! s]um ( ! blood1 to br+ ab\t absorption & a gradual removal ( ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! abdom54 ,l>ge doses %\ld n be giv51 b mod]ate ones %\ld be adm9i/]$ morn+ & night1 s z to produce a laxative effect on ! b[els = sev]al days4 ,to atta9 ?is end ! foll[+ may be us$3 ,sulphate ( soda1 #h ounces2 p[d]$ g+]1 half an ounce2 to be mix$ 9 #b qu>ts ( tepid wat] & giv5 at "o dose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,position ( ! fir/ /oma* 7rum5 or paun*7 on ! left side4 ,! area inclos$ by heavy dott$ l9es repres5ts ! rum52 ! elongat$1 %ad$ organ is ! sple5 re/+ ^u x4 ,! sk9 & muscles h be5 remov$ f ! ribs to %[ ! position ( ! lungs & _! relation to ! paun*4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,/oma* ( rum9ants4 ,fig4 #a4 ,/oma* ( a full-gr[n %eep1 #a_/e natural size 7aft] ,?anh(f]1 f ,r4 ,meade ,smi?'s ,physiology ( ,dome/ic ,animals73 a1 rum51 or fir/ /oma*2 b1 reticulum1 or second /oma*2 c1 omasum1 or ?ird /oma*2 d1 abomasum1 or f\r? /oma*2 e1 esophagus1 or gullet1 op5+ into ! fir/ & second /oma*s2 f1 op5+ ( f\r? /oma* into small inte/9e2 g1 op5+ ( second /oma* into ?ird2 h1 op5+ ( ?ird /oma* into f\r?4 ,! l9es indicate ! c\rse ( ! food 9 ! /oma*s4 ,! incompletely ma/icat$ food passes d[n ! esophagus1 or gullet1 into ! fir/ & second /oma*s1 9 :i* a *urn+ motion is kept up1 c>ry+ ! food f side to side & f /oma* to /oma*4 ,f ! fir/ /oma* regurgitation takes place2 t is1 ! food is return$ ?r\gh ! gullet to ! m\? to be m ?or\ghly *ew$1 & ?is con/itutes :at is kn[n z *ew+ ! cud4 ,f ! second /oma* ! food passes into ! ?ird1 & f ! ?ird into ! f\r?1 or true1 /oma*1 & f !re into ! inte/9es4 ,fig4 #b4 ,/oma* ( ox 7aft] ,col91 f ,r4 ,meade ,smi?'s ,physiology ( ,dome/ic ,animals73 a1 rum52 b1 reticulum2 c1 omasum2 d1 abomasum2 e1 esophagus2 f1 op5+ ( f\r? /oma* into small inte/9e4 ,fr/5b]g calculat$ t 9 an ox ( #a1djj p\nds weight ! capacity ( ! /oma* is z foll[s3 ,p] c5t4 ,rum51 #adi4be qu>ts1 liquid measure #fb4d ,reticulum1 #bc4gg qu>ts #aj ,omasum1 #cf4ih qu>ts #ae ,abomasum1 #bi4je qu>ts #ab4f ,accord+ to ,colon-- ,qu>ts4 ,! capacity ( a beef's /oma* is #bff4ha ,small inte/9e #fi4gd ,cecum #i4ea ,colon & rectum #be4eh ,fig4 #a4 ,cl9ical !rmomet]1 #d_/e natural size4 ,?is is us$ to det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ! animal body4 ,! !rmomet] is pass$ into ! rectum aft] hav+ be5 moi/5$ ) a little saliva f ! m\?1 or aft] hav+ _h a little oil or l>d rubb$ ^u x to facilitate its passage4 ,!re x is all[$ to rema9 two or ?ree m9utes1 !n )drawn1 & ! temp]ature read z 9 any ord9>y !rmomet]4 ,! cl9ical !rmomet] is made self-regi/]+2 t is1 ! m]cury 9 ! /em rema9s at ! height to :i* x 0 =c$ by ! heat ( ! body until x is %ak5 back into ! bulb by tak+ hold ( ! upp] portion ( ! in/rum5t & giv+ x a %ort1 %>p sw+4 ,! normal temp]ature ( cattle v>ies f #ajj to #ajc ,f4 ,9 "y animals x is some:at high] ?an 9 old4 ,! !rmomet] is a v useful in/rum5t & frequ5tly is ! means by :i* disease is detect$ be=e ! appe>ance ( any ext]nal sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,rum54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,/oma* ,,( ,,rum9ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,treat+ ,,diseases ,,( ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,microscopic ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,liv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,ergot ,,9 ,,hay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,ergotism4 ,fig4 #b4 ,simple probang1 us$ to dislodge =eign bodies1 l apples1 potatoes1 eggs1 etc41 :i* h become fa/5$ or /uck 9 ! esophagus or gullet4 ,fig4 #c4 ,grasp+ or =ceps probang4 ,?is in/rum5t1 also int5d$ to remove ob/ructions f ! gullet1 has a spr+ =ceps at "o end 9 ! place ( ! cup-l arrangem5t at ! end ( ! simple probang4 ,! =ceps are clos$ :ile ! probang is be+ introduc$2 _! blades are regulat$ by a screw 9 ! h&le ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is probang is us$ to grasp & )draw an article :i* may h lodg$ 9 ! gullet & c n be =c$ into ! /oma* by use ( ! simple probang4 ,fig4 #d4 ,wood5 gag1 us$ :5 ! probang is to be pass$4 ,! gag is a piece ( wood :i* fits 9 ! animal's m\?2 a cord passes ov] ! head to hold x 9 place4 ,! c5tral op5+ 9 ! wood is int5d$ = ! passage ( ! probang4 ,figs4 #e;a & #e;b4 ,troc> & cannula2 #e;a %[s ! troc> cov]$ by ! cannula2 #e;b1 ! cannula f :i* ! troc> has be5 )drawn4 ,?is in/rum5t is us$ :5 ! rum5 or fir/ /oma* becomes di/5d$ ) gas4 ,! troc> cov]$ by ! cannula is =c$ into ! rum51 ! troc> )drawn1 & ! cannula all[$ to rema9 until ! gas has escap$4 ,fig4 #f4 ,section at "r angles ?r\gh ! abdom9al wall1 %[+ a h]nia or rupture4 7,tak5 f ,d',arboval4 ,dictionnaire de ,mdec9e1 de ,*irurgie de ,hygi5e73 a a1 ,! abdom9al muscles cut across2 v1 op5+ 9 ! abdom9al wall p]mitt+ ! inte/9es i i to pass ?r\gh & outw>d betwe5 ! abdom9al wall & ! sk92 p p1 p]itoneum1 or membrane l9+ ! abdom9al cavity1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! op5+ o by ! loop ( inte/9e & =m+ ! sac ,s1 ! out] walls ( :i* are m>k$ b f b4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,microscopic anatomy ( ! liv]4 ,! liv] is compos$ ( innum]able small lobules1 f #a_/bj to #a_/aj in* 9 diamet]4 ,! lobules are held toge!r by a small am\nt ( fibr\s tissue1 9 :i* ! bile ducts & l>g] blood vessels are lodg$4 ,fig4 #a ,illu/rates ! /ructure ( a lobule2 v v1 int]lobul> ve9s or ! ve9s betwe5 ! lobules4 ,^! are bran*es ( ! portal ve91 :i* c>ries blood f ! /oma* & inte/9es to ! liv]2 c c1 capill>ies1 or v f9e blood vessels1 ext5d+ z a v f9e network betwe5 ! gr\ps ( liv] cells f ! int]lobul> ve9 to ! c5t] ( ! lobule & empty+ !re into ! intralobul> ve9 to ! c5t] ( ! lobule2 v c1 intralobul> ve91 or ! ve9 )9 ! lobule4 ,?is vessel passes out ( ! lobule & !re becomes ! sublobul> ve92 v s1 sublobul> ve94 ,?is jo9s o!r simil> ve9s & helps to =m ! hepatic ve91 ?r\gh :i* ! blood leaves ! liv]2 d d1 ! position ( ! liv] cells betwe5 ! me%es ( ! capill>ies2 ,a ,a1 bran*es ( ! hepatic art]y to ! int]lobul> connective tissue & ! walls ( ! l>ge ve9s & l>ge bile ducts4 ,^! bran*es are se5 at r r & =m ! v5a vascul>is2 v v1 v5a vascul>is2 i i1 bran*es ( ! hepatic art]y ent]+ ! sub/ance ( ! lobule & connect+ ) capill>ies f ! int]lobul> ve94 ,! use ( ! hepatic art]y is to n\ri% ! liv]1 :ile ! o!r vessels c>ry blood to be modifi$ by ! liv] cells 9 c]ta9 important directions2 g1 bran*es ( ! bile ducts1 c>ry+ bile f ! v>i\s lobules into ! gall bladd] & into ! inte/9es2 x x1 intralobul> bile capill>ies betwe5 ! liv] cells4 ,^! =m a network ( v m9ute tubes surr\nd+ ea* ultimate cell1 :i* receives ! bile z x is =m$ by ! liv] cells & c>ri$ outw>d z describ$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,isolat$ liv] cells3 c1 blood capill>y2 a1 f9e bile capill>y *annel4 ,,plate ,v4 ,ergot 9 hay3 #a1 bluegrass2 #b1 timo?y2 #c1 wild rye2 #d1 r$top4 ,ergot is a fungus :i* may affect any memb] ( ! grass family4 ,! spore ( ! fungus1 by "s means br\ght 9 contact ) ! undevelop$ se$ ( ! grass1 gr[s1 oblit]ates ! se$1 & practically takes its place4 ,:5 hay affect$ ) ergot is f$ to animals x is productive ( a *>act]i/ic & s]i\s affection or poison+ kn[n z ergotism4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,ergotism1 or ! effects ( ergot4 ,! l[] "p ( ! limb ( a c[1 %[+ ! loss ( sk9 & fle% 9 a n>r[ r+ ar\nd ! pa/]n bone & ! exposure ( ! bone itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,poisons ,,& ,,poison+4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atk9son1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,c4 ,,dwight ,,m>%1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,a ,,poison4 ,to def9e cle>ly ! mean+ ( ! ^w poison is some:at difficult4 ,ev5 9 law ! ^w has nev] be5 def9$1 & :5 a def9ition is attempt$ we are apt to include ei!r too mu* or too little4 ,! foll[+ def9ition giv5 by ,husemann is p]haps ! be/3 ,poisons are ^? sub/ances1 inorganic or organic1 exi/+ 9 ! organism or introduc$ f ! outside1 produc$ artificially or =m$ z natural products1 :i*1 ?r\gh _! *emical nature1 "u def9ite conditions1 s affect "s organ ( a liv+ organism t ! heal? or well-be+ ( ! organism is tempor>ily or *ronically injur$4 ,! common conception ( a poison is any sub/ance :i*1 9 small quantity1 w de/roy life1 except su* z act by purely me*anical means1 z1 = example1 p[d]$ glass4 ,"s sub/ances t are n usually look$ ^u z poisons may de/roy life if giv5 9 l>ge doses1 su* z common salt4 ,o!r sub/ances :i* are p]fectly h>mless :5 tak5 into ! body 9 ! usual way are poisons if inject$ into ! circulation1 su* z di/ill$ wat]1 milk1 or glyc]94 ,liv+ organisms are n *emical sub/ances1 & are n consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,poison+4 ,poison+ may come f _m causes1 among ! *ief ( :i* are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,errors 9 m$ication4--,by us+ ! wrong sub/ance or too l>ge dose an animal may be poison$4 7#b7 ,! exposure ( poisons us$ = horticultural1 te*nical1 or o!r legitimate purposes4--,poisons us$ = spray+ plants1 dis9fect+1 poison+ v]m91 dipp+ cattle or %eep1 pa9t+1 smelt+1 dye+1 or o!r purposes may be s h&l$ z to come )9 ! rea* ( animals4 7#c7 ,damag$ food4--,food t has und]gone putrefaction or c]ta9 k9ds ( f]m5tation or heat+1 may h become poison\s1 produc+ =age poison+1 meat poison+1 *eese poison+1 etc4 7#d7 ,poison\s plants 9 ! pa/ure or =age4 7#e7 ,! bite or /+ ( a poison\s insect or ! bite ( an animal4 7#f7 ,malici\s poison+4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,poisons4 ,! action ( poisons may be ei!r local1 & ex]t$ directly on ! tissues ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 or remote1 act+ ?r\gh ! circulation or ! n]v\s sy/em2 or bo? local & remote action may be ex]t$ by ! same drug4 ,poisons :i* act locally g5]ally ei!r de/roy by corrosion ! tissues ) :i* !y come 9 contact or by inhalation set up acute inflammation4 ,:5 any corrosive ag5t is tak5 into ! /oma* 9 poison\s quantities1 a gr\p ( symptoms is develop$ :i* is common to all4 ,! tissues ) :i* ! ag5t comes 9 contact are de/roy$1 sl\gh+ & acute inflammation ( ! surr\nd+ /ructures take place2 int5se pa9 9 ! abdom5 & dea? ensue4 ,9 a l mann]1 b ) less rapidity1 ! same result is rea*$ if ! ag5t us$ be n ( a suffici5tly corrosive nature to de/roy ! tissues1 b suffici5tly irritat+ to set up acute inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,if ! poison ex]ts a remote influ5ce alone1 ! action is q diff]5t1 little or no local effect be+ produc$ ^u ! dige/ive organs4 ,to produce an effect on "s "p ( ! body di/ant f ! *annel ( entrance1 a poison mu/ h be5 absorb$ & c>ri$ 9 ! blood to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em or o!r region involv$4 ,! poison\s effect ( any sub/ance is modifi$ by ! quantity us$2 by its *emical comb9ations2 by ! "p ( ! animal /ructure ) :i* x comes 9 contact2 by ! physical condition ( ! subject2 & also by ! rapidity ) :i* ! poison is excret$4 ,z an illu/ration1 opium may be giv5 ) safety 9 mu* l>g] doses to an animal suff]+ f acute pa9 ?an to "o free f pa91 & to an adult animal ) great] safety ?an to a "y "o4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! poison is absorb$1 ow+ to ! "p ( ! body ) :i* x is br\ght 9 contact1 is also an important factor4 ,s m>k$ is ?is quality t "s ag5ts :i* h ! p[] ( de/roy+ life ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty :5 introduc$ b5ea? ! sk91 may be tak5 into ! /oma* )\t caus+ inconv5i5ce1 z cur>a1 ! arr[ poisons1 or ! v5om\s secretion ( snakes4 ,o!r ag5ts 9 *emical comb9ation may t5d to int5sify1 less51 or :olly neutralize ! poison\s effect4 ,= example1 ars5ic 9 itself has well-m>k$ poison\s prop]ties1 b :5 br\ght 9 contact ) dialyz$ iron x =ms an insoluble comp\nd & becomes innocu\s4 ,idiosyncrasies are n s noticeable 9 cattle practice z 9 practice among human be+s1 b ! unc]ta9ty ) :i* "s drugs ex]t _! influ5ce w\ld lead u to believe t well-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 susceptibility exi/4 ,ev5 9 "s cases a tol]ance = poison is eng5d]$1 s t 9 a h]d ( animals equally expos$ injuri\s or fatal effects d n appe> ) uni=mity4 ,= example1 among cattle t are compell$ to dr9k wat] hold+ 9 solution a salt ( lead ! effects ( ! poison+ w be f\nd v>y+ all ! way f fatality to imp]ceptibility4 ,,g5]al ,,symptoms ,,( ,,poison+4 ,x is n always easy to diff]5tiate betwe5 poison+ & "s disease4 ,inde$1 exam9ation dur+ ! life ( ! animal is sometimes :olly inadequate to ! =mation ( an op9ion z to :e!r ! case is "o ( poison+ or1 if x is1 z to :at ! poison may be4 ,a *emical & physical exam9ation aft] ! dea? ( ! animal may be necess>y to cle> up ! d\bt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! symptoms may be ( su* a nature z to po9t unmi/akably to poison+ ) a c]ta9 ag5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ classes ( symptoms may be reg>d$ z indicative ( poison+3 ,sudd5 onset ( ! disease )\t visible cause1 a numb] ( animals be+ simil>ly affect$ at once1 ) sev]e ga/ro9te/9al disord] or d]angem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 or bo?2 sudd5 alt]ation ( he>t action 9 relation to frequ5cy1 =ce1 or rhy?m2 local irritation1 dyspnea1 or *ange 9 ! ur9e or ur9ation4 ,aft] dea?1 lesions ( ! greate/ v>iety may be f\nd1 & x is necess>y = "o to be skill$ 9 anatomy & pa?ology 9 ord] to det]m9e _! significance4 ,(t5times ! /oma* & inte/9es are r$1 h ?ick walls1 & conta9 blood4 ,?is signifies a sev]e irritant1 su* z ars5ic or corrosive sublimate4 ,o!r alt]ations sometimes f\nd are inflammation ( ! kidneys or bladd]1 po9ts ( hemorrhage 9 v>i\s organs1 *anges 9 ! blood1 conge/ion ( ! lungs1 & c]ta9 microscopic *anges4 ,,g5]al ,,treatm5t4 ,! treatm5t ( animals suff]+ f poison mu/ v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! toxic ag5t4 ,!re are a few g5]al plans ( action1 h[ev]1 :i* %\ld be foll[$ s f> z possible4 ,9 man & 9 "s ( ! small] animals x is possible to elim9ate unabsorb$ poison by ! use ( ! /oma* pump or by caus+ vomit+4 ,^! proce$+s are impracticable 9 cattle4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 9 _m cases to endeavor to expel ! unabsorb$ poison by empty+ ! dige/ive tract1 s f> z may be1 ) a nonirritat+ purge4 ,ca/or oil 9 doses ( #a p9t to #b qu>ts is adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,if ! poison is kn[n to be nonirritant--z a n>cotic plant--f #aj to #bj drops ( croton oil may be giv5 ) a qu>t ( ca/or oil4 ,:5 poisons are some:at prolong$ 9 _! effect1 ,epsom salt 9 doses ( #a p\nd c be giv5 advantage\sly4 ,to protect ! muc\s membrane f ! action ( /rong irritants1 "o may give flaxse$ tea1 b>ley wat]1 ! :ites ( eggs1 milk1 butt]1 olive oil1 or fre% l>d4 ,*emical antidotes may sometimes be us$ = special poisons1 z advis$ bel[4 ,9 g5]al1 if an acid has be5 tak5 x may be neutraliz$ ) an alkali1 su* z *alk1 magnesia1 bic>bonate ( soda 7bak+ soda71 ammonia 7dilut$71 or soap4 ,if ! poison is an alkali1 su* z cau/ic soda or pota% 7lye71 or ammonia1 an acid1 su* z dilut$ 7#a p] c5t7 sulphuric acid or v9eg>1 may be adm9i/]$4 ,special treatm5ts & antidotes are consid]$ bel[4 ,a poison\s ag5t may be s gradually introduc$ into ! sy/em z to sl[ly develop ! p[] ( resi/ance aga9/ its own action4 ,9 o!r cases :]e ! poison is introduc$ sl[ly ! poison\s action becomes accumulative1 &1 al?\gh !re is no increase 9 ! quantity tak51 viol5t symptoms are sudd5ly develop$1 z if ! :ole am\nt1 ! consumption ( :i* may h ext5d$ ov] a consid]able p]iod1 _h be5 giv5 9 "o dose4 ,o!r ag5ts1 poison\s 9 _! nature1 t5d to det]iorate "s ( ! important organs1 &1 int]f]+ ) _! natural functions1 are productive ( conditions ( ill heal? :i*1 al?\gh n necess>ily fatal1 are important4 ,su* might prop]ly be call$ *ronic poisons4 ,poisons ( !mselves dang]\s :5 adm9i/]$ 9 l>ge doses are us$ m$ic9ally = curative purposes1 & a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ph>maceutical prep>ations us$ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e if giv5 9 excessive quantities may produce s]i\s results4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es1 !re=e1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n only t ! animal is n poison$ by ! adm9i/ration ( an excessive dose b t injury is n done by cont9u$ treatm5t ) m$ic9es ! adm9i/ration ( :i* is n call$ =4 ,,m9]al ,,poisons4 ,,ars5ic ,,poison+4 ,( ! common irritant & corrosive poisons1 ars5ic1 especially "o ( its comp\nds 7,p>is gre571 is likely to be ! mo/ dang]\s to our class ( pati5ts4 ,! common practice ( us+ ,p>is gre5 & o!r comp\nds ( ars5ic z insecticides = ! de/ruction ( potato beetle & o!r insect enemies ( ! f>m] & fruit gr[] has _h ! effect ( introduc+ x into almo/ all f>m+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,:ite ars5ic is also a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 "s popul> dipp+ prep>ations1 & poison+ f ?is s\rce occasionally takes place :51 aft] dipp+1 animals are all[$ to run 9 a y>d 9 :i* !re is loose fodd]4 ,! dripp+s f ! animals fall+ on ! fodd] r5d] x poison\s & dang]\s to animal life if eat54 ,famili>ity ) its use has 9 _m in/ances t5d$ to bre$ contempt = its pot5cy z a poison4 ,rat poisons (t5 conta9 ars5ic4 ,! excessive use ( ars5ic z a tonic1 or ( condition p[d]s conta9+ ars5ic1 has be5 ! means ( poison+ _m animals4 ,?is is ! common poison us$ by malici\s p]sons ) crim9al int5t4 ,! poison may also be absorb$ ?r\gh w\nds or ?r\gh ! sk9 if us$ z a dip or ba?4 ,if a l>ge dose is giv51 at once acute poison+ is produc$2 if repeat$ small doses are giv51 *ronic poison+ may result4 ,! poison\s dose = an ox is f #c drams to #a ounce4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( acute poison+ fir/ appe> z ^? ( colic2 ! animal is re/less1 /amp+ ) ! feet1 ly+ d[n & gett+ up4 ,!re is t5d]ness on pressure ov] ! abdom54 ,! acute symptoms increase2 9 a few h\rs viol5t di>rhea is develop$2 9 _m cases blood & %r$s ( deta*$ muc\s membrane are mix$ ) ! evacuations4 ,!re is irregul> & feeble pulse & respiration1 & dea? is likely to sup]v5e betwe5 ! eighte5? h\r & ! ?ird day4 ,if ! latt] p]iod is pass$1 !re is a reasonable hope ( recov]y4 ,9 *ronic poison+ ! symptoms are simil> to ^? ( *ronic ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh1 ) indige/ion1 di>rhea1 & g5]al weakness & loss ( condition4 ,treatm5t4--,! antidote = ars5ic is a solution ( hydrat$ oxid ( iron 9 wat]4 ,x %\ld be prep>$ fre% by mix+ a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 made by dissolv+ #d ounces ( sulphate ( iron 9 "o-half p9t wat]1 ) a susp5sion ( #a ounce ( magnesia 9 "o-half p9t wat]4 ,?is quantity is suffici5t = "o dose = a c[ & may be repeat$ 9 an h\r1 if mu* ars5ic 0 tak54 ,a solution ( calc9$ magnesia or p[d]$ iron or iron fil+s or iron scale f a blacksmi?'s =ge may be giv5 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r rem$ies4 ,p[d]$ sulphur is ( "s value z an antidote4 ,"o mu/ also adm9i/] protectives1 su* z l9se$ tea1 b>ley wat]1 :ites ( eggs1 etc4 ,,lead ,,poison+4 ,lead poison+ ( cattle sometimes comes f _! hav+ lick$ fre%ly pa9t$ surfaces & ?us swall[$ comp\nds conta9+ :ite lead4 ,9 sev]al in/ances cattle h be5 poison$ by silage f a silo pa9t$ inside ) lead pa9t %ortly be=e fill+4 ,sometimes cattle eat dri$ pa9t scrap+s ) app>5t reli% & are poison$4 ,cattle graz+ on rifle ranges h be5 poison$ by lead f ! bullets4 ,sug> ( lead has be5 adm9i/]$ by mi/ake = ,glaub]'s salt4 ,lead poison+ may be acute or *ronic4 ,! fatal dose ( sug> ( lead is f #a to #d ounces4 ,wat] drawn f lead pipes or held 9 a lead-l9$ tank may cause poison+4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are g5]ally dullness1 ly+ d[n ) ! head turn$ t[>d ! flank1 colic1 rumbl+ 9 ! abdom51 loss ( control ( ! limbs :5 walk+1 twit*+1 *amp+ ( ! jaws1 mov+ 9 a circle1 convulsions1 delirium1 viol5t bell[+1 foll[$ by /upor & dea?4 ,! symptoms g5]ally ext5d ov] consid]able "t b may end 9 dea? aft] #bd h\rs4 ,*ronic lead poison+ occasionally occurs 9 di/ricts :]e lead m9+ is ! pr9cipal indu/ry4 ,! wa/e products ( ! m9e ?r[n into /reams contam9ate ! wat] supply1 s t ! m9]al is tak5 into ! sy/em gradually1 & a v small p] c5t ( any ( ! salts tak5 into ! sy/em 9 ?is way is p]nici\s4 ,wat] :i* conta9s any salt ( lead to ! ext5t ( m ?an "o-t5? ( a gra9 to ! gallon is unfit to dr9k4 ,su* wat] :5 us$ cont9ually is likely to produce colic f ! result+ inte/9al irritation1 & 9 aggravat$ cases p>alysis m or less sev]e is likely to be develop$4 ,a blue l9e on ! m>g9 ( ! gums1 ! la/ symptom1 is reg>d$ z diagno/ic & its pres5ce z conclusive evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! disord]4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t %\ld fir/ be direct$ t[>d remov+ ! cause4 ,a l>ge dose ( purgative m$ic9e %\ld be giv51 & ! bra9 symptoms be reliev$ by giv+ bromid ( potassium 9 half-ounce doses e #d or #e h\rs & by ! application ( cold wat] to ! head4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 9 half-ounce doses %\ld be giv5 ) ! purgative m$ic9e4 ,9 ?is case sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salt7 is ! be/ purgative1 & x may be giv5 9 doses ( f #a to #b p\nds dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,aft] ! acute symptoms h abat$1 iodid ( potassium may be giv51 9 doses ( #b drams ea*1 ?ree times a day = a week4 ,no treatm5t is likely to be ( avail until ! cause is remov$4 ,,copp] ,,poison+4 ,! soluble salts ( copp]1 ?\gh us$ z a tonic 9 ! m$ic9al treatm5t ( cattle1 are poison\s :5 tak5 9 l>ge quantities4 ,l lead & ars5ic1 !y h an irritant effect ^u ! muc\s membrane ) :i* !y come 9 contact 9 a conc5trat$ =m4 ,cattle are n v likely to be poison$ f ?is cause unless ?r\gh c>elessness4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 commonly call$ blue vitriol1 is occasionally us$ = dis9fect+ & cleans+ /ables1 :]e x might inadv]t5tly be mix$ ) ! fe$4 ,x is also us$ l>gely = mak+ ! ,bordeaux mixture us$ 9 spray+ fruit trees4 ,! g5]al symptoms produc$ are ^? ( inte/9al irritation1 %ort brea?+1 /amp+1 & t5d] abdom54 ,treatm5t4--,give p[d]$ iron1 or iron r$uc$ by hydrog51 or calc9$ magnesia4 ,sulphur may be us$4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by a lib]al supply ( demulc5ts1 l9se$ infusion1 boil$ />*1 :ites ( eggs1 etc4 ,,z9c ,,poison+4 ,sev]al ( ! soluble salts ( z9c are irritant poisons4 ,! *lorid & sulphate are ^? 9 mo/ common use4 ,9 animals :i* h p[] to vomit !y are emetic 9 _! action4 ,9 o!rs1 :5 reta9$ 9 ! /oma*1 !y set up m or less irritation ( ! muc\s membrane & abdom9al pa91 produc+ symptoms already describ$ 9 ! action ( o!r poisons :i* produce ! same result4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t %\ld be ! same z = copp] poison+4 ,,phosphorus ,,poison+4 ,only "o ( ! =ms ( phosphorus 9 common use--! ord9>y yell[--is poison\s4 ,phosphorus 9 ?is =m is us$ = ! de/ruction ( rats & mice & o!r v]m91 & has be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are loss ( appetite1 colic1 di>rhea1 irritation ( ! m\? & ?roat1 & p>alysis ( ! ?roat4 ,!re is also weakness1 difficult brea?+1 & rapid pulse4 ,! c\rse ( ! poison+ is usually rapid1 t]m9at+ 9 ei!r recov]y or dea? )9 ?ree days4 ,! toxic dose = cattle is f #e to #cj gra9s4 ,if tak5 9 l>ge quantities ! excreta are occasionally notic$ to be lum9\s :5 exam9$ 9 ! d>k4 ,treatm5t4--,turp5t9e is giv5 9 an emulsion ) flaxse$ tea 9 a s+le dose ( f #b to #h ounces4 ,p]manganate ( potassium may be giv5 9 a "o-f\r? ( #a p] c5t solution4 ,/imulants1 su* z alcohol & e!r1 %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,oils & milk mu/ n be giv54 ,,m]cury ,,poison+4 ,m]cury poison+ is n r>e 9 cattle f ! fact t ^! animals h a special susceptibility to ! action ( ?is sub/ance4 ,antiseptic wa%es or injections conta9+ ! bi*lorid ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate7 mu/ be us$ on cattle ) great c>e4 ,m]curial dis9fect+ solutions or salves mu/ be us$ cauti\sly4 ,calomel c n be giv5 freely to cattle4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are salivation1 sore m\?1 indige/ion1 di>rhea1 sk9 eruption1 p>alysis ( local gr\ps ( muscles1 & nephritis4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t consi/s 9 adm9i/]+ sulphur 9 l>ge doses 7#b to #d ounces7 or iron p[d]4 ,bo? make insoluble comp\nds ) m]cury4 ,foll[ ) ! :ites ( eggs mix$ ) wat] & ) l9se$ tea4 ,if ! case does n t]m9ate promptly1 give iodid ( pota% 9 #a-;dram doses twice daily4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,acids4 ,,m9]al ,,acids4--,! m9]al acids--nitric1 sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 etc4-- :5 us$ 9 a conc5trat$ =m de/roy ! animal tissues ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 & 9 ?is respect diff] f mo/ ( ! poisons previ\sly describ$4 ,:5 tak5 into ! /oma* ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 ph>ynx1 esophagus1 & /oma* is apt to be m or less completely de/roy$4 ,if tak5 9 l>ge quantities dea? is likely to result s spe$ily t no?+ c be done to relieve ! pati5t1 & ev5 if "t is all[$ & ! action ( ! acid c be arre/$ x c n be done until consid]able &1 p]haps1 irrep>able damage has be5 done4 ,! muc\s membrane ) :i* ! acid has come 9 contact 9 ! esophagus may be de/roy$ by its corrosive action & c>ri$ away1 leav+ ! muscul> tissues expos$4 ,! raw surface heals irregul>ly1 ! cicatrice contract+ causes /ricture1 & an animal s injur$ is likely to die ( />vation4 ,9 ! /oma* ev5 great] damage is likely to be done4 ,! p]i/altic action ( ! esophagus c>ries ! irritant along quickly1 b "h x rema9s quiet 9 contact ) "o surface1 de/roy+ x4 ,x is likely to p]=ate ! organ &1 com+ 9 contact ) ! abdom9al l9+ or o!r organs ( dige/ion1 soon sets up a condition t is beyond repair4 ,9 a less conc5trat$ =m1 :5 ?is is n suffici5tly /rong to be corrosive1 x ex]ts an irritant effect4 ,9 ?is =m x may n d mu* h>m unless tak5 9 consid]able quantity4 ,:5 ?us ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & inte/9es becomes inflam$ pa9 & di>rhea are likely to result4 ,treatm5t4--,any ( ! alkalies may be us$ z an antidote4 ,mo/ conv5i5t ( ^! are *alk1 bak+ soda1 m>ble du/1 magnesia1 lime1 soap1 or pla/] f a wall4 ,mucilag9\s dr9ks %\ld be giv5 9 l>ge quantities4 ,,vegetable ,,acids4--,oxalic acid 9 p>ticul> is corrosive 9 its action :5 tak5 9 conc5trat$ solution1 los+ its corrosive effect & becom+ irritant :5 m dilute4 ,x also ex]ts a specific effect on ! he>t1 frequ5tly caus+ dea? f syncope4 ,tak5 9 ! =m ei!r ( ! cry/als or solution x is likely to cause dea? 9 a v %ort "t4 ,failure ( he>t action & ! att5dant small pulse1 weakness1 /agg]+1 & convulsions are ! m noticeable symptoms4 ,acetic acid is irritant to ! ga/ro9te/9al tract1 & may cause sudd5 p>alysis ( ! he>t4 ,treatm5t4--,! action ( ! acid %\ld be c\nt]act$ by ! use ( alkalies1 z advis$ above1 by limewat] or lime or pla/] giv5 promptly1 by protectives to ! dige/ive tract1 & by /imulants4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,alkalies4 ,! c>bonates ( pota% & soda & ! alkalies !mselves 9 conc5trat$ =m cause symptoms ( inte/9al irritation simil> to ^? produc$ by m9]al acids4 ,ammonia1 cau/ic soda1 & cau/ic pota% 7lye7 are ^? to :i* animals are mo/ expos$4 ,! degree ( _! cau/ic irritant effects dep5ds on _! degree ( conc5tration4 ,:5 !y rea* ! /oma* ! symptoms are ne>ly z well m>k$ z 9 ! case ( ! acids4 ,! irritation is ev5 m noticeable1 & purgation is likely to be a m prom95t symptom4 ,if dea? is n caus$ soon1 ! irritation ( ! ga/ro9te/9al tract & malnutrition w la/ = a long "t4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 neutraliz+ ! alkali by an acid1 su* z dilute sulphuric acid 7#a p] c5t7 or /rong v9eg>4 ,! adm9i/ration ( su* an antidote & its action mu/ be c>efully wat*$ dur+ adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! *emical *ange :i* takes place :5 ! acid & alkali are comb9$1 c>bonic-acid gas is lib]at$1 :i* may be to an ext5t suffici5t to cause consid]able di/5tion ( ! abdom51 & ev5 to produce asphyxia f pressure =w>d on ! diaphragm4 ,%\ld ?is dang] pres5t itself1 x may be av]t$ by op5+ ! flank1 p]mitt+ ! gas to escape4 7,see ,acute tympanites1 or ,bloat+1 p4 #bb47 ,flaxse$ or slipp]y-elm decoction mu/ be giv5 to soo? ! inflam$ muc\s surface4 ,opium may be us$ to allay pa94 ,,coal-,,oil ,,poison+4 ,coal oil is sometimes adm9i/]$ empirically z a treatm5t = inte/9al p>asites4 ,if giv5 9 l>ge doses x produces poison\s effects1 :i* are likely to be manife/$ "s "t aft] ! adm9i/ration4 ,x acts z an irritant to ! dige/ive tract1 caus+ dribbl+ ( ropy saliva f ! m\?1 di>rhea1 t5esmus1 & loss ( appetite1 ) increas$ temp]ature & cold extremities4 ,visible muc\s membranes are inject$1 pupils ( ! eyes are contract$1 & !re is a wat]y dis*>ge f ! eyes & no/rils4 ,remotely x ex]ts a depress+ influ5ce on ! functions ( ! bra9 & slight coma1 & occasionally convulsions1 f :i* ! animal is easily ar\s$4 ,! kidneys also suff]4 ,! ur9e is d>k color$ & has ! *>act]i/ic odor ( coal oil4 ,dea? may result f ga/ro5t]itis or convulsions4 ,treatm5t4--,! pati5t's /r5g? %\ld be fo/]$ by ! frequ5t adm9i/ration ( mild /imulants1 ( :i* aromatic spirits ( ammonia is p]haps ! be/4 ,! animal %\ld be enc\rag$ to eat s(t fe$ & giv5 mucilag9\s dr9ks4 ,crude coal oil is sometimes appli$ to ! sk9 to kill p>asites4 ,if too mu* is us$1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 great weakness & depression may be caus$ & 9 "s cases dea? may result4 ,,c>bolic-,,acid ,,poison+4 ,al?\gh "o ( ! mo/ valuable antiseptic rem$ies1 c>bolic acid 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 :5 tak5 int]nally or us$ ov] a l>ge surface ext]nally1 is likely to produce poison\s effects4 ,x causes :it5+1 %r9k+1 & numbness ( ! /ructures ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 &1 besides its irritant effect1 ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,be+ readily absorb$1 x produces its effect :e!r swall[$1 inject$ into ! rectum1 inhal$1 or appli$ to w\nds1 or ev5 to a l>ge tract ( unbrok5 sk94 ,us$ ext5sively z a dress+1 x may produce nausea1 dizz9ess1 & smoky or blacki% color$ ur9e4 ,! la/ symptom is ne>ly always noticeable :]e ! poison\s effect is produc$4 ,9 m conc5trat$ =m1 or us$ 9 l>g] quantities1 convulsions1 foll[$ by fatal coma1 are likely to take place4 ,ev5 9 small] quantities1 dullness1 trembl+1 & dis9cl9ation = food (t5 cont9ue = sev]al days4 ,9 a tol]ably conc5trat$ solution x coagulates album5 & acts z an a/r+5t4 ,treatm5t4--,z an antidote int]nally1 a solution ( sulphate ( soda or sulphate ( magnesia 7,glaub]'s or ,epsom salt7 may be giv54 ,! :ite ( egg is also useful4 ,/imulants may be giv5 if ne$$4 ,:5 ! poison+ occurs ?r\gh too ext5sive applications to w\nds or ! sk91 z 9 treatm5t ( mange1 cold wat] %\ld be freely appli$ s z to wa% (f any ( ! acid t may /ill rema9 unabsorb$4 ,z a surgical dress+ a #c p] c5t solution is /rong en\gh = ord9>y purposes4 ,wat] w n hold m ?an #e p] c5t 9 p]man5t solution4 ,no prep>ation /rong] ?an ! saturat$ solution %\ld be us$ m$ic9ally "u any circum/ances4 ,,saltpet] ,,poison+4 ,bo? nitrate ( soda & nitrate ( potassium are poison\s to cattle4 ,^! sub/ances are us$ = manure & = pres]v+ meats4 ,!y may be adm9i/]$ 9 a dr5* by error 9 place ( ,glaub]'s salt1 or !y may be expos$ )9 rea* ( cattle & ?us be eat54 ,! toxic dose dep5ds ^u ! condition ( fullness ( ! /oma*4 ,if 9 solution & giv5 on an empty /oma*1 z little z #c ounces ( saltpet] 7nitrate ( potassium7 may be fatal to a c[4 ,m ( ! ,*ile saltpet] 7nitrate ( soda7 is requir$ to cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,symptoms4--,sev]e ga/ro5t]itis1 colic1 tympanites1 di>rhea1 excessive ur9ation1 weakness1 trembl+1 convulsions1 collapse4 ,treatm5t4--,same z = poison+ by common salt4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,common ,,salt4 ,a few p\nds 7#c to #e7 ( common salt w produce well-m>k$ signs ( poison+ 9 cattle4 ,s mu* salt z ?is w n be tak5 by cattle except "u unusual conditions4 ,if ! fe$ is poor 9 salt1 & if no salt has be5 giv5 = a long "t1 an int5se salt hung] may occur t may lead an animal to eat a poison\s quantity1 or an ov]dose ( salt may be giv5 by error z a dr5*4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ov]eat+ ( salt1 x is d\btless bett] 9 salt+ cattle to use rock salt r ?an t 9 m or less f9ely divid$ =m4 ,h]r+ & mack]el br9e & pork pickle are also poison\s1 & are especially dang]\s = hogs4 ,9 ^! sub/ances !re are1 9 addition to salt1 c]ta9 products extract$ f ! fi% or meat :i* und]go *ange & add to ! toxicity ( ! solution4 ,sometimes saltpet] is pres5t 9 su* br9es4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are great ?ir/1 abdom9al pa91 di>rhea1 poor appetite1 r$ness & dryness ( ! m\?1 increas$ ur9ation1 p>alysis ( ! h9d legs1 weak pulse1 g5]al p>alysis1 coma1 & dea? 9 f six to eight h\rs4 ,treatm5t4--,all[ z mu* w>m wat] z ! animal w dr9k2 give protectives1 su* z l9se$ tea1 etc4 ,l9se$ or olive oil may be giv54 ,to keep up ! he>t action give e!r1 alcohol1 camphor1 digitalis1 or c(fee4 ,to allay pa91 give opium4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons4 ,vegetable poisons may be divid$ into two classes--^? t are likely to be adm9i/]$ to ! animal z m$ic9e1 & su* z may be tak5 9 ! fe$1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( poison\s plants or z plants or fe$s ( vegetable orig9 t h be5 damag$ by fungi or by bact]ia :i* h produc$ f]m5tation or putrefaction4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons ,,us$ ,,z ,,m$ic9e4 ,,opium 7,,morph91 ,,laudanum7 ,,poison+4 ,opium & its alkaloid1 morphia1 are s commonly us$ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e t ! poison\s result ( an ov]dose is n uncommon4 ,! common prep>ations are gum opium1 ! inspissat$ juice ( ! poppy2 p[d]$ opium1 made f ! gum2 t9cture ( opium1 commonly call$ laudanum2 & ! alkaloid or active pr9ciple1 morphia4 ,laudanum has ab\t "o-eigh? ! /r5g? ( ! gum or p[d]4 ,morphia is pres5t 9 good opium to ! ext5t ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,9 m$ic9e x is a mo/ useful ag5t 9 allay+ pa94 ,x fir/ produces a /imulat+ action1 :i* is foll[$ by dr[s9ess1 a disposition to sleep or complete ane/hesia1 dep5d+ on ! quantity ( ! drug us$4 ,9 poison\s doses a /ate ( exhil>ation is well m>k$ at fir/4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 cattle & 9 horses4 ,! animal becomes mu* excit$1 & ?is /age does n pass into ins5sibility unless an enorm\s dose has be5 giv54 ,if ! dose is l>ge en\gh1 a second /age sometimes sup]v5es1 9 :i* ! symptoms are ^? ( conge/ion ( ! bra94 ,! visible membranes h a blui% t9t 7cyanotic7 f int]f]5ce ) ! air supply4 ,! brea?+ is sl[1 labor$1 & lat] /]tor\s2 ! pupils ( ! eyes are v mu* contract$2 ! sk9 dry & w>m4 ,gas accumulates 9 ! /oma*1 s t tympanites is a prom95t symptom4 ,! pati5t may be ar\s$ by great noise or ! infliction ( %>p pa91 :5 ! brea?+ becomes m natural4 ,a lapse into ! comatose condition takes place :5 ! excitem5t ceases4 ,lat]1 !re is p]fect coma & ! pati5t c no long] be ar\s$ f ! ins5sible condition4 ,! contraction ( ! pupil becomes m m>k$1 ! brea?+ int]mitt5t & sl[]1 !re is p]spiration1 ! pulse m feeble & rapid1 till dea? takes place4 ,poison+ ( cattle ) opium or its products r>ely goes beyond ! /age ( excitem5t1 because ! quantity ( ! drug requir$ = ! lat] effects is s great4 ,sev5ty-five gra9s ( morphia adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly has suffic$ m]ely to excite = #ab h\rs4 ,treatm5t4--,give /rong c(fee1 #a to #d qu>ts1 aromatic spirits ( ammonia or c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,atropia is ! physiological antidote4 ,,/ry*n9 ,,poison+4 ,/ry*n9 is a v conc5trat$ poison & produces its effect v quickly1 usually only a few m9utes be+ necess>y if giv5 9 suffici5t dose & 9 su* a way t x w be at once absorb$4 ,:5 employ$ z a m$ic9e1 z a rule1 m9imum doses %\ld be us$1 z cattle are q susceptible to its effects & may be kill$ by ! maximum doses giv5 9 ! common manuals ( vet]9>y m$ic9e4 ,! fir/ noticeable symptom is evid5ce ( unre/ or m5tal excitem5t2 at ! same "t ! muscles ov] ! %\ld] & cr\p may be se5 to quiv] or twit*1 & lat] !re occurs a m or less well-m>k$ convulsion2 ! head is j]k$ back1 ! back ar*$ & leg ext5d$1 ! eyes drawn4 ,! spasm cont9ues = only a few m9utes1 :5 x relaxes & ano!r occurs 9 a %ort "t4 ,! return is ha/5$ by excitem5t & 9 a %ort "t aga9 disappe>s1 cont9u+ to disappe> & reappe> until dea? results4 ,z ! poison\s effect advances ! int]vals betwe5 ! spasms become %ort] & less m>k$ & ! spasms m sev]e until ! animal dies 9 viol5t /ruggles4 ,treatm5t4--,! be/ me?od is to put ! pati5t "u ! influ5ce ( *loral1 *lor(orm1 or e!r1 & keep x !re cont9u\sly until ! effect ( ! poison has pass$ (f4 ,alcohol may be giv5 9 l>ge doses4 ,,aconite ,,poison+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s t9cture ( aconite has become a popul> /able rem$y4 ,if an animal is ail+1 aconite is giv5 :e!r indicat$ or n4 ,=tunately ! dose us$ is g5]ally small1 & = ?is reason ! damage done is mu* less ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,aconite is "o ( ! mo/ deadly poisons kn[n4 ,x produces p>alysis ( motion & s5sation1 depresses ! he>t's action1 & causes dea? by p>alysis ( respiration4 ,9 l>ge doses x causes pr(use salivation1 *amp+ ( ! jaws1 & attempts at swall[+4 ,if n suffici5t to cause dea?1 !re is impair$ appetite ) m or less nausea = "s "t aft]4 ,9 poison\s doses x causes ! animal to tremble viol5tly1 to lose p[] to support itself1 & br+s on slight convulsions1 ) p]spiration4 ,! pulse is depress$1 irregul>1 & aft]w>ds int]mitt5t4 ,treatm5t4--,! *emical antidote is tannic acid1 :i* =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! aconit94 ,! depress+ effect on ! he>t %\ld be c\nt]act$ by ! use ( ammonia1 digitalis1 alcohol1 camphor1 or o!r diffusible /imulants1 :i* h a physiological effect opposite to aconite4 ,,poison\s ,,plants4 ,an important gr\p ( poisons may be class$ "u ?is head4 ,9 mo/ cases x is poison naturally belong+ 9 ! plant2 9 o!r cases ! poison\s pr9ciple is develop$ 9 :at w\ld o!rwise be h>mless plants z a plant disease1 or z a f]m5tation or putrefaction due to bact]ial gr[? & obs]v$ 9 =age1 gra91 or meal t has become heat$1 damag$1 or spoilt4 ,! subject ( poison\s plants is an important "o & is ( especial int]e/ to ^? us+ ! we/]n /ock ranges1 = x is probable t !re is no o!r s+le cause produc+ s _m fatalities4 ,9 ?is article only a few ( ! m important plants are treat$ 9 a brief way1 = an ext5d$ treatise w\ld be necess>y if ! subject 7 to be h&l$ adequately4 ,fur!r in=mation %\ld be s\ght 9 ! m elaborate publications4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican poison\s plants h be5 treat$ 9 bullet9s issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,treatm5t = plant poison+4--,rem$ies giv5 by ! m\? 9 mo/ cases fail to give relief to cattle affect$ by poison\s plants4 ,! mat]ial ( ! poison\s plants 9 ! fir/ /oma* is n v l>gely affect$ by a rem$y giv5 z a dr5*4 ,if any b5eficial result is effect$1 x mu/ be on ! mat]ial :i* has already pass$ into ! f\r? /oma*1 s t to get any real antidotal result ! rem$y mu/ be giv5 repeat$ly 9 ord] to meet ! alkaloid poisons z !y are pass+ ?r\gh ! f\r? /oma*4 ,:ile c]ta9 sub/ances l tannic acid & potassium p]manganate are ! logical antidotes = plant poisons1 9 practical application !y are v disappo9t+ 9 ! treatm5t ( rum9ant animals4 ,reliance mu/ be ma9ly on prev5tion & ^u su* rem$ies z w increase elim9ation4 ,a laxative or purgative is always helpful1 & = ?is purpose ,epsom salt may be giv5 9 p\nd doses1 or l9se$ oil 9 doses ( #a or #b p9ts4 ,9 "s few cases special rem$ies c be giv5 z is indicat$ bel[4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t cattle :ile graz+ freely 9 good pa/ure are n likely to eat poison\s plants to any ext5t4 ,if ^! same plants are ga!r$ & ?r[n 9 a pile1 ! animals1 ?r\gh a k9d ( p]nici\s curiosity1 may eat !m ) disa/r\s results4 ,?is has frequ5tly happ5$ :5 fre%ly cut bran*es ( *]ry1 yew1 ole&]1 & o!r plants h be5 ?r[n :]e dairy cattle c\ld get at !m4 ,,oaks4 ,! foliage ( oaks is a valuable con/itu5t ( ! =age on _m ranges & pa/ures4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t :5 ?is is eat5 )\t "s admixture ( o!r food1 cattle frequ5tly sick5 & die4 ,_m cases ( ! poison+ ( cattle by acorns h be5 report$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 & !re h be5 "s compla9ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h>mful results f eat+ acorns d n seem likely to occur except z !y are eat5 9 consid]able quantities4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( oak poison+ are con/ipation1 mucus & blood 9 ! feces1 emaciation1 & edema4 ,! symptoms ( acorn poison+ are mu* ! same4 ,treatm5t4--,*ange ( pa/ure or an addition ( o!r food mat]ial4 ,,horse ,,*e/nut--,,buckeye4 ,all ! species ( sculus1 popul>ly kn[n z horse *e/nut or buckeye1 are consid]$ poison\s4 ,! b>k1 leaves1 & fruit are injuri\s4 ,x is said t if ! fruit is boil$ or roa/$ & wa%$ out x becomes h>mless & ev5 is a desirable addition to ! fe$ ( cattle4 ,! ,indians 9 "t ( sc>city ( food h us$ ! fruit aft] prep>+ x 9 ?is way4 ,! buckeyes are said to h a specific effect 9 produc+ abortion 9 cattle & goats4 ,,dea? ,,camas 7,,species ,,( ,,zygad5us74 ,! dea?-camas plants1 :i* are commonly kn[n 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates z lobelia1 are especially de/ructive ( %eep1 b cattle sometimes eat !m & are poison$4 ,cases ( cattle poison+ are n likely to result fatally4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are salivation1 nausea accompani$ by vomit+1 great weakness1 & l[]$ temp]ature4 ,treatm5t4--,!re is no effective treatm5t = dea?-camas poison+4 ,,fly ,,poison 7,,*rosp]ma ,,musc,,torium74 ,?is plant1 :i* is closely relat$ to ! dea?-camas plants1 is sometimes kn[n z /agg] grass & causes a consid]able loss 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x gr[s e>li] ?an ! grasses1 & on ?is acc\nt is m likely to be eat54 ,l dea? camas1 x produces pron\nc$ nausea1 result+ 9 vomit+ & weakness1 & 9 cases :i* recov] ! effects may cont9ue = sev]al days4 ,app>5tly ! injuri\s effects are m common 9 ! case ( cattle ?an 9 o!r dome/ic animals4 ,!re is no kn[n way ( treat+ ^! animals1 ?\gh d\btless purgatives w\ld be b5eficial4 ,,yew 7,,taxus ,,baccata74 ,! ,european yew has long be5 kn[n z a v poison\s plant4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica1 & :ile cases ( poison+ h n be5 common1 x is well to recognize its dang]\s "*4 ,a comp>atively small dose is poison\s & ord9>ily acts ) great rapidity4 ,x causes respiratory p>alysis & ! animal dies 9 convulsions4 ,,laurel4 ,! laurels1 includ+ ! broad-leaf$ laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia1 ! n>r[-leaf$ laurel1 ,kalmia angu/ifolia1 ! rhodod5drons1 & o!r closely relat$ plants are poison\s & cause consid]able losses4 ,x is dang]\s to let cattle graze :]e ^! plants are abundant at times :5 o!r =age is sc>ce4 ,! symptoms are salivation1 nausea & vomit+1 spasms1 dizz9ess1 /upor1 & dea?4 ,,f]n4 ,! common brake or brack5 f]n1 ,pt]is aquil9a1 has be5 consid]$ responsible = ! poison+ ( _m horses & cattle4 ,_m cases h be5 report$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 & "s well-au!nticat$ cases 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v little has be5 le>n$ exp]im5tally ( f]n poison+1 b !re seems to be little "q t x has be5 ! cause ( _m dea?s4 ,! symptoms are said to be temp]ature high] ?an normal1 loss ( appetite1 bloody dis*>ges f m\?1 nose1 & b[els1 & great depression foll[$ by coma & dea?4 ,"s au?ors say t ! ur9e is color$ by blood4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! disease kn[n z r$ wat] 9 ! nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada is caus$ by eat+ f]ns4 ,,sorghum ,,poison+4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions sorghum conta9s en\gh hydrocyanic acid to make x exce$+ly dang]\s to cattle4 ,^! cases ( poison+ mo/ commonly occur :5 cattle are pa/ur$ ^u ! "y plant or ^u a field :]e ! crop has be5 cut & is mak+ a second gr[?4 ,conditions ( dr\ght make ! sorghum especially dang]\s4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t ! fro/$ second gr[? is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 hydrocyanic acid4 ,! cases ( poison+ occur :5 animals are graz$ ^u ! plant1 b n f ! h>ve/$ crop or f silage4 ,if cattle are graz$ on sorghum or sorghum /ubble !y %\ld at fir/ be "u con/ant obs]vation & %\ld be remov$ z soon z any signs ( illness appe>4 ,simil> precautions %\ld be us$ 9 graz+ kafir4 ,,corn/alk ,,disease4 ,consid]able losses ( cattle h occurr$ :5 !y 7 turn$ ^u cornfields 9 ! fall4 ,dea?s come v sudd5ly & !re is no opportunity to apply rem$ies4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ^! fatalities1 l ^? f sorghum1 7 caus$ by hydrocyanic acid1 b !re is good reason to ?9k t ?is is n true1 & at ! pres5t "t !re is no accept$ explanation ( ?is disease1 al?\gh !re seems to be no d\bt t x is connect$ 9 "s way ) ! condition ( ! corn4 ,:e!r a giv5 field is poison\s or n c only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & ! wise f>m] w keep 8 cattle "u close obs]vation :5 !y are fir/ turn$ into a cornfield4 ,,wat] ,,hemlock 7,,cicuta74 ,?is plant1 gr[+ 9 wet places by dit*es & along creeks1 is ! mo/ poison\s ( ,nor? ,am]ican plants4 ,! root is ! poison\s "p1 & cattle g5]ally get x :5 x is pl[$ up or wa%$ out by high wat]4 ,sometimes !y pull x up1 = ! plant occasionally gr[s out into dit*es s t ! :ole plant w be tak5 9 graz+4 ,! mo/ m>k$ symptoms ( ,cicuta poison+ are ! viol5t convulsions1 :i* rem9d "o ( ! effect ( /ry*n94 ,treatm5t4--,little c be done 9 ! way ( treatm5t4 ,! logical ?+ is to attempt to control ! convulsions by means ( morphia1 b 9 view ( ! fact t ! /oma* c n be empti$1 ! prognosis is n good1 & mo/ cases die4 ,,l>kspurs4 ,! l>kspurs are a s\rce ( heavy loss to cattle own]s 9 ! high] ranges ( ! ,we/4 ,!re are a numb] ( species1 gr[+ at altitudes f #d1jjj feet to timb] l9e1 & all are poison\s4 ,a few cases ( poison+ by l>kspurs h be5 report$ 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 b mo/ ( ! losses are conf9$ to ! ,we/1 bo? because l>kspurs gr[ !re 9 great] pr(usion & because cattle are graz$ 9 t region on ! op5 ranges4 ,! losses are conf9$ to cattle1 = %eep & horses c graze on l>kspur ) no result+ h>m4 ,mo/ ( ! l>kspur losses occur 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 z ! plants lose _! toxicity aft] matur+4 ,symptoms4--,l>kspur poison+ is accompani$ by a def9ite l9e ( symptoms4 ,9 range animals ! fir/ symptom not$ is g5]ally ! sudd5 fall+ ( ! animal & consequ5t inability to rise4 ,aft] a :ile x may rise1 only to fall aga94 ,?is may happ5 repeat$ly4 ,9 sev]e cases ! animal lies prone & exhibits nausea1 accompani$ by vomit+4 ,x dies ( respiratory p>alysis1 dea? _m times be+ ha/5$ by ! asphyxia foll[+ ! vomit+4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal1 if f\nd d[n1 %\ld be turn$ s t its head is uphill 9 ord] to relieve ! lungs4 ,_m cases w recov] ) no fur!r treatm5t4 ,ne>ly all cases w recov] if a hypod]mic injection is giv5 imm$iately ( physo/igm9 salicylate #a gra91 piloc>p9 hydro*lorid #b gra9s1 /ry*n9 sulphate #a_/b gra94 ,,loco4 ,! loco plants h caus$ especially heavy losses ( cattle1 horses1 & %eep4 ,!y gr[ 9 ! semi>id regions ( ! ,we/ & sometimes 9 great luxuriance4 ,! be/ kn[n are ! blue loco1 ! woolly loco or purple loco1 & ! :ite loco or rattle-we$4 ,! blue loco is common 9 p>ts ( ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ,utah4 ,x affects bo? horses & cattle4 ,! purple loco1 ,a/ragalus mollissimus1 is common 9 ,texas & ! adjo9+ ,/ates & ext5ds nor? z f> z ,nebraska & ,colorado4 ,x is especially de/ructive to horses4 ,! :ite loco1 ,oxytropis lamb]ti1 is /ill m widely di/ribut$1 be+ f\nd 9 ! pla9s region f ,alaska to ,mexico & we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to c5tral ,utah4 ,! :ite loco is mu* m important ?an ! purple loco1 = x affects n only horses b cattle & %eep4 ,^! plants belong to ! pea family1 & !re are a numb] ( o!r species ( ?is family t are loco plants & produce ! same symptoms4 ,symptoms4--,loco poison+ is a *ronic condition & symptoms are %[n only aft] some:at prolong$ fe$+4 ,! condition is "o ( cumulative poison+1 & animals sometimes decl9e v rapidly aft] ! fir/ symptoms appe>4 ,9 _m cases animals acquire a habit ( eat+ loco & pref] x to any o!r fe$4 ,! poison affects ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,!re is a lack ( muscul> coord9ation & ! animal p]=ms v erratic movem5ts4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ! animal becomes emaciat$ & ev5tually dies ( />vation4 ,treatm5t4--,loco$ animals are badly con/ipat$1 & x is important t ?is condition %\ld be rem$i$ at ! />t4 ,any purgative c be us$1 b ,epsom salt has be5 f\nd especially effective4 ,if loco$ animals c be turn$ into a field ( alfalfa1 a l>ge proportion ( !m w recov] ) no fur!r treatm5t4 ,recov]y may be aid$ by giv+ cattle1 hypod]mically1 daily doses ( ?ree-tw5tie?s to f\r-tw5tie?s ( a gra9 ( /ry*n94 ,by ?is treatm5t cattle c be cur$ & put 9 condition = m>ket4 ,,:ite ,,snak]oot 7,,eupatorium ,,urtic,,folium74 ,:ite snak]oot1 frequ5tly kn[n z ri* we$1 is a plant gr[+ 9 great abundance 9 "s ( ! ea/]n & c5tral regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 p>ts ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois1 & 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is responsible = mo/1 if n all1 ( ! cases ( a disease :i* is commonly kn[n z milk sickness4 ,symptoms4--,! animals are con/ipat$1 sometimes h bloody feces1 become weak1 & exhibit muscul> trembl+4 ,?is trembl+ is v *>act]i/ic1 s t ! disease is sometimes kn[n z ! trembles4 ,rem$y4--,!re are no rem$ies :i* w "w v effici5tly4 ,x is desirable to give ! animals purgatives l ,epsom salt &1 ( c\rse1 to remove !m f fields :]e ?is plant is abundant4 ,,rayless ,,gold5rod 7,,isocoma ,,wrightii74 ,! rayless gold5rod is a plant gr[+ 9 especial abundance 9 p>ts ( ! ,pecos ,valley 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 & !re produces a disease s mu* l t produc$ 9 ! ,ea/ by :ite snak]oot t x is sometimes call$ milk sickness4 ,m g5]ally ?is disease goes "u ! "n ( alkali disease4 ,! plant has produc$ heavy losses 9 ! regions :]e x gr[s abundantly4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are mu* l ^? produc$ by ! :ite snak]oot4 ,! animals are con/ipat$1 sometimes h bloody feces1 become weak1 & exhibit muscul> trembl+4 ,!re is good reason to ?9k1 too1 t ! milk ( c[s eat+ ?is plant is m or less injuri\s4 ,treatm5t4--,a purgative l ,epsom salt w aid an animal 9 recov]+1 b mo/ important is to remove ! cattle f pa/ures :]e ! plant is abundant & give !m an abundance ( good =age4 ,"u su* conditions !y are almo/ c]ta9 to recov]4 ,,milkwe$s4 ,_m ( ! milkwe$s h long be5 kn[n to h m or less poison\s prop]ties4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s x has be5 discov]$ t c]ta9 ( ! milkwe$s go+ "u ! popul> "n ( :orl$ milkwe$s are especially toxic4 ,!re are at lea/ f\r species ( :orl$ milkwe$s1 b two ( !m are p>ticul>ly important f ! /&po9t ( p h&l+ live/ock4 ,"o1 kn[n sci5tifically z ,asclepias galioides1 is h>mful 9 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico1 :ile ano!r1 kn[n z ,asclepias mexicana1 has produc$ losses1 especially 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 ,^! :orl$ milkwe$s are di/a/eful to all animals & are eat5 only :5 ! /ock is closely conf9$ to pa/ures :]e !re is little else 9 ! way ( =age4 ,symptoms4--,! mo/ prom95t symptoms are weakness1 produc+ /agg]+1 & ?is is foll[$ 9 acute cases by viol5t spasms4 ,treatm5t4--,!re is no treatm5t :i* w effectively antidote ! effect ( ! poison4 ,9 practically all cases1 h[ev]1 poison+ may be avoid$ if c>e is tak5 to prev5t animals f be+ closely conf9$ :]e ?is plant is abundant1 z !y nev] eat ! plant by *oice4 ,,*]ry4 ,9 ! leaves ( ! *]ries m or less hydrocyanic acid is produc$1 & :5 ^! leaves are eat5 9 any consid]able quantity cases ( poison+ are likely to arise4 ,x is popul>ly suppos$ t ^! cases arise f eat+ wilt$ *]ry leaves1 b !re is e reason to ?9k t ! fre% leaves w produce ! same results4 ,^! cases are easily prev5t$1 because no h>m results f eat+ a small quantity ( ! leaves1 & if ! fact is recogniz$ t poison+ may result f eat+ a l>ge quantity1 x is n difficult to c>e = ! animals s z to prev5t poison+4 ,,ergotism4 ,! poison\s effects ( ergot 7,pls4 ,v1 ,,vi7 appe> *iefly 9 ! w9t] & spr+ ( ! ye> & among cattle4 ,x is develop$ among grasses gr[n on ri* soil 9 hot1 damp seasons4 ,rye seems m liable to ergot ?an any ( our o!r crops4 ,( ! grasses :i* ent] into ! composition ( hay1 bluegrass is ! mo/ likely to become affect$4 ,ergot may also affect r$top1 oats1 grasses1 & gra9s4 ,on ! plant ! fungus manife/s itself on ! se$s1 :]e x is easily recogniz$ :5 ! hay is exam9$ 9 ! m[4 ,! ergotiz$ se$s are sev]al times l>g] ?an ! natural se$s--h>d1 black1 & g5]ally curv$ 9 %ape4 ,! effect ( ! protract$ use ( ergot 9 ! fe$ is pretty well und]/ood to be t ( produc+ a deg5]ation & ob/ruction ( ! small] art]ial bran*es4 ,! result is to %ut (f ! blood supply to ! di/al p>ts ( ! body1 :]e ! circulation is weake/1 & ?us to produce a mummification or dry gangr5e ( ! extremities1 z ! e>s1 tail1 feet1 etc4 ,cattle seem to be m susceptible ?an o!r animals to ! influ5ce ( ergot1 possibly on acc\nt ( ! sl[ness ( ! he>t's action4 ,:5 ! effect ( ! poison has become suffici5t to entirely arre/ ! circulation 9 any "p1 ! /ructures soon die4 ,! disord] manife/s itself z lam5ess 9 "o or m limbs2 swell+ ab\t ! ankle :i* may result 9 only a small sl\gh or ! loss ( a toe1 b x may circumscribe ! limb at any po9t bel[ ! knee or hock by an ind5t$ r+ bel[ :i* ! tissues become dead4 ,! ind5tation soon *anges to a crack1 :i* ext5ds completely ar\nd ! limb1 =m+ ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! dead & liv+ /ructures4 ,! crack deep5s till ! p>ts bel[ drop (f )\t loss ( blood1 & frequ5tly ) v little pus4 ,ergot may cause s]i\s irritation ( ! dige/ive tract1 or by act+ ^u ! n]v\s sy/em x may cause le?>gy or p>alysis4 ,x also op]ates to cause contraction ( ! ut]us1 & may ?us cause abortion4 ,treatm5t4--,reg>d+ ! treatm5t1 *ange ( fe$ & local antiseptics are1 ( c\rse1 indicat$4 ,! =m] may be useful z a prev5tive1 b :5 ! symptoms h appe>$ ! animal is necess>ily s completely saturat$ t recov]y is likely to be t$i\s4 ,tann9 may be giv5 int]nally 9 doses ( "o-half dram twice daily = a few days to neutralize ! unabsorb$ alkaloids ( ! ergot4 ,at ! same "t give ca/or oil4 ,to dilate ! blood vessels give *loral hydrate4 ,ba! ! affect$ p>ts ) hot wat]4 ,if sl\gh+ has gone f>1 amputation mu/ be resort$ to4 ,,o!r ,,poison\s ,,fungi4 ,_m o!r fungi poison h]bivora4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e fungi are blam$ = caus+ disease _! pres5ce on ! fe$/uff or h]bage is b co9cid5tal ) "s o!r & m pot5t disease-produc+ factor4 ,= example1 if ! conditions are favorable to ! gr[? ( fungi !y are also favorable to ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 & bact]ia may produce poisons 9 fe$s4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t any fe$ t is moldy1 mu/y1 or putrid is possibly dang]\s4 ,silage1 prop]ly cur$1 does n belong to ?is class1 because ! cur+ ( silage is n a bact]ial process4 ,b spoil$ silage & silage matt$ ) mold is dang]\s & %\ld n be f$4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,animal ,,products4 ,,snake ,,bites4 ,! poison conta9$ 9 ! too? gl&s ( c]ta9 v5om\s reptiles1 p>ticul>ly "s ( ! snakes1 :i* is inject$ into or "u ! sk9 ( an animal bitt5 by ! reptile1 is a v p[]ful ag5t4 ,x is likely to produce a s]i\s local irritation1 & 9 ! case ( ! m poison\s snakes s]i\s con/itutional di/urbances1 ev5 to caus+ dea?1 :i* x may d 9 ei!r ( two ways3 ,fir/1 :5 v /rong1 by ex]t+ a n>cotic influ5ce simil> to t ( "s ( ! p[]ful poisons1 *eck+ he>t action4 ,second1 by diffus$ inflammation ( ! areol> tissue1 gangr5e1 & ext5sive sl\gh+4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( snake bite are a local swell+ caus$ by an int5se local inflammation1 pricks %[+ :]e ! fangs p5etrat$1 depression1 weakness1 feeble pulse1 difficult brea?+1 blui% discoloration ( ! visible muc\s membranes1 /upor1 or convulsions4 ,if ! poison is n p[]ful or pl5tiful en\gh to produce dea?1 x is1 at any rate1 likely to cause sev]e local abscesses or sl\ghs4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t may be divid$ into local & g5]al4 ,locally e ef=t %\ld be made to prev5t absorption ( ! poison4 ,if discov]$ at once ! bitt5 "p _h bett] be excis$4 ,if t is impracticable & a ligature c be appli$1 z 9 ! case ( a bite to "o ( ! limbs1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 apply+ x above ! injury4 ,x %\ld be made suffici5tly tight to s f> z possible arre/ circulation 9 ! bitt5 "p4 ,! w\nd %\ld be freely incis$1 s t x w ble$ freely1 & ! poison %\ld be extract$ by cupp+1 or press$ out by squeez+ ) ! f+]s4 ,p]manganate ( potassium 9 #e p] c5t solution %\ld be appli$ to & inject$ into ! w\nd4 ,! depress+ effect ( ! poison on ! g5]al sy/em %\ld be c\nt]act$ by hypod]mic injections ( /ry*n91 or by lib]al dr5*+ ) /imulants1 su* z c(fee1 digitalis1 or ! aromatic spirits or c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,9 animal practice ! alcoholic /imulants & local treatm5t above describ$ are likely to meet ) be/ success4 ,a special antitox9 = use 9 treat+ snake bite is n[ prep>$ & may be _h f ! lead+ druggi/s4 ,x is q effective if us$ promptly4 ,,wasp ,,& ,,bee ,,/+s4 ,wasps & bees secrete a poison\s sub/ance :i* !y are able to ins]t ?r\gh ! sk9 ( an animal by ! aid ( _! %>p /+s4 ,?is poison is a sev]e local irritant & may ev5 cause local gangr5e4 ,x also has a depress+ effect ^u ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & de/roys ! r$-blood corpuscles4 ,to produce ^! g5]al effects x mu/ be introduc$ 9 v l>ge quantities1 z :5 an animal is /ung by a sw>m ( bees or wasps4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t is to wa% ! p>ts ) dilut$ ammonia or p]manganate ( potassium solution & to give /imulants int]nally4 ,if !re is s mu* swell+ ab\t ! head & no/rils z to int]f]e ) brea?+1 tra*eotomy may be necess>y4 ,,poison+ ,,) ,,spani% ,,fly4 ,spani% fly1 9 ! =m ( p[d]$ can?>ides1 may be giv5 9 an ov]dose1 or :5 appli$ z a bli/] to too l>ge a surface ( sk9 en\gh may be absorb$ to poison4 ,if giv5 by ! m\?1 x causes sev]e irritation ( ! ga/ro9te/9al tract1 %[n by salivation1 sore ?roat1 colic1 bloody di>rhea1 etc4 ,x also produces1 :e!r giv5 by ! m\? or absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk91 irritation ( ! ur9>y tract1 z %[n by frequ5t & pa9ful ur9ation4 ,if dea? results1 x is due to respiratory p>alysis4 ,treatm5t4--,give protectives & ! :ite ( egg1 ) opium4 ,d n give oils or alcohol4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,he>t1 ,,blood ,,vessels1 ,,& ,,lymphatics4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,h>baugh1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,! ,,circulatory ,,sy/em4 ,9 cattle1 z 9 human be+s1 ! he>t1 blood vessels1 & lymphatics may be describ$ z ! circulatory app>atus4 ,! he>t is 9 ! ?oracic cavity 7*e/74 ,x is conical 9 =m1 ) ! base or l>ge "p upp]mo/1 :ile ! apex1 or po9t1 re/s j above ! /]num 7brea/bone74 ,x is situat$ betwe5 ! "r & left lungs1 ! apex incl9+ to ! left1 & ow+ to ?is ! he>t beats are be/ felt on ! left side ( ! *e/1 beh9d ! elb[4 ,! he>t may be consid]$ z a holl[ muscle1 conta9+ f\r comp>tm5ts1 two on ea* side4 ,! upp] comp>tm5ts are call$ auricles & ! l[] ones v5tricles4 ,! "r auricle & v5tricle are completely sep>at$ f ! left auricle & v5tricle by a ?ick septum or wall1 s t !re is no communication betwe5 ! "r & left sides ( ! organ4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* auricle is ! auriculo-v5tricul> op5+1 ea* provid$ ) a valve to close x :5 ! he>t contracts to =ce ! blood into ! art]ies4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ! contractions ^! valves hang d[n into ! v5tricles4 ,! muscul> tissue ( ! he>t belongs to t class kn[n z involunt>y1 because its action is n controll$ by ! w4 ,! cavities ( ! he>t are l9$ by a s]\s membrane1 call$ ! endoc>dium1 :i* may be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ! ve9s & ! art]ies1 =m+ _! int]nal l9+4 ,! walls ( ! v5tricles are ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! auricles1 & ! walls ( ! left v5tricle are mu* ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! "r4 ,! he>t is envelop$ by a fibr\s sac 7or bag71 call$ ! p]ic>dium1 :i* assumes mu* ( ! g5]al %ape ( ! out] surface ( ! he>t4 ,! action ( ! he>t is simil> to t ( a pump & its function is to keep ! blood 9 circulation4 ,! auricles may be consid]$ z ! res]voirs or receiv]s ( ! blood & ! v5tricles z ! pump *amb]s4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 contractions1 ! he>t be+ 9 mom5t>y repose1 ! blood p\rs into ! auricles f ! ve9s2 ! auriculo-v5tricul> orifices be+ widely op51 ! v5tricles also receive blood2 ! auricles contract & ! v5tricles are fill$2 contraction ( ! v5tricles foll[s2 ! auriculo-v5tricul> valves are =c$ up by ! pressure ( ! blood & close ! auriculo-v5tricul> op5+s & prev5t ! return ( blood into ! auricles2 ! contraction ( ! v5tricles =ces ! blood f ! "r v5tricle into ! lungs ?r\gh ! pulmon>y art]y & its bran*es1 & f ! left v5tricle into ! aorta1 !nce ?r\gh ! art]ies to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,aft] ! contraction ( ! v5tricles ! he>t is aga9 9 mom5t>y repose & is be+ fill$ ) blood1 :ile ! valves 9 ! aorta & pulmon>y art]y close to prev5t ! return ( blood into ! v5tricles4 7,see ,pl4 ,,vii47 ,! av]age weight ( ! he>t ( an ox is said to be f #c-a_/b to #e p\nds2 b1 ( c\rse1 ow+ to ! _m bre$s & sizes ( cattle1 x mu/ v>y 9 diff]5t animals4 ,! vessels t convey ! blood f ! he>t to all p>ts ( ! body are call$ art]ies2 ^? :i* return ! blood to ! he>t are call$ ve9s4 ,! art]ies divide & subdivide 7l ! bran*es ( a tree71 become small] & small]1 & ultimately ramify into e "p ( ! body4 ,betwe5 ! ultimate ramifications ( ! art]ies & ! beg9n+ ( ! ve9s !re is an int]m$iate sy/em ( v m9ute vessels call$ capill>ies1 :i* connect ! art]ial ) ! v5\s sy/em ( ! circulation4 ,! walls ( ! art]ies are possess$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( rigidity1 suffici5t to keep ! tubes op5 :5 !y are empty4 ,! blood leaves ! left v5tricle ?r\gh a s+le vessel1 ! common aorta1 consi/+ ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior aortas1 :i* give (f ! l>ge art]ies4 ,! ve9s take ! blood f ! capill>ies 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 ,!y beg9 9 v small tubes1 :i* unite to become l>g] 9 size & less 9 numb] z !y approa* ! he>t4 ,9 its c\rse an art]y is usually accompani$ ) a ve9 & 9 _m situations ) a n]ve4 ,! m important art]ies are plac$ deep )9 ! body2 :5 !y are sup]ficial1 h[ev]1 !y are g5]ally f\nd :]e lea/ expos$ to injury1 z1 = example1 on ! inn] side ( ! legs4 ,art]ies are less num]\s ?an ve9s1 & _! total capacity is mu* less ?an t ( ! ve9s4 ,a great numb] ( ve9s are 9 ! tissue imm$iately b5ea? ! sk9 & d n g5]ally accompany art]ies4 ,! blood1 ?r\gh\t its c\rse 9 ! he>t1 art]ies1 capill>ies1 & ve9s1 is inclos$ )9 ^! vessels4 ,except :]e ! l>ge lymphatics empty into ! v5\s blood1 !re is no op5+ into ! c\rse ( ! blood4 ,all ! art]ies except ! pulmon>y & its bran*es c>ry bright-r$ blood1 & all ! ve9s1 except ! pulmon>y ve9s1 c>ry d>k-r$ blood4 ,! impure d>k-r$ blood is collect$ f ! capill>y vessels & c>ri$ to ! "r auricle by ! ve9s2 x passes d[n into ! "r v5tricle1 & !nce into ! pulmon>y art]y & ?r\gh its bran*es to ! capill>ies ( ! lungs1 :]e ! c>bonic-acid gas & o!r impurities are giv5 up to ! air 9 ! air cells ( ! lungs 7?r\gh ! ?9 walls betwe5 ! capill>ies & ! air cells71 & :]e x also absorbs f ! air ! oxyg5 gas necess>y to su/a9 life4 ,?is gas *anges x to ! bright-r$1 pure blood4 ,x passes f ! capill>ies to ! bran*es ( ! pulmon>y ve9s1 :i* convey x to ! left auricle ( ! he>t2 x !n passes ?r\gh ! auriculo-v5tricul> op5+ into ! left v5tricle1 ! contraction ( :i* =ces x ?r\gh ! common aorta into ! po/]ior & ant]ior aortas1 & ?r\gh all ! art]ies ( ! body into ! capill>ies1 :]e x p>ts ) its oxyg5 & nutritive elem5ts & :]e x absorbs c>bonic-acid gas & becomes d>k color$4 7,see !oretical diagram ( ! circulation1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 ,! bran*es ( c]ta9 art]ies 9 diff]5t p>ts unite aga9 aft] subdivid+4 ,?is reunit+ is call$ ana/omos+1 & assures a quota ( blood to a "p if "o ( ! ana/omos+ art]ies %\ld be ti$ 9 case ( hemorrhage1 or %\ld be de/roy$ by accid5t or op]ation4 ,,! ,,blood4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( food1 aft] be+ dige/$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 are absorb$ & c>ri$ into ! blood by ! lymphatics1 & by ! blood to ! places :]e nutrition is requir$4 ,! blood takes f all p>ts ( ! body all t is no long] requir$1 & c>ries x to ! diff]5t organs ?r\gh :i* x is elim9at$ f ! body4 ,x conta9s )9 itself all ! elem5ts :i* n\ri% ! body4 ,! blood may be consid]$ z a fluid hold+ 9 solution c]ta9 inorganic elem5ts & hav+ c]ta9 bodies susp5d$ 9 x4 ,to facilitate description1 ! blood may be consid]$ z made up ( ! corpuscles & ! liquor sangu9is4 ,! corpuscles are ( two k9ds1 ! r$ & ! :ite1 ! r$ be+ ! m num]\s4 ,! color ( ! blood is caus$ by ! color+ matt] 9 ! r$ corpuscles1 :i* are ! oxyg5 c>ri]s4 ,bo? k9ds are v m9ute bodies1 :i* require ! aid ( ! microscope to recognize !m4 ,! liquor sangu9is is compos$ ( wat] conta9+ 9 solution salts1 album51 & ! elem5ts ( fibr94 ,! lymphatics1 or absorb5ts1 are ! vessels :i* c>ry ! lymph & *yle 9 ! blood4 ,!y beg9 z capill>ies 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 gradually unit+ to =m l>g] trunks4 ,plac$ along ! c\rse ( ! lymphatic vessels are gl&s1 9 "s situations collect$ into gr\ps2 = example1 9 ! gro94 ,^! gl&s are (t5 involv$ 9 inflammation aris+ f ! absorption ( delet]i\s matt]4 ,absorption is ! function ( ! lymphatics4 ,! liquor sangu9is passes f ! blood capill>ies to supply nutrition to ! tissues4 ,all ( ! liquor sangu9is t is n requir$ is absorb$ by ! lymphatic vessels & convey$ back to ! blood by ! lymphatic ducts4 ,! lymphatics :i* proce$ f ! inte/9es convey ! *yle into ! blood dur+ dige/ion4 ,z a rule1 ! lymphatic vessels foll[ ! c\rse ( ! ve9s4 ,all ! absorb5t vessels convey _! cont5ts to ! ?oracic duct & "r great lymphatic ve91 :i* empty into ! ant]ior v5a cava1 :]e ! lymph & *yle mix ) ! v5\s blood1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! supply ( nutritive elem5ts 9 ! blood4 ,,! ,,pulse4 ,z fully expla9$1 ! he>t pumps ! blood ?r\gh\t ! art]ial sy/em4 ,! art]ies are always full & ea* contraction ( ! v5tricle pumps m blood into !m2 ?is di/5ds _! ela/ic walls & s5ds along !m a wave :i* gradually becomes less p]ceptible z x ne>s ! v small art]ies4 ,?is wave con/itutes ! pulse1 & is lo/ be=e ! capill>ies are rea*$4 ,! s5sation or impression giv5 to ! f+] :5 plac$ ^u ! art]y %[s ! =ce ex]t$ by ! he>t & "s important facts conc]n+ ! condition ( ! circulation4 ,9 adult cattle ! av]age numb] ( pulsations 9 a m9ute is f #ej to #fj4 ,! pulse is fa/] ?an normal aft] ex]cise1 excitem5t1 on hot days1 f pa91 & z a result ( fullness ( ! /oma*4 ,9 old animals x is sl[] ?an 9 ! "y & 9 males slightly sl[] ?an 9 females4 ,9 fev]s & inflammations & 9 local diseases ( ! he>t ! pulse rate is increas$4 ,if ! rate is great] ?an #ajj or #aaj to ! m9ute ! outlook = recov]y is n good4 ,o!r v>iations ( ! pulse are kn[n z infrequ5t pulse1 :i* means t ! numb] ( pulsations 9 a giv5 "t is less ?an normal4 ,! irregul> or ! int]mitt5t pulse is :5 ! pulsations d n foll[ 9 regul> ord]4 ,! l>ge pulse & ! small pulse ref] to ! volume ( ! pulse1 :i* may be l>g] or small] ?an usual4 ,! /rong pulse & ! feeble pulse ref] to ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! pulsation4 ,! pulse is said to be h>d :5 ! vessel feels h>d & incompressible1 ! s(t pulse be+ ! opposite4 ,by dicrotic pulse is meant t k9d ( pulsation :i* makes ea* beat seem d\ble1 & !re=e x is g5]ally call$ ! d\ble pulse4 ,! v5\s or jugul> pulse is ! pulsation s frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! jugul> ve9 ( cattle & is p>ticul>ly noticeable :ile !y are rum9at+--*ew+ ! cud4 ,x is n always associat$ ) disease1 b may be a symptom ( "s disease ( ! he>t2 9 su* cases ! jugul> pulse is cont9u\s4 ,! place select$ = feel+ ! pulse 9 cattle is :]e ! submaxill>y art]y w9ds ar\nd ! l[] jawbones1 j at ! l[] edge ( ! flat muscle on ! side ( ! *eek2 or1 if ! c[ is ly+ d[n1 ! metac>pal art]y on ! back "p ( ! =e fetlock is v conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,correspond+ to ! beats ( ! he>t two s\nds are emitt$ :i* are ( a def9ite type 9 heal?y animals4 ,! fir/ is produc$ by ! contraction ( ! he>t & ! fl[ ( blood out ( x2 ! second is caus$ by ! reb\nd ( blood 9 ! aorta & ! closure ( ! valves t prev5t x f fl[+ backw>d into ! he>t1 :5ce x came4 ,! fir/ s\nd is ! long] & l\d] ( ! two1 ?\gh ( l[ pit*4 ,! second s\nd is %>p] & %ort]1 & is n always easy to he>4 ,!re is a brief int]val betwe5 !m4 ,to di/+ui% ^! s\nds1 ! e> is plac$ aga9/ ! left side ( ! *e/1 a little above ! po9t :]e ! elb[ re/s :5 ! animal is /&+ 9 a natural position1 & ab\t opposite ! six? rib4 ,bo? he>t s\nds are r$uc$ 9 int5sity :5 ! animal is weak or :5 ! he>t is =c$ away f ! *e/ wall by collections ( fluid or by tub]cul> or o!r gr[?s4 ,nonrhy?mical he>t s\nd is (t5 caus$ by p]ic>ditis or by disease ( ! valves4 ,x may also be attributable to ov]fill+ ( ! he>t ^u ! "r side1 z occurs 9 sev]e conge/ion ( ! lungs & 9 "s febrile diseases4 ,9 p]ic>ditis1 s\nds l scrap+1 rubb+1 or spla%+ may be he>d1 entirely ap>t f ! two normal s\nds above describ$4 ,! impulse ( ! he>t1 z felt by plac+ ! h& aga9/ ! *e/1 is ( "s consequ5ce 9 rea*+ a conclusion 9 respect to disease ( ! he>t2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! impulse may be v mu* increas$ by diseases o!r ?an ^? ( ! he>t1 z1 = example1 inflammation ( v>i\s organs1 sev]e pa9s1 etc4 ,! impulse may be increas$ also 7:5 disease does n exi/7 by "w1 ex]cise1 fright1 or any cause ( excitem5t1 or1 9 g5]al1 by any?+ t causes accel]ation ( ! pulse4 ,! impulse ( ! he>t may be felt & ! s\nds may be he>d fairly well 9 lean cattle1 b 9 fat ones x is difficult & (t5 impossible to detect ei!r impulse or s\nd ) any degree ( satisfaction4 ,,palpitation4 ,:5 ! impulse ( ! he>t is excessive--t is1 :5 x beats m or less tumultu\sly--! famili> expression palpitation ( ! he>t is appli$2 by _m x is call$ ?umps4 ,! h& or e> plac$ aga9/ ! *e/ easily detects ! unnatural beat+4 ,9 "s cases x is s viol5t t ! motion may be se5 at a di/ance4 ,palpitation is b a symptom1 & 9 _m in/ances n connect$ ) disease ( ! /ructure ( ! he>t or its membranes4 ,a badly fright5$ animal may h palpitation4 ,:5 x comes on sudd5ly & soon passes away1 x dep5ds on "s cause o!r ?an diseases ( ! he>t2 :5 x is gradually manife/$1 h[ev]1 & becomes con/ant1 al?\gh m pron\nc$ at "o "t ?an ano!r1 he>t disease may be suspect$1 especially if o!r symptoms ( he>t disease are pres5t4 ,,injury ,,to ,,! ,,he>t ,,by ,,=eign ,,bodies4 ,cattle are addict$ to ! habit ( *ew+ & swall[+ _m objects n int5d$ z articles ( food4 ,e vet]9>ian ( exp]i5ce has met ) in/ances to rem9d him ( ?is1 & x is well kn[n to but*]s4 ,among ! great v>iety ( ?+s t h ?us f\nd _! way into ! /oma*s ( cattle ! foll[+ h be5 notic$3 ,f+] r+s1 knitt+ ne$les1 old %oes1 table knives1 wood1 pieces ( lea!r1 pieces ( wire1 buttons1 hairp9s1 bru%es1 nails1 co9s1 etc4 ,! m %>ply po9t$ objects sometimes p5etrate ! wall ( ! /oma*1 9 "s cases caus+ ga/ric irritation en\gh to produce indige/ion1 gradually "w _! way ?r\gh ! diaphragm t[>d ! he>t1 pi]ce ! p]ic>dium 7bag inclos+ ! he>t71 w\nd ! he>t1 & ?us prove fatal to ! animal4 ,cases are record$ 9 :i* ! =eign body has actually work$ its way into "o ( ! cavities ( ! he>t4 ,in/ances are kn[n1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! object took a diff]5t c\rse1 & f9ally work$ its way t[>d ! surface & 0 extract$ f ! wall ( ! *e/4 ,:ile x is possible t ! =eign body may pi]ce ! wall at diff]5t p>ts ( ! alim5t>y canal1 z x frequ5tly does t ( ! rum5 7paun*71 x is ?\ght t 9 mo/ cases x passes ?r\gh ! wall ( ! reticulum 7small] honeycomb$ comp>tm5t1 or second /oma*7 & is drawn t[>d ! he>t by ! suctionlike action ( ! *e/4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations h demon/rat$ ! c\rse x pursu$1 z adhesions & o!r results ( ! inflammation x caus$ 7 pla9ly to be se54 ,all mann] ( symptoms may prec$e ^? %[+ involvem5t ( ! he>t1 dep5d+ ^u ! location ( ! =eign body & ! ext5t ( inflammation caus$ by x4 ,sev]e indige/ion may occur2 /iffness & difficulty 9 mov+ ab\t ow+ to ! prods ( ! %>p body foll[+ muscul> contraction2 pa9 on pressure ov] ! front1 l[]1 or "r side ( ! abdom52 c\gh+ & difficult1 quick brea?+4 ,9 mo/ cases ! =eign body does n p5etrate to ! he>t1 nor ev5 to ! p]ic>dium4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are z foll[s3 ,! animal is dis9cl9$ to move actively1 ! /ep is re/rict$ & cauti\s1 sudd5 motion causes grunt+1 ! attitude is con/ra9$1 ! feet are drawn some:at toge!r1 ! back is ar*$1 ! face has an anxi\s expression4 ,if ! disease is ( sev]al days' /&+1 !re is likely to be s(t swell+ 7edema7 b5ea? ! neck1 9 ! dewlap1 & "u ! *e/1 betwe5 ! =e legs4 ,brea?+ is %ort & difficult2 x may cle>ly be pa9ful4 ,! pulse is rapid1 #hj to #abj p] m9ute4 ,! muscles quiv] z ?\gh ! animal 7 cold4 ,rum9ation & appetite are depress$ or *eck$4 ,! dung is h>d1 & to void x appe>s to cause pa94 ,^! symptoms usually develop gradually1 &1 ( c\rse1 !y v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t animals1 dep5d+ ^u ! size & location ( ! =eign body & ! irritation x causes4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 su* cases treatm5t is useless1 b :5 x is possible to diagnose correctly ! animal c\ld be turn$ ov] to ! but*] be=e ! fle% becomes unfit = use2 t is1 be=e !re is m ?an a little suppuration & be=e !re is fev]4 ,kn[+ t cattle are prone to swall[ su* objects1 ord9>y c>e may be tak5 9 keep+ _! surr\nd+s z free ( !m z possible4 ,,p]ic>ditis4 ,inflammation ( ! p]ic>dium 7he>t bag7 is (t5 associat$ ) pneumonia & pleurisy1 rheumatism1 & o!r con/itutional diseases1 or ) an injury4 ,x also occurs z an indep5d5t affection1 ow+ to causes simil> to ^? ( o!r *e/ affections1 z exposure to cold or dampness & *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,symptoms4--,x may be u%]$ 9 ) a *ill1 foll[$ by fev]1 ( m or less sev]ity2 ! animal /&s /ill & dull1 ) head hang+ l[1 & anxiety express$ 9 its c\nt5ance4 ,! pulse may be l>ge1 p]haps h>d2 !re is also a v5\s pulse4 ,! h& aga9/ ! *e/ w feel ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 :i* is (t5 irregul>1 sometimes viol5t1 & 9 o!r in/ances weak1 dep5d+ 9 "p ^u ! quantity ( fluid t has transud$ into ! p]ic>dial sac4 ,! legs are cold1 ! brea?+ quick5$ & usually abdom9al2 if ! left side ( ! *e/ is press$ on or /ruck1 ! animal ev9ces pa94 ,!re may be spasms ( ! muscles 9 ! region ( ! brea/1 neck1 or h9d legs4 ,aft] a v>iable "t swell+ may also appe> 9 ! legs & "u ! *e/ & brisket4 ,9 ^? animals 9 :i* ! he>t s\nds may be he>d some:at di/9ctly1 ! e> appli$ aga9/ ! *e/ w detect a to-&-fro friction s\nd1 correspond+ to ! beats ( ! he>t4 ,?is s\nd is produc$ by ! rubb+ ( ! int]nal surface ( ! he>t bag aga9/ ! ext]nal surface ( ! he>t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( ! inflammation ^! surfaces are dry1 & ! rubb+ ( "o aga9/ ! o!r dur+ ! contraction & relaxation ( ! he>t produces ?is s\nd4 ,! dry /age is foll[$ by ! exudation ( fluid into ! he>t sac1 & ! friction is n he>d until ! fluid is absorb$ suffici5tly to all[ ! surfaces to come 9 contact aga94 ,b dur+ ! "t ! friction s\nd is lo/ a s\nd :i* has be5 call$ a *urn+ noise may take its place4 ,! friction s\nd ( p]ic>ditis c n be mi/ak5 = ! friction s\nd ( pleurisy if ! exam9ation is a c>eful "o1 because 9 ! he>t affection ! s\nd is made 9 connection ) ! he>t beats1 :ile 9 ! pleuritic affection ! s\nd is syn*ron\s ) ea* respiration or brea? ( air tak5 9 & expell$ f ! lungs4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 p]ic>ditis is complicat$ ) rheumatism or o!r diseases ! latt] mu/ be treat$ z direct$ 9 ! description ( !m4 ,! animal mu/ be kept 9 a quiet1 com=table place1 :]e x w be free f excitem5t4 ,w>m clo?+ %\ld be appli$ to ! body1 & ! legs %\ld be h&-rubb$ until ! circulation 9 !m is ree/abli%$1 & !n !y %\ld be snugly b&ag$4 ,! food %\ld be nutritive & 9 mod]ate quantity4 ,ble$+ %\ld n be p]=m$ unless ! case is 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t4 ,at ! beg9n+ give z a purgative ,epsom salt--#a p\nd to an av]age-siz$ c[--dissolv$ 9 ab\t a qu>t ( w>m wat] & adm9i/]$ z a dr5*4 ,:5 !re is mu* pa9 #b ounces ( laudanum1 dilut$ ) a p9t ( wat]1 may be giv5 e ?ree h\rs until ! animal is bett]4 ,d n give ! laudanum unless dem&$ by ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 z x t5ds to con/ipate4 ,give "o-half ounce ( nitrate ( potassium 7saltpet]71 dissolv$ 9 dr9k+ wat]1 f\r or five times a day4 ,aft] ! attack has abat$ mu/>d mix$ ) wat] may be rubb$ well ov] ! left side ( ! *e/ to /imulate ! absorption ( ! fluid )9 ! p]ic>dium4 ,! o!r m$ic9es may be discont9u$ & ! foll[+ adm9i/]$3 ,sulphate ( iron1 #b ounces2 p[d]$ g5tian1 #f ounces2 mix & make #h p[d]s4 ,give "o p[d] e day at noon1 mix$ ) fe$1 if ! animal w eat x1 or %ak5 up ) wat] 9 a bottle z a dr5*4 ,also ! foll[+3 ,iodid ( potassium1 #b ounces2 nitrate ( potassium1 #h ounces2 mix & make #af p[d]s4 ,give "o 9 dr9k+ wat] or 9 dr5* e morn+ & ev5+4 ,! la/ two prescriptions may be cont9u$ = sev]al weeks if necess>y4 ,9 extreme cases tapp+ ! p]ic>dium ) a troc> & cannula to draw (f ! fluid is resort$ to1 b ! op]ation requires exact anatomical k4 ,aft] dea? f p]ic>ditis !re is always m or less fluid f\nd 9 ! p]ic>dium2 ! surfaces are r\gh & cov]$ ) a yell[-color$ exudate4 ,!re are also 9 _m cases adhesions to a great] or less ext5t betwe5 ! he>t & p]ic>dium4 ,,myoc>ditis4 ,inflammation ( ! muscul> /ructure ( ! he>t occurs 9 limit$1 circumscrib$ areas1 z evid5c$ by po/-mortem exam9ation1 & x is probably always some:at involv$ 9 connection ) p]ic>ditis & endoc>ditis4 ,x may readily be inf]r$ t if ! :ole organ 7 inflam$ dea? w\ld ensue imm$iately4 ,usually myoc>ditis results f ! preexi/5ce ( blood poison+ or ( "s infecti\s febrile disease4 ,symptoms4--,! *ief symptoms are ^? ( he>t weakness4 ,! he>t beat is fa/1 weak1 & (t5 irregul>4 ,respiration is difficult & rapid4 ,!re is great g5]al weakness & depression4 ,dea? comes sudd5ly4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 support+ ! animal by ! use ( /imulants1 su* z ammonia1 c(fee1 digitalis1 camphor1 etc4 ,complete quiet mu/ be provid$1 & ! g5]al c>e %\ld be z 9 p]ic>ditis4 ,,endoc>ditis4 ,:5 ! membrane :i* l9es ! cavities ( ! he>t--! endoc>dium-- suff]s inflammation1 ! disease is call$ endoc>ditis4 ,! cause is ano!r disease1 dur+ :i* sub/ances t irritate ! l9+ ( ! he>t are produc$ & admitt$ into ! circulation4 ,^! sub/ances are usually liv+ organisms1 or x is possible t 9 "s cases !y are *emical irritants4 ,endoc>ditis occurs z a complication ( or sequel to pneumonia1 blood poison+1 inflammation ( ! womb1 rheumatism1 or sev]e w\nds or abscesses4 ,! symptoms are mu* ! same z ^? ( p]ic>ditis1 & x is difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two affections4 ,!re is a jugul> pulse1 ! legs may become dropsical1 & !re is a t5d5cy to fa9t if ! head is elevat$ sudd5ly4 ,! bell[slike s\nd is m di/9ct ?an x is 9 p]ic>ditis4 ,x is ! mo/ fatal ( he>t diseases1 because ( ! liability ( ! =mation ( clots1 :i* may adh]e to ! valves1 *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! valves1 & (t5 a complication ) an abnormal condition ( ! blood4 ,clots may be =m$ 9 ! he>t1 &1 be+ c>ri$ to o!r p>ts1 prove fatal by int]rupt+ ! circulation 9 "s vital organ4 ,treatm5t simil> to t advis$ = myoc>ditis may be foll[$ 9 ?is disease4 ,,valves ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,! valves are subject to abnormal gr[?s & /ructural *anges 9 *ronic endoc>ditis or z a result ( acute endoc>ditis4 ,sometimes valves are torn by sudd51 extreme muscul> ef=t or a cong5ital abnormality4 ,cases are also report$ 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd ruptur$4 ,symptoms4--,! g5]al symptoms are ^? ( he>t weakness1 accompani$ ) edema & conge/ion ( ! lungs4 ,treatm5t4--,relief is sometimes af=d$1 b usually only tempor>ily1 by ! use ( /imulants1 especially digitalis4 ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,sudd5 ef=t1 bl[s1 or disease may lead to rupture ( ! he>t ( ! ox4 ,! fir/ cause does n op]ate s (t5 9 cattle z 9 horses4 ,tub]culosis or ulc]ation f o!r causes1 su* z a =eign body1 is ! mo/ common s\rce ( ?is accid5t4 ,rupture is %[n by sudd5 fa9t+1 foll[$ v %ortly by dea?4 ,,hyp]trophy ,,& ,,dilatation ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,?is is an enl>gem5t ( ! he>t1 & may consi/ ( ! ?ick5+ ( ! walls alone1 or at ! same "t ! cavities may be ei!r enl>g$ or dim9i%$4 ,dilatation ( ! cavities has be5 notic$ z exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ?ick5$ walls4 ,9 hyp]trophy ! s\nds ( ! he>t are l\d & pron\nc$1 may be he>d on bo? sides ( ! *e/ di/9ctly1 & palpitation occurs to a great] or less ext5t4 ,=tunately bo? conditions are v r>e 9 cattle4 ,,atrophy4 ,atrophy is ! te*nical t]m = wa/+ ( ! muscul> tissue4 ,atrophy ( ! he>t is v r>e among cattle1 & is usually a result ( o!r diseases4 ,,fatty ,,deg5]ation ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,?is condition ( ! he>t is met ) 9 "s v fat cattle1 b x mu/ be und]/ood t ! accumulation ( fat ar\nd ! he>t is n ref]r$ to by ?is designation4 ,9 fatty deg5]ation ! elem5ts ( ! muscul> tissue are replac$ by fatty or oily granules4 ,! muscle becomes weak1 ! he>t contractions are insuffici5t1 & he>t weakness is %[n by g5]al weakness1 %ortness ( brea?1 & weak1 rapid pulse4 ,,cyanosis4 ,ow+ to ! mo/ prom95t symptoms1 cyanosis is also call$ blue disease1 & is se5 occasionally 9 new-born calves4 ,x is recogniz$ by ! blue color ( ! muc\s membrane 7easily se5 by look+ )9 ! m\? & no/rils71 ! coldness ( ! surface ( ! body1 & rapid1 labor$ brea?+4 ,x is caus$ by non-closure ( ! =am5 ovale1 connect+ ! "r ) ! left side ( ! he>t1 & ! consequ5t mix+ ( ! v5\s ) ! art]ial blood4 ,calves s affect$ live b a %ort "t4 ,,misplacem5t ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,cases are record$ 9 :i* ! he>t has be5 f\nd out ( its natural position1 sometimes ev5 outside ! *e/4 ,?is is a cong5ital condition = :i* !re is no rem$y4 ,a heif] calf ) ! he>t entirely outside ! ?oracic cavity & b5ea? ! sk9 9 ! l[] "p ( ! neck 0 kept = two ye>s at ! vet]9>y hospital ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 dur+ :i* "t x grew to be a well-develop$ c[4 ,,w\nds ,,( ,,art]ies ,,& ,,ve9s4 ,:5 a blood vessel is op5$ a glance w tell :e!r x is an art]y or a ve9 by simply rememb]+ t bright-r$ blood comes f art]ies & d>k-r$ f ve9s4 ,:5 a ve9 or a v small art]y is sev]$ ! blood fl[s f ! vessel 9 a cont9u\s & ev5 /ream1 b :5 "o ( ! l>g] art]ies is sev]$ ! blood comes 9 int]mitt+ jets or spurts correspond+ to ! beats ( ! he>t4 ,x is well to call att5tion to ! fact t ! d>k-r$ blood :i* fl[s or oozes f a w\nd soon becomes bright r$1 because x gives up its c>bonic-acid gas to ! air1 & absorbs oxyg5 gas f ! air1 :i* is exactly ! *ange x und]goes 9 ! capill>ies ( ! lungs4 ,! g5]al treatm5t ( w\nds w be f\nd 9 ano!r section2 "h x is necess>y only to ref] briefly to "s ( ! mo/ practical me?ods us$ to arre/ hemorrhages1 z in/ances occur 9 :i* an animal may lose mu* /r5g? f ! loss ( blood1 or ev5 ble$ to dea? unless action is prompt4 ,,ble$+ 7,,hemorrhage74 ,! sev]ity ( a hemorrhage dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! vessel f :i* ! blood escapes1 ?\gh x may be /at$ t x is m s]i\s :5 art]ies are sev]$4 ,if ! w\nd 9 an art]y is 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 ! blood escapes m freely ?an if ! vessel is completely sev]$1 because 9 ! latt] in/ance ! sev]$ ends retract1 curl 91 & may aid v mu* 9 arre/+ ! fl[4 ,:5 ! blood m]ely oozes f ! w\nd1 & ev5 :5 x fl[s 9 a small /ream1 ! =m+ ( ! clot arre/s ! hemorrhage 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,slight hemorrhages may be *eck$ by ! cont9u\s application ( cold wat]1 ice1 or sn[1 to ! w\nd1 z cold causes contraction ( ! small vessels4 ,wat] f a hose may be ?r[n on a w\nd1 or da%$ on x f ! h& or a cup1 or folds ( cotton clo?s may be held on x & kept wet4 ,ice or sn[ may be held aga9/ ! w\nd1 or !y may be put into a bag & conv5i5tly secur$ 9 position4 ,hot wat] ( an av]age temp]ature ( #aae to #abj ,f4 inject$ into ! vag9a or womb is (t5 effici5t 9 arre/+ hemorrhages f ^? organs4 ,t[1 raw cotton1 l9t1 or sponges may be =c$ into a w\nd & held or b\nd !re ) b&ages4 ,?is is an excell5t me?od ( *eck+ ! fl[ ( blood until ! arrival ( an exp]t4 ,if ! fl[ p]si/s1 ^! articles may be saturat$ ) t9cture ( iron1 b x is n advisable to use x unless necess>y1 z x is a cau/ic & ret>ds heal+ by caus+ a sl\gh4 ,9 cases ( necessity1 ! articles may be saturat$ ) v9eg>1 or tannic acid or alum dissolv$ 9 wat] may be us$ in/ead4 ,:atev] article is us$ %\ld be left 9 ! w\nd suffici5tly long to make sure t its removal w n be foll[$ by a r5ewal ( ! hemorrhage4 ,sometimes x mu/ rema9 !re "o or two days4 ,an iron heat$ :ite & !n press$ on ! ble$+ vessel = ?ree or f\r seconds is occasionally us$4 ,x %\ld n be appli$ long]1 or else ! *>r$ tissue w come away ) ! iron & ?us defeat ! purpose ( its application4 ,compression may be appli$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b only ! mo/ conv5i5t w be m5tion$4 ,to _m w\nds b&ages may easily be appli$4 ,! b&ages may be made ( l951 musl91 etc41 suffici5tly wide & long1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! w\nd & ! region to be b&ag$4 ,b$ %eets torn 9 /rips ! full l5g? make excell5t b&ages = ?is purpose4 ,cotton batt+1 t[1 or a piece ( sponge may be plac$ on ! w\nd & firmly b\nd !re ) ! b&ages4 ,_m cases require ligat+1 :i* is almo/ entirely conf9$ to art]ies4 ,a ligature is a piece ( ?read or /r+ ti$ ar\nd ! vessel4 ,ve9s are n ligat$ unless v l>ge 7& ev5 !n only :5 o!r means are n available7 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( caus+ phlebitis1 or inflammation ( a ve94 ,! ligature is ti$ ar\nd ! end ( ! art]y1 b 9 "s in/ances ?is is difficult & x is necess>y to include "s ( ! adjac5t tissue1 al?\gh c>e %\ld be tak5 n to include a n]ve4 ,to apply a ligature1 x is necess>y to h art]y =ceps 7tweez]s or small p9c]s may suffice7 by :i* to draw out ! art]y 9 ord] to tie ! /r+ ar\nd x4 ,to grasp ! vessel x may be necess>y to sponge ! blood f ! w\nd s t ! end w be expos$4 ,9 case ! end ( ! ble$+ art]y has retract$1 a %>p-po9t$ hook1 call$ a t5aculum1 is us$ to draw x out f> en\gh to tie4 ,! ligature %\ld be drawn tightly1 s t ! middle & int]nal coats w be cut ?r\gh4 ,ano!r me?od ( *eck+ hemorrhage is call$ torsion4 ,x consi/s 9 cat*+ ! end ( ! ble$+ vessel1 draw+ x out a little1 & !n twi/+ x ar\nd a few times ) ! =ceps1 :i* lac]ates ! int]nal coats s t a *eck is effect$4 ,?is is v effectual 9 small vessels1 & is to be pref]r$ to ligatures1 because x leaves no =eign body 9 ! w\nd4 ,a ne$le or p9 may be /uck ?r\gh ! edges ( ! w\nd & a /r+ pass$ ar\nd betwe5 ! free ends & ! sk9 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #aj71 or x may be pass$ ar\nd 9 ! =m ( a figure #h1 z is (t5 done 9 ! op]ation ( ble$+ f ! jugul> ve94 ,,aneurism4 ,a circumscrib$ dilatation ( an art]y1 con/itut+ a tumor :i* pulsates syn*ron\sly ) ! beats ( ! he>t1 is call$ aneurism4 ,x is caus$ by disease & rupture ( "o or two ( ! art]ial coats4 ,! true aneurism communicates ) ! int]ior ( ! art]y & conta9s coagulat$ blood4 ,x is s deeply seat$ 9 cattle t treatm5t is out ( ! "q4 ,su* abnormalities are ascribable to sev]e ex]tion1 to old age1 to fatty or calc>e\s deg5]ation1 or to p>asites 9 ! blood vessels4 ,dea? is sudd5 :5 caus$ by ! rupture ( an aneurism ( a l>ge art]y1 ow+ to int]nal hemorrhage4 ,sometimes spontane\s recov]y occurs4 ,z a rule no symptoms are caus$ 9 cattle by ! pres5ce ( deep-seat$ aneurisms1 & _! pres5ce is n kn[n until aft] dea?4 ,a false aneurism results f blood escap+ f a w\nd$ art]y into ! adjac5t tissue1 :]e x clots1 & ! w\nd1 rema9+ op5 9 ! art]y1 causes pulsation 9 ! tumor4 ,,?rombosis 7,,ob/ruction7 ,,( ,,! ,,art]ies4 ,art]ies become ob/ruct$ z a result ( w\nds & o!r injuries to !m1 z ^? caus$ by ! =mation ( an abscess or ! ext5sion ( inflammation f surr\nd+ /ructures to ! coats ( an art]y4 ,art]ies are also ob/ruct$ by ! break+ (f ( p>ticles ( a plug or clot1 p>tly ob/ruct+ ! aorta or o!r l>ge art]y4 ,^! small pieces 7emboli7 are float$ to an art]y t is too small to p]mit !m to pass & are !re securely held1 produc+ ob/ruction4 ,^! ob/ructions are %[n by loss ( p[] 9 ! muscles suppli$ by ! ob/ruct$ art]y & by excitation ( ! he>t & by respiration aft] ex]cise4 ,! loss ( p[] may n come into evid5ce until aft] ex]cise4 ,symptoms4--,:ile /&+ /ill or :5 walk+ sl[ly ! animal may appe> to be normal1 b aft] m active ex]cise a gr\p ( muscles1 a leg1 or bo? h9d legs1 may be h&l$ ) difficulty1 caus+ lam5ess1 & lat] !re is practically a local p>alysis4 ,^! symptoms disappe> ) re/4 ,9 "s cases ! collat]al circulation develops 9 "t1 s t ! p>ts receive suffici5t blood & ! symptoms disappe>4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,ve9s 7,,phlebitis74 ,:5 ble$+ is p]=m$ )\t prop] c>e or ) an unclean lancet1 inflammation ( ! ve9 may result1 or x may be caus$ by ! animal rubb+ ! w\nd aga9/ "s object4 ,:5 inflammation foll[s ! op]ation1 ! coats ( ! ve9 become s mu* enl>g$ t ! vessel may be felt h>d & knott$ b5ea? ! sk91 & pressure produces pa94 ,a ?91 wat]y dis*>ge1 t+$ ) blood1 issues f ! w\nd4 ,! blood becomes coagulat$ 9 ! vessel4 ,9 inflammation ( ! jugul> ! coagulation ext5ds f ! w\nd upw>d to ! fir/ l>ge bran*4 ,abscesses may =m along ! c\rse ( ! ve94 ,! inflammation is foll[$ by oblit]ation ( t "p 9 :i* coagulation exi/s4 ,?is is ( small import1 z cattle h an accessory jugul> ve9 :i* gradually enl>ges & accommodates itself to ! increas$ quantity ( blood x mu/ c>ry4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t = inflammation ( ! ve9 is to clip ! hair f along ! c\rse ( ! affect$ vessel & apply a bli/]1 ! c]ate ( can?>ides4 ,abscesses %\ld be op5$ z soon z !y =m1 because !re is a possibility ( ! pus gett+ into ! circulation4 ,9 ! op]ation ( ble$+ ! in/rum5ts %\ld be clean & free f ru/4 ,if ! sk9 is n suffici5tly op5$1 or :5 clos+ ! w\nd ! sk9 is drawn out too mu*1 blood may accumulate 9 ! tissue1 & if x does x %\ld be remov$ by press+ absorb5t cotton or a sponge on ! "p4 ,c>e %\ld also be us$ 9 op5+ ! ve91 s t ! in/rum5t may n pass entirely ?r\gh bo? sides ( ! ve9 & op5 ! art]y b5ea? x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,he>t1 ,,blood ,,vessels1 ,,& ,,lymphatics4 ,,description ,,( ,,plate4 ,,plate ,,vii3 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! arr[s indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! blood fl[s4 ,! valves ( ! he>t1 situat$ betwe5 ! "r auricle & v5tricle1 & left auricle & v5tricle1 & betwe5 ! v5tricles & l>ge art]ies1 are repres5t$ by curv$ l9es4 ,^! valves are int5d$ to prev5t ! fl[ ( blood 9 a direction contr>y to t indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,noncontagi\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,respiration4 ,by ,,william ,,h]b]t ,,l[e1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,diagnosis4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( disease 9 ! human be+ ! physician1 9 mak+ 8 diagnosis1 is aid$ by bo? subjective & objective symptoms1 b ! vet]9>y physician1 9 a v l>ge majority ( cases1 is oblig$ to rely almo/ solely ^u objective symptoms1 & p]haps 9 no class ( diseases is ?is m true ?an 9 ! exploration ( ^? "u consid]ation4 ,?is condition ( affairs has a /rong t5d5cy to develop obs]vation & disc]nm5t 9 ! vet]9>ian1 & n infrequ5tly d we f9d t ! successful vet]9>y practition] is a v accurate diagno/ician4 ,9 ord] to make a diff]5tial diagnosis1 h[ev]1 x is n only necess>y to "k ! /ructure & functions ( ! organs 9 heal?1 b to adopt a rigid sy/em ( details ( exam9ation1 )\t :i* successful results c n be rea*$4 ,hi/ory4--,! hi/ory ( a case %\ld always be asc]ta9$ s f> z possible4 ,! in=mation obta9$ is sometimes unsatisfactory & n to be dep5d$ ^u1 b ev5 :5 ?is is ! case x is advisable to weigh ! evid5ce f e po9t ( view4 ,9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( e case x is always ( prim>y importance to asc]ta9 ! cause ( illness4 ,a k ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( a disease is important1 bo? 9 mak+ a diagnosis & 9 =mulat+ ! treatm5t4 ,exposure to cold & dampness is frequ5tly ! excit+ cause ( affections ( ! organs ( respiration4 ,! exp]i5c$ practition] is always sure to asc]ta9 :e!r ! p>ticul> animal he is call$ on to att5d is ! only "o 9 ! /able or on ! premises t is simil>ly affect$4 ,if sev]al animals are simil>ly affect$1 ! disease may h a common cause1 :i* may or may n be ( an infecti\s nature4 ,ano!r ?+ t ! exp]i5c$ practition] asc]ta9s is :at previ\s treatm5t1 if any1 ! animal has _h4 ,m$ic9e giv5 9 excessive doses sometimes produces symptoms resembl+ ^? ( disease4 ,! hygi5ic & sanit>y conditions mu/ always be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! cause z well z ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,mu* ( ! disease :i* occurs 9 l>ge dairies & else:]e c\ld be prev5t$ if own]s & ^? 9 *>ge ( animals _h prop] reg>d = ! fundam5tal laws ( animal hygi5e & mod]n sanitation4 ,disreg>d = ^! laws is ! cause ( mo/ ( ! diseases "u consid]ation 9 ?is *apt]4 ,attitude & g5]al condition4--,! feel+ ( pa9 9 animals suff]+ f s]i\s affections ( ! organs ( respiration is express$ to ! close obs]v] 9 no unc]ta9 language--by _! fl9*+ :5 ! pa9ful "p is t\*$2 by ! c>e ) :i* !y move or lie d[n2 by walk+ or /&+ to favor ! "p2 by ! g5]al attitude & expression ( ! eye2 by ! di/ress & suff]+ app>5t 9 ! face2 & by o!r evid5ces4 ,! g5]al physical condition & attitude ( ! sick animal tell ! c>eful obs]v] mu* t aids him 9 mak+ a diagnosis & prognosis4 ,c[s suff]+ f affections ( ! organs ( respiration usually assume a position or attitude t is *>act]i/ic1 well kn[n to exp]i5c$ /ockm51 z well z to vet]9>ians4 ,:5 an animal has a fev] or is suff]+ f an inflammation1 ! sk9 is "o ( ! fir/ p>ts to und]go a *ange t is app>5t to ! av]age obs]v]1 = x soon loses its ela/icity & tone1 & ! hair becomes dry & />+4 ,f ! g5]al condition or /ate ( nutrition "o is able to judge ! effect t ! disease has already _h ^u ! animal & to e/imate ! /r5g? rema9+ available = its re/oration to heal?2 f ! degree ( emaciation "o c approximate ! l5g? ( "t ! animal has be5 ill4 ,! age & bre$ ( ! animal1 z well z its con/itution & temp]am5t1 are among ! ?+s t h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 mak+ a diagnosis & 9 ov]com+ ! disease4 ,! muc\s membrane4--,! muc\s membrane %\ld 9 all cases be exam9$4 ,x c be readily se5 by ev]t+ ! eyelids or by an inspection ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! no/rils4 ,pal5ess ( ! muc\s membrane indicates weak circulation or poor blood & may result f disease1 hemorrhage1 or f inappropriate fe$4 ,9 heal?y animals increas$ r$ness ( ! muc\s membrane occurs f pa91 excitem5t1 or sev]e ex]tion1 & 9 su* in/ances is always transitory4 ,9 c]ta9 pa?ological conditions1 su* z fev]s & inflammation1 ?is condition ( ! muc\s membrane w also be f\nd4 ,! increas$ r$ness ( ! muc\s membrane la/s dur+ ! duration ( ! fev] or inflammation4 ,a blui% or blue muc\s membrane indicates t ! blood is imp]fectly oxidiz$ & conta9s an excess ( c>bon dioxid1 & is se5 9 s]i\s diseases ( ! respiratory tract1 su* z pneumonia1 & 9 he>t failure4 ,! secretions4--,! secretions may be dim9i%$1 increas$1 or p]v]t$4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( an inflammation ( a secretory organ its secretion is dim9i%$4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( pleurisy ! s]\s membrane is dry1 & z ! disease advances ! membrane becomes unnaturally moi/4 ,! products ( secretion are sometimes greatly *ang$ 9 "* f ! secretion 9 heal?1 becom+ excessively irritant & yield+ evid5ce ( *emical & o!r alt]ations 9 ! "* ( ! secretion4 ,c\gh4--,c\gh dep5ds ^u a reflex n]v\s action & may be prim>y :5 ! irritation exi/s 9 ! lungs or air passages1 or second>y :5 caus$ by irritation ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 or o!r p>ts hav+ n]v\s communications ) ! respiratory app>atus4 ,a c\gh is said to be dry1 moi/1 h>%1 holl[1 difficult1 p>oxysmal1 suppress$1 sympa!tic1 etc41 accord+ to its "*4 ,x is a v important symptom1 (t5 be+ diagno/ic 9 diseases ( ! respiratory organs1 b ?is is a subject1 h[ev]1 :i* c be m satisfactorily treat$ 9 connection ) ! special diseases ( ! organs 9 "q4 ,respiration4--,9 mak+ an exam9ation ( an animal obs]ve ! dep?1 frequ5cy1 quickness1 facility1 & ! nature ( ! respiratory movem5ts4 ,!y may be quick or sl[1 frequ5t or infrequ5t1 deep or imp]fect1 labor$1 unequal1 irregul>1 etc41 ea* ( :i* indications has its significance to ! exp]i5c$ vet]9>ian4 ,sleep1 rum9ation1 pregnancy 9 c[s1 etc41 modify ! respiratory movem5ts ev5 9 heal?4 ,respiration consi/s ( two acts--inspiration & expiration4 ,! function ( respiration is to take 9 oxyg5 f ! atmosph]ic air1 :i* is ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( life1 & to exhale ! delet]i\s gas kn[n z c>bon dioxid4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! respiratory movem5ts is det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! motions ( ! no/rils or ( ! flanks4 ,! normal rate ( respiration = a heal?y animal ( ! bov9e species is f #ae to #ah times a m9ute4 ,! ext5t ( ! respiratory sy/em r5d]s x liable to become affect$ by contiguity to _m p>ts & its n]v\s connections are v important4 ,rapid1 irregul>1 or difficult brea?+ is kn[n z dyspnea1 & 9 all su* cases ! animal has difficulty 9 obta9+ z mu* oxyg5 z x requires4 ,among ! conditions t give rise to dyspnea may be m5tion$ re/rict$ area ( active lung tissue1 ow+ to ! fill+ ( portions ( ! lungs ) inflammatory exudate1 z 9 pneumonia2 pa9ful movem5ts ( ! *e/1 z 9 rheumatism or pleurisy2 fluid 9 ! *e/ cavity1 z 9 hydro?orax2 adhesions betwe5 ! lungs & *e/ walls2 compression ( ! lungs or loss ( ela/icity2 excess ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! blood2 weakness ( ! respiratory passages2 tumors ( ! nose & p>alysis ( ! ?roat2 swell+s ( ! ?roat2 =eign bodies & con/riction ( ! air passages lead+ to ! lungs2 fev]s1 etc4 ,z already /at$1 x is only ! c>eful & con/ant exam9ation ( animals 9 heal? t w enable "o prop]ly to appreciate abnormal conditions4 ,"o mu/ become famili> ) ! frequ5cy & "* ( ! pulse & ( ! respirations & "k ! temp]ature ( ! animal 9 heal?1 be=e *anges 9 abnormal conditions c be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature %\ld be tak5 9 all cases ( sickness4 ,exp]i5c$ practition]s c approximate ! pati5t's temp]ature ) rem>kable accuracy1 b ,i /rongly recomm5d ! use ( ! self-regi/]+ cl9ical !rmomet]1 :i* is a mo/ valuable in/rum5t 9 diagnos+ diseases4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #a47 ,x is advisable to get a te/$ in/rum5t1 z "s !rmomet]s 9 ! m>ket are inaccurate & mislead+4 ,! prop] place to ins]t ! !rmomet] is 9 ! rectum1 :]e ! in/rum5t %\ld be re/$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! cavity = ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,! normal temp]ature ( ! bov9e is #aja to #ajb ,f41 :i* is high] ?an t ( ! horse4 ,a c[ brea!s fa/]1 h] he>t beats fa/]1 & h] int]nal temp]ature is high] ?an t ( ! horse4 ,ord9>y physiological influ5ces--su* z ex]cise1 dige/ion1 etc4--give rise to slight v>iations ( int]nal temp]ature2 b if ! temp]ature rises two or ?ree degrees above ! normal "s diseas$ condition is indicat$4 ,pulse4--,! pulse 9 a gr[n animal ( ! bov9e species 9 a /ate ( good heal? beats f #de to #ee times a m9ute4 ,ex]cise1 fright1 fe>1 excitem5t1 ov]fe$+1 pregnancy1 & o!r conditions aside f disease may affect ! frequ5cy & "* ( ! pulse4 ,x assumes v>i\s *>act]s accord+ to its rapidity ( beat1 frequ5cy ( occurr5ce1 resi/ance to pressure1 regul>ity1 & p]ceptibility4 ,?us we h ! quick or sl[1 frequ5t or infrequ5t1 h>d or s(t1 full or imp]ceptible1 l>ge or small pulse1 ! "* ( ea* ( :i* may be det]m9$ f its "n2 also t kn[n z ! int]mitt5t1 ei!r regul> or irregul>4 ,we may h a dicrotic1 or d\ble1 pulse2 a ?ready pulse1 :i* is extremely small & sc>cely p]ceptible2 ! v5\s1 or jugul>1 pulse2 ! runn+ d[n pulse1 & s on4 7,see p4 #gf47 ,9 cattle ! pulse is conv5i5tly felt ov] ! submaxill>y art]y :]e x w9ds ar\nd ! l[] jawbone1 j at ! l[] edge ( ! flat muscle on ! side ( ! *eek4 ,if ! c[ is ly+ d[n ! pulse may be tak5 f ! metac>pal art]y on ! back "p ( ! =e fetlock4 ,! pulsations c be felt f any sup]ficial art]y1 b 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! peculi>ities x is necess>y to select an art]y t may be press$ aga9/ a bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,position ( ! ,lung4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! normal or physiological pulse ( ! horse & t ( ! c[1 t ( ! horse be+ full & r t5se1 :ile 9 ! c[ x is s(t & roll+4 ,! pulse is fa/] 9 "y or old cattle ?an x is 9 ^? ( middle age4 ,auscultation4--,auscultation & p]cussion are ! *ief me?ods us$ to det]m9e ! v>i\s pa?ological *anges t occur 9 ! respiratory organs4 ,auscultation is ! act ( li/5+1 & may be ei!r m$iate or imm$iate4 ,m$iate auscultation is accompli%$ by aid ( an in/rum5t kn[n z ! /e?oscope1 "o extremity ( :i* is appli$ to ! e> & ! o!r to ! *e/ ( ! animal4 ,9 imm$iate auscultation ! e> is appli$ directly to ! "p4 ,imm$iate auscultation w answ] 9 a l>ge majority ( cases4 ,auscultation is resort$ to 9 c>diac & c]ta9 abdom9al diseases1 b x is ma9ly employ$ = det]m9+ ! condition ( ! lungs & air passages4 ,animals c n give ! v>i\s phases ( respiration1 z c ! pati5ts ( ! human practition]4 ,! organs !mselves are less accessible ?an 9 man1 ow+ to ! great] bulk ( tissue surr\nd+ !m & ! pectoral position ( ! =e extremities1 all ( :i* r5d] x m difficult 9 det]m9+ pa?ological conditions4 7,see ,pl4 ,,viii47 ,! air go+ 9 & out ( ! lungs makes a c]ta9 s(t1 ru/l+ s\nd1 kn[n z ! vesicul> murmur1 :i* c be he>d di/9ctly 9 a heal?y /ate ( ! animal1 especially ^u inspiration4 ,ex]cise accel]ates ! rate ( respiration & int5sifies ?is s\nd4 ,! vesicul> murmur is he>d only :]e ! lung conta9s air & its function is active4 ,! vesicul> murmur is weak5$ z inflammatory infiltration takes place & :5 ! lungs are compress$ by fluids 9 ! ?oracic cavity1 & disappe>s :5 ! lung becomes solidifi$ 9 pneumonia or ! *e/ cavity fill$ ) fluid z 9 hydro?orax4 ,! bron*ial murmur is a h>%1 bl[+ s\nd1 he>d 9 normal conditions by apply+ ! e> ov] ! l[] "p ( ! tra*ea1 & may be he>d to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! ant]ior portions ( ! lungs aft] sev]e ex]cise4 ,! bron*ial murmur :5 he>d ov] o!r portions ( ! lungs g5]ally signifies t ! lung tissue has become m or less solidifi$ or t fluid has collect$ 9 ! *e/ cavity4 ,o!r s\nds1 kn[n z muc\s rles1 are he>d 9 ! lungs 9 pneumonia aft] ! solidifi$ p>ts beg9 to break d[n at ! end ( ! disease & 9 bron*itis :]e !re is an excess ( secretion1 z well z 9 o!r conditions4 ,muc\s rles are ( a g>gl+ or bubbl+ nature4 ,!y are caus$ by air ru%+ ?r\gh tubes conta9+ secretions or pus4 ,!y are said to be l>ge or small z !y are di/9ct or indi/9ct1 dep5d+ ^u ! quantity ( fluid t is pres5t & ! size ( ! tubes 9 :i* ! s\nd is produc$4 ,accord+ to _! "* !y are divid$ into dry & moi/4 ,! friction s\nd is produc$ by ! rubb+ toge!r ( r\gh5$ surfaces & is *>act]i/ic ( pleurisy4 ,p]cussion4--,p]cussion is t mode ( exam9ation by :i* we elicit s\nds by /rik+ or tapp+ ov] ! "p4 ,x may be direct or indirect4 ,if ! middle f+] ( ! left h& is plac$ firmly on ! *e/ & sm>tly tapp$ or /ruck ) ! ends ( ! fir/ ?ree f+]s ( ! "r h&1 ! s\nd w be notic$ to be m resonant & cle> ?an :5 ! same proc$ure is practic$ on a solid "p ( ! body4 ,?is is because ! lungs are n solid1 b are always1 9 heal?1 well exp&$ ) air4 ,9 c]ta9 pulmon>y diseases1 h[ev]1 z 9 pneumonia1 !y fill up & become solid1 :5 p]cussion produces a dull s\nd1 l t on any o!r solid "p ( ! animal4 ,:5 fluid has collect$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! *e/ cavity ! s\nd w also be dull on p]cussion4 ,:]e !re is an excess ( air 9 ! *e/ cavity1 z 9 emphysema or 9 pneumo?orax1 ! p]cussion s\nd becomes abnormally l\d & cle>4 ,by practice on heal?y animals ! "* & b\nd>ies ( ! s\nds c be s well det]m9$ t any v>iation f !m w be readily detect$1 & w sometimes disclose ! pres5ce ( a diseas$ condition :5 no?+ else w4 ,p]cussion is sometimes practic$ ) ! aid ( a special p]cussion hamm] & an object kn[n z a pleximet] to /rike ^u4 ,a p]cussion hamm] is made ( rubb] or has a rubb] tip1 s t :5 ! pleximet]1 :i* is plac$ aga9/ ! side ( ! animal1 is /ruck ! impact w n be accompani$ ) a noise4 ,a p]cussion hamm] & pleximet] may be pur*as$ f any vet]9>y in/rum5t mak]4 ,,cat>rh 7,,cold ,,9 ,,! ,,head74 ,nasal cat>rh is an inflammation ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! no/rils & upp] air passages4 ,simple cat>rh is n a s]i\s disease 9 itself1 b if neglect$ is liable to be complicat$ ) l>yngitis1 bron*itis1 pneumonia1 plurisy1 or o!r s]i\s & sometimes fatal diseases ( ! respiratory organs4 ,cat>rh is a common disease among cattle4 ,x is (t5 caus$ by sudd5 exposure to wet & cold aft] !y h be5 accu/om$ to %elt]4 ,x may arise f inhalation ( irritat+ gases4 ,x is also sometimes produc$ by c]ta9 specific atmosph]ic conditions1 & may assume an enzotic =m4 ,x is v debilitat+1 & requires prompt & judici\s treatm5t4 ,symptoms4--,r$ness ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! nose & r$ness & wat]+ ( ! eyes are symptoms ( nasal cat>rh4 ,! muc\s membrane fir/ becomes dry2 aft]w>ds a wat]y dis*>ge appe>s1 & lat]1 9 sev]e cases1 ! dis*>ge becomes mucopurul5t4 ,9 mild cases !re is little or no fev]1 b 9 sev]e ones x may run high4 ,! animal becomes dull1 languid1 & is n incl9$ to move ab\t1 & ! appetite may become impair$2 !re is also v>iable temp]ature ( ! horns & e>s4 ,if 9 a c[ giv+ milk ! secretion dim9i%es1 ! mucus f ! eyes & nose becomes ?ick] & yell[]4 ,aft]w>ds1 z ! symptoms increase 9 sev]ity1 ! dis*>ge becomes mucopurul5t4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal %\ld be h\s$ 9 a well-v5tilat$ place1 ) good hygi5ic surr\nd+s4 ,9 cold & damp wea!r x %\ld be kept w>m ) blanket+1 &1 9 sev]e cases1 hot1 m$icat$ inhalations giv54 ,if ! fev] is high1 x may be r$uc$ by giv+ nitrate ( potassium1 f #a to #b ounces1 9 ! dr9k+ wat]1 ?ree times daily4 ,diffusible /imulants are b5eficial 9 mo/ cases4 ,too mu* importance c n be atta*$ to good nurs+4 ,!re is no necessity to resort to ! old sy/em ( ble$+1 purg+1 or ! use ( p[]ful s$atives4 ,,epi/axis 7,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,nose74 ,ble$+ f ! no/rils is r r>e 9 cattle4 ,x may arise f any "o ( a v>iety ( causes1 b usually results f disease or injury to ! muc\s membranes or to viol5t ex]tions 9 c\gh+ & sneez+4 ,x is seldom s]i\s4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 drops f "o no/ril only1 accompani$ ) sneez+1 & )\t fro?+4 ,ble$+ f ! lungs comes f bo? no/rils1 is bright r$1 fro?y1 & accompani$ ) a c\gh4 ,treatm5t4--,9 _m cases ! ble$+ w cease spontane\sly & all t is necess>y is to keep ! animal quiet & ba! ! head & no/rils ) cold wat]4 ,! cause ( ! ble$+ %\ld be le>n$ & gov]n$ accord+ly 9 ! treatm5t4 ,9 sev]e & exceptional cases1 :5 ! hemorrhage is p]si/5t & long cont9u$1 ! animal's head %\ld be ti$ to a high rack or beam & cold wat] or ice appli$1 or rec\rse to /yptic injections tak54 ,if ! hemorrhage is pr(use & p]si/5t1 ei!r a dr5* compos$ ( #a-a_/b drams ( acetate ( lead dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat] or #a-a_/b drams ( gallic acid dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat] %\ld be giv54 ,,l>yngitis 7,,sore ,,?roat74 ,an inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! l>ynx is kn[n z l>yngitis4 ,x may be ei!r a prim>y or a second>y disease1 complicat$ or uncomplicat$4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x is attributable to "s =m ( exposure1 a sudd5 *ange f w>m to cold surr\nd+s1 or exposure to cold /orms4 ,x may also result f inhal+ irritat+ gases or f ext]nal viol5ce4 ,9 an acute attack ( l>yngitis !re is an elevation ( temp]ature1 pa9 on pressure ov] ! region ( ! l>ynx1 viol5t p>oxysms ( c\gh+1 difficult & noisy respiration4 ,! no/rils are dilat$1 ! nose ext5d$1 & ! animal has a fright5$ expression4 ,!re is m>k$ difficulty 9 swall[+4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s ( fom5tations & hot applications ov] ! ?roat4 ,/imulat+ l9im5ts1 mu/>d mix$ ) cold wat] & well rubb$ 9 ) a /iff bru%1 or o!r =ms ( c\nt]irritation may be appli$ 9 sev]e cases4 ,hot inhalations %\ld be frequ5tly resort$ to1 & (t5 af=d mu* relief to ! suff]+ animal4 ,9 ?is disease m$ic9es %\ld be giv5 s f> z possible 9 ! =m ( electu>ies 7s(t solid7 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( deglutition4 ,l>ge drafts ( m$ic9es h a t5d5cy to produce viol5t spells ( c\gh+1 & 9 ?is way ret>d recov]y4 ,! subjo9$ =mula = an electu>y w be f\nd to answ] ! purpose 9 ord9>y cases3 ,*lorate ( potassium1 pulv]iz$1 #h ounces2 fluid extract ( belladonna1 #b ounces2 p[d]$ opium1 #a ounce2 p[d]$ licorice root1 #h ounces2 sirup1 suffici5t quantity2 mix4 ,place a small tablespoonful ( ! mixture frequ5tly on ! tongue or back tee?4 ,or ! foll[+ may be us$ in/ead3 ,aloes1 p[d]$ opium1 & gum camphor 9 equal p>ts2 mix4 ,rub an ounce on ! mol> tee? e f\r or five h\rs4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept op5 & ! diet %\ld be su* z ! pati5t c easily swall[4 ,w>m1 sloppy ma%es1 boil$ oatmeal gruel1 l9se$ tea1 & ! l are ! mo/ suitable sub/ances4 ,if suffocation be ?reat5$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! disease1 tra*eotomy %\ld be p]=m$ )\t delay4 ,! details ( ! op]ation are fully describ$ "u ! head ( ,surgical op]ations4 7,see p4 #bhi47 ,:5 ! disease assumes a *ronic =m1 /rong c\nt]irritation is indicat$4 ,a can?>ides bli/] may be appli$1 or ! foll[+ o9tm5t us$3 ,b9iodid ( m]cury #a "p1 l>d #f p>ts2 mix4 ,9 "s cases x w be f\nd necess>y to repeat ! application4 ,,bron*itis4 ,bron*itis is an inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes4 ,:5 a prim>y disease1 x is g5]ally ! result ( :at is commonly kn[n z cat*+ cold4 ,x may be second>y to or complicat$ ) _m ( ! diseases ( ! respiratory sy/em4 ,x may also be caus$ by brea?+ irritat+ gases1 or by ! introduction ( =eign bodies into ! bron*ial tubes1 :i* sometimes results f injudici\s & c>eless dr5*+ :5 ! l>ynx is tempor>ily relax$4 ,x may be acute or *ronic1 & is divid$1 accord+ to ! seat ( ! inflammation1 into bron*itis prop] :5 ! l>ge tubes are affect$1 or capill>y bron*itis :5 ! tr\ble is 9 ! small] ones4 ,symptoms4--,loss ( appetite1 elevation ( temp]ature1 g5]ally #ajd or #aje ,f4 ,! inspiration is incomplete1 %ort1 & pa9ful1 & ! expiration is prolong$4 ,! pulse is increas$ 9 frequ5cy & is h>d4 ,a *>act]i/ic1 pa9ful c\gh is pres5t1 b x is p>oxysmal & incomplete4 ,auscultation & p]cussion greatly aid u 9 a diagnosis4 ,a normal s\nd is giv5 on p]cussion4 ,on auscultation1 9 ! e>ly /ages1 rhon*us rles are detect$ if ! l>g] tubes are affect$1 & sibilant rles if ! small] ones are affect$4 ,lat] muc\s rles are not$1 & sometimes all s\nds 9 c]ta9 p>ts are abs5t1 ow+ to ! plugg+ up ( ! tubes4 ,?is plugg+1 if ext5sive en\gh1 is sometimes ! cause ( dea?1 or dea? may result f ext5sion ( ! disease to ! lungs or pleura4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal %\ld be plac$ 9 a light1 well-v5tilat$ box1 & ! b[els kept 9 a s(t condition by enemas1 etc4 ,viol5t purgatives %\ld n be us$4 ,! body %\ld be kept w>m by blanket+4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages a draft compos$ z foll[s %\ld be giv5 ?ree times daily3 ,extract ( belladonna1 #b drams2 solution ( acetate ( ammonium1 #d fluid ounces2 wat]1 "o-half p9t4 ,9 ! lat] /age ( ! disease ! foll[+ =mula may be sub/itut$ & giv5 twice daily3 ,c>bonate ( ammonium1 #c drams2 liquor hydro*lorate ( /ry*n91 #b fluid drams2 spirits ( nitr\s e!r1 #a fluid ounce2 wat]1 "o-half p9t4 ,9 "s cases ! foll[+ is pref]able to ei!r ( ! above1 & may be giv5 9 a p9t ( l9se$ tea e f\r h\rs3 ,spirits ( nitr\s e!r1 #a-a_/b ounces2 aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 #b ounces2 p[d]$ camphor1 #b drams4 ,! fe$ %\ld be light & nutriti\s4 ,bron*itis is liable to become *ronic if n prop]ly treat$ 9 ! e>lie/ /age4 ,9 ?is case rem$ial treatm5t is ( little value4 ,,pleurisy4 ,pleurisy is an inflammation ( ! s]\s membrane l9+ ! *e/ cavity & envelop+ ! lungs4 ,x is some:at r>e z an indep5d5t disease1 b x (t5 complicates pneumonia2 inde$1 x is (t5 caus$ by ! same g]m t causes pneumonia--pneumococcus4 ,x may arise f exposure to cold or wet or f ext]nal viol5ce1 & is usually pres5t 9 "s degree 9 cases 9 :i* ! ribs h be5 fractur$ ) or )\t a p5etrat$ w\nd4 ,symptoms4--,9 ! fir/ /age !re is great pa9 aggravat$ by movem5t1 & ! animal is usually /iff z ?\gh f\nd]$1 ! pulse is quick & h>d1 ! brea?+ abdom9al1 ! *e/ be+ fix$ s f> z possible1 ! inspiration %ort & j]ky1 ! expiration long]4 ,! pa9 is caus$ by ! friction ( ! dry1 inflam$ pleural surfaces ( ! lung & *e/ on ea* o!r4 ,at ?is /age ! e> detects a dry friction murmur1 resembl+ some:at ! s\nd made by rubb+ two pieces ( sole lea!r toge!r4 ,pressure betwe5 ! ribs gives pa9 & usually causes ! animal to fl9* & grunt4 ,! muzzle is hot & dry1 ! m\? slimy1 & ! secretions scanty4 ,aft] a day or two ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms is mu* less5$1 ! temp]ature1 :i* dur+ ! fir/ days may h be5 z high z #ajf ,f41 falls to #ajc or #ajd1 ! pa9 decreases1 ! /iffness disappe>s1 & ! pati5t eats a little4 ,! pulse s(t5s1 b rema9s quick] ?an normal4 ,n[1 day by day ! pati5t loses a little /r5g?1 ! friction s\nd disappe>s z ! exudation moi/5s ! pleural surfaces2 p]cussion n[ %[s a horizontal l9e ( dullness1 :i* day by day rises high] 9 ! *e/1 ! respiration gr[s m frequ5t & labor$1 ! c\nt5ance is anxi\s & hagg>d1 ! eyes s9k some:at 9 _! sockets1 & 9 unfavorable cases dea? occurs dur+ ! second or ?ird week1 f ei!r asphyxia or he>t failure4 ,9 pleurisy1 z 9 pneumonia1 ! elb[s are usually turn$ outw>d4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to diff]5tiate pleurisy f traumatic p]ic>ditis 7:i* see74 ,9 ! latt] condition ! area ( dullness ( ! he>t is mu* increas$1 & usually a spla%+ s\nd is he>d at ea* beat ( ! he>t4 ,ano!r diagno/ic symptom ( value is t 9 traumatic p]ic>ditis respiration is pa9ful1 n difficult1 & ! respiratory rate is v mu* increas$ on movem5t4 ,9 bo? conditions a consid]able swell+ ( ! dewlap may be notic$ 9 ! lat] /ages4 ,treatm5t4--,give ! same g5]al c>e z recomm5d$ 9 bron*itis or pneumonia4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages give a febrifuge to r$uce ! fev]1 z direct$ = pneumonia4 ,= relief ( ! c\gh give electu>y =mula1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! treatm5t ( l>yngitis4 ,! b[els mu/ be kept relax$ & ! kidneys secret+ freely4 ,9 ! /age ( effusion ! foll[+ %\ld be giv5 ?ree times daily3 ,digitalis t9cture1 #a ounce2 iodid ( potassium1 #cj to #fj gra9s2 mix4 ,apply /rong c\nt]irritant to *e/ & put seton 9 dewlap4 7,see ,seton+1 p4 #bic47 ,if collapse ( ! lung is ?reat5$1 a surgical op]ation1 t]m$ p>ac5tesis ?oracis1 is sometimes p]=m$2 ?is consi/s 9 punctur+ ! *e/ cavity & draw+ (f a "p ( ! fluid4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ are a small troc> & cannula1 :i* are introduc$ betwe5 ! eigh? & n9? ribs4 ,! sk9 %\ld be drawn =w>d s t ! ext]nal w\nd may n correspond to ! puncture ( ! *e/1 to prev5t ! entrance ( air4 ,only a portion ( ! fluid %\ld be remov$4 ,! animal gets imm$iate relief1 b x is g5]ally only tempor>y1 z ! fluid has a t5d5cy to accumulate aga94 ,,pneumonia4 ,pneumonia is an inflammation ( ! lung sub/ance1 & is divid$ into ?ree =ms1 viz1 cr\p\s1 cat>rhal1 & int]/itial4 ,^! v>i\s =ms1 h[ev]1 c be diff]5tiat$ only by ! exp]t1 & x is !re=e deem$ necess>y = ! purpose ( ! pres5t "w to treat ! subject "u ! g5]al head ( pneumonia4 ,! causes ( pneumonia 9 g5]al are ! same z ^? ( ! v>i\s o!r inflammatory diseases ( ! respiratory tract4 ,! g]m is kn[n z a pneumococcus4 ,! disease mo/ly foll[s conge/ion ( ! lungs1 b may 9 r>e cases h a p>asitic orig94 ,symptoms4--,9 ! fir/ /age1 t ( conge/ion1 ! disease is usually u%]$ 9 by a *ill1 al?\gh ?is may n always be obs]v$ by ! att5dant4 ,?is is foll[$ by an elevation ( temp]ature1 usually #aje to #ajf ,f41 or x may be ev5 high]4 ,! respirations are quick & %all[2 ! no/rils are dilat$2 ! pulse is full & h>d4 ,c\gh may or may n appe> 9 ?is /age4 ,! nose is hot & dry2 ! tongue sometimes protrudes & is slimy2 ! coat is />+1 & ! sk9 dry & h>%4 ,! ur9e is usually dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 high color$1 & ! b[els con/ipat$4 ,! animal /&s ) ! =elegs wide ap>t to facilitate respiration4 ,on auscultation crepitation w be obs]v$ ov] ! portion ( ! lung affect$4 ,! s\nds elicit$ on p]cussion are practically normal 9 ?is /age4 ,9 ! second /age ! temp]ature g5]ally drops "o or two degrees1 & respiration is p]=m$ ) mu* difficulty4 ,! c\gh is frequ5t & pa9ful4 ,! animal /ill /&s ) ! =elegs wide ap>t & ! elb[s turn$ outw>d4 ,if x assumes ! recumb5t position x re/s on ! /]num4 ,all secretions are m or less susp5d$1 p>ticul>ly ! milk 9 c[s4 ,! animal has a hagg>d appe>ance1 & ! pulse becomes small & wiry at ?is p]iod4 ,! extremities are hot & cold alt]nately2 ! crepitation :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! fir/ /age is n[ abs5t1 & no s\nd on auscultation is he>d1 unless x is a slight :eez+ or :i/l+ noise4 ,on p]cussion dullness ov] ! diseas$ lung is manife/$1 indicat+ consolidation4 ,! lung has n[ assum$ a *>act]i/ic liv]like appe>ance4 ,9 ! ?ird /age1 if ! disease is to t]m9ate favorably1 ! c\gh becomes loose1 ! animal improves1 ! appetite returns1 & ! symptoms above detail$ rapidly subside2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 resolution is n progress+1 ! lung sub/ance deg5]ates1 becomes clogg$ up1 & ceases to function4 ,9 fatal cases ! brea? has a peculi>1 fetid1 cadav]\s odor1 & is tak5 9 %ort gasps2 ! horns1 e>s1 & extremities become cold & clammy1 & ! pulse is imp]ceptible4 ,on auscultation1 :5 suppuration is tak+ place & ! lung /ructure is break+ d[n1 a bubbl+ or gurgl+ crepitation1 caus$ by ! passage ( air ?r\gh pus1 is he>d4 ,treatm5t4--,good hygi5ic surr\nd+s & good nurs+ are ess5tial 9 connection ) ! m$ical treatm5t4 ,! probability ( recov]y dep5ds l>gely on ! ext5t ( ! lung tissue involv$1 z well z on ! int5sity ( ! inflammatory process4 ,9 ! e>ly /age1 :5 ! fev] is high1 febrifuges %\ld be giv54 ,if ! pulse be /rong & full1 aconite 7,flem+'s t9cture1 #a to #b drams1 e f\r or five h\rs7 may be giv5 = a %ort "t1 b %\ld be discont9u$ z soon z ! fev] beg9s to abate4 ,aconite is a valuable drug 9 ! h&s ( ! intellig5t practition]1 b my exp]i5ce leads me to believe t n infrequ5tly animals are lo/ by its injudici\s use1 = 9 _m febrile conditions x is positively contra9dicat$1 ow+ to its action ^u ! he>t4 ,9 a ple?oric animal1 ) a /rong1 b\nd+ pulse1 ble$+ may be resort$ to in/ead ( adm9i/]+ aconite4 ,if ! b[els are con/ipat$1 calomel1 #a to #c drams1 :i* acts z a ca?>tic & a febrifuge1 is advisable4 ,9 ! second /age diffusible /imulants are requir$1 viz3 ,spirits ( nitr\s e!r1 #b ounces2 aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 #a ounce2 mix1 & give 9 gruel ?ree times daily4 ,9 "s cases c>bonate ( ammonia1 #b to #e drams1 has be5 f\nd b5eficial4 ,mo/ practition]s apply c\nt]irritants1 su* z mu/>d pla/]s1 turp5t9e1 & ammonia l9im5t1 or can?>ides4 ,,emphysema 7,,heaves74 ,emphysema is a rupture ( ! m9ute air vesicles ( ! lung sub/ance1 & may be ei!r int]lobul> or vesicul>4 ,!re is an extreme int]f]5ce ) respiration1 inspiration be+ %ort & expiration prolong$4 ,x is a nonfebrile condition1 9 :i* ! appetite is n decreas$ & ! milk secretion is kept up4 ,x may be caus$ by an attack ( a/hma or may result f *ronic bron*itis4 ,! disease c be diagnos$ by ! m>k$ int]f]5ce ) respiration4 ,! animal1 z a rule1 is emaciat$1 has a />+ coat1 & is hideb\nd4 ,if p]cussion is resort$ to1 ! animal's *e/ w give a tympanic1 drumlike s\nd4 ,! normal resonant s\nd is exagg]at$4 ,treatm5t4--,! disease is incurable1 & only a palliative =m ( treatm5t c be c>ri$ out4 ,! de/ruction ( ! animal is (t5 advisable1 f a humane z well z f a f9ancial po9t ( view4 ,,pulmon>y ,,conge/ion4 ,cattle t are ov]driv5 or ov]work$ are liable to pulmon>y conge/ion 9 an acute =m1 & sometimes to pulmon>y apoplexy4 ,9 su* cases !y %\ld be all[$ to re/1 & if ! wea!r is hot1 !y %\ld be put 9 a %ady place4 ,give /imulants int]nally1 unload ! v5\s side ( ! he>t by ble$+1 & apply /imulat+ applications to ! legs1 & b&age4 ,,hemoptysis4 ,hemoptysis is a t]m us$ to signify ble$+ f ! lungs4 ,! tr\ble may result f a previ\s conge/ion ( ! lungs or f a break+ d[n ( ! lung sub/ance1 or f specific disord]s4 ,ble$+ f ! lungs comes f bo? no/rils & f ! m\?4 ,! blood is bright r$1 fro?y1 & accompani$ ) a c\gh1 ! fl[ be+ some:at pr(use & int]m+l$ ) mucus4 ,x may cease ( its own accord4 ,int]nally hemo/atics are indicat$1 & locally ov] ! sides cold applications h a t5d5cy to *eck ! hemorrhage4 ,a dr5* ( #a-a_/b drams ( gallic acid dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat] %\ld be giv54 ,,abscess ,,( ,,! ,,lung4 ,abscesses ( ! lung sometimes =m dur+ ! c\rse ( or subsequ5t to tub]culosis or o!r diseases4 ,an animal affect$ ) abscess ( ! lung usually has a protract$1 feeble c\gh & a g5]al appe>ance ( emaciation & anemia4 ,! pulse is feeble & ! brea? f\l4 ,an (f5sive dis*>ge f ! lungs frequ5tly occurs4 ,p]cussion & auscultation aid 9 mak+ a diagnosis 9 ?is condition4 ,! appetite is poor4 ,su* animals g f bad to worse1 & _! prompt de/ruction w\ld1 z a rule1 be to ! int]e/ ( ! own]4 ,,hydro?orax4 ,hydro?orax1 or dropsy ( ! *e/1 is n a disease 9 itself1 b is simply a condition 9 :i* an effusion takes place 9 ! *e/ cavity1 & is ! result or effect ( "s disease1 mo/ly pleurisy4 ,x c be easily diagnos$ by physical signs4 ,a loss ( ! respiratory murmur w be notic$ on auscultation1 & on p]cussion dullness or flatness on a l9e z high z ! effusion has tak5 place4 ,:5 a l>ge am\nt ( effusion is pres5t1 tapp+ ) ! troc> & cannula is g5]ally resort$ to4 ,! prop] me?od ( p]=m+ ?is op]ation w be f\nd "u ! head ( ,pleurisy4 ,,pneumo?orax4 ,an accumulation ( gas 9 ! pleural sac is kn[n z pneumo?orax4 ,! pres5ce ( air may result f ei!r an injury ( ! lung or a w\nd communicat+ f ! ext]ior4 ,! indications = treatm5t are to remove any =eign body t may h p5etrat$1 to exclude ! fur!r entrance ( ! air into ! cavity by ! closure ( ! ext]nal op5+1 & to employ antiseptics & adhesive dress+s4 ,! air already 9 ! cavity w 9 mo/ cases be absorb$4 ,,v]m9\s ,,bron*itis4 ,?is is a disease t sometimes attacks "y cattle :5 pa/ur$ 9 l[-ly+ mead[s ne> riv]s subject to flood4 ,x is caus$ by a small worm1 ,/rongylus micrurus1 :i* lodges 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! tra*ea & bron*ial tubes1 giv+ rise to consid]able irritation ( ! air passages & inflammation4 ,sometimes ! /rongyles lodge 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! w9dpipe1 =m+ !mselves into a ball1 & ?us *oke ! animal to dea?4 ,symptoms4--,x is liable to attack a numb] ( animals at once1 & ! weake/ are ! fir/ to give way4 ,! animal has a rem>kably =cible c\gh1 di/ress+1 & ( a special hack+ & p>oxysmal "*4 ,a /r+y mucus is sometimes expell$ dur+ ! spells ( c\gh+4 ,?is mucus conta9s ! ,/rongylus micrurus1 :i* c be detect$1 or _! ova obs]v$1 "u a l[ p[] ( ! microscope4 ,! attack has a subacute "* & is v exhau/+4 ,! p>asites1 by becom+ entw9$ 9 balls1 s]i\sly imp$e respiration1 :i* is always rem>kably labor$ 9 ?is disease4 ,treatm5t4--,! affect$ calves %\ld be plac$ 9 a dry /able1 protect$ f dampness1 & subject$ to fumigations ( sulphur\s anhydrid or *lor9 gas4 ,! lib]ation ( *lor9 gas is br\ght ab\t by ! action ( sulphuric acid1 ei!r on a mixture ( *lorid ( sodium & black oxid ( manganese or on blea*+ p[d]4 ,sulphur\s anhydrid may be procur$ by burn+ sulphur4 ,"s practition]s prescribe small doses ( spirits ( turp5t9e 9 l9se$ oil4 ,! sy/em requires good support1 & ! diet %\ld !re=e be lib]al & nutriti\s4 ,equal p>ts ( sulphate ( iron1 g5tian1 & g+] make an excell5t tonic4 ,prev5tion4--,avoid pa/ures notori\s = g5]at+ v]m9\s bron*itis4 ,,pleurodynia4 ,pleurodynia is a t]m appli$ to rheumatism ( ! int]co/al muscles1 ! app>5t symptoms be+ v simil> to ^? ( pleurisy4 ,! animal is /iff1 is n incl9$ to turn ar\nd1 & ! ribs are kept 9 a fix$ /ate z mu* z possible4 ,pleurodynia may be di/+ui%$ f pleurisy by ! coexi/5ce ( rheumatism 9 o!r p>ts & by ! comp>ative abs5ce ( fev]1 c\gh1 ! friction s\nd1 & ! effusion into ! *e/4 ,! treatm5t = ?is affection is ! same z t = rheumatism affect+ o!r p>ts4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,h>baugh1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,john ,e4 ,mohl]1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( animal life4 ,)\t x !re c be no intellig5ce1 no in/9ct1 no s5sibility1 no p]ception2 9 fact1 exi/5ce w\ld be no?+ m ?an vegetable life4 ,! s5ses--t\*1 ta/e1 sight1 he>+1 smell--all dep5d on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,motion dep5ds on x4 ,a muscle c n contract )\t receiv+ ! /imulus f ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,= example1 if a n]ve pass+ f a n]ve c5t] to a muscle is sev]$1 ! p>ticul> muscle t is suppli$ by ! cut n]ve is p>alyz$4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is (t5 /udi$ 9 two divisions--! c]ebrosp9al division & ! sympa!tic division4 ,! c]ebrosp9al division consi/s ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 n]ves1 & ganglia4 ,! n]ves ( ?is division convey ! impulses ( motion & s5sation & supply all p>ts :i* are "u ! control ( ! w4 ,= example1 ! volunt>y muscul> tissue includes all ! muscles :i* act z ! w directs4 ,ano!r example3 ,if any?+ comes 9 contact ) any "p ( ! sk91 ! impression is imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,all ! special s5ses belong to ?is division4 ,! sympa!tic division consi/s ( n]ves & ganglia4 ,! muscul> tissue1 :i* acts indep5d5tly ( ! w--z1 = example1 ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 womb1 blood vessels1 ducts1 etc4--is call$ involunt>y muscul> tissue1 & receives n]v\s /imulus f ! sympa!tic division4 ,! bra91 sp9al cord1 & ! ganglia are ! c5tral organs ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! n]ves conduct ! n]v\s influ5ce4 ,! n]ves t]m9ate diff]5tly accord+ to _! function4 ,! t]m9ations are call$ end organs4 ,! t]m9al end organs 9 ! sk9 & o!r p>ts end[$ ) s5sation receive ! impressions1 :i* are convey$ to ! bra91 :]e !y are appreciat$4 ,!y are s s5sitive t ! mo/ g5tle zephyr is p]ceiv$4 ,!y are s abundant t ! po9t ( ! f9e/ ne$le c n pi]ce ! sk9 )\t com+ 9 contact ) !m1 & ! s5sation ( pa9 is in/antly convey$ to ! bra94 ,! t]m9al end organs ( ! n]ves t supply ! muscles are diff]5t1 z !y give ! impulse :i* is convey$ by ! motor n]ves to ! elem5ts :i* con/itute ! muscle1 & ?is impulse is ! excitation :i* causes ! muscle to contract4 ,! t]m9al end organs ( ! special s5ses ( ta/e1 smell1 etc41 receive _! special impressions1 & _! respective n]ves c>ry ! impressions to ! bra94 ,!re are two divisions ( n]ves1 ! aff]5t & eff]5t4 ,! aff]5t n]ves are ^? :i* convey ! impression to ! n]ve c5t]s4 ,all ! s5sory n]ves belong to ?is division4 ,! eff]5t n]ves are ^? :i* convey ! n]v\s impulse outw>d f ! n]ve c5t]s1 & !y are fur!r classifi$ accord+ to ! function ( _! respective c5t]s4 ,= example3 ,motor fib]s c>ry ! impulse f ! n]ve c5t] to a muscle to cause contraction4 ,vasomotor fib]s c>ry ! impulse to ! muscul> tissue 9 ! blood vessels1 :i* regulates _! calib]4 ,! secretory fib]s convey ! impulse to ! cells ( ! gl&s & excite ! activity ( ! gl&1 & its p>ticul> product is secret$ or evolv$1 z1 = in/ance1 milk 9 ! mamm>y gl&4 ,inhibitory fib]s control or inhibit ! action ( ! organ to :i* !y are di/ribut$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! he>t4 ,n]ve c5t]s may be consid]$ z a collection or gr\p ( n]ve cells4 ,bo? ! c]ebrosp9al & ! sympa!tic divisions h n]ve c5t]s4 ,! c5t]s d]ive _! special names f _! functions4 ,! bra9 is ! great c5t] ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z x is ! c5t] ( intellig5ce & p]ception4 ,! c5t]s ( all ! special s5ses1 z well z ! c5t]s ( v>i\s functions1 are locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra94 ,n]ve c5t]s also exi/ 9 ! sp9al cord & 9 connection ) ! sympa!tic sy/em4 ,a n]ve is a cord consi/+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( fib]s ( n]ve tissue1 inclos$ 9 a %ea? ( connective tissue4 ,n]ves divide & subdivide1 s5d+ (f bran*es1 :i* ramify 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 &1 z !y ne> _! t]m9ations1 !y conta9 b "o or two fib]s4 ,! bra9 & sp9al cord are conta9$ )9 a bony canal1 :i* =ms a protective cov]+ = !m4 ,! sp9al cord1 or sp9al m>r[1 lodg$ )9 ! sp9al canal1 or holl[ ( ! backbone1 is cont9u\s ) ! bra9 ant]iorly1 & t]m9ates 9 a po9t 9 ! sacrum 7t "p ( ! sp9al column :i* imm$iately prec$es ! tail74 ,! sp9al cord gives (f bran*es at ea* ( ! spaces betwe5 ! segm5ts ( ! backbone4 ,^! bran*es =m n]ve trunks :i* c>ry bo? s5sory & motor impressions & impulses4 ,! sp9al cord is a gr& n]ve trunk to c>ry messages to or f ! bra9 & to & f ! reflex c5t]s conta9$ )9 itself4 ,! bra9 is conta9$ )9 ! cavity ( ! skull & is cont9u\s ) ! sp9al cord2 !re is no?+ to m>k ! place :]e "o leaves (f & ! o!r beg9s4 ,! bra9 is ! seat ( reason & intellig5ce4 ,volunt>y ef=t orig9ates f ! bra94 ,coord9ation1 or h>mony ( movem5t1 is controll$ by ! re> portion ( ! bra91 kn[n z ! c]ebellum4 ,! m5+es are ! membranes1 ?ree 9 numb]1 :i* envelop ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & sep>ate !m f ! bones :i* =m ! walls ( ! cranial cavity & sp9al canal4 ,! sympa!tic1 also call$ ! ganglionic1 division ( ! n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( two *a9s ( ganglia1 rea*+ f ! head to ! tail1 situat$ b5ea? ! sp9al column1 "o on ei!r side4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ganglia or enl>gem5ts on ! cords give !m _! *a9like appe>ance4 ,! sympa!tic n]ves are closely connect$ ) ! c]ebrosp9al n]ves1 b are n "u ! control ( ! w4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,its ,,membranes 7,,/agg]s74 ,inflammation ( ! bra9 is te*nically t]m$ encephalitis & ( its membranes c]ebral-m5+itis1 b z bo? conditions usually occur toge!r1 & s9ce x is practically impossible to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r by ! symptoms %[n by ! diseas$ animal1 !y may z well be consid]$ toge!r "h z v>ieties ( ! same disease4 ,/agg]s1 coma1 fr5zy1 etc41 are t]ms t are sometimes appli$ to ?is disease 9 its diff]5t =ms or /ages4 ,causes4--,sev]e bl[s on ! head ) a h>d object1 or ! head com+ viol5tly 9 contact ) ! gr\nd or o!r h>d sub/ance 9 a fall1 may be foll[$ by encephalitis4 ,irritation caus$ by tumors 9 ! bra9 may produce inflammation4 ,fe$ conta9+ delet]i\s matt]s--= example1 ergot 7see ,pl4 ,v7 & o!r fungi :i* conta9 a n>cotic pr9ciple--is ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( ?is affection1 & h5ce x is (t5 call$ grass /agg]s & /oma* /agg]s4 ,highly nitrog5\s fe$s are blam$ = caus+ ?is disease4 ,p>asites1 m9]al & n>cotic poisons1 hot wea!r1 & sev]e ex]tion or excessive excitem5t may cause ?is condition4 ,inflammation ( ! bra9 may occur z a complication ( "s infecti\s disease or may foll[ "s =ms ( indige/ion4 ,9 _m localities c]ta9 plants h ! reputation ( caus+ /agg]s4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms v>y mu*1 b a c>eful obs]v] w detect a tr\ble connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em )\t mu* unc]ta9ty4 ,! fir/ signs may be ^? ( fr5zy1 b g5]ally at ! />t ! animal is dull & sleepy1 ) little or no incl9ation to move ab\t2 ! head may be press$ aga9/ ! wall or f5ce & ! legs kept mov+1 z if ! animal 7 endeavor+ to walk ?r\gh ! ob/ruction2 ! body1 especially ! h9d "p1 may be lean$ aga9/ ! side ( ! /all or /able1 z if = support4 ,! b[els are con/ipat$2 ! ur9e1 :5 pass$1 is small 9 quantity & d>k] 9 color ?an natural4 ,!re may be trembl+ & ev5 spasms ( muscles 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,9 ! dull /age ! animal may brea! less frequ5tly ?an is natural1 & ea* brea? may be accompani$ ) a snor+-l s\nd4 ,! pulse may be l>ge & less frequ5t ?an normal4 ,if sudd5ly ar\s$ f ! dr[sy /ate1 ! animal appe>s />tl$ & />es wildly4 ,:5 mov+ ab\t x may /agg]1 ! h9d qu>t]s sway+ f side to side4 ,if delirium ensues1 ! c[ is commonly said to be mad4 ,%e may bell[1 /amp h] feet1 run ab\t wildly1 grate ! tee?1 fro? at ! m\?4 ,if %e is conf9$ 9 ! /able1 %e re>s & plunges2 ! convulsions are s viol5t 9 _m in/ances t x is really dang]\s = "o to attempt to r5d] aid4 ,! body may be cov]$ ) p]spiration4 ,%e may fall2 ! muscles twit* & j]k2 (t5 ! head is rais$ & !n da%$ aga9/ ! gr\nd until blood issues f ! nose & m\?2 ! eyes may be blood%ot & sightless2 ! limbs /iff & out/ret*$1 or !y may be kick$ ab\t recklessly2 ! head may be drawn back & ! tail drawn up2 ! ur9e may be squirt$ out 9 spurts2 (t5 ! wa%] 7membrane nictitans7 is =c$ ov] ! eye4 ,:5 ! convulsions cease !y may be foll[$ by a p]iod ( quiet unconsci\sness 7coma7 :i* is m or less prolong$1 :5 ! animal may gradually rega9 consci\sness1 get up on its feet1 & p]haps quietly p>take ( food1 if !re be any )9 rea*1 :ile at o!r times x arises ) mu* difficulty & /agg]s bl9dly ab\t ! /all or field4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ! =ego+ symptoms are n always se5 9 ! same case4 ,9 ^? cases usually designat$ sleepy /agg]s ! g5]al symptoms ( dr[s9ess are pres5t$1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! symptoms ( fr5zy cause ! affection to be call$ mad /agg]s4 ,9 o!r cases !re are symptoms ( p>alysis1 sway+ ( ! h9d qu>t]s1 inability to rise1 etc41 & sometimes ^! symptoms ( p>alysis are ! mo/ /rik+ manife/ations & cont9ue until dea?4 ,acute cases are accompani$ by fev]4 ,x is well to rem>k t :5 ! disease foll[s injuries to ! head ! symptoms may n be manife/$ until two or ?ree days 7or long]7 aft] ! accid5t4 ,treatm5t4--,recov]ies are r>e 9 spite ( c>eful att5tion4 ,to be ( any s]vice :atev] ! treatm5t mu/ be prompt & beg9 ) ! disease4 ,9 ! e>ly /age1 :5 ! pulse is l>ge1 mo/ cases w admit ( ble$+4 ,eight or #i qu>ts ( blood %\ld be tak5 f ! jugul> ve94 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ imm$iately by a purgative1 ! foll[+ = a c[ ( av]age size3 ,epsom salt1 #bd ounces2 pulv]iz$ gamboge1 "o-half ounce2 croton oil1 #bj drops2 w>m wat]1 #c qu>ts2 mix all toge!r & give at once z a dr5*4 ,ab\t #b qu>ts ( w>m wat] or w>m soapsuds %\ld be inject$ ) a syr+e into ! rectum e ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,x is be/ to keep ! animal 9 a quiet1 %elt]$ place1 :]e x w be free f noise or o!r cause ( excitem5t4 ,all ! cold wat] ! animal w dr9k %\ld be all[$1 b fe$ mu/ be )held1 except bran slops occasionally 9 small quantities1 or grass1 if 9 season1 :i* may be cut & c>ri$ fre% to ! pati5t4 ,! skull mu/ be exam9$1 & if sign ( injury is f\nd1 appropriate surgical treatm5t %\ld be giv54 ,dur+ ! convulsions all possible ef=ts %\ld be made to prev5t ! animal injur+ itself4 ,! head %\ld be held d[n on ! gr\nd & /raw kept "u x4 ,cold wat] may be cont9u\sly p\r$ on ! head1 or bags fill$ ) ice brok5 9 small pieces may be appli$ to ! head4 ,diff]5t au?ors recomm5d diff]5t rem$ies to allay ! convulsions1 b = two reasons x w be f\nd extremely difficult to adm9i/] m$ic9es dur+ ! convulsions3 7#a7 ,:ile ! animal is unconsci\s ! p[] to swall[ is lo/1 & !re=e ! m$ic9e is m liable to g d[n ! w9dpipe to ! lungs ?an x is to g to ! paun*2 7#b7 ! convulsions are (t5 s viol5t t x w\ld be utt]ly useless to attempt to dr5* ! animal2 & fur!rmore x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t dur+ ?is /age ! functions ( dige/ion & absorption are susp5d$1 & z a consequ5ce ! m$ic9e 7provid$ x f9ds its way to ! paun*7 is likely to rema9 !re unabsorb$ & !re=e useless4 ,a bli/]+ comp\nd1 compos$ ( mu/>d1 #a ounce2 pulv]iz$ can?>ides1 "o-half ounce2 hot wat]1 #d ounces1 well mix$ toge!r1 may be rubb$ 9 ov] ! lo9s1 along ! sp9e1 & back ( ! head on ea* side ( ! neck4 ,?is is occasionally att5d$ ) b5eficial effect1 & especially s 9 ^? cases :5 p>alysis is pres5t4 ,if ! purgative acts & ! animal %[s signs ( improvem5t 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days1 #b drams ( iodid ( potassium may be giv5 e night & morn+1 dissolv$ 9 a half bucketful ( dr9k+ wat]1 if ! animal w dr9k x1 or x may be dissolv$ 9 a half p9t ( wat] & giv5 z a dr5*4 ,great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! food1 :i* %\ld be nutritive1 b n co>se1 & at fir/ 9 small quantities1 gradually increas$ z ! pati5t improves4 ,aft] "s progress is made t[>d recov]y #a-a_/b drams ( pulv]iz$ nux vomica may be giv5 twice a day1 add$ to ! iodid ( potassium dr5*4 ,?is %\ld be adm9i/]$ s long z a /agg]+ gait cont9ues4 ,9 ^? r>e cases :5 recov]y takes place x is only p>tial z a rule1 z !re is g5]ally a sequel :i* rema9s1 su* z p>tial p>alysis4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is b a slight drawback 9 cattle1 because :5 x is se5 to p]si/ ! m$ic9e %\ld be /opp$ & ! animal fatt5$ = but*]+4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations discov] conge/ion ( ! bra9 & its membranes4 ,9 ^? cases :i* h exhibit$ mu* p>alysis ( ! h9d legs be=e dea? ! cord may be conge/$ 9 ! lumb> region 7lo9s74 ,:5 ! disease has be5 caus$ by injury to ! head1 ! conge/ion & extravasat$ blood may be f\nd inside ( ! cavity 9 ! location correspond+ to ! place :]e ! injury 0 inflict$ ext]nally4 ,9 "s cases pus is also discov]$4 ,x rema9s to be said t 9 all animals t h di$ f ?is affection ! lungs are f\nd v mu* conge/$4 ,?is may lead ! sup]ficial obs]v] to suppose t ! disease 0 a lung affection1 b 9 fact x is only a natural consequ5ce :5 dea? ensues f bra9 disease4 ,,apoplexy4 ,t =m ( conge/ion ( ! bra9 kn[n z p>turi5t apoplexy1 or p>turi5t p>esis1 :i* is s frequ5tly associat$ ) ! p]iod ( calv+ is describ$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 7,see ,milk fev]1 p4 #bbf47 ,c]ebral apoplexy1 n connect$ ) p>turition1 is a r>e disease among cattle4 ,h[ev]1 x may be due to deg5]ation & consequ5t rupture ( a blood vessel 9 ! bra94 ,! attack is sudd51 ! animal 9 mo/ cases fall+ z if x _h receiv$ a bl[ on ! head4 ,x may /agg] & reel "s "t be=e go+ d[n4 ,aft] fall+1 !re are convulsive movem5ts ( ! legs or ! animal s9ks into ins5sibility4 ,!re may be remissions 9 ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms1 b ! pressure f ! cont9u$ escape ( blood soon causes dea?4 ,re/1 quiet1 friction to ! legs & surface1 frequ5t turn+ ( ! animal & cold to ! head are to be practic$1 if treatm5t is attempt$4 ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,!re is a =m ( conge/ive apoplexy affect+ cattle :i* are 9 a ple?oric condition4 ,! conge/ion1 or ov]fill+ ) blood1 causes pressure on ! bra9 sub/ance & disorganizes its function4 ,x occurs mo/ly 9 hot wea!r4 ,9 ?is disease ! symptoms are some:at simil> to ^? exhibit$ :5 ! animal has encephalitis1 b ! onset is m sudd51 ! duration is %ort]1 & !re is less fev]4 ,!re may be fr5zy or coma1 or alt]nations "o ) ! o!r4 ,! intellig5ce is dim9i%$1 />+ eyes1 brac+ ) ! legs1 press+ aga9/ ! /all p>tition or mang]1 r$ muc\s membranes4 ,?is condition usually t]m9ates 9 recov]y4 ,9 su* cases ble$+ %\ld be resort$ to imm$iately1 & :5 ! p[] ( swall[+ is n lo/ purgatives %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,cold applications to ! head & ! g5]al treatm5t recomm5d$ = encephalitis are indicat$4 ,,concussion ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,sev]e bl[s on ! head1 /rik+ ! head aga9/ "s h>d object :ile runn+1 or fall+ on ! head may cause concussion ( ! bra94 ,! injury may fracture bones ( ! cranium & produce compression ( ! bra94 ,symptoms & treatm5t4--,! symptoms & ! treatm5t t is indicat$ diff] v little f :at has be5 said "u conge/ion ( ! bra9 & "u encephalitis4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to op]ate to remove a piece ( bone t is press+ on ! bra9 or to remove a clot ( blood "u ! area :i* receiv$ ! bl[4 ,,epilepsy4 ,?is affection is *>act]iz$ by ! occurr5ce ( sudd5 convulsions4 ,! animal may appe> to be 9 a fair /ate ( heal? usually1 b at any "t1 9 ! /able or 9 ! field1 x may h a convulsion 9 :i* x w fall & lose consci\sness4 ,epilepsy mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) v]tigo--! fa9t+ :i* is an effect ( he>t tr\bles4 ,! exact cause ( epilepsy 9 ! majority ( cases is unkn[n4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations 9 _m in/ances h fail$ to discov] any lesion 9 connection ) ! bra9 or n]v\s sy/em1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances disease ( ! bra9 has be5 f\nd 9 ! =m ( ?ick5+ ( ! membranes1 abscesses1 & tumors1 & 9 "s cases ! affection has be5 manife/$ 9 connection ) a diseas$ condition ( ! blood4 ,! cause has also be5 trac$ to reflex irritation1 due to tee?+1 worms1 & *ronic indige/ion4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! affection is due to ! la/-nam$ causes treatm5t may be successful if ! cause is remov$4 ,if !re are symptoms ( worms or ( indige/ion1 foll[ ! g5]al treatm5t advis$ = ^? tr\bles "u _! prop] heads4 ,if due to irritation caus$ by tee?+1 ! inflam$ gums mu/ be lanc$4 ,exam9ation ( ! m\? (t5 develops ! fact t "o ( ! tempor>y tee? causes mu* irritation by rema9+ un%$1 & !reby int]f]+ ) ! gr[? ( a p]man5t too?4 ,! (f5d+ too? %\ld be extract$4 ,:5 ! cause ( epilepsy c n be discov]$1 x mu/ be confess$ t !re is no prospect ( a cure4 ,h[ev]1 "s b5efit may be expect$ f ! occasional adm9i/ration ( a purgative dose ( m$ic9e4 ,a p\nd ( ,epsom salt dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( w>m wat]1 = a c[ ( av]age size1 may be giv5 z a dr5* once or twice a mon?4 ,9 addition to ! purgative1 #d drams ( bromid ( potassium1 dissolv$ 9 ! dr9k+ wat]1 ?ree times a day1 has prov$ v b5eficial 9 "s cases4 ,,sun/roke 7,,pro/ration ,,f ,,heat74 ,ow+ to ! fact t cattle are seldom put to "w at :i* !y w\ld h to und]go sev]e ex]tion1 especially 9 coll>s1 !y are n frequ5tly pro/rat$ by ! extreme heat ( ! summ] mon?s4 ,:5 at pa/ure !y select ! coole/ places 9 ! %ade ( trees1 9 wat]1 etc41 :5 ! heat becomes oppressive1 & !reby avoid1 z mu* z possible1 ! effects ( x4 ,x does happ51 h[ev]1 t cattle t h be5 kept up = ! purpose ( fatt5+1 :5 driv5 "s di/ance 9 v hot wea!r1 are sometimes pro/rat$1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is n really necess>y = ! animal to be expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 z ^? conf9$ 9 hot1 close places may suff]4 ,?is (t5 happ5s 9 %ipp+1 :5 !y are cr[d$ toge!r 9 c>s4 ,symptoms4--,! premonitory signs are ^? ( exhau/ion--dullness1 pant+1 fro?+ at ! m\?1 tongue hang+ out1 irregul> gait1 uneas9ess1 palpitation--:51 if ! circum/ances :i* t5d to ! pro/ration are n mitigat$1 ! animal /agg]s or sways f side to side1 falls1 /ruggles = a :ile1 & !n gradually becomes quiet1 or ! /ruggles may cont9ue1 ) repeat$ b ineffectual ef=ts to rega9 a /&+ position4 ,9 s]i\s cases ! attack may be v sudd51 unconsci\sness occurr+ )\t cont9u$ or di/ress+ premonitory symptoms4 ,treatm5t4--,at fir/1 :5 n v s]i\s1 removal to a quiet1 %elt]$ place1 ) a few days on a r$uc$ diet1 is all t ne$ be done4 ,:5 ! animal has fall51 apply cold wat] or ice to ! head2 rub ! body & limbs ) clo?s or wisps ( /raw & cont9ue ! rubb+ = a consid]able "t4 ,if ! p[] ( swall[+ is n lo/ 7:i* may be asc]ta9$ by p\r+ a little cold wat] into ! m\?71 give #c drams ( /rong] liquor ammonia1 dilut$ ) a qu>t ( cold wat]4 ,be v c>eful 9 dr5*+ ! animal :5 ly+ d[n4 ,repeat ! dr5* 9 a half h\r & an h\r aft] ! fir/ "o has be5 giv54 ,in/ead ( ! ammonia1 a dr5* compos$ ( #c ounces ( spirits ( nitr\s e!r 9 a p9t ( wat] may be giv51 if m conv5i5t1 b ! ammonia dr5* is pref]able4 ,if unconsci\sness cont9ues1 s t a dr5* c n be adm9i/]$1 ! same quantity ( ammonia & wat] may be inject$ ) a syr+e into ! rectum4 ,! popul> aqua ammonia1 commonly call$ h>t%orn1 w d z well z ! /rong] liquor ammonia1 b z x is weak] ?an ! latt] ! dose = a c[ is ab\t #a-a_/b ounces1 :i* %\ld be dilut$ ) a qu>t ( wat] be=e x is giv5 to ! animal1 ei!r z a dr5* or an enema4 ,:5 ammonia c n be obta9$1 an ounce ( t9cture ( digitalis may be giv54 ,z soon z ! animal is able to rise x %\ld be assi/$ & mov$ to ! ne>e/ %elt]4 ,all ! cold wat] x w dr9k %\ld be all[$4 ,! ammonia or spirits ( nitr\s e!r dr5* %\ld be adm9i/]$ e ?ree h\rs s long z !re is mu* failure ( /r5g?4 ,! diet %\ld be limit$ = sev]al days--bran slops & a little grass4 ,:5 signs ( return+ /r5g? are pres5t$1 #ab ounces ( ,epsom salt dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( w>m wat] may be giv5 9 ^? cases :i* h be5 d[n & unconsci\s1 b d n give x :ile mu* weakness rema9s1 :i* may be = sev]al days aft] ! attack4 ,! fle% ( an animal t is suff]+ f heat /roke %\ld n be prep>$ = use z food4 ,on acc\nt ( ! fev] ) :i* ! animal suff]s1 ! fle% conta9s tox9s t may r5d] x poison\s to ! consum]4 ,,injuries ,,to ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4 ,! sp9al cord is liable to concussion f bl[s & falls1 & p>alysis1 to a great] or less ext5t1 may be ! result4 ,fracture1 ) displacem5t ( ! bones 7v]tebr7 :i* =m ! sp9al column1 by compress+ ! sp9al cord1 produces p>alysis1 :i* v>ies 9 its effect accord+ to ! "p ( ! cord t is compress$4 ,if ! fracture is above ! middle ( ! neck1 dea? soon foll[s1 z communication betwe5 ! bra9 & diaphragm 7! ess5tial muscle ( inspiration7 is /opp$4 ,:5 ! fracture is f>!r d[n 9 ! neck1 po/]ior to ! orig9 ( ! phr5ic n]ve1 ! brea?+ cont9ues1 b !re is p>alysis 9 all p>ts po/]ior to ! fracture1 includ+ ! =e & h9d legs4 ,:5 ! fracture is 9 ! region ( ! lo9s ! h9d legs are p>alyz$1 b ! =e legs are n4 ,if ! fracture is 9 ! sacrum 7! division ( ! sp9al column betwe5 ! lo9s & ! tail71 ! tail alone is p>alyz$4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 :5 ! back is brok5 !re is no rem$y2 ! animal %\ld be kill$ at once4 ,,p>alysis4 ,p>alysis1 or loss ( motion 9 a "p1 may be due to a lesion ( ! bra91 ( ! sp9al cord1 or ( a n]ve4 ,x may also be caus$ by reflex irritation4 ,:5 ! p>alysis affects bo? sides ( ! body1 po/]ior to a po9t1 x is fur!r designat$ by ! "n p>aplegia4 ,:5 "o side ( ! body 7a lat]al half7 is p>alyz$1 ! t]m hemiplegia is appli$ to ! affection4 ,:5 p>alysis is caus$ by a lesion ( a n]ve1 ! p>alysis is conf9$ to ! p>ticul> "p suppli$ by ! affect$ n]ve4 ,z already po9t$ out1 p>alysis may be due to concussion ( ! sp9e1 fracture ( a bone ( ! sp9al column ) consequ5t compression ( ! sp9al cord1 concussion ( ! bra91 or compression ( ! bra94 ,an injury to "o side ( ! bra9 may produce p>alysis ( ! same side ( ! head & ( ! opposite side ( ! body 7hemiplegia74 ,p>alysis may occur 9 connection ) p>turi5t apoplexy1 lead poison+1 ergotism1 etc4 ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4 ,p>aplegia1 or p>alysis ( ! re> "p ( ! body1 is ! dom9ant symptom 9 conge/ion or inflammation ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! cause is n kn[n1 b ! disease is probably due to *ill+4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t "s toxic influ5ce 7poison7 may be responsible = its developm5t4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms usually appe> sudd5ly & consi/ 9 inability to /&4 ,sometimes ?is is prec$$ by a p]iod ( excitem5t4 ,! animal usually lies quietly1 b sometimes x groans & tosses its head ab\t 9 a way t indicates pa94 ,c[s heavy ) calf are sometimes affect$ ) a =m ( p>aplegia1 :i* usually attacks !m f ab\t a mon? to a few days be=e calv+4 ,app>5tly !y are 9 good heal? 9 e respect except ! inability to /& up on acc\nt ( ! p>alysis ( ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,?is =m is g5]ally attribut$ to fe$+ on fe$s conta9+ insuffici5t prote9 & a%4 ,x is mo/ likely to occur 9 c[s t are weak & ?94 ,) good c>e & fe$ recov]y usually occurs4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal mu/ be giv5 a s(t1 dry b$ "u %elt] & 9 a quiet1 airy place4 ,x is well to apply mu/>d along ! sp9e4 ,! action ( ! mu/>d may be int5sifi$ by rubb+ ! sk9 ) ammonia or turp5t9e4 ,int]nally give a purge ( ,glaub]'s salt4 ,nux vomica or /ry*nia 7#a to #b gra9 doses7 may be giv54 ,turn ! c[ two to f\r times daily & rub ! legs well ea* "t4 ,!re are in/ances :5 c[s w p]si/ 9 ly+ d[n 79 spite ( all ef=ts t are made to compel !m to /& up71 :5 x c n really be said t !y are p>alyz$4 ,!y h s5sation 9 all p>ts2 !y c move all _! feet2 !y c *ange _! position2 & 9 fact e function seems to be normally p]=m$1 b !y ob/9ately refuse to rise or ev5 make an ef=t to d s4 ,cases ( ?is k9d h be5 kill$1 z x 0 an utt] impossibility to get ! animal on its feet4 ,h[ev]1 !re are in/ances :5 a c[1 aft] refus+ to rise :5 all o!r means _h be5 tri$1 quickly jump$ to h] feet & %[$ fright ^u ! appe>ance ( a dog or o!r t]rify+ object4 ,,rabies 7,,hydrophobia74 ,see discussion ( ?is disease 9 *apt] on ,infecti\s diseases1 p4 #ceh4 ,,lightn+ ,,/roke 7,,asphyxia ,,electrica74 ,:5 an animal is /ruck by lightn+ ! %ock is in/antane\sly exp5d$ on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & z a rule dea? occurs imm$iately2 b :5 ! %ock is n fatal animation is susp5d$ to a great] or less ext5t1 z evid5c$ by pro/ration1 unconsci\sness1 & p>alysis4 ,symptoms4--,:5 n fatal1 ! symptoms v>y mu*1 accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! %ock4 ,! animal usually falls1 z f an apoplectic attack1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! symptoms are su* z are g5]ally manife/$ 9 connection ) concussion ( ! bra94 ,! muscul> sy/em may be completely relax$2 ! legs limb]2 ! muscles flabby & s(t to ! t\*2 or !re may be convulsions1 spasms1 & twit*+ ( ! muscles4 ,! brea?+ is g5]ally labor$1 irregul>1 or int]rupt$1 & sl[] ?an normal4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! electrical fluid leaves its m>k by s+e+ ! hair1 or by inflict+ w\nds1 burns1 or bli/]s4 ,treatm5t4--,s long z ! beat+ ( ! he>t is p]ceptible ! endeavor to resuscitate ! animal %\ld be cont9u$4 ,da% cold wat] ov] ! head & body2 rub ! body & legs2 sm>tly :ip ! body ) wet t[els or swit*es4 ,mu/>d1 mix$ ) wat]1 %\ld be well rubb$ ov] ! legs & back ( ! head on ea* side ( ! neck4 ,inject into ! rectum #d drams ( /rong] liquor ammonia1 or #a-a_/b ounces ( h>t%orn dilut$ ) a qu>t ( w>m wat]4 ,cauti\sly hold an uncork$ bottle ( h>t%orn to ! no/rils1 s t "s ( x is inhal$1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t too mu* is n sudd5ly inhal$4 ,if ! animal is unconsci\s1 hypod]mic injections ( /imulants are indicat$1 su* z #f drams ( camphorat$ oil 9 "o dose1 subcutane\sly1 or #bj gra9s ( caffe9 or #a_/b gra9 ( /ry*n91 also subcutane\sly4 ,:5 ! animal revives suffici5tly to be able to swall[1 #d drams ( ! /rong] liquor ammonia1 dilut$ ) a qu>t ( cold wat]1 %\ld be giv5 z a dr5*1 & ! dose %\ld be repeat$ 9 an h\r4 ,"o & "o-half ounces ( ord9>y h>t%orn may be us$ in/ead ( ! /rong] liquor ammonia1 b1 l ! latt]1 x %\ld be dilut$ ) a qu>t or m ( wat]1 & ev5 !n c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 dr5*+4 ,9 cases :]e ! %ock has n caus$ complete ins5sibility recov]y may be ha/5$ by ! ammonia & wat] dr5*1 or #d ounces ( br&y dilut$ ) a qu>t ( wat]1 or #h ounces ( :isky dilut$ ) a qu>t ( wat]4 ,^! doses may be giv5 e ?ree or f\r h\rs if necess>y4 ,aft] recov]y f ! m s]i\s symptoms #b drams ( sulphate ( qu99 %\ld be giv5 twice a day until heal? is re/or$4 ,if any p>alysis rema9s #a-a_/b drams ( pulv]iz$ nux vomica %\ld be giv5 twice a day ) ! qu994 ,! =ego+ treatm5t is also applicable :5 ! electrical %ock is giv5 by telephone1 electric c>1 or electric-light wires1 etc4 ,! w\nds1 burns1 or bli/]s %\ld be treat$ accord+ to ! antiseptic me?od ( treat+ w\nds4 ,,tumors ,,9 ,,! ,,bra91 ,,etc4 ,tumors ( diff]5t k9ds h be5 f\nd )9 ! cranial cavity1 & 9 _m cases !re h be5 no well-m>k$ symptoms exhibit$ dur+ ! life ( ! animal to lead "o to suspect _! exi/5ce4 ,cases are record$ :]e bony tumors h be5 f\nd 9 ! bra9 ( cattle t di$ sudd5ly1 b dur+ life no signs ( disease 7 manife/$4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations h disclos$ tub]cles 9 ! membranes ( ! bra94 7,see ,tub]culosis1 p4 #djg47 ,abscesses1 usually ! result ( inflammation ( ! bra91 h be5 f\nd po/-mortem4 ,= ! description ( hydrocephalus1 or dropsy ( ! bra91 ( calves ! read] is ref]r$ to ! section on p>turition4 7,see ,wat] 9 ! head1 p4 #agi47 ,*orea1 con/ant twit*+ & irregul> spasmodic movem5ts ( ! muscles1 has be5 notic$ 9 connection ) or z a sequel to o!r affections1 z1 = example1 p>turi5t apoplexy4 ,v>i\s diseases1 ! description ( :i* w be f\nd 9 o!r sections ( ?is "w1 affect ! n]v\s sy/em to a great] or less ext5t--= example1 ergotism1 lead poison+1 uremia1 p>turi5t apoplexy1 colic1 & o!r affections associat$ ) cramps1 or spasms1 etc4 ,disease ( ! ov>ies or ( ! sp9al cord1 by reflex irritation1 may cause e/romania 7see ,excess ( v5]eal desire1 p4 #adh1 con/ant desire = ! bull74 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ur9>y ,,organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce1 etc41 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,( ! mat]ials t h s]v$ _! purpose 9 build+ up ! animal body or 9 su/a9+ ! body temp]ature1 & t are n[ to be ?r[n out z wa/e1 ! great] "p is expell$ f ! sy/em ?r\gh ! lungs & ! kidneys1 b ! ag5ts t pass out by ei!r ( ^! two *annels diff] 9 ! ma9 f ^? pass+ by ! o!r4 ,?us f ! lungs 9 ! =m ( dioxid ( c>bon--! same gas t comes f burn+ ( coal or oil--!re escapes mo/ ( ! wa/e mat]ial result+ f ! de/ruction 9 ! sy/em ( fats1 sug>s1 />*1 & su* o!r foods z are want+ 9 ! elem5t nitrog51 & d n =m fibr\s tissues1 b g ma9ly to support animal heat or ma9ta9 functional activity4 ,f ! kidneys1 on ! o!r h&1 are ?r[n out ! wa/e products result+ f ! de/ruction ( ! foods & tissues conta9+ nitrog5--(1 = in/ance1 album91 fibr91 glut51 case91 gelat91 woody tissue1 etc4 ,:ile mu* ( ! wa/e mat]ial conta9+ nitrog5 leaves ! body by ! b[els1 ?is is virtually only su* ( ! album9oid food z has fail$ to be fully dige/$ & absorb$2 ?is has nev] =m$ a true con/itu5t "p ( ! body itself or ( ! blood1 b is s mu* wa/e food1 l t :i* has come to ! table & aga9 c>ri$ away unus$4 ,if ! album9oid food elem5t has ent]$ ! blood1 :e!r or n x has be5 built up into a con/itu5t "p ( ! /ructure ( ! body1 its wa/e products1 :i* conta9 nitrog51 are 9 ! ma9 expell$ ?r\gh ! kidneys1 s t ! latt] become ! pr9cipal *annels = ! expulsion ( all nitrog5-conta9+ wa/e4 ,x w\ld be an error1 h[ev]1 to inf] t all nitrog5\s food1 :5 once dige/$ & absorb$ into ! blood1 mu/ necess>ily leave ! sy/em 9 ! ur9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! "y & gr[+ animal1 all increase ( ! fibr\s /ructures ( ! body is ga9$ ?r\gh ! build+ up ( ^? fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts into _! sub/ance2 9 ! pregnant animal ! gr[? ( ! (fspr+ & its envelopes has a simil> orig91 & 9 ! dairy c[ ! case9 or curd ( ! milk is a means ( con/ant elim9ation ( ^! nitrog5-conta9+ ag5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! bre$+ c[ &1 above all1 9 ! milk+ c[1 ! womb or udd] c>ries on a "w 9 "o s5se equival5t to t o!rwise p]=m$ by ! kidneys4 ,n only are ^! organs alike *annels = ! excretion ( album9\s products1 b !y are also relat$ to ea* o!r /ructurally & by n]v\s sympa?y1 s t suff]+ 9 ! "o is liable to induce "s measure ( disord] 9 ! o!r4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r mammals1 ?is nitrog5\s wa/e matt] is ma9ly pres5t 9 ! ur9e ( cattle 9 ! =m ( urea1 b also1 to "s ext5t1 z hippuric acid1 a d]ivative ( vegetable food :i*1 9 ! h]bivora1 replaces ! uric acid f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( man & c>nivora4 ,uric acid is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( suck+ calves :i* h practically an animal diet1 & x may also appe> 9 ! adult 9 case ( absolute1 prolong$ />vation1 & 9 diseases att5d$ ) complete loss ( appetite & rapid wa/+ ( ! body4 ,9 su* cases ! animal lives on its own sub/ance1 & ! product is t ( ! wa/+ fle%4 ,! o!r products conta9+ nitrog5 are pres5t 9 only small quantities & ne$ n be specially ref]r$ to4 ,! ur9e ( cattle conta9s mu* less ( c>bonates ?an t ( ! horse1 & eff]vesces less on ! addition ( an acid4 ,z ! c>bonates =m a l>ge proportion ( ! solid deposits 7gravel1 /one7 f ! horse's ur9e1 ! ox may ?us be held less liable1 yet ev5 9 ! ox ! c>bonates become abundant or scanty1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fe$1 & !re=e gravel1 =m$ by c>bonate ( lime1 is n infrequ5t 9 cattle4 ,:5 f$ on beets1 clov] hay1 or bean /raw c>bonates are pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 ^! alim5ts be+ ri* 9 organic acids & alkal9e c>bonates2 :]eas ^u oat /raw1 b>ley /raw1 &1 above all1 :eat /raw1 !y are 9 small am\nt4 ,9 calves f$ on milk alone no c>bonates are f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,phosphates1 usually 9 comb9ation ) lime1 are1 z a rule1 pres5t only 9 traces 9 ! ur9e ( cattle2 h[ev]1 on a diet>y ( :eat1 bran1 or o!r alim5t ri* 9 phosphates1 ^! may be pres5t 9 l>ge am\nt1 s t !y r5d] ! liquid cl\dy or are deposit$ 9 solid cry/als4 ,! liquid is r5d]$ transp>5t by nitric acid4 ,! c['s ur9e1 on a diet ( hay & potatoes1 conta9$3 ,p>ts4 ,urea #ah4e ,potassic hippurate #af4e ,alkal9e lactates #ag4b ,potassium bic>bonate #af4a ,magnesium c>bonate #d4g ,lime c>bonate #j4f ,potassium sulphate #c4f ,common salt #a4e ,silica ,trace ,phosphates #j4j ,wat] & undet]m9$ sub/ances #iba4c ,total #a1jjj4j ,! foll[+ table aft] ,t]eg#a gives ! diff]5t conditions ( ! ur9e1 & especially ! am\nt ( urea & hippuric acid "u diff]5t rations4 ,! subjects 7 two ox51 weigh+1 respectively1 #a1bfj p\nds & #a1jfj p\nds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,food p] day4,wat]4 7p\nds7 ,ur9e ,pass$4 ,d5sity4 ,solids 9 ur9e4 ,hippuric acid4 ,urea4 ,nitrog5 9 hippuric acid & urea4 ,total nitrog54 ,urea p] day4 ,hip- puric acid p] week ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lbs4,lbs ,pct,pct,pct,pct,pct,ozs,ozs #af4ij :eat /raw1 & #df4df #g4dja1jcf #h4da #b4ff #a4cc #j4hc #j4id #a4fcc4bc #a4cj bean meal #ad4gj oat /raw1 & #fa4ajae4bfa1jci #f4ic #b4ji #j4hd #j4ee #j4di #b4b #e4c #b4cj bean meal #aj4d :eat /raw1 #aj4d #ga4gfab4cfa1jdc #h4je #j4ie #a4he #j4ic #j4id #c4hca4if clov] hay1 #j4f bean meal1 & #b4f />* #aj4d :eat /raw1 #aj4d #hj4edab4dfa1jdd #h4bi #h4jg #b4da #a4ai #a4aa #e4h #b4a clov] hay1 #b4g bean meal1 #a4d />*1 & #j4h sug> #aj4d :eat /raw1 #aj4d #gh4ifag4fba1jdc #h4da #j4gd #c4ab #a4de #a4bd #i4agb4ag clov] hay1 #e bean meal1 & #j4h sug> #aj :eat /raw1 #aj #aaj4abbe4hfa1jch #g4jj #j4ca #b4di #a4ai #a4beaj4i #a4cc clov] hay1 #f4d bean meal1 #a4g />*1 #d sug>1 & #j4d rape oil #aj :eat /raw1 #aj #aja4hjbg4jda1jcg #g4ad #j4bj #b4ie #a4ci #a4ehac4c #j4i clov] hay1 #i4d bean meal1 #c4a sug>1 & #j4d rape oil #aj :eat /raw1 #aj #aai4jjbc4bja1jch #g4gd #j4ba #d4jf #a4ia #a4fiae4d #j4h clov] hay1 #aa4g bean meal1 #b4h />*1 & #j4e rape oil #ag4hf bean /raw1 & #ed4hdab4fja1jdc #g4jf #j4dj #b4ec #a4ba #a4ae #e4c #j4hc #a4f bean meal #ad4hh bean /raw #ee4gfaf4cda1jcf #e4de #j4aa #a4da #j4fg #j4fd #c4hcj4c #af4ij mead[ hay #cf4bfae4ada1jdb #g4ia #a4cj #a4gc #j4ia #j4ib #d4cgc4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! v>y+ quantity ( urea 7f #a4f to #ae4d ounces7 is mo/ sugge/ive z to ! action ( ! m or less nitrog5\s fe$ & ! result+ conc5tration ( ! ur9e & blood4 ,hippuric acid1 on ! o!r h&1 is mo/ abundant :5 ! animal is f$ on hay & /raw4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ur9e ( cattle v>ies f #a1jcj to #a1jfj 9 heal?1 wat] be+ #a1jjj4 ,x is transp>5t1 ) a yell[i% t+e1 & has a *>act]i/ic1 musky smell4 ,! *emical reaction is alkal9e1 turn+ r$ litmus pap] blue4 ,! quantity pass$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs v>ies greatly1 increas+ n only ) ! wat] drunk1 b ) ! album9oids tak5 9 ) ! fe$ & ! urea produc$4 ,if a solution ( urea is inject$ into ! ve9s ! secretion ( ur9e is greatly augm5t$4 ,simil>ly ! excess ( salts l c>bonate ( pota% 9 ! fe$1 or ( sug>1 increases ! action ( ! kidneys4 ,only ab\t #bj p] c5t ( ! wat] swall[$ escapes 9 ! ur9e1 ! rema9+ #hj p] c5t pass+ mo/ly f ! lungs1 & to a slight ext5t by ! b[els4 ,! sk9 ( ! ox does n p]spire s readily nor s freely z t ( ! horse2 h5ce ! kidneys & lungs are call$ ^u = extra "w4 ,! influ5ce ( an excess ( wat] 9 ! fe$ is mo/ rem>kable 9 swill-f$ di/ill]y cattle1 :i* ur9ate pr(usely & frequ5tly1 yet ?rive & fatt5 rapidly4 ,among ! o!r conditions t increase ! fl[ ( ur9e is ov]fill+ ( 7int]nal pressure 97 ! blood vessels ( ! kidneys2 h5ce ! contraction ( ! blood vessels ( ! sk9 by cold drives ! blood inw>d1 t5ds to dilate ! blood vessels ( ! kidneys1 & to increase ! secretion ( ur9e4 ,n]v\s disord]s1 su* z excitem5t1 fe>1 conge/ions1 or /ructural injuries to ! back "p ( ! base ( ! bra91 h a simil> result1 h5ce1 d\btless1 ! action ( c]ta9 fungi gr[+ 9 mu/y hay or oats 9 produc+ pr(use fl[ ( ur9e1 :]eas o!r =ms ( mu/y fodd] cause /upor1 delirium1 or p>alysis4 ,bact]ia & _! products are ma9ly expell$ by ! kidneys1 & become s\rces ( local infection1 irritation1 & disease4 ,! quantity ( ur9e pass$ daily by an ox on dry fe$+ av]ages #g to #ab p9ts1 b ?is may be increas$ enorm\sly on a wat]y diet4 ,! mutual influ5ce ( ! kidneys & o!r important organs t5ds to expla9 ! way 9 :i* disease 9 "o "p sup]v5es on preexi/+ disord] 9 ano!r4 ,! introduction ( album9oids 9 excess into ! blood means ! =mation ( an excess ( urea1 & a m pr(use secretion ( ur9e1 ( a high] specific gravity1 & ) a great] t5d5cy to deposit its solid con/itu5ts1 z gravel1 9 ! kidneys or bladd]4 ,a torpid action ( ! liv]1 leav+ ! album9oids 9 transition =ms1 less soluble ?an ! urea into :i* !y %\ld h be5 *ang$1 favors ! onset ( rheumatism or ( n]v\s disord]1 ! deposit ( su* album9oid products 9 ! kidneys1 ! =mation ( a deep-br[n or r$di% ur9e1 & conge/ion ( ! kidneys4 ,any abnormal activity ( ! liv] 9 ! production ( sug>--m ?an c be burn$ up 9 ! circulation--ov]/imulates ! kidneys & produces increas$ fl[ ( a heavy ur9e ) a sweeti% ta/e4 ,?is increas$ production ( sug> may be prim>ily due to disease ( ! bra91 :i*1 9 its turn1 det]m9es ! disord] ( ! liv]4 ,disease ( ! "r side ( ! he>t or ( ! lungs1 by ob/ruct+ ! onw>d fl[ ( blood f ! ve9s1 increases ! blood pressure 9 ! kidneys & produces disord] & excessive secretion4 ,inactivity ( ! kidneys det]m9es an increase 9 ! blood ( wa/e products1 :i* become irritat+ to diff]5t p>ts1 produc+ sk9 eruptions1 it*+1 dropsies1 & n]v\s disord]s4 ,spra9s ( ! lo9s produce ble$+ f ! kidneys & disease ( ! sp9al cord1 & sometimes det]m9e album9\s or milky look+ ur9e4 ,! kidney ( ! ox 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #a7 is a comp\nd organ made up ( #ae to #be sep>ate lobules l s _m sep>ate kidneys1 b all p\r+ _! secretion into "o common p\* 7pelvis7 situat$ 9 an excavation 9 ! c5t] ( ! l[] surface4 ,:ile ! ox is ! only dome/icat$ quadrup$ :i* ma9ta9s ?is divid$ condition ( ! kidney aft] bir?1 ?is condition is common to all :ile at an e>ly /age ( developm5t 9 ! womb4 ,! clu/] ( lobules mak+ up a s+le kidney =ms an ovoid mass flatt5$ f above d[nw>d1 & ext5d+ f ! la/ rib backw>d b5ea? ! lo9s & to "o side ( ! solid *a9 ( ! backbone4 ,! "r is m firmly atta*$ to ! lo9s & ext5ds f>!r backw>d ?an ! left4 ,deeply cov]$ 9 a mass ( suet1 ea* kidney has a /rong out]1 :ite1 fibr\s cov]+1 & inside ?is two successive lay]s ( kidney sub/ance1 ( :i* ! out] is t 9 :i* ! ur9e is ma9ly sep>at$ f ! blood & p\r$ into ! f9e1 microscopic ur9>y ducts4 7,pl4 ,x1 fig4 #a7 ,^! latt]1 toge!r ) blood vessels1 lymph vessels1 & n]ves1 make up ! second1 or int]nal1 lay]4 ,! out] lay] is ma9ly compos$ ( m9ute globul> clu/]s ( microscopic1 int]communicat+ blood vessels 7,malpighian bodies71 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) a fibr\s capsule t is no?+ else ?an ! dilat$ comm5cem5t ( a ur9e tube4 ,^! practically microscopic tubes foll[ at fir/ a w9d+ c\rse ?r\gh ! out] lay] 7,f]re9's tubes71 !n =m a long loop 7d\bl+ on itself7 9 ! inn] lay] 7,h5le's loop71 & f9ally pass back ?r\gh ! inn] lay] 7,bell9i's tubes7 to op5 ?r\gh a conical process into ! common p\* 7pelvis7 on ! l[] surface ( ! organ4 7,pl4 ,x1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,! tube t conveys ! ur9e f ! kidney to ! bladd] is l a :ite1 r\nd cord1 ab\t ! size ( a goose quill1 prolong$ f ! p\* on ! l[] surface ( ! kidney backw>d b5ea? ! lo9s1 !n inw>d1 support$ by a fold ( ?9 membrane1 to op5 into ! bladd] j 9 front ( its neck4 ,! canal passes fir/ ?r\gh ! middle 7muscul>7 coat ( ! bladd]1 & !n advances p]ceptibly betwe5 t & ! int]nal 7muc\s7 coat1 ?r\gh :i* x f9ally op5s4 ,by ?is arrangem5t 9 ov]fill+ ! bladd] ?is op5+ is clos$ l a valve by ! pressure ( ! ur9e1 & ! return ( liquid to ! kidney is prev5t$4 ,! bladd] 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b7 is a dilatable1 egg-%ap$ p\*1 clos$ beh9d by a /rong r+ ( muscul> fib]s encircl+ its neck1 & envelop$ by loop$1 muscul> fib]s ext5d+ on all sides ar\nd its body & clos$ ant]ior end4 ,/imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( ur9e1 ^! la/ contract & expel cont5ts ?r\gh ! neck into ! ure?ra4 ,?is la/ is ! tube lead+ backw>d along ! floor ( ! pelvic bones & d[nw>d ?r\gh ! p5is4 ,9 ! bull ?is canal ( ! ure?ra is rem>kable = its small calib] & = ! ,s-%ap$ b5d :i* x describes 9 ! space betwe5 ! ?ighs & j above ! scrotum4 ,?is b5d is attributable to ! fact t ! retractor muscles are atta*$ to ! p5is at ?is po9t1 & 9 )draw+ t organ )9 its %ea? !y d\ble x ^u itself4 ,! small size ( ! canal & ?is ,s-%ap$ b5d are s]i\s ob/acles to ! pass+ ( a ca!t] to draw ! ur9e1 yet by ext5d+ ! p5is out ( its %ea? ! b5d is effac$1 & a small1 gum-ela/ic ca!t]1 n m ?an "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 may ) c>e be pass$ into ! bladd]4 ,9 ! c[ ! ure?ra is v %ort1 op5+ 9 ! m$ian l9e on ! floor ( ! vulva ab\t #d in*es 9 front ( its ext]nal orifice4 ,ev5 9 h]1 h[ev]1 ! pass+ ( a ca!t] is a matt] ( no little difficulty1 ! op5+ ( ! ure?ra be+ v n>r[ & encircl$ by ! project+ membran\s & rigid m>g9s1 & on ea* side ( ! op5+ is a bl9d p\* 7canal ( ,grtn]7 into :i* ! ca!t] w almo/ inv>iably f9d its way4 ,9 bo? male & female1 !re=e1 ! pass+ ( a ca!t] is an op]ation :i* dem&s special skill4 ,g5]al symptoms ( ur9>y disord]s4--,^! are n s prom95t 9 cattle z 9 horses1 yet !y are ( a simil> k9d4 ,!re is a /iff or /raddl+ gait ) ! h9d legs & "s difficulty 9 turn+ or 9 ly+ d[n & ris+1 ! act caus+ a groan4 ,! frequ5t passage ( ur9e 9 driblets1 its cont9u\s escape 9 drops1 ! sudd5 arre/ ( ! fl[ :5 9 full /ream1 ! rhy?mic contraction ( ! muscles "u ! anus )\t any fl[ result+1 ! swell+ ( ! %ea?1 ! collection ( h>d1 gritty masses on ! hair surr\nd+ ! orifice ( ! %ea?1 ! occurr5ce ( dropsies 9 ! limbs "u ! *e/ or belly1 or 9 ei!r ( ^! cavities1 & f9ally ! appe>ance ( n]v\s /upor1 may indicate s]i\s disord] ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,! condition ( ! ur9e pass$ may likewise lead to suspicion4 ,x may be :ite1 f cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime2 br[n1 r$1 or ev5 black1 f ! pres5ce ( blood or blood-color+ matt]2 yell[1 f bili>y color+ matt]2 fro?y1 f conta9$ album92 cl\dy1 f phosphates2 glairy1 f pus2 x may also %[ gritty masses f gravel4 ,9 _m cases ( ur9>y disord] 9 ! ox1 h[ev]1 ! symptoms are by no means prom95t1 & unless special exam9ation is made ( ! lo9s1 ! bladd]1 & ! ur9e ! true nature ( ! malady may be ov]look$4 ,,diuresis 7,,polyuria1 ,,diabetes ,,insipidus1 ,,excessive ,,secretion ,,( ,,ur9e74 ,a secretion ( ur9e 9 excess ( ! normal am\nt may be look$ on z disease1 ev5 if ! result does n lead to imm$iate loss ( condition4 ,cattle f$ on di/ill]y swill are /rik+ examples ( su* excess caus$ by ! enorm\s consumption ( a liquid fe$1 :i* n\ri%es & fatt5s 9 spite ( ! diuresis2 ! condition is un:olesome1 & cattle t h pass$ f\r or five mon?s 9 a swill /able h fatty liv]s & kidneys1 & nev] aga9 d well on ord9>y fe$4 ,diuresis may fur!r occur f increase ( blood pressure 9 ! kidneys 7diseases ( ! he>t or lungs :i* h9d] ! onw>d passage ( ! blood1 ! eat+ ( digitalis1 ,engli% broom1 ! contraction ( ! blood vessels on ! surface ( ! body 9 cold wea!r1 etc472 also f acrid or diuretic plants tak5 ) ! fe$ 7d&elion1 burdock1 col*icum1 digitalis1 sav91 res9\s %oots1 etc472 f excess ( sug> 9 ! fe$ 7beets1 turnips1 ripe sorghum72 also f ! use ( froz5 fe$ 7fro/$ turnip tops & o!r vegetables71 & f ! gr[?s ( c]ta9 molds 9 fodd] 7mu/y hay1 m[-burnt hay1 moldy oats1 moldy bread1 etc474 ,f9ally1 alkal9e wat]s & alkal9e incru/ations on ! soil may be active causes4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! result is b5eficial r ?an injuri\s1 z :5 cattle affect$ ) gravel 9 ! kidneys are entirely fre$ f ?is condition by a run at grass1 or by an exclusive diet ( roots or swill4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! heal? & condition suff]1 & ev5 inflammation ( ! kidneys may occur4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t is ma9ly 9 ! *ange ( diet to a m solid alim5t de/itute ( ! special1 (f5sive +r$i5t4 ,boil$ flaxse$ is (t5 ! be/ diet or addition to ! :olesome dry food1 &1 by way ( m$ic9e1 doses ( #b drams ea* ( sulphate ( iron & iodid ( potassium may be giv5 twice daily4 ,9 ob/9ate cases #b drams ergot ( rye or ( cate*u may be add$4 ,,bloody ,,ur9e 7,,r$ ,,wat]1 ,,moor ,,ill1 ,,wood ,,ill1 ,,hematuria1 ,,hemaglob9uria74 ,?is is a common affection among cattle 9 c]ta9 localities1 above all on damp1 undra9$ l&s & "u a backw>d agriculture4 ,x is simply bloody ur9e or hematuria :5 ! blood is f\nd 9 clots1 or :5 "u ! microscope ! blood globules c be detect$ z di/9ctly r\nd$1 flatt5$ disks4 ,x is smoky ur9e--hemaglob9uria--:5 nei!r su* di/9ct clots nor blood disks c be f\nd1 b m]ely a g5]al br[n+1 r$d5+1 or black5+ ( ! ur9e by ! pres5ce ( dissolv$1 blood-color+ matt]4 ,! bloody ur9e is ! m direct result ( /ructural disease ( ! kidneys or ur9>y passages 7inflammation1 /one1 gravel1 tumors1 hydatids1 kidney worms1 spra9s ( ! lo9s71 :ile ! /a9$ ur9e 7hemaglob9uria7 is usually ! result ( "s g5]al or m di/9ct disord] 9 :i* ! globules are de/roy$ 9 ! circulat+ blood & ! color+ matt] dissolv$ 9 & diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! blood & ( ! ur9e secret$ f x4 ,z 9 ! two =ms1 blood & ! elem5ts ( blood escape into ! ur9e1 album9 is always pres5t1 s t !re is album9uria ) blood-color+ matt] sup]add$4 ,if f /one or gravel1 gritty p>ticles are usually pass$1 & may be detect$ 9 ! bottom ( a di% 9 :i* ! liquid is caught4 ,if f fracture or sev]e spra9 ( ! lo9s1 x is liable to be associat$ n only ) "s loss ( control ( ! h9d limbs & ) /agg]+ beh9d b also ) a m or less p]fect p>alysis ( ! tail4 ,! blood/a9$ ur9e )\t r$ globules results f specific diseases--,texas fev] 7,pl4 ,,xlvii1 fig4 #c71 an?rax1 spirillosis1 & f eat+ irritant plants 7broom1 sav91 m]cury1 hellebore1 ranunculus1 convolvulus1 col*icum1 oak %oots1 a% privet1 hazel1 hornbeam1 & o!r a/r+5t1 acrid1 or res9\s plants1 etc474 ,! ,maybug or ,spani% fly tak5 ) ! fe$ or spread ov] a great ext5t ( sk9 z a bli/] has a simil> action4 ,fro/$ turnips or o!r roots w br+ on ! affection 9 "s subjects4 ,among conditions :i* act by ! direct de/ruction ( ! globules 9 ! circulat+ blood may be nam$ an excess ( wat] 9 t fluid2 ! use ( wat] f soils ri* 9 decompos+ vegetable matt] & conta9+ alkal9e salts1 p>ticul>ly nitrites2 & ! pres5ce 9 ! wat] & fe$ ( ! ptoma9es ( bact]ia gr[?2 h5ce ! preval5ce ( r$ wat] 9 m>%y di/ricts & on clayey & o!r imp]vi\s soils1 & ! occurr5ce ( bloody ur9e 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( sev]al contagi\s diseases4 ,"s m9]al poisons--su* z iod91 ars5ic1 & phosphorus tak5 to excess--may cause hematuria1 & f9ally ! symptoms may be m]ely ! result ( a con/itutional pr$isposition ( ! individual or family to ble$+4 ,9 "s pr$ispos$ subjects1 exposure ( ! body to cold or wet w cause ! affection4 ,! specific symptom ( bloody or smoky wat] is a v pat5t "o4 ,x may or may n be associat$ ) fev]1 ) ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( abdom9al t5d]ness on pressure1 ) a v fro?y /ate ( ! milk or ev5 a r$di% t+e1 ) or )\t m>k$ pal5ess ( ! muc\s membranes1 & g5]al weakness4 ,:5 direct injury to ! kidneys is ! imm$iate cause ( ! disease ! ur9e w be pass$ (t51 9 small quantity at a "t1 & ) mu* /ra9+4 ,:5 !re is bloodlessness 7a wat]y blood7 f insuffici5t n\ri%m5t1 fev] is abs5t & ! r$ wat] is at fir/ ! only symptom4 ,:5 ! active cause has be5 irritant plants1 abdom9al t5d]ness1 colics1 & o!r signs ( b[el inflammation are m>k$ features4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t v>ies accord+ z ! cause has be5 a direct irritant op]at+ on a subject 9 vigor\s heal? or a microbian poison act+ on an animal defici5t 9 blood & vigor4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ( r$ wat] a sm>t purgative 7#a p\nd to #a-a_/b p\nds ,glaub]'s salt7 w cle> away ! irritants f ! b[els & allay ! coexi/5t high fev]4 ,x w also s]ve to div]t to ! b[els mu* ( ! irritant products already absorb$ into ! blood & w ?us protect ! kidneys4 ,9 _m su* cases a lib]al supply ( :olesome1 easily dige/ible fe$ w be all ! additional treatm5t requir$4 ,9 ?is connection demulc5t fe$ 7boil$ flaxse$1 :eat bran7 is especially good4 ,if mu* blood has be5 lo/1 bitt]s 7g5tian1 "o-half ounce7 & iron 7sulphate ( iron1 #b drams7 %\ld be giv5 = a week4 ,= cases 9 :i* excess ( diuretic plants has be5 tak51 x may be well to replace ! salts by #a to #b p9ts ( olive oil1 add+ #a ounce ( laudanum & #b drams ( gum camphor2 also to apply fom5tations or a fre% %eepsk9 ov] ! lo9s4 ,butt]milk or v9eg>1 "o-half p9t1 or sulphuric acid1 #fj drops 9 a p9t ( wat]1 may also be us$ frequ5tly z injections4 ,9 cases caus$ by spra9$ or fractur$ lo9s1 inflam$ kidneys1 /one or gravel1 ! treatm5t w be z = ! p>ticul> disease 9 "q4 ,9 hematuria f anemia 7wat]y blood71 :e!r f insuffici5t or badly adju/$ rations or f ! poison\s products ( f]m5tations 9 imp]vi\s or m>%y soils1 ! treatm5t mu/ be ess5tially tonic & /imulat+4 ,ri*1 abundant1 & easily dige/ible fe$ mu/ be furni%$4 ,! diff]5t gra9s 7oats1 b>ley1 :eat1 bran1 rye7 & se$s 7rape1 l9se$1 cotton se$7 are especially call$ = & may be giv5 ei!r gr\nd or boil$4 ,z a bitt]1 sulphate ( qu991 "o-half dram1 & t9cture ( *lorid ( iron1 #b drams1 may be giv5 9 a p9t ( wat] ?rice a day4 ,9 "s cases #a or #b teaspoonfuls ( oil ( turp5t9e twice daily 9 milk w act favorably4 ,9 ?is anemic v>iety prev5tion is ! great ne$4 ,! dra9age & cultivation ( ! dang]\s soils is ! ma9 object4 ,until ?is c be accompli%$ "y & newly pur*as$ cattle n yet inur$ to ! poisons mu/ be kept f ! dang]\s fields & turn$ on only ^? :i* are already dra9$ naturally or artificially4 ,fur!r1 !y %\ld h an abundant ration 9 :i* ! local product ( grass1 hay1 etc41 is supplem5t$ by gra9 or o!r se$s4 ,ano!r po9t to be gu>d$ aga9/ is ! supply ( wat] t has dra9$ f m>%es or imp]vi\s soils1 ri* 9 organic matt]1 z su* wat] is *>g$ ) nitrites1 ptoma9es1 etc41 :i* directly conduce to ! disord]4 ,f5ce out f all su* wat]s & supply f liv+ spr+s or deep wells only4 ,,album9 ,,9 ,,! ,,ur9e 7,,album9uria74 ,9 bloody ur9e album9 is always pres5t z an important con/itu5t ( ! blood1 & 9 conge/$ & inflam$ kidneys x is pres5t z a "p ( ! inflammatory exudate4 ,ap>t f ^!1 album9 9 ! ur9e repres5ts 9 diff]5t cases a v>iety ( diseas$ conditions ( ! kidneys or ( di/ant organs4 ,among ! additional causes ( album9uria may be nam$3 7#a7 ,an excess ( album9 9 ! blood 7aft] easy calv+ ) little loss ( blood & be=e ! secretion ( milk has be5 e/abli%$1 or 9 cases ( sudd5 suppression ( ! secretion ( milk72 7#b7 "u increase ( blood pressure 7aft] deep dr9k+1 aft] doses ( digitalis or broom1 aft] transfusion ( blood f "o animal to ano!r1 or 9 disease ( ! he>t or lungs caus+ ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( blood f ! ve9s72 7#c7 aft] cutt+ 7or disease7 ( ! motor n]ves ( ! vessels go+ to ! kidneys1 caus+ conge/ion ( ^! organs2 7#d7 viol5t ex]tion1 h5ce long drives2 ! same happ5s ) viol5t1 muscul> spasms1 z f /ry*nia poison+1 lockjaw1 epilepsy1 & convulsions2 7#e7 9 mo/ fev]s & ext5sive inflammations ( important organs1 l ! lungs or liv]1 ! escape ( ! album9 be+ v>i\sly attribut$ to ! high temp]ature ( ! body & disord] ( ! n]ves1 & to result+ conge/ion & disord] ( ! secret+ cells ( ! kidneys2 7#f7 9 burns & "s o!r conge/$ /ates ( ! sk92 7#g7 "u ! action ( c]ta9 poisons 7/rong acids1 phosphor\s1 ars5ic1 ,spani% flies1 c>bolic acid1 & ^? induc+ bloody ur9e72 7#h7 9 c]ta9 conditions ( weakness or conge/ion ( ! secret+ cells ( ! kidneys1 s t !y all[ ?is elem5t ( ! blood to escape2 7#i7 :5 ! fe$ is entirely want+ 9 common salt1 album9 may appe> 9 ! ur9e tempor>ily aft] a full meal conta9+ an excess ( album94 ,x c also be produc$ exp]im5tally by punctur+ ! back "p ( ! base ( ! bra9 7! floor ( ! f\r? v5tricle close to ! po9t ! injury to :i* causes sug>y ur9e74 ,9 abscess1 tumor1 or inflammation ( ! bladd]1 uret]1 or ure?ra ! ur9e is album9\s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t album9 9 ! ur9e does n indicate ! exi/5ce ( any "o specific disease1 & except :5 f weakness or loss ( function ( ! kidney cells1 x mu/ be look$ on z an att5dant on ano!r disease1 ! true nature ( :i* we mu/ try to f9d out4 ,^! affections we mu/ exclude "o by "o until we are left to assume ! non9flammatory disord] ( ! secret+ cells ( ! kidney4 ,x is especially important to exclude inflammation ( ! kidney1 & to d ?is may require a microscopic exam9ation ( ! s$im5t ( ! ur9e & ! demon/ration ( ! entire abs5ce ( ca/s ( ! ur9if]\s tubes4 7,see ,nephritis1 p4 #abc47 ,to detect album9 9 ! ur9e1 ! suspect$ & fro?y liquid mu/ be r5d]$ s\r by add+ a few drops ( nitric acid & !n boil$ 9 a te/ tube4 ,if a solid precipitate =ms1 !n a few m drops ( nitric acid %\ld be add$1 & if ! liquid does n cle> x up x is album94 ,a precipitate ?r[n d[n by boil+ & r$issolv$ by nitric acid is probably phosphate ( lime4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is usually direct$ to ! disease on :i* x is dep5d5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r recognizable disease1 mucilag9\s dr9ks ( boil$ flaxse$1 slipp]y elm1 or gum may be giv51 tannic acid1 "o-half dram twice daily1 & fom5tations or ev5 mu/>d p\ltices ov] ! lo9s4 ,:5 ! disease is *ronic & !re is no att5dant fev] 7elevation ( temp]ature71 tonics 7hydro*loric acid1 #f drops 9 a p9t ( wat]2 phosphate ( iron1 #b drams1 or sulphate ( qu991 #b drams1 repeat$ twice daily7 may be us$4 ,9 all cases ! pati5t %\ld be kept c>efully f cold & wet1 a w>m1 dry %$1 or 9 w>m wea!r a dry1 sunny y>d or pa/ure be+ especially desirable4 ,,sug> ,,9 ,,ur9e 7,,diabetes ,,mellitus74 ,?is is a frequ5t condition ( ! ur9e 9 p>turition fev]1 b z a specific disease1 associat$ ) d]ang$ liv] or bra91 x is practically unkn[n 9 cattle4 ,z a m]e att5dant on ano!r disease x dem&s no special notice "h4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,kidneys 7,,nephritis74 ,?is has be5 divid$ accord+ z x affects ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! kidneys1 z3 7#a7 ,its fibr\s cov]+ 7p]9ephritis72 7#b7 ! secret+ tissue ( its out] portion 7p>5*ymat\s72 7#c7 ! connective tissue 7int]/itial72 7#d7 ! l9+ membrane ( its ducts 7cat>rhal72 & 7#e7 its pelvis or sac receiv+ ! ur9e 7pyelitis74 ,x has also be5 di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! *anges t take place 9 ! kidney1 especially z se5 aft] dea?1 accord+ to ! quantity ( album9 9 ! ur9e1 & accord+ z ! affection is acute or *ronic4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is "w x w be conv5i5t to consid] ^! z "o inflammatory disease1 mak+ a di/9ction m]ely betwe5 ! acute & ! *ronic or ( long /&+4 ,! causes are 9 ! ma9 l ^? caus+ bloody ur9e1 su* z irritant & diuretic plants1 ,spani% flies appli$ z a bli/] or o!rwise1 exposure to cold & wet1 ! pres5ce ( /one or gravel 9 ! kidneys1 injuries to ! back or lo9s1 z by rid+ "o ano!r1 ! dr9k+ ( alkal9e or sel5itic wat]1 ! use ( putrid1 /agnant wat]1 ( t conta9+ bact]ia & _! products1 ! consumption ( mu/y fodd]1 etc4 7,see ,hematuria1 p4 #aai47 ,! l5g? ( ! lo9s 9 cattle pr$isposes ^! p>ts to me*anical injury1 & 9 ! lean & especially 9 ! ?91 work+ ox ! kidney is v liable to suff]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an abundance ( loose1 connective tissue & ( fat1 ! kidneys lie 9 close contact ) ! muscles ( ! lo9s1 & any injury to !m may t5d to /ret* ! kidney & its vessels1 or to cause its inflammation by direct ext5sion ( ! disease f ! injur$ muscle to ! adjac5t kidney4 ,?us1 "u unusually heavy draft1 "u slips or falls on slipp]y gr\nd1 "u sudd5 unexpect$ droop+ or twi/+ ( ! lo9s f mis/eps or f ! feet s9k+ into holes1 "u ! load+ & j>r+ ( ! lo9s :5 animals ride "o ano!r 9 cases ( heat1 ! kidneys are subject to injury & inflammation4 ,a h>d run1 z :5 *as$ by a dog1 may be ! occasion ( su* an attack4 ,a fodd] ri* 9 nitrog5\s or fle%-=m+ elem5ts 7beans1 peas1 vet*es 7,vicia sativa71 & o!r legum9\s plants7 has be5 *>g$ ) irritat+ ! kidneys ?r\gh ! excess ( urea1 hippuric acid1 & alli$ products elim9at$ ?r\gh ^! organs & ! t5d5cy to ! =mation ( gravel4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ^! fe$s are mo/ dang]\s :5 p>tially rip5$ & yet n fully matur$1 a /age ( gr[? at :i* !y are liable to conta9 +r$i5ts irritat+ to ! /oma* & poison\s to ! bra91 z se5 9 _! induc+ s-call$ /oma* /agg]s4 ,ev5 9 ! poison+ by ! se$s ( rip5$ b only p>tially cur$ rye grass 7,lolium p]5ne71 & d>nel 7,lolium temul5tum71 ! kidneys are f\nd viol5tly conge/$ ) black blood2 also1 9 ! indige/ions t result f ! eat+ ( p>tially rip5$ corn or millet "s conge/ion ( ! kidneys is an att5dant ph5om5on4 ,cruzel says t ! disease z occurr+ locally is usually n alone f ! acrid & res9\s plants *>g$ ) induc+ hematuria1 b also f /9k+ camomile 7,an!mis cotula7 & field poppy :5 us$ 9 ! fre%1 succul5t condition2 also f ! great preval5ce ( dead cat]pill>s on ! pa/ure1 or f dead ,spani% flies 9 ! /agnant pools ( wat]4 ,! fre% plants are believ$ to be injuri\s only by reason ( a volatile oil :i* is dissipat$ 9 dry+4 ,9 ! case ( ! /agnant wat] x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! *emical products ( ! conta9$ f]m5ts 7bact]ia7 are n m frequ5tly ! cause ( ! evil ?an ! alleg$ ,spani% flies1 ?\gh ! latt] are hurtful en\gh :5 pres5t4 ,inflammation ( ! kidneys may fur!r be a =m or an ext5sion ( a specific contagi\s disease1 su* z erysipelas1 r9d]pe/1 septicemia1 or ev5 ( poison+ by ! spores ( fungi4 ,rivolta reports ! case ( a c[ ) spots ( local conge/ion & blood /a9+ 9 ! kidney1 ! affect$ p>ts be+ load$ ) bact]ia4 ,un=tunately he nei!r cultivat$ ! bact]ia nor inoculat$ !m1 & ?us ! case /&s )\t positive demon/ration t !y 7 ! cause ( disease4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! symptoms ( nephritis are v manife/1 & 9 o!rs s hidd5 t ! exi/5ce ( ! affection c be c]ta9ly recogniz$ only by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! ur9e4 ,9 viol5t cases !re is high fev]1 increase ( ! body temp]ature to #ajc ,f4 & upw>d2 hurri$ brea?+1 ) a cat*+ inspiration2 accel]at$ pulse2 dry1 hot muzzle2 burn+ ( ! roots ( ! horns & e>s2 loss ( appetite2 susp5d$ rum9ation2 & indications ( extreme s5sitiv5ess 9 ! lo9s4 ,! pati5t /&s ) back ar*$ & h9d legs ext5d$ backw>d & outw>d1 & passes wat] frequ5tly1 9 driblets1 ( a high color & specific gravity1 conta9+ album9 & microscopic ca/s4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #e47 ,:5 made to move1 ! pati5t does s ) hesitation & groan+1 especially if turn$ 9 a n>r[ circle2 :5 p9*$ on ! flank j b5ea? ! lat]al bony processes ( ! lo9s1 especially on t side on :i* ! disease pr$om9ates1 x fl9*es & groans4 ,if ! exam9ation is made ) oil$ h& introduc$ ?r\gh ! la/ gut 7rectum71 ! pressure upw>d on ! kidneys gives rise to great pa9 & to ef=ts to escape by mov+ away & by active contractions ( ! rectum = ! expulsion ( ! h&4 ,sometimes !re is a di/9ct swell+ ov] ! lo9s or qu>t] on "o or bo? sides4 ,9 unca/rat$ males ! te/icle on ! affect$ side is drawn up1 or is alt]nately rais$ & dropp$4 ,9 all !re is a liability to tremors ( ! ?igh on ! side affect$4 ,9 "s sev]e cases colicky pa9s are z viol5t z 9 ! wor/ =ms ( indige/ion & spasms ( ! b[els4 ,! animal frequ5tly %ifts f "o h9d foot to ! o!r1 /amps1 kicks at ! belly1 frequ5tly looks anxi\sly at its flank1 moans pla9tively1 lies d[n & quickly gets up aga91 gr9ds its tee?1 twi/s its tail1 & keeps ! back habitually ar*$ & rigid & ! h9d feet advanc$ "u ! belly4 ,! b[els may be co/ive & ! feces gli/5+ ) a coat ( mucus1 or !y may be loose & irritable1 & ! paun* or ev5 ! b[els may become di/5d$ ) gas 7bloat+7 z ! result ( indige/ion & f]m5tation4 ,9 "s animals1 male & female alike1 ! rigid1 ar*$ condition ( ! back w give way to su* undulat+ movem5ts z are sometimes se5 9 ! act ( coition4 ,! disease does n always appe> 9 its full sev]ity2 = a day1 or ev5 two1 h[ev]1 !re may be m]ely loss ( appetite1 impair$ rum9ation1 a disposition to rema9 ly+ d[n1 yet :5 ! pati5t is rais$ x manife/s suff]+ by anxi\sly look+ at ! flanks1 %ift+ or /amp+ ( ! h9d feet1 %ak+ ( ! tail1 & attempts to ur9ate1 :i* are ei!r fruitless or lead to ! dis*>ge ( a small quantity ( high-color$ or p]haps bloody ur9e4 ,9 "s rec5t slight cases1 & 9 _m *ronic ones1 ^! symptoms may be abs5t or unobs]v$1 & an exam9ation ( ! ur9e is necess>y to rea* a safe conclusion4 ,! ur9e may conta9 blood1 or x may be cl\dy f conta9$ album91 :i* coagulates on heat+ ) nitric acid 7see ,album9uria1 p4 #aba72 x may be slightly glairy f pus1 or gritty p>ticles may be detect$ 9 x4 ,9 seek+ = ca/s ( ! ur9if]\s tubes1 a drop may be tak5 ) a f9e tube f ! bottom ( ! liquid aft] /&+1 & exam9$ "u a p[] magnify+ #ej diamet]s4 ,if ! f9e1 cyl9droid filam5ts are se5 !y may !n be exam9$ ) a p[] ( #bjj or #bej diamet]s4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #e47 ,! appe>ance ( ! ca/s gives "s clue to ! condition ( ! kidneys4 ,if made up ( l>ge1 r\nd$ or slightly column> cells1 ) a s+le nucleus 9 ea* cell 7epi!lial71 !y imply comp>atively slight & rec5t disease ( ! kidney tubes1 ! deta*m5t ( ! epi!lium be+ l :at is se5 9 any inflam$ muc\s surface4 ,if made up l>gely ( ! small1 disk-%ap$ & nonnucleat$ r$ blood globules1 !y imply escape ( blood1 & usually a rec5t injury or conge/ion ( ! kidney--x may be f spra9s1 bl[s1 or ! +e/ion ( acrid or diuretic poisons4 ,if ! ca/s are made ( a cle>1 waxy1 homog5e\s sub/ance 7hyal9e71 )\t any admixture ( opaque p>ticles1 !y imply an inflammation ( long] /&+1 9 :i* ! inflam$ kidney tubules h be5 already /ripp$ ( _! cellul> 7epi!lial7 l9+4 ,if ! ca/s are r5d]$ opaque by ! pres5ce ( m9ute1 sph]ical granul> cells1 l :ite blood globules1 x betok5s active suppuration ( ! kidney tubes4 ,9 o!r cases ! ca/s are r5d]$ opaque by entangl$ e>?y granules 7c>bonate ( lime71 or cry/als ( "s o!r ur9>y salts4 ,9 /ill o!r cases ! ca/s entangle cle>1 refrang5t globules ( oil or fat1 :i* may imply fatty deg5]ation ( ! kidneys or injury to ! sp9al cord4 ,! pres5ce ( free pus giv+ a glairy1 floccul5t appe>ance to ! ur9e is sugge/ive ( inflammation ( ! ur9>y p\* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! excretory duct 7pelvis ( kidney7 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #a71 especially if complicat$ ) gritty p>ticles ( e>?y salts4 ,?is condition is kn[n z pyelitis4 ,9 ! *ronic cases swell+ ( ! legs or along ! l[] surface ( *e/ or abdom51 or )9 ^! respective cavities1 is a common symptom4 ,s1 also1 /upor or coma1 or ev5 convulsions1 may sup]v5e f ! poison\s action ( urea & o!r wa/e or morbid products reta9$ 9 ! blood4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! treatm5t ( acute nephritis ! fir/ consid]ation is ! removal ( ! cause4 ,acrid or diuretic plants 9 ! fe$ mu/ be remov$1 & :at ( ?is k9d is pres5t 9 ! /oma* or b[els may be cle>$ away by a mod]ate dose ( ca/or or olive oil2 ext5sive surfaces ( inflammation t h be5 bli/]$ by ,spani% flies mu/ be wa%$ clean ) soapsuds2 spra9s ( ! back or lo9s mu/ be treat$ by soo?+ fom5tations or p\ltices or by a fre% %eepsk9 ) its fle%y side appli$ on ! lo9s1 & ! pati5t mu/ be kept 9 a n>r[ /all 9 :i* x c n turn ev5 its head4 ,! pati5t mu/ be kept 9 a w>m1 dry build+1 s t ! sk9 may be kept active r ?an ! kidneys4 ,w>m blanket+ is equally important1 or ev5 mu/>d p\ltices ov] ! lo9s w be useful4 ,bli/]s ( ,spani% flies1 turp5t9e1 or o!r ag5t :i* may be absorb$ & irritate ! kidneys mu/ be avoid$4 ,! active fev] may be *eck$ by #ae drops t9cture ( aconite e f\r h\rs or by "o-?ird ounce ( acetanilid4 ,if pa9 is v acute1 #a ounce ( laudanum or #b drams ( solid extract ( belladonna w s]ve to relieve4 ,:5 ! sev]ity ( ! disease has pass$1 a c\rse ( tonics 7qu991 #b drams1 or g5tian p[d]1 #d drams1 daily7 may be giv54 ,diuretics1 too1 may be giv5 cauti\sly at ?is advanc$ /age to relieve dropsy & give tone to ! kidneys & g5]al sy/em 7oil ( turp5t9e1 #b teaspoonfuls2 bic>bonate ( soda1 #a teaspoonful1 repeat$ twice a day74 ,pure wat] is ess5tial1 & x %\ld n be giv5 *ill$2 w>m dr9ks are pref]able4 ,9 ! *ronic =ms ( kidney inflammation ! same protection aga9/ cold & simil> g5]al treatm5t are dem&$4 ,tonics1 h[ev]1 are important to improve ! g5]al heal? 7phosphate ( iron1 #b drams2 p[d]$ nux vomica1 #bj gra9s2 p[d]$ g5tian root1 #d drams1 daily74 ,9 "s in/ances ! m9]al acids 7nitric acid1 #fj drops1 or nitrohydro*loric acid1 #fj drops1 daily7 may be us$ ) ! bitt]s4 ,mu/>d appli$ to ! lo9s 9 ! =m ( a ?9 pulp made ) wat] & cov]$ = an h\r ) pap] or o!r imp]vi\s envelope1 or wat] hott] ?an ! h& c be>1 or cupp+1 may be resort$ to z a c\nt]irritant4 ,9 cupp+1 %ave ! lo9s1 sme> !m ) l>d1 !n take a n>r[-m\!d glass1 exp& ! air )9 by sme>+ its int]ior ) a few drops ( alcohol1 sett+ x on fire & in/antly press+ ! m\? ( ! vessel to ! oil$ portion ( ! sk94 ,z ! air )9 ! vessel cools x contracts1 t5d+ to =m a p>tial vacuum1 & ! sk91 *>g$ ) blood1 is /rongly drawn up )9 x4 ,sev]al ( ^! be+ appli$ at once1 a /rong d]ivation f ! affect$ kidneys is obta9$4 ,9 no case ( inflam$ or irritable kidney %\ld ,spani% flies or oil ( turp5t9e be us$ ^u ! sk94 ,,p>asites ,,( ,,! ,,kidney4 ,z ! kidney is ! visual *annel by :i* ! bact]ia leave ! sy/em1 ?is organ is liable to be implicat$ :5 microphytes exi/ 9 ! blood1 & conge/ions & blood extravasions are produc$4 ,9 an?rax1 s\!rn cattle fev] 7,texas fev]71 & o!r su* affections bloody ur9e is ! consequ5ce4 ,( ! l>g] p>asites attack+ ! kidney may be specially nam$ ! cy/ic =m ( ! e*9ococcus tapeworm ( ! dog1 ! cy/ic =m ( ! un>m$ or beef tapeworm ( man1 ! div+ bladd]worm--! cy/ic =m ( ! m>g9ate tapeworm ( ! dog1 & ! giant /rongyle-- ! l>ge/ ( ! r\ndworms4 ,^! give rise to g5]al symptoms ( kidney disease1 b ! true s\rce ( ! tr\ble is likely to be detect$ only if ! heads or hooklets ( ! tapeworm or ! eggs ( ! r\ndworm are f\nd on microscopical exam9ation ( ! ur9e4 ,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,kidney 7,,hyp]trophy ,,or ,,atrophy74 ,! kidney may be ! seat ( canc]\s or simple tumors1 & x may be unnaturally enl>g$ or r$uc$ 9 size1 b ?\gh !re may be signs ( ur9>y disord] ! true nature ( ! disease is seldom manife/ until aft] dea?4 ,! pass+ ( blood & ( l>ge multi-nucleat$ cells 9 ! ur9e 7to be detect$ "u ! microscope7 may betray ! exi/5ce ( an ulc]at$ canc] ( ! kidney4 ,! pres5ce ( canc]\s enl>gem5t ( 7sup]ficial7 lymphatic gl&s may fur!r assi/ & confirm ! decision4 ,,ret5tion ,,( ,,ur9e4 ,inability to pass ur9e may come f any "o ( ?ree conditions--fir/1 spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd]2 second1 p>alysis ( ! body ( ! bladd]2 ?ird1 ob/ruction ( ! *annel ( outlet by a /one 7calculus7 7see ,pl4 ,,xi7 or o!r ob/acle4 ,9 spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd] ! male animal may /& ) ! tail slightly rais$ & mak+ rhy?mical contractions ( ! muscle b5ea? ! anus 7accel]ator ur97 7see ,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b71 b )\t pass+ a drop ( liquid4 ,9 ! female ! h9d legs are ext5d$1 widely p>t$1 & ! back is ar*$ z if to ur9ate1 b ! ef=t is va94 ,if ! oil$ h& is introduc$ into ! rectum or vag9a 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! affection1 ! bladd] may be felt b5ea? p>tially fill$1 b n ov]di/5d$ ) liquid1 & its neck or m\? firm & rigid4 ,9 ! m advanc$ /ages ( ! affection ! organ is felt z a great1 t5se1 ela/ic bag1 ext5d+ =w>d into ! abdom54 ,9 ?is condition ! ov]di/5d$ muscul> coat ( ! bladd] has lo/ its p[] ( contraction1 s t true p>alysis has set 91 ! muscle clos+ ! m\? ( ! sac alone reta9+ its contractile p[]4 ,9 p>alysis ( ! body ( ! bladd] att5tion is r>ely drawn to ! ur9>y disord] until ! bladd] has be5 di/5d$ to full repletion & is almo/ ready to give way by rupture & to all[ ! escape ( ! conta9$ liquid into ! abdom54 ,ov]di/5tion is ! mo/ common cause ( ! p>alysis1 yet x may occur f inflammation ( ! muscul> wall ( ! bladd]1 or ev5 f injury to ! t]m9al "p ( ! sp9al m>r[4 ,9 ?is la/ condition1 h[ev]1 ! tail is liable to be p[]less1 & ! neck ( ! bladd] may also be p>alyz$1 s t ! ur9e dribbles away cont9u\sly4 ,causes4--,among ! causes ( spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd] may be nam$ ! lodgm5t ( small /ones or gravel1 ! fe$+ on irritant diuretics 7see ,bloody ur9e1 p4 #aai1 or ,nephritis1 p4 #abc71 ! en=c$ ret5tion ( ur9e :ile at "w or dur+ a pa9ful or difficult p>turition4 ,! irritation att5dant on inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! bladd] may be a fur!r cause ( spasms ( ! neck1 z may also be inflammation ( ! *annel 7ure?ra7 back ( ! neck4 ,ext5sive applications ( ,spani% flies to ! sk91 ! abuse ( diuretics1 & ! occurr5ce ( indige/ion & spasms ( ! b[els are fur!r causes4 ,s long z spasmodic colic is unreliev$1 ret5tion ( wat] f spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd] usually p]si/s4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t dep5ds l>gely on ! cause4 ,9 indige/ion ! irritant cont5ts ( ! b[els mu/ be got rid ( by laxatives & injections ( w>m wat]2 ,spani%-fly bli/]s mu/ be wa%$ f ! surface2 a prolong$ & too active ex]tion mu/ be int]mitt$4 ,! spasm may be relax$ by inject+ "o-half ounce ( solid extract ( belladonna 9 wat] into ! rectum or by a solution ( tobacco4 ,*lor(orm or e!r may be giv5 by inhalation1 or *loral hydrate 7#a ounce7 may be giv5 9 wat] by ! m\?4 ,fom5tations ( w>m wat] may be made ov] ! lo9s & betwe5 ! ?ighs1 & ! oil$ h& ins]t$ into ! rectum may press mod]ately on ! ant]ior "p ( ! bladd]1 :i* c be felt z an ela/ic fluctuat+ bag ( an oval %ape j b5ea?4 ,all o!r measures fail+1 ! liquid mu/ be drawn (f ?r\gh a tube 7ca!t]74 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly difficult1 alike 9 male & female1 & we c n expect an amateur to succe$ 9 accompli%+ x4 ,9 ! c[ ! op5+ into ! bladd] is f\nd 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! floor ( ! g5]ative entrance1 ab\t #d in*es 9 front ( ! ext]nal op5+1 b x is flank$ on ei!r side by a bl9d p\*1 into :i* ! ca!t] w pass1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 9 ! h&s ( any b ! mo/ skill$ op]ator4 ,9 ! bull or /e] ! p5is1 :5 retract$ into its %ea?1 is b5t ^u itself l ! lett] ,s1 j above ! scrotum & te/icles 7see ,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b71 & unless ?is b5d is effac$ by ext5d+ ! organ =w>d out ( its %ea? x is q impossible to pass a ca!t] beyond ?is po9t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 by ! pres5tation ( a female1 ! animal c be tempt$ to protrude ! p5is1 s t x c be seiz$ & ext5d$1 or :5 x c be manipulat$ =w>d out ( ! %ea?1 x becomes possible to pass a ca!t] ( small calib] 7"o-?ird in* or "u7 onw>d into ! bladd]4 ,y\att advis$ lay+ op5 ! %ea? s z to rea* & ext5d ! p5is1 & o!rs h advocat$ op5+ ! ure?ra 9 ! space betwe5 ! ?ighs or j b5ea? ! anus1 b su* =midable op]ations are beyond ! /ock own]4 ,! incision ( ! n>r[ ure?ra ?r\gh ! great ?ickness ( muscul> & erectile ble$+ tissue j b5ea? ! anus is especially an op]ation ( extreme delicacy & difficulty4 ,draw+ ! liquid ?r\gh ! tube ( an aspirator is ano!r possible resort = ! pr(essional man4 ,! delicate ne$le ( ! aspirator is ins]t$ 9 su* cases ?r\gh ! floor ( ! vag9a & upp] wall ( ! bladd] 9 ! female1 or ?r\gh ! floor ( ! rectum 7la/ gut7 & ro( ( ! bladd] 9 ! male1 or f9ally ?r\gh ! l[] & back "p ( ! abdom9al wall1 j 9 front ( ! bones ( ! pelvis 7pubic bones71 !nce ?r\gh ! l[] & ant]ior "p ( ! bladd] ne> its bl9d ant]ior end4 ,aft] relief has be5 obta9$ ! adm9i/ration ( belladonna 9 #b-;dram doses daily = sev]al days w t5d to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! ret5tion4 ,:5 ! body ( ! bladd] has become b5umb$ or p>alyz$ by ov]di/5tion1 we may seek to re/ore its tone by doses ( "o-half a dram ( p[d]$ nux vomica repeat$ daily1 & by mu/>d pla/] appli$ ov] ! lo9s1 on ! back "p ( ! belly inf]iorly1 or betwe5 ! ?ighs4 ,small doses 7#b drams7 ( balsam ( copaiba are sometimes useful 9 imp>t+ tone to ! p>tly p>alyz$ organ4 ,,incont95ce ,,( ,,ur9e 7,,palsy ,,( ,,! ,,neck ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]74 ,?is may occur f disease or injury to ! po/]ior "p ( ! sp9al cord or f brok5 back1 & 9 ^! cases ! tail1 & p]haps ! h9d limbs1 are liable to be p>alyz$4 ,9 ?is case ! ur9e dribbles away con/antly1 & ! oil$ h& 9 ! vag9a or rectum w feel ! half-fill$ & flaccid bladd] b5ea? & may easily empty x by pressure4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is only successful :5 ! cause ( ! tr\ble c be rem$i$4 ,aft] ^! 7spra9s ( ! back1 etc47 h recov]$1 bli/]s 7mu/>d7 on ! lo9s1 ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 or betwe5 ! ?ighs may be resort$ to ) success4 ,two drams ( copaiba or ( solid extract ( belladonna or #b gra9s ,spani% flies daily may s]ve to re/ore ! lo/ tone4 ,^! fail+1 ! use ( electric curr5ts may /ill prove successful4 ,,ur9>y ,,calculi 7,,/one ,,or ,,gravel74 ,/one or gravel consi/s ( h>d bodies ma9ly made up ( ! solid e>?y con/itu5ts ( ! ur9e :i* h cry/alliz$ out ( t liquid at "s "p ( ! ur9>y passage1 & h rema9$ z small p>ticles 7gravel71 or h concret$ into l>ge masses 7/one1 calculus74 7,see ,pl4 ,,xi1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,9 cattle x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d !m di/5d+ ! practically microscopic tubes 9 ! r$ sub/ance ( ! kidney1 hav+ be5 deposit$ f ! ur9e 9 ! solid =m almo/ z soon z t liquid has be5 sep>at$ f ! blood4 ,^! /ones appe> z :ite objects on ! r$ gr\nd =m$ by cutt+ sections ( ! kidney1 & are ess5tially products ( ! dry fe$ ( w9t]1 & are mo/ common 9 work+ ox51 :i* are call$ ^u to exhale m wat] f ! lungs & sk9 ?an are ! slop-f$ & inactive c[s4 ,little wat] be+ introduc$ into ! body ) ! fe$ & consid]able be+ expell$ ) ! brea? & p]spiration 9 connection ) ! active life1 ! ur9e becomes small 9 am\nt1 b hav+ to c>ry out all wa/e mat]ial f ! tissues & ! tissue-=m+ fe$ x becomes s *>g$ ) solids t x is ready to deposit !m on ! slighte/ di/urbance4 ,if1 !re=e1 a little ( ! wat] ( su* conc5trat$ ur9e is reabsorb$ at any po9t ( ! ur9>y passages ! rema9d] is no long] able to hold ! solids 9 solution1 & !y are at once precipitat$ 9 ! solid =m z gravel or comm5c+ /one4 ,9 cattle1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are kept at pa/ure 9 summ]1 or :i* are f$ lib]ally on roots1 potatoes1 pumpk9s1 apples1 or ensilage 9 w9t]1 ?is conc5trat$ condition ( ! ur9e is n induc$1 & "u su* circum/ances1 !re=e1 ! =mation ( /one is practically unkn[n4 ,no?+ m ne$ be said to %[ ! controll+ influ5ce ( dry fe$+ 9 produc+ gravel & ( a wat]y ration 9 prev5t+ x4 ,calculus 9 cattle is ess5tially a disease ( w9t] & ( su* cattle z are d5i$ succul5t fe$ & are conf9$ to dry fodd] z _! exclusive ration4 ,:ile !re are exceptions1 !y are s r>e t !y d n invalidate ?is g5]al rule4 ,x is true t /one 9 ! kidney or bladd] is (t5 f\nd 9 ! summ] or 9 animals fe$+ at ! "t on a m or less succul5t ration1 yet su* masses usually date back to a =m] p]iod :5 ! animals 7 re/rict$ to a dry ration4 ,9 ?is connection is %\ld be not$ t a great dra9 ( wat] f ! sy/em by any o!r *annel ?an ! kidneys pr$isposes to ! production ( gravel or /one4 ,9 case ( pr(use di>rhea1 = example1 or ( excessive secretion ( milk1 !re is a correspond+ dim9ution ( ! wat] ( ! blood1 & z ! :ole quantity ( ! blood is ?us decreas$ & z ! ur9e secret$ is l>gely influ5c$ by ! fullness ( ! blood vessels & ! pressure ex]t$ ^u _! walls f )91 x foll[s t ) ?is decrease ( ! mass ( ! blood & ! less5+ ( its pressure outw>d !re w be a correspond+ decrease ( ur9e4 ,! wa/e ( ! tissues1 h[ev]1 goes on z be=e1 & if ! wa/e matt] is pass$ out ?r\gh ! kidneys x mu/ be 9 a m conc5trat$ solution1 & ! m conc5trat$ ! ur9e ! great] ! dang] t ! solids w be deposit$ z small cry/als or calculi4 ,aga91 ! conc5trat$ condition ( ! ur9e :i* pr$isposes to su* deposits is favor$ by ! quantity ( lime salts t may be pres5t 9 ! wat] drunk by ! animal4 ,wat] t conta9s #bj or #cj gra9s ( c>bonate or sulphate ( lime to ! gallon mu/ contribute a l>ge addition ( solids to ! blood & ur9e z comp>$ ) s(t wat]s f :i* lime is abs5t4 ,9 ?is connection x is a rem>kable fact t /one & gravel 9 ! dome/icat$ h]bivora are notori\sly preval5t on _m lime/one soils1 z on ! lime/one =mations ( c5tral & we/]n ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,mi*igan2 on ! calc>e\s =mations ( ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,d]by%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,gl\ce/]%ire1 9 ,engl&2 9 ,l&es 9 ,france1 & ar\nd ,muni* 9 ,bav>ia4 ,x does n foll[ t ! abundance ( lime 9 ! wat] & fodd] is ! ma9 cause ( ! calculi1 z o!r poisons :i* are op]ative 9 ! same di/ricts 9 caus+ goit] 9 bo? man & animal probably contribute to ! tr\ble1 yet ! excess ( e>?y salts 9 ! dr9k+ wat] c h>dly fail to add to ! saturation ( bo? blood & ur9e1 & !reby to favor ! precipitation ( ! ur9>y solids f _! /ate ( solution4 ,! kn[n results ( fe$+ cattle a g5]\s or =c+ ration 9 :i* phosphate ( lime is pres5t to excess adds additional =ce to ! view j advanc$4 ,9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 ! ,second ,duke ( ,oneida1 a magnific5t product ( 8 _w-fam$ family1 di$ z ! result ( a too lib]al all[ance ( :eat bran1 f$ ) ! view ( /ill fur!r improv+ ! bone & g5]al =m ( ! ,du*ess /ra9 ( ,%or?orns4 ,li?otomy 0 p]=m$ & a numb] ( /ones remov$ f ! bladd] & ure?ra1 b ! pati5t succumb$ to an inflammation ( ! b[els1 induc$ by ! viol5t purgatives giv5 be=e ! writ] arriv$1 "u ! mi/ak5 idea t ! /ra9+ _h be5 caus$ by inte/9al impaction4 ,9 ?is case n only ! ,second ,duke ( ,oneida1 b ! o!r males ( ! h]d z well1 _h ! tufts ( hairs at ! outlet ( ! %ea? encas$ 9 h>d1 cyl9droid %ea?s ( ur9>y salts1 precipitat$ f ! liquid z x ran ov] !m4 ,! tufts 7 9 reality resolv$ into a s]ies ( h>d1 roll]like bodies1 m or less con/rict$ at int]vals1 z if bead$4 ,:5 x is /at$ t ! a% ( ! :ole gra9 ( :eat is b #c p] c5t1 :ile ! a% ( :eat bran is #g4c p] c5t1 & t 9 ! case ( ! =m] #df4ch p] c5t ( ! a% is phosphoric acid1 & 9 t ( ! latt] #ej p] c5t1 x c easily be und]/ood h[ a too lib]al use ( :eat bran %\ld prove dang]\s if f$ dry4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative proportion ( a% & phosphoric acid 9 :eat bran & 9 "s common f>m se$s3 ,a% & phosphoric acid 9 bran & "s common f>m se$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,k9d ( gra94 ,a%4 ,phosphoric ,phosphoric acid 9 a%4 acid 9 ! entire fe$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,:eat bran #g4c #ej #c4fe ,:eat1 gra9 #c #df4ch #a4ciad ,oats1 gra9 #b4ej #bf4e 4#ffbe ,b>ley1 gra9 #c4aj #ci4f #a4bbgf ,bean1 gra9 #c4aj #ca4i 4#ihfd ,peas1 gra9 #b4ge #cd4h 4#ieg ,t>e1 gra9 #c #cf4b #a4jhf ,indian corn1 gra94 #a4e -- -- ,rye1 gra9 #a4f #ci4i 4#fchd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,:eat bran1 x w be obs]v$1 conta9s ?ree times z mu* phosphoric acid z is f\nd 9 any ( ! o!r gra9s1 & f\r times z mu* z oats1 beans1 peas1 or rye2 s t if f$ 9 excess x w readily ov]*>ge ! ur9e ) phosphates4 ,!re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 9 e/imat+ ?is dang]4 ,:eat bran conta9s a f> great] quantity ( album9oids & o!r nitrog5-conta9+ con/itu5ts ?an ! common gra9s 7^! be+ made up ma9ly ( />*1 :i* conta9s no nitrog572 &1 all nitrog5-be>+ products conta9$ 9 ! blood & tissues be+ expell$ f ! body ma9ly ?r\gh ! kidneys 9 ! =m ( urea & 79 cattle7 hippuric acid1 x foll[s t ! excess ( urea =m$ :5 su* fe$ is consum$ mu/ load ! ur9e ) solids & br+ x con/antly ne>] to ! po9t ( saturation1 :5 su* solids 7or ! lea/ soluble ( !m7 mu/ be deposit$4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! relative am\nts ( ! nitrog5-be>+ products 9 :eat bran & "s ( our common gra9s3 ,nitrog5\s matt] 9 :eat bran & "s common f>m gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,k9d ( gra94 ,album9oids ,woody fib] ,total nitrog5\s- 7nitrog5\s74 7nitrog5\s47 be>+ con/itu5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,:eat bran4 #af4a #h #bd4a ,:eat1 gra9 #ab4e #a4h #ad4c ,b>ley1 gra9 #ab4d #b4g #ae4a ,oats1 gra9 #aa4h #i4e #ba4c ,rye1 gra9 #aj4f #a4g #ab4c ,indian corn #aj4a #a4g #aa4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x w be obs]v$ t1 ) ! exception ( oats1 none ( ! gra9s conta9 m ?an two-?irds ( ! nitrog5\s mat]ial pres5t 9 ! :eat bran1 :ile 9 ! case ( rye & maize !re is practically b "o-half4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( oats ! album9oids1 :i* are ! m dige/ible pr9ciples1 & !re=e ^? t are ! mo/ easily & spe$ily conv]t$ into urea1 are pres5t only to ! am\nt ( two-?irds ( t :i* exi/s 9 ! :eat bran4 ,) su* an excess ( a%1 ( phosphates1 & ( nitrog5\s 7urea-=m+7 con/itu5ts 9 :eat bran1 its t5d5cy to favor ! =mation ( calculi is fully expla9$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ t :eat bran is n a valuable fe$/uff4 ,! inf]5ce is only t x %\ld be f$ ) an abundance ( wat]1 z a sloppy ma%1 or 9 comb9ation ) an abundance ( roots1 potatoes1 pumpk9s1 or o!r succul5t alim5t4 ,9 ?is connection ! pres5ce ( magnesia 9 ! fe$ or wat] mu/ be nam$ z favor+ calcul\s =mations 9 ! ur9>y passages4 ,! explanation is t :ile ! phosphate ( magnesia ?r[n out 9 ! ur9e is soluble 9 wat]1 ! comp\nd phosphate ( ammonia & magnesia is insoluble1 &1 accord+ly1 if at any "t ammonia is introduc$ into ur9e conta9+ ! phosphate ( magnesia !re is in/antly =m$ ! ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 :i* is z promptly deposit$ 9 ! solid =m4 ,! common s\rce ( ammonia 9 su* cases is f decomposition ( ! urea 9 f]m5t+ ur9e4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is a f]m5t is necess>y1 h[ev]1 & !re=e1 z an additional pr]equisite1 ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 or fungi1 9 ! ur9e is ess5tial4 ,^! f]m5ts may make _! way f )\t along ! ur9>y passage 7ure?ra71 & _! propagation 9 ! bladd] is greatly favor$ by ! prolong$ ret5tion ( ur9e1 z 9 case ( spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd] or ob/ruction by an already exi/+ /one4 ,ano!r mode ( entrance ( ! f]m5t is an unclean ca!t] us$ to draw ! ur9e4 ,/ill ano!r is ! elim9ation ?r\gh ! kidneys ( ! bact]ia ( infecti\s diseases1 or ( su* z1 )\t produc+ a g5]al infection1 yet det]m9e f]m5tation 9 ! ur9e4 ,! precipitation is favor$ n only by ! production ( ammonia1 b also by ! =mation ( viscid 7colloid7 products ( f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is s5se bact]ia are mo/ important factors 9 caus+ gritty deposits 9 ! ur9e4 ,ano!r insoluble salt :i* ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( _m ur9>y calculi ( ! ox is c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! lime 9 ! fe$ & wat] & f ! c>bon dioxid =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! organic acids 9 ! fodd]4 ,^! organic acids1 be+ compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 7)\t nitrog571 are resolv$ by ! addition ( oxyg5 into c>bon dioxid 7,,co#b7 & wat] 7,h#b,o74 ,! c>bon dioxid unites ) ! lime 9 ! blood to =m c>bonate ( lime1 & 9 ?is /ate passes into ! ur9e4 ,n[1 c>bonate ( lime is soluble 9 wat] conta9+ free or uncomb9$ c>bon dioxid1 b is precipitat$ :5ev] ! latt] is )drawn4 ,x is only necess>y1 !re=e1 to h 9 ! ur9e suffici5t lime or o!r available base to unite ) all ! free c>bon dioxid 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! precipitation ( ! dissolv$ c>bonate ( lime 9 ! solid1 cry/alliz$ =m2 h5ce x is t1 ( all s$im5ts 9 ! ur9e ( h]bivora1 ?is is ! mo/ frequ5t & usually ! mo/ abundant4 ,a less common con/itu5t ( ur9>y calculi is ! insoluble oxalate ( lime4 ,9 ?is case ! lime is d]iv$ z be=e f ! fe$ or wat]1 or bo?1 :ile ! oxalic acid is a product ( ! oxidation ( organic acids ( ! fe$1 less oxyg5 hav+ be5 us$ ?an 9 ! =mation ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! f9al product ( ! complete oxidation ( ^! acids is c>bon dioxid1 b :5 less oxyg5 is furni%$1 ow+ to "s disease ( ! lungs or a disease ( ! n]ve c5t]s1 :i* less5s ! activity ( ! brea?+1 !n oxalic acid may be produc$4 ,if ?is oxalic acid comes into contact ) lime1 x is in/antly precipitat$ z cry/als ( oxalate ( lime4 ,ano!r inorganic sub/ance at times f\nd 9 ur9>y calculi is silica 7,si,o#b74 ,?is contributes l>gely to giv+ /iffness to ! /ems ( gr[+ plants1 & 9 mo/ ( our c]eals & grasses makes up a l>ge proportion ( ! a%es ( ! burn$ plant4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! soluble =m 9 comb9ation z silicate ( pota%1 b at times is displac$ by oxalic or o!r acid & !n appe>s z gritty1 s&y p>ticles 9 ! /em4 ,?is gritty1 insoluble silica is especially noticeable among ! horsetails 7,equisetacce71 bamboos1 & s$ges4 ,! p] c5t ( silica 9 ! a% ( sev]al common fodd] plants is giv5 bel[3 ,silica 9 a% ( v>i\s fodd] plants4 ,a% (-- ,silica4 ,p] c5t4 ,:eat /raw #fg4f ,oats & husk #ch4f ,oat /raw #ce4d ,b>ley /raw #gc4a ,rye /raw #fd4d ,rye-grass hay #fd4eg ,:eat *aff #ha4b ,oat *aff #ei4i ,b>ley awn #gj4g ,x is only soluble silica t is tak5 up into ! sy/em1 & x is 9 ?is =m 7usually z silicate ( pota% or soda7 t x ent]s ! ur9e1 b all t is want$ to precipitate x 9 cry/all9e =m z a gritty s& is ! pres5ce ( oxalic or o!r acid hav+ a /rong] aff9ity = its base 7pota% or soda74 ,o!r conditions1 h[ev]1 ent] l>gely into ! causation ( /one1 or gravel4 ,a high d5sity ( ur9e result+ f a highly saturat$ condition is (t5 pres5t = a l5g? ( "t )\t any precipitation ( solid mat]ials4 ,urea & c>bonates may be pres5t 9 excess1 ! fe$ may be giv5 dry1 & dr9k+ wat] may be defici5t 9 quantity )\t any deposition ( /one or gravel4 ,9 su* cases1 ! pres5ce ( noncry/all9e organic matt] 9 ! ur9e becomes an excit+ cause4 ,ra9ey & ,ord h %[n exp]im5tally t colloid 7noncry/allizable7 bodies l mucus1 epi!lial cells1 album91 pus1 blood1 hyal9e ca/s ( ! kidney tubes1 etc41 n only det]m9e ! precipitation ( cry/allizable salts f a /rong solution1 b !y det]m9e ! precipitation 9 ! =m ( globul> masses1 or m9ute sph]es1 :i*1 by fur!r simil> accessions1 become /ones1 or calculi1 ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! salts t are deposit$ by m]e *emical reaction )\t ! int]v5tion ( colloids appe> 9 ! =m ( %>ply def9$ angul> cry/als1 & h5ce ! r\gh1 jagg$ cry/als ( oxalate ( lime or ammonia-magnesium phosphate4 ,heat int5sifies ! action ( ! colloids 9 caus+ precipitation ( ! dissolv$ salts1 s t ! temp]atures ( ! kidneys & bladd] con/itute favorable conditions4 ,colloids t are und]go+ decomposition are also specially p[]ful1 s t ! pres5ce ( bact]ia or fungi caus+ f]m5tation is an important factor4 ,9 look+1 !re=e1 = ! imm$iate causes ( ur9>y calculi we mu/ accord a high place to all ^? conditions :i* det]m9e ! pres5ce ( excess ( mucus1 album91 pus1 blood1 kidney ca/s1 blood-color+ matt]1 etc41 9 ! ur9e4 ,a cat>rhal inflammation ( ! pelvis ( ! kidney1 ( ! uret]1 or ( ! bladd]1 g5]at+ excess ( mucus or pus2 inflammation ( ! kidneys1 caus+ ! dis*>ge ( blood1 album91 or hyal9e ca/s into ! ur9>y passages2 inflammation ( ! liv]1 lungs1 or o!r di/ant organ1 result+ 9 ! escape ( album9 9 ! ur9e2 disord]s ( ! liv] or ( ! blood-=m+ functions1 result+ 9 hematuria or hemoglob9uria2 spra9s or o!r injuries to ! back1 or disease ( ! sp9al m>r[1 :i* cause ! escape ( blood ) ! ur9e2 ! pres5ce 9 ! bladd] ( a bact]ial f]m5t1 :i* det]m9es ! decomposition ( ! mucus & urea1 ! evolution ( ammonia & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( ! protect+ cellul> 7epi!lia7 l9+ ( ! bladd]1 or ! irritation caus$ by ! pres5ce ( an already =m$ calculus1 may produce ! colloid or uncry/allizable body t proves s effective 9 ! precipitation ( /one or gravel4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t calculi almo/ inv>iably =m ar\nd any =eign body introduc$ into ! kidney or bladd]1 & ,i h se5 a l>ge1 calcul\s mass surr\nd+ a spl9t] ( an arr[ t _h p5etrat$ & brok5 (f 9 ! body ( a de]4 ,! explanation is n[ satisfactory--! =eign body c>ries 9 ) x bact]ia1 :i* act z f]m5ts ^u ! ur9e & mucus 9 addition to ! me*anical injury caus$ by its pres5ce4 ,if su* a body has be5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! solid tissues1 !re is1 9 addition1 ! pres5ce ( ! blood & lymph d]iv$ f ! w\nd$ /ructures4 ,,classification ,,( ,,ur9>y ,,calculi4 ,ur9>y calculi are mo/ conv5i5tly divid$ accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,?us we f9d fir/ r5al calculi1 =m$ 9 ! kidney 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #a71 & :i* = cattle mu/ be aga9 divid$ into calculi ( ! ur9if]\s tubes & calculi ( ! pelvis4 ,! second class are nam$ uret]al calculi because !y are f\nd 9 ! duct lead+ f ! kidney to ! bladd] 7uret]74 ,! ?ird class are ! vesical calculi1 f ! bladd] or vesicle 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! f\r? class are ! ure?ral calculi1 & are f\nd 9 ! duct lead+ outw>d f ! bladd] ?r\gh ! p5is 7ure?ra74 ,! fif? & la/ class are ! preputial calculi1 s9ce !y are f\nd )9 ! %ea? ( ! p5is 7prepuce74 ,calculi may also be class$ accord+ to _! *emical composition & ?is has ! advantage ( sugge/+ ! special cause ( ea* z f\nd 9 ! fe$1 wat]1 soil1 or g5]al conditions ( heal?4 ,?is classification af=ds no guide to _! location or symptoms1 z calculi ( ! same *emical composition may be =m$ at any "p ( ! ur9>y passages1 z ^? =m$ 9 ! kidney may pass on ?r\gh all ! v>i\s passages outw>d1 unless x is f\nd at any po9t ( _! progress t !y h gr[n s l>ge t ! passage w n admit !m4 ,! foll[+ are among ! concretions f\nd 9 ! v>i\s p>ts3 7#a7 ,corall9e calculi4--,^! are ( a dull-:ite color & irregul> surface1 l coral4 ,!y are made up ( h>d & resi/ant lay]s ev5ly deposit$ ar\nd a c5tral nucleus4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #c47 ,_! specific gravity is #a1gfj1 wat] be+ #a1jjj1 & !y conta9 #gd p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime ) "s c>bonate ( magnesia1 organic matt]1 & a trace ( c>bonate ( iron4 ,yell[i%-:ite1 smoo?1 r\nd calculi ( ! same *emical composition are met )4 7#b7 ,pe>ly calculi4--,^! are m frequ5t ?an ! fir/-nam$ v>iety4 ,!y are v h>d & smoo? on ! surface1 reflect+ a play ( v>i\s colors aft] ! fa%ion ( a pe>l4 ,?is peculi>ity appe>s to be caus$ by ! ?9ness & semitransp>5cy ( ! suppos$ lay]s4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #b1aji to #b1cea1 & ne>ly ! same *emical composition z ! corall9e v>iety4 ,gold+ ,bird f\nd a specim5 ( ?is k9d =m$ ( c>bonate ( lime & organic matt] only4 7#c7 ,gre5 calculi 7metalloid calculi74--,^! are usually small & num]\s1 z !y are exce$+ly common4 ,!y are ( a v h>d consi/5cy1 & h a cle>-poli%$1 gre5i% surface ( almo/ metallic brilliancy4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #b4cja & a composition almo/ id5tical ) ! second v>iety4 7#d7 ,:ite calculi4--,pure :ite1 smoo?1 lu/r\s calculi are r>e4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #b4cjg1 & conta9 z mu* z #ib p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime ) c>bonate ( magnesia & organic matt]4 7#e7 ,ammonio-magnesium calculi4--,^! are ( a grayi% color & a v r\gh1 cry/all9e surface1 :i* proves v irritat+ to ! muc\s membrane4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #a4aji to #a4fcg1 & are compos$ *iefly ( ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 oxalate ( lime1 & organic matt]1 ) a little c>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 7#f7 ,silice\s calculi4--,^! are cle>1 smoo?1 & h>d1 & usually sph]ical4 ,!y h a specific gravity ( #a4bfe to #a4cgf1 & conta9 #eg p] c5t ( silica ) c>bonates ( iron & magnesia1 organic matt]1 & traces ( iron4 ,9 o!r specim5s ( silice\s calculi !re 0 a specific gravity ( #c4abb1 & !re 0 #gi to #he p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime toge!r ) c>bonate ( magnesia1 & iron1 silica1 & organic matt]4 ,o!rs are almo/ exclusively made ( silica4 7#g7 ,oxalate ( lime calculi 7mulb]ry calculi7 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #b74-- ,^! are *>act]iz$ by _! extremely r\gh1 angul> surface1 =m$ by ! octah$ral cry/als ( oxalate ( lime4 ,_! specific gravity may be #c4dda1 & !y conta9 oxalate ( lime to ! ext5t ( #ha p] c5t1 toge!r ) c>bonates ( lime & magnesia & organic matt]4 7#h7 ,gravel 7pultace\s deposits74--,simple cry/als may be met ) at any po9t f ! kidneys to ! ext]nal op5+ at ! end ( ! prepuce 7%ea?71 & !y may appe> s+ly1 z cry/als1 or !y may accumulate 9 masses ( f9e sph]ical cry/als almo/ l dirty p[d]$ *alk susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,9 ! ox ?is is especially common z a collection 9 ! %ea?1 di/5d+ t into a s(t1 d\ghy swell+4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,calculi ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,situations4 ,ap>t f ! r\gh cry/all9e surfaces ( ! calculi ( oxalate ( lime & ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 ! g5]al t5d5cy is to a smoo?1 r\nd outl9e4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 !y %[ m or less flatt5+ ) r\nd$ angul> edges1 caus$ by ! contact & mutual friction ( two calculi4 ,sometimes two or m /ones ly+ toge!r become unit$ into "o by a new ext]nal deposit1 & ! result+ mass !n %[s r\nd$ swell+s on opposite sides4 ,! l>ge calculi occupy+ ! pelvis ( ! kidneys usually %[ a c5tral "p hav+ ! outl9e ( ! ma9 cavity ( ! pelvis & two or m projections t h be5 mold$ into ! correspond+ bran*es or *annels :i* lead to correspond+ lobes ( ! kidney4 ,9 w9t] & spr+ small concretions 9 ! =m ( plates are (t5 met ) 9 ! bran*es ( ! pelvis1 hav+ be5 =m$ & mold$ 9 ! conf9$ space betwe5 ! project+ papilla & ! surr\nd+ cuplike bran* ( ! pelvis4 ,f9ally1 ! pulplike deposits 9 ! %ea? & else:]e are made up ( globul> masses1 individually s small z to be (t5 practically microscopic4 ,,/one ,,9 ,,! ,,kidney 7,,r5al ,,calculi74 ,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #a4 ,9 an animal lead+ ! quiet1 unev5tful life ( ! ox1 /ones ( l>ge size may be pres5t 9 ! kidney )\t produc+ any disord] appreciable to ! p ab\t him4 ,9 cattle fatt5$ on dry fe$ 9 w9t]1 on ! magnesian lime/one ( ,new ,york1 x is exceptional to f9d ! sub/ance ( ! kidney free f calculi ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( :eat or less1 & /&+ out z :ite objects 9 ! g5]al r$ ( ! cut surface ( ! organ4 ,simil>ly ar\nd ! papill 9 ! cuplike arms ( ! pelvis we f9d m9ute1 flatt5$ or m or less r\nd$1 yell[i%-:ite concretions4 ,ev5 ! l>ge concretions may prove app>5tly h>mless4 ,i h a calculus sev]al ounces 9 weight :i* fill$ ! entire pelvis ( ! kidney1 t 0 f\nd by accid5t 9 a fat c>cass :ile be+ dress$4 ,9 "w ox51 h[ev]1 su* concretions may give rise to symptoms ( kidney disease1 su* z /iffness ( ! lo9s1 %[n especially 9 ! acts ( ris+ or turn+1 weakness ( ! h9d p>ts :5 set to pull a heavy load1 an irritability ( ! kidneys1 %[n by ! frequ5t passage ( ur9e 9 small quantity1 t5d]ness ( ! lo9s1 %[n :5 !y are p9*$ or lightly /ruck1 & x may be ! passage ( blood or m9ute gritty masses ) ! ur9e4 ,if ! attack is sev]e1 :at is call$ r5al colic 7kidney colic7 may be %[n by frequ5t uneasy %ift+ ( ! h9d limbs1 %ak+ or twi/+ ( ! tail1 look+ ar\nd at ! flanks1 & ly+ d[n & ris+ aga9 at %ort int]vals )\t app>5t cause4 ,! frequ5t passage ( ur9e1 ! blood or gritty masses conta9$ 9 x1 & p]haps ! h>d1 /ony cyl9d]s ar\nd ! tufts ( hair ( ! %ea?1 %[ t ! s\rce ( ! suff]+ is ! ur9>y organs4 ,9 bad cases active inflammation ( ! kidneys may set 94 7,see ,nephritis1 p4 #abc47 ,,uret]al ,,calculi4 ,^! are small /ones :i* h pass$ f ! pelvis ( ! kidney into ! canal 7uret]7 lead+ f ! kidney to ! bladd]1 b1 be+ too l>ge to pass on easily1 h block$ t canal & =c$ ! ur9e back ^u ! kidney4 ,! result is ! production ( symptoms m viol5t ?an 9 r5al calculi1 ?\gh n v>y+1 save 9 int5sity1 f ^? ( r5al colic4 ,9 case ( complete & unreliev$ ob/ruction1 ! secretion ( ! kidney on t side is entirely aboli%$1 & x becomes ! seat ( passive conge/ion1 & x may ev5 be absorb$ 9 great] "p or z a :ole1 leav+ only a fibr\s sac conta9+ fluid ) a ur9\s odor4 ,9 small cattle1 9 :i* ! oil$ h& introduc$ into ! la/ gut may rea* ! affect$ "p1 ! di/5d$ uret] may be felt z a t5se1 ela/ic cord1 ext5d+ =w>d f ! po9t ( ob/ruction on ! lat]al wall ( ! pelvis & b5ea? ! lo9s t[>d ! kidney4 ,if relief is obta9$ by ! onw>d passage ( ! /one a free fl[ ( ur9e usually foll[s1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* may (t5 be f\nd gritty masses4 ,if ! outlets f bo? kidneys are simil>ly block$ ! animal becomes poison$ by ! ret5tion 9 ! blood ( ! elem5ts ( ! ur9e1 & by _! reabsorption aft] secretion4 ,treatm5t ( r5al & uret]al calculi4--,treatm5t is n v successful1 z only ! smalle/ calculi c pass ?r\gh ! uret] & ent] ! bladd]1 & ev5 if !y %\ld d s !y are liable to a progressive increase !re1 s t lat] !y may cause ! symptoms ( /one 9 ! bladd]4 ,=tunately1 ord9>y dairy1 gr[+1 or fatt5+ cattle r>ely %[ evid5t symptoms ( illness1 & ev5 ?\gh !y d s !y c usually be fatt5$ & slaught]$ be=e ! heal? is s]i\sly impair$4 ,9 "w ox5 ! case is diff]5t1 & acute symptoms may develop1 b ev5 !n ! animal may (t5 be fitt$ = ! but*]4 ,:5 treatm5t is dem&$ x is prim>ily soo?+ & antispasmodic4 ,fom5tations ) w>m wat] ov] ! lo9s %\ld be p]si/$ 9 )\t int]mission until relief has be5 secur$4 ,! soo?+ effect on ! kidney w (t5 relieve inflammation & irritation1 %\ld ! /one be 9 t situation1 :ile if 9 ! uret] ! w>m fom5tations w at once soo! irritation1 relax spasm ( ! muscul> coat ( ! canal1 & favor an abundant secretion f ! kidney1 :i*1 press+ on ! ob/ruct+ /one1 may sl[ly pu% x on into ! bladd]4 ,l>ge doses ( laudanum 7#b ounces7 or ( solid extract ( belladonna 7#b drams7 w n only soo! ! pa9 b relax ! spasm & favor ! onw>d passage ( ! calculus4 ,! animal %\ld be enc\rag$ to dr9k l>ge quantities ( cool wat] to favor ! free secretion ( a v wat]y ur9e1 :i* w n only s]ve to obviate irritation & cont9u$ deposit caus$ by a highly conc5trat$ ur9e1 b w press ! /one onw>d t[>d ! bladd]1 & ev5 9 c]ta9 cases w t5d to dis9tegrate x by solution ( "s ( its elem5ts1 & ?us to favor its crumbl+ & expulsion4 ,?is is a pr9ciple :i* mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 ! treatm5t ( calculi4 ,! imm]sion ( ! /one 9 a liquid ( a l[] specific gravity ?an t 9 :i* x has =m$ & gr[n t5ds to dissolve out ! m soluble ( its compon5t p>ts1 & ?us to de/roy its d5sity & cohesion at all po9ts1 & !reby to favor its complete dis9tegration & expulsion4 ,?is expla9s :y cattle tak5 f a h]d on magnesian lime/one 9 spr+1 aft] ! long1 dry fe$+ ( w9t]1 usually h r5al calculi1 :ile cattle f ! same h]d 9 ! fall1 aft] a summ]'s run on a succul5t pa/ure1 are almo/ always free f concretions4 ,! abundance ( liquid tak5 9 ! gre5 fe$ & expell$ ?r\gh ! kidneys & ! l[ d5sity or wat]y nature ( ! ur9e h s op5$ ! texture & de/roy$ ! d5sity ( ! small] /ones & gravel t !y h all be5 dis9tegrat$ & remov$4 ,?is1 too1 is ! ma9 reason :y b5efit is d]iv$ f a prolong$ /ay at m9]al spr+s by ! human victims ( gravel4 ,if !y _h swall[$ ! same numb] ( qu>ts ( pure wat] at home & di/ribut$ x at suitable times ea* day1 !y w\ld h b5efit$ l>gely )\t a visit to ! spr+s4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 j said t a succul5t diet1 includ+ a l>ge quantity ( wat] 7gruels1 sloppy ma%es1 turnips1 beets1 potatoes1 apples1 pumpk9s1 ensilage1 succul5t grasses71 is an important factor 9 ! relief ( ! mild] =ms ( /one & gravel4 ,prev5tion4--,prev5tion ( calculus especially dem&s ?is supply ( wat] & wat]y rations on all soils & 9 all conditions 9 :i* !re is a pr$isposition to ! disease4 ,x mu/ also be s\ght by attempts to obviate all ^? conditions m5tion$ above z causative ( ! malady4 ,sometimes good ra9 wat] c be furni%$ 9 lime/one di/ricts1 b putrid or bad-smell+ ra9 wat] is to be avoid$ z probably m injuri\s ?an t f ! lime/one4 ,unsuccessful attempts h be5 made to dissolve calculi by alkal9e salts & m9]al acids1 respectively1 b _! failure z a rem$y does n necess>ily condemn !m z prev5tives4 ,"o dram ( cau/ic pota% or ( hydro*loric acid may be giv5 daily 9 ! dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 diametrically opposite ways ^! attack & decompose ! less soluble salts & =m new ones :i* are m soluble & !re=e little dispos$ to precipitate 9 ! solid =m4 ,bo? are b5eficial z increas+ ! secretion ( ur9e4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ! diet has be5 too highly *>g$ ) phosphates 7:eat bran1 etc471 ^! alim5ts mu/ be re/rict$ & wat] all[$ ad libitum4 ,if ! cry/als pass$ ) ! ur9e are ! %>p angul> 7octah$ral7 ones ( oxalate ( lime1 !n ! brea?+ %\ld be made m active by ex]cise1 & any disease ( ! lungs subject$ to appropriate treatm5t4 ,if ! cry/als are triangul> prisms ( ammonia-magnesium phosphate or />like =ms ) fea!ry rays1 ! indications are to )hold ! fe$ or wat] t ab\nds 9 magnesia & *eck ! f]m5tation 9 ! ur9e by attempts to de/roy its bact]ia4 ,9 ! latt] direction pl5ty ( pure-wat] diuretics1 & a daily dose ( oil ( turp5t9e 9 milk1 or a dose ?rice a day ( a solution conta9+ "o-t5? gra9 ea* ( b9iodid ( m]cury & iodid ( potassium w\ld be indicat$4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( prev5tion1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t any disease ( a di/ant organ :i* det]m9es ! passage f ! blood into ! ur9e ( album9 or any o!r colloid 7uncry/allizable7 body is /rongly provocative ( calculus1 & %\ld1 if possible1 be correct$4 ,ap>t f cases f geological =mation1 faulty fe$+1 & o!r causes1 ! gr& prev5tive ( calculus is a long1 summ]'s pa/urage ( succul5t grasses1 or 9 w9t] a diet ( ensilage or o!r succul5t fe$4 ,! calculi =m$ 9 "p ( silica dem& special notice4 ,?is ag5t is secret$ 9 ! ur9e 9 ! =m ( silicate ( pota% & is ?r[n d[n z insoluble silica :5 a /rong] acid displaces x by comb9+ ) ! pota% to its exclusion4 ,9 cases ( silice\s calculi1 accord+ly1 ! appropriate *emical prev5tion is cau/ic pota%1 :i* be+ pres5t 9 ! free /ate w\ld attract to itself any free acid & leave ! silica 9 its soluble condition z silicate ( pota%4 ,,/one ,,9 ,,! ,,bladd] 7,,vesical ,,calculus1 ,,or ,,ure?ral ,,calculus74 ,/one 9 ! bladd] may be ( any size1 b 9 ! ox does n usually exce$ half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be a numb] ( small calculi2 inde$1 !y are sometimes s small & num]\s z to =m a small1 pulpy magma by :i* ! bladd] is consid]ably di/5d$4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( /one 9 ! bladd] may be abs5t until "o ( ! masses escapes into ! ure?ra1 b :5 ?is occurs ! escape ( ur9e is prev5t$1 or x is all[$ to pass 9 drops or driblets only1 & ! effect ( su* ob/ruction becomes manife/4 ,! po9t ( ob/ruction is n always ! same1 b x is mo/ frequ5tly at ! ,s-%ap$ curve ( ! p5is1 j above ! te/icles or scrotum4 ,9 c[s & heif]s ! ure?ra is s %ort & becomes s widely dilat$ dur+ ! ur9ation t ! calculi easily escape 9 ! fl[ ( liquid & dang]\s symptoms practically nev] appe>4 ,ev5 9 ! male ! signs ( illness are at fir/ v slight4 ,a close obs]v] may notice ! cyl9d]s ( h>d1 e>?y mat]ials encircl+ ! tufts ( hair at ! op5+ ( ! prepuce4 ,x may fur!r be obs]v$ t ! /all rema9s dry & t ! animal has n be5 se5 to pass wat] :5 out ( doors4 ,! tail may at times be g5tly rais$ & contractions ( ! muscle 7accel]ator ur97 b5ea? ! anus 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b7 may take place 9 a rhy?mical or pulsat+ mann]4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 no symptom is notic$ = two days1 only ! animal is lack+ 9 8 usual spirits4 ,by ?is "t ! con/antly accumulat+ ur9e has di/5d$ ! bladd] beyond its p[] ( resi/ance & a rupture occurs1 all[+ ! ur9e to escape into ! cavity ( ! abdom54 ,!n dullness increases2 ! animal lies d[n mo/ ( 8 "t2 he becomes /upid & sometimes dr[sy1 ) r$di%-br[n conge/ion ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! eyelids2 pressure on ! abdom5 causes pa91 fl9*+1 & p]haps groan+1 & ! l[e/ "p ( ! belly fluctuates m & m z ! escap+ ur9e accumulates 9 great] & great] am\nt4 ,if at ?is /age ! oil$ h& is introduc$ into ! rectum 7la/ gut71 ! animal fl9*es :5 pressure is made d[nw>d on ! floor ( ! pelvis1 & no r\nd1 di/5d$ bladd] is felt4 ,if ! same exam9ation is made prior to ! rupture1 ! r\nd$1 t5se1 ela/ic bladd] is felt ext5d+ =w>d into ! abdom51 conta9+ "o or two gallons ( liquid4 ,!re may be uneasy %ift+ ( ! h9d limbs & twi/+ ( ! tail1 also frequ5t ly+ d[n & ris+1 b ^! symptoms are exceptional4 ,:5 ! ob/ruction is l[ d[n betwe5 ! ?ighs 7at ! ,s-%ap$ flexure71 ! l9e ( ! pulsat+ ure?ra f ! anus d[nw>d may be felt di/5d$ ) liquid1 & ?\gh1 by ! h>d swell+ ( ! ure?ra1 x is seldom easy to di/+ui% ! exact seat ( ! /one1 yet !re is usually t5d]ness at ! po9t ( ob/ruction1 & f ?is x may be accurately locat$4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( /one 9 ! bladd] or ure?ra consi/s 9 ! removal ( ! /one by incision & ! use ( =ceps4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #d47 ,:5 ! /one has be5 arre/$ at ! ,s-%ap$ flexure j above ! scrotum1 ! pati5t be+ lean1 ! ?ick5$ t5d] "p ( ! p5is may be seiz$ betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! left h&1 :ile ! calculus is expos$ by a free incision ) ! knife held 9 ! "r4 ,if !re is no o!r ob/ruction betwe5 ?is po9t & ! bladd]1 & if ! latt] has n yet ruptur$1 a fl[ ( ur9e %\ld take place f ! op5+4 ,if !re is no escape ( liquid1 a ca!t] or s\nd1 "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 mu/ be pass$ up ?r\gh ! canal 7ure?ra7 until x is arre/$ by ! next /one1 on :i* a simil> incision %\ld !n be made to effect its extraction4 ,9 case ! /one has be5 arre/$ 9 ! portion ( ! ure?ra :i* is 9 front ( ! ar* ( ! hip bone & inside ! pelvis1 x c be rea*$ only by mak+ an op5+ into ! ure?ra b5ea? ! anus & ov] ! ar* ( ! hip bone1 & f ?is orifice explor+ ! ure?ra ) f9e =ceps to ! neck ( ! bladd] or until ! /one has be5 rea*$ & extract$4 ,ow+ to ! small size ( ! canal 7ure?ra7 to be op5$ & ! great ?ickness ( erectile tissue to be cut ?r\gh1 ! op]ation requires a v accurate k ( ! p>ts1 :ile ! free fl[ ( blood is bl9d+ to ! op]ator4 ,a /aff %\ld always be pass$ up ?r\gh ! ure?ra f ! l[] w\nd1 if su* has be5 made1 or1 9 case ( its abs5ce1 ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! p5is1 t organ hav+ be5 drawn out ( its %ea? until ! ,s-%ap$ curve has be5 effac$ & ! c\rse ( ! canal r5d]$ /raight4 ,^u ! end ( ?is /aff ! incision c be made ) f> m confid5ce & c]ta9ty4 ,! op]ation c be und]tak5 only by a skill$ vet]9>y anatomi/1 b ! h9ts giv5 above may be valuable 9 %[+ ! /ock own] :5 he is be+ prop]ly s]v$ 9 su* a case4 ,9 outly+ di/ricts1 :]e no skill$ op]ator c be _h1 a transv]se incision may be made ) a clean1 %>p knife ?r\gh ! root ( ! p5is1 j ov] ! ar* ( ! hip bone1 :5 ! ur9e w fl[ out 9 a full /ream4 ,! att5dant ble$+ may be ignor$1 or if pr(use x may be *eck$ by pack+ ! w\nd firmly ) cotton wool = sev]al h\rs4 ,! ur9e w cont9ue to escape by ! w\nd1 & ! ox %\ld be fatt5$ = ! but*]4 ,! imm$iate relief is n to be look$ ^u z a p]man5t cure1 z ! calculi 9 ! affect$ ox are usually num]\s1 & lat] attacks are !re=e to be look$ =4 ,h5ce x is desirable to fatt5 & kill su* cases aft] a successful op]ation4 ,if a bre$+ animal is too valuable to be kill$1 he %\ld be subject$ to prev5tive measures1 z laid d[n "u ,/one 9 ! kidney1 page #aci4 ,x %\ld be add$ t :5 ! bladd] is fill$ ) a s(t magma a ca!t] may be introduc$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! ure?ra to be us$ 9 pump+ wat] into ! bladd]4 ,?is wat] is extract$ ?r\gh ! same *annel :5 x has be5 *>g$ ) ! susp5d$ solids by manipulations ( ! bladd] ) ! oil$ h& introduc$ ?r\gh ! rectum4 ,,calculi1 ,,or ,,gravel1 ,,9 ,,! ,,prepuce1 ,,or ,,%ea?4 ,?is is usually a collection ( gravel1 or a s(t1 puttylike mat]ial :i* causes di/9ct swell+ ( ! %ea? & gives x a s(t1 d\ghy feel+ :5 h&l$4 ,x may be remov$ 9 "p by ! oil$ f+]s introduc$ into ! cavity1 assi/$ by manipulation f )\t1 or a tube may be ins]t$ until ! end ext5ds beh9d ! collection & wat] pump$ 9 until ! :ole mass has be5 evacuat$4 ,%\ld ev5 ?is fail ( success1 ! %ea? may be slit op5 f its orifice back 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[ until ! (f5d+ matt] c be rea*$ & remov$4 ,9 all su* cases ! int]ior ( ! %ea? %\ld be f9ally lubricat$ ) sweet oil or vasel9e4 ,x is unnecess>y to /it* up ! w\nd made 9 ! %ea?4 7,see ,inflammation ( ! %ea?1 p4 #aee47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,kidney ,,& ,,male ,,g5]ative ,,& ,,ur9>y ,,organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,microscopic ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,kidney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ur9>y ,,organs4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,kidney & male g5]ative & ur9>y organs4 ,fig4 #a4 ,kidney ( ! ox4 7,f ,h&bu* des ,v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie des ,haus ,suge?i]e1 vol4 #g1 #ahij47 ,a1 r5al art]y c>ry+ blood into ! kidney2 ,v1 r5al ve9 c>ry+ blood f ! kidney back to ! he>t2 ,h1 uret]1 ! tube c>ry+ ! ur9e f kidney to bladd]4 ,x is =m$ by ! union ( a numb] ( bran*es :i* beg9 z cups 7calices71 ea* inclos+ ! tip ( a conical mass ( tissue f :i* ! ur9e excludes4 ,fig4 #b4 ,g5ital & ur9>y organs ( ! bull4 7,f ,leis]+1 ,muell]1 & ,ell5b]g]1 ,h&bu* des ,v]g4 ,anat4 des ,haus ,suge?i]e47 ! s]\s membrane envelop+ ! te/icles2 #c1 ! "r te/icle1 out] view2 #c'1 left te/icle1 inn] view2 #d1 epididymis1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! excretory canal ( ! te/icle2 #d'1 globus major1 or ! head ( ! epididymis2 #d''1 globus m9or1 or ! tail ( ! epididymis2 #e1 vas def]5s1 ! duct ?r\gh :i* ! sem9al fluid rea*es ! ejaculatory ducts2 #e'1 pelvic dilation ( ! vas def]5s2 #f1 vesicula sem9alis4 ,! vesicul sem9alis are two oval p\*es1 :i*1 9 addition to _! own secretions1 receive ! sem5 convey$ by ! sem9al ducts & hold x 9 res]ve until copulation2 #g1 membran\s or intrapelvic portion ( ! ure?ral canal cov]$ by ,wilson's muscle2 #h1 "p ( ! pro/ate gl&1 cov]$ by ,wilson's muscle2 #i1 ,c[p]'s gl&4 ,?is gl&1 l ! pro/ate gl&1 secretes a fluid :i* is ?r[n into ! ure?al canal 9 abundance imm$iately be=e ejaculation2 by ?is means ! expulsion ( ! sem5 is facilitat$2 #aj1 ejaculator sem9is1 or accel]ator ur9 muscle2 #aa1 p5is2 #aa'1 cut portion ( same2 #ab1 cut susp5sory ligam5ts ( p5is2 #ac1 %ea?1 or prepuce laid op52 #ad1 retractor muscles ( %ea?2 #ae1 crema/] muscle cut at sup]ior extremity2 #af1 duplicature ( p]itoneum2 #ag1 uret]s c>ry+ ur9e f ! kidneys to ! bladd]4 ,,plate ,x4 ,microscopic anatomy ( ! kidney4 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ?is figure ! m9ute app>atus = ! secretion1 collection1 & dis*>ge ( ! ur9e into ! pelvis ( ! kidney 7see prec$+ plate7 is %[n4 ,! c\rse is z foll[s3 ,! ur9e is secret$ f ! blood vessels 9 ! little r\nd bodies call$ glom]uli 7#ab71 & by ! m9ute cells 9 ! curv$ tubes 7#aa1 #i1 #aj1 #h71 & passes ?r\gh ! convolut$ & /raight tubes 7#g1 #f7 into ! l>g] tube 7#a71 & !n out into ! pelvis1 !nce ?r\gh ! uret]s into ! bladd]4 ,! fluid & salts dissolv$ 9 ! ur9e are tak5 f ! blood1 & ! m9ute blood vessels are !re=e v abundant 9 ! kidneys1 z is %[n by ! bran*es & network on ! left ( ! figure4 ,! blood passes into ! kidney 9 ! art]y 7#ac71 :i* !n divides into bran*es :i* pass into ! glom]uli 7#ab7 & also =ms network ar\nd ! secret+ tubules 7#aa1 #i74 ,! ur9e & salts pass f ^! vessels ?r\gh ! cells l9+ ! tubules into ! latt]1 & are dis*>g$ z describ$ above4 ,! blood is aga9 collect$ 9 ve9s drawn black 9 ! figure4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ! blood is di/ribut$ 9 ! glom]ulus 7f71 & also to ! secret+ tubules 7e74 ,fig4 #c %[s ! relation betwe5 ! blood vessel 9 ! glom]ulus 7e7 ! tubule :i* conducts ! ur9e !re9 secret$ f ! blood vessel2 7c7 repres5ts a glom]ulus f :i* ! ur9>y tubule has be5 remov$4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,calculi ( kidney & bladd]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,calculus1 or /one1 f ! kidney4 ,^! are 9 ! pelvis or portion ( ! uret] receiv+ ! ur9e4 ,! prolongations are ca/s ( ! bran*es ( ! pelvis4 ,see ! plates ( ! kidney = fur!r description4 ,fig4 #b4 ,calculus made up ( oxalate ( lime magnifi$ #bae times4 ,fig4 #c4 ,phosphatic calculus conta9+ a nucleus ( uric acid1 saw$ ?r\gh to %[ conc5tric lay]s4 ,fig4 #d4 ,/raight =ceps us$ 9 remov+ /ones f ! bladd]4 ,fig4 #e4 ,ca/s ( ! m9ute tubules ( ! kidney f\nd 9 ! ur9e 9 v>i\s k9ds ( kidney disease4 ,highly magnifi$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,calculi ,,( ,,kidney ,,& ,,bladd]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,encyklop4 d] ,?i]heilk41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bjh4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ative ,,organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce1 etc41 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,revis$ by ,adolph ,ei*horn1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,g5]al ,,discussion4 ,diseases ( ! g5]ative organs are practically conf9$ to animals :i* are kept = reproduction & ! dairy4 ,! ca/ration ( ! bull condemns ^! organs to inactivity & protects !m f ! _m causes ( injury att5dant on ! engorg$ blood vessels 9 ! frequ5t p]iods ( sexual excitem5t1 on ! exposure to me*anical viol5ce1 & on ! exposure to infective inoculation4 ,9 ?ree respects ! ca/rat$ male is especially subject to disease3 7#a7 ,to inflammation & tumefaction ( ! cut end ( ! cord t support$ ! te/icle & ( ! loose connective tissue ( ! scrotum2 7#b7 to inflammation ( ! %ea? & p5is f ! accumulation ( gravel 9 ! =m]1 f :i* ! p5is is n usually protrud$ 9 pass+ wat]2 & 7#c7 to bruis+1 abrasion1 & inflammation ( ! %ea? & p5is dur+ susp5sion 9 ! /ocks = ! purpose ( %oe+4 ,ap>t f ^! ! ox is practically almo/ exempt f ! inflammations & injuries ( ! g5ital organs4 ,! same applies to ! ca/rat$ heif]4 ,inflammation may occur 9 ! broad ligam5t ( ! womb :5ce ! ov>y has be5 remov$ or infective inflammation 9 ! abdom9al cavity 7p]itonitis7 9 case ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ ?r\gh ! flank1 z x usually is 9 ! "y heif]4 ,ap>t f ^!1 ! ca/rat$ heif] is practically immune f any tr\ble ( ! g5]ative app>atus4 ,ev5 ! virg9 heif] is little subject to su* tr\bles1 ?\gh %e is n exempt f inflammations1 & above all1 f morbid gr[?s 9 ! ov>ies :i* are well develop$ & functionally v active aft] ! fir/ ye>1 or 9 precoci\s animals aft] ! fir/ few mon?s ( life4 ,! bre$+ c[1 on ! o!r h&1 is subject$ to all ! di/urbances att5dant on ! gradual enl>gem5t ( ! womb1 ! div]sion ( a l>ge mass ( blood to its walls1 ! con/ant dra9 ( nutri5t mat]ials ( all k9ds = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! fetus1 ! risks att5dant & consequ5t on abortion & p>turition1 ! dang]s ( infection f ! bull1 ! risks ( sympa!tic di/urbance 9 case ( s]i\s diseases ( o!r organs1 b preem95tly ( ! ur9>y organs & ! udd]1 & f9ally ! sudd5 extreme d]angem5ts ( ! circulation & ( ! n]v\s functions :i* att5d on ! sudd5 revulsion ( a great mass ( blood f ! walls ( ! contract+ womb into ! body at l>ge imm$iately aft] calv+4 ,9 review+ ?is class ( diseases1 !re=e1 we h to note1 fir/1 t !y are almo/ exclusively re/rict$ to bre$+ animals1 & secondly t 9 keep+ ) ! absolute diff]5ce ( ! organs 9 ! male & female we f9d two ess5tially di/9ct li/s ( diseases affect+ ! two sexes4 ,,excess ,,( ,,v5]eal ,,desire 7,,satyriasis ,,9 ,,male1 ,,or ,,nymphomania ,,9 ,,female74 ,?is may occur 9 ! male f too frequ5t sexual int]c\rse1 or f injury & conge/ion ( ! base ( ! bra9 7vasodilator c5t] 9 ! m$ulla71 or ( ! po/]ior end ( ! sp9al cord1 or x may be kept up by conge/ion or inflammation ( ! te/icles or ( ! muc\s membrane cov]+ ! p5is4 ,x may be manife/$ by a con/ant or frequ5t erection1 by attempts at sexual connection1 & sometimes by ! dis*>ge ( sem5 )\t connection4 ,9 bad cases ! fev]i%ness & re/lessness lead to loss ( fle%1 emaciation1 & physical weakness4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! female especially t ?is morbid desire is mo/ noticeable & injuri\s4 ,x may be excit$ by ! /imulat+ quality ( ! blood 9 c[s f$ to excess on highly nitrog5\s fe$1 z ! se$s ( ! bean1 pea1 vet*1 & t>e1 & z :eat bran1 middl+s1 cotton se$1 glut5 meal1 etc41 especially 9 ! case ( su* z h no free ex]cise 9 ! fields1 & are subject to con/ant association ) a vigor\s "y bull4 ,a m frequ5t cause is ! excitation or conge/ion ( "s "p ( ! g5ital organs4 ,disease ( ! ov>ies is preem95tly ! cause1 & ?is may be by ! =mation ( cy/s 7sacs conta9+ liquid7 or ( solid tumors or deg5]ations1 or1 m commonly ?an all1 ! =mation ( tub]cle4 ,inde$1 9 case ( tub]culosis attack+ ! abdom9al organs ( c[s1 ! ov>ies or ! s]\s membranes t support & cov] !m 7! broad ligam5ts ( ! womb7 are peculi>ly subject to attack1 & ! animal has con/ant sexual excitem5t1 incessantly rid+ or be+ ridd5 by o!r cattle1 hav+ no leisure to eat or *ew ! cud1 b mov+ re/lessly1 we>+ ! fle% (f its bones1 & gradually wa/+4 ,9 "s localities ^! c[s are kn[n z bull]s1 because !y are ne>ly always dispos$ to take ! bull1 b !y d n conceive1 or1 if !y d1 !y are subject to e>ly abortions4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 useless alike = ! dairy & = ! fe$]1 unless ! removal ( ! ov>ies subdues ! sexual excitem5t1 :51 9 ! abs5ce ( tub]cul\s disease else:]e1 !y may be fatt5$ = ! but*]4 ,among ! o!r s\rces ( irritation *>g$ ) caus+ nymphomania are tumors & canc]s ( ! womb1 rigid closure ( ! neck ( ! womb s t conception c n occur & ! frequ5t s]vices by ! male :i* /imulate ! unsatisfi$ appetite1 inflammation1 & a purul5t dis*>ge f ! womb or vag9a4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t 9 ea* case w v>y ) ! cause & is mo/ satisfactory :5 t cause is a removable "o4 ,ov]fe$+ on ri*ly nitrog5\s fe$ c be /opp$1 ex]cise 9 ! op5 field giv51 diseas$ ov>ies may be remov$ 7see ,ca/ration1 p4 #bii71 cat>rhs ( ! womb & passages ov]come by antiseptic1 a/r+5t injections 7see ,leucorrhea1 p4 #bbd71 & tumors ( ! womb may (t5 be deta*$ & extract$1 ! m\? ( t organ hav+ be5 fir/ dilat$ by sponge t5ts or o!rwise4 ,! rubb] dilator 7impregnator71 sometimes helpful 9 ! m>e1 is r>ely available = ! c[1 ow+ to ! diff]5t condition ( ! m\? ( ! womb4 ,,dim9ution ,,or ,,loss ,,( ,,v5]eal ,,desire 7,,anaphrodisia74 ,?is occurs 9 ei!r sex f l[ condition & ill heal?4 ,long/&+1 *ronic diseases ( important int]nal organs1 lead+ to emaciation & weakness1 or a prolong$ semi/>vation 9 w9t] may be suffici5t cause4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m common z ! result ( deg5]ation or ext5sive & de/ructive disease ( ! secret+ organs 7te/icles1 ov>ies7 :i* elaborate ! male & female sexual products1 respectively4 ,su* diseases are1 !re=e1 a common cause ( /]ility 9 bo? sexes4 ,! old bull1 fat & lazy1 becomes sluggi% & unreliable 9 s]v+1 & f9ally gets to be useless = bre$+ purposes4 ,?is is n attributable to 8 weight & clums9ess alone1 b l>gely to ! fatty deg5]ation ( 8 te/icles & _! excretory ducts1 :i* prev5ts ! due =mation & maturation ( ! sem54 ,if he has be5 kept 9 extra high condition = exhibition 9 ! %[ r+1 ?is disqualification comes ^u him soon] & becomes m irrem$iable4 ,simil>ly ! ov]f$1 inactive c[1 & above all ! %[ c[1 fails to come 9 heat at ! usual times1 %[s little disposition to take ! bull1 & fails to conceive :5 s]v$4 ,h] tr\ble is ! same 9 k9d1 namely1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! ov>ies & ( _! excretory ducts 7,fallopian tubes71 :i* prev5ts ! =mation or maturation ( ! ovum or1 :5 x has =m$1 h9d]s its passage into ! womb4 ,ano!r common defect 9 su* old1 fat c[s is a rigid closure ( ! m\? ( ! womb1 :i* prev5ts conception1 ev5 if ! ovum rea*es ! int]ior ( t organ & ev5 if ! sem5 is dis*>g$ into ! vag9a4 ,prev5tive4--,! true prev5tive ( su* conditions is to be f\nd 9 a s\nd hygi5e4 ,! bre$+ animal %\ld be ( adult age1 nei!r ov]f$ nor und]f$1 b well f$ & mod]ately ex]cis$2 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ vigor\s heal? %\ld be s\ght1 n only t a /rong race may be propagat$1 b t ! :ole h]d1 or ne>ly s1 may bre$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,flem+ gives #gi p] c5t z ! g5]al av]age ( c[s t are f\nd to bre$ 9 "o ye>4 ,"h m ?an a fif? ( ! prog5y is sacrific$ & a fif? ( ! product ( ! dairy4 ,) c>eful managem5t ! proportion ( bre$]s %\ld approa* #ajj p] c5t4 ,! v>i\s local & g5]al ob/acles to conception %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$ & remov$4 ,! vigor\s heal? :i* comes f a suffici5tly lib]al diet & abundant ex]cise %\ld be solicit$1 & ! comp>ative bloodlessness & weakness :i* advance ) undue fatt5+ %\ld be s$ul\sly avoid$4 ,9 bull or c[ :i* is becom+ unduly fat & %[+ indications ( sexual indiff]5ce1 ! treatm5t mu/ be active4 ,turn+ out on a %ort pa/ure :]e x mu/ "w h>d = a liv+ w (t5 suffice4 ,! bull :i* c n be turn$ out to pa/ure may sometimes be utiliz$ 9 ! yoke or tread p[]1 or he may be kept a "p ( 8 "t 9 a field or paddock *a9$ by ! r+ 9 8 nose to a /rong wire ext5d+ f "o side ( ! lot to ! o!r & atta*$ securely to two trees or po/s4 ,! wire %\ld be high] ?an ! back ( ! bull1 :i* w move frequ5tly f end to end4 ,if he is indispos$ to take suffici5t ex]cise 9 ?is way he may be safely driv54 ,an in/ance ( ! value ( ! ex]cise 9 ^! incipi5t cases ( fatty deg5]ation is (t5 quot$4 ,! c[ ,dodona1 condemn$ z b>r5 at ,e>l ,sp5c]'s1 0 sold *eap to ,jonas ,webb1 :o _h h] driv5 by a road a di/ance ( #abj miles to 8 f>m at ,wilbraham1 soon aft] :i* %e became pregnant4 ,9 advanc$ cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! fatty deg5]ation is complete1 recov]y is impossible4 ,9 case ( rigid closure ( ! m\? ( ! womb ! only resort is dilatation4 ,?is is f> m difficult & unc]ta9 9 ! c[ ?an 9 ! m>e4 ,! neck ( ! womb is long]1 is (t5 tortu\s 9 its c\rse1 & its walls s approximat$ to ea* o!r & s rigid t x may be all b impossible to foll[ x1 & !re is always dang] ( p]=at+ its walls & op5+ into ! cavity ( ! abdom51 or1 %ort ( t1 ( caus+ inflammation & a new1 rigid1 fibr\s =mation :i* on heal+ leaves matt]s worse ?an be=e4 ,! op5+ mu/ be c>efully made ) ! f+]1 & :5 t has ent]$ ! womb fur!r dilatation may be effect$ by ins]t+ a sponge t5t or by c>eful /ret*+ ) a me*anical dilator4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f47 ,,/]ility ,,f ,,o!r ,,causes4 ,! que/ions z to :e!r a bull is a sure /ock gett] & :e!r a c[ is a bre$] are s important t x w\ld be wrong to pass ov] o!r prom95t causes ( /]ility4 ,bre$+ at too e>ly an age is a common s\rce ( increas+ weakness ( con/itution :i* has exi/$ 9 c]ta9 bre$s4 ,j]seys h especially be5 made ! victims ( ?is mi/ake1 ! object be+ to e/abli% ! highe/ milk+ p[]s 9 ! smalle/ obta9able body :i* w dem& ! lea/ mat]ial & outlay = its con/ant repair ( wa/e4 ,) success 9 ?is l9e !re has be5 ! c\nt]balanc+ disadvantage ( impair$ vigor1 ) too (t5 less5$ f]tility z well z increas$ pr$isposition to disease4 ,:5 ! heif]s ( ! race h = g5]ation aft] g5]ation be5 br$ "u a ye> old1 ! dem& = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! fetus is too great a dra9 on ! immature animal1 :i* accord+ly rema9s small & /unt$4 ,z x fails to develop 9 size1 s e organ fails to be n\ri%$ to p]fection4 ,simil>ly ) ! immature bull put to too _m c[s2 he fails to develop 8 full size1 vigor1 or /am9a1 & transf]s 8 acquir$ weakness to 8 prog5y4 ,an increas+ numb] ( b>r5 females & an increas+ proclivity to abortions are ! necess>y results ( bo? c\rses4 ,:5 ?is e>ly bre$+ has occurr$ accid5tally x is well to dry up ! dam j aft] calv+1 & to avoid hav+ h] s]v$ aga9 until full gr[n4 ,"s highly f$ & ple?oric females seem to escape conception by ! v int5sity ( ! g5]ative ardor4 ,! frequ5t passage ( ur9e1 accompani$ by contractions ( ! womb & vag9a & a pr(use secretion f _! surfaces1 leads to ! expulsion ( ! sem5 aft] x has be5 lodg$ 9 ! g5ital passages4 ,?is may be rem$i$ some:at by giv+ #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,epsom salt a day or two be=e %e comes 9 heat1 & subject+ h] at ! same "t to a sp>e diet4 ,%\ld ! excessive ardor ( ! c[ n be controllable 9 ?is way1 %e may be %ut up = a day or two1 until ! heat is pass+ (f1 :5 "u ! less5$ excitem5t ! sem5 is m likely to be reta9$4 ,! v>i\s diseases ( ! ov>ies1 _! tubes1 ! womb1 ! te/icles & _! excretory ducts1 z ref]r$ to "u ,excess ( v5]eal desire1 are causes ( b>r5ness4 ,9 ?is connection x may be said t ! dis*>ges consequ5t on calv+ are fatal to ! vitality ( sem5 introduc$ be=e ^! h ceas$ to fl[2 h5ce s]vice too soon aft] calv+1 or t ( a c[ :i* has _h ! womb or g5ital passages injur$ s z to keep up a mucopurul5t fl[ until ! animal comes 9 heat1 is liable to fail ( conception4 ,any su* dis*>ge %\ld be fir/ arre/$ by repeat$ injections z = leucorrhea1 aft] :i* ! male may be admitt$4 ,fe$+ on a v sac*>9e diet1 :i* greatly favors ! deposition ( fat1 seems to h an ev5 m direct effect 9 prev5t+ conception dur+ su* regim54 ,among o!r causes ( b>r5ness are all ^? t favor abortion1 ergot$ grasses1 smutty :eat or corn1 laxative or diuretic dr9k+ wat]1 & any improp] or mu/y fe$ t causes indige/ions1 colics1 & diseases ( ! ur9>y organs1 notably gravel2 also sav91 rue1 can?>ides1 & all o!r irritants ( ! b[els or kidneys4 ,h]maphrodites are b>r51 ( c\rse1 z _! sexual organs are n di/9ctively ei!r male or female4 ,! heif] born z a tw9 ) a bull is usually h]maphrodite & b>r51 b ! animals ( ei!r sex 9 :i* developm5t ( ! organs is arre/$ be=e !y are fully matur$ rema9 z 9 ! male or female prior to pub]ty1 & are b>r54 ,bulls ) bo? te/icles reta9$ )9 ! abdom5 may g ?r\gh ! =m ( s]v+ a c[1 b ! s]vice is unfruitful2 ! sp]matozoa are n fully elaborat$4 ,s ,i h exam9$ a heif] ) a prop]ly =m$ b v small womb & an extremely n>r[ vag9a & vulva1 ! walls ( :i* 7 v muscul>1 t c\ld nev] be made to conceive4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation w\ld probably h disclos$ an imp]fectly =m$ ov>y incapable ( br++ ova to maturity4 ,a bull & c[ t h be5 too closely inbr$ 9 ! same l9e = g5]ations may prove sexually incompatible & unable to g5]ate toge!r1 ?\gh bo? are abundantly prolific :5 c\pl$ ) animals ( o!r /ra9s4 ,f9ally1 a bull may prove unable to get /ock1 n f any lack ( sexual developm5t1 b f disease ( o!r organs 7back1 lo9s1 h9d limbs71 :i* r5d]s him unable to m\nt ) ! en]gy requisite to ! p]fect s]vice4 ,,conge/ion ,,& ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,te/icles 7,,or*itis74 ,?is visually results f bl[s or o!r direct injuries1 b may be ! result ( excessive s]vice or ( ! =mation ( "s new gr[? 7tumor7 9 ! gl& tissue4 ,! bull moves /iffly1 ) /raddl+ gait1 & ! "r or left half ( ! scrotum 9 :i* ! affect$ te/icle lies is swoll51 r$1 & t5d]1 & ! gl& is drawn up )9 ! sac & dropp$ aga9 at frequ5t int]vals4 ,x may be treat$ by re/2 by #a-a_/b p\nds ,epsom salt giv5 9 #d qu>ts ( wat]2 by a re/rict$ diet ( "s succul5t fe$2 by cont9u$ fom5tations ) w>m wat] by means ( sponges or rags su/a9$ by a sl+ pass$ ar\nd ! lo9s & back betwe5 ! h9d legs4 ,! pa9 may be allay$ by sme>+ ) a solution ( opium or ( extract ( belladonna4 ,%\ld a s(t po9t appe>1 indicat+ ! =mation ( matt]1 x may be op5$ ) a %>p lancet & ! w\nd treat$ daily ) a solution ( a teaspoonful ( c>bolic acid 9 a half p9t ( wat]4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 :5 ! inflammation has proce$$ to ?is ext5t1 ! gl& w be ru9$ = purposes ( procreation & mu/ be cut out4 7,see ,ca/ration1 p4 #bii47 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,%ea?4 ,:ile ?is may occur 9 bulls f infection dur+ copulation & f bruises1 bl[s1 & o!r me*anical injuries1 ! condition is m common 9 ! ox 9 connection ) ! comp>ative inactivity ( ! p>ts4 ,! %ea? has a v small ext]nal op5+1 ! muc\s membrane ( :i* is /udd$ ) sebace\s gl&s secret+ a ?ick1 unctu\s matt] ( a /rong1 heavy odor4 ,beh9d ?is orifice is a di/9ct p\*1 9 :i* ?is unctu\s matt] is liable to accumulate :5 ! p5is is habitually drawn back4 ,moreov]1 ! %ea? has two muscles 7protractors7 :i* l5g!n x1 pass+ into x f ! region ( ! navel1 & two 7retractors7 t %ort5 x1 pass+ into x f ! l[] surface ( ! pelvic bones above4 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b47 ,! protractors keep ! %ea? /ret*$1 s t x habitually cov]s ! p5is1 :ile ! retractors %ort5 x up 9 ! act ( s]vice1 s t ! p5is c project to its full ext5t4 ,9 /ud bulls ! frequ5t protrusion ( ! erect & enl>g$ p5is & ! retraction & dilation ( ! op5+ ( ! %ea? s]ve to empty ! p\* & prev5t any accumulation ( sebace\s matt] or ur9e4 ,9 ! ox1 on ! o!r h&1 ! undevelop$ & inactive p5is is usually drawn back s z to leave ! ant]ior preputial p\* empty1 s t ! sebace\s matt] has space to accumulate & is nev] expell$ by ! active retraction ( ! %ea? & protrusion ( ! erect p5is 9 s]vice4 ,aga91 ! ox r>ely protrudes ! tip ( ! p5is 9 ur9ation1 ! ur9e is dis*>g$ into ! preputial p\* & lodges & decomposes !re1 s t !re is a great liability to ! precipitation ( its e>?y salts 9 ! =m ( gravel4 ,! decompos+ ammoniacal ur9e1 ! gritty cry/als precipitat$ f x1 & ! fetid1 rancid1 sebace\s matt] set up inflammation 9 ! delicate muc\s membrane l9+ ! passage4 ,! membrane is ?ick5$1 r$d5$1 r5d]$ friable1 & ultimately ulc]at$1 & ! n[ n>r[$ %ea? is block$ by ! increas+ mass ( sebace\s & ur9\s mat]ial & ! decompos+ mucus & pus4 ,! p5is c no long] be protrud$1 ! ur9e escapes 9 a small /ream ?r\gh ! n>r[+ %ea?1 & f9ally ! outlet is completely block$ & ! ur9e di/5ds ! back "p ( ! %ea?4 ,?is w fluctuate on be+ h&l$1 & soon ! unheal?y inflammation ext5ds on ea* side ( x1 caus+ a ?ick1 d\ghy1 t5d] swell+ "u ! belly & betwe5 ! ?ighs4 ,! next /ep 9 ! morbid c\rse is ov]di/5tion ( ! bladd]1 ) ! occurr5ce ( colicky pa9s1 look+ at ! flanks1 uneasy movem5ts ( ! h9d limbs1 rais+ or twi/+ ( ! tail1 pulsatory contractions ( ! ure?ra "u ! anus1 & f9ally a false appe>ance ( relief1 :i* is caus$ by rupture ( ! bladd]4 ,be=e rupture takes place ! di/5d$ bladd] may press on ! rectum & ob/ruct ! passage ( ! b[el dejections4 ,two mi/akes are !re=e probable--fir/1 t ! b[els alone are to be reliev$1 &1 second1 t ! tr\ble is ob/ruction ( ! ure?ra by a /one4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( exam9+ ! %ea? & pu%+ ! f+] into its op5+ to see t !re is no ob/ruction !re1 9 all cases ( ret5tion ( ur9e1 ov]di/5d$ bladd]1 or block$ rectum 9 ! ox4 ,! disease may be acute or *ronic--! fir/ by reason ( acute1 adhesive inflammation block+ ! outlet1 ! second by gradual ?ick5+ & ulc]ation ( ! %ea? & block+ by ! sebace\s & calcul\s accretion4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( ?is affection dep5ds on ! /age4 ,if rec5t & )\t in/ant dang] ( rupture ( ! bladd]1 ! n>r[ op5+ ( ! %ea? %\ld be freely cut op5 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[1 & ! sac empti$ out ) a f+] or spoon1 aft] :i* x %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) tepid wat]4 ,to make ! cleans+ m ?or\gh a ca!t] or a small1 rubb] tube may be ins]t$ well back into ! %ea?1 & wat] may be =c$ ?r\gh x f a syr+e or a funnel ins]t$ into ! o!r end ( ! tube & consid]ably elevat$4 ,a f\nta9 syr+e1 :i* %\ld be 9 e h\se1 answ]s admirably4 ,! %ea? may be daily wa%$ out ) tepid wat]1 ) a suds made ) ,ca/ile soap1 or ) a weak solution ( sulphate ( z9c 7"o-half dram to a qu>t ( wat]74 ,if ^! att5tions are impossible1 mo/ cases1 aft] cleans+1 w d well if m]ely driv5 ?r\gh clean wat] up to ! belly once a day4 ,9 case ! disease has progress$ to absolute ob/ruction1 ) ! bladd] ready to rupture any mom5t1 no "t mu/ be lo/ 9 op5+ into ! ure?ra ) a %>p knife ov] ! bony ar* "u ! anus1 :]e ! pulsations are se5 9 ur9at+4 ,?is incision is be/ made 9 ! m$ian l9e f above d[nw>d1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( a skillful op]ator a transv]se incision ) a %>p knife ov] ! bone 9 ! m$ian l9e until ! ur9e fl[s ) a gu% is bett] ?an to let ! pati5t die4 ,consid]able blood w be lo/ & ! w\nd w heal t>dily1 b ! ox w be pres]v$4 ,!n ! slitt+ & cleans+ ( ! %ea? c be done at leisure1 z describ$ above4 ,if ! bladd] is ruptur$1 ! case is hopeless4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,%ea? ,,& ,,p5is ,,f ,,bruis+4 ,?is also is an affection ( "w ox51 caus$ by ! pressure & friction ( ! sl+ :5 ! animals are held 9 /ocks = %oe+4 ,?is cru%+ ( bo? %ea? & p5is = half an h\r or m leads to ! developm5t1 "s h\rs lat]1 ( a h>d1 hot1 & pa9ful swell+1 ext5d+ f ! scrotum z f> z ! op5+ ( ! %ea?4 ,fev] sets 91 ) dry muzzle1 r$ eyes1 h>d1 full1 rapid pulse1 accel]at$ brea?+1 & elevat$ temp]ature4 ,! ox /&s ob/9ately ) 8 h9d legs drawn ap>t & ur9e fall+ drop by drop f ! %ea?4 ,appetite & rum9ation are susp5d$4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs !re may be indications ( advanc+ gangr5e 7mortification71 ! swell+ becomes cold1 s(t1 & d\ghy2 x may ev5 crack slightly f ! pres5ce ( gas2 a r$di% br[n1 fetid liquid oozes f ! swell+1 especially ar\nd ! edges1 & if ! animal survives x is only ) a great loss ( sub/ance ( ! %ea? & p5is4 ,prev5tion4--,! prev5tion ( su* an injury is easy4 ,x is only necess>y to see t ! sl+s d n press ^u ! po/]ior "p ( ! abdom54 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 front ( ! %ea?4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t1 to be effective1 mu/ be prompt & judici\s4 ,put ar\nd ! pati5t a /rap ) s(t pads 9 contact ) ! affect$ p>ts1 con/antly soak$ 9 cold wat] = at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,a p\nd or two ( ,epsom salt 9 #d qu>ts ( hot wat] %\ld also be giv54 ,! second day ! p>ts may be wa%$ ) #a qu>t ( wit*-hazel 7extract71 #b drams sug> ( lead1 & #a ounce laudanum1 or ! cold-wat] irrigations may be cont9u$ if ! active inflammation p]si/s4 ,9 case ! swell+ cont9ues h>d & resi/ant1 x may be prick$ at ! mo/ prom95t po9ts to ! dep? ( "o-?ird ( an in* ) a lancet fir/ dipp$ 9 dilute c>bolic acid1 & ! :ole surface %\ld be wa%$ frequ5tly ) "s antiseptic solution4 ,:5 s(t5+ occurs 9 ! c5t] ( a h>d mass & fluctuation c be felt betwe5 two f+]s press$ on diff]5t p>ts ( su* s(t5+1 x %\ld be freely op5$ to let out ! putrid pus1 & ! cavity %\ld be syr+$ (t5 ) antiseptic solution4 ,9 bad cases ext5sive sl\ghs ( dead sk91 ( ! :ole wall ( ! %ea?1 & ev5 ( ! p5is1 may take place1 :i* w require c>eful antiseptic treatm5t4 ,! soak+ ( ! ur9e into ! inflam$ & s(t5$ tissue & ! sett+ up ( putrefactive action n only endang] great de/ruction ( ! tissues f putrid inflammation1 b ev5 ?reat5 life itself f a g5]al blood poison+ 7septicemia74 ,e case %\ld h skillful treatm5t to meet its v>i\s phases1 b 9 ! sev]e ones ?is is mo/ urg5tly dem&$4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,ure?ra4 ,l o!r males1 ! bull sometimes suff]s f inflammation ( ! canal :i* conveys ! ur9e ?r\gh ! p5is1 & a :iti% mucopurul5t dis*>ge =ms 9 consequ5ce4 ,x may h orig9at$ 9 gravel1 ! excitem5t ( too frequ5t s]vice1 infection f a c[ ) leucorrhea1 or f ext5sion ( inflammation f ! %ea?4 ,besides ! ooz+ ( ! :iti% liquid f ! end ( ! p5is & %ea?1 !re is t5d]ness & pa9 :5 h&l$1 & :ile !re is no actual arre/ ( ! ur9e1 its fl[ is subject to frequ5t volunt>y *ecks1 z ! scald+ liquid irritates ! t5d] surface4 ,treatm5t4--,if recogniz$ be=e ! dis*>ge sets 91 a dose ( #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,epsom salt & local1 w>m fom5tations w\ld be appropriate4 ,aft] ! onset ( ! :iti% dis*>ge a daily injection ( a solution ( #bj gra9s ( p]manganate ( potassium 9 a p9t ( wat] into ! p5is w be b5eficial4 ,,w>ts ,,& ,,papill>y ,,gr[?s ,,on ,,! ,,p5is4 ,^! are n frequ5t 9 bull or ox4 ,!y may int]f]e ) ! protrusion ( ! organ f its %ea? or ) s]vice1 & always give rise to a bad-smell+ dis*>ge4 ,treatm5t4--,!y may be twi/$ (f ) a pair ( small tweez]s or cut (f ) a pair ( scissors1 & ! seat burn$ ) a p5cil ( lun> cau/ic4 ,to get hold ( ! p5is 9 ! bull1 br+ him up to a c[4 ,9 ! ox x w be necess>y to pu% x out by manipulation ?r\gh ! %ea?4 ,9 difficult cases ! n>r[ op5+ ( ! %ea? may be slit op54 ,,w\nds ,,( ,,! ,,p5is4 ,! mo/ common w\nds are ^? su/a9$ by bl[s ( horns1 /icks1 etc4 ,! blood vessels & sacs are ruptur$ to a great] or less ext5t & consid]able swell+s fill$ ) coagulat$ blood & inflammatory products occur1 lead+ to di/ortion ( ! organ1 & x may be to ! impossibility ( protrud+ x4 ,treatm5t4--,a lotion ( a dram ( alum 9 a qu>t ( wat] may be appli$ 7inject$ into ! %ea?1 if necess>y71 & a l>ge sponge con/antly irrigat$ by a /ream ( cold wat] may be kept appli$ by means ( a surc+le to ! out] side ( ! %ea?4 ,incisions are r>ely applicable to an organ ( ?is k9d1 b 9 case ( ! exi/5ce ( an ext5sive clot :i* is unlikely to be absorb$ ! lancet may be resort$ to4 ,if ! injury leads to p>alysis ( ! p5is & hang+ out ( its %ea?1 x %\ld be support$ 9 a sl+ & a/r+5ts us$ freely until inflammation subsides4 ,!n ! re/oration ( p[] may be s\ght by a bli/] betwe5 ! ?ighs1 by ! use ( electricity1 or by ! c>eful use ( n]ve /imulants1 su* z /ry*n91 #a gra9 twice daily4 ,,ulc]s ,,on ,,! ,,p5is4 ,sores on ! p5is ( ! bull may result f gravel or sebace\s masses 9 ! %ea? or f hav+ s]v$ a c[ hav+ leucorrhea4 ,treatm5t4--,^! may be treat$ by frequ5t injections into ! %ea? ( a lotion made ) #a dram sug> ( lead1 #fj drops c>bolic acid1 & #a qu>t wat]4 ,,polypus ,,( ,,! ,,vag9a ,,or ,,ut]us4 ,a polypus is a tumor gr[+ f ! muc\s membrane1 & (t5 connect$ to x by a n>r[ neck4 ,a def9ite cause c n always be assign$4 ,if gr[+ 9 ! vag9a1 a polypus may project z a r$di%1 r\nd$ tumor f ! vulva1 especially dur+ ! act ( pass+ wat]4 ,x c be di/+ui%$ f desc5t ( ! womb by ! abs5ce ( ! orifice ( t cavity1 :i* c be felt by ! oil$ h& beyond ! tumor 9 ! dep? ( ! vag9a4 ,f a vag9al h]nia caus$ by ! protrusion ( "s abdom9al organ envelop$ by ! relax$ wall ( ! vag9a x may be di/+ui%$ by its p]si/5ce1 its firm sub/ance1 & ! impossibility ( return+ x into ! abdom5 by pressure4 ,a h]nia conta9+ a portion ( b[el gurgles :5 h&l$ & c be completely effac$ by pressure1 ! gut pass+ into ! abdom54 ,a polypus 9 ! womb is less easily recogniz$4 ,at ! "t ( calv+ x may be felt ?r\gh ! op5 m\? ( ! womb & recogniz$ by ! educat$ t\* 7x mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! mu%room-=m$ cotyl$ons 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b71 to :i* 9 rum9ants ! fetal membranes are atta*$74 ,at o!r times1 unless ! womb is op5$ 9 ! ef=t to expel x1 ! polypus c be detect$ only by exam9+ ! womb ) ! oil$ h& introduc$ ?r\gh ! rectum4 ,polypi may cause a mucopurul5t dis*>ge or !y may only be suspect$ :5 !y prove an ob/acle to p>turition4 ,! be/ way to remove !m is to put ! *a9 ( an craseur ar\nd ! neck1 or p$icle1 ( ! tumor & te> x ?r\gh2 or ! n>r[ neck may be torn ?r\gh by ! emasculator1 or 9 an em]g5cy x may be twi/$ ?r\gh by rotat+ ! tumor on its axis4 ,! removal ( ! tumor w all[ calv+ to proce$2 aft] ?is ! sore may be treat$ by a daily injection ( "o-half dram sulphate ( z9c1 #a dram c>bolic acid1 & #a qu>t milk-w>m wat]4 ,,signs ,,( ,,pregnancy4 ,if a c[ rema9s = ?ree or f\r weeks aft] s]vice )\t %[+ signs ( heat 7bull+71 %e is probably pregnant4 ,!re are v exceptional cases 9 :i* ! well-f$ c[ w accept ! bull weeks or mon?s aft] actual conception1 & o!rs equally exceptional 9 :i* ! well-?riv5 b unimpregnat$ female w refuse ! male p]si/5tly1 b ^! 9 no way invalidate ! g5]al rule4 ,! bull1 no matt] h[ vigor\s or h[ ard5t 8 sexual in/9ct1 c n be made to pay any att5tion to a c[ :i* is n 9 heat2 h5ce indications ( pregnancy c be _h f bo? ! male & female side4 ,:5 %e has conceiv$1 ! c[ usually becomes m quiet & docile1 & lays on fle% & fat m rapidly1 especially dur+ ! fir/ f\r mon?s ( ge/ation4 ,! /imulus to dige/ion & nutrition creat$ by ! dem&s ( ! gr[+ fetus1 add$ to ! quiet] & m unev5tful life1 contributes to ?is result4 ,"s fe$]s avail !mselves ( ?is disposition to prep>e heif]s & c[s spe$ily = ! but*]4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! abdom51 & its dropp+ s t x bulges bel[ & to ea* side1 :ile x falls 9 at ! flank1 betwe5 ! out] angle ( ! hip bone & ! la/ rib1 are significant features :i*1 ?\gh !y may be caus$ by abdom9al tumor or dropsy1 are usually m>ks ( pregnancy4 ,f ! same increas+ weight ( ! abdom5 ! sp9e 9 ! region ( ! lo9s s9ks s t ! bones ( ! cr\p seem to rise1 especially back t[>d ! root ( ! tail4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( pregnancy ! udd] develops sl[ly1 & t[>d its completion q rapidly4 ,= a long "t !re is m]ely a s5se ( great] fullness :5 h&l$2 ! wr9kles 9 ! sk9 become %all[] & are effac$1 & ! teats are mat]ially enl>g$4 ,beg9n+ a few weeks aft] conception1 ?is t5ds to a /eady developm5t1 ?\gh slight alt]nations 9 ! s5se ( successive gr[? & %r9kage are n uncommon4 ,9 milk+ c[s ?is does n hold1 z ! milk usually t5ds to a /eady dim9ution & ! udd] %r9ks sl[ly until ne> ! completion ( ! p]iod1 :5 x und]goes its sudd51 rem>kable developm5t1 & yields at fir/ a s]\s liquid & !n ! yell[ colo/rum1 :i* coagulates :5 heat$4 ,z pregnancy advances ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! vulva becomes swoll5 & ( a d>k]1 blui%-r$ hue2 ! muc\s secretion also increases1 becom+ v abundant j be=e calv+4 ,:5 ! fe$+ has n be5 alt]$ or re/rict$1 a /eady dim9ution ( ! salts ( lime excret$ 9 ! ur9e is an att5dant on pregnancy1 ! lime be+ dem&$ = ! gr[+ body ( ! fetus4 ,aft] ! fif? mon? ! movem5ts ( ! calf may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 ! "r flank1 ne>ly 9 front ( ! /ifle1 :5 ! c[ is dr9k+ cold wat]4 ,! s5sation ( cold on ! side ( ! fir/ /oma*1 :i* lies to ! left & directly bel[ ! womb 7,pl4 ,i71 /imulates ! calf to active movem5ts1 :i* are detect$ on ! sudd5 j]k+ outw>d ( ! abdom9al wall z if f bl[s deliv]$ f )94 ,9 a loose1 p5d5t abdom5 9 ! latt] mon?s ( ge/ation ! sk9 may (t5 be se5 pu%$ out at a %>p angle1 irrespective ( ! p]iod ( dr9k+4 ,ano!r mode ( exam9ation ?r\gh ! flank is by t\*4 ,! palm ( ! h& is press$ /rongly inw>d1 ab\t #h in*es 9 front ( ! /ifle & a little bel[1 sev]al times 9 succession1 & is !n br\ght to re/ ) ! pressure ma9ta9$4 ,pres5tly !re are felt di/9ct & *>act]i/ic movem5ts ( ! fetus1 :i* has be5 di/urb$ & r\s$ to action4 ,ano!r mode is to press ! clos$ fi/ /rongly inw>d 9 ! same situation & hold x s1 =m+ a deep ind5tation 9 ! abdom9al wall4 ,pres5tly ! knuckles are felt to be /ruck by a solid body1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! fetus t has be5 displac$ to ! left by ! pu% ( ! h&1 & n[ floats back 9 its liquid cov]+ 7amniotic fluid2 see ,pl4 ,,xii7 d[nw>d & to ! "r4 ,( all ! modes ( exam9ation by t\*1 t done ?r\gh ! rectum gives ! e>lie/ satisfactory indications4 ,! h& & arm1 well oil$1 are introduc$1 & ! excrem5t hav+ be5 remov$ if necess>y1 ! palm ( ! h& is turn$ d[nw>d & ! floor ( ! pelvis c>efully exam9$4 ,!re w be felt 9 ! m$ian l9e ! pe>-%ap$ outl9e ( ! bladd]1 m or less full1 r\nd$ or t5se1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ur9e x conta9s4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! h& w be felt a s(t1 some:at r\nd$ tubul> body1 :i* divides 9 front into two small] tubes or bran*es1 ext5d+ to ! "r & left into ! abdom54 ,?is is ! womb1 :i* 9 its virg91 or unimpregnat$1 condition is ( ne>ly uni=m size f be=e backw>d1 ! ma9 "p or body be+ f #a-a_/b to #b in*es across1 & ! two ant]ior bran*es or horns be+ individually little ov] an in* wide4 ,imm$iately aft] conception ! body & "o ( ! horns beg9 to enl>ge1 ! vacant horn rema9+ disproportionately small1 & ! enl>gem5t w be mo/ m>k$ at "o po9t1 :]e a solid1 r\nd$ mass indicates ! pres5ce ( ! gr[+ embryo4 ,9 case ( tw9s1 bo? horns are enl>g$4 ,at a m advanc$ /age1 :5 ! embryo beg9s to assume ! =m ( ! future animal1 ! r\nd$ =m gives place to a m or less irregul> nodul> mass1 :ile lat] /ill ! head1 limbs1 & body ( ! fetus may be di/9ctly made out4 ,! *ief s\rce ( fallacy is f\nd 9 ! v p5d5t abdom5 ( c]ta9 c[s1 into :i* 9 advanc$ ge/ation ! fetus has dropp$ s l[ t x c n be felt by ! h& 9 ! rectum4 ,! abs5ce ( ! di/9ct outl9e ( ! vacant womb1 h[ev]1 & ! cle> indications obta9$ on ext]nal exam9ation ?r\gh ! "r flank w s]ve to prev5t any mi/ake4 ,! fetus may /ill be felt ?r\gh ! rectum if ! abdom5 is rais$ by a %eet pass$ f side to side b5ea? x4 ,/ill ano!r sign is ! beat+ ( ! fetal he>t1 :i* may be he>d 9 ! latt] half ( pregnancy :5 ! e> is press$ on ! flank 9 front ( ! "r /ifle or f t d[nw>d to ! udd]4 ,! beats1 :i* are be/ he>d 9 ! abs5ce ( rumbl+1 are ab\t #abj a m9ute & easily di/+ui%$ f any b[el s\nds by _! p]fect regul>ity4 ,,duration ,,( ,,pregnancy4 ,f ext5d$ /ati/ics x is f\nd t ! av]age duration ( pregnancy 9 ! c[ is #bhe days4 ,a calf born at ! two hundr$ & =tie? day may live1 & ,dietri*s report$ a case ( a calf born on ! ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-fif? day1 & ano!r 0 report$ by ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce z hav+ be5 born on ! ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-six? day4 ,x is ! g5]al obs]vation t 9 mo/ cases ( prolong$ pregnancies ! (fspr+ are males4 ,"l ,sp5c] f\nd a prepond]ance ( males betwe5 ! two hundr$ & n9etie? & ! ?ree hundr$? days1 b /rangely en\gh all born aft] ! ?ree hundr$? day "u 8 obs]vation 7 females4 ,x may be reasonably inf]r$ t :ile ! prevail+ t5d5cy is to c>ry ! males ov]time1 yet t ! small] & comp>atively mu* less develop$ female sometimes fails to /imulate ! womb to contraction until v f> beyond ! regul> date4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,pregnant ,,c[4 ,among dome/ic animals consid]ations ( hygi5e mu/ be made subs]vi5t to pr(it1 & !re=e ! fir/ consid]ation is n to obta9 ! mo/ robu/ heal?1 b su* a measure ( vigor & /am9a z is compatible ) ! mo/ pr(itable utilization ( ! animal4 ,! bre$+ c[ mu/ c>ry a calf e ye>1 & ?is not)/&+ t %e is at ! same "t suckl+ ano!r l>ge1 gr[+ calf4 ,! dairy c[ mu/ bre$ e ye>1 & at ! same "t mu/ furni% a g5]\s fl[ ( milk f n9e to elev5 mon?s ye>ly4 ,if h] heal? is l[]$ !reby or h] life %ort5$1 ! "q ( pr(it mu/ /ill hold sway1 &1 :5 disqualifi$1 %e mu/ yield h] place to ano!r4 ,!re are exceptions1 ( c\rse1 b ?is rule g5]ally holds4 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( hygi5e may be consid]$4 ,! pregnant c[ %\ld h ex]cise1 & z reg>ds bo? ex]cise & fe$1 no?+ is bett] ?an a run on a smoo? pa/ure4 ,%e %\ld be )held f all viol5t excitem5t1 hunt+ ) dogs1 rid+ or be+ ridd5 by c[s 9 heat1 driv+ 9 h]d rapidly ?r\gh n>r[ gateways1 caus+ to jump dit*es or f5ces1 subject+ to bl[s ) ! horns ( pugnaci\s cattle1 driv+ on icy or o!rwise slipp]y gr\nd1 c>ry+ 9 railroad c>s1 kick+ by vici\s att5dants1 & fa/5+ or ?r[+ d[n = op]ations4 ,! diet %\ld be good1 n ( a k9d to fatt51 b ) a g5]\s quantity ( nitrog5\s con/itu5ts :i* w favor bo? ! yield ( milk & ! n\ri%m5t ( ! fetus4 ,alim5ts l :eat bran1 middl+s1 etc41 :i* are ri* 9 lime & phosphates1 c be us$ to advantage1 z !re is a con/ant dra9 ( e>?y salts = ! build+ ( ! body ( ! calf1 & !reby ! dang] ( undue conc5tration ( ! ur9e is less5$4 ,h>d1 innutriti\s1 & indige/ible alim5ts1 mu/y gra9 or hay1 p>tially rip5$ rye grass1 millet1 ,hung>ian grass1 vet*es1 peas1 or maize are objectionable1 z !y are liable to cause indige/ion or ev5 p>alysis2 & corn or hay affect$ by smut or ergot1 or t has be5 spoil$ by wet1 ov]rip5$1 & r5d]$ fibr\s & innutriti\s1 is equally objectionable4 ,9 ! ma9 ! fe$ %\ld be laxative1 z co/iv5ess & /ra9+ are liable to cause abortion4 ,roots & gre5 fe$ t h be5 fro/$ are objectionable1 z be+ liable to cause indige/ion1 ?\gh 9 _! fre% condition mo/ :olesome & desirable4 ,ice-cold wat] %\ld be avoid$1 z calculat$ to *eck ! fl[ ( milk1 to d]ange dige/ion1 & to cause abortion4 ,a good temp]ature = ! dr9k ( ! dairy c[ is #ee ,f4 ,9 ! case ( ple?oric & heavy-milk+ c[s ( mature age & 9 ! prime ( life1 ! hi!rto lib]al diet mu/ be *ang$ at ! la/ week = ! scantie/ possible f>e1 & ! b[els mu/ be kept op5 by laxatives1 if ne$ be1 if ! own] w\ld avoid milk fev]4 ,h] /all %\ld n incl9e d[nw>d f %\ld] to cr\p1 le/ ! pressure ( ! abdom9al organs %\ld produce protrusion or abortion4 ,%e %\ld be kept alo( f all causes ( acute diseases1 & all exi/+ diseases %\ld be rem$i$ spe$ily & ) z little excitem5t ( ! abdom9al organs z possible4 ,/rong purgatives & diuretics are to be especially avoid$1 unless x is 9 ! v la/ days ( ge/ation 9 v ple?oric c[s4 ,,protrusion ,,( ,,! ,,vag9a 7,,prolapsus ,,vag974 ,dur+ pregnancy ?is is common f *ronic relaxation ( ! vag9al walls & f ly+ 9 /alls t are l[] beh9d ?an 9 front4 ,! protrusion is ( a r\nd$ =m & smoo?1 & if x embraces bo? sides ( ! canal x is d\ble1 ) a passage betwe54 ,x may sometimes be rem$i$ by rais+ ! h9d "p ( ! /all high] ?an ! front "p4 ,?is fail+1 a truss may be appli$ z = ev]sion ( ! womb1 & worn until ! p]iod ( calv+ approa*es4 7,pls4 ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii47 ,,h]nia 7,,brea*7 ,,( ,,! ,,ut]us4 ,9 advanc$ pregnancy ?is occurs usually f a gradual relaxation & di/5tion ( ! l[] wall ( ! abdom5 9 ! region ( ! udd]1 s t ! latt] is displac$ d[nw>d1 & 9 ! sac above & 9 front ( x may be felt ! =m & movem5ts ( ! fetus4 ,9 o!r cases ! womb escapes ?r\gh a great lac]ation ( ! abdom9al muscles to "o side ( ! udd]1 & ! h]nial mass ext5ds d[n to "o side ( t organ4 ,h[ev] unsightly1 ?is (t5 all[s ! animal to complete its pregnancy naturally1 & a broad1 support+ b&age plac$ ar\nd ! abdom5 is ab\t all t c be recomm5d$4 ,aft] calv+ x is be/ to fatt5 ! c[4 ,,cramps ,,( ,,! ,,h9d ,,limbs4 ,! compression ( ! n]ves by ! womb & fetus pass+ ?r\gh ! pelvis sometimes causes cramp & inability to move ! limb1 b x disappe>s "u friction & motion & is nev] se5 aft] calv+4 ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,h9d ,,limbs ,,& ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,?ighs4 ,9 ! latt] mon?s ( pregnancy ! h9d legs may swell b5ea? ! hocks1 or a s(t swell+ :i* pits on pressure ) ! f+] appe>s f ! vulva d[n betwe5 ! ?ighs to ! udd] & 9 front4 ,x is ma9ly ascribable to ! pressure ( ! enl>g$ womb on ! blood vessels1 is n dang]\s1 & disappe>s aft] calv+4 ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,membranes ,,( ,,! ,,fetus 7,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,womb74 ,! unimpregnat$ womb may be fill$ ) a dropsical fluid1 b ! pregnant womb is m liable to become ov]di/5d$ by an excess ( fluid 9 ! inn] wat] bag 9 :i* ! fetus floats4 7,pl4 ,,xii47 ,f an unheal?y /ate ( ?is membrane or ( blood ( ! fetus 7wat] blood7 ?is liquid may g on accumulat+ until ! c[ seems almo/ z broad z %e is long4 ,if ! tr\ble has n orig9at$ 9 ! ill heal? ( ! c[1 ! result is /ill to draw on h] sy/em1 ov]tax h] /r5g?1 & d]ange h] dige/ion1 s t ! result may prove fatal to bo? "m & (fspr+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h kn[n extreme cases t came to ! natural t]m )\t help & produc$ a liv+ calf1 aft] :i* ! dam did well4 ,! natural resort is to draw (f a portion ( ! fluid ?r\gh a holl[ ne$le pass$ ?r\gh ! neck ( ! womb or ?r\gh its t5se wall adjac5t4 ,?is may be repeat$ sev]al times1 z dem&$1 to relieve ! c[ f ! injuri\s di/5tion4 ,,p>alysis ,,( ,,! ,,h9d ,,p>ts4 ,9 ill-f$1 weak1 un?rifty c[s palsy ( ! h9d limbs & tail may appe> 9 ! la/ weeks ( pregnancy4 ,! anus & rectum may p>ticipate 9 ! palsy s f> z to prev5t defecation1 & ! rectum is m or less completely impact$4 ,exposure to wet & cold are (t5 accessory causes1 ?\gh ! l[ condition1 g5]al weakness1 & ! pressure on ! n]ves go+ to ! h9d limbs are n to be =gott54 ,some?+ may be done = ^! cases by a w>m1 dry b$1 an abundant diet f$ w>m1 frictions ) /raw wisps or ) a l9im5t ( equal p>ts ( oil ( turp5t9e & sweet oil on ! lo9s1 cr\p1 & limbs1 by ! daily use ( g+] & g5tian1 by ! cauti\s adm9i/ration ( /ry*nia 7#a gra9 twice daily71 & by s5d+ a curr5t ( electricity daily f ! lo9s ?r\gh ! v>i\s gr\ps ( muscles 9 ! h9d limbs4 ,! case becomes increas+ly hopeful aft] calv+1 ?\gh "s days may /ill elapse be=e ! animal c support h]self ^u h] limbs4 ,,extraut]9e ,,ge/ation 7,,fetus ,,develop+ ,,outside ,,! ,,womb74 ,^! curi\s cases are r>e & are usually divid$ into ?ree types3 7#a7 ,t 9 :i* ! fetus is =m$ 9 or on ! ov>y 7ov>ian ge/ation72 7#b7 t 9 :i* x is lodg$ 9 ! ,fallopian tube1 or canal betwe5 ! ov>y & womb 7tubal ge/ation72 & 7#c7 t 9 :i* x is lodg$ 9 ! abdom9al cavity & atta*$ to "o or m ( its cont5ts f :i* x draws its n\ri%m5t 7abdom9al ge/ation74 ,und\bt$ cases ( ! fir/ & la/ v>ieties are record$ z occurr+ 9 ! c[4 ,! explanation ( su* cases is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! actively mov+ sp]m cells 7sp]matozoa7 ?r[n into ! womb h made _! way ?r\gh ! ,fallopian tubes to ! ov>y4 ,if !y met & impregnat$ an ovum 9 ! tube1 & if ! consequ5t gr[? ( t ovum prev5t$ its desc5t & caus$ its imprisonm5t )9 ! tube1 x develop$ !re1 gett+ atta*$ to & draw+ n\ri%m5t f ! muc\s walls4 ,su* product has its developm5t arre/$ by compression by ! undilatable tube1 or1 bur/+ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! tube1 x escapes into ! abdom5 & p]i%es4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! sp]matozoa only meet & impregnate ! ovum on or 9 ! ov>y1 ! developm5t may take place 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ov>y1 f :i* ! fetus draws its n\ri%m5t1 or ! impregnat$ ovum1 escap+ betwe5 ! ov>y & ! op5 end ( ! tube1 falls into ! abdom9al cavity & becomes adh]5t to & draws n\ri%m5t f "s ( ! abdom9al organs 7womb1 b[el1 liv]1 /oma*1 etc474 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are ^? ( pregnancy1 :i* may be sudd5ly complicat$ by inflammation 7p]itonitis71 ow+ to rupture ( ! sac conta9+ ! fetus2 or at full t]m signs ( calv+ appe>1 b no progress is made2 an exam9ation ) ! oil$ h& 9 ! vag9a or rectum f9ds ! womb empty & its m\? clos$4 ,fur!r exam9ation w disclose ! fetal sac atta*$ 9 "s "p ( ! abdom9al cavity & conta9+ ! m or less p]fectly develop$ body ( a calf4 ,9 ! mo/ hopeful cases ! fetus p]i%es at an e>ly /age ( ge/ation1 becomes inclos$ 9 a fibr\s sac1 & is sl[ly absorb$1 its s(t p>ts becom+ liquefi$ & remov$ & ! bones rema9+ ency/$4 ,9 "s cases ! bones h f9ally sl\gh$ into ! rectum or ?r\gh an artificial op5+ 9 ! side ( ! belly4 ,treatm5t4--,little c be done 9 su* cases except to quiet pa9 & excitem5t by anodynes 7opium1 *loral1 etc47 & leave ! re/ to nature4 ,a fi/ula dis*>g+ bones may be dilat$ & ! bones extract$1 ! sac be+ !n wa%$ out ) a solution ( #aj gra9s bi*lorid ( m]cury 9 a qu>t ( wat]4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ) a live calf a skillful op]ator may be ju/ifi$ 9 cutt+ into ! abdom5 & extract+ ! calf ) its membranes1 us+ ! lotion j nam$ z an antiseptic4 ,,prolong$ ,,ret5tion ,,( ,,! ,,fetus4 ,ev5 :5 ! fetus has develop$ )9 ! womb x may fail to be deliv]$ at ! prop] "t2 labor pa9s h quickly subsid$ & ! c[ resum$ h] usual heal?4 ,9 su* cases ! calf dies1 & its s(t p>ts are gradually liquefi$ & absorb$1 :ile its bones rema9 = ye>s 9 ! womb inclos$ 9 ! rema9s ( ! fetal membranes4 ,^! may be expell$ at any "t ?r\gh ! natural *annels1 or !y may rema9 indef9itely 9 ! womb1 n int]f]+ ) ! g5]al heal?1 b prev5t+ conception4 ,if ! true condition ( ?+s is recogniz$ at ! "t ( ! subsid5ce ( ! labor pa9s1 ! m\? ( ! womb may be dilat$ by ! f+]s1 by ! ins]tion ( sponge t5ts1 or by a me*anical dilator 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f71 ! fetal membranes may be ruptur$ & ! calf extract$4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! calf & its membranes ! dang] ( putrid poison+ may be obviat$ by inject+ ! antiseptic solution advis$ 9 ! p>agraph above4 ,,abortion 7,,sl9k+ ,,! ,,calf74 ,te*nically1 abortion is ! t]m us$ = ! expulsion ( ! (fspr+ be=e x c live out ( ! womb4 ,its expulsion be=e ! normal "t1 b aft] x is capable ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 is premature p>turition4 ,9 ! c[ ?is may be aft] sev5 & "o-half mon?s ( pregnancy4 ,e>l ,sp5c] fail$ to raise any calf born be=e ! two hundr$ & =ty-second day4 ,dairym5 use ! t]m abortion = ! expulsion ( ! product ( conception at any "t be=e ! completion ( ! full p]iod ( a normal pregnancy1 & 9 ?is s5se x w be us$ 9 ?is article4 ,abortion 9 c[s is ei!r contagi\s or noncontagi\s4 ,x does n foll[ t ! contagium is ! sole cause 9 e case 9 :i* x is pres5t4 ,we "k t ! organiz$ g]ms 7microbes7 ( contagion v>y mu* 9 pot5cy at diff]5t times1 & t ! animal sy/em also v>ies 9 susceptibility to _! attack4 ,! g]m may !re=e be pres5t 9 a h]d )\t any manife/ injury1 its disease-produc+ p[] hav+ = ! "t abat$ consid]ably1 or ! :ole h]d be+ 9 a condition ( comp>ative insusceptibility4 ,at o!r times ! same g]m may h become s virul5t t almo/ all pregnant c[s succumb to its =ce1 or ! h]d may h be5 subject$ to o!r causes ( abortion :i*1 ?\gh ( !mselves p[]less to actually cause abortion1 may yet s pr$ispose ! animals t ev5 ! weak] g]m w op]ate ) de/ructive effect4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is disease1 !re=e1 x is ! "p ( wisdom n to re/ satisfi$ ) ! discov]y & removal ( "o specific cause1 b r to try to f9d e exi/5t cause & to obta9 a rem$y by correct+ all ! h>mful conditions4 ,,noncontagi\s ,,abortion4 ,z abortion mo/ frequ5tly occurs at ^? ?ree-week int]vals at :i* ! c[ w\ld h be5 9 heat if nonpregnant1 we may assume a pr$isposition at su* times ow+ to a p]iodicity 9 ! n]v\s sy/em & functions4 ,poor condition1 weakness1 & a too wat]y /ate ( ! blood is (t5 a pr$ispos+ cause4 ,?is 9 its turn may result f poor or insuffici5t fe$1 f ! excessive dra9 ^u ! udd] :ile be>+ ! calf1 f ! use ( fe$ defici5t 9 c]ta9 ess5tial elem5ts1 l ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts or album9oids1 f *ronic1 wa/+ diseases1 f r\ndworms or tapeworms 9 ! b[els1 f flat-worms 7flukes1 trematodes7 9 ! liv]1 f worms 9 ! lungs1 f d>k1 damp1 unheal?ful build+s1 etc4 ,9 "s su* cases ! n\ri%m5t is s defici5t t ! fetus dies 9 ! womb & is expell$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,excessive loss ( blood1 att5d$ z x usually is ) %ock1 becomes a direct cause ( abortion4 ,acute inflammations ( important organs are notori\s causes ( abortion1 & 9 mo/ contagi\s fev]s 7lung plague1 r9d]pe/1 foot-&-m\? disease7 x is a common result4 ,affections ( ! *e/ :i* prev5t due a]ation ( ! blood induce contractions ( ! womb1 z %[n exp]im5tally by ,br[n-,sequ>d4 ,pregnant wom5 suffocat$ 9 smoke abort$ 9 _m cases4 7,ret\l47 ,ergot$ grasses h long be5 kn[n z a cause ( widespread abortion 9 c[s4 ,! ergot is famili> z ! d>k purple or black1 h>d1 spurlike gr[?s :i* protrude f ! se$s ( ! grasses at ! p]iod ( _! rip5+4 7,pl4 ,v47 ,x is especially common1 9 damp localities & cl\dy seasons on mead[s %ad$ by trees & protect$ aga9/ ! free sweep ( ! w9ds4 ,! same is to a l>ge ext5t true ( smut2 h5ce1 wet ye>s h be5 (t5 rem>kable = ! great preval5ce ( abortions4 ,abortions h greatly increas$ 9 ,new ,zeal& among c[s s9ce ! introduction ( rye grass1 :i* is specially subject to ergot4 ,z abortion is m preval5t 9 old dairy+ di/ricts1 ! ergot may n be ! sole cause 9 ?is in/ance4 ,! rid+ ( "o ano!r by c[s is att5d$ by su* sev]e muscul> ex]tion1 j>s1 jolts1 m5tal excitem5t1 & gravitation ( ! womb & abdom9al organs backw>d t x may easily cause abortion 9 a pr$ispos$ animal4 ,keep+ 9 /alls t slope too mu* beh9d 7m ?an #b in*es7 acts 9 ! same way1 ! compression f ly+ & ! gravitation backw>d prov+ m ?an a pr$ispos$ c[ c safely be>4 ,deep gutt]s beh9d ! /alls1 into :i* "o or bo? h9d limbs slip unexpect$ly1 /ra9 ! lo9s & j> ! body & womb mo/ injuri\sly4 ,slipp]y /alls 9 :i* ! floor+ bo>ds are laid longitud9ally 9 place ( transv]sely1 & on :i* !re is no device to give a firm foo?old1 are almo/ equally dang]\s4 ,driv+ on icy gr\nd1 or ?r\gh a n>r[ doorway :]e ! abdom5 is liable to be jamm$1 are o!r common causes4 ,abort+ c[s (t5 fail to expel ! aft]bir?1 & if ?is rema9s hang+ 9 a putrid condition x is mo/ injuri\s to pregnant c[s 9 ! ne> vic9ity4 ,s ) reta9$ aft]bir? 9 o!r c[s aft] calv+4 ,t "s c[s kept 9 fil?y /ables or ) slaught]h\ses ne> by may become inur$ to ! odors & escape ! evil results is no dispro( ( ! injuri\s effects s (t5 se5 9 su* cases4 ,! excitem5t1 j>r+1 & jolt+ ( a railroad j\rney (t5 cause abortion1 especially z ! c[ ne>s ! p]iod ( calv+1 & ! t]ror or injury ( railway or o!r accid5ts proves incomp>ably worse4 ,all irritant poisons cause abortions by ! disord] & inflammation ( ! dige/ive organs1 & if su* ag5ts act also on ! kidneys or womb1 ! effect is mat]ially enhanc$4 ,p[]ful purgatives or diuretics %\ld nev] be adm9i/]$ to ! pregnant c[4 ,among o!r causes ( abortion mu/ be nam$ ! dea? or ! v>i\s illnesses ( ! fetus1 :i* are ab\t z num]\s z ^? ( ! adult2 ! slipp+ ( a "y fetus ?r\gh a loop 9 ! navel /r+ s z to tie a knot :i* w tight5 lat] & int]rupt ! fl[ ( blood ) fatal effect1 & ! twi/+ ( ! navel /r+ by ! turn+ ( ! fetus until little or no blood c fl[ ?r\gh ! contort$ cord4 ,!re is 9 addition a s]ies ( diseases ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! womb1 & ( ! fetal membranes 7inflammation1 effusion ( blood1 deta*m5t ( ! membranes f ! womb1 fatty or o!r deg5]ations1 etc471 :i* int]f]e ) ! supply ( blood to ! fetus or *ange its quality s t dea? is ! natural result1 foll[$ by abortion4 ,treatm5t4--,al?\gh ! fir/ symptoms ( abortion h appe>$1 x does n foll[ t x w g on to completion4 ,s long z ! fetus has n p]i%$1 if ! wat]s h n be5 dis*>g$1 nor ! wat] bags pres5t$1 attempts %\ld be made to *eck its progress4 ,e appreciable & removable cause %\ld be done away )1 ! c[ %\ld be plac$ 9 a quiet /all alone1 & ag5ts giv5 to *eck ! excitem5t ( ! labor pa9s4 ,laudanum 9 doses ( #a ounce = a small c[ or #b ounces = a l>ge "o %\ld be promptly adm9i/]$1 & repeat$ 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs %\ld ! labor pa9s recur4 ,?is may be kept up = days or ev5 weeks if necess>y1 ?\gh t is r>ely requir$1 z ! tr\ble ei!r subsides or abortion occurs4 ,if ! laudanum seems to lack p]man5cy ( action1 use bromid ( potassium1 or1 bett]1 extract ( ,viburnum prunifolium 7black haw71 #dj gra9s1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree h\rs until five or six doses h be5 giv54 ,,contagi\s ,,abortion4 ,contagi\s abortion 7also kn[n z epizootic abortion1 enzootic abortion1 & sl9k+ ( calves7 is a disease affect+ *iefly cattle & to a less] degree o!r dome/ic animals1 & *>act]iz$ by an inflammatory condition ( ! female reproductive organs1 :i* results 9 ! expulsion ( ! immature "y4 ,hi/ory4--,?is disease has be5 kn[n 9 ,engl& & cont95tal ,europe = _m ye>s1 & descriptions ( x are m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,mascal1 ,lafoose1 ,skellet1 ,lawr5ce1 ,/4 ,cyr1 ,zndel1 & ,y\att4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,briti% vet]9>ians recogniz$ its contagi\sness1 b x rema9$ = ,franck 7#ahgf71 ,lehn]t 7#ahgh71 & ,bru] 7#ahhj7 to produce ! disease 9 heal?y1 pregnant c[s by ! introduction ( exudate & mat]ial f abort+ animals4 ,noc>d 7#ahhh7 isolat$ f ! exudate betwe5 ! muc\s membrane ( ! ut]us & fetal membranes a micrococcus & a %ort bacillus :i* 7 f\nd cont9ually 9 contagi\s abortion1 b he fail$ to reproduce ! disease by inoculations ( pure cultures ( ^! organisms into heal?y1 pregnant animals4 ,9 #ahig ,bang1 assi/$ by ,/ribolt1 publi%$ _! f9d+s reg>d+ infecti\s abortion ( cattle1 9 :i* !y incrim9at$ ,bang's bacillus ( abortion z ! causative ag5t4 ,) pure cultures ( ?is bacillus !y 7 able to produce ! disease artificially & to recov] ! same organism f ! exp]im5tal cases4 ,s9ce t "t _m not$ inve/igators1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 h confirm$ ^! f9d+s4 ,cause4--,! ,bact]ium abortus ( ,bang is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z ! causative ag5t ( ! disease ( cattle4 ,=m]ly x 0 ?\ght t abortion 0 due to injury1 su* z bl[s1 horn ?ru/s1 falls1 etc41 or ! eat+ ( spoil$ fe$ & c]ta9 plants1 & :ile ?is may be true 9 a limit$ numb] ( cases1 c>eful inve/igations h demon/rat$ ^! claims to be l>gely unf\nd$4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t :5 abortion occurs 9 h]ds f "t to "t1 x is safe to assume t ! disord] is ( an infecti\s nature & %\ld be s treat$4 ,natural mode ( infection4--,?is phase ( ! disease is ( greate/ importance = a cle> und]/&+ ( ! me?ods ( prev5tion4 ,_m inve/igators h demon/rat$ t ! infection is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! dige/ive tract1 ?r\gh contam9at$ fe$ & wat]4 ,! g]ms are tak5 up by ! body f ! inte/9es ) ! liquid n\ri%m5t1 rea* ! blood1 & are c>ri$ to ! g5ital organs1 :]e !y f9d conditions be/ suit$ to _! developm5t4 ,"s ass]t t calves are infect$ 9 ?is mann] by suckl+ infect$ mo!rs1 ! g]ms be+ pres5t 9 ! milk1 or ! teats hav+ be5 contam9at$ by com+ 9 contact ) infective dis*>ges4 ,x is claim$ t infection contract$ 9 ?is mann] rema9s dormant 9 ! body ( ! calf until pregnancy beg9s1 & !n ! organism1 f9d+ conditions suitable = its developm5t1 produces ! disease4 ,abortion may occasionally be transmitt$ f c[ to c[ by direct contact4 ,! dis*>ges f diseas$ c[s1 sw>m+ ) ! g]ms1 soil ! ext]nal g5itals1 tail1 & h9d qu>t]s1 & !n a susceptible animal1 by contact1 gets ! infective mat]ial ^u ! vulva1 ! infection travel+ up ! g5ital canal & directly infect+ ! ut]us4 ,! belief long ent]ta9$ t ! female acquires ! disease at ! "t ( copulation z a result ( transf]5ce ( ! infection f affect$ to heal?y females on ! g5ital organs ( ! bull has fail$ to receive ! support ( exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,! view t ! disease is spread to any great degree 9 ?is way has be5 l>gely discr$it$4 ,c[s ( all ages are m or less susceptible1 b "y ones 9 fir/ or second pregnancy mo/ frequ5tly abort4 ,a second abortion is n unusual1 & a ?ird may occasionally occur1 aft] :i* ! c[ usually becomes immune & !reaft] c>ries h] calf to maturity4 ,heif]s f abort+ mo!rs sometimes seem to be less susceptible ?an o!rs4 ,symptoms4--,contagi\s abortion is a v insidi\s disease1 develop+ v sl[ly ?r\gh sev]al mon?s ( ! ge/ation p]iod1 & result+ f9ally 9 ! expulsion ( ! immature "y1 ?is act be+ simply an indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! disease & n ! disease itself4 ,because ( ?is sl[ developm5t & ! fact t ! heal? ( ! animal is n noticeably influ5c$1 ! pres5ce ( ! disease may n be suspect$ until x has ga9$ a firm foo?old 9 ! h]d4 ,! symptoms ( approa*+ abortion are ^? prec$+ normal calv+4 ,9 addition1 !re may be obs]v$1 a few days previ\s to abortion1 a /icky1 sometimes purul5t1 ru/y1 & odorless dis*>ge4 ,abortion occurs mo/ frequ5tly f ! ?ird to ! sev5? mon?1 accord+ to ! numb] ( abortions1 occurr+ e>ly 9 fir/ abortion1 & lat] 9 ea* succe$+ abortion until ! calf is c>ri$ to full t]m & ! "m has become immune4 ,x happ5s frequ5tly t calves are c>ri$ almo/ to full t]m1 & are born alive1 b are sickly1 & soon die4 ,foll[+ abortion !re is a dirty1 yell[i%-gray mucopurul5t dis*>ge :i* p]si/s = two or m weeks4 ,if abortion occurs e>ly1 ! fetus is pass$ surr\nd$ by its membranes1 b if late 9 ! p]iod ( pregnancy1 ! membranes are reta9$1 decomposition sets 9 & blood poison+1 :i* may cause ! dea? ( ! animal1 or /]ility may result4 ,lesions4--,! mo/ *>act]i/ic *ange is f\nd 9 ! ut]us :]e a d>k-br[n fluid1 purul5t or ev5 gluey 9 consi/5cy1 & conta9+ grayi%-:ite flakes sep>ates ! mat]ial membranes f ^? ( ! fetus1 prev5t+ t intimate contact betwe5 ! two :i* is s necess>y = ! int]*ange ( fluids & gases by :i* ! fetus is n\ri%$ & by :i* x obta9s its oxyg54 ,^! be+ cut (f1 ! fetus mu/ ( c\rse die4 ,! g]ms produc+ ! disease are f\nd 9 greate/ numb]s at ?is po9t4 ,9 addition !re may be inflammatory *anges1 fir/ 9 ! walls ( ! ut]us & !n 9 ! tissues ( ! fetus4 ,^! inflammatory *anges seem mo/ int5se 9 ! cotyl$ons & result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ^? bodies1 & !y appe> swoll51 pale1 & s(t4 ,! membrane ( ! ut]us betwe5 ! cotyl$ons also may %[ inflam$ & necrotic pat*es4 ,complications4--,s]i\s results sometimes foll[ abortion1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :5 !re is reta9$ aft]bir?4 ,! reta9$ membranes decompose1 ! poison\s products ( decomposition & ! organisms ( decomposition !mselves are absorb$1 blood poison+ results1 & ! animal dies4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! animal is able to resi/ ! effects ( ?is decomposition1 ! ut]us becomes ! seat ( su* sev]e *anges t /]ility results4 ,! walls ( t organ become ?ick5$ & h>d1 ! l9+ membranes become erod$1 & conception c n take place4 ,at o!r times ! ov>ies1 :]e ! reproductive cells orig9ate1 become affect$ & lose _! function4 ,abortion does n inv>iably foll[ infection1 b ! calf is c>ri$ to full t]m4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 reta9$ aft]bir? is a common occurr5ce1 ev5 to ! ext5t t frequ5t ret5tion ( aft]bir? 9 a h]d may be tak5 z an indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! disease4 ,v (t5 suppurative processes p]si/ = a long "t1 prev5t+ conception1 or /]ility may result )\t app>5t cause4 ,a /]ile c[ is valueless1 ( c\rse1 = any purpose except = beef4 ,su* animals are a s\rce ( infection = ! o!rs & %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 ! h]d4 ,diagnosis4--,! diagnosis ( infecti\s abortion is made f ! *anges occurr+ 9 ! fetal membranes & 9 ! expell$ fetus4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is sub/antiat$ ) c]ta9ty only by microscopic demon/ration ( ! g]m ( abortion4 ,! fact t repeat$ abortions are obs]v$ 9 a h]d is also evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! disease4 ,9 consid]ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! fact t animals may be affect$ ) ! disease & dissem9ate ! g]ms1 ev5 ?\gh !y c>ry ! fetus to full "t1 a diagnosis 9 su* in/ances is only possible by laboratory me?ods4 ,= ?is purpose ! agglut9ation & also ! complem5t-fixation te/s are be+ us$ ) spl5did results1 & by ! aid ( ^! biological te/s x is possible to det]m9e all infect$ animals 9 a h]d4 ,! te/s are c>ri$ out ) ! s]um f animals to be exam9$1 only a teaspoonful ( s]um be+ necess>y = ! execution ( bo? ( ^! te/s4 ,x1 h[ev]1 has to be conf9$ to laboratories :i* are prop]ly equipp$ = su* "w4 ,treatm5t & prev5tion4--,x may be said 9 g5]al t treatm5t is )\t avail & all ef=ts %\ld be direct$ t[>d prev5tion4 ,v>i\s m$ic9al ag5ts1 su* z c>bolic acid adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly & me?yl5e blue f$ 9 l>ge quantities1 h be5 recomm5d$1 b h fail$ to /& ! te/s ( sci5tific inve/igation & practical use4 ,s]ums & vacc9es h also be5 prep>$ & sold z cures & prev5tives1 b ! "w is /ill consid]$ 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,bact]ial vacc9es are at pres5t ext5sively us$ 9 ! control ( ?is disease1 & :ile num]\s reports indicate b5eficial results f _! adm9i/ration1 9 o!r in/ances total failures h be5 record$4 ,x appe>s t ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e h n progress$ suffici5tly to ju/ify def9ite conclusions4 ,! spread ( ! disease c be controll$ to a great degree by ! practice ( sanit>y measures direct$ t[>d ! dis9fection ( premises & ! isolation ( animals at "t ( calv+ & abort+4 ,= me?ods ( dis9fection ( premises see page #cfc4 ,make frequ5t obs]vations ( ! animals ( affect$ h]ds = symptoms ( abort+1 su* z swell+ ( vulva or udd] enl>gem5t1 & ^u ! discov]y ( an animal %[+ ^! symptoms place h] imm$iately 9 a /all :i* is some:at remote f heal?y /ock z a means ( conf9+ ! products ( abortion z mu* z possible %\ld ! act occur4 ,if an animal aborts unexpect$ly %e %\ld be remov$ to sep>ate qu>t]s & giv5 prop] att5tion z promptly z possible4 ,! fetus1 aft]bir?1 provid$ x has be5 expell$1 & all litt] t has be5 contam9at$ ) !m & ut]9e dis*>ges %\ld be ga!r$ up & de/roy$ ei!r by burn+ or bury+4 ,clean & ?or\ghly dis9fect ! floor1 gutt]s1 & mang] 9 ! vic9ity ( ! abort+ animal4 ,daily irrigations ( ! ut]us ) nonirritat+ antiseptic solutions1 su* z #j4e p] c5t solution ( cresol or comp\nd solution ( cresol1 at body temp]ature h a t5d5cy to prev5t ! multiplication ( microorganisms 9 ! ut]us & 9 ?is way promote recov]y4 ,d\*+ ( ! ut]us %\ld be cont9u$ until ! dis*>ge ceases4 ,9 addition1 ! ext]nal g5itals1 root ( ! tail1 escut*eon1 etc41 %\ld be spong$ daily ) ! antiseptic solution4 ,aim to place all pregnant animals 9 dis9fect$ individual p5s or /alls a few days be=e !y are expect$ to calve1 & conf9e !m to ^! qu>t]s = ?ree or f\r weeks foll[+ ! deliv]y ( ! calf1 or z long !reaft] z ut]9e dis*>ges are obs]v$4 ,avoid c>ry+ infection f ! mat]nity /alls to o!r portions ( /able1 on %oes or o!rwise4 ,?is may be prev5t$ to "s degree by ! use ( dis9fectant solutions on %oes aft] ! /alls h be5 ent]$ or by we>+ rubb]s :ile 9 ! mat]nity /alls1 remov+ !m aft] ! isolat$ animals h be5 att5d$ to4 ,! isolation ( c[s at "t ( calv+ & ! abort+ animal is bas$ ^u ! k t ! fetus1 aft]bir?1 & ut]9e dis*>ges ( an affect$ animal at ^! times v frequ5tly conta9 myriads ( ! abortion bact]ia1 & t unless ^! sub/ances are conf9$ & promptly de/roy$ an abundant opportunity is provid$ = ! contam9ation ( ! food sub/ances ( ! heal?y animals & _! contraction ( ! disease4 ,refra9 f bre$+ fre% c[s = a p]iod ( six weeks to two mon?s foll[+ calv+4 ,! abort+ animal %\ld be isolat$ = a p]iod ( six weeks to two mon?s & "u no consid]ation be p]mitt$ to m+le ) ! re/ ( ! h]d z long z ut]9e dis*>ges are obs]v$4 ,d\*+ ( ! ext]nal g5itals ( ! bull1 a practice =m]ly reg>d$ z highly important = prev5t+ ! spread ( ! disease1 is n[ recogniz$ z be+ ( d\btful value4 ,! bull is protect$ f abortion infection to a great degree by p]mitt+ him to s]ve only su* animals z h calv$ or abort$ f six weeks to two mon?s previ\sly4 ,inve/igational "w has indicat$ t :5 ! bull is affect$ ) ! disease ! organs ( 8 g5]ative sy/em commonly involv$ are n rea*$ by ! antiseptic solutions4 ,a m rational me?od = ! prev5tion ( ! spread ( ! disease by ! bull consi/s 9 keep+ him 9 an inclosure sep>ate f ! females & 9 hav+ all s]vices take place on neutral gr\nd4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 pur*as+ cattle1 & c[s n kn[n to be free f ! disease %\ld be kept 9 sep>ate qu>t]s until ?is po9t is det]m9$4 ,,granul> ,,v5]eal ,,disease 7,,infecti\s ,,granul> ,,vag9itis74 ,! affection to :i* ! =ego+ names h be5 giv5 is a *ronic1 mild1 & app>5tly contagi\s disease ( cattle1 *>act]iz$ by an inflammatory condition ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! vag9a & ! developm5t ( nodules ^u its surface4 ,?is disease is v widely spread1 b f an economic po9t ( view x does n appe> to h great significance4 ,williams1 :o inve/igat$ x1 ass]ts t x is difficult to f9d a s+le h]d 9 ?is c\ntry :i* is free ( ?is disease4 ,he consid]s x ( great importance1 claim+ t granul> vag9itis has a vital relation to abortion4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n sub/antiat$ by o!r inve/igators1 x be+ n[ g5]ally accept$ t ! disease is only r>ely responsible = abortion1 & fur!r1 t x ex]ts no app>5t ill effects on ! heal? ( ! animal & t x has no effect on ! milk yield4 ,symptoms4--,natural infection may take place ei!r by direct contact ( animals or at ! "t ( s]vice4 ,mo/ ( ! c[s 9 ! affect$ h]d contract ! disease1 b ! bulls are r>ely or v mildly affect$4 ,! inflam$ condition ( ! membranes ( ! vag9a results 9 a cat>rhal exudate1 & ?is dis*>ge1 :i* soils ! ext]nal g5itals & ! tail1 & ! uneas9ess & sometimes ! /ra9+ ( ! animal1 are ! fir/ & mo/ prom95t symptoms obs]v$4 ,^u exam9ation1 small1 h>d1 grayi% nodules c be se5 & felt ^u ! inflam$ membranes4 ,?is acute /age may la/ = ?ree or f\r weeks1 !n x gradually subsides & assumes ! *ronic =m1 only to fl>e up aga9 z ! animal comes 9 heat4 ,^! nodules are sometimes f\nd on ! membranes ( ! ut]us1 & "s inve/igators h argu$ f ?is fact t x 0 responsible = abortion & /]ility4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 d5y ?is & po9t out t ! bacillus ( abortion c be demon/rat$ 9 ne>ly e case4 ,! importance ( ! disease is !re=e 9 dispute & ! decision mu/ be left to future inve/igation4 ,treatm5t4--,! exagg]at$ importance :i* has be5 atta*$ to ?is disease result$ 9 ! exploitation ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( rem$ies = its treatm5t4 ,x is true t ) a protract$ & labori\s treatm5t x is possible to effect cures 9 f "o to ?ree mon?s1 b ) our pres5t k ( ?is disord] x is advisable to limit ! treatm5t to animals :i* %[ an acute inflammatory condition ( ! vag9a & vulva ) a dis*>ge z a result ( ! granul> affection4 ,! treatm5t %\ld be local & conf9$ to ! application ( antiseptic wa%es 9 ! =m ( irrigations4 ,= ?is purpose a #j4e p] c5t solution ( ! comp\nd solution ( cresol or ( ,lugol's solution has be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,,p>turition 7,,calv+74 ,,symptoms ,,( ,,calv+4 ,9 ! c[ ! premonitions ( calv+ are ! enl>gem5t ( ! udd]1 :i* becomes firm & resi/ant to ! t\*1 ) m or less swell+ 9 front1 & yields a s]\s1 milky fluid2 ! enl>gem5t & swell+ ( ! vulva1 :i* dis*>ges an abundant1 /r+y mucus2 ! droop+ ( ! belly1 & ! fall+ 9 ( ! muscles at ea* side ( ! root ( ! tail1 s z to leave deep holl[s4 ,:5 ?is la/ symptom is se51 calv+ may be c\nt$ on 9 #bd h\rs or 9 #b or #c days4 ,:5 ! act is imm95t1 ! c[ becomes uneasy1 moves re/lessly1 leaves (f eat+1 9 ! field leaves ! h]d1 lies d[n & rises aga9 z if 9 pa91 %ifts ^u h] h9d feet1 moves ! tail1 & may bell[ or moan4 ,:5 labor pa9s come on ! back is ar*$1 ! cr\p droop$1 ! belly is drawn up1 & /ra9+ is m or less viol5t & cont9u\s4 ,mean:ile blood may h appe>$ on ! vulva & tail1 & soon ! cle> wat] bags protrude betwe5 ! lips ( ! vulva4 ,!y increase rapidly1 hang+ d[n t[>d ! hocks1 & ! =e or h9d feet c be detect$ )9 !m4 ,) ! rupture ( ! bags & escape ( ! wat]s ! womb contracts on ! solid1 angul> body ( ! fetus & is at once /imulat$ to m viol5t contractions1 s t ! "w proce$s ) r$\bl$ en]gy to ! complete expulsion4 ,?is is :y x is wrong to rupture ! wat] bags if ! pres5tation is normal1 z !y furni% a s(t1 uni=m pressure = ! prelim9>y dilation ( ! m\? ( ! womb & passages1 9 anticipation ( ! sev]e /ra9 put ^u !m z ! solid body ( ! calf passes4 ,! c[ (t5 calves /&+1 9 :i* case ! navel /r+ is brok5 z ! calf falls to ! gr\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 %e is recumb5t1 ?is cord is torn ?r\gh z %e rises4 ,! aft]pa9s come on #c or #d h\rs lat] & expel ! membranes1 :i* %\ld nev] be left long] ?an #bd h\rs4 ,,natural ,,pres5tation4 ,:5 !re is b "o calf ! natural pres5tation is t ( ! =e feet ) ! front ( ! ho(s & knees turn$ upw>d t[>d ! tail ( ! dam & ! nose ly+ betwe5 ! knees4 7,pl4 ,,xv47 ,if !re are tw9s ! natural position ( ! second is t ( ! h9d feet1 ! heels & hocks turn$ upw>d t[>d ! c['s tail4 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #a47 ,9 bo? ( ^! natural positions ! curvature ( ! body ( ! calf--! back ar*$ upw>d--is ! same ) ! curvature ( ! passages1 :i* desc5d ant]iorly into ! womb1 asc5d ov] ! brim ( ! pelvis1 & desc5d aga9 t[>d ! ext]nal op5+ 7vulva74 ,any pres5tation diff]+ f ! above is abnormal4 ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,p>turition4 ,) a well-=m$ c[ & calf & a natural pres5tation z above1 calv+ is usually prompt & easy4 ,ob/acles may1 h[ev]1 come f failure ( ! m\? ( ! womb to dilate2 f twi/+ ( ! neck ( ! womb2 f tumors 9 ! vag9a2 f dropsy 9 ! womb or abdom52 f ov]di/5tion ( ! rectum or bladd]2 f undue n>r[+ ( ! passages2 f excess ( fat 9 ! walls ( ! pelvis2 f ! di/urbance ( a n]v\s c[ by noises2 f /one or ur9e 9 ! bladd]2 f wrong pres5tation ( ! calf1 its back be+ turn$ d[nw>d or to "o side 9 place ( upw>d t[>d ! sp9e ( ! dam2 f ! b5d+ backw>d ( "o or m limbs or ( ! head into ! body ( ! womb2 f pres5tation ( ! back1 %\ld]1 or cr\p1 all f\r limbs be+ turn$ back2 f pres5tation ( all f\r feet at once2 f ob/ruction caus$ by an extra head or extra limbs1 or d\ble body on ! "p ( ! (fspr+ 7,pl4 ,,xix72 f dropsy or o!r disease ( ! calf2 f excessive or imp]fect developm5t ( ! calf2 f ! impaction ( tw9s into ! passages at ! same "t2 or at times x may be f ! m]e excessive volume ( ! fetus4 ,,g5]al ,,maxims ,,= ,,! ,,assi/ant ,,conc]n+ ,,difficult ,,p>turition4 ,d n int]f]e too soon4 ,m$dlesome midwif]y is bad ) animals z ) wom54 ,aft] labor pa9s set 91 give a reasonable "t = ! wat] bags to protrude & bur/ spontane\sly1 & only int]f]e :5 delay sugge/s "s me*anical ob/ruction4 ,if !re is no me*anical ob/ruction1 let ! calf be expell$ sl[ly by ! unaid$ ef=ts ( ! c[4 ,bruises & lac]ations ( ! passages & flood+ f ! uncontract$ womb may come f ! too spe$y extraction ( ! calf4 ,:5 assi/ance is necess>y1 ! op]ator %\ld dress 9 a ?ick flannel %irt f :i* ! sleeves h be5 cut (f cle> to ! %\ld]s4 ,?is avoids dang] ( exposure & yet leaves ! :ole arm free & untrammel$4 ,be=e ins]t+ ! h& x & ! arm %\ld be sme>$ ) oil1 l>d1 or vasel9e1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! oil or l>d is fre%1 nei!r salt$ nor rancid1 & t x has be5 purifi$ by boil+ or r5d]$ antiseptic by ! addition ( a teaspoonful ( c>bolic acid to ! p\nd4 ,?is is a valuable precaution aga9/ infect+ ! c[ by introduc+ putrid f]m5ts into ! passages & aga9/ poison+ ( ! arm by decompos+ dis*>ges 9 case ! calv+ is unduly protract$4 ,:5 labor pa9s h la/$ "s "t )\t any signs ( ! wat] bags1 ! dropp+ 9 at ! sides ( ! rump1 & ! o!r prep>ations = calv+ be+ accompli%$1 ! h& %\ld be introduc$ to exam9e4 ,:5 ! wat] bags h bur/ & nei!r feet nor head appe> = "s "t1 exam9ation %\ld be made4 ,:5 "o =e foot only & ! head appe>1 or bo? =e feet )\t ! head1 or ! head )\t ! =e feet1 exam9e4 ,if "o h9d foot appe>s )\t ! o!r1 make exam9ation4 ,! pres5t+ limb or head %\ld be secur$ by a rope ) a runn+ noose1 s t x may n pass back into ! womb & get lo/ dur+ ! subsequ5t manipulations1 b may be reta9$ 9 ! vag9a or br\ght up aga9 easily4 ,9 se>*+ = a miss+ memb] x is usually bett] to turn ! head ( ! c[ d[nhill1 s t ! gravitation ( ! fetus & abdom9al organs =w>d into ! belly ( ! c[ may give m room 9 :i* to br+ up ! miss+ limb or head4 ,if ! c[ is ly+ d[n1 turn h] on ! side opposite to t on :i* ! limb is miss+1 s t !re may be m room = br++ ! latt] up4 ,ev5 if a miss+ limb is rea*$1 x is va9 to attempt to br+ x up dur+ a labor pa94 ,wait until ! pa9 has ceas$ & attempt to /raight5 out ! limb be=e ! next pa9 comes on4 ,if ! pa9s are viol5t & cont9u\s1 !y may be *eck$ by p9*+ ! back or by putt+ a tight surc+le ar\nd ! body 9 front ( ! udd]4 ,^! fail+1 #a ounce or #a-a_/b ounces ( *loral hydrate 9 a qu>t ( wat] may be giv5 to *eck ! pa9s4 ,if ! passages h dri$ up or lo/ _! natural1 lubricat+ liquid1 sme> ! int]ior ( ! passages & womb & ! surface ( ! calf1 s f> z x c be rea*$1 ) pure fre% l>d2 or pure sweet oil may be run into ! womb ?r\gh a rubb] tube 7f\nta9 syr+e74 ,9 dragg+ ^u ! fetus apply /rong traction only :ile ! "m is /ra9+1 & drag d[nw>d t[>d ! hocks z well z backw>d4 ,! natural curvature ( bo? fetus & passages is ?us foll[$ & ! extraction r5d]$ easi]4 ,,labor ,,pa9s ,,be=e ,,relaxation ,,( ,,! ,,passages4 ,any ( ! v>i\s causes ( abortion may br+ on labor pa9s be=e ! "t4 ,/ra9+ comes on days or weeks be=e ! "t1 & !re is n ! usual enl>gem5t1 swell+1 & muc\s dis*>ge f ! vulva4 ,!re is little or no fall+ 9 by ! sides ( ! root ( ! tail2 ! abdom5 has n dropp$ to ! usual ext5t1 & ! udd] is less develop$ & yields little or no milk4 ,9 spite ( ! pa9s no wat] bags appe>1 & ! oil$ h& cauti\sly introduc$ into ! vag9a f9ds ! neck ( ! womb firmly clos$1 rigid1 & undilatable4 ,if x is kn[n t ! c[ has n rea*$ h] prop] "t ( calv+1 ! exam9ation ?r\gh ! vag9a %\ld be omitt$ & ! animal %\ld be plac$ 9 a d>k1 quiet place by h]self1 & be giv5 #a to #b ounces laudanum4 ,viburnum prunifolium 7black haw71 #a ounce1 may be add$1 if necess>y1 & repeat$ 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! pa9s w usually subside4 ,9 "s in/ances ! ext]nal p>ts are relax$ & duly prep>$1 b ! neck ( ! womb rema9s rigidly clos$4 ,9 su* case ! solid extract ( belladonna %\ld be sme>$ ar\nd ! con/rict$ op5+ & ! animal left quiet until x relaxes4 ,,diseas$ ,,induration ,,( ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,womb4 ,f previ\s lac]ations or o!r injuries ! neck ( ! womb may h become ! seat ( fibr\s h>d5+ & con/riction1 s z to prev5t its dilatation1 :5 all o!r p>ts are fully prep>$ = calv+4 ,! enl>g$1 flabby vulva1 ! s9k+ at ea* side ( ! rump1 ! full udd]1 & droop+ abdom5 indicate ! prop] "t = calv+1 b ! labor pa9s effect no progress 9 ! dilatation ( ! m\? ( ! womb1 & ! oil$ h& introduc$ detects ! rigid1 h>d1 &1 9 "s cases1 nodul> feel+ ( ! m>g9s ( ! clos$ orifice :i* no application ( belladonna or o!r antispasmodic suffices to relax4 ,sponge t5ts may be ins]t$ or ! me*anical dilator 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f7 may be us$ if !re is op5+ en\gh to admit x1 & if n1 a n>r[-blad$1 probe-po9t$ knife 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b7 may be pass$ ?r\gh ! orifice & turn$ upw>d1 d[nw>d1 & to ea* side1 cutt+ to a dep? n exce$+ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ea* case4 ,?is done1 a f+] may be ins]t$1 !n two1 ?ree1 & f\r1 & f9ally all f\r f+]s & ?umb br\ght toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cone & made to pu% 9 ) rot>y motion until ! :ole h& c be introduc$4 ,aft] ?is ! labor pa9s w induce fur!r dilation1 & f9ally ! pres5t+ memb]s ( ! calf w complete ! process4 ,,twi/+ ,,( ,,! ,,neck ,,( ,,! ,,womb4 ,?is is n v uncommon 9 ! c[1 ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! womb & ! loos5ess ( ! broad ligam5ts t atta* x to ! walls ( ! pelvis favor+ ! twi/+4 ,x is z if "o 7 to take a long sack r loosely fill$ at ! neck & turn ov] its clos$ end1 s t its twi/+ %\ld occur 9 ! neck4 ,! twi/ may be "o-qu>t] r\nd1 s t ! upp] surface w\ld come to look to "o side1 or x may be half r\nd1 s t :at 0 ! upp] surface becomes ! l[]4 ,! relation ( ! womb ( ! c[ to ! upp] & "r side ( ! paun* favors ! twi/+4 ,! paun* occupies ! :ole left side ( ! abdom5 & ext5ds across its floor to ! "r side4 ,its upp] surface ?us =ms an incl9$ plane1 slop+ f ! left d[nw>d & to ! "r1 & on ?is slop+ surface lies ! pregnant womb4 ,x is easy to see h[1 9 ! con/ant movem5ts ( ! paun* ^u its cont5ts & ! frequ5t *anges ( position ( ! gr[+ fetus )9 ! womb1 to say no?+ ( ! contractions ( ! adjac5t b[els & ! m or less active movem5ts ( ! c[1 ! womb %\ld roll d[nw>d to ! "r4 ,yet 9 _m cases ! twi/ is t[>d ! left1 %[+ t x is n ! result ( a simple roll+ d[nw>d ov] ! paun*1 b r ( o!r di/urbances4 ,! condition may be suspect$ :5 labor pa9s h cont9u$ = "s "t )\t any sign ( ! wat] bags1 & x is confirm$ :5 ! oil$ h&1 introduc$ ?r\gh ! vag9a1 f9ds ! m\? ( ! womb s(t & yield+1 b furni%$ ) int]nal folds runn+ =w>d 9 a spiral mann]4 ,if ! folds on ! upp] wall ( ! orifice run t[>d ! "r1 ! womb is twi/$ to ! "r2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !y turn t[>d ! left1 x indicates t ! womb is turn$ ov] 9 t direction4 ,! direction ( ! twi/ mu/ be kn[n be=e treatm5t c be und]tak54 ,!n1 if ! twi/ is t[>d ! "r1 ! c[ is laid ^u h] "r side ) h] head d[nhill1 ! h& ( ! op]ator is introduc$ ?r\gh ! spirally con/rict$ neck ( ! womb1 & a limb or o!r portion ( ! body ( ! calf is seiz$ & press$ firmly aga9/ ! wall ( ! womb4 ,mean:ile two or ?ree assi/ants roll ! c[ f h] "r side ov] on h] back to h] left side4 ,! object is to hold ! womb & calf /ill :ile ! body ( ! c[ rolls ov]4 ,if successful1 ! twi/ is undone1 its grasp on ! wri/ is slack5$1 & ! wat] bags & calf press into ! n[ op5 passage4 ,if ! fir/ attempt does n succe$1 x is to be repeat$ until success has be5 atta9$4 ,if ! spiral folds on ! upp] wall ( ! op5+ turn t[>d ! left1 ! c[ is laid on h] left side & roll$ ov] on h] back & on to ! "r side1 ! h& be+1 z be=e1 )9 ! womb & hold+ ! fetus1 s t all may n rotate ) ! c[4 ,9 introduc+ ! h& x w usually be f\nd ne$ful to p]=ate ! membranes1 s t a limb ( ! calf may be seiz$ direct & firmly held4 ,among my occasional causes ( failure ) ^! cases h be51 fir/1 ! previ\s dea? & decomposition ( ! fetus1 lead+ to su* ov]di/5tion ( ! womb t x c\ld n be made to rotate )9 ! abdom51 &1 second1 ! occurr5ce ( inflammation & an exudate on ! twi/$ neck ( ! womb1 :i* h9d]$ x f untwi/+4 ,9 ob/9ate cases1 9 :i* ! h& c be made to pass ?r\gh ! neck ( ! womb easily1 additional help may be _h f ! use ( ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xx1 figure #e4 ,two cords1 ) runn+ nooses1 are successively introduc$ & made fa/ on two limbs ( ! calf2 ! cords are !n pass$ ?r\gh ! two r+s on ! end ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* is pass$ into ! womb & ! cords drawn tight & fix$ r\nd ! h&le4 ,!n1 us+ ! h&le z a lev]1 x is turn$ 9 ! direction opposite to ! twi/4 ,! h& %\ld mean:ile be introduc$ into ! womb & ! sn>$ limbs seiz$ & press$ aga9/ its walls s z to secure ! rotation ( ! ut]us along ) ! body ( ! fetus4 ,! relaxation ( ! con/riction & ! effacem5t ( ! spiral folds w %[ :5 success has be5 ga9$1 & ! diff]5t memb]s at "o end ( ! body %\ld !n be br\ght up s z to secure a natural pres5tation4 ,,n>r[ ,,pelvis ,,f ,,fracture ,,or ,,disease4 ,9 a small c[ ! pelvis may be too n>r[ to pass a calf sir$ by a bull ( a l>ge bre$1 b ?is is exceptional1 z ! fetus usually accommodates itself to ! size ( ! dam & makes its extra gr[? aft] bir?4 ,:5 ! pelvic bones h be5 fractur$ repair takes place ) ! =mation ( a l>ge p]man5t callus1 :i*1 project+ int]nally1 may be a s]i\s ob/acle to calv+4 ,worse /ill1 if ! edge ( ! brok5 bone projects int]nally z a %>p spike or ridge1 ! vag9al walls are cut ^u x dur+ ! passage ( ! calf1 ) s]i\s or fatal result4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! c[ has suff]$ f fragility ( bone 7fragilitas ossium7 ! ?ick5+ ( ! bone causes n>r[+ ( ! long passage ( ! pelvis & ! crumbl+ fractures poorly repair$1 ) an excess ( brittle new mat]ial1 may =m an insup]able ob/acle to p>turition4 ,c[s affect$ 9 any ( ^! ways %\ld nev] aga9 be br$1 b if !y d get pregnant & rea* full "t a c>eful exam9ation w be necess>y to det]m9e :e!r natural p>turition c take place or if ! calf mu/ be extract$ 9 pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,ob/ruction ,,by ,,masses ,,( ,,fat4 ,?is is n unkn[n 9 old c[s ( ! beef bre$s1 ! enorm\s masses ( fat ^u & )9 ! pelvis be+ associat$ ) weakness or fatty deg5]ation ( ! muscles4 ,if ! pres5tation is natural1 little m is want$ ?an a judici\s traction ^u ! fetus to compress & ov]come ! s(t resi/+ masses4 ,,ob/ruction ,,by ,a ,,full ,,bladd] ,,or ,,rectum ,,or ,,by ,,/one4 ,9 all cases ( delay$ or t>dy p>turition ! evacuation ( rectum & bladd] is important1 & x is no less s 9 all difficult p>turitions4 ,/one 9 ! bladd] is =tunately r>e 9 ! c[1 b :5 pres5t x %\ld be remov$ to obviate cru%+ & p]haps p]=ation ( ! organ dur+ calv+4 ,,calv+ ,,ret>d$ ,,by ,,n]v\sness4 ,9 a public fair gr\nd ,i h se5 labor pa9s beg9 e>ly 9 ! day & keep up 9 a weak & insuffici5t mann] = _m h\rs1 until ! /all 0 ?or\ghly clos$ 9 & ! c[ seclud$ f ! con/ant /ream ( visitors & ! incessant noise1 :5 at once ! pa9s became /rong & effective & ! calf 0 soon born4 ,,coagulat$ ,,blood ,,"u ,,! ,,vag9al ,,walls4 ,?is is common aft] calv+1 b sometimes occurs be=e1 z ! result ( accid5tal injury4 ,! mass may be recogniz$ by its d>k hue & ! d\ghy s5sation to ! t\*4 ,x may be cut into & ! mass turn$ out ) ! f+]s1 aft] :i* x %\ld be wa%$ frequ5tly ) an antiseptic lotion 7c>bolic acid #a dram 9 #a qu>t ( wat]74 ,,con/riction ,,( ,a ,,memb] ,,by ,,! ,,navel ,,/r+4 ,9 e>ly fetal life ! w9d+ ( ! navel /r+ ar\nd a limb may cause ! latt] to be sl[ly cut (f by absorption "u ! con/rict+ cord4 ,s at calv+ ! cord w\nd r\nd a pres5t+ memb] may ret>d progress some:at1 & ?\gh ! calf may /ill be born t>dily by ! unaid$ ef=ts ( ! "m1 x is liable to come /ill-born1 because ! circulation 9 ! cord is int]rupt$ by compression be=e ! (fspr+ c rea* ! op5 air & comm5ce to brea!4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is possible to anticipate & prev5t ?is displacem5t & compression ( ! navel /r+ x %\ld be done1 b if ?is is no long] possible1 !n ! extraction ( ! calf %\ld be effect$ z rapidly z possible1 & if brea?+ is n at once attempt$ x %\ld be />t$ by artificial means4 ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,calf 7,,hydrocephalus74 ,?is is an enorm\s di/5tion ( ! cavity hold+ ! bra91 by reason ( ! accumulation ( liquid 9 ! int]nal cavities 7v5tricles7 ( ! bra9 sub/ance4 ,! head back ( ! eyes rises into a great r\nd$ ball 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #d & #e71 :i* proves an insup]able ob/acle to p>turition4 ,! =e feet & nose be+ ! p>ts pres5t$1 no progress c be made1 & ev5 if ! feet are pull$ ^u ! nose c n by any means be made to appe>4 ,! oil$ h& introduc$ into ! passages w feel ! nose pres5t+ betwe5 ! =e limbs1 & on pass+ ! h& back ov] ! face ! h>d r\nd$ mass ( ! cranium is met )4 ,a %>p-po9t$ knife or a cannula & troc> %\ld be introduc$ 9 ! palm ( ! h& & pu%$ into ! c5t] ( ! r\nd$ mass s z to evacuate ! wat]4 ,! h& is n[ us$ to press toge!r ! hi!rto di/5d$ b ?9 & fragile walls1 & ! calf may be deliv]$ 9 ! natural way4 ,if ! enl>g$ head is turn$ backw>d x mu/ /ill be rea*$ & punctur$1 aft] :i* x mu/ be br\ght up into position & ! calf deliv]$4 ,if ! h9d feet pres5t fir/1 all may g well until ! body & %\ld]s h pass$ out1 :5 fur!r progress is sudd5ly arre/$ by ! great bulk ( ! head4 ,if possible1 ! h&1 arm$ ) a knife or troc>1 mu/ be pass$ along ! side ( ! %\ld] or neck s z to rea* & puncture ! di/5d$ head4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 ! body may be sk9n$ up f ! belly & cut 9 two at ! %\ld] or neck1 aft] :i* ! head c easily be rea*$ & punctur$4 ,if 9 su* case ! =e limbs h be5 left 9 ! womb1 !y may n[ be br\ght up into ! passage1 & :5 dragg$ ^u ! collaps$ head w foll[4 ,if ! di/5tion is n suffici5t to h r5d]$ ! bony walls ( ! cranium ?9 & fragile1 s t !y c be compress$ ) ! h& aft] puncture1 a special me?od may be necess>y4 ,a long incision %\ld be made f beh9d =w>d 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! cranium ) an embryotomy knife 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #a7 or ) a long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #c74 ,by ?is means ! bones on ! "o side are completely sep>at$ f ^? on ! o!r & may be made to ov]lap & p]haps to flatt5 d[n4 ,if ?is fails !y may be cut f ! head all ar\nd ! base ( ! r\nd$ cranial swell+ by means ( a gu>d$ *isel 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #h7 & mallet1 aft] :i* !re w be no difficulty 9 caus+ !m to collapse4 ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,abdom5 ,,( ,,! ,,calf 7,,ascites74 ,?is is less frequ5t ?an hydrocephalus1 b no less difficult to deal )4 ,) an ant]ior pres5tation ! =e limbs & head may come away easily en\gh1 b no ef=t w advance ! calf beyond ! %\ld]s4 ,! fir/ ?\ght %\ld be dropsy ( ! belly1 & ! oil$ h& introduc$ by ! side ( ! *e/ w detect ! s(t & fluctuat+ yet t5se sac ( ! abdom54 ,if !re is space to all[ ( ! introduction ( an embryotomy knife1 ! abdom5 may be freely cut ) ?is1 :5 ! fluid w escape into ! womb & p>turition may proce$ naturally4 ,if ?is c n be effect$1 a long troc> & cannula may be pass$ betwe5 ! fir/ two ribs & /raight on b5ea? ! sp9e until x punctures ! abdom54 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #b47 ,!n ! troc> is to be )drawn & ! liquid w fl[ ?r\gh ! cannula & w be ha/5$ by traction on ! =e limbs4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! troc> & cannula1 two or ?ree ( ! fir/ ribs may be cut f ! brea/bone1 s t ! h& may be introduc$ ?r\gh ! *e/ to puncture ! diaphragm ) an embryotomy knife & all[ an escape ( ! wat]4 ,9 "s slight] cases a t>dy deliv]y may take place )\t puncture1 ! liquid bulg+ =w>d into ! *e/ z ! abdom5 is compress$ 9 ! pelvic passages4 ,) a po/]ior pres5tation ! abdom5 may be punctur$ m easily ei!r 9 ! flank or ) a troc> & cannula ?r\gh ! anus4 ,,g5]al ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,calf4 ,?is occurs f wat]y blood or disease ( "s int]nal organ1 l ! liv] or kidney1 & is recogniz$ by ! g5]al puff$-up & r\nd$ condition ( ! body1 :i* pits ev]y:]e on pressure b )\t crackl+4 ,if n too extreme a case1 ! calf may be extract$ aft] x has be5 v g5]ally punctur$ ov] ! body1 b usually ! only resort is to extract x 9 pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,swell+ ,,( ,,! ,,calf ,,) ,,gas4 ,?is is usually ! result ( ! dea? & decomposition ( ! fetus :5 extraction has be5 delay$ = a day or m aft] ! escape ( ! wat]s4 ,x is impossible to extract x :ole1 ow+ to its l>ge size & ! dry /ate ( ! sk9 ( ! calf1 ! membranes1 & ! wall ( ! womb4 ,^! dry surfaces /ick ) su* t5acity t no attempt at traction leads to any advance ( ! calf out ( ! womb or into ! passages4 ,:5 ! fetus is advanc$ ! adh]5t womb advances ) x1 & :5 ! /ra9 is relax$ bo? rec$e to :]e !y 7 at fir/4 ,! condition may be help$ some:at by ! free injection ( oil into ! womb1 b x rema9s impossible to extract ! enorm\sly bloat$ body1 & ! only resort is to cut x 9 pieces & extract x by degrees4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,rigid ,,contractions ,,( ,,muscles4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! calf1 z 9 aft] life1 ! muscles are subject to cramps1 & 9 c]ta9 cases giv5 gr\ps ( muscles rema9 unnaturally %ort1 s t ev5 ! bones gr[ 9 a twi/$ & di/ort$ way4 ,9 "o case ! head & neck are drawn r\nd to "o side & c n be /raight5$ out1 ev5 ! bones ( ! face & ! nose be+ curv$ ar\nd to t side4 ,9 o!r cases ! flexor muscles ( ! =e legs are s %ort5$ t ! knees are kept con/antly b5t & c n be ext5d$ by =ce4 ,! b5t neck may sometimes be suffici5tly /raight5$ = extraction by cutt+ across ! muscles on ! side to :i* x is turn$1 & ! b5t knees by cutt+ ! cords on ! back ( ! %ank bones j bel[ ! knees4 ,if ?is fails1 !re rema9s ! resort ( cutt+ (f ! di/ort$ limbs or head4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,calf 7,,inclos$ ,,ovum74 ,tumors or new gr[?s gr[ on ! unborn calf z on ! mature animal1 & by increas+ ! diamet] ( ! body r5d] its progress ?r\gh ! passage ( ! pelvis impossible4 ,9 my exp]i5ce ) l>ge1 fle%y tumors ( ! abdom51 ,i h cut op5 ! *e/1 remov$ ! lungs & he>t1 cut ?r\gh ! diaphragm ) ! knife1 & remov$ ! tumor piecemeal by alt]nate te>+ & cutt+ until ! volume ( ! body 0 suffici5tly r$uc$ to pass ?r\gh4 ,:]e ?is fail$ x w\ld rema9 to cut (f ! ant]ior "p ( ! body1 remov+ z mu* ( ! *e/ z possible1 & cutt+ freely ?r\gh ! diaphragm2 !n1 pu%+ back ! rema9d] ( ! body1 ! h9d limbs may be seiz$ & br\ght into ! passages & ! residue ?us extract$4 ,! tumor1 unless v l>ge1 w get displac$ backw>d s z n to prove an insup]able ob/acle4 ,9 _m cases ! app>5t tumor is a blight$ ovum :i* has fail$ to develop1 b has graft$ itself on its m =tunate tw9 & f x has drawn its n\ri%m5t4 ,^! are usually sacs conta9+ hair1 sk91 muscle1 bone1 or o!r natural tissues1 & only exceptionally d !y %[ ! di/9ct outl9e ( ! animal4 ,,mon/rosity ,,9 ,,! ,,calf4 ,z a mon/r\s developm5t 9 ! calf may h9d] calv+1 x is well to consid] %ortly ! diff]5t directions 9 :i* ^! deviations f ! natural =m appe>4 ,_! orig9 & significance w be r5d]$ cle>] if we divide !m accord+ to ! fault ( developm5t 9 individual cases4 ,mon/]s are su*-- 7#a7 ,f abs5ce ( p>ts--abs5ce ( head1 limb1 or o!r organ--arre/$ developm5t4 7#b7 ,f "s organ be+ unnaturally small1 z a dw>f$ head1 limb1 trunk1 etc4--arre/$ developm5t4 7#c7 ,f unnatural division ( p>ts--cleft lips1 palate1 head1 trunk1 limbs1 etc4--abnormal gr[?4 7#d7 ,f ! abs5ce ( natural divisions--abs5ce ( m\?1 nose1 eye1 anus2 ! clov5 foot ( ox or pig becomes solid1 l t ( ! horse1 etc4--conflu5ce ( p>ts :i* are rightfully sep>ate4 7#e7 ,f ! fusion ( p>ts--bo? eyes replac$ by c5tral "o1 bo? no/rils m]g$ into "o c5tral op5+1 etc4--conflu5ce ( p>ts4 7#f7 ,f unnatural position or =m ( p>ts--curv$ nose1 neck1 back1 limbs1 etc4--lack ( balance 9 ! gr[? ( muscles dur+ developm5t4 7#g7 ,f excessive gr[? ( "o or m organs--enorm\s size ( head1 d\ble p5is1 sup]flu\s digits1 etc4--r$undancy ( gr[? at giv5 po9ts4 7#h7 ,f imp]fect diff]5tiation ( ! sexual organs--h]maphrodites 7organs int]m$iate betwe5 male & female71 male organs ) c]ta9 fem99e *>act]s1 female organs ) c]ta9 well-m>k$ male *>act]s4 7#i7 ,f ! d\bl+ ( p>ts or ( ! entire body--d\ble mon/]s1 d\bl$ heads1 d\bl$ bodies1 extra limbs1 etc4--r$undant developm5t4 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,causes4--,! causes ( mon/rosities are v>i$4 ,"s1 l extra digits1 lack ( horns1 etc41 run 9 families1 :i* produce !m ) absolute c]ta9ty :5 br$ 9 ! direct l9e1 al?\gh !y 7 orig9ally acquir$ peculi>ities :i* h m]ely be5 fix$ by long habit 9 successive g5]ations4 ,! e>lie/ horse _h five toes1 & ev5 ! mo/ rec5t fossil horse _h ?ree toes1 ( :i* ! two lat]al ones are /ill repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n animal by ! two spl9t bones4 ,yet if our horse develops an extra toe x is pron\nc$ a mon/rosity4 ,a m g5u9e mon/rosity is ! solid-ho($ pig1 9 :i* two toes h be5 m]g$ into "o4 ,ano!r ( ! same k9d is ! solid %ank bone ( ! ox1 :i* consi/s ( two bones unit$ into "o1 b :i* are /ill f\nd ap>t 9 ! e>ly fetus4 ,?\gh orig9ally acquir$ peculi>ities1 !y n[ bre$ z inv>iably z color or =m4 ,o!r mon/rosities seem to h begun 9 too close bre$+1 by :i* ! p[]s ( symmetrical developm5t are impair$1 j z ! procreative p[] weak5s "u cont9u\s bre$+ f ! close/ blood relations4 ,a mon/rosity consi/+ 9 ! abs5ce ( an organ (t5 dep5ds on a simple lack ( developm5t1 ! result ( disease or injury1 z a "y bone is p]man5tly %ort5$ by be+ brok5 across ! s(t "p betwe5 ! %aft & ! end1 ! only "p :]e increase 9 l5g? c take place4 ,z ! result ( ! injury ! s(t1 gr[+ lay] becomes prematurely h>d & all increase 9 l5g? at t end ( ! bone ceases4 ,?is w acc\nt = "s cases ( abs5ce ( eye1 limb1 or o!r organ4 ,sometimes a mon/rosity is ow+ to ! inclosure ( "o ovum 9 ano!r :ile ! latt] is /ill b a s(t mass ( cells & c easily close ar\nd ! fir/4 ,"h ea* ovum has an indep5d5t life2 !y develop simultane\sly1 only ! out] "o hav+ direct connection ) ! womb & be+ furni%$ ) abundant n\ri%m5t advances mo/ rapidly & p]fectly1 :ile ! inclos$ & />v$ ovum is dw>f$ & imp]fect (t5 to ! la/ degree4 ,9 _m cases ( excess ( p>ts ! extra "p or memb] is manife/ly d]iv$ f ! same ovum1 & ev5 ! same "p ( ! ovum1 be+ m]ely ! effect ( a r$undancy & vag>y ( gr[?4 ,su* cases include mo/ in/ances ( extra digits or o!r organs1 & ev5 ( d\ble mon/]s1 z manife/$ by ! fact t su* extra organs gr[ f ! normal id5tical organs4 ,h5ce ! extra digit is atta*$ to ! normal digit1 ! extra head to ! "o neck1 ! extra tail to ! cr\p1 extra tee? to ! exi/+ tee?1 & ev5 two simil>ly =m$ bodies are atta*$ by "s po9t common to bo?1 z ! navels1 brea/bones1 backs1 etc4 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,?is %[s t bo? h be5 d]iv$ f ! same primitive lay] ( ! embryo1 :i* possess$ ! pla/ic p[] ( build+ up a giv5 /ructure or set ( organs4 ,an inclos$ ovum1 on ! o!r h&1 has no su* id5tity or simil>ity ( /ructure to ! "p ) :i* x is connect$1 %[+ an evid5t prim>y indep5d5ce ( bo? life & ! p[] ( build+ tissues & organs4 ,! p[] ( det]m9+ extra gr[? along a giv5 natural l9e is v highly develop$ 9 ! e>ly embryo & is equally manife/ 9 ! mature examples ( "s ( ! l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,?us a newt w gr[ a new tail :5 t memb] has be5 cut (f1 & a />fi% w develop z _m new />fi%es z ! pieces made by cutt+ up ! orig9al "o4 ,?is p[] ( gr[? 9 ! embryo & 9 ! l[] =m ( animals is comp>able to ! bran*+ out aga9 ( a tree at ! places f :i* bran*es h be5 lopp$4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is vegetablelike p[] ( gr[? 9 ! embryo acc\nts = mo/ d\ble mon/]s4 ,! influ5ce ( disease 9 modify+ gr[? 9 ! e>ly embryo1 increas+1 decreas+1 di/ort+1 etc41 is well illu/rat$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,/4 ,hilaire & ,val5t9e 9 v>ni%+1 %ak+1 or o!rwise di/urb+ ! connections ( eggs & !reby produc+ mon/rosities4 ,"o c easily und]/& h[ inflammations & o!r causes ( di/urb$ circulation 9 ! womb1 fetal membranes1 or fetus w\ld cause simil> di/ortions & v>iations 9 ! gr[+ fetus4 ,x is d\btless l>gely 9 ! same way t c]ta9 m5tal di/urbances ( a v susceptible dam affect ! appe>ance ( ! prog5y4 ,! mon/rosities :i* s]i\sly int]f]e ) calv+ are ma9ly su* z consi/ 9 extra memb]s or head1 :i* c n be admitt$ into ! passages at ! same "t1 :]e "s organ ( ! body has atta9$ extra size1 :]e a blight$ ovum has be5 inclos$ 9 ! body ( a m p]fect "o1 or :]e ! body or limbs are s contract$ or twi/$ t ! calf mu/ ent] ! passages d\bl$ up4 ,treatm5t4--,extraction is sometimes possible by /raight5+ ! di/ort$ memb]s by ! =ce ( traction2 9 o!r cases ! muscles or t5dons mu/ be cut across on ! side to :i* ! body or limbs are b5t to all[ ( su* /raight5+4 ,?us1 ! muscles on ! concave side ( a wry neck or ! cords beh9d ! %ank bones ( a contract$ limb may be cut to all[ ( ^! p>ts be+ br\ght into ! passages1 & !re w /ill be want+ ! me?ods dem&$ = br++ up miss+ limbs or head1 = :i* see p>agraphs bel[4 ,9 mo/ cases ( mon/rosity by excess ( ov]gr[? x becomes necess>y to cut (f ! sup]num]>y or ov]develop$ p>ts1 & ! same g5]al pr9ciples mu/ be foll[$ z laid d[n 9 ,embryotomy 7p4 #bjb74 ,,wrong ,,pres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,calf4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( abnormal pres5tations ( ! calf3 ,simultane\s pres5tation ( tw9s4 ,a ,limbs curv$ at ! knee4 ,flexor t5dons %ort5$4 n ,=e ,limbs,limb cross$ ov] ! back ( ! neck4 t ,limb b5t back at ! knee4 e ,limb b5t back f ! %\ld]4 r i ,head b5t d[nw>d on ! neck4 o ,p ,head & neck turn$ d[nw>d b5ea? ! brea/4 r r ,head ,head turn$ to "o side ^u ! side ( ! neck4 e ,head & neck turn$ back on ! side ( ! *e/ & s abdom54 e ,head turn$ upw>d & backw>d on ! back4 n t ,h9d limbs rotat$ outw>d4 ,toes & /ifles turn$ a outw>d4 t ,h9d ,limbs,h9d limbs b5t =w>d1 _! feet re/+ 9 ! pelvis4 i o ,transv]se,back ( ! calf turn$ to ! "r or left side4 n s ,inv]t$ ,back ( ! calf turn$ to ! floor ( ! pelvis & udd]4 ,p ,p o r ,h9d limb b5t on itself at ! hock4 ,hock & buttocks s e ,h9d ,limbs pres5t4 t s ,h9d limb b5t at ! hips4 ,buttocks pres5t4 e e r n ,transv]se,back ( calf turn$ to ! "r or left side4 i t o a ,inv]t$ ,back ( calf turn$ to ! floor ( ! pelvis & udd]4 r t i o n ,head up t[>d ! sp9e1 cr\p ,position ( calf v]tical t[>d udd]4 ,t ,head d[n t[>d udd]1 cr\p r ,back t[>d sp9e4 u ,p & n r lo9s ,head t[>d ! "r side1 k e pres5t$4,position ( calf transv]se cr\p t[>d ! left4 s e ,head t[>d ! left side1 n cr\p t[>d ! "r4 t a t ,brea/ ,head t[>d "r side1 cr\p i & ,position ( calf transv]se t[>d left4 o abdom5 ,head t[>d left side1 cr\p n pres5t$4 t[>d "r4 s ,^! include all g5]al pres5tations1 yet o!r subsidi>y ones w at once occur to ! att5tive read]4 ,?us1 9 ea* ant]ior or po/]ior pres5tation1 ) ! back ( ! calf turn$ d[nw>d or to "o side1 ! case may be complicat$ by ! b5d+ back ( "o or m memb]s z a :ole or at ! jo9t j above ! %ank bones 7knee or hock74 ,s also 9 su* ant]ior pres5tation ! head may be turn$ back4 ,head & =e feet pres5t$--,back turn$ to "o side4--,! calf has a great] diamet] f above d[n 7sp9e to brea/bone7 ?an x has f side to side1 & ! same is true ( ! passage ( ! pelvis ( ! c[1 :i* measures1 on an av]age1 #h-g_/aj in*es f above d[nw>d & #g-i_/aj in*es f side to side4 ,h5ce ! calf passes mo/ easily ) its back upw>d1 & :5 turn$ ) its back to "o side calv+ is always t>dy & may be difficult or impossible4 ,! obvi\s rem$y is to rotate ! calf on its own axis until its sp9e turns t[>d ! sp9e ( ! c[4 ,! op]ation is n difficult if ! body ( ! calf is n yet fix$ 9 ! passages4 ,! pres5t+ feet are twi/$ ov] ea* o!r 9 ! direction desir$1 & ?is is cont9u$ until ! head & sp9e h assum$ _! prop] place4 ,if ! body is firmly engag$ 9 ! passages ! sk9 ( ! :ole engag$ portion %\ld be freely lubricat$ ) l>d1 & ! limbs & head twi/$ ov] ea* o!r z above4 ,! limbs may be twi/$ by an assi/ant :5 ! head is manipulat$ by ! op]ator1 :o drags on ! rope turn$ halfway r\nd ! limbs & assi/s 9 ! rotation ) 8 o!r h& 9 ! passages4 ,head & =e feet pres5t$--,back turn$ d[n t[>d ! udd]4--,?is position 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #f7 is unnatural1 & ! p>turition is difficult = two reasons3 ,fir/1 ! natural curvature ( ! fetus is oppos$ to ! natural curvature ( ! passages2 &1 second1 ! ?icke/ "p ( ! body ( ! calf 7! upp]7 is engag$ 9 ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! passage ( ! pelvis 7! l[]74 ,yet unless ! calf is especially l>ge & ! pelvis ( ! c[ n>r[1 p>turition may usually be accompli%$ 9 ?is way spontane\sly or ) v little assi/ance 9 ! way ( traction on ! limbs4 ,if ?is c n be accompli%$1 two c\rses are op53 ,fir/1 to rotate ! calf z :5 ! back is turn$ to "o side2 second1 to pu% back ! pres5t+ =e limbs & head & se>* = & br+ up ! h9d limbs1 :5 ! pres5tation w be a natural1 po/]ior "o4 ,pres5tation ( ! h9d feet ) ! back turn$ to "o side or d[nw>d4--,^! are ! exact c\nt]p>ts ( ! two conditions la/ describ$1 are beset ) simil> drawbacks1 & are to be dealt ) on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #d47 ,) ! back turn$ to "o side ! body %\ld be rotat$ until ! back turns t[>d ! sp9e ( ! dam1 & ) ! back turn$ d[n x mu/ be extract$ 9 t position 7c>e be+ tak5 t ! feet d n p]=ate ! ro( ( ! vag9a7 or x mu/ be rotat$ on its own axis until ! back turns upw>d1 or ! h9d limbs mu/ be pu%$ back & ! =e limbs & head advanc$1 :5 ! pres5tation w be a natural ant]ior "o4 ,impaction ( tw9s 9 ! passage4--,x is v r>e to h tw9s ent] ! passages toge!r s z to become firmly impact$4 ,z a rule1 ea* ( ! tw9s has its own sep>ate membranes1 & z ! wat] bags ( "o w naturally fir/ ent] & be ! fir/ to bur/1 s ! calf :i* occupi$ ^? membranes w be ! fir/ to ent] ! passage & ! o!r w be !reby exclud$4 ,:5 ! membranes ( bo? h bur/ )\t ei!r calf hav+ become engag$ 9 ! pelvis1 x becomes possible = ! =e legs ( "o & ! h9d legs ( ! o!r to ent] at "o "t1 & if ! /ra9+ is v viol5t !y may become firmly impact$4 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #a47 ,! condition may be recogniz$ by ! fact t two ( ! pres5t+ feet h _! fronts turn$ =w>d1 :ile ! two o!rs h _! fronts turn$ backw>d4 ,if ! f\r feet belong$ to "o natural calf1 !y w\ld all h ! same direction4 ,by means ( ?is diff]5ce 9 direction we c easily select ! two feet ( "o calf1 place runn+ nooses ^u !m j above ! ho(s or fetlocks1 & h an assi/ant drag ^u ! ropes :ile ! feet ( ! o!r calf are pu%$ back4 ,9 select+ "o ( ! tw9s to come fir/ sev]al consid]ations %\ld h weight4 ,! "o t is mo/ advanc$ 9 ! passage is1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ *oice4 ,?\gh ! =e feet ( "o are pres5t$1 yet if ! head is n 9 place ! calf pres5t+ by its h9d feet is to be *os5 z be+ less liable to ob/ruct4 ,aga91 if = ei!r calf "o limb only is pres5t$ & ! o!r miss+1 ! "o pres5t+ two feet %\ld be select$ to come fir/4 ,z soon z "o calf has be5 advanc$ s z to occupy ! pelvis ! o!r w be cr[d$ back s t x w n s]i\sly ob/ruct4 ,=e limbs curv$ at ! knee--,limbs sprawl+ outw>d4--,9 ?is case n only are ! knees some:at b5t 9 a curve1 b ! calf has a position z if x re/$ on its brea/bone1 :ile ! legs 7 drawn ap>t & direct$ to ! "r & left4 ,! %\ld] blades be+ drawn outw>d f ! *e/ & ! elb[s turn$ out1 ! muscles ext5d+ f ! trunk to ! limb are unduly /ret*$ & keep ! knees b5t & ! feet direct$ outw>d s z to press on ! sides ( ! passages4 ,!y become ret>d$ 9 _! progress z comp>$ ) ! m rapidly advanc+ head1 & may bruise or ev5 lac]ate ! walls ( ! vag9a4 ,x w\ld seem easy to rectify ?is by ext5d+ ! legs1 b ! already t5se & ov]/ret*$ muscles op]ate aga9/ ext5sion 9 ! pres5t position1 & x is n easy to rotate ! limbs s z to apply ! %\ld] flat aga9/ ! side ( ! *e/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a repell] 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 may be plant$ 9 ! brea/ & ! body ( ! calf pu%$ backw>d into ! womb1 :5 ! limbs w ext5d easily "u traction & ! pres5tation becomes at once natural4 ,=e limbs curv$ at knee--,flexor t5dons %ort5+4--,9 ?is case ! feet w press aga9/ ! floor ( ! pelvis ?\gh ! limb has no outw>d direction1 & ! %\ld] mean:ile presses aga9/ ! ro( ( ! same passage4 ,unless ! knees c be suffici5tly /raight5$ by =ce a knife mu/ be us$ to cut across ! cords beh9d ! knee1 :5 ! limbs may be /raight5$ suffici5tly4 ,=e limbs flex$ at knee--,flexor t5dons un%ort5$4--,?is is mo/ly se5 9 cases 9 :i* ! body ( ! calf is 9 ! prop] position1 its back be+ turn$ up t[>d ! back ( ! dam1 & 9 c[s ) a droop+ abdom54 ,! feet h be5 suppos$ to cat* b5ea? ! brim ( ! pelvis1 & be+ ret>d$ :ile ! head advances into ! passages1 !y get b5t at ! knee & ! nose & knees pres5t4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #b47 ,! calf1 h[ev]1 is n an inanimate body advanc$ by ! m]e contraction ( ! womb1 b x moves its limbs freely "u ! /imulus ( ! unwont$ compression1 & 9 mov+ ! feet z !y are advanc$ !y slip d[n ov] ! pelvic brim & f9d+ no o!r firm support !y b5d back until1 "u ! impulsion1 !y c no long] /raight5 out aga94 ,! knees1 !re=e1 advance ) ! neck & head1 b ! feet rema9 b5t back4 ,! result is t ! upp] "p ( ! limb is also flex$1 & ! %\ld] blade & arm bone ) _! masses ( inve/+ muscles are c>ri$ backw>d & appli$ on ! side ( ! *e/1 greatly increas+ ! bulk ( ?is already bulky "p4 ,z ! elb[ is c>ri$ back on ! side ( ! *e/1 ! =e>m f elb[ to knee fur!r increases ! sup]add$ masses ( ! %\ld] & r5d]s x difficult or impossible to drag ! mass ?r\gh ! passages4 ,:5 ! =e limbs are fully ext5d$1 on ! contr>y1 ! %\ld] blade is ext5d$ =w>d on ! smalle/ & n>r[e/ "p ( ! *e/1 ! arm bone ) its muscles is 9 great "p appli$ aga9/ ! side ( ! back "p ( ! neck1 & ! =e>m is cont9u$ =w>d by ! side ( ! head s t ! nose lies betwe5 ! knees4 ,9 ?is natural pres5tation ! pres5t+ body ( ! calf =ms a long w$ge or cone1 ! increase ( :i* is sl[ & gradual until x rea*es ! middle ( ! *e/4 ,! difficulty ( ext5d+ ! =e limbs w be 9 proportion to ! advance ( ! head ?r\gh ! pelvic cavity4 ,9 ! e>ly /age all t is necess>y may be to introduce ! oil$ h&1 ! left "o = ! "r leg or ! "r "o = ! left1 & pass+ ! h& f ! knee on to ! foot to seize ! foot 9 ! palm1 b5d x =cibly on ! fetlock1 & lift x up ov] ! brim ( ! pelvis1 ! knee be+1 ( c\rse1 press$ upw>d aga9/ ! sp9e4 ,z soon z ! foot has be5 rais$ above ! brim ( ! pelvis 7into ! passage7 ! limb c be /raight5$ out ) ! greate/ ease4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! %\ld]s are already engag+ 9 ! pelvis ! feet c n ?us be lift$ up1 & to ga9 room a repell] 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 mu/ be us$ to pu% back ! body ( ! calf4 ,?is is an in/rum5t ) a long1 /raight /em1 divid$ at ! end into two %ort bran*es 7#b to #c in*es long7 unit$ to ! /em by h+es s t !y c be br\ght into a l9e ) ! /em = introduction into ! womb & !n spread to be implant$ 9 ! brea/4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a repell] a smoo?1 r\nd1 =k h&le may be us$1 ! prongs hav+ be5 remov$ f ! o!r end4 ,a ?ird device is to h an assi/ant /rip 8 arm to ! %\ld] &1 /&+ back to back ) ! op]ator1 to introduce 8 "r arm into ! passages along ) ! op]ator's left 7or vice v]sa7 & pu% back ! body ( ! calf :ile ! op]ator seeks to br+ up a limb4 ,! repell] or /aff hav+ be5 plant$ safely 9 ! brea/ ( ! calf1 an assi/ant pu%es ^u x 9 a direction ei!r =w>d or slightly upw>d1 s z n only to foll[ ! natural curve ( ! body & favor its turn+ 9 ! l9e ( t curve )9 ! womb1 b also to c>ry ! %\ld]s upw>d t[>d ! sp9e & obta9 m room = br++ up ! miss+ feet4 ,x is good policy1 fir/1 to put a halt] 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 figs4 #d;a & #d;b7 on ! head or a noose 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #c7 on ! l[] jaw & a rope r\nd ea* limb at ! knee1 s z to provide aga9/ ! loss ( any ( ^! p>ts :5 ! body is pu%$ back into ! womb4 ,?is (f]s ! fur!r advantage t by dragg+ ^u ^! ropes ! body c be advanc$ 9 ! passage until ! foot is rea*$1 :5 ! rope mu/ be slack5$ & ! repell] us$ to get room = br++ up ! foot4 ,if ! c[ is ly+1 ! op]ator %\ld fir/ secure ! foot on ! upp] side & !n1 if necess>y1 turn ! c[ on its opposite side s z to br+ up ! o!r4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5ts "s precautions are dem&$4 ,!y mu/ be inv>iably w>m$ be=e !y are introduc$1 & !y %\ld be sme>$ ) l>d or oil to make !m pass easily & )\t friction4 ,! assi/ant :o is pu%+ on ! in/rum5t mu/ be w>n$ to /op if at any "t resi/ance gives way4 ,?is may mean ! turn+ ( ! fetus1 9 :i* case ! object ( repulsion has be5 accompli%$1 b mu* m probably x implies ! displacem5t ( ! in/rum5t f ! body ( ! fetus1 & ungu>d$ pressure may drive x ?r\gh ! walls ( ! womb4 ,:5 ! calf ent]s ! passage ) its back turn$ d[n t[>d ! belly & udd]1 ! b5d+ back ( ! =e limbs is r>e1 probably because ! feet c f9d a /raight] & m ne>ly uni=m surface ( resi/ance 9 ! upp] wall ( ! womb & ! backbone1 & d n slide ov] a cre/ into an op5 cavity1 z !y d ov] ! brim ( ! pelvis4 ,! weight ( ! calf1 too1 gravitat+ d[nw>d1 leaves m room = ! /raight5+ ( ! b5t limbs1 s t ! desir$ relief is mu* m easily secur$4 ,! manipulation is ! same 9 pr9ciple1 only "o mu/ add ! precaution ( a /eady traction on ! feet 9 extraction1 le/1 ow+ to ! adv]se curvature ( ! fetus1 ! ho(s are sudd5ly =c$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! vag9a1 &1 p]haps1 ! rectum z well1 dur+ a specially p[]ful labor pa94 ,:5 ! back ( ! calf is turn$ to ! "r side or ! left ! ma9 diff]5ce is t 9 addition to /raight5+ ! limbs ! fetus mu/ be rotat$ to turn its back upw>d be=e extraction is attempt$4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 x may be difficult to br+ up & /raight5 ! l[] ( ! two limbs until ! body has be5 rotat$ into its prop] position4 ,cord ! upp] /raight5$ limb & head1 !n rotate ! body & se>* = ! second miss+ limb4 ,=e limbs b5t back f ! %\ld]s4--,?is is an exagg]ation ( ! condition j nam$1 & is mu* m difficult to rem$y1 ow+ to ! di/ance & inaccessibility ( ! miss+ limb4 ,x usually happ5s ) ! prop] position ( ! body1 ! back ( ! calf be+ turn$ t[>d ! back ( ! "m4 ,! head pres5ts 9 ! passage & may ev5 protrude f ! vulva dur+ an active labor pa91 b x />ts back l a spr+ :5 ! /ra9+ ceases4 ,exam9ation ) ! oil$ h&s 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! pa9s fails to detect ! miss+ limbs4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #a47 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! h& c be introduc$ dur+ a pa9 x may be possible to rea* ! elb[ or upp] "p ( ! =e>m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a pa9 a halt] or noose on ! head may be us$ to advance ! :ole body until ! =e>m c be seiz$ j bel[ ! elb[4 ,?is be+ firmly held & ! head or body pu%$ back into ! womb1 room may be obta9$ = br++ up ! knee4 ,! =e>m is us$ z a lev]1 its upp] "p be+ /rongly =c$ back :ile its l[] "p is press$ =w>d4 ,if a pa9 sup]v5es ! hold mu/ be reta9$1 & :atev] ga9 has be5 made mu/ be held if possible4 ,!n dur+ ! next pa91 by pu%+ back ! body & cont9u+ to op]ate ! =e>m z a lev]1 a /ill fur!r advance may be made4 ,z ! knee is br\ght up 9 ?is way1 ! h& is slid d[n f ! elb[ t[>d ! knee1 :i* is f9ally br\ght up ov] ! brim ( ! pelvis & into ! passage4 ,x is n[ cord$ at ! knee1 & ! subsequ5t proc$ure is z describ$ 9 ! la/ article4 ,9 a l>ge1 roomy c[ ) a small calf ! latt] may pass ) "o or bo? =elegs b5t back1 b ?is is a v exceptional case1 &1 z e>ly assi/ance is ! mo/ successful1 !re %\ld nev] be delay 9 hope ( su* a result4 ,"o =e limb cross$ ov] ! back ( ! neck4--,?is is a r>e ob/acle to calv+1 b "o t n altoge!r unkn[n4 ,! h& introduc$ into ! passage feels ! head & "o =efoot1 & f>!r back on ! same side ( ! o!r foot1 f :i* ! womb c be trac$ obliquely across ! back ( ! neck4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #c47 ,?is foot1 project+ transv]sely1 is liable to bruise or te> ! vag9a4 ,if /ill deeply engag$ 9 ! vag9a1 x may be seiz$ & pu%$ across to ! opposite side ( ! neck1 :5 ! pres5tation w be natural4 ,head b5t d[n b5ea? ! neck4--,9 ?is case1 ) droop+ belly & womb all[+ ! brim ( ! pelvis to =m a ridge1 ! advanc+ calf1 hav+ unduly depress$ its nose1 /rikes x on ! brim ( ! pelvis1 & ! neck advanc+1 ! head is b5t back & ! poll & e>s ei!r ent] ! pelvis or /rike aga9/ its brim4 ,! two =efeet pres5t1 b !y make no progress1 & ! oil$ h& introduc$ c detect no head until ! poll is felt at ! entrance ( ! pelvis1 betwe5 ! =e>ms4 ,! two =efeet mu/ be fix$ ) runn+ nooses & dragg$ on mod]ately :ile ! oil$ h& seeks to br+ up ! head4 ,! h& is slid d[n ov] ! =ehead & brim ( ! pelvis until ! nose is rea*$1 :5 x is pass$ into ! m\?1 ! muzzle re/+ 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! legs are n[ pu%$ ^u1 & 9 ! space ?us ga9$ ! muzzle is drawn up s z to ent] x into ! pelvis4 ,9 do+ ?is ! op]ator mu/ c>efully see t ! m\? does n drop op5 s t ! %>p1 front tee? cut ?r\gh ! floor ( ! womb4 ,%\ld ?is dang] ?reat51 ! h& %\ld be made to cov] ! l[] jaw z well4 ,! less5$ security ( ! hold is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! safety ( ! proc$ure4 ,) ! nose 9 ! pelvis1 x has only to be drawn =w>d & ! p>turition is natural4 ,head b5t d[n b5ea? ! brea/4--,?is is an exagg]at$ condition ( t la/ nam$4 ,! head1 arre/$ by ! brim ( ! pelvis & already b5t back on ! neck1 is press$ f>!r ) ea* successive ?roe until x has pass$ betwe5 ! =elegs & lodges b5ea? ! brea/ bone4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #d47 ,on exam9ation1 ! n>r[ upp] bord] ( ! neck is felt betwe5 ! =e>ms1 b z a rule ! head is out ( rea* bel[4 ,keep+ ! h& on ! neck & dragg+ on ! feet by ! aid ( ropes1 ! h& may come to t\* & seize ! e>1 or1 /ill bett]1 "o or two f+]s may be ins]t$ into ! orbit ( ! eye4 ,!n 9 pu%+ back ^u ! limbs1 ) or )\t ! aid ( a repell] appli$ aga9/ ! %\ld]1 space may be obta9$ to draw ! head into a v]tical position1 & ev5 to slip ! h& d[n s z to seize ! nose4 ,%\ld x prove impossible to draw ! head up ) ! unassi/$ f+]s1 a blunt hook 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #f7 may be ins]t$ into ! orbit1 on :i* an assi/ant may drag :ile ano!r pu%es ^u ! limbs or repell]4 ,mean:ile ! op]ator may secure an opportunity ( rea*+ & seiz+ ! nose or ( pass+ a blunt hook into ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,success w be bett] assur$ if two hooks 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #g7 are ins]t$ 9 ! two orbits1 s z to draw up ! head m ev5ly4 ,9 o!r cases a noose may be plac$ on ! upp] jaw1 or ev5 ar\nd bo? jaws1 & traction made ^u ?is & on ! hooks 9 ! orbits :ile ! legs are pu%$ back1 & :ile ! op]ator pu%es back on ! poll or =ehead4 ,9 /ill m difficult cases1 9 :i* ev5 ! orbits c n be rea*$1 a %>p hook on ! end ( a /raight iron rod 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #b7 may be ins]t$ ov] ! l[] jaw z f> =w>d z x c be rea*$1 & by dragg+ ^u ?is :ile ! body is pu%$ back ! head w be br\ght up suffici5tly to all[ ! op]ator to rea* ! orbit or nose4 ,if ev5 ! jaw c n be rea*$1 ! hook may be ins]t$ 9 ! neck z ne> to ! head z possible & traction employ$ s z to br+ ! head )9 rea*4 ,9 all su* cases ! c['s head %\ld be turn$ d[nhill1 & 9 case ( special difficulty %e %\ld be turn$ on h] back & held !re until ! head is secur$4 ,9 old-/&+ cases1 ) ! womb closely clasp+ ! body ( ! calf1 relaxation may be s\ght by ! use ( *lor(orm or a full dose ( *loral hydrate--#b ounces2 ! free injection ( w>m wat] into ! womb w also be useful4 ,head turn$ back on ! %\ld]4--,) a natural1 ant]ior pres5tation ?is may happ5 because ( ! imp]fect dilation ( ! m\? ( ! womb4 ,"u ! ?roes ( ! "m ! =efeet pass ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+ into ! vag9a1 :ile ! nose1 /rik+ aga9/ x & unable to ent]1 is press$ backw>d into ! womb & turns aside on ! "r or left %\ld]4 ,! broad muzzle ( ! calf =ms an especial ob/acle to entrance & favors ?is deviation ( ! head4 ,! wor/ =m ( ?is deviation is ! old-/&+ "o ) %ort5+ ( ! muscles ( ! neck on t side1 & (t5times di/ortion ( ! face & neck bones1 z notic$ "u ,mon/rosities 7p4 #ahb74 ,:5 ! head is b5t on ! %\ld] ! feet appe> 9 ! natural way1 b no progress is made1 & exam9ation reveals ! abs5ce ( ! nose f betwe5 ! knees1 & f>!r back1 f above & betwe5 ! elb[s1 a smoo? r\nd$ mass is felt ext5d+ to ! "r or left1 :i* fur!r exam9ation w id5tify ) ! neck4 ,foll[+ ! upp] bord] ( ?is ! h& rea*es ! cr[n ( ! head ) ! e>s1 & /ill fur!r ! eyes1 or ev51 9 a small calf1 ! nose4 ,z ! bulky head ( ! calf c n be extract$ along ) ! %\ld]s1 x becomes necess>y to pu% ! body ( ! fetus back & /raight5 out ! head & neck4 ,! c[ %\ld be laid ) h] head d[nhill & ) t side up t[>d :i* ! head is turn$4 ,if ! ?roes are v viol5t1 or ! womb /rongly contract$ on ! calf1 x may be be/ to seek relaxation by giv+ *lor(orm1 or #b ounces ( laudanum1 or #b ounces ( *loral hydrate4 ,if ! calf or ! passages are dry1 sweet oil may be inject$1 or ! :ole may be lib]ally sme>$ ) fre% l>d4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 w>m wat] r5d]$ slightly slipp]y by ,ca/ile soap may be inject$ into ! womb 9 quantity4 ,ropes ) runn+ nooses are plac$ on ! pres5t+ feet & ! oil$ h& introduc$ to f9d ! head4 ,if1 n[1 ! f+]s c be pass$ inside ! l[] jawbone1 & drag ! head upw>d & t[>d ! passage1 x unw9ds ! spiral turn giv5 to ! neck 9 b5d+ back1 & greatly improves ! *ances ( br++ =w>d ! nose4 ,if1 at fir/1 or if n[1 ! l[] jaw c be rea*$1 a noose %\ld be plac$ ar\nd x beh9d ! incisor tee? & traction made ^u ?is1 s t ! head may cont9ue to be turn$1 =ehead up1 t[>d ! sp9e & jaws d[n1 !reby cont9u+ to undo ! screwlike curve ( ! neck4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! nose is dragg$ ^u by a cord pass+ ov] ! upp] bord] ( ! neck1 ! screwlike twi/ is increas$ & ! resi/ance ( ! bones & jo9ts ( ! neck prev5ts any /raight5+ ( ! head4 ,z soon z ! l[] jaw has be5 seiz$ by ! h& or noose1 a repell] 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g71 plant$ on ! inside ( ! elb[ or %\ld] mo/ di/ant f ! head1 %\ld be us$ to pu% back ! body & turn x 9 ! womb1 s t ! head may be br\ght ne>] to ! outlet4 ,9 ?is way ! head c usually be br\ght into position & ! fur!r c\rse ( deliv]y w be natural4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! l[] jaw c n be rea*$ ) ! h&1 & !n ! orbit or1 less desirably1 ! e>1 may be avail$ (4 ,! e> may be pull$ by ! h&1 & by ! aid ( ! repell] on ! o!r %\ld] ! calf may be s turn$ t ! l[] jaw may be rea*$ & avail$ (4 ,bett] /ill1 a clamp 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 figs4 #c & #d7 is firmly fix$ on ! e> & pull$ by a rope1 :ile ! repell] is us$ on ! opposite %\ld]1 & ! h& ( ! op]ator pulls on ! l[] bord] ( ! neck & lifts x t[>d ! o!r side4 ,to pull on ! upp] bord] ( ! neck is to increase ! spiral twi/1 :ile to raise ! l[] bord] is to undo x4 ,if ! out] orbit c be rea*$1 ! f+]s may be ins]t$ into x s z to employ traction1 or a blunt f+] hook 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #h7 may be us$1 or a hook ) a rope atta*$1 or1 f9ally1 a hook on ! end ( a long /aff4 ,!n1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! repell]1 ! body may be s turn$ & ! head advanc$ t ! l[] jaw may be rea*$ & avail$ (4 ,9 case nei!r ! e>s nor ! orbit c be rea*$1 a cord %\ld be pass$ ar\nd ! neck ( ! calf z ne> ! head z possible1 & traction made ^u t :ile ! opposite %\ld] is pu%$ t[>d ! opposite side by ! repell]1 assi/$ by ! h& dragg+ on ! l[] bord] ( ! neck4 ,to aid ! h& 9 pass+ a rope ar\nd ! neck a cord c>ri] 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e7 is 9 use4 ,x fails1 h[ev]1 to help u 9 ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! op]ation--! pass+ ( ! cord d[n on ! deep or f>!/ side ( ! neck--& to rem$y ?is ,i h devis$ a cord c>ri]1 furni%$ ) a r+ at ! end1 a jo9t #f or #h in*es f ! end1 & ano!r r+ on ! h&le1 close to ?is jo9t4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #d47 ,a cord is pass$ ?r\gh bo? r+s & a knot ti$ on its end1 j back ( ! t]m9al r+4 ,! in/rum5t1 /raight5$ out1 is ins]t$ until x rea*es j beyond ! upp] bord] ( ! neck1 :51 by dragg+ on ! cord1 ! movable segm5t is b5t d[n on ! f>!r side ( ! neck1 & is pu%$ on until x c be felt at its l[] bord]4 ,! h& n[ seizes ! knott$ end ( ! cord b5ea? ! l[] bord] ( ! neck & pulls x ?r\gh :ile ! c>ri] is )drawn1 ! cord slid+ ?r\gh its r+s4 ,! cord1 pu%$ up z ne> to ! head z possible1 is furni%$ ) a runn+ noose by ty+ ! knott$ end r\nd ! o!r1 or1 bett]1 ! two ends are twi/$ ar\nd ea* o!r s z to give a firm hold on ! neck )\t dang]\sly compress+ ! blood vessels4 ,by pu%+ on ! opposite %\ld] ) ! repell]1 &1 assi/+ ) ! h& on %\ld]1 brea/bone1 or l[] bord] ( ! neck1 su* a *ange ( position w be secur$ z w spe$ily br+ ! head )9 rea*4 ,aft]w>ds proce$ z describ$ above4 ,^! cases are always try+1 b x is v r>ely necess>y to resort to embryotomy4 ,:5 absolutely requir$1 fir/ remove "o =e limb1 & !n1 if /ill unsuccessful1 ! o!r1 aft] :i* ! head c easily be secur$4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,head turn$ upw>d & backw>d4--,9 ?is case ! face re/s ^u ! sp9e2 ! =efeet appe> alone 9 ! passage1 b fail to advance1 & on exam9ation ! r\nd$1 inf]ior bord] ( ! neck c be felt1 ext5d+ upw>d & backw>d b5ea? ! sp9e ( ! dam1 & if ! calf is n too l>ge ! h& may rea* ! l[] jaw or ev5 ! muzzle4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #e47 ,a repell] is plant$ 9 ! brea/ & ! body ( ! calf pu%$ backw>d & d[nw>d s z to make room & br+ ! head ne>] to ! passage2 or 9 "s cases ! body may be pu%$ back suffici5tly by ! use ( ! =e limbs alone4 ,mean:ile ! head is seiz$ by ! e> or ! eye socket1 or1 if x c be rea*$1 by ! l[] jaw1 & pull$ d[nw>d into position z space is obta9$ = x4 ,if ! h& alone is insuffici5t1 ! blunt hooks may be ins]t$ 9 ! orbits or 9 ! angle ( ! m\?1 or a noose may be plac$ on ! l[] paw1 & by traction ! head w be easily advanc$4 ,9 case ( a l>ge fetus1 ! head ( :i* is beyond rea*1 ev5 :5 traction is made on ! limbs1 a rope may be pass$ ar\nd ! neck & pull$1 :ile ! brea/bone is press$ d[nw>d & backw>d by ! repell]1 & soon ! *ange ( position w br+ ! orbit or l[] jaw )9 rea*4 ,) ! above-describ$ position ! /&+ position is mo/ favorable = success1 b if ! calf is plac$ ) its back d[n t[>d ! udd]1 & if ! head is b5t d[n "u ! brim ( ! pelvis1 ! be/ position = ! c[ is on h] back1 ) h] head d[nhill4 ,9 neglect$ cases1 ) dea? & putrefaction ( ! fetus & dryness ( ! passages1 x may be necess>y to extract 9 pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,outw>d direction ( ! /ifles--,abduction ( h9d limbs4--,z an ob/acle to p>turition1 ?is is r>e 9 c[s4 ,x is mo/ liable to take place 9 c[s ) n>r[ hip bones1 & :5 ! s]vice has be5 made by a bull hav+ great bread? across ! qu>t]4 ,! calf1 tak+ aft] ! sire1 pres5ts an ob/acle to calv+ 9 ! bread? ( its qu>t]s1 & if at ! same "t ! toes & /ifles are turn$ excessively outw>d & ! hocks inw>d ! comb9$ bread? ( ! hip bones above & ! /ifles bel[ may be s great t ! pelvis w n easily admit !m4 ,aft] ! =efeet1 head1 & %\ld]s h all pass$ out ?r\gh ! vulva1 fur!r progress sudd5ly & unacc\ntably ceases1 & "s dragg+ on ! p>ts already deliv]$ does n s]ve to br+ away ! h9d p>ts4 ,! oil$ h& introduc$ along ! side ( ! calf w discov] ! ob/acle 9 ! /ifle jo9ts turn$ directly outw>d & project+ on ea* side beyond ! bones :i* circumscribe lat]ally ! front entrance ( ! pelvis4 ,! evid5t ne$ is to turn ! /ifles inw>d2 ?is may be attempt$ by ! h& introduc$ by ! side ( ! calf1 :i* is mean:ile rotat$ g5tly on its own axis to favor ! *ange ( position4 ,to correct ! deviation ( ! h9d limb is1 h[ev]1 v difficult1 z ! limbs !mselves are out ( rea* & c n be us$ z lev]s to assi/4 ,if no?+ c be done by pu%+ ! body ( ! calf back & rotat+ x & by pressure by ! h& 9 ! passages1 ! only resort appe>s to be to sk9 ! calf f ! %\ld] back1 cut x 9 two z f> back z c be rea*$1 !n pu% ! buttocks well =w>d into ! womb1 br+ up ! h9d feet1 & s deliv]4 ,h9d limbs excessively b5t on ! body & engag$ 9 ! pelvis4--,9 ?is case ! pres5tation is app>5tly a normal1 ant]ior "o2 =e limbs & head advanc$ naturally & ! p>turition proce$s until half ! *e/ has pass$ ?r\gh ! ext]nal passages1 :5 sudd5ly progress ceases & no =ce w effect f>!r advance4 ,an exam9ation ) ! oil$ h& detects ! pres5ce1 9 ! passages1 ( ! h9d feet & usually ! h9d legs up to above ! hocks4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #a47 ,! indications = treatm5t are to return ! h9d limbs into ! body ( ! womb4 ,if !y h n advanc$ too f> into ! pelvis1 ?is may be done z foll[s3 ,a rope ) runn+ noose is pass$ ov] ea* h9d foot & drawn tight ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! hock2 ! ropes are !n pass$ ?r\gh ! two r+s 9 ! small end ( ! rotat+ in/rum5t 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #e7 :i* is slid into ! passages until x rea*es ! hocks1 :5 ! ropes1 drawn tight1 are ti$ ar\nd ! h&le ( ! in/rum5t4 ,!n 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! pa9s ! hocks are pu%$ =cibly back into ! womb4 ,if by ?is means flexion c be effect$ 9 hocks & /ifles1 success w foll[2 ! h9d feet w pass into ! womb & cle> ( ! brim ( ! pelvis & ! body may n[ be advanc$ )\t h9drance1 ! h9d limbs fall+ into place :5 ! hip jo9ts are ext5d$4 ,at ! same "t ! pressure ^u h9d limbs mu/ n be relax$ until ! buttocks are engag$ 9 ! pelvis1 z o!rwise ! feet may aga9 get ov] ! brim & arre/ ! progress ( deliv]y4 ,:5 ! h9d limbs are already s jamm$ into ! pelvis t x is impossible to return !m1 ! calf mu/ be sacrific$ to save ! "m4 ,cords ) runn+ nooses are fir/ put on ! two h9d feet4 ,! body mu/ be sk9n$ f ! %\ld]s back z f> z c be rea*$1 & is to be !n cut 9 two1 if possible1 back ( ! la/ rib4 ,! rema9d] ( ! trunk is n[ pu%$ back into ! body ( ! womb & by traction ^u ! cords ! h9d feet are br\ght up into ! passages & ! extraction w be comp>atively easy4 ,h9d pres5tation ) "o or bo? legs b5t at ! hock4--,aft] ! bur/+ ( ! wat] bags1 ?\gh labor pa9s cont9ue1 no "p ( ! fetus appe>s at ! vulva unless x be ! end ( ! tail4 ,on exam9ation ! buttocks are felt w$g$ aga9/ ! sp9e at ! entrance ( ! pelvis & b5ea? !m ! b5t hock jo9ts re/+ on ! brim ( ! pelvis bel[4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #c47 ,! calf has be5 caught by ! labor pa9s :ile ! limb 0 b5t b5ea? x & has be5 jamm$ into or aga9/ ! rim ( ! pelvis1 s t ext5sion ( ! limb became impossible4 ,) ! ?igh b5t on ! flank1 ! leg on ! ?igh1 & ! %ank on ! leg1 & all at once w$g$ into ! passage1 deliv]y is practically impossible4 ,! obvi\s rem$y is to pu% ! cr\p upw>d & =w>d & ext5d ! h9d legs1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ?is c usually be accompli%$ 9 ! c[4 ,a repell] 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 is plant$ across ! ?ighs & po9t$ upw>d t[>d ! sp9e ( ! c[ & pu%$ =cibly 9 ?is direction dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 labor pa9s4 ,mean:ile ! oil$ h& seizes ! %ank j bel[ ! hock & uses x z a lev]1 pu%+ ! body back & draw+ ! foot =w>d1 ?us effectually second+ ! action ( ! repell]4 ,soon a di/9ct ga9 is manife/1 & z soon z ! foot c be rea*$ x is b5t back /rongly at ! fetlock1 held 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 & pull$ up1 :ile ! repell]1 press+ on ! buttocks1 assi/s to make room = x4 ,9 ?is way ! foot may be br\ght safely & easily ov] ! brim ( ! pelvis )\t any risk ( lac]ation ( ! womb ( ! foot4 ,aft] ! foot has be5 lift$ ov] ! brim1 ! :ole limb c be promptly & easily ext5d$4 ,9 cases pres5t+ special difficulty 9 rais+ ! foot ov] ! brim1 help may be _h by traction on a rope pass$ ar\nd 9 front ( ! hock1 & lat] /ill by a rope ) a noose fa/5$ to ! pa/]n4 ,9 ! wor/ cases1 ) ! buttocks & hocks w$g$ deeply into ! passages1 x may prove difficult or impossible to pu% ! buttocks back into ! abdom51 & 9 su* case ! ext5sion ( ! h9d limb is practically impossible )\t mutilation4 ,9 "s roomy c[s a calf may be dragg$ ?r\gh ! passages by ropes atta*$ to ! b5t hocks1 b ev5 :5 ?is is possible !re is great risk ( lac]ation ( ! floor ( ! vag9a by ! feet4 ,! next resort is to cut ! ham/r+ j above ! po9t ( ! hock & ! t5don on ! front ( ! limb 7flexor metat>si7 j above ! hock1 & ev5 ! s9ews beh9d ! %ank bone j bel[ ! hock4 ,?is all[s ! /ifle & hock to move indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 ! "o und]go+ ext5sion )\t entail+ ! ext5sion ( ! o!r2 x also all[s bo? jo9ts to flex completely1 s t ! impact$ mass c pass ?r\gh a n>r[] *annel4 ,if n[1 by dragg+ on ! hocks & op]at+ ) ! repell] on ! buttocks1 ! latt] c be tilt$ =w>d suffici5tly to all[ ( ! ext5sion ( ! /ifle1 ! jam w be at once ov]come1 & ! calf may be extract$ ) ! hock b5t1 b ! /ifle ext5d$4 ,if ev5 ?is c n be accompli%$1 x may n[ be possible to extract ! :ole mass ) bo? hocks & /ifles fully b5t4 ,to attempt ?is1 traction may be made on ! rope ar\nd ! hocks & on a %>p hook 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #b7 pass$ =w>d betwe5 ! ?ighs & hook$ on to ! brim ( ! pelvis4 ,ev]y?+ else fail+1 ! (f5d+ limb or limbs may be cut (f at ! hip jo9t & extract$1 aft] :i* extraction may proce$ by dragg+ on ! rema9+ limb1 or by hooks on ! hip bones4 ,v little is to be ga9$ by cutt+ (f ! limb at ! hock1 & ! /ifle is less accessible ?an ! hip1 & amputation ( ! /ifle gives mu* poor] results4 ,h9d limbs b5t =w>d f ! hip--,bree* pres5tation4--,?is is an exagg]ation ( ! condition la/ describ$1 only ! hocks & /ifles are fully ext5d$ & ! :ole limb c>ri$ =w>d b5ea? ! belly4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #b47 ,! wat] bags appe> & bur/1 b no?+ pres5ts unless x may be ! tail4 ,exam9ation 9 ?is case detects ! outl9e ( ! buttocks1 ) ! tail & anus at its upp] "p4 ,! rem$y1 z 9 ! case la/ describ$1 consi/s 9 pu%+ ! buttock upw>d & =w>d ) a repell]1 ! c[ be+ kept /&+ & head$ d[nhill until ! ?igh bone c be rea*$ & us$ z a lev]4 ,its upp] end is pu%$ =w>d & its l[] end rais$ until1 ! jo9ts becom+ fully flex$1 ! po9t ( ! hock c be rais$ above ! brim ( ! pelvis4 ,if necess>y a noose may be pass$ ar\nd ! leg z f> d[n t[>d ! hock z possible & pull$ on =cibly1 :ile ! h& presses =w>d /rongly on ! back ( ! leg above4 ,:5 bo? hocks h be5 lodg$ above ! brim ( ! pelvis ! fur!r proc$ure is z describ$ "u ! la/ head+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! case is advanc$ & ! buttocks w$g$ firmly into ! passages1 x may be impossible safely to pu% ! fetus back into ! womb1 & ! calf mu/ ei!r be dragg$ ?r\gh ! passage z x is or ! limbs or ! pelvis mu/ be cut (f4 ,to extract successfully ) a bree* pres5tation ! c[ mu/ be l>ge & roomy & ! calf n too l>ge4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is case is to sep>ate ! pelvic bones on ! two sides by cutt+ f be=e backw>d1 exactly 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[ & :]e ! ?ighs come toge!r above4 ,?is may be done ) a /rong embryotomy knife1 b is mo/ easily accompli%$ ) ! long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #c74 ,! =m :i* ,i h design$ 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #a71 ) a %ort cutt+ bran* jo9t$ to ! ma9 /em1 is to be pref]r$1 z ! %ort cutt+ piece may be fold$ on ! ma9 /em s t its cutt+ edge w be cov]$1 & x c be introduc$ & extract$ )\t dang]4 ,?is is pu%$ =w>d b5ea? ! calf's belly1 & ! cutt+ arm op5$1 ins]t$ 9 front ( ! brim ( ! pelvis & pull$ =cibly back ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! pelvic bones4 ,! divid$ edges are n[ made to ov]lap ea* o!r & ! bread? ( ! haun* is mat]ially r$uc$4 ,"o end ( ! cord may !n be pass$ =w>d by means ( a cord c>ri] 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e7 on ! inn] side ( "o ?igh until x c be seiz$ at ! /ifle by ! h& pass$ =w>d on ! out] side ( t ?igh4 ,?is end is n[ pull$ back ?r\gh ! vag9a1 ! o!r end pass$ ?r\gh ! cord c>ri] & pass$ =w>d on ! inn] side ( ! o!r ?igh until x c be seiz$ at ! /ifle by ! h& pass$ =w>d outside t ?igh4 ,?is end is drawn back ?r\gh ! vag9a l ! fir/1 & is ti$ ar\nd ! o!r s z to =m a runn+ noose4 ,! rope is n[ drawn ?r\gh ! r+ until x =ms a tight loop1 encircl+ ! belly j 9 front ( ! h9d limbs4 ,on ?is /rong traction c be made )\t int]f]+ ) ! full flexion ( ! limbs on ! body1 & if ! case is a suitable "o1 & ! body ( ! fetus & ! passages are bo? well lubricat$ ) oil or l>d1 a successful p>turition may be accompli%$4 ,a less desirable me?od is to put a rope ar\nd "o ?igh or a rope ar\nd ea* & drag ^u ^!1 b manife/ly ! /ra9 is n s directly on ! sp9e1 & ! limbs may be some:at hamp]$ 9 flexion4 ,?is me?od be+ inapplicable1 ! next resort is to cut (f "o or bo? h9d limbs at ! hip jo9t4 ,free incisions are made on ! side ( ! haun* s z to expose ! hip jo9t1 & ! muscles are cut away f ! head ( ! ?igh bone d[n to its n>r[ neck1 ar\nd :i* a rope is pass$ & firmly fix$ ) a runn+ noose4 ,! jo9t is n[ cut into all ar\nd1 & :ile traction is made on ! cord ! knife is ins]t$ into ! inn] side ( ! jo9t & ! r\nd ligam5t sev]$4 ,! cord may n[ be dragg$ ^u =cibly1 & ! muscles & o!r p>ts cut ?r\gh z !y are drawn t5se1 until f9ally ! :ole memb] has be5 extract$4 ,traction on ! rope r\nd ! o!r ?igh w n[ suffice to extract1 9 mo/ cases1 b if x %\ld fail ! o!r limb may be cut (f 9 ! same mann]1 & !n hooks ins]t$ 9 front ( ! brim ( ! pelvis or 9 ! op5+s 9 ! bones ( its floor 7obturator =am9a7 w give suffici5t pur*ase = extraction4 ,ano!r me?od is to ins]t a knife betwe5 ! bone ( ! rump 7sacrum7 & ! hip bone & sev] _! connections2 !n cut ?r\gh ! jo9t 7symphysis7 betwe5 ! two hip bones 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! floor ( ! pelvis1 & !n ) a hook 9 ! op5+ on ! pelvic bones 7obturator =am57 drag ^u ! limb & cut ! t5se s(t p>ts until ! limb is fre$ & extract$4 ,pres5tation ( ! back4--,9 ?is pres5tation /ra9+ may be active1 b aft] ! rupture ( ! wat] bags no progress is made1 & ! h& introduc$ w recognize ! back ) its r[ ( sp9\s processes & ! spr++ ribs at ea* side press$ aga9/ ! entrance to ! pelvis4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #f47 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! ribs w %[ :e!r x is ! region ( ! *e/ or ! lo9s4 ,by feel+ along ! l9e ( sp9es until ! ribs are met ) we %all le>n t ! head lies 9 t direction4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we foll[ ! ribs until !y disappe>1 & a blank space is succe$$ by hip bones1 x %[s t we are approa*+ ! tail4 ,! head may be turn$ upw>d1 d[nw>d1 to ! "r side1 or to ! left4 ,! object mu/ be to turn ! fetus s t "o extremity or ! o!r c ent] ! passage1 & ! *oice ( :i* end to br+ =w>d w dep5d on v>i\s consid]ations4 ,if "o end is mu* ne>] ! outlet ?an ! o!r1 t w\ld naturally be select$ = extraction1 b if !y are equidi/ant ! *oice w\ld fall on ! h9d end1 z hav+ only ! two limbs to deal ) )\t any risk ( complication f ! head4 ,:5 ! head is turn$ upw>d & =w>d x w usually be pref]able to br+ up ! h9d limb1 z1 ow+ to ! droop+ ( ! womb into ! abdom51 rotation ( ! fetus w usually be easi] 9 t direction1 & if successful ! result+ position w be a natural po/]ior pres5tation1 ) ! back ( ! calf turn$ t[>d ! rump ( ! c[4 ,simil>ly ) ! cr\p turn$ upw>d & =w>d1 t %\ld be pu%$ on =w>d1 & if ! =efeet & head c be secur$ x w be a natural ant]ior pres5tation1 ) ! back ( ! calf turn$ upw>d t[>d ! rump ( ! c[4 ,! womb %\ld be inject$ ) w>m wat] or oil1 & ! turn+ ( ! calf w dem& ! comb9$ action ( ! repell] & ! h&1 b 9 all su* cases ! op]ator has an advantage t ! body ( ! fetus is :olly )9 ! body ( ! womb1 & !re=e movable ) comp>ative ease4 ,no "p is w$g$ into ! pelvic passages z a complication4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples are ! same z 9 faulty pres5tation =e & h9d1 & no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 mak+ ! manipulations necess>y to br+ ! feet into ! pelvis1 le/ !y get inb5t or o!rwise displac$ & add unnecess>y complications4 ,) a transv]se direction ( ! calf1 ! head be+ turn$ to "o side1 ! pressure mu/ be direct$ lat]ally1 s t ! body w glide ar\nd on "o side ( ! womb1 & ! extremities :5 rea*$ mu/ be promptly seiz$ & br\ght into ! passages4 ,sometimes a =tunate /ruggle ( a live fetus w greatly aid 9 rectify+ ! position4 ,brea/ & abdom5 pres5t$4--,all f\r feet 9 ! passages4--,9 ?is =m ! calf lies across ! womb ) its roa*$ back turn$ =w>d & its belly t[>d ! pelvis4 ,all f\r feet may be ext5d$ & engag$ 9 ! passages1 or "o or m may be b5t on !mselves s z to lie 9 front ( ! pelvis4 ,! head1 too1 may usually be felt on ! "r side or ! left1 & if detect$ x s]ves to id5tify ! exact position ( ! fetus4 ,! position may fur!r be decid$ ^u by exam9ation ( ! feet & limbs4 ,) ! limbs ext5d$ ! front ( ! ho(s & ! convex aspect ( ! b5t pa/]ns & fetlocks w look t[>d t flank 9 :i* lie ! head & %\ld]s4 ,on exam9ation /ill high] ! smoo?1 ev5 outl9e ( ! knee & its b5d1 look+ t[>d ! h9d p>ts1 *>act]ize ! =e limb1 :ile ! %>p prom95ce ( ! po9t ( ! hock & ! b5d on ! opposite side ( ! jo9t1 look+ t[>d ! head1 indicate ! h9d limb4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #e47 ,! rem$y ( ?is condition is to be s\ght 9 repell+ into ! womb ^? limbs t are lea/ eligible = extraction1 & br++ into ! passages ! mo/ eligible extremities4 ,! mo/ eligible w usually be ^? :i* project f>!/ into ! passages1 indicat+ ! ne>] proximity ( t end ( ! calf4 ,an exception may1 h[ev]1 be made 9 favor ( t extremity :i* w give ! mo/ natural pres5tation4 ,?us if1 ow+ to obliquity 9 ! position ( ! fetus1 ! h9d extremities promis$ a pres5tation ) ! back ( ! fetus turn$ d[n t[>d ! udd]1 & ! ant]ior extremities "o ) ! back turn$ up t[>d ! sp9e1 ! latt] %\ld be select$4 ,aga91 if ! *oice = ! two extremities is ev5ly balanc$1 ! h9d may be *os5 z (f]+ less risk ( complication1 !re be+ no head to get displac$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! treatm5t is to place a runn+ noose on ea* ( ! f\r feet1 m>k+ ^? ( ! =e limbs to di/+ui% !m f ^? ( ! h9d ones4 ,9 case x is propos$ to br+ ! ant]ior extremities into ! passage1 a noose %\ld also be plac$ on ! l[] jaw4 ,!n run ! ropes atta*$ to ! two feet t are to be pu%$ back ?r\gh ! r+ ( a cord c>ri] 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e71 pass+ ! r+s d[n to ! feet1 & by ! aid ( ! c>ri] pu% !m well back into ! womb & hold !m !re4 ,mean:ile drag ^u ! ropes atta*$ to ! two o!r feet s z to br+ !m into ! passage 7or1 9 case ( ! ant]ior extremity1 on ! two foot ropes & ! head "o74 ,! o!r feet mu/ be pu%$ back into ! womb until ! body ( ! calf is fully engag$ 9 ! passages4 ,aft] ?is !y c no long] f9d an entrance1 b mu/ foll[ z ! body escapes4 ,,neglect$ ,,& ,,aggravat$ ,,cases4 ,9 lay+ d[n ! =ego+ rules = giv+ assi/ance 9 critical cases ( calv+ x is n intimat$ t all cases & /ages c be successfully dealt )4 ,too (t5 assi/ance is n s\ght = _m h\rs or ev5 days aft] labor pa9s1 & ! escape ( ! wat]s intimate ! dang] ( delay4 ,n seldom ! long delay has be5 fill$ up ) un9tellig5t & injuri\s attempts at r5d]+ assi/ance1 viol5t pull+ :5 resi/ance is insurm\ntable )\t *ange ( position1 injuries to ! vag9a & womb by ill-consid]$ b too =cibly execut$ attempts to *ange ! position1 ! repeat$ & long-cont9u$ contact ) r\gh h&s & r\gh] ropes & hooks1 ! ga%es ) knives & lac]ations ) in/rum5ts 9 ignorant h&s1 ! infect+ mat]ial introduc$ on fil?y h&s & in/rum5ts1 & ! septic inflammations />t$ 9 ! n[ dry & t5d] passages & womb4 ,n infrequ5tly ! dea?1 putrefaction1 & bloat+ ( ! calf 9 ! womb r5d] ! case extremely unpromis+ & make x impossible to apply successfully _m ( ! measures above recomm5d$4 ,! labor pa9s ( ! c[ may h practically ceas$ f exhau/ion2 ! passages ( ! vag9a may be s dry1 t5d]1 friable1 r$1 & swoll5 t x requires consid]able ef=t ev5 to pass ! oil$ h& ?r\gh !m1 & ! extraction ( ! calf or any portion ( x ?r\gh su* a *annel seems a hopeless task2 ! womb may be equally dry1 inflam$ & swoll51 s t its l9+ membrane or ev5 its entire ?ickness is easily torn2 ! fetal membranes h lo/ _! natural1 unctu\s & slipp]y "*1 & cl+ firmly to ! dry walls ( ! womb1 to ! dry sk9 ( ! calf1 or to ! h&s ( ! op]ator2 ! dead & putrefy+ calf may be s bloat$ ) gases t ! womb has be5 ov]di/5d$ by its pres5ce1 & ! two adh]e s closely t ! motion ( ! "o on ! o!r is practically impossible4 ,9 o!r cases reckless attempts to cut ! calf 9 pieces h left raw surfaces ) project+ bones :i* dang]\sly scrat* & te> ! womb & passages4 ,9 _m cases ! extreme resort mu/ be _h ( cutt+ ! fetus to pieces 7embryotomy71 or ! /ill m r$\btable "o ( ,cs>ean section 7extraction ?r\gh ! flank74 ,,dissection ,,( ,,! ,,unborn ,,calf 7,,embryotomy74 ,9 "s cases ! dissection ( ! calf is ! only feasible means ( deliv]+ x ?r\gh ! natural passages2 & :ile x is especially applicable to ! dead calf1 x is also on occasion call$ = 9 ! case ( ! liv+4 ,z a rule1 ! liv+ calf %\ld be pres]v$1 if possible1 b if ?is ?reat5s to entail ! dea? ( ! c[ x is only 9 ! case ( (fspr+ ( r>e value t its pres]vation is to be pref]r$4 ,to ^? acqua9t$ ) ! toil1 fatigue1 & discom=t ( embryotomy1 no discussion is necess>y s long z !re is a prospect ( success f ! simple & g5]ally easi] me?od ( rectify+ ! faulty position ( ! calf4 ,:5 ! correction ( ! position is manife/ly impossible1 h[ev]1 :5 di/ortions & mon/rosities ( ! fetus successfully ob/ruct deliv]y1 :5 ! pelvic passages are s]i\sly contract$ by fractures & bony gr[?s1 :5 ! passages are virtually almo/ clos$ by swell+1 or :5 ! calf is dead & excessively swoll51 no o!r resort may be available4 ,9 _m cases ( di/ortion & displacem5t ! dismemb]m5t ( ! entire calf is unnecess>y1 ! removal ( ! (f5d+ memb] be+ all t is requir$4 ,x w be conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to describe ! v>i\s subop]ations "o by "o & 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are usually dem&$4 ,amputation ( ! =e limb4--,9 cutt+ (f a =e limb x is ! "o pres5t+ t %\ld be select$1 s9ce x is mu* m easily op]at$ on1 & its complete removal f ! side ( ! *e/ af=ds s mu* m space = manipulation t x (t5 makes x easy to br+ ! o!r miss+ limb or ! head into position4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is to sk9 ! limb f ! fetlock up & leave ! sk9 atta*$ to ! body4 ,! reasons = ?is are3 7a7 ,t ! sk9 is ! mo/ resi/ant /ructure ( ! limb1 & :5 x has be5 remov$ ! entire limb c be easily deta*$2 7b7 ! t\gh sk9 left f ! amputat$ limb may be us$ z a cord 9 subsequ5t traction on ! body ( ! calf2 7c7 ! dissection & sep>ation ( ! limb are f> m safely accompli%$ "u ! protection ( ! envelop+ sk9 ?an if ! op]ator's h&s & in/rum5ts 7 9 direct contact ) ! walls ( ! passages or womb2 7d7 ! dissection c be mu* m easily effect$ :ile ! sk9 is /ret*$ by ! left h&1 s z to =m a comp>atively firm] resi/ant po9t = ! knife1 ?an :5 x is attempt$ to cut ! s(t1 yield+1 & ela/ic tissues :i* naturally (f] little solid resi/ance1 b con/antly rec$e be=e ! cutt+ edge ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! pres]vation ( ! sk9 is !re=e a c>d9al pr9ciple 9 ! amputation ( all p>ts 9 :i* x is at all feasible4 ,! pres5t+ foot is inclos$ 9 a noose & drawn well out ( ! passages4 ,!n a circul> incision ?r\gh ! sk9 is made ar\nd ! limb j above ! fetlock4 ,f ?is ! sk9 is slit up on ! inn] side ( ! limb to ! brea/4 ,!n ! project+ "p ( ! limb is sk9n$ up to ! vulva1 traction be+ made on ! foot by an assi/ant s z to expose z mu* z possible4 ,! embryotomy knife may n[ be tak5 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #b71 & a small hole hav+ be5 cut 9 ! free end ( ! deta*$ portion ( sk91 t is seiz$ by ! left h& & ext5d$ :ile its firm connections ) ! deep] /ructures are cut ?r\gh4 ,! loos] connections c be m quickly torn ?r\gh ) ! clos$ fi/ or ! tips ( ! f\r f+]s held firmly toge!r 9 a l9e or ) ! spud1 ( :i* !re are sev]al k9ds4 ,mu* ( ! upp] "p ( ! limb c be sk9n$ m spe$ily )\t ! knife1 b t mu/ be resort$ to to cut across t\gh b&s :5ev] ^! int]rupt ! progress4 ,! sk9n+ %\ld be c>ri$ upw>d on ! out] side ( ! %\ld] blade to ! sp9e or ne>ly s4 ,!n ) ! knife ! muscles atta*+ ! elb[ & %\ld] to ! brea/bone are cut across1 toge!r ) ^? on ! inn] side ( ! %\ld] jo9t & 9 front & beh9d x z f> z ^! c be rea*$4 ,/eady traction is n[ made ^u ! foot1 ! rema9+ muscles atta*+ ! %\ld] blade to ! trunk are torn ?r\gh ) a crack+ noise1 & ! :ole limb1 includ+ ! %\ld] blade & its inve/+ muscles1 comes away4 ,if ! %\ld] blade is left ! bulk ( ! *e/ is n dim9i%$1 & no?+ has be5 ga9$4 ,be=e go+ fur!r x is well to see :e!r ! great additional space ?us secur$ 9 ! passages w all[ ( ! miss+ limb or head to be br\ght into position4 ,if n1 ! o!r pres5t+ "p1 limb or head1 is to be amputat$ & extract$4 ,= ! limb ! proc$ure is a repetition ( t j describ$4 ,amputation ( ! head4--,! head is fir/ seiz$ & drawn well =w>d1 or ev5 outside ! vulva1 by a rope ) a runn+ noose plac$ ar\nd ! l[] jaw j beh9d ! incisor tee?1 by a %>p hook ins]t$ 9 ! ar* ( ! l[] jaw beh9d ! union ( its two bran*es & back ( ! incisor tee?1 or by hooks ins]t$ 9 ! orbits1 or1 f9ally1 9 case ! :ole head protrudes1 by a halt]4 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 figs #d;a & #d;b47 ,9 case ! :ole head protrudes1 a circul> incision ?r\gh ! sk9 is made j back ( ! e>1 & ! cut edge be+ held firmly by ! left h&1 ! neck is sk9n$ z f> z x c be rea*$4 ,!n ! great ligam5t\s cord above ! sp9e is cut across at ! f>!/ available po9t1 toge!r ) ! muscles above & bel[ ! sp9e4 ,/rong traction on ! head w !n deta* x at ?is po9t & br+ x away1 b %\ld !re /ill be too mu* resi/ance ! knife is ins]t$ betwe5 ! bodies ( two v]tebr j beh9d "o ( ! prom95t po9ts felt 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[1 & _! connect+ fibr\s c>tilage is cut ?r\gh1 aft] :i* comp>atively mod]ate pull+ w br+ x away4 ,! deta*$ neck & body at once slip back into ! womb1 & if ! =e limbs are n[ br\ght up & pull$ !y are advanc$ s f> ^u ! *e/ t ! transv]se diamet] ( t is greatly dim9i%$ & deliv]y correspond+ly facilitat$4 ,if ! head is /ill inclos$ 9 ! vag9a two me?ods are available3 7#a7 ,! removal ( ! l[] jaw & subsequ5t sep>ation ( ! head f ! neck2 7#b7 ! sk9n+ ( ! :ole head & its sep>ation f ! neck4 ,to remove ! l[] jaw ! sk9 is dissect$ away f x until ! ?roat is rea*$4 ,!n ! muscles ( ! *eeks & side ( ! jaw 7masset]s7 are cut ?r\gh & ^? connect+ ! jaw ) ! neck4 ,:5 traction is made on ! rope ar\nd ! l[] jaw x w usually come away ) little tr\ble4 ,%\ld x resi/1 its po/]ior extremity on ea* side 7beh9d ! gr9d+ tee?7 may be cut ?r\gh ) bone =ceps or ) a gu>d$ bone *isel4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #h47 ,aft] ! removal ( ! l[] jaw ! way w be op5 to sep>ate ! head f ! neck1 ! knife be+ us$ to cut into ! fir/ or second jo9t f bel[1 or ! bone =ceps or *isel be+ employ$ to cut ?r\gh ! bones ( ! neck4 ,!n traction is made on ! head by means ( hooks 9 ! orbits1 & ! h&1 arm$ ) an embryotomy knife1 is introduc$ to cut ?r\gh ! t5se resi/+ ligam5t1 & muscles above ! bones4 ,! sk9 & ! /rong ligam5t\s cord atta*$ to ! poll are ! ess5tial ?+s to cut1 z ! muscles c easily be torn across4 ,unless !re are great difficulties 9 ! way x is well to sk9 ! head f ! eyes back1 & on rea*+ ! poll to cut ?r\gh ! ligam5t & !n br+ ! head away by pull+4 ,if x is decid$ to remove ! entire head at once1 x may be sk9n$ f ! front ( ! eyes back to beh9d ! l[] jaw bel[ & ! poll above1 !n cut ?r\gh ! muscles & ligam5ts ar\nd ! fir/ jo9t & pull ! head away1 assi/+1 if ne$ be1 9 ! sep>ation ( ! head by us+ ! knife on ! ligam5t ( ! jo9t4 ,if ! calf is a d\ble-head$ mon/]1 ! sk9n+ ( ! head mu/ be c>ri$ backw>d until ! po9t has be5 rea*$ :]e bo? heads bran* f ! s+le neck1 & ! sep>ation mu/ be made at t po9t4 ,! muscles & ligam5ts are fir/ to be cut ?r\gh2 & if ! "p c n !n be deta*$ by pull+1 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr may be sep>at$ by pass+ ! knife ?r\gh ! jo9t4 ,! second head may n[ be secur$ by a noose ar\nd ! l[] jaw or hooks 9 ! orbits & br\ght up into place1 ! body be+ pu%$ back t[>d ! o!r side by a repell]1 s z to make room4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 except 9 ! case ( a d\ble-head$ mon/]1 or 9 case ( ! head protrud+ or ne>ly s1 & "o or bo? =e limbs pres5t+1 x is r>ely desirable to und]take amputation ( ! head4 ,! space desirable 9 ! passages c usually be obta9$ by ! mu* simpl] & easi] proc$ure ( remov+ "o or bo? =e limbs4 ,amputation ( ! h9d limbs4--,?is is sometimes dem&$ on ! "o ext5d$ limb :5 ! o!r c n be br\ght up & deliv]y c n be effect$2 also 9 case ( mon/]s hav+ extra h9d limbs2 :5 ! calf is dead1 putrid1 & bloat$ ) gas2 & 9 "s cases ( bree* pres5tation1 z describ$ "u t head4 ,:5 ! limb is ext5d$ ! guid+ pr9ciples are z 9 ! case ( ! =e limbs4 ,! sk9 is cut ?r\gh circul>ly above ! fetlock & slit up to b5ea? ! pelvic bones on ! inn] side ( ! ?igh4 ,x is !n dissect$ f ! o!r p>ts z high z x has be5 slit on ! inn] side & to above ! prom95ce 7tro*ant] major7 on ! upp] end ( ! ?igh bone on ! out] side ( ! jo9t4 ,9 ?is proc$ure ! h&s & spud c d mu*1 b ow+ to ! firm] connections ! knife w be m frequ5tly requir$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! =e limb4 ,! muscles are n[ cut ?r\gh all ar\nd ! hip jo9t1 & /rong traction is made by two or ?ree m5 on ! limb4 ,if !re is /ill too mu* resi/ance1 a knife is ins]t$ into ! jo9t on ! inn] side & its r\nd ligam5t cut ?r\gh1 aft] :i* extraction w be comp>atively easy4 ,?is accompli%$1 x w (t5 be possible to extract ! fetus ) ! o!r leg turn$ =w>d into ! womb4 ,if ! calf is bloat$ ) gas1 x may be necess>y to remove ! o!r leg 9 ! same way1 & ev5 to cut op5 ! *e/ & abdom5 & remove _! cont5ts be=e extraction c be effect$4 ,9 ! case ( extra limbs x may be possible to br+ !m up into ! passages aft] ! pres5t+ h9d limbs h be5 remov$4 ,if ?is is n practicable1 !y may be deta*$ by cutt+ !m ?r\gh at ! hip jo9t1 z describ$ "u ,bree* pres5tation1 page #aig4 ,ano!r me?od ( remov+ ! h9d limb is1 aft] hav+ sk9n$ x ov] ! qu>t]1 to cut ?r\gh ! pelvic bones f be=e backw>d1 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[1 by knife1 saw1 or long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #a71 & !n disjo9t ! bones ( ! sp9e 7sacrum7 & ! hip bone 7ilium7 on t side ) embryotome1 knife1 or saw1 & !n drag away ! entire limb1 along ) all ! hip bones on t side4 ,?is has ! advantage ( secur+ m room & !reby facilitat+ subsequ5t op]ations4 ,bo? limbs may be remov$ 9 ?is way1 b on ! removal ( ! second ! op]ator is )\t any solid po9t to drag ^u 9 br++ away ! rema9d] ( ! fetus4 ,division across ! middle ( ! body4--,9 cases ( extra size1 mon/rosity1 or di/ortion ( "o end ( ! body x may be requisite to cut ! body 9 two & return ! half f ! passages into womb1 ev5 aft] "o-half has be5 born4 ,! pres5t+ memb]s are dragg$ ^u =cibly by assi/ants to br+ z mu* ( ! body z possible outside4 ,!n cut ?r\gh ! sk9 ar\nd ! body at "s di/ance f ! vulva1 & ) h&1 knife1 & spud deta* x f ! trunk z f> back into ! passages z c be rea*$4 ,next cut across ! body at ! po9t rea*$1 beg9n+ at ! l[] "p 7brea/1 belly7 & proce$+ up t[>d ! sp9e4 ,?is greatly favors ! sep>ation ( ! backbone :5 rea*$1 & fur!r all[s ( its be+ ext5d$ s t x c be divid$ high] up4 ,:5 ! backbone is rea*$1 ! knife is pass$ betwe5 ! two bones1 ! prom95t ridges across _! ends act+ z guides1 & by dragg+ & twi/+ ! "o is easily deta*$ f ! o!r4 ,) an ant]ior pres5tation ! sep>ation %\ld1 if possible1 be made beh9d ! la/ rib1 :ile ) a po/]ior pres5tation z _m ( ! ribs %\ld be br\ght away z c be accompli%$4 ,hav+ remov$ "o half ( ! body1 ! rema9+ half is to be pu%$ back into ! womb1 ! feet s\ght & secur$ ) nooses1 & ! second half remov$ 9 "o piece if possible2 & if n1 !n aft] ! removal ( ! extra limb or o!r cause ( ob/ruction4 ,remov$ ( ! cont5ts ( *e/ or abdom54--,if ! body ( ! calf /icks fa/ 9 ! passages by reason ( ! m]e dryness ( its sk9 & ( ! passages1 ! ob/acle may be remov$ by inject+ sweet oil pa/ ! fetus into ! womb ?r\gh a rubb] or o!r tube1 & sme>+ ! passages freely ) l>d4 ,:5 ! ob/ruction dep5ds on excess ( size ( ! *e/ or abdom5 or ?ick5+ ( ! body f di/ort$ sp9e1 mu* advantage may be d]iv$ f ! removal ( ! cont5ts ( ^! great cavities ( ! trunk4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! haun*es may be n>r[$ by cutt+ ! bones ap>t 9 ! m$ian l9e bel[ & caus+ _! free edges to ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,! abdom5 c be cut op5 by ! embryotomy knife or ! long embryotome 9 ! m$ian l9e1 or at any po9t1 & ! cont5ts pull$ out ) ! h&1 ! knife be+ us$ 9 any case :5 especial resi/ance is enc\nt]$4 ,if ! abdom5 is s firmly impact$ t x c n be dealt )9 ?is way1 "o h9d limb & ! hip bone on ! same side may be remov$ z describ$ "u ,amputation ( ! h9d limbs1 page #bje4 ,?is w all[ ! introduction ( ! h& into ! abdom5 f beh9d1 s z to pull out ! cont5ts4 ,by introduc+ an embryotomy knife 9 ! palm ( ! h& & cutt+ ?r\gh ! muscle ( ! diaphragm ! int]ior ( ! *e/ c be rea*$ 9 ! same way & ! he>t & lungs remov$4 ,:51 9 deal+ ) an ant]ior pres5tation1 x becomes necess>y to remove ! cont5ts ( ! *e/1 ! usual c\rse is to cut ?r\gh ! connections ( ! ribs ) ! brea/bone 7! co/al c>tilages7 close to ! brea/bone on ea* side1 & f ! abdom5 =w>d to ! neck4 ,!n cut ?r\gh ! muscles connect+ ! front ( ! brea/bone ) ! neck & its h9d] end ) ! belly1 & pull out ! entire brea/bone4 ,hav+ torn out ! he>t & lungs ) ! h&1 make ! rib c>tilages on ! "o side ov]lap ^? on ! o!r1 s z to less5 ! ?ickness ( ! *e/1 & proce$ to extract ! body4 ,if x seems ne$ful to empty ! abdom5 z well1 x is easy to rea* x by cutt+ ?r\gh ! diaphragm1 :i* sep>ates x f ! *e/4 ,deliv]y ?r\gh ! flank 7,cs>ean section1 or lap>otomy74--,?is is sometimes dem&$1 :5 ! di/ortion & n>r[+ ( ! hip bones are su* z to =bid ! passage ( ! calf1 or :5 inflammation has practically clos$ ! natural passages & ! prog5y is m valuable & wor?y ( be+ sav$ ?an ! dam2 also 9 cases 9 :i* ! c[ has be5 fatally injur$1 or is ill beyond possibility ( recov]y & yet c>ries a liv+ calf4 ,x is too (t5 a la/ resort aft] long & fruitless ef=ts to deliv] by ! natural *annels1 & 9 su* cases ! sav+ ( ! calf is all t c be expect$1 ! exhau/$ c[1 already ! subject ( active inflammation & too (t5 also ( putrid poison+1 is virtually beyond hope4 ,! hope ( sav+ ! dam is greate/ if %e is 9 good heal? & n fatigu$1 9 cases1 = example1 9 :i* ! op]ation is resort$ to on acc\nt ( brok5 hip bones or abnormally n>r[ passages4 ,! /ock own] w n attempt su* a s]i\s op]ation z ?is4 ,yet1 if ! "m has j di$ or is to be imm$iately sacrific$1 no "o %\ld hesitate to resort to x 9 ord] to save ! calf4 ,if alive1 x is important to h ! c[ p]fectly /ill4 ,h] left =e leg be+ b5t at ! knee by "o p]son1 ano!r may seize ! left horn & nose & turn ! head to ! "r until ! nose re/s on ! sp9e j above ! %\ld]4 ,! c[ w s9k d[n g5tly on h] left side )\t %ock or /ruggle4 ,"o may n[ hold ! head firmly to ! gr\nd1 :ile a second1 c>ry+ ! end ( ! tail f beh9d =w>d on ! inside ( ! "r ?igh1 pulls ^u x s z to keep ! "r h9d limb well rais$ f ! gr\nd4 ,if "t presses %e may be op]at$ on 9 ?is position1 or if ! c[ is to be sacrific$ a bl[ on ! head ) an ax w produce quietude4 ,!n ! prompt cutt+ into ! abdom5 & womb & ! extraction ( ! calf requires no skill4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! c[ is to be pres]v$1 h] two =efeet & ! l[] h9d "o %\ld be safely fa/5$ toge!r & ! upp] h9d "o drawn back4 ,two ounces *loral hydrate1 giv5 by injection1 %\ld induce sleep 9 #bj m9utes1 & ! op]ation may proce$4 ,9 case ! c[ is to be pres]v$1 wa% ! "r flank & apply a solution ( #d gra9s ( corrosive sublimate 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,!n1 ) an ord9>y scalpel or knife1 dipp$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ solution1 make an incision f #b in*es bel[ & 9 front ( ! out] angle ( ! hip bone 9 a direction d[nw>d & slightly =w>d to a di/ance ( #ab in*es4 ,cut ?r\gh ! muscles1 & m c>efully ?r\gh ! transp>5t l9+ membrane ( ! abdom5 7p]itoneum71 lett+ ! po9t ( ! knife lie 9 ! groove betwe5 ! fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h& z !y are slid d[n inside ! membrane & ) _! back to ! inte/9es4 ,an assi/ant1 ^: h&s1 l ^? ( ! op]ator1 h be5 dipp$ 9 ! sublimate solution1 may press 8 h&s on ! w\nd beh9d ! knife to prev5t ! protrusion ( ! inte/9es4 ,! op]ator n[ feels = & br+s up to ! w\nd ! gravid womb1 all[+ x to bulge well ?r\gh ! abdom9al w\nd1 s z to keep back ! b[els & prev5t any escape ( wat] into ! abdom54 ,?is is second$ by two assi/ants1 :o press ! lips ( ! w\nd aga9/ ! womb4 ,!n an incision #ab in*es long is made into ! womb at its mo/ prom95t po9t1 deep en\gh to p5etrate its walls1 b n s z to cut into ! wat] bags4 ,9 cutt+1 c>efully avoid ! cotyl$ons1 :i* may be felt z h>d masses inside4 ,by pressure ! wat] bags may be made to bulge out z 9 natural p>turition1 & ?is project+ portion may be torn or cut s z to let ! liquid fl[ d[n outside ( ! belly4 ,! op]ator n[ plunges 8 h& into ! womb1 seizes ! =e or h9d limbs1 & quickly extracts ! calf & gives x to an att5dant to convey to a safe place4 ,! womb may be drawn out1 b n until all ! liquid has fl[$ out1 & ! fetal membranes mu/ be sep>at$ f ! natural cotyl$ons1 "o by "o1 & ! membranes remov$4 ,! womb is n[ empti$ ) a sponge1 :i* has be5 boil$ or squeez$ out ( a sublimate solution1 & if any liquid has fall5 into ! abdom5 x may be remov$ 9 ! same way4 ,a few /it*es are n[ plac$ 9 ! w\nd 9 ! womb1 us+ c>boliz$ catgut4 ,!y ne$ n be v close toge!r1 z ! w\nd w dim9i% greatly :5 ! womb contracts4 ,%\ld ! womb n contract at once x may h appli$ aga9/ x a sponge squeez$ out ( a cold sublimate solution1 or x may be drawn out ( ! abdom9al w\nd & expos$ to ! cold air until x contracts4 ,its contraction is necess>y to prev5t ble$+ f its enorm\s network ( ve9s4 ,:5 contract$1 ! womb is return$ into ! abdom5 & ! abdom9al w\nd sew$ up4 ,"o set ( /it*es1 to be plac$ at int]vals ( #b in*es1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! entire ?ickness ( sk9 & muscles & ti$ ar\nd two quills or little roll]s re/+ on ! sk94 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #g47 ,^! %\ld be ( silv]1 & may be cut at "o end & pull$ out aft] ! w\nd has heal$4 ,! sup]ficial /it*es are put 9 e half in* & pass$ ?r\gh ! sk9 only4 ,!y1 too1 may be ( silv]1 or p9s may be ins]t$ ?r\gh ! lips & a f9e cord twi/$ r\nd _! ends l a figure #h4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #i47 ,! po9ts ( ! p9s may be snipp$ (f ) pli]s4 ,! edges may be /ill fur!r held toge!r by ! application ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 melt$ s z to become firmly adh]5t1 & cov]$ ) a lay] ( /]iliz$ cotton wool4 ,!n ! :ole %\ld be support$ by a b&age fix$ ar\nd ! lo9s & abdom54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ative ,,organs4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,fetal calf )9 its membranes 7at mid t]m74 ,! ut]us is op5$ on ! left side4 ,9 ! ut]us ! fetus is surr\nd$ by sev]al membranes :i* are kn[n z ! amnion or inn] lay]1 ! allantois or c5tral lay]1 & ! *orion or out] lay]4 ,! amnion is ne>e/ ! fetus & =ms a clos$ sac ar\nd x fill$ ) a fluid kn[n z liquor amnii1 9 :i* ! fetus floats4 ,! allantois is compos$ ( two lay]s1 :i* =m a clos$ sac 9 connection ) ! ura*us1 or ! tube :i* ext5ds f ! fetal bladd] ?r\gh ! umbilical cord4 ,! "o lay] ( ! allantois is spread ov] ! out] surface ( ! amnion & ! o!r ov] ! inn] surface ( *orion4 ,! allantois also conta9s a fluid :i* is kn[n z ! allantoid liquid4 ,! *orion is ! out] envelope or membrane ( ! fetus1 completely inclos+ ! fetus ) its o!r membranes4 ,on ! out] surface ( ?is membrane are f\nd ! fetal plac5tul1 or cotyl$ons1 :i*1 ?r\gh _! atta*m5t to ! mat]nal cotyl$ons1 furni% ! fetus ) ! means ( su/a9+ life4 ,! relation ( ! fetal & mat]nal cotyl$ons to ea* o!r is illu/rat$ on ! foll[+ plate4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,pregnant ut]us ) cotyl$ons4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ut]us ( ! c[ dur+ pregnancy1 laid op5 to %[ ! cotyl$ons 7d7 on ! int]nal surface ( ut]us 7c74 ,! ov>y 7a7 is %[n cut across1 & ! two halves are laid op5 to %[ ! position ( ! dis*>g$ ovum at a'4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! relation ( ! fetal & mat]nal p>ts ( a cotyl$on4 ,a portion ( ! ut]us 7,a7 is %[n ) ! mat]nal cotyl$on 7,,bb7 atta*$ to x4 ,! fetal portion 7,d7 consi/s ( a mass ( v m9ute hairlike processes on ! *orion 7,e71 :i* fit into correspond+ depressions or pits ( ! mat]nal portion4 ,ea* portion is abundantly suppli$ ) blood vessels1 s t a ready int]*ange ( nutritive fluid may take place betwe5 "m & fetus4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,vessels ( umbilical cord4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fetal calf ) a portion ( ! wall ( ! abdom9al cavity ( ! "r side & ! /oma* & inte/9es remov$ to illu/rate ! nature ( ! umbilical or navel cord4 ,x consi/s ( a tube 7#a-a'7 into :i* pass ! two umbilical art]ies 7#c7 c>ry+ blood to ! plac5ta 9 ! ut]us or womb & ! umbilical ve9 7#d7 br++ ! blood back & c>ry+ x into ! liv]4 ,! cord also conta9s ! ura*us 7#b'7 :i* c>ries ur9e f ! bladd] 7#b7 ?r\gh ! cord4 ,^! vessels are all oblit]at$ at bir?4 #e1 liv]2 #e'1 lobe ( same1 kn[n z ! lobus ,spigelii2 #e''1 gall bladd]2 #f1 "r kidney2 #f'1 left kidney2 #f''1 uret]s1 or ! tubes conduct+ ! ur9e f ! kidneys to ! bladd]2 #g1 rectum1 :]e x has be5 sev]$ 9 remov+ ! inte/9es2 #h1 ut]us ( ! fetus1 cut (f at ! ant]ior extremity2 #i1 aorta2 #aj1 po/]ior v5a cava4 7,f ,fr/5b]g-,leis]+1 ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,r9des47 ,fig4 #b4 ,blood vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! umbilical cord 9 a human fetus4 7,f ,qua9's ,anatomy1 vol4 #b47 ,l1 liv]2 ,k1 kidney2 ,i1 inte/9es2 ,u ,c1 umbilical cord2 ,ua1 umbilical art]ies4 ,! po/]ior aorta com+ f ! he>t passes backw>d & gives rise to ! int]nal iliac art]ies1 & ( ^! ! umbilical art]ies are bran*es4 ,uv1 umbilical ve92 ?is jo9s ! portal ve91 passes onw>d to ! liv]1 breaks up into small] vessels1 :i* reunite 9 ! hepatic ve92 ?is empties into ! po/]ior v5a cava1 :i* c>ries ! blood back to ! he>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,fetal ,,calf ,,)9 ,,its ,,membranes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,pregnant ,,ut]us ,,) ,,cotyl$ons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,vessels ,,( ,,umbilical ,,cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,normal ,,position ,,( ,,calf ,,9 ,,ut]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,abnormal ,,positions ,,( ,,calf ,,9 ,,ut]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,abnormal ,,positions ,,( ,,calf ,,9 ,,ut]o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,normal position ( calf 9 ut]o4 ,?is is ! mo/ favorable position ( ! calf or fetus 9 ! womb at bir?1 & ! position 9 :i* x is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,?is is kn[n z ! normal ant]ior position4 ,! back ( ! fetus is directly t[>d t ( ! "m1 ! =elegs are ext5d$ back t[>d ! vulva ( ! "m1 & ! head re/s betwe5 !m4 ,! bir? ( ! calf 9 ?is position usually takes place )\t artificial assi/ance4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,abnormal positions ( calf 9 ut]o4 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #e f ,flem+'s ,vet]9>y ,ob/etrics2 fig4 #d aft] ,/4 ,cyr1 f ,hill's ,bov9e ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y2 fig4 #f f ,d',arboval1 ,dictionaire de ,mdec9e et de ,*irurgie47 ,fig4 #a4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 "o =e limb completely reta9$4 ,! reta9$ limb mu/ be rea*$ if possible & br\ght =w>d jo9t by jo9t & ! fetus !n extract$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 =e limbs b5t at knee4 ,! limbs mu/ be ext5d$ be=e deliv]y c be accompli%$4 ,fig4 #c4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 =e limb cross$ ov] neck4 ,! leg %\ld be grasp$ a little above ! fetlock1 rais$1 drawn to its prop] side1 & ext5d$ 9 g5ital canal4 ,fig4 #d4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 d[nw>d deviation ( head4 ,! head mu/ be br\ght into position se5 9 ,plate ,,xv be=e deliv]y c take place4 ,fig4 #e4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 deviation ( ! head upw>d & backw>d4 ,retropulsion is ! fir/ indication1 & w (t5 br+ ! head into its normal position4 ,fig4 #f4 ,ant]ior pres5tation2 head pres5t$ ) back d[n4 ,! fetus %\ld be turn$ by pu%+ back ! =e p>ts & br++ up ! h9d s z to make a po/]ior pres5tation4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,abnormal positions ( calf 9 ut]o4 7,figs4 #b & #c f ,flem+2 figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f f ,d',arboval47 ,fig4 #a4 ,ant]ior pres5tation1 ) h9d feet engag$ 9 pelvis4 ,a v s]i\s malpres5tation1 9 :i* x is g5]ally impossible to save ! fetus if deliv]y is f> advanc$4 ,! indications are to =ce back ! h9d feet4 ,fig4 #b4 ,?igh & cr\p pres5tation1 %[+ ! fetus cord$4 ,! cord has a r+ or noose at "o end4 ,! two ends ( ! cord are pass$ betwe5 ! ?ighs1 br\ght out at ! flanks1 & ! pla9 end pass$ ?r\gh ! noose at ! top ( ! back & br\ght outside ! vulva4 ,! fetus mu/ be pu%$ back & an attempt made to br+ ! limbs prop]ly into ! g5ital passage4 ,fig4 #c4 ,cr\p & hock pres5tation4 ,! indications 9 ?is abnormal pres5tation are ! same z describ$ = ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d4 ,po/]ior pres5tation2 ! fetus on its back4 ,turn ! fetus s z to make a normal ant]ior pres5tation4 ,fig4 #e4 ,/]no-abdom9al pres5tation4 ,! fetus is on its side ) limbs cross+ & pres5t+4 ,! limbs lea/ eligible = extraction %\ld be =c$ back into ! ut]us4 ,fig4 #f4 ,dorso-lumb> pres5tation2 ! back pres5t+4 ,! fetus mu/ be turn$ s t "o or ! o!r extremity c ent] ! passage4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,abnormal positions ( ! calf 9 ut]o4 ,surgical in/rum5ts & sutures4 ,fig4 #a4 ,tw9 pregnancy1 %[+ ! normal ant]ior & po/]ior pres5tations4 7,f ,flem+47 ,fig4 #b4 ,abdom9al dropsy ( ! fetus2 normal pres5tation2 =e limbs cord$4 7,aft] ,armatage47 ,! draw+ illu/rates ! me?od ( punctur+ ! abdom5 ?r\gh ! *e/ ) a long troc> & cannula4 ,! fluid is repres5t$ escap+ f ! cannula aft] ! )drawal ( ! troc>4 ,fig4 #c4 ,talli*'s %ort1 b5t1 crot*et =ceps4 ,! =ceps h b5t & too!d jaws1 :i* are int5d$ to take hold ( ! fetus :]e nei!r cords nor hooks c be appli$1 z ! e>1 nose1 or sk9 ( *eek4 ,fig4 #d4 ,clamp = e>1 sk91 etc43 #a-a1 blades ) hooks & correspond+ holes2 #b1 r+ to close ! blades2 #c1 /em ) female screw = h&le2 #d1 h&le1 :i* may be ei!r /raight or jo9t$ & flexible4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,mon/rosities4 ,?is plate illu/rates v>i\s mal=mations & diseases ( ! fetus :i* act z ! cause ( difficult p>turition4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,fetuses ) portions ( _! bodies d\ble4 ,fig4 #a 7f ,flem+71 d\ble head1 neck1 & =e limbs4 ,fig4 #b 7f ,encyclop4 d] ,gesam4 ,?i]heilkunde1 #ahhf71 d\ble head1 neck1 =e limbs1 & body4 ,fig4 #c 7f ,flem+71 d\ble fac$4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fetus ) head v mu* enl>g$4 7,f ,flem+47 ,?is affection is kn[n z hydrocephalus1 or dropsy ( ! bra91 & is due to a m or less consid]able quantity ( fluid 9 ! cranial cavity ( ! fetus4 ,fig4 #e4 ,skull ( ! calf repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! ro( ( ! skull is abs5t4 7,f ,flem+47 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 difficult labor4 ,fig4 #a4 ,long embryotome ) jo9t4 ,fig4 #b4 ,long1 %>p hook4 ,?is in/rum5t is ab\t #c feet 9 l5g?1 includ+ ! h&le4 ,hooks ( ?is k9d1 bo? blunt & %>p1 are appli$ directly to ! fetus to assi/ 9 deliv]y4 ,fig4 #c4 ,gn!r's long-h&l$ embryotome4 ,?is in/rum5t & t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a are ( special value 9 cutt+ ?r\gh muscul> tissue & 9 sep>at+ ! limbs f ! trunk :5 ! fetus c n be remov$ entire4 ,^! embryotomes are usually #cj in*es long1 b may be made ei!r long] or %ort]4 ,fig4 #d4 ,jo9t$ cord-c>ri]1 us$ 9 difficult p>turition to c>ry a cord into regions :i* c n be rea*$ by ! arm4 ,fig4 #e4 ,in/rum5t us$ to rotate or turn ! fetus1 kn[n z a rotator4 ,fig4 #f4 ,dilator ( ! neck ( ! womb1 us$ :5 conception c n take place ow+ to a contract$ condition ( ! neck ( ! womb4 ,fig4 #g4 ,repell]4 ,an in/rum5t f #b to #c feet long1 us$ to =ce ! fetus =w>d into ! womb4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally necess>y :5 ! pres5tation is abnormal & ! fetus has advanc$ too f> into ! n>r[ inlet to ! ut]us to be mov$4 ,fig4 #h4 ,c>twright's bone *isel4 ,includ+ ! h&le1 ?is in/rum5t is ab\t #cb in*es 9 l5g?2 ! *isel portion is a little m ?an #b in*es long & #a to #a-a_/b broad4 ,only ! middle portion is %>p1 ! project+ corn]s are blunt1 & ! sides r\nd$4 ,?is in/rum5t is us$ = slitt+ up ! sk9 ( a limb & z a bone *isel :5 x is necess>y to mutilate ! fetus 9 ord] to effect deliv]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,abnormal ,,position ,,( ,,calf ,,9 ,,ut]o4 ,,surgical ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,sutures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,mon/rosities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,difficult ,,labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,difficult ,,labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 difficult labor4 ,fig4 #a4 ,embryotome1 an in/rum5t us$ :5 x is necess>y to r$uce ! size ( ! fetus by cutt+ away c]ta9 p>ts be=e bir? c be effect$4 ,?is in/rum5t may be long or %ort1 /raight or curv$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,also an embryotome4 ,! blade c be made to slide out ( or into ! h&le4 ,! in/rum5t c ?us be introduc$ into or )drawn f ! g5ital passage )\t risk ( injury to ! "m4 ,fig4 #c4 ,s*aack's traction cord4 ,?is is m]ely a cord ) a runn+ noose at "o end & a piece ( wood at ! o!r1 to (f] a bett] hold = ! h&4 ,figs4 #d;a & #d;b4 ,reuff's head coll> = secur+ ! head ( ! fetus4 ,fig4 #e4 ,curv$ cord-c>ri]1 us$ 9 difficult p>turition to c>ry a cord into regions :i* c n be rea*$ by ! arm4 ,fig4 #f4 ,blunt hook1 us$ 9 difficult p>turition4 ,fig4 #g4 ,%ort hook =ceps1 us$ 9 difficult p>turition4 ,fig4 #h4 ,blunt f+] hook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,foll[+ ,,p>turition4 ,by ,james ,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce1 etc41 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,flood+ 7,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,womb74 ,?\gh n s common 9 ! c[ z 9 ! human female1 flood+ is suffici5tly frequ5t to dem& att5tion4 ,x may dep5d on a too rapid calv+ & a consequ5t failure ( ! womb to contract :5 ! calf has be5 remov$4 ,! pregnant womb is extraord9>ily ri* 9 blood vessels1 especially 9 l>ge & tortu\s ve9s1 :i* become compress$ & almo/ oblit]at$ "u contraction1 b rema9 ov]fill$ & (t5 ble$ into ! cavity ( ! womb %\ld no contraction take place4 ,cox records cases 9 :i* ! labor pa9s _h deta*$ & expell$ ! fetal membranes1 :ile ! calf1 ow+ to l>ge size or wrong pres5tation1 0 deta9$ 9 ! womb1 & ! cont9u$ dilatation ( ! womb 9 ! abs5ce ( ! fetal membranes l$ to a fl[ ( blood :i* accumulat$ 9 clots ar\nd ! calf4 ,o!r causes are lac]ation ( ! cotyl$ons ( ! womb1 or f an antec$5t inflammation ( ! plac5ta1 & ! unnatural adhesion ( ! membranes to ! womb1 :i* ble$s :5 ! two are torn ap>t4 ,weakness ( ! womb f ov]di/5tion1 z 9 dropsy1 tw9s1 etc41 is n )\t its influ5ce4 ,f9ally1 ev]sion ( ! womb 7ca/+ ! )]s7 is an occasional cause ( flood+4 ,! tr\ble is only too evid5t :5 ! blood fl[s f ! ext]nal passages 9 drops or 9 a f9e /ream4 ,:5 x is reta9$ 9 ! cavity ( ! womb1 h[ev]1 x may rema9 unsuspect$ until x has r5d]$ ! animal almo/ bloodless4 ,! symptoms 9 su* case are pal5ess ( ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 & ( ! lips ( ! vulva1 a weak1 rapid pulse1 viol5t & p]haps l\d beat+ ( ! he>t 7palpitations71 sunk51 />+ eyes1 coldness ( ! sk91 e>s1 horns1 & limbs1 p]spiration1 weakness 9 /&+1 /agg]+ gait1 &1 f9ally1 inability to rise1 & dea? 9 convulsions4 ,if ^! symptoms are se51 ! oil$ h& %\ld be introduc$ into ! womb1 :i* w be f\nd op5 & flaccid & conta9+ l>ge blood clots4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 ! removal ( ! fetal membranes & blood clots f ! womb 7:i* w n contract :ile !y are pres5t71 ! da%+ ( cold wat] on ! lo9s1 "r flank1 & vulva1 & if ^! measures fail1 ! injection ( cold wat] into ! womb ?r\gh a rubb] tube furni%$ ) a funnel4 ,9 ob/9ate cases a good-siz$ sponge soak$ 9 t9cture ( muriate ( iron %\ld be introduc$ into ! womb & firmly squeez$1 s z to br+ ! iron into contact ) ! ble$+ surface4 ,?is is at once an a/r+5t & a coagulant = ! blood1 besides /imulat+ ! womb to contraction4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is ag5t a/r+5ts 7solution ( copp]as1 alum1 tannic acid1 or acetate ( lead7 may be ?r[n into ! womb1 & "o-half-dram doses ( acetate ( lead may be giv5 by ! m\?1 or #a ounce p[d]$ ergot ( rye may be giv5 9 gruel4 ,:5 no?+ else is at h&1 an injection ( oil ( turp5t9e w sometimes promptly *eck ! ble$+4 ,,ev]sion ,,( ,,! ,,womb 7,,ca/+ ,,! ,,)]s74 ,l flood+1 ?is is ! result ( failure ( ! womb to contract aft] calv+4 ,if t organ contracts naturally1 ! aft]bir? is expell$1 ! int]nal cavity ( ! womb is ne>ly clos$1 & ! m\? ( ! organ becomes s n>r[ t ! h& c n be =c$ ?r\gh1 mu* less ! :ole mass ( ! matrix4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x fails to contract1 ! clos$ end ( "o ( ! horns may fall into its op5 int]nal cavity1 & "u ! compression ( ! adjac5t inte/9es1 & ! /ra9+ & contraction ( ! abdom9al walls1 x is =c$ f>!r & f>!r1 until ! :ole organ is turn$ outside 91 slides back ?r\gh ! vag9a1 & hangs f ! vulva4 ,! womb c be in/antly di/+ui%$ f ! protrud+ vag9a or bladd] by ! pres5ce1 ov] its :ole surface1 ( #ej to #ajj mu%roomlike bodies 7cotyl$ons71 ea* #b to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & atta*$ by a n>r[ neck4 7,pls4 ,,xii1 ,,xiii47 ,:5 fully ev]t$1 x is fur!r recognizable by a l>ge1 undivid$ body hang+ f ! vulva1 & two horns or divisions :i* hang d[n t[>d ! hocks4 ,9 ! imp]fect ev]sions ! body ( ! womb may be pres5t ) two depressions lead+ into ! two horns4 ,9 ! cases ( "s /&+ ! organ has become inflam$ & gorg$ ) blood until x is z l>ge z a bu%el basket1 its surface has a d>k-r$1 bloodlike hue1 & te>s & ble$s on ! slighte/ t\*4 ,/ill lat] lac]ations1 raw sores1 & ev5 gangr5e are %[n 9 ! mass4 ,at ! mom5t ( protrusion ! g5]al heal? is n alt]$1 b soon ! inflammation & fev] ) ! viol5t & cont9u$ /ra9+ induce exhau/ion1 & ! c[ lies d[n1 mak+ no attempt to rise4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t v>ies some:at1 accord+ to ! degree ( ! ev]sion4 ,9 p>tial ev]sion1 ) ! womb protrud+ only slightly f ! vulva & ! c[ /&+1 let an assi/ant p9* ! back to prev5t /ra9+ :ile ! op]ator pu%es 8 clos$ fi/ into ! c5t] ( ! mass & c>ries x back ?r\gh ! vag9a1 assi/+ 9 return+ ! surr\nd+ p>ts by ! o!r h&4 ,9 m complete ev]sion1 b ) ! womb z yet ( its natural bulk & consi/5cy & ! c[ /&+1 /ra9+ be+ *eck$ by p9*+ ! back1 a %eet is held by two m5 s z to su/a9 ! ev]t$ womb & raise x to ! level ( ! vulva4 ,x is n[ spong$ clean ) cold wat]1 ! cold be+ useful 9 driv+ out ! blood & r$uc+ ! bulk1 & f9ally x may be spong$ ov] ) laudanum or ) a weak solution ( c>bolic acid 7#a dram to #a qu>t wat]74 ,! clos$ fi/ may n[ be plant$ 9 ! r\nd$ end ( ! l>ge/ horn & pu%$ on s z to turn x back )9 itself & c>ry x on ?r\gh ! vag9a1 ! o!r h& be+ us$ mean:ile to assi/ 9 ! inv]sion & 9 pu%+ ! diff]5t masses 9 succession )9 ! lips ( ! vulva4 ,9 case ( failure1 resort %\ld be _h at once to a plan :i* ,i h successfully foll[$ = _m ye>s4 ,take a long l95 or cotton b&age1 #e or #f in*es wide1 & w9d x ar\nd ! protrud+ womb z tightly z x c be drawn1 beg9n+ at ! free end & gradually cov]+ ! entire mass up to ! vulva4 ,by ?is means ! great] "p ( ! blood w be =c$ out ( ! organ & its bulk greatly r$uc$1 s t its r$uction is mu* facilitat$4 ,an additional advantage is f\nd 9 ! protection giv5 to ! womb by its inve/+ b&age :ile x is be+ pu%$ =w>d into ! vag9a & abdom54 ,9 manipulat+ ! expos$ womb !re is always dang] ( lac]ation1 b :5 ! organ is cov]$ ) a %eet x is next to impossible to te> x4 ,! subsequ5t manipulation is z 9 ! o!r case1 by pu%+ ! bl9d end =w>d )9 itself ) ! clos$ fi/ & c>ry+ ?is on ?r\gh ! vag9a into ! abdom5 ) ! con/ant assi/ance ( ! o!r h&4 ,(t5 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to use ! edge ( ! left h& to pu% ! out] "p ( ! protrud+ mass inside ! lips ( ! vulva1 :ile ! "r h& & arm are c>ry+ ! c5tral portions =w>d ?r\gh ! vag9a4 ,an intellig5t assi/ant1 pu%+ ) ! palms ( bo? h&s on ! out] portion ( ! mass1 w also af=d mat]ial assi/ance4 ,z ! womb is turn$ )9 itself ! wrapp+ b&age w gradually loos51 b once ! great mass has ent]$ ! passages x is easy to compel ! re/ to foll[1 & ! compression by ! b&age is no long] s important4 ,:5 ! womb is fully replac$ ! b&age is left 9 its int]ior 9 a s]ies ( loose folds1 & c be easily )drawn4 ,x is well to move ! h& f side to side to insure t ! two horns ( ! womb are fully ext5d$ & on ab\t ! same level be=e )draw+ ! arm & apply+ a truss4 ,:5 ! womb has be5 long ev]t$ & is gorg$ ) blood1 inflam$1 & friable !re is (t5 ! additional disadvantage t ! animal is unable or unwill+ to rise4 ,:5 ly+ d[n ! /ra9+ c n be controll$ s effectually1 &1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( /ra9+1 ! compression ( ! belly is s great z to prove a s]i\s ob/acle to r$uction4 ,! /ra9+ may be *eck$ by #b or #c ounces ( laudanum or #b ounces ( *loral hydrate1 or by inhalation ( *lor(orm to ins5sibility1 & !n by rais+ ! h9d p>ts on /raw bundles ! gravitation ( ! abdom9al organs =w>d may be made to less5 ! resi/ance4 ,if n successful 9 ?is way1 ! c[ may be fur!r turn$ on h] back1 & if return is /ill impossible1 ! h9d limbs may be ti$ toge!r & drawn up to a beam ov]head by ! aid ( a pulley4 ,9 ?is position1 9 place ( ! pressure backw>d ( ! b[els prov+ a h9drance1 _! gravitation =w>d proves a mo/ mat]ial help to r$uction4 ,9 seek+ to return ! womb ! spong+ ) ice-cold wat]1 rais+ on a %eet1 & wrapp+ 9 a tight b&age %\ld be resort$ to4 ,ano!r me?od :i* is especially comm5dable 9 ^! inflam$ conditions ( ! womb is to br+ a piece ( l95 %eet1 #cj by #cf in*es1 "u ! womb1 ) its ant]ior bord] close up to ! vulva1 !n turn ! po/]ior bord] upw>d & =w>d ov] ! organ1 & cross ! two ends ov] ?is & ov] ea* o!r above4 ,! ends ( ! %eet are /eadily drawn1 s z to tight5 its hold on ! womb1 :i* is ?us held on ! level ( ! vulva or above1 & cold wat] is con/antly p\r$ ^u ! mass4 ,! r$uction is fur!r s\ght by compression ( ! mass ) ! palms appli$ outside ! %eet4 ,fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes are usually suffici5t to cause ! return ( ! womb1 provid$ /ra9+ is prev5t$ by p9*+ ! back1 or o!rwise4 ,9 old & aggravat$ cases1 ) ! womb torn1 bruis$1 or ev5 gangr5\s1 ! only resort is to amputate ! entire mass4 ,?is is done by ty+ a /rong1 wax$ cord ar\nd ! protrud+ mass close to ! vulva1 w9d+ ! cord ar\nd pieces ( wood1 s z to draw x z tightly z possible1 cutt+ (f ! organ bel[ ?is ligature1 ty+ a ?read on any art]y t may /ill ble$1 & return+ ! /ump well into ! vag9a4 ,ret5tion ( ! return$ womb is ! next po9t1 & is mo/ easily accompli%$ by a rope truss4 ,take two ropes1 ea* ab\t #ah feet long & an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,d\ble ea* rope at its middle1 & lay ! "o above ! o!r at ! b5d1 s z to =m an ovoid ( ab\t #h in*es 9 its long diamet]4 ,twi/ ea* end ( ! "o rope twice ar\nd ! o!r1 s t ?is ovoid w rema9 :5 !y are drawn tight4 7,pls4 ,,xxii & ,,xxiii47 ,tie a /rap or rope ar\nd ! back "p ( ! neck & a surc+le ar\nd ! body4 ,place ! rope truss on ! animal s t ! ovoid r+ w surr\nd ! vulva1 ! two asc5d+ ropes on ! "r & left ( ! tail & ! two desc5d+ ones d[n inside ! ?ighs on ! "r & left ( ! udd]4 ,^! desc5d+ ropes are c>ri$ =w>d on ! sides ( ! body & ti$ to ! surc+le & to ! neck coll>4 ,! asc5d+ ropes proce$ =w>d on ! middle ( ! back1 twi/+ ov] ea* o!r1 & are ti$ to ! surc+le & coll>4 ,! upp] & l[] ropes are drawn s tightly t ! rope r+ is made to press firmly all ar\nd ! vulva )\t risk ( displacem5t4 ,?is %\ld be worn = sev]al days1 until ! womb %all h clos$ & all risk ( fur!r ev]sion is at an end4 ,v>iations ( ?is device are f\nd 9 ! use ( a n>r[ triangle ( iron appli$ ar\nd ! vulva & fix$ by a simil> arrangem5t ( ropes1 surc+le1 & coll> 7,pl4 ,,xxiii1 fig4 #c71 a common crupp] simil>ly held ar\nd ! vulva 7,pl4 ,,xxii1 fig4 #a71 /it*es ?r\gh ! vulva1 & wire ins]t$ ?r\gh ! sk9 on ! two hips 7,pl4 ,,xxiii1 fig4 #b71 s t !y w cross beh9d ! vulva2 also pess>ies ( v>i\s k9ds %\ld be ins]t$ into ! vag9a4 ,none ( ^! devices1 h[ev]1 pres5t any advantage ov] ! simple & comp>atively pa9less rope truss describ$ above4 ,su* additional precautions z keep+ ! c[ 9 a /all high] beh9d ?an 9 front1 & see+ t ! diet is slightly laxative & non/imulat+ may be nam$4 ,if /ra9+ is p]si/5t1 ounce doses ( laudanum may be us$ twice a day1 & ! same may be inject$ into ! vag9a4 ,if ! womb has be5 cut (f1 injections ( a solution ( a teaspoonful ( c>bolic acid 9 a qu>t ( wat] %\ld be us$ daily1 or m frequ5tly1 until ! dis*>ge ceases4 ,,ev]sion ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 ,a g5u9e ev]sion ( ! bladd] is almo/ unkn[n 9 ! c[1 ow+ to ! extreme n>r[ness ( its m\?4 ,! protrusion ( ! bladd]1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a lac]ation su/a9$ 9 calv+1 9 ! floor ( ! vag9a & its subsequ5t protrusion ?r\gh ! vulva1 is sometimes met )4 ,9 ?is case ! protrud+ bladd] conta9s ur9e2 ?is c nev] be ! case 9 a real ev]sion1 9 :i* ! inn] surface ( ! bladd] & ! op5+s ( ! uret]s are bo? expos$ outside ! vulva4 ,! pres5ce ( a bag conta9+ wat]1 :i* is connect$ ) ! floor ( ! vag9a1 w s]ve to id5tify ?is condition4 ,if ! position ( ! bladd] 9 ! vulva r5d]s x impracticable to pass a ca!t] to draw (f ! ur9e1 pi]ce ! organ ) ! nozzle ( a hypod]mic syr+e1 or ev5 a v small troc> & cannula1 & draw (f ! wat]1 :5 x w be f\nd an easy matt] to return ! bladd] to its place4 ,! r5t 9 ! vag9a c be /it*$ up1 b z !re w\ld be risk 9 any subsequ5t calv+ x is be/ to prep>e ! c[ = ! but*]4 ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 ,?is has be5 kn[n to occur 9 protract$ p>turition :5 ! fetus f9ally pass$ :ile ! bladd] 0 full4 ,! symptoms are ^? ( complete suppression ( ur9e & t5d]ness ( ! abdom51 ) a /eady accumulation ( liquid1 & fluctuation on h&l+ its l[] "p4 ,if ! h& is introduc$ into ! vag9a x is felt to be hot & t5d]1 & p]haps slightly swoll5 along its floor4 ,z a f9al te/1 if ! l[]1 fluctuat+ "p ( ! abdom5 is punctur$ ) a hypod]mic ne$le1 a /raw-color$ liquid ( a ur9\s odor fl[s out4 ,! condition has be5 consid]$ z pa/ hope4 ,! only *ance = recov]y w\ld be 9 op5+ ! abdom51 evacuat+ ! liquid1 & /it*+ up ! r5t 9 ! bladd]1 b at su* a season1 & ) inflammation already />t$1 !re w\ld be little to hope =4 ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,womb4 ,:5 ! womb has be5 r5d]$ friable by disease rupture may occur 9 ! c\rse ( ! labor1 b mu* m frequ5tly x occurs f viol5ce su/a9$ 9 attempt+ assi/ance 9 difficult p>turition4 ,x is also liable to occur dur+ ev]sion ( ! organ ?r\gh ef=ts to replace x4 ,if x happ5s :ile ! calf is /ill 9 ! womb1 x w usually ble$ freely & cont9u\sly until ! fetus has be5 extract$1 s t ! womb c contract on itself & expel its excess ( blood4 ,ano!r dang] is t 9 case ( a l>ge r5t ! calf may escape into ! cavity ( ! abdom5 & p>turition become impossible4 ,/ill ano!r dang] is t ( ! introduction ( septic g]ms & ! sett+ up ( a fatal inflammation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! belly 7p]itoneum74 ,/ill ano!r is ! escape ( ! small inte/9e ?r\gh ! r5t & on ?r\gh ! vag9a & vulva1 s z to protrude ext]nally & receive p]haps fatal injuries4 ,9 case ( rupture be=e calv+1 t act %\ld be complet$ z rapidly & c>efully z possible1 ! fetal membranes remov$1 & ! contraction ( ! womb s\ght by da%+ cold wat] on ! lo9s1 ! "r flank1 or ! vulva4 ,if ! calf has escap$ into ! abdom5 & c n be br\ght ?r\gh ! natural *annels1 x may be p]missible to fix ! animal & extract x ?r\gh ! side1 z 9 ! ,cs>ian section4 ,if ! lac]ation has happ5$ dur+ ev]sion ( ! womb x is usually less r$\btable1 because ! womb contracts m readily "u ! /imulus ( ! cold air s rec5tly appli$4 ,9 case ! abdom5 has be5 laid op5 x is well to /it* up ! r5t1 b if n1 x %\ld be left to nature1 & w (t5 heal satisfactorily1 ! c[ ev5 bre$+ successfully 9 aft] ye>s4 ,rupture ( ! floor ( ! vag9a has be5 already ref]r$ to z all[+ ! protrusion ( ! bladd]4 ,lac]ation ( ! ro( ( ?is passage is also met ) z ! result ( deviations ( ! h9d limbs & feet upw>d :5 ! calf lies on its back4 ,9 "s su* cases ! op5+ passes cle> into ! rectum1 or ! foot may ev5 pass out ?r\gh ! anus1 s t t op5+ & ! vulva are laid op5 into "o4 ,simple1 sup]ficial lac]ations ( ! vag9al walls are n usually s]i\s1 & heal readily unless septic inflammation sets 91 9 :i* case ! c[ is liable to p]i%4 ,!y may be treat$ ) soo?+ & antiseptic injections1 su* z c>bolic acid1 #a dram2 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,! m s]i\s injuries dep5d on ! complications4 ,rupture ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! canal1 close to ! m\? ( ! womb1 may lead to ! introduction ( infect+ g]ms into ! cavity ( ! abdom51 or protrusion ( ! b[el ?r\gh ! r5t & ext]nally1 ei!r ( :i* may prove fatal4 ,if bo? ^! conditions are escap$ ! w\nd may heal spontane\sly4 ,rupture into ! bladd] may lead to no?+ worse ?an a con/ant dribbl+ ( ! ur9e f ! vulva4 ,! c[ %\ld be fatt5$ if %e survives4 ,rupture into ! rectum w entail a con/ant escape ( feces ?r\gh ! vulva1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! same condition exi/s :5 ! anus z well has be5 torn op54 ,i h successfully sew$ up an op5+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! m>e1 b 9 ! case ( ! c[ x is probably bett] to prep>e h] = ! but*]4 ,,clots ,,( ,,blood ,,9 ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,! ,,vag9a4 ,dur+ calv+ ! vag9a may be bruis$ s z to cause escape ( blood b5ea? ! muc\s membrane & its coagulation into l>ge bulg+ clots4 ,! vulva may appe> swoll51 & on sep>at+ its lips ! muc\s membrane ( ! vag9a is se5 to be rais$ into irregul> r\nd$ swell+s ( a d>k-blue or black color1 & :i* pit on pressure ( ! f+]4 ,if ! accumulation ( blood is n ext5sive x may be reabsorb$1 b if abundant x may lead to irritation & dang]\s inflammation1 & %\ld be incis$ ) a lancet & ! clots cle>$ out4 ,! w\nds may !n be spong$ twice a day ) a lotion made ) #a dram sulphate ( z9c1 #a dram c>bolic acid1 & #a qu>t wat]4 ,,reta9$ ,,aft]bir?4 ,! c[1 ( all our dome/ic animals1 is especially subject to ?is accid5t4 ,?is may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! firm connections e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! fifty to "o hundr$ cotyl$ons 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b7 9 :i* ! fetal membranes dovetail ) ! follicles ( ! womb4 ,x is also mo/ liable to occur aft] abortion1 9 :i* prep>ation has n be5 made by fatty deg5]ation = ! sev]ance ( ^! close connections4 ,9 ! occurr5ce ( inflammation1 caus+ ! =mation ( new tissue betwe5 ! membranes & ! womb1 we f9d ! occasion ( unnaturally firm adhesions :i* prev5t ! spontane\s deta*m5t ( ! membranes4 ,aga91 9 l[ conditions ( heal? & an imp]fect p[] ( contraction we f9d a pot5t cause ( ret5tion1 ! g5]al debility %[+ p>ticul>ly 9 ! indisposition ( ! womb to contract1 aft] calv+1 ) suffici5t en]gy to expel ! aft]bir?4 ,h5ce we f9d ! condition common ) insuffici5t or innutriti\s fe$1 & 9 ye>s or localities 9 :i* ! fodd] has suff]$ f wea!r4 ,ergot$1 smutty1 or mu/y fodd] 7,pl4 ,v71 by caus+ abortion1 is a frequ5t cause ( ret5tion4 ,old c[s are m subject ?an "y ones1 probably because ( dim9i%+ vigor4 ,a tempor>y ret5tion is sometimes ow+ to a too rapid closure ( ! neck ( ! womb aft] calv+1 caus+ /rangulation & imprisonm5t ( ! membranes4 ,conditions favor+ ?is are ! dr9k+ ( cold 7ic$7 wat]1 ! eat+ ( cold fe$ 7fro/$ roots71 & 7?r\gh sympa?y betwe5 udd] & womb7 a too prompt suck+ by ! calf or milk+ by ! att5dant4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( ret5tion ( ! aft]bir? are usually only too evid5t1 z ! membranes hang f ! vulva & rot away gradually1 caus+ ! mo/ (f5sive odor ?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,:5 reta9$ )9 ! womb by closure ( its m\? & simil>ly 9 cases 9 :i* ! protrud$ "p has rott$ (f1 ! decomposition cont9ues & ! fetid products escap+ by ! vulva appe> 9 (f5sively smell+ pools on ! floor & mat toge!r ! hairs ne> ! root ( ! tail4 ,! septic mat]ials reta9$ 9 ! womb cause inflammation ( its l9+ membrane1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! absorption into ! blood ( ! products ( putrefaction1 leads to ill heal?1 emaciation1 & dry+ up ( ! milk4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t v>ies accord+ to ! conditions4 ,:5 ! c[ is 9 l[ condition1 or :5 ret5tion is connect$ ) dr9k+ ic$ wat] or eat+ froz5 fe$1 hot dr9ks & hot ma%es ( :eat bran or o!r alim5t may be suffici5t4 ,if along ) ! above conditions1 ! b[els are some:at conf9$1 an ounce ( gr\nd g+]1 or half an ounce ( black pepp]1 giv5 ) a qu>t ( sweet oil1 or #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,glaub]'s salt 9 at lea/ #d qu>ts ( w>m wat]1 w (t5 prove effectual4 ,a bottle or two ( flaxse$ tea1 made by prolong$ boil+1 %\ld also be giv5 at frequ5t int]vals4 ,o!r /imulants1 l rue1 sav91 laurel1 & c>m9atives l anise1 cum91 & cori&]1 are pref]r$ by "s1 b ) v que/ionable reason1 ! m s t ! fir/ ?ree are n )\t dang]4 ,ergot ( rye1 #a ounce1 or its extract1 #a dram1 may be resort$ to to induce contraction ( ! womb4 ,! me*anical extraction ( ! membranes is1 h[ev]1 (t5 call$ =2 ( ?is !re are sev]al me?ods4 ,! simple/ is to hang a weight ( #a or #b p\nds to ! hang+ portion1 & all[ ?is1 by its con/ant dragg+ & by its j]k+ effect :5 ! c[ moves1 to pull ! membranes f _! atta*m5ts & to /imulate ! womb to expulsive contractions4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! aft]bir? is only loosely adh]5t to ! womb & its removal is effect$ if b a slight am\nt ( traction on x is ex]t$4 ,?is c be det]m9$ by seiz+ ! dep5d5t "p ( ! aft]bir? betwe5 two /icks & roll+ x up on !m until !y lie aga9/ ! vulva2 !n1 by c>eful traction1 accompani$ ) slight j]k+ movem5ts f side to side1 ! womb is /imulat$ to expulsive contractions & ! aft]bir? is w\nd up m & m on ! /icks until f9ally its la/ connections ) ! womb are sev]$ & ! rema9d] is expell$ sudd5ly en masse4 ,x is q evid5t t neglect$ cases ) putrid membranes are poor subjects = ?is me?od1 z ! aft]bir? is liable to te> across1 leav+ a mass 9 ! womb4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! "w any indication ( te>+ is ! signal to /op & proce$ ) great] caution or altoge!r ab&on ! attempt 9 ?is way4 ,! foll[+ me?od 7t ) ! skill$ h&7 is ! mo/ promptly & c]ta9ly successful4 ,= ?is ! op]ator _h bett] dress z = a p>turition case4 ,aga91 ! op]ation %\ld be und]tak5 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] calv+1 s9ce lat] ! m\? ( ! womb may be s clos$ t x becomes difficult to introduce ! h&4 ,! op]ator %\ld sme> 8 arms ) c>boliz$ l>d or vasel9e to protect !m aga9/ infection1 & p>ticul>ly 9 delay$ cases ) putrid membranes4 ,an assi/ant holds ! tail to "o side1 ! op]ator seizes ! hang+ aft]bir? ) ! left h&1 :ile he introduces ! o!r along ! "r side ( ! vag9a & womb1 lett+ ! membranes slide ?r\gh 8 palm until he rea*es ! fir/ cotyl$on to :i* !y rema9 adh]5t4 ,9 case no su* connection is )9 rea*1 ) ! left h& g5tle traction is made on ! membranes until ! deep] p>ts ( ! womb are br\ght )9 rea* & ! atta*m5ts to ! cotyl$ons c be rea*$4 ,!n ! s(t projection ( ! membrane1 :i* is atta*$ to ! firm fungus-%ap$ cotyl$on on ! inn] surface ( ! womb1 is seiz$ by ! little f+]1 & ! o!r f+]s & ?umb are clos$ on x s z to te> x out f its connections4 ,to expla9 ?is1 x is necess>y only to say t ! projection f ! membrane is cov]$ by s(t1 conical processes1 :i* are receiv$ into cavities ( a correspond+ size on ! summit ( ! firm1 mu%room-%ap$ cotyl$on gr[+ f ! inn] surface ( ! womb4 ,to draw ^u ! =m]1 !re=e1 is to extract its s(t1 vill\s processes f )9 ! follicles or cavities ( ! o!r4 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b47 ,if at times x is difficult to />t ?is extraction x may be necess>y to get ! f+] nail ins]t$ betwe5 ! two1 & once />t$ ! f+] may be pu%$ on1 lift+ all ! villi1 9 turn1 out ( _! cavities4 ,?is process ( sep>at+ ! cotyl$ons mu/ be c>efully conduct$1 "o aft] ano!r1 until ! la/ has be5 deta*$ & ! aft]bir? comes freely out ( ! passages4 ,i h nev] f\nd any evil result f ! removal ( ! :ole mass at "o op]ation1 b ,%aack m5tions ! ev]sion ( ! womb z ! possible result ( ! necess>y traction1 & 9 cases 9 :i* ^? 9 ! mo/ di/ant "p ( ! horn ( ! womb c n be easily rea*$1 he advises to atta* a cord to ! membranes inside ! vulva1 lett+ x hang out beh9d1 & to cut (f ! membranes bel[ ! cord4 ,!n1 aft] two or ?ree days' delay1 he extracts ! rema9d]1 n[ s(t5$ & easily deta*$4 ,if c>efully conduct$1 s z n to te> ! cotyl$ons ( ! womb1 ! op]ation is em95tly successful2 ! c[ suff]s little1 & ! /ra9+ r\s$ by ! manipulations soon subsides4 ,keep+ 9 a quiet1 d>k place1 or driv+ a %ort di/ance at a walk+ pace1 w s]ve to quiet ^!4 ,:5 ! membranes h be5 )drawn1 ! h&1 half clos$1 may be us$ to draw out ( ! womb ! (f5sive liquid t has collect$4 ,if ! case is a neglect$ "o1 & ! dis*>ge is v (f5sive1 ! womb mu/ be inject$ z = leucorrhea4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,vag9a 7,,vag9itis74 ,?is may occur indep5d5tly ( inflammation ( ! womb1 & usually z ! result ( bruises1 lac]ations1 or o!r injuries su/a9$ dur+ calv+4 ,x w be %[n by swell+ ( ! lips ( ! vulva1 :i*1 toge!r ) _! l9+ membrane1 become ( a d>k-r$ or lead5 hue1 & ! muc\s dis*>ge increases & becomes :iti% or purul5t1 & x may be fetid4 ,slight cases recov] spontane\sly1 or "u w>m fom5tations or mild a/r+5t injections 7a teaspoonful ( c>bolic acid 9 a qu>t ( wat]71 b sev]e cases may g on to ! =mation ( l>ge sores 7ulc]s71 or consid]able portions ( ! muc\s membrane may die & sl\gh (f4 ,baumei/] records two cases ( diph!ritic vag9itis1 ! second case 9 a c[ f\r weeks calv$1 contract$ f ! fir/ 9 a newly calv$ c[4 ,bo? prov$ fatal1 ) =mation ( false membranes z f> z ! int]ior ( ! womb4 ,9 all sev]e cases ! antiseptic injections mu/ be appli$ mo/ assidu\sly4 ,! c>bolic acid may be increas$ to "o-half ounce to a qu>t1 or *lor9 wat]1 or p]oxid ( hydrog5 solution may be inject$ at lea/ ?ree times a day4 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #a ounce to a qu>t ( wat]1 is an excell5t application1 & ! same am\nt may be giv5 by ! m\?4 ,,leucorrhea 7,,mucopurul5t ,,dis*>ge ,,f ,,! ,,passages74 ,?is is f a cont9u$ or *ronic inflammation ( ! womb1 or ! vag9a1 or bo?4 ,x usually results f injuries su/a9$ 9 calv+ or f irritation by putrid matt]s 9 connection ) reta9$ aft]bir?1 or f ! use ( "s object 9 ! vag9a 7pess>y7 to prev5t ev]sion ( ! womb4 ,exposure to cold or o!r cause ( di/urbance ( ! heal? may affect an organ s susceptible z ?is at ! "t ( p>turition s z to cause inflammation4 ,symptoms4--,! ma9 symptom is ! glairy1 :ite dis*>ge fl[+ con/antly or int]mitt5tly 7:5 ! c[ lies d[n71 soil+ ! tail & matt+ its hairs & ^? ( ! vulva4 ,:5 ! lips ( ! vulva are drawn ap>t ! muc\s membrane is se5 to be r$1 ) m9ute elevations1 or pale & smoo?4 ,! heal? may n suff] at fir/1 b if ! dis*>ge cont9ues & is putrid ! heal? fails1 ! milk %r9ks1 & fle% is lo/4 ,if ! womb is involv$ ! h& introduc$ into ! vag9a may detect ! m\? ( ! womb slightly op5 & ! liquid collect$ )9 its cavity4 ,exam9ation ) ! oil$ h& 9 ! rectum may detect ! outl9e ( ! womb b5ea?1 some:at enl>g$1 & fluctuat+ "u ! t\* f conta9$ fluid4 ,9 "s cases heat is m frequ5t or int5se ?an natural1 b ! animal r>ely conceives :5 s]v$1 &1 if %e does1 is liable to abort4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t ) ! injections advis$ = vag9itis is successful 9 mild or rec5t cases4 ,9 ob/9ate ones /rong] solutions may be us$ aft] ! womb has be5 wa%$ out by a /ream ( tepid wat] until x comes cle>4 ,a rubb] tube is ins]t$ into ! womb1 a funnel plac$ 9 its rais$ end1 & ! wat]1 & aft]w>ds ! solution1 p\r$ sl[ly ?r\gh x4 ,if ! neck ( ! womb is s close t ! liquid c n escape1 a second tube may be ins]t$ to dra9 x (f4 ,z injections may be us$ *lorid ( z9c1 "o-half dram to ! qu>t ( wat]1 or sulphate ( iron1 #a dram to ! qu>t4 ,?ree drams ( sulphate ( iron & "o-half ounce gr\nd g+] may also be giv5 9 ! fe$ daily4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,womb 7,,metritis1 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,womb ,,& ,,abdom51 ,,or ,,metrop]itonitis74 ,inflammation ( ! womb may be slight or viol5t1 simple or associat$ ) putrefaction ( its liquid cont5ts & g5]al poison+1 or x may ext5d s t ! inflammation affects ! l9+ membrane ( ! :ole abdom9al cavity4 ,9 ! la/ two cases ! malady is a v grave "o4 ,causes4--,! causes are l>gely ! same z ^? caus+ inflammation ( ! vag9a4 ,great] importance mu/1 h[ev]1 be atta*$ to exposure to cold & wet & to septic infection4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms appe> two or ?ree days aft] calv+1 :5 ! c[ may be se5 to %iv]1 or ! hair /&s erect1 especially along ! sp9e1 & ! horns1 e>s1 & limbs are cold4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! rectum is elevat$ by "o or two degrees1 ! pulse is small1 h>d1 & rapid 7#gj to #ajj71 appetite is lo/1 rum9ation ceases1 & ! milk %r9ks 9 quantity or is entirely arre/$1 & ! brea?+ is hurri$4 ,! h9d limbs may %ift uneasily1 ! tail be twi/$1 ! head & eyes turn to ! "r flank1 & ! tee? are gr\nd4 ,) ! flu% ( heat to ! horns & o!r extremities1 !re is r$ness ( ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?1 & usually a d>k r$ness ab\t ! vulva4 ,pressure on ! "r flank gives manife/ pa91 caus+ moan+ or grunt+1 & ! h9d limbs are mov$ /iffly1 extremely s if ! g5]al l9+ ( ! abdom5 is involv$4 ,9 sev]e cases ! c[ lies d[n & c n be made to rise4 ,!re is usually m>k$ ?ir/1 ! b[els are co/ive1 & dung is pass$ ) pa9 & ef=t4 ,! h& ins]t$ into ! vag9a p]ceives ! increas$ heat1 & :5 ! neck ( ! womb is t\*$ ! c[ w9ces4 ,exam9ation ?r\gh ! rectum detects enl>gem5t & t5d]ness ( ! womb4 ,! dis*>ge f ! vulva is at fir/ wat]y1 b becomes ?ick1 yell[1 & f9ally r$ or br[n1 ) a heavy or fetid odor4 ,"s cases recov] spe$ily & may be almo/ well 9 two days2 a l>ge proportion p]i% )9 two days ( ! attack1 & "s m]ge into ! *ronic =m1 t]m9at+ 9 leucorrhea4 ,9 ! wor/ cases !re is local septic infection & ulc]ation1 or ev5 gangr5e ( ! p>ts1 or !re is g5]al septicemia1 or ! inflammation involv+ ! ve9s ( ! womb causes coagulation ( ! blood conta9$ 9 !m1 & ! wa%+ out ( ! clots to ! "r he>t & lung leads to ! block+ ( ! vessels 9 ! latt] & complicat+ pneumonia4 ,inflammation ( ! womb & passages aft] calv+ are always liable to ^! complications1 & consequ5tly to a fatal issue4 ,franck records ?ree in/ances ( rapidly fatal metritis 9 c[s1 all ( :i* _h be5 poison$ f an adjac5t c[ ) reta9$ & putrid aft]bir?4 ,o!rs h _h simil> cases4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t 9 ! slight cases ( simple inflammation does n diff] mu* f t adopt$ = vag9itis1 only c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! a/r+5t & antiseptic injections are made to p5etrate into ! womb4 ,aft] hav+ wa%$ out ! womb a solution ( *lorid ( lime or p]manganate ( potassium 7"o-half ounce to #a qu>t ( wat]71 ) an ounce ea* ( glyc]9 & laudanum to r5d] x m soo?+1 w (t5 answ] e purpose4 ,x is usually desirable to op5 ! b[els ) #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,glaub]'s salt & #a ounce ( g+] 9 #d qu>ts ( w>m wat]1 & to apply fom5tation ( w>m wat] or ev5 mu/>d p\ltices or turp5t9e to ! "r flank4 ,9 ! viol5t attacks ) high temp]ature & mu* pro/ration1 besides ! salts ag5ts mu/ be giv5 to l[] ! temp]ature & c\nt]act septic poison+4 ,salicylate ( soda "o-half ounce1 or qu9ia #b drams e f\r h\rs w help 9 bo? ways1 or ounce doses ( hyposulphite ( soda or dram doses ( c>bolic acid may be giv5 z (t5 until six doses h be5 tak54 ,t9cture ( aconite has (t5 be5 us$ 9 #bj-;drop doses e six h\rs4 ,if ! temp]ature rises to #ajf or #ajg ,f41 x mu/ be met by ! direct application ( cold or ic$ wat] to ! surface4 ,! animal may be cov]$ ) wet %eets & cold wat] p\r$ on !m frequ5tly until ! temp]ature 9 ! rectum is l[]$ to #ajb ,f4 ,9 summ] ! c[ may be all[$ to dry spontane\sly1 :ile 9 w9t] x %\ld be rubb$ dry & blanket$4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( high temp]ature mu* good may be obta9$ f ! soo?+ influ5ce ( a wet %eet cov]+ ! lo9s & flanks & well cov]$ at all po9ts by a dry "o4 ,?is may be foll[$ next day by a free application ( mu/>d & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,:5 ! animal %[s extreme pro/ration1 c>bonate ( ammonia 7#a ounce7 may be giv5 to tide ov] ! dang]1 b su* cases usually p]i%4 ,9 ?is disease1 ev5 m ?an 9 difficult & protract$ p>turition or reta9$ plac5ta1 ! att5dants mu/ c>efully gu>d aga9/ ! infection ( _! h&s & arms f ! diseas$ p>ts4 ,! h& & arm be=e ent]+ ! passages %\ld always be well sme>$ ) l>d impregnat$ ) c>bolic acid4 ,,milk ,,fev] 7,,p>turition ,,fev]1 ,,p>turi5t ,,apoplexy1 ,,or ,,p>turi5t ,,collapse74 ,?is disease is n only peculi> to ! c[1 b x may be said to be virtually conf9$ to ! improv$ & ple?oric c[4 ,x fur!r occurs only at or ne> ! "t ( calv+4 ,inde$1 ^! two factors1 calv+ & ple?ora1 may be set ap>t z preem95tly ! causes ( ?is disease4 ,x is ! disease ( c[s t h be5 improv$ 9 ! direction ( e>ly maturity1 p[] ( rapid fatt5+1 or a heavy yield ( milk1 & h5ce x is *>act]i/ic ( ^? hav+ great appetites & extraord9>y p[] ( dige/ion4 ,! heavy milk+ bre$s are especially its victims1 z 9 !m ! dem& = ! daily yield ( #ej to #ajj p\nds ( milk means ev5 m ?an a daily increase ( #b to #c p\nds ( body weight1 ma9ly fat4 ,! victims are n always fat :5 attack$1 b !y are c[s hav+ enorm\s p[]s ( dige/ion1 & :i* h be5 f$ heavily at ! "t4 ,h5ce ! /all-f$1 city-dairy c[1 & ! f>m c[ on a ri* clov] pa/ure 9 ,june or ,july are especially subject4 ,! condition ( ! blood globules 9 ! suff]+ c[ atte/s ! extreme ri*ness & d5sity ( ! blood1 yet ?is peculi>ity appe>s to h entirely escap$ ! notice ( vet]9>y writ]s4 ,i h nev] exam9$ ! blood ( a victim ( ?is disease )\t f9d+ ! r$-blood globules r$uc$ to little m ?an "o-half _! usual size4 ,n[1 ^! globules exp& or contract accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! liquid 9 :i* !y float4 ,if we dilute ! blood ) wat] !y w exp& until !y bur/1 :]eas if solids1 su* z salt or album91 are add$ !y %r9k to a l>ge ext5t4 ,_! small size1 !re=e1 9 p>turition fev] indicates ! extreme ri*ness ( ! blood1 or1 9 o!r words1 ple?ora4 ,conf9em5t 9 ! /all is an accessory cause1 p>tly because /abl$ cattle are highly f$1 p>tly because ! air is hott] & f\l]1 & p>tly because !re is no exp5diture by ex]cise ( ! ri* products ( dige/ion4 ,high temp]ature is conducive to ! malady1 ?\gh ! extreme colds ( w9t] are no protection aga9/ x4 ,heat1 h[ev]1 conduces to fev]1 & fev] means less5$ secretion1 :i* means a ple?oric /ate ( ! circulation4 ,! heats ( summ] are1 h[ev]1 (t5 only a co9cid5ce ( ! real cause1 ! mature ri* pa/ures1 & especially ! clov] ones1 be+ ! great]4 ,electrical di/urbances h an influ5ce ( a simil> k9d1 di/urb+ ! functions ( ! body & favor+ sudd5 v>iations 9 ! circulation4 ,a succession ( cases ( ! malady (t5 accompany or prec$e a *ange ( wea!r f dry to wet1 f a l[ to a high b>ometric pressure4 ,co/iv5ess1 :i* is ! usual concomitant ( fev]1 may 9 a case ( ?is k9d become an accessory cause1 ! ret5tion 9 ! blood ( :at %\ld h pass$ (f by ! b[els t5d+ to increase ! fullness ( ! blood vessels & ! d5sity ( ! blood4 ,mature age is a v /rong accessory cause4 ,! disease nev] occurs ) ! fir/ p>turition1 & r>ely ) ! second4 ,x appe>s ) ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 or six?--aft] ! gr[? ( ! c[ has ceas$ & :5 all h] p[]s are devot$ to ! production ( milk4 ,calv+ is an ess5tial condition1 z ! di/urbance ( ! circulation consequ5t on ! contraction ( ! womb & ! expulsion into ! g5]al circulation ( ! enorm\s mass ( blood hi!rto circulat+ 9 ! walls ( ! womb fills to repletion ! vessels ( ! re/ ( ! body & v greatly int5sifies ! already exi/+ ple?ora4 ,if ?is is n spe$ily c\nt]balanc$ by a free secretion f ! udd]1 kidneys1 b[els1 & o!r excretory organs1 ! mo/ dire results may ensue4 ,calv+ may ?us be held to be an excit+ cause1 & yet ! labor & fatigue ( ! act are n active factors4 ,x is aft] ! easy calv+1 :5 !re has be5 little exp5diture ( muscul> or n]v\s en]gy & no loss ( blood1 t ! malady is se54 ,difficult p>turitions may be foll[$ by metritis1 b !y are r>ely connect$ ) p>turition fev]4 ,all ^! factors co9cide 9 int5sify+ ! "o condition ( ple?ora & po9t to t z a mo/ ess5tial cause ( ! affection4 ,x is ne$less to ent] "h into ! mu*-debat$ "q z to ! mode 9 :i* ! ple?ora br+s ab\t ! *>act]i/ic symptoms & results4 ,z ! results %[ disord] or susp5sion ( ! n]v\s functions ma9ly1 x may suffice to say t ?is condition ( ! blood & blood vessels is incompatible ) ! normal functional activity ( ! n]ve c5t]s4 ,h[ mu* is due to conge/ion ( ! bra9 & h[ mu* to bloodlessness may well be debat$1 yet 9 a clos$ box l ! cranium1 9 :i* ! absolute cont5ts c n be appreciably increas$ or dim9i%$1 x is evid5t t1 ap>t f dropsical effusion or inflammatory exudation1 !re c be only a giv5 am\nt ( blood2 !re=e1 if "o portion ( ! bra9 is conge/$1 ano!r mu/ be proportionately bloodless2 & z conge/ion ( ! eyes & head g5]ally & great heat ( ! head are mo/ prom95t features ( ! disease1 conge/ion ( ! bra9 mu/ be accept$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 implies a lack ( blood 9 c]ta9 o!r p>ts or blood vessels4 ,! late/ developm5ts ( treatm5t indicate v cle>ly t ! ma9 cause is ! production ( poison\s1 metabolic products 7leucoma9s & tox9s7 by secret+ cells ( ! follicles ( ! udd]1 act+ on ! susceptible n]ve c5t]s ( ! ple?oric1 calv+ c[4 ,less fatal examples ( udd] poisons are f\nd 9 ! fir/ milk 7colo/rum71 :i* is di/9ctly irritant & purgative1 & 9 ! toxic qualities ( ! fir/ milk drawn f an animal :i* has be5 subject$ to viol5t ov]ex]tion or excitem5t4 ,/ill m conclusive z to ! production ( su* poisons is ! fact t ! full di/5tion ( ! milk ducts & follicles1 & ! consequ5t driv+ ( ! blood out ( ! udd] & arre/ ( ! =mation ( deprav$ products1 det]m9es a spe$y & complete recov]y f ! disease4 ,?is does n exclude ! o!r causes above nam$1 nor ! influ5ce ( a reflex n]v\s d]angem5t proce$+ f ! udd] to ! bra94 ,symptoms4--,x may be said t !re are two extreme types ( ?is disease1 ) int]v5+ grades4 ,9 bo? =ms !re is ! *>act]i/ic ple?ora & m or less sudd5 loss ( volunt>y movem5t & s5sation1 indicat+ a sudd5 collapse ( n]v\s p[]2 9 "o1 h[ev]1 !re is su* prom95t evid5ce ( conge/ion ( head & bra9 t x may be call$ ! conge/ive =m p> excell5ce1 )\t !reby intimat+ t ! torpid =m is indep5d5t ( conge/ion4 ,9 ! conge/ive =m !re is sudd5 dullness1 languor1 hang+ back 9 ! /all1 or droop+ ! head1 uneasy movem5ts ( ! h9d limbs or tail2 if ! c[ is mov$1 %e /eps un/eadily1 or ev5 /agg]s2 %e no long] notices h] calf or h] fe$2 ! eyes appe> r$ & _! pupils dilat$2 ! weakness increases & ! c[ lies d[n or falls & aft] t is unable to rise4 ,at ?is "t ! pulse is usually full1 b\nd+1 & ! temp]ature rais$1 ?\gh n inv>iably s1 ! head1 horns1 & e>s be+ especially hot & ! ve9s ( ! head full1 :ile ! visible muc\s membranes ( nose & eyes are deeply conge/$4 ,! c[ may lie on h] brea/bone ) h] feet b5ea? ! body & h] head turn$ sleepily r\nd1 ) ! nose re/+ on ! "r flank2 or1 if worse1 %e may be /ret*$ full on h] side1 ) ev5 ! head ext5d$1 ?\gh at times x is sudd5ly rais$ & aga9 da%$ back on ! gr\nd4 ,at su* times ! legs1 =e & h9d1 /ruggle convulsively1 evid5tly ?r\gh unconsci\s n]v\s spasm4 ,by ?is "t ! unconsci\sness is usually complete2 ! eyes are glaz$1 _! pupils widely dilat$1 & _! lids are n mov$ :5 ! ball ( ! eye is t\*$ ) ! f+]4 ,prick+ ! sk9 ) a p9 also fails to br+ any w9c+ or o!r response4 ,! pulse1 at fir/ f #ej to #gj a m9ute1 becomes weak] & m accel]at$ z ! disease advances4 ,! brea?+ is quick5$1 becom+ m & m s ) ! viol5ce ( ! symptoms1 & at fir/ associat$ ) moan+ 79 exceptional cases1 bell[+71 x may1 be=e dea?1 become sl[1 deep1 sigh+1 or rattl+ 7/]tor\s74 ,! temp]ature1 at fir/ usually rais$1 t5ds to become l[] z /upor & utt] ins5sibility & coma sup]v5e4 ,! b[els1 :i* may h mov$ at ! onset ( ! attack1 become torpid or completely p>alyz$1 &1 unless 9 case ( improvem5t1 !y are n likely to op]ate aga94 ,yet ?is is ! result ( p>alysis & n ( induration ( ! feces1 z (t5 %[n by ! semiliquid1 pultace\s condition ( ! cont5ts aft] dea?4 ,! bladd]1 too1 is p>alyz$ & fails to expel its cont5ts4 ,a free action ( ei!r bladd] or b[els1 or ( bo?1 is always a favorable symptom4 ,! ur9e conta9s sug>1 9 quantity proportionate to ! sev]ity ( ! attack4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! torpor ( ! dige/ive organs results 9 ga/ric disord]2 ! paun* becomes ! seat ( f]m5tation1 produc+ gas1 :i* causes x to bloat l a drum4 ,!re are frequ5t eructations ( gas & liquid & solid fe$1 :i*1 rea*+ ! p>alyz$ ?roat1 pass 9 "p into ! w9dpipe & cause inflammations ( ! air passages & lungs4 ,9 ! torpid =m ( ! disease !re is mu* less indication ( fev] or viol5ce4 ,!re may be no special heat ab\t ! horns1 e>s1 or =ehead1 nor any m>k$ r$ness or conge/ion ( ! eyes or nose1 nor engorgem5t ( ! ve9s ( ! head4 ,! attack comes on m sl[ly1 ) app>5t weakness ( ! h9d limbs1 dullness1 dr[s9ess1 susp5sion ( rum9ation & appetite1 & a g5]al indiff]5ce to surr\nd+ objects4 ,soon ! c[ lies d[n1 or falls & is unable to rise1 b = "o or two days %e may re/ on ! brea/bone & hold ! head 9 ! flank )\t %[+ any disord]ly movem5ts4 ,mean:ile !re is n only loss ( muscul> p[] & inability to /&1 b also consid]able dullness ( s5sation1 prick+ ! sk9 produc+ no quick response1 & ev5 t\*+ ! edge ( ! eyelids caus+ no v prompt w9k+4 ,unless %e gets relief1 h[ev]1 ! case develops all ! advanc$ symptoms ( ! m viol5t =m1 & ! animal p]i%es4 ,9 advanc$ & fatal cases ( ei!r =m ! ins5sibility becomes complete2 no irritation ( sk9 or eye meets any response2 ! eye becomes m dull & glassy2 ! head re/s on ! gr\nd or o!r object2 unless prev5t$ ! c[ lies /ret*$ fully on h] side2 ! pulse is small1 rapid1 & f9ally imp]ceptible2 ! brea?+ is sl[1 deep1 /]tor\s1 & ! expirations accompani$ ) puff+ is sl[1 ! *eeks1 & dea? comes quietly or ) accompany+ /ruggles4 ,prev5tion4--,= su* fatal disease prev5tion is ( f> m consequ5ce ?an treatm5t4 ,among ! mo/ effici5t prev5tives may be nam$ a sp>e diet 7am\nt+ to actual />vation 9 v ple?oric1 heavy-milk+ c[s7 = a week be=e calv+ & at lea/ f\r days aft]4 ,a free access to salt & wat] is mo/ important1 z ! salt favors dr9k+ & ! wat] s]ves to dilute ! ri* & d5se blood4 ,ic$ wat]1 h[ev]1 is undesirable1 z a *ill may favor ! onset ( fev]4 ,a dose ( ,epsom salt 7#a to #b p\nds7 %\ld be giv5 #ab to #bd h\rs be=e calv+ is due1 s t x may op]ate at or j be=e t act4 ,9 case calv+ has occurr$ unexpect$ly 9 ! heavy milk]1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 giv+ ! purgative !reaft]4 ,a mo/ important precaution 9 ! fle%y1 ple?oric c[1 or 9 "o t has be5 attack$ at a previ\s calv+1 is to avoid draw+ any milk f ! bag = #ab or #bd h\rs aft] calv+4 ,bre$]s on ! isl& ( ,j]sey h f\nd t ?is alone has almo/ aboli%$ ! mortality f milk fev]4 ,if ,epsom salt is n at h&1 saltpet] 7#a ounce7 %\ld be us$ = sev]al days4 ,daily ex]cise is also ( importance1 &1 except+ 9 midsumm]1 :5 ! heat ( ! sun may be injuri\s1 ! value ( op5 air is unque/ionable4 ,ev5 9 summ] an op5 %$ or %ady grove is incomp>ably bett] ?an a close1 /uffy /all4 ,a ri* pa/ure 7clov] especially71 9 ,may1 ,june1 or ,july1 :5 at its be/1 is to be c>efully avoid$4 ,x is bett] to keep ! c[ indoors on dry /raw ) pl5ty ( salt & wat] ?an to h access to su* pa/ures4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t ( milk fev] has be5 completely revolutioniz$1 ) ! result t a =m] mortality ( #ej to #gj p] c5t has be5 practically aboli%$4 ,=m]ly ! mo/ vigor\s treatm5t 0 practic$ by ble$+1 purg+1 ! increase ( p]i/alsis by es]9 or piloc>p91 enemas1 cold 9 ! head1 c\nt]irritants1 aconite1 t>t> emetic1 spong+1 wet-%eet pack+1 etc4 ,! gross mortality1 h[ev]1 0 n mat]ially r$uc$1 & ne>ly all t 7 attack$ )9 ! fir/ two days aft] calv+ p]i%$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! mod]n treatm5t 0 made 9 #ahig1 :5 ,j4 ,s*midt publi%$ 8 successful treatm5t by ! injection ( ! teats & milk ducts ) a solution ( iodid ( potassium 7#a-a_/b drams to #a qu>t ( wat]74 ,?is r$uc$ ! mortality to #ag p] c5t4 ,o!rs foll[$ ?is lead by ! injection ( o!r antiseptics 7lysol1 creol91 creosol1 *9osol1 common salt1 e!riz$ air1 oxyg574 ,^! succe$$ z well z ! iodid solution4 ,) ! injection ( gases1 h[ev]1 a full] di/5tion ( ! udd] 0 usually secur$1 & virtually e case recov]$4 ,?is sugge/$ ! full di/5tion ( ! udd] ) common atmosph]ic air filt]$ & /]iliz$1 & ?is ) ! mo/ p]fect success4 ,) /]ile air ,s*midt-,kold+ claim$ #if4g p] c5t recov]ies 9 #iad cases4 ,9 ,am]ica ! full di/5tion ( ! udd]1 :e!r ) oxyg5 or filt]$ air1 has prov$ inv>iably successful 9 all k9ds ( cases1 includ+ ! viol5t ones t set 9 )9 a few h\rs aft] calv+4 ,9 #a or #b h\rs aft] ! injection ! c[ has got up1 _h free passages f ! b[els & bladd]1 bright expression ( c\nt5ance1 & "s return ( appetite4 ,9 my cases :i* _h made no response = #h h\rs to ! iodid injection1 ! injection ( ! udd] to full repletion ) ! gas 7oxyg5 or air7 has _h imm$iately b5eficial results4 ,a simil> full di/5tion ( ! bag ) a common-salt solution 7#j4e to #ajj71 or ev5 ) well-boil$ wat]1 is equally effective1 b 9 ^! cases ! weight ( ! liquid causes dragg+ ^u ! udd] & a measure ( discom=t :i* is escap$ "u ! treatm5t ) gas4 ,! value ( ea* me?od dep5ds on ! fullness ( di/5tion ( ! udd] & ! arre/ 9 l>g] "p ( ! circulation & *emical *anges 9 its tissues4 ,?is di/5tion acts l magic1 & seems h>dly to admit ( failure 9 secur+ a successful outcome4 ,x c n1 h[ev]1 be recomm5d$ z absolutely devoid ( dang]s & s]i\s complications4 ,to get ! be/ results x %\ld be appli$ only by "o :o has be5 tra9$ 9 ! c>eful antiseptic me?ods ( ! bact]iological laboratory4 ,"s read]s w recall ! case ( ! injection ( ! udd]s ( %[ c[s at ,toronto to impose ^u ! judges4 ,! c[s treat$ 9 ?is way _h ! udd]s infect$ & ru9$1 & sev]al lo/ _! lives4 ,!re is no bett] culture m$ium = septic & o!r g]ms ?an ! fir/ milk 7colo/rum7 *>g$ ) album9 & reta9$ 9 ! w>m udd]4 ,already 9 ! h&s ( vet]9>ians ev5 ! ,s*midt treatm5t has produc$ a small proportion ( cases ( infective mammitis4 ,h[ _m m su* cases w develop if ?is treatm5t becomes a popul> dome/ic resort1 appli$ by ! dairyman himself 9 all sorts ( surr\nd+s & ) little or no antiseptic precautions8 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! losses w by no means approa* ! pa/ mortality ( #ej to #gj p] c5t1 s t ! economy w be immeasurable "u ev5 ! wor/ conditions4 ,a fair te/ & judgm5t ( ?is treatm5t1 h[ev]1 c be obta9$ only :5 ! adm9i/rator is tru/wor?y & pa9/ak+1 well acqua9t$ ) bact]iological antisepsis & ) ! g5]al & special pa?ology ( ! bov9e animal4 ,! necess>y precautions may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,provide an ela/ic rubb] ball & tubes furni%$ ) valves to direct ! curr5t ( air1 z 9 a common ,davidson syr+e4 7#b7 ,fill ! deliv]y tube = a %ort di/ance ) cotton /]iliz$ by prolong$ heat+ 9 a wat] ba?4 7#c7 ,9 ! free end ( ! deliv]y tube fit a milk+ tube to be ins]t$ into ! teat4 7#d7 ,/]ilize ! entire app>atus by boil+ = #cj m9utes1 &1 )\t t\*+ ! milk+ tube1 wrap x 9 a t[el t has be5 /]iliz$ 9 a wat] ba? or 9 live /eam & dri$4 7#e7 ,avoid draw+ any milk f ! teats2 wa% !m & ! udd] ?or\ghly ) w>m soapsuds2 r9se (f ) well-boil$ & cool$ wat]1 & apply to ! teats1 & especially to _! tips1 a #e p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid or lysol1 tak+ c>e t ! teats are n all[$ to t\* any o!r body f ! "t !y are cleans$ until ! teat tube is ins]t$4 ,x is well to re/ ! cleans$ & dis9fect$ udd] on a /]iliz$ pad ( cotton or a boil$ t[el4 7#f7 ,! inject+ app>atus is unwrapp$2 ! teat tube1 seiz$ by its atta*$ end & kept f contact ) any o!r body1 is ins]t$ into ! teat1 :ile an assi/ant work+ ! rubb] pump fills ! qu>t] z full z x w hold4 ,! tube is n[ )drawn & a broad tape is ti$ ar\nd ! free end ( ! teat to prev5t escape ( ! air4 7#g7 ,! teat tube1 :i* has be5 c>efully pres]v$ f possible contact ) o!r bodies1 is dipp$ 9 ! c>bolic acid solution & ins]t$ 9 a second teat1 & ! second qu>t] is inflat$1 & s ) ! ?ird & f\r?4 7#h7 ,! recumb5t c[ is kept re/+ on h] brea/bone1 ) ! head elevat$1 ev5 if x %\ld be necess>y to pack ar\nd h] ) /raw bundles or to susp5d ! head by a halt]4 ,:5 ly+ on h] side %e is liable to develop fatal bloat+ & to h bel*+ ( gas & liquids1 :i*1 pass+ d[n ! w9dpipe1 cause fatal bron*o-pneumonia4 7#i7 ,if 9 #b h\rs ! c[ is n on h] feet1 if !re is no bright] or m intellig5t expression1 if %e has pass$ no manure or ur9e1 & if ! air has become absorb$1 leav+ ! udd] less t5se1 ! injection ( ! bag may be repeat$1 "u ! same scrupul\s & rigid precautions z at fir/4 ,9 all cases1 b especially 9 sev]e ones1 x is well to keep wat* ( ! pati5t1 & to repeat ! di/5tion on ! fir/ indication ( relapse4 ,%\ld !re n be a free dis*>ge ( feces & ur9e aft] ris+1 indicat+ a natural resumption ( ! n]v\s functions1 ! case %\ld be all ! m c>efully wat*$1 s t ! treatm5t may be repeat$ if necess>y4 ,accessory treatm5t may /ill be us$1 b is r>ely necess>y4 ,a dose ( purgative m$ic9e 7#a-a_/b p\nds ( ,epsom salt7 9 w>m wat] may be giv5 9 ! e>ly /ages1 :ile z yet !re is no dang] ( its pass+ into ! lungs ?r\gh p>alysis ( ! ?roat4 ,es]9 or piloc>p9 7#a-a_/b gra9s7 may be giv5 "u ! sk9 to /imulate ! movem5ts ( ! b[els4 ,spong+ ! sk91 & especially ! udd]1 ) cool wat]1 may be resort$ to 9 hot wea!r4 ,bloat+ may dem& puncture ( ! paun*1 9 ! left flank1 ) a cannula & troc>1 ! evacuation ( ! gas1 & ! introduction ?r\gh ! tube ( a tablespoonful ( /rong liquid ammonia 9 a qu>t ( cold wat] or o!r antif]m5t4 ,! economic value ( ! new treatm5t ( milk fev] is enorm\s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has m ?an #bb1jjj1jjj milk c[s4 ,if we c\ld raise _! quality by pres]v+ & bre$+ f ! l>ge/ produc]s ( bo? milk & butt]fat1 9 place ( los+ ! be/ by milk fev]1 z 9 ! pa/1 & if we c\ld ?us obta9 an av]age increase ( #b qu>ts a day1 ! proce$s at #c c5ts a qu>t w\ld am\nt to #acj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,,palsy ,,aft] ,,calv+ 7,,dropp+ ,,aft] ,,calv+74 ,?is consi/s 9 a m or less complete loss ( control ( ! h9d limbs occurr+ aft] calv+1 & caus$ by l[ condition1 weakness1 & exposure to cold or to injuri\s compression ( ! n]ves ( ! h9d limbs by a l>ge calf pass+ ?r\gh ! pelvis4 ,its symptoms d n diff] f ^? ( palsy ( ! h9d limbs1 occurr+ at o!r times1 & x may be treat$ 9 ! same way1 except s f> z bruises ( ! vag9a may dem& special smoo?+ treatm5t4 ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,! ,,udd] 7,,g>get74 ,9 heavy milk]s1 be=e & j aft] calv+1 x is ! rule t ! mamm>y gl& is enl>g$1 hot1 t5se1 & t5d]1 & t a slight exudation or pa/y swell+ ext5ds =w>d f ! gl& on ! l[] surface ( ! abdom54 ,?is physiological conge/ion is look$ ^u z a matt] ( c\rse1 & disappe>s 9 two or ?ree days :5 ! secretion ( milk has be5 fully e/abli%$4 ,?is break+ up ( ! bag may be greatly ha/5$ by ! suck+ ( a hungry calf & ! knead+ x gives ! udd] ) its nose1 by /ripp+ ! gl&s clean ?rice daily1 & by active rubb+ at ea* milk+ ) ! palm ( ! h&1 ) or )\t l>d or1 bett]1 ) camphorat$ o9tm5t4 ,! conge/ion may be at times aggravat$ by /&+ 9 a draft ( cold air or by neglect to milk = an entire day or m 7ov]/ock+1 heft+7 ) ! view ( mak+ a great %[ ( udd] = purposes ( sale4 ,9 su* cases ! surface ( ! bag pits on pressure1 & ! milk has a r$di% t+e or ev5 /reaks ( blood1 or x is p>tially or fully clott$ & is drawn ) difficulty1 mix$1 x may be1 ) a yell[i% s]um 7:ey7 :i* has sep>at$ f ! case94 ,?is %\ld be treat$ l ! above1 ?\gh x may sometimes dem& fom5tations ) w>m wat] to w>d (f inflammation1 & x may be a week be=e ! natural condition ( ! gl& is re/or$4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,udd] 7,,simple ,,mammitis74 ,conge/ion may m]ge into active inflammation1 or x may arise direct1 9 connection ) exposure to cold or wet1 ) /&+ 9 a cold draft1 ) bl[s on ! udd] ) clubs1 /ones1 horns1 or feet1 ) injury f a %>p or cold /one1 or ! project+ edge ( a bo>d or end ( a nail 9 ! floor1 ) sudd5 & extreme *anges ( wea!r1 ) ov]fe$+ on ri* album9\s fe$ l cotton se$1 beans1 or peas1 ) indige/ions1 ) sores on ! teats1 or ) insuffici5t /ripp+ ( ! udd] 9 milk+4 ,9 ! p]iod ( full milk ! organ is s susceptible t any s]i\s di/urbance ( ! g5]al heal? is liable to fall ^u ! udd]4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms & mode ( onset v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,:5 foll[+ exposure !re is usually a viol5t %iv]+ fit1 ) cold horns1 e>s1 tail1 & limbs1 & g5]al erection ( ! hair4 ,?is is succe$$ by a flu% ( heat 7reaction7 9 :i* ! horns1 e>s1 & limbs become unnaturally w>m & ! gl& swells up & becomes firm & solid 9 "o1 two1 ?ree1 or all f\r qu>t]s4 ,!re is hot dry muzzle1 elevat$ temp]ature1 full1 accel]at$ pulse1 & excit$ brea?+1 impair$ or susp5d$ appetite & rum9ation1 ) m or less co/iv5ess1 suppression ( ur9e1 & a less5$ yield ( milk1 :i* may be entirely suppress$ 9 ! affect$ qu>t]4 ,9 o!r cases ! %iv]+ escapes notice1 ! g5]al disord] ( ! sy/em is little m>k$ or comes on late1 & ! fir/ obs]v$ sign ( illness is ! firm swell+1 heat1 & t5d]ness ( ! bag4 ,z ! inflammation increases & ext5ds1 ! hot1 t5d] udd] causes ! animal to /raddle ) its h9d limbs1 &1 :5 walk+1 to halt on ! limb on t side4 ,if ! c[ lies d[n x is on ! unaffect$ side4 ,) ! increase 9 int5sity & ! ext5sion ( ! inflammation ! g5]al fev] manife/s itself m prom95tly4 ,9 "s in/ances ! connective tissue b5ea? ! sk9 & betwe5 ! lobules ( ! gl& is affect$1 !n ! swell+ is uni=mly r\nd$ & ( ne>ly ! same consi/5cy1 pitt+ ev]y:]e on pressure4 ,9 o!r cases x prim>ily attacks ! secret+ tissue ( ! gl&1 !n ! swell+ is m localiz$ & appe>s z h>d1 nodul> masses 9 ! int]ior ( ! gl&4 ,?is la/ is ! usual =m ( inflammation occurr+ f infection ent]+ by ! teats4 ,9 all cases1 b especially 9 ! la/-nam$ =m1 ! milk is suppress$ & replac$ by a wat]y fluid color$ ) blood 7sometimes deeply7 & m+l$ ) masses ( clott$ case94 ,lat] x becomes :ite & purul5t1 & 9 _m cases ( an (f5sive odor4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is sometimes s rapid & at o!rs s sl[ t no def9ite rule c be laid d[n4 ,9 two or ?ree days1 or f t to ! end ( ! week1 ! bag may s(t51 lose its heat & t5d]ness1 & subside into ! heal?y condition1 ev5 resum+ ! secretion ( milk4 ,! long] ! inflammatory h>dness cont9ues ! great] ! probability t its complete re/oration w n be effect$4 ,:5 a portion ( ! gl& fails to be re/or$ 9 ?is way1 & has its secretion arre/$1 x usually %r9ks to a small] size4 ,m commonly a great] quantity ( ! inflammatory product rema9s 9 ! gl& & develops into a solid1 fibr\s mass1 caus+ p]man5t h>d5+ 7induration74 ,9 o!r cases1 9 place ( ! product ( inflammation develop+ into a fibr\s mass1 x s(t5s & breaks d[n into :ite1 creamy1 liquid pus 7abscess74 ,?is abscess may make its way to ! surface & escape ext]nally1 or x may bur/ into a milk duct & dis*>ge ?r\gh ! teat4 ,x may break into bo? & e/abli% a *annel = ! escape ( milk 7fi/ula74 ,9 ! wor/ types ( ! disease gangr5e may ensue1 a qu>t] or half or ev5 ! :ole udd]1 los+ its vitality1 & sl\gh+ (f if ! c[ c be> up aga9/ ! depress+ influ5ce4 ,^! gangr5\s cases are probably always ! result ( infection & sometimes run a v rapidly fatal c\rse4 ,i rememb] "o to :i* ,i 0 call$ z soon z ! own] notic$ x1 yet ,i f\nd "o-qu>t] d>k blue1 cold1 & %[+ a t5d5cy to ! =mation ( blebs conta9+ a bloody secretion4 ,! c[1 :i* _h wad$ ?r\gh a dep? ( semiliquid manure to rea* h] /all1 di$ )9 #bd h\rs4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t v>ies ) ! type & ! /age ( ! disease4 ,if ! case is se5 9 ! %iv]+ fit1 e ef=t %\ld be made to cut x %ort1 z ! inflammation may be !reby greatly mod]at$1 if n *eck$4 ,copi\s dr9ks ( w>m wat] ?r[n 9 f horn or bottle2 equally copi\s w>m injections2 ! application ( heat 9 "s =m to ! surface ( ! body 7by a rug wrung out ( hot wat]2 by hang+ ov] ! back & lo9s bags loosely fill$ ) bran1 s&1 salt1 *aff1 or o!r ag5t previ\sly heat$ 9 a /ove2 by ! use ( a flatiron or ! w>m+ ( ! surface by a hot-air ba?71 or by active friction ) /raw wisps by two or m p]sons2 ! adm9i/ration ( #a ounce ( gr\nd g+] may s]ve to %ort5 ! attack4 ,aft] half an h\r's sweat ! animal %\ld be rubb$ & cov]$ ) a dry blanket4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is little or no fev]1 & only a slight inflammation1 rub well ) camphorat$ o9tm5t or a weak iod9 o9tm5t1 & milk ?ree1 f\r1 or six times a day1 rubb+ ! bag ?or\ghly ea* "t4 ,milk+ mu/ be done ) great g5tl5ess1 squeez+ ! teat 9 place ( pull+ & /ripp+ x1 & if ?is causes too mu* pa91 ! teat tube 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #d7 or ! spr+ teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c7 may be employ$4 ,antiseptic injections ( ! teats & udd] are (t5 useful1 & iod(orm 9 wat] has be5 especially recomm5d$4 ,x may be replac$ by "o ( ! injections advis$ = p>turition fev]1 us$ ) ! same c>eful precautions4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ! fev] has set 9 & ! inflammation is m advanc$1 a dose ( laxative m$ic9e is desirable 7,epsom salt1 #a to #b p\nds2 g+]1 #a ounce71 :i* may be foll[$1 aft] ! purg+ has ceas$1 by daily doses ( saltpet]1 #a ounce4 ,_m rely on cool+ & a/r+5t applications to ! inflam$ qu>t] 7v9eg>1 sug>-(-lead lotion1 cold wat]1 ice1 etc471 b a saf] & bett] resort is cont9u$ fom5tation ) w>m wat]4 ,a bucket ( w>m wat]1 repl5i%$ z x cools1 may be set b5ea? ! udd]1 & two p]sons c raise a rug cut ( ?is & hold x aga9/ ! udd]1 dipp+ x anew :5ev] ! temp]ature is some:at l[]$4 ,a %eet may be pass$ ar\nd ! body1 ) holes cut = ! teats1 s(t rags pack$ betwe5 x & ! udd]1 & kept w>m by p\r+ wat] on e #aj or #ae m9utes1 z w>m z ! h& c be>4 ,:5 ?is has be5 kept up = an h\r or two1 ! bag may be dri$1 well rubb$ ) soap1 & left ?us ) a soapy coat+4 ,if ! pa9 is great1 extract ( belladonna may be appli$ along ) ! soap1 & a dry susp5sory b&age ) holes = ! teats may be appli$4 ,/rong1 m]curial o9tm5t is v useful 9 reliev+ pa9 & s(t5+ ! bag4 ,?is is especially valuable :5 ! disease is protract$ & induration ?reat5s4 ,x may be mix$ ) an equal quantity ( soap & half z mu* extract ( belladonna4 ,9 cases ( ?reat5$ induration excell5t results are sometimes obta9$ f a weak-induction curr5t ( electricity s5t ?r\gh ! gl& daily = #aj m9utes4 ,if abscess ?reat5s1 x may be favor$ by fom5tation & op5$ z soon z fluctuation f f+] to f+] %[s ! =mation ( matt] at a po9t =m]ly h>d4 ,! w\nd may ble$ freely1 & !re is a risk ( op5+ a milk duct1 yet relief w be obta9$2 also a dress+ twice daily ) a lotion ( c>bolic acid #a "p1 wat] #bj p>ts1 & glyc]9 #a "p w suffice to keep ! w\nd clean & heal?y4 ,gangr5e ( ! affect$ "p is (t5 fatal4 ,x dem&s antiseptics 7*lorid ( z9c1 #a dram to #a qu>t wat]7 appli$ frequ5tly to ! "p1 or1 if ! case c n be att5d$1 sme> ! affect$ qu>t] ) ,v5ice turp5t9e1 melt$1 or ev5 wood t>4 ,antiseptic tonics 7t9cture ( *lorid ( iron1 #d drams7 may also be giv5 f\r times daily 9 a qu>t ( wat]4 ,,contagi\s ,,mammitis 7,,contagi\s ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,udd]74 ,z /at$ 9 ! la/ article1 t =m ( inflammation ( ! udd] :i* attacks ! gl& ducts & follicles1 caus+ deep-seat$1 h>d1 nodul> swell+s1 is (t5 contagi\s4 ,franck has demon/rat$ ?is by inject+ into ! milk ducts 9 diff]5t c[s 7milk+ & dry7 ! pus f ! bags ( c[s affect$ ) mammitis1 or ! liquids ( putrid fle%1 or putrid blood1 & 9 e case he produc$ acute inflammation ( ! gl& tissue )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,he ?9ks t 9 ord9>y conditions ! septic g]m ga9s access by propagat+ itself ?r\gh ! milk1 fill+ ! milk canal & ooz+ f ! ext]nal orifice4 ,he po9ts to ?is z a reason :y dry c[s escape ! malady1 ?\gh m+l+ freely ) ! suff]]s1 & :y su* dry c[s d n suff] f inflammation ( ! gl& tissue :5 attack$ ) foot-&-m\? disease4 ,9 ?is la/ case x is evid5t t x is n simply ! inoculation ) ! milk]'s h& t is lack+1 = ! sk9 ( ! bag is attack$1 b n its secret+1 gl&ul> p>ts4 ,n[ t 9 any case ( abscess we look = ! cause 9 ! *a9 =ms ( globul> bact]ia 7,/reptococcus pyog5es71 9 ! clu/] =m ( :ite1 globul> bact]ia 7,/aphylococcus pyog5es albus71 & 9 ! gold5 & citron-yell[ =ms ( clu/]$ globul> bact]ia 7,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus & ,/aphylococcus pyog5es citreus71 ! =mation ( pus gives presumptive evid5ce ( ! action ( "o or m ( ^! g]ms4 ,s 9 cases ( mortification ( ! bag2 9 ! v occurr5ce !re is fair circum/antial evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( erysipelas micrococcus or o!r g]m :i* kills ! local tissues4 ,aga91 9 tub]culosis affect+ ! bag 7a n uncommon condition71 ! active local cause is )\t d\bt ! tub]cle bacillus4 ,x has be5 f\nd t false membranes h =m$ 9 c]ta9 cases ( mammitis 9 ! c[1 & ,kle91 aft] inoculat+ ! diph!ria ( man on ! c[1 f\nd an ulc]\s sore 9 ! seat ( inoculation & bli/]s on ! teats & udd]1 9 :i* he f\nd :at he believ$ to be ! bacillus ( diph!ria4 ,! results are d\btful1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( false membranes4 ,lffl]1 too1 9 ! diph!ria ( calves1 f\nd t ! g]m 0 long] & m delicate ?an t ( man1 & t its pa?og5esis = rod5ts 0 less1 gu9ea pigs hav+ only a nonfatal abscess4 ,! pres5ce ( false membranes 9 "o =m ( mammitis 9 c[s does n necess>ily imply its communicability to man4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t sc>let fev] has be5 transmitt$ f ! c[ to man1 & x c n be d5i$ t 9 _m cases ! infection has be5 spread by means ( ! milk4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 :5 br\ght out fully h %[n t 9 almo/ e case ! milk _h fir/ come into contact ) a p]son suff]+ or recov]+ f sc>let fev]1 s t ! milk 0 infect$ aft] x left ! c[4 ,! alleg$ exceptional cases at ,h5don & ,dov]1 ,engl&1 are n conclusive4 ,9 ! ,h5don outbreak inoculations 7 made on calves f ! slight eruption on ! c['s teats1 & !y _h a slight eruption on ! lips & a =m ( inflammation ( ! kidneys1 :i* ,dr4 ,kle9 ?\ght resembl$ t ( sc>lat9a4 ,! c[s t _h br\ght ! disease to ! ,h5don dairies 7 trac$ back to ,wilt%ire1 :]e c[s 7 f\nd suff]+ f a simil> malady1 b no sign ( sc>let fev] result$4 ,9 ! ,dov] outbreak ! dairyman fir/ d5i$ any disease 9 8 c[s1 & br\ght a c]tificate ( a vet]9>ian to prove t !y 7 s\nd at ! "t ( ! inve/igation2 !n lat] he confess$ t ! c[s _h _h foot-&-m\? disease "s "t be=e1 & consequ5t eruption on ! teats4 ,s ! "q rema9s :e!r ! man :o d5i$ sickness 9 ! c[s to beg9 )1 & adduc$ pr(essional evid5ce ( x1 did n lat] ackn[l$ge ! foot-&-m\? disease z a bl9d to hide ! real s\rce ( ! tr\ble 9 sc>lat9a 9 8 own family or 9 ! family ( an employee4 ,9 ,am]ica ,dr4 ,/ickl] said t he _h produc$ sc>lat9a 9 *ildr5 by inoculation ) import$ virus ( foot-&-m\? disease1 b 8 cont5tion is negativ$ by ! facts t ) foot-&-m\? disease con/antly pres5t 9 ,europe sc>lat9a does n accompany x1 & t 9 ,am]ica1 ) sc>lat9a con/antly prevail+ at "s po9t1 foot-&-m\? disease is unkn[n locally except at long int]vals & z ! result ( ! importation ( infect$ animals or _! products4 ,man is susceptible to foot-&-m\? disease1 b x nev] appe>s dur+ ! frequ5t epidemics ( sc>lat9a4 ,among o!r contagi\s =ms ( mammitis ,i may "n "o :i* ,i h enc\nt]$ 9 l>ge dairies1 />t+ z a sore & slight swell+ at ! op5+ ( ! teat & ext5d+ up along ! milk duct to ! gl& /ructure 9 ! bag1 all ( :i* become indurat$1 nodul>1 & pa9ful4 ,! milk is entirely suppress$ 9 t qu>t] ( ! bag1 & f t x may ext5d to ! o!rs z x does f c[ to c[ ?r\gh ! milk]'s h&s4 ,ano!r =m almo/ univ]sally preval5t 9 ?is di/rict ( c5tral ,new ,york 9 #ahhi broke out on ! teats & udd]s z bli/]s /rongly resembl+ c[pox1 b :i* 7 n propagat$ :5 inoculat$ on calves4 ,x 0 only exceptionally t ?is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! teat to ! gl& tissue1 yet 9 "s in/ances ! bag 0 lo/ f ?is cause4 ,sc>lat9a 9 man 0 v preval5t at ! "t 7_m s*ools 7 clos$ 9 consequ5ce71 b no def9ite connection seem$ to exi/ betwe5 ?is & ! c[ disease1 & on diff]5t dairy f>ms !re 7 families ( "y *ildr5 t _h nev] _h sc>let fev] & :o did n at t "t contract x4 ,! mo/ common cause ( contagi\s mammitis 9 cattle is a sph]ical bact]ium 9 *a9 =m 7,/reptococcus7 7,moore1 ,w>d74 ,yet x is cle> t contagi\s mammitis is n a s+le affection1 b a gr\p ( diseases :i* h ?is 9 common1 t !y attack ! udd]4 ,prev5tion4--,prev5tion is to be especially s\ght 9 all su* cases4 ,9 pur*as+ new c[s see t !y come f a h]d :]e ! teats & udd] are s\nd4 ,if a new c[ ) unkn[n antec$5ts comes f a public m>ket1 let h] be milk$ = a week by a p]son :o does n milk any o!r c[s4 ,keep h] 9 a sep>ate /all f o!rs1 s t !re may be no infection f litt] or floor+4 ,wa% ! udd] ) soap & wat]1 & wet ) a solution ( two teaspoonfuls ( c>bolic acid 9 a p9t ( wat] be=e lett+ ! regul> milk] ( ! o!r c[s take h]4 ,if any c[ 9 ! h]d %[s ! indurat$ end ( ! teat or ! inflammation & nodul> t5d] "* ( ! gl&1 seque/rate h] at once & give h] a sep>ate milk]4 ,if ano!r c[ is to be put into ! /all %e occupi$1 fir/ clean & scrape x1 & wet x ) a /rong solution ( blue/one1 #e ounces 9 a gallon ( wat]4 ,! milk may be drawn (f ) a teat tube1 or spr+ teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 figs4 #c & #d71 & ! milk ducts inject$ frequ5tly ) a solution ( p]oxid ( hydrog5 or iod(orm4 ,i h _h little success 9 *eck+ ! upw>d progress ( ! disease ?r\gh ! teat ) c>bolic acid or boric-acid solutions4 ,us$ on ! outside ( ! o!r teats1 h[ev]1 !y may s]ve to prev5t !m f becom+ infect$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( p]oxid ( hydrog5 ! affect$ teat may be inject$ ) a solution ( #a gra9 corrosive sublimate 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & ! same may be us$ on ! o!r teats1 provid$ x is wa%$ (f e "t be=e milk+4 ,z additional precautions1 no c[ ) a reta9$ aft]bir? or unheal?y dis*>ge f ! womb %\ld be left ) ! o!r c[s4 ,su* c[s d\btless infect _! own udd]s & ^? ( ! c[s next !m by la%+ ) ! soil$ tail4 ,if milk]s h&le reta9$ aft]bir? or vag9al dis*>ge1 or unheal?y w\nds1 or assi/ 9 a difficult & protract$ p>turition1 !y %\ld wa% ! h&s & arms ?or\ghly ) soap & w>m wat] & !n rub !m ) ! corrosive-sublimate solution1 or if n1 at lea/ ) "o ( c>bolic acid4 ,clo!s /a9$ ) su* (f5sive products %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! g5]al treatm5t ( contagi\s mammitis does n diff] f t ( ! simple =m1 except t antiseptics %\ld be giv5 by ! m\? z well z appli$ locally 7hyposulphite ( soda1 "o-half ounce daily74 ,,c[pox4 ,?is is ano!r =m ( contagi\s inflammation ( ! udd] :i* does n spread readily f animal to animal except by ! h&s ( ! milk]4 ,x is held to occur spontane\sly 9 ! c[1 b ?is is altoge!r improbable1 & s-call$ spontane\s cases are r to be look$ on z in/ances 9 :i* ! g]ms h be5 pres]v$ dry 9 ! build+s or introduc$ 9 "s unkn[n mann]4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! horse1 attack+ ! heels1 ! lips1 or "s o!r inoculat$ "p ( ! body1 & is !n easily transf]r$ to ! c[1 if ! same man grooms & dresses ! horse & milks ! c[4 ,x may also appe> 9 ! c[ by infection1 m or less direct1 f a p]son :o has be5 successfully vacc9at$4 ,_m believe t x is only a =m ( ! smallpox ( man modifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! sy/em ( c[ or horse4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unreasonable to suppose t ?is alleg$ modifi$ smallpox c\ld h be5 transmitt$ f *ild to *ild 7! mo/ susceptible ( ! human race7 = #ij ye>s1 "u all possible conditions1 )\t once rev]t+ to its orig9al type ( smallpox4 ,*auveau's exp]im5ts on bo? cattle & horses ) ! virus ( smallpox & its inoculation back on ! human subject g f> to %[ t 9 ! climate ( we/]n ,europe1 at lea/1 no su* trans=mation takes place4 ,smallpox rema9s smallpox & c[pox1 c[pox4 ,aga91 smallpox is communicable to a p]son :o visits ! pati5t 9 8 room b avoids t\*+ him1 :ile c[pox is nev] ?us transf]r$ ?r\gh ! air unless delib]ately diffus$ 9 ! =m ( spray4 ,! disease 9 ! c[ is u%]$ 9 by a slight fev]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is usually ov]look$1 & ! fir/ sign is t5d]ness ( ! teats4 ,exam9$1 ^! may be r$d] & hott] ?an normal1 & at ! end ( two days !re appe> little nodules1 l small peas1 ( a pale-r$ color1 & increas+ s t by ! sev5? day !y may measure ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! yield ( milk dim9i%es1 & :5 heat$ x coagulates slightly4 ,f ! sev5? to ! t5? day ! eruption =ms into a bli/]1 ) rais$ m>g9s & a depression 9 ! c5t]1 & f :i* ! :ole ( ! liquid c n be drawn by a s+le puncture4 ,! bli/]1 9 o!r words1 is *amb]$1 & ea* *amb] mu/ be op5$ to evacuate ! :ole ( ! cont5ts4 ,if ! pock =ms on a surface :]e !re is ?ick hair x does n rise z a bli/]1 b oozes out a /raw-color$ fluid :i* concretes on ! hairs 9 an amb]-color$ mass4 ,9 "o or two days aft] ! pock is full x becomes yell[ f conta9$ pus & !n dries into a br[ni%-yell[ scab1 :i* f9ally falls1 leav+ "o or m di/9ct pits 9 ! sk94 ,^u ! teats1 h[ev]1 ?is regul> c\rse is r>ely se52 ! vesicles are bur/ by ! h&s ( ! milk] z soon z liquid is =m$1 & z !y cont9ue to suff] at ea* milk+ !y =m raw1 angry sores1 scabb+ m or less at int]vals1 b are sl[ to und]go heal+4 ,! only treatm5t requir$ is to heal ! sores4 ,z milk+ is ! ma9 cause ( _! p]si/5ce1 t mu/ be done z g5tly z possible1 or ev5 ) ! teat tube or dilator4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 figs4 #c & #d47 ,x is ess5tial to *eck ! propagation ( ! g]m1 & = ?is purpose ! sore teats may be wa%$ frequ5tly ) a solution ( half an ounce hyposulphite ( soda 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,?is w usually *eck ! inflammation & cut %ort ! malady4 ,,suppression ,,( ,,milk4 ,! abs5ce ( milk 9 ! udd] may result f ill heal?1 debility1 emaciation1 *ronic disease ( ! bag1 wa/+ ( ! gl& f previ\s disease1 or insuffici5t fe$1 b sometimes x w occur sudd5ly )\t any appreciable cause4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 remov+ ! cause ( ! disease1 giv+ ri* album9oid fe$ made into w>m ma%es1 & adm9i/]+ ounce doses ( aromatic c>m9atives1 l anise se$1 f5nel se$1 etc4 ,rubb+ & /ripp+ ! udd] are useful2 ! application ( oil ( lav5d] or ( turp5t9e1 or ev5 a bli/] ( ,spani% flies1 w sometimes succe$4 ,,bloody ,,milk4 ,blood may escape ) ! milk :5 ! udd] has be5 injur$ by bl[s2 also :5 x is conge/$ or inflam$1 :5 ! circulation ?r\gh x has be5 sudd5ly increas$ by ri*] & m abundant fe$1 or :5 ! c[ is "u ! excitem5t ( heat4 ,! milk fro?+ up & assum+ a p9k t+e is (t5 ! fir/ sign ( r$ wat]1 & x may result f eat+ acrid or irritant plants1 l ! ,ranunculace1 res9\s plants1 etc4 ,deposits ( tub]cle or tumors 9 ! udd]1 or induration ( ! gl&1 may be effici5t causes1 ! irritation caus$ by milk+ contribut+ to draw ! blood4 ,f9ally1 !re may be a r$di% t+e or s$im5t :5 madd] or logwood has be5 eat54 ,9 milk :i* becomes r$ aft] x is drawn x may be f ! pres5ce 9 x ( ! ,bacillus prodigiosus4 ,?is also gr[s on bread1 & is ! explanation ( ! suppos$ miracle ( ! ble$+ ho/4 ,! treatm5t w v>y ) ! cause4 ,9 conge/$ gl&s give #a p\nd ( ,epsom salt1 & daily !reaft] "o-half ounce saltpet]1 ) a dram ( *lorate ( potassium2 ! bag %\ld be ba!d ) hot or cold wat]1 & rubb$ ) camphorat$ l>d4 ,if ! fe$ is too ri* or abundant x mu/ be r$uc$4 ,if f acrid plants1 !y mu/ be remov$ f pa/ure or fodd]4 ,induration ( ! udd] may be met by rubb+ ) a comb9ation ( iod9 o9tm5t #a "p1 s(t soap #b p>ts2 m]curial o9tm5t & soap also may be us$4 ,c>eful milk+ is imp]ative4 ,,blue ,,milk4 ,wat]y milk is blue1 b ! pres5ce ( a g]m 7,bacillus cyanog5es7 causes a di/9ct blue %ade ev5 9 ri* milk & cream4 ,x may rea* ! milk aft] x has be5 drawn1 or x may f9d its way into ! op5+ ( ! milk ducts & ent] ! milk z x is drawn4 ,9 ! latt] case frequ5t milk+ & ! injection ( a solution ( #b drams ( hyposulphite ( soda 9 a p9t ( wat] into ! teats w s]ve to de/roy ! g]ms4 ,,/r+y ,,milk4 ,?is may be caus$ by fungi develop+ 9 ! liquid1 & t ! spores are pres5t 9 ! sy/em ( ! c[ may be safely inf]r$ f ! fact t 9 a l>ge h]d two or ?ree c[s only w yield su* milk at a "t1 & t aft] a run ( #aj days or a =tnight !y w recov] & o!rs w be attack$4 ,i h f\nd t su* affect$ c[s _h ! temp]ature rais$ "o or two degrees above ! o!rs4 ,l mo/ o!r fungi ?is does n gr[ out into filam5ts )9 ! body ( ! c[1 b 9 five or six h\rs aft] milk+ ! surface lay]s are f\nd to be "o d5se network ( filam5ts4 ,if a ne$le is dipp$ 9 ?is & lift$ ! liquid is drawn out into a long ?read4 ,9 "o case :i* ,i inve/igat$ ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ! contam9ation 0 manife/ly f a spr+ :i* ooz$ out ( a bank ( black-muck soil & /ood 9 pools mix$ ) ! dejections ( ! animals4 ,inoculation ( pure milk ) ! wat] z x fl[$ out ( ?is bank develop$ 9 x ! fungus & ! /r+y *>act]s4 ,by f5c+ ! spr+ 9 & giv+ ! affect$ c[s ea* #b drams bisulphite ( soda daily1 ! tr\ble 0 arre/$ promptly & p]man5tly4 ,,*app$ ,,teats4 ,^! may be caus$ by any?+ :i* irritates !m4 ,! p[]ful suck+ ( ! calf2 ! sudd5 *ill+ ( ! teat 9 w9t] aft] ! calf has j let x g or aft] ! completion ( milk+ ) a wet h&2 contact ) cold wat] or /agnant1 putrid wat]1 or ) fil? or irritants :5 ly+ d[n2 slight conge/ions ( ! sk9 9 connection ) ov]/ock+2 inde$1 any s\rce ( local irritation may cause *app+4 ,?is may be slight or ext5d into great1 gap+ sores & induce ret5tion ( milk or ev5 mammitis4 ,soo?+ applications ( vasel9e or a comb9ation ( equal p>ts ( sp]maceti & oil ( sweet almonds may be appli$4 ,if heal+ is t>dy1 add #aj gra9s balsam ( ,p]u to ! ounce ( o9tm5t4 ,if ! irritation is v great1 wa% fir/ ) a solution ( #a dram sug> ( lead 9 #a p9t ( wat] & !n apply b5zoat$ z9c-oxid o9tm5t4 ,,w>ts ,,on ,,! ,,teats4 ,^! are (t5 v tr\blesome1 yet !y may be greatly b5efit$ or entirely remov$ by sme>+ !m ?ickly ) pure olive oil aft] ea* milk+4 ,if !y p]si/ !y may be cut (f ) a pair ( %>p scissors & ! sore t\*$ ) a /ick ( lun> cau/ic4 ,!y may n[ be oil$ & ! cau/ic repeat$ z dem&$ to prev5t _! r5ew$ gr[?4 ,scabby teats may be sme>$ ) vasel9e conta9+ c>bolic acid en\gh to give x an odor4 ,,teat ,,block$ ,,by ,,concretion ,,( ,,case94 ,"u unheal?y conditions ( ! gl& or milk ducts clots ( case9 =m :i*1 press$ cle> ( mo/ ( _! liquid & roll$ into r\nd$ masses1 may block ! passage4 ,!y c be mov$ up & d[n by manipulation ( ! teat1 & if !y c n be press$ out !y may be extract$ by us+ ! spr+ teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c71 be+ held surr\nd$ by its ?ree limbs4 ,be=e extraction is attempt$ an ounce ( almond oil1 boil$1 %\ld be inject$ into ! teat4 ,,teat ,,block$ ,,by ,,calculus4 ,:5 ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! milk has be5 precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( a smoo?1 r\nd$ /one1 a r\gh1 conglom]at$ concretion1 or a f9e1 s&like dbris1 x may cause ob/ruction & irritation4 ,^! bodies are felt to be mu* h>d] ?an ^? =m$ by case91 & ! milk usually conta9s gritty p>ticles4 ,extraction may be attempt$1 9 ! case ( ! f9ely divid$ gritty matt]1 by simple milk+ or ) ! spr+ dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c7 9 ! case ( ! l>g] masses4 ,%\ld ?is fail ! teat may be laid op5 ) ! knife & sew$ up aga9 or clos$ ) collodion1 b su* an op]ation is be/ def]r$ until ! c[ is dry4 ,,teat ,,block$ ,,by ,a ,,w>ty ,,or ,,o!r ,,gr[? ,,inside4 ,9 ?is case ! ob/ruction may be ne> ! orifice ( ! teat or f>!r up1 & ! solid mass is n movable up & d[n ) ! same fre$om z are concretions & calculi4 ,! movem5t is limit$ by ! ela/icity ( ! inn] membrane ( ! teat f :i* x gr[s1 & is some:at fre] 9 c]ta9 cases because ! gr[? has become loose & hangs by a n>r[ neck4 ,9 ! case ( ! loos] gr[?s !y may be sn>$ by a f9e1 spr+ wire pass$ z a loop ?r\gh a f9e tube 7l a teat tube op5 at ea* end7 & introduc$ into ! teat4 ,:5 ?is c n be done1 ! only resort is to cut 9 & excise x :ile ! c[ is dry4 ,,?ick5+ ,,( ,,! ,,muc\s ,,membrane ,,& ,,closure ,,( ,,! ,,milk ,,duct4 ,z a result ( inflammation ext5d+ f )\t inw>d1 a gradual n>r[+ ( ! milk duct may occur f ?ick5+ & n>r[+ ( its l9+ membrane4 ,?is may be limit$ to a small area ne> ! l[] end1 or x may ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! teat4 ,! /ream ( milk becomes f9] & f9] until x f9ally ceases altoge!r1 & a firm cord is felt runn+ ?r\gh ! teat4 ,if ! con/riction is only at ! outlet1 ! teat may be seiz$ & di/5d$ by press+ ! milk d[n into x f above1 & an incision may be made ) a %>p p5knife 9 two directions at "r angles to ea* o!r & directly 9 ! orig9al op5+4 ,! knife %\ld be fir/ cleans$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! op5+ may be kept f clos+ by a dumb-bell %ap$ b\gie ( gutta-p]*a 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #e7 or by ! spr+ dilator4 ,if ! ob/ruction is m ext5d$ x may be p]=at$ by ,l?i's p]=at+ s\nd4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #a;,a & #a;,b47 ,?is is a /eel wire ) a r+ at "o end1 & at ! o!r is screw$ on to ! wire a conical cap ) %>p cutt+ edges at ! base1 :i* scrapes away ! ?ick5$ masses ( cells z x is drawn back4 ,?is may be pass$ aga9 & aga9 to enl>ge ! passages suffici5tly1 & !n ! passage may be kept op5 by we>+ a long1 dumb-bell b\gie1 a ?ick piece ( c>boliz$ catgut1 or a spr+ dilator4 ,if ! passage c n be suffici5tly op5$ ) ! s\nd x may be incis$ by ! hidd5 bi/\ry4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b47 ,?is is a knife ly+ alongside a flatt5$ protector ) smoo?1 r\nd$ edges1 b :i* c be project$ to any requir$ di/ance by a lev] on ! h&le4 ,! incisions are made 9 f\r directions1 z deep z may be necess>y1 & ! walls !n c be held ap>t by ! spr+ dilator until !y heal4 ,9 case ! con/riction & ?ick5+ ( ! canal ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ! teat1 x is practically beyond rem$y1 z ! gl& is usually involv$ s z to r5d] x useless4 ,,closure ,,( ,,! ,,milk ,,duct ,,by ,a ,,membrane4 ,9 ?is =m ! duct ( ! teat is clos$ by ! con/riction ( its l9+ membrane at "o po9t1 usually )\t ?ick5+4 ,! closure usually takes place :ile ! c[ is dry2 o!rwise its progress is gradual1 & = a "t ! milk may /ill be press$ ?r\gh sl[ly4 ,9 su* case1 if left at re/1 ! l[] "p ( ! teat fills up & ! milk fl[s 9 a full /ream at ! fir/ pressure1 b aft] ?is x w n fill up aga9 )\t suffici5t "t = x to filt] ?r\gh4 ,?is is to be cut op5 by ! hidd5 bi/\ry 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b71 :i* may be fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! membrane1 if su* exi/s4 ,if n x may be bor$ ?r\gh1 or x may be press$ up aga9/ ! membrane at "o side ( ! teat & op5$ t[>d ! c5t]1 s z to cut its way ?r\gh4 ,incisions %\ld be made 9 at lea/ two opposite directions1 & ! edges !n may be held ap>t by we>+ ! spr+ dilator until heal+ has be5 complet$4 ,9 all cases ( op]ations on ! teats ! in/rum5ts mu/ be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ ) hot wat]1 or by dipp+ 9 c>bolic acid & !n 9 wat] t has be5 boil$4 ,,op5+ ,,9 ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,teat 7,,milk ,,fi/ula74 ,?is may occur f w\nds p5etrat+ ! milk duct & fail+ to close1 or x may be cong5ital1 & !n v (t5 x leads to a di/9ct milk duct & an indep5d5t portion ( ! gl&4 ,9 ! fir/ =m x is necess>y only to dissect away ! sk9 lead+ into ! op5+ = "s di/ance d[n1 to close ! orifice ) /it*es1 & to cov] ! :ole ) collodion4 ,a teat tube or spr+ dilator may be worn to dra9 ! milk (f & prev5t di/5tion & reop5+ ( ! orifice4 ,9 case ( an indep5d5t milk duct & gl& "o ( two c\rses may be select$--to op5 ! "o duct into ! o!r by incision & !n close ! (f5d+ op5+1 or to inject ! sup]flu\s gl& ?r\gh its duct ) a cau/ic solution1 s z to de/roy its secret+ p[]4 ,9 bo? cases x is desirable to wait until ! c[ goes dry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,foll[+ ,,p>turition4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plates ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii4 ,supports = prolaps$ ut]us4 ,^! illu/rations %[ v>i\s appliances us$ 9 prolapse or inv]sion ( ! ut]us4 ,! ut]us %\ld fir/ be return$ to its prop] situation & !n "s app>atus appli$ to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! inv]sion or protrusion4 ,,plate ,,xxii3 ,fig4 #a4 ,crupp]1 /rap truss4 7,f ,hill's ,bov9e ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y47 ,fig4 #b4 ,r5ault's rope truss4 ,! rope = ?is truss %\ld be f #be to #cj feet long & ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! little f+]4 ,,plate ,,xxiii3 ,fig4 #a4 ,c[ to :i* ,delw>t's rope truss has be5 appli$4 ,fig4 #a;a %[s ! loop ( ,delw>t's truss4 ,fig4 #b4 ,zundel's labial sutures4 ,^! consi/ ( two wires pass$ ?r\gh ! lips ( ! vulva 9 a horizontal direction1 & two additional wires pass$ ?r\gh ! loops at ! ends ( ! horizontal wires 9 ord] to hold !m 9 place4 ,fig4 #c4 ,iron truss = hold+ ! vag9a or ut]us 9 place aft] calv+4 ,! cords are pass$ ?r\gh ! eyes at ! corn]s ( ! triangul> iron2 ! base ( ! triangle fits "u ! tail4 ,! truss is f #e to #g in*es long & ab\t #b-a_/b in*es wide4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 diseases foll[+ p>turition4 ,fig4 #a4 ,l?i's p]=at+ s\nd1 = op5+ ! milk canal ?r\gh ! teat :5 ?is has become occlud$2 ,a1 ! s\nd "o-half ! natural size2 ,b1 section ( head ( s\nd1 natural size1 %[+ cutt+ edge4 ,fig4 #b4 ,bi/\ri ca*4 ,a blade hidd5 9 its %ea? :i* by pressure ( ! f+] may be made to protrude a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,?is di/ance is regulat$ by ! screw ne> ! h&le4 ,! in/rum5t is us$ to op5 ! milk canal :5 clos$ up4 ,x is introduc$ into ! milk canal ) its blade 9 ! %ea? & )drawn ) ! blade protrud+4 ,fig4 #c4 ,spr+ teat dilator1 ab\t "o-half natural size1 = dilat+ ! milk canal4 ,fig4 #d4 ,r+ teat syphon1 = )draw+ milk :5 ! teat is sore or injur$4 ,fig4 #e4 ,gutta-p]*a b\gie1 = dilat+ ! op5+ ( ! teat4 ,fig4 #f4 ,truss appli$ to calf = umbilical or navel h]nia4 7,f ,flem+'s ,vet]9>y ,ob/etrics47 ,fig4 #g4 ,armatage's iron clamp = umbilical or navel h]nia4 ,:5 ?is clamp is appli$ c>e mu/ be tak5 n to include a portion ( ! b[el4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,supports ,,= ,,prolaps$ ,,ut]us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,supports ,,= ,,prolaps$ ,,ut]us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,diseases ,,foll[+ ,,p>turition4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,"y ,,calves4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce1 etc41 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,susp5d$ ,,brea?+4 ,! mom5t ! circulation ?r\gh ! navel /r+ is /opp$ ! blood ( ! calf beg9s to become ov]*>g$ ) c>bon dioxid 7,,co#b71 & unless brea?+ is spe$ily e/abli%$ dea? promptly foll[s4 ,=tunately ! desire to brea!1 r\s$ by ! circulation ( ! v5\s blood & ! reflex action f ! wet & *ill+ sk91 usually />ts ! contractions ( ! diaphragm at once & life is insur$4 ,among ! ob/acles to brea?+ may be nam$ suffocation be=e or dur+ bir? f compression ( ! navel cord & ! arre/ ( its circulation2 ! deta*m5t ( ! fetal membranes f ! womb be=e ! calf is born2 a too free communication betwe5 ! two auricles 7=am5 ovale7 ( ! he>t by :i* ! nona]at$ blood has mix$ too abundantly ) ! a]at$ & induc$ debility & pr(\nd weakness2 a condition ( ill heal? & debility ( ! calf z a result ( semi/>vation1 ov]work1 or disease ( ! c[2 fa9t+ 9 ! debilitat$ calf :5 calv+ has be5 difficult & prolong$2 ! bir? ( ! calf ) its head envelop$ 9 ! fetal membranes1 s t x has be5 unable to brea!1 & ! pres5ce ( t5aci\s phlegm 9 ! m\? & nose1 act+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,besides ! importance ( prop] c>e & fe$+ ( ! c[ z a prev5tive measure1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 at once to relieve ! newborn calf ( its inve/+ membrane & ( any mucus t has collect$ 9 m\? or no/rils4 ,wip+ out ! nose deeply ) a f+] or fea!r excites to sneez+1 h5ce to brea?+4 ,bl[+ into ! nose has a simil> effect4 ,suck+ ! no/ril ?r\gh a tube appli$ to x is ev5 m effective4 ,slapp+ ! *e/ ) ! palm ( ! h& or ) a t[el dipp$ 9 cold wat]1 compression & relaxation alt]nately ( ! walls ( ! *e/1 may />t ! action1 & ammonia or ev5 tobacco smoke bl[n into ! nose may suffice4 ,e second is preci\s1 h[ev]1 & if possible ! lungs %\ld be dilat$ by =cibly introduc+ air f a bell[s or f ! human lungs4 ,z ! air is bl[n 9 ?r\gh bell[s or a tube ! upp] end ( ! w9dpipe mu/ be press$ back aga9/ ! gullet1 z o!rwise ! air w g to ! /oma*4 ,9 a l>ge dairy a piece ( ela/ic tub+ "o-?ird ( an in* 9 bore %\ld be kept at h& = suck+ & bl[+ 9 su* cases4 ,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,navel4 ,?is may occur 9 two conditions--:5 ! cord is cut (f too close to ! navel & left unti$ & :5 x te>s (f at ! navel4 7,pl4 ,,xiv47 ,x may also ble$ :5 torn across naturally1 if x is suck$ by ! dam or ano!r calf4 ,9 an animal ) little pla/icity to its blood x w fl[ "u almo/ any circum/ances4 ,:5 any cord is left x is always safe to tie x1 & x is only :5 x is swoll5 & may possibly conta9 a loop ( ! b[el t !re is dang] 9 do+ s4 ,by press+ upw>d any bulky cont5ts su* dang] is avoid$4 ,if torn or cut too close to be ti$ ! ble$+ may be *eck$ by apply+ alum1 copp]as1 or = a fraction ( a second ! end ( an iron rod at a dull-r$ heat4 ,if mu* blood has be5 lo/ x may be requisite to transfuse sev]al ounces ( blood or ( a weak1 common-salt solution into ! op51 umbilical ve94 ,,ur9e ,,dis*>g$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,navel 7,,p]si/5t ,,ura*us74 ,be=e bir? ! ur9e passes f ! bladd] by a special tube ?r\gh ! navel & navel /r+ into ! out] wat] bag 7allantois74 7,pl4 ,,xii47 ,?is closes at bir?1 & ! tube %r9ks into a f9e cord up to ! bladd]4 ,x is only 9 ! bull calf t x is liable to rema9 op51 d\btless because ( ! long1 n>r[ *annel ?r\gh :i* ! ur9e mu/ o!rwise escape4 ,! ure?ra1 too1 is sometimes abnormally n>r[1 or ev5 clos$1 9 ! male4 ,if "p ( ! cord rema9s1 x %\ld be ti$ & ! :ole all[$ to )] up naturally4 ,if ! cord has be5 remov$ & ! tube 7ura*us7 protrudes1 dis*>g+ ! ur9e1 t alone mu/ be ti$4 ,if !re is no?+ p5d5t ! ura*us mu/ be seiz$1 cov]$ by ! sk91 & a curv$ ne$le be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! sk9 & above ! duct1 x may be ti$ along ) ?is sk94 ,a bli/] ( ,spani% flies1 caus+ swell+ ( ! sk91 w (t5 close ! orifice--s ) ! hot iron4 ,if ! ure?ra ( ! male is imp]vi\s x c r>ely be rem$i$4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,ura*us 7,,navel ,,ur9e ,,duct74 ,?is may orig9ate 9 direct1 me*anical injury to ! navel 9 calv+1 or %ortly aft]1 ) or )\t ! lodgm5t ( irritant or septic matt] on its lac]at$ or cut end4 ,! m]e contact ) heal?y ur9e1 hi!rto h>mless1 c n[ be look$ on z becom+ sudd5ly irritat+4 ,! affection is usually m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( r$ness & swell+ at ! po/]ior "p ( ! navel & ! escape ( ur9e & a few drops ( :iti%1 s]\s pus f ! orifice ( ! ura*us4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ur9e is n dis*>g$ a t5d] swell+1 l a ?ick cord ext5d+ upw>d & backw>d f ! navel into ! abdom51 may be id5tifi$4 ,! navel enl>gem5t may be consid]able1 b x is solid1 does n gurgle on h&l+1 & c n be done away ) by press+ x back into ! abdom51 z 9 a case ( h]nia4 ,9 cases at fir/ clos$ ! pus may bur/ out lat]1 com+ f ! back "p ( ! navel & ! swell+ ext5d+ backw>d4 ,9 o!r cases :iti% pus may pass ) ! ur9e by ! ord9>y *annel1 %[+ t x has op5$ back into ! bladd]4 ,9 o!r cases ! umbilical ve9s become involv$1 9 :i* case ! swell+ ext5ds =w>d z well z backw>d4 ,?us ! disease may result 9 de/ructive disord]s ( ! liv]1 lungs1 &1 above all1 ( ! jo9ts4 ,! disease may usually be w>d$ (f or r5d]$ simple & comp>atively h>mless by apply+ antiseptics to ! navel /r+ at bir? 7c>bolic acid #a "p1 wat] & glyc]9 #e p>ts ea*1 or wood t>74 ,lat]1 antiseptics may be freely us$ 7hyposulphite ( soda #d drams1 wat] #a qu>t7 z an application to ! surface & z an injection into ! ura*us1 or ev5 into ! bladd] if ! two /ill communicate4 ,if !y no long] communicate1 a /rong] injection may be us$ 7t9cture ( *lorid ( iron #fj drops1 alcohol #a ounce74 ,sev]al weeks w be requir$ = complete recov]y4 ,,abscess ,,( ,,! ,,navel4 ,z ! result ( irritation at calv+ or by ! )]$ cord1 or by lick+ ) ! r\gh tongue ( ! c[1 inflammation may attack ! loose connective tissue ( ! navel to ! exclusion ( ! ura*us & ve9s1 & g on to ! =mation ( matt]4 ,9 ?is case a firm swell+ appe>s z l>ge z ! fi/1 :i* s(t5s 9 ! c5t] & may f9ally bur/ & dis*>ge4 ,! op5+1 h[ev]1 is usually small & may close prematurely1 s t abscess aft] abscess is =m$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f h]nia by ! fact t x c n be return$ into ! abdom51 & f inflammations ( ! ve9s & ura*us by ! abs5ce ( swell+s =w>d & backw>d along ! l9es ( ^! canals4 ,treatm5t consi/s 9 an e>ly op5+ ( ! abscess by a free incision & ! injection twice a day ( an a/r+5t antiseptic 7*lorid ( z9c "o-half dram1 wat] #a p9t74 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,navel ,,ve9s 7,,umbilical ,,phlebitis74 ,9 ?is affection ( ! navel ! inflammation may />t directly f me*anical injury1 z 9 ei!r ( ! two =ms j describ$1 b on ?is are inoculat$ infective microbes1 d]iv$ f a reta9$ & putrefy+ aft]bir?1 an abortion1 a metritis1 a fetid dis*>ge f ! womb1 an unheal?y op5 sore1 a case ( erysipelas1 f ov]cr[d+1 f fil?y floor or b$d+1 or f an (f5sive accumulation ( manure1 solid or liquid4 ,z ! microbes v>y 9 diff]5t cases1 giv5 outbreaks w diff] mat]ially 9 _! nature4 ,"o is erysipelatoid2 ano!r purul5t infection ) ! t5d5cy to second>y abscesses 9 ! jo9ts1 liv]1 lungs1 etc42 ano!r is f a septic g]m & is associat$ ) fetid dis*>ge f ! navel & g5]al putrid blood poison+4 ,9 e/imat+ ! causes ( ! disease we mu/ n omit debility ( ! calf :5 ! "m has be5 und]f$ or badly h\s$ or :5 ei!r %e or ! fetus has be5 diseas$4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms v>y4 ,) ! *a9-=m g]ms 7/reptococci7 ! navel becomes int5sely r$1 ) a v firm1 pa9ful swell+1 end+ abruptly at ! edges 9 s\nd sk9 & ext5d+ =w>d along ! umbilical ve9s4 ,! second>y diseases are circumscrib$1 black engorgem5ts 7inf>ctions7 or abscesses ( ! liv]1 lungs1 kidneys1 b[els1 or o!r int]nal organs1 & sometimes disease ( ! jo9ts4 ,) ! ord9>y pus-produc+ g]ms 7,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus & ,/reptococcus pyog5es7 ! local inflammation 9 ! navel causes a hot1 pa9ful swell+1 :i* rapidly advances to ! =mation ( matt] 7pus71 & ! raw1 expos$ surface1 at fir/ bright r$1 becomes d>k r$ or black1 s(t1 friable1 & pultace\s4 ,if ! pus is :ite1 creamy1 & comp>atively in(f5sive 9 odor1 ! second>y =mations 9 int]nal organs & jo9ts are ma9ly ( ! same purul5t "* 7second>y abscesses74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dis*>ge is v (f5sive & ! pus m s]\s1 wat]y1 or bloody1 !re is reason to suspect ! pres5ce ( "s ( ! septic bact]ia1 & ! results on ! g5]al sy/em are a high fev] & s(t5+ ( ! liv] & sple5 & no t5d5cy to abscesses ( ! int]nal organs4 ,di>rhea is a common symptom1 & dea? ensues e>ly1 ! blood aft] dea? be+ f\nd unclott$4 ,complicat$ cases are common1 & 9 all alike ! umbilical ve9s usually rema9 op5 & c be explor$ by a probe pass$ at fir/ upw>d & !n =w>d t[>d ! liv]4 ,prev5tion is s\ght by apply+ a lotion ( c>bolic acid or iod9 solution to ! navel /r+ at bir?1 or x may be sme>$ ) common wood t>1 :i* is at once antiseptic & a protective cov]+ aga9/ g]ms4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ei!r a /rong decoction ( oak b>k may be us$4 ,local treatm5t consi/s 9 ! application ( antiseptic to ! surface & _! injection into ! ve94 ,z a lotion c>bolic acid1 #a ounce 9 a qu>t ( /rong decoction ( oak b>k1 %\ld be us$1 or salicylic acid or salol may be spr9kl$ on ! surface4 ,! int]ior ( ! ve9 %\ld be swabb$ out ) a probe wrapp$ ar\nd ) cotton wool & dipp$ 9 boracic salicylic acid4 ,if complications h ext5d$ to ! liv] or o!r int]nal organs1 or ! jo9ts1 o!r treatm5t w be dem&$4 ,9 acute cases ( g5]al infection an e>ly fatal result is to be expect$4 ,,pyemic ,,& ,,septicemic ,,inflammation ,,( ,,jo9ts ,,9 ,,calves 7,,jo9t ,,ill74 ,?is occurs 9 "y calves )9 ! fir/ mon? aft] bir?4 ,x p]si/s 9 ! jo9ts :5 once attack$1 & is usually connect$ ) disease ( ! navel4 ,rheumatism1 on ! o!r h&1 r>ely occurs 9 a calf "u a mon? old4 ,x t5ds to %ift f jo9t to jo9t1 & is indep5d5t ( any navel disease4 ,aga91 x affects ! fibr\s /ructures ( ! jo9ts1 & r>ely results 9 ! =mation ( :ite matt]1 :ile ! affection be=e nam$ attacks ! /ructures outside z well z inside ! jo9ts &1 above all1 ! ends ( ! bones1 & t5ds to ! de/ruction & crumbl+ ( _! tissue1 & ev5 to ! =mation ( op5 sores1 ?r\gh :i* ! fragile bones are expos$4 ,! microbes f ! unheal?y & infect$ w\nd 9 ! navel pass into ! sy/em ?r\gh ! ve9s1 or lymphatics1 & =m colonies & local inflammations & abscesses 9 & ar\nd ! jo9ts4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are ! swell+ ( "o or m jo9ts1 :i* are v hot & t5d]4 ,! calf is /iff & lame1 lies d[n con/antly1 & does n c>e to suck4 ,!re is v high fev]1 accel]at$ brea?+ & pulse1 & !re is swell+ & purul5t dis*>ge 7(t5 fetid7 f ! navel4 ,!re may be add$ symptoms ( disease ( ! liv]1 lungs1 he>t1 or b[els1 on :i* we ne$ n "h delay4 ,! important po9t is to det]m9e ! condition ( ! navel 9 all su* cases ( diseas$ & swoll5 jo9ts beg9n+ 9 ! fir/ mon? ( life1 & 9 all cases ( g5]al /iffness1 = besides ! diseases ( ! int]nal organs !re may be abscesses =m$ among ! muscles ( ! trunk1 ?\gh ! jo9ts appe> s\nd4 ,cases ( ?is k9d1 if !y d n spe$ily die1 t5d to become emaciat$ & p]i% lat] 9 a /ate ( weakness & exhau/ion4 ,prev5tion4--,prev5tion mu/ beg9 ) ! purity ( ! build+s & ! navel1 z not$ 9 ! la/ article4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is 9 ! ma9 antiseptic4 ,! slight] =ms may be pa9t$ daily ) t9cture ( iod91 or an o9tm5t ( b9iodid ( m]cury 7#a dram7 & l>d 7#b ounces7 may be rubb$ on ! affect$ jo9ts daily until !y are bli/]$4 ,9 case ( swell+s conta9+ matt]1 ?is may be drawn ?r\gh ! nozzle ( a hypod]mic syr+e & ! foll[+ solution inject$3 ,comp\nd t9cture ( iod91 #a dram2 di/ill$ 7or boil$7 wat]1 #b ounces4 ,int]nally ! calf may take #e gra9s qu99 twice daily & #ae gra9s hyposulphite ( soda1 or #bj gra9s salicylate ( soda ?ree times a day4 ,,umbilical ,,h]nia 7,,brea* ,,at ,,! ,,navel74 ,?is may exi/ at bir? f imp]fect closure ( ! muscles ar\nd ! op5+2 x may ev5 ext5d backw>d = a di/ance1 f ! two sides fail+ to come toge!r4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! tr\ble r>ely appe>s aft] ! calf has be5 "s "t on solid fe$1 z ! paun* !n ext5ds d[n to ! "r imm$iately ov] ! navel1 & ?us =ms an int]nal pad1 prev5t+ ! protrusion ( inte/9e4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( umbilical h]nia are a s(t swell+ at ! navel1 ) cont5ts t usually gurgle on h&l+1 & c be entirely return$ into ! abdom5 by pressure4 ,! diseases ( ! navel hi!rto consid]$ h no gurgl+ cont5ts & c n be completely return$ into ! abdom54 ,! only exception 9 ! case ( ! h]nia is :5 ! walls ( ! sac h become greatly ?ick5$4 ,^! w1 ( c\rse1 rema9 z a swell+ aft] ! b[el has be5 return$2 & :5 ! protrud+ b[el has contract$ p]man5t adhesion to ! sac1 x is impossible to return x fully )\t fir/ sev]+ t connection4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is n always necess>y4 ,a small h]nia1 l an egg1 9 a new-born calf1 usually recov]s ( itself z ! animal *anges its diet to solid fe$ & has ! paun* fully develop$ z an int]nal pad4 ,9 o!r cases apply a lea!r pad #h in*es squ>e atta*$ ar\nd ! body by two ela/ic b&s connect$ ) its f\r corn]s1 & an ela/ic b& pass+ f its front bord] to a coll> encircl+ ! neck1 & two o!r ela/ic b&s f ! neck coll> along ! two sides ( ! body to ! two b&s pass+ up ov] ! back4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #f47 ,= small h]nias nitric acid may be us$ to de/roy ! sk9 & cause su* swell+ z to close ! orifice be=e ! sk9 is sep>at$4 ,= a mass l a l>ge goose egg "o-half ounce ( ! acid may be rubb$ 9 = ?ree m9utes4 ,no m mu/ be appli$ = #ae days4 ,= l>ge masses ?is is inapplicable1 & ) too mu* loss ( sk9 ! orifice may fail to close & ! b[els may escape4 ,! application ( a clamp l ^? us$ 9 ca/ration is a mo/ effective me?od1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t all ! cont5ts ( ! sac are return$ s t none may be inclos$ 9 ! clamp4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #g47 ,ano!r mo/ effective resort is to make a saturat$ solution ( common salt1 filt] & boil x1 & :5 cool inject "u ! sk9 7n into ! sac7 on ea* side ( ! h]nia a dram ( ! fluid4 ,a b&age may !n be put ar\nd ! body4 ,9 #aj h\rs an enorm\s swell+ w h tak5 place1 press+ back ! b[el into ! abdom54 ,:5 ?is subsides ! w\nd w h clos$4 ,,dropsy ,,( ,,! ,,navel4 ,a sac =m$ at ! navel1 by conta9$ liquid accumulat$ by reason ( suck+ by o!r calves1 is unsightly & sometimes injuri\s4 ,aft] mak+ sure t x is simply a dropsical collection x may be deeply punctur$ at v>i\s po9ts ) a l>ge-siz$ lancet or knife1 fom5t$ ) hot wat]1 & !n daily treat$ ) a /rong decoction ( :ite-oak b>k4 ,,blue ,,disease 7,,cyanosis74 ,?is appe>+ 9 ! calf at bir? is due to ! orifice betwe5 ! two auricles ( ! he>t 7=am5 ovale7 rema9+ too op51 all[+ ! nona]at$ 7v5\s7 blood to mix ) ! a]at$ 7art]ial7 blood1 & x is beyond ! rea* ( treatm5t4 ,x is recogniz$ by ! blu5ess ( ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 & o!r muc\s membranes1 ! coldness ( ! surface1 & ! extreme s5sitiv5ess to cold4 ,,con/ipation4 ,at bir? ! b[els ( ! calf conta9 ! meconium1 a t5aci\s1 gluey1 br[ni%-yell[ mat]ial l>gely d]iv$ f ! liv]1 :i* mu/ be expell$ be=e !y c />t _! functions normally4 ,! fir/ milk ( ! c[ 7colo/rum1 bee/+s71 ri* 9 album9 & salts1 is nature's laxative to expel ?is n[ (f5sive mat]ial & %\ld nev] be )held f ! calf4 ,if1 = lack ( ?is1 f ! dry fe$+ ( ! c[1 or f any o!r cause1 ! calf is co/ive1 /ra9+ viol5tly )\t passage1 ly+ d[n & ris+ z 9 colic1 & fail+ 9 appetite1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 giv+ relief by an ounce dose ( ca/or oil1 assi/+ its action by injections ( soapsuds or oil4 ,:atev] meconium is )9 rea* ( ! f+] %\ld be c>efully remov$4 ,x is also important to give ! c[ a sloppy1 laxative diet4 ,,indige/ion4 ,?is may occur f _m diff]5t causes1 z co/iv5ess2 a too lib]al supply ( milk2 milk too ri*2 ! furni%+ ( ! milk ( a c[ long aft] calv+ to a v "y calf2 all[+ a calf to suck ! fir/ milk ( a c[ t has be5 hunt$1 driv5 by road1 %ipp$ by rail1 or o!rwise viol5tly excit$2 all[+ ! calf too long "t betwe5 meals1 s t impell$ by hung] x quickly ov]loads & clogs ! /oma*2 fe$+ f ! pail milk t has be5 held ov] 9 unwa%$ 7unscald$7 buckets1 s t x is f]m5t$ & spoil$2 fe$+ ! milk ( c[s kept on un:olesome fe$2 keep+ ! calves 9 cold1 damp1 d>k1 fil?y1 or bad-smell+ p5s2 fe$+ ! calves on artificial mixtures conta9+ too mu* />*y matt]2 or ov]fe$+ ! calves on artificial fe$ t may be appropriate en\gh 9 small] quantity4 ,! lick+ ( hair f !mselves or o!rs & its =mation into balls 9 ! /oma* w cause ob/9ate indige/ion 9 ! calf4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are dullness1 indisposition to move1 uneas9ess1 eructations ( gas f ! /oma*1 s\r brea?1 entire loss ( appetite1 ly+ d[n & ris+ z if 9 pa91 fullness ( ! abdom51 :i* gives out a drumlike s\nd :5 tapp$ ) ! f+]s4 ,! co/iv5ess may be m>k$ at fir/1 b soon x gives place to di>rhea1 by :i* ! (f5sive matt]s may be c>ri$ (f & heal? re/or$4 ,9 o!r cases x becomes aggravat$1 m]ges into inflammation ( ! b[els1 fev] sets 91 & ! calf gradually s9ks4 ,prev5tion4--,prev5tion consi/s 9 avoid+ ! causes enum]at$ above or any o!rs t may be detect$4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 fir/ cle>+ away ! irritant pres5t 9 ! b[els4 ,= ?is purpose #a or #b ounces ( ca/or oil ) #bj drops ( laudanum may be giv51 & if ! s\r eructations are m>k$ a tablespoonful ( limewat] or "o-f\r? ounce calc9$ magnesia may be giv5 & repeat$ two or ?ree times a day4 ,if ! disord] cont9ues aft] ! removal ( ! irritant1 a l>ge tablespoonful ( r5net1 or #cj gra9s ( peps91 may be giv5 at ea* meal along ) a teaspoonful ( t9cture ( g5tian4 ,any return ( con/ipation mu/ be treat$ by injections ( w>m wat] & soap1 :ile ! p]si/5ce ( di>rhea mu/ be met z advis$ "u ! discussion foll[+ ?is4 ,9 case ( ! =mation ( loose hair balls inclos+ milk und]go+ putrid f]m5tation1 tempor>y b5efit may be obta9$ by giv+ a tablespoonful ( vegetable *>coal ?ree or f\r times a day1 b ! only real rem$y is to cut ! paun* op5 & extract !m4 ,at ?is e>ly age !y may be f\nd 9 ! ?ird or ev5 ! f\r? /oma*2 9 ! adult !y are conf9$ to ! fir/ two & are comp>atively h>mless4 ,,di>rhea 7,,sc\r+7 ,,9 ,,calves 7,,simple ,,& ,,contagi\s74 ,z /at$ 9 ! la/ article1 sc\r+ is a common result ( indige/ion1 & at fir/ may be no?+ m ?an an attempt ( nature to relieve ! /oma* & b[els ( (f5sive & irritat+ cont5ts4 ,z ! indige/ion p]si/s1 h[ev]1 ! f]m5tations go+ on 9 ! undige/$ masses become /eadily m complex & active1 & :at 0 at fir/ ! m]e result ( irritation or susp5d$ dige/ion comes to be a g5u9e contagi\s disease1 9 :i* ! organiz$ f]m5ts 7bact]ia7 propagate ! affection f animal to animal & f h]d to h]d4 ,m ?an once ,i h se5 su* epizootic di>rhea />t on ! headwat]s ( a creek &1 travel+ along t /ream1 foll[ ! wat]%$ & attack ! h]ds suppli$ ) wat] f ! contam9at$ *annel4 ,9 ! same way ! disease1 once />t$ 9 a c[ /able1 is liable to p]si/ = ye>s1 or until ! build+ has be5 ?or\ghly cleans$ & dis9fect$4 ,x may be c>ri$ into a heal?y /able by ! introduction ( a c[ br\ght f an infect$ /able :5 %e is closely approa*+ calv+4 ,ano!r me?od ( its introduction is by ! pur*ase ( a calf f a h]d :]e ! infection exi/s4 ,9 enum]at+ ! o!r causes ( ?is disease we may ref] to ^? not$ above z induc+ indige/ion4 ,z a prim>y consid]ation any condition :i* l[]s ! vitality or vigor ( ! calf mu/ be accord$ a prom95t place among factors :i*1 ap>t f contagion1 contribute to />t ! disease de novo4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! /rong1 vigor\s races are ! lea/ pr$ispos$ to ! malady1 & 9 ?is respect ! compact =m1 ! heal?y coat1 ! cle> eye1 & ! bold1 active c>riage are desirable4 ,ev5 ! color ( ! hair is n unimportant1 z 9 ! same h]d ,i h f\nd a f> great] numb] ( victims among ! light colors 7light yell[1 light br[n7 ?an among ^? ( a d>k] t9t4 ,?is con/itutional pr$isposition to indige/ion & di>rhea is sometimes fo/]$ by too close bre$+1 )\t tak+ due acc\nt ( ! ma9t5ance ( a robu/ con/itution2 h5ce animals t are v mu* inbr$ ne$ to be especially obs]v$ & c>$ = unless _! inh]5t vigor has be5 ?or\ghly atte/$4 ,! surr\nd+s ( ! calf are p[]ful influ5ces4 ,calves kept indoors suff] to a great] ext5t ?an ^? runn+ 9 ! op5 air & hav+ ! invigorat+ influ5ces ( sun%9e1 pure air1 & ex]cise2 close1 cr[d$1 fil?y1 bad-smell+ build+s are especially causative ( ! compla9t4 ,! pres5ce 9 ! air ( c>bon dioxid1 ! product ( brea?+1 & ( ! fetid1 gase\s products ( decompos+ dung & ur9e dim9i% by ab\t "o-f\r? ( _! volume ! life-giv+ oxyg5 & 9 ! same ratio h9d] ! a]ation ( ! blood & ! ma9t5ance ( vigor\s heal?4 ,worse ?an ?is1 su* fetid gases are usually direct poisons to ! animal brea?+ !m2 = example1 sulphuret$ hydrog5 7hydrog5 sulphid #b ,,%#b7 & v>i\s alkaloids 7ptoma9es7 & tox9s 7neutral poison\s pr9ciples7 produc$ 9 ! fil? f]m5tations4 ,^! l[] ! g5]al heal? & /am9a1 impair dige/ion1 & by lead+ to ! accumulation 9 /oma* & b[els ( undige/$ mat]ials !y lay ! f\ndation = (f5sive f]m5tations )9 ^! organs & consequ5t irritation1 poison+1 & di>rhea4 ,!y fur!r weak5 ! sy/em s t x c no long] resi/ & ov]come ! tr\ble4 ,! condition ( ! nurs+ c[ & h] milk is ano!r pot5t cause ( tr\ble4 ,! fe$ ( ! c[ is important4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,influ5ce ( fe$ on milk4 7,f ,becqu]el & ,v]nois47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,case9 ,"* ( fe$4 ,wat]4 & ,milk extractive sug>4 ,butt]4 ,salts4 matt]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p>ts ,p>ts ,p>ts ,p>ts ,p>ts 9 #a1jjj 9 #a1jjj;9 #a1jjj;9 #a1jjj;9 #a1jjj ,c[s on w9t] fe$3 ,trefoil or luc]n1 #ab-ac p\nds2 oat /raw1 #i-aj p\nds2 beets1 #g p\nds2 wat]1 #b buckets #hga4bf #dg4ha #cc4dg #db4jg #e4cd ,c[s on summ] fe$3 ,gre5 trefoil1 luc]n1 maize1 b>ley1 grass1 #b buckets wat] #hei4ef #ed4gj #cf4ch #db4gf #f4hj ,goat's milk on diff]5t fe$3 ,on /raw & trefoil #heh4fh #dg4ch #ce4dg #eb4ed #e4ic ,on beets #hhh4gg #cc4ha #ch4jb #cc4fh #e4gb ,normal mean #hdd4ij #ce4ad #cf4ij #ef4hg #f4ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 ^! examples ! det]ioration ( ! milk 9 case9 on ! less nutriti\s w9t] fe$+ is v m>k$1 al?\gh ! relative quantity ( butt] rema9s almo/ un*ang$4 ,9 ! case ( ! goat ! result is ev5 m /rik+1 ! beet diet giv+ a v l>ge decrease ( bo? case9 & butt] & an increase ( milk sug>4 ,! second table foll[+1 cond5s$ f ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet91 gives ! results 9 butt] & total solids :5 ! same c[s 7 f$ on diff]5t rations 9 succession4 ,ea* c[ 0 f$ a daily ration ( #ab p\nds corn fodd] & #d p\nds clov] hay1 besides ! te/ diet ( 7#a7 #ab-a_/d p\nds corn-&-cob meal1 & 7#b7 #aj p\nds sug> meal--a product ( ! glucose manufacture4 ,?is special fe$ 0 giv5 sev5 days be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ea* te/ p]iod to obviate ! effects ( transition4 ,! analyses ( ! special rations are giv5 bel[3 ,analyses ( special rations4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,con/itu5ts4 ,corn-&-cob ,sug> meal4 meal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #ac4cg #f4aj ,salts #a4dc #a4ag ,fat #b4ha #aa4af ,c>bohydrates 7heat =m]s74 #fe4ii #eb4ff ,woody fib] #h4jc #h4fd ,proteids 7fle% =m]s7 #h4cg #bj4bg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! great excess ( fat & nitrog5\s or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples 9 ! sug> meal is v evid5t4 ,influ5ce ( fe$ on milk4 7,i[a /ation47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,ratio ( fat ,animal4 ,milk4 ,fat4,solids4 ,fat4 ,solids4to solids n fat4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p\nds,pct ,pct ,p\nds,p\nds ,grade ,%or?orn c[3 ,fir/ p]iod1 #ba days1 corn-&-cob meal #fca4bec4dc #aa4eg #ba4fg #gc4jb #dbb4j3a1jjj ,second p]iod1 #ba days sug> meal #fda4ejd4jd #ab4ec #be4ic #hc4ch #dgf4b3a1jjj ,?ird p]iod1 #ba days1 corn-&-cob meal #eei4jjc4bb #aa4hf #ag4ig #ff4cb #cga4g3a1jjj ,grade ,%or?orn c[3 ,fir/ p]iod1 #ba days1 corn-&-cob meal #fjd4gec4eg #aa4ie #ba4ef #gb4bh #dbe4a3a1jjj ,second p]iod1 #ba days sug> meal #ehb4jjc4ia #ab4cg #bb4gd #gb4eg #def4c3a1jjj ,?ird p]iod1 #ba days1 corn-&-cob meal #ebg4jjc4cg #ab4je #ag4gh #fc4dh #chi4a3a1jjj ,grade ,%or?orn c[3 ,fir/ p]iod1 #ba days1 sug> meal #gec4ejc4ig #ab4dc #bi4id #ic4fg #dfi4h3a1jjj ,second p]iod1 #ba days corn-&-cob meal #fja4ejc4ae #aa4de #ah4ig #fh4hi #chj4j3a1jjj ,?ird p]iod1 #ba days1 sug> meal #efj4ejc4he #ab4af #ba4eh #fh4af #dfc4c3a1jjj ,grade ,hol/e9 c[3 ,fir/ p]iod1 #ba days1 sug> meal #dhg4ejd4ae #ac4bg #bj4be #fd4fi #dee4f3a1jjj ,second p]iod1 #ba days corn-&-cob meal #cgi4jjc4ea #ab4fi #ac4cj #dh4ji #chb4c3a1jjj ,?ird p]iod1 #ba days1 sug> meal #cgd4ejc4gb #ac4ja #ac4ie #dh4gd #dja4j3a1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"h we see 9 e in/ance a m>k$ relative increase ( ! butt]1 & to a less ext5t ( ! o!r milk solids :5ev] ! sug> meal--ri* 9 fat & album9oids--0 furni%$4 ,! opposite !ory hav+ be5 l>gely taught1 x becomes ne$ful ?us to su/a9 ! old & well-f\nd$ belief ( ! dairym54 ,n only does ! ri*ness ( ! milk v>y ) ! nature ( ! food1 b x v>ies also accord+ to ! "t ( ! day :5 x is drawn1 ! morn+ milk giv+ #g-a_/b p] c5t ( cream & ! ev5+ milk #i-a_/b p] c5t 7,hassall74 ,bo$eck] f\nd t ! morn+ milk _h #aj p] c5t ( solids1 :ile ! ev5+ milk _h #ac p] c5t4 ,aga91 ! milk fir/ drawn at any milk+ is always poor] ?an ! la/ drawn4 ,! fir/ may h only "o-half1 or 9 extreme cases "o-f\r?1 ! cream ( ! la/4 ,once m1 :5 ! c[ is 9 heat ! milk becomes ri*] 9 solids 7case9 & butt]71 & conta9s granul> & :ite blood cells l ! colo/rum1 & (t5 disagrees ) ! "y animal liv+ on x4 ,n[1 :ile ^! v>i\s modifications 9 ! am\nt ( solid matt]s may prove h>mless to a /rong & vigor\s calf1 !y c easily be ! occasion ( inte/9al disord] 9 a weak] "o1 or 9 "o ) heal? already some:at impair$ by sickness1 exposure1 or un:olesome build+s4 ,! case9 ( ! c['s milk coagulates 9 "o solid mass1 & is mu* less easily p5etrat$ by ! dige/+ fluids ?an ! f9e1 flaky coagula ( woman's or m>e's milk4 ,an excess ( case91 !re=e1 ?r[n on an already ov]tax$ /oma* c all ! m readily induce disord]4 ,s x is ) butt] fat4 ,:ile a mo/ important elem5t 9 nutrition1 x may be pres5t 9 ! /oma* 9 su* quantity z to int]f]e ) ! action ( ! ga/ric juice on ! case91 & ) ! int]ruption ( ! natural /oma* dige/ion ! fats !mselves und]go decomposition ) ! production ( (f5sive & irritat+ fatty acids4 ,! milk ( ! v "y c[ is usually m wat]y ?an t ( ! mature animal1 & t ( ! old c[ has a great] liability to become acid4 ,x v>ies mu* ) ! bre$1 ! ,*annel ,isl& cattle be+ notori\s = ! relatively l>ge quantity ( cream1 :ile ! ,hol/e9s1 ,ayr%ires1 & ,%or?orns are rem>kable r = ! quantity ( case94 ,! milk ( c[s f$ on potatoes & grass is v poor & wat]y2 t f c[s f$ on cabbage or ,sw$i% turnips has a disagreeable ta/e & odor 7f ! =m] an (f5sive liquid has be5 di/ill$74 ,c[s f$ on ov]kept1 f]m5t$1 & s\r$ rations h acid milk1 :i* readily turns & coagulates4 ,?us old1 long-kept brew]'s gra9s1 swill1 ! refuse ( glucose factories1 & ensilage :i* has be5 put up too gre5 all act 9 ?is way4 ,! same may come f disease 9 ! c['s udd]1 or any g5]al disease ( ! c[ ) att5dant fev]1 & 9 all su* cases ! t5d5cy is to rapid *ange & un:olesom5ess4 ,if ! milk is drawn & f$ f a pail1 !re is ! add$ dang] ( all sorts ( poison\s f]m5ts gett+ into x & multiply+2 x may be f ! imp]fect cleans+ & scald+ ( ! pail2 f r9s+ ! pails ) wat] t is impure2 f ! entrance ( bact]ial f]m5ts float+ 9 ! fil?y atmosph]e ( ! /able1 or f ! entrance ( ! volatile *emical products ( f]m5tation4 ,9 addition to ! dang]s com+ ?r\gh ! milk1 ! calf suff]s 9 its dige/ive p[]s f any tempor>y illness1 & among o!rs f ! excitem5t att5dant on ! cutt+ ( tee?1 & impair$ dige/ion means f]m5tations 9 ! undige/$ masses & ! excessive production ( poison\s ptoma9es & tox9s4 ,:atev] may be ! />t+ or pr$ispos+ cause ( ?is malady1 :5 once e/abli%$ x is liable to p]petuate itself by contagion & to prove a v]itable plague 9 a h]d or a di/rict4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( a di>rhea may appe> s promptly aft] bir? z to lead to ! idea t ! cause already exi/$ 9 ! body ( ! calf1 & x usually %[s itself be=e ! end ( ! second week4 ,x may be prec$$ by con/ipation1 z 9 reta9$ meconium1 or by fetid eructations & colicky pa9s1 z 9 acute indige/ion4 ,! tail is /a9$ by ! liquid dejections1 :i* are at fir/ simply s(t & mix$ ) mucus ) a s\r odor1 accompani$ ) a peculi> & *>act]i/ic fetor 7sugge/+ rott5 *eese71 :i* cont9ually gr[s worse4 ,! quantity ( wat] & mucus /eadily increases1 ! normal pr$om9ance ( fatty matt]s becom+ modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( consid]able undige/$ case91 :i* is n pres5t 9 ! normal feces1 & 9 acute cases dea? may result 9 "o or two days f ! comb9$ dra9 on ! sy/em & ! poison+ by ! absorb$ products ( ! decomposition 9 ! /oma* & b[els4 ,:5 ! case is prolong$ ! passages1 at fir/ #e or #f a day1 increase to #ae or #bj1 & pass ) m & m /ra9+1 s t !y are project$ f ! animal 9 a liquid /ream4 ,! color ( ! feces1 at fir/ yell[1 becomes a light] grayi% yell[ or a dirty :ite 7h5ce ! "n :ite sc\r71 & ! fetor becomes intol]able4 ,at fir/ ! calf reta9s its appetite1 b z ! sev]ity ( ! disease increases ! animal %[s less & less disposition to suck1 & has lo/ all vivacity1 ly+ dull & li/less1 &1 :5 rais$1 walk+ weakly & un/eadily4 ,fle% is lo/ rapidly1 ! hair /&s erect1 ! sk9 gets dry & scurfy1 ! nose is dry & hot1 or ?is condition alt]nates ) a moi/ & cool "o4 ,by ?is "t ! m\? & sk91 z well z ! brea? & dung1 exhale ! peculi>1 p5etrat+1 s\r1 (f5sive odor1 & ! poor calf has become an object ( disgu/ to all t approa* x4 ,at fir/1 & unless inflammation ( ! /oma* & b[els sup]v5es 7& unless ! affection has />t$ 9 indige/ion & colic71 ! belly is n bloat$ or pa9ful on pressure1 symptoms ( acute colicky pa9s are abs5t1 & ! b[els d n rumble2 nei!r are bubbles ( gas m+l$ ) ! feces4 ,! irritant products ( ! inte/9al f]m5tations may1 h[ev]1 irritate & excoriate ! sk9 ar\nd ! anus1 :i* becomes r$1 raw1 & brok5 out 9 sores = "s di/ance4 ,simil>ly ! rectum1 expos$ by reason ( ! relax$ condition ( ! anus1 or tempor>ily 9 /ra9+ to pass ! liquid dejection1 is ( a m or less deep r$1 & x may be ulc]at$4 ,fev]1 ) rapid pulse & increas$ brea?+ & temp]ature1 usually comes on ) ! v fetid "* ( ! feces & is m pron\nc$ z ! b[els become inflam$1 ! abdom5 sore to ! t\* & tuck$ up1 & ! feces m wat]y & ev5 mix$ ) blood4 ,prev5tion4--,! prev5tion ( ^! cases is ! prev5tion ( con/ipation & indige/ion1 ) all _! v>i$ causes z above enum]at$1 ! selection ( a /rong1 vigor\s /ock1 &1 above all1 ! combat+ ( contagion1 especially 9 ! sep>ation ( ! sick f ! heal?y1 & 9 ! ?or\gh purification & dis9fection ( ! build+s4 ,! cleans+ & sweet5+ ( all dra9s1 ! removal ( dung heaps1 & ! wa%+ & scrap+ ( floors & walls1 foll[$ by a lib]al application ( *lorid ( lime 7blea*+ p[d]71 #d ounces to ! gallon1 are indicat$4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! fe$+ ( ! c[ to h s\nd & :olesome fe$ & wat]1 s apportion$ z to make ! milk nei!r too ri* nor too poor1 & to h] heal?1 s t ! calf may be sav$ f ! evil consequ5ces ( poison\s pr9ciples t may be produc$ 9 ! body ( ! c[4 ,! calves %\ld be c>efully kept ap>t f all calv+ c[s & _! dis*>ges4 ,simil>ly ea* calf mu/ h special att5tion to see t its nurse gives milk :i* agrees ) x1 & t ?is is furni%$ at suitable times4 ,if all[$ to suck1 x %\ld ei!r be left ) ! c[ or be f$ ?ree times a day4 ,if x becomes hungry twice a day1 x is m liable to ov]load & d]ange ! /oma*1 & if left too long hungry x is tempt$ to take 9 unsuitable & un:olesome fe$1 = :i* its /oma* is z yet unprep>$4 ,s1 if f$ f ! pail1 x is saf] to d s ?ree times daily ?an twice4 ,!re %\ld be ! utmo/ cleanl9ess ( fe$+ di%es1 & ! fe$] mu/ be ev] on ! al]t to prev5t ! /rong & hungry f dr9k+ ! milk ( ! weak] 9 addition to _! own4 ,9 case ! c[ nurse has be5 subject$ to any great excitem5t by reason ( travel1 hunt+1 or c>ry+1 ! fir/ milk %e yields !reaft] %\ld be us$ = "s o!r purpose & only ! second all[$ to ! calf4 ,inde$1 "o & all ( ! conditions indicat$ above z causes %\ld be judici\sly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t v>ies accord+ to ! nature & /age ( ! disease4 ,:5 ! disease is n widespread1 b isolat$ cases only occur1 x may be assum$ to be a simple di>rhea & is easily dealt )4 ,! fir/ object is to remove ! irritant matt] f /oma* & b[els1 & = ?is #a or #b ounces ( ca/or oil may be giv51 accord+ to ! size ( ! calf4 ,r$uce ! milk by "o-half or two-?irds4 ,if ! /ools smell p>ticul>ly s\r1 ! milk may be replac$ by #a ounce calc9$ magnesia1 & 9 any case a tablespoonful or two ( limewat] mu/ be giv5 ) ea* meal4 ,great h>m is (t5 done by giv+ opium & a/r+5ts at ! outset4 ,^! s]ve m]ely to b9d up ! b[els & reta9 ! irritant s\rce ( ! tr\ble2 lit]ally1 to %ut up ! wolf 9 ! %eep-fold4 ,:5 ! (f5d+ ag5ts h be5 expell$ 9 ?is way1 c>m9atives & demulc5t ag5ts may be giv5--#a dram ( anise wat]1 #a dram nitrate ( bismu?1 & #a dram ( gum arabic1 ?ree times a day4 ,"u su* c\rse ! consi/5cy ( ! /ools %\ld increase until 9 a day or two !y become natural4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! outbreak is m g5]al & evid5tly ! result ( contagion1 ! fir/ consid]ation is to remove all s\rces ( su* contam9ation4 ,te/ ! milk ( ! c[ ) blue litmus pap]2 if x r$d5s1 reject ! milk until by s\nd1 dry fe$+1 ) p]haps a c\rse ( hyposulphite ( soda & g5tian root1 ! milk is made alkal9e4 ,! ca/or oil or magnesia w be dem&$ to cle> away ! 7n[ infect+7 irritants1 b !y %\ld be comb9$ ) antiseptics1 &1 :ile ! limewat] & ! c>m9ative mixture may /ill be us$1 a mo/ valuable addition w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+3 ,calomel1 #aj gra9s2 prep>$ *alk1 #a ounce2 creosote1 #a teaspoonful2 mix1 divide into #aj p>ts1 & give "o f\r times a day4 ,or ! foll[+ may be giv5 f\r times a day3 ,"o dram ,dov]'s p[d]1 #f gra9s p[d]$ ipecacuanha2 mix1 divide into #aj equal p>ts4 ,injections ( solutions ( gum arabic are (t5 useful1 & if ! anus is r$ & excoriat$1 "o-half dram ( copp]as may be add$ to ea* p9t ( ! gummy solution4 ,all ! milk giv5 mu/ be boil$1 & if t does n agree1 eggs made into an emulsion ) b>ley wat] may be sub/itut$4 ,z ! feces lose _! wat]y "* & become m consi/5t1 t9cture ( g5tian 9 doses ( #b teaspoonfuls may be giv5 ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,c\nt]-irritants1 su* z mu/>d1 ammonia1 or oil ( turp5t9e1 may be rubb$ on ! abdom5 :5 x becomes t5d] to ! t\*4 ,,acute ,,contagi\s ,,sc\r+ ,,9 ,,! ,,newborn4 ,! mo/ viol5t & deadly =m ( di>rhea 9 ! newborn calf des]ves a special m5tion4 ,?is may appe> imm$iately aft] bir?1 & %[s itself almo/ inv>iably )9 ! fir/ or second day4 ,! mo/ int5se symptoms ( :ite sc\r are complicat$ by great dullness1 weakness1 & pro/ration1 sunk5 eyes1 retract$ belly1 %ort1 hurri$ brea?+1 & v l[ temp]ature1 ! calf ly+ on its side1 ) ! head re/+ on ! gr\nd1 le?>gic & unconsci\s or reg>dless ( all ar\nd x4 ,! b[el dis*>ges are pr(use1 yell[i% :ite1 & v (f5sive4 ,z a rule dea? ensues )9 #bd to #cf h\rs4 ,a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is =m ( illness is t x attacks almo/ e calf born 9 ! h]d1 or 9 ! build+1 r1 & if ! calf escapes an attack 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree days ( its life x usually survives4 ,^? t recov] f an attack1 h[ev]1 are liable "o or two weeks lat] to suff] f an infective inflammation ( ! lungs4 ,! infection cl+s to a /able = ye>s1 9 _m cases r5d]+ x impossible to pres]ve & raise ! calves4 ,x has frequ5tly co9cid$ ) abortions & failures to conceive 9 ! same h]d1 s t x has be5 ?\ght t ! same infective g]m produces "o type ( abortion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! removal ( ! calv+ c[ f ! h]d to calve 9 a sep>ate build+1 hi!rto unus$ & !re=e un9fect$1 usually effects ! escape & survival ( ! (fspr+4 ,! disease has be5 trac$ by ,noc>d & ,lignires to a small bacillus hav+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ^? t produce hemorrhagic septicemia1 :i* is usually comb9$ ) a v>iety ( o!rs1 b is 9 "s cases alone & 9 pure culture1 especially 9 ! jo9ts4 ,! !ory ( ,lignires is t ?is bacillus is ! prim>y (f5d]1 & t once introduc$ x s depresses ! vital p[]s ( ! sy/em & tissue cells t ! heal?y resi/ance to o!r bact]ia is impair$ or susp5d$1 & h5ce ! g5]al & deadly invasion ( ! latt]4 ,inoculations ) ?is bacillus kill$ gu9ea pigs or rabbits 9 #f to #ah h\rs1 & calves 9 #cj h\rs1 ) symptoms & lesions ( hemorrhagic septicemia1 includ+ pr(use fetid di>rhea4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! e>ly & deadly lesions 9 ! alim5t>y tract w\ld seem to imply infection ?r\gh ! fe$1 & ! promptitude ( ! attack aft] bir?1 toge!r ) ! frequ5t co9cid5ce ( contagi\s abortion 9 ! h]d1 sugge/ ! pres5ce ( ! g]m 9 ! c[2 yet ! escape ( ! calf :5 ! c[ calves 9 a fre% build+ is equally sugge/ive ( ! infection ?r\gh g]ms laid up 9 ! build+4 ,?is conclusion is fur!r su/a9$ by ! obs]vation t ! bacillus evid5tly ent]s by ! raw1 unheal$ navel1 t x is diffus$ 9 ! blood1 & t a v c>eful pres]vation ( ! navel aga9/ infection gives immunity f attack4 ,prev5tion4--,! disease is s c]ta9ly & spe$ily fatal t x is hopeless to expect recov]y1 & !re=e prev5tion is ! rational resort4 ,:5 a h]d is small1 ! removal ( ! dam to a clean1 unus$ /able a few days be=e calv+ & h] ret5tion !re = a week usually succe$s4 ,x is 9 ! l>ge h]d t ! disease is ma9ly to be dread$1 h[ev]1 & 9 ?is x is impossible to furni% new & pure /ables = ea* successive gr\p ( two or ?ree calv+ c[s4 ,! ?or\gh dis9fection ( ! g5]al /able ought to succe$1 yet ,i h se5 ! cleane/ & pure/ /able repeat$ly dis9fect$ ) corrosive sublimate )\t /opp+ ! malady4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! g]m lodg$ on ! surface or 9 ! b[els ( ! c[ & tid$ ! infection ov] ! p]iod ( /able dis9fection4 ,?\gh insuffici5t ( !mselves1 ! supply ( sep>ate calv+ boxes & ! frequ5t ?or\gh clean+ & dis9fection ( bo? ^! & ! /ables %\ld n be neglect$4 ,! mo/ important measure1 h[ev]1 is ! dis9fection ( ! navel4 ,! c[ %\ld be furni%$ ) abundance ( dry1 clean b$d+1 spr9kl$ ) a solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,z soon z calv+ sets 9 ! tail & hips & anus & vulva %\ld be spong$ ) a c>bolic-acid solution 7"o-half ounce to ! qu>t71 & ! vag9a inject$ ) a weak] solution 7#b drams to ! qu>t74 ,fre% c>boliz$ b$d+ %\ld be con/antly suppli$1 s t ! calf may be dropp$ on t & n on soak$ litt] nor manure4 ,! navel /r+ %\ld be at once ti$ ) a cord t has be5 tak5 f a /rong solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,! /ump ( ! cord & ! adjac5t sk9 %\ld !n be wa%$ ) ! foll[+ solution3 ,iod91 "o-half dram2 iodid ( potassium1 "o-half dram2 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,:5 dry x may be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( collodion or t>1 ea* conta9+ #a p] c5t ( iod94 ,:5ev] a calf %[s any sign ( sc\r+ x %\ld be in/antly remov$ to ano!r p5 & build+1 & ! vacat$ "o %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$4 ,diff]5t att5dants %\ld take c>e ( ! s\nd calves & ! infect$ ones1 & all ut5sils1 litt]1 etc41 kept scrupul\sly ap>t4 ,aft] "o week ! heal?y calves may usually be safely h]d$ toge!r1 or !y may be safely plac$ 9 ! c[ /able4 ,,o!r ,,ailm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,calf4 ,among ^! may be nam$ sev]al cong5ital imp]fections1 su* z imp]=ate anus1 vulva1 or prepuce1 :i* are to be recogniz$ by ! inability to pass dung or ur9e1 9 spite ( /ra9+1 & ! =mation ( swell+s 9 ! anus1 vulva1 or %ea?4 ,ea* mu/ be c>efully incis$ ) ! knife1 tak+ c>e n to injure ! muscles :i* circumscribe ! respective op5+s2 also tongue-tie1 9 :i* ! ?91 flaccid1 muc\s membrane pass+ f ! m$ian l9e ( ! l[] surface ( ! tongue b9ds ! latt] too closely to ! floor ( ! m\? & r5d]s ! tongue unfit = ga!r+ 9 ! food 9 aft] life4 ,?is mu/ be cut ) knife or scissors1 s z to give ! tongue a reasonable degree ( lib]ty4 ,,aph?a1 or ,,?ru%1 is ano!r tr\ble ( ! suck+ calf1 %[+ itself z a :ite1 curdy elevation on ! tongue1 lips1 *eeks1 or gums1 & :5 deta*$ leav+ a raw1 r$1 angry surface4 ,x is due to ! gr[? ( a vegetable p>asite long recogniz$ z ! ,odium albicans 7,sac*>omyces albicans74 ,x is easily remov$ by rubb+ ) p[d]$ borax1 b inasmu* z o!r colonies are liable to />t ei!r 9 ! m\? or 9 ! ph>ynx1 gullet1 or /oma*1 x is well to give a dose ( "o-half dram ( hyposulphite ( soda 9 wat] day by day = sev]al days4 ,,rickets is n a common disease 9 calves1 & comes on1 if at all1 lat] ?an ^? we h be5 consid]+4 ,x consi/s 9 s(t5+ & friability ( ! bones f a defici5cy ( lime salts1 & appe>s to be ma9ly connect$ ) an inh]it$ weakness ( con/itution1 unsuitable fe$+1 cold1 close1 damp build+s1 microbian infection1 & o!r conditions inimical to heal?4 ,! prev5tion & treatm5t ( rickets consi/s ess5tially 9 ! improvem5t ( ! dige/ion & g5]al heal?2 h5ce sun%9e1 op5 air1 ex]cise1 n\ri%+ food1 & tonics are indicat$4 7,see p4 #bfg47 ,,bones3 ,,diseases ,,& ,,accid5ts4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atk9son1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,"s k ( ! skeleton is advisable to facilitate ! /udy ( diseases ( bones & ! accid5tal injuries to :i* !y are expos$4 ,! skeleton ( ! adult ox is made up ( ! foll[+ numb] ( bones3 ,sp9al column #de ,head #bh ,*e/ #bg ,%\ld] #b-- #a on ea* side4 ,arm #b-- #a on ea* side4 ,=e>m #d-- #b on ea* side4 ,=efoot #dj--bj on ea* side4 ,pelvis #b-- #a on ea* side4 ,?igh #b-- #a on ea* side4 ,leg #f-- #c on ea* side4 ,h9d foot #ch--ai on ea* side4 ---- ,total #aif ,)\t attempt+ to burd5 ! read] ) ! te*nical names & a sci5tific classification ( ea*1 x appe>s desirable to describe "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( =ms 9 g5]al & ( a few classes into :i* !y may be divid$1 leav+ ! special /udy ( individual bones to ! illu/rations ( ! skeleton 7,pl4 ,,xxv71 :i* w s]ve bett] ?an a great deal ( writ+ to fix 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ! location1 relation1 & function ( ea* "o4 ,9 e>ly fetal life ! place ( bone is suppli$ by tempor>y c>tilage1 :i* gradually *anges to bone4 ,= conv5i5ce ( /udy1 bones may be said to be compos$ ( a =m ( d5se connective tissue impregnat$ ) lime salts & to conta9 two elem5t>y con/itu5ts--! organic or animal & ! inorganic or e>?y4 ,9 "y animals ! =m] pr$om9ates2 ) increas+ ye>s ! relative proportions ( ! two *ange1 s t :5 advanc$ age is rea*$ ! proportion ( inorganic f> exce$s ! organic4 ,! gradual *ange ) advanc+ ye>s f organic to inorganic has ! effect ( r5d]+ ! bone h>d] & m brittle1 & ?\gh x is /rong]1 ! rep>ative process is sl[] :5 injury does occur4 ,! bones are n\ri%$ 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 f ! outside ?r\gh _! cov]+1 call$ ! p]io/eum--! ?91 /rong membrane t cov]s e "p ( ! bone except ! articul> surface ( ! jo9ts2 &1 second1 f )9 ?r\gh ! m9ute bran*es ( blood vessels :i* pass into ! bones ?r\gh holes 7=am9a7 on _! surface & are di/ribut$ 9 ! s(t /ructure 7m$ulla7 ( ! inside4 ,! /ructure ( ! bone is divid$ into two p>ts--! compact or h>d mat]ial ( ! outside1 :i* gives /r5g? & is m abundant 9 ! %afts ( long bones1 & ! cancellat$1 s(t] tissue ( ! inside1 :i* af=ds accommodation to ! blood vessels necess>y = ! n\ri%m5t ( t "p ( ! /ructure4 ,9 %ape1 bones are divid$ into ?ree classes--long1 flat1 & %ort4 ,! long bones are ! ribs & ^? mo/ly f\nd 9 ! limbs2 ! flat bones are f\nd 9 ! head1 ! %\ld]1 & ! pelvis2 ! %ort bones 9 ! sp9al column & 9 ! l[] portions ( ! limbs4 ,) ?is little introduction1 :i* seems almo/ indisp5sable1 we w proce$ at once to ! consid]ation ( diseases ( bones1 = !y und]go disease processes l any o!r liv+ tissue4 ,,o/eitis4 ,inflammation ( ! compact /ructure ( bones 7o/eitis7 may be ei!r acute or *ronic1 & may involve ! :ole ext5t ( ! bone affect$ or may be conf9$ to only a portion ( x4 ,?is inflammation results f injury1 su* z concussion1 lac]ation1 or a cru%+ bruise2 also f specific influ5ces1 z 9 act9omycosis 7lumpy jaw7 or cases ( f\l foot4 ,! latt] affection frequ5tly involves ! bones1 & = ?is reason ! pa/]n is ! mo/ frequ5t seat ( o/eitis4 ,!re is dull pa9 on pressure & a pa9ful swell+ ( bone :5 pus is pres5t4 ,suppuration may involve ! ov]ly+ s(t tissues1 caus+ an abscess1 :i* may f9ally break ?r\gh ! sk94 ,! inflammatory condition sometimes assumes an ulc]at$ =m 7c>ies7 or f int]rupt$ nutrition ( ! "p depriv$ ( ! blood necess>y to its n\ri%m5t may cause dea? ( a l>ge section ( bone 7necrosis72 ?is dead fragm5t 7seque/rum71 becom+ sep>at$ f ! ma9 portion ( bone1 acts z a =eign body4 ,treatm5t4--,?is consi/s 9 re/+ ! affect$ "p & 9 giv+ v5t at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t to :atev] pus may be pres5t4 ,free dra9age %\ld !n be ma9ta9$4 ,apply dress+s ( lactic acid or inject ) #e p] c5t z9c-*lorid solution & pack ) tampons ( cotton soak$ 9 antiseptic solutions4 ,a laxative to keep ! b[els mov+ freely is ! only int]nal treatm5t necess>y4 ,,p]io/itis4 ,?is disease is an inflammation ( ! ext]nal cov]+ ( bone 7p]io/eum7 & is usually produc$ by w\nds1 pressure1 or cru%+ ! "p4 ,! p]io/eum is well suppli$ ) s5sitive n]ve end+s & :5 inflam$ is v s5sitive to pressure & may cause lam5ess4 ,?is condition is (t5 difficult to det]m9e1 & ev5 an acute obs]v] may fail to locate ! po9t ( its exi/5ce4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( p]io/itis--aseptic1 purul5t1 & fibr\s4 ,,aseptic ,,p]io/itis :5 x becomes *ronic causes su* a bony enl>gem5t 7exo/osis7 z is se5 9 ! call\s =mation foll[+ ! fracture ( a bone4 ,! =mation ( su* a tumor or enl>gem5t on ! surface ( a bone is liable to occur 9 any "p ( ! bone cov]$ ) p]io/eum1 & :5 f\nd ne> a jo9t involv+ two or m bones x is liable to result 9 _! union 7an*ylosis74 ,treatm5t4--,applications ( cold wat] to *eck ! inflammatory processes is indicat$ = ! fir/ few days 9 aseptic p]io/itis1 foll[$ by hot fom5tations to hurry resorption ( fluids4 ,massage %\ld !n be giv5 ) camphor o9tm5t1 m]curial o9tm5t1 soap l9im5t1 or ,lugol's solution4 ,9 ! *ronic =m po9t fir+ or a b9iodid-(-m]cury bli/] w be f\nd b5eficial4 ,,purul5t ,,p]io/itis foll[s w\nds :i* rea* ! p]io/eum & become infect$1 z obs]v$ 9 comp\nd fractures1 or x may result f advanc+ purul5t conditions 9 neighbor+ /ructures1 z 9 f\l foot4 ,x may also occur 9 ! c\rse ( an infecti\s disease1 :5 small abscesses are =m$ "u ! p]io/eum 7subp]io/eal abscess74 ,x may lead to necrosis ( ! bone or a fi/ul\s tract f ! bone to ! surface4 ,!re is usually mu* pa9 & fev]1 & ! odor f ! w\nd is (f5sive4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ?is =m ( p]io/itis ! p]io/eum %\ld be freely incis$1 foll[$ ei!r by cont9u\s irrigation or frequ5t injection ( ! w\nd ) antiseptic solutions4 ,,fibr\s ,,p]io/itis4--,?is =m ( ! disease consi/s 9 ! ?ick5+ ( ! out] lay] ( ! p]io/eum f ! inflammation rea*+ x f neighbor+ /ructures4 ,?is newly =m$ fibr\s tissue may become ossifi$ or may transmit ! inflammation to ! deep] bony /ructures4 ,x is frequ5tly se5 9 cases 9 :i* !re has be5 an int5se inflammation ( ! sk9 close to an und]ly+ bone4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t %\ld be ! same z t recomm5d$ = aseptic p]io/itis4 ,,o/eomyelitis4 ,?is t]m ref]s to an inflammation ( ! bone m>r[1 :i* is mo/ commonly se5 foll[+ ! bact]ial infection ( a comp\nd fracture & usually results 9 pus =mation4 ,! bone is melt$ away & pus escapes f ! bone "u ! p]io/eum1 involv+ ! s(t tissues4 ,x is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! long bones & seldom affects m ?an "o4 ,treatm5t4--,! bone %\ld be op5$ = ! purpose ( curett+ out ! diseas$ portion ( ! m>r[ cavity & remov+ all ! necrotic pieces ( bone4 ,?is %\ld be und]tak5 only by a compet5t vet]9>ian4 ,! aft]-treatm5t consi/s 9 tampon+ ! w\nd ) pl$gets ( iod(orm gauze or a mixture ( iod(orm #a "p & glyc]9 #d p>ts4 ,! w\nd 9 ! s(t tissue %\ld be kept op5 until ! cavity 9 ! bone has fill$ ) granulation tissue4 ,,rickets4 ,?is disease1 also call$ ra*itis1 is an inflammatory affection ( "y1 gr[+ bones1 & mo/ly involves ! ribs & long bones ( ! legs4 ,x consi/s 9 a failure ( ! organism to deposit lime salts 9 bone1 & = ?is reason ! bones d n ossify s rapidly z !y %\ld4 ,! c>tilag9\s ends ( ! bones gr[ rapidly1 b ossification does n keep pace ) x4 ,! bones become long & _! ends b5d at ! jo9ts1 ! legs become crook$1 & ! jo9ts are l>ge & irregul>4 ,all ! bones affect$ ) ?is disease are ?ick] ?an normal1 & ! gait ( ! animal is /iff & pa9ful4 ,a r[ ( bony enl>gem5ts may be f\nd :]e ! ribs articulate ) ! c>tilages connect+ !m ) ! brea/bone & is call$ ! bead$ l9e4 ,a cat>rhal condition ( ! dige/ive tract is usually obs]v$4 ,! disease may result f an inh]it$ weakness ( con/itution1 poor hygi5ic surr\nd+s1 or improp] diet4 ,calves & foals are less frequ5tly affect$ ) rickets ?an dogs & pigs4 ,treatm5t4--,! affect$ animal %\ld h n\ri%+ fe$ conta9+ a prop] quantity ( lime salts4 ,outdoor ex]cise & pl5ty ( fre% air are indisp5sable4 ,limewat] %\ld be giv5 once daily = dr9k+ purposes & gr\nd bone meal mix$ ) ! food4 ,phosphorus1 "o-=tie? ( a gra91 & calcium phosphate1 #a dram1 giv5 twice daily to a #b-mon?-old calf1 & proportionally increas$ = old] animals1 has prov$ efficaci\s 9 ?is disease4 ,9 "s cases ! long bones ( ! limbs are too weak at bir? to support ! weight ( ! animal1 & tempor>y spl9ts1 c>efully padd$ & wrapp$ on ) "s s(t b&ages1 become necess>y4 ,,o/eomalacia 7,,creeps74 ,?is is a condition ( bone brittl5ess or s(t5+ ( bone f\nd usually 9 adult life4 ,x consi/s 9 ! decalcification ( mature bone1 ) ! advanc+ dim9ution ( ! compact portion ( bone by absorption4 ,! p]io/eum /rips v easily f ! bone4 ,?is disease is se5 9 mil* c[s dur+ ! p]iod ( heavy lactation or 9 ! lat] /ages ( pregnancy1 & ! great] ! yield ( milk ! m rapid ! progress ( ! disease4 ,heif]s ) _! fir/ calves are frequ5tly affect$1 z ^! animals require a consid]able quantity ( m9]al salts = _! own gr[? & = ! n\ri%m5t ( _! (fspr+4 ,symptoms4--,9 m>k$ cases !re is a gradual emaciation & symptoms ( ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh1 ) deprav$ appetite1 ! animal eat+ manure1 decay$ wood1 dirt1 lea!r1 etc4 ,muscul> weakness is prom95t1 toge!r ) muscle tremors1 :i* simulate *ills1 b are n accompani$ ) any rise ( temp]ature4 ,! animal has a /iff1 labori\s gait2 !re is pa9 & swell+ ( ! jo9ts1 & con/ant %ift+ ( ! weight f "o leg to ano!r4 ,! re/rict$ movem5ts ( ! jo9ts are frequ5tly accompani$ ) a crackl+ s\nd1 :i* has caus$ ! "n ( creeps to be appli$ to ! disease4 ,! coat is dull & r\gh & ! sk9 dry & hideb\nd4 ,! animal is subject to frequ5t spra9s or fracture ( bones )\t app>5t cause1 z 9 ly+ d[n or turn+ ar\nd1 & :5 su* fractures occur !y are difficult to unite4 ,! bones pr9cipally involv$ are ! upp] bones ( ! legs1 ! haun* bone1 & ! middle bones ( ! sp9al column4 ,! disease 9 ?is c\ntry is conf9$ to localiz$ areas 9 ! ,s\?we/1 kn[n z ! alkali di/ricts1 & 9 ! old dairy sections ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,! cause ( ?is affection is ! insuffici5cy ( lime salts 9 ! food1 also to fe$+ hay ( l[1 damp pa/ures1 kit*5 slops1 & potatoes1 or to ov]/ock+ l&s4 ,x occurs on old1 worn-out soil poor 9 lime salts1 & has also be5 obs]v$ to foll[ a dry season4 ,treatm5t4--,?is %\ld consi/ 9 a *ange ( fe$ & ! artificial fe$+ ( lime salts1 su* z magnesium & sodium phosphate4 ,fe$ ri* 9 m9]al salts may be giv51 su* z beans1 c[peas1 oats1 cottonse$ meal1 or :eat bran4 ,cottonse$ meal is "o ( ! be/ fe$s = ?is purpose1 b x %\ld be f$ c>efully1 z too l>ge quantities ( x are injuri\s to c[s4 ,phosphorus may also be giv5 9 "o-f\r? gra9 doses twice daily1 toge!r ) a tablespoonful ( p[d]$ bone meal or crude calcium phosphate at ea* meal4 ,ord9>y lime dissolv$ 9 dr9k+ wat] 7limewat]7 w also be f\nd efficaci\s 9 combat+ ?is disease1 & c be provid$ at slight exp5se4 ,a *ange ( pa/ure to a locality :]e ! disease is unkn[n & a free supply ( common salt & bone meal w be ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( treat+ range cattle4 ,,spra9s4 ,! mo/ common accid5t occurr+ to bones & jo9ts is a spra9 ( ! ligam5ts unit+ ! bones1 or ! t5dons unit+ ! muscles & bones4 ,a spra9 is ! result ( a sudd5 =c+ ( a jo9t 9 an unnatural direction1 or1 if 9 a natural direction1 beyond ! p[] ( ! ligam5t or t5don to re/ra9 x prop]ly1 s t "p ( ! fib]s ( ei!r are ruptur$4 ,:5 su* an accid5t occurs pa9 is imm$iately inflict$1 v>y+ 9 degree ) ! ext5t ( ! injury1 :i* is soon foll[$ by swell+1 ) m or less heat & t5d]ness4 ,if ! seat ( ! injury be 9 any ( ! limbs1 lam5ess is likely to result4 ,( ! causes ( spra91 slipp+ on ice or a wet floor1 play+1 & fight+ ) ano!r animal are ! mo/ common4 ,,spra9 ,,( ,,! ,,%\ld] ,,jo9t4--,?is is liable to occur f any ( ! causes m5tion$ above or f ! animal slipp+ sudd5ly into a rut or hole4 ,:5 su* an accid5t occurs1 sudd5 lam5ess w attract att5tion4 ,! animal w be notic$ to drag ! leg :5 walk+ & to c>ry x 9 a circul> direction1 outw>d & =w>d1 at ea* /ep4 ,! leg %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 pressure ov] ! jo9t caus+ ! animal to ev9ce pa94 ,if ! p]son mak+ ! exam9ation is 9 d\bt1 x is well to make a comp>ison betwe5 ! %\ld]s by press+ fir/ on "o & !n ! o!r4 ,aft] su* an accid5t ! animal %\ld be ti$ up s z to limit s f> z possible ! use ( ! injur$ jo9t4 ,s(t fe$ %\ld be giv5 ) a view ( keep+ ! b[els act+ freely4 ,treatm5t4--,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ! treatm5t %\ld consi/ ( cold-wat] irrigation to *eck ! inflammation & relieve ! pa94 ,hot fom5tations may !n be appli$ to ha/5 ! absorption ( ! inflammatory fluids4 ,:5 ! pa9 has some:at abat$1 equal p>ts ( m]curial o9tm5t & gre5 soap may be rubb$ into ! swoll5 tissue4 ,%\ld lam5ess cont9ue aft] ! t5? day1 good results w be obta9$ f ! application ( a bli/]4 ,?is may be done by c>efully clipp+ (f ! hair ov] ! jo9t1 includ+ a surface ( #d or #e in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & rubb+ 9 ! foll[+ prep>ation3 ,p[d]$ can?>ides dram #a ,b9iodid ( m]cury d #a ,vasel9e ounce #a ,! animal's head %\ld be c>efully ti$ until ! ?ird day1 to prev5t its lick+ ! bli/]4 ,! bli/]$ surface %\ld !n be sme>$ ) l>d or vasel9e e o!r day until ! scabs fall (f4 ,g5tle ex]cise %\ld be all[$ aft] ! f\r? or fif? day f ! application ( ! bli/]4 ,if ! lam5ess /ill rema9s ! bli/] may be repeat$ 9 ?ree weeks or a mon?4 ,,spra9 ,,( ,,! ,,fetlock4--,?is may occur f mis/ep :5 ! animal is mov+ rapidly1 & ! twi/+ or wr5*+ ( ! foot is suffici5t to rupture p>tially ! ligam5ts :i* b9d ! bones toge!r at t "p4 ,su* an accid5t also frequ5tly occurs by ! foot gett+ fa/5$ 9 a hole 9 ! floor2 ! wr5*+ is ! result ( ! animal's attempt to lib]ate x4 ,lam5ess1 foll[$ by swell+ ( ! jo9t & pa9 :5 x is h&l$1 or :5 ! animal moves ! jo9t1 & heat1 are ! m noticeable symptoms4 ,if ! spra9 is v sev]e1 ! animal occasionally does n be> its weight on ! limb4 ,treatm5t4--,! mo/ important consid]ation 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is affection is re/1 :i* is be/ en=c$ by keep+ ! animal 9 ! /all & plac+ /rong1 musl9 b&ages ab\t ! inflam$ jo9t4 ,z 9 ! spra9 ( ! %\ld]1 cold wat] 9 ! =m ( d\*es1 cont9u\s irrigation ) hose or soak+ tub1 or f9ely *opp$ ice p\ltices are indicat$ = ! fir/ ?ree days4 ,foll[+ ?is apply a ,priessnitz b&age#b mod]ately tight ab\t ! jo9t1 :i* n only conduces to re/1 b also favors absorption4 ,massage ) /imulat+ l9im5ts1 su* z soap or camphor1 may lat] be appli$ to ! affect$ p>ts4 ,if ! lam5ess has n disappe>$ by ! t5? day1 ! bli/] advis$ = ! spra9 ( ! %\ld] %\ld be appli$ & ! same precautions obs]v$ z to ty+ ! animal's head & subsequ5t sme>+ ) vasel9e4 ,:5 a bli/] is appli$ 9 ?is locality1 ! back "p ( ! heel %\ld be fir/ fill$ ) l>d or vasel9e1 & c>e tak5 to prev5t any ( ! bli/]+ prep>ation f com+ 9 contact ) ! sk9 ( t "p4 ,if ?is precaution is n obs]v$1 scrat*es may ensue & prove tr\blesome4 ,,spra9 ,,( ,,! ,,hip4--,?is is liable to result f ! animal's slipp+ 9 su* way z to spread ! h9d feet wide ap>t4 ,! pati5t goes /iff 9 ! h9d legs1 or lame 9 "o h9d leg1 walk+ ) a /raddl+ gait & sw++ ! leg outw>d z x is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,t5d]ness may occasionally be detect$ on pressure1 b ow+ to ! heavy cov]+ ( muscles outside ! jo9t ?is te/ is n always reliable4 ,9 ! acute cases give re/ & cold local applications4 ,aft] ! f\r? or fif? day ! bli/] m5tion$ = spra9 ( ! %\ld] may be appli$ ) advantage1 & if ?is proves insuffici5t1 z a la/ resort we may fire 9 po9ts ov] ! jo9t4 ,,spra9 ,,( ,,! ,,back4--,spra9 ( ! back1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! lo9s1 is n an uncommon accid5t among cattle4 ,x is liable to occur f ! animals slipp+ ) bo? h9d feet sidewise s z to twi/ ! back1 or f slipp+ viol5tly backw>d s t great /ress is ?r[n on ! lo9s4 ,! pati5t moves ) difficulty1 us+ ! h9d p>ts 9 a gu>d$ mann]1 z if afraid ( caus+ sev]e pa94 ,occasionally1 if ! spra9 is sev]e1 ! animal w rise ) difficulty4 ,pressure on ! back 9 ! imm$iate region ( ! lo9s causes pa94 ,su* cases may be mi/ak5 = p>alysis1 &1 9 fact1 9 sev]e cases1 dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! injury1 al?\gh ! n]ve supply is n int]f]$ )1 ! injury to ! muscles & result+ pa9 is s great t ! condition is almo/ equal to p>alysis1 al?\gh liable to be att5d$ ) m favorable results4 ,hot applications1 su* z blankets wrung out ( hot wat] & *ang$ (t51 w be likely to af=d relief dur+ ! e>li] /ages4 ,aft]w>ds ! bli/] m5tion$ = spra9 ( ! %\ld] may be appli$ ) advantage4 ,,fractures 7,,brok5 ,,bones74 ,bones may be accid5tally brok5 9 _m ways & f diff]5t causes4 ,fractures 9 g5]al are liable to be produc$ by ext]nal =ce sudd5ly & viol5tly appli$1 ei!r directly to ! "p or at a di/ance1 ! =ce be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! /rong] bones until x exp5ds itself by break+ a weak] "o remote f ! seat ( ! injury4 ,occasionally viol5t contraction ( muscles is suffici5t to break a bone4 ,c]ta9 bones1 ^? ( ! limbs 9 p>ticul>1 ow+ to _! expos$ position1 are m liable to fracture ?an o!rs4 ,ow+ to c]ta9 pr$ispos+ causes1 su* z age1 habit1 or h]$it>y con/itutional weakness1 ! bones ( "s animals are m easily fractur$ ?an ^? ( o!rs4 ,! bones ( an animal advanc$ 9 ye>s are m subject to fracture because ( ! prepond]ance ( inorganic matt] r5d]+ !m m brittle4 ,!y are also occasionally r5d]$ liable to fracture by a previ\sly exi/+ diseas$ condition4 ,fractures are divid$ into f\r classes--p>tial1 simple1 comp\nd1 & comm9ut$4 ,,p>tial ,,fractures4--,p>tial fractures are ^? :i* are liable to occur 9 a "y animal 9 :i* ! prepond]ance ( animal matt] or ! semic>tilag9\s condition ( ! bone r5d]s x t\gh1 s t ev5 :5 consid]able =ce is appli$ ! bone b5ds1 break+ on ! side opposite t to :i* ! =ce 0 appli$1 aft] ! mann] 9 :i* a gre5 /ick b5ds & breaks4 ,,simple ,,fractures4 ,simple fracture is "o 9 :i* ! bone is sev]$ 9 two p>ts1 transv]sely1 longitud9ally1 or obliquely1 )\t s]i\s injury to ! adjo9+ /ructures4 ,,comp\nd ,,fractures4--,comp\nd fracture is "o 9 :i* !re is an op5 w\nd p]mitt+ ! air to communicate ) ! ends ( ! brok5 bones4 ,,comm9ut$ ,,fractures4--,comm9ut$ fracture is "o 9 :i* ! bone is %att]$ or divid$ into a numb] ( fragm5ts4 ,,complicat$ ,,fractures4--,complicat$ fracture is "o 9 :i* o!r /ructures surr\nd+ ! bones are injur$4 ,,g5]al ,,symptoms ,,( ,,fracture4--,:5 a fracture ( "o or m ( ! l>ge bones ( a limb occurs1 symptoms are sure to be well m>k$4 ,aft] ! accid5t ! animal refuses to t\* ! foot to ! gr\nd &1 if compell$ to move1 does s ) great pa9 & reluctance4 ,!re is m or less %ort5+ ( ! limb1 ) trembl+ ( ! muscles 9 ! vic9ity ( ! injury2 de=mity1 & increas$ mobility1 s t1 in/ead ( ! natural jo9ts ( ! limb & ! natural1 muscul> control ( _! motion1 a new jo9t1 ov] :i* ! animal has no control1 is =m$ :]e ! fracture occurr$4 ,z ! leg1 %ort5$ by ! ends ( ! bones be+ =c$ pa/ "o ano!r f ! muscul> contraction :i* inv>iably takes place1 hangs dep5d5t f ! body x sw+s 9 an awkw>d & unnatural mann]1 p]mitt+ ! toe & foot to assume positions 9 _! relations to o!r p>ts ( ! body :i* o!rwise w\ld be impossible4 ,if ! fractur$ bone is s situat$ t ! p>ts may be mov$ "o ^u ano!r1 a grat+ s\nd1 kn[n z crepitus1 w be he>d4 ,,g5]al ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,fractures4--,:5 a fracture occurs1 ! advisability ( attempt+ treatm5t mu/ fir/ be det]m9$4 ,if ! animal is "y1 valuable1 & ( reasonably quiet temp]am5t1 & ! fracture is n too great 9 ext5t1 ! *ances ( recov]y are fair4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! animal %\ld be ( little value1 irritable1 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & ! fracture is a s]i\s comp\nd or comm9ut$ "o1 ! wis] c\rse w\ld g5]ally be to put ! creature out ( its mis]y4 ,hav+ det]m9$ to attempt treatm5t1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 re/or+ ! p>ts z ne>ly z possible to _! natural position & reta9+ !m !re4 ,if ! ends ( ! bones h be5 drawn "o pa/ ! o!r1 !y %\ld be drawn out by firm & cont9u\s t5sion1 until !y aga9 assume ! position 9 :i* !y 7 be=e ! accid5t4 ,all ?is c bett] be done be=e ! swell+ 7:i* is sure to result7 takes place4 ,if ! swell+ has occurr$ be=e ! injury is notic$1 d n attempt to treat x1 b proce$ at once to treat ! fracture z ?\gh ! swell+ 7 n pres5t1 = no /ep c be tak5 t[>d recov]y until ! ends ( ! bone h be5 re/or$ to _! prop] position4 ,:5 t is done & prop] appliances h be5 us$ to prev5t !m f be+ aga9 misplac$1 ! swell+1 :i* is ! result ( irritation1 w be reliev$4 ,9 select+ ! appliances to be us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( fracture ! judgm5t & +5uity ( ! op]ator are ( mu* importance4 ,spl9ts1 made ( wood %ap$ to fit ! limb & padd$ ) s(t mat]ial :]e !y come 9 contact ) bony prom95ces1 & held 9 position by means ( b&ages1 are ! olde/ me?od1 & ) "s are /ill mo/ popul>4 ,! fracture pads us$ 9 human surg]y1 & = sale 9 surgical depots1 are v conv5i5t4 ,aft] be+ dipp$ 9 wat] !y may be mold$ to fit ! limb & be reta9$ by means ( b&ages4 ,heavy sole lea!r is also us$ aft] be+ soak$ 9 w>m wat] & mold$ to ! %ape ( ! limb & holes cut 9 x to fit ov] any %>p irregul>ities 9 ! natural %ape ( ! bones4 ,gutta-p]*a %eets are also us$ & answ] well4 ,!y are prep>$ & us$ 9 ! same way z ! lea!r4 ,ano!r & p]haps ! simple/ ( all me?ods is ! application ( a pla/]-(-,p>is b&age1 :i* is made z foll[s3 ,/rips ( ?9 *eeseclo? #c in*es wide & #h or #i feet long are laid flat on a bo>d & on !m is spread a lay] ( pla/] ( ,p>is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick2 !n1 />t+ at "o end1 roll c>efully s z to ga!r ! pla/] 9 betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! b&age4 ,x is ( c\rse important t ! clo? be ?9 & ! pla/] ( ,p>is fre% & active4 ,aft] prep>+ f\r or five ( su* b&ages ! op]ator is ready to dress ! fracture1 :i*1 aft] ! p>ts h be5 br\ght into position1 %\ld be done by cov]+ all t "p ( ! limb to :i* ! pla/]-(-,p>is b&age is to be appli$ ) a s+le lay] ( ! dry b&age1 lett+ x ext5d bo? above & bel[ ! "p to :i* ! pla/] b&age is to be appli$ & includ+ "u ! folds ( ! dry b&age at ea* end a lay] ( absorb5t cotton1 :i* is int5d$ to =m a pad to prev5t ! ends ( ! pla/] b&age f *af+ ! sk9 b5ea?4 ,:5 ?is is done "o ( ! pla/] b&ages %\ld be plac$ 9 a vessel ( wat] & all[$ to rema9 till ! air bubbles h ceas$ to rise f x1 :i* w g5]ally indicate t x is soak$ ?r\gh4 ,!n1 tak+ x 9 ! h&1 w9d x c>efully ar\nd & ar\nd ! limb1 unroll+ ! b&age z x is w\nd ar\nd ! limb1 occasionally smoo?+ d[n ! pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,%\ld x =m r\ghly or 9 ridges ! h& may be dipp$ 9 wat] to imp>t increas$ moi/ure to x4 ,:5 ab\t f9i%$ ) "o b&age1 place ano!r "o 9 ! wat]1 s t ! w9d+ op]ation may be cont9u$ )\t delay4 ,! b&ages %\ld be appli$ till ! ca/ is f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 !n g5tly re/ra9 ! animal = "o-half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r till ! pla/] is h>d5$4 ,any ( ! appliances us$ %\ld be s manipulat$ z to prev5t absolutely any motion ( ! deta*$ p>ts4 ,if ! fracture is ne> a jo9t1 x is g5]ally be/ to include ! jo9t 9 ! appliance4 ,! "p ( ! limb bel[ ! b&age %\ld be c>efully & firmly wrapp$ ) an ord9>y cotton b&age all ! way f ! pla/] b&age d[n to ! ho(4 ,?is la/ b&age w t5d to prev5t swell+1 :i* is liable to occur1 ! result ( ! dep5d5t position 9 :i* ! animal is =c$ by nature to keep ! injur$ limb4 ,:5 pla/]-(-,p>is b&ages are appli$ to a comp\nd fracture ! injur$ "p may be previ\sly dress$ ) a small1 ?ick pad ( cotton imm$iately ov] ! w\nd4 ,9 apply+ ! b&age ! op]ator may ) a little c>e s arrange x z to keep ! folds ( ! b&ages (f ! cotton1 or h only a ?9 lay] ov] x1 :i* may be easily cut out & ! cotton remov$1 leav+ a conv5i5t op5+ ?r\gh :i* to dress ! w\nd )\t remov+ ! b&age4 ,! ends ( ! b&age or o!r appliance %\ld be c>efully wat*$ to see t ! sk9 does n become *af$1 p>ticul>ly at ! l[] end4 ,if ! b&age %\ld become weak or brok5 at any "p1 x may be /r5g!n$ )\t removal by apply+ o!r b&ages imm$iately ov] x4 ,if swell+ has tak5 place be=e ! b&age has be5 appli$1 !re is liable to be "s loos5+ z x disappe>s1 & ev5 )\t ! swell+ !re may be a t5d5cy ( ! b&age to slide d[nw>d4 ,?is may be ov]come by fa/5+ x to a susp5d] atta*$ to a surc+le or pass$ ov] ! body & atta*$ to ! opposite leg4 ,if ! loos5ess c n be ov]come 9 ?is way1 ! space may be fill$ by p\r+ 9 a ?9 pa/e ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,a bett] me?od1 h[ev]1 is to remove ! b&age & apply ano!r4 ,ow+ to ! h>dness ( ! b&age x w be remov$ ) "s difficulty4 ,a deep groove %\ld be cut d[n completely ?r\gh x on ! opposite sides4 ,?is may be done ) a *isel & a small hamm] if ! b&age is c>efully held by an assi/ant s t ! concussion ( ! bl[s is n transmitt$ to ! injur$ bones4 ,! pati5t %\ld h a roomy /all1 & %\ld be ti$ by ! head to prev5t any attempts to move ar\nd4 ,9 "s cases sl+s h be5 us$4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 !y are n satisfactory 9 cattle practice1 & if appli$ %\ld be = only a few days at a "t1 & ) a view to less5 ! animal's disposition to lie d[n1 r ?an to prev5t x4 ,:5 !y are us$ cont9u\sly ! pressure on ! abdom5 may int]f]e ) dige/ion & ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal4 ,modes ( union4--,! animal %\ld be kept z quiet z possible & giv5 su* fe$ z w h a t5d5cy to keep ! b[els slightly relax$4 ,! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds *iefly on ! skill ( ! op]ator1 b n alone 9 ! selection & use ( ! appliances1 = z mu* att5tion mu/ be giv5 to subsequ5t managem5t4 ,! pati5ts are re/less1 & a s+le awkw>d motion may undo ! "w ( weeks s f> z ! union ( ! p>ts ( ! bone is conc]n$4 ,union takes place aft] ! same process &1 if ! conditions are favorable1 ) great] rapidity ?an 9 ! human be+4 ,! injury t caus$ ! fracture is almo/ sure to h ext5d$ to "s ( ! adjac5t tissues1 & ev5 ?\gh ! fracture may be ( ! simple/ type !re is almo/ sure to be consid]able hemorrhage ar\nd ! ends ( ! brok5 bone4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unimportant if ! sk9 rema9s intact1 unless a v l>ge vessel %\ld be injur$1 or ! fracture %\ld op5 "s ( ! important cavities ( ! body1 9 :i* case a fatal hemorrhage may result4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fracture is comp\nd ! ext]nal op5+ furni%es a f]tile field = ! lodgm5t ( disease-produc+ g]ms4 ,unless great c>e is tak5 9 su* cases1 a suppurative process is liable to be e/abli%$ :i* w s]i\sly int]f]e )1 if n entirely arre/1 ! process ( union betwe5 ! bones2 or x may become s s]i\s z to endang] ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal & ev5 be att5d$ ) fatal results4 ,?is la/ dang] is great] if ! injury has occurr$ to ! bones ( ! arm or ?igh4 ,9 su* cases1 ow+ to ! d5se cov]+ ( fascia :i* en%ea!s ! muscul> cov]+ pus is liable to be imprison$1 &1 burr[+ d[nw>d1 saturate ! :ole /ructure1 n only endang]+ ! limb1 b1 by absorption1 may set up blood poison+ & s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! g5]al heal? ( ! pati5t1 ev5 to caus+ dea?4 ,9 ord] s f> z possible to prev5t su* an un=tunate complication1 ! w\nd %\ld be c>efully cleans$ ) a mild solution ( c>bolic acid1 !n du/$ ov] ) iod(orm be=e ! b&ages are appli$1 & cleans$ & dress$ daily 9 ! same way4 ,aft] dress+1 always cov] ) absorb5t cotton4 ,9 ! e>ly process ( union an exudation ( lymph takes place1 :i* is at fir/ fluid1 gradually becom+ ?ick] & firm] till x =ms a callus1 kn[n z ! ext]nal or en%ea?+ callus1 9 ! %ape ( a r+ or f]rule surr\nd+ ! deta*$ portions ( ! bone4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ?is callus =ms only at ! ends ( ! bones1 fill+ ! spaces t exi/ betwe5 !m1 :5 x is kn[n z ! int]m$iate callus4 ,! process ( union may be divid$ into five /ages4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 includ+ ! fir/ eight days1 ! deta*$ portions ( ! bone & ! %>p projections t are n suffici5tly n\ri%$ are absorb$2 ! blood :i* escap$ into ! surr\nd+ tissues1 ! result ( ! injury1 is gradually absorb$1 & ! effus$ lymph1 :i* is ultimately to con/itute ! tempor>y c>tilage1 takes x place4 ,9 ! second /age1 f ! t5? to ! tw5tie? day1 ! tumor or callus is =m$ & fibroc>tilage is develop$ inside & ar\nd ! expos$ end ( ! bone4 ,9 ! ?ird /age1 ext5d+ f ! tw5tie? to ! =tie? or fiftie? day1 accord+ to ! age & /r5g? ( ! animal1 ! fibroc>tilag9\s /ructure und]goes a *ange & is gradually conv]t$ into bone1 =m+ a f]rule on ! outside & a plug on ! inside1 :i* s]ve to hold ! "p 9 position4 ,9 ! f\r? /age1 ext5d+ to ab\t ! six? mon?1 ! :ole ( ! new /ructure is conv]t$ into bone4 ,9 ! fif? /age1 ext5d+ to ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 ! callus is absorb$1 be+ no long] necess>y1 & ! connection betwe5 ! cavities ( ! two bones is aga9 e/abli%$4 ,common complications4--,! process ( union j describ$ is heal?y & normal4 ,diseas$ conditions may at any "t sup]v5e dur+ ! treatm5t & r5d] ! op]ation unsuccessful4 ,9 ! case ( comp\nd fracture1 ! op5 w\nd communicat+ ) ! ends ( ! bones1 a septic condition is liable to arise :i* may become s s]i\s z to endang] ! animal's life & br+ ab\t conditions :i* 9 human surg]y w\ld indicate amputation4 ,al?\gh t op]ation is n a g5]al "o 9 vet]9>y practice1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be attempt$ z a la/ resort1 p>ticul>ly if ! animal is valuable or is "o ^: exi/5ce is necess>y 9 ord] to p]petuate "s valuable /ra94 ,ev5 9 ! simple/ =m ( fracture1 if ! spl9ts or b&ages are improp]ly appli$ & ! fractur$ bone left s loosely gu>d$ t ! brok5 ends move "o ^u ano!r1 ! =mation ( ! calluses previ\sly describ$ is liable to be int]f]$ )1 & 9 place ( a /rong1 rigid1 & heal?y union a =mation ( ela/ic c>tilage is ! result4 ,?is false /ructure unites ! brok5 ends ( ! bones 9 su* way t !y move "o ^u ano!r1 depriv+ ! bone ( its /ability & usefulness4 ,:5 once ! heal?y process ( union is int]rupt$ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 x is aga9 e/abli%$ ) great difficulty4 ,x no long] does any good to cont9ue ! re/ra9+ p[]2 9 fact1 ! *ange ( ! tempor>y c>tilage into bone is m liable to be ree/abli%$ if ! p>ts move viol5tly ^u ea* o!r = a %ort "t s z to set up & r5ew ! process ( inflammation4 ,!n if ! re/ra9t is aga9 appli$ !re is "s *ance ( union4 ,9 ord] s f> z possible to avoid ?is dang]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! b&age fits closely & t x is kept on till !re is no long] any dang] b t a p]fect union has tak5 place4 ,x is impossible to say at j :at "t ! spl9ts or b&ages c safely be remov$4 ,9 a "y & heal?y animal ( quiet temp]am5t1 if ! p>ts h be5 firmly held 9 position ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t1 f #cj to #dj days may be reg>d$ z reasonably safe4 ,"u m unfavorable conditions z to age1 vitality1 & re/ra9t1 ! p]iod w\ld bett] be ext5d$ to #fj days1 if ! g5]al condition ( ! animal is su* z to p]mit ( s long a cont9uance4 ,aft] ! appliance has be5 remov$ ! animal %\ld be all[$ to /& quiet = a few days1 !n be giv5 v g5tle ex]cise1 gradually increas$ = a week or #aj days1 by :i* "t ! pati5t w be s f> recov]$ z to be plac$ 9 pa/ure4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be alone = a "t1 s z n to take any *ance ( injury f fight+ or o!r accid5ts t association ) o!r animals might involve4 ,,special ,,fractures4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,horns4--,( ! special fractures liable to occur1 t ( ! horn is p]haps ! mo/ common4 ,x is always ! result ( viol5t me*anical means1 su* z bl[s1 injury occurr+ :ile fight+1 or f ! animal gett+ its head lock$ 9 "s mann] :ile fe$+ f a rack4 ,:5 x occurs !re are two ways 9 :i* ! injury may affect ! animal4 ,fir/ & mo/ common1 ! horny cru/ is liable to be /ripp$ f ! bony projection :i* x cov]s4 ,second1 ! cru/ & bone may bo? be brok5 or b5t d[n1 ! fracture occurr+ 9 t case at ! root ( ! horn & involv+ "p ( ! bones ( ! head 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 if ! horny cov]+ is knock$ (f1 little att5tion is necess>y4 ,! animal may be reliev$ f suff]+ if ! /ump is sme>$ ) p9e t> & wrapp$ 9 clo?4 ,if ! core is mu* lac]at$1 p]haps x w\ld be bett] to amputate4 ,! necessity = su* op]ation mu/ be det]m9$ by ! condition ( ! injury1 influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! own]'s ideas on ! subject4 ,:5 ! op]ation is p]=m$1 x %\ld be done ) a %>p1 f9e-too!d saw1 & by saw+ ! horn (f close en\gh to include a little ( ! sk9 & hair ar\nd its base4 ,! practice ( dehorn+ has gr[n popul> 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is a simple op]ation1 &1 al?\gh att5d$ ) "s imm$iate suff]+1 does n produce s]i\s con/itutional di/urbance4 ,! advisability ( p]=m+ ! op]ation on all cattle is a "q ( exp$i5cy & mu/ be ju/ifi$ by ! expectation ( b5efit on ! "p ( ! fe$]4 ,if ! horn %\ld be brok5 s t ! core & cru/ are b5t out ( %ape )\t ! deta*m5t ( "o f ! o!r1 x may be re/or$ to its normal position & reta9$ !re by means ( a spl9t made to fit across ! back ( ! head1 s z to be lac$ to bo? horns1 ! s\nd horn s]v+ to hold ! brok5 "o 9 position4 ,su* a spl9t may be fa/5$ on by means ( ei!r a wire or cord & all[$ to rema9 six weeks or two mon?s4 ,if bo? ! horn & core h be5 brok5 (f1 ble$+ is usually sev]e & %\ld be *eck$ by a/r+5ts1 su* z alum1 or by pressure4 ,aft] ! hemorrhage has ceas$ ! expos$ portion ( ! fracture %\ld be cov]$ ) p9e t>1 ) or )\t a b&age4 ,an imp]fect gr[? ( horn w 9 due "t cov] ! expos$ bone4 ,,fractures ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,face4--,^! occasionally occur1 & :5 ov] ! cavities ( ! nose produce depression1 disfigurem5t1 & imp$$ respiration1 ow+ to ! less5+ ( ! calib] ( ! nasal passages4 ,:5 su* accid5t occurs1 ! depress$ bone %\ld be g5tly =c$ back to place by introduc+ ! f+] 9 ! no/ril1 or if ! fracture is too f> up = ?is1 a probe may be pass$ & ! p>ts reta9$ by plac+ imm$iately ov] x a pla/] ( ?9 lea!r or /rong canvas sme>$ ) t>1 ext5d+ out to ! s\nd surr\nd+s1 tak+ c>e to emb$ ! hair ov] ! fractur$ portion 9 ! t> ( ! pla/]1 s t x w be firmly held & prev5t$ f aga9 becom+ depress$4 ,if only "o no/ril is involv$1 ! depress$ portion may be held 9 position by pack+ t no/ril ) absorb5t cotton4 ,?is practice1 h[ev]1 has ! objection ( giv+ ! animal great discom=t & 9 "s cases a disposition to aggravate ! injury4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,skull 7,,cranium74--,fractures ( ! bones =m+ ! cavity 9 :i* ! bra9 is situat$ are1 ow+ to _! /r5g?1 comp>atively r>e among cattle4 ,su* an accid5t c only be ! result ( ext]nal viol5ce1 & x is h>dly possible t x c\ld occur )\t "s fragm5t ( ! brok5 bone press+ ^u ! bra9 s z to cause coma or o!r sev]e n]v\s d]angem5t1 or ev5 dea?4 ,if ! animal survives ! fir/ %ock1 ! ef=ts %\ld be direct$ t[>d reliev+ ! pressure1 :i* may be done by mak+ an op5+ 9 ! bone 7treph9+71 & ) a hook draw+ ! depress$ "p outw>d4 ,int]f]5ce is n s liable to be att5d$ ) good results z to be w>rant$ 9 all cases4 ,! effects ( a v sev]e %ock :i* may n h produc$ a fracture1 al?\gh ! symptoms 7 al>m+1 w 9 _m cases pass (f1 leav+ ! animal 9 a bett] condition ?an if an op]ation _h be5 p]=m$4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,jaw4--,?is occasionally occurs1 & is m liable to result f ! kick ( a horse ?an f any o!r cause4 ,! front "p ( ! jaw may be split or %att]$ 9 any direction 9 :i* ! =ce may h be5 appli$4 ,bloody dis*>ges f ! m\? & failure to eat or rum9ate are symptoms mo/ likely to attract att5tion4 ,! treatm5t is simple & consi/s 9 fir/ remov+ deta*$ pieces ( bone1 !n draw+ ! p>ts toge!r & reta9+ !m by means ( pieces ( copp] wire fa/5$ ar\nd ! tee?1 & fe$+ ! animal on sloppy fe$ until recov]y takes place4 ,! w\nd %\ld be dress$ once or twice a day ) a #c p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid1 =c$ g5tly 9 ) a syr+e1 s z to remove any fe$ :i* may h become impact$ & int]f]e ) ! heal+ process4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,v]tebra 7,,sp9al ,,column74--,?is is n s common among cattle z o!r animals4 ,if ! fracture %\ld be ?r\gh ! body ( ! bone1 !re may be pressure on or lac]ation ( ! sp9al cord1 caus+ p>alysis ( all p>ts po/]ior to ! seat ( injury4 ,fractures ( ! prom95ces on a v]tebra occasionally occur )\t int]f]+ ) ! canal 9 :i* ! sp9al cord is situat$4 ,su* accid5ts are liable to pass unnotic$1 =1 al?\gh ! animal may suff] consid]able pa91 x may n be manife/$ 9 su* way z to attract att5tion1 & ! deep cov]+ ( muscles s]ves effectually to conceal ! injury4 ,:5 ! fracture occurs 9 ! upp] "p ( ! neck1 p>alysis ( ! muscles us$ 9 respiration mu/ result1 & dea? f asphyxia v %ortly ensues4 ,! m common accid5t is to ! lo9s1 & :5 a fracture ( ! body ( a v]tebra occurs 9 ?is region s z to produce pressure on ! sp9al cord1 p>alysis ( ! h9d legs & qu>t]s is ! result4 ,diagnosis ( su* an accid5t is m difficult ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r fracture4 ,! p>ts c n be mov$ "o ^u ano!r s t crepitus is noticeable4 ,! heavy coat+ ( muscles conceals irregul>ities ( %ape1 :i* o!rwise may attract att5tion4 ,ab\t ! only reliable symptom is p>alysis or loss ( use & s5sation ( ! p>ts po/]ior to ! injury4 ,c>eful exam9ation may reveal ! seat ( ! injury4 ,if x 0 ! result ( a bl[1 !re may be "s abrasion ( ! sk94 ,! diagnosis is only important z an aid 9 det]m9+ ! prop] c\rse to pursue4 ,if p>alysis is pres5t & a depression or irregul>ity ( ! sp9al column is s app>5t z to leave no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( a fracture1 ! only alt]native is to de/roy ! animal1 = ( recov]y !re c be no hope4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>alysis is incomplete & !re is no depression or irregul>ity ( ! sp9al column or o!r evid5ce ( fracture1 ! pati5t %\ld be made z com=table z possible by be+ plac$ 9 a well-b$d$ box /all & a few days p]mitt$ to elapse be=e ! case is ab&on$4 ,! symptoms la/ describ$ may possibly be ! result ( a sev]e /ra9 ( ! muscles ( ! lo9s1 9 :i* case an improvem5t w soon be noticeable4 ,,fractures ,,( ,,! ,,pelvis4--,! pelvis1 or bony framework :i* gives %ape to ! po/]ior "p ( ! body1 is liable to fracture 9 _m ways4 ,a common "o is by a sep>ation ( ! two bones :i* con/itute ! :ole pelvis along ! bottom & c5t] l9e 7symphysis pubis74 ,9 e>ly life ! two bones are sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,! union betwe5 !m1 :i* is at fir/ c>tilag9\s1 und]goes a *ange & is conv]t$ into bone1 s t 9 adult life ! :ole pelvis is practically "o bone4 ,! po9t on :i* ! two bones are unit$ is weak] ?an ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! bone4 ,:5 an animal slips viol5tly1 spread+ ! legs wide ap>t1 ! weak] mat]ials give way & ! bones are divid$4 ,if ! accid5t is notic$ :5 x occurs1 x is likely to ?r[ light on ! nature ( ! injury4 ,! animal w imm$iately g /iff beh9d1 ! legs be+ spread ap>t4 ,fur!r exam9ation may be made by introduc+ ! h&1 previ\sly c>efully oil$1 into ! rectum or vag9a & press+ d[n along ! c5tral l9e1 :i* w cause ! pati5t to ev9ce acute pa94 ,9 ?is case no appliance c be us$ to advantage4 ,! animal %\ld be ti$ 9 a /all until ! p>ts become reunit$ & ! lam5ess disappe>s4 ,fracture ( ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! bone 7is*ium71 :i* =ms ! po9t ( ! buttocks occasionally occurs4 ,! buttock on ! injur$ side w be less prom95t ?an ! o!r4 ,c>eful manipulation w g5]ally move ! p>ts s t crepitus may be recogniz$4 ,if ! fracture is ?r\gh ! po/]ior "p ( ! bone1 x is unimportant & des]v+ ( no m att5tion ?an plac+ ! animal 9 su* position z to insure x aga9/ subsequ5t injury until ! bones are unit$4 ,"s di/ortion may result1 b n suffici5t to w>rant int]f]5ce4 ,fracture ?r\gh ! body ( ! bone on a l9e ) ! hip jo9t 7acetabulum7 occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 occurs1 & is ne>ly always associat$ ) dislocation ( ! hip jo9t & ! =c+ ( ! head ( ! upp] bone ( ! leg 7femur7 upw>d1 f> out ( its place4 ,! viol5t contraction ( ! p[]ful muscles ( ! hip r5d]s x impossible to r$uce ! dislocation1 & ev5 if x 7 possible ! fractur$ pelvis c\ld n be held 9 position1 s t ! case becomes at once hopeless4 ,x may be recogniz$ by ! animal's /&+ on ?ree legs1 ! leg on ! injur$ side seem+ %ort] ?an its fell[ & hang+ p5dul\s1 ! muscles ( ! hip viol5tly contract$ & h>d to ! t\*4 ,! animal ev9ces great pa9 :5 ! limb is mov$4 ,!re is liable to be "s app>5t di/ortion 9 ! relations betwe5 ! po9t ( ! hip & ! po9t ( ! buttock4 ,?is w be m readily notic$ by comp>+ ! injur$ side ) ! o!r4 ,! p>ts may be mov$ s z to produce crepitus4 ,! exam9ation may be complet$ by introduc+ ! oil$ h& into ! vag9a or rectum1 :5 ! two sides ( ! pelvis w reveal well-m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,! ,,hip4--,! ant]ior & ext]nal "p ( ! pelvis 7ilium71 commonly kn[n z ! po9t ( ! hip1 is liable to fracture1 :i* /ock own]s describe z hipp+1 or be+ hipp$1 or hav+ ! hip knock$ d[n4 ,?is accid5t may be ! result ( cr[d+ :ile pass+ ?r\gh a n>r[ door1 ( fall+ viol5tly on ! po9t ( ! hip1 or f a viol5t bl[ direct$ d[nw>d & =w>d aga9/ x4 ,! lesion g5]ally ext5ds across ! flat surface ( ! bone f its out] & po/]ior edge =w>d & inw>d4 ,di/ortion is liable to be ! only noticeable symptom4 ,! deta*$ portion v>ies 9 size 9 diff]5t cases & ) x ! result+ de=mity4 ,! animal is notic$ to be slightly lame1 b ?is symptom soon disappe>s4 ,! deta*$ portion ( ! bone is drawn d[nw>d & away f ! ma9 "p by ! action ( ! muscles bel[1 :i* are s p[]ful z to r5d] return impossible4 ,! bones !re=e rema9 p]man5tly sep>at$1 union tak+ place by fibr\s callus4 ,! animal suff]s v little inconv5i5ce1 & = practical use may be z s]viceable z be=e ! accid5t1 ?\gh ! di/ort$ appe>ance depreciates its value4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,ribs4--,su* an occurr5ce c take place only z ! result ( a direct injury1 z f bl[s or cr[d+4 ,! po/]ior ribs1 be+ m expos$1 are m liable to fracture4 ,pa9 9 mov+1 slight swell+ ov] ! seat ( injury1 & difficult brea?+ are obvi\s symptoms4 ,if ! fracture is complete1 crepitation may be occasionally notic$ by plac+ ! h& flat ov] ! injur$ "p1 c>efully obs]v+ ! motion z ! *e/ contracts & exp&s dur+ respiration4 ,?is symptom is m noticeable :5 ! animal c\ghs4 ,unless ! po9t ( ! brok5 bone p5etrates ! cavity ( ! *e/ ! fracture is usually unimportant & calls = no treatm5t o!r ?an quiet4 ,if ! brea?+ is v labor$ & att5d$ ) mu* pa91 motion may be limit$ by apply+ a wide b&age firmly ar\nd ! *e/4 ,! animal %\ld be re/rict$ 9 ! am\nt ( fe$ & wat] = a few days1 ! /oma* be+ kept z ne>ly empty z possible4 ,sloppy fe$ %\ld be giv5 to enc\rage1 z mu* z possible1 free action ( ! diaphragm 9 brea?+4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,limbs4--,on ?is subject mu* has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ rem>ks on g5]al fractures4 ,z a rule1 fracture ?r\gh "o ( ! l>ge bones ( ! %\ld] 7scapula7 or ?igh 7femur7 is v difficult to manage4 ,! p[]ful contraction ( ! muscles & ! *ang+ %ape ( ! limb result+ f _! action r5d]s x impossible to reta9 ! deta*$ p>ts ( ! bone 9 prop] position4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ! union %\ld take place1 !re is almo/ sure to be consid]able de=mity & m or less lam5ess4 ,fracture ( ! arm 7hum]us7 or leg 7tibia7 is likely to be att5d$ ) bett] results4 ,! muscul> cov]+ is n s ?ick1 ! %ea? 9 :i* !y are held is m t5se1 & ! *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! limb f muscul> action n s noticeable1 ! muscul> =ce n s great1 all ( :i* facilitate replac+ ! dislodg$ ends & reta9+ !m4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,knee 7,,c>pus7 ,,& ,,hock 7,,t>sus74--,?is seldom occurs unless x is ! result ( a v viol5t injury1 & is g5]ally associat$ ) o!r injury & s]i\s complications4 ,displacem5t does n g5]ally occur to any consid]able ext5t4 ,! treatm5t1 ( c\rse1 consi/s 9 hold+ ! limb p]fectly quiet 9 a natural position1 :i* may be done by ! application ( long1 wood5 spl9ts reta9$ by b&ages1 or a pla/]-(-,p>is b&age4 ,,fractures ,,bel[ ,,! ,,knee4--,fracture ( ! long bone bel[ ! knee 7metac>pus7 & hock 7metat>sus7 is m common4 ,9 "y animals ( quiet temp]am5t ! treatm5t ( simple fractures "h is likely to be att5d$ ) good results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a comp\nd fracture 9 ?is region becomes a s]i\s matt]4 ,! /ructures :i* surr\nd ! bones are s ?9 t a v small degree ( sl\gh+ w expose p>ts ( ! bones & be liable to lead to s]i\s complications & probably fatal results4 ,,fractures ,,( ,,bones ,,bel[ ,,! ,,fetlock4--,^! fractures are comp>atively unimportant unless associat$ ) o!r s]i\s injury4 ,! p>ts c g5]ally be held 9 position )\t mu* difficulty1 & union g5]ally takes place q rapidly4 ,,appliances4--,( ! appliances us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! fracture ( limbs above ! knee1 spl9ts made ( wood or iron /rips & b&ages are likely to s]ve be/4 ,bel[ ! knee pla/]-(-,p>is b&ages are pref]able4 ,! writ] is well aw>e t _m ( ! /&>d au?ors deprecate ! use ( ! latt]1 b an ext5sive exp]i5ce leads me to believe t !y h _m advantages ov] any ( ! o!r appliances :5 us$ alone1 & 9 _m ways !y may be us$ ) advantage 9 comb9ation ) o!rs4 ,,dislocations4 ,luxation1 or displacem5t )\t fracture ( ! bones =m+ a jo9t1 is comp>atively r>e among cattle4 ,x mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 ! /ifle jo9t1 :]e dislocation ( ! kneepan 7patella7 takes place4 ,a glance at ! skeleton 7,pl4 ,,xxv7 w %[ ! relations bett] ?an !y c be describ$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! small1 irregul>ly %ap$ bone 7patella7 plays on ! ant]ior r\nd$ "p ( ! l[] edge ( ! ?igh bone 7femur7 & betwe5 x & ! upp] end ( ! %ank bone 7tibia74 ,! out] ridge on ! l[] end ( ! ?igh bone is less prom95t ?an ! inn] "o1 s t displacem5t1 :5 x does take place1 is by slipp+ outw>d4 ,su* an accid5t may occur f direct injury or ext]nal =ce1 z a bl[1 or f slipp+4 ,:5 x does occur ! symptoms produc$ are some:at al>m+4 ,! animal is unable to draw ! leg =w>d1 & ei!r /&s ) x ?r[n back ) ! toe po9t+ d[nw>d1 or1 if x %\ld succe$ 9 gett+ its weight ^u x1 holds x firmly on ! gr\nd1 fe>+ to move x4 ,exam9ation ( ! outside ( ! jo9t w disclose ! situation ( ! patella outside its prop] place4 ,if ! op]ator is n famili> ) ! normal appe>ance ( ! jo9t1 x is well to make a comp>ison betwe5 ! injur$ & ! s\nd "o4 ,if compell$ to move1 ! animal does s ) great difficulty1 j]k+ ! leg :i* x is unable to br+ =w>d1 hopp+ ) ! o!r1 & p>tially dragg+ ! injur$ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,c[4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t is simple4 ,a rope #bj feet long %\ld be appli$ ar\nd ! fetlock ( ! affect$ leg1 pass$ =w>d betwe5 ! front legs & up ov] ! opposite side ( ! neck1 back ov] ! )]s1 & wrapp$ once beh9d ! elb[ ar\nd t portion ( ! rope :i* passes betwe5 ! front legs4 ,! leg is !n drawn away f ! body & =cibly pu%$ =w>d by an assi/ant1 :ile ano!r p]son tight5s up ! slack 9 ! rope until ! affect$ leg is (f ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! support+ leg4 ,! rope is !n drawn taut & ! assi/ant grasps ! tail & pulls ! c[ t[>d ! affect$ side4 ,! animal makes a lur* to keep f fall+1 contracts ! muscles1 & ! patella slips into place ) a %>p click1 & ! animal walks (f z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,if ! animal resi/s ?is me?od ( h&l+1 x may suffice to manipulate ! dislocat$ kneepan by %ov+ x inw>d & =w>d ) ! heel ( ! h& :ile ! affect$ leg is drawn well =w>d4 ,unless "s precaution is tak5 ! accid5t is liable to recur1 z ! ligam5ts h be5 /ret*$ by ! dislocation till !y no long] hold ! bone ) t firmness necess>y to reta9 x4 ,! animal %\ld be ti$ & ! foot fa/5$ =w>d1 s t ! pati5t c j /& on x com=tably1 by means ( a rope or /rap ar\nd ! fetlock c>ri$ =w>d betwe5 ! front legs1 ar\nd ! neck1 & ti$ on ! brea/4 ,%\ld ?is accid5t occur m ?an once x is a good practice to apply a bli/] ar\nd ! jo9t1 z 9 ! =mula recomm5d$ = spra9 ( %\ld]1 & obs]ve ! precautions z to re/ra9t & subsequ5t treatm5t !re recomm5d$4 ,) ?is "o exception dislocations 9 ! ox occurr+ indep5d5tly ( o!r complications are r>e4 ,dislocation ) fracture may occur 9 any ( ! jo9ts1 & if "o is suspect$ or discov]$1 exam9ation %\ld always be made = ! o!r be=e treatm5t is appli$4 ,:5 a fracture occurs ne> a jo9t ! =ce suffici5t to r5d ! bone is liable to be p>tly ex]t$ on ! imm$iate tissues1 & :5 ! bone gives way ! /ructures ( ! jo9ts may be s]i\sly injur$4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ! injury to ! jo9t becomes ! mo/ important complication 9 ! treatm5t ( a fracture4 ,9 ord] cle>ly to und]/& ! reason = ?is a few words are necess>y 9 relation to ! /ructure ( jo9ts4 ,! diff]5t pieces con/itut+ ! skeleton ( ! animal body are unit$ 9 su* mann] z to admit ( m or less motion "o ^u ano!r4 ,9 "s ( ! m simple jo9ts ! bones fitt+ "o into ano!r are held toge!r by ! d5se /ructures ar\nd !m1 admitt+ ( v little or no movem5t at all1 z ! bones ( ! head4 ,9 o!r jo9ts ! bones are b\nd toge!r by d5se1 c>tilag9\s /ructures1 admitt+ ( only limit$ motion1 su* z ! union ( ! small bones at ! back "p ( ! knee & hock 7metac>pal & metat>sal74 ,9 ! m ne>ly p]fect =m ( jo9t ! p[] ( motion becomes complete & ! /ructures are m complex4 ,! sub/ance ( ! bone on its articul> surface is n cov]$ ) p]io/eum1 b is %ea!d 9 a d5se1 ?9 lay] ( c>tilage1 %ap$ to fit ! o!r surfaces ) :i* x comes 9 contact 7articul>74 ,?is lay] is ?icke/ t[>d its c5t] :5 cov]+ bony em95ces1 & is ela/ic1 ( a pe>ly :it5ess1 & resi/+1 ?\gh s(t en\gh to be easily cut4 ,! bones =m+ an articulation are b\nd toge!r by num]\s ligam5ts atta*$ to bony prom95ces4 ,! :ole jo9t is seal$ 9 by a b& or ribbonlike ligam5t 7capsul> ligam5t7 ext5d+ ar\nd ! jo9t & atta*$ at ! out] edge ( ! articul> surface1 unit+ ! bones & h]metically seal+ ! cavities ( ! articulation4 ,?is /ructure & ! articul> surface ( ! bone is cov]$ by a ?91 delicate membrane1 kn[n z ! synovial membrane1 :i* secretes ! jo9t oil 7synovia74 ,?is fluid is viscid & colorless1 or slightly yell[1 & al?\gh x does n possess a l>ge quantity ( fat1 its "* some:at resembles oil1 & x s]ves ! same purpose 9 lubricat+ ! jo9ts t oil does to ! friction surface ( an eng9e4 ,al?\gh ! tissues ( ! jo9t :5 us$ 9 a natural way are able to )/& ! effect ( great ex]tion1 :5 unnaturally us$1 z !y are v delicate & complex1 !y are liable to inflammatory & o!r *anges ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,! synovial membrane1 & 9 fact ! :ole /ructure ( ! jo9t1 is susceptible to injury & s]i\s inflammatory d]angem5t1 & ! capsul> ligam5t is liable to be di/5d$ f excessive secretion ( synovia4 ,! latt] process may be almo/ non9flammatory1 & att5d$ ) little inconv5i5ce or importance o!r ?an a blemi% to ! animal1 :i* 9 cattle is n s]i\s4 ,x may occur on ! back "p ( ! leg above ! fetlock or on ! inn] & =e "p ( ! hock1 correspond+ 9 its location to w9dgalls & bog spav9 ( ! horse4 ,cont9u\s support by b&ages w g5]ally =ce reabsorption1 & z ! limb is n subject$ to viol5t action1 z 9 ! case ( ! horse1 ! affection is n s liable to recur4 ,,spav94 ,occasionally work+ ox5 t are us$ 9 ! lumb] woods & made to pull heavily1 ) bad foot+1 are afflict$ ) ?is condition4 ,:5 x occurs lam5ess is ! fir/ symptom4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease ! lam5ess is mo/ sev]e 9 ! morn+1 & disappe>s aft] ! animal is ex]cis$2 x gradually becomes m sev]e z ! disease advances1 s t :5 ! disease is well e/abli%$ ! animal is lame cont9u\sly4 ,%ortly aft] ! lam5ess appe>s a bun* 7exo/osis7 w be notic$ on ! inn] & =e "p ( ! affect$ jo9t4 ,?is bun* diff]s f bog spav9 9 t x is h>d1 :ile bog spav9 is s(t4 ,x increases 9 size z ! disease advances till ! animal is too lame to be us$ = labor4 ,z ! disease is always att5d$ ) consid]able pa9 !re is m or less loss ( fle%4 ,9 ! mo/ advanc$ /age ! animal w /ep ) difficulty1 frequ5tly hold+ ! foot f ! gr\nd1 or1 if =c$ to take a few /eps1 /&s ) x elevat$1 twit*+ ) pa94 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! disease only a small portion ( ! =e "p ( ! l[]1 or second1 articulation is involv$1 b ! inflammatory process gradually ext5ds ov] ! :ole surface ( ! l[] jo9ts ( ! hock4 ,! /ructures ( ! jo9t are brok5 d[n & ! bones are unit$ 7an*ylosis74 ,?is process may include any or all ( ! ?ree l[] jo9ts ( ! hock4 ,! jo9t ( motion :i* is situat$ on ! l[] end ( ! leg bone is seldom involv$4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t ( spav9 9 ! ox1 z 9 ! horse1 is likely to be t$i\s1 & n always result+ 9 p]fect cure4 ,usually x is be/ to fatt5 ! animal = slaught]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 treatm5t is decid$ ^u1 x %\ld consi/ ( complete re/ & c\nt]irritation ( ! "p ei!r by %>p bli/]s or ! fir+ iron4 ,x is advisable to try ! effect ( bli/]+ fir/1 & = ?is purpose ! foll[+ mixture is recomm5d$3 ,p[d]$ can?>ides drams #b ,b9iodid ( m]cury d #b ,vasel9e ounces #a-a_/b ,clip ! hair (f & apply ov] ! inn] & =e "p ( ! jo9t1 cov]+ ! surface an in* & a half 9 e direction f ! enl>gem5t1 or ov] an area #c to #d in*es across4 ,fa/5 ! animal's head s t x c n rea* ! "p to lick x2 aft] ! ?ird day grease ) l>d e o!r day until ! scabs come (f4 ,?is bli/] may be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times at int]vals ( ?ree weeks4 ,! lam5ess w g5]ally beg9 to disappe> ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? mon? if ! above-describ$ treatm5t proves b5eficial4 ,%\ld lam5ess p]si/1 fir+ 9 po9ts by a qualifi$ vet]9>ian may effect ! desir$ result & %\ld be tri$ z a la/ resort4 ,9 a case ( spav9 ! cure is n effect$ by re/or+ ! diseas$ p>ts to _! natural condition1 b by unit+ ! bones & oblit]at+ ! jo9ts4 ,if ?is union ext5ds ov] ! :ole articul> surface ( ! jo9ts affect$ & is suffici5tly /rong to prev5t any motion ( ! bones1 ! animal w aga9 g s\nd4 ,! jo9ts t are oblit]at$1 n be+ ^? ( motion1 are n important1 s t ! animal suff]s no inconv5i5ce 9 _! loss4 ,,rheumatism4 ,rheumatism is a con/itutional disease f a specific condition ( ! blood & *>act]iz$ by inflammation ( ! fibr\s /ructures ( ! body4 ,x is usually accompani$ ) /iffness1 lam5ess1 & fev]4 ,! p>ts affect$ are usually swoll51 b swell+ may be lack+4 ,! inflammation may be transitory2 t is1 x *anges f place to place4 ,! p>ts usually affect$ are ! fibr\s /ructures ( ! jo9ts1 t5dons1 ligam5ts1 & muscles4 ,! s]\s membranes & he>t may also be affect$4 ,accord+ to its location1 rheumatism is specifi$ z articul> or muscul>4 ,accord+ to its c\rse1 x is designat$ z acute or *ronic4 ,cause4--,among ! factors :i* are actively causative ( rheumatism may be m5tion$ exposure to dampness & cold1 especially :ile ! animal is p]spir+ or fatigu$ aft] sev]e physical ex]tion4 ,among o!r causes (t5 m5tion$ are acidity ( ! blood1 n]v\s d]angem5t1 microbes1 & injuries4 ,x occasionally foll[s ano!r disease1 su* z pleurisy4 ,! influ5ce ( age & h]$ity may be consid]$ z second>y or pr$ispos+ causes4 ,sometimes ! disease appe>s )\t any app>5t cause4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said t any ( ! above-m5tion$ factors may h m or less influ5ce on ! production ( rheumatism1 b ! specific cause is z yet unkn[n4 ,symptoms ( articul> rheumatism4--,! symptoms appe> sudd5ly & ) v>y+ degrees ( sev]ity4 ,! animal pres5ts a d[nca/ appe>ance1 ) />+ coat1 horns & e>s cold1 & ! m\? & muzzle hot & dry4 ,appetite & rum9ation may be impair$ & foll[$ lat] or be accompani$ at ! same "t by con/ipation4 ,con/ipation may be foll[$ by impaction ( ! /oma* or b[els4 ,?ir/ is increas$1 b ! am\nt ( ur9e void$ is scanty4 ,respiration & pulse are accel]at$1 & !re is usually a fev]1 ris+ sometimes z high z #ajh ,f4 ,! animal pref]s to lie d[n1 & :5 =c$ to rise /&s ) its back ar*$4 ,! movem5ts are /iff & lame & cause great pa94 ,! disease may attack "o or m jo9ts at ! same "t2 9 fact1 x is (t5 symmetrical4 ,"o jo9t may improve :ile ano!r becomes affect$1 ?us %[+ ! %ift+ t5d5cy ( ! inflammation4 ,! affect$ jo9ts1 includ+ _! t5dons1 ligam5ts1 & synovial membranes1 may be swoll51 hot1 & di/5d$ ) liquid4 ,!y are v t5d]1 &1 if treat$ c>elessly or injur$1 may become infect$1 ?us lead+ to suppuration4 ,:ile rheumatism attacks p]haps m frequ5tly ! knees & fetlocks1 x has no special aff9ity = any jo9t & may attack ! /ifle1 hip1 %\ld]1 or elb[ jo9t4 ,9 mild cases ( articul> rheumatism1 ! animal may fully recov] 9 a few days4 ,9 *ronic articul> rheumatism !re is less t5d5cy ( ! disease to %ift ab\t1 b !re is a great] liability ( /ructural *ange 9 ! affect$ jo9ts4 ,?is *ange may consi/ ( induration1 exo/osis1 or ev5 an*ylosis4 ,^! /ructural *anges ab\t ! jo9ts may lead to p]man5t de=mity1 su* z ! b5d+ ( ! neck4 ,fev] is n s con/ant 9 ! *ronic =m z 9 ! acute1 & ! latt] may lapse into ! =m]4 ,symptoms ( muscul> rheumatism4--,?is =m ( rheumatism may appe> "u ! same g5]al conditions z ! articul> =m4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! animal is ! same 9 bo? =ms4 ,! c[ usually assumes a recumb5t position1 & all ! movem5ts made are /iff & lame4 ,! me?od ( ris+ or ( locomotion indicates pa9 9 c]ta9 muscles or gr\ps ( muscles1 z ( ! cr\p1 %\ld]1 or neck4 ,z 9 ! case ( articul> rheumatism1 ! t5dons1 ligam5ts1 & synovial membranes may become involv$4 ,! con/itutional symptoms 9 bo? articul> & muscul> rheumatism are simil>1 s t x is (t5 p]plex+ to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! two =ms4 ,prev5tion4--,x is some:at difficult to procure prev5tive treatm5t = cattle1 especially :5 !re are l>ge numb]s ) little or no %elt]4 ,9 g5]al1 x is advisable to protect ! animals s f> z possible f inclem5t wea!r conditions1 su* z cold ra9s1 heavy dews1 & fro/s4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly necess>y = animals 9 poor condition1 or ^? :i* are p]spir+ or fatigu$ aft] long physical ex]tion4 ,c>eful fe$+ is also ess5tial4 ,treatm5t4--,9 attempt+ to treat cattle = rheumatism ! fir/ /ep is to procure prop] %elt] & environm5t4 ,! animal %\ld be qu>t]$ 9 a l>ge1 clean1 dry /all1 ) pl5ty ( light & fre% air1 b protect$ f /rong drafts4 ,!re %\ld be an abundance ( clean1 dry b$d+4 ,! fe$ %\ld be s(t1 easily dige/ible1 & slightly laxative1 & ! animal %\ld h access to clean1 pure1 cool wat]4 ,= g5]al or con/itutional treatm5t ( acute rheumatism1 sodium salicylate is indicat$4 ,9 ord] to ga9 ! be/ results f ?is drug1 x %\ld be adm9i/]$ ) ! idea ( rapidly saturat+ ! sy/em4 ,to cattle x may be giv5 9 doses ( "o-half ounce e two h\rs = t5 h\rs or until imm$iate relief is obta9$4 ,?is drug %\ld n be cont9u$ indef9itely1 b may be giv5 once a day aft] imm$iate relief has be5 obta9$1 & ?is s+le dose cont9u$ daily until p]man5t relief ensues1 :5 x %\ld be /opp$4 ,! use ( sodium salicylate 9 *ronic rheumatism is n advisable on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( depress+ ! he>t1 ^: action is already some:at impair$ by ! lesions :i* h attack$ x4 ,9 ?is case "o-half ounce doses ( potassium nitrate or bic>bonate may be giv5 ?ree times a day4 ,besides ! con/itutional treatm5t1 x may be necess>y to give special att5tion to ! b[els 9 ord] to relieve con/ipation4 ,cattle may be giv5 sal9e laxatives at ! outset1 su* z #a p\nd ( ,epsom salt = an ord9>y-siz$ c[1 & ! b[els kept regul> by an occasional small] dose4 ,9 *ronic rheumatism ! be/ c\rse ( treatm5t is to give tonics & local treatm5t4 ,local treatm5t may also be advisable 9 acute rheumatism 9 addition to ! con/itutional treatm5t already prescrib$4 ,ext]nal treatm5t dep5ds solely on ! local conditions & %\ld be appli$ judici\sly4 ,among ! v>i\s rem$ies may be m5tion$ hot or cold moi/ packs1 hot air & vapor ba?s1 friction1 etc4 ,anodynes are (t5 appli$ locally ) good results4 ,bli/]s are occasionally indicat$4 ,z anodynes may be m5tion$ l9im5ts & o9tm5ts conta9+ salicylic acid or sodium salicylate 9 comb9ation ) laudanum1 aconite1 or *loral hydrate4 ,camphorat$ _s1 soap l9im5t1 & ess5tial oils also af=d "s relief :5 appli$ locally4 ,( bli/]s1 ^? conta9+ can?>ides are mo/ effective4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,a ,priessnitz b&age is a dress+ :i* comb9es ! ?ree prop]ties ( keep+ a "p w>m1 moi/1 & subject+ x to uni=m pressure4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree lay]s ( mat]ial4 ,! inn] lay] is compos$ ( absorb5t cotton or "s o!r mat]ial :i* is capable ( hold+ moi/ure4 ,?is is soak$ 9 wat] & wrapp$ ar\nd ! "p4 ,! second lay] consi/s ( a sub/ance :i* is imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 z oil$ silk or oil$ pap]1 & is appli$ ab\t ! inn] lay] to prev5t evaporation4 ,! ?ird or outside lay] is compos$ ( a flannel or wool5 b&age to prev5t ! radiation ( heat & ?us keep ! moi/ inn] lay] at ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,,surgical ,,op]ations4 ,by ,,william ,,dickson & ,,william ,,h]b]t ,,l[e1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,b4 ,t4 ,woodw>d1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,surg]y is bo? a sci5ce & an art4 ,! success ( surgical op]ations dep5ds on ! judgm5t1 skill1 & dext]ity1 z well z ^u ! k ( ! op]ator4 ,! same fundam5tal pr9ciples und]lie & gov]n animal & human surg]y1 al?\gh _! applications h a wide range & are v diff]5t 9 _m ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t hygi5e & sanitation are ess5tial to ! be/ results 9 vet]9>y z well z 9 human surg]y4 ,asepsis is an ideal condition :i*1 al?\gh n always possible 9 animal surg]y1 is highly important 9 connection ) ! me*anical details ( all surgical op]ations 9 proportion to ! nature & s]i\sness ( ! same4 ,aseptic surg]y is consid]$ to be ! p]=mance ( op]ations ) /]ile in/rum5ts ) ! h&s ( ! op]ator & ! site ( op]ation be+ r5d]$ z ne>ly /]ile z possible1 & ! w\nd treat$ dur+ op]ation ) /]ile solutions & protect$ foll[+ ! op]ation ) /]ile b&age mat]ial4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! pres]vation ( ! highe/ degree ( cleanl9ess 9 connection ) op]ations4 ,local or g5]al ane/hesia %\ld be resort$ to 9 pa9ful & s]i\s surgical op]ations1 z op]ations ^u all liv+ creatures %\ld be humanely p]=m$ & all unnecess>y pa9 & suff]+ avoid$4 ,ane/hesia is necess>y :]e absolute immobility ( ! pati5t is ess5tial & :]e entire muscul> relaxation is indisp5sable4 ,! ane/hetic condition is also favorable = ! adju/m5t ( displac$ organs4 ,l>ge animals h to be ca/ & secur$ be=e an ane/hetic is adm9i/]$4 ,= complete ane/hesia inhalations ( *lor(orm are g5]ally employ$2 sometimes ( bo? e!r & *lor(orm4 ,! quantity ( *lor(orm requir$ to produce ins5sibility to ext]nal impressions v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t cases & mu/ be regulat$1 z well z ! admixture ( air1 by a compet5t assi/ant4 ,if ! probability ( ! success ( an op]ation is remote & ! animal is 9 heal?y physical condition1 s t its fle% is good = human food1 x is m advisable to but*] ! animal ?an to attempt a surgical op]ation t (f]s little enc\ragem5t to ! own]4 ,! be/ judgm5t has to be ex]cis$ 9 det]m9+ a matt] ( ?is k9d1 = no animal suff]+ f inflammation or t is 9 a fev]i% condition is fit = human food4 ,all cases ( major op]ative surg]y require ! skill & dext]ity ( ! exp]i5c$ vet]9>y surgeon1 & no "o else %\ld attempt su* an op]ation1 = unnecess>y suff]+ mu/ be prev5t$4 ,nev]!less1 ! m k & und]/&+ an own] ( animals has ( ! pr9ciples ( surgical op]ations & manipulations1 ! bett] = all conc]n$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* an own] w appreciate m fully ! skill ( ! qualifi$ vet]9>ian1 &1 9 ! second place1 he w be ! bett] prep>$ & equipp$ to r5d] assi/ance to 8 suff]+ dumb dep5d5ts :]e no practition] is accessible & 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 "s m9or op]ations ^u cattle1 "s ( :i* c h>dly be class$ z surgical1 t ! /ockman & f>m] %\ld be able to p]=m himself4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( any op]ation ^u an animal ( ! size & /r5g? ( ! bull or c[1 ! fir/ consid]ation is to secure ! animal 9 su* a mann] z to preclude ! possibility ( its injur+ ei!r itself or ^? tak+ any "p 9 ! op]ation4 ,! nature & "t likely to be occupi$ by an op]ation mu/1 ( c\rse1 l>gely det]m9e ! me?od to be adopt$4 ,! majority ( op]ations ) :i* ! pres5t *apt] is conc]n$ are usually p]=m$ on ! animal 9 a /&+ position4 ,a bull %\ld always be held by a /aff atta*$ to ! r+ 9 8 nose4 ,to secure ! c[ 9 a /&+ position1 grasp ! nose1 ! f+] & ?umb be+ introduc$ into ! no/rils1 & press aga9/ ! c>tilage :i* makes a division betwe5 !m4 ,if %e has horns1 grasp "o ( !m ) ! dis5gag$ h&4 ,if ?is is insuffici5t ! animal %\ld be secur$ to a po/1 along ! side ( a f5ce1 or put into a /an*ion4 ,an excell5t me?od ( re/ra9t is to tie a long rope 9 a slip noose ov] ! horns1 pass x ar\nd ! *e/ j beh9d ! =elegs1 tak+ a half hit* on itself1 tak+ ano!r half hit* 9 front ( ! h9d limbs1 pass+ ! free end "u ! tail1 br++ x =w>d & mak+ x fa/ ei!r to ! head or "o ( ! hit*es4 ,! head %\ld be rais$ to ! level ( ! back be=e ! f9al knot is ti$1 s z to r5d] x too s]i\s & pa9ful a matt] = h] to repeat ! fir/ attempt %e makes to l[] x4 ,%\ld ! nature or ext5t ( ! op]ation be likely to take up consid]able "t1 x is inv>iably ! be/ plan to ?r[ ! animal4 ,9 ! case ( ! ox ?is is v easily done1 ei!r by use ( horse hobbles1 %\ld !y be at h&1 or by ! application ( a simple rope4 ,if ! horse hobbles are us$1 !y %\ld be fa/5$ on ! leg j above ! fetlocks 7ankle jo9ts71 z 9 t position !y are less liable to come (f ?an if plac$ ar\nd ! pa/]n4 ,( ! _m ways ( apply+ ! rope = ?is purpose we w describe only two1 :i* we consid] ! be/ & simple/3 ,fir/4 ,take a long1 /rong rope 7"o :i* has be5 us$ a few times is m flexible71 d\ble x1 & at #b or #c feet f ! d\bl$ end1 accord+ to ! size ( ! animal1 make a knot & pass ! coll> ?us =m$ ov] ! animal's head1 all[+ x to re/ on :at w\ld be ! coll> place 9 a horse4 ,n[1 pass ! ends ( ! rope betwe5 ! =elegs1 c>ry "o ar\nd ea* h9d leg j above ! fetlock jo9t1 f outside 91 "u itself once1 & br+ ! free ends =w>d1 pass+ ea* ?r\gh ! coll> loop on its own side & br++ ! slack back t[>d & beyond ! h9d qu>t]s4 7,pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #b47 ,two or ?ree m5 %\ld !n take hold ( ea* rope & at a giv5 signal pull4 ,! animal's h9d legs be+ drawn =w>d1 ! balance is lo/1 & if ! animal does n fall or lie d[n he c be readily pu%$ ov] on 8 side & secur$ 9 ! desir$ position4 ,second4 ,! ?ree half hit*es4 ,take a rope #cj or m feet long1 make a slip noose at ! end & pass x ov] ! animal's horns1 leav+ ! knot 9 ! loop betwe5 ! horns2 !n pass ! rope backw>d along ! neck to ! )]s1 j 9 front ( :i* take a half hit* on x1 pass+ x along ! back1 take "o half hit* j beh9d ! =elegs & a second 9 front ( ! h9d limbs r\nd ! flank4 7,pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #a47 ,! free end ( ! rope is tak5 hold ( by "o or two assi/ants :ile ano!r holds ! animal's head4 ,by pull+ firmly on ! rope1 or induc+ ! animal to make a /ep or two =w>d :ile /eady traction is made on ! rope1 ! bea/ w lie d[n1 :5 8 feet c be secur$ 9 ! way mo/ conv5i5t = ! op]ator4 ,!re are num]\s o!r me?ods1 involv+ m or less complete re/ra9t1 :i* may be equally efficaci\s1 b "o or o!r ( ! ways indicat$ w d\btless be f\nd to meet fully all ord9>y cases4 ,,r++ ,,! ,,bull4 ,?is is usually & ought always to be done be=e ! calf has atta9$ suffici5t weight or /r5g? to make 8 re/ra9t a matt] ( s]i\s difficulty4 ,an ord9>y halt] is usually all t is requir$1 ! /rap be+ secur$ to a tree or po/4 ,a jo9t$ /eel or copp] r+ is ord9>ily us$4 ,^? made ( ! latt] metal are pref]able4 ,! common me?od ( pun*+ a r\nd piece out ( ! nasal septum = ! introduction ( ! r+ is1 ,i ?9k1 op5 to objection1 z portions ( ! f9e n]v\s filam5ts are de/roy$4 ,! s5sibility ( ! p>ts is ?us less5$ & ! object ( r++ to "s ext5t defeat$4 ,! ins]tion ( ! r+ by means ( a troc> & cannula is pref]able1 z ! me?od is n op5 to ?is objection4 ,= "s ye>s we h us$ a little in/rum5t1 :i* c be made by any work] 9 metal1 consi/+ ( a /eel po9t rivet$ into a %ort cannula made to fit on "o end ( ! r+ :ile op54 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #aa47 ,:5 atta*$ to ! r+ x is easily & quickly pass$ ?r\gh ! septum1 ! half ( ! r+ foll[+ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x c !n be remov$ & ! ends ( ! r+ br\ght toge!r & fa/5$ by means ( ! screw = t purpose4 ,,dehorn+4 ,9 ! wild /ate ! utility ( ! horns ( cattle z weapons ( (f5se & def5se is app>5t1 b ) dome/ication ( cattle & _! conf9em5t ! pres5ce ( horns con/itutes a m5ace to ! safety ( _! companions4 ,horn$ cattle frequ5tly inflict ) _! horns pa9ful & s]i\s injuries to o!rs4 ,dea?s z a result ( su* injuries are n unusual4 ,! op]ation ( dehorn+ w\ld !re=e be indicat$ z a matt] ( g5]al safety4 ,on f>ms :]e bre$+ is conduct$1 ! mo/ desirable me?od is to prev5t ! horns f gr[+ on ! "y calves4 ,?is action results 9 a m symmetrical appe>ance ( ! poll & elim9ates ! dang]s :i* w\ld result f ! pres5ce ( horns on ! "y cattle prior to _! op]ative removal at a lat] age4 ,a calf %\ld be treat$ n lat] ?an "o week aft] x is born--pref]ably :5 x is f #c to #e days old4 ,! ag5t to be us$ may be ei!r cau/ic soda or pota% 9 ! =m ( /icks ab\t ! ?ickness ( an ord9>y lead p5cil4 ,^! cau/ics mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e1 z !y dissolve ! cuticle & may make ! h&s or f+]s sore4 ,! prep>ation ( ! calf fir/ consi/s 9 clipp+ ! hair f ! p>ts1 wa%+ clean ) soap or w>m wat]1 & ?or\ghly dry+ ) a clo? or t[el4 ,! /ick ( cau/ic %\ld be wrapp$ 9 a piece ( pap] to protect ! h&s & f+]s1 leav+ "o end ( ! /ick uncov]$4 ,moi/5 ! uncov]$ end slightly & rub x on ! horn buttons or little po9ts :i* may be felt on ! calf's head--fir/ on "o1 !n on ! o!r--two or ?ree times1 all[+ ! cau/ic to dry aft] ea* application4 ,be c>eful to apply ! cau/ic to ! horn button only1 = if x is br\ght 9 contact ) ! surr\nd+ sk9 x w cause pa94 ,too mu* moi/ure on ! /ick ( cau/ic w all[ ! application to spread to ! surr\nd+ sk94 ,aft] treatm5t keep ! calf protect$ f ra91 z wat] on ! head aft] application ( ! cau/ic w cause x to run d[n ov] ! face4 ,dehorn+ ( adult animals is usually p]=m$ aft] ! age ( #b ye>s1 z aft] t age !re is less probability ( ! horns aga9 gr[+4 ,! horns %\ld be sev]$ f ! head f a qu>t] to a half-in* bel[ :]e ! sk9 jo9s ! base ( ! horn1 cutt+ f ! back t[>d ! front if a saw is us$4 ,if ! horn is n cut close en\gh to ! head1 an irregul>1 gn>ly gr[? ( horn is liable to foll[4 ,be=e attempt+ to dehorn ! animal1 x %\ld be securely controll$ by ropes 9 a /an*ion or by ca/+4 ,^u ! range ! cattle are usually controll$ by ca/+ or by plac+ !m 9 a squeez] connect$ ) a corral4 ,a clean1 %>p meat saw or a mit] saw ) a rigid back may be us$4 ,v>i\s types ( dehorn+ %e>s or clipp]s are 9 g5]al use4 ,"o type ( dehorn] has a /ation>y knife edge ) its cutt+ edge %ap$ l a v wide ,v1 & oppos+ ?is1 ano!r knife ( simil> %ape mov+ 9 a slide1 s t ! cutt+ edges act ^u ! horn f all f\r sides at once1 all ! edges pass+ ! c5t] at ! same "t4 ,ano!r type has a movable knife1 ) "o oblique or "o curv$ edge1 & ! cutt+ is done 9 "o direction only4 ,! p[] = cutt+ ) ^! in/rum5ts is suppli$ by pull+ toge!r two long h&les :i*1 9 ord] to transmit a great] =ce1 are g5]ally s con/ruct$ t !y act ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a s]ies ( cogs4 ,9 dehorn+ ) ^! in/rum5ts ! cutt+ edges %\ld be slipp$ d[n ov] ! horn & ! knives clos$1 s t _! edges set firmly aga9/ ! horn 9 su* position t ! cut w be made 9 ! "r place & 9 ! "r direction4 ,! h&les %\ld !n be drawn toge!r ) a quick1 firm1 /rong pull s t ! horn w be completely sev]$ by ! fir/ act & )\t twi/+4 ,dehorn+ %\ld1 :5 possible1 be p]=m$ 9 cool wea!r :5 ! flies are n pl5tiful4 ,! loss ( blood f ! op]ation is n suffici5t1 z a rule1 to be ( consequ5ce1 & aft] c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t sub/ances f gett+ into ! op5+s left aft] ! removal ( ! horns x is n usual to apply any dress+4 ,p9e t> or a mixture ( p9e t> & tannic acid may be appli$1 p>ticul>ly if ! wea!r is w>m4 ,,seton+4 ,! ord9>y use ( a seton is to keep up con/ant dra9age f a cavity conta9+ matt] or to act z a /imulant or c\nt]irritant4 ,to ins]t a seton1 ! place ( entrance & exit hav+ be5 decid$ on1 ) ! f+] & ?umb make a small fold ( ! sk9 transv]sely to ! direction ! seton is to be ins]t$1 & cut x ?r\gh1 ei!r ) a %>p knife or a pair ( scissors 7?is %\ld be done at bo? ! entrance & exit72 !n ) a /eady pressure & slight lat]al movem5t ins]t ! seton by means ( a seton ne$le4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 figs4 #a & #b47 ,! seton %\ld consi/ ( a piece ( /rong tape1 v>y+ 9 bread? accord+ to circum/ances1 & %\ld be kept 9 place ei!r by a knot on ea* end or by ty+ ! ends toge!r4 ,setons %\ld be g5tly mov$ once a day aft] suppuration is set up1 & !y %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 ov] ?ree weeks1 or a mon? at ! outside4 ,,tra*eotomy4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 mak+ an op5+ 9 ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe4 ,x is indicat$ :5ev] !re is an ob/ruction f any cause 9 ! upp] "p ( ! respiratory tract :i* ?reat5s ! dea? ( ! animal by asphyxia 7suffocation74 ,! mode ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,h an assi/ant ext5d ! animal's head z f> z possible to make ! tra*ea t5se & prom95t2 make a longitud9al incision ab\t #b to #b-a_/b in*es long ?r\gh ! sk9 & deep] tissues & tra*ea at ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! tra*ea1 :i* is ab\t ! middle or upp] ?ird1 & !n ins]t ! tra*eotomy tube4 ,! latt] %\ld be remov$ once or twice daily & cleans$1 & ! w\nd dress$ antiseptically4 ,to asc]ta9 :5 x is "t to discont9ue ! use ( ! tube & to all[ ! w\nd to close1 ! h& %\ld be held ov] ! op5+1 :i* w require ! animal to use its natural passages 9 brea?+4 ,obs]ve :e!r x is p]=m$ 9 a natural mann]1 & if s1 remove ! tube & all[ ! w\nd to close4 ,(t5 ! op]ation has to be p]=m$ 9 great ha/e )\t ! prop] in/rum5ts & "u great disadvantages1 ! op]ator hav+ to cut d[n quickly1 op5 ! tra*ea & spread ! p>ts1 us+ "s in/rum5t improvis$ by him at ! "t4 ,?is op]ation only gives ! animal relief 9 brea?+1 & !re=e ! prop] rem$ial treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ at ! onset ( ! attack & cont9u$ until ! cause 7! disease7 has be5 ov]come4 ,,rum5otomy4 ,! op5+ ( ! paun*1 or rum51 9 cattle & ! removal ( a "p or ! :ole ( ! +e/a ?r\gh said op5+ is t]m$ rum5otomy4 ,! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ 9 sev]e cases only1 :]e ! rum5 is excessively ov]load$ & di/5d$4 ,! animal is plac$ ) its "r side aga9/ a wall & firmly held 9 position by /rong assi/ants4 ,! incision is made 9 ! same place t ! troc> is ins]t$ = punctur+ t organ 9 cases ( hov54 ,! op5+ is increas$ 9 size until ! op]ator's h& c be ins]t$ into ! rum54 ,be=e any ( ! cont5ts are remov$ f t organ a l95 clo? %\ld be plac$ f ! out] w\nd into ! rum5 9 ord] to prev5t any ( ! +e/a f gett+ into ! abdom9al cavity4 ,"s practition]s1 aft] remov+ a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! rum51 introduce su* m$ic9e z may be indicat$ be=e clos+ ! w\nd4 ,clean ! w\nd & close ! op5+ 9 ! rum5 ) un9t]rupt$ 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #h7 c>boliz$ catgut sutures4 ,next close ! ext]nal w\nd1 consi/+ ( ! integum5t1 muscle1 & p]itoneum1 ) /\t1 int]rupt$ 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f7 metallic sutures4 ,no fe$ %\ld be giv5 = sev]al h\rs aft] ! op]ation1 & !n gruels only4 7,see ,di/5tion ( rum5 or paun* ) fe$1 p4 #bf47 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,abscesses4 ,an abscess may be detect$1 if situat$ ext]nally1 by heat1 pa91 r$ness1 & swell+ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 &1 if fur!r develop$1 by ! fluctuation :i* is pres5t4 ,:5 any ( ^! symptoms are abs5t1 ! suppuration %\ld be enc\rag$ by ! means ( hot fom5tations & p\ltices4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! abscess is n op5$ too soon1 or to "s ext5t x may cause x to scatt]1 & ! escape ( pus w be less5$4 ,! "t to op5 an abscess is j be=e x is ready to break1 & %\ld be done ) a %>p lance1 a crucial incision sometimes be+ necess>y4 ,! cavity %\ld be syr+$ out ) an antiseptic solution4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to all[ ! w\nd to close too rapidly1 to prev5t :i* a t5t ( l9t or oakum %\ld be introduc$4 ,,w\nds4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t "w w\nds may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 7#a7 ,incis$2 7#b7 punctur$2 7#c7 lac]at$ or contus$4 ,9 any w\nd all t ! mo/ suitable applications c accompli% is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to prev5t ! access ( ^? poison\s g]ms :i* exi/ 9 ! animal's surr\nd+s1 su* z ! soil & ! manure1 &1 9 ! second place1 :5 ! process ( repair is = "s reason tempor>ily inactive or altoge!r arre/$1 to incite t curative inflammation t is ! inv>iable me?od by :i* ! cure is effect$4 ,,incis$ ,,w\nd4--,?is is "o ) clean-cut edges1 & may be ei!r sup]ficial or deep4 ,9 w\nds ( all descriptions !re is necess>ily m or less ble$+1 & ?is is especially liable to be ! case 9 incis$ w\nds1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y p5etrate to a consid]able dep?1 or :5 inflict$ on a "p :]e blood vessels ( any consid]able size approa* ! surface4 ,to arre/ ! hemorrhage mu/ !re=e be ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,if slight1 a g5]\s use ( cold wat] is all t is necess>y1 b if "o or m vessels ( any size h be5 w\nd$ or entirely sev]$1 !y %\ld be tak5 up & ligat$4 ,if ! blood fl[s cont9u\sly & is d>k 9 color1 x proce$s f a ve91 b if bright-color$ & j]ky 9 its fl[1 x is art]ial4 ,! tak+ up ( an art]y simply means ! ty+ up ( ! ble$+ vessel1 :i* %\ld be accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,to discov] ! ble$+ art]y take a piece ( clean absorb5t cotton1 dip x 9 cold wat]1 & by g5tle pressure on ! w\nd cle> x ( ! accumulat$ blood4 ,! jet ( fre% blood reveals ! end ( ! vessel1 :i* is readily recogniz$ by its :iti%-yell[ or buff color4 ,x %\ld be seiz$ ) a =ceps or p9c]s & slightly drawn cle> ( ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,n[ take ! ?read & place ! middle ( x "u ! art]y1 take up ! ends1 tie "o simple knot tightly1 press+ ! ?read d[n ) ! =ef+] s z n to include ! =ceps1 !n a second "o ov] x & cut (f ! ends4 ,! ble$+ be+ arre/$1 ! op]ator c n[ c>efully clean & inspect ! w\nd1 tak+ c>e to remove all blood & =eign matt]s & clip ! hair ar\nd ! edges be=e proce$+ to /it* x up4 ,if ! w\nd is sup]ficial1 ! lips may be br\ght toge!r by a s]ies ( indep5d5t /it*es 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f7 ab\t "o-half ( an in* to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ap>t4 ,! /it*es %\ld n be drawn tightly2 x is suffici5t to br+ ! edges ( ! w\nd 9 apposition4 ,if ! w\nd is deep1 ! ne$le %\ld be introduc$ p]p5dicul>ly at z great a di/ance f ! lip ( ! w\nd z ! dep? x is to be ins]t$1 s z to give ! ?read suffici5t hold4 ,all ! /it*es %\ld be z ne>ly z possible at equal di/ances f ! bord] ( ! w\nd1 to prev5t unequal /ra91 & ! knots %\ld be made at ! side1 n ov] ! w\nd4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f47 ,:5 ! w\nd is l>ge & deep1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to h an op5+ 9 ! l[e/ "p to all[ = ! escape ( ! dis*>ges4 ,9 deep w\nds :i* run crosswise ( a limb or muscle x is (t5 advisable to use :at is te*nically kn[n z ! quill$ suture1 :i* is mo/ readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,plate ,,xxvii1 figure #g4 ,to accompli% ?is me?od a curv$ ne$le ) an eye 9 ! po9t & a /rong d\ble ?read %\ld be us$4 ,! ne$le ?us ?read$ is introduc$ p]p5dicul>ly at lea/ an in* f ! w\nd on "o side1 c>ri$ across bel[ & br\ght out ! same di/ance f ! bord] ( ! cut on ! opposite side1 ! ?read be+ seiz$ & held 9 position :ile ! ne$le is )drawn1 leav+ a loop ( ?read protrud+ on "o side & two loose ends on ! o!r side ( ea* /it*4 ,:5 en\gh /it*es h be5 made1 take a light piece ( wood ab\t ! size ( a lead p5cil1 correspond+ 9 l5g? to ! size ( ! w\nd or slightly long]1 & ins]t x ?r\gh ea* ( ! loops1 draw+ up ! free ends ( ! ?reads1 :i* %\ld 9 turn be ti$ securely on a simil> piece ( wood on t side4 ,,punctur$ ,,w\nds4--,ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty ( _! dep? & ! /ructures !y may involve1 punctur$ w\nds are by f> ! mo/ dang]\s & difficult to treat4 ,n only is ! ext5t ( ! damage hidd5 f view1 b ! v "* ( ! injury1 z c be readily und]/ood1 implies at lea/ ! possibility ( deep-seat$ inflammation & consequ5t dis*>ge ( pus 7matt]71 :i*1 :5 =m$1 is kept p5t up until x has accumulat$ to su* an ext5t t x burr[s by simple gravity1 z no o!r exit is possible4 ,9 ?is way =eign matt]s1 su* z a brok5 piece ( ! /ake or snag1 or :atev] caus$ ! w\nd1 may be c>ri$ to an indef9ite dep?1 or ! cavity ( a jo9t may be invad$ & v s]i\s1 if n fatal1 consequ5ces occur4 ,! dang] is especially m>k$ :5 ! injury is inflict$ on p>ts liable to frequ5t & ext5sive motion1 b all cases ( punctur$ w\nds %\ld receive unusual c>e1 z no judgm5t c be accurately =m$ f ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! w\nd4 ,:ile a probe c asc]ta9 ! dep?1 x ?r[s b little light on ! ext5t or exact nature ( ! int]nal injury4 ,= ?is reason all punctur$ w\nds %\ld inv>iably be c>efully se>*$ by means ( a probe or "s sub/itute devis$ = ! occasion1 su* z a piece ( wire ) a smoo? blunt end1 or a piece ( h>d wood %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,/it*+ is n admissible 9 ! case ( punctur$ w\nds4 ,aft] ?or\ghly cleans+ ! op5+ ( ! w\nd & its surr\nd+s1 t9cture ( iod9 %\ld be inject$ directly into ! w\nd4 ,if a punctur$ w\nd is n v deep1 & :5 ! bruis+ & lac]ation are slight1 x is possible = heal+ to take place by adhesion1 & ?is %\ld always be enc\rag$1 z ! process ( repair by ?is me?od is f> sup]ior to t by granulation1 :i* w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! animal %\ld be kept z quiet z possible4 ,a dose ( physic1 su* z a p\nd ( ,glaub]'s or ,epsom salt1 %\ld be adm9i/]$1 & w>m antiseptic fom5tations or p\ltices1 :5 ?is is practicable1 appli$ frequ5tly to ! surface ( ! w\nd4 ,9 w\nds ( ?is description ! process ( repair may be complicat$ by ! appe>ance ( exub]ant granulations1 popul>ly kn[n z pr\d fle%1 :i* is really an ov]gr[? ( new tissue--granulation tissue2 b ^! %\ld n be int]f]$ ) unless !y cont9ue aft] ! acute /age ( inflammation has be5 subdu$4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 !y p]si/1 !y may be treat$ ) a #aj p] c5t solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7blue/one7 or nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic7 9 wat]4 ,,contus$ ,,or ,,lac]at$ ,,w\nds4--,^! are usually caus$ by a bl[ ) "s blunt in/rum5t or by falls4 ,! s]i\sness dep5ds l>gely on ! dep? ( ! injury1 & treatm5t %\ld be direct$ to allay+ ! inflammation & prev5t+ ! consequ5t t5d5cy to sl\gh+4 ,to ?is end soo?+ applications1 su* z antiseptic fom5tations & p\ltices1 are pla9ly indicat$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,heal+4--,te*nically ^! may be divid$ into a numb] ( di/9ct processes1 b practically we may speak ( !m z two only1 namely1 by prim>y union1 or adhesion1 & by granulation4 ,z suppuration is n s liable to occur 9 cattle z 9 horses1 heal+ by ! =m] & m spe$y process is mu* m common 9 ! fir/-nam$ species1 m p>ticul>ly 9 clean-cut or incis$ w\nds1 provid$ !y h be5 /it*$ )9 #ab h\rs f ! "t ! injury :i* caus$ !m 0 inflict$1 t !y h be5 kept antiseptically clean1 & t ! pati5t by "s means has be5 kept fairly /ill4 ,?is latt] /ipulation is probably h>de/ to comply )4 ,quiet is an important factor 9 ! process ( repair among ! l[] animals4 ,! second me?od ( heal+1 namely1 by granulation1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 ! mann] 9 :i* mo/ w\nds 9 animals heal1 takes mu* long]4 ,9 punctur$ w\nds ( any dep? heal+ necess>ily takes place 9 ?is way only1 & ! treatm5t %\ld be direct$ l>gely to alleviat+ pa9 & mod]at+ inflammation4 ,,aft]-,,treatm5t ,,& ,,dress+ ,,( ,,w\nds4--,! dress+ ( w\nds is "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( vet]9>y surg]y1 & "o ( ! mo/ con/ant difficulties t ! practic+ vet]9>ian has to cont5d ) lies 9 ! lack ( coop]ation on ! "p ( own]s 9 ! c>e & att5tion 9 ! aft]-treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,9 summ>iz+ ! treatm5t ( w\nds1 ! foll[+ recomm5dations %\ld be obs]v$3 w\nds mu/ be cleans$ & kept clean1 us+ antiseptic solutions :i* d n produce irritation1 & apply+ ! solutions ) a syr+e or ) clean pieces ( absorb5t cotton4 ,ble$+ %\ld be /opp$ be=e ! clos+ ( ! w\nd by sutures or b&ages4 ,an op5+ at ! bottom ( all w\nds except small sup]ficial w\nds %\ld be provid$ z a dra9age outlet = ! escape ( w\nd secretions or pus if x %\ld =m4 ,! edges ( w\nds & ! muscles involv$ 9 ! w\nd %\ld be kept z quiet z possible dur+ ! process ( heal+4 ,e w\nd %\ld be protect$ by a /]ile or antiseptic dress+ :5ev] x is possible to reta9 a dress+ 9 place4 ,dress+s %\ld be *ang$ :5 x is app>5t t !y h become dr5*$ ) w\nd secretions or pus1 or h become dis>rang$ or too loose1 p]mitt+ dirt to ent] betwe5 !m & ! sk94 ,if swell+ appe>s beyond ! edges ( a b&age1 x is an indication t x is too tight & x %\ld !n be remov$ & aga9 appli$4 ,! h&s ( ! op]ator & all in/rum5ts & dress+s com+ 9 contact ) a w\nd at any "t %\ld be made z clean z possible by ! use ( antiseptics4 ,,b>b$-,,wire ,,cuts4--,we h specifi$ ^! simply because 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry !re is a fix$ idea t !re is a specific poison 9 b>b$ wire1 caus+ injuries :i* require treatm5t diff]+ f t :i* is applicable to ord9>y w\nds4 ,b>b$-wire cuts diff] f ord9>y w\nds only 9 ! p>ts be+ (t5 lac]at$ & torn1 & ! treatm5t already indicat$ = w\nds ( t description is applicable to !m4 ,,ca/ration4 ,ca/ration consi/s 9 ! removal ( ! ess5tial organs ( g5]ation1 & is p]=m$ ^u bo? ! male & ! female4 ,9 ! male ! organs remov$ are ! te/icles & 9 ! female ! ov>ies4 ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,! ,,male4 ,ca/ration 9 ! male is p]=m$ = sev]al diff]5t purposes4 ,x may be necess>y1 z is ! case 9 c]ta9 diseas$ conditions ( ! te/icles & 9 /rangulat$ h]nia1 b ! usual object ( ! op]ation is to enhance ! g5]al value ( ! animal4 ,= example1 if ! animal is int5d$ = burd51 ! op]ation w bett] fit him = 8 "w by s modify+ 8 temp]am5t & physical condition t he may easily be controll$ by 8 ma/]4 ,aga91 if he is m]ely to be us$ = beef purposes1 ! op]ation w improve ! quality ( ! fle% & cause an add$ developm5t ( ! mo/ valuable portions ( ! dress$ c>cass4 ,! op]ation ^u ! female may be p]=m$ on acc\nt ( diseas$ conditions1 b we may say t ! *ief object ( ! op]ation is to make ! animal "o ( m pr(it to its own] by less5+ ! lacteal secretion & also improv+ ! physical condition f ! po9t ( view ( beef production4 ,:5 ! c[ is spay$1 x does away ) all tr\ble att5d+ e/rum1 or heat1 ge/ation1 & p>turition ) its accid5ts & ailm5ts4 ,! fle% ( ! spay$ c[ is m t5d] & juicy ?an t ( ! natural animal4 ,! op]ation ^u ! male may be ei!r ! uncov]$ or ! cov]$4 ,9 ! =m] ! incision is made d[n to ! te/icle prop]1 & 9 ! latt] ! cut is made ?r\gh ! scrotum or ! outside cov]+ & ?r\gh ! d>tos1 or ! next coat1 c>e be+ tak5 to cut no deep] tissues or coats4 ,! age at :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$ v>ies1 b usually x is p]=m$ betwe5 ! second & ?ird mon?4 ,if done 9 e>ly life1 !re is less dang] ( complications1 ! organs be+ 9 a lat5t condition & n fully develop$4 ,!re are _m diff]5t me?ods ( op]at+1 ! pr9cipal ones ( :i* we %all m5tion4 ,9 ! uncov]$ op]ation a good free incision %\ld be made1 expos+ ! te/icle completely4 ,n[ x may be remov$ by simply cutt+ x (f4 ,! only dang] ( do+ ?is is t hemorrhage is liable to foll[4 ,to obviate ?is1 be=e ! division ( ! sp]matic cord x %\ld be twi/$ sev]al times 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take hold ( ! cord ) ! left h&1 hav+ x betwe5 ! ?umb & ! index f+]4 ,n[ twi/ ! free portion sev]al times ) ! "r h&1 all ! "t be+ c>eful to pu% ) ! left h& t[>d ! body ( ! animal4 ,9 ?is way ! dang] ( injury to ! cord dur+ ! animal's /ruggles w be ov]come4 ,!re w be no hemorrhage1 or v little1 if x has be5 done prop]ly4 ,?is is ! mo/ simple mann] ( torsion4 ,!re are =ceps & o!r in/rum5ts made to p]=m ! op]ation 9 ?is mann]4 ,! actual caut]y is an old me?od1 b we %all n describe x1 z we consid] t we h bett] me?ods n[4 ,! next me?od ) ! clamps1 al?\gh ext5sively us$ ^u ! horse1 is n practic$ to s great an ext5t ^u ! bov9e at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is a v old me?od1 & is consid]$ v safe4 ,clamps are us$ 9 ! cov]$ & uncov]$ op]ations4 ,m mod]n me?ods are by ! use ( special in/rum5ts kn[n z ! emasculator & ! craseur4 ,! op]ation ( mull+ or cru%+ ! sp]matic cord is an unsci5tific & b>b>\s proc$ure1 caus+ unnecess>y pa9 & suff]+4 ,! me?ods describ$ above apply only to ! animal 9 a normal condition4 ,be=e op]at+ ev]y?+ %\ld be exam9$ to see t x is z x %\ld be4 ,if o!rwise1 a special op]ative proc$ure w be necess>y4 ,:i*ev] mode ( op]ation is adopt$ f a practical /&po9t1 ! pr9cipal precautions to be tak5 9 ord] to atta9 success are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ?or\gh cleanl9ess "u /rict aseptic & antiseptic precautions2 second1 a free & boldly made incision2 ?ird1 ! avoidance ( undue pull+ or t5sion ^u ! sp]matic cord2 f\r?1 free dra9age1 :i* c be ma9ta9$1 provid$ ! orig9al incision has be5 prop]ly made4 ,! op]ation ( ca/ration ( ! male is by no means a s]i\s "o1 & :5 prop]ly p]=m$ !re is little dang] f complications4 ,al?\gh ! dang] is trifl+1 ! complications :i* may arise are sometimes ( a s]i\s nature4 ,hemorrhage1 ei!r prim>y or second>y1 tetanus 7or lockjaw71 abscesses1 h]nia 7or rupture71 gangr5e1 & p]itonitis are ! mo/ s]i\s complications t foll[ ca/ration4 ,:i*ev] complication arises w require its own special treatm5t1 :i* we w n g into "h1 z x w be fully dealt ) "u ano!r head+4 ,we w\ld add1 h[ev]1 t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! animal1 aft] be+ ca/rat$1 %\ld ei!r be regul>ly ex]cis$ or be all[$ fre$om s t x c ex]cise itself4 ,sudd5 *anges ( ! temp]ature are dang]\s4 ,! animal %\ld be f$ mod]ately1 b ( a diet easily dige/ible4 ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,! ,,female4 ,! op]ation ( ov>iotomy 7spay+7 %\ld be p]=m$ :5 ! heif] is 9 h] prime & 9 mod]ate condition n too ple?oric & n 9 heat or pregnant4 ,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ 9 "o ( two ways--namely1 by ! flank or by ! vag9a--ea* op]ation hav+ its special advantages4 ,9 ! flank op]ation ! animal may be op]at$ ^u ei!r :ile /&+ or :ile 9 ! recumb5t position4 ,if /&+1 %e %\ld be plac$ aga9/ a wall or a p>tition & h] head held by a /rong assi/ant4 ,! legs also mu/ be secur$ to prev5t ! animal f kick+4 ,a v]tical incision %\ld be made 9 ! left flank1 ab\t ! middle ( ! upp] portion1 c>e be+ tak5 n to make ! op5+ too f> d[n1 9 ord] to avoid ! division ( ! circumflex art]y :i* trav]ses t region4 ,! op]ator %\ld n[ make an op5+ ?r\gh ! p]itoneum1 :i* is be/ done ) ! f+]s4 ,next ! h& & arm %\ld be introduc$ into ! abdom9al cavity & ! h& direct$ backw>d t[>d ! pelvis1 se>*+ = ! horns ( ! ut]us2 if foll[$ up ! ov>ies w easily be f\nd4 ,!y %\ld !n be drawn outw>d & may be remov$ ei!r by ! craseur or by torsion4 ,clos+ & sutur+ ! w\nd w complete ! op]ation4 ,an adhesive pla/] b&age c be b5eficially appli$4 ,! op]ation by ! vag9a is m complicat$ & requires special & exp5sive in/rum5ts4 ,! mode ( proc$ure 9 brief is z foll[s3 ,a speculum is introduc$ into ! vag9a1 & an incision is made into ! sup]ior wall ( t passage ab\t #b in*es f ! neck ( ! ut]us1 cutt+ f bel[ upw>d & f be=e backw>d4 ,an incision :i* %\ld n exce$ #c-a_/b in*es 9 l5g? %\ld be made4 ,! next /ep is to get possession ( ! ov>ies4 ,!y are situat$ 9 a fold ( ! broad ligam5t & %\ld be drawn c>efully ?r\gh ! incision into ! vag9a4 ,n[ take ! long-h&l$ scissors1 specially made = ?is purpose1 ) :i* ! ?ick bord] ( ! broad ligam5t is divid$4 ,! torsion =ceps are introduc$ & appli$ to ! broad ligam5t above ! ov>y4 ,! left h& is !n introduc$1 & ! ?umb & ! index f+] grasp hold ( ! broad ligam5t above ! =ceps4 ,) ! "r h& torsion is appli$ & ! ov>y remov$4 ,! o!r ov>y may be remov$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,:at has be5 said ) reg>d to complications & aft]treatm5t 9 ! case ( ! male also applies to ! female4 ,,o!r ,,surgical ,,op]ations4 ,descriptions ( o!r surgical op]ations n giv5 9 ?is *apt] may be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w by ref]5ce to ! index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,surgical ,,op]ations4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,devices = ca/+ cattle4 7,f ,flem+47 ,fig4 #a4 ,reuff's me?od ( ?r[+ or ca/+ ! ox4 ,fig4 #b4 ,miles's me?od ( ?r[+ or ca/+ ! ox4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,surgical in/rum5ts & sutures4 7,aft] ,reynd]s & ,flem+47 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,seton ne$les4 ,^! may be ei!r long or %ort1 /raight or curv$1 accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* a seton is to be ins]t$4 ,fig4 #c4 ,v>i\s =ms ( surgical ne$les4 ,fig4 #d4 ,suture =ceps or ne$le hold]1 = pass+ ne$les ?r\gh ?ick & d5se tissues4 ,fig4 #e4 ,knot prop]ly ti$4 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,v>i\s =ms ( sutures4 ,fig4 #f1 int]rupt$ suture2 #g1 quill$ suture2 #h1 un9t]rupt$ suture2 #i1 twi/$ suture1 made by pass+ suture p9s ?r\gh ! p>ts to be held toge!r & w9d+ ! ?read ab\t !m s z to repres5t ! figure #h2 #aj1 s+le-p9 suture4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,appliance = r++ ! bull1 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,nose clamp1 ) spr+ & keep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,devices ,,= ,,ca/+ ,,cattle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,surgical ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,sutures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tumors ,,affect+ ,,cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl]1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,synonyms3 ,new gr[?1 neoplasm1 ne(ormation1 pseudoplasm1 swell+1 & hyp]plasia4 ,def9ition4--,tumors#c are abnormal masses ( tissue1 non9flammatory & indep5d5t 9 "*1 aris+1 )\t obvi\s cause1 f cells ( preexi/5t tissue1 possess+ no physiologic function1 & *>act]i/ically unre/ra9$ 9 gr[? & /ructure4 ,tumors are abnormal masses ( tissue4 ,! application ( ! t]m tumor is directly connect$ ) ! fact t !y produce local enl>gem5t4 ,!y are non9flammatory2 t is1 ! process ( inflammation is n directly ! cause or accompanim5t ( !m4 ,an inflammatory new gr[? t5ds to disappe> ^u ! subsid5ce ( ! inflammatory process1 :ile spontane\s disappe>ance ( a tumor is comp>atively r>e4 ,tumors are indep5d5t4 ,= in/ance1 _! nutrition be>s no relation to ! nutrition ( ! body4 ,a lipoma1 or fatty tumor1 9 ! subcutane\s tissue1 may g on increas+ to huge bulk :ile ! body is /eadily emaciat+4 ,aga91 ! tissues ( ! ag$ gradually und]go atrophy1 yet canc]s arise at ?is "t & gr[ rapidly4 ,tumors are unre/ra9$ 9 gr[? & /ructure4 ,9 ! developm5t ( an animal we "k at :at p]iod ( its exi/5ce ! mass ( tissue call$ liv] w develop--:at its site1 /ructure1 & size w be4 ,we "k t x w rema9 only 9 t locality1 & n1 z x 71 colonize ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,) tumors x is diff]5t2 !re are no laws by :i* we c =eca/ ! "t1 place1 nature1 or size ( developm5t ( !m4 ,!re is no c>tilage 9 ! kidney or p>otid gl&1 yet a *ondroma1 or c>tilage tumor1 may develop 9 ei!r4 ,ev5 :5 a new gr[? ( tissue is />t$ by an injury & consequ5t inflammation--z1 = in/ance1 pr\d fle%--!re is a limitation ( its size1 b ! controll+ influ5ces :i* gov]n ! size ( an organ or normal mass ( tissue & limit ! ext5t ( an inflammatory ov]gr[? are all abs5t 9 ! case ( tumors4 ,!y are unre/ra9$1 lawless4 ,meta/asis expresses ! lawlessness ( tumors z reg>ds be+ limit$ to ! orig9al site ( developm5t4 ,small p>ticles ( tumors ent] ! blood vessels or lymph /reams & are c>ri$ to di/ant p>ts ( ! body1 :]e !y lodge & />t new tumor =mations4 ,expansion by colonization 9 ?is mann] is a rule ) _m tumors1 &1 s9ce !y ex]cise no function ( use to ! organism1 ?is dissem9ation ( actively gr[+ p>ticles becomes a m5ace to ! sy/em by num]ically increas+ ! body's burd51 op5+ new *annels ( dra9 ^u ! sy/em & add+ new c5t]s = ! absorption ( putrefactive mat]ials :5 ! second>y tumors %all h deg5]at$4 ,x is ?is :i* makes meta/asis su* an important elem5t 9 ! malignancy ( tumors4 ,tumors possess no physiological function4 ,!y are absolutely useless4 ,fibr\s tumors b9d no p>ts ( ! organism toge!r2 bony tumors add no?+ to ! support+ framework ( ! body2 ! tissue ( fatty tumors nev] s]ves z a /oreh\se ( fe$ & en]gy2 ! cells ( an ad5oma1 or gl& tumor1 furni% no secretion2 a tumor compos$ ( muscle tissue produces no increase to ! /r5g? ( ! individual--its muscle cells are n contractile4 ,tumors arise f cells ( preexi/5t tissue4 ,tumor tissue is n a new v>iety4 ,:atev] ! /ructure ( a tumor1 its c\nt]p>t is f\nd among ! tissues ( ! body1 ! lawlessness ( ! tumor1 h[ev]1 %[+ itself 9 m or less dep>ture f ! normal type4 ,?is dep>ture is usually a rev]sion to a m elem5t>y or embryonic /age1 s t ! tumor tissues may be said to be /ructurally immature4 ,tumors arise )\t obvi\s cause4 ,conc]n+ ! ultimate cause ( tumor =mation we are absolutely ignorant4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ f "t to "t1 b none ( !m h be5 applicable to m ?an a limit$ numb] ( cases4 ,! mo/ important !ories may be briefly m5tion$4 7#a7 ,! !ory ( tumor dia!sis4--,bilro? taught t tumors are caus$ by a peculi> pr$isposition consi/+ ( a diseas$ /ate ( ! fluids ( ! body4 ,?is con/itutional ta9t might be acquir$1 b1 hav+ be5 acquir$1 is also h]$it>y4 ,?is !ory is kn[n also z ! h]$ity hypo!sis1 b1 :ile x is true t h]$ity appe>s to play "s role 9 ! causation ( c]ta9 neoplasms1 its application is too limit$ to make x ( value4 7#b7 ,! me*anical or irritant !ory4--,vir*[ assum$ t tumors arise z ! result ( previ\s irritation ( ! "p4 ,?is has be5 notic$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( c]ta9 canc]s4 ,!y frequ5tly develop on ! edges ( old ulc]s1 ?us be+ dep5d5t app>5tly on *ronic irritation4 ,canc] ( ! lip 9 pipe smok]s is a case 9 po9t4 ,canc]\s tumors ( ! sk9 (t5 develop on ! arms ( work]s 9 p>aff91 t>1 or soot1 ! *emical irritation ( ^! sub/ances be+ ! cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! proportion ( ^? ?us affect$ among ! expos$ is v small & =ces ! conclusion t if ! real cause 7 9 ! irritation va/ly m cases w\ld occur4 7#c7 ,! !ory ( n]v\s influ5ce4--,t is bas$ ^u 7a7 ! obs]v$ fact t tumors occur m frequ5tly 9 man & ! high] animals ?an 9 ^? l[] 9 ! scale1 among :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is less highly develop$2 7b7 t c]ta9 =mations seem to be directly connect$ ) n]ve di/ribution1 :ile o!rs h be5 associat$ ) alt]nations 9 neighbor+ n]ve trunks4 7#d7 ,! embryonal !ory4--,?is is kn[n also z ,cohnheim's hypo!sis4 ,9 e>ly fetal life !re occurs a production ( cells 9 excess ( ^? requir$ = ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 s t a c]ta9 numb] ( !m are left ov] 9 ! fully develop$ tissue or become misplac$ dur+ ! sort+ ( cells = future developm5t ( tissues & organs4 ,^! cells lie dormant until favorable conditions arise or until "s suffici5t /imulus is appli$1 :51 releas$ f _! inactivity1 !y beg9 to reproduce & gr[4 ,n be+ normally relat$ to _! site1 !y lack ! controll+ & limit+ influ5ces ( ! "p1 &1 _! embryonic "* endu+ !m ) a mo/ pot5t prolif]at+ p[]1 !y develop 9 a lawless & unre/ra9$ mann]4 ,!re are tumors ^: exi/5ce c be expla9$ only on ^! gr\nds4 ,/ill1 ?is !ory falls f> %ort ( answ]+ ! "q z to ! orig9 ( tumors4 7#e7 ,! p>asitic !ory4--,?is is n only "o ( ! late/1 b1 m]ely z a hypo!sis1 x is ! mo/ attractive & plausible ( all4 ,! s]i\s objections to x1 h[ev]1 are ! almo/ uni=m failure t has met ! attempts to transplant ^! tumors f "o animal to ano!r & ! abs5ce ( any con/ant v>iety ( organism 9 !m4 ,sev]al =ms ( p>asites h be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 tumors1 b no?+ def9ite has be5 %[n ) ref]5ce to ! relation !y be> to ! causation ( ! neoplasm4 ,,classification ,,( ,,tumors4 ,9 ,s5n's "w on tumors occurs ! foll[+3 ,a uni=m sy/em ( classification ( tumors is "o ( ! great wants ( mod]n pa?ology1 & all attempts 9 ?is direction h prov$ failures4 ,x w\ld be folly1 !re=e1 to burd5 ! pages ( a "w ( ?is k9d ) "o or sev]al ( ! propos$ sy/ems :i* h1 admitt$ly1 at "s important po9t1 fail$ ( _! purpose4 ,s9ce ! value ( ?is *apt] dep5ds *iefly ^u its practical "*1 :i* 9 turn is measur$ by its aid 9 diagnosis1 prognosis1 & treatm5t1 ! old b important cl9ical division is "h adopt$4 ,tumors are ei!r malignant or b5ign4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes is t :ile b5ign tumors dep5d = _! ill effects entirely ^u _! situation1 malignant neoplasms :]ev] locat$ inevitably de/roy life4 ,! cl9ical features ( ea* gr\p are 9 _m cases suffici5tly m>k$ to di/+ui% !m4 ,,malignant ,,tumors4 7#a7 ,^! are inv>iably p]nici\s1 & f ! beg9n+ t5d to de/roy life4 7#b7 ,! cellul> elem5t pr$om9ates2 !re=e !y gr[ rapidly4 7#c7 ,possess+ no capsule1 !y infiltrate surr\nd+ tissues4 7#d7 ,!y infect adjac5t lymph gl&s4 7#e7 ,!y recur ev5 aft] complete removal4 7#f7 ,!y give meta/asis2 t is1 !y become dissem9at$ 9 diff]5t organs4 7#g7 ,_! pres5ce develops a progressive emaciation4 ,,b5ign ,,tumors4 7#a7 ,^! 9 & ( !mselves d n t5d to produce dea?4 7#b7 ,z ! cellul> elem5t is n liable to pr$om9ate1 !y gr[ sl[ly4 7#c7 ,!y are encapsulat$1 & :5 diffuse d n infiltrate surr\nd+ tissues4 7#d7 ,!y d n infect adjac5t lymph gl&s4 7#e7 ,!y d n recur aft] complete removal4 7#f7 ,!y d n manife/ meta/asis4 ,b5ign tumors1 ?\gh h>mless1 may1 by ! accid5t ( _! location1 indirectly produce dea?4 ,m]e pressure on ! bra9 sub/ance ( an o!rwise innoc5t tumor1 compression ( ! blood supply = vital organs1 gr[? 9 su* mann] z to cause ob/ruction 9 ! alim5t>y tract or pressure ^u n]ves1 may cause dea?1 or1 prior to dea?1 s comb9e ! effects ( anemia 7defici5cy ( blood71 />vation1 & pa91 ) its consequ5t re/lessness1 z to produce a v]itable ca*exia 7condition ( g5]al ill heal?74 ,on ! o!r h&1 a malignant tumor 9 its prim>y gr[? may s implicate a vital organ z to de/roy life be=e meta/asis c occur or ev5 be=e ca*exia c develop4 ,?us1 to ! untra9$ obs]v]1 environm5t may s op]ate z to cause ^! two classes ( new gr[?s to simulate ea* o!r4 ,! b\nd>y l9es may seem to ov]lap4 ,x is "h t ! microscope1 z ! c\rt ( la/ appeal1 adjudicates positively 9 ! diagnosis betwe5 ^! two cle>ly m>k$ divisions4 ,x may almo/ be ass]t$ t a true classification ( tumors c n be made until we "k m ab\t ! cause ( !m4 ,! arrangem5t "h pres5t$ is (f]$ to meet ! practical ne$s ( ! vet]9>ian1 /ud5t1 & f>m] r ?an ( ! pa?ologi/4 ,we may r\ghly divide ! tissues ( ! body into /ructural & l9+ tissues4 ,! /ructural tissues are compos$ ( ! tissues ( special function & simple connective tissues4 ,! l9+ or cov]+ tissues1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 are kn[n z epi!lium4 ,section ,a ( ! table bel[ conta9s ! true tumors or prop] neoplasms4 ,section ,b includes ! cy/s1 "s ( :i* are true tumors1 :ile o!rs are false ones1 b ! latt] are add$ because ( _! gross resemblance to ! true & ! consequ5t necessity ( consid]+ !m at ! same "t4 ,,tumors ,,& ,,cy/s4 ,a4--,tumors4 ,,b5ign4 ,i4--,tumors compos$ ( tissues resembl+ ^? ( special function4 #a4 ,type ( muscle tissue ,myoma4 #b4 ,type ( n]ve tissue ,neuroma4 #c4 ,type ( vascul> tissue ,angioma4 #d4 ,type ( gl& tissue ,ad5oma4 ,,ii4--,tumors compos$ ( fully develop$ connective tissue4 #a4 ,type ( fibr\s tissue ,fibroma4 #b4 ,type ( adipose1 or fat1 tissue ,lipoma4 #c4 ,type ( c>tilage tissue ,*ondroma4 #d4 ,type ( osse\s1 or bone1 tissue ,o/eoma4 #e4 ,type ( neuroglia1 or n]ve1 %ea? ,glioma4 #f4 ,type ( mucoid1 or muc\s1 tissue ,myxoma4 ,,malignant4 ,,iii4--,tumors compos$ ( embryonic or immature connective tissues4 #a4 ,type ( immature connective tissue ,s>coma4 #b4 ,type ( endo!lial tissue ,endo!lioma4 ,,iv4--,tumors 9 :i* epi!lial elem5ts pr$om9ate4 #a4 ,type ( v>i\s epi!lial cells & associat$ tissues ,c>c9oma4 ,b4--,,cy/s4 ,i4--,cy/s :i* develop 9 preexi/+ cavities4 #a ,ret5tion cy/s4 #b ,prolif]ation cy/s4 ,,ii4--,cy/s :i* are ( cong5ital orig9 & are true tumors4 #a ,d]moid cy/s4 ,,iii4--,cy/s :i* orig9ate indep5d5tly z ! result ( pa?ological *anges & are nontumor\s4 #a4 ,cy/s =m$ by ! s(t5+ & dis9tegration ( lesions ,s(t5+ cy/s4 #b4 ,cy/s =m$ ar\nd p>asites ,p>asitic cy/s4 #c4 ,cy/s =m$ by an outp\r+ ( blood & lymph into ! tissue spaces ) subsequ5t encapsulation ( ! fluid ,extravasation cy/s4 ,,t]m9ology4--,! pr9ciple ( nam+ tumors is q simple4 ,! ,greek ^w oma 7plural omata7 means tumor4 ,?is ^w oma is add$ to ! /em ( ! ^w ord9>ily us$ to designate ! k9d ( tissue ( :i* ! tumor is compos$4 ,?us a tumor =m$ aft] ! type ( fibr\s tissue is a fibroma4 ,! only exception to ?is is 9 ! nam+ ( ! two l>ge classes ( malignant neoplasms4 ,!re ! names 7 =m$ f ! fle%like appe>ance ( ! "o & ! crablike prolif]ations ( ! o!r--namely1 ,s>coma 7s>ksfle%71 c>c9oma 7k>k9oscrab74 ,,diagnosis4--,9 ! diagnosis ( tumors note is tak5 ( 7#a7 cl9ical hi/ory & 7#b7 exam9ation ( ! tumor4 7#a7 ,cl9ical hi/ory4--,circum/ances connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ! tumor & its rapidity ( gr[? may po9t to an inflammatory swell+ r ?an a tumor4 ,! location ( ! tumor at its comm5cem5t is important1 z1 = in/ance1 9 diagnos+ betwe5 lipoma & c>c9oma1 ! =m] be+ m or less movable "u ! sk91 :ile a c>c9oma develops 9 ! sk94 ,:ile t5d]ness on pressure may be caus$ by compression ( a s5sitive n]ve by a tumor or by tumors ( ! n]ve or n]ve %ea?s1 z a rule ?is symptom is indicative ( inflammatory swell+ r ?an ( ! exi/5ce ( a tumor4 7#b7 ,direct exam9ation ( ! tumor4--,9 ! application ( ?is diagnosis ! tra9$ obs]v] w note color1 size1 %ape1 & surface /ructure1 transmission ( light1 movabl5ess1 consi/5ce1 resi/ance1 pulsation1 & crepitation4 ,p]cussion1 auscultation1 & exploration are also available me?ods4 ,f9ally1 microscopic exam9ation ( ! gr[+ portions ( ! tumor by a pa?ologi/ w be f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,,g5]al ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tumors4 ,= b5ign tumors treatm5t is requir$ only :5 x damages ! animal's value or :5 m]ely = sake ( appe>ance4 ,:5 x is possible1 ! removal ( ! tumor by an op]ation is indicat$4 ,if ! tumor has a small1 con/rict$ base1 remove by torsion1 ligation1 or ) an craseur4 ,ligation foll[+ ! incision ( ! sk9 ) a knife avoids ! pa9 ( press+ on ! s5sitive n]ves ( ! sk9 & is suitable = tumors ( broad base & small bodies4 ,a fir+ iron1 su* z is us$ 9 l9e or fea!r fir+1 may also be us$ 9 remov+ tumors ) small atta*m5ts4 ,?is n only /ops ! ble$+ b =ms a firm scab1 "u :i* heal+ may occur rapidly4 ,^? tumors t c n be remov$ by ! above me?ods may be treat$ ) cau/ics or acids1 su* z sulphuric acid1 hydro*loric acid1 cau/ic pota%1 ars5ic1 silv] nitrate1 or *romic acid1 b x is difficult to limit ! action ( ^! drugs4 ,! injection1 into ! tumor1 ( su* *emicals z anil9 dyes1 alcohol1 acetic acid1 citric acid1 or ergot91 is ( d\btful value1 z is also ! injection ( ! g]ms ( erysipelas--?\ght by "s to be a specific4 ,c]ta9 specific tumors1 su* z act9omycosis & botryomycosis1 may be successfully treat$ by ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( potassium iodid1 toge!r ) ! injection into ! tumor or ! pa9t+ ( its surface ) ei!r ,lugol's solution or ! t9cture ( iod94 ,! mo/ reliable means ( treat+ tumors is by extirpation ) cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,dissect ! tumor f ! surr\nd+ tissue1 ligat+ all ! l>g] blood vessels1 & te>+ ! tissues ) ! f+]s r ?an cutt+ ) a knife4 ,! ble$+ may be /opp$ ) a hot iron4 ,! aft] treatm5t is ! same z = any ord9>y w\nd ( simil> size4 ,,description ,,( ,,individual ,,tumors4 ,al?\gh a full li/ ( ! tumors t may be f\nd 9 bov9es has be5 giv5 above1 !re are a numb] t w>rant a detail$ description1 & ! foll[+ m5tion w be made ( ! mo/ important ( !m3 ,,myoma4 ,^! tumors are aft] ! type ( muscle4 ,!y are %>ply circumscrib$ &1 z a rule1 are v h>d1 a condition ow+ usually to comb9ation ) fibroma & are !n kn[n z fibromyoma4 ,9 fact1 ! cl9ical diff]5tiation betwe5 myoma & fibroma is almo/ impossible4 ,myomas are f\nd 9 ! ut]us1 vag9a1 /oma*1 inte/9es1 gullet1 & bladd] ( a bov9e animal4 ,!y gr[ v l>ge1 b1 z a rule1 are b5ign4 ,treatm5t %\ld consi/ ( _! removal4 ,,neur(ibroma4 ,a true neuroma built up ( n]ve fib]s & n]ve cells is infrequ5t1 if x ev] occurs1 9 cattle4 ,false neuromas1 or neur(ibromas1 are knotty1 spread+ tumors ( ! size ( a l>ge potato1 :i* are develop$ )9 ! n]ve %ea?s & compos$ ( n]ve fib]s & connective tissue b&s int]lac$4 ,! comm+l+ ( ^! v>i$ fib]s is (t5 s intricate t sep>ation is practically impossible4 ,?is tumor is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd ^u ! %\ld] ( cattle4 ,treatm5t is surgical4 ,,angioma4 ,! angiomas are tumors compos$ ma9ly ( blood vessels or blood spaces & are obs]v$ on ! sk9 ( man1 :]e !y are call$ bir?m>ks or "m m>ks4 ,cav]n\s angiomas are se5 9 cattle1 affect+ ! liv] & ! muc\s membrane ( ! nasal septum4 ,9 ! liv] !y appe> z smoo?1 flat1 nonproject+ tumors ( a d>k-r$ or purple color & ( ab\t ! size ( a silv] #aj-;c5t piece4 ,!y are some:at s(t] 9 consi/5cy ?an ! adjo9+ liv] sub/ance into :i* !y are gradually fus$4 ,^! tumors are frequ5tly obs]v$ by meat inspectors 9 liv]s ( slaught]$ cattle4 ,treatm5t ( angioma is unnecess>y4 ,,ad5oma4 ,! /ructure ( ?is tumor is aft] ! type ( gl& tissue4 ,x is r>ely se5 9 cattle except 9 comb9ation ) canc] or s>coma4 ,a gr[? :i* occurs m frequ5tly 9 bov9es1 especially calves1 & :i* 9 "s in/ances be>s a /rik+ resemblance to an ad5oma is ! s-call$ goit]4 ,,goit] 7,,/ruma74 ,?is is a non9flammatory enl>gem5t or a hyp]plasia ( ! ?yroid gl&4 ,:ile x c n be def9itely class$ among tumors1 yet1 ow+ to its resemblance to ! latt]1 x w be discuss$ at ?is "t4 ,! cause ( goit] has nev] be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,among ! mo/ probable causes may be m5tion$ h]$ity1 insuffici5t & improp] diet1 close conf9em5t1 unhygi5ic surr\nd+s1 & an unkn[n toxic sub/ance :i* is suppos$ to obta9 9 ^? localities ri* 9 magnesium & lime salts4 ,c]ta9 organisms f\nd 9 goit] h be5 suspect$ ( produc+ ?is tr\ble1 b _! relation to ! disease has n be5 satisfactorily prov$4 ,a goit] may consi/ ( 7#a7 simple enl>gem5t ( ! follicles :i* are fill$ ) album9\s matt] 7follicul> goit]72 7#b7 an increase ( connective tissues betwe5 ! follicles1 caus+ ! swell+ to be d5se & resi/ant 7fibr\s goit]72 7#c7 a great increase 9 size ( "o or m follicles1 =m+ a cy/ 7cy/ic goit]72 7#d7 great dilatation ( ! blood vessels 9 ! gl& accompani$ ) pulsation ) ea* he>t beat 7vascul> goit]74 ,symptoms4--,goit] may be obs]v$ at ! side ( ! ?roat1 rea*+ ! size ( a fi/ or ev5 l>g]1 or x may hang d[n bel[ ! w9dpipe4 ,9 cattle ! two ?yroid gl&s are close toge!r1 & :5 ! disease affects bo? !re may be b "o uni=m swell+ plac$ 9 front ( ! w9dpipe bel[ ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,?is swell+ may be h>d1 s(t1 or d\ghy 9 consi/5ce1 & ) ea* beat ( ! he>t x may pulsate l an art]y4 ,x may cause labor$ brea?+ by pressure on ! w9dpipe1 & dea? may result f pressure on ?is /ructure1 on ! gullet1 or on ! adjo9+ l>ge vessels4 ,treatm5t4--,9 "y animals ! treatm5t is usually satisfactory1 & consi/s 9 giv+ ! animal a complete *ange ( fe$ & pl5ty ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air4 ,if ! condition appe>s enzootic 9 ! di/rict1 remove ! animal to ano!r location :5 possible4 ,iod91 ei!r 9 ! =m ( o9tm5t or ! t9cture1 %\ld be appli$ to ! swell+4 ,injections ( iod9 solution1 #e gra9s ( iod9 9 #a dram ( #be p] c5t alcohol1 may also be made into ! sub/ance ( ! gl&4 ,:5 ! swell+ :i* foll[s ?is injection has subsid$ x may be repeat$4 ,potassium iodid %\ld be giv5 int]nally 9 #a-a_/b dram doses twice daily = a c[1 or 9 #bj-;gra9 doses twice a day = a calf4 ,extirpation ( all b a small section ( ! swell+ may be successfully accompli%$ by a qualifi$ vet]9>ian1 b if x %\ld be entirely remov$1 myx$ema & dea? foll[4 ,,fibroma4 ,fibromas are tumors made up *iefly ( connective tissue & are usually conf9$ to ! sk9 & subcutane\s tissue4 ,indurative fibromas ( ! sk9 appe> z tumors ( gelat9\s connective tissue or z firm1 :ite vascul> connective tissue gr[?s1 :i* are m or less %>ply outl9$1 move readily ov] ! und]ly+ tissues 9 company ) ! sk91 & owe _! orig9 to me*anical injuries1 p]=at+ w\nds1 repeat$ abrasions1 or ! invasion ( pus cocci or botryomyces into ! tissues4 ,^! tumors 9 cattle are frequ5tly f\nd ^u ! dewlap z solid lumps1 h>d z /one to ! t\*1 ly+ loosely betwe5 ! lay]s ( sk91 & gradually los+ !mselves 9 ! s(t] tissues ( ! neck above1 or z smoo?1 h>d tumors ( gli/5+ :ite sub/ance ) int]lac+ l9es ( s(t] tissue4 ,!y may also be f\nd 9 ! region ( ! knee or at ! elb[4 ,! sk9 ov] ! gr[?s1 9 accordance ) ! orig9at+ cause1 w be f\nd *af$1 cov]$ ) scabs1 or ev5 ulc]at$ & accompani$ ) collat]al edema4 ,^! connective tissue tumors gr[ sl[ly b rea* enorm\s size4 ,!y sometimes foll[ injuries to ! region ( ! ?roat & =m !re z h>d1 firm gr[?1 ev5 rea*+ ! size ( a *ild's head4 ,a fibroma ^u ! l>ynx is n an infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ox4 ,^! tumors are always %>ply outl9$ & h a r\gh5$ surface4 ,!y may be diff]5tiat$ f act9omycotic tumors 7see *apt] on ,infecti\s diseases ( cattle1 p4 #ceh7 9 ! same location by _! firm1 fibr\s /ructure & by ! abs5ce ( pus f ! int]ior4 ,a tumor is sometimes se5 ^u ! muzzle ( cattle1 :i* assumes a diamet] equal+ ! wid? ( ! muzzle4 ,x is a volum9\s connective-tissue =mation kn[n by ! "n ( fibroma diffusum4 ,ano!r =m is sometimes obs]v$ ^u ! tongue4 ,x gr[s ^u a broad1 spread+ base1 becom+ v h>d4 ,x is almo/ lack+ 9 blood vessels1 al?\gh ! few t are pres5t are pla9ly 9 view1 & 9 consequ5ce is poorly suppli$ ) fluids4 ,x is ( a smoo? cont\r1 :ite or :iti% yell[ 9 color1 is %>ply limit$ f ! normal sub/ance ( ! tongue1 may be cov]$ ) muc\s membrane1 on :i* prom95t papill are locat$1 or only by a ?91 delicate lay] ( epi!lium1 & is usually f\nd 9 ! middle "p ( ! tongue1 :]e x may rea* ! size ( two fi/s4 ,p$unculate or /emm$ fibr\s tumors are frequ5tly notic$ gr[+ ^u or ne> ! extremity ( ! tails ( c[s4 ,!y are app>5tly ( traumatic orig91 su* z ty+ ! tail fa/ :ile milk+ or %av+ x too closely :ile trimm+ = %[ purposes1 & usually conta9 bloody or gelat9\s mat]ial )91 or1 aga91 !y may be /rongly edemat\s ?r\gh\t4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( l>ge fibromas is surgical & consi/s ( ! op]ative removal ( ! tumor1 foll[$ by sutur+ ( ! w\nd4 ,small ext]nal tumors may be pa9t$ ) z9c *lorid1 *romic acid1 or a conc5trat$ solution ( bi*lorid ( m]cury4 ,,papilloma 7,,w>t74 ,:5 fibromas develop f ! l9+ or cov]+ tissues !y frequ5tly =m papill>y gr[?s1 m or less ?ickly cov]$ ) epi!lium1 & are !n call$ papillomas1 or w>ts4 ,papillomas consi/ ( vill\slike projections1 result+ f a prolif]ation ( ! out] lay] 7epi!lium7 ( ! sk9 or muc\s membrane4 ,^! gr[?s are also call$ angle b]ries1 & may assume a v>iety ( =ms4 ,sometimes !re is a prepond]ance ( epid]mis 9 ! =mation1 & ! tumor !n appe>s z a h>d1 d5se1 ins5sitive1 clublike gr[?1 or w>t4 ,aga9 ! swell+ is *iefly 9 ! d]m1 or true sk91 & we h :at is kn[n z a fle% w>t 7v]ucca c>nea74 ,9 o!r cases ! gr[? ( papill> bodies projects 9 great caulifl[]like tumors ) deeply furr[$ & lobulat$ surface1 ov] :i* a cov]+ ( epid]mis may or may n be pres5t4 ,^! are usually mu* s(t] & are well suppli$ ) blood vessels4 ,x is n uncommon = !m to be p$unculate or /emm$1 & 9 ?is case consid]able rot>y motion or twi/+ is possible4 ,_! color is cl\dy gray or grayi% r$1 ) :ite b&s ( connective tissue radiat+ f ! c5t]4 ,_! consi/5ce v>ies4 ,^u _! surfaces & )9 _! clefts & fissures !y und]go retrogressive *anges1 s(t5+1 ble$+1 or ulc]ations4 ,a favorite location = ! papilloma 9 cattle is ! udd] & teats1 :]e !y may develop 9 su* numb]s z to cov] ! entire surface & make ! animal tr\blesome to milk4 ,! sides ( ! head1 neck1 & %\ld]s also af=d satisfactory conditions = _! gr[?1 & are frequ5tly se5 to be affect$ by !m4 ,treatm5t4--,w>ts may be remov$ ) ! scissors1 twi/$ (f ) ! f+]s1 or ligatur$ by means ( a rubb] b& or horsehair4 ,! roots %\ld !n be caut]iz$ ) t9cture ( iron1 glacial acetic acid1 or lun> cau/ic4 ,acids %\ld nev] be us$ 9 remov+ w>ts ab\t ! eyes or 9 ! m\?4 ,papillomas ( ! eyelids sometimes *ange to canc]s & %\ld be remov$ by tak+ out a w$ge-%ap$ section ( ! eyelid4 ,"y cattle %\ld be giv5 ars5ic int]nally 9 ! =m ( ,f[l]'s solution1 #a tablespoonful twice a day = a #f-mon?s-old calf4 ,,polyps4 ,polyps are usually fibromas or myxomas1 occurr+ on ! muc\s membrane ( ! nasal passages or g5ital tract4 ,!y gr[ ^u a n>r[ /em1 ble$ readily :5 injur$1 & (t5 conta9 a c5t] ( ?91 limpid fluid4 ,a bloody dis*>ge is sometimes se5 com+ f ! affect$ no/ril1 b ?is is n always easy ( detection 9 cattle1 ow+ to ! pliancy ( _! tongues & to _! habit ( lick+ an irritat$ no/ril4 ,usually ^! tumors gr[ d[nw>d & may project f ! no/ril1 caus+ snor+ s\nds & uneasy brea?+4 ,!y may occasionally =ce !mselves backw>d into ! ?roat1 :]e !y int]f]e s]i\sly ) respiration1 ! pati5t be+ oblig$ to brea! ) an ef=t1 & ev5 =c$ to c\gh 9 ord] to dislodge tempor>ily ! ob/ruction f ! l>ynx4 ,su* tumors1 :5 ne> ! no/ril1 may easily be remov$ by ! use ( =ceps or a loop made ( bail+ wire4 ,s]i\s ble$+ is n liable to foll[ _! removal1 b an a/r+5t wa%1 su* z a solution ( ! p]*lorid ( iron1 if appli$ to ! cut surface1 w be f\nd v b5eficial4 ,9 case ! tumor is n )9 easy rea*1 ! s]vices ( a qualifi$ vet]9>ian %\ld be obta9$ to p]=m ! necess>y op]ation4 ,,lipoma4 ,?is is a tumor consi/+ *iefly ( fat cells4 ,! gr[? is irregul>ly r\nd$ & di/9ctly lobulat$1 v s(t1 & almo/ fluctuat+4 ,x is ins5sitive1 gr[s sl[ly1 & is always inclos$ 9 a di/9ct fibr\s capsule1 f :i* x c be easily %ell$ out4 ,x may become v l>ge & (t5 hangs p5dul\s f a long1 ela/ic p$icle4 ,9 cattle ?is tumor may be f\nd 9 ! subcutane\s tissues1 especially ( ! back & %\ld]s1 ut]us1 & inte/9es1 & 9 ! latt] position x may cause /rangulation1 or gut tie1 by w9d+ ar\nd a loop ( ! inte/9e4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 f\nd on ! sk9 ! tumor may be readily remov$ ) a knife or by a ligature4 ,cau/ics & ! caut]y produce w\nds t heal sl[ly & c n be recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is tumor4 ,,*ondroma4 ,?is tumor =mation is compos$ ( c>tilage cells4 ,x is a r\nd$ & v (t5 unev5ly nodul> & %>ply describ$ tumor4 ,x is v h>d1 d5se1 ela/ic1 & pa9less & develops pr9cipally :]e we f9d normal c>tilage cells4 ,x is r>e 9 cattle1 b has be5 f\nd 9 ! subcutane\s tissues & nasal cavities4 ,treatm5t4--,extirpation4 ,,o/eoma 7,,bony ,,tumor74 ,bones may occasionally gr[ 9 su* a pr(use & irregul> mann] t ! product1 or o/eophyte1 assumes ! "* ( a tumor4 ,! bone tissue may possess ei!r spongy or compact prop]ties & gr[ ei!r f ! p]iph]y ( ! bone or )9 its int]ior4 ,^! tumors mo/ frequ5tly appe> ab\t ! head ( ! animal1 ei!r ^u ! jawbones1 )9 ! nasal passages1 or 9 connection ) ! horns4 ,!y are usually ( bony h>dness1 pa9less1 b5ign1 & %>ply outl9$4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t consi/s 9 ei!r remov+ !m ) a saw1 *isel1 or treph9e1 or prev5t+ _! fur!r developm5t by c\nt]irritation ) bli/]s or fir+ iron4 ,,myxoma4 ,*>act]i/ic myxomas are mucoid tumors :i* *iefly orig9ate f ! muc\s membrane & are especially to be f\nd )9 ! nasal passages & ut]i ( cattle4 ,!y c rea* a size ( ?ree fi/s1 are smoo? or velvetlike1 or may be lobulat$1 broad at ! base1 & consi/ ( a glassy-look+ mass ( connective tissue1 :i* usually %[s a di/9ctive yell[i% color4 ,be+ homog5e\s & ela/ic1 ! moi/1 jellylike tissue compos+ ! tumor may be easily de/roy$ or cru%$4 ,:5 cut ?r\gh1 ^! tumors soon collapse f ! loss ( _! fluids4 ,!y sometimes inclose elliptical cavities fill$ ) slimy1 gelat9\s masses4 ,treatm5t4--,extirpation4 ,,s>coma4 ,?is is a malignant tumor aft] ! type ( embryonal tissue1 & consi/s ( sev]al v>ieties1 su* z ! r\nd cell1 sp9dle cell1 giant cell1 alveol>1 & melanos>coma4 ,!y gr[ by pref]5ce 9 connective tissue & are q vascul>4 ,s>comas appe> ei!r z s+le or multiple nodules1 v>y+ 9 size f a hempse$ to a hazelnut1 or else z a mod]ate numb] ( tumors ( ! size ( h5 eggs4 ,_! surface1 at fir/ smoo?1 lat] becomes lumpy & tub]\s f int]nal deg5]ation4 ,second>y nodules may appe> ne> ! prim>y tumor4 ,! out] sk9 is n involv$ s soon z 9 canc]1 nor does ulc]ation foll[ s rapidly4 ,s>coma is ab\t ! mo/ frequ5t & dang]\s tumor t is f\nd 9 cattle4 ,x occurs 9 "y animals1 & is f\nd on ! s]\s membranes1 9 ! gl&ul> organs1 & on ! out] sk91 especially ( ! neck & %\ld]s--9 fact1 9 ne>ly e tissue & 9 almo/ e "p ( ! body4 ,?is tumor is (t5 f\nd 9 places expos$ to traumatisms & at seats ( sc>s1 or ( irritations f pressure & inflammation4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t %\ld consi/ 9 e>ly & complete removal by ! knife1 includ+ "o-half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( ! s\nd tissue adjo9+ ! tumor4 ,if !re is a possibility t s>comat\s tissue /ill rema9s1 ei!r caut]ize ! w\nd ) a hot iron or p[d] ! walls ( ! cavity ) ars5i\s acid4 ,,canc] 7,,c>c9oma74 ,canc]s are tumors ( epi!lial tissues & are malignant4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( canc]s1 su* z h>d1 s(t1 & colloid1 b only ^? gr[+ on ! surface w be m5tion$ "h4 ,^! malignant tumors ( ! sup]ficial organs develop prim>ily f ! epid]mis or f ! gl&s ( ! sk94 ,!y appe> second>ily z spread+ infections f milk gl&s1 ?yroids1 anal gl&s1 or z embolisms4 ,9 su* cases _! sole "* dep5ds :olly ^u ! k9d ( canc] f :i* !y h sprung4 ,! infiltrat+ canc] beg9s z an elevation ( ! sk91 :i* progresses until x becomes r\gh & nodul>4 ,! surface lat] becomes attack$1 & an ulc] results ^: edges are outl9$ by a h>d1 firm zone4 ,! ulc]ations may rema9 limit$ by cicatricial tissue1 b x is m likely t ! infiltration & de/ruction ( tissue w spread out wid] & deep] until a rod5t ulc] 7s call$7 is =m$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t sites ( canc] 9 cattle is 9 ! eye1 :]e !y are call$ fungus hematodes1 b !y also occur on ! sk91 on ! g5itals1 9 ! /oma*1 & )9 ! organs4 ,fungus hematodes4--,?is />ts at ! inn] corn] ( ! eye z a papill>y elevation or z small nodules :i* become fus$4 ,!y gr[ l>g] & become papillomat\s1 ) sup]ficial ulc]ations & a t5d5cy t[>d hemorrhage4 ,9 "s cases ! eye is displac$ by ! gr[+ tumor or is attack$ by ! canc] cells & entirely de/roy$4 ,canc]\s gr[?s ^u ! ext]nal g5itals & ! anus usually pres5t a r\gh1 irregul> surface f :i* !re is a con/ant sl\gh+ ( decompos$ tissue accompani$ ) a p5etrat+ disagreeable odor4 ,! diagnosis ( canc] may be made cl9ically by not+ ! simultane\s infection ( ! lymph gl&s :i* surr\nd ! prim>y lesion4 ,deeply burr[+ & infiltrat+ =ms :i* appe> z lumps & ulc]ations cause m>k$ disfiguration ( ! affect$ "p4 ,! surface becomes a s(t1 greasy mass2 lat] x cracks op5 & f ! fissures blood-color$ pus exudes1 be+ cont9ually =m$ by ! moi/ deg5]ation ( ! tissues b5ea?4 ,at fir/ ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal does n appe> affect$1 b lat] ! canc] nodules spread to important organs & give rise to m>asmus & progressive emaciation4 ,canc] is n a frequ5t tumor ( c[s4 ,frhn] /ates t ( #ge cases ( tumors 9 cattle :i* came "u 8 obs]vation #b1 or #b4f p] c5t1 7 f\nd to be canc]s1 :ile #bj1 or #bf4f p] c5t1 7 s>comas4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 ! e>ly & complete removal ( ! tumor1 tak+ c>e to include a wide bord] ( heal?y tissue4 ,?is has be5 mo/ successful 9 su* sup]ficial canc]s z ^? ( ! eye1 p5is1 anus1 te/icle1 vulva1 & %ea?4 ,if ! disease has advanc$ too f>1 ?is treatm5t may n prove efficaci\s1 ow+ to ! great malignancy ( ! canc] & its t5d5cy to recur4 ,9 su* cases ! animal may be slaught]$1 b ! fle% %\ld be us$ = food only aft] inspection by a compet5t vet]9>ian4 ,,cy/s4 ,cy/s may be true or false tumors & consi/ ( a capsule conta9+ a fluid or semisolid cont5t4 ,among ! mo/ important cy/s1 :i* h be5 briefly ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s table1 ! foll[+ are probably ! mo/ notewor?y1 ow+ to ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are f\nd 9 bov9es3 ,,s(t5+ ,,cy/s4 ,s(t5+ cy/s1 :i* result f ! deg5]ative liquefaction ( normal or diseas$ tissues1 especially ( tumors ( diff]5t k9ds1 foll[$ by ! encapsulation ( ! fluid4 ,,p>asitic ,,cy/s4 ,p>asitic or =eign-body cy/s1 f ! inflammatory reaction induc$ by su* p>asites z ! e*9ococcus 7hydatid cy/7 or by ! pres5ce ( v>i\s k9ds ( =eign bodies4 ,,extravasation ,,cy/s4 ,extravasation cy/s1 caus$ by injuries :i* rupture blood vessels1 foll[$ by an increase ( fibr\s tissue :i* =ms a capsule ab\t ! fluid4 ,! hygromata 9 front ( ! knee 9 cattle1 s-call$ tumor ( ! knee1 & s]\s cy/s belong to ?is v>iety4 ,,hygromata1 ,,or ,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,knee4--,^! consi/ 9 ! simple/ =m ( a collection ( s]\s fluid mix$ ) fibr9 )9 a di/5d$ bursa4 ,! walls surr\nd+ ! fluid become firm1 smoo?1 & d5se4 ,outw>dly ! tumor appe>s fluctuat+1 ?\gh t5se1 :ile ! sk9 :i* cov]s x may be normal1 d5ud$ ( hair1 or cov]$ ) h>d epid]mal scales1 possibly half an in* 9 ?ickness1 =m+ a h>d1 horny plate4 ,! cavity :i* conta9s ! fluid may h ! dim5sions ( a h5's egg1 an apple1 or a *ild's head4 ,its walls are =m$ by ! diseas$ secret+ membrane ( ! bursal sac1 & are readily deta*able f ! subcutis ( ! sk94 ,_! int]nal surfaces are (t5 unev5 or suppli$ ) projections or tuft$ gr[?s :i* support a fibr\s network )9 ! tumor4 ,tumors ( ! knee may also assume a granul> type1 z ! result ( *ronic inflammation or foll[+ op]ative or spontane\s evacuation ( pus f ! "p4 ,!y are ei!r firmly connect$ ) ! sk9 or are deta*able f x1 & :5 laid op5 disclose a :iti%-r$1 porklike tissue surr\nd+ a c5tral nucleus ( pus1 or a fi/ul\s tract lead+ to ! out] surface4 ,!y are caus$ by ! *ronic inflammation :i* foll[s ! bruises receiv$ by cattle 9 ly+ d[n & 9 ris+1 or !y may be due to falls on unev51 h>d gr\nd4 ,treatm5t = hygromata4--,:5 ! swell+ fir/ appe>s cold wat] %\ld be appli$1 foll[$ lat] by b&ag+ ) clo?s wrung out ( w>m wat]4 ,if ! swell+ is s(t1 x %\ld be punctur$ at ! l[e/ po9t1 & aft]w>ds ! cavity %\ld be syr+$ ) ,lugol's solution4 ,if ! tumor is h>d & nonfluctuat+1 a m]curial bli/] may cause absorption & at ! same "t prev5t fur!r injury to ! "p by mak+ x m pa9ful1 ?us sp>+ x4 ,,s]\s ,,cy/s4--,^! swell+s are ano!r v>iety ( extravasation cy/s1 & are caus$ by su* injuries z butt+1 runn+ aga9/ h>d objects1 & %ipp+ bruises1 :i* are foll[$ by an outp\r+ ( blood & lymph into ! tissue spaces4 ,^! cy/s develop rapidly & may rea* ! size ( a man's head or ev5 l>g]4 ,!y are s(t1 edemat\s1 & hot at fir/ & conta9 a s]\s or blood-t+$ fluid4 ,lat]1 p>tially organiz$ clots & %r$s ( a fibr9\s nature & ( a gelat9\s consi/5ce are =m$ )91 & ! temp]ature ( ! swell+ is r$uc$4 ,!y appe> on ! surface ( ! body1 especially on ! belly & flank ( cattle4 ,treatm5t ( s]\s cy/s4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 op5+ ! cy/ at ! mo/ dep5d5t po9t ) a %>p knife4 ,! cavity %\ld be wa%$ out twice daily ) a #e p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid1 & dra9age enc\rag$ by keep+ ! incision op54 ,,d]moid ,,cy/s4 ,^! cy/s h a wall :i* is almo/ an exact duplicate ( ! /ructure ( ! sk91 & frequ5tly conta9 epid]mal /ructures1 su* z hair & tee?1 :i*1 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 h be5 misplac$4 ,?us we may f9d 9 an ov>y or te/icle a d]moid cy/1 conta9+ a too? or a ball ( hair4 ,d5tal cy/s are includ$ 9 ! class above4 ,,d5tal ,,cy/s4--,x happ5s occasionally t ! tee? ( cattle1 in/ead ( develop+ normally )9 /rong support+ alveol1 rema9 inclos$ )9 a cy/ic membrane1 :i* assumes a tumorlike "*4 ,"o too? may be includ$ alone 9 ! cy/ or a numb] may be inclos$ toge!r4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! mal=mation progresses1 especially if conf9$ to ! incisor tee?1 until ! rema9+ tee? t began to develop normally are cr[d$ out ( position & r5d]$ useless4 ,! tumor may rea* ! size ( a man's fi/4 ,x appe>s to be fle%y & d5ts ^u pressure1 b x may also appe> on clos] exam9ation z ?\gh x conta9$ irregul> sections ( ?9 bone4 ,! out] surface is always smoo?1 & no indication ( purul5ce1 s(t5+1 or scab =mation is ev] exhibit$4 ,^u be+ laid op5 ) ! knife ! tumor is se5 to be surr\nd$ by a firm1 smoo? membrane :i* limits x completely f ! adjo9+ tissues4 ,x is fill$ ) mat]ial :i* possesses p>tly edemat\s1 p>tly fle%y1 & p>tly bony prop]ties4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is mass is compos$ ( rudim5ts ( ! jawbone or ( ! alveol> walls :i*1 becom+ spongy1 lose !mselves 9 ! s(t1 fle%y mass conta9$ )9 ! capsule ( ! tumor4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ! tumor is holl[ & t ! cavity ext5ds back into ! body ( ! l[] jaw = a consid]able di/ance4 ,tumors ( ?is k9d1 be+ ( cong5ital orig91 are v naturally obs]v$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 "y cattle1 b !y may cont9ue to exp& = a p]iod ( sev]al mon?s aft] ! bir? ( ! calf1 ev5 until !y become tr\blesome & unsightly4 ,treatm5t = d5tal cy/s4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 ! complete extirpation ( ! cy/ & ! de/ruction ( ! l9+ p\* by curett+4 ,,ret5tion ,,cy/s4 ,ret5tion cy/s arise f ! ret5tion ( normal secretions1 ow+ to ob/ruction ( a duct lead+ f a gl&4 ,! muc\s cy/s f\nd 9 ! m\?1 udd]1 & ve/ibule ( c[s are samples ( ?is =m4 ,,muc\s ,,cy/s4--,saclike dep5d5t tumors1 caus$ by ret5tion ( ! secretions f ! muc\s gl&s1 sometimes develop 9 ! m\?1 nose1 ph>ynx1 & vulva ( cattle4 ,!y are call$ muc\s cy/s4 ,^! are ( sizes v>y+ f peas to pigeon eggs1 are r\ndi% & transluc5t1 & surr\nd$ by a delicate1 vascul> membrane4 ,!y conta9 a siruplike sub/ance m or less ?ick & transp>5t & :iti% yell[ 9 color4 ,treatm5t consi/s 9 ! punctur+ ( ! swell+1 if accessible1 & ! de/ruction ( ! cy/ walls by ! injection ( ,lugol's solution4 ,,prolif]ation ,,cy/s4 ,^! are f\nd especially 9 ! ov>ies ( c[s1 call$ cy/ic ov>ies1 & may produce nymphomania 7*ronic bull+74 ,! treatm5t indicat$ 9 ?is case is ! removal ( ! diseas$ ov>ies4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! t]m tumor lit]ally means a swell+1 & ?us has be5 appli$ to ! prom95ce caus$ by an ov]di/5d$ bladd]1 to ! enl>gem5t ( pregnancy1 to ! swell+ produc$ by an abscess1 to ! ov]gr[? ( tissue 7hyp]plasia7 associat$ ) injury & consequ5t inflammation1 & to num]\s o!r phases ( tissue enl>gem5t directly connect$ ) recogniz$ disease processes4 ,= ?is reason x is becom+ m common = sci5ti/s to apply ! ^w neoplasm to ! new gr[?s describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,because ( ! /ill popul> use ( ! ^w tumor1 x is reta9$ 9 ?is *apt] = ! designation ( ^? new gr[?s to :i* ! sev5fold *>act]ization ( our descriptive def9ition applies4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[]1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,g5]al ,,discussion4 ,! sk9 consi/s ( two p>ts--a sup]ficial lay]1 ! epid]mis1 or cuticle1 & ! deep1 or true1 sk91 ! d]mis1 cutis v]a1 or corium4 ,! epid]mis1 cuticle1 or sc>f sk91 is an epi!lial /ructure1 =m+ a protective cov]+ to ! corium4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ickness1 is q ins5sible & nonvascul>1 & consi/s ( a %eet ( cells4 ,! epid]mis is divid$ into a firm & transp>5t sup]ficial & a deep1 s(t lay]4 ,! latt] is ! rete mucosum1 ^: cells conta9 ! pigm5t :i* gives color to ! sk94 ,! deep surface ( ! epid]mis is accurately mold$ on ! papill>y lay] ( ! true sk91 &1 :5 remov$ by mac]ation1 pres5ts depressions :i* correspond to ! elevations on ! d]mis4 ,f ! cuticle tubul> prolongations pass into ! sebace\s & sudorific gl&s2 ?us ! entire surface ( ! body is inclos$ by ! cuticle4 ,! d]mis1 or true sk91 is vascul> & highly s5sitive1 conta9+ ! tactile ends ( ! n]ves ( t\*4 ,x is cov]$ by epid]mis & atta*$ to ! und]ly+ p>ts by a lay] ( areol> tissue1 :i* usually conta9s fat4 ,! cutis consi/s ( a fibro-areol> tissue & vessels ( supply4 ,x is divid$ into two lay]s1 ! deep1 or true1 corium & ! upp]1 or papill>y4 ,! corium consi/s ( /rong int]lac+ fibr\s b&s1 *iefly :ite2 its me%es are l>g] & m op5 t[>d ! atta*$ surface1 giv+ lodgm5t to ! sweat gl&s & fat4 ,! papill>y1 or sup]ficial1 lay] is =m$ ( a s]ies ( small conical em95ces or papill1 :i* are highly s5sitive1 & consi/s ( a homog5\s1 transp>5t tissue4 ,! blood vessels =m d5se capill>y plexuses 9 ! corium1 t]m9at+ by loops 9 ! papill4 ,! papill>y n]ves run 9 a wav+ mann]1 usually t]m9at+ 9 loops4 ,hair is an app5dage ( ! sk9 & =ms its ext]nal cov]+4 ,x is a special modification ( epid]mis1 hav+ ! same ess5tial /ructure1 & consi/s ( a root1 %aft1 & po9t4 ,! root has a bulb\s extremity1 is light] & s(t] ?an ! /em1 & is lodg$ 9 a recess or hair follicle1 :i* may ei!r be 9 ! corium or subcutane\s areol4 ,! follicle is dilat$ at ! bottom to correspond to ! root bulb1 & ! ducts ( "o or m sebace\s gl&s op5 into x4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* follicle is a conical1 vascul> papilla1 simil> 9 e respect to ^? on ! surface ( ! d]mis2 ?is papilla fits into a correspond+ depression 9 ! root ( ! hair4 ,! %aft consi/s ( a c5t]1 or m$ulla1 a surr\nd+ fibr\s portion1 & an ext]nal coat+1 or cortex4 ,! m$ulla consi/s ( cells conta9+ pigm5t or fat1 is opaque1 & deeply color$4 ,all k9ds ( hair d n h ?is m$ulla4 ,! fibr\s portion occupies ! bulk ( ! /em1 & ! cortex is m]ely a s+le lay] ( ?91 flat1 imbricat$ 7%+lelike7 scales4 ,! sebace\s gl&s1 lodg$ 9 ! corium1 are mo/ abundant 9 p>ts expos$ to friction4 ,!y g5]ally op5 into ! hair follicles1 occasionally on ! surface ( ! body4 ,ea* gl& consi/s ( a small duct :i* t]m9ates 9 a lobulat$ recess4 ,^! lobules v>y1 & are1 z is ! duct1 l9$ ) epi!lium4 ,!y are fill$ ) sebace\s matt] :i*1 z x is secret$1 is deta*$ into ! sacs4 ,!y are v pl5tiful betwe5 ! claws ( cattle4 ,! sudorific gl&s1 or sweat gl&s1 are situat$ 9 ! subcutane\s areol> tissue1 surr\nd$ by a quantity ( fat4 ,!y are small1 r\nd1 r$di% bodies1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( "o or m f9e tubes coil$ into a ball1 ! free end ( ! tube be+ cont9u$ up ?r\gh ! true sk9 & cuticle1 & op5+ on ! surface4 ,ea* sweat gl& is suppli$ ) a clu/] ( capill>y blood vessels :i* v>y 9 size1 be+ v l>ge :5 p]spiration is excessive4 ,! cont5ts ( ! small] ones are fluid1 & ( ! l>g]1 semifluid4 ,! sk9 may be reg>d$ z an organ supplem5t>y 9 its action to ! lungs & kidneys1 s9ce by its secretion x is capable ( remov+ a consid]able quantity ( wat] f ! blood2 x also removes small quantities ( c>bon dioxid1 salts1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances dur+ suppression ( ! r5al secretions a small quantity ( urea4 ,! sk9 is also ! *ief organ = ! regulation ( animal heat1 by or ?r\gh conduction1 radiation1 & evaporation ( wat]1 p]mitt+ ( loss ( heat1 :ile x also1 ?r\gh o!r me*anisms1 is able to regulate ! heat lo/4 ,! hair furni%es protection aga9/ extreme & sudd5 v>iations ( temp]ature by reason ( ! fact t hairs are poor conductors ( heat1 & inclose betwe5 !m a /ill lay] ( air1 itself a nonconductor4 ,! hairs are also furni%$ ) an app>atus by :i* ! loss ( heat may be regulat$2 ?us1 9 cold wea!r1 ?r\gh ! contraction ( un/rip$ muscul> fib]s ( ! sk91 ! hairs become erect & ! ext]nal coat becomes ?ick]4 ,cold1 too1 acts z a /imulus to ! gr[? ( hair1 & we f9d1 9 consequ5ce1 a ?ick] coat 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,! hairs also furni% protection aga9/ wet1 z !y are always m or less oily f ! secretion ( sebace\s gl&s1 & ?us %$ wat]4 ,?r\gh _! ela/icity !y furni% me*anical protection1 & ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! coat1 to a c]ta9 degree1 resi/ ! attacks ( insects4 ,f9ally1 ! hairs assi/ ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! sweat gl&s are con/antly dis*>g+ a wat]y secretion 9 ! =m ( ins5sible p]spiration1 & by _! influ5ce act z regulators ( ! temp]ature ( ! body2 h5ce1 9 w>m wea!r1 ! secretion ( ! sk9 is increas$1 :i* t5ds to prev5t ov]heat+4 ,sweat+1 9 addition to regulat+ heat1 is also an active ag5t 9 remov+ effete mat]ial f ! blood2 !re=e ?is secretion c n be *eck$ )\t dang]4 ,if ! sk9 is cov]$ ) an imp]meable coat+ ( grease or t>1 dea? results f blood poison+1 ow+ to ! ret5tion ( mat]ials de/9$ to be excret$ by ! sk94 ,all secretion p\r$ out by ! sk9 is n only modifi$ by ! condition ( ! atmosph]e b also by ! "* & quantity ( ! food1 by ! am\nt ( ex]cise1 & especially by ! quantity ( fluid tak54 ,! sebace\s secretion is int5d$ to lubricate ! sk9 & hairs4 ,x consi/s ( s(t1 fatty mat]ial susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & is *>act]iz$ by an odor peculi> to ! animal by :i* x is secret$4 ,i w n attempt to classify ! v>i\s diseases ( ! sk91 = 9 a "w ( ?is k9d x w\ld s]ve only to confuse ! read]4 ,we %all fir/ consid] a class ( diseases :i* are ( an inflammatory type2 next1 ^? caus$ by faulty secretion & abnormal gr[?2 !n1 diseases ( p>asitic orig92 la/ly1 local injuries ( ! sk94 ,,pruritis 7,,it*+74 ,we %all consid] pruritis fir/ z a di/9ct subject4 ,x is n a disease1 only a s5sation1 & !re=e a symptom4 ,x is "o ( ! symptoms accompany+ ! majority ( ! diseases :i* we w consid] 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is1 !n1 a functional affection produc$ by slight irritation f )\t or by an int]nal cause act+ ^u ! s5sory n]ves ( ! sk94 ,no?+ *>act]i/ic is se5 except ! second>y lesions1 produc$ me*anically by scrat*+ or rubb+4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( it*+1 ! result ( specific sk9 diseases1 :]e ! pruritis is a second>y symptom4 ,9 su* cases x %\ld n be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t affection4 ,causes4--,_m causes may induce ! condition :i* we recognize "h z pruritis4 ,! mo/ common "o is dirt on ! sk91 result+ f insuffici5t c>e4 ,if ! ceil+ ( ! /able is op51 s t du/ & /raw may fall1 ! sk9 is irritat$ & pruritis results4 ,x also occurs 9 "s =ms ( indige/ion4 ,! p>ts ( ! body mo/ expos$ to ?is condition are ! cr\p1 ! back1 ! top ( ! neck1 & ! root ( ! tail4 ,ano!r cause is f\nd 9 affections ( ! liv] & ( ! kidneys1 :5 an increase ( effete mat]ial has to be ?r[n (f by ! sk94 ,morbid mat]ials circulat+ 9 ! blood may produce a tickl+ or sm>t+ s5sation ( ! sk9 9 _! passage f ! blood to ! free surface ( ! sk94 ,c]ta9 irritat+ sub/ances :5 eat5 may be excret$ by ! sk91 & com+ ?us 9 direct contact ) ! s5sory n]ves produce it*+1 or may g fur!r & cause di/9ct inflammation ( ! sk94 ,9 ano!r class ( cases ! pruritis may be ascribable to an atrophy1 contraction1 or h>d5+ ( ! sk91 :5 ! n]ves become irritat$ by ! pressure4 ,^! conditions may be s slightly m>k$ 9 a ?ick sk9 l t ( ! ox t !y c n be recogniz$4 ,x is frequ5tly notic$ t cattle rub !mselves z soon z !y pass f ! /able into ! op5 air--*ang+ f a w>m to a cold atmosph]e4 ,aga91 we may f9d "o t does all its rubb+ 9 ! /all4 ,we may look = lice1 b fail to f9d !m4 ,^! conditions are g5]ally attributable to high fe$+ & to too close conf9em5t4 ,!y may be associat$ ) inflammatory irritation or n2 c]ta9ly we fail to discov] any morbid *anges 9 ! sk94 ,!re is to "s ext5t a delightful s5sation produc$ by rubb+1 & x may p>tly become a habit ( pleasure4 ,treatm5t4--,we mu/ place our *ief reliance ^u a *ange ( food1 pl5ty ( ex]cise1 & 9 mo/ cases ! adm9i/ration ( an active ca?>tic--#a to #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,epsom salt1 a h&ful ( common salt1 a tablespoonful ( g+] or pepp]1 mix$ ) #b qu>ts ( wat]1 all ( :i* is to be giv5 at "o dose4 ,aft]w>ds half an ounce ( hyposulphite ( soda mix$ ) ! fe$ may be giv5 twice a day = a week4 ,= an ext]nal application1 :5 ! sk9 is abrad$ or ?ick5$ f rubb+1 a solution ( borax1 #d ounces to ! qu>t ( wat]1 may be us$4 ,c>bolic acid1 #a_/b ounce to a qu>t ( wat]1 w give relief 9 "s cases4 ,,inflammatory ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,,ery!ma4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m ( inflammation ( ! sk94 ,x consi/s ( an increas$ r$ness1 :i* may occur 9 pat*es or involve consid]able surface4 ,! r$ coloration disappe>s :5 press$ by ! f+]1 b soon returns aft] ! pressure is remov$4 ,!re is seldom mu* swell+ ( ! affect$ "p1 ?\gh (t5 !re is a glut9\s dis*>ge :i* dries & mats ! hair or =ms a ?9 scale ^u ! sk94 ,9 simple ery!ma ! epid]mis alone is affect$2 :5 x becomes *ronic1 fissures =m & ext5d into ! corium1 or true sk94 ,causes4--,simple ery!ma1 consi/+ ( an inflammatory irritation1 is se5 9 v "y calves1 9 :i* ! navels leak4 ,! dis*>ge be+ ur9e1 x causes an irritation ( ! surr\nd+ sk94 ,*af+1 :i* is ano!r =m ( ery!ma1 is occasionally se5 on ! udd]s ( c[s f rubb+ by ! legs2 *af+ betwe5 ! legs is n uncommon among fat /e]s4 ,*ronic ery!ma is f\nd 9 ! =m ( *app$ teats ( c[s & *app$ lips 9 suck+ calves4 ,x frequ5tly occurs 9 c[s :5 !y are turn$ out 9 w9t] directly aft] milk+1 & 9 o!rs f *af+ by ! suck+ calf4 ,"s c[s are peculi>ly subject to sore teats4 ,! fissures :5 neglect$ 9 ! e>ly /age ( =mation become deep1 v pa9ful1 (t5 ble$+ at ! slighte/ t\*1 & :5 milk$ 9 t condition cause ! animal to become a kick]4 ,occasionally ! l[] portions ( ! legs become irritat$ & *app$ :5 cattle are f$ 9 a muddy or wet y>d 9 w9t]1 or if !y are compell$ to wade ?r\gh wat] 9 fro/y wea!r4 ,ano!r =m ( ery!ma occurs 9 "y cattle highly f$ & closely /abl$ = a long w9t]4 ,! ery!ma appe>s 9 pat*es1 & z x is mo/ common ne> ! end ( ! w9t] x is kn[n z ! spr+ eruption or spr+ it*4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ord9>y cases ( ery!ma ! removal ( ! cause & ! application ( b5zoat$ oxid ( z9c o9tm5t1 c>boliz$ cosmol9e1 or i*?yol o9tm5t appli$ a few times1 w re/ore ! sk9 to a heal?y condition4 ,:5 !re are fissures ! z9c o9tm5t is ! be/4 ,if at ! teats1 a milk siphon 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #d7 %\ld be us$ in/ead ( milk+ by h&1 & ! calf1 if "o is suckl$1 %\ld be tak5 away4 ,! calf %\ld be f$ by h& if its m\? is affect$4 ,:5 ! legs are irritat$ or *app$1 dry /abl+ = a few days & ! application ( t> o9tm5t w soon heal !m4 ,,urtic>ia 7,,nettle ,,ra%1 ,,or ,,surfeit74 ,?is is a mild1 inflammatory affection ( ! sk91 *>act]iz$ by sudd5 developm5t ( pat*es ( v>i\s sizes1 f t ( a nickel to "o z l>ge z ! h&4 ,! pat*es ( rais$ sk9 are m>k$ by an abrupt bord] & are irregul> 9 =m4 ,all ! swell+ may disappe> 9 a few h\rs1 or x may g away 9 "o place & reappe> on ano!r "p ( ! body4 ,x is always accompani$ ) a great desire to rub ! affect$ "p4 ,9 its simple/ type1 z j describ$1 x is nev] foll[$ by any s]\s exudation or eruptions1 unless ! surface ( ! sk9 becomes abrad$ f scrat*+ or rubb+4 ,causes4--,dige/ive d]angem5ts caus$ by ov]load+ ! /oma* :5 ! animal is turn$ out to graze 9 ! spr+1 c]ta9 fe$ con/itu5ts1 high fe$+ ( fatt5+ /ock1 functional d]angem5t ( ! kidneys1 sp9al & o!r n]v\s affections1 are ! mo/ common s\rces ( nettle ra%4 ,! disease consi/s 9 p>alysis ( ! n]ve ends t control ! volume ( ! capill>y vessels 9 c]ta9 areas ( sk91 ?us p]mitt+ ! vessels to exp&1 _! cont5ts 9 "p to exude1 & ?us produce a s(t1 circumscrib$ swell+4 ,treatm5t4--,adm9i/] a full dose ( ,epsom salt4 ,give s(t1 easily dige/$ fe$1 & wa% ! affect$ p>ts ) a solution ( bic>bonate ( soda 7common bak+ soda71 #h ounces to ! gallon ( wat] twice a day1 or dilut$ glyc]9 may be appli$ to ! sk94 ,if x assumes a p]si/5t t5d5cy1 give a tablespoonful ( ! foll[+ p[d] 9 ! fe$ ?ree times a day3 ,cream ( t>t>1 sulphur1 & nitrate ( potassium1 equal p>ts by weight2 mix4 ,,eczema4 ,eczema is a noncontagi\s inflammation ( ! sk91 *>act]iz$ by any or all ( ! results ( inflammation at once or 9 succession1 su* z ery!ma1 vesicles1 or pu/ules1 accompani$ ) m or less infiltration & it*+1 t]m9at+ 9 a wat]y dis*>ge1 ) ! =mation ( cru/s or 9 scal+ (f4 ,! disease may run an acute c\rse & !n disappe>1 or x may become *ronic2 !re=e two v>ieties are recogniz$1 vesicul> 7or pu/ul>7 & *ronic eczema4 ,causes4--,eczema is n s common among cattle z 9 horses & 9 dogs1 9 :i* x is ! mo/ common ( all sk9 diseases4 ,among cattle x is occasionally obs]v$ "u sy/ems ( bad hygi5e1 fil?9ess1 l\s9ess1 ov]cr[d+1 ov]fe$+1 excessively damp or too w>m /ables4 ,x is f\nd to develop n[ & !n 9 cattle t are f$ ^u s\r sub/ances1 di/ill]y swill1 h\se or g>d5 g>bage1 etc4 ,localiz$ eczema may be caus$ by irritant sub/ances appli$ to ! sk9--turp5t9e1 ammonia1 ! ess5tial oils1 mu/>d1 ,spani%-fly o9tm5t1 etc4 ,occasionally an eruption ) vesiculation ( ! sk9 has be5 induc$ by ! excessive use ( m]curial prep>ations = ! de/ruction ( lice4 ,x is evid5t t eczema may arise f local irritation to ! sk9 or f an auto9toxication4 ,cattle f$ on ! refuse f potato-/>* factories develop a mo/ ob/9ate & widespread eczema1 beg9n+ on ! legs4 ,symptoms4--,9 accordance ) ! v>iety ( symptoms dur+ ! progress ( ! disease we may divide x into diff]5t /ages or p]iods3 7#a7 ,swell+ & increas$ heat ( ! sk92 ! =mation ( vesicles1 :i* are circumscrib$1 r\nd$ elevations ( ! epid]mis1 v>y+ 9 size f a p9head to a split pea1 conta9+ a cle>1 wat]y fluid2 7#b7 exudation ( a wat]y1 glut9\s fluid1 =mation ( cru/s1 & sometimes suppuration1 or ! =mation ( vesicles conta9+ pus 7pu/ules72 7#c7 scal+ (f 7desquamation71 ) r$ness1 & ?ick5+ ( ! sk94 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ! disease ! animal comm5ces to rub ! affect$ p>ts2 h5ce ! v>i\s /ages may n always be easily recogniz$1 z ! rubb+ produces m or less abrasion1 ?us leav+ ! sk9 raw-- sometimes ble$+4 ,nei!r d ^! symptoms always occur 9 regul> succession1 = 9 "s cases ! exudation is mo/ prom95t1 be+ v pr(use1 & s]ve to spread ! disord] ov] a l>ge surface4 ,9 o!r cases ! =mation ( incru/ations1 or rawness ( ! sk91 is ! mo/ /rik+ feature4 ,! disease may be limit$ to c]ta9 small areas1 or x may be diffus$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! body2 ! vesicles1 or pu/ules1 may be scatt]$ 9 small clu/]s1 or a l>ge numb] run toge!r4 ,! *ronic =m is really only a prolongation ( ! disease1 successive crops ( pu/ules appe>+ on v>i\s portions ( ! body1 frequ5tly invad+ fre% sections ( ! sk91 :ile ! old] surfaces =m scabs1 or cru/s1 ^u ! raw1 indurat$ sk94 ,9 old1 /&+ cases ! sk9 breaks1 =m+ fissures1 especially on portions ( ! body t b5d--! neck & limbs4 ,?us ! disease may be prolong$ indef9itely4 ,:5 eczema rea*es its late/ p]iod1 ei!r acute or *ronic1 desquamation ( ! affect$ p>ts is ! mo/ prom95t feature4 ,! =mation & %$d+ ( ^! successive crops ( scales con/itute ! "* ( ! disease frequ5tly d5om9at$ psoriasis4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( eczema is (t5 any?+ b a pleasant task4 ,!re is no "o me?od ( treatm5t :i* always proves successful1 no matt] h[ e>ly x is begun or h[ small an area is involv$4 ,we mu/ endeavor to remove ! cause by giv+ att5tion to ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal & to its environm5t4 ,fe$+ %\ld be mod]ate 9 quantity & n too /imulat+ 9 "*--gre5 fe$1 bran ma%es1 gr\nd oats1 clean hay1 pl5ty ( salt4 ,if ! animal has be5 f$ too high1 give an active purgative--,epsom salt pref]r$--once a week1 if necess>y1 & half an ounce ( acetate or nitrate ( potassium may be giv5 9 ! fe$ twice a day4 ,if ! animal is 9 poor condition & debilitat$1 give a tablespoonful ( ! foll[+ mixture 9 fe$ twice a day3 ,p[d]$ copp]as1 g5tian1 sulphur1 & sassafras b>k1 equal p>ts by weight4 ,if ! animal is l\sy1 ! p>asite mu/ be de/roy$ be=e ! eczema c be cur$4 ,! ext]nal treatm5t mu/ v>y ) ! "* ( ! lesions2 no irritat+ application is to be made :ile ! disease is 9 its acute vesicul>1 or pu/ul>1 /age1 &1 9 ! *ronic /age1 active /imulants mu/ be us$4 ,mu* wa%+ is h>mful1 yet cru/s & scales mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to obta9 satisfactory results f ! ext]nal applications4 ,bo? objects1 h[ev]1 c be atta9$ by judici\sly comb9+ ! curative ag5ts ) su* sub/ances z w at ! same "t cleanse ! p>ts4 ,9 ! vesicul> /age1 :5 ! sk9 is fev]i% & ! epid]mis peel+ (f1 ?us expos+ ! exud+ d]mis1 an application ( boric-acid solution1 #b drams ( ! acid to #h ounces ( wat]1 (t5 relieves ! sm>t+ or it*+1 & also s]ves to *eck ! exudation & dry ! surface4 ,if ?is fails to h ! desir$ effect comp\nd cresol1 #a ounce to #b qu>ts ( wat]1 %\ld be us$ z a wa%4 ,ei!r ( ^! wa%es may be us$ sev]al times a day until incru/ation is well e/abli%$4 ,!n comp\nd cresol1 #a ounce to #b qu>ts ( sweet oil1 or ! b5zoat$ oxid ( z9c o9tm5t1 giv+ ! affect$ surfaces a ?or\gh application once a day1 w be efficaci\s4 ,:5 ! eczema is n ! result ( an ext]nal irritant1 x takes usually f "o to two weeks to heal4 ,9 *ronic eczema1 :5 !re is a succession ( scabs or scales1 indol5t sores or fissures1 ! :ite precipitate o9tm5t1 nitrate ( m]cury o9tm5t1 or blue o9tm5t1 mix$ ) equal p>ts ( cosmol9e or fre% l>d1 may be appli$ e second day1 tak+ c>e to protect ! p>ts s t ! animal c n lick x (f4 ,! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ars5ic (t5 yields excell5t results 9 *ronic eczema4 ,dissolve #a dram ( ars5ic & #a dram ( c>bonate ( potassium 9 #a p9t ( boil+ wat]1 & give #a ounce ( ?is twice a day 9 wat]1 aft] fe$+4 ,an alkali int]nally may be ( s]vice4 ,z su*1 "o may give #b ounces ( bic>bonate ( soda twice daily4 ,sublim$ sulphur may also be tri$ 9 ounce doses twice daily4 ,,pu/ules 7,,impetigo74 ,impetigo is an inflammatory disease ( ! sk91 *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( di/9ct pu/ules1 ab\t ! size ( a pea or a bean1 )\t it*+4 ,! pu/ules develop f ! papul> lay] ( ! sk91 & conta9 a yell[i%-:ite pus4 ,aft] rea*+ maturity !y rema9 /ation>y = a few days1 !n !y disappe> by absorption & dry up into cru/s1 :i* lat] drop (f1 leav+ ^u ! sk9 a r$ spot t soon disappe>s4 ,occasionally ! cru/s rema9 firmly adh]5t = a long "t1 or !y may be rais$ & loos5$ by ! =mation ( matt] und]nea?4 ,! dry cru/s usually h a br[n or black appe>ance4 ,causes4--,impetigo affects suck+ calves1 9 :i* ! disease appe>s ^u ! lips1 no/rils1 & face4 ,x is attribut$ to "s irritant sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! "m's milk4 ,impetigo is also witness$ among graz+ animals1 reg>dless ( age1 & x especially attacks animals ) :ite hair & sk94 ,! m\?1 face1 & limbs become cov]$ ) pu/ules1 :i* may rupture 9 a few h\rs1 foll[$ by rapid & successive incru/ations2 ! scabs frequ5tly coalesce1 cov]+ a l>ge surface2 pus may =m "u !m1 & ?us ! :ole ?ickness ( ! sk9 become involv$ 9 ! morbid process4 ,?is =m ( ! disease is attribut$ to ! local irritant prop]ties ( su* plants 9 ! pa/ure z ,/4 ,john's wort 7,hyp]icum p]=atum71 sm>twe$ 7,polygonum hydropip]71 vet*es1 honeydew1 etc4 ,buck:eat1 at ! "t ! se$s become ripe1 is said to h caus$ x2 also b$d+ ) buck:eat /raw4 ,treatm5t4--,suck+ calves %\ld be remov$ f ! "m1 & a purgative giv5 to ! latt] to div]t ! poison\s sub/ance secret$ ) ! milk4 ,:5 ! m =midable disease among graz+ cattle appe>s1 ! pa/urage %\ld be *ang$ & ! affect$ p>ts ( ! animal ?or\ghly ano9t$ once a day ) sweet oil conta9+ #b drams ( c>bolic acid to ! p9t4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ until ! cru/s s(t5 & beg9 to drop (f1 !n ! p>ts may be cleans$ ?or\ghly ) w>m wat] & soap4 ,subsequ5tly ! :ite precipitate o9tm5t or c>boliz$ cosmol9e %\ld be appli$ daily until ! p>ts are heal$4 ,,pemphigus 7,,wat] ,,bli/]s74 ,?is is an inflammatory disease ( ! sk91 *>act]iz$ by successive =mations ( r\nd$1 irregul>ly %ap$ wat] bli/]s1 v>y+ 9 size f a pea to a h5's egg4 ,causes4--,obscure4 ,symptoms4--,! =mation ( a bli/] is prec$$ by a conge/ion or swell+ ( ! sk94 ,yell[i%-color$ wat] collects b5ea? ! cuticle1 :i* raises ! latt] f its b$ 9 ! =m ( a bli/]4 ,! bli/]s appe> 9 a succession ( crops2 z soon z "o crop disappe>s ano!r =ms4 ,!y usually occur 9 clu/]s1 ea* "o be+ di/9ct1 or !y may coalesce4 ,ea* crop usually runs its c\rse 9 a week4 ,! disease is att5d$ ) it*+ or burn+ s5sations :i* cause ! animal to rub1 !reby frequ5tly produc+ excoriations & =mation ( cru/ on ! affect$ region4 ,treatm5t4--,give a tablespoonful ( ! foll[+-describ$ mixture 9 fe$ twice a day3 ,saltpet]1 cream ( t>t>1 & sulphur1 equal p>ts by weight4 ,! bli/]s %\ld be op5$ z soon z =m$1 to all[ ! escape ( ! s]um1 foll[$ by a wa% compos$ ( *lorid ( z9c1 #a dram to #ae ounces ( wat]4 ,:5 !re is any =mation ( cru/s1 c>boliz$ cosmol9e %\ld be appli$4 ,,furunculus 7,,boils74 ,?is is an acute affection ( ! sk91 usually involv+ its :ole ?ickness1 *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( "o or m abscesses1 orig9at+ g5]ally 9 a sebace\s gl&1 sweat gl&1 or hair follicle4 ,!y usually t]m9ate by absorption1 or by ! =mation ( a c5tral core1 :i* sl\ghs out1 leav+ a deep1 r\nd cavity t soon heals4 ,causes4--,impov]i%$ /ate ( blood1 ! result ( kidney diseases or ( local friction or contusions1 ) ! entrance ( pus cocci ?r\gh ! damag$ sk9 or ?r\gh a hair follicle or a sebace\s gl&4 ,symptoms4--,boils 9 cattle usually appe> s+ly1 n 9 clu/]s2 !y may atta9 ! size ( a h5's egg4 ,! abscess beg9s z a small r\nd nodule1 pa9ful on pressure1 gradually increases 9 size until dea? ( ! c5tral portion takes place1 !n ! surface ( ! sk9 gives way to int]nal pressure & ! core is releas$ & expell$4 ,con/itutional symptoms are g5]ally abs5t1 unless ! boils occur 9 consid]able numb]s1 or by _! size involve a great deal ( tissue4 ,treatm5t4--,p\ltic+ to rip5 ! abscess4 ,if ?is c n be done1 apply camphorat$ oil two or ?ree times a day until ! core is =m$4 ,z soon z ! c5tral or mo/ prom95t "p becomes s(t1 ! abscess %\ld be op5$ to release ! core4 ,!n use c>boliz$ cosmol9e once a day until ! heal+ is complet$4 ,if ! animal is 9 poor condition1 give tonics--copp]as1 g5tian1 g+]1 & sulphur1 equal p>ts by weight1 #a tablespoonful twice a day4 ,if ! animal manife/s a fev]i% condition ( ! sy/em1 give half an ounce ( saltpet] twice a day1 cont9u+ x sev]al days or a week4 ,,faulty ,,secretions ,,& ,,abnormal ,,gr[?s ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,,pityriasis 7,,seborrhea1 ,,d&ruff1 ,,or ,,scurf74 ,?is is a condition *>act]iz$ by an excessive secretion ( sebace\s matt]1 =m+ ^u ! sk9 9 small cru/s or scales4 ,causes4--,x is ascribable to a functional d]angem5t ( ! sebace\s gl&s1 usually accompani$ ) dryness & loss ( pliancy ( ! sk94 ,! animal is hideb\nd1 z x is commonly t]m$1 ?9 9 fle%1 incl9$ to rub1 & v frequ5tly l\sy4 ,! condition is obs]v$ mo/ (t5 t[>d ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,animals t are cont9ually h\s$1 & ! sk9s ( :i* receive no clean+1 g5]ally pres5t a coat fill$ ) f9e scales1 compos$ ( epi!lium f ! epid]mis & dri$ sebace\s matt]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a physiological condition & compatible ) p]fect heal?4 ,symptoms4--,pityriasis may affect ! great] portion ( ! body1 ?\gh usually only c]ta9 p>ts are affect$--! e>s1 neck1 rump1 etc4 ,! sk9 becomes scurfy1 ! hairy coat fill$ ) branlike gray or :iti% scales4 ,treatm5t4--,nutriti\s fe$1 su* z oil-cake meal1 bran1 gr\nd oats1 & clean hay4 ,9 ! spr+ ! disease g5]ally disappe>s aft] ! animal is turn$ out to pa/ure4 ,:5 lice are pres5t !y %\ld be de/roy$4 ,,elephantiasis 7,,scl]od]ma74 ,?is condition consi/s 9 a *ronic ?ick5+ ( ! sk91 :i* may affect "o or m limbs or involve ! :ole integum5t4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by recurr5t attacks ( swell+ ( ! sk9 & subcutane\s areol> tissue4 ,aft] ea* attack ! affect$ p>ts rema9 infiltrat$ to a l>g] ext5t ?an be=e1 until f9ally ! sk9 may atta9 a ?ickness ( an in*1 becom+ wr9kl$ & fissur$4 ,9 cattle ?is disease is conf9$ to hot climates4 ,! pr$ispos+ cause is unkn[n4 ,,edema 7,,anas>ca ,,( ,,! ,,sk974 ,?is is a dropsical condition ( ! sk9 & subcutane\s areol> tissue1 *>act]iz$ by pitt+ "u pressure1 ! f+]s leav+ a d5t :i* rema9s a %ort "t4 ,causes4--,edema g5]ally results f a weak5$ /ate ( ! sy/em aris+ f previ\s disease4 ,x may also be dep5d5t ^u a functional d]angem5t ( ! kidneys1 ^u weak circulation1 or ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,9 debilitat$ animals & 9 "s animals highly infe/$ ) p>asites !re is swell+ ( ! dewlap or ( ! fold ( ! sk9 betwe5 ! jaws4 ,symptoms4--,pa9less swell+ ( a limb1 udd]1 l[] surface ( abdom51 or l[] jaw becomes app>5t4 ,?is may increase 9 dim5sions = sev]al days or may atta9 its maximum 9 less ?an #bd h\rs4 ,unless complicat$ ) "s acute disease ( a specific "*1 !re is n mu*1 if any1 con/itutional di/urbance4 ,! deep lay] ( ! sk9 is infiltrat$ ) s]um1 :i* gives x ! *>act]i/ic condition ( pitt+ "u pressure4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! cause c be asc]ta9$ & remov$ we may expect to see ! edema disappe>4 ,:5 no direct specific cause c be discov]$ & ! animal is debilitat$1 give g5]al tonic4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 good fle%1 give a purgative1 foll[$ by half an ounce ( acetate ( potassium twice a day4 ,ext]nal applications are useless4 ,edema may be di/+ui%$ f erysipelas or an?rax by ! abs5ce ( pa9 & fev]4 ,,d]moid ,,& ,,sebace\s ,,cy/s 7,,w5s74 ,a d]moid cy/ is =m$ by an involution ( ! sk9 ) a gr[? ( hair on ! inn] wall ( ! sac4 ,x may become emb$d$ deeply 9 ! subcutane\s tissues or may j p5etrate ! ?ickness ( ! sk91 :]e x is movable & pa9less4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd )9 ! e> or at its base1 al?\gh !y may =m on any "p ( ! body4 ,usually !y h a small op5+1 f :i* a ?ick1 *eesy matt] c be squeez$ out4 ,! rational treatm5t is to dissect !m out4 ,sebace\s cy/s appe> n unlike ! =m]4 ,!y are =m$ by a dilatation ( ! hair follicle & sebace\s duct )9 ! sk91 & conta9 a gray or yell[i% sebace\s mass4 ,! tumor may atta9 ! size ( a *]ry /one or a walnut4 ,g5]ally !y are r\nd1 movable1 & pa9less1 s(t or d\ghy 9 consi/5cy1 & cov]$ ) sk9 & hair4 ,!y develop sl[ly4 ,! be/ treatm5t is to dissect out ! sac ) cont5ts entire4 ,,v]ruca 7,,w>ts74 ,cattle are affect$ ) two v>ieties ( w>ts4 ,"o1 ! v]ruca vulg>is1 is compos$ ( a clu/] ( enl>g$ papill1 cov]$ ) a ?ick5$ epid]mis1 ! numb] ( papill det]m9+ ! bread? & _! l5g? its height4 ,!y are g5]ally circul> 9 figure1 slightly r\gh5$ on ! surface1 & spr+ f ! sk9 by a broad base4 ,occasionally l>ge numb]s ( v ?91 long1 p$unculat$ w>ts gr[ f ! sk9 ( ! e>1 lips1 ab\t ! eyes1 & vulva4 ,ano!r v>iety1 ! v]ruca acum9ata1 sometimes errone\sly d5om9at$ epi!lial canc]s1 are irregul>ly %ap$ elevations1 tuft$ or club %ap$1 occasionally exi/+ z ?ick1 %ort1 fle%y excresc5ces1 giv+ ! gr[? ! appe>ance ( granulation tissue4 ,_! color is r$ or purpli%1 & (t5times by friction !y become raw & ble$+1 emitt+ !n a v (f5sive odor4 ,!y usually gr[ 9 clu/]s & _! developm5t is rapid4 ,causes4--,an abnormal nutrition ( ! sk91 det]m9$ by increas$ en]gy ( gr[? op]at+ ^u a heal?y sk92 at o!r times1 ^u a weak or impov]i%$ sk94 ,treatm5t4--,:5 !y are small & p$unculat$1 !y may be snipp$ (f ) %e>s & ! /ump t\*$ ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,:5 !y are broad & flatt5$1 !y may be dissect$ out & ! w\nd caut]iz$ if necess>y4 ,if !y are l>ge & v vascul>1 !y may be ligat$1 "o by "o1 by tak+ a /rong cord & ty+ x z firmly ar\nd ! base z possible4 ,!y w !n %rivel1 die1 & drop (f4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy to gr[ aga91 apply a r$-hot iron or nitric acid ) a glass rod4 ,v (t5 w>ts quickly disappe> if !y are kept s(t by daily applications ( sweet or olive oil4 ,,kelis4 ,kelis is an irregul>ly %ap$ flat tumor ( ! sk91 result+ f hyp]trophy--increas$ gr[? ( ! fibr\s tissue ( ! corium1 produc+ absorption ( ! papill>y lay]4 ,causes4--,x may arise spontane\sly or foll[ a sc> aft] an injury4 ,symptoms4--,kelis g5]ally appe>s bel[ ! knee or hock1 & may occur s+ly or 9 numb]s4 ,!re are no con/itutional symptoms4 ,its gr[? is v sl[ & seldom causes any inconv5i5ce4 ,x appe>s z a flatt5$1 irregul>1 or spread+ gr[? )9 ! sub/ance ( ! sk91 is h>d to ! t\*1 & is especially *>act]iz$ by div]g5t bran*es or roots1 resembl+ ! claws ( a crab2 h5ce ! "n4 ,occasionally "s "p ( x may s(t5 & result 9 an abscess4 ,x may gr[ sev]al in*es 9 l5g? & encircle ! :ole limb4 ,treatm5t4--,s long z x causes ! animal no inconv5i5ce x is be/ n to m$dle ) x2 :5 x does ! animal ought to be fatt5$ = beef1 ! meat be+ p]fectly h>mless to ! consum]4 ,,p>asitic ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,,r+worm 7,,t9ea ,,tonsurans ,,& ,,t9ea ,,favosa74 ,r+worm is an affection ( ! sk91 caus$ by a vegetable p>asite4 ,! =m kn[n z t9ea tonsurans is produc$ by ! pres5ce ( a m9ute or microscopic fungus--! ,tri*ophyton tonsurans1 :i* affects ! hair & ! epid]mic lay] ( ! sk91 & is highly contagi\s1 be+ readily transmitt$ f "o animal to ano!r4 ,?is fungus consi/s ( spores & filam5ts4 ,! spores1 be+ ! mo/ num]\s1 are r\nd & seldom v>y mu* 9 size4 ,!y are v abundant 9 ! hair follicle4 ,! filam5ts are articulat$1 wav+1 & conta9 granules4 ,?is disease is productive ( *anges 9 ! root & %aft ( ! hair1 r5d]+ x brittle & easily brok5 (f4 ,?is disease becomes manife/ by ! =mation ( circul> pat*es on ! sk91 :i* soon becomes d5ud$ ( hair4 ,! cuticul> lay] ( ! sk9 9 slightly inflam$1 & vesication ) exudation occurs1 foll[$ by ! =mation ( scaly1 brittle cru/s4 ,! pat*es appe> silv]y gray :5 incru/$1 & are mo/ly conf9$ to ! head & neck4 ,x is a common disease among "y cattle 9 ! w9t] & spr+4 ,v e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ! pat*es ! hairs split1 twi/1 & break (f close to ! sk94 ,?is disease is att5d$ ) m or less it*+4 ,x is communicable to man4 ,t9ea favosa comes f ano!r fungus1 ! ,a*orion s*nle9ii4 ,?is ent]s ! hair follicle & involves ! cuticle surr\nd+ x1 small cru/s =m :i* increase 9 diamet] & ?ickness & !n become elevat$ at _! m>g91 =m+ a cup-%ap$ scab1 ! favus cup1 :i* gives ! disease its di/9ctive "*4 ,! numb] ( ^! cups v>ies f a few to _m hundr$s4 ,! hairs involv$ become brittle & brok51 fall (f ) ! cru/s1 leav+ small bald pat*es4 ,! cru/s are ( a pale or sulphur-yell[ color at fir/2 z !y gr[ old] !y turn d>k]1 or to a br[n color4 ,?is =m ( r+worm has a peculi> odor1 resembl+ t ( mice or mu/y /raw4 ,x is occasionally communicat$ to cattle by man1 mice1 cats1 etc41 all be+ subject to x4 ,treatm5t4--,remove all cru/s by wa%+ ) soap & wat]1 !n apply acetic acid1 sulphur o9tm5t1 t9cture ( iod9 or nitrate ( m]cury o9tm5t once a day4 ,cleanse ! /able & :itewa% x to de/roy ! spores scatt]$ by ! cru/s4 ,,o!r ,,p>asites ,,& ,,p>asitic ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,= discussion ( mange1 it*1 scab1 l\s9ess1 w>bles 7grub 9 ! sk971 buffalo gnats1 hornfly 7,hoematobia s]rata71 ticks1 flies1 etc41 see ! *apt] on ,! animal p>asites ( cattle1 page #ejb4 ,,w\nds ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,,snake ,,bites ,,& ,,v5om\s ,,/+s4 ,see discussion ( ^! subjects 9 *apt] on ,poisons & poison+4 ,,burns ,,& ,,scalds4 ,?is is a r>e accid5t among cattle1 yet 9 cases ( fire x may occur4 ,! application ( heat1 :e!r dry or moi/1 unless suffici5t in/antly to de/roy ! life ( a "p1 is always foll[$ by ! developm5t ( vesicles or bli/]s1 :i* conta9 a ?91 wat]y fluid4 ,! bli/]s may be isolat$ & n v l>ge1 or "o bli/] may cov] a v l>ge surface4 ,:5 ! burn is v sev]e ! sk9 may be :olly devitaliz$1 or ! injury may ext5d into ! deep] /ructures ( ! sk94 ,!n sl\ghs w occur1 foll[$ by a contraction ( ! p>ts 9 heal+2 if on a limb1 ?is may r5d] ! animal /iff4 ,:5 ! burn or scald has be5 a sev]e "o1 ! result+ pa9 is great & ! con/itutional di/urbance v m>k$4 ,treatm5t4--,= a sup]ficial burn use a mixture ( equal p>ts ( limewat] & l9se$ oil1 or common :ite pa9t--:ite lead gr\nd 9 oil--to exclude ! atmosph]e & protect ! inflam$ sk94 ,if x is n conv5i5t to get any?+ else1 *imney soot1 fl\r1 or />* may be spread on ! w\nd 7dry71 & cov]$ ) cotton batt+ & light b&age4 ,! bli/]s %\ld be op5$ to let ! conta9$ fluid escape1 b d n pull (f ! ?9 cuticle :i* has be5 rais$ by ! bli/]4 ,:5 ! burn is ext5sive & deep sl\gh+ occurs1 ! p>ts %\ld be treat$1 l o!r deep w\nds1 by p\ltic+1 a/r+5t wa%es1 etc4 ,:5 ! sy/em has su/a9$ mu* %ock1 ! animal may require int]nal /imulants1 su* z #b drams ( c>bonate ( ammonia e h\r until x rallies4 ,:5 ! pa9 is v great1 hypod]mic injections ( #f gra9s ( morphia may be adm9i/]$ e six h\rs4 ,fro/bite on any portion ( ! body may be treat$ z recomm5d$ 9 ! article on diseases ( ! e>s4 ,,emphysema 7,,air ,,or ,,gas ,,"u ,,! ,,sk974 ,emphysema ( ! sk9 is n a true disease ( ! sk91 b x is m5tion$ z a pa?ological condition4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by a di/5tion ( ! sk9 ) air or gas conta9$ 9 ! subcutane\s areol> tissue4 ,x may dep5d ^u a septic condition ( ! blood1 z 9 an?rax or blackleg1 or air may be =c$ "u ! sk9 ab\t ! head1 neck1 & %\ld]s1 z a result ( rupture ( ! w9dpipe4 ,x occurs 9 ! region ( ! *e/ & %\ld]s f p5etrat+ w\nds ( ! *e/ & lung1 & occasionally foll[s puncture ( ! rum5 :5 ! escap+ gas is reta9$ "u ! sk94 ,symptoms4--,! sk9 is enorm\sly di/5d$ ov] a great] or less portion ( ! body2 ?us any region ( ! body may lose its natural cont\r & appe> l a mon/rosity4 ,!re is a peculi> crackl+ b5ea? ! sk9 :5 ! h& is pass$ ov] x1 & on tapp+ x ) ! f+]s a resonant1 drumlike s\nd is elicit$4 ,treatm5t4--,puncture ! di/5d$ sk9 ) a clean1 broad-blad$ knife & press ! air out4 ,fur!r treatm5t mu/ be direct$ ) a view to ! removal ( ! cause4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,foot4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[]1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,lam9itis 7,,f\nd]74 ,lam9itis d5otes an active inflammation ( ! s5sitive /ructures )9 ! wall ( ! ho(1 :i* 9 sev]e cases may result 9 suppuration & ! loss ( "o or m claws4 ,ow+ to ! simplicity ( ! /ructure ( ! foot ( an ox comp>$ ) t ( ! horse1 ?is disease is r>ely se5 9 an acute =m1 b a mild =m1 commonly call$ foot sor5ess1 is n ( infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,causes4--,lam9itis 9 cattle may be caus$ by ov]fe$+1 ov]heat+1 cont9u$ /&+ )\t ex]cise on a /one or cem5t floor )\t suffici5t b$d+1 or by driv+ long di/ances ov] r\gh or /ony soil4 ,symptoms4--,an unwill+ness to ma9ta9 ! /&+ position2 ! animal p]si/s 9 ly+ d[n4 ,! feet w be f\nd unnaturally hot1 & frequ5tly "s swell+ may be notic$ above ! ho(4 ,pressure ^u ! ho( ) blacksmi?'s ho( p9c]s causes pa9 & fl9*+4 ,! g5]al body temp]ature is increas$ & ! brea?+ accel]at$4 ,ord9>ily ! animal eats & dr9ks z usual4 ,:5 x is made to move excessive t5d]ness ( ! feet becomes manife/1 z is %[n by reluctance to walk & by ! v %ort1 hesitat+ /ep4 ,f\nd] affects ! h9d z well z ! =e feet1 al?\gh ! front feet are m (t5 expos$4 ,treatm5t4--,cold packs to ! feet1 or if ! animal c be made to /& 9 a /ream ( wat]1 hav+ a s(t bottom1 ! inflammation is (t5 reliev$ )\t ! necessity ( any additional treatm5t4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to give a full dose ( ,epsom salt1 #a to #a-a_/b p\nds1 foll[$ by half-ounce doses ( saltpet] two or ?ree times a day4 ,,sor5ess 7,,foot ,,sor5ess74 ,cattle t h be5 /abl$ or pa/ur$ on s(t gr\nd & are driv5 ov] /ony roads soon we> d[n ! soles ( _! feet & become lame f foot sor5ess4 ,draft ox51 = ?is reason1 require to be %od4 ,:5 ! sor5ess is excessive x may develop into an active inflammation ( all ! s5sitive /ructures ( ! foot--lam9itis1 or into a local bruise commonly call$ a corn4 ,treatm5t4--,re/1 p\ltic+ ! feet ) moi/5$ clay1 foll[$ by a/r+5t wa%es--/rong :ite-oak b>k or alum wat]4 ,if ! pa9 & heat la/ sev]al days1 x is probable t pus has =m$ b5ea? ! wall ( ! ho(4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to cut ?r\gh ! wall1 usually at ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! sole1 to all[ ! accumulation to dra9 out4 ,! animal %\ld !n /& = sev]al h\rs daily 9 a tub conta9+ a #c p] c5t solution ( "s good milky coal-t> dis9fectant4 ,:5 n 9 ! dis9fect+ solution ! foot %\ld be dress$ ) p9e t> & cotton & b&ag$ ) bagg+4 ,,loss ,,( ,,ho(4 ,cattle sometimes become fa/5$ betwe5 planks or o!rwise & pull (f ! wall ( "o or bo? claws 9 ! ef=t to extricate !mselves4 ,! claws ( "o or m feet may be %$ z ! result ( acute lam9itis4 ,treatm5t4--,wa% ! ble$+ surface ) an antiseptic & !n ) an a/r+5t1 su* z a weak solution ( alum1 !n apply a ?ick coat+ ( p9e t>2 cov] ?is ) a lay] ( oakum or absorb5t cotton2 apply ano!r coat ( t> ov] ?is1 & !n b&age closely & firmly4 ,?is may rema9 )\t di/urbance until ! new gr[+ wall becomes suffici5tly /rong to su/a9 ! pressure & weight ( ! animal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 at any "t ooz+ or bad smell indicates t pus is =m+ "u ?is dress+1 ! b&age %\ld be remov$ & ! suppurat+ surface fre%ly clean$ & dress$4 ,?is may h to be repeat$ e few days & %\ld be cont9u$ s long z !re is any pus =mation4 ,if ! loss ( ho( is ow+ to suppurative lam9itis1 ! p>ts d5ud$ ( ! horny cov]+ mu/ be ?or\ghly cleans$ & dis9fect$ ) c>bolic acid1 lysol1 or o!r antiseptic4 ,!n apply a mod]ately ?ick lay] ( absorb5t cotton & ov] ?is apply ! t> & b&age4 ,aft] ?is ! antiseptic solution may be p\r$ 9 daily at ! top ( ! dress+4 ,x w ?us soak 9 & saturate ! dress+ & inflam$ tissue4 ,x may become necess>y to remove all ! dress+ at daily or long] int]vals to give ! p>ts a fre% clean+1 & !n to reapply x4 ,,f\l ,,9 ,,foot 7,,foot ,,rot74 ,a v>iety ( causes may produce inflammation ( ! foot betwe5 ! claws or toes4 ,x may be on acc\nt ( ov]gr[? ( ! claws & inw>d pressure1 z 9 +r[+ nail ( man1 or x may be caus$ by ! irritation ( /able fil? by impaction & h>d5+ ( soil betwe5 ! claws1 or by o!r =eign sub/ances becom+ w$g$ 91 caus+ inflammation & s(t5+ or ulc]ation ( ! sk9 9 ! int]digital space4 ,"u "s conditions sev]al cattle 9 ! same h]d become affect$1 :i* has l$ "s to ?9k t ! disease may be contagi\s4 ,occurr5ces h be5 report$ 9 :i* foot rot ( cattle has appe>$ )9 a %ort "t among a l>ge proportion ( ! cattle 9 a f>m+ di/rict4 ,?is disease is mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 ! h9d feet1 ?\gh all f\r feet may become affect$4 ,symptoms4--,! animal is obs]v$ to limp4 ,on exam9ation ( ! foot we discov] heat & swell+ above ! ho( & ( ! s(t p>ts betwe5 ! claws :i* frequ5tly spreads ! claws ap>t to a consid]able ext5t1 or ! inflammation may h advanc$ to s(t5+ & sl\gh+ ( ! int]digital membrane4 ,if ! disease is neglect$ at ?is /age1 deep abscesses may =m & ! pus burr[ "u ! horny wall1 or ! jo9t )9 ! ho( may become inflam$ & ! articul> atta*m5ts de/roy$1 9 :i* case ! treatm5t w be difficult & recov]y w be v t$i\s4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! disease1 be=e pus burr[s b5ea? ! horn1 a ?or\gh cleans+ & an application ( a c>bolic-acid solution--#a ounce to a p9t ( wat]--clean /abl+1 & laxative food w usually rem$y ! evil4 ,comp\nd solution ( cresol is an excell5t rem$y at ?is /age4 ,x %\ld be appli$1 9 its pure or undilut$ /ate1 to ! suppurat+ & putrefy+ tissue betwe5 ! claws4 ,x is be/ appli$ by means ( a cotton swab on a ?9 /ick4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep x f contact ) ! sk9 ab\t ! coron>y b& or heels4 ,if deep sl\gh+ has tak5 place ! c>bolic solution %\ld be us$1 & a wad ( oakum or cotton sme>$ ) p9e t> %\ld be secur$ firmly 9 ! cleft4 ,?is c be done by tak+ a /rip ( /rong clo?1 #b in*es wide1 pass+ ! middle betwe5 ! claws1 !n ty+ ! ends aft] w9d+ !m 9 opposite directions above ! ho(4 ,sometimes w>m p\ltic+ ) flaxse$ meal or bran is necess>y to relieve excessive fev] & pa94 ,if ! pus burr[s "u ! horn1 its *annel mu/ be foll[$ by p>+ away ! horn until ! bottom is rea*$4 ,! aft]treatm5t is ! same z t already recomm5d$4 ,if ! jo9t becomes diseas$ an amputation ( t toe is ! quicke/ & sure/ me?od to relieve ! suff]+ ( ! animal1 & (f]s ! be/ *ance = an e>ly recov]y4 ,,ulc]ation ,,( ,,! ,,heel4 ,occasionally we f9d ulc]s at ! junction ( ! hair ) ! ho( at ! heel1 :i* pres5t an elevat$1 raw1 or ragg$ surface1 & cause consid]able lam5ess4 ,?is is g5]ally caus$ by a bruise ( ! fibr\s cu%ion ( ! back "p ( ! foot4 ,subsequ5t sl\gh+ or necrosis may occur1 or pus may =m deep )9 ! wall & ga9 an exit at ! m>g9 ( ! heel4 ,sometimes1 f no visible cause1 l>ge pieces ( sk9 sl\gh f ! heel & pa/]n4 ,?is condition is caus$ by an infection ) c]ta9 microorganisms 7/reptococci1 necrosis bacilli7 & may be contagi\s4 ,treatm5t4--,if !re is a deep op5+1 inject c>bolic solution once a day until x closes4 ,if ! ulc] is only sup]ficial1 wa% ) c>bolic solution & apply a mixture ( equal p>ts ( blue vitriol & alum 9 dry p[d]4 ,,fissure ,,( ,,! ,,wall 7,,split ,,ho(74 ,?is is r>ely se5 among cattle4 ,x may occur 9 weak walls1 9 heavily bodi$ cattle1 caus$ by /epp+ on an unev5 surface1 especially :5 ! po9t ( ! toe is gr[n out long4 ,"o may f9d ! po9t ( ! toe brok5 & ! wall split almo/ up to ! hair4 ,treatm5t4--,! divid$ sections may be br\ght into approximation & held 9 place by drill+ a small hole f "o side into & ?r\gh ! o!r1 comm5c+ half an in* back ( ! fissure on ea* side2 !n drive a light horse%oe nail ?r\gh ! hole & cl9* x4 ,p>e ! injur$ claw z %ort z x w be>4 ,,int]digital ,,fibroma4 ,h>d1 nodul>1 fibr\s tumors sometimes gr[ 9 ! cleft ( ! foot1 & cause inconv5i5ce1 lam5ess1 absorption1 or ulc]ation ( ! contigu\s p>ts4 ,treatm5t4--,!y %\ld be dissect$ out & ! w\nd dress$ ) c>bolic-acid lotion & p9e t> once a day until heal+ is complet$4 ,,de=mities4 ,de=mities 9 ! feet ( cattle usually consi/ 9 ov]gr[? ( horn1 g5]ally f want ( we> 9 animals :i* are /abl$4 ,! ho( may turn inw>d1 outw>d1 or upw>d1 & may give rise to lam5ess1 inability to walk1 f\l foot1 etc4 ,bulls :i* are cont9ually /abl$ & dairy c[s v frequ5tly h mis%ap5 feet f want ( an occasional trimm+1 & ?is de=mity may ev5tually lead to p]man5t injury4 ,treatm5t4--,cut ! sup]abundant gr[? ( horn d[n ) saw1 knife1 or rasp1 until ! foot assumes its natural =m4 ,,pricks ,,& ,,w\nds4 ,if an animal suff]s ) a p5etrat+ w\nd f prick ( =k or nail1 ! orifice ( ! w\nd %\ld be enl>g$ to p]mit a free dis*>ge ( pus2 !n ! foot %\ld be soak$ 9 a cresol comp\nd solution 7#c p] c5t7 9 a tub1 or a flaxse$ p\ltice appli$1 *ang+ x ?ree times a day until ! fev] has abat$4 ,! foot %\ld be kept b&ag$ & dress$ ) p9e t> & oakum2 ! animal mu/ also be kept on a clean floor until ! w\nd is clos$ & all or ne>ly all lam5ess has disappe>$4 ,if an animal is cut 9 ! foot ) b>b$ wire1 piece ( glass1 or any o!r sub/ance1 ! w\nd1 aft] prop] cleans+1 %\ld be dress$ ) c>bolic-acid solution1 #a ounce ( ! acid to #bj ( wat]4 ,if any unev5 edges ( horn1 sk91 or lac]at$ fle% project1 trim !m (f1 & 9 all cases :5 x c be done a t>r$ b&age %\ld be appli$4 ,?is w s]ve to su/a9 ! cut surfaces 9 _! place1 exclude dirt1 & protect aga9/ flies1 maggots1 etc4 ,:5 ! w\nd has ext5d$ into a jo9t1 surgical treatm5t1 :i* w require ! s]vices ( an educat$ vet]9>ian1 may be necess>y4 ,occasionally an animal gets caught by ! foot 9 a crevice & su/a9s sev]e bruis+1 wr5*+1 or fracture ( "s "p ( ! foot4 ,9 su* cases cold-wat] packs to ! injur$ memb] are ( s]vice until ! fev] & swell+ disappe>4 ,aft]w>ds ! animal %\ld re/ until ! usefulness ( ! foot is re/or$4 ,sometimes su* an accid5t1 caus+ fracture1 r5d]s necess>y pla/] b&ages or amputation4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,its ,,app5dages4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[]1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,description4 ,= ! sake ( ga9+ a cle> compreh5sion ( ! diseases ( ! eye x becomes necess>y to review ! anatomy ( ?is important organ4 ,! ess5tial organ ( vision1 or globe ( ! eye1 w be fir/ describ$1 !n its receptacle or orbital cavity1 ! muscles t move x1 ! protective membranes1 or eyelids1 ! membrana nictitans1 or accessory eyelids1 &1 la/ly1 ! lacrimal app>atus4 ,! globe or ball ( ! eye is almo/ sph]ical 9 =m4 ,on clos] inspection1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to be made up ( two comb9$ portions f sph]es ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! po/]ior portion1 =m+ ab\t five-six?s ( ! ball1 is a sph]e ( comp>atively l>ge size ) a small segm5t cut (f x 9 front1 & at ?is po9t !re is appli$ to x ! ant]ior portion1 :i*1 be+ a segm5t ( a small] sph]e1 projects at ! front ( ! ball ) a great] convexity ?an ! po/]ior portion4 ,! eyeball consi/s ( conc5trically arrang$ coats & ( refract+ m$ia inclos$ 9 !m4 ,! coats are ?ree 9 numb]1 namely1 7#a7 an ext]nal protective tunic made up ( ! scl]otic & cornea2 7#b7 a middle vascul> & pigm5t>y tunic1 ! *oroid2 7#c7 an int]nal n]v\s lay]1 ! ret9a4 ,! scl]otic is ! :ite1 opaque "p ( ! out] tunic1 ( :i* x =ms ab\t ! po/]ior five-six?s1 be+ coext5sive ) ! l>g] sph]e already m5tion$4 ,! cornea =ms ! rema9+ "o-six? ( ! out] tunic1 be+ coext5sive ) ! segm5t ( ! small] sph]e4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! scl]otic by be+ colorless & transp>5t4 ,! *oroid coat w be recogniz$ z ! black lay] ly+ subjac5t to ! scl]otic4 ,x does n l9e ! cornea1 b t]m9ates beh9d ! l9e ( junction ( t coat ) ! scl]otic by a ?ick5$ edge--! cili>y processes4 ,at ! l9e ( junction ( ! scl]otic & cornea ! iris passes across ! int]ior ( ! eye4 ,?is 7:i* may be view$ z a dep5d5cy ( ! *oroid7 is a muscul> curta9 p]=at$ by an ap]ture t]m$ ! pupil4 ,! ret9a w be recogniz$ z a delicate1 glassy lay]1 l9+ ! great] "p ( ! *oroid4 ,! refract+ m$ia ( ! eye are ?ree 9 numb]1 namely 7#a7 ! aque\s humor1 a wat]y fluid inclos$ 9 a *amb] beh9d ! cornea2 7#b7 ! cry/all9e l5s & its capsule1 a transp>5t1 s(t solid ( a biconvex =m1 & plac$ beh9d ! iris2 7#c7 ! vitre\s humor1 a transp>5t mat]ial ) a consi/5ce l ?9 jelly1 & occupy+ z mu* ( ! int]ior ( ! eye z is subjac5t to ! *oroid4 ,! scl]otic is a /rong1 opaque1 fibr\s membrane1 :i*1 9 a great measure1 ma9ta9s ! =m ( ! eyeball & protects ! m delicate /ructures )9 x4 ,its int]ior portion1 :i* is cov]$ by ! ocul> conjunctiva1 is commonly kn[n z ! :ite ( ! eye4 ,9 =m x is bell-%ap$1 & ! optic n]ve pi]ces x beh9d l a h&le1 ! p]=ation be+ a little to its inn] side4 ,9 front1 ! rim ( ! bell becomes cont9u\s ) ! cornea4 ,! out] surface ( ! membrane receives ! ins]tion ( ! muscles ( ! eyeball4 ,! coat is ?icke/ ov] ! po/]ior "p ( ! eyeball1 & is ?9ne/ a little beh9d its junction ) ! cornea4 ,! cornea is ! ant]ior transp>5t portion ( ! out] coat ( ! eyeball4 ,x may be view$ z a "p ( ! scl]otic specially modifi$ to p]mit ! passage ( light into ! int]ior ( ! eye4 ,its outl9e is elliptical1 ne>ly circul>1 & its greate/ diamet] is transv]se4 ,at its p]iph]y x jo9s ! scl]otic by cont9uity ( tissue1 & z ! edge ( ! cornea is slightly bevel$ & has ! fibr\s scl]otic c>ri$ = a little di/ance =w>d on its outw>d surface1 ! cornea is g5]ally said to be fitt$ into ! scl]otic l a wat* glass into its rim4 ,! v5\s canal ( ,s*lemm runs circul>ly ar\nd ! eyeball at ! l9e ( junction ( ! scl]otic & cornea4 ,! ant]ior surface ( ! cornea is exquisitely smoo?1 & is kept moi/ by ! lacrimal secretions4 ,its po/]ior surface =ms ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! aque\s humor is conta9$4 ,! cornea is ( uni=m ?ickness & is ( a d5se1 almo/ horny1 consi/5ce4 ,save a few capill>y loops ( blood vessels at its m>g9 ! cornea is )\t vessels4 ,its /ructure is compris$ ( five di/9ct lay]s4 ,! aque\s humor occupies a *amb] :i* is b\nd$ 9 front by ! po/]ior surface ( ! cornea & beh9d by ! capsule & susp5sory ligam5t ( ! l5s & by ! ends ( ! cili>y processes4 ,x is across ?is *amb] t ! iris ext5ds4 ,! aque\s humor is compos$ ( wat]1 ) a small proportion ( common salt 9 solution4 ,! iris is a muscul>1 pigm5t$ curta9 ext5d+ across ! int]ior ( ! eye & hav+ ab\t its c5t] an ap]ture t]m$ ! pupil4 ,by v>iations 9 ! size ( ?is ap]ture ! am\nt ( light transmitt$ to ! ret9a is regulat$4 ,x v>ies some:at 9 color1 b is mo/ frequ5tly ( a yell[i%-br[n t9t4 ,its ant]ior face is ba!d by ! aque\s humor4 ,! great] "p ( ! po/]ior surface is 9 contact ) ! capsule ( ! l5s & glides on x dur+ ! movem5ts ( ! curta94 ,! circumf]5tial bord] is atta*$ )9 ! junction ( ! scl]otic cornea4 ,! inn] bord] circumscribes ! pupil1 :i* v>ies 9 outl9e accord+ to its size4 ,:5 mu* contract$ ! pupil is a v elongat$ ellipse1 ! long axis ( :i* is 9 ! l9e jo9+ ! nasal & temporal angles ( ! eyelids4 ,x conta9s muscul> tissue1 :i*1 by contract+ or relax+1 less5s or dilates ! pupill>y op5+4 ,! *oroid coat is a bell-%ap$1 d>k membrane :i* l9es ! scl]otic4 ,its out] surface has a %aggy appe>ance1 caus$ by ! tunica fusca1 :i* unites ! two coats4 ,betwe5 ! two ! cili>y vessels & n]ves pass =w>d4 ,beh9d x is pi]c$ by ! optic n]ve2 9 front x is cont9u$ z ! cili>y processes1 :i* =m1 z x 71 ! rim ( ! bell4 ,! cili>y processes =m a fr+e ar\nd ! slightly inv]t$ rim ( ! *oroid4 ,! ret9a is ! mo/ delicate ( ! coats ( ! eyeball4 ,x is =m$ by ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve on ! inn] surface ( ! *oroid1 &1 l t coat1 x is bell-%ap$4 ,its inn] surface is mold$ on ! vitre\s humor4 ,! n]v\s /ructures ( ! ret9a t]m9ate at a wavy l9e1 ! ora s]rata1 beh9d ! cili>y processes4 ,t5 di/9ct lay]s are describ$ z compos+ ! ?ickness ( ! ret9a4 ,! l5s is situat$ beh9d ! pupil & is conta9$ )9 a capsule ( its own4 ,! capsule is a close-fitt+1 firm1 transp>5t membrane4 ,! ant]ior surface =ms ! po/]ior b\nd>y ( ! cavity conta9+ ! aque\s humor1 & ! iris 9 its movem5t glides on x4 ,! po/]ior surface is 9 contact ) ! vitre\s humor4 ,! vitre\s humor occupies f\r-fif?s ( ! int]ior ( ! eyeball4 ,x is globul> 9 =m1 ) a depression 9 front = ! lodgm5t ( ! l5s4 ,x is colorless1 transp>5t1 & ( a consi/5cy l ?9 jelly4 ,x is envelop$ by a delicate capsule--! hyaloid membrane--:i* is connect$ 9 front ) ! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! l5s1 & ends by jo9+ ! capsule beh9d ! l5s4 ,! orbital cavity1 at ! side ( ! head1 is circumscrib$ by a bony m>g92 po/]iorly1 h[ev]1 !re are no bony walls1 & ! cavity is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! depression above & beh9d ! orbit--! temporal fossa4 ,a fibr\s membrane completes ?is cavity & keeps x di/9ct f ! temporal fossa4 ,?is membrane--! ocul> %ea? or p]iorbita--is atta*$ po/]iorly ar\nd ! op5+ 9 ! back "p ( ! orbital cavity 7! orbital hiatus7 & ant]iorly to its inn] face2 !n x becomes prolong$ beyond ! m>g9 to =m ! fibr\s membrane ( ! eyelids4 ,:5 complete ! orbital cavity has ! =m ( a regul> holl[ cone1 op5 at its base & clos$ at ! apex4 ,! op5+ ( ?is cone is direct$ =w>d1 d[nw>d1 & outw>d4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! globe ( ! eye1 ?is cavity lodges ! muscles t move x1 ! membrana nictitans1 & ! lacrimal gl&4 ,! muscles ( ! eye are sev5 9 numb]--"o retractor1 f\r /raight1 & two oblique4 ,! retractor oculi envelops ! optic n]ve betwe5 ! bra9 & ! ball ( ! eye & becomes atta*$ ^u ! ext]nal face ( ! scl]otic tunic4 ,:5 ?is muscle contracts1 x draws ! globe back into ! orbit1 away f ! light4 ,! sup]ior1 inf]ior1 ext]nal1 & int]nal recti or /raight muscles are atta*$ to ! back "p ( ! orbital %ea? & spread =w>d 9 f\r bundles ov] ! globe ( ! eye1 :]e !y are ins]t$ by a fibr\s expansion into ! scl]otic at ! m>g9 ( ! cornea4 ,:5 !y act s+ly1 !y turn ! globe ei!r upw>d1 d[nw>d1 inw>d1 or outw>d4 ,! great oblique1 by its action1 pivots ! eye inw>d & upw>d 9 ! orbit4 ,! small oblique turns ! eye outw>d & d[nw>d4 ,! eyelids are two movable curta9s1 sup]ior & inf]ior1 :i* cov] & protect ! eye 9 front4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! orbit & h a convex ext]nal face =m$ by ! sk9 & a concave int]nal face mold$ on ! ant]ior surface ( ! eye & are l9$ by ! conjunctiva1 :i* is reflect$ above & bel[ on ! eyeball4 ,! bord] ( ea* lid is slightly bevel$ on ! inn] side & %[s ! op5+s ( ! ,meibomian gl&s4 ,^! gl&s secrete an unctu\s fluid1 :i* is ?r[n out on ! bord] ( ! lids1 ! function ( :i* is to facilitate _! movem5ts & enable !m to reta9 ! te>s 9 ! ocul> cavity4 ,! eyelid is compos$ ( a fibr\s inn] membrane end+ 9 a /iff ar* ne> ! bord]1 a muscle to close ! lid1 ano!r to op5 x1 ! sk9 ext]nally1 & ! conjunctival muc\s membrane int]nally4 ,! bord] ( ea* lid is cov]$ & protect$ by long hairs to prev5t float+ p>ticles ( matt] 9 ! atmosph]e f ga9+ entrance to ! eye4 ,! membrana nictitans1 :i* is also nam$ ! ?ird eyelid1 w9k+ eyelid1 haw1 etc41 is plac$ at ! inn] angle ( ! eye1 :5ce x ext5ds ov] ! eyeball to relieve x f =eign bodies :i* may fall ^u x4 ,x has = its framework a fibro-c>tilage1 irregul> 9 %ape1 ?ick1 ne>ly prismatic at its base1 & ?9 ant]iorly :]e x is cov]$ by ! conjunctiva2 beh9d1 x is loosely atta*$ to a fatty cu%ion4 ,! lacrimal gl& is situat$ betwe5 ! orbital process & ! upp] "p ( ! eyeball4 ,x secretes ! te>s de/9$ to lubricate ! ant]ior surface ( ! eye4 ,?is fluid escapes ^u ! organ at ! out] angle ( ! lids & is c>ri$ betwe5 !m & ! eyeball t[>d ! inn] angle4 ,! c>uncula lacrimalis is a small r\nd body1 frequ5tly entirely or p>tially black1 situat$ 9 ! inn] angle ( ! eye1 & is design$ to direct ! te>s t[>d ! puncta lacrimalia4 ,! puncta lacrimalia are two little op5+s1 situat$ "o 9 ea* eyelid1 a %ort di/ance f ! inn] corn]1 :i* admit ! te>s into ! lacrimal ducts lead+ to ! lacrimal canal1 :5ce !y are empti$ into ! nasal passages4 ,,conjunctivitis 7,,simple ,,oph?almia74 ,?is is an inflammation ( ! conjunctival muc\s membrane ( ! eyeball & lids2 9 sev]e cases ! deep] coats ( ! eye are involv$1 s]i\sly complicat+ ! attack4 ,causes4--,x may result f a bruise ( ! eyelid2 f ! introduction ( =eign matt]s into ! eye1 z *aff1 hayse$1 du/1 gnats1 etc42 f exposure to cold2 poison\s or irritat+ vapors aris+ f fil?9ess ( /able4 ,du/1 c9d]s1 or s& bl[n into ! eyes dur+ transportation frequ5tly cause conjunctivitis4 ,symptoms4--,a pr(use fl[ ( te>s1 closure ( ! eyelids f intol]ance ( light1 retraction ( ! eyeball & correspond+ protrusion ( ! haw1 dis9cl9ation to move1 dim9ution ( milk secretion1 etc4 ,on p>t+ ! lids ! l9+ membrane is f\nd inject$ ) an excess ( blood1 giv+ x a r$ & swoll5 appe>ance2 ! scl]otic1 or :ite ( ! eye1 is blood%ot & ! cornea may be cl\dy4 ,if ! disease advances1 k]atitis results1 ) its tra9 ( unfavorable symptoms4 ,treatm5t4--,c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made to discov] p>ticles ( *aff1 etc41 :i* may h lodg$ 9 ! eye1 & ^u ! discov]y ( su* a cause prompt removal is indicat$4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by flu%+ ! eye ) w>m wat] by means ( a syr+e1 or1 if ! =eign sub/ance is adh]5t to ! eyeball or lid1 x may be scoop$ out ) ! h&le ( a teaspoon or "s o!r blunt in/rum5t4 ,to relieve ! conge/ion & local irritation1 a wa% compos$ ( boracic acid 9 fre%ly boil$ wat]1 #bj gra9s to ! ounce1 or acetate ( z9c1 #e gra9s to ! ounce ( pure s(t wat]1 may be us$1 to :i* may be add$ #bj drops ( laudanum4 ,a few drops ( ?is %\ld be plac$ 9 ! eye ) a camel's-hair p5cil or s(t fea!r ?ree or f\r times daily4 ,! animal %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool1 d>k5$ /able2 !n a clo? fold$ into sev]al ?icknesses %\ld be fa/5$ to ! horns 9 su* mann] z to rea* bel[ ! eyes4 ,?is %\ld be kept wet ) cold wat] dur+ ! day & remov$ at night4 ,if !re is mu* fev] & con/itutional di/urbance1 x becomes advisable to adm9i/] #a p\nd ( ,epsom salt dissolv$ 9 #a qu>t ( wat]4 ,,infecti\s ,,cat>rhal ,,conjunctivitis 7,,specific ,,oph?almia74 ,?is g5]ally appe>s 9 an enzootic or epizootic =m & affects a consid]able numb] 9 ! h]d4 ,x is di/9ctly a contagi\s disease & may be br\ght into a previ\sly heal?y h]d by "o infect$ animal4 ,x may cont9ue 9 a h]d = a season or = sev]al ye>s1 affect+ all newly pur*as$ animals4 ,x is seldom se5 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,x affects old & "y animals alike4 ,symptoms4--,?is =m ( cat>rh conjunctivitis is *>act]iz$ *iefly by a mucopurul5t dis*>ge f ! eyes1 an int5se degree ( inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane1 accompani$ ) swell+ ( ! eyelids & an e>ly opacity ( ! cornea4 ,! fl[ ( te>s is mix$ ) pus1 sometimes /reak$ ) blood1 & ! sk9 ( ! face is kept moi/ & soil$4 ,! eyes are kept cont9ually clos$4 ,! implication ( ! cornea 9 ! disease frequ5tly bl9ds ! animal = a "t1 & occasionally suppurative k]atitis1 ulc]s ( ! cornea1 or /aphyloma sup]v5e4 ,! attack is m>k$ f ! onset by fev]1 p>tial loss ( appetite1 p>tial loss ( milk1 susp5d$ rum9ation1 & sep>ation f ! h]d4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal %\ld be h\s$ 9 a cool1 d>k /able1 suppli$ ) pl5ty ( fre% wat] to dr9k & s(t1 succul5t fe$4 ,adm9i/] #a p\nd ( ,epsom salt--if a v l>ge animal1 use #a-a_/b p\nds--dissolv$ 9 #b or #c p9ts ( wat]4 ,= an eyewa%1 take boracic acid1 #a dram1 & p\r #d ounces ( boil+ wat] ov] x4 ,use ?is z (t5 z is conv5i5t1 apply+ x directly to ! eye4 ,9 ! majority ( cases improvem5t becomes manife/ 9 a few days1 & ! eye becomes cle> & free f inflammation 9 #aj days or #b weeks4 ,:]e ! disease develops ulc]ation ( ! cornea1 or well-m>k$1 deep-seat$ k]atitis1 ! treatm5t recomm5d$ = ^? conditions %\ld be adopt$4 ,prev5tion4--,:5ev] ?is affection appe>s 9 a h]d all ! unaffect$ animals %\ld be mov$ to fields :i* possess a diff]5t "* ( soil & fe$4 ,! wat] %\ld also be *ang$1 especially if !y h be5 obta9+ x f a /agnant pond4 ,,k]atitis 7,,corneitis74 ,?is is an inflammation ( ! cornea prop]1 al?\gh ! scl]otic at ! corneal bord] becomes involv$ to "s ext5t4 ,x may be divid$ into diffuse & suppurative4 ,causes4--,! cornea con/itutes ! mo/ prom95t portion ( ! eyeball1 h5ce x is subject to a v>iety ( injuries--scrat*es1 pricks1 contusions1 lac]ations1 etc4 ,inflammation ( ! cornea may also be due to ! ext5sion ( cat>rhal conjunctivitis or intraocul> disease1 & x may occasionally occur )\t any p]ceptible cause4 ,symptoms4--,diffuse k]atitis is *>act]iz$ by an exudation into & an opacity ( ! cornea4 ,! swell+ ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! eyeball may be ( an irregul> =m1 9 po9ts resembl+ small bladd]s1 or x may comm5ce at ! p]iph]y ( ! cornea by an abrupt ?ick5+1 :i* gradually dim9i%es z x approa*es ! c5t]4 ,if ! :ole cornea is affect$1 x has a uni=m gray or grayi%-:ite appe>ance4 ,! fl[ ( te>s is n s m>k$ z 9 conjunctivitis1 nor is ! suff]+ s acute1 ?\gh bo? conditions (t5 exi/ toge!r4 ,bo? eyes usually become affect$1 unless x is caus$ by an ext]nal injury4 ,9 favorable cases ! exudate )9 ! cornea beg9s to disappe> )9 a week or #aj days1 ! eye becomes cle>] & rega9s its transp>5cy1 until x ev5tually is fully re/or$4 ,9 unfavorable cases blood vessels =m & are se5 to trav]se ! affect$ "p f p]iph]y to c5t]1 vision becomes entirely lo/1 & p]man5t opacity 7albugo or leucoma7 rema9s4 ,:5 x arises f con/itutional causes recurr5ce is frequ5t1 leav+ ! corneal membrane m cl\dy aft] ea* attack1 until ! sight is p]man5tly lo/4 ,suppurative k]atitis may be a sequel ( diffuse k]atitis2 m commonly1 h[ev]1 x abruptly becomes manife/ by a rais$ swell+ on or ne> ! c5t] ( ! cornea t v soon assumes a yell[1 turbid color1 :ile ! p]iph]y ( ! swell+ fades into an opaque r+4 ,suppurative k]atitis is seldom notic$ = ! fir/ day or two--n until di/9ct pus =mation has occurr$4 ,:5 x is ! result ( diffuse k]atitis1 ulc]ation & ! escape ( ! conta9$ pus is inevitable2 o!rwise ! pus may be absorb$4 ,:5 ! deep] membranes cov]+ ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! eye become involv$1 ! cont5ts ( ?is *amb] may be evacuat$ & ! sight p]man5tly lo/4 ,treatm5t4--,place ! animal 9 a d>k5$ /able1 give gre5 or sloppy fe$1 & adm9i/] #d ounces ( ,glaub]'s salt 7sulphate ( soda7 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat] once a day4 ,if ! animal is debilitat$ a tablespoonful ( tonic p[d] %\ld be mix$ ) ! fe$ ?ree times a day4 ,?is may be compos$ ( equal p>ts by weight ( p[d]$ copp]as 7sulphate ( iron71 g5tian1 & g+]4 ,z an application = ! eye1 nitrate ( silv]1 #c gra9s to ! ounce ( s(t wat]1 ) ! addition ( #a gra9 sulphate ( morphia1 may be us$ sev]al times a day4 ,if ulc]ation occurs1 x is well to du/ p[d]$ calomel into ! eye twice daily1 or apply to ! eyelids a salve ( yell[ oxid ( m]cury1 #e p] c5t 9 lanol94 ,"s ( ?is may g on to ! cornea & b5ea? ! lids4 ,apply twice daily4 7,see ,ulc]s ( ! cornea47 ,to remove opacity1 aft] ! inflammation has subsid$1 apply a few drops ( ! foll[+ solution twice a day3 ,iodid ( potassium1 #ae gra9s2 t9cture sangu9>ia1 #bj drops2 di/ill$ wat]1 #b ounces2 mix4 ,sometimes k]atitis exi/s 9 a h]d z a transmissible disease1 spread+ l infecti\s conjunctivitis4 ,calomel1 appli$ to ! eye1 is especially useful 9 su* cases4 ,,ulc]s ,,( ,,! ,,cornea4 ,an ulc] comes f erosion or is ! consequ5ce ( ! bur/+ ( a small abscess1 :i* may h =m$ b5ea? ! delicate lay] ( ! conjunctiva1 cont9u$ ov] ! cornea2 or1 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! cornea itself1 aft] viol5t k]atitis1 or cat>rhal conjunctivitis4 ,at o!r times x is produc$ by bruises1 scrat*es1 or o!r direct injury ( ! cornea4 ,symptoms4--,! ulc] is g5]ally at fir/ ( a pale gray color1 ) its edges high & irregul>1 dis*>ges in/ead ( pus an acrid1 wat]y sub/ance1 & has a t5d5cy to spread widely & deeply4 ,if x spreads sup]ficially ^u ! cornea1 ! transp>5cy ( ?is membrane is lo/2 if x proce$s deeply & p5etrates ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! aque\s humor1 ?is fluid escapes1 ! iris may prolapse1 & ! l5s & ! vitre\s humor become expell$1 ?us produc+ de/ruction ( ! :ole organ4 ,treatm5t4--,x is ( ! greate/ importance1 z soon z an ulc] appe>s ^u ! cornea1 to prev5t its gr[+ l>g]4 ,! corrod+ process mu/ be conv]t$ into a heal?y "o4 ,= ?is purpose no?+ is m reliable ?an ! use ( solid nitrate ( silv]4 ,a /ick ( ?is m$ic9e %\ld be scrap$ to a po9t2 ! animal's head %\ld be firmly secur$2 an assi/ant %\ld "p ! lids2 if necess>y1 ! haw mu/ be secur$ )9 ! corn] ( ! eye & !n all p>ts ( ! ulc] %\ld be lightly t\*$ ) ! silv]4 ,aft] wait+ a few m9utes ! eye %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) a v weak solution ( common salt4 ,?is op]ation g5]ally has to be repeat$ at ! end ( ?ree or f\r days4 ,if heal?y action succe$s1 ! ulc] assumes a delicate fle%y t9t1 & ! =m] r$ness ar\nd ! ulc] disappe>s 9 proportion z ! ulc] heals4 ,9 sup]ficial abrasions ( ! cornea1 :]e !re is no di/9ct excavation1 ?is cau/ic treatm5t is n ne$$4 ,! eye %\ld be ba!d sev]al times a day ) sulphate ( z9c1 #cj gra9s to half a p9t ( s(t wat]1 & protect$ aga9/ exposure to cold air & sunlight4 ,excessive ulc]ation sometimes assumes ! =m ( fung\s excresc5ce ^u ! cornea1 appe>+ to d]ive its n\ri%m5t f loops ( blood vessels ( ! conjunctiva4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! fungoid mass mu/ be cut away & ! w\nd caut]iz$ ) ! nitrate ( silv]1 or else ! eye w soon be de/roy$4 ,:5 ulc]s ( ! cornea appe> indol5t1 ) a t5d5cy to sl\gh1 9 addition to ! treatm5t already prescrib$1 tonic p[d]s ( copp]as1 g5tian1 & g+]1 equal p>ts by weight1 %\ld be giv5 twice a day1 mix$ ) ! fe$2 dose1 "o tablespoonful4 ,,/aphyloma4 ,?is is a disease ( ! eyeball1 9 :i* ! cornea loses its transp>5cy1 rises above ! level ( ! eye1 & ev5 projects beyond ! eyelids 9 ! =m ( an elongat$1 :iti%1 or pe>l-color$ tumor1 :i* is sometimes smoo?1 at o!r times unev54 ,causes4--,inflammation is ! only kn[n cause1 al?\gh x may n occur imm$iately2 x frequ5tly foll[s cat>rhal conjunctivitis & k]atitis z a sequela4 ,treatm5t4--,9 a few cases re/oration ( sight may be effect$ by punctur+ ! project+ tumor & treat+ x aft]w>ds ) nitrate ( silv] 9 ! same mann] z prescrib$ = ulc]ation ( ! cornea4 ,9 "s cases spontane\s rupture has occurr$1 & heal+ )\t any treatm5t at all4 ,,cat>act4 ,9 cat>act ! cry/all9e l5s becomes opaque & loses its transp>5cy1 ! p[] ( refraction is lo/--! animal c n see4 ,causes4--,cat>act g5]ally arises f a dim9ution 7atrophy7 or o!r *ange 9 ! nutrition ( ! l5s2 x may occur z a result ( inflammation ( ! deep /ructures ( ! eye4 ,cat>act may be simple1 or complicat$ ) amaurosis1 adhesions1 etc4 ,symptoms4--,x is kn[n by ! :it5ess or loss ( transp>5cy ( ! l5s1 al?\gh ! pupil dilates & contracts4 ,sight may be totally lo/2 h[ev]1 evid5ce is usually manife/$ t ! animal di/+ui%es light :5 br\ght out ( a d>k5$ /able4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! =mation ( cat>act takes place sl[ly1 ! cases 9 :i* x orig9ates v quickly be+ b few4 ,treatm5t4--,!re is only "o me?od = ! treatm5t ( cat>act--a surgical op]ation = ! removal ( ! l5s2 b ?is is n advisable1 = ! sight c n be p]fectly re/or$1 & objects w\ld be se5 imp]fectly )\t ! aid ( glasses4 ,,amaurosis4 ,?is is a p>alysis ( ! n]ve ( sight or ! expansion ( ! ret9a4 ,causes4--,?is is ! result ( concussion f a bl[ ^u ! =ehead1 fracture ( bone ov] ! eye 7caus+ d[nw>d pressure71 rheumatic inflammation ( ! optic n]ve1 or f ext5sion ( deep inflammation ( ! eye involv+ ! ret9a4 ,x sometimes occurs z ! result ( excessive loss ( blood or ( great debility4 ,symptoms4--,9 ?is disease obs]vation is seldom made until ! animal 9 its gait & by its action indicates bl9dness4 ,g5]ally bo? eyes are affect$4 ,! eyeball rema9s cle>1 & ! pupil is p]man5tly dilat$4 ,no response to light is manife/$4 ,treatm5t4--,if caus$ by debility1 loss ( blood1 or associat$ ) rheumatism1 g5]al blood tonics may be giv5 9 ! fe$1 namely1 p[d]$ sulphate ( iron1 #a dram2 g5tian1 #b drams2 nux vomica1 "o-half dram2 to be giv5 twice a day4 ,9 cases ( rheumatism1 "o-half ounce ( saltpet] may be add$4 ,,fil>ia ,,oculi 7,,worm ,,9 ,,! ,,eye74 ,fil>ia oculi 7provisionally tak5 z ! l>va ( ,f4 c]v9a7 is a small :ite worm1 f\nd swimm+ 9 ! aque\s fluid 9 ! ant]ior *amb]4 ,x may be app>5tly h>mless = a long "t1 b w ev5tually induce k]atitis ) inflammatory exudations4 ,treatm5t4--,! cornea may be punctur$ at its upp] & out] m>g91 & ! worm squeez$ out ) ! aque\s humor4 ,! latt] w be =m$ aga94 ,?is op]ation results disa/r\sly unless ! greate/ c>e & skill are employ$4 ,,corneal ,,d]matoma 7,,hairy ,,tumor ,,on ,,! ,,eyeball74 ,9 a few in/ances ?is has be5 se5 z a cong5ital gr[?4 ,! tumor arises f ! cornea or ! scl]otic1 cov]$ by its respective membrane1 ) a gr[? ( hair ^u its surface4 ,^! tumors may be q prom95t or flatt5$1 & are d>k 9 color2 ! hair may protrude betwe5 ! eyelids1 giv+ ! animal ! appe>ance ( hav+ a d\ble eyelid4 ,treatm5t4--,a surgical op]ation becomes necess>y = _! removal-- "o requir+ a skill$ op]ator4 ,,/rabismus 7,,squ9t+74 ,?is is a v r>e affection among cattle4 ,/rabismus may be ei!r s+le or d\ble--affect+ "o eye or bo?4 ,x is caus$ by a p>alysis1 or a weak5+ ( "o ( ! /raight muscles ( ! eyeball4 ,g5]ally x is a cong5ital defect1 & ! squ9t+ is t[>d ! nose--/rabismus conv]g5s4 ,x is be/ n to attempt to rem$y ! defect1 z ! risk 9 an op]ation is great] ?an ! *ances ( success w>rant4 ,,pt]ygium4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to a fle%-color$ membrane1 triangul> 9 =m1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly gr[s f ! inn] angle ( ! eye & ext5ds ov] ! cornea1 ?us int]f]+ ) vision4 ,x may gr[ f ! out] angle1 or ev5 f ei!r ! sup]ior or inf]ior hemisph]e ( ! eyeball4 ,! figure is inv>iably t ( a triangle1 ) its base on ! :ite ( ! eye & its apex m or less advanc$ ov] ! cornea t[>d its c5t]4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are ! con/ancy ( ! triangul> =m1 & ! facility ) :i* ! :ole ( x may be tak5 hold ( ) a pair ( =ceps & rais$ into a fold on ! cornea4 ,e o!r k9d ( excresc5ce atta*$ to ?is membrane cont9ues firmly adh]5t to x1 & c n be fold$ & rais$ f ! surface ( ! cornea 9 any mann] :atev]4 ,treatm5t4--,raise ! fold & dissect x away f all po9ts ( atta*m5t4 ,,tri*iasis 7,,inv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,eyela%es74 ,9 ! simple/ =m ! eyela%es b5d inw>dly1 t\*+ ! eyeball1 caus+ irritation & simple conjunctivitis4 ,x may be also associat$ ) entropion4 ,treatm5t4--,! (f5d+ eyela%es %\ld be cut (f or pull$ out4 ,9 case ! natural gr[? ( ! eyela%es is direct$ inw>d1 an op]ation simil> to t = entropion becomes necess>y4 ,,entropion 7,,inv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,eyelid74 ,9 inv]sion ( ! eyelid ! eyela%es soon irritate ! ant]ior face ( ! cornea & produce m or less inflammation & opacity4 ,! inv]sion may be due to ! gr[? ( a tumor )9 or )\t ! lid1 to abscess1 lac]ation1 or injury1 caus+ ! lid to lose its natural con=mity to ! eyeball1 ulc]ations1 etc4 ,surgical int]f]5ce 9 ei!r case becomes necess>y to re/ore ! lid to its natural direction4 ,,ectropion 7,,ev]sion ,,( ,,! ,,eyelid74 ,?is s]ves to injure ! eye by p]mitt+ du/ or o!r =eign sub/ances to ent] ! eye & int]f]es ) ! natural removal ( !m4 ,treatm5t4--,a delicate surgical op]ation--! removal ( an elliptic section ( ! palpbral conjunctiva--may rem$y ! defect4 ,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,eyelids4 ,occasionally tumors =m ^u or )9 ! sub/ance ( ! eyelid4 ,!y may be ( a fibroid nature & arise f ! follicles ( ! hair z sebace\s tumors or may be 9 ! =m ( an abscess4 ,9 debilitat+ diseases ! lids sometimes become swoll5 & puffy1 a condition :i* may possibly be tak5 = ! gr[? ( a tumor4 ,?is g5]ally disappe>s ) ! improvem5t ( ! heal? ( ! animal4 ,w>ts n uncommonly appe> on or ab\t ! eyelids ( cattle4 ,treatm5t4--,! removal ( a tumor 9 ! vic9ity ( s delicate an organ z ! eye %\ld n be attempt$ by anyone n qualifi$ to p]=m ! op]ation4 ,,lac]ation ,,( ,,! ,,eyelid4 ,?is accid5t is n uncommon :]e cattle are f5c$ 9 by b>b$ wire2 an animal may be caught "u ! eyelid by ! horn ( ano!r1 or ! lac]ation may occur 9 ! /able by means ( a project+ nail or spl9t] ( wood4 ,treatm5t4--,! edges ( ! w\nd %\ld be br\ght toge!r closely & correctly1 by means ( p9s pu%$ ?r\gh v ne>ly ! :ole ?ickness ( ! lid1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ea* lip ( ! torn "p2 !n a wax$ silk or l95 ?read mu/ be w\nd ov] ea* end ( ! p91 cross+ ! torn l9e 9 ! =m ( ! figure #h 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #i72 ! p9s %\ld be plac$ ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ap>t4 ,! project+ ends ( ! p9s %\ld be cut (f close to ! ligature1 & ! p>ts kept ano9t$ ) vasel9e1 to :i* #b p] c5t ( comp\nd cresol has be5 add$4 ,9 place ( a p9 suture1 silv] wire1 catgut1 or /rong l95 ?read may be us$ 9 ! way ( an ord9>y suture4 ,,=eign ,,bodies ,,9 ,,! ,,eye4 ,spl9t]s ( wood1 h$ge ?orns1 pieces ( corn/alk or leaves1 /ems ( hay or /raw1 twigs ( trees1 or we$s may p5etrate into ! eye1 break (f1 & rema91 caus+ inflammation1 bl9dness1 abscess1 etc4 ,^! sub/ances may p5etrate ! eyeball1 b m frequ5tly !y glide (f & ent] betwe5 ! eye & ! ocul> %ea?4 ,treatm5t4--,_! removal becomes (t5 a v difficult task1 f ! fact t ! organ is s extremely s5sitive1 & ! retract+ p[] s /rong z to necessitate ca/+ ! animal1 or ev5 ! adm9i/ration ( suffici5t *lor(orm to r5d] x completely ins5sible4 ,! removal1 h[ev]1 is ( p>am\nt importance1 & ! aft] treatm5t dep5ds ^u ! ext5t & location ( ! injury--cold wat] compress ov] ! injur$ eye1 ! application ( mild a/r+5t & cool+ wa%es1 su* z acetate or sulphate ( z9c1 #e gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]4 ,:5 !re is extreme suff]+ f pa9 a solution ( atropia or morphia1 #e gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]1 may be dropp$ into ! eye1 alt]nat+ ) ! cool+ wa% sev]al times a day4 ,:5 abscesses =m )9 ! orbit a free op5+ mu/ be ma9ta9$ = ! dis*>ge ( pus4 ,9 deep p5etrat+ w\nds ( ! eye !re is a great t5d5cy to ! =mation ( a fung\s gr[?1 :i* (t5 necessitates ! enucleation ( ! :ole eyeball4 ,,orbital ,,& ,,p]iorbital ,,abscess4 ,orbital abscess may =m outside ! globe & )9 ! orbital %ea?1 z ! result ( a previ\s w\nd ( ! p>ts or f fracture ( ! bony orbit1 etc4 ,p]iorbital abscess comm5ces outside ! ocul> %ea?1 b5ea? ! p]io/eal membrane cov]+ ! bone1 & is usually ! result ( a disease or fractur$ bone :i* ent]s into ! =mation ( ! orbital cavity4 ,symptoms4--,orbital abscess is manife/$ by a pu%+ =w>d ( ! eyeball 7exoph?almos71 a swell+ ( ! conjunctiva & eyelids4 ,! bulg+ out ( ! eye is 9 proportion to ! size ( ! abscess2 ! movem5t ( ! eye is fix$1 due to ! pa9fulness ( any volunt>y movem5t ( ! eyeball4 ,p]iorbital abscess g5]ally pu%es ! eye to "o side2 o!rwise ! symptoms are simil> to ! =ego+4 ,! pa9 g5]ally is v great2 p>alysis ( ! n]ve ( sight may occur1 & dea? may be caus$ by ! abscess ext5d+ to ! bra94 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t = ei!r orbital or p]iorbital abscess is ! same z t = abscess occurr+ 9 any o!r "p ( ! body--a free op5+ = ! escape ( imprison$ pus4 ,?is %\ld be made z soon z ! true nature ( ! disease is recogniz$4 ,aft]w>ds antiseptic injections may be ne$$ to /imulate heal?y granulation & to prev5t septic infection ( ! ocul> membranes4 ,= ?is purpose a saturat$ solution ( boric acid or li/]9e #a "p to #aj ( wat] may be us$4 ,:5 ! fev] runs high1 ,glaub]'s salt 7sulphate ( soda7 may be giv5 9 #d-ounce doses once a day4 ,! animal %\ld be kept 9 a d>k5$ /able1 on s(t or gre5 fe$4 ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,orbit4 ,?is accid5t occasionally occurs among bellig]5t animals1 or z ! result ( bl[s deliv]$ by brutal att5dants4 ,! orbital process above ! eye may be entirely cru%$ 91 press+ d[n ^u ! eyeball4 ,9 su* an ev5t ! depress$ bone %\ld be elevat$ into its prop] place1 & if x fails to unite x may h to be remov$ ) saw or *isel4 ,! m>g9 ( ! orbit may be cru%$ at any po9t & cause p]iorbital abscess1 or necrosis may result f ! pres5ce ( a spl9t] ( bone or ! excessive de/ruction ( bone4 ,9 all cases ( fracture ! animal %\ld be kept by itself until ! injur$ "p heals4 ,,necrosis ,,( ,,! ,,bony ,,orbit4 ,z ! result ( fracture ( ! m>g9 ( ! orbit a "p ( ! injur$ bone may become necros$ 7dead71 & p]io/itis & p]iorbital abscess w foll[ z a consequ5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ?is disease w at fir/ resemble abscess1 b on mak+ an exam9ation ) a probe aft] ! abscess is op5 we f9d ! bone r\gh & brittle at ! po9t ( disease4 ,! dis*>ge has a peculi> fetid odor1 & is (t5 mix$ ) blood4 ,treatm5t4--,! affect$ bone mu/ be laid b>e & all diseas$ portions remov$ by scrap+ or1 if necess>y1 ) saw or *isel1 disreg>d+ ! ext5t ( ! injury or ! size ( ! w\nd necess>y to be inflict$4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! bony orbit may be remov$ )\t s]i\s dang] to ! eye1 provid$ ! eyeball itself has n be5 previ\sly affect$ by ! disease or involv$ 9 ! orig9al injury4 ,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,orbit4 ,a fung\s tumor ( ! eyeball or orbit occasionally appe>s1 :i* is designat$ fungus hmatodes4 ,?is may arise )\t any appreciable cause1 or z ! result ( a w\nd4 ,x frequ5tly comm5ces )9 ! eyeball z a small1 r$ mass1 ev5tually bur/s ?r\gh1 & pu%es its way outside ! orbit z a l>ge1 d>k-r$ mass1 ble$+ at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,x has a peculi>1 fetid odor1 & e>ly 9 its appe>ance de/roys sight1 involv+ all ! cont5ts ( ! orbit1 n infrequ5tly ! bony wall itself4 ,unless ! tumor is totally remov$ 9 its e>ly /age ( gr[?1 toge!r ) ! eyeball1 ! disease w ev5tually cause emaciation & dea? ( ! animal4 ,! enucleation ( ! eyeball %\ld n be und]tak5 by anyone unacqua9t$ ) ! anatomical /ructures involv$ 9 su* an op]ation4 ,:5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ e>ly en\gh ! result is g5]ally satisfactory4 ,bony tumors ( ! orbit1 ! result ( bruises1 fractures1 etc41 are occasionally pres5t 9 cattle4 ,!y may encroa* ^u ! cont5ts ( ! orbit1 caus+ p>alysis ( ! optic n]ve--! condition kn[n z amaurosis--or by pressure ^u ! po/]ior surface ( ! eyeball =ce x =w>d1 or produce atrophy 7%r9k+74 ,!y may displace ! eye 9 any direction1 ) or )\t di/urb+ vision4 ,fibr\s tumors gr[+ )9 ! orbit w produce symptoms simil> to ^? ( bony tumors4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! outl9es ( ! tumor1 :e!r fungoid1 bony1 or fibr\s1 c be detect$1 an op]ation = its removal %\ld be und]tak5 z soon z ! sight ( ! eye is 9 any mann] di/urb$4 ,,dislocation ,,( ,,! ,,eyeball4 ,! eyeball may be torn out ( its socket by ! horns ( ano!r animal1 or x may be cr[d$ out ) ! blunt end ( a club1 cane1 or probe 9 ! h&s ( a brutal att5dant4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! optic n]ve is n lac]at$ & ! retractor muscles at ! back ( ! eye are intact1 an attempt at r$uction is advisable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ foll[ v soon aft] ! injury--be=e swell+ takes place4 ,divide ! out] corn] ( ! eyelid to enl>ge ! orifice1 !n by pressure ) ! f+]s ( bo? h&s plac$ ^u ! sides ( ! eye ! ball may be put into its place4 ,apply a firm compress ov] ! injur$ eye & keep x con/antly wet ) cold wat] conta9+ #a dram ( sug> ( lead to ea* qu>t4 ,if ! attempt at r$uction proves unsuccessful ! art]y at ! back ( ! eye %\ld be ligat$1 & !n ! :ole mass cut (f z deep )9 ! orbit z possible4 ,! orbital cavity1 aft] wa%+ x out ) a #c p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid or comp\nd cresol1 %\ld be pack$ daily ) fre% absorb5t cotton4 ,,inflammation ,,& ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,! ,,haw4 ,! haw1 or membrana nictitans1 is subject to inflammation & swell+ f ! ext5sion ( conjunctivitis1 or direct injury by =eign sub/ances4 ,x pres5ts a r$1 swoll5 appe>ance1 accompani$ ) consid]able pa9 & a pr(use fl[ ( te>s4 ,a slight sc>ification ) a %>p knife & ! application ( a cool+ lotion1 su* z is recomm5d$ = conjunctivitis1 w soon r$uce ! swell+ & re/ore x to its normal function4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy = an inflammation ( ?is membrane to take on a *ronic "*1 :i* may ev5tually result 9 a p]man5t enl>gem5t1 resembl+ a tumor4 ,:5 x atta9s suffici5t size to protrude itself p]man5tly ov] ! eye1 or project betwe5 ! lids s z to ob/ruct ! sight1 its removal may become necess>y4 ,a ?read$ ne$le is pass$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! enl>g$ mass1 by :i* ! membrane is drawn out z f> z possible1 !n ) a blunt pair ( scissors x may be dissect$ away f its atta*m5ts4 ,! eye is aft]w>ds treat$ ) simple cool+ lotions4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,e>4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumb[]1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revis$ by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,diseases ( ! e>s ( cattle are n v common1 = ! reasons probably t !y are n subject$ to ! brutality ( driv]s s mu* z horses & t ! horns to a great ext5t protect !m aga9/ ext]nal viol5ce4 ,,otitis 7,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,e>74 ,inflammation ( ! deep "p ( ! e> is (t5 difficult to recognize 9 cattle4 ,x may be caus$ by disease ( bone 9 t region1 f bl[s inflict$ by driv]s1 or f injury by o!r cattle4 ,occasionally ! e> becomes involv$ 9 act9omycosis 7lumpy jaw71 or ! inflammation may be ! result ( a tub]cul\s affection4 ,symptoms4--,! animal w hold its head to "o side1 or %ake x1 :ile ! e> itself is held immovable4 ,! movem5t ( ! jaws 9 eat+ usually gives rise to a manife/ation ( pa92 ! base ( ! e> may be fev]i% & swoll51 & v s5sitive to ! t\*4 ,if ! inflammation has advanc$ to a suppurative /age1 (f5sive matt] w fl[ f ! e>4 ,treatm5t4--,at fir/1 hot fom5tations to r$uce pa9 & fev]1 foll[$ by a %>p bli/] bel[ ! e>4 ,laudanum1 #a "p to #aj ( sweet oil1 may be inject$ into ! e> to relieve pa9 & to s(t5 ! secretions4 ,if !re is a dis*>ge f ! e>1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ out by inject+ w>m soapsuds until all ! matt] has be5 wa%$ away2 !n inject ! foll[+ mixture twice a day3 ,sulphate ( morphia1 #bj gra9s2 wat]1 #a p9t2 glyc]91 #d ounces4 ,,abscess4 ,abscesses1 caus$ by contusions1 sometimes =m ab\t ! base ( ! e>1 ei!r inside or outside4 ,a s]\s cy/ is f\nd occasionally betwe5 ! c>tilage & ! sk9 on ! base ( ! e>1 :i* may be f a simil> cause4 ,treatm5t4--,) ! knife make a free incision into ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! abscess or cy/1 !n1 ) a syr+e1 wa% out ! sac ) c>boliz$ wat]4 ,if ! abscess recurs1 op5 x aga91 wa% x out1 & inject t9cture ( iod91 or fill x ) iod(orm4 ,,fungoid ,,gr[?s4 ,z a result ( lac]ation or w\nd ( any k9d1 fung\s gr[?s1 *>act]iz$ by a raw1 ble$+1 granulat+ surface1 ) a t5d5cy to become p5dul\s1 may develop on ! e>4 ,treatm5t4--,! :ole tumor or diseas$ /ructure %\ld be cut away1 & ! w\nd treat$ daily ) a dress+ ( c>boliz$ cosmol9e or turp5t9e & sweet oil1 #a "p ( ! =m] to #d ( ! latt]4 ,,=eign ,,bodies ,,9 ,,! ,,e>4 ,bugs h be5 kn[n to ga9 entrance into ! e>s ( animals4 ,i once remov$ an acorn f ! e> ( a c[ t _h be5 roam+ 9 ! woods2 also pieces ( wood f a /an*ion may be lodg$ accid5tally 9 ! e>4 ,symptoms4--,!re is usually a cont9u\s uneas9ess or frequ5t %ak+ ( ! head1 occasionally ! manife/ation ( exce$+ly great pa94 ,! animal may rub ! head & e> aga9/ trees or o!r objects 9 an endeavor to dislodge ! (f5d+ body4 ,treatm5t4--,a c>eful exam9ation reveals ! cause1 :i* may be remov$ ) a pair ( =ceps or scrap$ out ) a hairp9 or piece ( wire b5t at "o end4 ,if mu* inflammation exi/s1 ! e> may be swoll5 s t ! =eign sub/ance is hidd5 f sight2 !n a probe may be ins]t$ to feel = ! object1 :i*1 :5 f\nd1 %\ld be remov$1 ev5 if x becomes necess>y to split ! e> at ! base4 ,aft]w>ds treat ! e> ) frequ5t w>m wat] fom5tations & ! injection ( soapy wat] or oil & wat]4 ,,scurfy ,,e>s4 ,cattle are subject to scurfy e>s1 :i* may be ow+ to a g5]ally morbid condition ( ! sk91 or may be conf9$ to ! e>s alone4 ,! affect$ animal %[s an incl9ation to rub ! e>2 ?ick scales1 :i* sometimes h ! appe>ance ( h>d1 dry1 horny scales1 ( scurf collect on x4 ,?is condition is *iefly caus$ by a faulty secretion ( ! sebace\s gl&s ( ! e>4 ,?or\ghly clean ! e> ) a /iff bru%1 !n ano9t x1 s f> z affect$1 ) vasel9e #d p>ts to #a "p ( :ite precipitate o9tm5t4 ,if ! scurfy e>s are only a "p ( a g5]al scurf9ess ( ! sk91 ! condition ( ! animal ne$s att5tion4 7,see ,pityriasis1 p4 #cbi47 ,,fro/bite4 ,x is n uncommon among "y cattle :i* are poorly n\ri%$ & expos$ outdoors to /orms & extreme cold to suff] fro/bite ( ! e>1 :i* may con/itute actual freez+ ( ! "p4 ,symptoms4--,fro/bite pres5ts naturally e degree ( sev]ity f ! m]e *ill+ ( ! tip ( ! e> to positive freez+ & dea? ( a portion4 ,9 a day or two aft] ! freez+ has occurr$ ! e> becomes swoll5 & v pa9ful2 ! dead "p rema9s cold & beg9s to %rivel2 a l9e ( sep>ation !n =ms betwe5 ! inflam$ & ! dead or dy+ portion1 & f9ally ! piece de/roy$ drops (f1 leav+ a raw heal+ surface4 ,:5 ! e> is only slightly affect$ by ! cold1 an excoriation or peel+ (f ( sup]ficial sk9 takes place1 accompani$ ) "s pa9 & it*+4 ,treatm5t4--,a good l9im5t = froz5 e>s is a mixture ( turp5t9e1 ammonia1 & *lor(orm1 ( ea* #a "p1 add$ to #f p>ts ( sweet oil4 ,rub ?is on ! e> sev]al times a day4 ,x w relieve pa9 & /imulate ! circulation1 ?us favor+ a recov]y ( ! injur$ /ructures4 ,,lac]ations ,,( ,,! ,,e>4 ,aggressive dogs are ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( lac]at$ e>1 g5]ally leav+ a torn1 ragg$ edge & bruis$ c>tilage4 ,if ! w\nd is ext5sive1 a trimm+ ( ! ragg$ edges becomes necess>y2 !n ! edges %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r ) silv] wire1 catgut1 or /rong1 ?ick1 l95 ?read1 tak+ a deep hold1 & p9e t> appli$4 ,,disease ,,( ,,! ,,c>tilage ,,& ,,necrosis4 ,occasionally ! c>tilages ( ! e> become affect$1 usually ! result ( a deep bruise2 pus =ms1 burr[s "u ! sk91 & may f9d a dis*>ge f any "p ( ! e> m or less di/ant f ! seat ( ! disease4 ,:5 ! c>tilage has be5 ext5sively injur$1 pieces ( x may become dead 7necros$7 & dissolve1 to be c>ri$ away ) ! pus1 or x may lead to ext5sive sl\gh+ & ! =mation ( num]\s runn+ sores4 ,9 ! disease ( ! c>tilage !re is seldom mu* swell+ or great pa94 ,! dis*>ge is usually v (f5sive1 & occasionally /reak$ ) blood4 ,:5ev] !re is a long-cont9u$1 p]si/5t dis*>ge f "o or m op5+s 9 ! e>1 disease ( ! c>tilage may be suspect$4 ,treatm5t4--,! s9us =m$ by ! passage ( matt] %\ld be prob$ & se>*$ to ! bottom = ! pres5ce ( a =eign sub/ance or ! evid5ce ( decay+ c>tilage4 ,:5 ! probe t\*es necros$ c>tilage x w feel l a piece ( dry lea!r or p>tially s(t5$ wood4 ,a c\nt] op5+ mu/ !n be made at ?is place1 & all diseas$ c>tilage cut away ) ! knife4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t consi/s 9 keep+ ! artificial w\nd op5 = ! dis*>ge ( pus1 & ! injection ( *lorid ( z9c1 #e gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]1 once or twice a day1 until ! w\nd is heal$4 ,,en*ondroma ,,( ,,! ,,e>4 ,?is is an excessive gr[? ( c>tilage1 f\nd at ! base ( ! e> 9 ! =m ( a h>d1 pa9less tumor1 firmly atta*$ to ! movable e>4 ,! only rec\rse = its removal is ! knife 9 ! h&s ( "o acqua9t$ ) ! anatomy ( ! "p involv$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,cattle4 ,revis$ by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl]1 ,a4 ,m41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,! importance1 to ! f>m] & /ock rais]1 ( a g5]al k ( ! nature ( infecti\s diseases ne$ n be insi/$ on1 z x mu/ be evid5t to all :o h *>ge ( f>m animals4 ,! gr[+ facilities = int]c\rse betwe5 "o section ( a c\ntry & ano!r1 & betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries1 cause a wide di/ribution ( ! infecti\s diseases once re/rict$ to a def9ite locality4 ,n only ! animals !mselves1 b ! c>s1 vessels1 or o!r conveyances 9 :i* !y are c>ri$ may become ag5ts = ! dissem9ation ( disease4 ,! gr[+ t5d5cy ( specialization 9 agriculture1 :i* leads to ! ma9t5ance ( l>ge h]ds ( cattle1 %eep1 & hogs1 makes infecti\s diseases m common & m dang]\s4 ,fre% animals are be+ cont9ually introduc$ :i* may be ! c>ri]s ( disease f o!r h]ds1 & :5 disease is once br\ght into a l>ge h]d ! losses become v high1 because x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to *eck x aft] x has once obta9$ a foo?old4 ,^! consid]ations make x pla9 t only by ! mo/ c>eful sup]vision by intellig5t m5 :o und]/& ! nature ( infecti\s diseases & _! causes 9 a g5]al way c ^! be kept away4 ,we mu/ likewise consid] h[ incomplete our k conc]n+ _m diseases is1 & probably w be = "s "t to come4 ,! sugge/ions & recomm5dations (f]$ by inve/igators1 !re=e1 may n always be correct1 & may require frequ5t modification z our in=mation gr[s m compreh5sive & exact4 ,an infecti\s disease may be def9$ z any malady caus$ by ! introduction1 into ! body1 ( m9ute organisms ( a vegetable or animal nature :i* h ! p[] ( indef9ite multiplication & ( sett+ free c]ta9 peculi> poisons :i* are *iefly responsible = ! morbid *anges4 ,?is def9ition might include diseases caus$ by c]ta9 animal p>asites1 su* z tri*91 = example1 :i* multiply 9 ! dige/ive tract1 b ^: prog5y is limit$ to a s+le g5]ation4 ,by common cons5t ! t]m infecti\s is re/rict$ to ^? diseases caus$ by ! invasion & multiplication ( c]ta9 v m9ute unicellul> organisms includ$ "u ! g5]al classes ( bact]ia & protozoa4 ,ne>ly all ! diseases ( cattle = :i* a def9ite cause has be5 trac$ are f bact]ia4 ,among ^! are tub]culosis1 an?rax1 blackleg1 & tetanus 7or lockjaw74 ,"s diseases1 su* z ,texas fev] & nagana1 are traceable to protozoa1 :ile o!rs1 l act9omycosis & asp]gillosis1 are caus$ by fungi4 ,^? diseases ( :i* ! cause is unkn[n or imp]fectly work$ out are pleuropneumonia1 r9d]pe/1 foot-&-m\? disease1 rabies1 c[pox1 malignant cat>rh1 & dys5t]y4 ,bact]ia may be def9$ z v m9ute1 unicellul> organisms ( a plantlike "*4 ,_! =m is v simple1 z may be se5 f an inspection ( ! v>i\s species depict$ on ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,! description ( ^! figures w be f\nd on page #cfj4 ,! magnification !re giv5 w furni% ! read] "s idea ( _! v m9ute size4 ,!y multiply 9 two ways4 ,! bact]ium elongates & !n divides 9 ! middle to =m #b daught] cells4 ,^! g ?r\gh ! same process at once1 & ?us #d cells are produc$4 ,! division ( ^! leads to #h1 ! division ( #h to #af1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is multiplication takes place dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! bact]ium4 ,! bacillus ( tub]culosis multiplies v sl[ly1 :ile t ( an?rax does s ) great rapidity1 provid$ bo? are 9 ! mo/ favorable condition4 ,ano!r mode ( reproduction1 limit$ to c]ta9 classes ( bact]ia1 consi/s 9 ! =mation ( a spore )9 ! body ( ! bact]ium4 ,spore =mation usually takes place :5 ! conditions p]ta9+ to ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia become unfavorable4 ,! spores are mu* m resi/ant to de/ructive ag5ts ?an ! bact]ia :i* produc$ !m4 ,! an?rax spore may live sev]al ye>s 9 a dri$ /ate1 b ! an?rax bacillus p]i%es 9 a few days "u l conditions4 ,?is matt] w be ref]r$ to aga9 :5 we come to discuss ! subject ( dis9fection4 ,( ! protozoa :i* cause disease v little is at pres5t kn[n4 ,"o :i* produces ,texas fev] is pictur$ on ,plate ,,xlv1 9 figs4 #d & #e4 ,^! p>asites h a m complex life hi/ory ?an bact]ia2 & z !y c n be gr[n 9 artificial m$ia1 _! ?or\gh inve/igation is at pres5t hamp]$ ) great difficulties4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! symptoms & lesions ( ! v>i\s infecti\s diseases are due to diff]5ces 9 ! respective organisms caus+ !m4 ,simil>ly ! great diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ! s\rces f :i* animals become infect$ & ! mann] 9 :i* infection takes place are due to diff]5ces 9 ! life hi/ory ( ^! m9ute organisms4 ,mu* discussion has tak5 place ( late ye>s conc]n+ ! precise mean+ ( ! words infection & contagion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v>i\s ,,bact]ia ,,:i* ,,produce ,,disease ,,9 ,,cattle4 ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,! bact]ia on ?is plate are p>tly f tissues1 p>tly f cultures1 & /a9$ artificially ) anil9e colors 7fu*s9 or me?yl5e blue74 ,figs #f & #g are copi$ f ,frnkel & ,pfeiff]'s atlas4 ,all b fig4 #g are magnifi$ #a1jjj times2 fig4 #g1 #ejj times4 ,fig4 #a4 ,bact]ia f pneumonia 9 cattle4 ,^! are also ! cause ( hemorrhagic septicemia & are closely relat$ to sw9e-plague bact]ia4 ,^! bact]ia 7 drawn f a piece ( sple5 pulp 7rabbit74 ,fig4 #b4 ,micrococci 7/reptococcus7 :i* produce inflammation ( ! l9+ membranes ( ! abdom51 ?orax1 he>t1 bra91 & jo9ts4 ,frequ5tly associat$ ) ! prec$+ bact]ia 9 abscesses4 ,fig4 #c4 ,micrococci 7/aphylococcus7 :i* produce inflammation & suppuration2 also pyemia4 ,fig4 #d4 ,bacilli ( blackleg4 ,! pale oval bodies z well z ! light spots 9 "o end ( ! bacilli repres5t spores4 ,fig4 #e4 ,bacilli :i* produce tetanus or lockjaw4 ,! light spot 9 ! enl>g$ end ( ea* rod repres5ts a spore4 ,fig4 #f4 ,bacilli ( tub]culosis4 ,microscopic sections ( a pe>ly nodule f ! l9+ membrane ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,! bacilli are /a9$ r$ & appe> z small /raight rods )9 ! cells ( ! nodule or tub]cle4 ,fig4 #g4 ,bacilli ( an?rax4 ,bacilli f ! sple5 ( a m\se inoculat$ ) a culture4 ,! bacilli 7 obta9$ f ! blood ( a c[ :i* di$ ( an?rax 9 ,mississippi4 ,! bacilli appe> z rods /a9$ blue4 ,! r\nd bodies are blood corpuscles1 also /a9$ artificially4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,ha9es del4 ,,zeese-,,wilk9son ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,v>i\s ,,bact]ia ,,:i* ,,produce ,,disease ,,9 ,,cattle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! words1 h[ev]1 are n[ :olly inadequate to express ! complex processes ( infection1 & x may be said t ea* species ( bact]ium or protozoon has its own peculi> way ( invad+ ! animal body1 diff]+ m or less f all ! re/4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few broad di/9ctions :i* may be express$ ) ! help ( ^! old t]ms4 ,infection1 z laid d[n above1 ref]s at pres5t 9 a compreh5sive way to all microorganisms capable ( sett+ up disease 9 ! body4 ,"s microorganisms are transmitt$ directly f "o animal to ano!r1 & ! diseases produc$ may be call$ contagi\s4 ,among ^! are includ$ pleuropneumonia1 r9d]pe/1 foot-&-m\? disease1 rabies1 c[pox1 & tub]culosis4 ,aga91 c]ta9 organisms are p]haps nev] transmitt$ f "o animal to ano!r1 b may come f ! soil4 ,among ^! are tetanus1 blackleg1 an?rax to a l>ge ext5t1 & p]haps act9omycosis 9 "p4 ,^! diseases1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 may be call$ miasmatic4 ,!re is a ?ird class ( infecti\s diseases1 ! specific bact]ia ( :i* are transmitt$ f "o animal to ano!r1 z ) ! contagi\s diseases1 b ! bact]ia may1 "u c]ta9 favorable conditions1 f9d food en\gh 9 ! soil & 9 ! surr\nd+s ( animals to multiply to "s ext5t aft] !y h left ! sick animal & be=e !y ga9 entrance into a heal?y "o4 ,?is g5]al classification is subject to *ange if we take o!r *>act]i/ics into consid]ation4 ,?us tub]culosis1 because ( its insidi\s beg9n+ & sl[ c\rse1 w\ld n by _m be consid]$ contagi\s 9 ! s5se t foot-&-m\? disease is2 yet1 9 ei!r case1 ! bacillus mu/ come f preexi/+ disease4 ,! disease ( rabies1 or hydrophobia1 is n contagi\s 9 ! s5se t r9d]pe/ is1 because ! virus ( rabies mu/ be inoculat$ into a w\nd be=e x c take effect2 yet1 9 bo? cases1 ! virus passes )\t modification f "o animal to ano!r1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways4 ,aga91 all ! diseases "u ! second gr\p1 :i* seem to come f ! soil & f pa/ures1 are 9 "o s5se contagi\s 9 t ! virus may be tak5 f a sick animal & inoculat$ directly1 ) positive results1 into a heal?y animal4 ,o!r illu/rations may be cit$ :i* %[ t ^! old t]ms are n 9 !mselves satisfactory4 ,!re are s _m conditions :i* ent] into ! process ( infection t no s+le classification w give a suffici5tly correct or compreh5sive idea ( x4 ,^! /atem5ts w be easily und]/ood if ! diff]5t infecti\s diseases 9 ! foll[+ pages are /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! way or ways 9 :i* ea* disease may be contract$4 ,en\gh has be5 said1 !re=e1 to %[ t if we wi% to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! dang]s ( any giv5 disease1 we mu/ /udy x & n rely ^u any s+le "w to tell ! :ole /ory4 ,infecti\s diseases h1 z a g5]al rule1 a p]iod ( incubation1 :i* comprises ! "t elaps+ betwe5 ! exposure to ! infection & ! actual appe>ance ( ! disease4 ,?is p]iod v>ies ) ! malady4 ,! mo/ common symptom ( ?is class ( diseases is fev]4 ,! sev]ity ( ! fev] is measur$ by ! temp]ature ( ! animal2 ?is is readily & accurately asc]ta9able by ! cl9ical !rmomet]4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #a47 ,! o!r symptoms are v>iable & dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> organ or organs mo/ implicat$4 ,loss ( appetite1 cessation ( rum9ation & milk secretion1 & g5]al dullness are symptoms q inv>iably pres5t 9 mo/ infecti\s diseases4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( infecti\s diseases second>y diseases or complications may arise :i* are l>gely caus$ by bact]ia o!r ?an ^? produc+ ! orig9al malady4 ,^! complications are (t5 s sev]e z to become fatal4 ,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t !y are due to fil?y surr\nd+s1 & h5ce cleanl9ess may become an important aid to recov]y4 ,! treatm5t ( infecti\s diseases is giv5 "u ea* malady s f> z ?is is all[able or advisable4 ,^! diseases are n1 z a rule1 am5able to treatm5t4 ,:5 ! symptoms h once appe>$ ! disease is liable to run its c\rse 9 spite ( treatm5t1 & if x is "o f :i* animals usually recov]1 all t c be done is to put !m into ! mo/ favorable surr\nd+s4 ,_m infecti\s diseases lead soon] or lat] to dea?1 treatm5t is useless s f> z ! sick are conc]n$1 & x may be worse ?an useless = ^? n yet infect$4 ,all animals suff]+ ) infecti\s diseases are m or less directly a m5ace to all o!rs4 ,!y repres5t = ! "t be+ manufactories ( disease g]ms1 & !y are giv+ !m (f m or less abundantly dur+ ! p]iod ( disease4 ,!y may infect o!rs directly or !y may scatt] ! virus ab\t1 & ! surr\nd+s may become a future s\rce ( infection = heal?y animals4 ,?is leads u to ! subject ( prev5tion z ! mo/ important ( all :i* claim our att5tion4 ,9 ?is place only a few g5]al rem>ks w suffice to br+ ! subject be=e ! read]4 ,! mo/ important ?+ is to keep disease away f a h]d or f>m4 ,to d ?is all sick or suspici\s animals %\ld be avoid$4 ,a grave =m ( disease may be introduc$ by app>5tly mild or trivial cases br\ght 9 f )\t4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t cont9ual *ange & movem5t ( animals are ! mo/ pot5t means by :i* infecti\s diseases are dissem9at$4 ,) "s cattle diseases1 su* z an?rax1 r9d]pe/1 & pleuropneumonia1 prev5tive inoculation is resort$ to 9 "s c\ntries4 ,?is may be desirable :5 c]ta9 diseases h become e/abli%$ 9 any locality s t eradication is impossible4 ,x %\ld n be practic$ 9 t]ritories :]e a giv5 disease may /ill be extirpat$ by ord9>y precautions4 ,prev5tive inoculation is applicable to only a few maladies1 & !re=e its aid 9 ! control ( diseases is limit$4 ,:5 an infecti\s disease has ga9$ foo?old 9 a h]d ! c\rse to be pursu$ w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! malady4 ,a good rule is to kill diseas$ animals1 especially :5 ! disease is liable to run a *ronic c\rse1 z 9 tub]culosis4 ,! next important /ep is to sep>ate ! well f ! sick by plac+ ! =m] on fre% gr\nd4 ,?is is r>ely possible2 h5ce ! de/ruction or removal ( ! sick1 ) ?or\gh dis9fection ( ! infect$ locality1 is ! next ?+ to be done4 ,z to ! dis9fectants to be us$1 special directions are giv5 "u ! v>i\s diseases1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,"h we w simply call att5tion briefly to ! g5]al subject4 ,,dis9fection ,,& ,,dis9fectants4 ,dis9fection consi/s 9 ! use ( c]ta9 sub/ances :i* possess ! p[] to de/roy bact]ia or _! spores1 or bo?4 ,^? :i* are *eape/ & mo/ available = animal diseases are ord9>y fre%ly slak$ lime or unslak$ 9 p[d]1 *lorid ( lime1 crude c>bolic acid1 corrosive sublimate1 =maldehyde gas1 =mal91 & comp\nd cresol solution4 7#a7 ,slak$ lime is p]haps ! mo/ easily procur$1 b its dis9fect+ p[] is limit$4 ,:ile x is capable ( de/roy+ all bact]ia 9 _! vegetative /ate1 x is unable to de/roy su* spores z ^? ( an?rax & blackleg4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 incru/+ spores x may de/roy _! vitality soon] or lat]4 ,x is reg>d$ z safe practice to use only spore-de/roy+ sub/ances = ! virus ( ^? diseases ( :i* we h no def9ite k4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r dis9fectants1 lime is v useful4 ,x may be employ$ z a :itewa% on wood & /one & spr9kl$ z a dilute wa% or 9 p[d] ov] y>ds1 manure heaps1 & ov] c>casses be=e !y are buri$1 & ov] ! gr\nd on :i* !y h la9 to prev5t o!r animals f c>ry+ ! infection away4 7#b7 ,*lorid ( lime is m effici5t ?an simple slak$ or unslak$ lime1 z x de/roys spores4 ,x is ! ord9>y blea*+ p[d] ( comm]ce & is q un/able1 h5ce old prep>ations1 unless seal$1 are ( little value4 ,a #e p] c5t solution is suffici5tly /rong = all spore-be>+ bact]ia 7#c ounces 9 #b qu>ts ( wat]74 ,x may be effici5tly appli$ to ! walls & floor ( an infect$ /able by mix+ ) limewa% 9 ! proportion ( #f ounces ( ! lime to ea* gallon ( limewa%4 ,! ceil+s & ^? portions ( ! walls :i* c n be rea*$ %\ld be dis9fect$ by means ( *lor9 gas lib]at$ f ! *lorid ( lime by crude c>bolic acid4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mak+ a cone ( #e or #f p\nds ( *lorid ( lime1 9 ! top ( :i* a deep crat] is made = ! placem5t ( f #a to #b p9ts ( crude acid4 ,! edge ( ! crat] is !reupon pu%$ into ! fluid1 :5 a lively reaction foll[s4 ,! fumes ( *lor9 are /rongly irritat+ to ! respiratory tract & !re=e all live /ock %\ld be remov$ be=e ! "w is />t$4 ,ow+ to ! heat g5]at$1 x is advisable to place ! lime 9 an iron crucible & to h no?+ inflammable )9 a radius ( #b feet4 ,! numb] & location ( ^! cones ( *lorid ( lime dep5d on ! size & /ructure ( ! build+ to be dis9fect$4 ,z a rule1 x may be /at$ t *lor9 gas lib]at$ f ! above-siz$ cone w be suffici5t = dis9fect+ #e1bjj cubic feet ( air space4 7#c7 ,crude c>bolic acid4 ,! ord9>y purifi$ c>bolic acid is too exp5sive to be us$ on a l>ge scale1 & ! crude produce is a v good sub/itute4 ,?is is made m p[]ful by mix+ ) x an equal volume ( comm]cial sulphuric acid4 ,:ile ! sulphuric acid is be+ add$ to ! crude c>bolic acid mu* heat is evolv$1 & if ! glass j> 9 :i* ! two are mix$ is plac$ 9 cold wat] ! result+ product is said to h a high] dis9fect+ p[]4 ,! mixture is add$ to wat] en\gh to make a #e p] c5t solution 7ab\t #g ounces to #d qu>ts ( wat]74 ,?is is /rong en\gh = all purposes4 ,x may be kept 9 wood or glass1 b n 9 metal1 ow+ to ! corrod+ action ( ! acid4 ,x %\ld be us$ freely on woodwork & on infect$ floors1 & a =ce pump ( ! k9d us$ by or*>di/s is v conv5i5t z a means ( apply+ ! dis9fectant4 ,if ! solution is w>m :5 appli$1 x w p5etrate ! woodwork bett] ?an :5 cold1 especially if ! spray+ is done dur+ cold wea!r4 ,! addition ( air-slak$ lime 9 any quantity t w dissolve 9 wat] to ! above solution 7say #a-a_/b p\nds ( lime to #g ounces ( crude c>bolic acid to ea* gallon ( wat]7 is pref]r$ by _m1 z x makes any neglect$ places at once visible & leaves clean] & bett] air )9 ! build+s4 ,9 mo/ cases 9 :i* its application becomes desirable--& ?is rule %\ld apply to all dis9fections--! dis9fect$ /ables1 /alls1 etc41 %\ld rema9 vacant z long z possible be=e cattle are aga9 /abl$ !re94 7#d7 ,m]curic *lorid1 or corrosive sublimate1 is a p[]ful dis9fectant1 b x is likewise v poison\s2 h5ce its uses are limit$4 ,cattle are especially susceptible to its action & caution mu/ be us$ 9 its application4 ,a solution ( "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t is usually suffici5t 7#a ounce to #h gallons ( wat]74 ,x %\ld n be plac$ 9 wood5 pails1 :i* w\ld =m ! tannate ( m]cury1 a weak antiseptic2 nor1 ow+ to its corrosive action1 %\ld exp5sive metal pails be us$4 ,agate vessels or t9 pails are to be pref]r$4 ,all solutions %\ld be label$ poison1 & to avoid accid5ts none %\ld be kept on h&4 7#e7 ,=mal9 & =maldehyde gas h be5 f\nd v efficaci\s z sanit>y ag5ts4 ,=mal9 is ! comm]cial "n = ! #dj p] c5t solution ( =maldehyde gas 9 wat]1 & is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful antiseptic & dis9fectants t we possess4 ,solutions ( ?is /r5g? are manufactur$ by diff]5t comm]cial h\ses & sold by ! drug trade "u ! "n ( =malose & =mal4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be m5tion$ t :ile ! #dj p] c5t solution ( =maldehyde gas & =mal9 are exactly ! same ?+1 ! =m] c be pur*as$ at #cc-a_/c to #fd p] c5t less ?an ! latt]4 ,=mal91 dilut$ ) wat] 9 ! proportion ( #a p9t to #cj p>ts ( wat]1 or #d ounces to ea* gallon ( wat]1 may be appli$1 & x may ?us be us$ z a wa% or z a spray on all pa9ts1 metals1 & woodwork1 z well z on clo?+ & o!r fabrics1 )\t injur+ !m4 ,x may also be appli$ to floors1 walls1 & woodwork 9 :itewa% by mix+ #a "p to #cj p>ts ( limewa%1 or #d ounces to ea* gallon ( limewa%4 ,=mal9 has ! appe>ance ( wat] & 9 ! /rong solution is poison\s1 b :5 dilut$ z recomm5d$ above x is n dang]\s4 ,! fumes giv5 (f by x1 h[ev]1 are v disagreeable & irritat+ to ! eyes & nasal muc\s membranes4 ,"o & "o-half ounces ( =mal9 add$ to #a gallon ( wat] is a valuable ag5t = ! dis9fection ( ! sk9 or septic w\nds1 b is some:at pa9ful & irritat+ to raw surfaces4 ,=maldehyde is a gas :i* is soluble 9 #b-a_/b p>ts ( wat] 7#dj p>ts ( =maldehyde gas to #ajj p>ts ( wat]72 ?is solution con/itutes ! =mal9 ( comm]ce4 ,! use ( =maldehyde gas is 9 mo/ cases impracticable = /able dis9fection4 ,9 case ! /able is n too l>ge & c be made almo/ air-tight ! g5]ation ( =maldehyde gas1 aft] remov+ all ! animals1 w be f\nd v s]viceable4 ,x p5etrates all p>ts ( ! /able--! walls1 crevices1 floors1 ceil+--& is probably ! be/ fumigat+ dis9fectant t we h4 ,probably "o ( ! mo/ simple & practical me?ods ( lib]at+ ?is gas is by means ( ! *emical reaction :i* takes place :5 =mal9 is p\r$ ^u p]manganate ( potassium4 ,= ea* #a1jjj cubic feet ( air space1 #af-b_/c ounces ( cry/alliz$ or p[d]$ p]manganate ( potassium is plac$ 9 a wide-surfac$ pan2 #bj ounces ( =mal9 is !n p\r$ ^u x1 & ! /able imm$iately clos$ = a p]iod ( #ab h\rs or long]4 ,?is me?od is effici5t only :5 x is possible to seal tightly ! place to be dis9fect$1 & %\ld be us$ only by exp]i5c$ p]sons4 7#f7 ,"s coal-t> products are *eap1 effective1 & easily appli$ dis9fectants1 _! action be+ due to ! c>bolic acid & creosote 9 _! composition4 ,!y may be us$ 9 #c to #e p] c5t solution4 ,z a rule !y =m a milky solution 9 wat]4 7#g7 ,comp\nd solution ( cresol 7liquor cresolis compositus71 n[ recogniz$ z an (ficial prep>ation1 is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( cresol & l9se$-oil-pota% soap4 ,! mixture is a ?ick1 d>k1 amb]-color$ fluid :i* mixes readily ) wat] 9 all proportions to =m a cle>1 soap solution4 ,x is an effici5t dis9fectant 9 a #c or #d p] c5t solution1 & 9 ?is /r5g? x may be appli$ 9 ! same mann] z a #e p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,:5 x is desir$ to apply "o ( ^! above-m5tion$ ag5ts to ! /able or b>ny>d1 a prelim9>y clean+ up ( all dbris & litt] is advisable1 toge!r ) ! scrap+ ( ! floor1 mang]s1 & walls ( ! /able ) hoes2 also ! removal ( all du/ & fil?4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by ! burn+ ( all su* accumulations1 inasmu* z ?is mat]ial likewise conta9s ! infecti\s pr9ciple & is be/ de/roy$ by heat4 ,heat may be appli$ to ! surface ( ! affect$ p51 byre1 or b>ny>d by means ( a cyclone burn]1 :i* consi/s ( a tank1 pump1 hose1 & cyclone nozzle = spray+ ) p>aff9 7gas oil74 ,! latt] is eject$ 9 ! =m ( spray1 :i* :5 ignit$ gives a v hot & effective flame to be appli$ to ! infect$ gr\nd4 ,:]e su* burn+ is impracticable ! surface soil ( ! y>d & surr\nd+s %\ld be remov$ to a dep? ( #e or #f in*es & !n plac$ 9 a heap & ?or\ghly mix$ ) air-slak$ lime4 ,! fre% surface ( ! soil ?us expos$ may !n be spr9kl$ ) ! dis9fectant4 ,9 addition to ^! artificial sub/ances !re are sev]al natural sanit>y ag5ts ( great importance z de/roy]s ( virus4 ,^! are cleanl9ess1 v5tilation1 dry+1 & sun%9e4 ,all virus1 except+ su* z may live 9 ! soil1 is kill$ soon] or lat] by dry+ & sun%9e1 & ! importance ( ^! factors 9 ! daily life ( animals ne$ n be insi/$ on "h4 ,f9ally1 all sanit>y measures :i* contribute to ! heal?fulness ( animal surr\nd+s are directly or indirectly inimical to disease g]ms1 & all c>elessness 9 ! keep+ ( animals may be reg>d$ z an ally ( ^! de/ructive organisms4 ,,contagi\s ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,pls4 ,,xxix-,,xxxii4 ,def9ition & hi/ory4--,?is disease has be5 eradicat$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is n probable t x w ev] be se5 9 ?is c\ntry aga94 ,z1 h[ev]1 mu* int]e/ 0 manife/$ 9 reg>d to x = a numb] ( ye>s1 & z our cattle are /ill prohibit$ f "s =eign m>kets on acc\nt ( its previ\s exi/5ce "h1 ! subject is treat$ at great] l5g? ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 ,! contagi\s pleuropneumonia ( cattle is a specific1 epizootic disease :i* affects bov9e animals1 & f :i* o!r species are exempt4 ,x is *>act]iz$1 :5 ! disease results f exposure 9 ! usual mann]1 by an inflammation ( ! lungs & pleur1 :i* is g5]ally ext5sive1 & :i* has a t5d5cy to invade portions ( ^! organs n prim>ily affect$ & to cause dea? ( ! diseas$ portion ( ! lung4 ,?is disease is frequ5tly call$ ! lung plague1 :i* corresponds to its ,g]man "n ( ,lung5seu*e4 ,9 ,fr5* x is spok5 ( z ! pripneumonie contagieuse4 ,! hi/ory ( ! contagi\s pleuropneumonia ( cattle c n be trac$ ) any c]ta9ty to a p]iod e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,no d\bt x exi/$ & ravag$ ! h]ds ( ,europe = _m ye>s & p]haps c5turies be=e t "t1 b vet]9>y k 0 s limit$ t ! descriptions ( ! symptoms & po/-mortem appe>ance are too vague & too limit$ to admit ( ! id5tification ( ! maladies to :i* !y ref]4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s writ]s t c]ta9 passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 ,livy1 & ,virgil %[ ! exi/5ce ( pleuropneumonia at ! "t t _! works 7 compos$1 b _! ref]5ces are too indef9ite to be s]i\sly accept$ z indicat+ ?is r ?an "s o!r disease4 ,x seems q pla9 t z e>ly z #agac & #agad pleuropneumonia exi/$ 9 ,swabia & sev]al ,cantons ( ,switz]l&4 ,!re are ev5 cle>] acc\nts ( its preval5ce 9 ,switz]l& 9 #agcb1 #agdc1 & #agfe4 ,9 #agfi a disease call$ murie 0 inve/igat$ 9 ,fran*e-,comt by ,b\rgelat :i* und\bt$ly 0 id5tical ) ! pleuropneumonia ( to-day4 ,f t p]iod we h frequ5t & well-au!nticat$ acc\nts ( its exi/5ce 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #agij to #ahab x 0 spread ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe by ! cattle driv5 = ! subsi/5ce ( ! armies1 :i* m>*$ & c\nt]m>*$ 9 all directions4 ,x 0 g5]ally preval5t 9 ,italy 9 #ahjj4 ,x appe>s to h be5 unkn[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,nord1 ,france1 until #ahbf1 b dur+ ! ye>s f #ahbj to #ahdj x p5etrat$ into mo/ p>ts ( t c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod x 0 introduc$ into & all[$ to spread ov] ,belgium & ,holl&4 ,?is contagion is said to h be5 c>ri$ to ,irel& f ,holl& 9 #ahci1 & is report$ z exi/+ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdb4 ,! disease 0 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at sev]al diff]5t times4 ,probably its fir/ introduction 0 ) a diseas$ c[ sold 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahdc4 ,x came to ,new ,j]sey by import+ affect$ animals 9 #ahdg4 ,massa*usetts 0 infect$ 9 ! same way 9 #ahei4 ,s\? ,africa 0 infect$ by a bull br\ght f ,holl& 9 #ahed1 & ,au/ralia likewise receiv$ ! contagion ) an ,engli% c[ 9 #aheh4 ,x is also report$ z exi/+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t ( ,asia1 b ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance & ! ext5t ( its di/ribution are v unc]ta94 ,"s c\ntries1 su* z ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k1 :i* _h be5 infect$ = only a %ort "t1 h succe$$ 9 eradicat+ ! disease )\t mu* difficulty by slaught]+ all affect$ & expos$ animals4 ,o!r c\ntries long infect$ & 9 :i* ! contagion 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 l ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,belgium1 & p>ts ( ,g]many1 h labor$ long1 9 "s cases mak+ no progress & 9 o!rs be+ only p>tially successful4 ,holl& 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ?or\ghly infect$ c\ntries to free itself f ! contagion4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,massa*usetts eradicat$ pleuropneumonia dur+ ! p]iod f #ahfj to #ahff4 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey made an attempt to eradicate x 9 #ahgi1 b 7 n successful4 ,late 9 #ahhc ! contagion 0 c>ri$ to ,ohio1 probably by ,j]sey cattle pur*as$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,baltimore1 ,md41 to :i* place x _h ext5d$ be=e #ahfh4 ,f ! h]d !n infect$ x 0 spread by ! sale ( cattle dur+ #ahhd to a limit$ numb] ( h]ds 9 ,ill9ois1 to "o h]d 9 ,miss\ri1 & to two 9 ,k5tucky4 ,! al>m caus$ among ! /ock own]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ?is widespread dissem9ation ( a disease s mu* dread$ l$ to ! adoption ( active measures = its control & eradication4 ,by coop]ation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! au?orities ( ! affect$ ,/ates x 0 f\nd possible to prev5t ! fur!r spread ( ! contagion & to eradicate x aft] a few mon?s' delay4 ,9 #ahhf pleuropneumonia 0 discov]$ 9 "s ( ! l>ge di/ill]y /ables ( ,*icago & among c[s on neighbor+ lots4 ,?is l$ to r5ew$ ef=ts = ! complete extirpation ( ?is disease f ! c\ntry4 ,congress 9 #ahhg enl>g$ ! appropriation available = ?is purpose & gave m ext5d$ au?ority4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ! disease 0 /amp$ out ( ,*icago1 & has n s9ce appe>$ 9 any di/rict we/ ( ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s4 ,! "w ( eradication 0 at ! same "t comm5c$ 9 all ! infect$ ,/ates4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> #ahhi ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ,virg9ia _h be5 fre$ f ! disease4 ,m difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 on acc\nt ( ! l>g] t]ritory infect$ & ! d5sity ( ! population4 ,! long /ruggle 0 successful1 h[ev]1 & ! la/ animal 9 :i* ! disease appe>$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 slaught]$ e>ly 9 #ahia1 & ! la/ "o affect$ 9 ,new ,j]sey met ! same fate e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,ha9es del4 ,,zeese-,,wilk9son ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,upp] ,,or ,,dorsal ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,lungs ,,( ,,! ,,ox4 7,,"o-,,twelf? ,,natural ,,size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,ha9es del4 ,,zeese-,,wilk9son ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,bron*opneumonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,ha9es del4 ,,zeese-,,wilk9son ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,contagi\s ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,ha9es del4 ,,zeese-,,wilk9son ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,contagi\s ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,dur+ ^! same ye>s a supreme ef=t _h be5 made to /amp out ?is lung plague f ,great ,brita94 ,f ! (ficial reports x appe>s t ! numb] ( infect$ di/ricts & ( diseas$ animals _h rapidly dim9i%$1 b x 0 n until #ahih t ! infection 0 f9ally eradicat$4 ,! o!r infect$ ,european c\ntries1 ?\gh !y ma9ta9 a vet]9>y sanit>y s]vice1 are n mak+ satisfactory progress 9 eradicat+ ! disease4 ,?is is ow+ p>tly to delays 9 c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ! laws & p>tly to mi/ak5 ideas z to ! measures :i* are necess>y to accompli% ! object4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! la/ ( ! c\ntries hav+ old infect$ di/ricts :i* und]took to /amp out ?is contagion1 &1 except ,holl&1 x 0 ! fir/ to rea* success4 ,! cause 7etiology7 ( pleuropneumonia4--,?is is a contagi\s disease1 & arises only by contagion f a previ\sly affect$ animal2 consequ5tly x c nev] be se5 "h except z ! result ( import+ affect$ animals f ! ,old ,_w4 ,:5 ?or\ghly /amp$ out x does n reappe>2 & if import$ animals cont9ue to be prop]ly inspect$ & qu>ant9$1 we h e reason to believe t pleuropneumonia w nev] aga9 be se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! exact nature ( ! virus or contagion ( lung plague has nev] be5 det]m9$4 ,v>i\s inve/igators h f "t to "t claim$ ! discov]y ( ! specific organism ( ! disease1 b x 0 n until #ahih t ,noc>d & ,r\x1 by an +5i\s me?od ( cultivation1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ a v feeble gr[? ( an exce$+ly m9ute microorganism4 ,) ^! cultures ! disease 0 produc$ 9 cattle4 ,"s inve/igators & writ]s are ( ! op9ion t ! disease c be contract$ only by an animal com+ ne> en\gh to a liv+ diseas$ "o to receive ! contagion directly f x4 ,!y hold t ! contagion is expir$ ) ! air f ! affect$ lungs1 & t x mu/ be almo/ imm$iately inspir$ by ano!r animal 9 ord] to produce ! disease4 ,"s exp]im5tal attempts to infect animals by plac+ !m 9 /ables :]e diseas$ animals h be51 & by plac+ ! diseas$ lungs ( slaught]$ animals 9 _! fe$+ tr\ghs h fail$1 &1 consequ5tly1 app>5tly confirm ?is view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contagi\s ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,upp] or dorsal surface ( ! lungs ( ! ox1 r$uc$ to "o-twelf? ( ! natural size3 a1 a'1 ! "r & left pr9cipal lobes4 ,^! are ! l>ge/ & are situat$ po/]iorly1 re/+ ^u ! diaphragm2 b1 b'1 ! v5tral lobes1 situat$ betwe5 ! pr9cipal lobes2 & c1 c'1 c'' ! mo/ ant]ior1 or cephalic1 lobes4 ,! "r ant]ior is divid$ into two lobes 7c1 c'71 ! left is s+le 7c''72 d1 tra*ea1 or w9dpipe4 ,9 ! majority ( ! lungs exam9$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! bureau :i* 7 affect$ ) contagi\s pleuropneumonia ! pr9cipal lobes 7a1 a'7 7 prim>ily affect$4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,bron*opneumonia4 ,! v5tral or middle lobe ( ! "r lung affect$ ) collapse & beg9n+ bron*opneumonia4 ,! light yell[i% portions repres5t heal?y lung tissue2 ! r$ repres5ts ! disease4 ,x w be notic$ t ! l9es betwe5 ! lobules are q fa9t1 indicat+ little or no inflammation ( ! connective tissue betwe5 ! lobules4 ,! heal?y lung tissue is se5 to be rais$ above ! level ( ! diseas$ portion4 ,9 contagi\s pleuropneumonia ! exact rev]se is ! case1 ! diseas$ portions be+ v mu* l>g] ?an ! heal?y4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,contagi\s pleuropneumonia4 ,appe>ance ( a c['s lung affect$ ) contagi\s pleuropneumonia :5 sections or slices are made ( x & cut surfaces exam9$4 ,fig4 #a4 ,transv]se section ?r\gh ! "r pr9cipal lobe 9 a case ( acute pleuropneumonia4 ,! area drawn includes ! air tubes1 ve9s1 & art]ies1 & illu/rates ! great ?ick5+ ( ! int]lobul> connective tissue into broad :iti% b&s & ( ! walls ( ! air tubes1 ve9s1 & art]ies3 a1 air tube cut obliquely2 a'1 air tube cut directly across2 b1 art]ies cut across2 c1 l>ge ve9 completely occlud$ by a ?rombus or plug =m$ dur+ life4 ,! great ?ick5+ ( ! walls ( ! art]y & ve9 9 ?is disease is especially br\ght out by /at+ t 9 ! heal?y lung !y are s ?9 z to be easily ov]look$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,transv]se section ( ! pr9cipal lobe 9 a case ( acute pleuropneumonia1 illu/rat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( hepatization or consolidation ( ! lung4 ,^! are indicat$ by ! diff]5t colors f d>k r$ to r$di% yell[4 ,?is v>iation ( color is reg>d$ by "s z ! real m>bl+ *>act]i/ic ( pleuropneumonia1 :ile ! :iti% b&s p5etrat+ ! lung tissue 9 all directions con/itute ! true m>bl+ accord+ to o!r obs]v]s4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,contagi\s pleuropneumonia4 ,?is illu/rates :at are call$ inf>ctions4 ,! "r half ( ! figure %[s ne>ly normal lung tissue4 ,! left repres5ts a blacki% mass1 9 :i* ! lung tissue is fill$ ) blood & solidifi$4 ,?is is caus$ by ! plugg+ ( ! ve9 c>ry+ away ! blood f ?is portion4 ,! he>t =ces ! blood ?r\gh ! art]y into ! tissue at consid]able pressure1 b ow+ to ! fact t its return is prev5t$1 ! m9ute blood vessels rupture & ! air vesicles become di/5d$ ) blood1 :i* coagulates & causes ! firmness ( ! tissue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is kn[n t ! s]um f affect$ lungs reta9s its virul5ce & may be us$ successfully = inoculation weeks or mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ! animal f :i* x 0 tak54 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :5 ?is liquid is h]metically seal$ 9 glass tubes4 ,o!r inve/igators /ate t !y h successfully infect$ cattle by plac+1 9 ! no/rils1 sponges or pl$gets ( cotton saturat$ ) su* s]um4 ,cattle h also1 accord+ to ! be/ evid5ce obta9able1 be5 infect$ f ! clo?+ ( att5dants1 f horns us$ 9 dr5*+1 & f smell+ ab\t wagons :i* h be5 us$ to transport affect$ c>casses4 ,9 ! "w ( eradicat+ pleuropneumonia f ! ,unit$ ,/ates _m /ables 7 f\nd 9 :i* ! disease w\ld appe> & reappe> aft] ! slaught] ( affect$ h]ds1 & 9 spite ( any precautions :i* 7 adopt$4 ,^! 7 always old /ables1 ) woodwork 9 a decay+ condition & ) floors und]laid ) fil? :i* c\ld n be ?or\ghly remov$ or dis9fect$4 ,9 e "o ( ^! cases ! de/ruction ( ! /able1 ! burn+ ( ! lumb] ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 ! removal ( ! accumulations b5ea? ! floors1 & ?or\gh dis9fection1 prev5t$ ! recurr5ce ( ! plague 9 new /ables built ^u ! same premises4 ,?is exp]i5ce conclusively %[s t "u c]ta9 conditions1 at lea/1 /ables may reta9 ! infection = a consid]able "t1 & t :5 re/ock$ ! disease may break out aga9 f su* infection4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! disease is acquir$ by a heal?y animal be+ ne> an affect$ "o & receiv+ ! contagion direct4 ,affect$ animals may give (f ! contagion 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease be=e ! symptoms are app>5t to ! obs]v]2 also1 !y may reta9 ?is infecti\s "*1 if !y survive ! attack1 = six mon?s & probably = a ye> aft] all symptoms ( ! disease h disappe>$4 ,incubation4--,! "t :i* elapses betwe5 exposure to ! contagion ( pleuropneumonia & ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! symptoms ( ?is disease v>ies greatly ) diff]5t individuals & ) diff]5t outbreaks ( ! disease4 ,ord9>ily ! symptoms ( disease make _! appe>ance )9 ?ree to six weeks aft] exposure2 !y may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 )9 two weeks or !y may n become app>5t until ne>ly or q ?ree mon?s4 ,x is ?is long p]iod ( incubation & ! great l5g? ( "t t an animal may dissem9ate ! contagion aft] app>5t recov]y :i* give ! plague t insidi\s "* s (t5 spok5 (1 & :i* greatly increase ! difficulties ( eradication4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are su* z w\ld be expect$ ) inflammation ( ! lungs & pleur1 b !y v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! type :i* ! disease manife/s4 ,if ! attack is an acute "o1 z is frequ5tly se5 9 hot wea!r1 ! symptoms appe> sudd5ly2 ! brea?+ becomes rapid & difficult1 ! animal grunts or moans ) ea* expiration1 ! %\ld]s /& out f ! *e/1 ! head is ext5d$ on ! neck1 ! back is ar*$1 ! temp]ature is #ajd to #ajg ,f41 ! milk secretion is susp5d$1 !re is no appetite1 rum9ation is /opp$1 ! animal may bloat & lat] be affect$ ) a sev]e di>rhea4 ,su* cases are g5]ally fatal 9 #g to #bj days4 ,v (t5 ! attack comes on sl[ly & ! symptoms are mu* less cle>4 ,9 ! milde/ cases !re is a c\gh = a week or two1 b no appreciable loss ( appetite or elevation ( temp]ature4 ,! lungs are b slightly affect$ & recov]y soon foll[s4 ,su* animals may dissem9ate ! contagion = a long "t )\t be+ suspect$1 & = t reason are ! mo/ dang]\s ( all4 ,a m sev]e type ( ! plague is ! mo/ frequ5tly se54 ,9 ^! cases ! c\gh is frequ5t1 m or less pa9ful1 ! back some:at ar*$1 & ! milk secretion dim9i%$4 ,! prom95ce ( ^! symptoms increases1 ! appetite is affect$1 ! animal loses fle%1 ! brea?+ becomes m rapid1 ! c\gh m pa9ful1 pressure ( ! f+]s betwe5 ! ribs %[s t5d]ness1 ! hair loses its gloss & /&s erect1 ! sk9 becomes adh]5t1 little1 if any1 milk is secret$1 & ! temp]ature rises1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t animals f #ajc to #ajg ,f4 ,animals ?us affect$ may cont9ue to gr[ worse & die 9 f ?ree to eight weeks1 or !y may aft] a "t beg9 to improve & make an app>5t recov]y4 ,! inflammation ( ! lung does n1 z a rule1 subside & ! organ return to its normal condition1 z is ! case 9 ord9>y pneumonia1 b ) ?is disease ! life ( ! affect$ portion ( ! lung is de/roy$1 ! tissue dies1 & a fibr\s wall is =m$ ar\nd x to %ut x away f ! liv+ p>ts4 ,! tissue1 ?us ency/$1 gradually s(t5s1 becomes dis9tegrat$1 & breaks d[n into pus4 ,! recov]y1 !re=e1 is n complete2 x is only app>5t & p>tial4 ,to ^? accu/om$ to exam9+ ! lungs ( cattle1 o!r & extremely important symptoms may be app>5t dur+ ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,by apply+ ! e> ov] ! walls ( ! *e/ an area ( a c]ta9 ext5t may be f\nd 9 :i* ! natural brea?+ s\nd is dim9i%$ or entirely lo/4 ,?is repres5ts ! diseas$ portion ( ! lungs4 ,9 o!r cases a l\d bl[+ s\nd may be he>d1 q diff]5t f any s\nd produc$ :5 ! lung is 9 a heal?y condition4 ,9 "s cases crepitation is he>d ne> ! bord] l9e ( ! diseas$ area & friction s\nds produc$ by ! r\gh5$ pleura2 ^! c be appreciat$1 h[ev]1 only by ^? ^: e>s h be5 tra9$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t s\nds :i* rea* ! e> :5 appli$ to ! *e/ wall4 ,by p]cussion--t is1 by press+ ! f+]s ( ! left h& firmly aga9/ ! wall ( ! *e/ & tapp+ ^u ! middle f+] ) ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! "r h&--an area ( dullness may be discov]$ correspond+ to ! portion f :i* ! respiratory murmur has disappe>$4 ,?is loss ( respiration detect$ by auscultation1 & ! dullness br\ght out by p]cussion1 are ! mo/ important evid5ces ( an inflam$ or consolidat$ lung4 ,s]i\sly affect$ animals rema9 /&+ if !y h suffici5t /r5g?1 b ^? :i* lie d[n always lie on ! affect$ side4 ,! proportion ( animals :i* become affect$ aft] be+ expos$ v>ies accord+ to ! virul5ce ( ! outbreak1 ! susceptibility ( ! animals1 & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* exposure is cont9u$4 ,sometimes n m ?an #ae1 #bj1 or #cj p] c5t w contract ! disease :5 a l>ge h]d is expos$2 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 #hj or #ij p] c5t may be affect$4 ,! proportion ( cases 9 :i* ! disease proves fatal also v>ies greatly--x may n exce$ #aj & x may rea* #ej p] c5t4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ab\t #dj p] c5t ( ! expos$ animals w contract ! disease & ab\t "o-half ( ^! cases w prove fatal4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances4--,ow+ to ! complexity ( ! /ructure ( ! lung tissue1 its ramifications ( bron*ial tubes & blood vessels1 & its abundant supply ( lymphatics1 ! pa?ological *anges 9 pleuropneumonia are int]pret$ ) great difficulty4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( pneumonia :i* pres5t "s resemblances to pleuropneumonia & :i* may !re=e be confus$ ) x 9 "s ( its phases4 ,if we kill an animal affect$ ) acute pleuropneumonia & exam9e ! cavity ( ! *e/ & lungs1 ! foll[+ appe>ances w be not$3 ,! ?orax may conta9 m or less s]um1 :i* may be cle> or cl\d$4 ,!re may be firm adhesions ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! lungs to ! *e/ wall1 ! ext5t ( :i* dep5ds on ! /age & sev]ity ( ! disease4 ,! diseas$ lobes are unusually l>ge & exce$+ly firm to ! t\*4 ,! weight ( a s+le l>ge lobe may rea* #dj p\nds4 ,usually only "o side is affect$1 (t5 b a s+le lobe1 & ?is mo/ commonly ! l>ge or pr9cipal lobe4 ,! pleura may be cov]$ ) "o or m lay]s ( a firm1 ela/ic1 grayi% membrane1 :i* v>ies 9 ?ickness & :i* sometimes may be pull$ away entirely4 ,sometimes x is abs5t4 ,! pleura1 h[ev]1 is opaque & app>5tly v mu* ?ick5$4 ,?is is ow+ to ! diseas$ condition ( ! connective tissue b5ea? ! pleura1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,:5 an affect$ lobe is cut ?r\gh at "r angles to its long diamet]1 ! cut surface pres5ts a v>iety ( int]e/+ *anges4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! spaces betwe5 ! small subdivisions ( ! lung 7! lobules71 :i* 9 ! heal?y lung are b>ely visible1 are di/5d$ ) a yell[i%-:ite1 usually q firm1 sub/ance1 :i* is coagulat$ fibr94 ,! cut surface ?us appe>s divid$ into small fields by yell[i%-:ite b&s ( v>y+ ?ickness runn+ 9 v>i\s directions ?r\gh ! lung tissue & b5ea? ! pleura4 7,pl4 ,,xxxi47 ,^! b&s may appe> honeycomb$ & ! spaces fill$ ) yell[i% fluid 7s]um7 or !y may be uni=mly solid4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! space imm$iately outside ( & ar\nd ! art]y1 ve91 & air tube is simil>ly broad5$ by fibr9\s deposits4 ,"s au?orities look ^u ^! b&s z con/itut+ ! s-call$ m>bl+ ( pleuropneumonia4 ,9 addition to ^! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! connective tissue betwe5 ! lobules1 ! lung tissue itself may be m>k$ly alt]$4 ,c]ta9 areas ( ! cut surface may be v firm 9 texture & ( a br[ni%-r$ color4 ,! cut surface is granul> or r\gh5$1 n smoo? to ! eye4 ,o!r areas equally firm may be m grayi% yell[ & /ill o!rs may be blacki%4 7,pl4 ,,xxxii47 ,besides ^! areas :i* repres5t solidifi$ 7hepatiz$7 lung tissue !re may be o!rs :i* approa* ! normal lung tissue 9 color1 are s(t1 & float 9 wat]4 ,f ^! a milky1 purul5t fluid may (t5 be express$4 ,^! diff]5t %ades are repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxi1 fig4 #b1 )9 a small compass4 ,"s au?orities are incl9$ to consid] ^! v>iations 9 color on ! same cut surface z ! s-call$ m>bl+ ( pleuropneumonia4 ,x matt]s n :e!r we reg>d ! b&s betwe5 ! lobules or ! v>y+ %ades ( ! lobules !mselves z ! m>bl+1 provid$ ei!r or bo? are peculi> to contagi\s pleuropneumonia4 ,if we exam9e ! blood vessels appe>+ on su* cut surface !y w usually be f\nd plugg$ )9 ! firmly hepatiz$ regions4 ,! art]y conta9s a d>k1 s(t1 removable clot1 ! ve9 a grayi%-p9k1 granul>1 fragile plug 7?rombus71 :i* adh]es firmly to ! wall ( ! ve91 & if ?is is slit op51 indications ( a diseas$ condition ( ! inn] coat w be readily detect$4 ,:5 l>ge regions ( ! lung tissues are hepatiz$1 ! ma9 air tube & its bran*es are usually fill$ ) grayi%1 cyl9drical bran*$ masses ( fibr9 t are easily remov$1 z !y d n adh]e to ! muc\s membrane4 ,! views ( pa?ologi/s diff] z to ! nature ( ! e>lie/ *anges 9 pleuropneumonia1 & x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to pres5t controv]t$ or imp]fectly develop$ !ories4 ,9 ! =ego+ description we h tak5 z a type ! acute pleuropneumonia 9 its fully develop$ phase1 :i* c sc>cely be mi/ak5 = any o!r disease4 ,we h se5 t !re is an inflammatory condition ( ! connective tissue betwe5 ! lobules1 result+ 9 ! exudation ( coagulable lymph4 ,?is inflammation is equally m>k$ ar\nd ! blood vessels & air tubes4 ,x leads to inflammatory *anges 9 ! inn] wall ( ! ve9s1 & ^! cause ! deposition ( ?rombi or plugs 9 ! vessels1 :i* prev5t ! return ( ! blood4 ,! blood pump$ into ! lung tissue ?r\gh ! art]y1 b unable to get out by way ( ! ve91 leaves ! me%-"w ( capill>ies ar\nd ! air vesicles1 ent]s ! latt]1 & produces ! firm1 hepatiz$ condition s *>act]i/ic ( ?is disease4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t ! ve9s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! lung tissue are plugg$ at diff]5t times1 & t1 !re=e1 ! affect$ regions are 9 diff]5t /ages ( disease1 x w be easily und]/ood h[ ! diff]5t %ades ( color f d>k r$ to grayi% or yell[i% r$ are produc$4 ,! complete plugg+ ( ! ve9s may lead to ! dea? ( circumscrib$ masses ( lung tissue4 ,a l9e ( sep>ation =ms betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead tissue & a ?ick cy/ wall ( fibr\s tissue =ms ar\nd ! latt]4 ,! dead tissue = a "t pres]ves ! appe>ance ( lung tissue1 !n und]goes dis9tegration & liquefaction4 ,! s(t5$ mass is f9ally absorb$1 & ! walls ( ! cy/1 or capsule ar\nd x1 gradually collapse & =m a cicatrix4 ,?is favorable t]m9ation takes place only :5 ! dead mass is n too l>ge4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 involve ov] half ( "o ( ! l>ge lobes4 ,"u su* circum/ances recov]y is improbable4 ,a m favorable t]m9ation is ! abundant gr[? ( fibr\s tissue ar\nd & into ! hepatiz$ masses4 ,! =mation ( fibr\s tissue may ext5d to ! pleura1 or lung cov]+1 & cause firm adhesion ( ! lungs to ! *e/ wall & to ! p]ic>dium1 or he>t case4 ,! same peculi>1 inflammatory *anges :i* take place betwe5 ! lobules ( ! lung & ar\nd ! bron*i & vessels may invade ! pleural cavity1 cause ext5sive membran\s & spongy deposits on ! pleura & firm deposits ar\nd ! he>t & l>ge art]ies1 ! gullet1 & w9dpipe4 ,^! are ! ma9 features ( ! lung disease caus$ by contagi\s pleuropneumonia4 ,9 ! typical1 acute cases !re are a suffici5t numb] ( peculi>ities to enable u to make a positive diagnosis4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m cases 9 :i* ! disease is re/rict$ to small areas1 or to ! int]lobul> tissue1 or 9 :i* ! *anges are /ill imp]fectly develop$1 or else s f> advanc$ t d\bts may arise z to ! true nature ( ! affection4 ,9 su* cases all obta9able facts1 includ+ ! hi/ory ( ! case1 ! symptoms dur+ life1 & ! pa?ological *anges obs]v$ on po/-mortem exam9ation mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,only "o :o has made a c>eful /udy ( ! disease is fitt$ to decide 9 su* cases4 ,o!r k9ds ( lung disease1 because ( c]ta9 features common to mo/ lung diseases ( cattle1 may be conf\nd$ ) pleuropneumonia4 ,! inflammation ( ! connective tissue betwe5 ! lobules is n infrequ5tly obs]v$ 9 s-call$ int]/itial pneumonia & may lead to ! =mation ( :iti% b&s int]sect+ ! lung tissues 9 v>i\s directions4 ,on ! cut surface ^! b&s may give rise to a decid$ly m>bl$ appe>ance4 ,aga91 9 traumatic pneumonia1 caus$1 z its "n implies1 by ! entrance ( =eign bodies into ! lung tissue1 g5]ally f ! paun*1 ! connective tissue ar\nd ! place ( disease becomes inflam$ & ?ick5$1 & ! disease itself may simulate pleuropneumonia 9 its retrogressive /ages :5 x is conf9$ to a small portion ( lung tissue4 ,! fill+ up ( ! int]lobul> spaces ) fibr9 & connective tissue ( inflammatory orig9 is n ?us limit$ to pleuropneumonia1 b may appe> 9 a m>k$ degree 9 o!r lung diseases4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ?is /atem5t t ^! int]lobul> *anges are necess>ily ! same z ^? 9 pleuropneumonia1 al?\gh to ! nak$ eye !y may appe> ! same4 ,we simply note _! pres5ce )\t discuss+ _! nature4 ,9 g5]al1 ! di/9ction betwe5 pleuropneumonia & bron*opneumonia is n difficult to make4 ,9 ! latt] disease ! pneumonia g5]ally invades c]ta9 lobes4 ,! disease attacks ! small] lobes 9 _! l[e/ portions fir/ & gradually ext5ds upw>d1 i4 e41 t[>d ! root ( ! lung or ! back ( ! animal & backw>d into ! l>ge pr9cipal lobes4 ,aga91 bo? lungs 9 advanc$ cases are (t5 symmetrically affect$4 ,9 contagi\s pleuropneumonia ! l>ge pr9cipal lobe ( "o side is mo/ frequ5tly affect$1 & a symmetrical disease ( bo? lungs is v r>e1 if1 9 fact1 x has ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,! lung tissue 9 bron*opneumonia is n enl>g$1 b r m contract$ ?an ! normal tissue ar\nd x4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,normal1 air-conta9+ lobules may be scatt]$ among & ar\nd ! hepatiz$ portion 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,9 pleuropneumonia ! diseas$ & heal?y portions are ei!r %>ply divid$ (f1 "o f ! o!r1 or else !y %ade into ea* o!r by int]m$iate /ages4 ,! hepatiz$ lung tissue 9 bron*opneumonia :5 ! cut surface is exam9$ is visually ( a m or less d>k fle% color ) pal] grayi%-yell[ dots regul>ly int]sp]s$1 giv+ x a peculi>1 mottl$ appe>ance4 ,9 ! m advanc$ /ages x becomes m firm1 & may conta9 nodul> & firm] masses dissem9at$ ?r\gh x4 ,! air tubes usually conta9 m or less s(t1 creamy1 or *eesy pus or a turbid fluid q diff]5t f ! loose1 fibr9\s ca/s ( acute pleuropneumonia4 ,! int]lobul> tissue may or may n be affect$4 ,x sometimes conta9s loose1 fibr9\s plugs1 or x may be greatly di/5d$ ) air1 especially 9 ! /ill normal portions ( ! lung4 ,! pleura is seldom s]i\sly diseas$4 ,if we contra/ ) ^! features ! firm d>k-r$ hepatizations1 ! plugg+ ( ! ve9s1 ! ext5sive int]lobul> deposits1 & ! well-m>k$ pleuritis 9 pleuropneumonia1 !re is little *ance = confusion betwe5 well-develop$ cases ( ^! two lung diseases4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ! lesions ( ! disease kn[n z contagi\s pleuropneumonia may be conf9$ to ! s]\s membranes ( ! ?orax1 or !y may be conf9$ to ! p>5*yma ( ! lungs2 !y may affect a :ole lobe1 or only a small portion ( x2 !y may or may n cause ! s-call$ m>bl$ appe>ance4 ,9 ! same way bron*opneumonia may v>y z to ! p>ts ( ! lung affect$1 ! ext5t ( ! lesions1 ! degree & k9d ( pa?ological *anges 9 ! int]lobul> tissue1 ! color ( ! lung on cross section & ! am\nt ( hepatization4 ,9 individual cases1 !re=e1 x is (t5 necess>y to take into acc\nt ! hi/ory ( ! animal1 ! c\rse ( ! disease1 & ! communicability ( ! affection be=e a diagnosis c be made betwe5 ! two diseases4 ,prev5tion & treatm5t4--,! prev5tion ( pleuropneumonia1 z ( o!r contagi\s diseases1 consi/s 9 keep+ animals s t !y w n be expos$ to ! contagion4 ,z ! disease arises only by contagion1 !re is no possibility ( an animal becom+ affect$ ) x unless x has be5 expos$4 ,if1 !re=e1 pleuropneumonia exi/s 9 a locality ! own] ( heal?y cattle %\ld make e ef=t to keep 8 animals f com+ ne> affect$ ones or :i* h be5 expos$4 ,he %\ld be equally p>ticul> n to all[ p]sons :o h be5 on ! infect$ premises to visit 8 own pa/ures1 /ables1 or cattle4 ,if pleuropneumonia breaks out 9 a h]d1 e animal 9 x %\ld be slaught]$1 ! /ables ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$1 & no o!r cattle all[$ on ! premises until a p]iod ( #ij days has elaps$4 ,m$ical treatm5t ( affect$ animals is unavail+ & %\ld n be attempt$4 ,no matt] h[ valuable ! diseas$ animals may h be5 be=e !y contract$ ! disease1 !y %\ld at once be de/roy$ & ! contagion eradicat$4 ,?is is ! be/ policy = ! individual z well z = ! community4 ,! eradication ( ?is disease by local or ,national ,gov]nm5ts c be successful only :5 ! same pr9ciples are adopt$ & c>ri$ out z "h recomm5d$ = individual /ables4 ,x is !n a difficult und]tak+1 simply because ! contagion is g5]ally widely dissem9at$ be=e any measures are adopt$1 & because a great majority ( cattle own]s w nev] report ! exi/5ce ( ! disease4 ,regulations mu/ !re=e be en=c$ :i* w insure ! prompt discov]y ( e h]d 9 :i* ! disease appe>s1 z well z ! de/ruction ( all diseas$ & expos$ animals & ! ?or\gh dis9fection ( ! premises4 ,to discov] pleuropneumonia suffici5tly e>ly = ?is purpose1 ! di/rict suppos$ to be infect$ %\ld be cle>ly def9$ & inspectors %\ld be con/antly employ$ to inspect e h]d 9 x at lea/ once 9 two weeks1 or1 bett]1 once a week4 ,no bov9e animal %\ld be all[$ to g out ( ! def9$ di/rict alive1 & all :i* ent] x %\ld be c>efully inspect$ to insure _! fre$om f disease4 ,z an assi/ance to ! discov]y ( diseas$ h]ds1 e animal :i*1 f any cause1 dies 9 ! infect$ di/rict & e animal :i* is slaught]$1 ev5 if app>5tly 9 good heal?1 %\ld be ! subject ( a c>eful po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,_m affect$ h]ds w be f\nd 9 ?is way4 ,9 addition to ^! measures x is also necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! removal ( animals f "o /able to ano!r & ! mix+ ( h]ds ^u common pa/ures or 9 ! public highways4 ,! object mu/ be to isolate e individual's cattle z completely z possible1 or o!rwise a s+le affect$ animal may infect a doz5 or m h]ds4 ,to prev5t surreptiti\s sale or trad+ ( cattle1 ea* animal mu/ 9 "s way be numb]$ & record$ 9 ! books kept by ! (ficial 9 *>ge ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture a numb]$ metal tag 0 fa/5$ to ea* animal's e> & index books 7 s arrang$ t ) a numb] giv5 ! own] c\ld be at once asc]ta9$1 or f ! own]'s "n ! cattle = :i* he 0 responsible c\ld be at once le>n$4 ,9 ?is way1 if an animal 0 miss+ f a /able1 ! fact became app>5t at once1 or if "o too _m 0 f\nd 9 a /able ! numb] 9 its e> w\ld indicate :]e x came f4 ,:5 pleuropneumonia is discov]$ by ^! means1 ! entire h]d %\ld be slaught]$ z soon z ! =malities ( appraisem5t c be arrang$4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts ! c>casses %\ld be buri$1 z x is g5]ally impracticable to dispose ( !m 9 any o!r way4 ,9 city di/ricts ! animals may be tak5 to a slaught]h\se1 ) su* precautions z are possible to prev5t dissem9ation ( ! contagion4 ,! animals %\ld be slaught]$ "u ! sup]vision ( an inspector4 ,! heal?y c>casses may be utiliz$ = food1 b ! blood1 entrails1 & all diseas$ c>casses %\ld be heat$ to a temp]ature equal to t ( boil+ wat] or above1 & !n us$ = ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s4 ,! dis9fection ( premises %\ld be ?or\gh & %\ld be c>ri$ out by a tra9$ corps ( m5 employ$ = ! purpose4 ,! floors ( /ables %\ld be remov$1 ! accumulations remov$ f b5ea? !m1 ! cont5ts ( hayl(ts %\ld be de/roy$1 & ! woodwork & soil b5ea? ! /ables %\ld be ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) a solution ( bi*lorid ( m]cury1 #a "p to #b1jjj ( wat]4 ,aft] ! floor+ is replac$ ! woodwork %\ld be coat$ ) limewa%1 conta9+ "o-f\r? p\nd ( *lorid ( lime to ! gallon ( mixture4 ,usually 9 ^! cases ! own]s are dep5d5t ^u _! h]d ( c[s = a liv+1 & consequ5tly x is difficult or impossible to hold ! /ables vacant = any consid]able p]iod4 ,9 a majority ( in/ances cattle may be admitt$ at once to /ables s dis9fect$1 )\t ! reappe>ance ( ! disease4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 x w reappe> )\t app>5t cause4 ,= ?is reason ! inspection & o!r measures mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! infect$ di/rict = six mon?s or a ye> aft] ! la/ case ( disease has be5 dispos$ (4 ,_m p h object$ to ! slaught] ( diseas$ & expos$ animals z an unsci5tific & exp5sive me?od ( eradicat+ ! disease4 ,to ^! x may be answ]$ t x is ! only me?od :i* has ev] prov$ successful1 & t 9 ! end x is mu* m economical ?an temporiz+ measures4 ,inoculation has be5 adopt$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & has und\bt$ly less5$ ! dea? rate1 b :]e ?is practice is all[$ ! disease is kept up & spreads4 ,= ?is reason x %\ld be prohibit$ :]ev] !re is a possibility & disposition to eradicate ! contagion4 ,,r9d]pe/4 ,r9d]pe/1 also kn[n z cattle plague1 is an acute1 infecti\s disease ( cattle1 9 :i* ! dige/ive organs are ma9ly involv$4 ,?\gh unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! importance ( hav+ ne> at h& a few def9ite facts conc]n+ ?is disease1 %\ld x ev] rea* our %ores1 w be at once appreciat$4 ,a k ( su* facts may aid 9 an e>ly recognition ( ! disease4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 on ! o!r h&1 t a sup]ficial k ( diseases1 su* z ! layman may ga9 ?r\gh read+1 n infrequ5tly leads to conf\nd+ comp>atively h>mless1 non9fecti\s maladies ) su* z are truly dang]\s 7foot-&-m\? disease1 r9d]pe/1 etc71 & causes tempor>y panics among /ock own]s4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 r9d]pe/ has its home 9 ! t]ritory ar\nd ! ,black ,sea & ! ,volga ,riv] 9 ,russia2 accord+ to o!rs1 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,!nce x has be5 convey$ at v>i\s times by cattle to ne>ly e c\ntry ( ,europe & ,asia1 :]e x has prov$ to be a v]itable bov9e sc\rge4 ,x probably visit$ ,europe z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & s9ce !n ! migrations ( ! p f ! ,f> ,ea/ h f "t to "t introduc$ ! disease4 ,especially dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 m or less preval5t 9 ,europe1 ow+ to ! frequ5t w>s1 dur+ :i* h]ds ( cattle 7 br\ght f ea/]n ,europe & ,asia to supply ! dem&s ( ! armies4 ,x prevail$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,at pres5t x exi/s 9 ea/]n ,europe & 9 portions ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,! virus is convey$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r *iefly by means ( infect$ cattle1 al?\gh infect$ hides1 wool1 & fe$ may play an important "p 9 its dissem9ation4 ,! railroad facilities ( ! pres5t1 :i* furni% ! means ( su* rapid communication1 are p>ticul>ly liable to aid 9 ! spread ( ! disease4 ,9 ! pa/ r9d]pe/ has be5 suppos$ to be id5tical ) v>i\s human diseases1 among !m smallpox & typhoid fev]4 ,^! suppositions are unf\nd$1 & ! view ( au?orities to-day is t x is a disease ( a peculi> k9d1 n id5tical ) any o!r kn[n infecti\s disease4 ,! contagion ( r9d]pe/4--,! cause ( r9d]pe/ mu/ be look$ = among microorganisms--mo/ likely bact]ia4 ,! inve/igations made ?us f> = ?is causal factor h be5 fruitless4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 rec5t exp]im5ts w\ld indicate t ! unse5 microbe is ( su* dim5sions t x is )held by ! d5se bact]ial filt]s1 b passes ?r\gh ! m por\s ones4 ,=m]ly x 0 suppos$ by v>i\s au?orities t r9d]pe/ virus appe>$ spontane\sly "u ! influ5ce ( det]iorat$ fe$ & long & exhau/+ drives2 also dur+ unusual meteorological conditions4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is no long] ma9ta9$4 ,x is probable t 9 its home 9 ,asia ! disease is p]petuat$ by cont9ual infection ( fre% animals1 & "s au?orities g ev5 s f> z to believe t ! disease w\ld be entirely /amp$ out1 ev5 9 its native haunts1 by a de/ruction ( all sick & infect$ h]ds4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! success ( su* an und]tak+ w\ld l>gely dep5d on ! nature ( ! cause4 ,if a /rictly p>asitic organism1 l ! contagion ( pleuropneumonia1 x might be completely extirpat$ 9 ?is way4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! g]ms or bact]ia may live & multiply outside ( ! bov9e body1 9 ! soil1 wat]1 or 9 "s o!r animal1 extirpation w\ld be impossible4 ,! virus may be transmitt$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 bo? direct & indirect1 f sick to heal?y animals4 ,x is said to be pres5t 9 ! v>i\s excreta1 su* z ! dis*>ges f ! nose1 & ! saliva1 ! ur9e1 & ! manure1 ( ! diseas$4 ,= mon?s x reta9s its vitality 9 a moi/ /ate outside ! body1 & ! disease is report$ to h develop$ aft] fe$+ hay a ye> aft] x _h la9 9 an infect$ /able2 h5ce manure & ! fodd] & b$d+ soil$ ) dis*>ges may convey x4 ,p]sons may c>ry ! virus on _! %oes1 clo?+1 or implem5ts4 ,ev5 small animals1 su* z cats & rats1 :i* frequ5t b>ns & /ables1 h be5 look$ ^u z c>ri]s ( ! virus4 ,cattle are v susceptible to ! disease1 & 9 its virul5t type all ^? expos$ are said to become infect$4 ,buffaloes1 %eep1 & goats are likewise susceptible1 b 9 a less degree4 ,x is also claim$ t animals aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh "o attack successfully resi/ future attacks4 ,inoculation ) virus is said to produce immunity1 b 9 _m cases ! process ( inoculation itself is foll[$ by dea?4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( r9d]pe/ are n v *>act]i/ic1 & h5ce ! diagnosis ( a suspect$ case 9 ! beg9n+ ( an invasion is att5d$ ) difficulties4 ,c]ta9 appe>ances :i* are *>act]i/ic ( "o epizootic may be abs5t 9 ano!r4 ,diff]5t obs]v]s are n q agre$ z to ! mo/ con/ant & important4 ,! p]iod ( incubation1 i4 e41 ! "t betwe5 ! exposure to infection & ! e>lie/ outw>d symptoms1 v>ies f ?ree to n9e days4 ,! fir/ sign is a v high fev]1 :i* may rea* #ajg ,f4 ,! heat ( ! sk9 v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & may be felt at ! base ( ! e>s & horns4 ,repeat$ *ills are frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,! pulse rea*es #ej to #fj beats a m9ute1 & 9 v sev]e attacks may rise to #ij or #ajj4 ,! animal manife/s great debility4 ,! head droops & re/s on "s object ( support4 ,"o or bo? e>s may droop4 ,! coat is />+ & ! muzzle dry4 ,! secretion ( milk dim9i%es v rapidly4 ,)9 twelve to tw5ty h\rs ! usual quantity may h become r$uc$ "o-half or two-?irds4 ,! back is ar*$1 & ! f\r limbs are br\ght toge!r "u ! body4 ,z ! disease progresses1 symptoms ) ref]5ce to ! dige/ive & respiratory organs become prom95t4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ! nose1 z well z t ( ! rectum & vag9a1 becomes r$d5$1 ei!r 9 pat*es or diffusely1 & assumes a sc>let hue4 ,! dis*>ges1 at fir/ firm1 become s(t]1 & soon di>rhea sets 94 ,?is is said to be "o ( ! mo/ con/ant symptoms4 ,! rectum may become ev]t$ & p>alyz$1 & ! b[els move spontane\sly4 ,! dis*>ges become fetid1 viscid1 & /reak$ ) blood4 ,c\gh+ is a common symptom1 & by "s is consid]$ *>act]i/ic4 ,x is associat$ ) dis*>ges f ! nose & vag9a & dribbl+ ( saliva f ! m\?4 ,! eyes also are affect$4 ,!re is an increas$ =mation ( a viscid secretion :i* fl[s d[n ! face4 ,ano!r s]ies ( *anges prom95t 9 "s epizootics & mild or abs5t 9 o!rs are ! ulc]s1 or s-call$ erosions1 9 ! m\?4 ,^! beg9 z r$ pat*es & /reaks4 ,! muc\s membrane 9 su* localities is conv]t$ into a grayi%-:ite sl\gh1 :i*1 :5 %$1 leaves a small erosion1 or ulc]4 ,at ! same "t simil> *anges may g on 9 ! sk9 ( ! ?ighs1 ! udd]1 or ! scrotum1 or ab\t ! vag9a1 :i* lead to small sl\ghs4 ,9 sev]e cases1 :i* are ! mo/ common 9 ! susceptible cattle ( we/]n ,europe1 dea? ensues f\r to sev5 days aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! disease1 & is prec$$ by great emaciation & debility1 fetid1 purul5t dis*>ges f ! nose & m\?1 & ! relax$ rectum & vag9a4 ,aft] dea?1 if ! animal is op5$ & ! organs c>efully exam9$1 ! *ief *anges are f\nd 9 ! dige/ive organs4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! m\? & ph>ynx is cov]$ ) mucus1 is r$d5$ 9 spots1 & %[s sup]ficial1 yell[i%-gray1 *eesy pat*es1 :i* repres5t dead tissue1 & :5 remov$ expose ulc]at$ depressions4 ,! same r$d5+ 9 spots & ! yell[i%-gray1 *eesy deposits or pat*es are f\nd 9 ! f\r? /oma*1 ! small inte/9es1 & m r>ely 9 ! cecum1 :ile ! ?ird /oma*1 or manyplies1 is m or less impact$ ) dry1 h>d fe$4 ,simil> *anges may be f\nd on ! muc\s membrane ( ! nasal cavity1 l>ynx1 tra*ea1 ! ut]us1 vag9a1 & rectum4 ,! lungs may be inject$1 edemat\s1 or pneumonic4 ,! he>t muscle is pale & flabby1 & frequ5tly hemorrhages are obs]v$ 9 its int]nal membrane4 ,! liv] may be pale or inject$ ) blood1 & at times %[s hemorrhages b5ea? its capsule4 ,! bile is ?9 & wat]y 9 consi/5ce4 ,! kidneys may be inflam$ or conta9 small hemorrhages )9 _! sub/ance or "u ! capsule4 ,! lymphatic gl&s may be swoll5 & inject$ or ev5 hemorrhagic4 ,treatm5t4--,on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( spread+ ! infection1 nei!r m$ic9al treatm5t nor inoculation is p]mitt$ 9 ,european c\ntries1 ) ! exception ( ,russia1 :]e ! disease is m g5]ally diffus$4 ,! mo/ effective me?od ( ext]m9at+ r9d]pe/ 9 ^? di/ricts 9 :i* ! disease is n indig5\s has be5 f\nd to be ! slaught] ( all affect$ & expos$ animals4 ,:]e ! disease is g5]al1 successful ef=ts adopt$ = its control h foll[$ ! immunization by inoculation ( ! expos$ animals & a /rict application ( appropriate sanit>y measures4 ,?is protective inoculation has be5 practic$ ) v gratify+ results 9 ,russia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,an active immunity is ?us induc$ 9 susceptible animals :i* la/s until ! dang] f exposure to ! disease is ov]4 ,?is immunity may be atta9$ 7#a7 by ! inoculation ( pure bile f an animal :i* rec5tly di$ ( r9d]pe/1 7#b7 by ! inoculation ( glyc]9at$ bile1 foll[$ by pure bile or virul5t blood1 or 7#c7 by ! simultane\s inoculation ( /rong /&>diz$ s]um & virul5t blood4 ,! latt] me?od has be5 adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 its endeavor to ext]m9ate ! disease 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & to protect ! cattle & c>abaos aga9/ r9d]pe/ aft] _! importation into ^? isl&s4 ,ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( ?is & o!r infecti\s diseases 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 an ord] has be5 issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture prohibit+ ! l&+ ( any live /ock or animals ( any k9d f ! ,philipp9es at any ( ! ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! dep5d5cies !re(4 ,?is prohibition removes ! greate/ s\rce ( dang] to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is expos$ z ! result ( its int]c\rse ) ! isl&s4 ,! introduction ( r9d]pe/ f ^? c\ntries f :i* we import animals is r5d]$ extremely improbable1 especially 9 live animals1 ow+ to its %ort p]iod ( incubation & to ! #ij-;day qu>ant9e = cattle 7c\nt+ f date ( %ipm5t7 & #ae-;day 7c\nt+ f date ( l&+7 qu>ant9e = %eep & o!r rum9ants & sw9e :i* are at pres5t en=c$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at all ports ( entry4 ,,foot-,,&-,,m\? ,,disease4 ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,foot-&-m\? disease1 also kn[n z aph?\s fev]1 epizootic aph?a1 & eczema contagiosa1 is an acute1 highly communicable disease *iefly conf9$ to clov5-foot$ animals & *>act]iz$ by an eruption ( vesicles or bli/]s on ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & on ! sk9 betwe5 ! toes & above ! ho(s4 ,! vesicles rupture1 =m+ erosions & ulc]ations2 !re are also salivation1 t5d]ness ( ! affect$ p>ts1 loss ( appetite1 lam5ess1 emaciation1 & dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( milk secret$4 ,! trem5d\s ravages ( ! disease are se5 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( ! species attack$4 ,:ile x may be reg>d$ z ess5tially a disease ( cattle1 hogs w\ld seem to be z easy a prey4 ,almo/ 9 ! same grade ( receptivity are %eep & goats4 ,next 9 ord] ( susceptibility come ! buffalo1 ,am]ican bison1 camel1 *amois1 llama1 giraffe1 & antelope4 ,horses1 dogs1 cats1 & ev5 p\ltry may occasionally become infect$ ) ! disease1 ! la/ ?ree be+ p>ticul>ly dang]\s z c>ri]s ( ! contagion4 ,man himself is n immune1 & ! frequ5cy ( 8 infection by com+ 9 contact ) diseas$ animals is e/abli%$ by num]\s obs]vations4 ,z ) o!r communicable diseases1 ! s\rce & orig9 ( foot-&-m\? disease h giv5 rise to mu* speculation4 ,! disease _h be5 kn[n 9 ,europe = c5turies1 b x 0 n until comp>atively rec5t ye>s t ! errone\s conceptions ( its spontane\s orig9 z a result ( climatic & meteorological conditions1 exhau/+ j\rneys1 etc41 7 ab&on$4 ,x is n[ conc$$ t foot-&-m\? disease is propagat$ by a specific virus & t e outbreak />ts f "s preexi/+ outbreak4 ,s f> inve/igators h be5 unable to id5tify or isolate ! specific organism caus+ ! disease1 al?\gh num]\s attempts h be5 made to cultivate & /a9 x by laboratory me?ods4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ! virus w pass ?r\gh /&>d g]m-pro( filt]s1 ?us indicat+ its m9ute size & ! reason x has n be5 detect$ by ! /a9+ me?ods4 ,! contagion may be f\nd 9 ! s]um ( ! vesicles on ! m\?1 feet1 & udd]2 9 ! saliva1 milk1 & v>i\s secretions & excretions2 also 9 ! blood dur+ ! rise ( temp]ature4 ,a wide di/ribution ( ! virus & a rapid infection ( a h]d is ! result4 ,animals may be infect$ directly1 z by lick+1 & 9 calves by suck+1 or indirectly by su* ?+s z infect$ manure1 hay1 ut5sils1 dr9k+ tr\ghs1 railway c>s1 animal m>kets1 b>ny>ds1 & pa/ures4 ,human be+s may c>ry ! virus on _! %oes & clo?+ & transmit x on _! h&s :5 milk+1 s9ce ! udd] is occasionally ! seat ( ! eruption4 ,x may also be c>ri$ by dogs1 cats1 rats1 *ick5s1 pigeons1 etc4 ,milk 9 a raw /ate may also transmit ! disease to animals f$ ) x4 ,! obs]vations made by "s vet]9>ians w\ld lead u to suppose t ! virus is q readily de/roy$4 ,x is claim$ t /ables ?or\ghly clean$ become safe aft] dry+ = a %ort "t2 h5ce1 litt] ( all k9ds1 su* z manure or soil$ hay & /raw1 may rema9 infective = a long] "t because !y d n dry out4 ,o!r au?orities ma9ta9 t ! virus is q t5aci\s & may live 9 /ables ev5 s long z a ye>4 ,!y also /ate t animals :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! disease may be a s\rce ( infection = sev]al mon?s aft] recov]y4 ,unlike mo/ o!r infecti\s diseases1 foot-&-m\? disease may repeat$ly attack ! same animals4 ,! immunity conf]r$ by an attack is ( limit$ duration4 ,! p]iod ( incubation 7t is1 ! "t betwe5 ! exposure ( an animal to infection & ! developm5t ( ! disease7 is v>iable1 usually f ?ree to six days4 ,! disease may appe> 9 #bd h\rs1 or1 9 exceptional cases1 n = #ah days or ev5 long]4 ,losses4--,! highly contagi\s "* ( foot-&-m\? disease & its rapid spread to practically all expos$ susceptible animals lead to heavy losses4 ,s9ce ! mortality is comp>atively l[1 rang+ f only #c p] c5t or less 9 mild =ms to #cj or #dj p] c5t 9 malignant cases1 ! havoc caus$ by ! pe/il5ce is sometimes und]e/imat$4 ,b !re are o!r s\rces ( loss :i* are mu* m important ?an ! actual mortality4 ,! fev] & ! difficulty ( eat+ cause a rapid & extreme loss 9 fle% & a less5+ or cessation ( ! milk secretion4 ,! udd]s (t5 become inflam$ & ru9$ by ! =mation ( abscesses1 & c[s affect$ 9 ?is way are sometimes r5d]$ p]man5tly valueless = milk production4 ,! inflammation ( ! feet may cause ! horn to drop f ! toes1 produc+ great lam5ess & la/+ injury4 ,abortion is frequ5t1 & typical lesions h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! newly born at bir?4 ,altoge!r ^! losses may am\nt to #bj or #cj p] c5t ( ! value ( ! affect$ animals4 ,9 addition !re are indirect losses ( a comm]cial nature4 ,dairy f>m]s are put out ( bus9ess = a "t4 ,necess>y qu>ant9e re/rictions greatly int]f]e ) ! movem5t ( live /ock & su* commodities z hay1 /raw1 hides1 & f>m produce4 ,! bus9ess ( ! /ocky>ds & slaught]+ c5t]s is greatly int]f]$ )4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to close /ocky>ds = dis9fection4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( m>ket+1 transport+1 fe$+1 & slaught]+ is int]rupt$ & d]ang$4 ,losses ( ?is "* may rea* enorm\s proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,foot-,,&-,,m\? ,,disease4 ,! disease 9 o!r c\ntries4--,foot-&-m\? disease has prevail$ 9 ,europe = a great _m ye>s & has occasion$ trem5d\s economic losses !re4 ,9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 & ,russia ! plague has exi/$ s long & has ga9$ su* a foo?old t x is economically impossible to fight x ) ! ,am]ican me?ods ( slaught] & dis9fection1 = to d s w\ld kill a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! live /ock ( ^? c\ntries4 ,9 consequ5ce1 little or no progress t[>d eradication has be5 made by ! au?orities1 ?\gh ! sev]ity ( ! disease 9 ,france appe>s to h abat$ some:at 9 rec5t mon?s4 ,! outbreak :i* appe>$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahhh increas$ /eadily until #ahib1 :5 x dim9i%$ gradually = a few ye>s1 b ! disease aga9 rea*$ great proportions 9 #ahii4 ,!reaft] x cont9u$ to exi/ to a great] or less ext5t until 9 #aiaa x atta9$ a virul5ce unequal$ be=e4 ,9 t ye> #c1cff1cfi cattle1 #a1fjb1ibg %eep1 #b1eee1cga hogs1 & #ec1fgd goats 7 affect$4 ,at t "t ! total numb] ( cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats 9 ,g]many 0 only #ea1cai1jjj1 :ile !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #agb1egb1jjj1 or betwe5 ?ree & f\r times z _m4 ,x c readily be imag9$1 !re=e1 :at x w\ld mean to ! ,unit$ ,/ates if ! disease 7 to ga9 ! foo?old "h t x _h 9 ,g]many1 :]e1 z ^! figures %[1 approximately "o out ( sev5 ( ! animals susceptible to ! disease 0 affect$4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 ( c\rse1 has n left ! disease to itself4 ,x attempt$ to control "s outbreaks by ! me?od ( slaught]1 b ! pe/il5ce _h ga9$ too mu* headway & 0 too firmly e/abli%$ 9 too _m portions ( ! c\ntry = ?is me?od to succe$1 & ! slaught] ( ! infect$ h]ds _h to be ab&on$4 ,x n[ appe>s t !re is no hope ( gett+ rid ( x until ! virus has worn itself out4 ,z soon z ! animals' p]iod ( acquir$ immunity is ov] & favorable conditions pres5t !mselves1 ! contagion breaks out ) r5ew$ virul5ce4 ,x has be5 impossible to control x by means ( qu>ant9es4 ,"o sci5ti/ has ass]t$ t unless all ! infect$ f>ms 7 absolutely isolat$ & ! movem5t1 n only ( live /ock b ( p]sons1 absolutely prohibit$1 ! disease c\ld n be /amp$ out4 ,su* a qu>ant9e is1 ( c\rse1 utt]ly impossible to en=ce4 ,9 portions ( ,g]many ! f>m]s1 realiz+ t ! disease is inevitable1 make ha/e to be done ) x by expos+ _! /ock delib]ately to mild cases 9 ! hope t ?is w result 9 an imm$iate1 mild attack & immunity = sev]al ye>s !reaft]4 ,su* immunity1 h[ev]1 is v unc]ta94 ,great ,brita91 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 on acc\nt ( _! comp>atively isolat$ positions1 h be5 m successful 9 keep+ out ! disease4 ,! outbreaks 9 ^? c\ntries h be5 m sporadic1 & by resort+ to imm$iate slaught] ! au?orities h be5 able to /amp !m out4 ,great ,brita9 has appli$ bo? qu>ant9e & slaught] = _m ye>s1 & 9 an outbreak ne> ,dubl9 9 #aiab measures 7 adopt$ :i* 7 ev5 m /r+5t ?an any t h be5 us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a ,briti% (ficial 7,cope7 ass]t$ 9 #ahii t aft] 8 c\ntry's exp]i5ce ) ?is disease x 0 m dread$ by ! f>m]s & /ock rais]s ( ,great ,brita9 ?an cattle plague or pleuropneumonia1 & !y are n[ will+ & ready to put up ) any re/rictions1 ( h[ev] dra/ic a "*1 consid]$ necess>y by ! c5tral dep>tm5t to /amp x out4 ,! ,briti% au?orities h succe$$ 9 suppress+ ea* outbreak1 b re9fection (t5 occurs f ! neighbor+ cont95t4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7,april1 #aibb7 ,great ,brita9 is hav+ a siege ( ! disease1 b is apply+ vigor\s measures = its suppression4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijf1 ! disease rea*$ ,belgium f ,france1 :]e x 0 q preval5t1 & by ! end ( ! ye> e ,prov9ce 9 ,belgium 0 affect$1 & ! ,ne!rl&s z well4 ,ef=ts to eradicate x f ,belgium 7 unavail+4 ,! ,ne!rl&s app>5tly succe$$ 9 /amp+ x out = ab\t six mon?s1 b x reappe>$ !re4 ,! disease is also m or less preval5t 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 ,spa91 & 9 ! ,balkan c\ntries4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& h rema9$ free f x4 ,we h less accurate in=mation reg>d+ ,asia & ,africa1 b ! disease is kn[n to prevail 9 ,japan & ,*9a & 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & x is d\btful :e!r any consid]able "p ( ! ,ori5t is free f x4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica x is report$ z common 9 ,brazil1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,uruguay1 & x probably exi/s 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,canada & ,mexico are =tunately free f ! disease4 ,outbreaks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,foot-&-m\? disease has appe>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on six diff]5t occasions--#ahgj1 #ahhj1 #ahhd1 #aijb1 #aijh1 & #aiad4 ,an ext5sive outbreak 9 #ahgj 0 introduc$ by way ( ,canada1 :]e ! infection 0 br\ght by an importation ( cattle f ,scotl&4 ,x spread into ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & ,new ,york & appe>s to h be5 arre/$ )9 a few mon?s4 ,its failure to spread m ext5sively & its e>ly disappe>ance h be5 ascrib$ to favorable conditions1 su* z ! movem5t ( live /ock f we/ to ea/1 ! limit$ trad+ at t p]iod z comp>$ ) ! pres5t "t1 ! re/riction ( traffic by w9t] wea!r1 & ! infrequ5cy ( travel :i* obta9$ at t "t among p4 ,ab\t #ahhj two or ?ree lots ( animals affect$ by ?is disease 7 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b !re 0 no ext5sion f ! animals orig9ally affect$4 ,9 #ahhd1 at ,portl&1 ,me41 !re 0 a small outbreak caus$ by import$ cattle1 & ! disease spread to a few h]ds outside ! qu>ant9e /ation4 ,ow+ to ! small numb] ( animals affect$ & ! limit$ area ( t]ritory cov]$ by ! disease1 x 0 easily controll$ by ! ord9>y measures ( qu>ant9e & dis9fection4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 all ^! e>ly outbreaks ! contagion 0 introduc$ ) import$ animals4 ,s9ce ! developm5t ( a /r+5t sy/em ( inspection & qu>ant9e ( import$ live /ock1 no in/ance ( t k9d has occurr$4 ,on subsequ5t occasions ! infection has evid5tly be5 br\ght 9 ) contam9at$ products or mat]ials & n by means ( live animals4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 ! disease 0 discov]$ 9 ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! e>lie/ cases 7 trac$ to ,*elsea1 ,mass41 ne> ! docks1 & x 0 suspect$ = a "t t ! infection 0 br\ght 9 ) =eign %ipp+1 by "s su* means z hay1 /raw1 halt]s1 ropes1 hides1 hair1 wool1 etc4 ,lat] developm5ts1 h[ev]1 & especially inve/igations into ! cause ( ! #aijh outbreak1 l$ to ! belief t a m probable s\rce ( ! infection 0 c[pox vacc9e virus import$ f a c\ntry 7probably ,japan7 :]e foot-&-m\? disease exi/$1 ! vacc9e virus be+ contam9at$ ) ! virus ( foot-&-m\? disease4 ,a ,f$]al qu>ant9e 0 decl>$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture on ,novemb] #bg1 #aijb1 z soon z ! nature ( ! disease 0 e/abli%$1 & /eps = eradication 7 at once tak5 by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 coop]ation ) au?orities ( ! affect$ ,/ates4 ,! me?ods foll[$ consi/$ ( inspection to trace & detect ! disease1 qu>ant9e ( infect$ premises & t]ritory1 slaught] & burial or burn+ ( diseas$ & expos$ animals1 & dis9fection ( premises4 ,?is outbreak involv$ ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 & ,rhode ,isl&1 & 0 eradicat$ 9 ab\t six mon?s4 ,two hundr$ & =ty-f\r h]ds1 includ+ #d1gab cattle1 7 f\nd infect$4 ,( ^!1 #bje h]ds ) #c1hgb cattle1 z well z #cfj hogs & #bbj %eep & goats1 7 slaught]$4 ,! cattle infect$ b n slaught]$ 7 ^? t ei!r di$ or completely recov]$ be=e slaught]+ c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,! animals slaught]$ 7 valu$ at #ahd1aee4aj1 & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t reimburs$ own]s to ! ext5t ( #gj p] c5t1 or #abh1ijh4eg4 ,x is und]/ood t ! ,/ates paid ! rema9d]4 ,! total co/ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( /amp+ out ! disease 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,! next appe>ance ( ! foot-&-m\? disease 0 e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 :5 x 0 obs]v$ 9 cattle ne> ,danville1 ,pa4 ,a ,f$]al qu>ant9e 0 issu$ ,novemb] #ab4 ,! infection 0 trac$ back to ! /ocky>ds at ,ea/ ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 & to ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! disease appe>$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,mi*igan1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,m>yl&4 ,a c>eful & ?or\gh inve/igation made by ,mohl] ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry & ,ros5au ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice demon/rat$ t ! outbreak />t$ f calves us$ to propagate vacc9e virus at an e/abli%m5t ne> ,detroit1 & t ! s\rce ( ! infection 0 contam9at$ ,japanese vacc9e virus4 ,vigor\s measures ( eradication simil> to ^? employ$ 9 #aijb-c 7 at once put into effect & ! disease 0 /amp$ out 9 ab\t five mon?s at an exp5se ( ab\t #cjj1jjj to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & ( ab\t #aac1jjj to ! ,/ates4 ,! inspectors made #ajh1fhc visits to f>ms1 /ocky>ds1 etc41 & inspect$ m ?an #a1ejj1jjj animals 7includ+ re9spections74 ,"o hundr$ & fifty-sev5 premises 7 f\nd infect$1 & #c1fcf animals 7#b1jbe cattle1 #a1cbi hogs1 & #bhb %eep & goats71 valu$ at #ij1jcc4ah1 7 slaught]$4 ,own]s 7 reimburs$ = ! value ( _! animals & prop]ty de/roy$1 "o-?ird be+ paid by ! ,/ates & two-?irds by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,! late/ invasion 0 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,niles1 ,mi*41 9 ,octob]1 #aiad1 aft] x _h evid5tly be5 "u way s9ce ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,?is is ! mo/ s]i\s & ext5sive outbreak ev] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! disease ext5d$ to #bb ,/ates & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 at places rang+ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific coa/s4 ,! "w ( eradication 0 n complet$ = m ?an a ye>4 ,! affect$ ,/ates 7 ,connecticut1 ,delaw>e1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,montana1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,wa%+ton1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & ,wiscons94 ,ill9ois _h ! l>ge/ infect$ area & ! l>ge/ numb] ( animals affect$4 ,! ,union ,/ock ,y>ds at ,*icago became infect$ & 7 a s\rce ( dissem9ation ( ! contagion nor?1 ea/1 s\?1 & we/4 ,^! & o!r y>ds f\nd infect$ 7 clos$ tempor>ily & dis9fect$4 ,! fir/ ,f$]al qu>ant9e 0 issu$ ,octob] #ai1 #aiad4 ,a campaign to *eck ! spread ( ! disease & to /amp x out 0 imm$iately begun by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 coop]ation ) ! ,/ate au?orities4 ,qu>ant9es aga9/ ! movem5t ( animals & c]ta9 mat]ials f ! infect$ areas 7 decl>$1 %ipm5ts 7 trac$1 rumors inve/igat$1 & ?or\gh inspections made 9 an ef=t to discov] all infect$ /ock4 ,z measures ( eradication1 diseas$ h]ds 7 slaught]$ & buri$ & ! premises dis9fect$4 ,! own]s ( live /ock & o!r prop]ty de/roy$ on acc\nt ( ! disease 7 reimburs$ to ! ext5t ( ! apprais$ value1 half ( :i* is paid by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & half by ! ,/ate4 ,!re 7 slaught]$ #agb1gbj animals 7#gf1ege cattle1 #hf1dib sw9e1 #i1eaa %eep1 #acc goats1 & #i de]71 9 #c1dhb h]ds4 ,! total apprais$ value ( ^! animals 0 m ?an #e1hjj1jjj4 ,! exp5se to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ( eradicat+ ?is outbreak 0 ab\t #d1edj1jjj4 ,symptoms4--,9 ?ree to six days1 or ev5 long]1 aft] ! exposure ( ! animal to ! infection ! disease makes its appe>ance4 ,x is usually fir/ indicat$ by ! animal suff]+ f a *ill1 quickly foll[$ by an invasion ( fev]1 :i* may cause ! temp]ature to rise z high z #ajf ,f4 ,^! symptoms are n always pres5t1 or may be 9 s slight a =m z to escape notice4 ,foll[+ ?is 9 "o or two days x w be notic$ t small vesicles or bli/]s ab\t ! size ( hempse$s or peas are mak+ _! appe>ance ^u ! muc\s membranes ( ! m\? at ! bord] & upp] surface ( ! tongue ne> ! tip1 ! inside ( ! *eeks1 on ! gums & ! inn] surface ( ! lips1 or on ! m>g9 ( ! d5tal pad4 ,^! little bli/]s conta9 a yell[i%1 wat]y fluid & gradually become m ext5sive z ! disease advances4 ,soon aft] ! eruptions h appe>$ 9 ! m\? ( ! animal consid]able swell+1 r$ness1 & t5d]ness w be notic$ ab\t ! feet1 at ! coronet1 & betwe5 ! digits ( ea* foot4 ,a day or two lat] eruptions simil> to ^? )9 ! m\? make _! appe>ance ^u ^! swoll5 regions ( ! foot1 & at ?is /age x is usual to f9d t l lesions h made _! appe>ance ^u ! p]9eum ( ! victim4 ,9 ! case ( milk c[s ! udd]1 & m p>ticul>ly ! teats1 %[ ! same vesicul> eruption1 b ! latt] z ! result ( milk+ soon become cov]$ ) r$d5$ spots depriv$ ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( sk9 & may develop deep1 ob/9ate fissures4 ,z soon z ! disease has become well e/abli%$ ! pati5t ev9ces pa9 :5 attempt+ to eat2 9 fact1 ! appetite is (t5 s s]i\sly affect$ t all fe$ is refus$1 & ! animal uneasily op5s & %uts its m\? ) a *>act]i/ic smack+ s\nd1 :ile /r+s ( cohesive1 ropy saliva hang susp5d$ f ! lips4 ,) ! advance ( ! disease ! vesicles wid5 & ext5d until !y may rea* a diamet] rang+ f t ( a dime to t ( a silv] doll>4 ,^! rupture soon aft] _! appe>ance1 sometimes on ! fir/ day1 m r>ely on ! second or ?ird day4 ,aft] !y h ruptur$1 ! grayi%-:ite membrane =m+ ! bli/] may rema9 atta*$ = a day or m1 or disappe> spe$ily & leave deeply r$d5$1 s5sitive spots or erosions1 bo? )9 ! m\? & ^u ! coronet & betwe5 ! claws ( ! feet4 ,simil> erosions1 :i* quickly =m scabs1 z a rule1 may be notic$ 9 cases 9 :i* ! teats ( milk c[s h become affect$1 & in/ances are report$ 9 :i* sl\gh+ ( ! tegum5t imm$iately ar\nd ! lesions ^u ! udd] has occurr$4 ,ow+ to ! t\gh1 fibr\s nature ( ! bov9e sk91 x is exce$+ly r>e = sl\gh+ to occur ^u any "p ( ! body o!r ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,! attack ^u ! feet ( an animal is frequ5tly manife/$ 9 all f\r feet at once1 b "o or m ( ! feet may entirely escape & rema9 unaffect$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,! ulc]ation ( ! int]digital tissue may ext5d to ! ligam5ts ( ! fetlock or produce disease ( ! jo9t or bone4 ,z ! feet become s5sitive & sore ! animal p]si/5tly lies d[n1 & x has be5 f\nd t b$sores develop ) amaz+ rapidity 9 all su* cases & :olly baffle all attempts at treatm5t until aft] ! pati5t has rega9$ its feet4 ,! disease may attack "s ( ! int]nal organs be=e x appe>s ^u any ( ! ext]nal tissues4 ,^! cases are v liable to prove quickly fatal4 ,! animal dies f p>alysis ( ! he>t1 due to ! =mation ( poison\s pr9ciples )9 ! sy/em2 x may suffocate by reason ( ! action ( ^! same poisons ^u ! tissues ( ! lungs1 or x may *oke to dea? z a result ( p>alysis ( ! ?roat4 ,9 cases ( s]i\s affection ( ! udd] ! erosions w (t5 be f\nd )9 ! passages ( ! teats1 result+ 9 a cak$ udd]1 & ! same toxic poison+ :i* is ! cause ( dea? 9 ! apoplecti=m types j m5tion$ may arise f ?is s\rce4 ,9 any ev5t ! milk f su* cases is dang]\s = use1 caus+ fatal di>rhea 9 suck+ calves or "y pigs & s]i\s illness 9 human consum]s4 ,! milk obta9$ f c[s suff]+ ) foot-&-m\? disease is n readily conv]t$ into ei!r butt] or *eese1 b rema9s ?ick1 slimy1 & in]t 9 spite ( *urn+ & attempts at curdl+4 ,pregnant animals may abort4 ,9 pigs1 %eep1 & goats ! lesions 9 ! foot are mo/ common1 b bo? =ms may be obs]v$ or only ! m\? lesions4 ,:5 ! disease has become fully e/abli%$ x w be f\nd t ! duration ( ! attack w v>y greatly ) diff]5t animals4 ,f #aj to #bj days are usually requir$ = ! recov]y ( ! normal appetite & spirits 9 mild outbreaks1 :ile ! return to a full fl[ ( milk1 9 ! case ( milk c[s1 seldom occurs be=e ! arrival ( ! foll[+ season4 ,9 ! malignant type ( ! disease x requires f ?ree mon?s to a ye> = an animal to recov]4 ,! mortality1 z already /at$1 is usually l[4 ,! disease is m fatal 9 "y animals t h be5 f$ on infect$ milk1 & produces dea? 9 f #fj to #hj p] c5t ( ^! cases z a result ( ga/ro5t]itis4 ,9 ! #aiad outbreak num]\s new c5t]s ( infection />t$ among hogs & calves :i* 7 f$ on unpa/euriz$1 infect$ milk f cream]ies4 ,diagnosis4--,! recognition ( ?is affection %\ld n1 z a rule1 be difficult1 especially :5 ! disease is kn[n to be 9 ! vic9ity2 9 fact1 ! gr\p ( symptoms =m a cl9ical picture too decid$ to be d\bt$4 ,! comb9ation ( high fev]1 vesicul> inflammation ( ! m\?1 & hot1 pa9ful1 swoll5 condition ( ! feet1 foll[$ #bd to #dh h\rs lat] by ! appe>ance ( num]\s bli/]s v>y+ 9 size f t ( a pea to t ( a walnut on ! udd] & feet & 9 ! m\? %\ld prev5t any s]i\s or long-cont9u$ error 9 ! diagnosis2 h[ev]1 9 ! inoculation ( calves we h a c]ta9 & f9al te/4 ,9 #bd to #if h\rs aft] inoculation ! calves pres5t ! *>act]i/ic bli/]s4 ,su* inoculation %\ld be practic$1 h[ev]1 only by (ficials prop]ly au?oriz$ to deal ) contagi\s diseases4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,! lesions ( no o!r disease ( cattle closely simulate ! vesicul> eruption ( foot-&-m\? disease on ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?4 ,:5 ! bli/]s h ruptur$1 h[ev]1 & ! result+ lesions h become contam9at$ by num]\s second>y =ms ( microorganisms1 ! correct recognition ( ! disease may be involv$ 9 consid]able difficulty4 ,c[pox or horsepox may be accid5tally transmitt$ by inoculation4 ,b ! eruption ( ! pox goes on to ! developm5t ( a pu/ule1 :ile 9 foot-&-m\? disease ! eruption is nev] m ?an a vesicle1 ev5 ?\gh ! conta9$ fluid may become turbid4 ,! inoculation te/ 9 ! case ( c[pox does n respond ) fev] & eruption = at lea/ #aj days1 & (t5 long]4 ,necrotic /omatitis 7sore m\? due to a g]m7 may be di/+ui%$ f foot-&-m\? disease by ! fact t 9 ! latt] !re is a rapid infection ( ! entire h]d1 includ+ ! adult cattle1 z well z ! infection ( hogs & %eep4 ,! *>act]i/ic lesion ( foot-&-m\? disease is ! appe>ance ( bli/]s conta9+ a s]\s fluid ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ^u ! udd]1 teats1 & feet ( ! affect$ animals4 ,9 necrotic /omatitis bli/]s are nev] =m$1 de/ruction ( ! tissues occurr+ f ! beg9n+ & be+ foll[$ by ! =mation ( yell[i%1 *eesy pat*es1 pr9cipally f\nd involv+ ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?1 especially ! tongue & *eeks4 ,9 mycotic /omatitis 7sore m\? due to a fungus or mold71 portions ( ! l9+ membrane become inflam$ & 9 a few days x *anges to a cr\p\s membrane :i* peels (f1 leav+ a raw surface1 :ile ! ?9 sk9 betwe5 ! toes may also be inflam$4 ,! previ\s hi/ory ( ! case2 ! failure ( ! bli/]s1 if any appe>1 to spread ext5sively2 ! abs5ce ( vesicul> eruptions on o!r portions ( ! body1 notably ! udd] & teats1 &1 *>act]i/ically1 ! ho(1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( rapid spread to practically all cattle 9 ! h]d & ! complete negative "* ( inoculation ( calves1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! local disease nam$ & foot-&-m\? disease4 ,mycotic /omatitis occurs 9 only f #aj to #ej p] c5t ( ! animals 9 a h]d1 usually 9 ! late summ] or e>ly fall aft] a dry spell1 & x does n run a regul> c\rse4 ,! lesion1 result+ f ergotism may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( foot-&-m\? disease by ! lack ( eruptions 9 ! m\? & by ! location ( ! disease at ! tips ( ! e>s1 end ( ! tail1 or ^u ! l[] "p ( ! legs1 usually bel[ ! knees or hocks4 ,! lesion ( ergotism does n take ! =m ( pu/ules or bli/]s1 b manife/s itself fir/ z a swell+ ab\t ! ankle1 :i* lat] may sl\gh & circumscribe ! limb1 =m+ a deep crack1 ext5d+ entirely ar\nd ! limb & =m+ a di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! heal?y sk9 above & ! diseas$ bel[4 ,! abs5ce ( ulc]\s sores on ! coronet & betwe5 ! claws1 toge!r ) ! heal?y condition ( ! membranes ( ! m\? & ! k t ! lesion ^u ! limb 9 "q ext5ds un9t]rupt$ly ar\nd x1 %\ld po9t conclusively to a diagnosis ( ergotism & to ! exclusion ( all fe>s ( foot-&-m\? disease4 ,9 f\l foot or gr\nd it* ( cattle1 ! inflammation ( ! sk9 & toes is g5]al & n 9 c]ta9 spots1 z 9 foot-&-m\? disease4 ,! m\? rema9s unaffect$1 & ! pres5ce ( ! disease may be trac$ to fil? & poor dra9age4 ,! sev]] =ms ( ! disease might be conf\nd$ ) c]ta9 g5]al diseases4 ,if ga/ro9te/9al symptoms pr$om9ate1 acute ga/ric cat>rh or inflammation ( ! inte/9es might be ?\ght (4 ,involvem5t ( ! lungs may lead to a diagnosis ( acute conge/ion ( ! lungs or pneumonia4 ,! di/9ction is app>5t 9 ^! diseases by ! lack ( vesicul> eruption on ! muc\s membrane or sk91 & also by lack ( evid5ces ( infection 9 ! h]d or neighbor+ animals4 ,prev5tion & eradication4--,! measures to be adopt$ to prev5t ! spread ( ! affection mu/ take into consid]ation ! highly infecti\s nature ( ! disease1 its ease ( dissem9ation1 & ! liability ( ! virus to live = long p]iods outside ! body ( an animal4 ,great c>e %\ld !re=e be obs]v$ 9 keep+ heal?y animals unexpos$ to ! contagion4 ,:5 an outbreak occurs 9 a community ! own] %\ld make e ef=t to keep o!r animals f com+ 9 contact ) 8 diseas$ cattle4 ,?is especially applies to dogs1 cats1 goats1 & p\ltry1 :i* usually h access to ! /ables & b>ny>ds & 9 ?is way furni% excell5t means = dissem9at+ ! infecti\s pr9ciple4 ,he %\ld be equally p>ticul> 9 prohibit+ any p]son f com+ onto 8 premises1 especially an att5dant or own] or o!r p]son 9 any way connect$ ) cattle4 ,su* a h]d may be plac$ "u qu>ant9e1 ) an inspector appo9t$ to keep ! premises "u con/ant surveillance4 ,?is me?od ( qu>ant9e alone1 :ile v satisfactory 9 _m in/ances1 is r t>dy 9 obta9+ ! desir$ result4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,european ,gov]nm5ts already m5tion$ %[s t eradication by ?is me?od alone1 :5 ! disease has obta9$ a foo?old1 is practically impossible4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 ! disease breaks out 9 a c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! contagion is likely to spread rapidly by means ( infect$ c>s1 manure1 hay1 & o!r fe$1 & :]e ! results ( its obta9+ a firm foo?old w\ld be s disa/r\s1 x seems t ?is me?od ( temporiz+ is r t$i\s1 & m radical /eps are requir$ 9 ord] to suppress & eradicate completely ! infection 9 ! quicke/ & mo/ ?or\gh mann] possible4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> bett]1 aft] judici\s appraisem5t1 to conc5trate ! exp5se incid5t to ! ext]m9ation ( foot-&-m\? disease by pur*as+ & slaught]+ all affect$ & expos$ cattle4 ,! c>casses ( ^! animals %\ld be totally de/roy$1 pref]ably by cremation1 or o!rwise by bury+ !m 9 a hole #f feet deep & cov]+ !m ) air-slak$ lime4 ,! infect$ /able %\ld be dis9fect$ by ?or\ghly clean+ x1 scrubb+ ! floor ) hot wat]1 bru%+ d[n all loose du/ f ! walls1 & te>+ (f all woodwork :i* is p>tly decay$4 ,!n ! :ole int]ior ( ! /able %\ld be dis9fect$ ) "o ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 ,a #e p] c5t solution ( pure c>bolic acid4 ,*lorid ( lime1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 /r5g? 7#cj p] c5t available *lor971 #a p\nd to #c gallons ( wat]4 ,=maldehyde1 #a qu>t #dj p] c5t solution to #e gallons ( wat]4 ,a #c p] c5t solution ( cresol comp\nd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 or accept$ sub/itute !re=1 conta9+ at lea/ #ej p] c5t cresylic acid4 ,all /able ut5sils %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$ by ! application ( a solution ( "o ( ! above-nam$ dis9fectants4 ,! manure %\ld be burn$ or dis9fect$ & spread ov] gr\nd 7o!r ?an mead[ l&7 t is to be turn$ "u4 ,no o!r cattle %\ld be pur*as$ = at lea/ sixty days aft] ! complete dis9fection ( ! premises4 ,! success 9 eradicat+ ! disease by comb9$ qu>ant9e1 slaught]1 & dis9fection1 z practic$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,d5m>k1 ,great ,brita91 & a few o!r c\ntries1 demon/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! efficacy ( slaught]+ & ! futility ( rely+ ^u qu>ant9e alone to /amp out ! disease4 ,inoculation has be5 adopt$ 9 "s c\ntries 9 ord] to h ! disease spread quickly ?r\gh ! h]ds1 & :ile ?is practice has und\bt$ value :]e ! disease is indig5\s1 x is n desirable 9 ?is c\ntry & %\ld n be adopt$4 ,z a rule m$ic9al treatm5t ) a view ( cur+ affect$ animals is n to be recomm5d$ "u conditions prevail+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! disease has n become e/abli%$1 & ! fir/ object is to /amp x out z quickly z possible4 ,ev5 ?\gh mo/ animals w\ld recov]1 ) or )\t treatm5t1 x w\ld be practically impossible1 :ile !y 7 be+ held = recov]y1 to prev5t ! spread ( ! infection to o!rs4 ,! disease w\ld be liable to spread fa/] ?an x c\ld be cur$4 ,z already po9t$ out1 x has be5 f\nd impossible to prev5t absolutely ! spread ( ! contagion by ! /ricte/ qu>ant9e alone1 "u ! usual f>m conditions4 ,9 addition1 ! affect$ animals t h pass$ ?r\gh ! disease may become a s\rce ( fur!r infection z virus c>ri]s = weeks & mon?s aft] !y h app>5tly recov]$1 & are susceptible ( re9fection1 z "o attack does n conf] p]man5t immunity4 ,foot-&-m\? disease 9 man4--,foot-&-m\? disease is prim>ily & pr9cipally a disease ( cattle2 second>ily & casually1 a disease ( man4 ,x is transmissible to man ?r\gh ! eat+ or dr9k+ ( raw milk1 butt]milk1 butt]1 *eese1 & :ey f animals suff]+ f foot-&-m\? disease4 ,x is also transmitt$ directly1 ?\gh m r>ely1 f ! saliv>y secretions or o!r infect$ mat]ial :i* may ga9 entrance ?r\gh ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! disease c be transmitt$ to man by cutane\s or subcutane\s inoculation1 ?\gh x is probable t ! infection may be communicat$ if ! virus directly ent]s ! blood ?r\gh w\nds ( any k9d4 ,*ildr5 are n infrequ5tly infect$ by dr9k+ unboil$ milk dur+ ! p]iods 9 :i* ! disease is preval5t 9 ! neighborhood1 :ile p]sons 9 *>ge ( diseas$ animals may become infect$ ?r\gh contact ) ! diseas$ p>ts or by milk+1 slaught]+1 or c>+ = ! animals4 ,! symptoms 9 man resemble ^? obs]v$ 9 animals4 ,!re is fev]1 sometimes vomit+1 pa9ful swall[+1 heat & dryness ( ! m\?1 foll[$ by an eruption ( vesicles on ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 & v r>ely by simil> ones on ! f+]s4 ,! vesicles appe> on ! lips1 gums1 *eek1 & edge ( ! tongue1 & are ab\t ! size ( a pea4 ,! vesicles soon rupture1 leav+ a small erosion :i* is soon cov]$ by a ?9 cru/ "u :i* ! new =mation ( epi!lium proce$s rapidly4 ,! sk9 eruption mo/ly appe>s on ! h&s1 tips ( ! f+]s1 base ( ! nails1 & m seldom on ! toes & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,besides ^! local *anges1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! disease heada*e1 pa9 9 ! limbs1 v]tigo1 abdom9al cramps1 vomit+1 di>rhea1 & weakness are occasionally obs]v$4 ,! disease is seldom fatal1 usually appe>+ 9 a v mild =m except 9 weak5$ *ildr51 9 :om an accompany+ inte/9al cat>rh may lead to a fatal t]m9ation4 ,vet]9>ians :o h _h consid]able exp]i5ce ) ! disease among animals reg>d ! human affection z by no means uncommon 9 c\ntries :]e foot-&-m\? disease prevails1 b ! di/urbance ( heal? is usually too slight to come to ! notice ( ! family physician4 ,b few outbreaks ( ! disease 9 man h occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re=e cases ( its transmission to man 9 ?is c\ntry are r r>e4 ,dr4 ,james ,law reports hav+ obs]v$ ! disease 9 man f dr9k+ infect$ milk dur+ ! epizootic ( #ahgj 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b ! outbreaks ( #ahhj & #ahhd affect$ su* a small numb] ( animals & 7 s quickly suppress$ t no in/ance ( its transmission to man 0 record$4 ,a few cases h be5 report$ by ,bru% accompany+ ! ,new ,engl& outbreak ( #aijb4 ,simil> reports h be5 likewise receiv$ conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( vesicul> eruptions 9 ! m\?s ( *ildr5 dur+ ! #aijh & #aiad outbreaks1 & ! hi/ory ( ^! cases incrim9ates ! milk supply4 ,exp]im5ts by ,loeffl] & ,froes*1 z well z rec5t exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ,d5m>k & ,g]many1 indicate t ! infection is comp>atively easy to de/roy by heat or ! usual antiseptics4 ,milk pa/euriz$ at a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 = #bj m9utes is safe s f> z infection by foot-&-m\? disease is conc]n$4 ,,septicemia ,,& ,,pyemia4 ,^! two names are appli$ to diseas$ conditions :i* are s ne>ly alike 9 _! symptoms t x is sometimes difficult to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,inde$1 ! "n pyosepticemia1 or septicopyemia1 is (t5 appli$ :5 x is impossible to make a di/9ction betwe5 septicemia & pyemia or :]e ea* is equally responsible = ! diseas$ condition4 ,! "n septicemia is d]iv$ f two ,greek words mean+ poison & blood1 & signifies t ! g]m lives 9 ! blood1 h5ce ! use ( ! t]m blood poison+ = ?is disease4 ,pyemia is likewise d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 mean+ pus & blood1 & is t =m ( septicemia caus$ by pus-produc+ organisms & *>act]iz$ by second>y abscesses4 ,causes4--,nei!r ( ^! diseases is br\ght ab\t1 /rictly speak+1 by any specific organism2 h5ce nei!r c be look$ ^u z a specific disease4 ,! organisms mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 9 cases ( septicemia are1 on ! :ole1 ! same z ^? ( pyemia1 & may be pus cocci1 ! bacillus coli1 or o!r pus-produc+ organisms4 ,^! organisms are (t5 f\nd z second>y invad]s 9 o!r diseases1 su* z advanc$ cases ( tub]culosis1 9 :i* cases !y are responsible = ! =mation ( pus4 ,aside f ! causative organism1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! active cause1 !re are _m second>y causes4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 9 pyemia is a break 9 cont9uity ( ! protective cov]+1 z a w\nd1 :i* af=ds an entrance into ! tissues = ! organisms4 ,among ! diff]5t v>ieties ( w\nds may be m5tion$ cuts1 bruises1 punctures1 burns1 *emical or froz5 w\nds1 & comp\nd fractures ( bones4 ,injuries receiv$ dur+ p>turition1 /oppage ( ! milk ducts1 & infection ( ! umbilicus 9 ! newly born are also frequ5t causes ( pyemia4 ,septicemia usually foll[s surgical w\nds1 local suppuration1 ent]itis1 bron*itis--9 fact1 :]ev] !re is a local lesion ( any k9d p]mitt+ g]ms to ent] ! blood4 ,septicemia 0 =m]ly appli$ to designate ! condition 9 :i* ! organisms 7 localiz$1 b 9 :i* _! tox9s 7 diffus$ 9 ! blood4 ,pyemia 0 made to repres5t t condition :5 ! organisms 7 localiz$1 b 9 :i* ! pus 0 transport$ by ! blood4 ,^! t]ms n[ are appli$ to conditions 9 :i* bo? ! organisms & _! tox9s1 or ! pus1 are pres5t 9 ! blood4 ,! t]m septicemia is indicat$ :5 intoxication is ! m pron\nc$ symptom & pyemia if pus =mation & meta/atic or second>y abscess =mation are obs]v$4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( bo? diseases include prim>ily a high fev] 7#ajd to #ajg ,f474 ,c\pl$ ) ?is !re is dis9cl9ation to move1 ! animal is depress$ & n cognizant ( its surr\nd+s4 ,! pulse is rapid1 small1 & feeble1 respiration increas$1 muc\s membrane inject$1 swoll51 & ( a yell[i% t+e4 ,appetite is lo/ & dea? foll[s 9 ! case ( septicemia 9 f two to f\r days4 ,9 pyemia ! symptoms come on m sl[ly & are n s int5se z 9 septicemia1 :ile ! c\rse ( ! disease is long]1 la/+ f six days to f\r weeks4 ,! mortality is n s great z 9 septicemia1 b ! p]iod ( convalesc5ce is always long4 ,lesions4--,septicemia is *>act]iz$ by ! de/ructive *anges 9 ! blood1 :i* is *ocolate color$1 noncoagulable1 & sw>ms ) bact]ia4 ,! l9+ membranes ( ! he>t are /udd$ ) r$ spots1 (t5 runn+ toge!r to =m a l>ge hemorrhagic area4 ,! lungs1 liv]1 & kidneys may also %[ ^! hemorrhages4 ,! sple5 is enl>g$ & full ( black blood4 ,! cadav] decomposes v rapidly & 9 "s cases =ms great quantities ( fetid gas4 ,9 pyemia1 9 addition to ^! lesions1 abscesses are =m$ 9 ! v>i\s organs ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,if ! disease develops sl[ly a po/-mortem exam9ation %[s ! abscesses to be ! *ief alt]ations4 ,! pus cont5t is usually gre5i%1 /a9$ ) blood1 & conta9s /r+s ( fibr\s tissue & necros$ matt]4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is almo/ futile 9 advanc$ cases ( ei!r disease4 ,septicemia is usually fatal & pyemia frequ5tly s4 ,prev5tion & ! imm$iate treatm5t ( local infections are ! sure/ means ( combat+ !m4 ,= local treatm5t ( w\nds ! usual antiseptics are indicat$1 su* z #c p] c5t comp\nd cresol or c>bolic acid1 or "o "o-?\s&? bi*lorid-(-m]cury solution4 ,= pyemia1 :]e ! abscesses are ne> ! sk91 !y %\ld be op5$ & treat$ antiseptically by inject+ any ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ g]micides4 ,g5]al & he>t /imulants are indicat$1 su* z a dr5* conta9+ digitalis #b drams & alcohol #b ounces4 ,qu99 & calomel 9 repeat$ small doses ( "o-half dram ea* ?ree times a day are sometimes b5eficial4 ,camphor 9 ! =m ( oil ( camphor 7camphor dissolv$ 9 #aj p>ts ( sweet oil7 is a good /imulant & has "s antiseptic prop]ties1 :i* make x a valuable drug 9 combat+ ^! diseases :5 x is giv5 9 doses ( #b drams ?ree times daily4 ,,hemorrhagic ,,septicemia4 ,hemorrhagic septicemia is a "n appli$ to a highly fatal1 infecti\s disease exi/+ 9 v>i\s species ( dome/ic & wild animals1 f a microorganism hav+ def9ite biological *>act]s & possess+ ! prop]ties ( produc+ cle>ly def9$ & *>act]i/ic lesions4 ,?is causal ag5t1 ,bact]ium bovisepticum1 belongs to ! same gr\p ( cocco-bacilli z ^? caus+ *ick5 *ol]a1 sw9e plague1 & rabbit septicemia1 & may be describ$ z an ovoid1 nonmotile1 pol>-/a9+ bact]ium ) r\nd$ ends1 #a_/chjjj ( an in* wide by #a_/bjjjj ( an in* long1 sometimes se5 9 pairs & sometimes 9 *a9s4 ,v>i\s names h be5 appli$ to ?is disease1 & ?\gh ! causative ag5t & ! di/9ctive lesions are well kn[n1 x is m ?an likely t ! affection is seldom recogniz$4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,boll+] 9 #ahgh1 & nam$ ,wild und ,r9d]seu*e1 f its hav+ affect$ de]1 wild bo>s1 cattle1 & horses 9 an epizootic :i* swept ov] ,g]many at t "t4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 sev]al epizootics ( :at 0 evid5tly ! same disease _h be5 well describ$1 notably t :i* occurr$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahed4 ,s9ce !n x has occurr$ 9 epizootic & enzootic =ms 9 _m sections ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! disease has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,texas1 ,t5nessee1 ,new ,york1 ,m9nesota1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ,wiscons94 ,o!r names giv5 to x are game & cattle disease1 buffalo disease1 b>bone1 pa/eurellosis bov9a1 ghotwa1 & infecti\s pneumo5t]itis4 ,9 e>li] times x 0 evid5tly conf\nd$ ) gloss an?rax1 & ev5 n[ x is probably mi/ak5 9 a great _m in/ances = an?rax1 blackleg1 corn/alk disease1 & c]ebrosp9al m5+itis4 ,! disease is ess5tially a septicemia1 or blood poison+1 & ! microbic invasion occurs f inoculation probably ei!r ?r\gh abrasions ( ! sk9 or by injury to ! muc\s membranes f co>se fodd]1 etc4 ,moore & ,smi? h f\nd 9 ! m\?s & nasal cavities ( heal?y animals1 includ+ cattle1 bact]ia belong+ to ?is gr\p2 b ^! organisms prov$ to be nonpa?og5ic4 ,z is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 _m pa?og5ic g]ms at times exi/ 9 a saprophytic /ate1 & x is n h>d to conceive h[ a microbe may cease su* exi/5ce & assume p>asitic or pa?og5ic prop]ties :5 ! surr\nd+s are em95tly favorable4 ,?is may be a connect+ l9k 9 ! etiology ( sporadic outbreaks ( ! disease 9 :i* all o!r hypo!ses z to its g5esis seem unt5able4 ,! disease seems to occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 swampy or mucky localities or 9 pa/ures receiv+ ! ov]fl[ f infect$ fields4 ,x is said to occur usually 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :5 ! melt+ sn[s & ra9s br+ to ! surface ! subt]ranean wat]s f ri* soils conta9+ nitrog5\s mat]ials 9 :i* ! bact]ia h be5 exi/+4 ,9 a great _m in/ances !re does n seem to be any plausible explanation = an outbreak ( ! disease & "o c only surmise z to its orig94 ,symptoms4--,?ree =ms ( ! disease are recogniz$1 bas$ ^u ! di/ribution ( ! lesions--! sup]ficial1 or cutane\s1 ! pectoral1 or ?oracic1 & ! inte/9al =m4 ,! la/ is a usual accompanim5t ( ! o!r two & may be mild or sev]e4 ,naturally ! symptoms v>y accord+ to ! viol5ce ( ! attack & to ! p>ticul> =m ( disease ) :i* ! animal is affect$4 ,9 ! sup]ficial1 or cutane\s1 =m ! pres5ce ( a swoll5 tongue1 ?roat1 & dewlap1 or ev5 ( ! l[] portion ( ! legs1 gives u a clew to ! tr\ble4 ,an entire loss ( appetite occurs1 & 9 milk c[s !re is a dim9ution ( ! milk secretion4 ,! temp]ature may be only slightly elevat$1 b x is usually v high4 ,salivation is set up by ! inflammation ( ! m\? & ph>ynx4 ,unsuccessful ef=ts at eat+ & swall[+ are made4 ,!re may be difficulty 9 brea?+1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( involvem5t ( ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 bron*i1 or lungs4 ,!re may be a blood-/a9$ dis*>ge f ! no/rils1 & ! muc\s membrane !re( w (t5 %[ puncti=m hemorrhages4 ,! pulmon>y =m %[s ! same symptoms z cr\p\s pneumonia1 ) a frequ5t suffocative c\gh & oppress$ brea?+1 or dyspnea4 ,:5 ! inte/9es are involv$ ! pati5t /ra9s to defecate1 & passes %r$s ( inte/9al mucus along ) blood-/a9$ feces4 ,! ur9e also may be t+$ ) blood4 ,f9ally a sev]e di>rhea takes place1 ! animal becomes correspond+ly weak1 & dea? takes place 9 #bd to #cf h\rs4 ,cases may die 9 z %ort a p]iod z six to eight h\rs1 :ile 9 ! pectoral =m ( ! disease ! animal may l+] six or eight days4 ,cases h be5 report$ :i* became *ronic & 9 :i* dea? did n take place = a mon? or m4 ,9 "s ( ! cases runn+ an acute c\rse1 symptoms ( toxemia are pres5t2 !re is a lack ( s5sation ( ! sk91 /agg]+ gait1 trembl+1 eyes fix$1 neck at times b5t to "o side1 & ! eyes %[+ a wild expression4 ,at times ! animals appe> z if 9 pa9 & look ar\nd at ! flanks4 ,9 ! pectoral =m !y may /& ) ! =elegs wide ap>t 9 evid5t ef=t to brea! m freely4 ,sometimes !re is a *amp+ ( ! jaws & a v free fl[ ( glairy saliva dropp+ f ! m\?4 ,! prognosis is decid$ly unfavorable & #hj to #ij p] c5t ( ! cases result fatally4 ,lesions4--,! *>act]i/ic lesions ( hemorrhagic septicemia consi/ ( hemorrhagic areas 9 ! subcutane\s1 subs]\s1 & muscul> tissues1 ! lymph gl&s1 & ! visc]a2 9 fact1 !y are di/ribut$ m or less widely ?r\gh\t ! body & v>y 9 size f a m]e speck to ! diamet] ( a half doll> or ev5 l>g]4 ,! sup]ficial =m pres5ts itself fir/ z a d\ghy tumefaction ( ! sk9 ab\t ! region ( ! ?roat1 neck1 dewlap1 or legs1 :i* pits on pressure4 ,?is tumefaction consi/s ess5tially ( a c]ogelat9\s exudate into ! subcutane\s & int]muscul> tissues4 ,bloody extravasations may take place 9 subcutane\s tissues 9 v>i\s places1 b !y are usually se5 ab\t ! l[] portion ( ! neck4 ,! muc\s membranes & submuc\s tissues ( ! m\?1 tongue1 ph>ynx1 & l>ynx become involv$ 9 ! process & are greatly ?ick5$1 inflam$1 & infiltrat$ ) s]um4 ,! muc\s membrane becomes r$di% purple1 & t ( ! no/rils may 9 addition %[ hemorrhagic spots on its surface4 ,! lymphatic gl&s 9 ?is region are also swoll5 & infiltrat$ ) bloody s]um4 ,! saliv>y gl&s are pale & dry4 ,! pectoral type1 ?\gh at times exi/+ alone1 may coexi/ ) ! cutane\s =m4 ,! inflammatory edema ( ! m\? ext5ds to ! muc\s membrane ( ! tra*ea & bron*i1 produc+ an ext5sive ?ick5+ & a yell[i% infiltration4 ,! lung %[s int]/itial ?ick5+ f ! outp\r+ ( s]um into its me%es4 ,x may become pneumonic4 ,! diaphragm1 he>t sac1 & he>t walls %[ num]\s hemorrhagic po9ts & l>g] bloody extravasations4 ,sometimes !re is a s]\s pleurisy1 ) m or less fibr9\s exudate4 ,9 ! inte/9al =m ! submuc\s & subp]itoneal tissues %[ alt]ations f a few hemorrhagic spots to l>ge bloody suffusions1 or ev5 gelat9\s infiltrations4 ,?is latt] is se5 ab\t ! region ( ! pancreas & 9 ! folds ( ! mes5t]y4 ,!re is a sev]e hemorrhagic inflammation ( ! inte/9es & a /a9+ ( ! inte/9al cont5ts ) blood4 ,! muscul> sy/em ?r\gh\t %[s hemorrhagic areas4 ,! abdom9al visc]a1 liv]1 sple51 & kidneys (t5 pres5t hemorrhagic lesions4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,an?rax1 :i* pres5ts sup]ficial swell+s1 l hemorrhagic septicemia1 may be di/+ui%$ f t affection on po/-mortem exam9ation by ! enl>gem5t & engorgem5t ( ! sple51 ! cont5ts ( :i* are s(t & t>ry4 ,! blood ( an?rax animals is v d>k1 & does n become light r$ on exposure to air1 nor does x coagulate1 :ile 9 hemorrhagic septicemia ! blood is normal 9 appe>ance & coagulates4 ,! detection ( ! an?rax bacillus 9 ! blood w\ld be f9al4 ,9 blackleg ! animals affect$ are usually "u #b ye>s ( age4 ,! swell+s are q evid5t1 & usually occur on ! legs1 above ! knees or hocks1 & are di/5d$ ) gas1 :i* crackles1 or crepitates1 :5 press$ ^u4 ,if "o ( ^! tumors is op5$1 a bloody s]um w exude1 & ! gas gives (f ! odor ( rancid butt]4 ,! int]nal hemorrhages are n g5]al1 al?\gh !y may occur4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! juices f ! tumefaction w %[ ! blackleg bacillus4 ,9 c]ebrosp9al m5+itis ! causative ag5t is unkn[n1 b probably exi/s 9 ! fe$4 ,x may occur 9 any locality & at any season ( ! ye>4 ,!re are no local swell+s1 & cattle are n frequ5tly affect$4 ,corn/alk disease may be diff]5tiat$ f ?is affection f ! fact t x always occurs aft] ! cattle are turn$ into a corn/alk field1 by its sudd5 onset1 ! abs5ce ( any *>act]i/ic symptoms or po/-mortem lesions1 & ! failure to f9d ! causative ag5t 9 ! blood4 ,9 mak+ a po/-mortem exam9ation ( animals affect$ ) hemorrhagic septicemia1 x w\ld be well to exam9e ! articul> surfaces ( ! long bones1 z x has be5 report$ t !y are frequ5tly ulc]at$4 ,?is %\ld apply especially to ^? cases t h %[n lam5ess4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is absolutely useless1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 & = all practical purposes prophylaxis alone %\ld be reli$ ^u4 ,! same sanit>y precautions1 su* z isolation1 dis9fection1 & burial or burn+ ( all dead c>casses1 %\ld be obs]v$ z = an?rax & o!r highly infecti\s diseases4 ,all ! premises1 b>ns1 /alls1 litt]1 & /able ut5sils %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,sep>ate ! app>5tly well animals f ! sick by plac+ !m 9 a sep>ate lot4 ,exp]im5ts by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry t[>d protective inoculation ( ! expos$ cattle on infect$ premises h be5 made & ! results h be5 s satisfactory t sev]al comm]cial h\ses h&l+ biological products are manufactur+ a vacc9e = hemorrhagic septicemia 9 accordance ) ! ,gov]nm5t's exp]im5ts on ?is subject4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! vacc9e is simil> to t recomm5d$ by ,lignires4 ,x consi/s 9 gr[+ ! cultures ( ! organism ( ! disease at #db to #dc ,c4 & prep>+ f !m gr[+ at ?is temp]ature two diff]5t /r5g?s ( vacc9e4 ,! weak] vacc9e1 :i* is us$ = ! fir/ injection1 is gr[n = five days at ?is temp]ature1 :]eas ! /rong] vacc9e1 = ! second injection1 is gr[n = only two days4 ,^! vacc9es are us$ ) an int]val ( #aj days betwe5 ! injections1 ! dose be+ #a cubic c5timet] at ea* injection4 ,! effect ( ?is vacc9e 9 abat+ outbreaks already 9 progress has be5 highly satisfactory & x is pla9 t ! g5]al introduction ( prev5tive vacc9ation = hemorrhagic septicemia mu/ be ( mat]ial b5efit to ! cattle rais]s 9 ! infect$ di/ricts4 ,,vesicul> ,,eruption ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,organs4 ,?is contagi\s disease is call$ coital exan!ma or vesicul> exan!ma1 & is m or less preval5t on ! ,cont95t4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ 9 ! bre$+ di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ! subject ( legislation 9 ,g]many1 & gov]nm5tal /ati/ics are publi%$ annually conc]n+ its di/ribution 9 ! ,empire4 ,accord+ to ! reports f ,hung>y #dib head ( cattle 7 attack$ dur+ #ahih1 #ehg 9 #ahii1 & #bjg 9 #aijj4 ,a simil> or p]haps id5tical disease ( horses has ! same di/ribution & is transmissible f horses to cattle & vice v]sa4 ,! disease may be def9$ z a highly contagi\s eruption situat$ ^u ! ext]nal g5ital organs ( bo? sexes & accompani$ ) little or no g5]al di/urbance ( heal?4 ,! contagion1 ! nature ( :i* rema9s /ill unkn[n1 is transmitt$ ma9ly dur+ copulation4 ,! bull may h ! disease & convey x to all ! c[s ) :i* he comes 9 contact1 or he may become infect$ by "o c[1 &1 al?\gh n %[+ ! disease1 he may1 dur+ copulation1 transmit x = sev]al days aft] to all o!r c[s4 ,simple contact betwe5 "o c[ & ano!r may convey ! disease1 or ! sponges us$ 9 clean+ ! diseas$ may c>ry ! virus to ! heal?y4 ,x has also be5 convey$ to heal?y c[s by ^! animals ly+ ) _! h9d qu>t]s aga9/ infect$ wood5 tr\ghs4 ,symptoms4--,! p]iod betwe5 ! infection & ! appe>ance ( symptoms is some:at v>iable4 ,x is usually giv5 z ?ree to six days4 ,x may be brief] or mu* long]4 ,9 c[s ! muc\s membrane ( ! vag9a & ! vulva become swoll51 inflam$1 v t5d]1 & cov]$ ) d>k-r$ spots4 ,! secretion is v abundant & consi/s at fir/ l>gely ( s]um & mucus resembl+ ! :ite ( an egg4 ,small vesicles !n appe>1 :i* rapidly bur/ & are conv]t$ into excoriations or deep] ulc]ations4 ,! secretion becomes m purul5t & is apt to dry 9 cru/s ab\t ! root ( ! tail4 ,! eruption is accompani$ ) mu* it*+ & difficulty 9 ur9at+4 ,! walk may be /iff & awkw>d4 ,9 bulls ! eruption is situat$ on ! prepuce & ! end ( ! p5is1 & consi/s ( pimples1 vesicles1 & ulc]s1 z 9 c[s4 ,x is accompani$ ) a little purul5t dis*>ge f ! prepuce1 it*+1 & difficulty 9 ur9at+4 ,9 sev]e cases ! inflammation & swell+ may ext5d backw>d to ! scrotum & =w>d ^u ! abdom54 ,! disease la/s f "o to f\r weeks & always t]m9ates 9 recov]y4 ,! acute /age la/s only f\r or five days1 :ile ! complete heal+ ( ! inflammation is sl[4 ,! eruption is usually accompani$ ) v little g5]al di/urbance4 ,if ! pa9 & irritation are sev]e1 !re may be "s light loss ( appetite & dim9i%$ milk secretion 9 c[s4 ,! disease r>ely causes abortion4 ,*ronic cat>rh ( ! vag9a & p]man5t /]ility frequ5tly foll[ z sequel4 ,treatm5t ne$ n be resort$ to except+ 9 sev]e cases4 ,! secretion & exudation %\ld be wa%$ (f & a mild antiseptic appli$1 su* z a #a p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid 7#a ounce to #c qu>ts ( wat]7 or #b p] c5t solution ( cresol comp\nd 9 wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to c>ry ! disease f ! sick to ! well by sponges1 etc41 :i* h come 9 contact ) ! affect$ organs4 ,^! %\ld be de/roy$4 ,to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease ! infect$ animals %\ld be kept isolat$ until !y h recov]$4 ,,rabies ,,( ,,cattle4 ,rabies is a disease preem95tly affect+ ! can9e race1 al?\gh all w>m-blood$ animals1 includ+ man1 are susceptible to ! malady1 :i* is always communicat$ ?r\gh bites f a prec$+ case4 ,x has requir$ _m ye>s ( pati5t1 sci5tific rese>* to lead ! able/ inve/igators to a cle> compreh5sion ( ! cause1 nature1 & *>act]i/ics ( ?is affection4 ,x 0 kn[n & describ$ sev]al c5turies prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & f ! e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory x has be5 fe>$ & dread$4 ,its t]rible manife/ations h always be5 surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e ( awe & my/]y1 & x is n surpris+ t my?s1 fallacies1 & misconceptions 9 reg>d to x h be5 common & widely accept$4 ,z ! inve/igations by :i* we h come to a tol]ably cle> und]/&+ ( ! facts conc]n+ rabies h be5 comp>atively rec5t1 & = ! mo/ "p1 h appe>$ 9 sci5tific p]iodicals1 fallacies 9 reg>d to ! disease cont9ue to h a /rong hold ^u ! public m9d4 ,= in/ance1 x is /ill a widely preval5t belief t if p]sons or animals are bitt5 by a dog !y are liable to become rabid if ! dog %\ld contract ! disease at any future "t4 ,!re is no f\ndation = ?is impression1 & x w\ld be a great com=t to _m p :o are n[ & !n bitt5 by animals if ! fallacy ( ?is idea 7 kn[n4 ,all exp]i5ce1 bo? sci5tific & practical1 goes to %[ t rabies is transmitt$ only by animals t are actually diseas$ at ! "t ! bite is inflict$4 ,rabies is an infecti\s disease involv+ ! n]v\s sy/em & *>act]iz$ by extreme excitability & o!r n]v\s disord]s & always t]m9at+ 9 dea?4 ,! contagion ( ?is disease has nev] be5 isolat$1 b ! fact t x is caus$ by a specific organism pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! n]v\s sy/em is indisputable4 ,= in/ance1 if an emulsion ( ! bra9 ( a rabid animal is filt]$ ?r\gh a g]m-pro( filt]1 ! filtrate w be h>mless4 ,?is fact indicates t ! infecti\s pr9ciple is n 9 solution1 b is an organism )held f ! filtrate by ! filt]4 ,?is contagion c be propagat$ only 9 ! body ( an animal4 ,x is transmitt$ naturally f "o animal to ano!r solely by bites1 & ! old idea ( spontane\s appe>ance ( ! disease is absolutely fallaci\s4 ,x may be produc$ artificially by inoculat+ susceptible animals ) an emulsion ( ! bra9 or sp9al cord1 z well z ! saliva1 milk1 & o!r secretions ( ! affect$ animal4 ,! blood1 on ! contr>y1 seems to be free f ! infecti\s pr9ciple4 ,! saliva conta9s ! virus1 :i*1 "u natural conditions1 is introduc$ into or "u ! sk9 on ! too? ( ! rabid animal4 ,! disease is widespread1 be+ f\nd 9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 & 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ow+ to ! rigid qu>ant9e regulations en=c$ aga9/ dogs import$ into ,au/ralia1 t c\ntry rema9s absolutely free f ! disease4 ,foll[+ ! can9e race1 cattle seem to be ! mo/ frequ5tly affect$1 probably because rabid dogs1 next to _! morbid desire to attack o!r memb]s ( _! own race1 h a bett] opportunity to bite graz+ cattle ?an any o!r species ( animal4 ,! relative frequ5cy ( rabies 9 ^! two species ( animals is indicat$ by ! c>efully compil$ /ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 :i* %[s t #ijd dogs & #bbc c[s di$ ( rabies 9 #ahih1 :ile 9 #ahii !re 7 #iaa cases 9 dogs & #aga 9 cattle4 ,! latt] receive bites mo/ frequ5tly on ! h9d legs & 9 ! hips & ab\t ! l[] jaw4 ,^! places are mo/ accessible to dogs1 ow+ to ! habit ( cattle to drive _! torm5tors away by l[]+ _! heads & us+ _! horns4 ,e animal bitt5 does n necess>ily develop ! disease1 b ! p] c5t ( fatalities has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$1 & av]ages f #be to #cj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! location & size ( ! w\nd z well z ! am\nt ( hemorrhage produc$1 & v>i\s o!r conditions4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ne>] ! bite is locat$ to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & ! deep] ! w\nd inflict$1 ! great] ! dang] ( a fatal result4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ! hemorrhage result+ f ! bite is pr(use1 !re is a possibility t ! virus w be wa%$ out ( ! w\nd & ?us obviate ! dang] ( subsequ5t appe>ance ( ! disease4 ,! virus aft] be+ deposit$ 9 ! w\nd rema9s lat5t = an extremely v>iable p]iod ( "t1 :i* also dep5ds on ! size & dep? ( ! w\nd z well z its location & ! am\nt ( ! virul5t saliva introduc$4 ,exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! virus foll[s ! c\rse ( ! n]ves to ! sp9al cord & along ! latt] to ! bra9 be=e ! symptoms appe>4 ,g]la*1 hav+ collect$ ! /ati/ics f #acc cases1 has f\nd ?is "t1 kn[n z ! p]iod ( incubation1 to v>y f #ad to #bhe days4 ,! great majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 contract ! disease 9 "o to ?ree mon?s aft] ! bite has be5 inflict$4 ,symptoms4--,z 9 dogs1 bo? furi\s & dumb rabies are met )1 ! =m] be+ m common 9 cattle4 ,a %>p l9e ( di/9ction1 h[ev]1 c n be drawn betwe5 ^! two =ms ( ! disease1 z ! furi\s =m usually m]ges into ! dumb1 f ! p>alysis :i* appe>s prior to dea?4 ,! typical cases ( dumb rabies are ^? 9 :i* ! p>alysis appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! attack & rema9s until dea?4 ,! disease fir/ manife/s itself by a loss ( appetite & rum9ation1 /opp+ ( ! secretion ( milk1 great re/lessness1 anxiety1 manife/ation ( fe>1 & *ange 9 ! disposition ( ! animal4 ,?is prelim9>y /age is foll[$ 9 a day or two by ! /age ( excitation1 or madness1 :i* is indicat$ by increas+ re/lessness1 l\d ro>+ at times ) a peculi> *ange 9 ! s\nd ( ! voice1 viol5t butt+ ) ! horns & paw+ ! gr\nd ) ! feet1 ) an insane t5d5cy to attack o!r animals1 al?\gh ! desire to bite is n s m>k$ 9 cattle z 9 ! can9e race4 ,a con/ant symptom is ! increas$ secretion ( saliva ) a consequ5t fro?+ at ! m\?1 or ! secretion may hang f ! lips 9 long /r+s4 ,con/ipation is m>k$1 & !re is manife/$ a cont9ual1 al?\gh unsuccessful1 desire to defecate4 ,spasms ( ! muscles 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body are also se5 at int]vals4 ,ab\t ! f\r? day ! animal usually becomes quiet] & ! walk is /iff1 un/eady1 & sway+1 %[+ t ! f9al p>alysis is com+ on4 ,?is is call$ ! p>alytic /age4 ,! loss ( fle% is extremely rapid1 & ev5 dur+ ! %ort c\rse ( ! disease ! animal becomes exce$+ly emaciat$4 ,! temp]ature is nev] elevat$1 x usually rema9+ ab\t normal or ev5 subnormal4 ,f9ally1 !re is complete p>alysis ( ! h9d qu>t]s1 ! animal be+ unable to rise1 & b = irregul> convulsive movem5ts lies 9 a comatose condition & dies usually f ! f\r? to ! six? day aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ symptom4 ,anatomy4--,if animals :i* h succumb$ to rabies are exam9$ po/ mortem1 v slight evid5ce ( disease w be f\nd 9 any ( ! organs1 &1 inde$1 ! abs5ce ( any specific lesions may be consid]$ z *>act]i/ic4 ,! blood is d>k & imp]fectly coagulat$4 ,! ?roat is frequ5tly r$d5$1 & !re may be small spots ( extravasat$ blood 9 ! inte/9es4 ,! /oma*s are usually empty4 ,9 ! sple5 !re may be hemorrhagic enl>gem5ts 7inf>cts74 ,! cadav]s rapidly und]go decomposition4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,x is n an easy matt] to decide def9itely t a giv5 animal has rabies1 s9ce ! symptoms giv5 above belong 9 "p to a v>iety ( o!r diseases1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! excitem5t se5 9 "y animals foll[+ close conf9em5t1 c]ta9 vegetable & m9]al poisons1 acute ent]itis1 & alt]ations ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em 9 cattle1 ! mo/ common ( :i* is tub]culosis ( ! bra9 & its cov]+ membranes4 ,! po/-mortem lesions1 h[ev]1 %\ld assi/ 9 mak+ a correct diagnosis4 ,tetanus may readily be diff]5tiat$ f rabies by ! p]si/5ce ( muscul> cramps1 especially ( ! face & abdom51 :i* cause ^! muscles to become set & z h>d z wood4 ,9 tetanus !re is also an abs5ce ( a deprav$ appetite or ( a willful prop5sity to hurt o!r animals or to damage ! surr\nd+s4 ,! c[ rema9s quiet & ! g5]al muscul> contraction gives h] a rigid appe>ance4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( p>alysis :i* m>ks ! advanc$ /age ( rabies4 ,! =m ( dumb rabies 9 dogs is *>act]iz$ by ! p>alysis & p5d5cy ( ! l[] jaw1 :ile 9 tetanus ! jaws are lock$4 ,?is lock+ ( ! jaws 9 cattle r5d]s ! animal incapable ( bell[+1 z 9 rabies4 ,f9ally1 tetanus may be di/+ui%$ f rabies by ! fact t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em does n conta9 ! infecti\s pr9ciple1 :ile 9 rabies ! inoculation ( te/ rabbits ) ! bra9 or cord ( a rabid animal w produce ! disease ) *>act]i/ic symptoms aft] an int]val ( #ae to #bj days4 ,?is p]iod ( incubation is mu* long] ?an 9 tetanus1 s9ce ! inoculation ( rabbits ) tetanus cultures inv>iably results 9 dea? aft] a %ort p]iod & usually )9 ?ree days4 ,! positive evid5ce t a rabid dog has be5 ne> cattle w\ld greatly assi/ 9 mak+ a decision 9 d\btful cases4 ,! disease 9 dogs is pretty well recogniz$ by mo/ p1 b 9 case a suspect$ dog is kill$ x is desirable to op5 ! animal & exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,:ile fe$ is abs5t1 a v>iety ( odd ?+s may be pres5t :i* ! abnormally *ang$ appetite ( ! rabid dog has induc$ x to swall[4 ,among su* ?+s may be /raws1 /icks1 glass1 rags1 e>?1 pieces ( lea!r1 & :atev] ! animal may h enc\nt]$ small en\gh to be swall[$4 ,?is miscellane\s collection 9 ! /oma* ( dogs1 toge!r ) abs5ce ( fe$1 is reg>d$ by au?orities z a v valuable sign1 & 9 case ( d\bt may be made use ( by laym54 ,9 important cases1 h[ev]1 ! head ( ! dog1 c[1 or o!r suspect$ animal %\ld be remov$ & s5t to ! ne>e/ biological laboratory1 :]e a positive diagnosis c be made )9 #cf h\rs by ! hi/ological exam9ation ( ! plexi=m n]ve ganglia1 & )9 two or ?ree weeks by ! intrac]ebral inoculation ( rabbits ) an emulsion ( ! bra9 ( ! suspect$ animal4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is useless aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( symptoms4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a w\nd inflict$ by a rabid animal c be discov]$1 x %\ld be imm$iately caut]iz$ or ev5 completely extirpat$1 c>e be+ tak5 to cut entirely ar\nd ! w\nd 9 ! heal?y tissues4 ,= caut]iz+ ! w\nd1 fum+ nitric acid1 ! hot iron1 & #aj p] c5t solution ( z9c *lorid are ! mo/ efficaci\s4 ,to af=d an absolute protection1 ?is %\ld be done )9 a few mom5ts aft] ! bite has be5 inflict$1 al?\gh ev5 z late z a few h\rs x has be5 kn[n to ?w>t ! developm5t ( ! disease4 ,pa/eur orig9at$ & p]fect$ a sy/em ( prev5tive inoculation aga9/ ?is disease :i* has greatly r$uc$ ! mortality 9 human subjects4 ,its application to animals1 h[ev]1 is difficult & requires consid]able "t & exp5se4 ,a me?od ( vacc9ation applicable to animals1 consi/+ ( a s+le injection ( a susp5sion ( fix$ rabies virus1 is n[ be+ q ext5sively employ$ by vet]9>ians4 ,sanit>y regulations :i* seek to control effectively ! disease by ext]m9at+ x among dogs are mo/ likely to prove successful4 ,! measures :i* are adopt$ to ?is end c n be discuss$ 9 ?is place1 b x is a /rik+ fact t :]e ! muzzl+ ( all dogs has be5 rigidly en=c$1 z 9 ,engl& & 9 c]ta9 ,g]man di/ricts1 ! disease has be5 practically /amp$ out4 ,,tub]culosis4 ,pls4 ,,xxxiv-,,xxxviii4 ,tub]culosis is an infecti\s & communicable disease *>act]iz$ 9 its e>ly /ages by ! =mation1 9 v>i\s organs ( ! body1 ( m9ute nodules or tub]cles1 :i* conta9 ,mycobact]ium tub]culosis1 ! cause ( ! disease4 ,! disease1 9 its v>i\s manife/ations1 has be5 kn[n = _m c5turies1 & legislative enactm5ts hav+ ref]5ce to ! de/ruction ( affect$ animals & =bidd+ ! use ( ! fle% date f> back into ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! op9ions ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! nature & ! cause ( ! malady v>i$ mu* 9 diff]5t p]iods & v m>k$ly influ5c$ ! laws & regulations 9 vogue4 ,?us1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! disease 0 consid]$ id5tical ) syphilis 9 man4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is belief v /r+5t laws 7 enact$1 :i* made ! de/ruction ( tub]cul\s cattle compulsory4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?is errone\s conception ( ! nature ( ! disease 0 ab&on$ & all re/rictions aga9/ ! use ( meat 7 remov$4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 its communicable nature has be5 e/abli%$ by _m inve/igators1 & ! tide ( op9ion has aga9 turn$ 9 favor ( repress+ ! disease & prohibit+ ! sale ( contam9at$ products4 ,occurr5ce4--,! /ati/ics conc]n+ tub]culosis %[ t x is a disease preval5t 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 su* z ! nor!rn "p ( ,norway & ,sw$51 on ! /eppes ( ea/]n ,europe & ,russia1 9 ,sicily & ,icel&1 & 9 ,algi]s1 x is said to be q r>e4 ,! returns f te/+ ,briti% cattle ) tub]cul91 suppli$ by ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college1 z /at$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijj1 %[$ t among #ae1cib animals te/$ #d1aje1 or #bf p] c5t1 react$4 ,dur+ ! slaught] ( cattle = pleuropneumonia c>eful exam9ations ( ! c>casses 7 made = tub]culosis4 ,( #cjj head kill$ ne> ,ed9burgh #abj1 or #dj p] c5t1 7 tub]cul\s4 ,( #d1afj kill$ 9 ,engl& #bj p] c5t 7 tub]cul\s4 ,( "o ( ^! lots ( cattle 7#dea animals7 ! presid5t ( ! ,lanca%ire ,f>m]s' ,association te/ifi$ t !y 7 fairly repres5tative cattle--c[s1 heif]s1 & gr[+ /ock--a ?or\ghly mix$ lot2 #bj p] c5t ( !m _h tub]culosis4 ,( #cih bov9e animals tak5 haphaz>d 9 ! city ( ,man*e/]1 #abj1 or #cj p] c5t1 7 tub]cul\s4 ,among !m 7 #afh c[s1 #fi1 or #da p] c5t1 be+ tub]cul\s1 & #b hav+ diseas$ udd]s4 ,! result ( te/+ ! ,que5's h]d at ,w9dsor 0 t #cf out ( #dj1 or #ij p] c5t1 7 f\nd tub]cul\s4 ,! inve/igations made by ! ,briti% ,dairy ,f>m]s' ,association des]ve p>ticul> att5tion1 com+ z !y d directly f a cattle own]s' organization4 ,! c\ncil ( ?is association resolv$ to submit ! g5]al consid]ation ( ! "q to a committee1 ) a view to "s m def9ite und]/&+ z to ! possible ext5t to :i* tub]culosis exi/s 9 dairy cattle4 ,! secret>y 0 in/ruct$ to write to a numb] ( dairy f>m]s be+ memb]s ( ! association1 ask+ _! coop]ation & ! use ( _! h]ds = ! application ( ! te/s4 ,( ! h]ds (f]$1 #i 7 select$1 conta9+ #dfa c[s & #ab bulls1 & #ahh ( ^! animals react$1 be+ #dj4h p] c5t4 ,!re 7 among ^! cattle #cce ,%or?orns1 ( :i* #aai1 or #ce p] c5t1 react$2 #fg crossbr$s1 ( :i* #bh1 or #db p] c5t1 react$2 #dg ,ayr%ires1 ( :i* #cg1 or #hj p] c5t1 react$4 ,ano!r exp]im5t ( mu* int]e/ is t ( ! ,*e%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,! te*nical in/ruction committee set aside #bej to be us$ by a jo9t committee f ! agricultural & horticultural s*ools & ,worleson ,dairy ,in/itute = apply+ ! tub]cul9 te/ to _! h]ds4 ,! te/s 7 made ,febru>y #ae1 #ahii4 ,! results 73 ,worleson h]d ( #ed animals1 #af diseas$1 or #bi4f p] c5t2 agricultural s*ool h]d ( #ag animals1 #d diseas$1 or #bc4e p] c5t4 ,! ,worleson h]d consi/$ ( ,%or?orn c[s4 ,9 ea* h]d ! purebr$ ,%or?orn bull 0 tub]cul\s4 ,! results ( ! tub]cul9 te/ 7 confirm$ by ! slaught] ( ! animals & exam9ation ( ! c>casses4 ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,g4 ,c>mi*ael1 memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,midlo?ian1 gave evid5ce be=e ! royal commission t 8 ,poll$ ,angus h]d 0 te/$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahie4 ,! results ( ! te/ 7 fe>fully unexpect$ & al>m+4 ,( #cj te/$ #ac %[$ decid$ reaction--#dc p] c5t4 ,aga91 he speaks ( hav+ #da animals te/$ ! same spr+ & #af react$--#ci4e p] c5t4 ,( #hj ,%or?orn cattle int5d$ = export :i* 7 te/$ #cd react$1 or #db p] c5t4 ,( a h]d ( #be ,briti% ,%or?orns rec5tly te/$ 9 qu>ant9e #dj p] c5t 7 f\nd tub]cul\s4 ,! addition ( ^! animals above ref]r$ to gives #bj1icj head exam9$ & #e1dda1 or #bf p] c5t1 pron\nc$ tub]cul\s4 ,& ^! h]ds 7 n select$ because !y 7 suppos$ to be tub]cul\s1 b repres5t ! g5]al cattle /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! animals includ$ at lea/ #dgj head ( ,%or?orns1 ( :i* #agj1 or #cd p] c5t1 7 tub]cul\s4 ,to ^! facts may be add$ ! evid5ce ( ,pr(4 ,bang t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury tub]culosis 0 br\ght to ,d5m>k by cattle f ,switz]l&1 ,s*leswig1 & ,engl&1 & t ! same ?+ is n[ go+ on 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ,engli% cattle4 ,also ! evid5ce ( ,m4 ,sivori1 *ief ( section at ! m9i/ry ( agriculture1 ,arg5t9a1 :o has inve/igat$ tub]culosis 9 t c\ntry & :o says t #cj or #dj ye>s ago tub]culosis 0 unkn[n 9 ,arg5t9e cattle1 & x is /ill unkn[n among ! native 7criollo7 cattle4 ,its appe>ance dates f ! introduction ( pure bre$+ animals4 ,/ati/ics prove t tub]culosis is obs]v$ among ! grades--above all among ^? ( ! ,durham & less among ! ,h]e=d4 ,moreov]1 ! reports ( ! royal commission ( ,victoria1 ,au/ralia1 & ( ! ,new ,zeal& dep>tm5t ( agriculture %[ a l>ge proportion ( tub]cul\s cattle 9 ^? colonies1 :]e ! disease 0 almo/ c]ta9ly c>ri$ by ,briti% cattle4 ,9 ! same mann] t tub]culosis has be5 c>ri$ f ,great ,brita9 to ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,au/ralia1 x has also be5 tak5 to ,canada4 ,9 "o h]d ( import$ cattle slaught]$ 9 ! ,canadian qu>ant9e /ation1 #ac ( ! #ad animals 7 f\nd tub]cul\s4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ,%or?orn h]ds 9 ,canada 0 "s "t ago te/$ because an animal f x 0 condemn$ :5 (f]$ = %ipm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is h]d 0 f\nd to be v badly affect$1 & an ef=t is be+ made to eradicate ! disease by ! ,bang me?od4 ,a ,canadian (ficial publication says ( ano!r ,%or?orn h]d1 :i* at "o "t _h a v high reputation1 t :5 an inve/igation 9 reg>d to tub]culosis 0 rec5tly made ! disease 0 f\nd among ord9>y cattle :]ev] animals f ?is h]d _h be5 introduc$1 & t ?is h]d1 :i* _h be5 look$ ^u z "o ( ! greate/ b5efits to ! f>m+ community1 0 really a dang]1 because x dissem9at$ tub]culosis among ! f>m]s' h]ds4 ,/ill ano!r well-kn[n h]d rec5tly attract$ att5tion because f\r animals f x (f]$ = export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 all tub]cul\s4 ,f ,decemb] #bc1 #aijj1 to ,febru>y #ai1 #aija1 ! p]iod t ! dep>tm5t inspector te/$ all ,canadian cattle int5d$ = %ipm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #adj purebr$ ,%or?orns & #c ,%or?orn grades 7 te/$1 & ( ! total numb] #bf1 or #ah p] c5t1 react$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon? t ?is inspection 0 en=c$1 & :5 x may be assum$ t ! condition ( ! cattle mo/ ne>ly repres5t$ :at x _h previ\sly be51 #gd cattle 7 (f]$ = importation1 & #ah1 or #bd4c p] c5t1 7 f\nd tub]cul\s4 ,9 ju/ice to ,%or?orn cattle x %\ld be said 9 ?is connection t !y are probably no m susceptible to tub]culosis ?an are o!r bre$s1 b ! disease has be5 all[$ to spread 9 c]ta9 h]ds & families to su* an ext5t z to give a wrong impression conc]n+ ! bre$ z a :ole4 ,! slaught]h\se /ati/ics ( ,prussia %[ #ad4f p] c5t ( ! cattle & #b4ad p] c5t ( ! hogs to be tub]cul\s4 ,9 ,saxony ! p]c5tage is #bi4ac ) cattle & #c4aj ) hogs4 ,9 ! city ( ,leipzig ! figures are #cf4d = cattle & #b4ag = hogs4 7,si$amgrotzky47 ,( #bj1hej animals 9 ,belgium te/$ ) tub]cul9 9 #ahif1 #dh4hh p] c5t react$4 7,/ubbe47 ,( #be1dci te/$ 9 ,d5m>k f #ahic to #ahie1 #di4c p] c5t react$2 & ( #fg1bfc te/$ f #ahif to #ahih1 #cb4h p] c5t react$4 7,bang47 ,figures available 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates all[ u to make a reliable e/imate ( ! ext5t ( tub]culosis ( cattle4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is pres5t$3 ,/ati/ics ( te/s = tub]culosis 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiag to ,m>* #a1 #aibb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/ate4 ,numb] ,numb] ,p] c5t te/$4 tub]cul\s4tub]cul\s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alabama #fh1ggb #a1jga #a4f ,arkansas #e1iag #ih #a4g ,colorado #a1iei #gf #c4i ,connecticut #bi1bhf #d1fie #af4j ,delaw>e #ai1jjc #b1acb #aa4b ,florida #ef1ecc #a1dch #b4e ,georgia #df1ebb #iih #b4a ,idaho #eg1gca #a1jeb #a4h ,ill9ois #ib1gha #f1aab #f4f ,indiana #adb1hcc #c1iia #b4h ,i[a #aeh1ead #i1ieh #f4c ,kansas #fd1cda #a1gif #b4h ,k5tucky #ff1hci #a1dib #b4b ,l\isiana #cf1cia #iha #b4g ,ma9e #fg1djf #a1gib #b4g ,m>yl& #fe1hhh #e1dia #h4c ,massa*usetts #bf1big #b1cga #i4j ,mi*igan #afc1cbc #e1cfa #c4c ,m9nesota #bdj1hhh #g1eee #c4a ,mississippi #ii1bde #ejc 4#e ,miss\ri #aif1bjh #b1ehg #a4c ,montana #afe1fdj #c1cdf #b4j ,nebraska #abe1afb #c1idg #c4b ,nevada #bi1eda #a1jdb #c4e ,new ,hamp%ire #af1fbc #a1fig #aj4b ,new ,j]sey #cb1ahd #b1edb #g4i ,new ,mexico #c1hig #ci #a4j ,new ,york #afg1heb #bc1jga #ac4g ,nor? ,c>ol9a #fd1jjh #a1jih #a4g ,nor? ,dakota #aci1eja #d1adb #c4j ,ohio #ig1fab #d1dgj #d4f ,oklahoma #fg1ebb #b1dec #c4f ,oregon #abc1gib #b1eha #b4a ,p5nsylvania #ajb1dfe #f1cbb #f4b ,rhode ,isl& #c1deh #cch #i4h ,s\? ,c>ol9a #da1hfh #gdj #a4h ,s\? ,dakota #dc1dcc #b1cec #e4d ,t5nessee #fc1fca #ief #a4e ,texas #fa1ief #a1bef #b4j ,utah #ei1gaa #ehf #a4j ,v]mont #afj1cfa #aa1dhf #g4b ,virg9ia #ace1fgg #c1hha #b4i ,wa%+ton #aed1bib #c1hfd #b4e ,we/ ,virg9ia #cf1fjc #gih #b4b ,wiscons9 #bhe1bfi #h1aff #b4i ,wyom+ #bb1haa #cbb #a4d ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,reports ( tub]cul9 te/s made on #djj1jjj cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye>s #ahic to #aijh by ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & o!r (fic]s ) tub]cul9 prep>$ by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry %[ #cg1jjh reactions1 or #i4be p] c5t4 ,^! 7 mo/ly dairy cattle1 & 9 "s cases h]ds 7 suspect$ ( be+ diseas$4 ,lat] reports ( tub]cul9 te/s made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,july #a1 #aiag1 to ,m>* #a1 #aibb1 on #c1iaa1edf cattle by ,/ate1 c\nty1 & ,f$]al (fic]s engag$ 9 coop]ative tub]culosis eradication "w %[$ #aec1jdf reactions1 or #c4i p] c5t4 ,all cattle 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 numb]+ #a1gja1 7 te/$ ) tub]cul9 9 #aiji-aj1 & #ah4hg p] c5t react$4 ,9 #aiji-aa h]ds 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia supply+ milk to ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 7 te/$1 ) #ai4jc & #ae4ch p] c5t ( reactions1 respectively1 among #d1eja cattle4 ,all cattle 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 7 tub]cul9 te/$ 9 #aibj-ba1 numb]+ #a1cac1 & #e animals react$1 or #j4d p] c5t1 demon/rat+ t tub]culosis may be eradicat$ f all ! h]ds 9 a circumscrib$ area4 ,! beef cattle ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ a mu* small] proportion ( ! disease ?an dairy cattle1 ?\gh ! p]c5tage ( cattle f\nd tub]cul\s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t meat-inspection s]vice has increas$ consid]ably 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,?is increase is due p>tly1 b n :olly1 to m /r+5t inspection4 ,( #g1gha1jcj adult cattle slaught]$ "u ,f$]al inspection dur+ ! fiscal ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #aiaa1 #gf1ddh 7 f\nd tub]cul\s1 a p]c5tage ( #j4ih4 ,f ! /ati/ics above ref]r$ to1 & o!r data1 x appe>s t 9 ! m d5sely populat$ areas ( ,europe & ,am]ica f #e to #ej p] c5t ( ! dairy cattle are m or less affect$ ) tub]culosis1 :ile ! proportion ( beef cattle affect$ is di/9ctly less1 rang+ f #j4ad to #cj p] c5t4 ,?is diff]5ce is due to a numb] ( causes4 ,beef cattle av]age y\ng] :5 slaught]$4 ,!y are n s frequ5tly /abl$1 & are = t reason less liable to infection1 & z ! males con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ?is class ( animals ! effect ( milk secretion 9 l[]+ ! vital =ces is n s app>5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x has be5 e/imat$ t ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ! dairy cattle are tub]cul\s1 :ile only ab\t #b p] c5t ( ! beef cattle are s infect$4 ,cause & nature ( ! disease4--,! cause ( tub]culosis is ! tub]cle bacillus1 :i* ga9s entrance to ! body1 lodges some:]e 9 ! tissues1 & beg9s to gr[ & multiply at t po9t4 ,z ?is bacillus vegetates & increases 9 numb]s x excretes sub/ances :i* act z irritants & poisons & :i* lead to ! =mation ( a small nodule1 call$ a tub]cle1 at ! po9t ( irritation4 ,z ! bacilli are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! animal body !y affect _m p>ts & cause ! =mation ( an enorm\s numb] ( tub]cles4 ,by ! union ( su* tub]cles1 masses ( tub]cul> mat]ial are =m$1 :i* 9 "s cases are ( great size4 ,! disease is call$ tub]culosis because x is *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( ^! peculi> nodules1 & ! bacillus :i* causes ! disease is = ! same reason kn[n te*nically z ! ,mycobact]ium tub]culosis4 ,!re are und\bt$ly pr$ispos+ conditions :i* contribute t[>d ! developm5t ( ! disease2 "s ( ^! are f\nd 9 ! animal body & o!rs 9 ! environm5t4 ,an enfeebl$ condition caus$ by insuffici5t fe$1 exposure to great extremes ( atmosph]ic temp]ature & insanit>y surr\nd+s1 or ! dra9 occasion$ by heavy production ( milk1 appe> to aid ! developm5t ( ! bacillus1 & !re is also a special individual susceptibility 9 "s cases :i* may be o!rwise describ$ z an inability ( ! animal tissues to resi/ & de/roy ! bacilli :5 !y h p5etrat$ to ! inn] recesses ( ! body4 ,among ! conditions ( environm5t :i* aid ! developm5t ( tub]culosis may be m5tion$ /abl+ ) lack ( v5tilation1 damp build+s1 ! keep+ ( _m animals toge!r1 drafts ( air :i* cause colds & cat>rhs1 &1 9 g5]al1 ev]y?+ :i* prev5ts ! animals f develop+ & ma9ta9+ ! highe/ condition ( heal?4 ,none ( ^! conditions ( body or environm5t are suffici5t to cause ! disease1 h[ev]1 unless ! animals are expos$ to ! ,mycobact]ium tub]culosis & x p5etrates ! tissues ( _! bodies4 ,! ways 9 :i* ! tub]cle bacilli f9d _! way into ! body may be consid]$ "u f\r heads3 7#a7 ,by inhalation into ! lungs2 7#b7 by tak+ into ! dige/ive tract 9 ! milk ( tub]cul\s c[s or ) o!r contam9at$ fe$2 7#c7 dur+ coition :5 ! sexual organs are tub]cul\s2 7#d7 f ! tub]cul\s "m to ! fetus 9 ! ut]us4 ,! bacilli c rea* ! lungs by inhalation only :5 ! bacilli are ?or\ghly dri$ & pulv]iz$ & 9 condition to be c>ri$ by curr5ts ( air4 ,x is well kn[n t ! bacilli )/& dry+ = mon?s be=e !y lose _! p[] ( produc+ disease4 ,!y leave ! bodies ( diseas$ animals 9 sev]al ways4 ,!re may be a little dis*>ge occasionally c\gh$ up z a spray f ! diseas$ lungs1 or ?is mat]ial may be swall[$ & ! bacilli c>ri$ (f ) ! excrem5t1 or milk may be spilt1 or !re may be a dis*>ge f ! vag9a :5 ! g5ital organs are tub]cul\s4 ,!re may also be ulc]s ( ! inte/9es1 f :i* _m bacilli escape ) ! feces4 ,! bacilli f ^! s\rces may become dri$ & pulv]iz$ & c>ri$ 9 ! air ( ! /able & into ! lungs ( /ill heal?y cattle1 :]e ! disease !n develops4 ,! disease ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 & mes5t]ic gl&s is v probably ! result ( fe$ infection4 ,tub]cle bacilli may h be5 scatt]$ ^u ! fe$ by diseas$ animals1 b ! mo/ common s\rce ( su* infection is ! milk ( tub]cul\s c[s4 ,calves may become infect$ 9 ?is way4 ,! disease may rema9 lat5t until ! animal becomes old]4 ,! n-infrequ5t occurr5ce ( tub]culosis ( ! ut]us & ov>ies makes x probable t ! disease may be transmitt$ by a diseas$ bull or c>ri$ by a heal?y "o f a diseas$ c[ to a numb] ( heal?y c[s4 ,! s\rce ( infection is always "s previ\s case ( ! disease1 = ! disease c nev] rise spontane\sly2 h5ce1 9 ^? /ables 9 :i* !re is frequ5t *ange ( cattle ! introduction ( tub]culosis by cattle com+ f o!r infect$ /ables is ! mo/ frequ5t s\rce ( infection4 ,s9ce ! bacilli :5 dri$ c be c>ri$ by ! air1 x is n necess>y t heal?y animals come 9 direct contact ) cases ( disease to become infect$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! greate/ numb] ( cases occur 9 ! imm$iate environm5t ( cities1 :]e !re are n only abundant opportunities = infection1 ow+ to ! frequ5t introduction ( new animals into h]ds1 b :]e ! sanit>y conditions may be reg>d$ z ! poore/4 ,! bacillus ( tub]culosis 0 discov]$ by ,rob]t ,ko* 9 #ahhb4 ,x is a sl5d]1 rodlike body 7see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #f7 f "o-?ird to two-?irds ! diamet] ( a r$ blood corpuscle 9 l5g?4 ,z already expla9$1 :5 ! bacillus has become lodg$ 9 any organ or tissue x beg9s to multiply1 & !reby causes an irritation 9 ! tissue ar\nd x1 :i* leads to ! =mation ( ! s-call$ tub]cle4 ,! tub]cle1 :5 x has rea*$ its full gr[?1 is a little nodule ab\t ! size ( a millet se$4 ,x is compos$ ( sev]al k9ds ( tissue cells4 ,soon a *ange takes place )9 ! tub]cle4 ,dis9tegration beg9s1 & a s(t1 *eesy sub/ance is =m$ 9 ! c5t]1 :i* may conta9 p>ticles ( lime salts4 ,:5 ^! tub]cles cont9ue to =m 9 l>ge numb]s !y run toge!r1 =m+ masses ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! dis9tegration :i* attacks !m leads to ! =mation ( l>ge *eesy masses ( a yell[i% color1 conta9+ m or less ( lime salts 9 ! =m ( gritty p>ticles4 ,^! l>ge tub]cul\s masses are surr\nd$ by or emb$d$ 9 lay]s ( fibr\s tissue :i* 9 "s cases becomes v d5se & ?ick4 ,! disease is ?us a developm5t ( ^! tub]cles 9 "o or m organs ( ! body4 ,! di/ribution & numb] ( ! tub]cles det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ! *anges are limit$ to ! lungs & ! s]\s membranes#d ( ! ?orax & abdom54 ,pa?ologi/s h be5 9 ! habit ( call+ ! lung disease tub]culosis & ! disease ( ! s]\s membranes pe>ly disease4 ,/ati/ics h %[n t 9 ab\t "o-half ( ! cases bo? lungs & s]\s membranes are diseas$1 9 "o-?ird only ! lungs1 & 9 "o-fif? only ! s]\s membranes4 ,at ! same "t ! lymphatic gl&s ne> ! diseas$ organs are usually involv$4 ,o!r organs1 su* z ! liv]1 n infrequ5tly conta9 tub]cles4 ,?\gh ! disease may rema9 re/rict$ to a s+le organ1 x n[ & !n is f\nd g5]aliz$1 affect+ all organs ( ! body4 ,9 ! lungs 7,pl4 ,,xxxiv7 ! *anges obs]v$ v>y accord+ to ! age & int5sity ( ! disease process4 ,!y usually beg9 ) ! appe>ance ( v m9ute tub]cles4 ,^! may appe> 9 l>ge numb]s on ! surface ( ! lungs or )9 ! lung tissue4 ,lat] ! cont5ts become *eesy & p>tly calcifi$4 ,:5 ^! tub]cles are suffici5tly num]\s to become conflu5t1 l>ge masses may be =m$1 :i* und]go ! same retrogressive *anges ( caseation & calcification4 ,9 addition to ! =mation ( tub]cles 9 ! lung tissue1 c]ta9 o!r *anges take place4 ,!re is usually bron*itis ) abundant cat>rhal secretion2 ?is plugs up ! small] air tubes1 & ! lung tissue suppli$ ) air by ! tubes collapses4 ,subsequ5tly x becomes fill$ ) yell[i%1 *eesy matt]1 :i* greatly di/5ds ! small air tubes & air vesicles 7bron*opneumonia74 ,! connective tissue betwe5 ! lung lobules1 ar\nd ! tub]cles1 & ar\nd ! air tubes becomes ?ick5$ & indurat$4 ,9 ! l>ynx & ! bron*i tub]cles may vegetate ^u ! muc\s membrane1 & ulc]s may result f _! break+ d[n4 ,! inflammatory irritation :i* ! gr[? ( ! tub]cles on ! surface ( ! lungs ar\ses gives rise to adhesion ( ! lungs to ! ribs & diaphragm4 ,?is adhesion is sometimes s firm & ext5sive t ! lungs appe> gr[n to ! *e/ wall4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! lungs 9 advanc$ /ages ( ! disease are cut op5 we obs]ve l>ge yell[i% masses1 f "o-qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ( a *eesy texture1 9 :i* calcifi$1 gritty p>ticles are emb$d$ & :i* are surr\nd$ by v firm connective tissue4 ,! neighbor+ lung tissue1 :5 collaps$ & involv$ 9 bron*opneumonia1 has ! color & consi/5cy ( pale-r$ fle%4 ,! air tubes1 l>ge & small1 /& out prom95tly on ! cut surface4 ,!y are di/5d$ ) a pa/y1 yell[i%1 *eesy mass1 surr\nd$ & envelop$ 9 ?ick mucus1 & _! walls greatly ?ick5$4 ,! l>g] bron*i may be sacculat$1 ow+ to ! di/5tion produc$ by ! *eesy cont5ts4 ,! disease usually attacks ! bron*ial gl&s1 :i* are situat$ on ! tra*ea & bron*ial tubes at ! bifurcation4 ,! *anges 9 ! gl&s are ! same z ^? go+ on 9 ! lung tissue1 & !y frequ5tly rea* an enorm\s size4 ,! tub]cle =mation on ! s]\s membranes cov]+ ! lungs & *e/ wall 7,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #b71 :i* may g on at ! same "t ) ! lung disease or indep5d5t ( x1 has be5 call$ pe>ly disease1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> appe>ance ( ! tub]cles4 ,^! beg9 z v m9ute1 grayi% nodules1 :i* give ! orig9ally smoo?1 lu/r\s membrane a r\gh5$ appe>ance4 ,^! m9ute tub]cles enl>ge1 become conflu5t1 & project above ! surface ( ! membrane z w>tlike masses1 atta9+ ! size ( peas4 ,9 ?is /age _! atta*m5t to ! membrane is by means ( delicate fib]s4 ,! atta*m5t is loose1 s t ! tub]cle hangs by a %ort p$icle or neck & may be mov$ slightly to & fro4 ,l>ge masses are frequ5tly =m$ by a coalesc5ce ( _m tub]cles & ! second>y =mation ( ! same4 ,^! may be f\nd on ! lungs1 ! ribs1 & ! diaphragm4 ,^! tub]cles likewise und]go deg5]ative *anges4 ,! c5t] p>tly s(t5s & p>tly calcifies into a grayi% mort>like mass1 & is gritty4 ,associat$ ) ! =mation ( tub]cles on ! pleura1 ^? gl&s situat$ back ( ! c5t] ( ! lungs betwe5 ! two ma9 lobes 7po/]ior m$ia/9al7 become greatly enl>g$ & ! c5t] *eesy4 7,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #a47 ,!y may compress ! esophagus & int]f]e ) swall[+4 ,! size atta9$ by ^! tumors & new gr[?s is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t1 tak5 toge!r1 !y n infrequ5tly weigh f #fj to #hj p\nds4 ,! bron*ial gl&s1 :i* 9 ! heal?y /ate are n s l>ge z horse-*e/nuts1 h be5 f\nd to atta9 a weight ( m ?an #aj p\nds4 ,9 ! abdom9al cavity tub]cles may be f\nd1 bo? 9 ! organs & on ! s]\s membranes cov]+ !m4 ,!y are situat$ usually on ! om5tum1 or caul 7see ,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #b71 ! diaphragm1 & ! walls ( ! abdom54 ,9 ! liv] l>ge & small tub]cul> masses are occasionally enc\nt]$4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xxxv47 ,! mes5t]ic gl&s are occasionally enl>g$ & tub]cul\s2 likewise ! gl&s ne> ! liv]4 ,tub]cles may also develop 9 ! sple51 ! kidneys1 ! ut]us & ov>ies1 & ! te/icles4 ,tub]cul> affection ( ! inte/9es seems to be q r>e1 al?\gh ulc]s ( ! l>ge inte/9es h be5 obs]v$4 ,nodules may also =m "u ! s]\s cov]+ ( ! inte/9es4 ,! bra9 & sp9al cord are occasionally f\nd tub]cul\s4 ,( #dj cases1 ,semm] f\nd tub]culosis ( ! bra9 9 #d4 ,x is n improbable t1 ow+ to ! infrequ5cy ( expos+ ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 tub]culosis may h escap$ ! att5tion ( pa?ologi/s1 & x may be t x is n s uncommon z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! tub]cles occur on ! membranes ( ! bra9 z well z 9 ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 itself4 ,!y project into ! v5tricles z masses1 v>y+ 9 size f a p9head to a h5's egg4 ,!y f9ally lead to v>i\s inflammatory *anges4 ,jhne has obs]v$ num]\s small tub]cles on ! membranes ( ! sp9al cord4 ,v r>ely tub]cul\s lesions h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! bones & muscles ( ! body4 ,n s r>e1 h[ev]1 is ! affection ( ! lymphatic gl&s emb$d$ 9 ! muscul> tissue1 & ^? :i* c be felt b5ea? ! sk94 ,^! are situat$ at ! jo9ts1 "u ! jaw1 & along ! neck4 ,( late tub]cul> disease ( ! udd] 9 c[s 7,pl4 ,,xxxviii7 has receiv$ consid]able att5tion f sanit>ians1 ow+ to ! infection ( ! milk ) ! virus ( tub]culosis4 ,accord+ to ^? :o h giv5 ?is subject special att5tion1 ! udd] becomes swoll5 uni=mly & q firm4 ,?is swell+1 :i* is pa9less1 frequ5tly attacks b "o qu>t]1 m r>ely two1 ^! be+ usually ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,! l>g] milk ducts conta9 yell[i%1 *eesy p>ticles1 9 :i* are _m tub]cle bacilli4 ,lat] l>g] nodules c be felt )9 ! udd]1 :i* und]go ! v>i\s *anges to :i* tub]cles are subject4 ,! udd] may gr[ v h>d to ! t\* & become v l>ge1 weigh+ 9 "s cases up to #dj p\nds4 ,! milk1 at fir/ normal1 becomes ?9 & wat]y aft] a mon? or s1 & is mix$ ) flakes & tub]cle bacilli4 ,z reg>ds ! frequ5cy ( ! tub]cul\s processes 9 ! diff]5t organs1 ! foll[+ c>efully compil$ /ati/ics ( ! disease 9 ,bav>ia & ,bad5 may s]ve z a guide3 ,bav>ia3 ,p] c5t4 ,tub]culosis ( lungs & s]\s membranes #da ,tub]culosis ( lungs alone #cc ,tub]culosis ( s]\s membranes alone 7pe>ly disease7 #ag ,tub]culosis ( o!r organs #h ,bad53 ,tub]culosis ( lungs alone #ba ,tub]culosis ( s]\s membranes alone #bh ,bo? comb9$ #ci ,g5]aliz$ tub]culosis #i ,tub]culosis ( ! sexual organs alone #c ,symptoms4--,! beg9n+ ( ! disease usually passes unnotic$1 inasmu* z x is v sl[ & insidi\s & r>ely accompani$ ) fev]4 ,:5 ! lungs are involv$ a dull1 %ort c\gh is notic$1 :i* may lat] on become prolong$1 convulsive1 & v tr\blesome to ! animal4 ,! c\gh is m frequ5t 9 ! morn+ aft] movem5t & dr9k+4 ,! brea?+ v>ies4 ,only :5 mu* ( ! lung tissue is diseas$ is x labor$ & accompani$ ) active movem5ts ( ! *e/ & no/rils4 ,dis*>ge f ! nose is r>e or abs5t4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 :5 ! tub]cles h brok5 d[n & cavities conta9+ *eesy masses h =m$ 9 ! lung tissue1 or :5 ! air tubes h become fill$ ) *eesy & muc\s masses1 c\gh+ w dislodge !m & cause _! dis*>ge4 ,9 advanc$ /ages ! brea? may h a disagreeable odor4 ,pressure on ! *e/ wall may give rise to pa94 ,! g5]al effect on ! body is at fir/ slight4 ,9 fact1 animals may rema9 9 good fle% = a consid]able "t4 ,inv>iably z ! disease progresses loss ( fle% & appetite & pal5ess ( ! muc\s membranes become manife/4 ,^! symptoms are accompani$ ) a gradual dim9ution ( ! milk secretion4 ,! debilitat$ condition ( ! animal is also manife/$ by a />+ coat & a t\gh1 dry1 h>% sk9 7hideb\nd74 ,dige/ive di/urbances are indicat$ by tympanites1 or di/5tion ( ! rum5 by gas1 colic1 & di>rhea1 alt]nat+ ) con/ipation4 ,! animal g5]ally dies f exhau/ion aft] a p]iod ( sickness :i* may la/ mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,! ,,lungs ,,( ,,cattle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,! ,,liv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,lymph ,,gl& ,,& ,,( ,,om5tum 7,,caul74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,sirlo9 ,,& ,,port]h\se ,,cuts ,,( ,,beef4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,pleura ,,( ,a ,,c[1 ,,s-,,call$ ,,pe>ly ,,disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,tub]culosis ,,( ,,c[',s ,,udd]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tub]culosis4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,tub]culosis ( ! lungs ( cattle4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts a l>ge *eesy mass1 surr\nd$ by a capsule ( connective tissue1 ! :ole emb$d$ 9 heal?y lung tissue4 ,! l[] figure illu/rates 9 section a mass ( tub]cles :i* h und]gone *eesy deg5]ation1 & "s ( :i* are surr\nd$ by d5se connective tissue4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,tub]culosis ( ! liv]4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! lobe repres5t$ 9 ! plate has und]gone tub]cul\s *anges4 ,num]\s nodules are %[n 9 v>i\s /ages ( ! disease1 ! majority ( :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9 ! yell[i%1 p>tly *eesy1 p>tly gritty areas *>act]i/ic ( advanc$ tub]cul\s deg5]ation4 ,?is l>ge mass involves ! surface ( ! liv]1 & also ext5ds into ! liv] sub/ance4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,tub]culosis ( lymph gl& & ( om5tum 7caul74 ,fig4 #a4 ,a lymph gl& f ! region ( ! ?orax beh9d or above ! esophagus1 or gullet 7po/]ior1 or dorsal1 m$ia/9um74 ,! gl& is %[n cut ?r\gh & laid op54 ,x is v mu* enl>g$1 & ! yell[i% *eesy masses :i* repres5t tissue und]go+ tub]cul\s *anges are well %[n on ! cut surface4 ,fig4 #b4 ,om5tum1 or caul1 re/+ ^u ! paun*4 ,! r$di% nodules ) :i* ! membrane is beset are tub]cles1 ! product ( ! disease4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,tub]culosis ( ! sirlo9 & port]h\se cuts ( beef4 ,! grapelike tub]cul\s gr[?s are ma9ly re/rict$ to ! l9+ membrane ( ! abdom54 ,fig4 #b4 ,tub]culosis ( ! pleura ( a c[1 s-call$ pe>ly disease4 ,notice ! grapelike clu/]s ( tub]cul> nodules scatt]$ ov] ! l9+ membrane ( ! *e/ 7pleura74 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,tub]culosis ( c['s udd]4 ,! udd] 0 uni=mly swoll5 & q firm4 ,small *eesy foci & yell[i% l9es ( tub]cul\s mat]ial foll[ ! c\rse ( ! milk ducts4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! milk ci/]n 7a7 is ulc]at$ & cov]$ ) yell[i% *eesy p>ticles4 ,! supramamm>y lymphatic gl& 7b7 is greatly enl>g$ & conta9s _m mili>y tub]cul> foci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tub]culosis 9 ! abdom9al organs is (t5 signaliz$ by abortion & by abnormal sexual manife/ations4 ,:5 ! bra9 is involv$1 ! disease may cause convulsions1 unconsci\sness1 p>alysis1 z well z peculi> movem5ts 9 a circle1 oblique position ( ! head1 etc4 ,lydt9 quotes ! foll[+ description ( ! disease z tak5 f a ,swiss sanit>y ord]3 ,a dry1 %ort1 int]rupt$1 ho>se c\gh1 :i* ! sick animals manife/1 especially 9 ! morn+ at fe$+ "t1 /ill m aft] some:at viol5t ex]tion4 ,at fir/ ^! animals may be full blood$ & lay on a consid]able am\nt ( fat :5 well f$4 ,z ! disease progresses !y gr[ ?9 & %[ m & m ^? appe>ances :i* indicate diseas$ nutrition1 su* z a />+1 lu/]less1 di%evel$ coat2 dirty1 t5se sk91 :i* appe>s v pale 9 ^? regions free f hair4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sk9 is bel[ normal4 ,! loss ( fat causes s9k+ ( ! eyes 9 _! sockets4 ,!y appe> swimm+ 9 wat]1 & _! expression is weak4 ,! c\gh is m frequ5t1 b nev] or v r>ely accompani$ ) dis*>ge4 ,! body cont9ues to emaciate1 ev5 ) pl5ty ( food & a good appetite1 s t ! quantity ( milk is small4 ,at times 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease1 /ill m 9 ! lat] /ages1 ! diseas$ animals manife/ consid]able t5d]ness :5 pressure is appli$ to ! front or ! sides ( ! *e/ by c\gh+1 moan+1 etc4 ,(t5 symptoms are want+ 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( ! disease4 ,lydt9 also quotes at l5g? a description ( ! abnormal sexual desire occasionally obs]v$ among c[s :5 affect$ ) ?is disease4 ,diagnosis4--,a disease s v>i$ 9 its attack ^u ! diff]5t organs ( ! body & 9 ! ext5t ( ! disease process mu/ necess>ily lead to mi/akes :5 diagnosis is attempt$ by ord9>y means ( exam9ation4 ,x has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! lat] /ages ( pleuropneumonia1 ) p>asitic diseases ( ! bra91 ! lungs1 ! inte/9es1 & ) act9omycosis4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! lungs by auscultation & p]cussion enables ! exp]t to locate l>ge tub]cul\s masses1 ow+ to dullness1 loss ( respiratory murmur1 & abnormal s\nds1 su* z bl[+1 :i/l+1 & creak+4 ,! majority ( cases ( tub]culosis 9 cattle1 h[ev]1 includ+ _m 9 :i* ! lungs are q s]i\sly involv$1 c n be detect$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,! ,,tub]cul9 ,,te/4 ,! tub]cul9 te/1 :i* is m>vel\sly accurate 9 its indications1 has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ = ! detection ( tub]culosis4 ,tub]cul9 is a drug prep>$ by /]iliz+1 filt]+1 & conc5trat+ ! liquids 9 :i* ! tub]cle bacillus has be5 all[$ to vegetate4 ,x conta9s ! cook$ products ( ! gr[? ( ^! bacilli1 b no liv+ bacilli2 consequ5tly1 :5 ?is sub/ance is inject$ "u ! sk9 ( an animal x is absolutely unable to produce ! disease1 cause abortion1 or o!rwise injure ! animal4 ,9 case ! inject$ animal is normal !re is no m effect ^u ! sy/em ?an w\ld be expect$ f ! injection ( /]ile wat]2 h[ev]1 if ! animal is tub]cul\s1 a decid$ rise ( temp]ature w foll[ ! use ( tub]cul9 by ! subcutane\s me?od4 ,?is sub/ance1 discov]$ by ,ko*1 has ! effect1 :5 inject$ into ! tissues ( a tub]cul\s animal1 ( caus+ a decid$ rise ( temp]ature or o!r manife/ations :ile x has no su* effect ^u animals free f ! disease4 ,! value ( tub]cul9 = ?is purpose 0 te/$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahij & #ahia by ,guttman1 ,roeckl & ,s*tz1 ,bang & ,salomons51 ,lydt91 ,jhne & ,si$amgrotzky1 ,noc>d1 & _m o!rs4 ,x 0 at once recogniz$ z a mo/ rem>kable & accurate me?od ( detect+ tub]culosis ev5 9 ! e>ly /ages & :5 ! disease _h yet made b little progress4 ,x is n[ q g5]ally employ$4 ,! tub]cul9 te/ came into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! mo/ c>eful & ?or\gh sci5tific exp]im5tation4 ,z a result ( its use an accurate diagnosis may be e/abli%$ 9 m ?an #ij p] c5t ( ! cases te/$4 ,! relatively few failures 9 diagnoses are includ$ among two classes ( cattle4 ,! fir/ class conta9s ^? t are tub]cul\s1 b :i* d n react ei!r because ( ! slight effect ( an ord9>y-siz$ dose ( tub]cul9 on an advanc$ case ( ! disease ) s mu* natural tub]cul9 already 9 ! sy/em1 or on acc\nt ( a rec5t previ\s te/ ) tub]cul9 :i* produces a tol]ance to ?is mat]ial1 la/+ = ab\t six weeks4 ,! second class includes ^? t are n tub]cul\s1 b :i* %[ indications ( a reaction z a result ( 7a7 advanc$ pregnancy1 7b7 ! excitem5t ( oe/rum1 7c7 concurr5t diseases1 z inflammation ( ! lungs1 inte/9es1 ut]us1 udd]1 or o!r p>ts1 abortion1 ret5tion ( aft]bir?1 indige/ion1 etc41 7d7 inclosure 9 a hot1 /uffy /able1 especially 9 summ]1 or exposure to cold drafts or ra9s1 7e7 any *ange 9 ! me?od ( fe$+1 wat]+1 or /abl+ ( ! animal dur+ ! te/4 ,not)/&+ all ^! possibilities ( error1 ! results ( ?\s&s ( te/s %[ t 9 less ?an #c p] c5t ( ! cases te/$ d ^! failures actually occur4 ,9 ! fir/ class ! *ances ( error are decid$ly r$uc$ by ! skill$ vet]9>ian by mak+ c>eful physical exam9ation & diagnos+ cl9ically ^! advanc$ cases1 & by ! injection ( d\ble or triple doses into all rec5tly te/$ cattle1 ) ! tak+ ( ! aft]-temp]ature1 beg9n+ two h\rs foll[+ ! injection & cont9u+ h\rly = #bj h\rs4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t tub]cul9 %\ld be appli$ only by or "u ! direction ( a compet5t vet]9>ian1 capable n only ( inject+ ! tub]cul9 b also ( int]pret+ ! results1 & p>ticul>ly ( pick+ out all cl9ical cases by physical exam9ation4 ,! latt] obs]vation is extremely important & %\ld always be made on e animal te/$4 ,9 ! second class1 :]e ! temp]ature te/ is us$1 errors are avoid$ by elim9at+ f ! te/ ^? cases t are ne>+ p>turition or are 9 heat or %[ evid5ce ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ diseases or exhibit temp]atures suffici5tly high to make !m unreliable = use z normal4 ,:]e o!r me?ods ( te/ are us$ ^! conditions d n h an important be>+ on ! results4 ,9 addition1 a satisfactory tub]cul9 mu/ be us$2 also an accurate !rmomet] & a reliable syr+e1 9 ord] t a suffici5t dose ( tub]cul9 may be giv54 ,f9ally1 ! numb] ( app>5t errors ( ! tub]cul9 te/ w be greatly dim9i%$ if a c>eful po/-mortem exam9ation is made1 giv+ especial att5tion to ! lymph gl&s4 ,?is l[ p]c5tage ( failures be+ ! case1 cattle own]s %\ld welcome ! tub]cul9 te/1 n only = _! own int]e/ b = ! welf>e ( ! public z well4 ,:]e ?is me?od ( diagnos+ ! disease has be5 adopt$ tub]culosis is gradually be+ eradicat$4 ,)\t its use ! disease c n be controll$ & ! own] is confront$ ) s]i\s & cont9u\s losses2 ) its use ! disease c be eradicat$ f ! h]d1 a clean h]d e/abli%$ 9 a few ye>s )\t v s]i\s loss or h>d%ip1 & ! dang] ( its spread to man remov$4 ,tub]cul9 may !re=e be consid]$ a mo/ b5eficial discov]y = ! /ock rais]4 ,law has cle>ly /at$ ! "q :5 he says-- ,_m /ock own]s /ill ent]ta9 an ignorant & unw>rant$ dread ( ! tub]cul9 te/4 ,x is true t :5 recklessly us$ by ignorant & c>eless p x may be made a root ( evil1 yet z employ$ by ! intellig5t & c>eful exp]t x is n only p]fectly safe1 b x is ! only kn[n means ( asc]ta9+ approximately ! actual numb] affect$ 9 a giv5 h]d4 ,9 mo/ infect$ h]ds liv+ "u :at are 9 o!r respects good hygi5ic conditions two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s are n to be detect$ )\t its aid1 s t 9 cle>+ a h]d f tub]culosis & plac+ bo? h]d & products above suspicion ! te/ becomes ess5tial4 99 99 99 ,9 skill$ h&s ! tub]cul9 te/ w %[ at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( all cases ( tub]culosis :5 o!r me?ods ( diagnosis w n detect "o-t5?4 ,probably ! mo/ popul> objection to tub]cul9 is t x is too se>*+1 s9ce x discov]s cases 9 :i* ! lesions are small & obscure4 ,:ile ?is fact is admitt$1 x %\ld also be rememb]$ t su* a small lesion to-day may break d[n & become widely dissem9at$ 9 a relatively %ort p]iod4 ,!re=e any c[ affect$ ) tub]culosis1 ev5 to a slight degree1 mu/ be consid]$ z dang]\s n only to ! o!r animals 9 ! h]d b also to ! consum] ( h] products4 ,9 #ahih ,bang1 ( ,cop5hag51 "o ( ! highe/ ,european au?orities1 9 8 pap] pres5t$ to ! ,congress = ! ,/udy ( ,human & ,animal ,tub]culosis1 at ,p>is1 said3 ,num]\s te/s made 9 almo/ e civiliz$ c\ntry h demon/rat$ t 9 ! majority ( cases tub]cul9 is an excell5t means = diagnos+ ! exi/5ce or nonexi/5ce ( ! disease1 b giv+ u no positive in=mation z to ! ext5t to :i* ! disease has progress$4 ,:5 tub]cul9 produces a typical reaction we may be almo/ sure t !re exi/s 9 ! body ( ! animal a tub]cul> process4 ,! cases 9 :i* a c>eful exam9] has n succe$$ 9 f9d+ x are v r>e1 & ,i am l$ to believe t :51 not)/&+ all ! pa9s tak51 x has escap$ discov]y1 ! reason is t x is locat$ 9 a portion ( ! body t is p>ticul>ly inaccessible4 ,nev]!less1 x is n to be d5i$ t a fev]1 entirely accid5tal & ( %ort duration1 may 9 "s r>e cases h simulat$ a reaction4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! error committ$ 9 wrongly condemn+ an occasional animal = tub]culosis is ( no practical consequ5ce4 ,a worse aspect ( ! case is t !re are "s diseas$ animals 9 :i* tub]cul9 fails to discov] ! exi/5ce ( tub]culosis4 ,9 mo/ ( ^!1 no d\bt1 ! deposits are old1 insignificant1 & g5]ally calcifi$1 or !y are cases :]e ! disease is arre/$ & p]haps 9 process ( recov]y1 & :i* are possibly incapable ( dissem9at+ ! contagion4 ,b x is kn[n t !re are cases1 n altoge!r r>e1 :]e tub]cul9 fails to cause a reaction 9 a highly tub]cul\s animal1 & consequ5tly "o 9 :i* ! disease exi/s 9 an extremely contagi\s =m4 ,= ?is reason a cl9ical exam9ation %\ld always be made ( an animal :i* does n give a reaction b :i* %[s symptoms indicat+ t1 not)/&+ ! te/1 x may suff] f tub]culosis4 ,noc>d1 ( ,p>is1 wrote also 9 #ahih z foll[s3 ,! degree ( c]ta9ty ( ! indications furni%$ may be /at$ 9 precise t]ms4 ,! obs]vation ( a cle> reaction to tub]cul9 is unequivocal2 ! animal is tub]cul\s4 ,! pret5d$ errors imput$ to ! me?od are expla9$ by ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! reag5t1 :i* is capable ( detect+ ! smalle/ lesion4 ,x (t5 requires prolong$ & m9ute rese>*es 9 ! dep?s ( all ! tissues to discov] ! few mili>y c5t]s1 ! pres5ce ( :i* has be5 reveal$4 ,! reaction is absolutely specific4 ,9 ^? cases :]e x is obs]v$ ) animals :i* %[ lesions ( ano!r disease 7act9omycosis1 hydatid disease1 v]m9\s bron*itis1 di/omatosis71 x may be affirm$ t !re exi/s1 9 addition to ^! conspicu\s *anges1 a tub]cul\s c5t] :i* alone has provok$ ! reaction4 ,! failure to react does n necess>ily imply abs5ce ( tub]culosis4 ,su* failures ( tub]cul9 are v exceptional4 ,!y are se5 mo/ frequ5tly ) animals affect$ ) tub]culosis 9 a v advanc$ /age & made evid5t by pla9 ext]nal signs4 ,sometimes1 also1 !re are f\nd at ! po/-mortem exam9ation ( animals :i* h n react$ small fibr\s or calcifi$ lesions 9 su* a condition t "o is tempt$ to believe !m cur$4 ,:e!r /]ile or n1 ^! lesions h no t5d5cy to increase1 & !y are n v dang]\s f ! po9t ( view ( contagion4 ,^! op9ions ( two em95t au?orities1 liv+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 aft] long exp]i5ce ( _! own & aft] /udy+ ! results ( ! _m te/s made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 %\ld h great weight4 ,!y are ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,9 #ahig ,voges compil$ /ati/ics ( tub]cul9 te/s1 ! accuracy ( :i* _h be5 det]m9$ by po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,( #g1cbg animals te/$1 x appe>$ t errors _h be5 made ) #bjd1 or #b4gh p] c5t4 ,9 ! "w ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,live ,/ock ,sanit>y ,bo>d po/-mortem exam9ations 7 made on ab\t #d1djj react+ cattle & ! disease 0 f\nd 9 all b #h ( ^? :i* _h giv5 *>act]i/ic reactions4 ,! results ( a mu* l>g] numb] ( te/s might be compil$ at ?is "t1 b !y w\ld n mat]ially *ange ! av]age ( ^? already m5tion$4 ,x is pla9 t tub]cul9 is a rem>kably accurate te/ ( tub]culosis1 t ! animals :i* react may be safely consid]$ z tub]cul\s1 & t :5 a c>eful cl9ical exam9ation is practic$ 9 addition to ! te/ !re are few animals 9 a dang]\s condition :i* escape detection4 ,! fir/ que/ions ask$ by ^? :o oppose ! adoption ( ! tub]cul9 te/s are3 ,is ?is te/ infallible8 &1 if x is n infallible1 :y %\ld x be =c$ ^u ! cattle own]s ( ! c\ntry8 ,9 answ] to ^! que/ions x may be said t tub]cul9 is n absolutely infallible1 & yet x is by f> ! be/ me?od ( diagnos+ tub]culosis t has be5 discov]$4 ,x is mu* bett] ?an any te/ kn[n = pleuropneumonia :5 t disease 0 eradicat$4 ,practically all ! animals t react are affect$ ) tub]culosis & %\ld be sep>at$ f ! h]d1 n only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! public1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( ! own] ( ! h]d4 ,! be/ au?orities admit1 aft] /udy+ _m ?\s&s ( te/s1 t !re are few1 if any1 mi/akes made 9 condemn+ cattle :i* %[ a typical tub]cul9 reaction4 ,! errors are pr9cipally 9 ! o!r direction--t is1 "s tub]cul\s animals are n discov]$ by ! tub]cul9 te/1 b z ! mo/ dang]\s ( ^! may be pick$ out by ord9>y cl9ical exam9ation ?is fault ( tub]cul9 is n s s]i\s z x at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x %\ld n be necess>y to =ce ! tub]cul9 te/ ^u own]s4 ,!y %\ld be anxi\s to adopt x 9 _! own int]e/s & = ! protection ( _! patrons4 ,!re is to-day no great] dang] to ! cattle & hog indu/ries ?an t :i* confronts !m 9 ! =m ( tub]culosis1 a disease already widespread & rapidly ext5d+4 ,fur!rmore1 9 view ( ! results reveal$ by num]\s te/s cov]+ va/ numb]s ( animals1 tub]cul9 mu/ be consid]$ z h>mless = heal?y animals4 ,x has also be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ t tub]cul9 int]f]es 9 no way ) ! milk+ function 9 heal?y cattle2 nei!r 9 ! quantity ( milk nor 9 butt]-fat value has any v>iation be5 detect$4 ,! conclusions ( "s ( ! be/ au?orities on ! subject ( its h>mlessness to heal?y animals are giv5 bel[4 ,noc>d & ,lecla9*e /ate3 ,direct exp]im5ts & obs]vations collect$ by ?\s&s %[ t ! tub]cul9 injections h no unfavorable effect4 ,) heal?y animals ! sy/em is indiff]5t to ! inoculation2 ) tub]cul\s animals x causes slight *anges :i* are n at all s]i\s4 ,bang has writt5 z foll[s on ?is "q3 ,we w n[ consid] ! foll[+ "q1 a v important "o1 9 ! application ( tub]cul91 viz3 ,c ! reaction produce a worse condition 9 tub]cul\s animals ?an be=e exi/$8 ,hess emphatically /ates t x c1 & on ?is acc\nt he e>ne/ly w>ns aga9/ its application4 ,my att5tion has be5 direct$ to ?is "q f ! beg9n+4 ,9 my fir/ publication on tub]cul9 injection ,i report$ two cases 9 :i* acute mili>y tub]culosis 0 prov$ 9 two high-grade tub]cul\s c[s sev]al weeks aft] ! tub]cul9 injection4 ,i !n /at$ my suspicion t p]haps ! tub]cul9 injection _h "s connection ) ?is1 j z is (t5 suppos$ to be ! case 9 human practice4 ,) my pres5t v l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial = obs]vation at h& ,i may express ! foll[+ op9ion3 ,su* an acute developm5t ( tub]culosis z a result ( tub]cul9 injection is to be fe>$ only exceptionally1 & !n 9 cases ( advanc$ tub]culosis4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t acute mili>y tub]culosis by no means r>ely accompanies an advanc$ tub]culosis ( long /&+4 ,x is !re=e impossible to (f] /rict pro( ( ! causal connection ) ! injection1 & only (t-repeat$ obs]vation c\ld make ?is probable4 ,9 support ( my view ,i (f] ! foll[+3 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s ,i h made c>eful po/-mortem exam9ations ( #hc tub]cul\s animals1 :i* h be5 remov$ f my exp]im5t f>m1 ,?urebylille4 ,among ^! 7 #ah 7or1 /rictly speak+1 #bc7 high-grade tub]cul\s animals4 ,i h be5 able to prove mili>y tub]culosis 9 only #d ( ^!4 ,among ! o!rs1 :i* %[$ less develop$ tub]culosis1 ,i h nev] f\nd mili>y tub]culosis1 & ) v _m ,i h nev] f\nd any sign ( a m rapid developm5t ( ! process4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 prov$ t ! disease 0 re/rict$ locally1 (t5 = ye>s1 9 spite ( ye>ly repeat$ injections4 ,dissections 7 made at v diff]5t p]iods aft] ! injections--9 #ag cases f #d to #ab days aft] ! la/ te/4 ,9 all ( ^! cases e>li] te/s _h be5 made mon?s or ye>s be=e4 ,9 #bh cases ! injection took place f #ai days to #b mon?s be=e ! but*]+2 9 #c ( ^! cases e>li] injections _h be5 made4 ,9 #ch cases f two & "o-half mon?s to "o ye> int]v5$ betwe5 ! la/ injection & ! dissection4 ,dissection gives ! be/ explanation ( ?is "q1 b a cl9ical obs]vation1 cont9u$ = ye>s1 ( a h]d te/$ ) tub]cul9 c r5d] v ess5tial aid4 ,if ,hess's op9ion is correct1 x is to be assum$ t tub]culosis mu/ take an unusually vici\s c\rse 9 su* h]ds1 b ?is ,i h be5 unable to prove4 ,at ,?urebylille !re has exi/$ = ?ree ye>s a react+ division1 consi/+ orig9ally ( #aca head & n[ #fi4 ,al?\gh ^! animals are ye>ly te/$1 & al?\gh mo/ ( !m react e ye>1 ! division c]ta9ly appe>s to be made up ( heal?y animals1 & ! f>m inspector has express$ ! decid$ op9ion t ! tub]culosis 9 ?is division is no m develop$ ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! te/imony ( _m own]s ( l>ge h]ds ( cattle :i* h long ago be5 inject$ is to ! same effect4 ,i w adduce /atem5ts f sev]al4 ,a f>m t5ant ^: cattle 7 inject$ #bj mon?s previ\sly1 :5 #hb p] c5t ( ! gr[n animals react$1 wrote me rec5tly z foll[s3 ,only #b c[s f ! division ( #ajj head _h be5 sold z decid$ly tub]cul\s4 ,! majority appe>$ aft]w>ds1 j z be=e1 entirely heal?y4 ,! fat animals :i* _h be5 slaught]$ _h be5 pron\nc$ heal?y by ! but*]s4 ,ano!r f>m t5ant ) a h]d inject$ 9 #ahid _h n be5 oblig$ to remove a s+le animal f ! tub]culosis division1 numb]+ #gj head4 ,a l>ge f>m own] 9 ,jutl& /at$ 9 ,septemb] t he _h trac$ no undesirable result f ! injection4 ,8 h]d ( #cej _h be5 inject$ 9 ,febru>y & ab\t #ge p] c5t react$4 ,simil> answ]s h be5 giv5 by o!r own]s & vet]9>ians4 ,a vet]9>ian :o _h inject$ #fjj animals1 among !m a h]d ( a l>ge f>m1 #ah mon?s previ\sly1 express$ ! belief t ! injection _h produc$ 9 no s+le case an unusually rapid or vici\s c\rse ( tub]culosis4 ,9 spite ( a dem& made mon?s ago1 ,i h receiv$ ?us f> no report f any vet]9>ian ( an undesirable result4 ,on a l>ge f>m1 on :i* be=e ! injection tub]culosis _h appe>$ 9 a vici\s =m1 ! own] _h ! impression t ! sev]e cases _h aft]w>ds become m num]\s4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 n suff]$ sev]e losses1 & #h mon?s lat] ! l>ge react+ division by no means made a bad impression4 ,f9ally1 x is to be notic$ t tub]cul9 has be5 employ$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,d5m>k = ye>s1 & /ill ! dem& f f>m]s con/antly increases4 ,?is c\ld c]ta9ly n be ! case if ! injections 7 g5]ally foll[$ by bad results4 ,paige said1 aft] ! te/s ( ! h]d ( ! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 t its use is n foll[$ by any ill effects ( a s]i\s or p]man5t nature4 ,lamson1 ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,college ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 said3 ,!re is abundant te/imony t its use is n 9 any way injuri\s to a heal?y animal4 ,conn1 :o made a special /udy ( ! pres5t attitude ( ,european sci5ce t[>d tub]culosis 9 cattle1 rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,x has be51 f ! fir/1 ?\ght by "s t ! use ( tub]cul9 produces a direct injury ^u ! inoculat$ animals4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is und\bt$ly a mi/ake1 & !re is no long] any belief any:]e on ! "p ( sci5ti/s t ! injury ?us produc$ is wor?y ( note4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! idea t x may produce ! disease 9 a p]fectly heal?y animal by ! inoculation is absolutely fallaci\s4 ,! tub]cul9 does n conta9 ! tub]cle bacillus1 & x is absolutely c]ta9 t x is impossible to produce a case ( tub]culosis 9 an animal unless ! tub]cle bacilli are pres5t4 ,! use ( tub]cul91 !re=e1 c]ta9ly c nev] produce ! disease 9 ! inoculat$ animal4 ,x has be5 m widely believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! inoculation ( an animal ) ?is mat]ial has a t5d5cy to /imulate an incipi5t case ( tub]culosis4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t an animal ) a v slight case ( ! disease may1 aft] inoculation1 %[ a v rapid ext5sion ( ?is disease & be spe$ily br\ght to a condition :]e x is beyond any use4 ,! reasons giv5 = ?is h be5 ! app>5t activity ( ! tub]culosis infection 9 animals t h be5 slaught]$ %ortly aft] inoculation4 ,?is has be5 claim$1 n only by agriculturi/s :o h n und]/ood ! subject well1 b also by vet]9>ians & bact]iologi/s4 ,b "h1 too1 we mu/ recognize t ! claim has be5 disprov$1 & t !re is n[ a practical unanimity ( op9ion on ! "p ( all :o are be/ calculat$ to judge t su* an injuri\s effect does n occur4 ,ev5 ^? :o h be5 mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! claim t !re is injury ?us result+ f tub]cul9 h1 little by little1 modifi$ _! claim1 until at ! pres5t "t !y say ei!r t ! injury :i* !y =m]ly claim$ does n occur or t ! /imulus ( ! disease is s slight t x %\ld be absolutely neglect$ 9 view ( ! great value :i* may arise f ! use ( tub]cul94 ,ap>t f two or ?ree :o hold ?is v mod]ate op9ion1 all bact]iologi/s & vet]9>ians unite 9 agree+ t !re is no evid5ce = believ+ t any injury results4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 especially1 _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( animals h be5 inoculat$1 & ! vet]9>ians say !re is absolutely no reason 9 all _! exp]i5ce = believ+ t ! tub]cul9 inoculation is foll[$ by any injuri\s results4 ,9 #ahih tub]culosis 0 f\nd 9 ! l>ge ,%or?orn h]d belong+ to ,w4 ,c4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,canada1 :o ) comm5dable promptness & public _s _h 8 animals te/$1 & at once proce$$ to sep>ate ! diseas$ f ! heal?y animals4 ,!y 7 all f9ely br$ animals1 & ( ! v class :i* we h be5 told are mo/ susceptible to ! injuri\s effects ( tub]cul94 ,aft] us+ ?is te/ regul>ly = two ye>s1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds wrote z foll[s3 ,i h se5 no?+ to lead me to believe t ! tub]cul9 te/ _h any injuri\s influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,x is by no means our op9ion t ! disease has be5 /imulat$ or aggravat$ by ! application ( ! tub]cul9 te/4 ,all animals t we h te/$ two or ?ree times cont9ue z hale & he>ty z !y 7 previ\sly1 & n "o animal 9 our h]ds has brok5 d[n or fail$ 9 any way s9ce we began te/+4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 v]bally /at$ t 8 views z to ! h>mlessness ( tub]cul9 rema9$ un*ang$1 & t he _h n se5 ! lea/ ill effect 9 any ( 8 cattle f its use4 ,^? :o h _h mo/ exp]i5ce ) tub]cul9 h fail$ to obs]ve any injuri\s effects foll[+ its use ^u heal?y cattle4 ,) tub]cul\s cattle x produces a fev] ( %ort duration1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases all d]angem5t ( ! sy/em :i* x causes disappe>s )9 #dh h\rs aft] ! tub]cul9 is adm9i/]$4 ,!re appe> to h be5 a v few cases 9 :i* ! disease 0 aggravat$1 & a great] numb] 9 :i* x 0 b5efit$ by ! injection ( tub]cul94 ,! cases ( abortion foll[+ ! tub]cul9 te/ h n be5 num]\s1 ev5 :5 c[s 7 te/$ )9 a few weeks ( ! normal "t ( calv+4 ,! few cases ( ?is k9d :i* h occurr$ may be expla9$ by ! fact t abortion 9 cattle is a v common occurr5ce1 & t x w\ld inevitably happ5 sometimes aft] ! tub]cul9 te/ z a m]e co9cid5ce & )\t any relation betwe5 ! te/ & ! loss ( ! calf4 ,! cases ( abortion :i* h be5 cit$ appe> to be no m num]\s ?an might be expect$ to h occurr$ among ! same numb] ( cattle )9 ! same p]iod if ! te/ _h n be5 appli$4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is ample evid5ce to %[ t tub]cul9 is ! mo/ reliable means ( detect+ tub]culosis 9 ! liv+ animal & t its use is n att5d$ by any h>mful aft]effects4 ,an act ( ,congress 0 approv$ ,july #bd1 #aiai1 = ! purpose ( controll+ & eradicat+ tub]culosis ( animals4 ,! (ficial means ( detect+ tub]culosis 9 ! liv+ animal is ! tub]cul9 te/1 :i* may be appli$ by ?ree diff]5t me?ods--! subcutane\s1 ! intrad]mic1 & ! oph?almic4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss "h ! details ( ^! ?ree me?ods1 :i* are made use ( 9 ! "w ( eradication ( tub]culosis4 ,! plan adopt$ by ! ,/ate & ,f$]al au?orities 9 eradication ( ! disease is kn[n z ,! ,accr$it$-,h]d ,plan4 ,"u ?is plan h]ds are te/$ "u ,/ate & ,f$]al sup]vision1 ! diseas$ animals are apprais$1 remov$1 & slaught]$ "u ,f$]al inspection4 ,rete/s are !n made aft] def9ite p]iods ( "t until two successive te/s %[ all ! animals to be free f ! disease4 ,at ?is "t ! h]d own] is giv5 a c]tificate ( an accr$it$ h]d4 ,details conc]n+ ! accr$it$-h]d plan may be obta9$ by apply+ to ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,tub]cul9 ,,te/s4 ,te/+ animals ) tub]cul9 is ! process ( introduc+ tub]cul9 into ! animal & int]pret+ results accord+ to well-kn[n /&>ds4 ,f ! inve/igations & obs]vations t h be5 m5tion$1 x may be safely conclud$-- #a4 ,t ! tub]cul9 te/ is a wond]fully accurate me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r an animal is affect$ ) tub]culosis4 #b4 ,t by its use ! animals diseas$ ) tub]culosis may be detect$ & remov$ f ! h]d1 !reby eradicat+ ! disease4 #c4 ,t x has no injuri\s effect ^u heal?y cattle4 #d4 ,t ! comp>atively small numb] ( cattle :i* h abort$1 suff]$ 9 heal?1 or fall5 (f 9 condition aft] ! te/ 7 ei!r diseas$ be=e x 0 made or 7 affect$ by "s cause o!r ?an ! tub]cul94 ,,! ,,subcutane\s ,,te/ 7,,"u ,,! ,,sk974 ,! mo/ frequ5tly us$ me?od ( te/+ is ! subcutane\s te/1 :i* consi/s 9 inject+ ! prop] quantity ( tub]cul9 und]nea? ! sk9 into ! subcutane\s tissue4 ,if an animal is tub]cul\s1 ! action ( ! tub]cul9 causes a fev]1 :i* is indicat$ by a rise 9 temp]ature4 ,?is rise1 "u ord9>y conditions1 may occur any "t betwe5 ! eigh? & tw5tie? h\rs aft] ! tub]cul9 is inject$1 b 9 "s cases x is desirable to measure ! temp]ature be=e ! eigh? h\r & cont9ue to ! tw5ty-f\r? h\r or long]4 ,! temp]atures are measur$ at lea/ #c times 9 advance ( ! injection1 at #b-;h\r int]vals1 to le>n :e!r ! animal is 9 prop] condition to receive ! te/4 ,! temp]atures aft] injection are tak5 e #b h\rs until ! te/ is complet$4 ,! prop] int]pretation ( ! temp]atures is made by ! p]son apply+ ! te/1 & a c>eful obs]vance ( any cl9ical *anges is always important 9 det]m9+ ! result4 ,x c n be set =? too /rongly t ! te/1 includ+ ! two foll[+ me?ods1 %\ld be attempt$ only by ^? :o are prop]ly qualifi$ to d ! "w4 ,,! ,,intrad]mic ,,te/ 7,,into ,,! ,,sk974 ,! intrad]mic te/ = detect+ tub]culosis is us$ to a consid]able ext5t1 especially 9 area "w & on range cattle n easily controll$4 ,:5 made by ^? :o h become skill$ 9 its application1 x is v accurate4 ,9 ?is te/ ! tub]cul9 is inject$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! sk91 only a few drops be+ us$1 & x is usually appli$ 9 ! region at ! base ( ! tail1 :]e ! sk9 is s(t & ne>ly hairless4 ,! intrad]mic te/ is satisfactory also = ! diagnosis ( tub]culosis 9 sw9e &1 :5 s us$1 ! tub]cul9 is appli$ into ! sk9 ( ! e> ne> its base4 ,! reaction f ! intrad]mic te/ consi/s ( a swell+ at ! po9t ( injection & is obs]v$ f #gb to #aej h\rs aft] ! injection4 ,! "* ( ! swell+ v>ies1 & a prop] diagnosis ( tub]culosis by ?is te/ c be made only by an exp]i5c$ p]son4 ,,! ,,oph?almic ,,te/ 7,,into ,,! ,,eye74 ,/ill ano!r me?od1 kn[n z ! oph?almic te/1 is us$ q frequ5tly & has be5 f\nd to be ( consid]able value 9 :at is kn[n z *eck te/+2 t is1 x is us$ 9 connection ) ei!r ( ! previ\sly describ$ me?ods4 ,sometimes a tub]cul\s animal t fails to react to ^? te/s %[s evid5ce ( ! disease ^u ! application ( ! oph?almic te/4 ,! oph?almic tub]cul9 is plac$ 9 "o eye & ! o!r eye is us$ z a *eck4 ,a reaction is indicat$ by a *>act]i/ic dis*>ge f ! eye receiv+ ! treatm5t1 :i* may occur 9 f #c to #aj h\rs aft] ! application or ev5 lat]4 ,"s swell+ & inflammation ( ! eye & lids are (t5 not$4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tub]culosis4 ,treatm5t ( ! disease is n s]i\sly consid]$ by any au?orities at ! pres5t "t4 ,! measures to be adopt$ to prev5t ! spread+ ( ! disease mu/ take into consid]ation n only ! tub]cle bacillus1 b likewise all ^? circum/ances t make cattle m susceptible to ! disease1 & :i* h already be5 dwelt ^u4 ,x w\ld be useless to repeat "h all t has be5 said above on ! transmission ( tub]cle bacilli f "o animal to ano!r1 & on ! dang]s ( c]ta9 debilitat+ influ5ces4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ^! influ5ces w %[ h[ tub]culosis may1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 be prev5t$4 ,great c>e %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! bre$+1 ! surr\nd+s1 & ! fe$ ( ! animal1 s t ! latt] may be put into a condition to resi/ infection ev5 :5 expos$ to x4 ,a tub]cul9 te/ %\ld be appli$ to all /range cattle be=e !y are introduc$ into ! h]d1 & ^? :i* %[ a reaction %\ld be refus$4 ,a rigid exclusion ( tub]cul\s animals is all t is necess>y to prev5t ! appe>ance ( ! disease1 provid$ cattle are n infect$ by consumptive p]sons & animals4 ,! transmission ( ! disease f man to cattle is probably n frequ5t1 b is reg>d$ z a possible s\rce ( infection4 ,tub]culosis 9 cattle mu/ also be consid]$ z be>+ ^u tub]culosis ( o!r dome/icat$ animals1 p>ticul>ly hogs4 ,9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is disease is n uncommon among hogs1 & appe>s to be on ! increase4 ,! reason = its exi/5ce may be look$ = 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs ) skim milk1 butt]milk1 & :ey f cream]ies1 ) ! (fal ( ! abattoirs1 ) ! h\sehold refuse g5]ally1 & beh9d tub]cul\s cattle4 ,if tub]culosis is common among cattle1 x is likely to be transmitt$ to hogs kept 9 ?is way4 ,! c>casses ( animals :i* h di$ ( tub]culosis %\ld be buri$ deeply s t !y c n be eat5 by o!r animals4 ,?is is likewise true ( all organs or tissues ( slaught]$ animals conta9+ tub]cles4 ,^! %\ld nev] be f$ to o!r animals1 su* z hogs1 dogs1 & cats1 & %\ld ei!r be de/roy$ by fire or deeply buri$4 ,:5 any ( ! animals 9 a h]d ( cattle %[ evid5t symptoms ( tub]culosis1 or :5 ! tub]cul9 te/ proves t !y are affect$ ) ?is disease1 ! be/ me?od ( proc$ure 9 mo/ cases is to h ! affect$ animals slaught]$ & ! /ables dis9fect$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! animals :i* are slightly affect$ yield c>casses :i* are p]fectly :olesome & fit = human food1 b 9 all su* cases !re %\ld be an inspection by an exp]t at ! "t ( slaught] to det]m9e :i* c>casses may be us$ & :i* %\ld be de/roy$4 ,! dis9fection ( /ables may be accompli%$ by ?or\ghly clean+ !m1 scrubb+ ! floors ) hot wat]1 bru%+ d[n all loose du/ f ! walls1 & te>+ (f all woodwork :i* is p>tly decay$4 ,!n ! :ole int]ior ( ! /able %\ld be cov]$ ) a good coat ( limewa% conta9+ #a "p ( =mal9 7:i* is a #dj p] c5t wat]y solution ( =maldehyde7 to #cj p>ts ( ! lime wa%1 or #d ounces ( =mal9 to ea* gallon ( lime wa%4 ,simil> precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 remov+ ! manure ( ! infect$ h]d f ! b>ny>d & o!r places accessible to cattle1 s9ce x is kn[n t tub]cul\s cattle frequ5tly elim9ate l>ge numb]s ( tub]cle bacilli ?r\gh ! feces4 ,! gr\nd "u ! manure pile %\ld !n be dis9fect$1 ei!r by ! above-m5tion$ =mal9 solution or by unslak$ lime ?ickly spr9kl$ ov] ! soil4 ,if all ! animals :i* react are de/roy$ & ! /ables dis9fect$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! h]d %\ld rema9 free f ! disease unless o!r affect$ animals are add$ to x4 ,! introduction ( ! disease 9 ?is mann] may be avoid$ by requir+ a tub]cul9 te/ ( all new animals admitt$ on ! premises4 ,un=tunately x is a fact t tub]cul\s animals :i* h be5 te/$ sev]al times may become s accu/om$ to tub]cul9 t !y w no long] react2 consequ5tly x is always advisable to pur*ase cattle f "s "o :o is kn[n to be reliable1 z o!rwise animals ( ?is k9d may be treat$ ) tub]cul9 = ! purpose ( hid+ ! disease4 ,9 ! case ( v valuable purebr$ animals & "u exceptional circum/ances x may be m advantage\s to reta9 ! react+ animals :i* are 9 good condition 9 ord] to bre$ f !m & 9 t mann] avoid ! excessive loss :i* w\ld foll[ f _! imm$iate slaught]4 ,?is may be done if prop] precautions are adopt$4 ,! disposal ( reactors dep5ds ^u ! ,/ate laws & live-/ock regulations ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! h]d belongs4 ,if ?is policy is foll[$ x %\ld be attempt$ only aft] c>eful /udy ( ! plan kn[n z ! ,bang me?od ( controll+ tub]culosis4 ,! live-/ock (ficials ( ! ,/ate %\ld be frequ5tly consult$ & _! advice foll[$2 o!rwise failure w surely ensue4 ,! plan necessitates consid]able tr\ble & is n recomm5d$ except "u ! circum/ances m5tion$4 ,,bov9e ,,tub]culosis ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,heal?4 ,! increas+ am\nt ( evid5ce po9t+ to ! id5tity ( human & animal tub]culosis1 comb9$ ) ! extraord9>y mortality ( human be+s f ?is disease1 (t5 am\nt+ to #aj to #ad p] c5t1 has rais$ ! "q 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries z to h[ f> animal1 & especially bov9e1 tub]culosis is to blame = ?is high mortality4 ,! m$ical & vet]9>y pr(essions h approa*$ ?is problem ) equal zeal1 & mu* has come to light )9 rec5t ye>s :i* enables u to come to "s conclusion4 ,if ?is disease is transmitt$ f animals to man1 h[ does ! transmission take place8 ,z comp>atively few p come 9 direct contact ) tub]cul\s cattle1 x mu/ be ei!r ?r\gh ! meat1 ! milk1 ! butt]1 ! *eese1 or ?r\gh all ^! products t ! virus ent]s ! human body4 ,! "q has ?us n>r[$ itself d[n to ! food products furni%$ by cattle4 ,x has become a v urg5t "q1 especially 9 ! poor] c\ntries ( ,europe1 :e!r all fle% f tub]cul\s animals is unfit = human food4 ,x is argu$ !re t if x c be %[n t 9 ! majority ( cases ( tub]culosis ! bones & ! muscul> sy/em are free f infection1 !re is no reason :y ! meat %\ld n be put on sale "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,! "q may be resolv$ into two divisions3 7#a7 ,h[ frequ5tly does ! disease invade ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are us$ z food8 7#b7 ,:5 ! disease process is manife/ly re/rict$ to ! int]nal organs1 d tub]cle bacilli circulate 9 ! blood & lymph & c !y be detect$ 9 ! muscul> tissue8 7#a7 ,disease ( ! bones is n unkn[n1 al?\gh v r>e4 ,accord+ to ,walley1 x appe>s *iefly 9 ! spongy bones ( ! head & backbone & 9 ! long bones ( ! limbs4 ,occasionally ! ends ( ! bones1 :]e !y are cov]$ by ! synovial membrane ( ! jo9ts1 are dott$ ) tub]cles4 ,! muscul> sy/em itself is v r>ely ! seat ( tub]cul\s deposits1 al?\gh ! lymphatic gl&s ly+ ne> & among ! muscles may be n infrequ5tly diseas$4 7#b7 ,:e!r tub]cle bacilli are f\nd 9 muscle juice indep5d5t ( any tub]cul\s deposits is a "q :i* mu/ be approa*$ exp]im5tally4 ,!re is on record a great v>iety ( op9ions on ?is matt]1 "s au?orities consid]+ all fle% f tub]cul\s animals unfit = food1 :ile o!rs hold a contr>y view4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t 9 r>e cases ! fle% ( tub]cul\s cattle conta9s a small numb] ( tub]cle bacilli4 ,9 ,g]many ! fle% ( animals 9 :i* ! disease is j beg9n+1 or 9 :i* x is re/rict$ to "o or m relat$ organs1 is n reject$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! disease has affect$ ! muscles or bones1 or lymphatic gl&s situat$ on or betwe5 !m1 ! fle% is condemn$ z unfit & dang]\s4 ,animals are also reject$ 9 :i* x is evid5t1 f ! g5]al di/ribution ( tub]cles ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s organs1 t ! bacilli h be5 di/ribut$ by ! blood & may h be5 c>ri$ into ! muscul> sy/em 7g5]aliz$ tub]culosis74 ,conc]n+ ! infecti\s nature ( milk secret$ by tub]cul\s c[s1 au?orities h univ]sally agre$ t :5 ! udd] itself is 9 ! slighte/ degree involv$ ! milk possesses infecti\s prop]ties1 & is !re=e dang]\s4 ,tub]cle bacilli 9 l>ge numb]s h be5 f\nd 9 ! milk & ! udd] "u su* circum/ances4 ,unlike o!r affections ( ! udd]1 tub]culosis ( ?is organ does n at once *ange ! appe>ance & ! quality ( ! milk secret$4 ,bang /ates t = at lea/ a mon? aft] ! disease has appe>$ ! milk is normal 9 appe>ance & may be consum$ & sold )\t ar\s+ ! suspicion ( ! own]4 ,consid]able dang] is1 !re=e1 involv$ 9 ?is disease1 & ! necessity = ! c>eful inspection ( dairy c[s seems m urg5t ?an ev]4 ,au?orities are1 h[ev]1 n fully agre$ z to :e!r ! milk f tub]cul\s c[s 9 :i* ! udd] is app>5tly n invad$ by ! disease %\ld be consid]$ dang]\s or n4 ,"s incl9e to ! belief t ! milk secret$ by heal?y udd]s is nev] infecti\s1 ev5 :5 ! lungs or o!r organs are affect$2 t1 9 o!r words1 ! tub]cle bacilli are r>ely1 if ev]1 sep>at$ f ! lesions :i* !y produce1 & t ! udd] itself mu/ be diseas$ be=e tub]cle bacilli c appe> 9 ! milk4 ,exp]im5ts made ) ! milk ( tub]cul\s c[s 9 :i* !re 7 no indications ( udd] disease d n be> out ?is !ory1 s9ce tub]cle bacilli h be5 f\nd 9 _! milk4 ,"s au?orities /ill believe t ! udd] is diseas$ :5 ! milk is infect$1 b t ! disease escapes obs]vation4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact t ! udd] may be diseas$ & ! disease n recognizable simply ca/s suspicion ^u all milk f tub]cul\s animals4 ,we "k t ! milk ( tub]cul\s cattle may or may n conta9 tub]cle bacilli :5 ! udd] is app>5tly free f disease1 b we h no rapid me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r 9 any giv5 case ! milk conta9s tub]cle bacilli or n4 ,moreov]1 ! bacilli may be abs5t at "o "t & pres5t at ano!r 9 milk f ! same c[4 ,:5 we consid]1 !re=e1 ! ext5t ( tub]culosis & ! hidd5 "* ( ! disease1 a c]ta9 degree ( suspicion re/s ^u all milk f unte/$ cattle4 ,=tunately1 tub]cle bacilli are readily de/roy$ by ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 & h5ce bo? meat & milk are made safe1 ! =m] by ! v>i\s processes ( cook+1 ! latt] by boil+ = a few mom5ts4 ,x is incumb5t ^u all communities to h dairy c[s exam9$ & te/$ ) tub]cul94 ,if disease is detect$1 ! affect$ animal %\ld be kill$ at once or else all opportunity = ! sale ( su* milk remov$ by appropriate measures4 ,:]e milk or cream is sold to ! trade 9 l>ge t[ns or cities pa/eurization %\ld be requir$ z an additional safegu>d4 ,rec5tly !re has be5 mu* discussion ( ! "q z to :e!r human & animal tub]culosis are id5tical diseases & z to ! possibility ( ! tub]culosis ( animals be+ transmitt$ to man or t ( man be+ transmitt$ to animals4 ,! fact t tub]cul\s mat]ial f human subjects (t5 fail$ to produce s]i\s disease 9 cattle 0 obs]v$ by a numb] ( ! e>li] inve/igators :o exp]im5t$ ) su* virus4 ,x 0 ! exp]im5ts & comp>ative /udies ( ,!obald ,smi?1 h[ev]1 :i* attract$ special att5tion to ! diff]5ce 9 virul5ce %[n by tub]cle bacilli f human & bov9e s\rces :5 inoculat$ ^u cattle4 ,smi? m5tion$ also c]ta9 morphological & cultural diff]5ces 9 bacilli f ^! two s\rces1 & 9 ! location & hi/ology ( ! lesions 9 cattle produc$ by su* bacilli4 ,he did n conclude1 h[ev]1 t bov9e bacilli c\ld n produce disease 9 ! human subject1 b said3 ,x seems to me t1 accept+ ! cl9ical evid5ce on h&1 bov9e tub]culosis may be transmitt$ to *ildr5 :5 ! body is ov]p[]$ by l>ge numb]s ( bacilli1 z 9 udd] tub]culosis1 or :5 c]ta9 unkn[n favorable conditions exi/4 ,ko*1 h[ev]1 9 8 address at ! ,briti% ,congress on ,tub]culosis1 w5t f> beyond ?is & ma9ta9$ t human tub]culosis diff]s f bov9e & c n be transmitt$ to cattle4 ,z to ! susceptibility ( man to bov9e tub]culosis1 he said x 0 n yet absolutely decid$1 b "o 0 nev]!less already at lib]ty to say t1 if su* a susceptibility really exi/s1 ! infection ( human be+s is b a v r>e occurr5ce4 ,he emphasizes ?is view 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,i %\ld e/imate ! ext5t ( infection by ! milk & fle% ( tub]cul> cattle & ! butt] made ( _! milk z h>dly great] ?an t ( h]$it>y transmission1 & ,i !re=e d n deem x advisable to take any measures aga9/ x4 ,?is conclusion 0 s radically diff]5t f ! views ( mo/ exp]im5t]s & s out ( h>mony ) facts :i* _h app>5tly be5 demon/rat$ by o!rs t x at once ar\s$ opposition 9 ! congress1 foll[$ by ! adoption ( diss5t+ resolutions1 & l$ to num]\s inve/igations 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,ko*'s conclusions 7 bas$ ^u 8 failure to produce tub]culosis 9 cattle & o!r animals by inoculat+ !m ) tub]cul\s mat]ial ( human orig9 & 8 success 9 caus+ progressive & fatal tub]culosis 9 ! same k9ds ( animals :5 inoculat$ ) tub]cul\s mat]ial ( bov9e orig94 ,) su* positiv5ess did he hold to ! con/ant & specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & bov9e bacillus t he promulgat$ an exp]im5tal me?od ( discrim9at+ betwe5 !m4 ,speak+ ( ! etiology ( inte/9al tub]culosis 9 man1 he said3 ,hi!rto nobody c\ld decide ) c]ta9ty 9 su* a case :e!r ! tub]culosis ( ! inte/9e 0 ( human or ( animal orig94 ,n[ we c diagnose !m4 ,all t is necess>y is to cultivate 9 pure culture ! tub]cle bacilli f\nd 9 ! tub]cul> mat]ial1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r !y belong to bov9e tub]culosis by inoculat+ cattle ) !m4 ,= ?is purpose ,i recomm5d subcutane\s injection1 :i* yields q specially *>act]i/ic & conv9c+ results4 ,^! important & compreh5sive conclusions foll[$ f a comp>atively few exp]im5ts ^u animals1 & app>5tly no ef=t _h be5 made to le>n to :at ext5t human tub]cle bacilli may diff] 9 _! virul5ce = cattle or :at grades ( virul5ce !re might be among bacilli ( bov9e orig94 ,vag$es _h already %[n t bacilli 7 sometimes pres5t 9 human lesions :i* 7 z virul5t z bov9e bacilli1 b 8 "w 0 :olly ignor$ by ,ko*4 ,a consid]able numb] ( inve/igators1 includ+ ,*auveau1 ,vag$es1 ,rav5el1 ,de ,s*we9itz1 ,mohl]1 ,de ,jong1 ,delp9e1 ,or?1 ,/5/rm1 ,fibig] & ,j5s51 ,max ,wolff1 ,noc>d1 ,arlo+1 ,behr+1 ,dean & ,todd1 ,hamilton & ,"y1 ! ,g]man ,tub]culosis ,commission1 & ,!obald ,smi?1 h f\nd tub]cle bacilli 9 ! bodies ( human be+s :o di$ ( tub]culosis :i* prov$ to h ab\t ! same virul5ce = cattle z _h ! bacilli f bov9e animals affect$ by ! disease4 ,kossel1 9 a prelim9>y report1 /at$ t ! ,g]man commission _h te/$ #g cultures ( tub]culosis f cattle & hogs--#d f cattle & #c f hogs4 ,two prov$ acutely fatal 9 cattle aft] eight to n9e weeks2 #d likewise produc$ a g5]aliz$ tub]culosis1 b :i* c]ta9ly _h a m *ronic c\rse1 :ile #a ( ! cultures caus$ only an infiltration at ! po9t ( inoculation1 ) "s case\s foci 9 ! adjo9+ prescapul> gl& & 9 "o ( ! m$ia/9al gl&s1 & !re 0 lack+ ! spread+ ( ! tub]culosis ov] ! entire body :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to see aft] ! injection ( cultures ( bov9e tub]culosis4 ,h5ce1 says ,kossel1 among bov9e tub]culosis bacilli !re c also occur diff]5ces ) reg>d to ! virul5ce4 ,! ,g]man commission also te/$ #ci diff]5t fre%ly made cultures f tub]cul\s disease 9 man4 ,n9ete5 did n produce ! slighte/ symptoms 9 cattle2 ) #i o!rs ! cattle exhibit$ aft] f\r mon?s v m9ute foci 9 ! prescapul> gl&s1 :i* 7 mo/ly encapsul$ & %[$ no incl9ation to progress2 ) #g o!r cases !re 0 some:at m m>k$ disease ( ! prescapul> gl&s1 b x did n g s f> z a mat]ial spread+ ( ! process to ! adjo9+ gl&s4 ,!re 7 #d cultures1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 m virul5t & caus$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 ! cattle inoculat$ ) !m4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t h]eaft] ev]yone mu/ admit t x is impossible always to tell ! s\rce ( a culture ( ! tub]cle bacillus by its effect :5 x is inoculat$ ^u cattle4 ,"o ( ! bov9e cultures fail$ to produce g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 cattle1 & "s ( ! human cultures did produce x 9 su* animals4 ,moreov]1 :ile "s ( ! human cultures caus$ no disease at all1 o!rs l$ to ! developm5t ( m9ute foci 9 ! prescapul> gl&s1 & /ill o!rs to some:at m m>k$ disease ( ! gl&s4 ,!re 71 consequ5tly1 f\r degrees ( virul5ce not$ 9 ^! #ci cultures ( bacilli f human s\rces & ?ree degrees ( virul5ce 9 ! #g cultures f animal4 ,n[1 if we accept ! views ( ,ko* z to ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 human & bov9e tub]cle bacilli1 & t ! human bacilli produce only localiz$ lesions 9 cattle1 :ile bov9e bacilli produce g5]aliz$ lesions 9 !m1 mu/ we n conclude t ! "o non-virul5t bov9e culture 0 9 reality ( human orig91 & t ! animal f :i* x 0 obta9$ _h be5 infect$ f man8 ,?is is a logical d$uction1 b rev]ses ! dictum laid d[n at ,london t human tub]culosis is n transmissible to cattle4 ,aga91 h[ are we to expla9 ! human cultures ( m$ium virul5ce8 ,are !y human bacilli :i*1 = "s unkn[n reason1 are increas+ 9 virul5ce & approa*+ ! activity ( ! bov9e bacillus1 or are !y really bov9e bacilli :i* h multipli$ 9 ! human body until _! virul5ce has become att5uat$8 ,9 :atev] mann] ^! que/ions are decid$ x w\ld seem t ! f9d+s ( ! ,g]man commission1 in/ead ( support+ ,ko*'s views t we c decide ) c]ta9ty by ! inoculation ( cattle z to ! s\rce ( any giv5 bacillus1 really %[ t ?is me?od ( diagnosis is extremely unc]ta9 9 ! pres5t condition ( our k4 ,x is def9itely admitt$ t #d ( ! human cultures caus$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 cattle2 ,kossel sugge/1 h[ev]1 t x may be possible t ! bacilli 9 cases ( human tub]culosis "u c]ta9 circum/ances c likewise atta9 a v high pa?og5ic activity = cattle )\t be+ = t reason bov9e bacilli4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,g]man commission is confront+ ! two horns ( a dilemma1 ei!r "o ( :i* is fatal to ! views ( ,ko* z /at$ ) su* positiv5ess at ,london4 ,if we accept ?is sugge/ion ?r[n out by ,kossel1 we mu/ conclude t ,ko* 0 wrong 9 8 claim t human tub]culosis c n be transmitt$ to cattle1 & ?us ) "o bl[ we de/roy ! entire exp]im5tal support :i* he _h = 8 argum5t be=e ! ,briti% ,congress on ,tub]culosis4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we accept ! conclusion :i* foll[s f ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,ko* = ! discrim9ation betwe5 human & bov9e bacilli1 & :i* appe>s to be favor$ by ,kossel1 we mu/ admit t bov9e tub]culosis is an extremely important factor 9 ! etiology ( human tub]culosis4 ,( ! #ci cases ( human tub]culosis te/$1 #d1 or m ?an #aj p] c5t1 7 virul5t = cattle & w\ld be classifi$ z ( bov9e orig92 h[ev]1 ^! #d cases1 7 all f\nd among ! #af cases ( tub]culosis 9 *ildr5 :i* ! commission inve/igat$2 h5ce x is pla9 t #be p] c5t ( ! cases te/$ ( tub]culosis 9 *ildr5 w\ld by ,ko*'s me?od be classifi$ z ( bov9e orig94 ,9 ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry two di/9ct l9es ( exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on1 9 ord] t "o might s]ve z a *eck aga9/ ! o!r4 ,!re has be51 h[ev]1 no discrepancy 9 ! results4 ,de ,s*we9itz1 9 ! ,bio*emic ,division1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 isolat$ #i cultures f human tub]culosis4 ,two 7 d]iv$ f human sputum1 #c f cases ( g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 adults1 & #d f cases ( g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 *ildr54 ,by comp>+ ^! cultures ) a newly isolat$ virul5t culture ( bov9e tub]culosis1 !re 7 f\nd among !m #b cultures f *ildr5 :i* 7 id5tical 9 _! cultural & morphological *>act]s ) ! bov9e bacillus4 ,^! cultures also kill$ rabbits & gu9ea pigs 9 z %ort a "t z did ! bov9e bacillus4 ,hogs :i* 7 inoculat$ subcutane\sly ) ^! #b cultures f *ildr5 di$ ( g5]aliz$ tub]culosis4 ,two calves weigh+ m ?an #cjj p\nds ea* 7 inoculat$ subcutane\sly ) ^! virul5t human cultures1 & z a result develop$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis4 ,a ye>l+ heif] inoculat$ ) #a ( ! cultures %[$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis :5 kill$ ?ree mon?s aft] inoculation4 ,bo? ! cattle & ! hogs _h be5 te/$ ) tub]cul9 & f\nd to be free f tub]culosis be=e ! inoculations 7 made4 ,x is important to obs]ve 9 ?is connection t #b out ( #d1 or #ej p] c5t1 ( ! cultures obta9$ f cases ( g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 *ildr5 prov$ virul5t = cattle4 ,mohl]1 work+ 9 ! ,pa?ological ,division1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 obta9$ #c v virul5t cultures ( tub]cle bacilli f ! human subject4 ,a goat inoculat$ subcutane\sly ) #a ( ^! cultures di$ 9 #cg days ) mili>y tub]culosis ( ! lungs involv+ ! axill>y & prescapul> gl&s4 ,?is bacillus 0 obta9$ f ! mes5t]ic gl& ( a boy4 ,( /ill great] int]e/ is a bacillus isolat$ by ,mohl] f human sputum4 ,a goat inoculat$ subcutane\sly ) a culture ( ?is g]m di$ 9 #ie days ( pulmon>y tub]culosis4 ,a cat inoculat$ 9 ! same mann] di$ 9 #bc days ( g5]aliz$ tub]culosis4 ,a rabbit simil>ly inoculat$ di$ 9 #ei days ( pulmon>y tub]culosis4 ,ano!r rabbit inoculat$ ) a bov9e culture = comp>ison liv$ #aj days long] ?an ! "o inoculat$ ) ?is sputum g]m4 ,mohl] also inoculat$ subcutane\sly a #a-ye>-old heif] ) a culture d]iv$ f ! tub]culosis mes5t]ic gl& ( a boy #d ye>s ( age4 ,?is culture 0 always refractory 9 its gr[? "u artificial conditions1 & ! bacilli 7 %ort1 /ubby rods1 correspond+ 9 appe>ance to ! bov9e type4 ,at ! autopsy1 held #abg days aft] ! inoculation1 ! g5]al condition 0 se5 to be poor & un?rifty1 & l>ge1 h>d tumors 7 f\nd at ! po9ts ( inoculation4 ,on ! "r side ! swell+ measur$ #c-a_/b by #e in*es1 & ! correspond+ lymph gl& 0 #b-c_/d in*es long by #a-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is gl& conta9$ num]\s calc>e\s foci2 "o at ! apex 0 an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! lesions on ! left %\ld] ( ! animal 7 v simil> to ^? f\nd on ! "r side1 b ! dim5sions ( ! tumor 7 slightly less4 ,! lungs pres5t$ an irregul> mass ( tub]cul\s nodules1 & #g or #h grapelike nodules 7 se5 on ! p>ietal pleura4 ,bron*ial & m$ia/9al lymph gl&s conta9$ num]\s tub]cul\s foci1 & ! p]ic>dium1 p]itoneum1 sple51 & liv] also 7 affect$4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light1 if possible1 ^u ! morphological con/ancy ( ! diff]5t types ( tub]cle bacilli1 ,mohl] made comp>ative /udies ( bacilli f v>i\s s\rces1 & :i* _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s species ( animals1 by mak+ ! cultures ^u dog s]um aft] ! me?od describ$ by ,!obald ,smi?4 ,"s important results h be5 obta9$4 ,"o culture ( human bacilli :i* _h morphological & cultural peculi>ities simil> to ^? ( ! bov9e bacillus1 & :i* produc$ only local lesions 9 cattle1 0 pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( five cats4 ,x 0 !n f\nd to be completely *ang$ 9 its morphological *>act]s1 ! rods be+ elongat$1 sl5d]1 m or less bead$1 & entirely ( ! human type4 ,f> f decreas+ 9 virul5ce1 h[ev]1 z might be expect$ f its morphological appe>ance1 ?is bacillus _h s increas$ 9 its pa?og5ic activity t x produc$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis 9 a c[4 ,?is c[ 0 inoculat$ subcutane\sly 9 front ( ea* %\ld] ) #b cubic c5timet]s ( a salt-solution emulsion ( ! tub]cul\s om5tum ( ! la/ cat ( ! s]ies4 ,! c[ rapidly lo/ fle%1 _h a temp]ature ( #ajd ,f41 ) ! po9t ( inoculation & adjac5t gl&s greatly swoll54 ,! autopsy reveal$ g5]aliz$ tub]culosis1 involv+ ! lungs1 m$ia/9al gl&s1 sple51 liv]1 & kidneys4 ,tub]cle bacilli ( ! bov9e type obta9$ f ! mes5t]ic gl&s ( a %eep1 hog1 & c[ 7 simil>ly trans=m$ 9 _! morphological appe>ance aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( cats & recov]$ on dog s]um4 ,^! bacilli also increas$ 9 virul5ce1 z ! la/ cat 9 ! s]ies inv>iably succumb$ 9 a %ort] "t ?an ! fir/ ( ! s]ies4 ,^! exp]im5ts & obs]vations indicate t ! types ( tub]cle bacilli are v incon/ant1 & t "u suitable conditions !y readily *ange bo? 9 morphology & 9 virul5ce4 ,a simil> conclusion 0 rea*$ by o!r inve/igators 9 work+ ) ! avian & porc9e types ( tub]cle bacilli sev]al ye>s ago1 & 0 reasonably to h be5 expect$ ) ! human & bov9e types4 ,lat] inve/igations made by ,p>k & ,krumweide1 ( ! ,rese>* ,laboratory ( ,new ,york ,city1 ,novick1 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,smi?1 ,rav5el1 ,ros5au1 ,*ung ,yik ,wang1 & o!rs t5d to %[ ! incid5ce ( bov9e infection 9 ! human family4 ,*ung ,yik ,wang /at$ 9 #aiag t /udies ( #bha cases ( v>i\s cl9ical =ms ( tub]culosis 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 result$ 9 ! isolation ( ! bov9e tub]cle bacilli 9 #gh4d p] c5t ( cases "u ! age ( #e ye>s1 9 #gj4c p] c5t betwe5 ! ages ( #e & #af1 & 9 #g4h p] c5t ov] ! age ( #af4 ,?is inve/igator /ates t f ! prophylactic po9t ( view any measure resort$ to 9 combat+ ! disease %\ld be direct$ n only aga9/ ! human spread ( infection1 b also1 m p>ticul>ly 9 *ildr5's cases1 aga9/ ! bov9e s\rce ( infection4 ,rav5el1 9 summ>iz+ ! "w ( ,drs4 ,p>k & ,krumweide1 z well z o!rs ?r\gh\t ! _w1 gives ! foll[+ results3 ,( #fc *ildr5 dy+ ( tub]culosis at ! babies' hospital #ei cases prov$ to be human infection & #d bov9e1 a p]c5tage ( #f-a_/c4 ,( #i *ildr5 dy+ ( tub]culosis at ! f\ndl+ hospital #d prov$ to h d]iv$ _! infection f human s\rces & #e f bov9e1 a p]c5tage ( #ee4 ,( a total ( #hh *ildr5 "u #e ye>s ( age :o di$ ( tub]culosis #gg prov$ to h d]iv$ _! infection f human s\rces & #aa f bov9e1 a p]c5tage ( #ab-a_/b4 ,comb9+ ! cases /udi$ 9 ,new ,york ) ^? ( o!r obs]v]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 ! foll[+ results are obta9$3 ,adults1 #ghg cases--#ggg human & #aj bov9e infection4 ,*ildr51 #e to #af ye>s1 #aec cases--#aag human & #cf bov9e infection4 ,*ildr5 "u #e ye>s1 #bhj cases--#bae human & #fe bov9e infection4 ,! figures ( ! f\ndl+ hospital %[ ! real dang] ( unprotect$ c[s' milk4 ,! conclusion f ^! /udies is inevitable1 namely1 t 9 *ildr51 9 addition to ! l>ge numb] ( dea?s :i* occur f bov9e infection1 !re are _m cases ( infection result+ 9 de=mities1 necessitat+ op]ations m or less sev]e 9 "* & :i* frequ5tly leave ! pati5t disfigur$ p]man5tly4 ,x mu/ be pla9 to all1 f ^! rec5t developm5ts1 t too mu* has be5 made ( ! slight diff]5ces 9 cultural *>act]i/ics1 9 morphology1 & 9 virul5ce :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 "s cases 9 comp>+ ! human & ! bov9e bacilli4 ,! obs]vations 7 int]e/+1 & x 0 important t !y be foll[$ up until _! significance 0 made entirely cle>1 b x 0 an almo/ unp>donable error1 f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 to promulgate sweep+ g5]alizations calculat$ to arre/ & aboli% important measures = prev5t+ human tub]culosis be=e ! s\ndness ( ^! g5]alizations _h be5 e/abli%$ by a ?or\gh c\rse ( exp]im5tation4 ,:5 ,ko* said 9 ! ,briti% ,congress on ,tub]culosis t he %\ld e/imate ! ext5t ( infection by ! milk & fle% ( tub]cul\s cattle & ! butt] made ( _! milk z h>dly great] ?an t ( h]$it>y transmission1 & t he !re=e did n deem x advisable to take any measures aga9/ x1 he w5t f> beyond :at 0 ju/ifi$ by any exp]im5ts or obs]vations :i* he report$1 & he did a great deal ( h>m1 :i* w be manife/$ = ye>s to come1 to ^? :o endeavor to gu>d ! human race f ! dang]s ( animal tub]culosis4 ,! rese>*es :i* h be5 allud$ to make ^! dang]s m def9ite & c]ta9 ?an !y h appe>$ be=e1 & sanit>ians %\ld !re=e mo/ e>ne/ly endeavor to c\nt]act ! errone\s & h>mful impression :i* 0 made by ,ko*'s address at ,london & 8 subsequ5t address at ! ,int]national ,conf]5ce on ,tub]culosis at ,b]l94 ,,vacc9ia ,,or ,,c[pox4 ,v>iola ( cattle1 m correctly vacc9ia1 is a contagi\s disease ( cattle :i* manife/s its pres5ce ?r\gh an elevation ( temp]ature1 a %r9kage 9 milk production1 & by ! appe>ance ( *>act]i/ic1 pu/ul> eruptions1 especially ^u ! teats & udd]s ( dairy c[s4 ,al?\gh ?is is a contagi\s disease1 /rictly speak+1 x is s univ]sally h>mless & b5ign 9 its c\rse t x is robb$ ( ! t]rors :i* usually accompany all spread+ diseases1 & is all[$ to ent] a h]d ( cattle1 run its c\rse1 & disappe> )\t excit+ any p>ticul> notice4 ,! contagion ( c[pox does n travel ?r\gh ! air f animal to animal1 b is transfus$ only by actual contact ( ! contagi\s pr9ciple ) ! sk9 ( "s susceptible animal4 ,x may be c>ri$ 9 ?is mann]1 n alone f cattle to cattle1 b horses1 %eep1 goats1 & man may readily contract ! disease :5ev] suitable conditions att5d _! inoculation4 ,an id5tical disease frequ5tly appe>s ^u horses1 attack+ _! heels1 & !nce ext5d+ upw>d along ! leg1 produc+1 z x progresses1 inflammation & swell+ ( ! sk91 foll[$ lat] by pu/ules1 :i* soon rupture1 dis*>g+ a /icky1 disagreeable secretion4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! body are frequ5tly affect$ 9 l mann]1 especially 9 ! region ( ! head1 :]e ! eruptions may appe> ^u lips & no/rils1 or ^u ! muc\s surfaces ( ! nasal cavities1 m\?1 or eyes4 ,v>iola ( ! horse is readily transmitt$ to cattle1 if bo? are c>$ = by ! same att5dant1 &1 conv]sely1 v>iola ( cattle may be c>ri$ f ! c[ to ! horse on ! h&s ( a p]son :o has be5 milk+ a c[ affect$ ) ! disease4 ,! me?od ( vacc9ation ) mat]ial d]iv$ f ! eruptions ( c[pox z a safegu>d aga9/ ! ravages ( smallpox 9 memb]s ( ! human family is well kn[n4 ,! immunity :i* su* vacc9ation conf]s ^u ! human subject has l$ _m writ]s to ass]t t c[pox is simply a modifi$ =m ( smallpox1 ^: h>mless attack ^u ! human sy/em is ow+ to a c]ta9 att5uation d]iv$ dur+ its passages ?r\gh ! sy/em ( ! c[ or horse4 ,! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 c>ri$ out = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 v>iola ( ! human & bov9e families seem to %[1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh possess+ _m simil> *>act]i/ics1 !y are nev]!less di/9ct1 & t 9 spite ( repeat$ inoculations f cattle to man1 & vice v]sa1 no trans=mation 9 ! real "* ( ! disease ev] takes place4 ,symptoms4--,! disease appe>s 9 f\r to sev5 days aft] natural infection1 or may ev9ce itself 9 two or ?ree days z ! result ( artificial inoculation4 ,"y mil* c[s are mo/ susceptible to an attack1 b old] c[s1 bulls1 or "y cattle are by no means immune4 ,! attack causes a slight rise 9 temp]ature1 :i* is soon foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( r$d5$1 inflam$ areas1 pr9cipally ^u ! teats & udd]1 & at times on ! abdom9al sk9 or ! sk9 ( ! inn] surface ( ! ?ighs4 ,9 a few cases ! sk9 ( ! ?roat & jaws has be5 f\nd simil>ly involv$4 ,if ! affect$ p>ts are exam9$ on ! second day aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! inflammation num]\s pale-r$ nodules w be f\nd1 :i* gradually exp& until1 )9 a few days1 !y rea* a diamet] ( "o-half in* or ev5 l>g]4 ,at ?is p]iod ! tops ( ! nodules become trans=m$ into vesicles :i* are depress$ 9 ! c5t] & conta9 a pale1 s]\s fluid4 ,!y usually rea* _! maturity by ! t5? day ( ! c\rse ( ! disease & are !n ! size ( a bean4 ,f ?is "t ! cont5ts ( ! vesicles become purul5t1 :i* requires ab\t ?ree days1 :5 ! typical pox pu/ule is pres5t1 consi/+ ( a swell+ ) broad1 r$d5$ base1 )9 :i* is an elevat$1 conical abscess v>y+ f ! size ( a pea to t ( a hazelnut4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease aft] ! full maturity ( ! pu/ule is rapid if outside int]f]5ce has n caus$ a premature rupture ( ! small abscess at ! apex ( ! swell+4 ,! pu/ules gradually become d>k] color$ & dri] until no?+ rema9s b a ?ick scab1 :i* at la/ falls (f1 leav+ only a slight1 :iti% sc> beh9d4 ,! total duration ( ! disease cov]s "s #bj days 9 ea* animal1 & ow+ to ! sl[ spread ( ! infection f animal to animal1 _m weeks may elapse be=e a /able c be fully fre$ f x4 ,! fall5 scabs & cru/s may reta9 _! contagi\s prop]ties = sev]al days :5 mix$ ) litt] & b$d+ ^u ! floor ( ! /able1 & at any "t dur+ ?is p]iod !y are capable ( produc+ new outbreaks %\ld fre% cattle be br\ght into ! /alls & ?us come into actual contact ) !m4 ,aga91 ! pu/ules may appe>1 "o aft] ano!r1 on a s+le animal1 9 :i* case ! duration ( ! disease is mat]ially l5g!n$4 ,treatm5t4--,9 h]ds ( cattle t regul>ly receive c>eful h&l+1 no special treatm5t w be f\nd necess>y beyond ! application ( s(t5+ & dis9fect+ ag5ts to su* vesicles ^u ! teats z may h become ruptur$ by ! h&s ( ! milk]4 ,c>boliz$ vasel9e or iod(orm o9tm5t w be f\nd well suit$ to ?is "w4 ,9 m p]si/5t cases x may be f\nd desirable to use a milk+ tube 9 ord] to prev5t ! repeat$ op5+ ( ! pu/ules dur+ ! op]ation ( milk+4 ,wa%+ ! sores twice daily ) a weak solution ( z9c *lorid 7#b-a_/b p] c5t solution7 has be5 f\nd to assi/ 9 *eck+ ! inflammation & to cleanse & heal ! p>ts by its g]micidal action4 ,:5 ! udd] is h>d1 swoll51 & pa9ful1 support x by a b&age & fom5t frequ5tly ) hot wat]4 ,if calves are all[$ to suckle ! c[s ! pu/ules become conflu5t1 & ! ulc]ations may ext5d up into ! teat1 caus+ g>get & ru9+ ! :ole qu>t] ( ! udd]4 ,z "y c[s are mo/ susceptible to v>iola1 ! milk] mu/ ex]cise con/ant pati5ce ) ^! affect$ animals s long z _! teats or udd]s are sore & t5d]1 else ! pati5t may contract vici\s habits :ile resi/+ pa9ful h&l+4 ,! fl[ ( milk is usually less5$ z soon z ! fev] becomes e/abli%$1 b is aga9 normal ) ! return ( p]fect heal?4 ,! practice ( ?or\gh cleanl9ess 9 h&l+ or milk+ affect$ cattle may1 9 _m in/ances1 prev5t ! dissem9ation ( ! tr\ble among ! heal?y portion ( ! h]d1 b ev5 ! greate/ c>e may prove insuffici5t to *eck ! spread until x has attack$ ea* animal ( ! h]d 9 turn4 ,,act9omycosis 7,,lumpy ,,jaw7 ,pls4 ,,xxxix-,,xli4 ,act9omycosis1 also kn[n z lumpy jaw1 big jaw1 wood5 tongue1 etc41 is a *ronic infecti\s disease *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( peculi> tumors 9 v>i\s regions ( ! body1 m p>ticul>ly ! head1 & is due to ! specific action ( a c]ta9 fungus-l g]m 7act9omyces74 ,?is fungus is an organism :i* occurs 9 ! tissues 9 ! =m ( rosettes1 & x has !re=e be5 t]m$ ! ray fungus4 ,! disease is n directly transmitt$ f "o animal to ano!r1 b x seems app>5t t ! fungus is convey$ into ! tissues by v>i\s fe$/uffs ?r\gh slight w\nds ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 decay$ tee?1 or dur+ ! %$d+ ( milk tee?4 ,! ray fungus is f\nd 9 nature vegetat$ on grasses1 on ! awns ( b>ley1 ! spe>s ( oats1 & on o!r gra9s4 ,quantities ( ! fungi h be5 f\nd betwe5 ! vegetable fib]s ( b>ley :i* _h p5etrat$ ! gums ( cattle & on ! awns ( gra9 emb$d$ 9 ! tongues ( c[s4 ,al?\gh act9omycotic tumors on cattle _h be5 ! object ( /udy = _m ye>s1 x 0 n until #ahgg t ! con/ant pres5ce ( act9omyces 0 po9t$ out by ,boll+]1 ( ,muni*1 & s9ce t "t consid]$ ! cause4 ,?is fungus 0 obs]v$ 9 ^! tumors z e>ly z #ahfj by ,rivolta1 & by o!rs subsequ5tly1 )\t hav+ be5 suspect$ z caus+ !m4 ,s9ce ,boll+]'s publication mu* "w has be5 done1 _m obs]vations made1 & _m hi!rto obscure disease processes br\ght into relation ) ?is fungus4 ,fur!rmore1 a simil> disease 9 man 0 fir/ def9itely %[n to be associat$ ) ! same fungus 9 #ahgh by ,israel1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,ponfick po9t$ out t ! disease describ$ by ,boll+] 9 animals & t f\nd by ,israel 9 man 7 due to ! same cause2 t is1 t ! fungi describ$ by ^! obs]v]s 7 "o & ! same4 ,! tumors & abscesses :]ev] !y may be are all f\nd to be ! same 9 orig9 by ! pres5ce ( ! act9omyces fungus4 ,:5 !y are incis$1 a v close scrut9y ) ! nak$ eye1 or1 at mo/1 a h& l5s1 w reveal ! pres5ce ( m9ute gra9s :i* v>y f a pale-yell[ to a sulphur-yell[ color4 ,!y may be v abundant or s few z to be ov]look$4 ,!y are emb$d$ 9 ! s(t tissue compos+ ! tumor or 9 ! pus ( ! abscess4 ,) a ne$le !y are easily lift$ out f ! tissue1 & !n !y appe> z r\ndi% masses ab\t "o-half millimet] 7#a_/ej in*7 9 diamet]4 ,to anyone famili> ) ! use ( a microscope ! recognition ( ^! gra9s or p>ticles )\t any previ\s prep>ation is a comp>atively easy task4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 ! fre% condition "u a microscope magnify+ up to #bej diamet]s ! g5]al /ructure is made out )\t mu* difficulty4 ,^! gra9s consi/ ( collections ( m9ute1 r\ndi% masses4 ,_! out] surface is made up ( club-%ap$ bodies all radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! mass 7see ,pl4 ,,xxxix1 fig4 #b71 some:at l a rosette4 ,if ! fungus is cru%$1 ! int]ior is f\nd made up ( bundles ( v f9e filam5ts1 :i* are probably cont9u\s into ! club-%ap$ bodies4 ,! addition ( a dilute solution ( cau/ic soda or pota% greatly aids ! exam9ation1 z x removes ! lay] ( cells adh]+ to ! fungus1 :i* obscures ! /ructure4 ,n[ & !n ^! gra9s are f\nd to be 9 a calcifi$ condition4 ,! ext]ior is incru/$ 9 lime salts1 :i* are dissolv$ by add+ "s weak dilute acid1 l acetic acid4 ,only by ?is proc$ure c ! fungus be def9itely recogniz$ :5 9 a mummifi$ condition4 ,^! are ! bodies ^: pres5ce causes suffici5t irritation 9 ! tissues into :i* !y f9d _! way to set up inflammatory gr[?s4 ,^! gr[?s increase z ! fungus cont9ues to multiply until !y rea* enorm\s dim5sions1 if ! affect$ animal is p]mitt$ to live long en\gh4 ,! true nature ( ?is p>asite is n yet def9itely settl$1 al?\gh _m excell5t obs]v]s h occupi$ !mselves ) x4 ,accord+ to e>li] obs]v]s1 x is a true fungus4 ,lat] ones are incl9$ to place x among ! high] bact]ia4 ,pres5t k conc]n+ ! act9omyces gr[? indicates t x %\ld be classifi$ ) ! high] bact]ia or tri*omycetes4 ,:atev] ! situation ( ! disease caus$ by act9omyces may be1 its nature is fundam5tally ! same & peculi> to ! fungus4 ,! pa?ological details :i* make ?is /atem5t cle> c n be ent]$ ^u 9 ?is place1 nor w\ld !y be ( any practical value to ! f>m]4 ,we w simply dwell ^u a few obvi\s *>act]s4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! tumor v>ies 9 diff]5t situations accord+ to ! quantity ( fibr\s or connective tissue pres5t4 ,:5 v little ( ?is is pres5t ! tumor is ( a v s(t consi/5cy4 ,z ! quantity ( connective tissue is increas$ ! tumor is firm] & ( a m honeycomb$ appe>ance4 ,! individual act9omyces colonies are lodg$ 9 ! spaces or int]/ices =m$ by ! me%work ( ! connective tissue4 ,!re !y are surr\nd$ by a mantle ( cellul> elem5ts :i* fill up ! spaces4 ,by scrap+ ! cut surface ( su* a tumor ^! cell masses inclos+ ! fungi come away1 & ! latt] may be se5 z pale-yell[ or sulphur-yell[ specks1 z describ$ above4 ,location ( ! disease4--,9 cattle ! disease process may be locat$ bo? ext]nally1 :]e x is readily detect$1 & 9 int]nal organs4 ,its pref]r$ seat is on ! bones ( ! l[] & upp] jaws1 9 ! p>otid saliv>y gl& 9 ! angle ( ! jaw1 & 9 ! region ( ! ?roat4 ,x may also appe> "u ! sk9 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,int]nally x may attack ! tongue & appe> 9 ! =m ( a tumor 9 ! m\?1 ph>ynx1 or l>ynx4 ,x may cause ext5sive disease ( ! lungs1 m r>ely ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,x appe>s1 fur!rmore1 t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts or c\ntries ! disease seems by pref]5ce to attack c]ta9 p>ts4 ,?us 9 ,engl& act9omycosis ( ! tongue is mo/ preval5t4 ,9 ,d5m>k ! s(t p>ts ( ! head are mo/ prone to disease1 :ile 9 ,russia ! lips are ! usual seat4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,g]many act9omycotic tumors are mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 ! ?roat region & 9 ! jawbones4 ,a description ( act9omycosis ( ! jaw 7lumpy jaw7 & ( ! tongue has already be5 giv5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & h5ce !y w be dealt ) "h only v briefly4 ,:5 ! disease attacks ! s(t p>ts ( ! head a r firm swell+ appe>s1 9 :i* are =m$ "o or m small] project+ tumors1 v>y+ f ! size ( a nut to t ( an egg4 ,^! pu% _! way outw>d & f9ally break ?r\gh ! sk9 z small1 r$di%1 funguslike bodies cov]$ ) ?9 sl\ghs4 ,or ! orig9al swell+1 9 place ( enl>g+ 9 ! mann] describ$1 may become trans=m$ into an abscess :i* f9ally bur/s to dis*>ge creamy pus4 ,! abscess cavity1 h[ev]1 does n disappe>1 b is soon fill$ ) fungus-l gr[?s1 :i* =ce _! way outw>d ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,:5 ! tumors are situat$ )9 ! cavity ( ! ph>ynx !y h brok5 ?r\gh f "s gl&1 p]haps b5ea? ! muc\s membrane1 :]e ! disease fir/ appe>$1 & hang or project into ! cavity ( ! ph>ynx1 ei!r z p5dul\s masses ) sl5d] /ems or z tumors ) broad bases4 ,_! position may be su* z to int]f]e ) swall[+ & ) brea?+4 ,9 ei!r case s]i\s symptoms w soon appe>4 ,! invasion ( ! bones ( ! jaws by act9omycosis mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s =ms ( ! disease4 7,pls4 ,,xxxix1 ,,xl47 ,x may />t 9 ! m>r[ ( ! bone & by a sl[ ext5sion gradually und]m9e ! entire ?ickness ( ! bone itself4 ,! gr[? may cont9ue outw>d1 & aft] work+ its way ?r\gh muscle & sk9 f9ally break ?r\gh & appe> ext]nally z /9k+ fungoid gr[?s4 ,! gr[? may at ! same "t "w its way inw>d & appe> 9 ! m\?4 ,! disease may also beg9 9 ! p]io/eum1 or cov]+ ( ! bone1 & de/roy ! bone f )\t inw>d4 ,act9omycosis ( ! lungs is occasionally obs]v$1 & x is n improbable t at times x has be5 mi/ak5 = tub]culosis4 ,! act9omyces gra9s are1 h[ev]1 easily obs]v$ if ! diseas$ tissue is c>efully exam9$4 ,! *anges 9 ! lungs z !y appe> to ! nak$ eye v>y consid]ably f case to case4 ,?us 9 "o animal ! lungs 7 affect$ z 9 ord9>y bron*opneumonia z to ! location1 ext5t1 & appe>ance ( ! disease process4 ,! affect$ lobes _h a d>k-r$ fle% appe>ance1 ) yell[i% areas spr9kl$ 9 "h & !re4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xli1 figs4 #a1 #b47 ,^! latt] areas 7 ! seat ( multiplication ( ! act9omyces fungus4 ,9 ano!r case1 ( :i* only a small portion ( ! lungs 0 s5t to ! laboratory1 !y 7 completely trans=m$ into a uni=mly grayi% mass1 v s(t & pulpy to ! t\*1 & appe>+ l v s(t & moi/ d\gh4 7,pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #c47 ,! act9omyces gra9s 7 exce$+ly abundant 9 ?is tissue1 & appe>$ :5 ! tissue 0 incis$ z m9ute sulphur-yell[ gra9s1 d5sely spr9kl$ ?r\gh ! tissue1 :i* readily came away & adh]$ to ! knife blade4 ,9 /ill ano!r case a portion ( ! lung tissue 0 conv]t$ into l>ge1 s(t masses f #a to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* p>tly inclos$ 9 v d5se connective tissue4 ,^! s(t1 grayi%-yell[ masses likewise resembl$ moi/ d\gh 9 _! consi/5cy1 & ! act9omyces gra9s1 ?\gh nei!r v di/9ct nor at all abundant1 7 easily fi%$ out & id5tifi$ z su*4 ,a portion ( ?is gr[?1 :i* 0 z l>ge z a *ild's head1 0 conv]t$ into an abscess fill$ ) creamy semiliquid pus4 ,?is case diff]$ f ! prec$+ 9 t all appe>ance ( lung tissue _h disappe>$ f ! diseas$ mass4 ,only on ! ext]ior ! lung tissue c\ld be recogniz$1 al?\gh ev5 !re x _h be5 l>gely conv]t$ into v d5se1 :iti% connective tissue inclos+ ! fungoid gr[?4 ,9 ! o!r case ! ext]nal =m ( ! lung & ! %ape & outl9e ( ! lobules 7 pres]v$1 b ! lung tissue itself 0 n recognizable z su*4 ,9 ! case fir/ m5tion$ ! *anges 7 /ill less m>k$1 & act9omycosis w\ld n h be5 suspect$ by a simple inspection4 ,^! few illu/rations suffice to %[ t act9omycosis ( ! lungs may appe> "u q diff]5t =ms1 & t ! nature ( ! disease c be accurately det]m9$ only by f9d+ ! fungus itself4 ,r>ely act9omycosis attacks ! body ext]nally 9 places o!r ?an ! head & neck4 ,crook%ank describes ! case ( a bull 9 :i* ! flank 0 attack$ & subsequ5tly ! scrotum became diseas$4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! sk9 ( ! flank 0 de/roy$ & cov]$ ) a lea!ry cru/4 ,:5 ?is 0 pull$ away ! pus b5ea? x %[$ ! act9omyces gra9s to ! nak$ eye4 ,act9omycosis may also involve ! udd]1 ! sp]matic cord ( ca/rat$ animals1 ! vag9a1 &1 :5 x becomes g5]aliz$1 ! bra91 liv]1 sple51 & muscul> tissue4 ,act9omycosis may 9 "s cases be conf\nd$ ) tub]culosis4 ,! diagnosis does n (f] any difficulties1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ! act9omyces fungus at once removes any exi/+ d\bts4 ,z has already be5 intimat$1 ^! gra9s1 simulat+ sulphur balls1 are visible to ! nak$ eye1 & _! nature is readily det]m9$ ) ! aid ( a microscope4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is q sl[4 ,z ! tumors gr[ !y may int]f]e ) ! natural functions ( ! body4 ,accord+ to _! situation1 ma/ication1 rum9ation1 or brea?+ may be int]f]$ )1 & 9 ?is way ! animal may become emaciat$4 ,act9omycosis ( ! jawbones leads to de/ruction ( ! tee? & imp$es ! movem5ts necess>y to *ew+ ! fe$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! disease attacks ! s(t p>ts ( ! head ob/ructions may arise 9 ! m\? by an inw>d gr[? ( ! tumor4 ,if tumors exi/ 9 ! ph>ynx !y may p>tially ob/ruct ! movem5ts necess>y to brea?+1 or close ! air passages & cause p>tial suffocation4 ,act9omycosis ( ! tongue1 9 int]f]+ ) ! _m & v>i$ movem5ts ( ?is important organ1 is also a s]i\s matt]4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! localiz$ disease int]f]es ) ! g5]al heal? 9 any o!r way ?an indirectly until int]nal organs1 su* z ! lungs1 become involv$4 ,a v small proportion ( ! cases may recov] spontane\sly1 ! tumors be+ ency/$ or und]go+ calcification4 ,9 mo/ cases ! disease yields readily to prop] treatm5t1 & ab\t #ge p] c5t ( ! affect$ animals may be cur$4 ,prev5tion4--,! "q z to h[ & :]e animals take ?is disease is "o conc]n+ :i* we are /ill 9 ! /age ( conjecture1 because s f> we possess v little in=mation conc]n+ ! life hi/ory ( ! act9omyces itself4 ,! q unanim\s view ( all obs]v]s is t animals become infect$ f ! fe$4 ,! fungus is lodg$ ^u ! plants & 9 "s way ent]s ! tissues ( ! head1 ! lungs1 & ! dige/ive tract1 :]e x sets up its peculi> activity4 ,x is likewise g5]ally believ$ t ! fungus is1 z x 71 inoculat$ into ! affect$ "p4 ,?is inoculation is p]=m$ by ! %>p & po9t$ p>ts ( plants :i* p5etrate ! muc\s membrane & c>ry ! fungus ) !m4 ,! disease is !re=e inoculable r ?an contagi\s4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( ! diseas$ animal w n give rise to disease 9 heal?y animals unless ! act9omyces gra9s pass directly f ! diseas$ into "s w\nd or abrasion ( ! heal?y or else drop ^u ! fe$ :i* is consum$ by ! heal?y4 ,n only are ^! views d$ucible f cl9ical obs]vation1 b !y h be5 prov$ by ! positive inoculation ( calves & small] animals ) act9omyces4 ,! dang] !re=e ( ! pres5ce ( act9omyces = heal?y animals is a limit$ "o4 ,nev]!less an animal affect$ ) ?is disease %\ld n be all[$ to g at l>ge or run ) o!r animals4 ,if ! fungus is be+ scatt]$ by dis*>g+ gr[?s we c]ta9ly c n /ate at ?is /age ( our k t o!r animals may n be infect$ by su* di/ribution1 & we mu/ assume1 until m positive in=mation is at h&1 t ?is actually occurs4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( ! majority ( au?orities t :5 act9omycosis appe>s among a l>ge numb] ( animals !y all contract x 9 ! same way f ! fe$4 ,mu* speculation has !re=e aris5 :e!r any p>ticul> plant or gr\p ( plants is ! s\rce ( ! infection & :e!r any special condition ( ! soil favors x4 ,v little positive in=mation is at h& on ^! que/ions4 ,x w\ld be v desirable = ^? :o live 9 localities :]e ?is disease is preval5t to make /ati/ical & o!r obs]vations on ! occurr5ce ( ! disease ) ref]5ce to ! season ( ! ye>1 ! k9d ( fe$1 ! nature ( ! soil 7:e!r swampy or dry1 rec5tly reclaim$1 or cultivat$ = a long "t7 ^u :i* ! animals are pa/ur$ or ^u :i* ! fe$ is gr[n4 ,x is highly probable t su* inve/igations w lead to an und]/&+ ( ! s\rce ( ! fungus & ! means = *eck+ ! spread ( ! disease itself4 ,vet]9>ian ,j5s51 ( ,d5m>k1 made "s obs]vations ^u an ext5sive outbreak ( act9omycosis a numb] ( ye>s ago :i* l$ him to inf] t ! animals 7 inoculat$ by eat+ b>ley /raw h>ve/$ f pieces ( gr\nd j reclaim$ f ! sea4 ,:ile ! animals rema9$ unaffect$ s long z !y pa/ur$ on ?is gr\nd or ate ! hay obta9$ f x1 !y became diseas$ aft] eat+ ! /raw ( c]eals f ! same t]ritory4 ,o!rs h f\nd t cattle graz+ ^u l[ pa/ures along ! banks ( /reams & subject to inundations are m prone to ! disease4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t fe$ ga!r$ f su* gr\nds1 ev5 aft] prolong$ dry+1 may give rise to ! disease4 ,act9omycosis is n infrequ5t 9 cattle 9 ! ,s\?we/ & is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! result ( eat+ ! prickly fruit ( ! cactus plant1 caus+ w\nds ( ! muc\s membrane & subsequ5t infection ) ! p>asite4 ,mu* additional in=mation ( a simil> k9d mu/ be =?com+ be=e ! s\rce & mann] ( infection 9 ?is disease & its dep5d5ce ^u ext]nal conditions w be kn[n4 ,x is n at all improbable t !y may v>y consid]ably f place to place4 ,treatm5t4--,until rec5tly ?is has be5 almo/ entirely surgical4 ,:5 ! tumors are ext]nal & atta*$ to s(t p>ts only1 an e>ly removal may lead to recov]y4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c be und]tak5 only by a tra9$ vet]9>ian1 especially z ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! head & neck conta9 important vessels1 n]ves1 & ducts :i* %\ld be injur$ z little z possible 9 any op]ation4 ,unless ! tumor is completely remov$ x w reappe>4 ,disease ( ! jawbones is at be/ a v s]i\s matt] & treatm5t is liable to be ( no avail4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahib1 an important contribution to our k ( ?is subject 0 made by ,noc>d1 ( ! ,al=t ,vet]9>y ,s*ool1 9 a communication to ! ,fr5* ,c5tral ,society ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 ,he %[$ cle>ly t ! act9omycosis ( ! tongue1 a disease :i* appe>s to be q common 9 ,g]many1 & is !re kn[n z wood5 tongue1 c\ld be quickly & p]man5tly cur$ by ! adm9i/ration ( iodid ( potassium4 ,noc>d calls att5tion to ! success ( ,?omass51 ( ,utre*t1 :o recomm5d$ ?is treatm5t s long ago z #ahhe1 & :o has s9ce treat$ m ?an #hj cases1 all ( :i* h be5 cur$4 ,a ,fr5* vet]9>ian1 ,godbille1 has us$ ! same rem$y 9 a numb] ( cases ( act9omycosis 9 ! tongue1 all ( :i* h be5 cur$4 ,noc>d also gives details ( a case :i* 0 cur$ by himself4 ,all ! cases ref]r$ to 7 ( act9omycosis ( ! tongue1 & no "o appe>s to h attempt$ ! cure ( act9omycosis ( ! jaw until x 0 und]tak5 by ,nrga>d1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,9 ,april1 #ahib1 he select$ a "y /e] 9 fair condition :i* _h a tumor on ! jaw measur+ #ae-a_/b in*es 9 circumf]5ce & f :i* a dis*>ge _h already be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is animal 0 treat$ ) iodid ( potassium1 & ! result 0 a complete cure4 ,! iodid ( potassium is giv5 9 doses ( #a-a_/b & #b-a_/b drams once a day1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & adm9i/]$ z a dr5*4 ,! dose %\ld v>y some:at ) ! size ( ! animal & ) ! effects t are produc$4 ,if ! dose is suffici5tly l>ge signs ( iodism appe> 9 ! c\rse ( a week or #aj days4 ,! sk9 becomes scurfy1 !re is weep+ f ! eyes1 cat>rh ( ! nose1 & loss ( appetite4 ,:5 ^! symptoms appe> ! m$ic9e may be susp5d$ = a few days & aft]w>d resum$ 9 ! same dose4 ,! cure requires f ?ree to six weeks' treatm5t4 ,"s animals1 g5]ally ! ones :i* %[ no signs ( iodism1 d n improve "u treatm5t ) iodid ( potassium4 ,if !re is no sign ( improvem5t aft] ! animals h be5 treat$ f\r or five weeks1 & ! m$ic9e has be5 giv5 9 z l>ge doses z appe> desirable1 x is an indication t ! p>ticul> animal is n susceptible to ! curative effects ( ! drug1 & ! treatm5t may !re=e be ab&on$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 advisable to adm9i/] iodid ( potassium to mil* c[s1 z x w consid]ably r$uce ! milk secretion or /op x altoge!r4 ,fur!rmore1 a great "p ( ! drug is excret$ ?r\gh ! milk1 mak+ ! milk unfit = use4 ,x %\ld n be giv5 to animals 9 advanc$ pregnancy1 z !re is dang] ( produc+ abortion4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by pu%+ ! drug until its effect is se54 ,! _m te/s to :i* ?is treatm5t has be5 subject$ h prov$1 ) few exceptions1 its specific curative value4 ,9 addition to ?is ! tumor %\ld be pa9t$ ext]nally ) ei!r ! t9cture ( iod9 or ,lugol's solution1 or ! drug %\ld be inject$ subcutane\sly into ! tumor4 ,godbille has giv5 z mu* z #d drams ( potassium iodid 9 "o day to a /e]1 decreas+ ! dose "o-f\r? dram ea* day until ! dose 0 #a-a_/d drams1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ until ! twelf? day ( treatm5t1 :5 ! animal appe>$ to be entirely cur$4 ,noc>d gave ! fir/ day #a-a_/b drams 9 "o dose to a c[2 ! second & succe$+ days a dose ( #a dram 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 9 ea* case be=e fe$+4 ,?is treatm5t 0 cont9u$ = #aj days1 :5 ! animal 0 cur$4 ,act9omycosis & ! public heal?4--,! int]e/ :i* is %[n conc]n+ ?is cattle disease is l>gely due to ! fact t ! same disease attacks human be+s4 ,its sl[ progress1 its t5d5cy to rema9 re/rict$ to c]ta9 localities1 & ! abs5ce ( any directly contagi\s prop]ties h ?us f> n ar\s$ any anxiety 9 o!r c\ntries z to its influ5ce on ! cattle indu/ry1 n ev5 to ! po9t ( plac+ x among ! infecti\s diseases ( :i* /ati/ics are annually publi%$4 ,its possible be>+ on public heal? has1 h[ev]1 giv5 ! disease a place 9 ! public m9d :i* x h>dly des]ves4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! act9omyces fungus f\nd 9 human disease is consid]$ by au?orities ! same z t occurr+ 9 bov9e affections4 ,x is !re=e ( int]e/ to conclude ?is article ) a brief discussion ( ! disease 9 man & its relation to act9omycosis 9 cattle4 ,9 man ! location ( ! disease process corresponds fairly well to t 9 cattle4 ,! majority ( cases :i* h be5 report$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w--& !y are n[ r num]\s--indicate disease ( ! face4 ,! sk91 tongue1 or ! jawbones may become affect$1 & by a v sl[ process x may ext5d d[nw>d ^u ! neck & ev5 into ! cavity ( ! *e/4 ,9 _m cases ! tee? h be5 f\nd 9 a /ate ( m or less advanc$ decay & ulc]ation4 ,9 a few cases disease ( ! lungs 0 obs]v$ )\t coexi/+ disease ( ! bones or s(t p>ts ( ! head4 ,9 su* cases ! fungus mu/ h be5 inhal$4 ,! disease ( ! lungs aft] a "t ext5ds ^u ! *e/ wall1 :]e x may corrode ! ribs & "w its way ?r\gh ! muscles & ! sk94 ,an abscess is ?us =m$ dis*>g+ pus conta9+ act9omyces gra9s4 ,disease ( ! dige/ive organs caus$ by ?is fungus has also be5 obs]v$ 9 a few in/ances4 ,grant+ ! id5tity ( ! disease 9 man & cattle1 ! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r cattle are responsible = its occurr5ce 9 man4 ,any transmission ( ! infecti\s ag5t may be conceiv$ ( z tak+ place dur+ ! life ( ! animal & f ! meat aft] slaught]4 ,t human be+s h contract$ act9omycosis by com+ 9 contact ) diseas$ cattle is n %[n by ! cases t h be5 report$1 = ! occupations ( mo/ ( ! pati5ts did n br+ !m into any relation :atev] ) cattle4 ,:ile ! possibility ( su* direct transmission is n d5i$1 nev]!less x mu/ be consid]$ z extremely remote4 ,practically ! same position is ma9ta9$ at pres5t by mo/ au?orities z reg>ds ! transmission ( ! disease to man by eat+ meat4 ,israel1 :o has /udi$ ?is "q c>efully1 f\nd ! disease 9 ,jews :o nev] ate pork1#e & :o likewise 7 protect$ f bov9e act9omycosis by ! rigor\s meat inspection practic$ by t race4 ,fur!rmore1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t act9omycosis is a local disease1 caus+ great de/ruction ( tissue :]e ! fungus multiplies1 b :i* v r>ely becomes g5]ally dissem9at$ ov] ! body f ! orig9al disease focus4 ,! fungus is f\nd only 9 places :]e ! disease process is manife/ to ! eye or becomes s 9 a v %ort "t aft] ! lodgm5t ( ! fungus4 ,only ! greate/ neglig5ce w\ld all[ ! actually diseas$ p>ts to be sold & consum$4 ,f9ally1 ?is p>asite1 l all o!rs1 w\ld be de/roy$ 9 ! process ( cook+4 ,mo/ au?orities ?us d n believe t act9omycosis 9 man is directly traceable to ! disease 9 animals1 b are ( ! op9ion t bo? man & animals are infect$ f a ?ird s\rce1 :i* has already be5 discuss$ above4 ,h[ f> ^! views may be modifi$ by fur!r & m tell+ inve/igations ( ! p>asite fungus itself no "o c pr$ict4 ,!re are /ill wide gaps 9 our k1 & ! pres5tation above simply summ>izes ! prevail+ views1 f :i* !re are diss5t]s1 ( c\rse4 ,an attempt to give ! views ( bo? sides on ?is "q w\ld necessitate ! summ>iz+ & imp>tial discussion ( all ! exp]im5ts ?us f> made--a task entirely beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,:e!r an animal affect$ ) act9omycosis %\ld be us$ = human food aft] all diseas$ organs & tissues h be5 ?or\ghly remov$ is a "q ! answ] to :i* dep5ds on a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ?or\ghness ( ! meat inspection itself1 ! ext5t ( ! disease1 & ! g5]al condition ( ! animal affect$4 ,! ,f$]al meat-inspection regulations require t c>casses ( animals %[+ g5]aliz$ act9omycosis %all be condemn$4 ,if c>casses are 9 a well-n\ri%$ condition1 %[+ uncomplicat$ localiz$ lesions ( act9omycosis1 !y may be pass$ aft] ! infect$ organs or p>ts h be5 remov$ & condemn$4 ,:5 ! disease ( ! jaw is slight1 /rictly localiz$1 & )\t pus =mation1 fi/ul\s tracts1 or lymph-gl& involvem5t1 ! tongue1 if free f disease1 may be pass$4 ,! heads affect$ ) act9omycosis 7lumpy jaw71 includ+ ! tongue1 %all be condemn$1 except t :5 ! lesions 9 ! jaw are /rictly localiz$ & slight 9 ext5t1 ! tongue may be pass$1 if free f disease4 ,,an?rax4 ,an?rax or *>bon may be def9$ z an infecti\s disease :i* is caus$ by specific bact]ia1 kn[n z an?rax bacilli1 & :i* is m or less re/rict$ by conditions ( soil & moi/ure to def9ite geographical localities4 ,:ile x is *iefly limit$ to cattle & %eep1 x may be transmitt$ to goats1 horses1 cats1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( game4 ,small] animals1 su* z mice1 rabbits1 & gu9ea pigs1 spe$ily succumb to inoculation4 ,dogs & hogs are slightly susceptible1 :ile f[ls are practically immune4 ,! v>iety ( dome/icat$ animals :i* x may attack r5d]s x "o ( ! mo/ dread$ sc\rges ( animal life4 ,x may ev5 attack man4 ,( ?is m w be /at$ fur!r on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,act9omycosis 7,,lumpy ,,jaw74 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,act9omycosis4 7,f ,jhne's ,encyklopdie d4 gesammt4 ,?i]heilkunde47 ,fig4 #a4 ,act9omycosis ( ! jaw4 ,! l[] jawbone has be5 ext5sively eat5 away by ! disease4 ,fig4 #b4 ,act9omyces fungus f a tumor ( ! jawbone 9 cattle1 magnifi$ #eej times4 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,act9omycosis ( ! jaw4 7,r$uc$ "o-half4 ,f ,jhne's ,encyklopdie d4 gesammt4 ,?i]heilkunde47 ,! l[] jaw is saw$ ?r\gh transv]sely1 i4e41 f "r to left1 & %[s ! disease )9 ! jawbone itself2 a1 )9 ! m\?1 %[+ ! papill on ! muc\s membrane ( ! *eek2 b1 front view ( a mol> too?2 c1 ! sk9 cov]+ ! l[] surface ( ! jawbone2 d1 ! jawbone holl[$ out & enl>g$ by ! =mation ( cavities )9 x1 :i* are fill$ ) ! s(t gr[? ( ! act9omycotic tumor4 ,! section makes x appe> z if ! bone 7 brok5 into fragm5ts & ^! =c$ ap>t2 e1 a portion ( ! tumor :i* has brok5 ?r\gh ! bone & ! sk9 & appe>s z a tumor on ! *eek4 ,! little r\ndi% masses repres5t ! granulomata 7m9ute tumors7 9 :i* ! fungus vegetates4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,act9omycosis ( ! lungs4 ,fig4 #a4 ,transv]se section ( ! v5tral lobe ( ! "r lung1 f a case /udi$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,! yell[i% dots repres5t ! places :]e ! act9omyces fungus is lodg$4 ,! l>g] yell[i% pat*es are produc$ by ! conflu5ce ( a numb] ( isolat$ c5t]s4 ,! entire lobe is ( a d>k fle%-r$ color1 due to collapse & bron*opneumonia4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! cut surface ( a portion ( ! pr9cipal lobe ( ! same lung1 %[+ ! rec5t invasion ( ant9omycosis f ! o!r lobe3 a1 l>ge air tube2 b1 art]y2 c1 a pneumatic lobule2 d1 lobule conta9+ m9ute yell[i% dots4 ,9 ^! ! act9omyces fungus is lodg$4 ,fig4 #c4 ,cut surface ( a small portion ( ano!r lung1 %[+ a few lobules1 a4 ,! fungus is spr9kl$ ?r\gh\t ! lung tissue 9 ! =m ( yell[i% gra9s1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! pleural cov]+ ( ! lung tissue is %[n 9 pr(ile above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,,act9omycosis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,act9omycosis ,,( ,,! ,,jaw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,act9omycosis ,,( ,,! ,,lungs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cause4--,! cause ( an?rax is a microscopic organism kn[n z ! an?rax bacillus4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #g47 ,9 =m x is cyl9drical or rodlike1 measur+ #a_/ejjj to #a_/bejj in* 9 l5g? & #a_/bejjj in* 9 diamet]4 ,l all bact]ia1 ^! rodlike bodies h ! p[] ( indef9ite multiplication1 & 9 ! bodies ( infect$ animals !y produce dea? by rapidly increas+ 9 numb]s & produc+ sub/ances :i* poison ! body4 ,9 ! blood !y multiply 9 numb] by becom+ elongat$ & !n divid+ into two1 ea* new organism cont9u+ ! same process indef9itely4 ,outside ! body1 h[ev]1 !y multiply 9 a diff]5t way :5 "u conditions unfavorable to gr[?4 ,oval bodies1 :i* are call$ spores1 appe> )9 ! rods1 & rema9 alive & capable ( g]m9ation aft] ye>s ( dry+4 ,!y also resi/ heat to a rem>kable degree1 s t boil+ wat] is necess>y to de/roy !m4 ,! bacilli !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ only v little resi/ance to heat & dry+4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! an?rax virus ?rives be/ "u c]ta9 conditions ( ! soil & on t]ritories subject to floods & inundations4 ,! p>ticul> k9ds ( soil ^u :i* ! disease is obs]v$ are black1 loose1 w>m1 hum\s soils2 also ^? conta9+ lime1 m>l1 & clay1 f9ally peaty1 swampy soils re/+ ^u /rata :i* hold ! wat]1 or1 9 o!r words1 are imp]vi\s4 ,h5ce fields conta9+ /agnant pools may be ! s\rce ( infection4 ,! infection may be limit$ to c]ta9 f>ms1 or ev5 to re/rict$ areas on su* f>ms4 ,ev5 9 ! ,alps1 m ?an #c1jjj feet above sea level1 :]e su* conditions prevail 9 seclud$ valleys1 an?rax p]si/s among h]ds4 ,aside f ^! limitations to specific conditions ( ! soil1 an?rax is a disease ( _w-wide di/ribution4 ,x exi/s 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe1 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley1 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & 9 "s ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,x seems to be gradually spread+ 9 ?is c\ntry & e ye> occurs 9 new di/ricts4 ,meteorological conditions also h an important %>e 9 det]m9+ ! sev]ity ( ! disease4 ,on ^? tracts subject to inundations 9 spr+ a v hot1 dry summ] is liable to cause a sev]e outbreak4 ,! relation :i* ! bacillus be>s to ^! conditions is n positively kn[n4 ,x may be t dur+ & imm$iately aft] inundations or 9 /agnant wat] ! bacilli f9d n\ri%m5t en\gh 9 ! wat] "h & !re to multiply & produce an abundant crop ( spores1 :i* are subsequ5tly c>ri$1 9 a dry condition1 by ! w9ds dur+ ! p]iod ( dr\ght & dissem9at$ ov] ! vegetation4 ,animals fe$+ ^u ?is vegetation may contract ! disease if ! spores g]m9ate 9 ! body4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! virus1 & "o reg>d$ by _m au?orities z p]haps ! mo/ important1 is ! body ( an animal :i* has di$ ( an?rax4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 su* bodies ! an?rax bacilli are pres5t 9 great numb]s1 & :]ev] blood or o!r body fluids are expos$ to ! air on ! surface ( ! c>cass !re ! =mation ( spores w g on ) great rapidity 9 ! w>m season ( ! ye>4 ,x w ?us be readily und]/ood h[ ?is disease may become /ation>y 9 a giv5 locality & appe> ye> aft] ye> & ev5 gr[ 9 sev]ity if ! c>casses ( animals :i* h succumb$ to x are n prop]ly dispos$ (4 ,^! c>casses %\ld be buri$ deeply1 s t spore =mation may be prev5t$ & no animal h access to !m4 ,by ex]cis+ ?is precaution ! disease w n be dissem9at$ by flies & o!r insect pe/s4 ,we h ?us two ag5ts at "w 9 ma9ta9+ ! disease 9 any locality--! soil & meteorological conditions1 & ! c>casses ( animals t h di$ ( ! disease4 ,besides ^! dang]s1 :i* are ( imm$iate consequ5ce to cattle on pa/ures1 ! virus may be c>ri$ f place to place 9 hides1 hair1 wool1 ho(s1 & horns1 & x may be /or$ 9 ! hay or o!r fodd] f ! infect$ fields & cause an outbreak among /abl$ animals fe$+ ^u x 9 w9t]4 ,9 ?is mann] ! affection has be5 introduc$ into f>-di/ant localities4 ,h[ cattle are infect$4--,we h se5 above t ! spores ( ! an?rax bacilli1 :i* 9 _! functions correspond to ! se$s ( high] plants & :i* are ! elem5ts t longe/ resi/ ! unfavorable conditions 9 ! soil1 air1 & wat]1 are ! *ief ag5ts ( infection4 ,!y may be tak5 into ! body ) ! fe$ & produce disease :i* beg9s 9 ! inte/9al tract1 or !y may come 9 contact ) scrat*es1 bites1 or o!r w\nds ( ! sk91 m\?1 & tongue1 & produce 9 ^! situations swell+s or c>buncles4 ,f su* swell+s ! bacilli p5etrate into ! blood & produce a g5]al disease4 ,x has likewise be5 ass]t$ t ! disease may be transmitt$ by v>i\s k9ds ( insects :i* c>ry ! bacilli f ! sick & inoculate ! heal?y z !y pi]ce ! sk94 ,:5 infection ( ! blood takes place f ! inte/9es ! c>buncles may be abs5t4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t s9ce an?rax spores live = sev]al ye>s1 ! disease may be contract$ 9 w9t] f fe$ ga!r$ on p]man5tly infect$ fields4 ,! disease may appe> sporadically1 i4 e41 only "o or sev]al animals may be infect$ :ile ! re/ ( ! h]d rema9 well1 or x may appe> z an epizootic attack+ a l>ge numb] at ab\t ! same "t4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms 9 cattle v>y consid]ably1 accord+ z ! disease beg9s 9 ! sk91 9 ! lungs1 or 9 ! inte/9es4 ,!y dep5d also on ! sev]ity ( ! attack4 ,?us we may h :at is call$ an?rax p]acutus or apoplecti=m1 :5 ! animal dies v sudd5ly z if f apoplexy4 ,su* cases usually occur 9 ! beg9n+ ( an outbreak4 ,! animal1 )\t hav+ %[n any signs ( disease1 sudd5ly drops 9 ! pa/ure & dies 9 convulsions1 or "o app>5tly well at night is f\nd dead 9 ! morn+4 ,! second type 7an?rax acutis71 )\t any ext]nal swell+s1 is ! "o mo/ commonly obs]v$ 9 cattle4 ,! disease beg9s ) a high fev]4 ,! temp]ature may rea* #ajf to #ajg ,f4 ,! pulse beats f #hj to #ajj a m9ute4 ,fe$+ & rum9ation are susp5d$4 ,*ills & muscul> tremors may appe> & ! sk9 %[ unev5 temp]ature4 ,! e>s & base ( ! horns are cold1 ! coat />+4 ,! animals are dull & /upid & manife/ great weakness4 ,to ^! symptoms o!rs are add$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,! dullness may give way to great uneas9ess1 *amp+ ( ! jaws1 spasms ( ! limbs1 kick+ & paw+ ! gr\nd4 ,! brea?+ may become labor$4 ,! no/rils !n dilate1 ! m\? is op51 ! head rais$1 & all muscles ( ! *e/ are /ra9$ dur+ brea?+1 :ile ! visible muc\s membranes 7nose1 m\?1 rectum1 & vag9a7 become blui%4 ,if ! disease has />t$ 9 ! b[els1 !re is mu* pa91 z %[n by ! moan+ ( ! animal2 ! dis*>ges1 at fir/ firm1 become s(t] & cov]$ ) s]um1 mucus1 & blood4 ,z ! disease approa*es ! fatal t]m9ation ! weakness ( ! animal increases4 ,x leans aga9/ supports or lies d[n4 ,blood vessels may rupture & give rise to spots ( blood on ! v>i\s muc\s membranes & bloody dis*>ges f nose1 m\?1 rectum1 & vag9a4 ,! ur9e n infrequ5tly conta9s blood 7r$ wat]71 & dea? ensues )9 "o or two days4 ,a ?ird type ( ! disease 7an?rax subacutus71 :i* is r>ely obs]v$1 includes ^? cases 9 :i* ! disease is m prolong$4 ,x may la/ f ?ree to sev5 days & t]m9ate fatally or end 9 recov]y4 ,9 ?is type1 ! symptoms are practically z describ$ 9 ! acute =m1 only less m>k$4 ,9 connection ) ^! types ( inte/9al an?rax1 swell+s may appe> 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body "u ! sk91 or ! disease may />t f su* a swell+1 caus$ by ! inoculation ( an?rax spores 9 "o ( ! sev]al diff]5t ways already describ$4 ,if ! disease beg9s 9 ! sk91 x agrees 9 g5]al ) ! subacute =m 9 prolong$ duration1 & x may occasionally t]m9ate 9 recov]y if ! swell+s are ?or\ghly incis$ & treat$4 ,lesions4--,^! swell+s appe> z edemas & c>buncles4 ,! =m] are d\ghy tumors ( a m or less flatti% =m pass+ gradually into ! surr\nd+ heal?y tissue4 ,z a rule1 !y are situat$ b5ea? ! sk9 9 ! fatty lay]1 & ! sk9 itself is at fir/ ( heal?y appe>ance1 s t !y are (t5 ov]look$1 especially :5 cov]$ ) a good coat ( hair4 ,:5 !y are cut op5 !y are f\nd to consi/ ( a peculi>1 jellylike mass ( a yell[i% color & m or less /a9$ ) blood4 ,! c>buncles are firm1 hot1 t5d] swell+s1 :i* lat] become cool & pa9less & und]go mortification4 ,! edemas & c>buncles may also appe> 9 ! m\?1 ph>ynx1 l>ynx1 9 ! tongue1 & 9 ! rectum4 ,! bodies ( cattle :i* h di$ ( an?rax soon lose _! rigidity & become bloat$1 because decomposition sets 9 v rapidly4 ,f ! m\?1 nose1 & anus blood/a9$ fluid fl[s 9 small quantities4 ,:5 su* c>casses are op5$ & exam9$ x is f\nd t ne>ly all organs are spr9kl$ ) spots ( blood or extravasations ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! sple5 is enl>g$ f two to five times1 ! pulp blacki% & s(t & occasionally dis9tegrat$4 ,! blood is ( t>ry consi/5cy1 n firmly coagulat$1 & blacki% 9 color4 ,9 ! abdom51 ! ?oracic cavity1 & 9 ! p]ic>dium1 or bag surr\nd+ ! he>t1 m or less blood-/a9$ fluid is pres5t4 ,9 addition to ^! *>act]i/ic signs1 ! c>buncles & swell+s "u ! sk91 already describ$1 w aid 9 det]m9+ ! true nature ( ! disease4 ,! mo/ reliable me?od ( diagnosis is ! exam9ation ( ! blood & tissues = an?rax bacilli1 :i* requires a tra9$ bact]iologi/4 ,! cases ( fatal an?rax numb] f #gj to #ij p] c5t1 & are usually m num]\s at ! fir/ outbreak ( ! disease4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,! diagnosis f blackleg may be made by not+ ! subcutane\s swell+s :i* appe> ^u ! pati5t4 ,^? ( blackleg are f\nd to crackle "u pressure ) ! f+]1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( gas )9 ! tissues1 :ile ! tumors ( an?rax1 be+ caus$ by ! pressure ( s]um1 are entirely free f ?is quality & h a some:at d\ghy consi/5ce4 ,! tumors ( blackleg are usually on ! %\ld] or ?igh & are n f\nd s frequ5tly ab\t ! neck & side ( ! body z are ! swell+s ( an?rax4 ,! blood ( animals dead ( blackleg is normal1 & ! sple5 does n appe> swoll5 or d>k5$1 z 9 ^? affect$ ) an?rax4 ,! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 an?rax & ,texas fev] are t ! c\rse ( ! =m] is m acute & ! blood ( ! animal is d>k & ( a t>like consi/5ce1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is ?9n] ?an normal4 ,! pres5ce ( ,texas-fev] ticks on ! cattle w\ld also lead "o to suspect t disease 9 regions :]e cattle are n immune f x4 ,treatm5t4--,9 cases :i* orig9ate f ext]nal w\nds1 ! swell+s %\ld be op5$ freely by long incisions ) a %>p knife & wa%$ sev]al times daily ) c>bolic-acid solution 7#a ounce to a qu>t ( wat]74 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to dis9fect ?or\ghly any fluid dis*>ge t may foll[ ! incision4 ,:5 suppuration has set 9 ! treatm5t recomm5d$ 9 ! *apt] on w\nds %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( animals %[+ symptoms ( an?rax1 ! s]um recomm5d$ "u ! next head+ ( ,prev5tion %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 l>ge doses4 ,animals %[+ only a high temp]ature ) no o!r symptoms ( ! disease %\ld be giv5 f #cj to #ej cubic c5timet]s ( ! s]um1 b if ! gravity ( ! disease is pron\nc$ #ajj cubic c5timet]s %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances a drop 9 temp]ature may be obs]v$ & a dim9i%+ ( ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 a relapse occurs ab\t ! second or ?ird day foll[+ ! s]um injection1 :5 x becomes necess>y to adm9i/] ano!r dose ( s]um4 ,x has be5 prov$ t animals affect$ ) an?rax may recov] aft] injections ( pot5t s]um4 ,prev5tion4--,9 ?is disease prev5tion is ! mo/ important subject dem&+ consid]ation4 ,! v>i\s means to be sugge/$ may be br\ght "u two heads3 7#a7 ,! surr\nd+s ( ! animal1 & 7#b7 prev5tive inoculation4 7#a7 ,surr\nd+s4--,:at has already be5 /at$ ( ^? conditions ( ! pa/ures :i* are favorable to an?rax1 aft] a little ?\ght1 w sugge/ to mo/ m9ds "s ( ! prev5tive measures :i* may be ( s]vice 9 r$uc+ losses 9 an?rax localities4 ,all t conduces to a bett] /ate ( ! soil %\ld be attempt$4 ,! ,/ate or ,nation1 by appropriate eng9e]+1 %\ld d its %>e 9 prev5t+ frequ5t inundations4 ,if pools ( /agnant wat] exi/ 9 ! pa/ures1 or if any p>ticul> portions are kn[n by exp]i5ce to give rise to an?rax1 !y %\ld be f5c$ (f4 ,ef=ts %\ld likewise be made t[>d ! prop] dra9+ ( swamp l&s frequ5t$ by cattle4 ,sometimes x has be5 f\nd desirable to ab&on = a season any infect$ or dang]\s pa/ures4 ,?is rem$y c n be c>ri$ out by mo/ f>m]s1 & x is liable to ext5d ! infect$ t]ritory4 ,9 "s in/ances )drawal ( cattle f pa/ures entirely & fe$+ !m 9 /ables is said to h r$uc$ ! losses4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t c>casses ( animals :i* h di$ ( an?rax be prop]ly dispos$ (1 z e portion ( su* animal conta9s ! bacilli1 ready to =m spores :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,p]haps ! simple/ means is to bury ! c>casses deep1 :]e !y c n be expos$ by dogs or wild animals4 ,x may be necess>y to bury !m on ! pa/ure1 b x is bett] to remove !m to places n frequ5t$ by susceptible animals & to a po9t :]e dra9age f ! graves c n infect any wat] supply4 ,if !y are mov$ "s di/ance x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! gr\nd & all objects :i* h come 9 contact ) ! c>cass %\ld be dis9fect$4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ ) *lorid ( lime4 ,= wa%+ ut5sils1 etc41 a #e p] c5t solution may be prep>$ by add+ #c ounces to #b qu>ts ( wat]4 ,?is %\ld be prep>$ fre% f ! p[d]1 & x is b little tr\ble to h a small t9 measure ( kn[n capacity to dip out ! p[d]1 to be add$ to ! wat] :5ev] necess>y4 ,! c>cass & ! gr\nd %\ld be spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ *lorid1 or1 if ?is is n at h&1 an abundance ( ord9>y1 unslak$ lime %\ld be us$ 9 its place4 ,! removal ( c>casses to r5d]+ e/abli%m5ts is always fraught ) dang]1 unless ^? :o h&le !m are ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! dang] ( scatt]+ ! virus by c>eless h&l+ 9 wagons t are n tight4 ,z a rule1 ! p]sons 9 *>ge ( su* transf] h no tra9+ = ?is important "w1 s t deep burial is to be pref]r$4 ,burn+ l>ge c>casses is n always feasible2 x is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( de/roy+ infecti\s mat]ial ( any k9d1 & %\ld be resort$ to :5ev] practicable & economical4 ,all c>casses1 :e!r buri$1 r5d]$1 or burn$1 %\ld be dispos$ ( unop5$4 ,:5 /ables h become infect$ !y %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ out1 & ! solution ( *lorid ( lime freely appli$ on floors & woodwork4 ,! fe$ %\ld be c>efully protect$ f contam9ation ) ! manure or o!r dis*>ges f ! sick4 7#b7 ,prev5tive inoculation4--,"o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 connection ) ! disease 0 made by ,l\is ,pa/eur 9 #ahha1 & consi/$ 9 ! new pr9ciple ( produc+ immunity by ! inoculation ( weak5$ cultures ( ! bacillus caus+ ! disease4 ,?is me?od has be5 q ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,france1 & to "s ext5t 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fluid us$ = inoculation consi/s ( b\illon 9 :i* modifi$ an?rax bacilli h multipli$ & are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! bacilli h be5 modifi$ by heat s t to a c]ta9 degree !y h lo/ _! orig9al virul5ce4 ,two vacc9es are prep>$4 ,! fir/ or weak]1 = ! fir/ inoculation1 is obta9$ by subject+ ! bacilli to ! att5uat+ effects ( heat = a long] p]iod ( "t ?an 9 ! case ( ! second1 or /rong] vacc9e1 = a second inoculation "s #ab days lat]4 ,!re are sev]al difficulties inh]5t 9 ! practical application ( ,pa/eur's vacc9e4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! v>iable degree ( att5uation ( diff]5t tubes ( ! vacc9e & ! v>y+ susceptibility ( ! animals to be inoculat$4 ,! use ( ?is vacc9e is increas+1 nev]!less1 & has r$uc$ ! mortality 9 ! affect$ di/ricts f an av]age ( #aj p] c5t 9 ! case ( %eep1 to less ?an #a p] c5t1 & f #e p] c5t ) cattle1 to less ?an "o-half ( #a p] c5t4 ,x is v important to call att5tion to ! possibility ( di/ribut+ an?rax by ?is me?od ( protective inoculation1 z ! bacilli !mselves are pres5t 9 ! culture liquid4 ,x is true t !y h be5 modifi$ & weak5$ by ! process adopt$ by ,pa/eur1 b x is n impossible = su* modifi$ virus to rega9 its orig9al virul5ce aft] x has be5 scatt]$ broadca/ by ! inoculation ( l>ge h]ds4 ,x is obvi\sly unsafe to h su* vacc9e inject$ by a layman2 in/ead1 x %\ld be h&l$ only by a compet5t vet]9>ian4 ,!re are o!r disadvantages 9 ?is me?od ( vacc9ation1 & !y all mu/ be giv5 due consid]ation4 ,! un/able keep+ quality ( ! ,pa/eur vacc9e is a v important factor to be consid]$4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ?is l9e has prov$ t ,pa/eur vacc9e may det]iorate )9 a v %ort "t aft] its prep>ation1 & 9 repeat$ in/ances x has prov$ in]t )9 ?ree mon?s ( its prep>ation4 ,:5 expos$ to w>m temp]ature & light1 x det]iorates v rapidly2 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! products ( manufactur]s may be /or$ "u unfavorable conditions 9 bran* h\ses & on ! %elves ( rural drug /ores1 ! loss ( pot5cy c be readily expla9$4 ,^! defici5cies h be5 recogniz$ by _m inve/igators1 & because ( ! sup]ior keep+ qualities p>ticul> att5tion has be5 direct$ t[>d ! prep>ation ( a spore vacc9e by ,z5k[sky ( ,russia1 ,detre ( ,hung>y1 & ,nitta ( ,japan4 ,= ! purpose ( produc+ a spore vacc9e x is desirable to use a peptone-free ag> m$ium1 & aft] inoculation ) an att5uat$ culture ( ! an?rax bacillus1 x is all[$ to gr[ at a temp]ature ( #cg ,c4 = #d to #g days4 ,by ?is "t an abundance ( spores w h =m$4 ,! gr[? is !n collect$ 9 /]ile flasks & heat$ to a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 = "o-half h\r to de/roy ! vegetative =ms ( ! organism4 ,if x is desir$ to use = vacc9ation "o million spores1 x is advisable to dilute ! vacc9e to a quantity ( :i* #a cubic c5timet] w\ld conta9 ?is numb]4 ,( su* a vacc9e #a cubic c5timet] w\ld con/itute ! dose = cattle & horses4 ,9 all =ms ( vacc9ation aga9/ an?rax 9 %eep ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 z ^! animals are v susceptible to ! disease1 & at times vacc9es :i* h no ill effects on cattle w prove fatal to %eep4 ,!re=e ! dose ( ! spore vacc9e = %eep %\ld n be m ?an "o-f\r? ( t giv5 to cattle4 ,sclavo1 ,sob]nheim1 & o!rs h e/abli%$ t injections ( increas+ quantities ( virul5t cultures into immune animals produc$ a s]um :i* has great protective value aga9/ an?rax4 ,su* protective s]um may be produc$ 9 ! v>i\s susceptible animals4 ,= immunization purposes x is advisable to use ! simultane\s me?od2 t is1 bo? ! spore vacc9e & ! an?rax s]um %\ld be inject$4 ,x is desirable to divide ! h]d to be treat$ into gr\ps ( t5 or twelve & inject1 fir/1 ea* animal ( ! gr\p ) ! s]um1 foll[+ ?is ) ! injection ( ! spore vacc9e4 ,! s]um %\ld be inject$ on "o side1 ei!r on ! neck or back ( ! %\ld]1 & ! spore vacc9e on ! o!r side1 injections be+ made subcutane\sly4 ,9 h]ds 9 :i* ! disease has already made its appe>ance x is necess>y to take ! temp]atures ( all ! animals & to subject to ! simultane\s vacc9ation only ^? t %[ no rise 9 temp]ature4 ,all o!rs %\ld be giv5 ! s]um-alone treatm5t 9 doses v>y+ 9 accordance ) ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms manife/$ by ! individual animals4 ,if ! exam9ation reveals a consid]able numb] ( infections1 x is advisable to use ! s]um alone = all ! animals1 & 9 ?ree or f\r weeks to revacc9ate by ! simultane\s me?od4 ,! dosage %\ld dep5d on ! pot5cy ( ! s]um1 s]um ( a high pot5cy naturally be+ mo/ desirable4 ,?us s]um 9 #aj cubic c5timet] doses = l>ge animals1 & #c to #e cubic c5timet] doses = small] ones1 has be5 f\nd to be effective 9 produc+ a tempor>y immunity4 ,z an?rax is entirely diff]5t f blackleg1 vacc9e = ! latt] does n act z a prev5tive aga9/ ! =m]4 ,,an?rax ,,9 ,,man 7,,malignant ,,pu/ule1 ,,or ,,c>buncle74 ,an?rax may be transmitt$ to man 9 h&l+ ! c>casses & hides ( animals :i* h succumb$ to ! disease4 ,! infection usually takes place ?r\gh "s abrasion or slight w\nd ( ! sk9 into :i* ! an?rax spores1 or bacilli1 f9d _! way4 ,! po9t ( inoculation appe>s at fir/ z a d>k po9t or pat*1 comp>$ by "s writ]s to ! /+ ( a flea4 ,aft] a few h\rs ?is is *ang$ into a r$d5$ pimple1 :i* be>s on its summit1 usually ar\nd a hair1 a yell[i% bli/]1 or vesicle1 :i* lat] on becomes r$ or blui% 9 color4 ,! burn+ s5sation 9 ?is /age is v great4 ,lat] ?is pimple enl>ges1 its c5t] becomes dry1 gangr5\s1 & is surr\nd$ by an elevat$1 discolor$ swell+4 ,! c5t] becomes dri] & m lea!rlike1 & s9ks 9 z ! :ole increases 9 size4 ,! sk9 ar\nd ?is swell+ or c>buncle is /a9$ yell[ or blui%1 & is n infrequ5tly swoll5 & d\ghy to ! t\*4 ,! c>buncle itself r>ely gr[s l>g] ?an a pea or a small nut1 & is b slightly pa9ful4 ,an?rax swell+s or edemas1 already describ$ z occurr+ 9 cattle1 may also be f\nd 9 man1 & !y are at times s ext5sive z to produce di/ortion 9 ! appe>ance ( ! "p ( ! body on :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! color ( ! sk9 ov] ^! swell+s v>ies accord+ to ! situation & ?ickness ( ! sk9 & ! /age ( ! disease1 & may be :ite1 r$1 blui%1 or blacki%4 ,z soon] or lat] ^! c>buncles & swell+s may lead to an infection ( ! entire body1 & ?us be fatal1 surgical assi/ance %\ld at once be call$ if !re is well-gr\nd$ suspicion t any swell+s resembl+ ^? describ$ above h be5 caus$ by inoculation ) an?rax virus4 ,inasmu* z physicians diff] z to m$ic9al treatm5t ( su* accid5ts 9 man1 x w\ld be out ( place to make any sugge/ions 9 ?is connection4 ,ext5sive data are available1 h[ev]1 on ! effectiv5ess ( an?rax s]um = ! treatm5t ( ! disease 9 man4 ,x is recomm5d$ t f #cj to #dj cubic c5timet]s ( s]um be inject$ 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t places4 ,%\ld no improvem5t foll[ 9 #bd h\rs additional injections ( #bj to #cj cubic c5timet]s %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! results are favorable1 & ?is treatm5t is ackn[l$g$ to be sup]ior to any o!r mode ( treatm5t kn[n = ! disease4 ,to %[ t ! transmission ( an?rax to man is n s v uncommon1 we take ! foll[+ figures f ! #ahij report ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t3 ,! att5tion ( ! au?orities 0 br\ght to #aaa cases1 ( :i* #aa t]m9at$ fatally4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( inoculations 7 caus$ by ! slaught]+1 op5+1 & sk9n+ ( animals affect$ ) an?rax2 h5ce1 ! but*]s suff]$ mo/ ext5sively4 ,( ! #aaa ?us affect$1 #cf belong$ to ?is craft4 ,infect$ %av+ bru%es also are v dang]\s4 ,9 addition to an?rax ( ! sk9 7kn[n z malignant pu/ule71 human be+s are subject1 ?\gh v r>ely1 to ! disease ( ! lungs & ! dige/ive organs4 ,9 ! =m] case ! spores are inhal$ by workm5 9 e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* wool1 hides1 & rags are work$ ov]1 & x is !re=e kn[n z woolsort]'s disease4 ,9 ! latt] case ! disease is contract$ by eat+ ! fle% ( diseas$ animals :i* has n be5 ?or\ghly cook$4 ,^! =ms ( ! disease are m fatal ?an ^? 9 :i* ! disease />ts f ! sk94 ,,blackleg4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 ,blackleg1 black qu>t]1 qu>t] ill1 symptomatic an?rax1 *>bon symptomatique ( ! ,fr5*1 ,raus*br& ( ! ,g]mans1 is a rapidly fatal1 infecti\s disease ( "y cattle1 associat$ ) ext]nal swell+s :i* emit a crackl+ s\nd :5 h&l$4 ,?is disease 0 =m]ly reg>d$ id5tical ) an?rax1 b inve/igations by v>i\s sci5ti/s 9 rec5t times h def9itely prov$ ! entire dissimil>ity ( ! two affections1 bo? f a cl9ical & a causal /&po9t4 ,! disease is produc$ by a specific bacillus1 readily di/+ui%able f t caus+ an?rax4 7,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #d47 ,cattle betwe5 #f mon?s & #b ye>s ( age are ! mo/ susceptible4 ,suck+ calves "u #f mon?s are r>ely attack$1 nor are !y s susceptible to inoculation z old] animals4 ,cattle m ?an #b ye>s ( age may become affect$1 b su* cases are infrequ5t4 ,%eep & goats may also contract ! disease1 b man1 horses1 hogs1 dogs1 cats1 & f[ls appe> to be immune4 ,l an?rax1 blackleg is m or less re/rict$ to def9ite localities4 ,!re are c]ta9 pa/ures ^u :i* ! disease regul>ly appe>s 9 ! summ] & fall ( ! ye>4 ,z to any peculi>ities ( ! soil no?+ is def9itely kn[n4 ,"s au?ors are incl9$ to reg>d moi/1 undra9$1 & swampy pa/ures favorable to ?is disease1 b ^! !ories w h>dly hold1 z x is f\nd 9 all k9ds ( soil1 9 all altitudes1 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 & "u v>i\s climatic conditions4 ,x occurs 9 ?is c\ntry f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific & f ,mexico to ,canada1 b x is m preval5t 9 ! ,we/]n & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates4 ,9 ,europe x exi/s 9 ,france1 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 9 ,belgium1 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,italy1 & 9 ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,africa x occurs 9 ,alg]ia & to "s ext5t 9 ,natal & bord]+ c\ntries4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica x prevails q ext5sively ?r\gh\t ,arg5t9a4 ,cattle 9 ,cuba & ,au/ralia also suff]4 ,cause4--,! cause ( ! disease is a bacillus resembl+ 9 "s m9or respects ! an?rax bacillus & diff]+ b little f x 9 size4 ,x also possesses ! p[] ( =m+ )9 itself a spore4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxviii1 figure #d1 ?is is repres5t$ z an uncolor$ spot locat$ 9 "o end ( ! rod1 :i* is enl>g$ s t ! rod itself appe>s m or less club-%ap$4 ,:at has already be5 /at$ conc]n+ ! significance ( ! spore ( ! an?rax bacillus applies equally well to ^! bodies4 ,!y resi/ de/ructive ag5ts = a consid]able "t1 & may /ill produce disease :5 inoculat$ aft] sev]al ye>s ( dry+4 ,?is fact may acc\nt = ! occasional appe>ance ( blackleg 9 /ables4 ,9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts = ! developm5t ( ! spores1 :i* takes place only 9 ! abs5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 x is necess>y t ! w\nd be v small & deep en\gh to p5etrate ! subcutane\s tissue4 ,sev]al obs]v]s h f\nd ?is organism 9 ! mud ( swamps4 ,by plac+ a little ( ! mud "u ! sk91 ! disease has be5 produc$4 ,s9ce ! disease may be produc$ by plac+ "u ! sk9 mat]ial conta9+ ! specific bacilli & spores1 x has be5 assum$ t cattle contract ! disease ?r\gh w\nds1 pr9cipally ( ! sk91 or v r>ely ( ! m\?1 tongue1 & ?roat4 ,slight w\nds into :i* ! virus may f9d access may be caus$ by b>b$ wire1 /ubbles1 ?orns1 bri]s1 grass burs1 & %>p or po9t$ p>ts ( fe$4 ,infection by way ( dige/ive tract is also probable4 ,symptoms & lesions4--,! symptoms ( blackleg may be ei!r ( a g5]al or ( a local nature1 ?\gh m frequ5tly ( ! latt]4 ,! g5]al symptoms are v mu* l ^? belong+ to o!r acute infecti\s or bact]ial diseases4 ,!y beg91 f "o to ?ree days aft] ! infection has tak5 place1 ) loss ( appetite & ( rum9ation1 ) dullness & debility1 & a high fev]4 ,! temp]ature may rise to #ajg ,f4 ,to ^! may be add$ lam5ess or /iffness ( "o or m limbs1 due to ! tumor or swell+ q inv>iably accompany+ ! disease4 ,aft] a p]iod ( disease la/+ f "o to ?ree days ! affect$ animal almo/ always succumbs4 ,dea? is prec$$ by increas+ weakness1 difficult brea?+1 & occasional attacks ( viol5t convulsions4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ?is disease is ! appe>ance ( a tumor or swell+ "u ! sk9 a few h\rs aft] ! sett+ 9 ( ! con/itutional symptoms describ$ above4 ,9 "s cases x may appe> fir/4 ,?is tumor may be on ! ?ighs 7h5ce blackleg1 black qu>t]71 ! neck1 ! %\ld]1 ! brea/1 ! flanks1 or ! rump2 nev] bel[ ! c>pal 7or knee7 & ! hock jo9t4 ,x m r>ely appe>s 9 ! ?roat & at ! base ( ! tongue4 ,! tumor1 at fir/ small & pa9ful1 spreads v rapidly bo? 9 dep? & ext5t4 ,:5 x is /rok$ or h&l$ a peculi> crackl+ s\nd is he>d "u ! sk92 ?is is due to a collection ( gas =m$ by ! bacilli z !y multiply4 ,at ?is /age ! sk9 becomes dry1 p>*m5t-l1 & cool to ! t\* 9 ! c5t] ( ! tumor4 ,if ! swell+ is cut into1 a fro?y1 d>k-r$1 r disagreeable-smell+ fluid is dis*>g$4 ,! animal manife/s little or no pa9 dur+ ! op]ation4 ,z x is frequ5tly desirable to "k :e!r ! disease is an?rax or blackleg1 a few ( ! mo/ obvi\s po/-mortem *anges may "h be cit$4 ,! *>act]i/ic tumor ) its crackl+ s\nd :5 /rok$ has already be5 describ$4 ,if aft] ! dea? ( ! animal x is m ?or\ghly exam9$1 x w be not$ t ! tissues "u ! sk9 are infiltrat$ ) blood & yell[i%1 jellylike mat]ial & gas bubbles4 ,! muscul> tissue b5ea? ! swell+ may be br[ni% or black1 %ad+ into d>k r$4 7,pl4 ,,xlii47 ,x is s(t1 easily torn & brok5 up4 ,! muscle tissue is di/5d$ ) num]\s small] or l>g] gas-fill$ cavities1 (t5 to su* ext5t z to produce a resemblance to lung tissue4 ,^u incision x does n collapse p]ceptibly1 z ! gas cavities are n connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! abdom5 & ! ?orax blood/a9$ fluid is n infrequ5tly f\nd1 toge!r ) blood/a9+ ( ! l9+ membrane ( ^! cavities4 ,blood spots 7or ec*ymoses7 are also f\nd on ! he>t & lungs4 ,! liv] is conge/$1 b ! sple5 is always normal 9 appe>ance4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,among ! features ( ?is disease :i* di/+ui% x f an?rax may be m5tion$ ! un*ang$ sple5 & ! ready clott+ ( ! blood4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 an?rax ! sple5 7milt7 is v mu* enl>g$1 ! blood t>ry1 coagulat+ feebly4 ,! an?rax c>buncles & swell+s diff] f ! blackleg swell+s 9 n conta9+ gas1 9 be+ h>d & solid1 & 9 caus+ dea? less rapidly4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! swell+s ( blackleg & malignant edema1 z !y resemble ea* o!r v closely & bo? are di/5d$ ) gas4 ,malignant edema1 h[ev]1 g5]ally />ts f a w\nd ( consid]able size2 x usually foll[s surgical op]ations1 & seldom results f ! small abrasions & pricks to :i* animals are subject$ 9 pa/ures4 ,inoculation exp]im5ts on gu9ea pigs1 rabbits1 & *ick5s w g5]ally disclose ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ?ree diseases above1 z all ^! species are kill$ by ! g]m ( malignant edema1 only ! fir/ two species by ! an?rax bacillus1 :ile ! gu9ea pigs alone w succumb to ! blackleg infection4 ,hemorrhagic septicemia may be diff]5tiat$ f blackleg by its affect+ cattle ( all ages1 by ! location ( ! swell+ usually ab\t ! region ( ! ?roat1 neck1 & dewlap1 by ! s(t1 d\ghy "* ( ! swell+s )\t ! pres5ce ( gas bubbles1 & f9ally by ! *>act]i/ic hemorrhages widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,o!r means ( diagnosis1 :i* h ref]5ce to ! specific bacilli1 to ! inoculable "* ( ! virus ^u small animals1 & :i* are ( decisive & f9al importance1 c be utiliz$ only by ! tra9$ bact]iologi/ & vet]9>ian4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ?is disease rem$ies h ?us f> prov$ unavail+4 ,"s writ]s recomm5d ! use ( c]ta9 drugs1 :i* seem to h be5 b5eficial 9 a few cases1 b a ?or\gh trial has %[n !m to be valueless4 ,o!rs advise t ! swell+ be op5$ by deep & long incisions & a /rong dis9fectant1 su* z a #e p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid1 appli$ to ! expos$ p>ts2 b ?is proc$ure c n be too /rongly condemn$4 ,z ne>ly all ^? attack$ die1 9 spite ( e k9d ( treatm5t1 & 9 view ( ! fact t :5 ^! tumors are op5$ ! g]ms ( ! disease are scatt]$ ov] ! /ables or pa/ures1 ?us becom+ a s\rce ( dang] to o!r cattle1 x is obvi\s t su* measures d m h>m ?an good & %\ld be put aside z dang]\s4 ,ble$+1 n]v+1 r[el+1 or seton+ h likewise "s adh]5ts1 b ! evid5ce indicates t !y h nei!r curative nor prev5tive value & !re=e %\ld be disc>d$ = ! me?od ( vacc9ation :i* has be5 ?or\ghly tri$ & prov$ to be efficaci\s4 ,prev5tion4--,! v>i\s means sugge/$ "u ,an?rax to prev5t ! spread or recurr5ce ( ?is disease are equally applicable to blackleg1 & h5ce d n ne$ to be repeat$ "h 9 full4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! removal ( well animals f ! infect$ pa/ure to a non9fect$ field1 ! dra9+ ( ! swampy gr\nd1 ! burial or burn+ ( ! c>casses to prev5t ! dissem9ation ( ! g]ms ov] va/ areas ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( dogs1 wolves1 buzz>ds1 or cr[s1 ! dis9fection ( ! /ables & ! gr\nd :]e ! animals lay at ! "t ( dea?1 &1 if possible1 ! de/ruction ( ! g]ms on ! infect$ pa/ures4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective me?ods = free+ an infect$ pa/ure f blackleg is to all[ ! grass to gr[ high1 & :5 suffici5tly dry to burn x (f4 ,"o burn+ (f is n suffici5t to r$eem an infect$ pa/ure1 b ! process %\ld be repeat$ sev]al ye>s 9 succession4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is 9 _m in/ances impracticable1 z few cattle own]s c af=d to d x1 & ! only means left = ! protection ( ! animals is vacc9ation4 ,immunization by vacc9ation4--,?ree ,fr5* vet]9>ians1 ,arlo+1 ,cornev91 & ,?omas1 7 ! fir/ to discov] t cattle may be protect$ aga9/ blackleg by inoculation ) virul5t mat]ial obta9$ f animals :i* h di$ ( ?is disease4 ,lat] !y devis$ a me?od ( inoculation ) ! att5uat$ or weak5$ blackleg spores :i* produc$ immunity f natural or artificial inoculation ( virul5t blackleg g]ms4 ,_! me?od has und]gone v>i\s modifications bo? 9 reg>d to ! manufacture ( ! vacc9e & 9 ! mode ( its application4 ,kitt1 a ,g]man sci5ti/1 modifi$ ! me?od s t b "o inoculation ( ! vacc9e 0 requir$ in/ead ( two1 z 0 ! case ) t made by ! ,fr5* inve/igators4 ,! vacc9e =m]ly prep>$ & di/ribut$ by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry comb9$ ! pr9ciple ( ,arlo+1 ,cornev91 & ,?omas1 & ! modification ( ,kitt4 ,by vacc9ation we und]/& ! injection ( a m9ute am\nt ( att5uat$--t is1 artificially weak5$--blackleg virus into ! sy/em4 ,?is virus is obta9$ f animals :i* h di$ f blackleg1 by secur+ ! affect$ muscles1 cutt+ !m into /rips1 & dry+ !m 9 ! air4 ,:5 !y are p]fectly dry !y are pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) wat] to =m a pa/e1 sme>$ 9 a ?9 lay] on flat di%es1 plac$ 9 an ov51 & heat$ = six h\rs at a temp]ature close to t ( boil+ wat]4 ,! pa/e is !n trans=m$ into a h>d cru/1 :i* is pulv]iz$ & sift$ & di/ribut$ 9 packages conta9+ ei!r #aj or #be doses4 ,?is con/itutes ! vacc9e1 ! /r5g? ( :i* is ?or\ghly te/$ on exp]im5t animals be=e x is di/ribut$ among ! cattle own]s4 ,?is vacc9e1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a br[ni%1 dry p[d]1 is mix$ ) def9ite quantities ( /]ile wat]1 filt]$1 & by means ( a hypod]mic syr+e ! filtrate inject$ "u ! sk9 9 front ( ! %\ld] ( ! animal4 ,! inoculation is usually foll[$ by insignificant symptoms4 ,9 a few cases !re is a slight rise ( temp]ature1 & by close obs]vation a m9ute swell+ may be not$ at ! po9t ( inoculation4 ,! immunity conf]r$ 9 ?is way may la/ = #ah mon?s1 b animals vacc9at$ be=e !y are #f mon?s old & ^? 9 badly infect$ di/ricts %\ld be revacc9at$ be=e ! foll[+ blackleg season4 ,! effect ( ! vacc9e prep>$ by ?is bureau 9 prev5t+ outbreaks ( ! disease & 9 imm$iately abat+ outbreaks already 9 progress 0 highly satisfactory1 & x is n to be d\bt$ t ?\s&s ( "y cattle 7 sav$ to ! /ock own]s dur+ ! #be ye>s 9 :i* ! vacc9e 0 di/ribut$4#f ,m ?an #dg1jjj1jjj doses 7 s5t out dur+ ?is p]iod1 & f reports receiv$ x is safe to conclude t m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj 7 actually inject$1 :]eby ! p]c5tage ( loss f blackleg has be5 r$uc$ f #aj p] c5t1 :i* annually occurr$ be=e us+1 to less ?an "o-half ( #a p] c5t p] annum4 ,) ^! figures be=e u x is pla9 t ! g5]al introduction ( prev5tive vacc9ation mu/ be ( mat]ial b5efit to ! cattle rais]s 9 ! infect$ di/ricts4 ,moreov]1 !re is e reason to believe t ) ! cont9u$ use ( blackleg vacc9e 9 all di/ricts :]e ! disease is kn[n to occur1 & an e>ne/ ef=t on ! "p ( ! /ock own]s to prev5t ! re9fection ( _! pa/ures by foll[+ ! directions giv51 blackleg may be kept 9 *eck & gradually eradicat$4 ,immunization aga9/ blackleg is n[ frequ5tly accompli%$ by ! use ( ! s-call$ blackleg aggress9 & blackleg filtrates4 ,,necrotic ,,/omatitis 7,,calf ,,diph!ria74 ,pl4 ,,xliii4 ,necrotic /omatitis is an acute1 specific1 highly contagi\s inflammation ( ! m\? occurr+ 9 "y cattle1 & *>act]iz$ locally by ! =mation ( ulc]s & caseo-necrotic pat*es & by con/itutional symptoms1 *iefly toxic4 ,?is disease has also be5 t]m$ calf diph!ria1 gangr5\s /omatitis1 ulc]ative /omatitis1 malignant /omatitis1 tub]cul> /omatitis1 & diph!ritic pat*es ( ! oral muc\s membrane4 ,hi/ory4--,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s f>m]s & cattlem5 9 ?is c\ntry1 especially 9 ,colorado1 ,texas1 & ,s\? ,dakota1 h increas+ly not$ ! occurr5ce ( enzootics ( sore m\? among ! "y animals ( _! h]ds4 ,in/ead ( heal+1 l ! usual =ms1 ( !mselves1 ^! cases1 if untreat$1 die4 ,c>eful /udy ( "s ( !m has result$ 9 _! id5tification ) cases report$ 9 #ahgg by ,dammann1 f ! %ore ( ! ,baltic2 9 #ahgh by ,blazek[ic1 9 ,slavonia2 9 #ahgi by ,voll]s1 9 ,hol/e92 9 #ahhj by ,l5gl51 9 ,france2 9 #ahha by ,macgillivray1 9 ,engl&2 & 9 #ahhd by ,lffl]1 :o isolat$ & describ$ ! microorganism :i* produces ! disease4 ,bang obta9$ ?is organism f ! diph!ritic lesions ( calves 9 #ahij1 & ,kitt likewise recov]$ ! bacillus f simil> lesions ( ! l>ynx & ph>ynx ( calves & pigs 9 #ahic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,,section ,,( ,,muscle ,,f ,a ,,blackleg ,,swell+4 a4 ,,gas ,,bubbles4 b4 ,,cavities ,,due ,,to ,,gas ,,=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,necrotic ,,/omatitis 7,,calf ,,dip!ria74 ,etiology4--,! cause ( necrotic /omatitis1 z demon/rat$ by ,lffl] & s9ce confirm$ by o!r inve/igators1 is ,bacillus necrophorus1 (t5 spok5 ( z ! bacillus ( necrosis4 ,?is organism v>ies 9 =m f a coccoid rod to long1 wavy filam5ts1 :i* may rea* a l5g? ( #ajj2 ! wid? v>ies f #j4ge to #a4 ,h5ce x is describ$ z polymorphic4 ,x does n /a9 by ,gram1 b takes ! ord9>y anil9 dyes1 (t5 pres5t+1 especially ! long] =ms1 a bead$ appe>ance4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! organism1 ( great mom5t :5 we come to treatm5t1 is t x gr[s only 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 f :i* fact x is describ$ z an obligate anrobe4 ,v few organisms exhibit a wid] range ( pa?og5esis4 ,accord+ to cl9ical obs]vation to ! pres5t "t1 ,bacillus necrophorus is pa?og5ic = cattle1 horses1 hogs1 %eep1 re9de]1 kang>oos1 antelope1 & rabbits4 ,exp]im5tally x has be5 prov$ pa?og5ic = rabbits & :ite mice4 ,! dog1 cat1 gu9ea pig1 pigeon1 & *ick5 appe> to be absolutely immune4 ,x is n pa?og5ic = man4 ,! importance ( ?is bacillus is f> beyond ev5 its relation to necrotic /omatitis4 ,besides ?is disease x has be5 demon/rat$ z ! causative factor 9 foot rot1 multiple liv] abscesses1 dissem9at$ liv] necrosis1 embolic necrosis ( ! lungs1 necrosis ( ! he>t1 9 cattle2 gangr5\s pox ( ! teats1 diph!ria ( ! ut]us & vag9a1 9 c[s2 diph!ritic inflammation ( ! small inte/9e ( calves4 ,among horses x is ! ag5t 9 ! production ( necrotic mal&]s1 quittor1 & diph!ritic inflammation ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,9 hogs x has caus$ necrotic or diph!ritic processes 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 necrosis ( ! ant]ior wall ( ! nasal septum1 & pulmon>y & inte/9al necrosis1 accompany+ hog *ol]a4 ,abscesses ( ! liv]1 gangr5\s processes ( ! lips & nose1 & gangr5\s affections ( ! ho( h all be5 caus$ 9 %eep by ?is organism4 ,pa?ology4--,! pr9cipal lesions 9 necrotic /omatitis occur 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ph>ynx4 ,! alt]ations may ext5d to ! nasal cavities1 ! l>ynx1 ! tra*ea1 ! lung1 ! esophagus1 ! inte/9es1 & to ! ho(4 ,! oral surfaces affect$ are1 9 ! ord] ( frequ5cy1 tongue1 *eeks1 h>d palate1 gums1 lips1 & ph>ynx4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! prim>y infection seems to occur 9 ! tongue4 7,pl4 ,,xliii47 ,infection takes place by inoculation4 ,"s abrasion or break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? occurs4 ,v likely ! orig9 may be connect$ ) ! eruption ( ! fir/ tee? aft] bir?1 or1 9 animals some:at old]1 ! entrance ( a %>p-po9t$ p>ticle ( fe$4 ,ga9+ an entrance at ?is po9t1 ! bacilli beg9 to multiply4 ,dur+ _! developm5t !y elaborate a tox91 or poison\s sub/ance1 :i* causes ! dea?1 or necrosis1 ( ! epi!lial1 or sup]ficial1 lay] ( ! muc\s membrane & also ( ! :ite blood cells :i* h salli$ =? ?r\gh ! vessel walls to ! def5se ( ! tissues aga9/ ! bacill>y attack4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! surface epi!lium seems to be ! ess5tial factor 9 ! production ( ! case\s pat*1 (t5 call$ ! false membrane4 ,f ! connective-tissue framework bel[ is p\r$ =? an inflammatory exudate highly album9\s or ri* 9 fibr9-=m+ elem5ts4 ,:5 ?is exudate & ! necros$ cellul> elem5ts come 9 contact1 ! latt] furni% a fibr9 f]m5t :i* trans=ms ! exduate into a fibr9\s mass4 ,?is process is kn[n z coagulation necrosis1 & ! result+ fibroid mass1 conta9+ 9 its me%es ! necros$ & deg5]at$ epi!lium & leucocytes1 con/itutes ! diph!ritic or false membrane4 ,did ! process cease at ?is po9t x w\ld be prop]ly call$ a diph!ritic inflammation1 b x does n4 ,a caseat+ f]m5t is suppli$ by ! bacilli1 & ?is1 act+ ^u ! fibroid pat*1 trans=ms x into a dry1 f9ely granul>1 yell[i% mass ( tissue detritus resembl+ *eese4 ,frequ5tly ?is case\s inflammation results 9 ! =mation ( "o or m ulc]s ) ?ick5$1 slightly r$d5$ bord]s1 surm\nt$ by sev]al lay]s ( ?is necros$ tissue4 ,! floor ( ! ulc] is =m$ by a grayi%-yell[1 corrod$ surface1 "u :i* ! tissue is trans=m$ into a dry1 friable1 or firm *eesy mass4 ,9 ! tongue ?is may progress to two f+]s' ?ickness into ! muscul> portion2 9 ! *eek x may =m an ext]nal op5+1 p]mitt+ fluids to escape f ! m\?2 ^u ! palate x frequ5tly rea*es & includes ! bone 9 its de/ructive c\rse2 ^u ! gums x has produc$ necrosis ( ! too? sockets1 caus+ loss ( ! tee?4 ,9 ! advanc$ =ms1 case\s foci may be se5 9 ! lung & 9 ! liv] & necrotic pat*es obs]v$ on ! muc\s membrane ( ! ga/ro9te/9al tract4 ,symptoms4--,necrotic /omatitis is bo? a local & a sy/emic affection4 ,prim>ily x is local4 ,! local lesion is ! caseo-necrotic pat* or ulc] develop$ z a result ( ! multiplication ( ! bacilli at ! po9t ( inoculation4 ,! g5]al affection is an intoxication1 or poison+1 ( ! :ole sy/em produc$ by a soluble tox9 elaborat$ by ! bacilli4 ,! /age ( incubation is f ?ree to five days4 ,! fir/ symptoms not$ are a dis9cl9ation to take n\ri%m5t1 "s drool+ f ! m\?1 & an exam9ation ( ! m\? w %[ on "s portion ( its muc\s membrane a circumscrib$ area ( infiltration & r$ness1 possibly an erosion4 ,! latt] gradually ext5ds 9 size & dep?1 =m+ a %>ply circumscrib$ area ( necrotic inflammation4 ,x may measure any:]e f ! size ( a #e-;c5t piece to t ( a silv] doll> or ev5 l>g]4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a corrod$ surface1 "u :i* ! muc\s membrane or muscul> tissue seems trans=m$ into a dry1 friable1 or firm *eesy mass4 ,x is grayi% yell[ 9 color & is bord]$ by a zone ( ?ick5$ tissue slightly r$d5$ & some:at granulat$4 ,! necrotic tissue is v adh]5t & c be only p>tially peel$ (f4 ,x is homog5e\s1 *eesy1 & may ext5d two f+]s' dep? into ! tissues b5ea?4 ,! g5]al symptoms are languor1 weakness1 & slight fev]4 ,9 spite ( pl5ty ( good fe$ ! calf is se5 to be fail+4 ,x /ops suck+1 or1 if old]1 altoge!r refuses to eat4 ,! temp]ature at ?is "t may be f #ajd to #ajg ,f4 ,! slobb] becomes pr(use1 swall[+ v difficult1 op5+ ( ! m\? q pa9ful1 & a mo/ (f5sive odor is exhal$4 ,! tongue is swoll5 & its motion greatly impair$4 ,sometimes ! m\? is kept op51 p]mitt+ ! tumefi$ tongue to protrude4 ,"o or m ( ! above symptoms direct ! att5tion to ! m\? z ! seat ( disease2 or1 hav+ notic$ ! debility & dis9cl9ation to eat1 an exam9ation ( ! animal may %[ a lump "u ! neck or swell+ ( ! ?roat or head4 ,! foll[+ extract f a lett] is *>act]i/ic3 ,i notic$ my calves beg9n+ to fail ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,decemb]1 b c\ld n acc\nt = x1 z !y 7 gett+ pl5ty ( gra9 & hay4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ by a swell+ "u ! neck ( "o ( ! calves4 ,i ca/ ! animal & f\nd t x 0 fe$ t _h collect$ & ! animal c\ldn't swall[ x4 ,i remov$ x1 & 9 s do+ notic$ a l>ge ulc] on ! tongue & a v (f5sive odor4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ k ,i _h ( any?+ be+ wrong ) ! calves' m\?s4 ,!y may h be5 sick = "s "t be=e ?is4 ,out ( a h]d ( #ajj belong+ to ?is man1 #gj 7 affect$1 & ! lett] emphasizes ! insidi\s "* ( ! onset4 ,! g5]al affection at ?is "t manife/s itself by deject$ness1 extreme weakness1 & emaciation1 con/ant ly+ d[n1 ) /iffness & m>k$ difficulty 9 /&+4 ,! disease frequ5tly ext5ds to ! nasal cavities1 produc+ a ?91 yell[i%1 or gre5i%-yell[1 /icky dis*>ge :i* adh]es closely to ! bord]s ( ! no/rils4 ,_! edges also %[ case\s pat*es simil> to ^? 9 ! m\?4 ,sometimes ! nasal passage is ob/ruct$ by great masses ( ! necros$ exudate1 ?us caus+ extreme difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,:5 ! case\s process involves ! l>ynx & tra*ea !re result c\gh1 :eez+1 & dyspnea1 toge!r ) a yell[i% mucopurul5t expectoration4 ,:5 life is prolong$ ?ree or f\r weeks1 case\s foci may be e/abli%$ 9 ! lung1 giv+ rise to all ! signs ( a bron*opneumonia4 ,_m ( ^! cases are associat$ ) a fibr9\s pleurisy4 ,! invasion ( ! ga/ro9te/9al tract is ann\nc$ by di>rheal symptoms4 ,?is disease pr9cipally attacks suckl+s n m ?an #f weeks ( age1 b calves #h & #aj mon?s old are frequ5tly affect$1 & sev]al cases 9 adult cattle h be5 report$ to ?is (fice4 ,9 its v acute =m _m ( ! cases run _! c\rse 9 f five to eight days4 ,9 ^! ! local lesions are n /rongly m>k$1 & dea? seems due to acute intoxication4 ,9 o!r enzootics ! majority ( ! affect$ animals live f ?ree to five weeks4 ,^! are cases t occasionally pres5t ! pulmon>y & inte/9al symptoms1 & sometimes develop also caseo-necrotic lesions 9 ! liv]4 ,ord9>ily cases %[ no t5d5cy to spontane\s cure4 ,left to !mselves !y die4 ,on ! contr>y1 if tak5 9 h& e>ly1 ! disease is readily am5able to treatm5t4 ,9 ! latt] ev5t ! prospects ( recov]y are excell5t4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,necrotic /omatitis may be diff]5tiat$ f foot-&-m\? disease by ! fact t 9 ! latt] !re is a rapid infection ( ! entire h]d1 includ+ ! adult cattle1 z well z ! infection ( hogs & %eep4 ,! *>act]i/ic lesion ( foot-&-m\? disease is ! appe>ance ( vesicles conta9+ a s]\s fluid ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ^u ! udd]1 teats1 & feet ( ! affect$ animals4 ,9 necrotic /omatitis vesicles are nev] =m$1 necrosis occurr+ f ! beg9n+ & foll[$ by ! =mation ( yell[i%1 *eesy pat*es1 pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! m\?4 ,mycotic /omatitis occurs 9 only a few animals ( ! h]d1 *iefly ! adult cattle1 & ! lesions produc$ consi/ ( an inflammation ( ! m\? & lips & ( ! sk9 betwe5 ! toes1 foll[$ 9 a few days by small irregul> ulc]s 9 ! m\?4 ,?is disease appe>s sporadically1 usually 9 ! e>ly fall aft] a dry summ]1 does n run a regul> c\rse1 & c n be inoculat$4 ,prev5tion4--,prophylaxis %\ld be c>ri$ out along ?ree l9es3 7#a7 ,sep>ation ( ! sick f ! heal?y animals4 7#b7 ,close scrut9y & ?or\gh dis9fection once or twice daily = five days ( ! m\?s & nasal passages ( ^? animals t h be5 expos$4 7#c7 ,complete dis9fection ( all /alls & %$s4 ,! disease appe>s to break out 9 w9t] & hold ov] to spr+4 ,x is conceivable t exposure to cold might s di/urb ! normal circulation ( ! oral tissues z to make ! muc\s membrane an excell5t location = ! causative factor ( ! disease4 ,!re is ano!r possibility1 h[ev]1 :i* be>s on ! ?ird l9e ( prophylaxis4 ,! s-call$ diph!ritic inflammations ( ! vag9a & ut]us 9 c[s are caus$ by ! same organism t induces necrotic /omatitis4 ,a ,european writ] has rec5tly po9t$ out ! almo/ con/ant relation ( su* attacks to previ\s occurr5ces ( f\l foot or foot rot 9 ! same or o!r cattle on ! place4 ,9 all likelihood1 9 su* cases1 ! /alls & %$s are ! h>bor]s ( ?is g]m4 ,x is possible t _m ( ^! outbreaks h "s relation to prec$+ cases ( ! above-m5tion$ diseases & ! great] use 9 w9t] ( ! /alls & %$s1 ?us h>bor+ ! ,bacillus necrophorus4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t consi/s almo/ solely 9 c>eful & ext5sive cleans+ & dis9fection ( ! m\? & o!r affect$ surfaces4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? %\ld be copi\sly irrigat$ ) a #d p] c5t solution ( boracic acid 9 w>m wat] at lea/ twice daily4 ,z exposure to oxyg5 kills ! bacilli1 "o ne$ h no fe> ab\t di/urb+ or te>+ (f ! case\s pat*es or necrotic tissue dur+ irrigation4 ,! irrigation ( ! sores %\ld !n be foll[$ by ! application ) a bru% or rag on a /ick ( a pa/e made ) #a "p ( salicylic acid & #aj p>ts ( wat]1 or ! affect$ areas may be pa9t$ ) ,lugol's solution ( iod9 7iod91 #a2 potassium iodid1 #e2 wat]1 #bjj74 ,frequ5t injections ( #a p] c5t c>bolic-acid solution into ! m\? make an excell5t treatm5t4 ,! int]nal adm9i/ration ( #b grams ( salicylic acid & #c grams ( *lorate ( potassium ?ree times a day has also prov$ to be v b5eficial :5 accompani$ ) local antiseptic treatm5t4 ,,malignant ,,cat>rh4 ,malignant cat>rh1 or infecti\s cat>rhal fev]1 is an acute infecti\s disease ( cattle preem95tly involv+ ! respiratory & dige/ive tracts1 al?\gh ! s9uses ( ! head1 ! eyes1 & ! ur9>y & sexual organs are v frequ5tly affect$4 ,x is relatively r>e 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ m common on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,outbreaks h occurr$1 h[ev]1 9 ,m9nesota1 ,new ,york1 & ,new ,j]sey4 ,s f> ! causal ag5t ( ! disease has nev] be5 isolat$1 & inoculation exp]im5ts ) ! view ( artificially reproduc+ ! disease h prov$ negative 9 e case4 ,9 spite ( ! =ego+ /atem5ts ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( em95t inve/igators po9ts to malignant cat>rh z be+ ( specific orig92 t is1 due to "s =m ( microorganism ! contagi\s "* ( :i* is poorly develop$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! sl[ transmissibility ( ! disease f "o animal to ano!r4 ,9 fact1 malignant cat>rh is a type ( t class ( affections sci5tifically kn[n z miasmatic diseases2 t is1 !y rema9 /ation>y 9 /ables ) damp floors1 l[ ceil+s1 poor v5tilation1 & bad sanit>y conditions 9 g5]al4 ,su* places furni% a favorable seat ( propagation = ! infective mat]ial1 & x w rema9 active = a long "t1 caus+ ! loss ( a few animals ea* ye>4 ,"o ,european vet]9>ian reports an in/ance 9 :i* ! disease rema9$ = #be ye>s on ! same f>m1 attack+ 9 all #bbe animals1 ) a mortality ( ab\t #ih p] c5t4 ,! disease is mo/ common 9 late w9t] & e>ly spr+1 at all altitudes1 & has a special pref]5ce = "y1 well-n\ri%$ cattle1 al?\gh old] animals are n immune4 ,! "t betwe5 ! entrance ( ! infective pr9ciple into ! body ( ! animal & ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ symptoms is relatively v long1 av]ag+1 accord+ to ,g]man inve/igators1 f #bj to #cj days4 ,=tunately1 x is n a disease :i* spreads to any great ext5t or :i* causes sev]e losses1 & h5ce legislative enactm5ts d n seem to be necess>y = its re/riction4 ,symptoms4--,^! are extremely v>iable accord+ to ! po9t ( localization ( ! lesions4 ,x is usually u%]$ 9 ) a *ill1 foll[$ by a m>k$ rise ( temp]ature 7#ajd to #ajg ,f474 ,! head droops1 ! sk9 is hot & dry1 & ! coat />+4 ,quiv]+ ( ! muscles 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body is frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,m>k$ dullness ( ! animal1 pass+1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 into an almo/ /upefi$ condition lat] on1 is q common4 ,! secretion ( milk /ops 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! disease1 & loss ( fle%1 inv>iably associat$ ) ! disease1 is extremely m>k$ & rapid4 ,! lesions ( ! eyes may be/ be lik5$ to moon bl9dness 7p]iodic oph?almia7 9 horses4 ,!re is fir/ an abundant secretion ( te>s1 :i* run d[n ! face4 ,! lids are swoll5 & inflam$1 & inde$ ?is may be s m>k$ z to cause involunt>y ev]sion1 expos+ ! r$d5$ conjunctiva to view4 ,sunlight is pa9ful1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! animal keeps ! eyes cont9u\sly clos$4 ,?is inflammation may ext5d to ! cornea1 caus+ x to assume a slightly cl\d$ appe>ance 9 mild cases or a *alky :it5ess 9 m sev]e affection4 ,cases ( ulc]ation ( ! cornea foll[$ by p]=ation & subsequ5t escape ( ! aque\s humor1 lead+ to %r9k+ ( ! eyeball & p]man5t loss ( sight1 h be5 record$1 b ^! are relatively r>e1 al?\gh slight inflammation ( ! deep] /ructures ( ! eye 7iris7 are m frequ5t4 ,9 mild cases ?is inflammation may und]go complete resolution1 b m frequ5tly p]man5t cl\dl9ess ( ! cornea1 ei!r diffuse or 9 spots 7leucoma71 is ! result4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 nose1 s9uses ( ! head1 ?roat1 & l[] respiratory passages are also involv$4 ,x is fir/ cat>rhal 9 "*1 b soon a false or diph!ritic membrane is =m$1 ) ! production ( %all[ ulc]s4 ,!re is dribbl+ ( saliva f ! m\? & dis*>ge f ! nose1 at fir/ wat]y1 becom+ ?ick] & mix$ ) blood & small masses ( ca/-(f cr\p\s membrane1 caus+ a v fetid odor4 ,^! cr\p\s areas :5 !y =m 9 ! ?roat1 l>ynx1 or w9dpipe1 may lead to n>r[+ ( ! passages1 ) consequ5t difficult brea?+ & ev5 suffocation4 ,v>i\s respiratory murmurs may also be he>d1 caus$ by ! to-&-fro movem5t ( mucus & inflammatory deposits along ! air passages4 ,!re is also inflammation ( ! horn core ) consequ5t loos5+ ( ! horn %ell1 & ! horns are ?us readily knock$ (f by ! uneasy1 bl9d suff]]4 ,! animal may refuse all fe$ f ! "t ( ! initial rise ( temp]ature1 or 9 less sev]e cases1 & especially :5 ! lesions ( ! dige/ive tract are n s m>k$1 ! appetite may rema9 until ! disease is well advanc$4 ,con/ipation is q common at ! comm5cem5t ( ! attack1 foll[$ by di>rhea & sev]e /ra9+1 ! evacuations becom+ v s(t1 fetid1 & /reak$ ) blood4 ,cases ( ! evacuation ( desquamat$ pat*es ( diph!ritic membrane f ! inte/9al mucosa #f to #i feet 9 l5g? h be5 report$4 ,! kidneys & bladd] are usually inflam$1 ! ur9e be+ void$ ) difficulty & ! animal ev9c+ signs ( pa94 ,inflammatory elem5ts1 z album51 ca/s1 etc41 may be se5 on exam9ation ( ! ur9e4 ,9 c[s ! muc\s membrane ( ! ve/ibule is conge/$1 swoll51 & may conta9 ulc]s & an excessive quantity ( mucus4 ,abortion dur+ advanc$ pregnancy is n infrequ5t1 foll[+ a sev]e attack4 ,9 connection ) ^! v>i\s symptoms !re may be mu* uneas9ess on ! "p ( ! animal1 lead+ 9 "s cases to madness & furi\s delirium1 9 o!rs to spasms & convulsions or p>alysis4 ,a vesicul> eruption ( ! sk9 may occur1 se5 pr9cipally betwe5 ! toes & on ! inside ( ! flank & 9 ! armpits1 ) subsequ5t loss ( hair & epid]mis4 ,l o!r infecti\s diseases1 malignant cat>rh pursues a long] or %ort] c\rse 9 accordance ) ! sev]ity ( ! attack4 ,9 acute cases dea? is said to take place ?ree to sev5 days aft] ! appe>ance ( symptoms4 ,recov]y1 if x occurs1 may take ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,accord+ to /ati/ics1 f #ej to #ij p] c5t ( ! affect$ animals die4 ,if animals :i* h di$ ( ?is disease are exam9$1 9 addition to ! *anges ( ! muc\s membrane ( m\? & nasal cavities ref]r$ to above1 %all[ ulc]s 9 ^! situations w be f\nd occasionally4 ,^! necrotic processes may pass b5ea? ! muc\s membrane & ev5 involve ! und]ly+ bony /ructure4 ,9 sev]e cases membran\s 7cr\p\s7 deposits are f\nd 9 ! ?roat4 ,simil> deposits h be5 f\nd ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! f\r? /oma* & inte/9e1 :i* is always inflam$4 ,!re is m or less inflammation ( ! membranes ( ! bra91 kidneys1 & liv]1 & "s fatty deg5]ation ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,9 c\ntries :]e r9d]pe/ occasionally appe>s x may be difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 x & malignant cat>rh1 ow+ to a g5]al simil>ity ( ! symptoms4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 diff]5tiat+ betwe5 ! two are ! v slight transmissibility ( ! latt] z comp>$ ) ! int5se contagi\sness ( ! =m]1 & ! t5d5cy ( malignant cat>rh to run a m *ronic c\rse ?an r9d]pe/1 :i* usually results fatally 9 a v few days4 ,only a tra9$ vet]9>ian :o takes into consid]ation all ! diff]5t symptoms & lesions ( bo? diseases %\ld decide 9 su* cases4 ,treatm5t4--,!re is no specific treatm5t = ?is affection4 ,copi\s blood lett+ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages has be5 highly recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 z ?is has a t5d5cy to deplete ! sy/em & less5 ! exudation ( inflammatory products4 ,antiseptic wa%es1 su* z #d p] c5t boric-acid solution to ! eyes & ,dobell's solution appli$ to ! nose & m\? ) ice p\ltices ov] ! cre/ ( ! head & frontal region1 h also prov$ efficaci\s4 ,calomel %\ld also be giv5 9 #a-;dram doses twice a day = ?ree days1 & 9 sev]e cases1 involv+ ! respiratory tract1 a p[d] conta9+ f]r\s sulphate1 qu991 & subnitrate ( bismu?1 giv5 twice a day1 w be f\nd b5eficial4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t mu* great] success is to be look$ = 9 ! prev5tive treatm5t4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! removal ( ! heal?y f ! infect$ animals 7n vice v]sa7 & ?or\gh clean+ & dis9fect+ ( ! contam9at$ /ables4 ,if ! floors are l[ & damp1 !y %\ld be rais$ & made dry4 ,if ?is c n be done1 place a lay] ( cem5t "u ! /able floor to prev5t wat] f ent]+ f bel[4 ,! /able %\ld be well v5tilat$ & ! soil 9 ! pa/ures ?or\ghly dra9$4 ,if ?is is c>efully c>ri$ out1 ! contagion %\ld be de/roy$ & ! dang] ( ! reappe>ance ( ! disease 9 a great measure less5$4 ,,malignant ,,edema4 ,malignant edema1 also t]m$ gangr5\s septicemia1 is an acute1 inflammatory disease ( dome/ic & wild animals1 result+ f ! introduction ( a specific organism into ! deep connective tissues ( a susceptible animal & prov+ fatal 9 _m in/ances )9 #bd to #dh h\rs4 ,! disease may be inoculat$ f "o animal to ano!r1 b only by ins]t+ ! virus deeply bel[ ! sk94 ,x is infrequ5tly met ) 9 cattle1 b may foll[ op]at+ w\nds1 z r[el+1 ca/ration1 & phlebotomy1 :i* h become infect$ ) septic matt]1 soil1 or unclean in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! pa?ological laboratory ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ! organism has also be5 obta9$ f ! infect$ muscles ( a calf t 0 suppos$ to h di$ ( blackleg1 &1 z a result1 all blackleg virus is ?or\ghly te/$ be=e x is made into blackleg vacc9e 9 ord] to exclude ! malignant-edema organism4 ,! ess5tial cause ( malignant edema is a long1 sl5d]1 motile1 spore-be>+ bacillus1 resembl+ ! bacillus ( blackleg1 & :i* c develop only 9 ! abs5ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,unlike ! bacilli ( an?rax & blackleg1 :i* are conf9$ to c]ta9 di/ricts1 ?is organism is widely di/ribut$ & f\nd 9 ord9>y g>d5 soil1 f\l wat]1 & 9 ! normal inte/9al tract ( ! h]bivora4 ,x may be br\ght to ! surface ( ! soil by gr[+ plants1 ra9s1 w9ds1 or burr[+ insects & rod5ts4 ,9 animals t h succumb$ to ! disease ! g]m is conf9$ to ! seat ( infection1 b a few h\rs aft] dea? x may migrate ?r\gh ! blood *annels to o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! bacillus may attack man1 horses1 asses1 goats1 %eep1 pigs1 cats1 dogs1 & p\ltry4 ,adult cattle1 al?\gh refractory to exp]im5tal inoculation1 suff] f natural infection1 :ile calves are susceptible to bo? ^! me?ods ( exposure4 7,kitt47 ,! introduction ( ! bacillus into abrasions ( ! sk9 & sup]ficial sores r>ely does any h>m1 because ! g]m is quickly de/roy$ by contact ) air4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! organisms are ins]t$ deeply into ! subcutane\s tissues ( susceptible animals1 !y quickly develop1 produc+ a soluble poison1 :i* is ! fatal ag5t4 ,9 lamb-%e>+ season1 or aft] dock+ or ca/ration1 ! mortality is high] among ^! animals because ( w\nds inflict$ at su* times4 ,! application ( antiseptics to w\nds ?us made w r$uce ! p]c5tage ( dea?s to a m9imum4 ,symptoms4--,usually ! fir/ symptoms are ov]look$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ! animal appe>s li/less1 dis9cl9$ to move ab\t1 & lies d[n 9 %ady & quiet places4 ,if =c$ to move ab\t1 ! h9d legs are drawn =w>d ) a peculi>1 /iff1 dragg+ movem5t1 & !re may be slight muscul> trembl+ ov] all ! body1 :i* becomes m int5se z ! disease progresses4 ,:5 driv51 ! animal %[s signs ( fatigue1 ultimately dropp+ to ! gr\nd completely exhau/$4 ,brea?+ becomes fa/ & pa9ful1 ) frequ5t spasmodic j]ks4 ,! pulse is quick & weak & ! temp]ature is #ajf to #ajg ,f4 ,an edemat\s1 d\ghy1 & pa9ful swell+ appe>s at ! po9t ( infection4 ,?is tumefaction spreads m & m1 & crackles on pressure4 ,9 case ( an op5 w\nd1 a fetid liquid & fro?y dis*>ge is obs]v$4 ,! c5t] ( ! swell+ may appe> s(t & jellylike1 :ile ! m>g9 is t5se1 hot1 & pa9ful4 ,! symptoms increase rapidly1 result+ 9 coma & dea?4 ,lesions4--,aft] dea? ! fat & subcutane\s tissues surr\nd+ ! infect$ area are infiltrat$ ) a yell[ gelat9\s mat]ial conta9+ an orange-color$ foam1 due to ! pres5ce ( gas bubbles4 ,! muscles at ?is po9t are friable1 spongy1 & ( a uni=m br[ni% t9t1 dissociat$ by gas & ) a blood-t+$ exudate4 ,?is gangr5\s tissue1 :5 pres5t be=e dea?1 c be remov$ )\t pa9 to ! animal4 ,! inte/9es are g5]ally normal1 b1 toge!r ) ! p]itoneum1 !y may be inflam$1 & ! lungs are usually ! seat ( an edema4 ,! sple51 liv]1 & kidneys reta9 _! normal appe>ance1 9 m>k$ contra/ ) an?rax4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,unlike blackleg1 ?is disease nev] appe>s z an epizootic b 9 isolat$ cases4 ,x may also be diff]5tiat$ f ! =m] by ! hi/ory ( a rec5t p>turition or surgical op]ation1 by ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal injury at ! site ( ! swell+ accompani$ ) a fetid liquid dis*>ge1 & ! gangr5\s appe>ance ( ! tumefaction4 ,man is susceptible to malignant edema1 b n to blackleg4 ,malignant edema may also be easily diff]5tiat$ f an?rax 9 t ! blood & sple5 are normal 9 appe>ance1 :ile 9 ! latt] disease ! blood is d>k & ( a t>like consi/5cy1 & ! sple5 appe>s swoll51 inject$1 & s(t5$4 ,! local tumor 9 malignant edema conta9s gas bubbles1 :i* are abs5t 9 an?rax swell+s4 ,inoculation exp]im5ts ( gu9ea pigs1 rabbits1 & *ick5s w also disclose ! diff]5ces among ! above-m5tion$ ?ree diseases1 s9ce all ^! species are kill$ by ! g]m ( malignant edema1 only ! fir/ two species by ! an?rax bacillus1 :ile ! gu9ea pig alone w succumb to ! blackleg infection4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t is *iefly surgical & consi/s 9 lay+ ! infect$ areas wide op5 by free incision1 foll[$ by a lib]al application ( a #cj p] c5t solution ( hydrog5 dioxid & subsequ5tly a #e p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,usually ! disease :5 obs]v$ has advanc$ to su* an ext5t t m$ic9al int]f]5ce is )\t avail4 ,prev5tive treatm5t is by f> ! mo/ desirable1 & consi/s1 ess5tially1 9 a ?or\gh dis9fection ( all accid5tal & surgical w\nds1 ! cleans+ ( ! sk91 & ! exclusion ( soil1 fil?1 & bact]ia dur+ surgical op]ations ( any nature4 ,%$s1 b>ns1 & /ables %\ld receive a ?or\gh application ( quicklime or crude c>bolic acid wa% aft] all rubbi% has be5 remov$ & burn$4 ,all dead animals %\ld be burn$ or deeply buri$ & cov]$ well ) quicklime4 ,,s\!rn ,,cattle ,,fev] 7,,texas ,,fev]1 ,,tick ,,fev]74 ,pls4 ,,xliv-,,xlix4 ,?is disease1 :i* is m commonly kn[n z ,texas fev]1 & sometimes z spl5etic fev]1 is a specific fev] communicat$ by cattle :i* h rec5tly be5 mov$ nor?w>d f ! infect$ di/rict2 x is also contract$ by cattle tak5 into ! infect$ di/rict f o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! peculi>ity among animal diseases t ! animals :i* dissem9ate ! infection are app>5tly 9 good heal?1 :ile ^? :i* sick5 & die f x d n1 z a rule1 infect o!rs4 ,x is accompani$ ) high fev]1 greatly enl>g$ sple51 de/ruction ( ! r$ blood corpuscles1 escape ( ! color+ matt] ( ! blood ?r\gh ! kidneys1 giv+ ! ur9e a deep-r$ color1 ) a yell[ness ( ! muc\s membranes & fat1 :i* is se5 m especially 9 fat cattle1 by a rapid loss ( /r5g?1 & ) fatal results 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases4 ,?is disease has v>i\s names 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry :]e x frequ5tly appe>s4 ,x is (t5 call$ ,spani% fev]1 acclimation fev]1 r$ wat]1 black wat]1 di/emp]1 murra91 dry murra91 yell[ murra91 bloody murra91 ,au/ralian tick fev]1 & tri/eza ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nts we h ( ?is disease date back to #ahad1 :5 x 0 /at$ by ,dr4 ,james ,mease1 be=e ! ,philadelphia ,society = ,promot+ ,agriculture1 t ! cattle f a c]ta9 di/rict 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a s c]ta9ly disease all o!rs ) :i* !y mix 9 _! progress to ! ,nor? t !y are prohibit$ by ! p ( ,virg9ia f pass+ ?r\gh ! ,/ate2 t ^! cattle infect o!rs :ile !y !mselves are 9 p]fect heal?1 & t cattle f ,europe or ! int]ior tak5 to ! vic9ity ( ! sea are attack$ by a disease t g5]ally proves fatal4 ,simil> obs]vations h be5 made 9 reg>d to a di/rict 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! nor!rn limits ( ?is area are *ang$ ye>ly z a result ( ! dissem9ation or eradication ( ! cattle tick along ! bord]1 b ! infect$ area has gradually decreas$1 ow+ to ! successful endeavors pu%$ =w>d to elim9ate ! ticks4 ,x 0 ! frequ5t & sev]e losses foll[+ ! driv+ ( cattle f ! infect$ di/rict 9 ,texas into & across ! ,we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories :i* l$ to ! disease be+ d5om9at$ ,texas fev]4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! infection is n peculi> to ,texas or ev5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b t x also exi/s 9 s\!rn ,europe1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,:5 cattle f o!r sections ( ! c\ntry are tak5 into ! infect$ di/rict !y contract ?is disease usually dur+ ! fir/ summ]1 & if !y are adult animals1 p>ticul>ly mil* c[s or fat cattle1 ne>ly all die4 ,calves are mu* m likely to survive4 ,! disease is "o f :i* immunity is acquir$1 & !re=e calves :i* recov] are n aga9 attack$1 z a rule1 ev5 aft] !y become adult4 ,:5 ! infection is dissem9at$ beyond ! p]man5tly infect$ di/rict1 ! roads1 pa/ures1 p5s1 & o!r inclosures are dang]\s = susceptible animals until freez+ wea!r4 ,! infection !n disappe>s1 & cattle may be driv5 ov] ! gr\nds or kept 9 ! inclosures ! succe$+ summ] & ! disease w n reappe>4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ?is rule 9 ! section j nor? ( ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! infect$ di/rict4 ,9 ?is locality ! infection sometimes resi/s ! w9t]s1 especially if !y are mild4 ,9 reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ! disease is communicat$1 exp]i5ce %[s t ?is does n occur by animals com+ ne> or 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,x is an indirect infection4 ,! cattle f ! infect$ di/rict fir/ infect ! pa/ures1 roads1 p5s1 c>s1 etc41 :5ce ! susceptible cattle obta9 ! virus secondh&4 ,usually animals d n contract ! disease :5 sep>at$ f infect$ pa/ures by a f5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is any dra9age or wa%+ by ra9s across ! l9e ( f5ce ?is rule does n hold good4 ,! inve/igations made by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry demon/rate t ! ticks :i* adh]e to cattle f ! infect$ di/rict are ! only kn[n means ( convey+ ! infection to susceptible cattle4 ,! infection is n spread by ! saliva1 ! ur9e1 or ! manure ( cattle f ! infect$ di/rict4 ,9 /udy+ ! causation & prev5tion ( ?is disease1 att5tion mu/ !re=e be l>gely giv5 to ! tick1 & x n[ seems app>5t t if cattle c\ld be fre$ f ?is p>asite :5 leav+ ! infect$ di/rict !y w\ld n be able to spread ! malady4 ,! discov]y ( ! connection ( ! ticks ) ! production ( ! disease has play$ a v important "p 9 det]m9+ ! me?ods t %\ld be adopt$ 9 prev5t+ its spread4 ,x e/abli%$ an ess5tial po9t & indicat$ _m l9es ( inve/igation :i* h yield$ & are /ill likely to yield v important results4 ,nature ( ! disease4--,texas fev] is caus$ by an organism :i* lives )9 ! r$ blood corpuscles & breaks !m up4 ,x is !re=e simply a blood disease4 ,! organism does n belong to ! bact]ia b to ! protozoa4 ,x is n1 9 o!r words1 a microscopic plant1 b x belongs to ! l[e/ =ms ( ! animal k+dom4 ,?is v m9ute organism multiplies v rapidly 9 ! body ( ! infect$ animal1 & 9 acute cases causes an enorm\s de/ruction ( r$ corpuscles 9 a few days4 ,h[ x gets into ! r$ corpuscle x is n possible to /ate1 b x appe>s t x ent]s z an exce$+ly m9ute body1 probably end[$ ) motion1 & only aft] x has succe$$ 9 ent]+ ! corpuscle does x beg9 to enl>ge4 ,plate ,,xlv1 figure #d1 illu/rates an e>ly /age ( ?is blood p>asite4 ,! r$ corpuscle conta9s a v m9ute1 r\ndi% body :i* is /a9$ blue to br+ x into view4 ,! body is1 z a rule1 situat$ ne> ! edge ( ! corpuscle4 ,figure #e illu/rates an old] /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! p>asite1 9 fact ! l>ge/ :i* has ?us f> be5 detect$4 ,x w be notic$ t !re are usually two bodies 9 a corpuscle4 ,^! bodies are 9 g5]al pe>-%ap$4 ,! n>r[ ends are always t[>d ea* o!r :5 two are pres5t 9 ! same corpuscle4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t ! av]age diamet] ( ! r$ blood corpuscles ( cattle is f #a_/djjj to #a_/ejjj in*1 ! size ( ! conta9$ p>asite may be at once appreciat$ by a glance at ! figures ref]r$ to4 ,! v>i\s disease processes :i* g on 9 ,texas fev]1 & :i* we may obs]ve by exam9+ ! organs aft] dea?1 all result f ! de/ruction ( ! r$ corpuscles2 ?is de/ruction may be extremely rapid or sl[4 ,:5 x is rapid we h ! acute1 usually fatal1 type ( ,texas fev]1 :i* is always witness$ 9 ! height ( ! ,texas-fev] season1 t is1 dur+ ! latt] weeks ( ,augu/ & ! e>ly weeks ( ,septemb]4 ,:5 ! de/ruction ( corpuscles is sl[]1 a mild1 usually nonfatal1 type ( ! disease is call$ =?1 :i* is only witness$ late 9 autumn or m r>ely 9 ,july & ! e>ly "p ( ,augu/4 ,cases ( ! mild type occurr+ ?us e>ly usually become acute lat] & t]m9ate fatally4 ,! acute disease is fatal 9 mo/ cases1 & ! fatality is due n s mu* to ! loss ( blood corpuscles z to ! difficulty :i* ! organs h 9 gett+ rid ( ! wa/e products aris+ f ?is :olesale de/ruction4 ,h[ great ?is may be a simple calculation w s]ve to illu/rate4 ,9 a /e] weigh+ #a1jjj p\nds1 ! blood 9 its body weighs ab\t #ej p\nds1 if we assume t ! blood repres5ts "o-tw5tie? ( ! weight ( ! body1 :i* is a r l[ e/imate4 ,accord+ to exp]im5tal det]m9ation at ! bureau /ation1 :i* consi/s 9 c\nt+ ! numb] ( blood corpuscles 9 a giv5 quantity ( blood f day to day 9 su* an animal1 ! corpuscles conta9$ 9 f #e to #aj p\nds ( blood may be de/roy$ )9 #bd h\rs4 ,! rema9s ( ^! corpuscles & ! color+ matt] 9 !m mu/ be ei!r conv]t$ into bile or excret$ un*ang$4 ,! result ( ?is ef=t on ! "p ( ! liv] causes ext5sive disease ( ?is organ4 ,! bile secret$ by ! liv] cells conta9s s mu* solid mat]ial t x /agnates 9 ! f9e/ bile canals & *okes ^! up completely4 ,?is 9 turn int]f]es ) ! nutrition ( ! liv] cells & !y und]go fatty deg5]ation & p]i%4 ,! functions ( ! liv] are !reby completely susp5d$ & dea? is ! result4 ,?is enorm\s de/ruction ( corpuscles takes place to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! kidneys1 :]e a great numb] ( corpuscles conta9+ ! p>asites are always f\nd 9 acute cases4 ,?is acc\nts l>gely = ! blood-color$ ur9e1 or r$ wat]1 :i* is su* a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,texas fev]4 ,! corpuscles !mselves are n f\nd 9 ! ur9e2 x is ! r$ color+ matt]1 or hemoglob91 :i* leaves !m :5 !y break up & pass into ! ur9e4 ,symptoms4--,aft] a p]iod ( exposure to infect$ soil1 :i* may v>y f #ac to #ij days1 & :i* w be m fully discuss$ "u ! subject ( cattle ticks z be>]s ( ! ,texas-fev] p>asite1 ! disease fir/ %[s itself 9 dullness1 loss ( appetite1 & a t5d5cy to leave ! h]d & /& or lie d[n alone4 ,a few days be=e ^! symptoms appe> ! pres5ce ( a high fev] may be detect$ by ! cl9ical !rmomet]4 ,! temp]ature rises f a normal ( #aja to #ajc ,f4 to #ajf & #ajg ,f4 ,!re seems to be little or no *ange 9 temp]ature until recov]y or dea? ensues4 ,! p]iod ( high temp]ature or fev] v>ies consid]ably4 ,z x indicates ! int5sity ( ! disease process go+ on )91 ! high] x is ! m rapid ! fatal end4 ,:5 x does n rise above #ajd ,f4 ! disease is mild] & m prolong$4 ,! b[els are mo/ly con/ipat$ dur+ ! fev]2 t[>d ! end ! feces may become s(t] & r deeply t+$ ) bile4 ,! ur9e %[s no?+ abnormal dur+ ! c\rse ( ! disease until ne> ! fatal t]m9ation1 :5 x may be deeply /a9$ ) ! color+ matt] ( ! blood4 7,hemoglob9uria2 see ,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #c47 ,al?\gh ?is symptom is occasionally obs]v$ 9 animals :i* recov]1 yet x may g5]ally be reg>d$ z an indication ( approa*+ dea?4 ,! pulse & respiration are usually mu* m rapid ?an dur+ heal?4 ,o!r symptoms 9 addition to ^? m5tion$ h be5 describ$ by obs]v]s1 b !y d n seem to be con/ant1 & only ^? describ$ above are ne>ly always pres5t4 ,z ! end approa*es emaciation becomes v m>k$1 ! blood is v ?9 & wat]y1 & ! clos+ ( any w\nd ( ! sk9 by clots is ret>d$4 ,! animal manife/s increas+ /upor & may lie d[n mu* ( ! "t4 ,signs ( delirium h be5 obs]v$ 9 "s cases4 ,dea? occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! night4 ,! duration ( ! disease is v v>iable4 ,dea? may ensue 9 f ?ree days to sev]al weeks aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! fev]4 ,^? t recov] ultimately d s v sl[ly1 ow+ to ! great pov]ty ( ! blood 9 r$ corpuscles4 ,! fle% is rega9$ b v gradually1 & ! animal may be subject$ to a second1 ?\gh mild1 attack lat] on 9 ! autumn1 :i* pu%es ! full recov]y onw>d to ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,9 ! mild type ( ! disease1 :i* occurs 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 symptoms ( disease are well-nigh abs5t4 ,!re is little if any fev]1 & if x 7 n = loss ( fle% & m or less dullness ! disease may pass unnotic$1 z x und\bt$ly does 9 a majority ( cases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! blood corpuscles are c\nt$ f "t to "t a gradually dim9i%+ numb] w be f\nd1 & aft] sev]al weeks only ab\t "o-fif? or "o-six? ( ! normal numb] are pres5t4 ,x is inde$ surpris+ h[ little impression ^u ! animal ?is v impov]i%$ condition ( ! blood appe>s to make4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t if two animals kept "u ! same conditions1 "o heal?y & ! o!r at ! end ( "o ( ^! mild attacks1 are weigh$1 ! diff]5ce w\ld be pla9ly %[n4 ,pa?ological *anges obs]vable aft] dea?4--,9 ! prec$+ pages "s ( ^! h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 describ+ ! nature ( ! disease4 ,x is v important at times to det]m9e :e!r a c]ta9 disease is ,texas fev] or "s o!r disease1 l an?rax1 = example4 ,?is fact c1 z a rule1 be det]m9$ at once by a ?or\gh microscopic exam9ation ( ! blood4 ,! necess>y app>atus & ! requisite qualifications = ?is task leave ?is me?od entirely 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a consid]able numb] ( *anges caus$ by ?is disease :i* may be detect$ by ! nak$ eye :5 ! body has be5 op5$4 ,put toge!r !y make a mi/ake q impossible4 ,! pres5ce ( small ticks on ! sk9 ( ! escut*eon1 ! ?ighs1 & ! udd] is a v important sign 9 h]ds nor? ( ! ,texas-fev] l9e1 z x indicates t !y h be5 br\ght 9 "s mann] f ! ,s\? & h c>ri$ ! disease ) !m1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,ano!r v important sign is ! ?91 wat]y condition ( ! blood1 ei!r j be=e dea? or :5 ! fev] has be5 pres5t = f\r or five days4 ,a little incision into ! sk9 w enable any "o to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,frequ5tly ! sk9 is s poor 9 blood t x may require sev]al incisions to draw a drop or m4 ,! *anges 9 ! int]nal organs1 z f\nd on po/-mortem exam9ations1 are briefly z foll[s3 ,! sple51 or milt1 is mu* l>g] ?an 9 heal?y animals4 ,x may weigh ?ree or f\r times z mu*4 ,:5 x is incis$ ! cont5ts or pulp is blacki% 7see ,pl4 ,,xliv1 fig4 #a71 & may ev5 well out z a dis9tegrat$ mass4 ,! m>k+s ( ! heal?y sple5 7fig4 #b7 are all effac$ by ! enorm\s numb] ( blood corpuscles :i* h collect$ 9 x1 & to :i* ! enl>gem5t is attributable4 ,next to ! sple5 ! liv] w ar\se our att5tion4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #b47 ,x is l>g] ?an 9 ! heal?y /ate1 has lo/ its natural br[ni% color 7fig4 #a71 & n[ has on ! surface a pal]1 yell[i% hue4 ,:5 x is incis$ ?is yell[i% t+e1 or mahogany color1 z x has be5 call$ by "s1 is /ill m prom95t4 ,?is is ow+ to ! l>ge quantity ( bile 9 ! f9e/ bile capill>ies1 & z ^! are n uni=mly fill$ ) x ! cut surface has a m or less mottl$ appe>ance4 ,?is bile injection causes 9 _m cases a fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv] cells1 :i* makes ! organ appe> /ill light] 9 color4 ,9 all cases ! gall bladd] %\ld be exam9$4 ,?is is di/5d$ ) bile1 :i* holds 9 susp5sion a l>ge numb] ( yell[ flakes1 s t :5 x is p\r$ into a tall bottle to settle fully "o-half or m ( ! column ( fluid w be occupi$ by a lay] ( flakes4 ,if mucus is pres5t at ! same "t1 ! bile may become s viscid t :5 x is p\r$ f "o glass to ano!r x =ms long b&s4 ,! bile 9 heal? is a limpid fluid1 conta9+ no solid p>ticles4 ,if ! animal dur+ life has n be5 obs]v$ to pass ur9e color$ ) blood or r$ wat]1 ! bladd] %\ld be op5$4 ,?is q inv>iably1 9 acute cases1 conta9s ur9e :i* v>ies 9 color f a deep port w9e to a light cl>et4 ,9 _m cases ! color is s d5se t light w n pass ?r\gh ev5 a ?9 lay]4 7,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #c47 ,! kidneys are always f\nd conge/$ 9 ! acute attack4 ,! disease ex]ts b little effect on ! /oma* & inte/9es beyond m or less r$d5+ ( ! muc\s membrane2 h5ce an exam9ation ( !m may be safely omitt$4 ,! lungs are1 z a rule1 n diseas$4 ,! he>t usually %[s pat*es ( blood extravasation on ! inside 7left v5tricle7 & less m>k$ly on ! out] surface4 ,we h obs]v$ jaundice ( ! v>i\s tissues b v r>ely4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by "s q regul>ly1 h[ev]4 ,dur+ ! hot season ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! susceptible mature animals f a non9fect$ di/rict die1 b lat]1 9 ! cool wea!r1 ! disease assumes a mild] type1 ) a consequ5t decrease 9 ! numb] ( dea?s4 ,! cattle tick1 ,m>g>opus annulatus1 z ! c>ri] ( ,texas fev]4 7,pls4 ,,xlvi1 ,,xlvii1 & ,,xlviii47--,! cattle tick is1 z its "n indicates1 a p>asite ( cattle 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x belongs to ! gr\p ( ,ar?ropoda & to ! g5us ,m>g>opus 7or ,boophilus71 :i* is includ$ 9 ! ord] ,ac>9a4 ,its life hi/ory is q simple & easily trac$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,x is ess5tially a p>asite1 atta*+ itself to ! sk9 7,pl4 ,,xlviii7 & draw+ ! blood ( its ho/4 ,x is unable to come to maturity & reproduce its k9d unless x becomes atta*$ to ! sk9 ( cattle1 :5ce x may obta9 its food4 ,! eggs laid on ! gr\nd aft] ! female has dropp$ f ! ho/ beg9 to develop at once4 ,:5 ! embryo is fully =m$ )9 ! %ell x ruptures ?is & ga9s its fre$om4 ,! "t requir$ f ! lay+ ( ! eggs to _! hat*+ v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,9 ! laboratory 9 ! heat ( midsumm] ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 ab\t #ac days4 ,9 ! late fall1 "u ! same conditions1 x requir$ f f\r to six weeks4 ,! l>va aft] em]g+ f ! egg is v m9ute1 six-legg$1 & is j visible to ! nak$ eye4 7,pl4 ,,xlvi1 fig4 #c47 ,if ^! l>v are kept on a lay] ( moi/ s& or e>? 9 a cov]$ di%1 !y may rema9 alive = mon?s1 b !re is no appreciable increase 9 size4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z !y are plac$ ^u cattle gr[? beg9s4 ,on pa/ures ^! little creatures soon f9d _! way on to cattle4 ,!y atta* !mselves by pref]5ce to ! t5d] sk9 on ! escut*eon1 ! inside ( ! ?ighs1 & on ! base ( ! udd]4 ,yet :5 !y are v num]\s !y may be f\nd 9 small numb]s on v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 su* z ! neck1 ! *e/1 & ! e>s4 7,pl4 ,,xlviii & ,pl4 ,,xlix1 fig4 #a47 ,! *anges :i* !y und]go dur+ _! p>asitic exi/5ce 7 fir/ /udi$ by ,dr4 ,coop] ,curtice1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 9 #ahhi4 ,! "y tick molts )9 a week1 & ! second or nymphal /age ( ! p>asite's life is ?us u%]$ 94 ,aft] ?is *ange x has f\r pairs ( legs4 ,)9 ano!r week ano!r molt takes place by :i* ! tick passes f ! nymphal to ! sexual1 or adult1 /age4 ,impregnation n[ takes place1 &1 ) ! developm5t ( ! ova 9 ! body1 ! tick takes an increas$ quantity ( blood1 s t 9 a few days x becomes v mu* l>g]4 ,t ! rapid gr[? is due to ! blood tak5 9 may be easily prov$ by cru%+ "o4 ,! inte/9e is di/5d$ ) a ?ick1 t>ry mass compos$ ( p>tly dige/$ blood4 ,:5 ! female has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( maturity %e drops to ! gr\nd & beg9s to lay a l>ge numb] ( eggs1 :i* hat* 9 ! "t giv5 above4 ,! life ( ! cattle tick is ?us sp5t l>gely on cattle1 & al?\gh ! "y1 or l>v may live = a long "t on ! gr\nd 9 ! summ] season1 !y c n mature except z p>asites on cattle & horses4 ,we h purposely omitt$ v>i\s details ( ! life hi/ory1 includ+ t ( ! male1 z !y are n necess>y to an und]/&+ ( our pres5t subject--,texas fev]4 ,h[ ?is is transmitt$ we w proce$ to consid]4 ,be=e ! en=cem5t ( ! ,f$]al qu>ant9e s\!rn cattle s5t nor? dur+ ! spr+ & summ] mon?s c>ri$ on _! bodies l>ge numb]s ( ! cattle ticks1 :i*1 :5 matur$1 w\ld drop (f & lay _! eggs 9 ! nor!rn pa/ures4 ,aft] hat*+1 ! "y ticks w\ld soon get ^u any nor!rn cattle :i* happ5$ to be on ! pa/ure4 ,s soon z !y atta*$ !mselves to ! sk9 !y inoculat$ ! cattle1 & ,texas fev] w\ld break out a week or m !reaft]4 ,= _m ye>s !re _h be5 a gr[+ suspicion t ! cattle tick 0 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 ! spread ( ,texas fev]1 & ! facts :i* support$ ?is supposition f9ally became s num]\s & conv9c+ t a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 inaugurat$ by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry :i* s]v$ to %[ t ! tick is abundantly able to c>ry ! disease to a h]d ( heal?y cattle1 &1 9 fact1 is probably ! only ag5t conc]n$ 9 ! transmission ( ! disease f s\!rn cattle to susceptible nor!rn animals4 ,injuri\s effects ( cattle ticks4--,un=tunately _m cattle own]s :o h always be5 accu/om$ to see bo? ticks & ticky cattle on _! f>ms are n incl9$ to atta* mu* importance to ^! p>asites1 &1 z a rule1 ?r\gh lack ( appreciation ( _! damag+ effects1 placidly consid] !m z ( little consequ5ce4 ,t ticks may be detrim5tal to _! ho/s 9 sev]al ways has probably n sugge/$ itself to ^! /ockm51 :o are mo/ vitally affect$1 & x !re=e seems necess>y to emphasize ! fact t1 9 addition to _! relation to ,texas fev]1 !y may also be injuri\s to cattle z ext]nal p>asites4 ,:ile ! p[] ( transmitt+ ,texas fev] is und\bt$ly ! mo/ dang]\s prop]ty possess$ by ! cattle tick & is ! pr9cipal cause = adopt+ /r+5t measures look+ to its complete eradication1 nev]!less !re /ill rema9 o!r good reasons = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is a*ievem5t4 ,^! second>y objections to ! pres5ce ( ticks on cattle consi/s 9 ! physical h>m !y d to ! ho/ aside f ! production ( ! specific disease ( ,texas fev]4 ,true1 a few p>asites may rema9 on cattle indef9itely )\t caus+ any noticeable effect1 b x is n uncommon to notice bov9e animals on pa/ures ) _! hides heavily infe/$ ) ^! pe/s4 ,9 su* cases x c readily be se5 t ! cont9u\s suck+ ( blood causes m or less impov]i%m5t ( ! circulation4 ,! animal mu/ !re=e be f$ m 9 ord] to meet ! dem&s ( ! p>asites 9 addition to ! ord9>y ne$s ( ! ho/4 ,if ! ticks are remov$ f ! body1 ! bites inflict$ are (t5 di/+ui%$ by small1 inflam$ or r$d5$ areas some:at swoll51 ) p]=ations ( ! sk9 :i* may all[ ! entrance ( v>i\s k9ds ( disease g]ms1 & %[+ t m or less irritation ( ! hide is produc$ by ^! p>asites4 ,?is condition1 toge!r ) ! loss ( blood1 frequ5tly induces an irritable /ate & evid5ce ( uneas9ess commonly kn[n z tick worry1 :i* results 9 ! loss ( en]gy & o!r d]angem5ts ( ! animal's heal?4 ,x may 9 "s cases1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 become s pron\nc$ t ! animal w lose fle% 9 spite ( good pa/ur+1 !reby r$uc+ ! vitality & r5d]+ x m susceptible to ! inroads ( disease4 ,moreov]1 if ! infe/ation ( ticks is n controll$1 ! cattle may be s r$uc$ 9 condition t gr[? is ret>d$1 &1 9 ! case ( "y animals1 !y may nev] become fully develop$1 b rema9 ?91 weak1 & /unt$--a condition t has be5 t]m$ tick pov]ty--& easily succumb to o!r diseases z a result ( l[]$ vitality4 ,9 mil* c[s ?is debilitat+ influ5ce ( ! num]\s ticks is %[n 9 a greatly r$uc$ milk supply4 ,?is %\ld n appe> /range :5 x is consid]$ t "s animals h>bor sev]al ?\s& ( ! bloodsuck+ p>asites4 ,if ^! p>asites are cru%$1 x w be f\nd t _! inte/9es are completely fill$ ) a d>k1 ?ick mass ( blood ab/ract$ f ! animal ho/ & conta9+ nutrim5t t %\ld g to ! =mation ( milk1 fle%1 & ! lay+ on ( fat4 ,9 "s r>e cases ! l>ge numb] ( bites on a limit$ area ( sk9 may be foll[$ by infection ) pus-produc+ organisms1 giv+ rise to small abscesses :i* may t]m9ate 9 ulc]s4 ,! dis*>ge f ^! sores1 or 9 "s cases ! m]e ooz+ ( blood s]um ?r\gh ! incision made by ! m\? p>ts ( ! ticks1 keeps ! hair moi/ & matt$ toge!r1 & ! lay+ & hat*+ ( fly eggs 9 ^! areas give rise to infe/ation ) de/ructive maggots1 caus+ ulc]s & o!r complications t require m$ical treatm5t4 ,^! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! second>y injuri\s effects ( cattle ticks also apply to ^? ticks :i* h be5 previ\sly spok5 ( z h>mless s f> z ,texas fev] is conc]n$1 &1 9 fact1 to all ext]nal p>asites4 ,!re=e1 x is j z important to eradicate ! cattle ticks = reasons o!r ?an ^? associat$ ) ,texas fev] z x is to ext]m9ate lice1 fleas1 & o!r v]m94 ,fur!rmore1 cattle ticks1 aside f ! losses su/a9$ by _! purely p>asitic effects1 are ! greate/ m5ace to ! pr(itable rais+ & fe$+ ( cattle 9 ! ,s\?1 because !y are an ob/acle to cattle traffic betwe5 ! infect$ & non9fect$ di/ricts4 ,loss occasion$ by cattle ticks4--,! economic aspect ( ! tick problem is unque/ionably ( ! greate/ practical int]e/1 s9ce ! fundam5tal importance ( all ! o!r que/ions :i* surr\nd x dep5ds ^u ! actual money value involv$4 ,a c>eful & cons]vative e/imate made 9 #aiaf plac$ ! annual loss caus$ by ! ticks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #dj1jjj1jjj1 & indicat$ t ! ticks also l[]$ ! assets ( ! ,s\? by an additional #cc1jjj1jjj4 ,! pr9cipal items 9 ^! losses are set =? bel[4 ,x is well kn[n t ^? animals com+ f an infect$ di/rict & sold 9 ! s\!rn p5s ( nor!rn /ocky>ds br+ ab\t "o-half a c5t less p] p\nd ?an ! quot$ m>ket price4 ,! h&icap t is plac$ on ! s\!rn cattle rais] z a result ( ?is decrease 9 value ( 8 /ock w av]age at ?is figure #c p] head1 all[+ an individual weight ( #fjj p\nds = all classes ( animals4 ,?is decreas$ value reacts & fixes ! valuation ( all cattle :i* rema9 9 ! infect$ t]ritory1 !reby r$uc+ ! assets ( ! cattle indu/ry ( t section4 ,9 addition !re is a v great loss f ! decrease 9 fle% & lack ( developm5t ( s\!rn cattle occasion$ by ! p>asitic life ( ! ticks f )\t & by ! blood-de/roy+ & en]vat+ prop]ties ( ! protozoan p>asites f )94 ,! pres5ce ( ! tick among ! cattle ( ! ,s\? n only less5s ! value ( ! cattle on ! ho( b causes ! grad+s ( hides t h be5 infe/$ ) ticks z ,no4 #d quality4 ,! same hide1 if free f tick m>ks1 w\ld grade ,no4 #b4 ,! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 ^! two grades ( hides is #c c5ts a p\nd4 ,z ! hide ( a s\!rn /e] weighs ab\t #db p\nds1 ! pres5ce ( ! tick 9 ! hide causes a loss 9 ! hide alone ( m ?an #a4bf a hide4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! co/ ( tick eradication is only ab\t #ej c5ts a head1 s t if ! c\nties make a sy/ematic campaign to eradicate ! tick1 ! increase 9 value ( ! hide alone w\ld pay = ! co/ ( tick eradication & leave ! f>m] a net pr(it ( ab\t #gf c5ts a hide4 ,! %r9kage 9 ! milk production ( cattle h>bor+ _m ticks w av]age #a qu>t a day1 :i* 9 ! aggregate is a heavy loss4 ,! damage result+ to ! s\!rn pur*as] ( nor!rn purebr$ or high-grade cattle is ano!r item ( no small mom5t4 ,ab\t #aj p] c5t ( all su* cattle tak5 into ! ,s\? die ( ,texas fev]1 ev5 aft] !y are immuniz$ by blood inoculations1 & ab\t #fj p] c5t ( !m succumb to ,texas fev] :5 n s treat$4 ,z !y are usually v exp5sive animals & ( a highly valu$ /ra9 ( blood1 ! loss 9 c]ta9 cases is excessive & 9 o!rs almo/ irrep>able1 ow+ to ! possible ext9ction ( "s p>ticul> type especially select$ = ! improvem5t ( ! h]d4 ,ano!r in/ance 9 :i* x is difficult to figure ! injury done by ! ticks is 9 ! case ( dea? ( nonimmune cattle 9 ! tick-free pa/ures ( ! ,s\?4 ,su* animals are z susceptible to ,texas fev] z nonimmune nor!rn cattle1 & inasmu* z !re is 9 _m ,/ates only "o out ( e f\r f>ms infe/$ ) ticks1 ! cattle on ! rema9+ f>ms w 9 _m cases contract ,texas fev] :5 expos$ to ! fev] tick4 ,^! losses c sc>cely be comput$1 z ! dea? rate dep5ds s mu* on ! season ( ! ye> :5 exposure occurs & on ! age ( ! animal affect$4 ,h[ev]1 ! dea?s among su* cattle are consid]able1 al?\gh ?is fact is little appreciat$ or und]/ood by _m outside ! infect$ area4 ,on r>e occasions a small outbreak ( ,texas fev] occurs nor? ( ! qu>ant9e l9e z a result ( improp]ly dis9fect$ c>s1 ( unscrupul\s deal]s break+ ! qu>ant9e regulations1 or ( "s accid5tal condition4 ,su* damage1 h[ev]1 is slight1 b %\ld be consid]$ 9 summ+ up ! loss occasion$ by ! fev] tick4 ,! adv]tisem5t :i* a bre$] obta9s & ! sales :i* are made by hav+ 8 /ock 9 ! %[ r+ are usually lo/ to ! cattle rais] 9 ! infect$ area :o aspires to display 8 animals 9 ! ,nor?1 z !y are b>r$ f mo/ ( ^! exhibitions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\!rn f>m] is n giv5 an opportunity to see & be /imulat$ by ! f9e specim5s ( nor!rn cattle :i* might be %[n at s\!rn /ock exhibits1 = ! reason t ! dang] ( contract+ ,texas fev] is too pat5t to w>rant su* exposure4 ,a heavy exp5se is incurr$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,/ates 9 en=c+ ! regulations t apply to ! qu>ant9e l9e4 ,ano!r loss :i* is indirectly su/a9$ by ! s\!rn cattle indu/ry ?r\gh increas$ freight rates is ! co/1 to ! railroad companies1 ( clean+ & dis9fect+ ! c>s t c>ry cattle & 9 provid+ sep>ate p5s = !m at v>i\s places4 ,^! /atem5ts are suffici5t to indicate t ! loss to ! qu>ant9$ section f ! cattle tick is some?+ enorm\s4 ,su* a s]ies ( encumbrances z ^? record$ c\ld be c>ri$ by ! cattle indu/ry ( no o!r section ( ! c\ntry ?an ! ,s\?1 ^: excell5t pa/ures1 ri* soil1 & salubri\s climate are ! only reasons = its ability to ov]come su* ob/acles 9 meet+ ! competition ( ! ,we/2 & x is ! inh]5t capacity ( ! ,s\? = greatly increas+ its h]ds & enl>g+ its pa/ure l&s t makes ! actual loss ev5 second>y to ! pot5tial loss f re/rictions necessitat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! cattle tick4 ,?is pot5tial loss may be describ$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( ! cattle indu/ry ( ! ,s\? to-day & ! ext5t to :i* ?is indu/ry w\ld be increas$ if f>m]s & ran*m5 7 assur$ t _! l&s & cattle w\ld n become infe/$ ) fev] ticks4 ,c\ld ?is assurance be giv51 ! b5eficial effects w\ld ext5d ov] ! entire c\ntry1 because ! m>ket ( ! nor!rn bre$] w\ld !reby become greatly ext5d$4 ,^! appall+ losses & annual sacrifices ( ! cattle rais]s ( ! infect$ di/rict c be entirely effac$1 & ?is at a small proportionate co/2 =1 ) en?usia/ic /ockm51 satisfactory ,/ate legislation1 suffici5t money1 & a corps ( tra9$ inspectors1 ! cattle tick may be ext]m9at$1 & e doll> exp5d$ 9 ?is "w w be return$ _m times dur+ ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,! s-call$ p]iod ( incubation4--,aft] ! "y ticks h atta*$ !mselves to cattle ! fev] appe>s ab\t #aj days !reaft] 9 midsumm]4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cool1 z 9 autumn1 ?is p]iod may be a little long]4 ,! actual p]iod ( incubation may be %ort]1 = if blood f a case ( ,texas fev] is inject$ into ! blood vessels ( heal?y cattle ! fev] may appe> )9 five days4 ,:5 cattle graze ^u pa/ures ov] :i* s\!rn cattle h pass$1 ! "t :5 ! disease appe>s v>ies )9 wide limits4 ,:5 ! animals h be5 put ^u pa/ures imm$iately aft] s\!rn cattle h infect$ !m ) ticks1 x may take f #cj to #fj days1 or ev5 long]1 be=e ! disease appe>s4 ,?is w be readily und]/ood :5 we recall ! life hi/ory ( ticks4 ,! s\!rn cattle leave only matur$ ticks :i* h dropp$ f !m4 ,^! mu/ lay _! eggs & ! latt] mu/ be hat*$ be=e any ticks c get ^u native cattle4 ,! %orte/ p]iod is ?us n less ?an #cj days if we include #aj days = ! p]iod ( incubation aft] ! "y ticks h atta*$ !mselves to native cattle4 ,:5 ! infection ( pa/ures ) ticks has tak5 place e>ly 9 ! season1 or :5 x is cold1 ! p]iod is mu* long]1 because x takes long] = ! eggs to hat*4 ,if native cattle are plac$ ^u pa/ures :i* h be5 infect$ ) ticks "s "t be=e1 ! disease w appe> s mu* soon]1 because ! "y ticks may be already hat*$ & attack ! cattle at once4 ,x w be evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! l5g? ( "t betwe5 ! exposure ( native cattle on infect$ fields & ! appe>ance ( ! disease dep5ds on ! date ( orig9al infection1 & on ! wea!r1 :e!r cold or hot4 ,:5 native cattle are plac$ ^u fields on :i* "y ticks are already pres5t1 !y w %[ ! fev] 9 #ac to #ae days if ! season is hot4 ,! fev] appe>s be=e ! ticks h matur$4 ,9 fact1 !y are /ill small en\gh to be ov]look$4 ,9 any case v c>eful se>* %\ld be made = !m 9 ^? places :i* !y pref]--! ?ighs1 escut*eon1 & udd]4 ,aft] ! acute /age ( ! fev] has pass$ ! ticks beg9 to swell up & %[ v pla9ly4 7,pl4 ,,xlvi1 figs4 #f & #g47 ,prev5tion4--,x is g5]ally accept$ t if s\!rn cattle are entirely free f t species ( tick kn[n z ,m>g>opus annulatus !y c be all[$ to m+le ) ! mo/ susceptible animals )\t dang]4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 le>n$ f ! /udy ( ! life hi/ory ( ! cattle tick & by obs]vation t ?is tick infe/s pa/ures only transi5tly1 nev] p]man5tly1 & w n mature except ^u cattle or equ9es1 t its ext]m9ation is possible1 & t ! disease x causes may be prev5t$4 ,!re=e ! v>i\s me?ods ) ^! results 9 view %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! de/ruction ( ticks on cattle z well z _! eradication f ! pa/ures4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,eradicat+ ,,! ,,ticks4#g ,9 und]tak+ measures = eradicat+ ! tick x is evid5t t ! pe/ may be attack$ 9 two locations1 namely1 on ! pa/ure & on ! cattle4 ,9 free+ pa/ures ! me?od foll[$ may be ei!r a direct or an indirect "o4 ,! =m] consi/s 9 exclud+ all cattle1 horses1 & mules f pa/ures until all ! ticks h di$ f />vation4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 p]mitt+ ! cattle & o!r animals to cont9ue on ! infe/$ pa/ure & treat+ !m at regul> int]vals ) ag5ts de/ructive to ticks & ?us prev5t+ engorg$ females f dropp+ & re9fe/+ ! pa/ure4 ,! l>v on ! pa/ure1 or ^? :i* hat* f eggs laid by females already !re1 w all ev5tually meet dea?4 ,su* ( ^! z get ^u ! cattle f "t to "t w be de/roy$ by ! treatm5t1 :ile ^? :i* fail to f9d a ho/ w />ve 9 ! pa/ure4 ,animals may be fre$ ( ticks 9 two ways4 ,!y may be treat$ ) an ag5t t w de/roy all ! ticks pres5t1 or !y may be rotat$ at prop] int]vals on tick-free fields until all ! ticks h dropp$4 ,! me?od mo/ g5]ally us$ is dipp+ ! cattle 9 a solution ( ars5ic4 ,! pa/ure-rotation me?od is n only m complicat$1 b ! necess>y tick-free fields are seldom available4 ,,dipp+4 ,! dipp+ vat is ! be/ & *eape/ means ( apply+ ! tick-de/roy+ solution4 ,! great advantage ( dipp+ ov] spray+ & apply+ rem$ies by h& lies 9 ! fact t ?or\ghness ( ! treatm5t is practically assur$4 ,:5 eradication is und]tak51 all ! cattle1 & also ! horses & mules if !y h>bor ticks1 are treat$ regul>ly e two weeks dur+ ! "p ( ! ye> t ! temp]ature is favorable to treatm5t1 until ! ticks h disappe>$4 ,! purpose ( ! treatm5t is to de/roy all ticks t get on ! animals be=e !y h _h a *ance to mature & drop1 ?us prev5t+ !m f re9fe/+ ! pa/ure1 f>m1 or range4 ,if ! treatm5t us$ 7 absolutely effective 9 de/roy+ ea* & e tick on ! animals treat$ !re w\ld be no r5ewal ( ! infe/ation aft] ! treatm5t is begun4 ,! cattle w\ld act simply z collectors ( ticks :i* w\ld be de/roy$ regul>ly by ! treatm5t appli$ e two weeks4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ in/ances1 ei!r because ( ! lack ( effici5cy ( ! dip or imp]fect application1 or because ( failure to dip all cattle sy/ematically1 "s ticks escape treatm5t & reproduce1 ?us prolong+ ! "t t o!rwise w\ld be requir$ = eradication4 ,if ticks app>5tly disappe> f ! cattle aft] !y h be5 "u treatm5t = "s "t1 ! dipp+ %\ld n be discont9u$ until a numb] ( c>eful inspections %[ t ! cattle are free ( ticks4 ,if ticks cont9ue on cattle until cold wea!r & !n f9ally disappe> x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 all probability eradication has n be5 accompli%$ & t !re may be engorg$ females1 unhat*$ eggs1 & inactive se$ ticks on ! f>m or range1 & t ev5 if ! cattle %\ld rema9 free ( ticks dur+ ! w9t] !y may become re9fe/$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 any case 9 :i* ticks disappe> f ! cattle & treatm5t is discont9u$1 ! cattle %\ld be wat*$ v c>efully = ticks until ample "t has elaps$ to leave no d\bt t eradication has be5 accompli%$4 ,z a g5]al rule x has be5 f\nd t if dipp+ is begun 9 ,m>* & sy/ematically & ?or\ghly done1 all cattle be+ dipp$ e #ad days until ,novemb]1 complete eradication w be secur$4 ,9 dipp+1 ea* animal %\ld be completely cov]$ by ! dip4 ,to prev5t any animals f go+ ?r\gh ! vat )\t becom+ wet all ov]1 a man1 provid$ ) a =k$ /ick1 %\ld be /ation$ at ! middle ( ! vat to %ove "u ^? t h n be5 completely subm]g$4 ,dipp+ is ! only really satisfactory me?od ( treat+ animals = ticks4 ,9 cases ( em]g5cy1 h[ev]1 or :]e !re are n cattle en\gh )9 a radius ( sev]al miles to w>rant ! con/ruction ( a vat 9 :i* all ! cattle ( ! community may be dipp$1 spray+ may be advisable4 ,9 spray+ animals ! "w %\ld be done ) great ?or\ghness & e portion ( ! body treat$4 ,an animal c n be spray$ prop]ly unless x is ti$ or o!rwise held1 nor c good results be obta9$ unless ! hair & sk9 are ?or\ghly wett$4 ,prep>ation & use ( ars5ical dips4#h--;,aft] exp]im5t+ = _m ye>s to discov] a practical me?od = dipp+ cattle to de/roy ticks )\t injury to ! cattle1 ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry has develop$ a v satisfactory ars5ical dip4 ,two =mulas are giv5 = homemade dips1 "o kn[n z ! ,s-,b 7self-boil$7 & ! o!r z ! boil$ dip4 ,! =m] is ! "o usually employ$4 ,! ,s-,b dip4--,! =mula calls = two /ock solutions1 ars5ic /ock & t> /ock1 :i* mu/ n be mix$ except 9 ! dilut$ dipp+ ba?4 ,ars5ic /ock requires ! foll[+ mat]ials ready to h& be=e />t+3 ,p\nds4 ,cau/ic soda #d ,:ite ars5ic #aj ,sal-soda cry/als #aj ,!re %\ld be also "s means = heat+ ! solution 9 case1 z sometimes happ5s because ( impure mat]ials1 lack ( skill1 or "s un=ese5 circum/ance1 ! heat creat$ by mix+ ! mat]ials %\ld be insuffici5t to dissolve all ! ars5ic4 ,9 a #e-;gallon kettle or metal#i pail place ! #d p\nds ( cau/ic soda1 add #a gallon ( cold wat]1 & /ir ) a /ick until ! cau/ic soda is practically all dissolv$4 ,)\t delay beg9 add+ ! :ite ars5ic1 9 portions ( a p\nd or two at a "t1 z fa/ z x c be dissolv$ )\t caus+ ! solution to boil1 /irr+ all ! "t4 ,if ! liquid beg9s to boil1 /op /irr+ & let x cool slightly be=e add+ m ars5ic4 ,! secret ( success is to "w ! ars5ic 9 fa/ en\gh to keep ! solution v hot--ne>ly b n q at ! boil+ po9t4 ,! result %\ld be a cle> solution1 except = dirt4 ,if ! liquid p]si/5tly rema9s muddy or milky1 x may be because ! op]ation has be5 conduct$ s fa/ t mu* wat] has be5 boil$ out & sodium ars5ite is beg9n+ to cry/allize1 s add ano!r gallon ( wat] & /ir4 ,if ! solution does n !n cle> up1 ! cau/ic soda mu/ h be5 v l[ grade1 & ! undissolv$ sub/ance mu/ be ars5ic4 ,9 t case1 put ! kettle ov] ! fire1 heat ne>ly1 b n q1 to boil+1 & /ir4 ,z soon z ! solution ( ars5ic is complete1 dilute to ab\t #d gallons1 add ! sodium c>bonate1 & /ir until dissolv$4 ,cautions4--,x is necess>y to avoid spla%+4 ,h5ce nev] "w hurri$ly2 /ir delib]ately & regul>ly2 d n dump 9 ! ars5ic & sal soda1 b c>efully slide !m 9 f a groc]'s scoop held close to ! side ( ! pail & to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,p]=m ! :ole op]ation 9 a well-v5tilat$ place & avoid inhal+ /eam4 ,aft] ! solution has become cold add wat] to make x to exactly #e gallons1#aj mix well1 let settle1 & draw (f into conta9]s :i* c be tightly cork$ or o!rwise clos$4 ,jugs or demijohns are be/1 b t9 cans w s]ve if occasionally inspect$ = leaks :i* may occur aft] a "t ?r\gh ! action ( ! solution ^u ! sold] ( ! c4 ,t> /ock is prep>$ ?us3 ,9 a l>ge metal pail dissolve ?ree-f\r?s ( a p\nd ( cau/ic soda 9 #a qu>t ( wat]1 add #a gallon ( p9e t>1 & /ir ?or\ghly ) a wood5 paddle until ! mixture1 :i* at fir/ looks /reak$ & muddy1 bright5s to a uni=m1 ?ick fluid some:at resembl+ molasses4 ,te/ x by lett+ ab\t a teaspoonful drip f ! paddle into a glass ( wat] 7a glass fruit j> or a wide-m\? bottle w d7 & /irr+ ?or\ghly ) a sliv] ( wood4 ,x %\ld mix p]fectly ) ! wat]4 ,globules ( t> :i* c be se5 by look+ at ! glass f und]nea? & :i* c n be bl5d$ ) ! wat] by repeat$ /irr+ indicate t m cau/ic-soda solution is ne$$4 ,9 t case make up m cau/ic-soda solution ( ! same /r5g? & add x1 n m ?an a p9t at a "t1 ) ?or\gh /irr+1 until ! desir$ effect is produc$4 ,if an appropriate glass vessel = mak+ ! te/ is n at h&1 take a little ( ! mixture betwe5 ! f+]s1 !n dip ! f+]s "u wat] & try to rub (f ! t>4 ,x %\ld leave ! f+]s p]fectly clean aft] a little rubb+ ) wat]4 ,if an oily coat+ rema9s1 m cau/ic-soda solution is ne$$4 ,su* an extra addition ( cau/ic soda w be requir$ only 9 case ( a v l[-grade *emical or a v highly acid t>4 ,! t> /ock %\ld be kept 9 clos$ conta9]s1 su* z a pail ) a friction top4 ,! quantity ( ,s-,b ars5ic /ock or ( t> /ock made 9 "o op]ation c be v>i$ z desir$1 provid$ ! above-giv5 proportions ( ! +r$i5ts are adh]$ to4 ,b "o %\ld attempt to "w ! ,s-,b =mula on a l>g] scale only aft] skill & exp]i5ce h be5 acquir$4 ,! boil$ dip is less conv5i5t ?an ! ,s-,b dip1 b ! f9al composition & effect ( dipp+ ba?s prep>$ f ! two are ! same4 ,to make a #ejj-;gallon ba? provide3 ,sal-soda cry/als #bd p\nds4 ,:ite ars5ic #h p\nds4 ,p9e t> #a gallon4 ,put #be gallons ( wat] into a kettle or tank ( f #dj to #ej gallons' capacity1 heat to boil+1 & add ! sal soda4 ,:5 ?is has dissolv$ add ! :ite ars5ic1 !n boil & /ir = #ae m9utes or long]1 until ! :ite ars5ic has entirely disappe>$4 ,if int5d$ = imm$iate use cool to #adj ,f4 7by addition ( cold wat] if desir$71 !n p\r 9 ! p9e t> 9 a ?9 /ream :ile con/antly & vigor\sly /irr+ ! solution4 ,imm$iately empty ! liquid into ! dipp+ vat1 :i* has already be5 ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) wat]1 & /ir ?or\ghly4 ,all ! ut5sils mu/ be free f greasy or oily matt] :i* w\ld coat ! ars5ic & h9d] its solution4 ,! op]ation ( boil+ requires con/ant att5tion to avoid loss by foam+4 ,h>d wat] may be us$1 b 9 t case consid]able undissolv$ mat]ial1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n conta9 any ars5ic1 may be left aft] boil+4 ,= a /ock solution to be kept on h& & us$ :5 ne$$ add no t>1 b aft] ! solution has become cold make x up to #be gallons1 /ir well1 let settle1 & draw (f into conta9]s :i* c be well clos$4 ,9 ?is case ! t> /ock previ\sly describ$ is also requir$4 ,dilut+ ! dip4--,fir/ run wat] into ! vat ab\t ?ree-f\r?s up to ! dipp+ l9e1 at :i* its capacity mu/ be kn[n4 ,if t> /ock is to be us$ ! necess>y am\nt w be "o-?ird ( a gallon = e #ajj gallons ( vat capacity4 ,measure x out1 mix x ) #b or #c times its volume ( wat] & p\r x along ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! vat1 /irr+ a little4 ,e #ajj gallons ( /&>d-/r5g? ba? calls = #a-c_/e p\nds :ite ars5ic1 :i* quantity is conta9$ 9 f\r-fif?s ( a gallon ( ,s-,b /ock or 9 #e gallons ( boil$ /ock4 ,f ^! figures ! quantity ( ars5ic or /ock ne$$ to *>ge ! vat may be calculat$4 ,or "o may base ! calculation on ! foll[+ facts3 ,"o p\nd ( :ite ars5ic w make #fb-a_/b gallons ( ba?4 ,"o gallon ( ,s-,b /ock w make #abe gallons ( ba?4 ,"o gallon ( boil$ ars5ic /ock w make #bj gallons ( ba?4 ,all solutions ( ars5ic are consid]ably heavi] ?an wat] & if c>elessly put into ! vat !y may plunge to ! bottom & be difficult to mix4 ,!re=e always p\r ! ars5ic /ock or a propriet>y dip 9 a ?9 /ream ev5ly along ! vat except at ! %all[ exit end4 ,ano!r precaution to be tak5 9 h&l+ propriet>y dips is nev] to mix !m fir/ ) small quantities ( wat]1 :i* may break !m4 ,p\r !m directly into ! wat] 9 ! vat4 ,f9ally1 add wat] up to ! dipp+ l9e & /ir well4 ,an excell5t way to /ir is by a pail ti$ to a rope4 ,s9k x at ! entrance end ( ! vat & haul x along ! bottom to ! exit4 ,!n raise x1 ?r[ x back to ! entrance end1 & haul ?r\gh aga91 repeat+ z _m times z necess>y b always haul+ ?r\gh 9 ! same direction4 ,! /&>d-/r5g? ba? prep>$ z above conta9s practically #j4ai p] c5t ars5i\s oxid :5 fre%4 ,aft] use oxidation may set 9 & weak5 x1 b x w n ne$ to be /r5g!n$ s long z x te/s n less ?an #j4age p] c5t ars5i\s oxid4 ,to make up small quantities = spray+1 to ea* #e gallons ( wat] measur$ out add fir/ #b fluid ounces 7#d tablespoonfuls7 ( t> /ock1 & !n #e-a_/h fluid ounces ( ,s-,b /ock or #b-a_/h p9ts ( boil$ ars5ic /ock4 ,! /&>d /r5g? ( ba? %\ld be adh]$ to s f> z possible because its effectiv5ess aga9/ ticks w effect eradication 9 ! lea/ "t & ) fewe/ dipp+s4 ,b if "t is n press+ x is sometimes be/ to beg9 ) a l[] /r5g?1 say #j4ad or #j4ae p] c5t1 & gradually "w up to full /r5g? z ! cattle become accu/om$ to ! treatm5t4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a wise me?od = ! individual cattle own] :o is outside ! area ( coop]ative "w & :o lacks aid & advice f exp]ts4 ,wea!r conditions also ne$ to be consid]$4 ,hot or moi/ wea!r is m try+ to ! cattle ?an cool or dry wea!r4 ,! long] ! "t ne$$ = ! cattle to dry (f aft] dipp+1 :i* ( c\rse prim>ily dep5ds on ! proportion ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! m liable !y are to %[ bli/]+ or o!r injury ?r\gh ! cont9u$ absorption ( ars5ic by ! sk94 ,! comb9ation ( heat & moi/ure is p>ticul>ly bad1 & "u su* conditions x may be desirable1 unless o!r conditions prohibit1 to use ! ba? some:at weak] ?an /&>d /r5g?4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! quantities ( ars5ic & /ock solutions conta9$ 9 #ajj gallons ( ba? ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 s t ! quantities necess>y to *>ge a vat ( any size at any /r5g? c be f\nd by simple multiplication4 ,composition ( dipp+ ba?s4 ---------------------------------------- - ,actual ,p] #ajj gallons ( ba?4 ars5i\s ------------------------------ oxid4 ,:ite ,s-,b ,boil$ ars5ic4 /ock4 /ock4 --------------------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,p\nds4 ,gallons4 ,gallons4 #j4je #j4db #j4ba #a4c 4#jf 4#ej 4#be #a4f 4#jg 4#eh 4#bi #a4h 4#jh 4#ff 4#cc #b4a 4#ji 4#ge 4#ch #b4c 4#aj 4#hc 4#db #b4f 4#aa 4#ia 4#df #b4h 4#ab #a4jj 4#ej #c4a 4#ac #a4jh 4#ed #c4d 4#ad #a4af 4#eh #c4f 4#ae #a4be 4#fc #c4i 4#af #a4cc 4#fg #d4b 4#ag #a4da 4#ga #d4d 4#ah #a4di 4#ge #d4g 4#ai #a4eh 4#gi #d4i 4#bj #a4ff 4#hc 444 4#ba #a4gd 4#hg 444 4#bb #a4hc 4#ib 444 4#bc #a4ia 4#if 444 4#bd #b4jj #a4jj 444 --------------------------------------- ,z dipp+ goes on ! ba? naturally ne$s repl5i%+1 & its /r5g? probably ne$s correction f "t to "t4 ,full directions on ^! po9ts may be f\nd 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajeg4 ,prep>$ dips4--,propriet>y ars5ical cattle dips appe> n[ to h pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age & to h become e/abli%$ z reliable & useful products4 ,at any rate ?is c be said ( ! br&s :i* h receiv$ p]mission = use 9 (ficial dipp+ 9 place ( ! homemade dip4 ,! =mulas & /&>d samples ( all su* br&s are 9 possession ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry & ! manufactur]s are requir$ to gu>antee t _! products z plac$ on ! m>ket w be kept up to /&>d & t all requirem5ts ( ! bureau w be obs]v$4 ,l ! homemade dip !y all conta9 sodium ars5ite z ! active tick-kill+ ag5t4 ,!y d n all conta9 p9e t>1 because t sub/ance is difficult to bl5d into a highly conc5trat$ product1 b !y all conta9 "s o!r sub/ance or mixture ( sub/ances ( su* "* & 9 su* quantity z field trials h prov$ w produce ! same effects4 ,!y are n reg>d$ z any m effective or any mild] on ! cattle ?an prop]ly prep>$ homemade dips4 ,none ! less !y are und\bt$ly saf] = g5]al use because !y (f] decid$ly few] opportunities = mak+ mi/akes 9 ! quantities us$ or 9 ! op]ations gone ?r\gh & also few] *ances = accid5tal poison+ or o!r injury f ! h&l+ ( p[]ful *emicals4 ,:e!r _! high] co/ is suffici5tly outweigh$ by ^! consid]ations is necess>ily a matt] = individual decision4 ,precautions 9 ! use ( ars5ic & ars5ical dips4--,! fact t ars5ic is a viol5t poison is :at r5d]s x valuable1 = ! fev] tick is h>d to kill4 ,b1 l a ke5-edg$ tool1 x may be decid$ly dang]\s if ignorantly or c>elessly h&l$4 ,?ree possibilities ( dang] mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d2 dang] to oneself1 dang] to o!r p]sons1 dang] to animals4 ,! dry1 p[d]$ :ite ars5ic %\ld be kept 9 a tightly cov]$ pail1 pla9ly label$4 ,pap] bags are unsafe because !y easily bur/1 & ars5ic s scatt]$ ab\t looks h>mless en\gh4 ,9 weigh+ or o!rwise h&l+ ! ars5ic avoid rais+ du/ or brea?+ x 91 if rais$1 & keep x (f ! sk9 & clo?+4 ,9 mix+ or boil+ /ock solutions "w only 9 a well-v5tilat$ place1 & on ! w9dw>d side ( ! kettle s t /eam aris+ f x w n be inhal$4 ,! /ock solutions are 9 "s respects m dang]\s ?an ! orig9al sub/ance because ! ars5ic 9 !m is already 9 solution & c act v quickly4 ,if any gets on ! sk9 or clo?+ x mu/ be wa%$ (f )\t delay4 ,cattle mu/ be kept away f su* solutions or f any?+ t has be5 9 contact ) !m1 = cattle crav+ salt h be5 poison$ by lick+ ! outside ( leaky b>rels & by lick+ ! e>? ar\nd dipp+ vats :]e a little conc5trate _h be5 c>elessly spill$ 9 *>g+ ! vat4 ,all su* poison$ e>? mu/ be remov$1 buri$1 & replac$ by fre%4 ,! dilut$ ba? is naturally mu* less dang]\s1 b no *ances c be tak5 ) x4 ,no puddles f :i* animals may dr9k %\ld be all[$ to accumulate4 ,! p]sons :o d ! dipp+ %\ld n all[ ! sk9 or clo?+ to be wet by ! dip any m or any long] ?an absolutely necess>y4 ,:5 spray+1 ! op]ator %\ld see to x t nei!r he nor ! animals inhale any ( ! spray4 ,:5 a vat is to be empti$ ! approv$ practice is to run ! wa/e ba? into a pit prop]ly gu>d$ by a f5ce1 :]e x w gradually seep away "u ! surface & d no h>m1 provid$ only t seepage c n be c>ri$ to a well1 /ream1 or spr+ f :i* any p]son or dome/ic animal may dr9k4 ,! symptoms ( ars5ical poison+ are r v>iable & also dep5d on ! size ( ! dose & ! me?od ( adm9i/ration4 ,if an animal sick5s or dies %ortly aft] dipp+ x by no means foll[s t ars5ical poison+ or any o!r effect ( ! dipp+ is ! cause4 ,v few cattle relative to ! total numb] dipp$ h suff]$ und\bt$ ars5ical poison+ & 9 mo/ ( ! cases ! cause c\ld be trac$ to somebody's error or c>elessness4 ,9 reg>d to ars5ical poison+ ( human be+s !re is a /&>d antidote1 :i* may be obta9$ at any drug /ore ) directions = use4 ,x %\ld be kept on h& = em]g5cies4 ,if ! antidote is n at h& ! poison mu/ be remov$ f ! /oma* by enc\rag+ repeat$ vomit+1 & soo?+ dr9ks su* z milk1 :ite ( eggs & wat]1 or fl\r & wat] mu/ be freely giv5 mean:ile4 ,a suspect$ case ( ars5ical poison+ mu/ h ! att5tion ( a physician at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 z sometimes ! poison works v quickly4 ,crude petroleum4--,v>i\s k9ds ( crude petroleum & emulsions ( x h be5 us$ ) m or less success 9 de/roy+ ticks1 b on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ suitable grades ( oil & ! liability ( injury to cattle1 _! use has be5 practically ab&on$4 ,me?od ( dipp+4--,! me?od usually adopt$ 9 dipp+ cattle is to con/ruct a n>r[ swimm+ tank ) a *ute at "o end = ! entrance ( ! cattle1 & a slop+ exit at ! o!r end :5 ! cattle em]ge aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! vat4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlix1 fig4 #b47 ,a drip *ute1 or floor1 is connect$ ) ! exit1 :]e ! excess ( dip is all[$ to drip (f ! animals & to dra9 into ! vat4 ,plans & specifications = in/all+ dipp+ plants may be obta9$ f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,treatm5t4 ,:5 ,texas fev] has brok5 out1 all animals1 ! sick z well z ! heal?y1 %\ld at once be remov$ to a non9fect$ pa/ure4 ,:ile ?is may n cut %ort ! disease1 x may save ! lives ( "s by remov+ !m f ! possibility ( attack by m "y ticks4 ,removal f infect$ pa/ures likewise prev5ts a second attack1 9 ,octob] or e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 :i* is caus$ by ano!r g5]ation ( ticks4 ,sick native cattle infect ) a new g5]ation ( ticks ! pa/ure to :i* !y are remov$1 b ^! usually appe> s late t !y h b little opportunity to d any damage2 h5ce1 sick natives d n1 z a rule1 cause visible disease 9 o!r natives4 ,x is ( importance to remove all ticks1 s f> z ?is is possible1 f sick animals1 s9ce !y ab/ract a consid]able quantity ( blood & !reby ret>d ! f9al recov]y4 ,m$ical treatm5t ( ! sick has g5]ally be5 unsatisfactory1 al?\gh 9 *ronic cases & ^? occurr+ late 9 ! fall b5eficial results h foll[$4 ,if ! animal is con/ipat$1 a dr5* conta9+ #a p\nd ( ,epsom salt dissolv$ 9 #a qu>t ( wat] %\ld be adm9i/]$1 foll[$ by sulphate ( qu99 9 doses ( #cj to #ij gra9s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! animal1 f\r times a day until ! sy/em is well saturat$ ) x4 ,t9cture ( digitalis "o-half ounce & alcohol #b ounces may be comb9$ ) ! qu991 accord+ to indications ( individual cases4 ,an iron tonic conta9+ r$uc$ iron #b ounces1 p[d]$ g5tian #d ounces1 p[d]$ nux vomica #b ounces1 p[d]$ rhub>b #b ounces1 & potassium nitrate #f ounces w be f\nd b5eficial 9 ! convalesc5t /age :5 ! fev] has run its c\rse4 ,?is tonic %\ld be giv5 9 heap+ teaspoonful doses ?ree times a day 9 ! fe$4 ,good nurs+ is ess5tial 9 treat+ ^! cases1 & ! animal %\ld be giv5 a nutriti\s1 laxative diet ) pl5ty ( clean & cool dr9k+ wat] & all[$ to re/ 9 a quiet place4 ,if ! /able or pa/ure is infe/$ ) ticks1 ! animal %\ld be plac$ 9 a tick-free inclosure to prev5t additional infe/ation ) ^! p>asites & ! introduction ( fre% infection into ! blood4 ,fur!rmore1 all ticks t c be se5 %\ld be remov$ f ! sick cattle1 z !y keep weak5+ ! animal by )draw+ a consid]able quantity ( blood1 & !reby ret>d recov]y4 ,,qu>ant9e ,,regulations4 ,! sanit>y regulations issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = ! control ( cattle %ipm5ts f ! infect$ di/ricts h = _! initial purpose ! prev5tion ( ! transportation ( ticks f infect$ regions to ^? t are n infect$1 ei!r ^u cattle or 9 /ock c>s or o!r convey]4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! fact t ,texas fev] is c>ri$ nor? only by ! cattle tick1 & ! exclusion ( ?is p>asite f ! non9fect$ t]ritory has 9 e in/ance be5 f\nd a c]ta9 me?od ( exclud+ ,texas fev]4 ,! regulations gov]n+ ! movem5t ( cattle f bel[ ! qu>ant9e l9e are made ye>ly by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 & !y def9e ! b\nd>y ( infect$ di/ricts4 ,! infect$ area z n[ det]m9$ is %[n 9 maps issu$ p]iodically4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! en=cem5t ( ^! qu>ant9e regulations1 ,texas fev] has be5 practically prev5t$ 9 ! non9fect$ di/ricts = sev]al ye>s1 & little or no h>d%ip has be5 caus$ to /ockm5 h&l+ cattle f ! infect$ areas4 ,prior to ! adoption ( ^! regulations ! tick-infe/$ di/rict 0 rapidly ext5d+ nor?w>d1 b s9ce ! qu>ant9e l9e 0 e/abli%$ & rational regulations en=c$ x has gradually be5 mov$ f>!r s\?4 ,?is problem ( /ill fur!r r$uc+ ! infe/$ area is ( ! greate/ importance to ! cattlem5 ( ! ,s\?--9 fact1 to ^? on bo? sides ( ! l9e--& "o :i* is receiv+ special consid]ation by ?is dep>tm5t z well z by _m ( ! int]e/$ ,/ates4 ,,tick ,,eradication4 ,sy/ematic coop]ative "w by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & ! affect$ ,/ates = ! eradication ( ! cattle ticks :i* transmit ,texas fev] 0 begun 9 ! summ] ( #aijf "u au?ority giv5 by ,congress 9 ! appropriation act = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! fir/ ,f$]al appropriation = ! fiscal ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 0 #hb1ejj1 & = ! fiscal ye> #aijh an appropriation ( #aej1jjj 0 made1 !n = sev]al ye>s #bej1jjj1 & ?is has be5 increas$ to #ffj1jjj = #aibb4 ,funds h also be5 provid$ by ,/ates & c\nties4 ,! orig9al infect$ area am\nt$ to #gbh1edc squ>e miles4 ,( ?is t]ritory !re has be5 releas$ f qu>ant9e z a result ( ! "w above m5tion$ #ebc1hcg squ>e miles 7up to ,july #a1 #aibb74 ,9 o!r words1 #gb p] c5t ( ! area has be5 fre$ f ticks 9 #af ye>s4 ,great improvem5t has result$ f ?is "w 9 ! releas$ t]ritory4 ,m cattle are be+ rais$1 & a bett] grade ( bre$+ /ock is be+ introduc$2 calves gr[ fa/]1 & cattle put on fle% m rapidly dur+ ! graz+ season & g into ! w9t] 9 bett] condition because ( ! abs5ce ( ! ticks2 !y c be m>ket$ )\t qu>ant9e re/rictions1 & high] prices are be+ obta9$2 dairy c[s give a l>g] yield ( milk2 & values ( f>m l&s are enhanc$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prices realiz$ = cattle f ! tick-infe/$ region & ! prices ( cattle ( simil> grades f above ! qu>ant9e l9e has rang$ f #b4be to #e a head at ! pr9cipal nor!rn live-/ock m>kets1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! improvem5t 9 quality & weight ( cattle because ( ! eradication ( ! ticks4 ,x c easily be se5 t ! ext]m9ation ( ! ticks means a l>ge total annual increase 9 ! prices obta9$ = s\!rn cattle sold 9 nor!rn m>kets4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! increase 9 prices ( cattle sold locally 9 ! ,s\? w\ld repres5t a l>ge sum4 ,?is local increase has be5 f\nd to am\nt to f #c to #ae a head 9 t]ritory fre$ f ticks4 ,an agricultural (ficial ( "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates has report$ t calves 9 ! tick-free area br+ d\ble ! prices t c be obta9$ = simil> calves 9 ! tick-infe/$ region4 ,h]et(ore x has be5 impracticable to improve ! quality ( s\!rn cattle by introduc+ f9e bre$+ animals f o!r sections1 because su* animals 7 liable to contract ,texas fev] & die unless protect$ by inoculation4 ,fur!rmore1 x is impossible = animals to atta9 good gr[? & to ?rive :5 !y are heavily infe/$ ) ticks4 ,) ! eradication ( ! ticks1 h[ev]1 ! s\!rn f>m]s are enabl$ to introduce good bre$+ animals & to improve ! grade ( _! /ock4 ,!re is no long] any d\bt t x is entirely practicable to ext]m9ate ! ticks ?r\gh\t ! entire region1 & ! accompli%m5t ( ?is result w be ( trem5d\s economic advantage n only to ! ,s\? b to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! rate ( progress dep5ds ma9ly on two factors-- ! am\nts appropriat$ by ! ,f$]al & ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts1 & ! coop]ation ( ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\!rn ,,cattle ,,fev] 7,,texas ,,fev]1 ,,tick ,,fev]74 ,,description ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,normal sple5 & sple5 affect$ by ,texas fev]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,sple5 ( an acute1 fatal case ( ,texas fev]4 ,! n>r[ end ( ! sple5 is "h repres5t$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,sple5 ( heal?y /e]4 ,?\gh ! latt] animal weigh$ "o-half m ?an ! =m]1 ! weight ( ! diseas$ sple5 7#f-g_/h p\nds7 0 ne>ly ?ree times t ( ! heal?y sple5 7#b-c_/h p\nds74 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,texas fev]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! cut surface ( a heal?y liv] tak5 f a /e] slaught]$ = beef4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! cut surface ( ! liv] 9 ,texas fev]4 ,fig4 #c4 ,appe>ance ( ! ur9e 9 an acute1 fatal case ( ,texas fev]4 ,fig4 #d4 ,r$ corpuscles1 magnifi$ #a1jjj diamet]s1 conta9+ ! p>asite ( ,texas fev]4 ,?is appe>s z a blue po9t a ne> ! edge ( ! corpuscle4 ,! blood 0 tak5 f a sk9 incision4 ,! case 0 nonfatal & occurr$ late 9 ! fall4 ,fig4 #e4 ,r$ corpuscles f ! blood ( an acute1 fatal case1 #bj h\rs be=e dea?4 ,! ,texas-fev] microbes a are %[n z pe>-%ap$ bodies1 /a9$ ) me?yl5e blue1 )9 ! r$ corpuscles4 ,! l>g] body on ! "r b is a :ite blood corpuscle1 also /a9$ ) me?yl5e blue4 7,magnifi$ #a1jjj diamet]s47 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,! cattle tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus71 ! c>ri] ( ,texas fev]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a s]ies ( ticks1 natural size1 f ! smalle/1 j hat*$ f ! egg1 to ! mature female1 ready to drop (f & lay eggs4 ,fig4 #b4 ,eggs1 magnifi$ #e times4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! "y tick j hat*$ 7magnifi$ #dj times74 ,fig4 #d4 ,! male aft] ! la/ molt 7magnifi$ #aj times74 ,fig4 #e4 ,! female aft] ! la/ molt 7magnifi$ #aj times74 ,fig4 #f4 ,a portion ( ! sk9 ( ! udd]1 %[+ ! small ticks4 ,f a fatal case ( ,texas fev] produc$ by plac+ "y ticks on ! animal4 7,natural size47 ,fig4 #g4 ,a portion ( ! e> ( ! same animal1 %[+ same full-gr[n ticks ready to drop (f4 7,natural size47 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,! cattle tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus74 ,fig4 #a4 ,dorsal view ( male4 7,greatly enl>g$4 ,orig9al47 ,fig4 #b4 ,v5tral view ( male4 7,greatly enl>g$4 ,orig9al47 ,fig4 #c4 ,dorsal view ( replete female4 7,greatly enl>g$4 ,orig9al47 ,fig4 #d4 ,v5tral view ( same4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,portion ( a /e]'s hide1 %[+ ! ,texas-fev] tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus74 7,natural size4 ,orig9al47 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,tick-infe/$ /e]4 ,fig4 #b4 ,dipp+ cattle to kill ticks4 ,,plate ,l4 ,facsimile ( po/] us$ to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 cattle ( simil> bre$+ rais$ on a tick-free f>m 9 "o case & on a ticky f>m 9 ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ronic ,,bact]ial ,,dys5t]y4 ,*ronic bact]ial dys5t]y is a *ronic infecti\s disease ( bov9es caus$ by an acid-fa/ bacillus simulat+ ! tub]cle bacillus & *>act]iz$ by m>k$ di>rhea1 anemia1 & emaciation1 t]m9at+ 9 dea?4 ,?is disease 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! fir/ "t by ,pe>son 9 ,p5nsylvania cattle1 & lat] by ,mohl] 9 ,virg9ia cattle1 & 9 an import$ heif] f ! isl& ( ,j]sey at ! ,a!nia qu>ant9e /ation ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,pe>son propos$ ! "n *ronic bact]ial dys5t]y = ?is affection1 & x has also be5 t]m$ ,johne's disease1 *ronic bact]ial ent]itis1 *ronic hyp]trophic ent]itis1 & *ronic bov9e pseudotub]cul\s ent]itis by v>i\s ,european inve/igators4 ,! disease 0 fir/ /udi$ 9 #ahie by ,johne & ,fro?+ham 9 ,dresd51 b !y 7 incl9$ to attribute to ! avian tub]cle bacillus ! cause ( ! peculi> lesions ( ent]itis :i* !y obs]v$4 ,9 #aijd ,m>kus report$ ?is disease 9 ,holl&1 & subsequ5tly x 0 obs]v$ 9 ,belgium1 ,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,great ,brita94 ,cause4--,! bacillus1 :i* has be5 inv>iably demon/rat$ 9 ! inte/9al lesions & mes5t]ic lymph gl&s 9 ?is disease1 is a rod ab\t #b to #c microns long & #j4e micron wide4 ,x /a9s m or less irregul>ly1 l ! tub]cle bacillus1 & moreov] ! simil>ity goes fur!r1 9 t ! organism is also /rongly acid-fa/1 :i* facts l$ ,johne & ,fro?+ham to surmise t ! disease 0 caus$ by avian tub]cle bacilli4 ,h[ev]1 x has n[ be5 pla9ly demon/rat$ t ! bacillus ( *ronic bact]ial dys5t]y is readily di/+ui%$ f ! latt] organisms1 = :ile x resembles ! tub]cle bacillus 9 =m & /a9+ qualities1 no "o has succe$$ 9 gr[+ x 9 culture m$ia or 9 reproduc+ ! disease by inject+ exp]im5t animals4 ,symptoms4--,probably ! fir/ symptom notic$ is t ! animal is los+ condition despite ! fact t its appetite is good & ! food n\ri%+4 ,?is is soon foll[$ by a di>rhea :i*1 :ile mod]ate at fir/1 soon becomes excessive & may be ei!r irregul> or p]si/5t1 ! feces be+ ( ! consi/5cy ( molasses & pass$ frequ5tly4 ,9 ! meantime ! hair becomes dry & h>% & ! animal falls (f consid]ably 9 weight4 ,! temp]ature1 h[ev]1 rema9s ab\t normal4 ,! appetite does n seem to be greatly impair$ until ! la/ few weeks ( life1 b nev]!less emaciation cont9ues1 ! animal becomes m & m anemic1 great muscul> weakness & exhau/ion are manife/$1 & dea? foll[s1 app>5tly z ! result ( ! p]si/5t di>rhea & great emaciation4 ,! disease may cont9ue = f\r or five weeks or may la/ = a ye>1 or ev5 long]1 be=e dea? int]v5es4 ,lesions4--,! lesions obs]v$ on po/-mortem are rem>kably slight & are out ( all proportion to ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms manife/$4 ,! disease appe>s to />t 9 ! small inte/9es1 especially 9 ! l[] portion1 :]e ! lesions are usually ! mo/ m>k$1 b x also involves ! l>ge inte/9es1 includ+ ! rectum4 ,! muc\s membrane may alone be affect$1 al?\gh usually 9 ! long-/&+ cases ! submucosa is also invad$ & ! entire inte/9al wall is !n mu* ?ick] ?an normal & ! tissue infiltrat$ ) an inflammatory exudate4 ,! muc\s membrane or inside l9+ membrane is m>k$ly wr9kl$ or corrugat$1 %[+ l>ge1 co>se folds ) m or less r$d5+ or hemorrhagic pat*es or spots on ! summits ( ! ridges1 especially noticeable 9 ! l>ge inte/9es4 ,! mes5t]ic lymph gl&s are usually some:at enl>g$ & appe> wat]y on section4 ,! o!r organs d n appe> to be affect$ except f ! anemia pres5t 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! disease4 ,diff]5tial diagnosis4--,! pr9cipal disease ) :i* bact]ial dys5t]y may be confus$ is tub]culosis1 b ! application ( ! tub]cul9 te/ w readily diagnose ! latt] disease1 :ile no reaction w be not$ 9 case ! inject$ animal is suff]+ ) ! =m] affection4 ,! disease may also be mi/ak5 = ! p>asitic affections result+ f /oma* worms 7v]m9\s ga/ritis7 & inte/9al p>asites1 especially unc9>iasis1 b a microscopic exam9ation ( ! feces is necess>y 9 ord] to e/abli% def9itely ! diagnosis4 ,treatm5t4--,z ) all o!r =ms ( infecti\s disease1 x is advisable to sep>ate imm$iately ! diseas$ & suspect$ cattle f ! heal?y animals4 ,! feces pass$ by ! =m] animals %\ld be plac$ on cultivat$ soil :]e heal?y cattle w n be expos$ to !m1 z ! bacilli produc+ ! disease are readily f\nd 9 su* manure4 ,! /alls1 /ables1 & b>ny>ds %\ld also be ?or\ghly dis9fect$1 z has be5 describ$ "u ,tub]culosis1 9 ?is *apt]1 special att5tion be+ giv5 to ^? places :i* h be5 soil$ by feces4 ,! adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es has ?us f> be5 q unsatisfactory1 al?\gh treatm5t %\ld be direct$ t[>d dis9fect+ ! inte/9es ) inte/9al antiseptics1 su* z tannop9 9 #a dram doses twice daily1 & /r5g!n+ ! animal by ! use ( /imulants su* z /ry*n9 9 half-gra9 doses giv5 twice daily hypod]mically4 ,salol1 turp5t9e1 or subnitrate ( bismu? 9 a />* or :eat-fl\r gruel may also give tempor>y relief1 b ! di>rhea is likely to reappe> & cause ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,9 all cases ! fe$ mu/ be c>efully select$ to assure good quality1 & %\ld consi/ pref]ably ( nutriti\s dry fe$4 ,,nagana4 ,nagana1 also call$ tsetse-fly disease1 is an infecti\s fev] occurr+ *iefly 9 horses & cattle1 *>act]iz$ by alt]nat+ p>oxysms & int]missions & produc$ by a specific flagellate protozoan 7,trypanosoma brucei7 9 ! blood4 ,x is probably transmitt$ f animal to animal solely by ! bites ( ! tsetse fly4 ,?is insect is some?+ l a l>ge h\se fly1 & :5 x settles on a diseas$ animal1 sucks ! blood & infects its proboscis1 x is enabl$ on bit+ a second animal to infect ! latt] by direct inoculation4 ,?is disease is f\nd ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( c5tral & s\!rn ,africa1 along ! l[-ly+ & swampy valleys4 ,x has nev] occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor is x kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! ,philipp9es1 b its relation to surra & ! possibility ( its appe>ance 9 "o ( our isl& dep5d5cies are ! reasons = includ+ a few rem>ks at ?is "t4 ,symptoms4--,! *ief symptoms 9 addition to ! fev]1 :i* is usually ab\t #ajd to #aje ,f41 are ! muscul> wa/+1 progressive anemia1 & loss ( p[]1 toge!r ) ! edema mo/ m>k$ ab\t ! head1 legs1 abdom51 & g5ital organs4 ,! ur9e is yell[ & turbid1 & occasionally conta9s album9 & blood4 ,!re is p>alysis ( "o or bo? ( ! h9d legs1 difficult ur9ation & defecation1 labor$ brea?+1 dis*>ge f ! eyes & nose1 extreme ?ir/1 & gradual ext5sion ( p>alysis to o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! disease runs a *ronic c\rse1 la/+ f ?ree to six weeks 9 horses1 & f "o to six mon?s 9 cattle4 ,besides ^! animals1 ! mule1 ass1 buffalo1 antelope1 hy5a1 camel1 & dog contract ! disease naturally1 & %eep1 goats1 cats1 & small laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation4 ,lesions4--,! sple5 & lymphatic gl&s are enl>g$4 ,!re are s]o-fibr9\s exudates 9 ! body cavities1 ! liv] is enl>g$ & engorg$1 he>t flabby1 & a cat>rhal condition is pres5t 9 ! respiratory passages4 ,pa?ological *anges occur 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,! f9d+ ( ! trypanosoma by microscopic exam9ation ( ! blood w be conclusive evid5ce = diagnosis4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t has n prov$ satisfactory4 ,qu991 ars5ic1 me?yl5e blue1 & o!r drugs h be5 us$1 b )\t success4 ,endeavors ?us f> made to produce immunity f ?is disease h likewise be5 unavail+4 ,,cattle ,,f>cy4 ,?is is a *ronic disease ( cattle occurr+ 9 ,france & ! isl& ( ,guadel\pe1 ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by caseat+ nodul> swell+s1 fir/ ( ! sk9 & aft]w>ds ( ! sup]ficial lymphatic vessels & gl&s1 f9ally prov+ fatal )9 a ye> by ext5sion to ! visc]a4 ,! swell+s rupture & dis*>ge a purul5t yell[i% fluid1 :i* conta9s ! causative organism4 ,?is affection1 call$ f>c9 du boeuf by ! ,fr5*1 resembles cutane\s gl&]s or f>cy ( horses1 b is caus$ by an entirely diff]5t organism1 ! /repto?rix ( ,noc>d4 ,moreov]1 cattle are immune f gl&]s1 & = ?is reason ! "n1 un=tunately appli$ to ?is disease1 %\ld n lead to any confusion ) ! cutane\s gl&]s or f>cy ( horses4 ,al?\gh ! disease has be5 describ$ z occurr+ only 9 ,guadel\pe & ,france1 ! possibility ( its occurr5ce 9 ,am]ican possessions w>rants its m5tion 9 ?is *apt]4 ,treatm5t4--,treatm5t consi/s 9 mak+ incisions into ! swell+s & syr++ !m out ) #b p] c5t comp\nd cresol solution4 ,! cavities may !n be pack$ ) cotton1 soak$ 9 #e p] c5t z9c-*lorid solution4 ,! swoll5 lymphatics may also be ba!d or cov]$ ) clo?s wrung out 9 ?is solution4 ,,o!r ,,infecti\s ,,diseases4 ,! foll[+ are also infecti\s diseases ( cattle1 a discussion ( :i* w be f\nd 9 previ\s *apt]s3 ,page4 ,contagi\s abortion #afg ,:ite sc\r ( calves #bfa ,infecti\s oph?almia 7p9k eye7 #cde ,,footnotes3 #d ,^! membranes comprise ! smoo?1 v delicate1 gli/5+ l9+ ( ! l>ge body cavities4 ,9 ! ?orax ! s]\s membrane 7pleura7 cov]s ! ribs & diaphragm z well z ! :ole lung surface4 ,9 ! abdom5 a simil> membrane 7p]itoneum7 l9es ! int]ior ( ! cavity & cov]s ! b[els1 liv]1 sple51 etc4 #e ,hogs are subject to act9omycosis4 #f ,! di/ribution ( ,gov]nm5t blackleg vacc9e 0 discont9u$ ,july #a1 #aibb4 #g ,only a g5]al outl9e ( me?ods ( eradication w be giv5 "h4 ,= detail$ in=mation1 includ+ directions = ! con/ruction ( dipp+ vats & = ! prep>ation ( dips1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajeg1 :i* may be obta9$ free ^u application to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #h ,= full] in=mation see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajeg1 f :i* ! directions "h giv5 are ma9ly d]iv$4 #i ,! *emicals employ$ h no effect ^u iron4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 actively corrode z9c1 t91 or sold]2 h5ce a sold]$ pail mu/ be wat*$ = leaks & is f> inf]ior to a seamless pail1 /amp$ f a s+le %eet ( iron4 ,a t9n$ pail is pref]r$ to a galvaniz$ "o1 b a pla9 iron seamless pail or an iron kettle %\ld be obta9$ if possible4 #aj ,be/ done by previ\sly det]m9+ by measurem5t ! dep? ( #e gallons ( wat] 9 ! kettle4 ,set ! kettle exactly level & m>k ! dep? on a /ick held v]tically on ! c5t] ( ! bottom4 ,,animal ,,p>asites ,,( ,,cattle4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,ransom1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,*ief ( ,zoological ,division1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,! animal p>asites ( cattle comprise m ?an a hundr$ diff]5t species1 belong+ to v>i\s gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom4 ,=tunately n all ^! p>asites occur 9 ?is c\ntry--_m are uncommon1 & _m are comp>atively h>mless4 ,"s =ms1 h[ev]1 occur frequ5tly1 & "s are ( di/9ct importance to ! ,am]ican /ockman on acc\nt ( ! damage = :i* !y are responsible4 ,x is ^! p>asites p>ticul>ly :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 ! pres5t article1 & al?\gh "s =ms are discuss$ :i* are r>e or app>5tly ( little economic importance1 mo/ ( ! m9or & unusual p>asites & species n f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 omitt$ f consid]ation4 ,,flies4#aa ,( ! v>i\s species ( flies :i* infe/ cattle "s are injuri\s on acc\nt ( ! annoyance1 pa91 & loss ( blood due to _! bites1 & sometimes also on acc\nt ( diseases or p>asites :i* are ?us transmitt$ f ! blood ( diseas$ animals to t ( heal?y cattle1 :ile o!rs1 :i* 9 ! w+$ adult /ate d n bite1 are injuri\s because !y live p>asitic on cattle dur+ _! l>val /ages4 ,rem$ies = flies4#ab--,mo/ rem$ies us$ = protect+ cattle f ! attacks ( flies h to be appli$ frequ5tly1 & few1 if any1 w keep flies away = m ?an a day or two foll[+ _! application4 ,! num]\s propriet>y fly repell5ts to be f\nd on ! m>ket are usually m exp5sive1 & (t5 less efficaci\s ?an homemade mixtures4 ,at ! ,m9nesota exp]im5t /ation rancid l>d #a p\nd & k]os5e "o-half p9t1 mix$ ?or\ghly until a creamy mass =ms1 0 f\nd to give excell5t results z a fly repell5t1 la/+ = two or ?ree days1 :5 rubb$ n too ?ickly ) a clo? or ) ! b>e h& ov] ! backs ( c[s4 ,mixtures ( cottonse$ oil & p9e t> conta9+ f #aj to #ej p] c5t ( ! latt] sub/ance 7 f\nd by inve/igations 9 ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry to h a m>k$ repell5t action aga9/ flies :5 appli$ lightly e day4 ,a too free application ( t> mixtures & o!r prep>ations conta9+ ph5ols is liable to cause poison+2 h5ce c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ?is reg>d4 ,j5s5 7#aiji7 recomm5ds ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is said to protect c[s = a week3 ,common laundry soap #a p\nd4 ,wat] #d gallons4 ,crude petroleum #a gallon4 ,p[d]$ naph?al9 #d ounces4 ,cut ! soap into ?9 %av+s & dissolve 9 wat] by ! aid ( heat2 dissolve ! naph?al9 9 ! crude oil1 mix ! two solutions1 put !m into an old da%] *urn1 & mix ?or\ghly = #ae m9utes4 ,! mixture %\ld be appli$ once or twice a week ) a bru%4 ,x mu/ be /irr$ well be=e be+ us$4 ,,! ,,/able ,,fly 7,,/omoxys ,,calcitrans74#ac ,?is fly v closely resembles ! h\se fly1 b1 unlike ! latt]1 x is a bit+ fly4 ,x is common ab\t /ables & (t5 ent]s dwell+s1 especially 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,accord+ to ,no1 x is ! ag5t ( transmission ( a p>asitic r\ndworm ( cattle 7,set>ia labiato-papillosa1 see p4 #ebi74 ,?is fly has be5 %[n capable ( transmitt+ an?rax f diseas$ to heal?y animals1 & "u "s conditions x may transmit surra1 a disease caus$ by a blood p>asite :i* affects horses1 cattle1 & o!r live/ock4 ,! annoyance suff]$ by cattle & horses f /able flies is mu* less5$ if ! /ables are d>k5$4 ,! scre5+ ( doors & w9d[s1 h[ev]1 is pref]able1 z v5tilation is n int]f]$ ) z x is 9 d>k5+ /ables4 ,= milk c[s cov]+s made f burlap 7d\ble ?ickness71 includ+ tr\s]like cov]+s = ! legs1 may be us$ :5 ! flies are v num]\s & tr\blesome4 ,"o ( ! fly repell5ts m5tion$ above may be appli$ to cattle to protect !m f /able flies4 ,! ,hodge flytrap fitt$ to ! w9d[s ( dairy b>ns is a useful means ( de/roy+ /able flies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,entomology has f\nd t a mixture ( fi% oil 7#a gallon71 oil ( p9e t> 7#b ounces71 oil ( p5nyroyal 7#b ounces71 & k]os5e 7#a_/b p9t7 is fairly effective = a %ort "t :5 appli$ lightly1 b ?or\ghly1 to ! portions ( animals n cov]$ ) blankets4 ,! risk ( poison+ ) t> mixtures z already m5tion$ %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 us+ ?is rem$y4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to apply x lightly4 ,! /able fly bre$s 9 moi/ accumulations ( /raw1 *aff1 c[ or horse manure1 & v>i\s f]m5t+ vegetable sub/ances4 ,! dbris collect+ 9 & "u outdoor fe$ tr\ghs1 & ! rema9s ( /raw /acks are favorable bre$+ places = ! /able fly4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions ab\t ?ree weeks are requir$ = developm5t f ! egg to ! adult /age4 ,! prop] c>e ( /raw & ! prop] disposal ( /able manure are v necess>y 9 ! control ( /able flies4 ,/raw /acks %\ld be c>efully built s z to %$ ra91 & loose /raw or *aff %\ld be scatt]$ or burn$4 ,/raw n requir$ = w9t] fe$ %\ld be promptly dispos$ ( by burn+ or scatt]+ & pl[+ x "u4 ,/able manure %\ld be haul$ out & scatt]$ at regul> int]vals1 pref]ably e ?ree days1 & ! vic9ity ( /ables %\ld be kept free f accumulations ( /raw & hay t may become wet & s]ve z bre$+ places = ! /able fly4 ,,! ,,hornfly 7,,lyp]osia ,,irritans74#ad ,?is fly1 n[ f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ,europe ab\t ! ye> #ahhe4 ,hornflies h ! habit ( clu/]+ ab\t ! base ( ! horn 7fig4 #b71 :5ce ! "n by :i* !y are popul>ly kn[n4 ,!y d n damage ! horn1 & congregate !re only to re/4 ,9 view ( ! g5]al practice ( dehorn+ cattle1 ! "n hornfly is less di/9ctive ?an x once 04 ,moreov]1 hornflies re/ on o!r p>ts ( ! body z well z ! horns4 ,:5 re/+1 _! w+s are held d[n close to ! body 7fig4 #a72 :5 fe$+1 _! w+s are held out ne>ly at "r angles1 ready = flight4 ,!y puncture ! sk9 & suck blood1 usually attack+ ! upp] p>ts ( ! body1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are out ( rea* ( ! animal's head or tail4 ,unlike mo/ flies1 !y rema9 on ! animal m or less con/antly1 day & night4 ,ow+ probably to ! irritation & annoyance caus$ by ^! flies1 cattle (t5 d n ?rive z !y %\ld dur+ seasons :5 ! flies are num]\s4 ,! hornfly has also be5 *>g$ ) transmitt+ diseases1 su* z an?rax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,normal ,,sple5 ,,& ,,sple5 ,,affect$ ,,by ,,texas ,,fev]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,sple5 ,,( ,,an ,,acute1 ,,fatal ,,case ,,( ,,texas ,,fev]4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,sple5 ,,( ,,heal?y ,,/e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,,texas ,,fev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,cattle ,,tick 7,,m>g>opus ,,annulatus71 ,,! ,,c>ri] ,,( ,,texas ,,fev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,cattle ,,tick 7,,m>g>opus ,,annulatus74 ,figs4 #a & #b ,,dorsal ,,& ,,v5tral ,,views ,,( ,,male4 ,figs4 #c & #d ,,dorsal ,,& ,,v5tral ,,views ,,( ,,replete ,,female4 7,,greatly ,,enl>g$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,/e]',s ,,hide1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,texas-,,fev] ,,tick 7,,m>g>opus ,,annulatus7 ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,,orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tick-,,infe/$ ,,/e]4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,dipp+ ,,cattle ,,to ,,kill ,,ticks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,,facsimile ,,( ,,po/] ,,us$ ,,9 ,,tick ,,eradication ,,"w4 ,! fly lays its eggs 9 fre%ly dropp$ c[ manure4 ,!y hat* 9 ab\t #bd h\rs1 & ! l>v or maggots 9 f\r or five days develop to ! pupal /age1 :i* la/s a week or #aj days4 ,f ! pupal /age ! mature fly em]ges4 ,! entire process ( developm5t f ! deposition ( ! egg to ! appe>ance ( ! mature fly !re=e may be complet$ 9 two weeks1 or ev5 9 a %ort] "t4 ,to protect cattle f attacks ( ! hornfly !y may be treat$ ) "o ( ! rem$ies m5tion$ above 7p4 #ejb74 ,dipp+ cattle 9 a vat provid$ ) spla%bo>ds set at ! prop] angle de/roys mo/ ( ! hornflies pres5t on ! animals4 ,unless ! spla%bo>ds are us$ all b a few ( ! flies succe$ 9 escap+ z ! cattle plunge into ! ba? & lat] return to !m4 ,scatt]+ ! dropp+s ( cattle ) a %ovel1 or ) bru% dragg$ ov] pa/ures1 9 ord] to insure ! rapid dry+ ( ! manure & consequ5t de/ruction ( ! l>v1 is1 :5 practicable1 an effici5t means ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( ^! flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,hornfly 7,lyp]osia irritans7 9 re/+ position4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,hornflies 7,lyp]osia irritans7 on c[ horn4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,,buffalo ,,gnats4 ,^! small flies1 also kn[n z black flies1 are ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long & h a *>act]i/ic hump$ back 7fig4 #c74 ,!y bre$ 9 runn+ wat] & appe> 9 sw>ms dur+ spr+ & summ]1 (t5 9 enorm\s numb]s1 caus+ great annoyance to /ock & human be+s1 on acc\nt ( _! bites & _! entrance into ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 & o!r op5+s ( ! body4 ,_! bites appe> to be poison\s1 & 9 seasons especially favorable to ! gnats heavy losses ( horses & cattle (t5 occur4 ,buffalo gnats are m tr\blesome 9 bright1 sunny wea!r ?an :5 x is cl\dy1 & animals :i* h n %$ _! w9t] coats suff] m f _! attacks ?an ^? ) smoo? coats4 ,cattle kept 9 d>k5$ /ables are n mole/$4 ,! application ( "o ( ! fly repell5ts already m5tion$ 7p4 #ejb7 may help to protect animals f buffalo gnats4 ,! burn+ ( smudges is also a useful means ( protect+ /ock f ! attacks ( ^! flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,buffalo gnat4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,,screw ,,worms4#ae ,screw worms 7fig4 #d7 are ! maggots ( a fly 7,*rysomyia macell>ia71 s call$ f _! fanci$ resemblance to a screw4 ,! adult fly 7fig4 #e7 is ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 ) a blui%-gre5 body1 r$ eyes1 & ) ?ree d>k longitud9al /ripes on ! back 7?orax74 ,attract$ by odors ( decay1 x deposits its eggs1 #cjj to #djj at a "t1 9 cuts1 sores1 ca/ration w\nds1 etc4 ,! cru%+ ( a tick on ! sk9 commonly results 9 screw-worm infection at t po9t4 ,! eggs hat* 9 a few h\rs & ! l>v or maggots1 or s-call$ screw worms1 beg9 to burr[ into ! fle% & cont9ue burr[+ & fe$+ f ?ree to six days1 aft] :i* !y leave ! w\nd & crawl into ! e>?1 !re trans=m+ into ! quiesc5t pupal /age4 ,?is /age is complet$ 9 ?ree to f\rte5 days4 ,! mature flies !n em]ge f ! pupal envelope & are soon ready = egg lay+4 ,f two to ?ree weeks are !re=e requir$ = ! entire life cycle1 al?\gh "u c]ta9 conditions x is possible = ! fly to und]go its full developm5t 9 z %ort a "t z sev5 days1 & on ! o!r h& z long z a mon? is (t5 requir$4 ,besides cattle1 ! screw-worm fly attacks %eep1 horses1 dogs1 & man4 ,9 ! case ( hogs x is g5]ally ! e>s :i* are affect$4 ,! fly also bre$s 9 dead animals1 & all c>casses %\ld !re=e be buri$ deeply or burn$4 ,! complete de/ruction ( all dead animals by burn+ has be5 f\nd by ! ,bureau ( ,entomology to be by f> ! be/ me?od ( controll+ screw worms4 ,treatm5t = screw worms4--,= prop] treatm5t an animal suff]+ f screw worms %\ld be caught & ?r[n4 ,*lor(orm is !n p\r$ into ! w\nd1 tak+ c>e t x p5etrates ?or\ghly into all ! burr[s ( ! screw worm1 if necess>y us+ a sl5d] /ick or a small bun* ( twi/$ hay z a probe4 ,! animal %\ld be held = sev]al m9utes 9 ord] to insure ! cont9u$ action ( *lor(orm4 ,in/ead ( *lor(orm1 gasol9e may be us$1 & c>bon tetra*lorid is said by "s au?orities to give good results4 ,f9ally1 ! dead or dy+ maggots may be remov$ ) =ceps1 ! w\nd wa%$ ) a weak c>bolic or cresylic acid solution1 & pa9t$ ) p9e t> to r$uce ! *ances ( fur!r attack by flies4 ,f9ally ! w\nd %\ld be dress$ ) a c>bolic or cresylic o9tm5t to promote heal+ & ?us prev5t fur!r infection1 or ! w\nd may be pa9t$ ) p9e t>4 ,dipp+ 9 ! ars5ical dips us$ = de/roy+ cattle ticks is a conv5i5t me?od ( treatm5t if _m animals are involv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,screw worm 7l>va ( ,*rysomyia macell>ia74 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,screw-worm fly 7,*rysomyia macell>ia74 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,,grubs1 ,,w>bles1 ,,bots4 ,ox w>bles are :iti% or1 :5 full gr[n1 d>k-color$ grubs or maggots t develop f ! eggs deposit$ on ! hairs ( cattle by c]ta9 flies kn[n z w>ble flies4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are two species ( ox-w>ble flies1 te*nically kn[n z ,hypod]ma l9eatum & ,hypod]ma bovis4 ,^! flies some:at resemble bees 9 _! g5]al appe>ance1 b l all flies h only two w+s4 ,! fir/ nam$1 ,h4 l9eatum1 is commonly call$ ! heel fly & is m g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ! o!r species4 ,! tail has a di/9ctive r$di%-orange color & ! legs are r\gh & hairy4 ,?is fly commonly deposits its eggs ab\t ! coronet1 :5ce ! "n ( heel fly1 & on ! fetlocks1 knees1 & hocks4 ,:5 cattle are re/+1 eggs are deposit$ along ! l9e ( contact ( ! body ) ! soil4 ,cattle are frequ5tly indiff]5t to ! activity ( ?is fly 9 deposit+ its eggs4 ,commonly #h to #aj eggs1 sometimes z _m z #ad1 are atta*$ to a s+le hair4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! o!r w>ble fly1 ,h4 bovis1 has be5 f\nd only 9 ! ,nor? 7,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 & ,wa%+ton7 & has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! tail is orange-yell[1 light] 9 color ?an t ( ! o!r species1 & ! legs h b few hairs4 ,?is fly commonly deposits its eggs on ! outside ( ! h9d qu>t]s & above ! fetlocks :5 ! animals are mov+1 or l[] d[n if !y are quiet4 ,cattle are usually mu* di/urb$ by ! activity ( ?is fly & n infrequ5tly appe> t]ror /rick54 ,! eggs are atta*$ s+ly1 "o egg to a hair ne> its base4 ,! eggs ( ! w>ble flies hat* z a rule 9 ab\t a week1 ! "t v>y+ ) local conditions4 ,! "y w>ble is ab\t #a mm4 7#a_/be in*7 long4 ,x crawls to ! base ( ! hair & burr[s into ! hair follicle4 ,! entrance ( ! l>v frequ5tly causes sudd5 appe>ance ( swell+s4 ,! l>v ( ,h4 bovis 9 ent]+ ! sk9 r>ely cause a fl[ ( s]um or pus =mation1 b ^? ( ,h4 l9eatum commonly cause a consid]able fl[ ( s]um ) pus =mation result+ 9 a matt+ ( ! hair on affect$ areas ( ! sk94 ,! w>bles aft] p5etrat+ ! sk9 migrate ?r\gh ! body & ultimately rea* ! backs ( ! cattle1 ,h4 l9eatum usually appe>+ !re 9 nor!rn latitudes ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb] & ,h4 bovis ab\t a mon? lat]4 ,dur+ _! migrations1 be=e !y rea* ! back1 ! "y w>bles sp5d a consid]able p]iod 9 ! walls ( ! esophagus1 or gullet1 & may be f\nd 9 ?is location z e>ly z ,augu/ #ae4 ,dur+ ! fall & w9t] a l>ge proportion ( ! gullets ( cattle t are slaught]$ are f\nd to be infe/$ ) w>bles1 & are kn[n z grubby gullets or weas&s 9 ! pack+ h\ses4 ,:5 ! w>bles fir/ appe> 9 ! back !y are ab\t #c_/e in* long4 ,!y cause swell+s ab\t ! size ( pigeons' eggs1 ea* swell+ hav+ a small hole 9 ! c5t]1 :i* has be5 punctur$ 9 ! sk9 by ! w>ble to enable x to brea!4 ,?r\gh ?is hole ! w>ble leaves ! back ( ! c[ :5 x has complet$ its p>asitic /age ( developm5t1 at :i* "t x measures ne>ly an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! full-gr[n l>v beg9 to leave ! backs ( ! cattle e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & 9 nor!rn latitudes ! la/ leave be=e ! middle ( ,july4 ,aft] leav+ ! backs ( ! cattle !y burr[ into ! gr\nd1 lie quiesc5t = ab\t a mon?1 & become trans=m$ into mature flies4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes ! mature flies ( ! species ,h4 l9eatum may be obs]v$ dur+ ,april & ,may1 & ^? ( ! o!r species dur+ ,june & ,july4 ,! damage caus$ by w>bles includes injury to /amp$+ cattle fright5$ by ! fly1 decreas$ milk fl[ & dim9i%$ gr[? 9 infe/$ animals1 & injury to hides1 ! la/ item be+ especially s]i\s4 ,treatm5t4--,! be/ me?od ( control kn[n at pres5t is to extract ! w>bles f ! backs ( cattle & kill !m4 ,if !y are almo/ ready to leave ! cattle1 !y may be squeez$ f ! backs ) ! f+]s4 ,=ceps are useful 9 remov+ ! w>bles1 b x is important to be c>eful 9 extract+ w>bles n to cru% !m1 z ! body juices ( ^! p>asites are sometimes poison\s to cattle if absorb$ into _! circulation4 ,9 ! ,s\? h]ds may be exam9$ 9 ,novemb] or e>ly 9 ,decemb] & once a mon? dur+ ! next two or ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! fir/ exam9ation may be made six weeks to two mon?s lat]1 ) two or1 bett]1 ?ree foll[+ exam9ations at int]vals ( a mon?4 ,if ?is proc$ure is c>efully c>ri$ out !re w be a noticeable dim9ution ( w>bles ! foll[+ ye>1 & if p]si/$ 9 ! w>ble c be almo/ if n completely eradicat$4 ,:]e an entire community foll[s up ! practice ( remov+ & de/roy+ w>bles1 ! results are highly b5eficial4 ,z a result ( rec5t /udies by v>i\s inve/igators x appe>s t ! t9y grubs1 newly hat*$ f ! eggs1 may ga9 entrance to ! body by p5etrat+ directly ?r\gh ! sk94 ,_m obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 h held t ! eggs or newly hat*$ l>v are tak5 into ! m\? by ! cattle lick+ !mselves4 ,x is possible1 z 9 ! case ( sev]al o!r p>asites1 t bo? modes ( infection may occur & t ! l>v may ga9 entrance to ! body ei!r by p5etrat+ ! sk9 or by be+ swall[$4 ,f ! evid5ce at pres5t available x seems likely t ! usual mode ( entrance is ?r\gh ! sk94 ,irrespective ( ! mode ( infection1 ! l>v evid5tly w&] ext5sively ?r\gh ! tissues ( ! body1 developm5tal /ages be+ f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! wall ( ! esophagus dur+ ! fall ( ! ye>4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd 9 ! sp9al canal & 9 v>i\s o!r locations4 ,f9ally1 ab\t ,janu>y !y appe> b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! back1 =m+ ! well-kn[n swell+s4 ,! po/]ior end ( ! grub is ne> ! small op5+ 9 ! hide1 ?r\gh :i* ! grub brea!s & dis*>ges its excrem5t1 & ?r\gh :i*1 :5 its developm5t is complete1 x f9ally escapes4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! grub is at ! bottom ( ! tumor1 :]e ! mucus collects ^u :i* x fe$s4 ,by spr+ or e>ly summ] ! grub is full gr[n & =ces its way out ( ! sk91 fall+ to ! gr\nd1 into :i* x burr[s = a %ort di/ance & trans=ms into ! pupal /age4 ,9 ab\t a mon? ! mature fly em]ges4 ,x has lately be5 discov]$ t a second species ( w>ble fly 7,hypod]ma bovis7 common 9 ,europe is ( n uncommon occurr5ce 9 ,canada & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]eas x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! ox w>bles ( ?is c\ntry 7 all ( ! "o k9d4 ,! g5]al appe>ance1 life hi/ory1 & effects ( ! ,european species are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! ,am]ican =m4 ,grubs weak5 cattle1 cause !m to fall (f 9 fle% & milk1 & decrease ! value ( ! hide4 ,! beef 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a grub becomes slimy & ( a gre5i% color1 & is kn[n to ! but*]s z lick$ beef4 ,! total loss to ?is c\ntry on acc\nt ( ! w>ble fly is e/imat$ at #ce1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj a ye>1 at ! lea/1 & may am\nt to consid]ably m4 ,treatm5t = w>bles4--,dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ exam9e ! cattle = ! pres5ce ( w>bles4 ,by pass+ ! h& ov] ! backs ( ! animals ! swell+s m>k+ ! location ( ! grubs may be readily f\nd4 ,pressure prop]ly appli$ to ! swell+s w cause ! grubs to pop out if !y h rea*$ a late /age ( developm5t4 ,!y may be m easily remov$ by means ( sl5d] =ceps ins]t$ into ! op5+ ( ! w>bles1 & a /ill m c]ta9 me?od ( remov+ !m1 p>ticul>ly if ! lumps are /ill v small1 is to cut into ! swell+s ) a %>p knife or bi/\ry1 aft] :i* !y may be press$ out4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to cru% all grubs remov$1 s z to prev5t ! possibility ( _! fur!r developm5t & trans=mation into flies4 ,9 ord] t none may escape x is advisable to exam9e ! cattle e two weeks dur+ ! late w9t] & spr+1 at ea* exam9ation remov+ ! grubs :i* h develop$ suffici5tly to cause p]ceptible swell+s4 ,ano!r me?od ( treatm5t is to =ce grease or oil into ! op5+s ( ! w>bles1 :i* kills ! grubs4 ,?is me?od is less c]ta9 ?an t ( remov+ ! grubs1 & has ! fur!r objection t ! dead grubs rema9 b5ea? ! sk94 ,cattle may be treat$ dur+ ! summ] ) fly repell5ts 7p4 #ejb7 to keep (f ! w>ble flies4 ,! efficacy ( repell5ts aga9/ ^! flies is probably1 h[ev]1 n v great4 ,9 localities :]e ! "* ( ! cattle indu/ry is su* z to r5d] practicable ! sy/ematic exam9ation ( cattle & ! removal ( ! grubs--t is1 :]e ! h]ds are comp>atively small & subject to ! close sup]vision ( ! own]s--x is possible1 by ! ex]cise ( a little c>e & ) v little ef=t on ! "p ( ! cattle own]s1 provid$ !y "w toge!r1 ea* do+ 8 %>e by see+ to ! removal ( grubs f 8 own cattle1 s t z few z possible survive to trans=m into flies1 to r$uce ! numb] ( grubs )9 "o or two seasons almo/1 if n entirely1 to ! po9t ( ext9ction4 ,inve/igations n yet complet$ indicate t grub eradication may sometimes be accompli%$ by ! use ( ars5ical dips1 :i* are ext5sively us$ at ! pres5t "t = de/roy+ cattle ticks4 7,see p4 #dig47 ,x is possible t ! de/ructive action ( ars5ical dips ^u w>bles is m or less dep5d5t ^u ! fact t ars5ic is /or$ up 9 small quantities 9 & ^u ! sk9 ( cattle t are repeat$ly dipp$ 9 ars5ical dips4 ,! ars5ical dip appe>s to act1 n ^u ! well-develop$ grub b5ea? ! sk91 b ^u ! eggs or ! newly hat*$ l>v1 probably ! latt]4 ,accord+ly ! dipp+ ( cattle to de/roy grubs %\ld be c>ri$ out dur+ ! fly season & repeat$ treatm5ts %\ld be giv5 e two or ?ree weeks1 z 9 dipp+ cattle to eradicate ticks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! w>ble fly 7,hypod]ma l9eatum73 a1 adult female2 b1 eggs atta*$ to a hair1 #be2 c1 l>va z se5 9 egg2 d1 l>va f esophagus ( an ox2 e1 lat] /age ( l>va f b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! back2 f1 l>va at ! /age :5 x leaves ! back ( cattle & falls to ! gr\nd--all enl>g$ 7aft] ,riley74 ,,lice4#af ,cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are commonly infe/$ ) ?ree species ( lice1 two ( !m suck+ lice 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus1 ! %ort-nos$ cattle l\se1 & ,l9ogna?us vituli1 ! long-nos$ cattle l\se71 commonly kn[n z blue lice1 & "o bit+ l\se 7,tri*odectes scal>is71 commonly kn[n z ! r$ l\se4 ,! blue lice 7figs4 #g & #h7 suck ! blood ( cattle & are m injuri\s ?an ! r$ lice 7fig4 #i74 ,unless v abundant ! latt] cause little injury4 ,if num]\s !y irritate & worry _! ho/ probably m by _! %>p claws ?an by _! bites1 z _! food seems to consi/ entirely ( p>ticles ( hair & dead sk94 ,cattle lice reproduce by means ( eggs or nits 7fig4 #aj7 :i* !y fa/5 to ! hair4 ,! blue lice infe/ *iefly ! neck & %\ld]s2 r$ lice1 :5 pres5t1 may be f\nd almo/ any:]e on ! body1 b are usually mo/ num]\s on neck1 %\ld]s1 & at ! root ( ! tail4 ,on acc\nt ( ! it*+ caus$ by ! lice1 infe/$ cattle rub aga9/ po/s1 trees1 etc41 & lick !mselves1 ! hair sometimes com+ out & ! sk9 becom+ ?ick5$ s t mange may be suspect$4 ,treatm5t = lice4--,cattle may be treat$ = lice by means ( h& applications1 spray+1 or dipp+4 ,du/+ p[d]s sold "u v>i\s trade names are ( value 9 help+ to hold lice 9 *eck :5 ! wea!r is too cold = dipp+ or spray+4 ,! application ( greases & insecticidal liquids by h& is fairly effective & practicable 9 cases 9 :i* !re are only a few animals to be treat$4 ,! foll[+ rem$ies h prov$ effective :5 appli$ by h&1 ! treatm5t be+ repeat$ if necess>y 9 ab\t #af days3 7#a7 ,cottonse$ oil & k]os5e1 equal p>ts2 7#b7 k]os5e1 #a_/b p9t1 mix$ ) l>d1 #a p\nd2 7#c7 crude petroleum2 7#d7 any ( ! dips recomm5d$ = use 9 dipp+1 & dilut$ 9 ! same proportions z = dipp+4 ,oils or greases %\ld n be us$ 9 v w>m or v cold wea!r4 ,! rem$ies m5tion$ may be appli$ ) a bru% or a clo?4 ,!y %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 a ?91 ev5 coat+ ov] ! surface ( ! body1 tak+ c>e t !re is no excess quantity at any po9t4 ,9 spray+1 any ( ! dips recomm5d$ = lice1 prop]ly dilut$1 are appli$ by means ( a spray pump ov] ! entire body4 ,?or\gh wett+ ( ! sk9 & hair is important1 & a second treatm5t %\ld be giv5 #ae or #af days lat]4 ,:5 a consid]able numb] ( animals are to be treat$ ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( de/roy+ lice is by ! use ( a dipp+ vat4 ,two dipp+s %\ld be giv5 #ae or #af days ap>t4 ,dipp+ 9 ! fall is good insurance aga9/ risk ( loss f lice dur+ ! w9t]4 ,all animals 9 ! h]d %\ld be treat$ reg>dless ( ! numb] %[+ infe/ation4 ,ei!r coal-t>-creosote or nicot9 dips may be us$4 ,^! are sold "u v>i\s trade names4 ,! directions = dilution giv5 by ! manufactur] %\ld be c>efully foll[$4 ,z coal-t>-creosote dips d n mix well ) all k9ds ( wat]1 !y %\ld be te/$ ) ! wat] to be us$ = mak+ ! solution by mix+ "s ( ! dip 9 ! prop] proportions ) ! wat] 9 a clean & cle>-glass bottle or j>4 ,if an oily lay] or mass ( globules collects ei!r at ! top or ! bottom ( ! mixture aft] /&+ an h\r1 ! dip is n suitable = use ) t k9d ( wat]4 ,imp]fectly mix$ coal-t>-creosote dips are liable to poison animals ev5 :5 n us$ 9 /rong] solutions ?an t recomm5d$ by ! manufactur]s1 & are also likely to be inefficaci\s4 ,! lime-sulphur dip1 :i* is highly efficaci\s z a mange rem$y1 is ( little value = de/roy+ lice1 especially blue lice4 ,! ars5ical dip us$ 9 tick eradication is a good l\se rem$y1 b its use is n advisable on acc\nt ( its poison\s nature1 except "u ! sup]vision ( capable p]sons :o "k h[ to use x & :at precautions to take4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,%ort-nos$ blue l\se 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus7 ( cattle4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,long-nos$ bluel\se 7,l9ogna?us vituli7 ( cattle4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,r$ l\se 7,tri*odectes scal>is7 ( cattle4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,egg ( %ort-nos$ blue l\se 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus7 atta*$ to a hair4 ,enl>g$4 7,f ,bureau ( ,entomology47 ,,mange1 ,,it*1 ,,scab4#ag ,cattle are subject to f\r k9ds ( mange1 ( :i* common mange or psoroptic mange is ! mo/ important4 ,,psoroptic ,,mange4 ,psoroptic mange ( cattle is caus$ by small mites 7fig4 #aa7 :i* multiply rapidly & are spread f diseas$ to heal?y cattle by bodily contact1 or by p5s1 /ables1 railroad c>s1 etc41 rec5tly occupi$ by mangy cattle4 ,! mites attack ! sk9 & cause x to become ?ick5$ & cov]$ ) cru/s & scabs1 ) a consequ5t loss ( hair4 ,int5se it*+ accompanies ! disease1 & affect$ cattle are m or less con/antly rubb+ & lick+ !mselves4 ,psoroptic mange comm5ces at ! root ( ! tail1 or on ! neck1 or )]s1 & gradually ext5ds ov] ! back up to ! head1 ov] ! sides1 & may f9ally affect ne>ly ! entire body except ! legs4 ,9 s]i\s cases ! sk9 may become ulc]at$2 ! animals are greatly weak5$ & emaciat$1 & f9ally die4 ,by tak+ scrap+s f ! edges ( scabby pat*es & plac+ !m on a piece ( black pap] 9 a w>m place ! mites may be se5 z t9y :ite objects crawl+ ov] ! pap]1 m di/9ctly if a magnify+ glass is us$4 ,mange may be confus$ ) l\s9ess1 r+worm1 or ) any condition 9 :i* !re is it*+ or loss ( hair1 b if mites are f\nd !re is no "q ( ! diagnosis4 ,! disease is worse dur+ cold1 wet wea!r4 ,mangy cattle :5 on good pa/ure dur+ ! summ] (t5 seem to recov]1 b 9 ! fall ! disease aga9 appe>s 9 a sev]e =m4 ,treatm5t4--,! mo/ g5]ally us$ & mo/ satisfactory me?od ( treat+ cattle mange consi/s 9 dipp+ ! animals 9 a vat fill$ ) a liquid ( su* nature t x w kill ! p>asites )\t injur+ ! cattle4 ,vats = dipp+ cattle are built ( wood1 /one1 or concrete1 & v>y 9 l5g? f #cj to #ajj feet or m4 ,!y v>y 9 wid? f #c to #g feet at ! top & #a-a_/b to #c feet at ! bottom1 & ! dep? may be f #g to #aj feet4 ,a n>r[ *ute ?r\gh :i* ! cattle are driv5 leads to "o end ( ! vat1 :]e a /eep slide pit*es ! cattle into ! dipp+ fluid1 ?r\gh :i* !y swim1 & climb out ( ! vat at ! o!r end1 :i* is built slop+ & provid$ ) cross cleats to give ! animals a foo?old4 ,a dra9+ p5 ) floor slop+ back t[>d ! vat is g5]ally provid$4 ,! dip %\ld be us$ w>m1 #ajj to #aje ,f41 & ! cattle %\ld be held 9 ! vat = two m9utes to insure ?or\gh action ( ! dip4 ,! head ( ea* animal %\ld be duck$ at lea/ once4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! vat conta9s a suffici5t dep? ( fluid to swim ! animals to be dipp$4 ,! dipp+ fluid may be heat$ f a /eam boil] by pipes or hose1 or wat] heat$ 9 l>ge iron cauldrons or tanks may be us$ = *>g+ ! vat1 & hot wat] ) a prop] quantity ( dip add$ f "t to "t z ! dipp+ fluid becomes cool4 ,if crude-petroleum dips are us$1 "o dipp+ is usually suffici5t1 & ! dip is us$ cold4 ,crude-petroleum dips are r>ely us$ = common mange1 b are ( special value = s>coptic mange1 :i* is cur$ ) difficulty by ! ord9>y dips4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ord9>y mange ) lime-sulphur or nicot9 dips two dipp+s are necess>y1 ! second dipp+ be+ giv5 #aj to #ad days aft] ! fir/4 ,! second treatm5t is necess>y to kill ! few p>asites :i* sometimes escape at ! fir/ treatm5t1 ei!r 9 ! egg /age or z fecundat$ females4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,mite :i* causes psoroptic scab ( %eep4 ,enl>g$ ab\t #ajj times4 ,! mite ( psoroptic cattle mange is almo/ id5tical 9 appe>ance4 ,,lime-,,sulphur ,,dip4 ,! lime-sulphur dip is made 9 ! proportion ( #ab p\nds ( unslak$ lime 7or #af p\nds ( comm]cial hydrat$ lime--n air-slak$ lime71 #bd p\nds ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 & #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,directions = prep>+ #ajj gallons ( dip4--,weigh out ! lime1 #ab p\nds 7or hydrat$ lime1 #af p\nds71 & sulphur1 #bd p\nds4 ,place ! unslak$ lime 9 a %all[1 wat]-tight box simil> to a mort> box1 or "s o!r suitable vessel1 & add wat] en\gh to slake ! lime & =m a lime pa/e or lime putty4 ,sift into ?is pa/e ! fl[]s ( sulphur & /ir well2 !n place ! lime-sulphur pa/e 9 a kettle1 boil]1 or tank conta9+ #cj gallons ( wat]1 ! wat] be+ fir/ heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t4 ,boil ! mixture = two h\rs at lea/1 /irr+ frequ5tly2 add wat] occasionally to ma9ta9 ! orig9al quantity4 ,all[ ! mixture to settle 9 ! tank or draw ! entire cont5ts ( ! kettle or boil+ tank into a l>ge tub or b>rel plac$ ne> ! dipp+ vat & provid$ ) a bunghole ab\t #d in*es f ! bottom1 & !n all[ ample "t to settle--f two to ?ree h\rs or m if necess>y4 ,:5 fully settl$1 draw (f ! cle> liquid into ! dipp+ vat1 tak+ c>e n to all[ any ( ! s$im5t to accompany x1 z ! s$im5t is liable to r5d] ! dip unnecess>ily cau/ic4 ,! cle> liquid ?us obta9$ requires only ! addition ( suffici5t cle> w>m wat] to br+ ! total up to #ajj gallons4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur mu/ be us$ & ! lime mu/ be ( good quality4 ,! dipp+ ba? %\ld be us$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj to #aje ,f41 & = (ficial dipp+s mu/ be ma9ta9$ at all times at a /r5g? ( n less ?an #b p] c5t ( sulphid sulphur z indicat$ by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry field te/ = lime-sulphur ba?s4 ,,nicot9 ,,dip4 ,! nicot9 dip is made ) suffici5t extract ( tobacco1 or nicot9 solution1 to give a mixture conta9+ n less ?an five "o-hundr$?s ( #a p] c5t nicot9 & #b p] c5t fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,suffici5t nicot9 w\ld !re=e be furni%$ = #if gallons 7ab\t #hjj p\nds7 ( dip by #a p\nd ( a #dj p] c5t solution ( nicot94 ,! =mula = ?is dip w\ld be3 ,nicot91 f\r-t5?s ( a p\nd2 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #af p\nds2 wat]1 #if gallons4 ,to calculate h[ mu* nicot9 solution or extract ( tobacco %\ld be us$ = #if gallons ( wat]1 divide ! quantity ( nicot9 requir$ 9 ! dip by ! proportion ( nicot9 9 ! extract4 ,= example1 suppose ! nicot9 solution conta9s #be p] c5t nicot91 we h #j4dj #j4be #a4f4 ,!re=e 9 ?is case x w\ld require #a4f p\nds ( nicot9 solution = ! #if gallons ( dip4 ,or1 if a tobacco extract is us$1 hav+1 = example1 #b4d p] c5t ( nicot91 ! =mula w\ld be z foll[s3 #j4dj #j4jbd #af4ff1 & !re=e #af4ff p\nds w\ld be requir$ = #if gallons ( dip4 ,d n use any prep>ation ! /r5g? ( :i* is n giv5 on ! outside ( ! package4 ,9 prep>+ ^! dips ! nicot9 solution & sulphur %\ld be mix$ toge!r ) wat] be=e add+ !m to ! wat] 9 ! dipp+ vat4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! dip be heat$ above #aaj ,f4 aft] ! nicot9 solution is add$1 z heat is liable to evaporate ! nicot9 & weak5 ! dip4 ,= (ficial dipp+s ! dipp+ ba? %\ld be us$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj to #aje ,f4 & at all times mu/ be ma9ta9$ at a /r5g? ( n less ?an five "o-hundr$?s ( #a p] c5t nicot9 z indicat$ by a field te/ approv$ by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,a homemade nicot9 dip may be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,= ea* #ajj gallons ( dip desir$1 take #ba p\nds ( good1 prep>$ tobacco leaves2 soak ! leaves 9 cold or lukew>m wat] = #bd h\rs 9 a cov]$ pot or kettle2 !n br+ ! wat] to ne> ! boil+ po9t = a mom5t1 &1 if 9 ! morn+1 all[ ! infusion to draw = an h\r2 if 9 ! ev5+1 all[ x to draw ov]night2 ! liquid is next /ra9$ 7pressure be+ us$ to extract z mu* nicot9 z possible f ! wet leaves7 & dilut$ to #ajj gallons p] #ba p\nds ( tobacco4 ,?is dip %\ld be us$ z fre% z possible1 z x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( organic mat]ial :i* w soon decompose4 ,,crude-,,petroleum ,,dips4 ,crude-petroleum dips1 :i* are valuable = ! treatm5t ( s>coptic mange1 are n (t5 us$ = ! treatm5t ( psoroptic mange or ( *orioptic mange1 oily dips be+ liable to injure animals1 especially if !y are mov$ rapidly soon aft] treatm5t1 if !y are expos$ to bright sun%9e1 or if !y become *ill$4 ,besides unprocess$ crude petroleum1 process$ petroleum f :i* ! gasol9e & o!r light hydroc>bons h be5 remov$ may be utiliz$ 9 ! treatm5t ( cattle = mange1 p>ticul>ly s>coptic mange4 ,!re are a numb] ( propriet>y br&s ( crude-petroleum dips on ! m>ket1 consi/+ ( process$ crude petroleum ) o!r sub/ances add$1 ma9ly light] oils to give ! dip a suitable consi/5cy4 ,9 dipp+ cattle 9 crude-petroleum dips fill ! vat ) wat] to )9 #a foot or #ah in*es ( ! dip l9e & !n add ! oil until ! surface is flu% ) ! dip l9e4 ,! oil floats on ! wat]1 & z ! animals pass ?r\gh ! vat _! bodies become coat$ ) oil4 ,,*orioptic ,,mange4 ,*orioptic mange1 due to a species ( mite diff]5t f t caus+ common cattle mange1 is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! region at ! root ( ! tail & if n treat$ may p]si/ = ye>s4 ,! treatm5t is ! same z = psoroptic mange4 ,,s>coptic ,,mange4 ,s>coptic mange1 frequ5tly call$ b>n it*1 is caus$ by a mite v simil> to t :i* causes it* 9 human be+s4 ,x commonly affects ! head & neck1 b may also occur on v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,bulls are p>ticul>ly liable to be affect$ ) ?is =m ( mange4 ,cattle may become infect$ n only f o!r cattle1 b also f horses1 goats1 dogs1 %eep1 & hogs4 ,z a rule s>coptic mange 9 any species ( animal1 if acquir$ f an animal ( ano!r species1 is likely to run a %ort c\rse & t5d t[>d a spontane\s recov]y4 ,! treatm5t likely to be mo/ efficaci\s is t ( dipp+ 9 a crude-petroleum dip1 "o treatm5t z a rule be+ suffici5t4 ,if lime-sulphur dip is us$1 f\r or five successive treatm5ts1 or ev5 m1 at weekly int]vals1 may be necess>y be=e a cure is effect$4 ,,demodectic ,,mange4 ,demodectic mange1 :i* is caus$ by a small p>asite t lives 9 ! hair follicles1 caus+ pu/ules1 especially on ! neck & %\ld]s1 occurs occasionally among cattle 9 ?is c\ntry & is ( importance on acc\nt ( ! injury to ! hide4 ,:5 tann$1 hides infe/$ by ?is p>asite are pitt$1 ! pits1 9 "s cases1 be+ s deep t !y =m holes4 ,no practicable treatm5t is kn[n = ?is disease4 ,,ticks4#ah ,ab\t #aj species ( ticks h be5 report$ z p>asites ( cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mo/ common & mo/ important is ! species kn[n z ,m>g>opus annulatus1 :i* transmits ,texas fev]4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ?is tick & ,texas fev] has be5 giv5 else:]e 9 ?is volume 7p4 #dge74 ,! sp9ose e> tick 7,orni?odoros megn9i7 is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! e>s ( cattle 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is ( common occurr5ce also 9 ! e>s ( horses1 dogs1 cats1 etc4 ,:5 its p>asitic /age ( developm5t is complet$ ! e> tick leaves its ho/4 ,mat+ betwe5 ! sexes occurs aft] ! ticks h ca/ _! sk9s foll[+ ! ab&onm5t ( _! ho/4 ,!y usually crawl up "s di/ance f ! gr\nd & secrete !mselves 9 cracks & crevices 9 trees1 walls ( build+s1 etc41 :]e ! females deposit _! eggs4 ,aft] ! eggs hat*1 ! l>val ticks1 :i* em]ge f !m1 :5 !y succe$ 9 f9d+ a ho/1 ent] ! e>s & gradually develop to ! /age at :i* !y are ready to leave ! ho/ animal4 ,! females may live sev]al mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 if !y d n f9d mates4 ,aft] mat+ !y may deposit _! eggs int]mitt5tly4 ,hat*+ ( ! eggs may occur z e>ly z #aj days aft] deposition4 ,! l>v may live = #hj days )\t a ho/4 ,! p>asitic p]iod has be5 obs]v$ to v>y f ab\t two to ab\t sev5 mon?s4 ,treatm5t4--,on acc\nt ( _! habits & great vitality & _! occurr5ce 9 v>i\s k9ds ( animals besides cattle1 complete eradication is a difficult problem4 ,! only effective treatm5t kn[n is to introduce directly into ! e> passages a rem$y t w kill ! ticks4 ,lat]1 ( c\rse1 ! cattle may become re9fe/$ f exposure to infe/$ ranges or inclosures4 ,! foll[+ mixture1 h[ev]1 9 addition to kill+ ! ticks 9 ! e>s1 w protect aga9/ re9fe/ation = ab\t #cj days3 ,ord9>y comm]cial p9e t>1 two p>ts2 cottonse$ oil1 "o "p--9 ea* case by volume4 ,animals to be treat$ are conf9$ 9 a *ute1 & ! mixture is inject$ into ! e>s ) a syr+e1 aft] ! wax & o!r dbris 9 ! e>s h be5 clean$ out ) a wire probe t has an eyelet at "o end4 ,fur!r in=mation conc]n+ e> ticks & ! details ( _! treatm5t is giv5 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ihj4 ,,bloodsuck]s ,,or ,,lee*es4 ,^! worms are sometimes tak5 up by cattle :5 dr9k+ f ponds4 ,!y may atta* !mselves to ! inn] surface ( ! m\? or nose1 & sometimes rea* ! upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe or ( ! gullet4 ,ble$+ at ! m\? or nose may be notic$1 ! membranes :]e ! lee* is atta*$ are liable to be swoll5 & conge/$1 & z a result ( ! loss ( blood a condition ( anemia may result4 ,treatm5t4--,if ! worm c be rea*$ x may be de/roy$ by cutt+ x 9 two ) a pair ( scissors1 or x may be remov$ ) =ceps or ) ! f+]s aft] wrapp+ a t[el ar\nd ! h& s t ! worm c be held )\t slipp+4 ,fumigation ) tobacco or t> may cause ! worm to release its hold if x c n be remov$ by o!r means4 ,ponds may be rid ( infe/ation ) bloodsuck]s by ! introduction ( eels4 ,,p>asites ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*4 ,! /oma* ( cattle consi/s ( f\r comp>tm5ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ & f\r? are mo/ likely to be ! seat ( p>asitic infe/ation4 ,! fir/ /oma*1 or paun*1 conta9s l>ge numb]s ( m9ute p>asites kn[n z protozoa1 :i* are too small to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,^! small organisms app>5tly are 9 no way injuri\s4 ,a species ( fluke 7,p>amphi/omum c]vi or a closely relat$ species7 is occasionally f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ican cattle1 especially grass-f$ cattle1 atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( ! fir/ /oma* 7fig4 #ab74 ,?is worm is ab\t "o-half in* long1 & some:at conical 9 %ape2 h5ce ! "n1 conical fluke1 by :i* x is sometimes kn[n4 ,al?\gh ?is p>asite has be5 accus$ ( produc+ s]i\s effects1 x is g5]ally consid]$ h>mless4 ,sev]al species ( r\ndworms may occur 9 ! f\r? /oma*4 ,two ( ^! are ( special importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,portion ( ! wall ( ! fir/ /oma* ) conical flukes atta*$4 ,,! ,,twi/$ ,,/oma* ,,worm 7,h,,mon*us ,,contortus74 ,! twi/$ /oma* worm 7,hmon*us contortus1 figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae7 is sometimes f\nd 9 enorm\s numb]s 9 ! f\r? /oma* ( cattle4 ,%eep1 goats1 & o!r rum9ants may also be infe/$ ) x4 ,among ! symptoms caus$ by ?is p>asite may be m5tion$ anemia1 loss ( fle%1 g5]al weakness1 dullness1 caprici\s appetite1 excessive ?ir/1 & di>rhea4 ,! anemic condition is se5 9 ! pal5ess ( ! sk9 & muc\s membranes ( ! m\? & eye1 & 9 ! wat]y swell+s :i* (t5 develop "u ! l[] jaw 7pov]ty jaw74 ,if ! f\r? /oma* ( a dead animal is cut op5 & ! cont5ts c>efully exam9$1 ! p>asites1 :i* are f #a_/b in* to #a-a_/d in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t z ?ick z an ord9>y p91 may be se51 if pres5t 9 any consid]able numb]1 actively wriggl+ ab\t l little snakes4 ,cattle become infect$ ) ^! p>asites by graz+ on pa/ures on :i* infe/$ cattle1 %eep1 or goats h graz$ & scatt]$ _! dropp+s4 ,! worms 9 ! /oma* produce a multitude ( eggs 7fig4 #ad;c7 ( microscopic size1 :i* pass out ( ! body 9 ! feces4 ,9 w>m wea!r ^! eggs hat* 9 a few h\rs4 ,if ! temp]ature is bel[ #dj ,f41 !y rema9 dormant1 & if bel[ freez+1 !y soon die4 ,! eggs are also kill$ by dryness2 moi/ure1 on ! o!r h&1 favor+ _! developm5t4 ,! l>v :i* hat* f ! eggs are microscopic 9 size1 &1 l ! eggs1 are1 at fir/ & until !y h develop$ to a c]ta9 /age1 v susceptible to freez+ & dry+4 ,9 v w>m wea!r ! l>v complete _! developm5t1 s f> z !y are able to develop outside ! body1 9 two or ?ree days4 ,9 cool] wea!r ! "t requir$ = ?is developm5t is long]1 & at temp]atures bel[ #gj ,f4 #aj days to sev]al weeks may be necess>y4 ,! l>v are !n ready to be tak5 into ! body4 ,! eggs & e>ly /ages ( ! l>v app>5tly d n develop if swall[$1 & only ! complet$ l>val /age seems to be infecti\s4 ,9 ?is /age ! l>v migrate up grass /alks 7fig4 #ae7 or o!r objects1 %[+ activity :5ev] ! air is saturat$ ) moi/ure2 t is1 dur+ ra9s1 fogs1 & dews4 ,:5 ! air becomes dry & ! moi/ure evaporates f ! grass ! "y worms cease _! activity1 resum+ _! migrations :5 ! air aga9 becomes ov]lad5 ) moi/ure4 ,l>v :i* h develop$ to ! infecti\s /age1 unlike ! eggs & e>ly l>val /ages1 are able to survive long p]iods ( freez+ & dryness4 ,9 two weeks to a mon? aft] ! embryos are swall[$ !y rea* maturity & beg9 produc+ eggs4 ,prev5tive treatm5t4--,prev5tive measures are important4 ,z moi/ure favors ! developm5t ( ! embryos1 high slop+ gr\nd is pref]able = pa/ures4 ,if l[ gr\nd is us$1 x %\ld be prop]ly dra9$4 ,! pa/ure %\ld n be ov]/ock$4 ,burn+ ov] ! pa/ure w de/roy mo/ ( ! "y worms on ! grass & on ! gr\nd1 & ?is means ( dis9fection "u c]ta9 circum/ances may be v advantage\sly us$4 ,! h]d %\ld be *ang$ to fre% pa/ure z (t5 z possible4 ,cattle %\ld be suppli$ ) wat] f wells1 spr+s1 or fl[+ /reams1 pref]ably 9 tanks or tr\ghs rais$ above ! gr\nd4 ,to a slight degree salt s]ves to protect cattle aga9/ infection ) int]nal p>asites1 & pl5ty ( x %\ld !re=e be kept accessible4 ,affect$ animals %\ld be isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! h]d 9 hospital p5s or pa/ures4 ,a pl5tiful supply ( n\ri%+ fe$ is an important factor 9 enabl+ cattle to )/& ! attacks ( /oma* worms & o!r inte/9al p>asites4 ,! /abl+ ( cattle1 ) ! ma9t5ance ( clean & sanit>y surr\nd+s & lib]al fe$+1 w (t5 /op losses f int]nal p>asites1 ev5 ?\gh no m$ic9al treatm5t is giv54 ,m$ic9al treatm5t4--,9 dos+ animals = /oma* worms x is advisable to treat n only ! animals :i* are s]i\sly affect$1 b ! re/ ( ! h]d z well1 s9ce ! p>asites ) :i* !y are infe/$ w rema9 z a s\rce ( re9fection to ! o!rs4 ,! cattle %\ld be remov$ to fre% pa/ure aft] treatm5t1 if possible4 ,! animals to be treat$ %\ld be depriv$ ( fe$ = #ab to #af1 or ev5 #bd1 h\rs be=e !y are dos$1 & if ! blue/one treatm5t is us$ %\ld receive no wat] on ! day !y are dos$ until sev]al h\rs aft] dos+4 ,9 dr5*+1 a long-neck$ bottle or a dr5*+ tube may be us$4 ,9 case ! =m] is us$ ! dose to be giv5 may be fir/ measur$ (f1 p\r$ into ! bottle1 & ! po9t m>k$ on ! outside ) a file1 s t subsequ5t doses may be measur$ 9 ! bottle itself4 ,a simple =m ( dr5*+ tube 7fig4 #af7 consi/s ( a piece ( rubb] tub+ ab\t #c feet long & "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 ) an ord9>y t9 funnel ins]t$ 9 "o end & a piece ( brass or iron tub+ #d to #f in*es long1 ( suitable diamet]1 ins]t$ 9 ! o!r end4 ,9 use ! metal tube is plac$ 9 ! animal's m\? betwe5 ! back tee?1 & ! dose is p\r$ into ! funnel1 :i* is ei!r held by an assi/ant or fa/5$ to a po/4 ,! fl[ ( liquid ?r\gh ! tube is controll$ by p9*+ ! rubb] tub+ ne> ! po9t ( union ) ! metal tube4 ,x is important n to raise ! animal's head too high on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( ! dose ent]+ ! lungs4 ,! nose %\ld n be rais$ high] ?an ! level ( ! eyes4 ,! animal may be dos$ ei!r /&+ on all f\rs or ly+ on ! side4 ,! position on all f\rs is pref]r$ by "s au?orities1 :o believe t m ( ! rem$y is likely to rea* ! f\r? /oma* :5 ! animal is dos$ /&+ ?an :5 dos$ 9 o!r positions4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 dos+ to prev5t ! entrance ( ! liquid into ! lungs1 & 9 ! prep>ation & adm9i/ration ( ! rem$y to avoid gett+ ! solution too /rong or ! dose too l>ge4 ,blue/one1 or copp] sulphate1 has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ,s\? ,africa 9 ! treatm5t ( %eep & cattle = /oma* worms & is recomm5d$ by ! colonial vet]9>y surgeon ( ! ,cape ,colony z ! be/ & safe/ rem$y4 ,to prep>e ! solution take #a p\nd 7avoirdupois7 ( pure blue/one1 p[d] x f9e1 & dissolve 9 #i-a_/b gallons ( w>m wat]4 ,x is bett] fir/ to dissolve ! blue/one 9 #b or #c qu>ts ( boil+ wat]1 !n add ! rema9+ quantity ( cold wat]1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,?is solution may be giv5 to cattle 9 ! foll[+-siz$ doses3 ,calves #c-a_/b to #d fluid ounces4 ,ye>l+s #f fluid ounces4 ,two-ye>-olds & ov] #ab to #af fluid ounces4 ,9 mak+ up ! solution only cle> blue cry/als ( blue/one %\ld be us$4 ,blue/one ) :ite pat*es or cru/s %\ld be reject$4 ,x is especially important t ! blue/one & wat] be accurately weigh$ & measur$1 & t ! size ( ! dose be graduat$ accord+ to ! age ( ! animal4 ,! special value ( m$icat$ salts adv]tis$ "u v>i\s trade names z prev5tives aga9/ worms is problematical4 ,commonly !y conta9 little else ?an ord9>y salt1 ! o!r sub/ances be+ 9 su* small quantity t _! !rapeutic effect is practically negligible4 ,def9ite evid5ce t !y are m efficaci\s ?an pla9 salt is n yet available & _! use is n recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,twi/$ /oma* worms 7,hmon*us contortus74 ,outl9es %[+ natural size ( male 7above7 & female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,twi/$ /oma* worms 7,hmon*us contortus74 ,male 7a71 female 7b71 & egg 7c74 ,enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,l>va ( twi/$ /oma* worm 7,hmon*us contortus7 coil$ on tip ( grass blade4 ,enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,a dr5*+ tube made f an ord9>y t9 funnel1 a piece ( rubb] hose1 & a piece ( brass pipe4 ,,! ,,ency/$ ,,/oma* ,,worm 7,,o/]tagia ,,o/]tagi74 ,?is p>asite is z ?ick z a f9e hair & less ?an half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x lives 9 small cy/s 9 ! wall ( ! f\r? /oma* 7fig4 #ag7 & is also f\nd free 9 ! cavity ( ! /oma*4 ,:5 num]\s1 ^! p>asites cause a ?ick5+ ( ! /oma* wall & di/urb its dige/ive functions4 ,! symptoms caus$ by ?is p>asite are v simil> to ^? produc$ by ! twi/$ /oma* worm4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! ency/$ /oma* worm is n kn[n 9 detail1 b x is und\bt$ly v mu* ! same z t ( ! twi/$ /oma* worm4 ,! same measures z recomm5d$ above = prev5t+ infection ) ! twi/$ /oma* worm %\ld be us$4 ,m$ic9al treatm5t w\ld seem to be ( little use1 ow+ to ! protect$ position 9 :i* ! p>asite occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,piece ( l9+ ( f\r? /oma*1 %[+ cy/s ( ! ency/$ /oma* worm 7,o/]tagia o/]tagi74 ,,inte/9al ,,p>asites4 ,,tapeworms4 ,two species ( tapeworms 7fig4 #ah7 are kn[n to occur 9 ! small inte/9e ( ,am]ican cattle4 ,!y sometimes gr[ to a l5g? ( sev]al y>ds & to a bread? ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,small portions ( tapeworms1 consi/+ ( "o or m segm5ts1 are occasionally se5 9 ! dropp+s ( infe/$ cattle4 ,! life hi/ory is n kn[n1 b ! infecti\s /age is und\bt$ly tak5 9 ) ! fe$ or wat]1 infection be+ spread by ! eggs ( ! p>asite conta9$ 9 ! feces ( infe/$ animals4 ,! eggs are p]haps swall[$ by "s small creature 7an insect1 worm1 or snail7 :i* acts z an int]m$iate ho/1 & :i* :5 accid5tally swall[$ by a c[ :ile graz+ or dr9k+ c>ries ) x into h] /oma* ! infecti\s /age ( ! tapeworm4 ,adult cattle d n seem to suff] mu* f infe/ation ) tapeworms1 b 9 calves ^! p>asites may cause sc\r+ & emaciation4 ,treatm5t4--,m$ic9al treatm5t = tapeworms 9 cattle is usually unsatisfactory1 b ! blue/one treatm5t us$ = /oma* worms & m5tion$ above 7p4 #ebb7 sometimes expels tapeworms4 ,ars5ic 9 doses ( #a-a_/b to #c gra9s has be5 claim$ to give good results 9 ! treatm5t ( calves = tapeworms4 ,f results obta9$ at ! ,oklahoma ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ! treatm5t ( tapeworms ( %eep x w\ld appe> t ! efficacy ( ! blue/one treatm5t aga9/ ^! p>asites may be increas$ by ! addition ( tobacco4 ,= use on cattle ! blue/one & tobacco mixture may be prep>$ z foll[s3 #ac ounces ( snuff or p[d]$ tobacco is soak$ ov] night 9 ab\t #h gallons ( wat]4 ,to ?is decoction is add$ #a p\nd ( copp] sulphate :i* has be5 dissolv$ 9 #b or #c qu>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,suffici5t wat] is !n add$ to ! mixture to make a total ( #i-a_/b gallons4 ,! doses ( ?is solution are ! same z = ! simple copp] sulphate solution1 describ$ on page #ebb1 namely3 ,calves #c-a_/b to #d fluid ounces4 ,ye>l+s #f fluid ounces4 ,two-ye>-olds & ov] #ab to #af fluid ounces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,a tapeworm 7,moniezia planissima7 :i* infe/s cattle4 ,,r\ndworms4 ,a l>ge r\ndworm 7,asc>is vitulorum7 measur+ #f to #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 sometimes f\nd 9 ! inte/9es ( cattle1 especially calves1 may cause inflammation & occasionally rupture ( ! inte/9e4 ,infection occurs ?r\gh ! swall[+ ( ! eggs ( ! p>asite 9 fe$ or wat] :i* has be5 contam9at$ ) ! feces ( infe/$ cattle4 ,a numb] ( species ( small r\ndworms1 v>y+ 9 size f an eigh? ( an in* to an in* or m 9 l5g?1 occur 9 ! inte/9es4 ,( ^! may be m5tion$ ! hookworm 7,buno/omum phlebotomum7 & ! nodul> worm 7,,oesophago/omum radiatum74 ,! =m] is ab\t an in* long & is f\nd 9 ! small inte/9e4 ,! latt] is some:at small] & is f\nd 9 ! cecum & l>ge inte/9e4 ,hookworms1 :5 num]\s1 may cause anemia & o!r symptoms simil> to ^? caus$ by /oma* worms 7see p4 #eai74 ,! injury to ! muc\s l9+ ( ! inte/9e f ! bites ( hookworms may cause sev]e inflammation1 & af=ds an av5ue ( infection ) ! g]ms ( v>i\s diseases4 ,! adult nodul> worms app>5tly d n attack ! wall ( ! inte/9e1 b d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! inte/9al cont5ts4 ,sev]al species ( small1 v sl5d] r\ndworms 7,tri*o/rongylus71 less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 sometimes occur 9 ! small inte/9e & f\r? /oma*1 & a sev]e ga/ro5t]itis1 or inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,"o species ( small r\ndworm 7,coop]ia punctata7 burr[s 9 ! wall ( ! small inte/9e & causes case\s nodules 9 ! muc\s l9+4 ,?is p>asite sometimes occurs 9 v l>ge numb]s 9 ! inte/9es ( cattle 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry1 & app>5tly does consid]able damage4 ,nodul> disease ( ! inte/9e1 due to "y nodul> worms :i* burr[ 9 ! inte/9al wall dur+ a c]ta9 /age 9 _! life hi/ory1 sometimes app>5tly produces s]i\s effects1 p>ticul>ly 9 "y cattle1 b commonly has little or no p]ceptible influ5ce on ! g5]al heal?4 ,x1 h[ev]1 (t5 r5d]s ! inte/9e unfit = use z sausage cas+s1 & z x is widely preval5t among cattle ! loss f ?is s\rce is consid]able4 ,! gre5i% or yell[i% nodules ) *eesy cont5ts are frequ5tly mi/ak5 by ! inexp]i5c$ = lesions ( tub]culosis4 ,! life hi/ories ( ! v>i\s small r\ndworms occurr+ 9 ! inte/9es ( cattle1 s f> z !y h be5 work$ out1 are v simil> to t ( ! twi/$ /oma* worm z describ$ on page #eai4 ,treatm5t = inte/9al r\ndworms4--,! prev5tive measures are simil> to ^? recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( ! twi/$ /oma* worm 7p4 #eba74 ,m$ical treatm5t is g5]ally n v satisfactory4 ,accord+ to ! ,oklahoma ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! addition ( #a p] c5t ( tobacco to ! blue/one solution us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( /oma* worms 9 %eep is effective 9 ! removal ( hookworms4 ,! blue/one & tobacco mixture describ$ on page #ebd may be ( value 9 ! treatm5t ( hookworms 9 cattle4 ,x is ass]t$ by "o au?or t #b or #c drams ( rectifi$ empyreumatic oil 9 a mucilag9\s emulsion1 foll[$ ! next morn+ ) a purgative ( #a to #a-a_/b p\nds ( sulphate ( soda1 w expel ! l>ge r\ndworms 7,asc>is vitulorum74 ,,protozoa4 ,a numb] ( species ( protozoa h be5 report$ z p>asites ( ! inte/9es ( cattle4 ,to "o species has be5 attribut$ a s]i\s disease ( cattle 9 ,switz]l& kn[n z r$ dys5t]y1 b s f> comp>atively few cases ( ?is disease h be5 record$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is probably m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,calves p>ticul>ly seem mo/ likely to be affect$4 ,,flukes ,,9 ,,liv] ,,& ,,lungs4 ,two species ( flukes occurr+ 9 ! liv] & lungs are kn[n to affect cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! p>asites are flat1 leaf-l worms2 "o ( !m1 ! common liv] fluke 7,fasciola hepatica1 fig4 #ai71 is less ?an an in* 9 l5g?1 :ile ! o!r1 ! l>ge ,am]ican fluke 7,fasciola magna1 fig4 #bj71 is consid]ably l>g] :5 full gr[n4 ,9 _! life hi/ory ^! flukes dep5d on snails z int]m$iate ho/s4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t ! "y flukes leave ! snails1 become ency/$ on /alks ( grass 7fig4 #ba71 or fall into dr9k+ wat]1 & f9ally may be swall[$ by cattle4 ,/iles writes z foll[s3 ,flukes may produce a s]i\s1 (t5 fatal1 disease1 m especially 9 y\ng] animals4 ,! symptoms are some:at simil> to ^? produc$ by worms 9 ! /oma*4 ,! fir/ symptoms are g5]ally ov]look$1 ! disease n attract+ att5tion until ! appetite is dim9i%$2 rum9ation becomes irregul>1 ! animals become hideb\nd1 & ! coat dull & />+4 ,! />+ coat is due to ! contraction ( ! muscles ( ! hair follicles4 ,! visible muc\s membranes become pale1 eyes become dull1 !re is runn+ at ! eyes1 & ! animal gradually becomes emaciat$4 ,z ! disease advances ! milk supply is less5$1 fev] appe>s1 !re is g5]ally great ?ir/1 b ! appetite almo/ ceases2 edemat\s swell+s appe> on ! belly1 brea/1 etc42 di>rhea at fir/ alt]nates ) con/ipation1 b f9ally becomes cont9u\s4 ,! disease la/s f two to five mon?s1 :5 ! mo/ extreme cases succumb4 ,mo/ ( ! ,g]man cattle are said to be infe/$ ) liv] flukes1 b ev5 :5 a l>ge numb] are pres5t ! n\ri%m5t ( ! cattle is n di/urb$4 ,?ick5+ ( ! gall ducts1 s t a s-call$ ,m$usa's head =ms on ! surface ( ! liv] t[>d ! /oma*1 appe>s 9 ev5 well-n\ri%$ animals2 ev5 9 cases ( a cirrhosis ( ! liv] x is seldom t any effect ^u ! cattle's heal? c be notic$1 & s long z a portion ( ! liv] tissue ab\t twice ! size ( ! fi/ rema9s intact1 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! animal may be comp>atively good4 ,x is r>e t "o sees a g5]aliz$ edema 9 slaught]$ cattle z a result ( fluke invasion1 & ev5 9 ! heavie/ infections ( "y cattle only emaciation is notic$4 ,treatm5t4--,m$ic9al treatm5t is unsatisfactory4 ,! disease may be prev5t$ to a consid]able ext5t by giv+ animals pl5ty ( salt1 & by introduc+ c>p1 frogs1 & toads into infect$ di/ricts2 ^! animals de/roy ! "y /ages ( ! p>asite & fe$ ^u ! snails :i* s]ve z int]m$iate ho/s4 ,! dra9age ( wet pa/ures & ! avoidance ( swampy l&s = graz+ purposes are important measures 9 ! prev5tion ( fluke diseases4 ,railliet & o!rs h rec5tly recomm5d$ ! application ( lime to fluky pa/ures1 hav+ discov]$ t v weak solutions are de/ructive n only to fluke embryos b to snails4 ,?is application is to be made dur+ ! summ] mon?s at ! rate ( ab\t #ejj to #a1jjj p\nds ( lime p] acre4 ,! same au?ors also recomm5d extract ( male f]n = ! treatm5t ( fluke disease4 ,m\ssu /ates t ! av]age dose = cattle is #a gram ( ! extract = ea* #aj kilograms ( live weight2 t is1 #aj grams = a "y animal weigh+ #ajj kilograms 7ab\t #bbj p\nds7 up to #ej grams z a maximum = l>ge animals weigh+ #ejj kilograms 7ab\t #a1ajj p\nds7 or m4 ,! extract is mix$ ) ab\t #e times z mu* non-purgative oil & ! dose is adm9i/]$ ea* morn+ = five consecutive days two h\rs be=e ! animal is all[$ to fe$ aft] hav+ be5 fa/$ ov] night4 ,! extract ( male f]n us$ %\ld h a gu>ante$ /r5g? ( #bb to #be p] c5t ( filic9e & #c4e p] c5t ( filicic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,! common liv] fluke 7,fasciola hepatica74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,! l>ge ,am]ican fluke 7,fasciola magna74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,portion ( grass /alk be>+ ?ree ency/$ c]c>i ( ! common liv] fluke 7,fasciola hepatica74 ,enl>g$4 ,,tapeworm ,,cy/s ,,( ,,liv] ,,& ,,o!r ,,visc]a4 ,?ree k9ds ( tapeworm cy/s are f\nd 9 ! visc]a ( cattle4 ,"o ( ^! 7,multiceps multiceps1 or ,coenurus c]ebralis7 w be fur!r ref]r$ to 9 ! discussion ( gid 7p4 #ebh74 ,all ^! are ! int]m$iate /ages ( tapeworms1 :i* live :5 mature 9 ! inte/9es ( dogs1 wolves1 & o!r can9es4 ,! eggs ( ! tapeworms are scatt]$ ov] ! fields 9 ! dropp+s ( infe/$ dogs or wolves1 & :5 swall[$ 9 food or wat] by cattle hat* out & ! embryos migrate to ! liv]1 mes5t]y1 lungs1 bra91 or o!r organs1 :]e !y develop into cy/s1 v>i\sly kn[n z hydatids1 bladd] worms1 wat] balls1 etc4 ,:5 organs ( cattle ?us infe/$ are eat5 by dogs or wolves ! cy/ic worms are also liable to be swall[$ & !n develop into mature tapeworms4 ,to prev5t cattle f infection ) ^! p>asites /ray dogs1 wolves1 & coyotes %\ld be kill$ :]ev] f\nd1 & dogs too valuable to kill %\ld be kept free f tapeworms4 ,z a precaution aga9/ infection ) tapeworms1 ! visc]a ( cattle1 %eep1 or hogs %\ld n be f$ to dogs unless cook$4 ,,hydatids 7,e*9ococcus granulosus7 =m tumors 7fig4 #bb7 ( v>y+ size 7sometimes z l>ge z #f in*es 9 diamet]7 9 ! liv]1 lungs1 & o!r organs4 ,_! cont5ts are liquid1 resembl+ wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! p>asites c n be detect$ 9 ! liv+ animal & !re is no m$ic9al treatm5t = !m4 ,organs conta9+ hydatids %\ld be de/roy$ by burn+ 9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ eat5 by dogs4 ,?is is especially important1 z dogs infe/$ ) ! tapeworm /age ( ?is p>asite are a m5ace to human be+s on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( infect+ !m ) hydatids1 :i* develop 9 man if ! eggs ( ! hydatid tapeworm are swall[$4 ,,?9-,,neck$ ,,bladd] ,,worms 7,tnia hydatig5a1 fig4 #bc7 are mo/ commonly f\nd atta*$ to ! mes5t]y & om5tum4 ,!re is no m$ic9al treatm5t4 ,,gid4--,bladd] worms 7,multiceps multiceps1 or ,coenurus c]ebralis71 :i* are occasionally f\nd 9 ! bra9 ( cattle & cause gid1 turnsick1 or /agg]s1 des]ve m5tion1 z !y are r common among %eep 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,z already allud$ to1 ^! worms are ! int]m$iate /age ( a tapeworm f\nd 9 dogs1 & _! life hi/ory & ! means ( prev5t+ infection h be5 briefly discuss$ above 7see p4 #ebg74 ,cattle h>bor+ ?is p>asite %[ symptoms indicat+ an affection ( ! bra91 walk+ or turn+ 9 circles1 dizz9ess1 unev5 gait1 impair$ vision1 etc4 ,treatm5t consi/s 9 treph9+ ! skull & remov+ ! p>asite1 an op]ation :i* requires a skillful op]ator & is frequ5tly unsuccessful4 ,unless ! p>asite is remov$ affect$ cattle almo/ inv>iably die4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,hydatids 7,e*9ococcus granulosus7 9 portion ( hog's liv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,?9-neck$ bladd] worm 7,tnia hydatig5a7 f abdom9al cavity ( a /e]4 ,,tapeworm ,,cy/s ,,9 ,,! ,,muscles1 ,,beef ,,measles4#ai ,small tapeworm cy/s 7,tnia sag9at71 ab\t ! size ( a pea1 f\nd 9 ! muscles ( cattle are ! l>v ( ! common tapeworm ( man4 ,cattle become infect$ f fe$ or wat] :i* has be5 contam9at$ by ! feces ( p]sons h>bor+ ! adult tapeworms1 & human be+s 9 turn become infect$ by eat+ raw or r>e beef infe/$ ) ! l>val /age 7measly beef74 ,to prev5t cattle f becom+ infe/$ ) ?is p>asite c>e %\ld be tak5 t human feces are n plac$ :]e !y w contam9ate ! fe$ or dr9k+ wat]4 ,?is p>asite is v common 9 cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at lea/ #a p] c5t be+ infe/$4 ,z a result consid]able loss is entail$ ?r\gh condemnations ( beef c>casses by meat inspectors1 because ( ! pres5ce ( tapeworm cy/s4 ,all ?is loss c\ld be avoid$ & ! dang] ( tapeworm infe/ation 9 human be+s f ?is s\rce c\ld be remov$ by ! obs]vance ( prop] precautions 9 dispos+ ( human excreta4 ,at ! same "t mu* sickness & _m dea?s f diseases 7hookworm1 typhoid fev]1 etc47 caus$ by soil pollution w\ld be prev5t$1 & f>m life w\ld be r5d]$ mu* saf] ?an "u ! poor sanit>y conditions :i* are responsible = ! high p]c5tage ( tapeworm cy/s among cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,?read ,,worms ,,9 ,,! ,,abdom9al ,,cavity4 ,?read worms 7,set>ia labiato-papillosa7 #b to #d in*es long are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! abdom9al cavity4 ,!y seem to cause little or no tr\ble4 ,! embryos produc$ by ^! worms ent] ! blood vessels4 ,accord+ to ,no1 !y are spread f "o animal to ano!r by /able flies 7see p4 #ejc71 b ?is has n be5 def9itely prov$4 ,! r\ndworms f\nd occasionally 9 ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! eye 7see p4 #eca7 are p]haps immature =ms ( ?is species :i* h rea*$ ?is location dur+ _! migration4 ,,lung ,,worms4 ,lung worms 7,dictyocaulus vivip>us1 fig4 #bd7 9 cattle are ?read-l worms #b to #d in*es long1 f\nd 9 ! bron*ial tubes & produc+ a condition kn[n z v]m9\s bron*itis4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! p>asite is n fully kn[n1 b infection is evid5tly d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pa/ures :]e infe/$ cattle h graz$4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( ! disease ! cattle c\gh1 especially at night4 ,"y cattle are m s]i\sly affect$ ?an old animals4 ,treatm5t = lung worms4--,v>i\s treatm5ts h be5 advocat$ = lung worms1 includ+ fumigat+ ) diff]5t sub/ances & injections ( rem$ies into ! tra*ea by means ( a l>ge hypod]mic syr+e or by a special spray+ app>atus1 b none h be5 v successful f a practical /&po9t4 ,ab\t all t c be done is to fe$ affect$ animals well & protect !m f exposure1 remov+ !m f ! pa/ure & keep+ !m 9 dry y>ds or /ables ma9ta9$ 9 a cleanly1 sanit>y condition4 ,! me?ods ( prev5tion 9 g5]al are simil> to ^? describ$ "u ! discussion ( ! twi/$ /oma* worm 7p4 #eba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,lung worm 7,dictyocaulus vivip>us7 ( cattle4 ,outl9es %[+ natural size ( male 7above7 & female4 ,,p>asites ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,c]ta9 flukes 7,s*i/osoma bovis & relat$ species7 :i* live 9 ! blood vessels 7! l>ge ve9s7 ( cattle 9 tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries cause bloody ur9e & di>rhea1 ! feces be+ mix$ ) blood4 ,^! p>asites h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh ! natural conditions are su* 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry t !y are liable to become e/abli%$ if introduc$4 ,! embryos ( ,set>ia labiato-papillosa 7p4 #ebi7 :i* occur 9 ! blood may be f\nd by microscopical exam9ation4 ,!y app>5tly cause no tr\ble4 ,! organism :i* causes ,texas fev] is a protozoan p>asite 7,piroplasma bigem9um7 ( microscopic size1 :i* lives 9 ! blood & attacks ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,= a discussion ( ?is p>asite & ! disease :i* x produces see page #dgf ( ?is volume4 ,o!r p>asites :i* live 9 ! blood cause s]i\s diseases kn[n z surra & nagana 7p4 #ejj71 b z yet nei!r ( ^! diseases has ga9$ a foo?old 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,p>asites ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,small r\ndworms1 "o-?ird to f\r-fif?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 may occur 9 ! ducts ( ! lacrimal gl&s4 ,sev]al species all belong+ to ! same g5us 7,!lazia7 are kn[n4 ,!y sometimes escape f _! usual location & may be f\nd on ! surface ( ! eyeball b5ea? ! lids1 or ev5 9 ! eyeball4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s writ]s t ! worms se5 9 ! int]ior ( ! eyeball 7snakes 9 ! eye7 are immature /ages ( ,set>ia labiato-papilosa 7see p4 #ebi7 :i* h gone a/ray f ! normal c\rse ( _! migration1 b ! correctness ( ?is supposition is unc]ta94 ,worms 9 ! eyes & lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation1 9 :i* case ! eyes may be syr+$ ) an antiseptic1 su* z a weak solution ( coal-t> /ock dip1 & iod(orm o9tm5t appli$ if ! condition is sev]e4 ,:5 worms are pres5t 9 ! eyeball itself1 _! removal dep5ds ^u surgical treatm5t1 usually n advisable1 z ! worms 9 t location ei!r cause b little tr\ble or disappe> )\t treatm5t4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,fur!r in=mation may be f\nd 9 a v full report on ,insects ,affect+ ,dome/ic ,animals1 issu$ z ,bullet9 #e1 new s]ies1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology ( ?is dep>tm5t4 #ab ,fur!r in=mation on fly repell5ts may be f\nd 9 ,bullet9 #aca ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ac ,= fur!r in=mation consult ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajig4 #ad ,= fur!r in=mation consult ,circul> #aae ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology4 #ae ,= fur!r in=mation consult ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #heg4 #af ,= fur!r in=mation see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #iji4 #ag ,= a full] discussion see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajag1 issu$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ah ,= a m complete discussion consult ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajeg1 ,bullet9s #acj & #aeb ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 & ,bullet9s #ae 7te*nical s]ies71 #gb1 & #ajf ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 all issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ai ,= fur!r in=mation consult ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,circul> #bad4 ,,mycotic ,,/omatitis ,,( ,,cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl]1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,,introduction4 ,num]\s lett]s h be5 receiv$ by ?is bureau 9 rec5t ye>s relative to ! exi/5ce ( a disease affect+ ! m\?s & feet ( cattle 9 c]ta9 ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,lat] reports indicate t ! malady has made its appe>ance 9 ! ,s\?we/1 :]e x has caus$ mu* al>m among ! /ockm5 ow+ to its simil>ity to ! foot-&-m\? disease ( ,europe4 ,! disease1 :i* is to be discuss$ "u ! "n ( mycotic /omatitis1 has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ?is dep>tm5t on v>i\s occasions1 & x is ) ! view ( giv+ ! results ( ^! cl9ical inve/igations z well z to ass]t its non9fecti\sness & to diff]5tiate x f ! virul5t foot-&-m\? disease1 :i* x s closely simulates1 t ?is article is prep>$4 ,,"n ,,& ,,synonyms4 ,! "n /omatitis signifies t !re is pres5t 9 ! affect$ animals an inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?4 ,?is inflammation1 :i* quickly develops into ulc]s1 is "o ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ lesions4 ,mycotic /omatitis ref]s to t =m ( /omatitis :i* results f eat+ food conta9+ irritant fungi4 ,?us ! "n n only sugge/s ! cause ( ! disease1 b also indicates ! location ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ prom95t symptoms4 ,o!r names :i* h be5 appli$ to ?is disease by diff]5t writ]s are sporadic aph?2 aph?\s /omatitis2 sore m\? ( cattle2 sore tongue2 b5ign1 simple1 or non9fecti\s foot-&-m\? disease2 mycotic aph?\s /omatitis2 & sporadic /omatitis aph?osa4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,disease4 ,mycotic /omatitis is a sporadic1 or non9fecti\s1 disease :i* affects cattle ( all ages t are on pa/ure1 b m especially mil* c[s4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by inflammation & ulc]ation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 produc+ salivation & inappet5ce1 & second>ily affect+ ! feet1 :i* become sore & swoll54 ,sup]ficial erosions ( ! sk91 p>ticul>ly ( ! muzzle & ( ! teats & udd]s ( c[s1 may also be pres5t1 ) "s elevation ( temp]ature & emaciation4 ,,cause4 ,?is disease1 z its "n indicates1 results f ! eat+ ( =age conta9+ fungi or molds4 ,x is probable t m ?an "o fungus is involv$ 9 ! production ( ?is disease1 b no p>ticul> species has be5 def9itely prov$ to be ! causative factor4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made by ! writ] to det]m9e ! exact cause & also to transmit ! disease to o!r animals by direct inoculation1 b ) negative results4 ,suspicion1 h[ev]1 has be5 direct$ by v>i\s obs]v]s to ! ,uromyces & ! r$ & black ru/s t occur on clov]s4 ,^! fungi cause v sev]e irritation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?1 produc+ sometimes a cat>rhal1 at o!r times an aph?\s1 & occasionally an ulc]\s /omatitis4 ,! fungus ( rape1 etc4 7,polydesmus excitiosus71 is v irritat+ to ! m\?s & feet ( cattle1 caus+ sev]e inflammation & 9 "s in/ances produc+ symptoms t h be5 mi/ak5 = foot-&-m\? disease4 ,! fungi 7,p5icillium & ,pucc9ia7 f\nd on grasses h also be5 cr$it$ ) ! production ( /omatitis4 ,! fact t ?is disease disappe>s f a locality at a c]ta9 "t & reappe>s at irregul> int]vals w\ld sugge/ ! probability t c]ta9 climatic conditions 7 ess5tial = ! propagation ( ! causative fungi1 s9ce x is well kn[n t ! malady becomes preval5t aft] a hot1 dry p]iod has be5 foll[$ by ra91 ?us furni%+ ! requirem5ts necess>y = ! luxuriant developm5t ( molds & fungi4 ,ow+ to ?is fact ! disease is obs]v$ 9 "o locality dur+ "o season & 9 an entirely diff]5t section ano!r ye>1 b reappe>s 9 ! =m] c5t] :5 favorable conditions prevail4 ,9 ?is way ! affection has occurr$ at irregul> int]vals 9 c]ta9 sections ( bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,,symptoms ,,& ,,lesions4 ,among ! fir/ symptoms obs]v$ 9 mycotic /omatitis are inability to eat1 susp5sion ( rum9ation1 frequ5t movem5ts ( ! lips ) ! =mation ( fro? on _! m>g9s1 & 9 "s cases a dribbl+ ( saliva f ! m\?4 ,!re is a desire to eat1 & frequ5t attempts to take food are made1 b preh5sion is v difficult4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fe$ is plac$ on ! back ( ! tongue1 x is readily ma/icat$ & swall[$4 ,if ! m\? is exam9$ at ?is "t1 x w be f\nd r$ & hot1 & exceptionally small bli/]s w be se51 :i*1 h[ev]1 quickly become erod$ & develop into active ulc]s v>y+ 9 size f "o-eigh? to #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,:]e sev]al ulc]s h coalesc$ a l>ge & irregul>ly ind5t$ pat* is =m$4 ,^! erosions are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on ! gums ar\nd ! incisor tee?1 on ! d5tal pad1 inside ! lips1 & on ! tip ( ! tongue1 b !y also occur on ! *eeks1 int]d5tal space1 & dorsum ( ! tongue4 ,! ulc]s h a hemorrhagic bord]1 a depress$ suppurat+ surface1 & conta9 a br[ni% or yell[i% color$ dbris1 :i* is soon replac$ by granulation tissue4 ,z a result ( ?is sl\gh+ ( ! tissues & ! ret5tion ( food 9 ! m\?1 a v (f5sive odor is exhal$4 ,! muzzle becomes dry & p>*$ 9 appe>ance1 :i* condition is %ortly foll[$ by erosions & exfoliations ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sk94 ,adh]5t br[ni% cru/s & scabs =m ov] ! p>ts1 & simil> lesions are se5 ar\nd ! no/rils & ext]nal surface ( ! lips4 ,9 "s cases !re are associat$ ) ^! alt]ations a slight swell+ & pa9fulness 9 ! region ( ! pa/]ns1 at times affect+ ! =efeet1 at o!r times ! h9d feet1 & occasionally all f\r feet4 ,9 a few cases ! swell+ may ext5d above ! fetlock1 b x has nev] be5 obs]v$ above ! knee or hock4 ,! sk9 ar\nd ! coronet may occasionally become fissur$ & ! ?9 sk9 9 ! cleft ( ! foot erod$ & suppurat$1 b )\t ! =mation ( vesicles4 ,z a result ( ^! feet lesions1 ! affect$ animal may assume a position ) its back ar*$ & ! limbs propp$ "u ! body z 9 a case ( f\nd]1 & w manife/ mu* pa9 & lam5ess 9 walk+4 ,if x lies d[n1 ! animal %[s reluctance 9 gett+ up1 & al?\gh manife/+ no incl9ation to move ab\t1 :5 =c$ to d s !re is m or less /iffness & a t5d5cy to kick or %ake ! foot z if to dislodge a =eign body f betwe5 ! claws4 ,9 "s outbreaks ! mil* c[s h slight sup]ficial erosions on ! teats :i* at times ext5d to ! udd]4 ,! cracks 9 ! sk9 are fill$ ) s]um & =m br[ni%-color$ scabs4 ,! teats become t5d] & ! milk secretion dim9i%es2 9 "s cases x disappe>s4 ,a simil> t5d5cy t[>d ! =mation ( fissures & scabs on ! sk9 ( ! neck & %\ld]s has manife/$ itself 9 a rec5t outbreak 9 ,texas1 & ?is feature 0 likewise noticeable 9 ! disease :5 x occurr$ 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia 9 #ahhi4 ,9 mild cases only ! m\? lesions may be obs]v$1 or ^! alt]ations may be associat$ ) "o or m ( ! o!r above-describ$ symptoms1 b 9 sev]e cases1 :]e !re is a g5]aliz$ mycotic intoxication1 "o animal may %[ all ^! alt]ations4 ,:5 ! disease is well develop$ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! animal is "o ( great lassitude1 & x ei!r /&s (f by itself ) h9d feet drawn "u ! body & its =efeet ext5d$1 or x assumes a recumb5t position4 ,ow+ to ! inability to eat & to ! g5]al sy/emic di/urbance pres5t1 ! animal loses fle% v rapidly & becomes greatly emaciat$ 9 ! latt] /ages ( ! disease4 ,! temp]ature & pulse are some:at increas$1 ! =m] #b or #c degrees1 ! latt] to f #ge to #ij beats p] m9ute4 ,! fev] is n la/+1 & ^! symptoms are soon modifi$4 ,! animal has an anxi\s look1 & 9 a few cases !re is a ga/ro9te/9al irritation1 ! feces be+ ?91 ( a d>k color1 & ( an (f5sive odor4 ,,prognosis ,,& ,,mortality4 ,mycotic /omatitis is n a s]i\s disease1 & 9 uncomplicat$ cases recov]ies soon foll[ ! removal ( ! cause & ! application ( ! indicat$ rem$ies4 ,9 su* cases complete re/oration may take place )9 "o week4 ,9 mild outbreaks a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! animals w recov] )\t treatm5t1 b t ! disease is fatal is %[n by ! fact t animals :i* develop an aggravat$ =m ( ! affection succumb if n treat$4 ,9 su* animals dea? occurs 9 #f or #h days1 b ! mortality 9 ! s]i\s outbreaks ?us f> inve/igat$ has be5 less ?an #j4e p] c5t4 ,! c\rse ( ?is disease is irregul> & runs f #g to #ae days1 ! av]age case cov]+ a p]iod ( ab\t #aj days4 ,,diff]5tial ,,diagnosis4 ,,foot-,,&-,,m\? ,,disease4 ,9 exam9+ a case ( mycotic /omatitis x is important n to mi/ake x = foot-&-m\? disease1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry on six occasions only4 ,?is may be easily accompli%$ by tak+ into consid]ation ! fact t 9 ! contagi\s foot-&-m\? disease !re is a rapid infection ( ! entire h]d1 z well z ( any hogs & %eep t may be on ! premises4 ,x is also readily transmitt$ to neighbor+ h]ds by ! spread ( ! infection f diseas$ animals1 b x nev] occurs spontane\sly4 ,! *>act]i/ic lesion ( foot-&-m\? disease is ! appe>ance ( vesicles conta9+ s]\s fluid 9 ! m\? & ^u ! udd]1 teats1 heels1 & coron>y b&s ( ! affect$ animals4 ,drool+ is pr(use1 & !re is a peculi> smack+ s\nd made by suck+ ! affect$ lips4 ,mycotic /omatitis occurs sporadically on widely sep>at$ f>ms1 affect+ only a few animals 9 ea* h]d1 & ! lesions produc$ consi/ ( erosions )\t ! typical vesicul> =mations ( foot-&-m\? disease4 ,! failure ( ! vesicles1 if any appe>1 to spread ext5sively 9 ! m\?1 ! abs5ce ( ^! bli/]s on o!r portions ( ! body-- notably ! teats & udd]1 & *>act]i/ically ! feet--toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( infection 9 ! h]d1 & ! inability to transmit ! disease to calves by inoculation1 di/+ui% betwe5 ?is affection & foot-&-m\? disease4 ,! erosions ( ! m\? are n s ext5sive & !y heal m rapidly 9 mycotic /omatitis4 ,! swell+ ( ! feet & /iffness ( ! animal are also m m>k$ 9 mycotic /omatitis4 ,,ergotism4 ,! lesions result+ f ergotism may be diff]5tiat$ f ^? ( mycotic /omatitis by ! lack ( ulc]ative eruptions 9 ! m\? & by ! location ( ! lesions at ! tips ( ! e>s1 end ( ! tail1 or ^u ! l[] "p ( ! legs1 usually bel[ ! knees or hocks4 ,! lesions ( ergotism d n take ! =m ( ulc]s or fe/]s1 b ! end ( ! limb affect$ is diseas$ 9 toto & ! eruption ext5ds entirely ar\nd ! limbs1 foll[$ soon aft]w>ds by a di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! heal?y sk9 above & ! diseas$ bel[4 ,! abs5ce ( suppurat+ sores betwe5 ! claws & on ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 ! k t ! lesion ^u ! limb 9 "q ext5ds un9t]rupt$ly ar\nd x1 & ! pres5ce ( ergotiz$ se$s 9 ! hay or gra9 f$ ! animals %\ld po9t conclusively to a diagnosis ( ergotism4 ,,f\l ,,foot4 ,9 f\l foot1 or gr\nd it*1 ( cattle1 ! inflammation ( ! sk9 & toes usually affects b "o foot4 ,x beg9s z a sup]ficial inflammation foll[$ by sl\gh+1 ulc]ation1 & ! =mation ( fi/ul\s tracts :i* may involve ! t5dons1 bones1 & jo9ts4 ,! m\? rema9s unaffect$1 & ! pres5ce ( ! disease may be trac$ to fil? & poor dra9age4 ,,necrotic ,,/omatitis4 ,9 necrotic /omatitis 7calf diph!ria7 !re is a =mation ( yell[i% *eesy pat*es 9 ! m\? )\t any lesions ( ! feet or udd]4 ,x affects suck+ calves *iefly1 & is caus$ by ! ,bacillus necrophorus4 ,,treatm5t4 ,! treatm5t ( mycotic /omatitis %\ld consi/ 9 fir/ remov+ ! h]d ( cattle f ! pa/ure 9 :i* !y h be5 runn+4 ,! affect$ animals %\ld1 if x is possible1 be br\ght to ! b>n or corral & f$ on s(t1 nutriti\s food1 su* z bran ma%es1 gr\nd fe$1 & gruels4 ,a bucket ( cle>1 cool wat] %\ld be kept con/antly 9 ! mang]1 s t ! animal may dr9k or r9se ! m\? at its pleasure2 & x w be f\nd b5eficial to dissolve #b heap+ tablespoonfuls ( borax or #a tablespoonful ( potassium *lorate 9 ea* ( ! fir/ two buckets ( wat] tak5 dur+ ! day4 ,if ! animals are g5tle en\gh to be h&l$1 ! m\? %\ld be swabb$ out daily ) antiseptic wa%es1 su* z a #b p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid or a #a p] c5t solution ( comp\nd solution ( cresol or ( p]manganate ( potassium1 or #a "p ( hydrog5 p]oxid to #b p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by a/r+5ts1 su* z "o-half tablespoonful ( alum1 borax1 or *lorate ( potassium plac$ on ! tongue4 ,probably a m satisfactory me?od ( adm9i/]+ ! antiseptic treatm5t to a l>ge numb] ( animals w\ld be to mix ?or\ghly #b teaspoonfuls ( pure c>bolic acid e morn+ 9 a qu>t ( bran ma% & give to ea* affect$ animal = a p]iod ( five days4 ,range cattle may be m readily treat$ by ! use ( m$icat$ salt plac$ 9 tr\ghs accessible to ! animals4 ,?is salt may be prep>$ by p\r+ #d ounces ( crude c>bolic acid ^u #ab qu>ts ( ord9>y b>rel salt1 aft] :i* !y are ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! lesions ( ! feet %\ld be treat$ ) a #b p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid1 :ile ! fissures & o!r lesions ( ! sk9 w be b5efit$ by ! application ( c>boliz$ vasel9e or z9c o9tm5t4 ,if ! animals are treat$ 9 ?is mann] & c>efully f$1 ! disease w rapidly disappe>4 ,,index4 ,abdom5-- dropsy affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dg inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbd ( calf1 dropsy1 description1 & treatm5t1 #ahj w\nds1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dc ,abdom9al cavity1 k9ds ( p>asites affect+1 #ebi ,abortion-- contagi\s-- description & causes1 #afe treatm5t & prev5tion1 #agj noncontagi\s-- causes1 #afe treatm5t1 #agj ,abscess-- bact]ia caus+1 #bcg e> treatm5t1 #cee lung1 description1 #ii navel1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdi orbital & p]iorbital1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ceb ,abscesses-- dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj treatm5t1 #bie ,absorb5ts1 description1 #ge ,a*orion s*onle9ii1 fungus caus+ ,t9ea favosa1 #ccb ,acids-- m9]al1 poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #ed poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #ed vegetable1 poison\s1 description & treatm5t1 #fa ,aconite poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fc ,act9omycosis-- description & symptoms1 #ddj-ddi jawbone1 description & treatm5t1 #ddb lungs1 #ddb prev5tion & treatm5t1 #dde-ddf relation to public heal?1 #ddg ,ad5oma1 description1 #caj ,adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es1 *apt] by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 #g-aa ,aft]bir?1 ret5tion1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbj ,air tubes1 lung1 p>asites affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ecj ,air "u ! sk91 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccd ,album91 ur9e1 description & treatm5t1 #aba ,album9uria1 description & treatm5t1 #aba ,alkalies1 poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #ei ,amaurosis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdh ,anaphrodisia1 cause1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #adi ,anas>ca ( ! sk91 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccj ,ane/hesia1 uses 9 op]ations1 #bhi ,aneurism1 description1 #he ,angioma tumor1 description1 #caj ,animal ,indu/ry ,bureau1 exp]im5ts aga9/ hemorrhagic septicemia1 #dja ,animal p>asites ( cattle1 *apt] by ,b4 ,h4 ,ranson1 #ejb-eca ,animal products1 poison\s1 description & treatm5t1 #ga ,an?rax-- cause1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 etc41 #ddi-deh human1 description1 #deh s]um1 relation to blackleg1 #deh symptomatic1 description1 cause1 treatm5t1 etc41 #ddi-deh treatm5t by use ( s]um1 #dee ,aph?a1 calf1 description & treatm5t1 #bfc ,aph?a p>asite 7,sac*>omyces albicans71 cause1 #bfc ,aph?\s fev]4 ,see ,foot-&-m\? disease4 ,aph?\s /omatitis1 ref]5ce1 #ecb ,apoplexy-- c]ebral1 description & treatm5t1 #ajf p>turi5t1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf ,appetite-- deprav$1 description1 causes & treatm5t1 #bh ,loss1 symptom ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #chc ,aque\s humor ( eye1 description1 #cda ,arg5t9a1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,ars5ic poison+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ed ,ars5ical dips-- = de/roy+ cattle ticks1 #dhh use aga9/ screw worms1 #ejg ,ars5ical vapor1 dang] ( inhalation 9 mak+ cattle dip1 #dhi ,art]ies-- & ve9s1 w\nds1 description & treatm5t1 #hc ob/ruction1 description & treatm5t1 #he ,asc>is vitulorum1 inte/9al r\ndworm1 description & treatm5t1 #ebd ,ascites-- causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dg description & treatm5t1 #ahj ,asepsis 9 surgical op]ations1 #bhi ,aseptic p]io/itis1 description & treatm5t1 #bff ,asphyxia electrica1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aaa ,atk9son1 ,v4 ,t4-- *apt] on ,bones3 ,diseases & accid5ts1 #bfd-bhh *apt] on ,poison & poison+1 #ea-gj ,atrophy1 description1 #ha ,auscultation1 def9ition1 #ia ,au/ria-,hung>y1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,bacillus-- cyanog5es1 caus+ blue milk1 #bdb tub]culosis1 7,mycobact]ium tub]culosis1 new t]m9ology7 caus+ tub]culosis1 #djg ,back1 spra91 causes & treatm5t1 #bgj ,bact]ia-- caus+ abscess1 #bcg def9ition1 #cfj ,bact]ium bovisepticum1 caus+ hemorrhagic septicemia1 #cig ,balkan c\ntries1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,ball-- eye1 description1 #cdj hair1 9 /oma*1 description1 #bi ,balls1 use 9 adm9i/]+ m$ic9es1 #h ,bee /+s1 description & treatm5t1 #ga ,beef measles1 discussion & managem5t1 #ebi ,belgium1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,b5ign tumors1 description1 #cjf ,big jaw4 ,see ,act9omycosis4 ,black qu>t]4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,blackleg-- description1 cause & treatm5t1 #dei1 #dfd s]um1 relation to an?rax1 #deh vacc9e1 note on di/ribution by ,animal ,indu/ry ,bureau1 #dfc ,bladd]-- ev]sion1 description1 & treatm5t1 #bah or rectum1 full1 z ob/ruction to p>turition1 #agh palsy ( neck1 cause & treatm5t1 #acj p>alysis1 causes & treatm5t1 #abh rupture1 symptoms1 #bah spasms1 description & treatm5t1 #abh /one1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #adb ,bladd] worms-- affect+ bra91 description & treatm5t1 #ebh ?9-neck$1 description & treatm5t1 #ebh ,ble$+-- description & treatm5t1 #hc lungs1 description & treatm5t1 #ii navel1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdh nose1 cause & treatm5t1 #ic womb1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bad ,bli/]s1 wat]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cbh ,bloat+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bb ,blood-- clots on walls ( vag9a1 description & treatm5t1 #bbj coagulat$1 "u vag9al walls aft] calv+1 treatm5t1 #agi description & influ5ce ( food on1 #ge flukes 7,s*i/osoma bovis71 note1 #ebf p>asites affect+1 diff]5t k9ds1 #ebf protozoa affect+1 #eaj-ecf vessels-- functions1 #gc he>t1 lymphatics1 diseases1 *apt] by ,w4 ,h4 ,h>baugh1 #gc-hf ,bloodsuck]s affect+ cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #eai ,bloody milk1 cause & treatm5t1 #bda ,bloody ur9e-- caus$ by blood flukes1 #ebf description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai ,blue disease1 cause1 #bec ,blue lice 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus & ,h4 vitali71 description1 #eab ,blue milk1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdb ,boils1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbh ,bones-- brok51 description ( k9ds & treatm5t1 #bga-bhb diseases & accid5ts1 *apt] by ,v4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 #bfd-bhh dislocations1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb face1 fracture1 description1 & treatm5t1 #bgg luxations1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb mann] ( n\ri%m5t1 #bfd numb] & description1 #bfd %ape1 classes1 #bfe ,bony tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cad ,boophilus annulatus1 ,texas fev] tick4 ,see ,m>g>opus annulatus4 ,bots affect+ cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #ejg ,bov9e tub]culosis & ! public heal?1 #dbi ,b[el h]nia1 description & treatm5t1 #ci ,b[els-- diseases affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd-dc ob/ruction result+ f invag9ation1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ce twi/+ & knott+1 symptoms1 po/-mortem appe>ance1 & treatm5t1 #ce ,bra9-- & its membranes1 inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ajc bladd] worms affect+1 treatm5t1 #ebg ,coenurus c]ebralis 7,multiceps multiceps7 affect+1 treatm5t1 #ebg concussion1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ajg conge/ion1 description & treatm5t1 #ajf description1 #aja tumors1 description1 #aab ,brazil1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,brea*-- navel1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #beb ut]us1 cause & treatm5t1 #afb ,brea?+1 susp5d$ 9 "y calves1 discussion1 #bdg ,bron*ial tubes1 p>asites affect+1 #ecj ,bron*itis-- description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #id v]m9\s-- description1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 & prev5tion1 #ajj p>asite 7,/rongylus micrurus71 cause1 #ajj ,bru%1 report ( foot-&-m\? disease 9 man1 #cid ,buffalo gnats1 description & rem$y1 #eje ,bull1 r++1 me?od1 #bia ,bulls1 susceptibility to s>coptic mange1 #eag ,burns & scalds1 causes & treatm5t1 #ccc ,calculi-- classification1 #acg =ms 9 diff]5t situations1 #ach 9 prepuce or %ea?1 treatm5t1 #add r5al1 description & treatm5t1 #aci ure?ral1 description & treatm5t1 #aci ur9>y-- classification1 #acg description & causes1 #acj effect ( diff]5t fe$s1 #aca ,calculus-- block+ teats1 treatm5t1 #bdc prev5tion1 #ada vesical or ure?ral1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #adb ,calf-- att5tion necess>y at bir?1 #bdg diph!ria1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfd-dfi dropsy-- g5]al1 cause & treatm5t1 #ahj ( abdom51 description & treatm5t1 #ahj mon/rosities1 descriptions1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #ahb-ahd muscles1 rigid contraction1 cause & treatm5t1 #aha sl9k+1 description1 #afe swell+1 caus$ by gas1 treatm5t1 #aha tumors affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #aha ,calves-- cong5ital imp]fections1 k9ds1 #bfc indige/ion affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd newborn1 acute sc\r+1 description1 prev5tion & treatm5t1 #bfa pyemic & septicemic inflammation1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bea "y-- aph?a1 or ?ru%1 affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc con/ipation affect+1 cause & treatm5t1 #bec diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,james ,law1 #bdg-bfc rickets affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #bfc ulc]s 9 m\?1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfd ,calv+-- dropp+ & palsy foll[+1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc ret>d$ by n]v\sness1 #agi symptoms1 #agc ,canada1 s\rce ( foot-&-m\? infection1 #chf ,canc]1 description & treatm5t1 #cae ,capsule1 eye1 description1 #cdb ,capsules1 use 9 adm9i/]+ m$ic9es1 #h ,c>bolic-acid poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fj ,c>bon dioxid1 =mation 9 prep>+ cattle dip1 #dhi ,c>buncle1 description1 #deh ,c>c9oma1 description & treatm5t1 #cae ,c>ies1 tee?1 description1 #af ,c>pus1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bha ,c>tilage1 e>1 necrosis affect+1 #ceg ,c>uncula lacrimalis ( eye1 description1 #cdd ,case9 concretions block+ teats1 cause & treatm5t1 #cdc ,ca/+ ! )]s1 cause & treatm5t1 #bae ,ca/ration-- dang]s & c>e1 #bii-cja ( female1 description ( op]ation1 #cjj ( male1 description ( op]ation1 #bii ,cat>act1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdh ,cat>rh-- description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ib1 #ic ga/ro9te/9al1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cb1 #cc malignant1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfi-dgb nasal1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ib ,cat>rhal fev]1 infecti\s1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfi-dgb ,cats1 e> ticks on1 note1 #eah ,cattle-- animal p>asites affect+1 *apt] by ,b4 ,h4 ,ransom1 #ejb-eca dip1 prep>ation & use1 #dhh-did dose ( vacc9e aga9/ an?rax1 #dei dr5*+1 c>e ( lungs1 #ebb f>cy1 description & treatm5t1 #eja infect$ ) an?rax1 description1 #deh infection ) s>coptic mange1 #eag infecti\s diseases1 *apt] by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 #ceh-eja infe/ation ) tapeworm1 #ebc injury by use ( petroleum aga9/ ticks1 #did loss ( blood by inoculations1 limits ( safety1 #ejj nor!rn1 immunization aga9/ ,texas fev]1 mann]1 #dih p>asitic diseases1 prev5tion1 #eaj plague4 ,see ,r9d]pe/4 protection f flies1 =mulas = mixtures1 #ejb-ejc rabies affect+1 description1 symptoms1 etc1 #djb-djf s\!rn1 injury by ticks1 #dhb tick1 ,m>g>opus annulatus1 z c>ri] ( ,texas fev]1 #dhj ticks-- injuri\s effects ( & losses caus$ by1 #dha-dhe me?ods ( ridd+ cattle (1 #dhe-did tumors affect+1 *apt] by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 #cjc-cai ,c]ebral apoplexy1 description & treatm5t1 #ajf ,c]ebrosp9al division1 description1 #aja ,*app$ teats1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdc ,*>bon4 ,see ,an?rax4 ,*e/1 dropsy affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ii ,*ildr51 infection ) foot-&-m\? disease1 #cid ,*9a1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,*ok+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bj ,*orioptic mange1 location & treatm5t1 #eag ,*oroid coat ( ! eye1 description1 #cdb ,*rondroma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cad ,*ronic tympanites1 cause & treatm5t1 #be ,coal-oil poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #ei ,coenurus c]ebralis 7,multiceps multiceps7 affect+ bra91 treatm5t1 #ebg ,coital exan!ma1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dja ,cold 9 ! head1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ib ,colic1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ca ,concussion ( ! bra91 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ajg ,cong5ital imp]fections 9 calves1 k9ds1 #bfc ,conge/ion-- & inflammation ( te/icles1 description & treatm5t1 #aeb bra91 description & treatm5t1 #ajf liv]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #de sp9al cord1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aaj bladd]1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc ,conjunctivitis-- causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdd infecti\s cat>rhal1 symptoms1 treatm5t & prev5tion1 #cde ,connecticut1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,con/ipation-- cause & treatm5t1 #cf "y calves1 cause & treatm5t1 #bec ,contagi\s-- abortion-- causes1 #afe-agb prev5tion & treatm5t1 #agj diseases1 dis9fection ( premises1 #cfc inflammation ( ! udd]1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bcg mammitis1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bcg pleuropneumonia-- cause1 incubation1 & symptoms1 #cfi def9ition & hi/ory1 #cff po/-mortem appe>ance1 #cgc prev5tion & treatm5t1 #cgg sc\r+1 acute1 9 newborn calves1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bfa ,contus$ or lac]at$ w\nds1 description & treatm5t1 #bih ,contusion ( lips1 w\nds1 & snake bites ( m\?1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ad ,copp] poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #ef ,cornea-- eye1 description1 #cda ulc]s1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdg ,corneal d]matoma1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi ,corneitis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cde ,c\gh1 exam9ation1 #hi ,c[1 pregnant1 hygi5e1 #afj ,c[pox1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bdj1 #dch ,c[s1 milk1 protection f flies1 #ejc ,cramps ( h9d limbs dur+ pregnancy1 cause1 #afb ,cranium1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgh ,creeps1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bfg ,cresol-- comp\nd solution1 composition & use1 #cff use 9 foot-&-m\? disease1 #cic ,cr\p\s ent]itis1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ce ,crude petroleum-- dang] to cattle 9 use aga9/ ticks1 #did dip = de/roy+ cattle ticks1 #dia ,cud1 loss1 description1 #bg ,cuts1 b>b$-wire1 description & treatm5t1 #big ,cyanosis1 cause1 #ha1 #bec ,cy/s-- d5tal1 description & treatm5t1 #cah d]moid-- & sebace\s1 description & treatm5t1 #ccj description & treatm5t1 #cah description1 #cjh extravasation1 description1 #cag muc\s1 description & treatm5t1 #cai p>asitic1 description1 #cag prolif]ation1 description & treatm5t1 #cai s]\s1 description & treatm5t1 #cah ,dairy bus9ess1 injury by foot-&-m\? disease1 #chd ,d&ruff1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbi ,de=mities1 ho(1 causes & treatm5t1 #cch ,dehorn+1 description1 #bib ,delaw>e1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,demodectic mange1 description & treatm5t1 #eag ,d5m>k1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,d5tal cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #cah ,d]mis1 description1 #cbj ,d]moid cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #cah1 #ccj ,diabetes-- insipidus1 cause & treatm5t1 #aah mellitus1 description1 #abc ,di>rhea-- & dys5t]y1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd calf1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cb causes1 symptoms1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bed-bfa ,see also ,ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh4 ,dickson1 ,william1 & ,william ,h4 ,l[e1 *apt] on ,surgical op]ations1 #bhi-cjb ,dige/ive organs1 diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,a4 ,j4 ,murray1 #ad-ej ,dilatation & hyp]trophy ( he>t1 description1 #hb ,diph!ria1 calf1 description1 cause1 treatm5t1 etc1 #dfd-dfi ,dipp+-- ba?1 cattle1 temp]ature1 #dij rem$y = screw worms1 #ejf ,dips-- ars5ical1 protection ( h&s 9 use1 #dic cattle1 = ticks1 #did-dih mange & scab1 #eac1 #ead ,dis9fection1 h\se1 me?ods1 #cfc ,dislocation1 eyeball1 treatm5t1 #cec ,dislocations1 bones1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb ,diuresis1 causes & treatm5t1 #aah ,dogs1 e> tick1 #eah ,dra9age1 usefulness 9 prev5tion ( fluke diseases1 #ebg ,dr5*+ tube1 use 9 eradicat+ worms1 #ebb ,dropp+1 foll[+ calv+1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc ,dropsy-- abdom51 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dg abdom5 ( calf1 description & treatm5t1 #ahj *e/1 description & treatm5t1 #ii g5]al1 ( calf1 cause & treatm5t1 #ahj h9d limbs & betwe5 ?ighs1 dur+ pregnancy1 cause1 #afb membranes ( fetus1 description & treatm5t #afb navel1 description & treatm5t1 #bec womb1 description & treatm5t1 #afb ,dys5t]y-- & di>rhea1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd *ronic bact]ial1 description1 treatm5t1 etc1 #dih r$1 note1 #eca ,see also ,ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh4 ,dyspepsia1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bi ,e> tick1 sp9ose1 pres5ce 9 cattle1 horses1 dogs1 etc1 #eah ,e>s-- abscess affect+1 treatm5t1 #cee c>tilage1 necrosis affect+1 #ceg diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumb[]1 #cee-ceg en*ondroma1 description & treatm5t1 #ceg =eign bodies lodg+ 91 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cef fro/bite1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ceg fungoid gr[?s1 cause & treatm5t1 #cef int]nal inflammation1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cee lac]ations1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceg scurvy1 cause & treatm5t1 #cef ticks affect+1 treatm5t1 #eah ,e*9ococcus granulosus1 hydatid1 description1 #ebh ,ectropion ( ! eyelid1 description & treatm5t1 #cej ,eczema-- description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbe epizootic1 ref]5ce1 #chc ,edema-- causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccj malignant1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dgb-dgd ,elephantiasis1 description1 #ccj ,emaciation1 symptom ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #chc ,emphysema1 description & treatm5t1 #ih1 #ccd ,en*ondroma1 e>1 description & treatm5t1 #ceg ,ency/$ /oma* worm1 description & treatm5t1 #ebc ,endoc>ditis1 description & treatm5t1 #ha ,enemata1 uses & me?ods1 #i ,ent]itis-- causes1 symptoms1 po/-mortem appe>ance1 & treatm5t1 #ce cr\p\s1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ce simple4 ,see ,ga/ro5t]itis4 ,entropion1 eyelid1 description & treatm5t1 #cej ,epid]mis1 description1 #cbj ,epilepsy1 description1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #ajg ,epi/axis1 cause & treatm5t1 #ic ,epizootic aph?a1 ref]5ce1 #chc ,ergotism-- & mycotic /omatitis1 diff]5tiation1 #ecf description & treatm5t1 #fi ,eruption1 vesicul>1 ( g5ital organs1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dja ,ery!ma1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbc ,ev]sion-- bladd]1 description & treatm5t1 #bah eyelid1 description & treatm5t1 #cej womb1 cause & treatm5t1 #bae ,extra-ut]9e ge/ation1 description & treatm5t1 #afc ,extravasation cy/s1 description1 #cag ,eye-- & its app5dages1 diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumb[]1 #cdj-ced aque\s humor1 description1 #cda capsule1 description1 #cdb c>uncula1 lacrimalis affect+1 #cdd *oroid coat1 description1 #cdb cornea-- description1 #cda ulc]s affect+1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdg description1 #cdj =eign bodies p5etrat+1 treatm5t1 #cea l5s1 description1 #cdb muscles1 description1 #cdc p>asites affect+1 treatm5t1 #cdi1 #eca puncta lacrimalia1 description1 #cdd ret9a1 description1 #cdb r\ndworms affect+1 treatm5t1 #ebd scl]otic membrane1 description1 #cda vitre\s humor1 description1 #cdb ,eyeball-- description1 #cdj dislocation1 cause & treatm5t1 #cec hairy tumor affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi ,eyela%es1 inv]sion1 treatm5t1 #cej ,eyelids-- description1 #cdc ectropion affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #cej entropion1 description & treatm5t1 #cej ev]sion1 description & treatm5t1 #cej inv]sion1 description & treatm5t1 #cej lac]ation1 cause & treatm5t1 #cea tumors affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #cej ,face bones1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgg ,f>cy1 cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #eja ,fasciola hepatica1 description1 #ebf ,fasciola magna1 description1 #ebf ,fatty deg5]ation1 he>t1 description1 #hb ,fe$1 "*1 analyses1 effect on milk1 #bef-beh ,fe$+-- "*1 effect on dige/ive organs1 #ab value z rem$y = /oma* worms1 #eba-ebc ,fe$+-lot me?od ( free+ cattle & pa/ures f ticks1 #did-dig ,fetlock-- fracture bel[1 treatm5t1 #bhb spra91 causes & treatm5t1 #bfi ,fetus-- develop+ outside womb1 description & treatm5t1 #afc membranes1 dropsy affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #afb prolong$ ret5tion1 description & treatm5t1 #afd ,fev]-- milk1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf-bcg p>turition1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf s\!rn1 spl5etic1 or ,texas4 ,see ,texas fev]4 ,fibroma-- int]digital1 description & treatm5t1 #cch tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #caa ,fibr\s p]io/itis1 description & treatm5t1 #bff ,fil>ia c]v9a1 worm f\nd 9 ! eye1 #cdi ,fil>ia lablato-papillosa1 p>asitic r\ndworm ( cattle1 #ebd ,fil>ia oculi1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi ,fissure ( ! wall ( ho(1 description & treatm5t1 #cch ,fi/ula1 milk1 description & treatm5t1 #bde ,flies-- injuri\s to cattle1 #ejb-ejf l>val1 note1 #ejb ,flood+ f womb1 description & treatm5t1 #bad ,fluke disease1 control by use ( lime1 #ebf ,flukes1 prev5tion by dra9age1 #ebf ,fly-- ,spani%1 poison1 description & treatm5t1 #gj /able1 bre$+ places1 #ejc ,fly prev5tives1 injury to cattle by poison+1 #ejc ,flytrap1 use aga9/ /able flies1 #ejc ,fluke1 disease ( cattle1 #ebf ,flukes1 liv] & lungs1 description1 #ebf ,foods1 "*1 effect on dige/ive organs1 #ab ,foot-- diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumb[]1 #cce-cci f\l1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccf sor5ess1 description & treatm5t1 #cce ,foot rot1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccf ,foot-&-m\? disease-- b5ign1 simple1 or non9fecti\s1 #ece dang] to man1 #cid-cie description1 cause1 symptoms1 etc41 #chc-cie diagnosis1 #cia-cib eradication by slaught]1 efficacy1 #cid incubation p]iod1 #chd losses o!r ?an by dea? ( animal1 #chd mortality1 #chd1 #cia occurr5ce 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( _w1 #che-chf prev5tion & eradication1 #cib-cid simil>ity to mycotic /omatitis1 #ecf symptoms1 #chc1 #chi-cia symptoms 9 man1 #cid ,unit$ ,/ates1 outbreaks1 #chf-chi ,=age1 insects on1 description ( poison\s effect1 #gj ,=maldehyde gas1 lib]ation by use ( p]manganate1 #cfe ,f\l 9 foot1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccf ,f\nd]1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cce ,fractures-- bel[ hock & fetlock1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb comp\nd1 comm9ut$1 & complicat$1 #bga description ( diff]5t k9ds1 & treatm5t1 #bga-bhb face bones1 description & treatm5t1 #bgg g5]al symptoms & treatm5t1 #bgb1 #bgc hip po9t1 causes & treatm5t1 #bhj horns1 description & treatm5t1 #bgg limbs1 description & appliances = treatm5t1 #bha-b l[] jaw1 cause & treatm5t1 #bgh metac>pus & metat>sus1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb pelvis1 description & treatm5t1 #agh1 #bgi ribs1 cause & treatm5t1 #bha special1 descriptions & treatm5t1 #bgg sp9al column1 description & treatm5t1 #bgi v]tebra1 description & treatm5t1 #bgi ,france1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #che ,froes*1 note on de/ruction ( foot-&-m\? infection1 #cie ,fro/bites-- e>s1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ceg treatm5t1 #ccd ,fungi1 poison\s1 description ( poison+1 #gj ,fungoid gr[? ( ! e>1 cause & treatm5t1 #cef ,fungus hematodes-- cause & treatm5t1 #cec description1 #caf ,furunculus1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbh ,ganglionic division ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 #ajc ,gangr5e1 dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj ,gangr5\s septicemia1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #dgb ,g>get1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc ,gas-- cause ( swell+ 9 calf1 treatm5t1 #aha "u ! sk91 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ccd ,ga/ro5t]itis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cc ,ga/ro9te/9al cat>rh1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bi1 #cb ,g5]ative organs-- diseases1 *apt] by ,james ,law1 #adg-bad discussion1 #adg ,g5ital organs1 vesicul> eruption affect+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dja ,g]many1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #che-chf ,ge/ation1 extra-ut]9e1 description & treatm5t1 #afc ,gid1 p>asite ( %eep & cattle1 #ebh ,gl&s1 sk91 location & use1 #cba ,gnats1 buffalo1 description & rem$y1 #eje ,goit]1 cause1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #caj ,gonorrhea1 description & treatm5t1 #aef ,gravel-- description & cause1 #acj effect ( diff]5t fe$s1 #acb 9 prepuce or %ea?1 treatm5t1 #add ,great ,brita91 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,grubs1 cattle1 description1 #ejg ,gullet-- diseases affect+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ag-bb w\nds & injuries1 cause & treatm5t1 #bb ,gut tie1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #da ,hmatop9us eury/]nus & ,h4 vituli1 description & treatm5t1 #ejh ,hmon*us contortus1 description & treatm5t1 #eai ,hair balls1 cause1 #bi ,hair1 description1 #cbj ,h>baugh1 ,w4 ,h4-- *apt] on ,diseases ( ! he>t1 blood vessels1 & lymphatics1 #gc-hf *apt] on ,diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 #aja-aab ,haw1 inflammation & enl>gem5t1 description & treatm5t1 #ced ,heal?1 public1 relation ( act9omycosis1 #ddg ,he>t-- blood vessels & lymphatics1 *apt] by ,w4 ,h4 ,h>baugh1 #gc-hf description1 #gc dilation & hyp]trophy1 description1 #hb exam9ation (1 #gg fatty deg5]ation1 description1 #hb injury by =eign bodies1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #gh misplacem5t1 description1 #hc palpitation1 description1 #gh rupture1 description1 #hb valves1 diseases affect+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #hb ,heat pro/ration1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ajh ,heaves1 description & treatm5t1 #ih ,heel1 ulc]ations1 causes & treatm5t1 #ccg ,hemaglob9uria or hematuria1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai ,hematodes1 fungus1 description1 #caf ,hemoptysis1 description & treatm5t1 #ii ,hemorrhage-- dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj treatm5t1 #hc ,hemorrhagic septicemia1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #cig-dja ,hepatitis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #de ,h]nia-- b[el1 description & treatm5t1 #ch dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj p]itoneal1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #da r5net1 description & treatm5t1 #ch rum51 description & cause1 #cg /oma*1 description & treatm5t1 #ch umbilical1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #da1 #beb ut]us1 cause & treatm5t1 #afb v5tral1 description & causes1 #cg ,hides1 injury by cattle ticks1 #dhd ,hip po9t1 fracture1 causes & treatm5t1 #bhj ,hip spra91 cause & treatm5t1 #bgj ,hock-- fracture bel[1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb fracture1 treatm5t1 #bha ,holl[ horn1 imag9>y disease1 #bg ,ho(-- de=mities1 causes & treatm5t1 #cch loss1 causes & treatm5t1 #ccf split1 description & treatm5t1 #cch wall1 fissure affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #cch w\nds & pricks1 treatm5t1 #cch ,horns1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgg ,horses-- dose ( vacc9e aga9/ an?rax1 #deg e> tick1 note1 #eah ,hov51 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bb ,hydatids-- & flukes affect+ ! lungs ( animals1 #ebf description & treatm5t1 #ebf ,hydrocephalus1 description & treatm5t1 #agi ,hydrophobia4 ,see ,rabies4 ,hydro?orax1 description & treatm5t1 #ii ,hygi5e1 pregnant c[1 #afj ,hygromata1 description & treatm5t1 #cag ,hyp]plasia1 ref]5ce1 #cjc ,hyp]trophy-- description1 #abh he>t1 ) dilation1 description1 #hb ,hypod]ma bovis1 new w>ble fly1 #ejg ,hypod]ma l9eata1 w>ble fly1 description1 #ejg ,ill9ois1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,immunization1 nor!rn cattle aga9/ ,texas fev]1 mann]1 #ejj ,impetigo1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbg ,incis$ w\nds1 description & treatm5t1 #bie ,incont95ce1 ur9e1 cause & treatm5t1 #acj ,incubation p]iod ( infecti\s diseases1 #cfb ,indiana1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,indige/ion-- calves1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cb1 #bec causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bf1 #bi1 #ca ,induration-- tongue4 ,see ,act9omycosis4 womb m\?1 description & treatm5t1 #agf ,infecti\s aph?a4 ,see ,foot-&-m\? disease4 ,infecti\s cat>rhal conjunctivitis1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 & prev5tion1 #cde ,infecti\s cat>rhal fev]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfi-dgb ,infecti\s diseases-- cattle1 *apt] by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 #ceh-eaa classification ( symptoms & lesions1 #cei g5]al discussion1 #ceh incubation p]iods1 #cfb treatm5t1 discussion1 #cfb ,infecti\s oph?almia1 or infecti\s cat>rhal conjunctivitis1 #cde ,inflammation-- bra9 & its membranes1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ajc contagi\s1 ( ! udd]1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bcg e>1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cee haw1 description & treatm5t1 #ced kidneys1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #abc liv]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #de muc\s membrane ( m\?1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ag navel ve9s1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bdi p>otid gl&1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ah pyemic & septicemic1 ( jo9ts ( calves1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bea %ea? & p5is f bruis+1 prev5tion & treatm5t1 #aee %ea?1 causes & treatm5t1 #aec sple51 description1 #de te/icles1 description & treatm5t1 #aeb traumatic1 ( ! /oma*1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd udd]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bcd ura*us1 causes & treatm5t1 #bdh ure?ra1 description & treatm5t1 #aef vag9a1 causes & treatm5t1 #bbc ve9s1 description & treatm5t1 #hf womb1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbd ,inflammatory diseases1 sk91 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbj-ccd ,inhalation ( m$ic9es1 mann]1 #aj ,inoculation1 use aga9/ hemorrhagic septicemia1 #dja ,int]co/al muscles1 rheumatism affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ajj ,int]digital fibroma1 description & treatm5t1 #cch ,inte/9al p>asites1 description & treatm5t1 #ebc ,inte/9es1 r\ndworms affect+1 k9d & treatm5t1 #ecb ,intussusception1 causes1 symptoms1 po/-mortem appe>ance1 & treatm5t1 #ce ,invag9ation1 cause ( ob/ruction ( b[els1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ce ,inv]sion-- eyela%es1 treatm5t1 #cej eyelid1 description & treatm5t1 #cej ,iod91 t9cture1 use 9 punctur$ w\nds1 #big ,i[a1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,iris1 description1 #cda ,italy1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #che ,it*1 scab1 mites1 & mange1 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,it*+1 cause & treatm5t1 #cbb ,japan1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,jaundice1 description1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #dd ,jaw-- big1 lump1 or lumpy1 ,see ,act9omycosis4 l[]1 fracture1 cause & treatm5t1 #bgh pov]ty1 caus$ by twi/$ wireworms1 #ebj ,jawbones1 act9omycosis affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ddj-ddi ,j5s51 =mula = protection ( cattle f flies1 #ejc ,jo9t-ill1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bea ,kansas1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,kelis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cca ,k5tucky1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,k]atitis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cde ,kidney-- ox1 description1 #aag p>asites affect+1 discussion1 #abg /one 91 description & treatm5t1 #aci ,kidneys-- inflammation1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #abc tumors affect+1 description1 #abh ,knee-- fracture bel[1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bha tumors1 description & treatm5t1 #cag ,knott+ & twi/+ ( b[els1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ce ,labor pa9s be=e relaxation ( passages1 #age ,lac]at$ w\nds1 description & treatm5t1 #bih ,lac]ation1 eyelid1 cause & treatm5t1 #cea ,lac]ations-- & ruptures ( ! vag9a1 description & treatm5t1 #bai e>1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceg ,lacrimal gl& ( ! eye1 description1 #cdc ,lam5ess1 symptom ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #chc ,lam9itis1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cce ,l>yngitis1 cause & treatm5t1 #ic ,laurel poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fe ,law1 ,james-- *apt] on ,diseases foll[+ p>turition1 #bad-bdf *apt] on ,diseases ( ! g5]ative organs1 #adg-bad *apt] on ,diseases ( ! ur9>y organs1 #aac-adf *apt] on ,diseases ( "y calves1 #bdg-bfc obs]vation ( foot-&-m\? disease 9 man1 #cie ,lead poison+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ee ,lee*es 9 cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #eai ,l5s ( ! eye1 description1 #cdb ,leucorrhea1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bbd ,lice-- blue 7,hmatop9us eury/]nus & ,h4 vituli71 description & treatm5t1 #eab r$1 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,lightn+ /roke1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aaa ,limbs1 fracture ( bones1 description1 #bha ,lime1 use 9 fluke control1 #ecd ,lipoma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cad ,lips1 contusions1 w\nds1 & snake bites1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ad ,live/ock1 immunization aga9/ an?rax1 #deg-deh ,liv]-- conge/ion1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dd diseases affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dd-de flukes1 description & treatm5t1 #ebf inflammation affect+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #de ,lockjaw-- dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj ref]5ce1 #cjj ,loco we$ poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fg ,loeffl]1 note on description ( foot-&-m\? infection1 #cie ,l\se1 r$ 7,tri*odectes scal>is71 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,l[e1 ,william ,h4-- & ,william ,dickson1 *apt] on ,surgical op]ations1 #bhi-cjb *apt] on ,noncontagi\s diseases ( organs ( respiration1 #hg-ajj ,lump1 or lumpy jaw4 ,see ,act9omycosis4 ,lung-- abscess1 description1 #ii tissue1 p>asites affect+1 #ebf ,lungs-- act9omycosis affect+1 #ddc ble$+ f1 description & treatm5t1 #ii bron*ial tubes1 p>asites affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ecj p>asites affect+1 note1 #ebf worms ( cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #ecj ,luxations ( bones1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb ,lymphatics-- description1 #ge he>t1 & blood vessels1 diseases1 *apt] by ,w4 ,h4 ,h>baugh1 #gc-hf ,malignant-- cat>rh1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfi-dgb edema1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dgb-dgd pu/ule1 description1 #deh tumors1 description1 #cjf ,mammitis-- contagi\s1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bcg simple1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bcd ,man-- relation to beef measles 9 cattle1 #ebi symptoms ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #cid treatm5t ) an?rax s]um1 #dei ,mange-- common1 description & treatm5t1 #eac it*1 scab1 mites1 description & treatm5t1 #eac psoroptic1 description & treatm5t1 #eac s>coptic1 cause & treatm5t1 #eag ,manure1 bre$+ place = flies1 #eaa ,m>g>opus annulatus1 ,texas fev] tick1 #dhj ,m>yl&1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,massa*usetts1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chg1 #chh ,measles1 beef1 discussion & managem5t1 #ebi ,measly beef1 description & prev5tion1 #ebi ,m$ic9es1 me?ods ( adm9i/ration1 *apt] by ,leon>d ,pe>son1 #g-aa ,membrana nictitans ( eye1 description1 #cdc ,m5+es1 numb] & functions1 #ajc ,m]cury poison+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #eg ,metac>pus1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bhb ,metat>sus1 fracture1 description1 treatm5t1 #bhb ,metritis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbd ,metrop]itonitis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbd ,mi*igan1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,micrococcus prodigiosus1 cause ( bloody milk1 #bdb ,microorganisms1 transmission1 #cfa ,milk-- abs5ce1 cause & treatm5t1 #bda bloody & blue1 cause & treatm5t1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda-bdb dim9ution1 symptom ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #chc duct-- closure & ?ick5+ ( muc\s membrane1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdd closure by membrane1 description & treatm5t1 #bde effect ( diff]5t fe$s1 analyses1 #bef-beh fev]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf-bcg fi/ula1 description & treatm5t1 #bde pa/eurization z gu>d aga9/ foot-&-m\? infection1 #cie s\rce ( foot-&-m\? disease infection1 #cid /r+y1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdb ,m9]al-- acid poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #eh poisons1 description & k9ds1 #ed ,m9nesota1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,misplacem5t1 he>t1 description1 #hc ,mites-- description1 #eaa mange1 it*1 scab1 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,mohl]1 ,john ,r4-- *apt] on ,infecti\s diseases ( cattle1 #ceh-eaa *apt] on ,mycotic /omatitis ( cattle1 #eci-edd *apt] on ,tumors affect+ cattle1 #cjc-cbj ,mon/rosities1 calf1 descriptions1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #ahb-ahd ,montana1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chd ,moor-ill1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai ,morphia1 poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fa ,m\?-- diseases affect+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ad-ag inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ag sore1 *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia-cib ulc]s affect+1 9 "y calves4 ,see ,necrotic /omatitis4 ,mucopurul5t dis*>ge f passages1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bbd ,muc\s cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #cai ,muc\s membrane-- ( m\?1 inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ag ?ick5+ & closure ( milk duct1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdd ,multiceps multiceps 7bladd]worm71 p>asite ( bra91 #ebg ,murray1 ,a4 ,j41 *apt] on ,diseases ( dige/ive organs1 #ab-ej ,muscles-- calf1 rigid contraction1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #aha eye1 description1 #cdc int]co/al1 rheumatism affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ajj ,mycotic /omatitis-- cattle1 *apt] by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 #eci-edb "*1 cause1 symptoms1 lesions1 etc41 #edj *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia-cib diff]5tial diagnosis & treatm5t1 #edb preval5ce1 #eci synonyms1 #eci ,myoc>ditis1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ha ,myoma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cji ,myxoma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cad ,nagana1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #eaj ,nasal cat>rh1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ib ,navel-- abscess affect+1 causes & treatm5t1 #ii ble$+1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #bdh brea*1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #beb dropsy1 description & treatm5t1 #bec /r+1 con/rict+ memb] ( fetus1 description1 #agi ur9e dis*>g$ ?r\gh1 description & treatm5t1 #bdh ur9e duct1 inflammation1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #bdh ve9s1 inflammation1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #bdi ,necrosis-- & diseases ( c>tilage ( ! e>1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceg bony orbit1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceb ,necrotic /omatitis-- *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dfd-dfi diff]5tiation f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia ,ne(ormation & neoplasm4 ,see ,tumors4 ,nephritis1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #abc ,n]ves1 description1 #aja-ajc ,n]v\s sy/em1 diseases1 *apt] by ,w4 ,h4 ,h>baugh1 #aja-aab ,n]v\sness1 cause ( ret>d+ calv+1 #agi ,ne!rl&s1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,nettle ra%1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbd ,neur(ibroma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #caj ,new ,hamp%ire1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chg-chh ,new ,j]sey1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,new ,york1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,nicot9 dip1 directions = mak+1 #eaf ,nodul> disease ( inte/9es due to hookworms1 note1 #ebe ,noncontagi\s-- abortion-- causes1 #afe treatm5t1 #afg diseases ( organs ( respiration1 *apt] by ,william ,h4 ,l[e1 #hg-ajj foot-&-m\? disease1 ref]5ce1 #ecb ,norway1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,nose ble$+1 cause & treatm5t1 #ic ,nymphomania 9 female1 cause & treatm5t1 #adh ,ob/ruction-- art]ies1 description & treatm5t1 #he b[els1 result+ f invag9ation1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #ce p>turition by full bladd] or rectum1 #agh p>turition by masses ( fat1 cause1 #agh ,,oesophago/omum radiatum1 p>asite caus+ nodul> disease1 treatm5t1 #ebe ,ohio1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,oidirum albicans1 p>asite caus+ aph?a1 or ?ru%1 #bfc ,op]ations-- asepsis1 importance (1 #bhi surgical-- *apt] by ,william ,dickson1 ,william ,h4 ,l[e1 #bhi-cjb mann] ( secur+ ! animals1 #bhi uses ( ane/hesia1 #bhi ,oph?almia-- simple1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdd specific1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 & prev5tion1 #cde ,opium poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fa ,orbit-- bony1 necrosis affect+1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceb fracture1 cause & treatm5t1 #ceb tumors1 cause & treatm5t1 #cec ,orbital-- & p]iorbital abscess1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ceb cavity ( ! eye1 description1 #cdb ,or*itis1 description & treatm5t1 #aeb ,orni?odoros megn9i1 e> tick ( cattle1 #eah ,o/eitis1 description & treatm5t1 #bfe ,o/eoma1 description & treatm5t1 #cad ,o/eomalacia1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bfg ,o/eomyelitis1 description & treatm5t1 #bff ,o/]tagia o/]tagi1 ency/$ /oma* worm ( cattle1 #ebc ,otitis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cee ,otobius magn9i1 e> tick1 #eah ,ov>iotomy1 description ( ! op]ation1 #cja ,ovum1 inclos$1 description & treatm5t1 #aha ,ox w>bles & grubs1 treatm5t1 #ejg ,pa9s1 labor1 be=e relaxation ( passages1 #age ,palpitation ( he>t1 description1 #gf ,palsy-- foll[+ calv+1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc ( neck ( bladd]1 cause & treatm5t1 #acj ,papill>y gr[?s & w>ts on ! p5is1 treatm5t1 #aef ,papilloma1 description & treatm5t1 #cab ,p>alysis-- bladd]1 causes & treatm5t1 #acj description1 #aji h9d p>ts dur+ pregnancy1 cause & treatm5t1 #afc re> p>ts ( body1 cause1 #aji ,p>amphi/onum c]vi1 p>asite affect+ cattle1 #eai ,p>aplegia1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aaj ,p>asites-- animal1 ( cattle1 *apt] by ,b4 ,h4 ,ransom1 #ejb-eca blood1 k9ds1 #ecj bron*ial tubes1 description & treatm5t1 #ecj e>1 k9ds & treatm5t1 #eah eye1 k9ds & treatm5t1 #eca inte/9al tract1 k9ds & treatm5t1 #ebc kidney1 discussion1 #abe lung1 k9ds1 #ecj /oma*1 k9ds & treatm5t1 #eai ,p>asitic-- cy/s1 description1 #cag diseases ( ! sk91 description & treatm5t1 #ccb ,p>otid gl&1 inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ah ,p>otitis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ah ,p>turi5t-- apoplexy1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf collapse1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf fev]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbf ,p>turition-- difficult1 sugge/ions = assi/+1 #gd diseases foll[+1 *apt] by ,james ,law1 #bad-bde ob/acles1 causes1 #agd ,pa/eurization1 value 9 *eck ( foot-&-m\? infection1 #cie ,pa/ures1 h[ to free f ticks1 #dij ,paun*1 di/5tion ) food1 description & treatm5t1 #bf ,pe>son1 ,leon>d1 *apt] on ,adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es1 #g-aa ,pelvis-- fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgi n>r[1 fracture1 cause ( difficult p>turition1 #agh ,pemphigus1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cbh ,p5is-- inflammation f bruis+1 prev5tion & treatm5t1 #aee ulc]s affect+1 cause & treatm5t1 #aeg w>ts & papill>y gr[?s1 treatm5t1 #aef w\nds1 cause & treatm5t1 #aef ,p5nsylvania1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,p]cussion me?od ( exam9ation1 #ib ,p]ic>ditis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #gi ,p]iorbital & orbital abscess1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ceb ,p]io/itis1 aseptic1 purul5t1 & fibr\s1 description & treatm5t1 #bfe ,p]itoneal h]nia1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #da ,p]itoneum1 diseases affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #de-dg ,p]itonitis-- causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #de1 #df dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj ,p]manganate1 use 9 production ( =maldehyde gas1 #cfe ,p]si/5t ura*us1 description & treatm5t1 #bdh ,ph>yngeal polypi1 description & treatm5t1 #ai ,ph>yngitis1 symptoms1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #ag ,ph>ynx-- diseases1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ai-bb tumors affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ai ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,phlebitis-- description & treatm5t1 #hf umbilical1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bdi ,phosphorus poison+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #eg ,pica1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #bh ,p9k eye4 ,see ,oph?almia4 ,piroplasma bigem9um1 protozoan caus+ ,texas fev]1 #ecj ,pityriasis1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbi ,plants1 poison\s1 description ( poison+1 #fc-fi ,pleurisy1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ie ,pleurodynia1 description & treatm5t1 #ajj ,pleuropneumonia-- cause1 incubation1 & symptoms1 #cfi def9ition & hi/ory1 #cff po/-mortem appe>ance1 #cgc prev5tion & treatm5t1 #cgg ,pneumonia1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #if ,pneumo?orax1 description & treatm5t1 #ii ,poison1 def9ition1 #ea ,poison+-- acid1 description & treatm5t1 #eh aconite1 description & treatm5t1 #fc alkali1 description & treatm5t1 #ei animal products1 description & treatm5t1 #fi ars5ic1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ed c>bolic acid1 description & treatm5t1 #fj *apt] by ,v4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 #ea-gb coal oil1 description & treatm5t1 #ei copp]1 description & treatm5t1 #ef fungi1 description1 #gj laurel1 description & treatm5t1 #fe lead1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ee loco we$1 description & treatm5t1 #fg m]cury1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #eg phosphorus1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #eg plant1 description1 #fc salt & saltpet]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #fj-fa s\rces1 #ea /ry*n91 description & treatm5t1 #fb symptoms & treatm5t1 #ec ,poison\s-- fungi1 description1 #fh plants1 description1 #fc-fi ,poisons-- *apt] by ,v4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 #ea-gb description ( action1 #eb m9]al1 descriptions1 #ed-eh vegetables1 uses z m$ic9e1 #fa-ga ,polydesmus excitans1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,polypi-- description & treatm5t1 #cac ph>yngeal1 description & treatm5t1 #ai vag9a or ut]us1 description & treatm5t1 #aeg ,polyuria1 causes & treatm5t1 #aah ,pork measles1 note1 #ecf ,pota%1 p]manganate1 use 9 production ( =maldehyde gas1 #cfe ,pov]ty jaw & sc\rs1 caus$ by twi/$ wireworm1 treatm5t1 #ebg ,pregnancy-- cramps ( h9d limbs dur+1 cause1 #afb duration1 #afj signs1 #aeg ,pregnant c[1 hygi5e1 #afj ,prepuce1 calculi affect+1 treatm5t1 #add ,pres5tation ( fetus1 natural1 #agc ,pricks1 ho(1 treatm5t1 #cch ,probang1 use 9 prev5tion ( *ok+1 #ba ,prolapsus vag91 description & treatm5t1 #afb ,prolif]ation cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #cai ,pro/ration1 heat1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ajh ,protozoa-- z inte/9al p>asites1 note1 #ebf def9ition1 #cei ,protrusion1 vag9a1 description & treatm5t1 #afb ,pruritis1 causes & treatm5t1 #cbb ,pseudoplasm4 ,see ,tumors4 ,psoroptic mange1 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,puc9ia arund9acea1 ,p4 coronata1 ,p4 gram9is1 ,p4 /ram9is1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,pulmon>y conge/ion1 treatm5t1 #ih ,pulse-- description1 #gd exam9ation1 #ij ,puncta lacrimalia ( ! eye1 description1 #cdd ,purul5t p]io/itis1 description & treatm5t1 #bff ,pu/ule-- description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbg malignant1 9 man1 description1 #deh ,pt]ygium1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi ,pyemia1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cie ,pyemic inflammation ( jo9ts 9 calves1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bea ,qu>t]-ill4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,rabies1 cattle1 description1 symptoms1 etc41 #djb-djf ,ra*itis4 ,see ,rickets4 ,ransom1 ,b4 ,h41 *apt] on ,animal p>asites ( cattle1 #ejb-eca ,raus*br&4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,rectal injections1 uses & me?ods1 #i ,rectum-- full1 ob/ruction to p>turition1 #agh me?od ( adm9i/]+ m$ic9es1 #i ,r$ dys5t]y1 note1 #ebf ,r$ wat]1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai ,regulations1 sanit>y1 = controll+ ,texas fev]1 #die ,r5al calculi1 description & treatm5t1 #aci ,r5net1 h]nia affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ch ,respiration-- exam9ation1 #hi organs1 me?ods ( diagnosis1 #cg organs1 noncontagi\s diseases affect+1 *apt] by ,william ,h4 ,l[e1 #hg-ajj ,ret9a1 eye1 description1 #cdb ,rheumatism-- articul> & muscul>1 symptoms1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bhg1 #bhh int]co/al muscles1 description & treatm5t1 #aja ,rhode ,isl&1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chg1 #chh ,ribs1 fracture1 cause & treatm5t1 #bha ,rickets-- description & treatm5t1 #bfg 9 "y calves1 description & treatm5t1 #bfc ,r9d]pe/1 description1 cause1 symptoms1 etc41 #cgi-chc ,r++1 bull1 me?od1 #bia ,r+worm1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccb ,r\ndworms-- description1 #ebd eye1 treatm5t1 #eca inte/9e1 k9ds & treatm5t1 #ebc /oma*1 description1 #eai ,rum5-- di/5tion ) food1 description & treatm5t1 #bb h]nia1 description & cause1 #cg ,rum5otomy1 description1 #bid ,rupture-- bladd]1 symptoms1 #bah dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj he>t1 description1 #hb womb1 cause & treatm5t1 #bai ,ruptures-- & lac]ations ( ! vag9a1 description & treatm5t1 #bai-bbj description & cause1 #cg ,russia1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chb ,sac*>omyces albicans1 p>asite ( aph?a1 or ?ru%1 #bfc ,salivation-- cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ae symptoms ( foot-&-m\? disease1 #chc ,salt1 common1 poison+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #fa ,saltpet] poison+1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #fj ,salts1 m$icat$1 d\btful value aga9/ worms1 #ebc ,s>coma tumor1 description & treatm5t1 #cae ,satyriasis 9 male1 cause & treatm5t1 #adh ,scab1 mange1 it*1 description ( k9ds & treatm5t1 #eac ,scabby teats1 treatm5t1 #bdc ,scalds1 causes & treatm5t1 #ccc ,s*i/osoma bovis1 cause ( bloody ur9e1 #ecj ,scl]od]ma1 description1 #ccj ,scl]otic membrane ( eye1 description1 #cda ,sc\r+-- acute contagi\s1 9 newborn calves1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bfa causes1 symptoms1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bec-bfc ,sc\rs-- & pov]ty jaw1 caus$ by twi/$ wireworm1 treatm5t1 #eai causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cb ,scre5s1 use aga9/ flies1 rem>ks1 #ejc ,screwworms-- affect+ animals1 description & rem$y1 #ejf control by dipp+1 #ejf ,scurf1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbi ,scurfy e>s1 cause & treatm5t1 #cef ,sebace\s cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #ccj ,sebace\s gl&s1 location1 #cba ,seborrhea1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cbi ,septicemia-- causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cie gangr5\s1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dgb hemorrhagic1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #cig-dja hemorrhagic1 control by vacc9ation1 etc1 #dja ,septicemic inflammation ( jo9ts 9 calves1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bea ,s]\s cy/s1 description & treatm5t1 #cah ,s]um1 use aga9/ an?rax1 #dee ,set>ia labiato-papillosa1 embryo 9 blood1 note1 #ebi ,seton+1 description & use1 #bic ,%ea?-- calculi affect+1 treatm5t1 #add inflammation1 causes & treatm5t1 #aec p5is1 inflammation f bruis+1 prev5tion & treatm5t1 #aee ,%eep1 dose ( vacc9e aga9/ an?rax1 #dee ,%\ld] jo9t1 spra91 causes & treatm5t1 #bfi ,skeleton1 numb] ( bones1 #bfd ,sk9-- description1 #cah diseases1 *apt] by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumb[]1 #cbj-ccd gas or air "u1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ccd gl&s1 location & use1 #cba inflammatory diseases1 causes & treatm5t1 #cbc p>asites affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #ejb-eba secretions & gr[?s1 descriptions1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbi-cca w\nds1 k9ds1 description & treatm5t1 #ccc-ccd ,skull1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgh ,sl9k+1 calf1 description1 #afe ,snake bites1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ad1 #fi ,sore m\?-- *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia-cib ref]5ce1 #ecb ,sore ?roat1 cause & treatm5t1 #ag1 #ic ,sore tongue1 ref]5ce1 #ecc ,sor5ess1 foot1 description & treatm5t1 #cce ,s\!rn cattle fev]4 ,see ,texas fev]4 ,spani%-fly poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #gb ,spasm ( ! neck ( ! bladd]1 description & treatm5t1 #abh ,spav91 description & treatm5t1 #bhd ,spay+1 description ( op]ation1 #cja ,sp9al column1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bgi ,sp9al cord-- conge/ion1 description1 symptom1 & treatm5t1 #aaj description1 #ajb injuries1 description1 #aji ,sple5-- diseases1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dd-de inflammation1 description1 #de ,spl5etic fev]4 ,see ,texas fev]4 ,spl5itis1 description1 #de ,split ho(1 description & treatm5t1 #cch ,sporadic-- aph?ae1 ref]5ce1 #ecb /omatitis aph?osa1 ref]5ce1 #ecb ,spra9-- fetlock1 causes & treatm5t1 #bfi hip1 cause & treatm5t1 #bgj %\ld] jo9t1 causes & treatm5t1 #bfi ,spra9s1 description & treatm5t1 #bfh ,squ9t+1 description1 #cdi ,/able flies 7,/omoxys calcitrans71 affect+ cattle1 #ejc ,/abl+1 value aga9/ /oma* worms1 #eba-ebb ,/agg]s1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ajc1 #ebi ,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus & ,s4 pyog5es citreus1 bact]ia ( abscess1 #bcg ,/aphyloma1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdh ,/]ility1 causes1 #aea ,/+s-- v5om\s4 ,see ,snake bites4 wasps & bees1 description & treatm5t1 #ga ,/oma*-- diseases affect+1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bb-cd f\r?1 affect$ ) h]nia1 description & treatm5t1 #ch hair balls 91 #bi p>asites affect+1 treatm5t1 #eai1 #ebd1 #ebi r\ndworms affect+1 #ebd traumatic inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd worm-- ency/$1 description & treatm5t1 #ebc sanit>y measures = suppression1 #eba-ebb worms1 diff]5t k9ds affect+ cattle1 #eai ,/omatitis-- cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ag *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cia-cic mycotic4 ,see ,mycotic /omatitis4 necrotic1 description1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 etc41 #dfd-dfi ,/omoxys calcitrans affect+ cattle1 #ejc ,/one-- bladd]1 ob/ruction to p>turition1 #agh bladd]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #adb description & causes1 #acj effect ( diff]5t fe$s1 #acb-acd kidney1 description & treatm5t1 #aci ,/rabismus1 description1 #cdi ,/raw1 bre$+ place ( /able fly1 #ejc ,/reptococcus pyog5es1 bact]ia ( abscess1 #bcg ,/r+1 navel1 con/rict+ memb] ( fetus1 description1 #agi ,/r+y milk1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdb ,/rongylus micrurus1 p>asite ( v]m9\s bron*itis1 #ajj ,/ruma1 cause1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #caj ,/ry*n9 poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #fb ,sudorific gl&s1 location & use1 #cba ,sug> 9 ur9e1 description1 #abc ,sun/roke1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ajh ,suppression1 milk1 cause & treatm5t1 #bda ,surfeit1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cbd ,surg]y1 discussion1 #bhi ,surgical op]ations-- asepsis1 importance1 #bhi *apt] by ,william ,dickson & ,william ,h4 ,l[e1 #bhi-cjb mann] ( secur+ ! animals dur+1 #bij uses ( ane/hesia1 #bhi ,swamp l&s1 dra9age z measure aga9/ fluke disease1 #ebg ,sweat gl&s1 location & use1 #cbb ,sw$51 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,swell+ ( calf ) gas1 cause & treatm5t1 #aha ,switz]l&1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #che ,symptomatic an?rax4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,tnia sag9at1 tapeworm cy/s1 pres5ce 9 cattle1 #ebi ,tail1 wolf 91 imag9>y disease1 #bg ,tapeworm cy/s1 s\rce ( injury to cattle1 #ebi ,tapeworms-- adult1 ( small inte/9e1 species & rem$y1 #ebc cy/s 9 muscles ( cattle1 #ebi cy/s ( liv]1 #ebg ,t>sus1 fracture1 description & treatm5t1 #bha ,teats-- block$ by calculus1 treatm5t1 #bdc block$ by concretion ( case91 cause & treatm5t1 #bdc block$ by w>ty & o!r gr[? inside1 description & treatm5t1 #bdd *app$1 cause & treatm5t1 #bdc op5+ 9 ! side1 description & treatm5t1 #bde scabby1 treatm5t1 #bdc w>ts affect+1 treatm5t1 #bdc ,tee?-- c>ies1 description1 #af irregul>ities1 cause & treatm5t1 #af ,temp]ature-- h[ to exam9e1 #ij limits = dipp+ ba?1 #dij ,te/1 tub]cul94 ,see ,tub]cul9 te/4 ,te/icles1 conge/ion & inflammation1 description & treatm5t1 #aeb ,tetanus-- dang] 9 ca/ration ( cattle1 #cjj ref]5ce1 #dje ,texas fev]-- description1 symptoms1 prev5tion1 etc1 #dge-eja immunization ( nor!rn cattle1 #die infection c>ri$ by ! cattle tick 7,m>g>opus annulatus71 #dhj injuri\s effect ( ticks1 #dhb loss occasion$ by cattle ticks1 #dhc me?ods ( eradication1 #dhg-ejj nature ( ! disease1 #dgf p]iod ( incubation ( ticks1 #dhf prev5tion1 #dhg qu>ant9e regulations1 #die symptoms & pa?ological *anges aft] dea?1 #dgh-dhj tick eradication1 plan ( "w1 #dhg ,?readworms 9 abdom9al cavity ( cattle1 #ebi ,?roat1 sore1 symptoms1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #ag ,?rombosis1 description & symptoms1 #he ,?ru%-- calf1 description & treatm5t1 #bfc p>asite 7,sac*>omyces albicans71 cause1 #bfc ,ticks-- cattle1 "t requir$ to kill1 #dhh e>1 #eah injury to cattle hides1 #dhd p>asites ( cattle1 note1 #ejb ,see also ,cattle tick2 ,texas fev]4 ,tilletia c>ies 9 :eat1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,t9ea favosa1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccb ,t9ea tonsurans1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ccb ,tra*eotomy1 description1 #bid ,traumatic inflammation ( ! /oma*1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cd ,tri*iasis1 treatm5t1 #cej ,tri*odectes scal>is 7r$ l\se71 description & treatm5t1 #eac ,tri*ophyton tonsurans1 fungus caus+ ,t9ea tonsurans1 #ccb ,trumb[]1 ,m4 ,r4-- *apt] on ,diseases ( ! e>1 #cec-ceg *apt] on ,diseases ( ! eye & its app5dages1 #cdj-ced *apt] on ,diseases ( ! foot1 #cce-cci *apt] on ,diseases ( ! sk91 #cbj-ccd ,trypanosoma brucei1 cause ( nagana1 or tsetse-fly disease1 #ejj ,tsetse-fly disease1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #ejj ,tub]cul9 te/-- description & hi/ory1 #dag h>mless to heal?y animals1 #dbf summ>y ( directions = mak+1 #dbg ,tub]culosis-- bov9e1 & public heal?1 #dcj cause & nature ( disease1 #daa occurr5ce1 #djg /ati/ics ( te/s 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #daj symptoms & diagnosis1 #daf-dag transmissibility ( human & bov9e1 #dcb treatm5t1 #dbh ,tumor-- bony1 description & treatm5t1 #cad *rondroma1 description & treatm5t1 #cad fibroma1 description & treatm5t1 #caa hairy1 on eyeball1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi lipoma1 description & treatm5t1 #cad s>coma1 description & treatm5t1 #cae ,tumors-- bra91 description1 #aab calf1 description & treatm5t1 #aha cattle1 *apt] by ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 #cjc-cai def9ition & description1 #cjc description1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjg description ( k9ds1 #cji diagnosis1 #cjh eyelid1 description & treatm5t1 #cej g5]al treatm5t1 #cji kidney1 description1 #abh malignant & b5ign1 description1 #cjf orbit1 cause & treatm5t1 #cec ph>ynx1 description & treatm5t1 #ai ,twi/$ /oma* worms1 description & treatm5t1 #eai-ebc ,twi/+-- & knott+ ( ! b[els1 causes1 symptoms1 po/-mortem appe>ance1 & treatm5t1 #ce ( ! neck ( ! womb1 description & treatm5t1 #agf ,tympanites-- acute1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bb *ronic1 causes & treatm5t1 #be ,udd]-- conge/ion1 description & treatm5t1 #bcc contagi\s inflammation affect+1 description1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #bcg inflammation1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bcd ,ulc]ation1 heel1 causes & treatm5t1 #ccg ,ulc]ative /omatitis4 ,see ,necrotic /omatitis4 ,ulc]s-- calves4 ,see ,necrotic /omatitis4 cornea1 cause1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #cdg p5is1 cause & treatm5t1 #aeg ,umbilical h]nia-- description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #ci symptoms & treatm5t1 #beb ,umbilical phlebitis1 description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #bdi ,ura*us-- inflammation1 causes & treatm5t1 #bdh p]si/5t1 description & treatm5t1 #bdh ,uret]al calculi1 description & treatm5t1 #aci ,ure?ra1 inflammation affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #aef ,ure?ral calculus1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #adb ,ur9>y calculi-- classification1 #ach description & causes1 #acj1 #acg effect ( diff]5t fe$s1 #acc ,ur9>y disord]s1 symptoms1 #aah ,ur9>y organs-- diseases1 *apt] by ,james ,law1 #aac-adf functions1 #aac ,ur9e-- album9 91 description & treatm5t1 #aba am\nt pass$ daily1 #aae analyses "u diff]5t rations1 #aad bloody1 caus$ by blood flukes1 #ebf bloody1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai c[1 analysis1 #aad dis*>g$ ?r\gh navel1 description & treatm5t1 #bdh excessive secretion1 cause & treatm5t1 #aah incont95ce1 cause & treatm5t1 #acj ox1 analysis1 #aae ret5tion1 effect1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #abh sug> 91 description1 #abc ,urtic>ia1 description1 causes & treatm5t1 #abd ,uruguay1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chf ,ut]us-- h]nia affect+1 cause & treatm5t1 #afb polypus affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #aeg ,vacc9ation1 disadvantages 9 use aga9/ an?rax1 #deg ,vacc9e-- an?rax1 c>e & use1 #deg blackleg1 free di/ribution1 note1 #dfc prep>ation & use aga9/ hemorrhagic septicemia1 #cie ,vag9a-- clots ( blood on walls1 description & treatm5t1 #bbj inflammation1 causes & treatm5t1 #bbc lac]ations & rupture1 description & treatm5t1 #bai polypus affect+1 description & treatm5t1 #aeg ,vag9 prolapsus1 description & treatm5t1 #afb ,vag9al walls1 affect$ ) coagulat$ blood aft] calv+1 treatm5t1 #agi ,vag9itis1 causes & treatm5t1 #bbc ,valves1 he>t1 diseases affect+1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #hj ,v>iola1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dch ,vegetable-- acids1 poison\s1 description & treatm5t1 #eh poisons-- note1 #fa uses z m$ic9e1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #fa-fi ,ve9s-- inflammation1 description & treatm5t1 #hf w\nds1 description & treatm5t1 #hc ,v5]eal desire1 dim9ution or loss1 cause1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t1 #adi ,v5]eal excess1 cause & treatm5t1 #adh ,v5om\s /+s4 ,see ,snake bites4 ,v5tral h]nia1 description & causes1 #cg ,v]m9\s bron*itis-- description1 symptoms1 & prev5tion1 #ajj p>asites caus+1 #ajj ,v]mont1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chg ,v]ruca1 description1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #cca ,v]tebra1 fracture1 description1 & treatm5t1 #bgi ,vesical calculus1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #adb ,vesicul> eruption ( g5ital organs1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dja ,vesicul> exan!ma1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #dja ,vet]9>ians1 views on foot-&-m\? disease 9 man1 #cie ,virg9ia1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,vitre\s humor ( ! eye1 description1 #cdb ,vomit+1 symptoms1 cause1 & treatm5t1 #bg ,wall1 ho(1 fissure1 description & treatm5t1 #cch ,w>ble fly-- damages1 e/imate1 #eaj ,european species1 appe>ance 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eaj ,w>bles-- description & treatm5t1 #ejg p5etration ( sk9s ( cattle1 #ejh ref]5ce1 #ccc ,w>ts-- description1 causes1 & treatm5t1 #cab1 #cca p5is1 treatm5t1 #aef teats1 treatm5t1 #bdc ,wa%+ton1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,wasp /+s1 description & treatm5t1 #ga ,wat]-- bli/]s1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cbh cold1 dr9k+1 a cause ( indige/ion1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #cc head ( calf1 description & treatm5t1 #agi ,wea!r1 relation to occurr5ce ( mycotic /omatitis1 #cib ,w5s1 description & treatm5t1 #ccj ,we/ ,virg9ia1 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,wiscons91 foot-&-m\? disease1 #chh ,)]s1 ca/+1 cause & treatm5t1 #bae ,wolf 9 ! tail1 imag9>y disease1 #bg ,womb-- ble$+ f1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bad dropsy1 description & treatm5t1 #afb ev]sion1 cause & treatm5t1 #bae fetus develop+ outside1 description & treatm5t1 #afc inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #bbd m\?1 induration1 description & treatm5t1 #agf rupture1 cause & treatm5t1 #bai twi/+ ( neck1 description & treatm5t1 #agf ,wood5 tongue4 ,see ,act9omycosis4 ,wood-ill1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #aai ,worm-- ency/$ /oma*1 description & treatm5t1 #ebc eye1 description & treatm5t1 #cdi ,worms-- bladd]1 description1 #ebh lung1 ( cattle1 description & treatm5t1 #ecj screw1 description & rem$ies1 #ejf ?read1 9 abdom9al cavity ( cattle1 #ebi twi/$ /oma*1 description & treatm5t1 #eai-ebj ,w\nds-- abdom51 causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dc art]ies & ve9s1 description & treatm5t1 #hc contus$ & lac]at$1 description & treatm5t1 #bih contusions ( ! lips & snake bites ( m\?1 description & treatm5t1 #ad dang] ( infection f foot-&-m\? disease1 #cid dra9age1 necessity1 #bih gullet1 description & treatm5t1 #bb heal+1 treatm5t & dress+1 description1 #bih ho(1 treatm5t1 #cch incis$-- description & treatm5t1 #bie punctur$1 & lac]at$1 description & treatm5t1 #bie-bii m\?1 snake bites & contusions ( lips1 treatm5t1 #ad p5is1 cause & treatm5t1 #aef sk91 k9ds1 description1 & treatm5t1 #ccc-ccd treatm5t1 summ>y ( c>e aft] dress+1 #bih ,yell[s1 description1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 #dd ,z9c poison+1 description & treatm5t1 #eg ,,additional ,,copies ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procur$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #a4jj ,,p] ,,copy