,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,of ,,animal ,,industry4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,,chief ,,of ,,bureau4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,report ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle4 ,,by ,drs4 ,,atkinson1 ,,dickson1 ,,eichhorn1 ,,hickman1 ,,law1 ,,lowe1 ,,marsh1 ,,mohler1 ,,murray1 ,,pearson1 ,,ransom1 ,,trumbower1 and ,,woodward4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,revised ,,edition1 #aibc4 ,illustration3 ,,usda seal ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #aibc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,minor typos have been corrected1 tables have been modified where necessary to fit within the constraints of a text file1 and footnotes have been moved to the ends of the sections4 ,inconsistencies in spelling 7e4g41 ,d',arboval_/,d',arborval7 and hyphenation 7e4g41 postmortem_/post-mortem7 have been resolved in all cases where it was possible to divine the author's intent with a reasonable degree of certainty4 ,the occasional error which could not be resolved was marked sic4 ,italicized letters and words are enclosed by underscores4 ,subscripts are represented by an underscore and curly braces3 #b 7for example1 ,si,o#b74 ,ligatures which cannot be reproduced in the ,latin-#a character set are enclosed in brackets 7for example1 ,coenurus74 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract from ,an act making appropriations for the ,department of ,agriculture for the fiscal year ending ,june #cj1 #aibd1 and for other purposes1 approved ,february #bf1 #aibc4 ,public--,no4 #ddf4 ,for printing1 binding1 and distribution of the publications entitled ,diseases of the ,horse and ,diseases of ,cattle1 #bjj1jjj3 ,provided1 ,that said publications shall be deposited one-third in the folding room of the ,senate and two-thirds in the folding room of the ,house of ,representatives1 and said documents shall be distributed by ,members of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,administration of medicines4 ,by ,,leonard ,,pearson #g ,diseases of the digestive organs4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,murray #ab ,poisons and poisoning4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atkinson #ea ,diseases of the heart1 blood vessels1 and lymphatics4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,harbaugh #gc ,noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration4 ,by ,,william ,,herbert ,,lowe #hg ,diseases of the nervous system4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,harbaugh #aja ,diseases of the urinary organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law #aac ,diseases of the generative organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law #adg ,diseases following parturition4 ,by ,,james ,,law #bad ,diseases of young calves4 ,by ,,james ,,law #bdg ,bones3 ,diseases and accidents4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atkinson #bfd ,surgical operations4 ,by ,,william ,,dickson and ,,william ,,herbert ,,lowe #bhi ,tumors affecting cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler #cjc ,diseases of the skin4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower #cbj ,diseases of the foot4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower #cce ,diseases of the eye and its appendages4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower #cdj ,diseases of the ear4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower #cee ,infectious diseases of cattle4 ,revised by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler #ceh ,the animal parasites of cattle4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,ransom #ejb ,mycotic stomatitis of cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler #ecb ,index #ech ,,illustrations4 ,,plates4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,position of the first stomach 7rumen or paunch7 #dh ,,ii4 ,stomachs of ruminants #dh ,,iii4 ,instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs #dh ,,iv4 ,microscopic anatomy of the liver #dh ,v4 ,ergot in hay #dh ,,vi4 ,ergotism #dh ,,vii4 ,diagram of the circulation of the blood #hf ,,viii4 ,position of the lung #ij ,,ix4 ,kidney and male generative and urinary organs #ade ,x4 ,microscopic anatomy of the kidney #ade ,,xi4 ,calculi of kidney and bladder #adf ,,xii4 ,fetal calf within its membranes #baj ,,xiii4 ,pregnant uterus with cotyledons #baj ,,xiv4 ,vessels of umbilical cord #baa ,,xv4 ,normal position of calf in utero #baa ,,xvi4 ,abnormal positions of calf in utero #baa ,,xvii4 ,abnormal positions of calf in utero #baa ,,xviii4 ,abnormal positions of calf in utero2 surgical instruments and sutures #bab ,,xix4 ,monstrosities #bab ,,xx4 ,instruments used in difficult labor #bab ,,xxi4 ,instruments used in difficult labor #bac ,,xxii4 ,supports for prolapsed uterus #bdf ,,xxiii4 ,supports for prolapsed uterus #bdf ,,xxiv4 ,instruments used in diseases following parturition #bdf ,,xxv4 ,skeleton of the cow #bhb ,,xxvi4 ,devices for casting cattle #cjb ,,xxvii4 ,surgical instruments and sutures #cjb ,,xxviii4 ,various bacteria which produce disease in cattle #cfj ,,xxix4 ,upper or dorsal surface of the lungs of the ox #cfh ,,xxx4 ,broncho-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxi4 ,contagious pleuro-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxii4 ,contagious pleuro-pneumonia #cfh ,,xxxiii4 ,foot-and-mouth disease #chd ,,xxxiv4 ,tuberculosis of the lungs of cattle #daf ,,xxxv4 ,tuberculosis of the liver #daf ,,xxxvi4 ,tuberculosis of lymph gland and of omentum 7caul7 #daf ,,xxxvii4 ,fig4 #a4--,tuberculosis of sirloin and porterhouse cuts of beef4 ,fig4 #b4--,tuberculosis of pleura of cow1 so-called pearly disease #daf ,,xxxviii4 ,tuberculosis of cow's udder #daf ,,xxxix4 ,actinomycosis #dej ,,xl4 ,actinomycosis of the jaw #dej ,,xli4 ,actinomycosis of the lungs #dej ,,xlii4 ,section of muscle from a blackleg swelling #dfd ,,xliii4 ,necrotic stomatitis 7calf diphtheria7 #dfd ,,xliv4 ,normal spleen and spleen affected by ,texas fever #ejd ,,xlv4 ,texas fever #ejd ,,xlvi4 ,the cattle tick 7,margaropus annulatus71 the carrier of ,texas fever #ejd ,,xlvii4 ,the cattle tick 7,margaropus annulatus7 #ejd ,,xlviii4 ,portion of a steer's hide showing the ,texas fever tick 7,margaropus annulatus7 #ejd ,,xlix4 ,fig4 #a4--,tick-infested steer4 ,fig4 #b4--;,dipping cattle to kill ticks #ejd ,l4 ,facsimile of poster comparing ticky and tick-free cattle #ejd ,,text ,,figures4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,hornfly 7,hmatobia serrata7 in resting position #ejd #b4 ,hornflies 7,hmatobia serrata7 on cow horn #eje #c4 ,buffalo gnat #ejf #d4 ,screw worm 7larva of ,chrysomyia macellaria7 #ejf #e4 ,screw-worm fly 7,chrysomyia macellaria7 #ejg #f4 ,the warble fly 7,hypoderma lineata7 #ejh #g4 ,short-nosed blue louse 7,hmatopinus eurysternus7 of cattle #eab #h4 ,long-nosed blue louse 7,hmatopinus vituli7 of cattle #eab #i4 ,red louse 7,trichodectes scalaris7 of cattle #eac #aj4 ,egg of short-nosed blue louse 7,hmatopinus eurysternus7 attached to a hair #eac #aa4 ,mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep #ead #ab4 ,portion of the wall of the first stomach with conical flukes 7,paramphistomum cervi7 attached #eai #ac4 ,twisted stomach worms 7,hmonchus contortus7 #eai #ad4 ,twisted stomach worms 7,hmonchus contortus7 enlarged #ebj #ae4 ,embryo of twisted stomach worm 7,hmonchus contortus7 coiled on tip of grass blade #eba #af4 ,a drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel1 a piece of rubber hose1 and a piece of brass pipe #ebb #ag4 ,piece of lining of fourth stomach showing cysts of the encysted stomach worm 7,ostertatia ostertagi7 #ebc #ah4 ,a tapeworm 7,moniezia planissima7 which infests cattle #ebd #ai4 ,the common liver fluke 7,fasciola hepatica7 #ebf #bj4 ,the large ,american fluke 7,fasciola magna7 #ebf #ba4 ,portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercari of the common liver fluke 7,fasciola hepatica7 #ebg #bb4 ,hydatids 7,echinococcus granulosus7 in portion of hog's liver #ebh #bc4 ,thin-necked bladder worm 7,tnia hydatigena7 from abdominal cavity of a steer #ebi #bd4 ,lung worms 7,dictyocaulus viviparus7 of cattle #ecj ,,special ,,report ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,,administration ,,of ,,medicines4 ,by ,,leonard ,,pearson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,medicines may be administered to cattle in many ways4 ,the channel and method of administration depend on whether a general or local effect is desired1 the condition of the animal1 and the nature of the medicine that is to be given4 ,the easiest method1 and therefore the most common1 is to give ordinary remedies by the mouth with the food1 with drink1 or separately4 ,there1 are1 however1 some conditions in which medicines administered in this way will not act promptly enough1 or wherein a desired effect of the medicine on a distant part of the body is wholly lacking unless it is applied in some other way4 ,the various methods of administering medicines to cattle will be considered below4 ,,by ,,the ,,mouth4--,the simplest way to give medicines by the mouth is to mix them with the food or water4 ,this can be done when the medicine is in the form of a powder or fluid1 if but a small quantity is to be given1 if it does not have a taste that is disagreeable to the animal and is not so irritant as to injure the lining membranes of the mouth and throat4 ,the usual method of administering bulky or unpalatable doses is to mix them with a fluid vehicle1 such as water1 milk1 molasses1 or broth1 and give from a bottle4 ,a dose given in this way is known as a drench4 ,in administering a drench the head of the animal should be elevated a little by an assistant4 ,this is best accomplished when standing on the left side of the cow's head and by grasping the nose with the thumb and fingers of the right hand inserted in the nostrils2 with the left hand beneath the chin the head is further raised and supported4 ,if the animal is unruly1 it may be tied in a stall or placed in a stanchion4 ,the medicine can now be poured into the mouth by inserting the neck of the bottle between the lips on the right side4 ,care must be taken to avoid getting the bottle between the back teeth4 ,the mouth of the bottle should be inserted as far as the middle of the tongue and the contents poured slowly4 ,if the cow coughs1 the head must at once be lowered to permit the fluid to escape from the larynx4 ,if medicine is given during coughing1 some of the dose may pass down the windpipe to the lungs and cause a severe or a fatal pneumonia4 ,this is especially to be guarded against when the throat is partly paralyzed or insensitive1 as in parturient paresis 7milk fever74 ,in this disease it has often happened that drenches have been poured into the lungs1 thus killing the cow4 ,the quantity of fluid to be given in a drench depends upon the effect desired and the nature of the medicine4 ,in impactions of the stomach very large quantities of fluid may be given--as much as a gallon or several gallons at a time4 ,usually1 however1 it is not customary or desirable to give more than from #a to #b quarts at a dose1 and not more than a pint unless it is necessary on account of the irritant quality of the drug that has to be shielded with a large quantity of the vehicle4 ,soluble medicines should be completely dissolved before they are given2 insoluble ones should be finely divided by powdering or by shaking1 and should be well agitated and mixed immediately before they are given4 ,in the latter case a menstruum with considerable body1 such as molasses or flaxseed tea or milk1 will help to hold solids or oils in suspension until swallowed4 ,balls are large pills adapted for the larger animals4 ,powders or gums are sometimes mixed with an adhesive substance and rolled into balls for the purpose of convenience of administration4 ,balls are not used so much and are not so well adapted to the medication of cattle as of horses4 ,the process of solution is slower in the paunch of a cow than in the stomach of a horse2 if the cow is so sick as to have stopped ruminating1 a ball may get covered up and lost in the mass of material in the paunch and so lie for days1 producing no effect whatever4 ,capsules are shells or envelopes made of soluble gelatin in which powders or liquids may be inclosed4 ,capsules and balls are administered by being placed on the tongue well back in the mouth while the tongue is drawn forward and the mouth is held open by a block of wood between the back teeth4 ,the ball should be dropped1 the tongue released1 and the block removed as nearly simultaneously as possible1 so that the backward carriage of the tongue will throw the ball into the throat and lead to its being swallowed4 ,in introducing the ball care must be taken to avoid having the hand cut or crushed4 ,after a little experience it is possible to do away with the block of wood4 ,,by ,,the ,,stomach4--,medicines are introduced directly into the first stomach by the use of an esophageal tube or through the cannula of a trocar passed into the paunch through the side4 ,this method is used in the treatment of diseases of digestion4 ,,by ,,the ,,rectum4--,medicines are usually administered by the rectum for the purpose of controlling the bowels and for the treatment of local diseases4 ,sometimes1 however1 medicines that have a general effect are given in this way when1 for any reason1 it is not possible or convenient to give them through the mouth4 ,only drugs that are readily absorbed should be given per rectum for a general effect and in somewhat larger dose or more frequently than when given by the mouth4 ,such stimulants as ether1 alcohol1 or the aromatic spirits of ammonia1 diluted with from four to six times their bulk of warm water1 may be used in this way4 ,rectal injections1 or enemata1 are used in the treatment of constipation4 ,if it is the purpose of the injection to soften hardened fecal masses1 the water should be comfortably warm and may have a little clean soap in it4 ,if it is the purpose of the injection to stimulate sluggish bowels to contraction1 the water may be cold4 ,in giving rectal injections a rectal syringe may be used1 or1 better1 a piece of one-half to three-quarter inch rubber hose #e feet long with a tin funnel attached to one end4 ,the hose is soaped or oiled and introduced slowly and gently into the rectum #b or #c feet4 ,the fluid is then slowly poured into the funnel and allowed to gravitate into the rectum4 ,the same apparatus may be used for feeding by the rectum4 ,,by ,,the ,,vagina4--,medicines are inserted into the vagina1 and through the vagina into the womb1 in a manner similar to that of rectal administration4 ,most of the medication made use of in this way is for the local treatment of these organs4 ,following calving1 during outbreaks of abortion1 and in an infectious disease of the vagina1 such injections become necessary4 ,,by ,,the ,,udder4--,injections into the udder are now regularly made in the treatment of parturient paresis 7milk fever74 ,for this purpose a #a per cent solution of iodid of potassium is commonly employed1 although some other solutions and oxygen gas are also used4 ,in making this injection so many precautions are necessary in relation to the sterilization of the apparatus and the teats and skin that this work should be left to a skilled veterinarian4 ,the introduction of even a minute quantity of infectious dirt may cause the loss of the udder4 ,for making this injection one may use one of the prepared sets of apparatus or a milking tube and funnel connected by a piece of small rubber hose4 ,the apparatus should be boiled and kept wrapped in a clean towel until needed4 ,the udder and teats and the hands of the operator must be well disinfected1 and the solution must be freshly made with recently boiled water kept in a sterile bottle4 ,the udder should be emptied of milk before the injection is made4 ,after all these precautions have been observed the milking tube may be inserted and through it one-half pint of solution introduced by gravity air pressure or by syringe4 ,there is practically no danger in this mode of treatment if it is properly carried out4 ,injections into the udder are sometimes made in the treatment of garget1 but so far with indifferent success4 ,,by ,,the ,,nostrils4--,an animal may be caused to inhale medicine in the form of gas or vapor or to snuff up a fine powder4 ,sometimes1 for the purpose of local treatment1 fluids are injected into the nose4 ,a medicine inhaled may have either a local or a general effect4 ,medicated steam1 carrying the volatile products of compound cresol solution1 carbolic acid1 balsam of ,peru1 compound tincture of benzoin1 tincture of iodin1 etc41 may be liberated beneath the nostrils of a cow so that she must inhale these soothing vapors2 but such treatment is not so common for cattle as for horses4 ,in producing general anesthesia1 or insensibility to pain1 the vapor of chloroform or ether is administered by the nostrils4 ,as a preliminary to this it is necessary to cast and confine the animal4 ,great care is necessary to avoid complete stoppage of the heart or breathing4 ,,by ,,the ,,trachea4--,medicines are injected into the trachea1 or windpipe1 in the treatment of some forms of diseases of the lungs1 and especially in that form of bronchitis or pneumonia that is caused by lungworms4 ,for this injection a large hypodermic syringe1 fitted with a very thick1 strong needle1 is used4 ,the needle is to be inserted about the middle of the neck and between the cartilaginous rings of the trachea4 ,,by ,,the ,,skin4--,although a number of drugs1 notably mercury1 are so readily absorbed by the skin of cattle as to render poisoning easy1 medicines are not given in this way for their general or constitutional but only for their local effect4 ,diseases of the skin and superficial parasites are treated or destroyed by applications in the forms of washes1 ointments1 dips1 and powders4 ,liniments and lotions are applied to the skin for the relief of some near-lying part1 such as a muscle1 tendon1 or joint4 ,blisters are applied to the skin for the purpose of obtaining the effect of counterirritation upon a neighboring region or organ4 ,cold water may be applied to the skin to reduce the temperature and to diminish congestion or inflammation in a superficial area or to reduce the temperature of the whole body4 ,high fever and heat strokes are treated in this way4 ,,by ,,the ,,tissue ,,beneath ,,the ,,skin4--,hypodermic or subcutaneous injections are often made for the purpose of introducing a drug1 reagent1 or vaccine directly into the connecting tissue beneath the skin4 ,introduced in this way1 the substance is quickly absorbed1 none of it is lost1 and its whole effect is obtained1 often within a few minutes4 ,there are numerous precautions necessary in making a subcutaneous injection1 most of which have to do with cleansing and sterilization4 ,it is also important to select a proper site for the injection1 so that blood vessels1 joints1 and superficial nerves1 organs1 or cavities may all be avoided4 ,with due regard for the necessary precautions1 there is practically no danger in such an injection1 but it should be attempted only by those who are able to carry it through in a surgically clean way4 ,only certain drugs can be given subcutaneously1 and dosage must be accurately graduated4 ,,by ,,the ,,veins4--,certain medicines act most promptly and surely when introduced directly into the blood by injecting them into a vein1 usually the jugular4 ,some vaccines and antitoxins are administered in this way4 ,intravenous injection should be practiced only by experienced veterinarians4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,murray1 ,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,r4,w4 ,,hickman1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,character ,,of ,,feeds ,,and ,,feeding4 ,diseases of the digestive organs are very common among cattle1 and may often be traced to defects in feeding4 ,the first three stomachs of the larger ruminants hold the feed for a long time1 during which period it is subjected to macerating1 mixing1 and straining processes in preparation for entrance into the fourth or true stomach4 ,the straining is accomplished through the medium of the manyplies or book1 while the paunch1 or rumen1 with its adjunct1 the waterbag1 is concerned in the macerating1 kneading1 and mixing1 as well as in regurgitation for rumination or the chewing of the cud4 ,the action of the first three stomachs is merely preparatory to digestion4 ,thus it would seem that as a result of their complex anatomical and functional arrangement the feed of the ox1 when of good quality and wholesome1 is in the most favorable condition possible for the digestive process when it reaches the fourth stomach1 where true digestion first takes place4 ,the location and arrangement of the stomachs are shown in ,plates ,i and ,,ii4 ,if the feed is of improper character1 or is so given that it can not be cared for by the animal in a normal way1 false fermentations arise1 causing indigestion1 and possibly1 later1 organic disease4 ,in feeding cattle there are a number of important considerations apart from the economy of the ration1 and some of these are noted below4 ,feeds must not be damaged by exposure to the weather1 by frost1 by molds1 or by deleterious fermentations4 ,damaged feeds retard or prevent digestion1 and sometimes they contain or cause to be generated substances that irritate the digestive tract1 or are distinctly poisonous to the animal4 ,for example1 hay that was rained on severely during curing has not only lost a part of its nutritive value through a washing-out process1 but what remains is not so readily available as in good hay4 ,roots that have been frozen are likely to irritate and injure the digestive tract4 ,grass eaten with frost on it may cause severe indigestion4 ,all moldy feeds are not injurious1 for some molds appear to have no influence on the process of digestion1 but those of other species may not only retard digestion and cause local injury to the digestive organs1 but may cause general poisoning of a severe and fatal type4 ,the following molds have been shown 7,dammann7 to be dangerous in respect to the production of the morbid conditions enumerated3 ,tilletia caries grows chiefly in wheat and may be found with the grain1 thus appearing in the bran or meal4 ,it causes paralysis of the throat and spinal cord and irritation of the digestive tract4 ,the rusts1 such as ,puccinia graminis1 ,p4 straminis1 ,p4 ,coronata1 and ,p4 arudinacea1 cause colic and diarrhea1 and in some cases partial paralysis of the throat4 ,the rusts that occur on clovers1 beans1 and peas cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth and throat1 resulting sometimes in gangrene of this tissue4 ,polydesmus exitans grows on the leaves of rape and turnips1 appearing in early summer4 ,this fungus is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle1 causing severe inflammation and the formation of a false membrane4 ,in some instances this condition has been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease1 but it can be differentiated by the absence of the blister that is characteristic of that disease and by the further fact that it is nontransmissible4 ,polytrincium trifolii1 which grows on clover1 causing it to become black1 causes severe irritation of the stomach and intestines of cattle feeding upon it4 ,feeds must not contain too large a proportion of woody fiber or of indigestible substances4 ,if the dry matter ingested or the bulk of the feed is very great on account of the small proportion of digestible matter1 it is impossible for the great mass to be moistened properly with and attacked by the digestive juices4 ,in consequence of this1 abnormal fermentations arise1 causing indigestion and irritation of the digestive organs4 ,on the other hand1 a ration too concentrated1 and especially too rich in protein1 is not suitable1 because1 after a meal1 the animal must have a certain feeling of fullness in order to be comfortable and quiet1 and the digestive organs require a relatively large volume of contents to fill them to the point where secretion is properly stimulated and their activity is most efficient4 ,if too much protein is in the ration there is a waste of expensive feed1 and the tendency is for the animal to become thin4 ,it is evident that a cow can not thrive on concentrated feeds alone1 even though these contain in assimilable form all the nutritive materials needed for perfect support4 ,it is because bulk is necessary that the standard of about #be pounds of dry matter per cow per day has been reached by experimenters4 ,there is no objection to feeding grain or meal separately to a cow1 provided enough bulky feed is fed at another time in the day to keep the digestive tract sufficiently distended4 ,in changing the ration1 and especially in making radical changes1 as at the beginning and the end of the pasturing season1 the change should be made gradually1 so that the digestive organs may accommodate themselves to it4 ,after the digestive organs and juices have from long practice become adjusted to the digestion of a certain feed1 which is then suddenly withheld and another of quite different character and properties is substituted1 the second feed is not well digested2 it may even irritate the digestive canal4 ,it is often observed that cattle lose from #be to #ajj pounds when turned on pasture from dry stable feed4 ,this loss can readily be prevented by not shocking the digestive organs by a sudden change of diet4 ,regularity in feeding has much to do with the utilization of the ration1 and gross irregularity may cause indigestion and serious disease4 ,water for live stock should be as free from contamination and as nearly pure as that used for household purposes4 ,when practicable it is well to warm the water in the winter to about #ej ,f4 and allow cattle to drink often4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,mouth4 ,,wounds ,,and ,,contusions ,,of ,,the ,,lips1 ,,and ,,snake ,,bite4 ,the lips may become inflamed from contusions1 which are sometimes produced by a blow from the horns of another animal1 or1 in the case of working oxen1 by a blow from the driver4 ,while cattle are grazing1 more especially when they are in woods1 they may be bitten in the lips by insects or serpents4 ,symptoms4--,as a result of a contusion the lips become thick and swollen1 and if treatment is neglected the swelling may become hard and indurated1 or an abscess may form4 ,this condition renders it difficult for the animal to get food into its mouth1 on account of the lips having lost their natural flexibility4 ,in such cases an ox will use his tongue more in the prehension of food to make up for the incapacity of the lips4 ,in cases of snake bite the swelling is soft or puffy and its limits are not well defined4 ,treatment4--,when we have to deal with a bruise1 the affected part should be bathed with hot water two or three times daily4 ,in recent cases no other treatment will be required1 but if the swelling is not recent and has become hard or indurated1 then the swollen part should be treated each day by painting it with tincture of iodin4 ,in snake bite a straight incision penetrating into the flesh or muscle should be made across the center of the swelling and in the direction of the long axis of the face4 ,after this has been done a small wad of cotton batting should be pressed against the wounds until the bleeding has almost stopped4 ,afterwards the following lotion may be applied to the wounds several times a day3 ,permanganate of potassium1 half a dram2 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,as snake bites are usually attended with considerable depression1 which may terminate in stupor1 it is advisable to give a stimulant4 ,one ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia mixed with a pint of water should be given1 and the dose should be repeated in half an hour if the animal is sinking into a stupefied and unconscious condition4 ,the repetition of the dose must depend on the symptoms which the animal shows4 ,it must be borne in mind that the object of treatment is to ward off the stupor1 which is one of the results of snake bite4 ,the swelling from an insect bite should be bathed with ammonia water as soon as noticed and then treated with frequent applications of hot water4 ,,salivation4 ,salivation is a symptom of some general or local disorder4 ,it may be a symptom of a general disease1 such as rabies or foot-and-mouth disease1 or it may be a purely local trouble1 as when copious secretion of the salivary glands is produced by the eating of irritating plants1 such as wild mustard4 ,when saliva is observed to dribble from the mouth1 that part should be carefully examined by introducing into the mouth an instrument like a balling iron1 or1 if one is not at hand1 by grasping the tongue and partially withdrawing it from the mouth1 and by placing a block of wood between the back teeth1 while all parts of the mouth are exposed to a good light1 so that the presence of any foreign substance may be detected4 ,the cause is sometimes found to be a short piece of wood becoming fixed on the palate1 its two ends resting on the upper molar teeth of each side2 or it may be a needle1 thorn1 or splinter of wood embedded in the tongue4 ,sometimes a sharp piece of tin or other metal may become partially embedded in the inner surface of the cheek4 ,hay occasionally possesses some quality1 usually dependent upon its having heated in the mow or having become moldy1 which produces salivation4 ,second-crop clover and some irritant weeds in the pasture or forage may cause salivation4 ,cattle rubbed with mercurial ointment may swallow enough mercury in licking themselves to bring about the same result4 7,see ,mercury poisoning1 p4 #eg47 ,such cases1 of course1 arise from the constitutional action of mercury1 and1 on account of the common habit which the animals have of licking themselves1 indicate the danger of using such preparation externally4 ,mercury is also readily absorbed through the skin1 and as cattle are very susceptible to its action it is thus easy for them to be poisoned by it even without licking it from the surface4 ,cases of mercurial poisoning sometimes follow disinfection of cattle stables with the usual #a to #a1jjj solution of mercuric chlorid4 ,treatment4--,if salivation depends on the irritation and inflammation set up by the ingestion of acrid plants1 or forage possessing some peculiar stimulating property1 the feed must be changed1 and a lotion composed of an ounce of powdered alum dissolved in a quart of water may be syringed into the mouth twice a day1 using half a pint of the solution each time4 ,if1 however1 the salivation is due to the presence of a thorn1 splinter of wood1 or any other foreign substance embedded in the cheek or tongue1 the offending object should be removed and the mouth washed occasionally with a weak solution 7#b per cent7 of carbolic acid and tepid water4 ,when salivation is produced by mercurial poisoning or by foot-and-mouth disease1 the treatment appropriate to those general conditions of the system1 as well as the local treatment should be applied4 7,for information about foot-and-mouth disease see p4 #chc47 ,,irregularities ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4 ,irregularities of the teeth may be occasioned by the unequal wearing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken1 which may happen when cattle are pastured on sandy or gravelly soil4 ,the molar teeth may also show irregular wear from similar causes1 or from a disease or malformation of the jaw4 ,their edges may become sharp1 or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally fractured4 ,it may also occur that a supernumerary tooth has developed in an unusual position1 and that it interferes with the natural and regular mastication of the feed4 ,treatment4--,the mouth may be examined by grasping the animal's tongue with one hand and partially withdrawing it from the mouth1 so as to expose the incisor and molar teeth to inspection4 ,when it is desired1 however1 to examine the molar teeth with the fingers1 so as to obtain a better idea of their condition1 an instrument like the balling iron which is used for the horse should be introduced into the mouth1 so as to separate the jaws and keep them apart while the examination is being made4 ,any sharp edges of the molars must be removed by the tooth rasp1 such as is used for horses4 ,any supernumerary tooth which interferes with mastication or any tooth which is fractured or loose should be extracted4 ,in performing such operations it is desirable to throw1 or cast1 the animal1 and to have its head held securely1 so as to enable the operator to do what is necessary without difficulty4 ,,caries ,,or ,,decay ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4 ,the presence of caries may be suspected if the mouth exhales a bad odor and if the animal during mastication occasionally stops as if it were in pain4 ,the existence of caries in a molar tooth may be ascertained by examining the mouth in the manner already described4 ,if one of the molars is found to be carious1 it should be extracted4 ,when the crown of the tooth has been destroyed and only the stump or root is left1 extraction is impracticable4 ,in case the animal has special value the root stumps may be removed by a veterinarian by the operation of trephining2 otherwise1 it is best to sell the animal to the butcher4 ,,actinomycosis ,,of ,,the ,,jawbones 7,,big ,,jaw ,,or ,,lumpy ,,jaw74 ,see ,actinomycosis1 p4 #ddj4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,mucous ,,membrane ,,of ,,mouth 7,,stomatitis74 ,the membrane of the mouth may become inflamed by eating some irritating substance or plant1 or little vesicles may form in the mouths of calves when they are affected with indigestion1 constituting what is termed aphtha4 ,symptoms4--,the saliva dribbles from the mouth1 and when the mouth is examined the surface of the tongue and other parts appear red and inflamed4 ,when young animals are affected with the form of disease termed aphtha1 small red elevations are observed on the tongue and other parts of the mouth1 having little white points on their centers1 which consist of the epithelium of the mucous membrane raised into vesicles4 ,these white patches are succeeded by ulcerated surfaces1 which are caused by the shedding of the white patches of epithelium4 ,treatment4--,when there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the mouth1 it will suffice to syringe it out several times a day with #d ounces of the following solution3 ,alum1 #a ounce2 water1 #b pints4 ,when the edges of the tongue and other parts of the mouth are studded with ulcers1 they should be painted over once a day with the following solution until the affected surface is healed3 ,permanganate of potassium1 #bj grains2 water1 #a ounce4 ,when indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition of the mouth1 separate treatment is required4 ,,ulcerative ,,stomatitis 7,,or ,,ulcers ,,in ,,the ,,mouths ,,of ,,young ,,calves74 ,see ,necrotic stomatitis1 p4 #dfd4 ,,mycotic ,,stomatitis 7,,sore ,,mouth74 ,see p4 #ecb4 ,,induration ,,of ,,the ,,tongue 7,,actinomycosis74 ,see ,actinomycosis1 p4 #ddj4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,pharynx ,,and ,,gullet4 ,,pharyngitis 7,,sore ,,throat74 ,pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the pharynx4 ,it is frequently associated with inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract1 such as laryngitis and bronchitis or pleurisy4 ,symptoms4--,the muzzle is dry and the saliva dribbles from the corners of the mouth2 the animal swallows with difficulty or not at all1 and holds its neck in a stiff1 straight position1 moving it as little as possible4 ,the eyelids are half closed1 the white of the eye is bloodshot1 and the animal occasionally grinds its teeth4 ,after masticating the feed the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swallowing1 and also evinces pain when pressure is applied externally on the pharynx and tries to prevent the pressure from being applied4 ,causes4--,pharyngitis may be produced by a sudden cooling of the surface of the body1 as when cattle are exposed to a cold wind or a cold rain2 or by swallowing irritant substances4 ,treatment4--,the throat should be syringed three times a day with an ounce of the following solution3 ,nitrate of silver1 #a-a_/b drams2 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,bland and soothing drinks1 such as linseed tea or oatmeal and water should occasionally be offered4 ,diet should consist of soft food1 such as bran mashes with a little linseed meal mixed in them4 ,dry hay and fodder should not be given4 ,fresh1 green grass or sound ensilage may be fed in small quantities4 ,the upper part of the throat and the space between the jaws should be well rubbed once a day with the following liniment3 ,liquor ammonia fortior1 #d ounces2 oil of turpentine1 #d ounces2 olive oil1 #d ounces2 mix4 ,when evidence of blistering appears the application of the liniment should be stopped and the skin anointed with vaseline4 ,under the treatment described above the inflammation of the throat will gradually subside and the animal will be able to swallow as usual in five or six days4 ,we need hardly say that during its treatment the sick animal should be kept in a comfortable stable4 ,,parotitis4 ,inflammation of the parotid gland may arise from the inflammation extending to it when an ox is affected with pharyngitis or laryngitis1 or the inflammation may commence in the salivary ducts and may depend on some influence the nature of which is unknown4 ,parotitis sometimes arises from a blow or contusion severe enough to set up inflammation in the structure of the gland4 ,tuberculosis and actinomycosis may infrequently be characterized by the lodgment of their parasitic causes in the parotid glands1 in which case parotitis may be a symptom of either of these diseases4 ,symptoms4--,there is an elongated1 painful swelling1 beginning at the base of the ear and passing downward along the posterior margin of the lower jaw4 ,the swelling is sometimes limited to one side1 and when both are swollen it is generally larger on one side than on the other4 ,the secretion of saliva is increased1 the appetite is poor1 the neck is stiff1 so that it is painful to raise the head1 and feed is swallowed with difficulty4 ,in many cases the swelling of the glands1 when submitted to proper treatment1 disappears in a comparatively short time4 ,in other cases1 however1 they remain enlarged1 even after the animal recovers its appetite4 ,in tuberculosis1 lymphatic glands beneath the parotid glands are sometimes enlarged1 thus causing the appearance of enlarged parotid glands4 ,treatment4--,a warm bran poultice1 made by mixing bran with a hot #b per cent compound cresol solution in water1 should be applied on the swollen gland and kept in place by means of a bandage4 ,whenever the poultice has cooled it should be replaced by a new one4 ,this treatment should be continued until the pain is less and the swelling is reduced or until there is evidence of pus formation1 which may be ascertained by examining the surface of the gland with the fingers2 and when1 on pressing any part of the surface1 it is found to fluctuate or give1 then we may conclude that there is a collection of pus at that place4 ,it is well not to open the abscess until the fluctuation is well marked1 as at this stage the pus or matter is near the surface and there is less trouble in healing the wound than if the pus is deep seated4 ,the abscess should be opened with a clean1 sharp knife4 ,the poulticing should then be continued for two or three days1 but the form of the poultice should be changed1 by replacing the bran with absorbent cotton and pouring the compound cresol solution on the cotton4 ,at all times the wound should be kept clean and the cavity injected once or twice daily with a solution of #a dram of carbolic acid in #h ounces of water4 ,under this treatment the pus may cease and the wound heal without complications4 ,saliva may issue from the orifice and result in the formation of a salivary fistula4 ,this requires operative treatment by a qualified veterinarian4 ,when poulticing fails to reduce the swelling or produce softening1 the inflamed area may be rubbed once daily with camphorated oil1 compound iodin ointment1 or painted twice daily with ,lugol's solution of iodin4 ,the diet should be as recommended under ,pharyngitis 7p4 #ag74 ,,pharyngeal ,,polypi4 ,tumors form not infrequently in the pharynx1 and may give rise to a train of symptoms varying according to their size and location4 ,the tumor may be so situated that by shifting its position a little it may partially obstruct the posterior nares 7nostrils71 when1 of course1 it will render nasal breathing very noisy and labored4 ,in another situation its partial displacement may impede the entrance of air into the larynx4 ,in almost any part of the pharynx1 but especially near the entrance of the gullet1 tumors interfere with the act of swallowing4 ,as they are frequently attached to the wall of the pharynx by a pedicel or stalk1 it will be seen that they may readily be displaced in different directions so as to produce the symptoms before described4 ,enlarged postpharyngeal lymphatic glands are not rare in tuberculosis1 and by pressing upon the wall of the pharynx and restricting the lumen of this organ they cause difficulty in both breathing and swallowing4 ,such enlarged glands may be differentiated from tumors by passing the hand into the cow's throat after the jaws are separated by a suitable speculum or gag4 ,treatment4--,the method of treatment in such cases is to separate the animal's jaws with an instrument termed a gag1 and then1 after drawing the tongue partially forward1 to pass the hand into the pharynx and to twist the tumor gently from its attachment4 ,one veterinarian who has had considerable practice in treating this form of disease scrapes through the attachment of the tumor gradually with his thumb nail4 ,when the attachment is too strong to be severed in this way an instrument like a thimble1 but possessing a sharp edge at the end1 may be used to effect the same purpose1 or the base of the tumor may be severed by the use of a crushing instrument known as an craseur4 ,,choking4 ,choking usually happens from attempting to swallow too large an object1 such as a turnip1 potato1 beet1 apple1 or pear1 though in rare cases it may occur from bran1 chaff1 or some other finely divided feed lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet4 ,this latter form of the accident is most likely to occur in animals that are greedy feeders4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms vary somewhat according to the part of the gullet or throat in which the obstruction is4 ,in most cases there is a discharge of saliva from the mouth2 the animal coughs frequently1 and when it drinks the water is soon ejected4 ,the cow stops eating and stands back from the trough1 the expression is troubled1 breathing is accelerated1 and oftentimes there is bloating as a result of the retention of gas in the paunch4 ,these symptoms1 however1 are not always present1 for if the obstacle does not completely close the throat or gullet1 gas and water may pass1 thus ameliorating the discomfort4 ,if the obstruction is in the neck portion of the gullet1 it may be felt as a lump in the left jugular gutter4 ,treatment4--,if the object is in the throat1 it is advisable to put a gag in the animal's mouth1 and1 while the head is held in a horizontal direction by two assistants1 to pass the hand into the pharynx1 grasp the foreign body1 and withdraw it gradually and steadily4 ,when the substance is lodged in the upper part of the gullet1 pressure should be made by an assistant in an upward direction against the object while the operator passes his hand into the pharynx1 and if the assistant can not by pressure dislodge the substance from the gullet1 the operator may by passing his middle finger above and partly behind the substance gradually slide it into the pharynx and then withdraw it by the mouth4 ,the presence of an obstructing substance in the cervical 7neck7 portion of the gullet may be ascertained by passing the hand along the left side of the neck1 when a hard and painless swelling will be found to indicate the presence of the foreign body4 ,in such cases we must endeavor by gentle and persevering pressure with the thumb and next two fingers to slide the obstructing substance gradually upward to the pharynx4 ,to facilitate this it is well to give the animal a half pint of raw linseed or olive oil before the manipulations described are commenced4 ,when the substance has been brought into or nearly into the pharynx1 then the mouth gag should be used1 the tongue drawn partially forward with the left hand1 and the right should be passed backward into the pharynx to withdraw the obstruction4 ,when bran or chaff causes the trouble it is best to give a small quantity of oil to lubricate the walls of the gullet1 and then by gentle and persevering pressure1 to endeavor to separate and divide the mass and to work it downward toward the stomach4 ,this will be assisted by pouring small quantities of oil and water down the animal's throat4 ,it is not advisable to use the probang to push down any soft material1 such as oats or chaff1 as this generally condenses and renders firmer the obstructing substance by pressing its particles or elements together1 so that it forms a solid1 resisting mass which can not be moved4 ,in some cases the foreign body1 either because it is in the chest portion of the esophagus1 and so beyond reach1 or because too firmly seated1 can not be dislodged from the neck by pressing and manipulating that part externally4 ,in such event we must resort to the use of the probang4 7,pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #b and #c47 ,a probang is a flexible instrument and adapts itself to the natural curvature of the gullet1 and if used cautiously there is not much risk of injury4 ,before passing the probang1 a gag which has an aperture at each end1 from which straps pass to be buckled at the back of the head below the horns1 is introduced into the mouth4 7,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #d47 ,the probang should then be oiled1 and1 the head and neck being held in a straight line by two assistants1 the tongue must be partly drawn out of the mouth1 the probang cautiously passed along the roof of the mouth into the pharynx and thence into the gullet1 through which it is passed down4 ,if resistance is met1 gentle and continuous pressure must be used1 under the influence of which the object will generally in a short time pass into the stomach4 ,one must be careful not to pass the probang into the larynx and thence into the windpipe1 as an animal may readily be killed in this way4 ,this accident is indicated by efforts to cough and by violently disturbed breathing4 ,if such symptoms arise the probang must be withdrawn at once4 ,to avoid a wrong passage1 the end of the tube should be pressed very slowly through the throat until its presence in the esophagus is assured4 ,after it is once in the esophagus care is still necessary1 because the walls of this tube may easily be torn4 ,some writers have advised that when the obstruction is lodged in the cervical 7neck7 portion of the gullet it should be struck with a mallet1 to crush it and thus alter its shape1 so that it may easily slip down into the stomach4 ,if the obstructing substance is hard1 this will be a dangerous operation1 but if soft--as in the case of a ripe pear1 for example--this procedure may be safely adopted4 ,in all cases1 if pressure applied on the neck fails to move the obstruction and the probang also fails to move it1 it may be divided by a subcutaneous operation1 or the gullet may be opened and the obstructing substance removed through the wound4 ,in such cases the assistance of a veterinarian or a surgeon must be obtained4 ,,wounds ,,and ,,injuries ,,of ,,the ,,gullet4 ,sometimes the walls of the gullet may be more or less lacerated or abraded by the rash and too forcible use of the probang1 and the animal consequently swallows with pain and difficulty4 ,in such cases dry feed must be withheld for five or six days1 so as to allow the injured parts to heal1 and the diet must be limited to linseed tea1 hay tea1 and thin oatmeal gruel and molasses4 ,the same kind of diet must be fed after the operation of cutting into the gullet has been performed4 ,sometimes the gullet is ruptured and lacerated to such an extent that treatment of any kind is hopeless4 ,this has been known to occur when the handle of a pitchfork or buggy whip has been pushed down a cow's throat to remove an obstruction4 ,when such treatment has been applied it is best to slaughter the animal without delay1 as the flesh may be utilized so long as there is no fever or general disease1 and remedial treatment would be hopeless4 ,in this connection it may be mentioned that whatever substitute may be used for a probang1 which sometimes is not at hand1 it should be flexible and should possess a smooth surface4 ,a piece of new rope1 with the end closely wrapped and waxed and then oiled1 or a piece of thin garden hose1 or a well-wrapped twisted wire may be used in emergencies4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,stomachs4 ,,acute ,,tympanites 7,,hoven1 ,,or ,,bloating74 ,tympanites is a distention of the rumen or paunch with gases of fermentation1 and is manifested outwardly by swelling in the region of the left flank4 ,causes4--,tympanites may be caused by any kind of feed which produces indigestion4 ,when cattle are first turned into young clover they eat so greedily of it that tympanites frequently results4 ,turnips1 potatoes1 cabbage1 or the discarded pulp from sugar-beet factories may also cause it4 ,middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise to it4 ,care is necessary in turning animals into fields of clover or stubble fields in which there is a strong growth of volunteer grain4 ,it is always better to keep them from such pasturage while it is wet with dew1 and they should be taken out when they have eaten a moderate quantity4 ,when cattle are fed upon pulp from sugar beets1 germinated malt1 etc41 they should be fed in moderate amounts until they have become accustomed to it1 as any of these feeds may give rise to severe bloating4 ,an excessive quantity of any of the before-mentioned feeds may bring on this disorder1 or it may not be caused by excess1 but to eating too hastily4 ,sometimes the quality of the feed is at fault4 ,grass or clover when wet by dew or rain frequently disorders digestion and brings on tympanites2 frozen roots or pastures covered with hoar frost should also be regarded as dangerous4 ,when feed has been eaten too hastily1 or when it is cold and wet1 the digestive process is imperfectly performed1 and the feed contained in the paunch ferments1 during which process large quantities of gas are formed4 ,the same result may follow when a cow is choked1 as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing up of gas from the stomach1 so that the gas continues to accumulate until tympanites results4 ,symptoms4--,the swelling of the left flank is very characteristic1 as in well-marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level of the backbone1 and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a drum-like sound4 ,the animal has an anxious expression1 moves uneasily1 and is evidently distressed4 ,if relief is not obtained in time1 it breathes with difficulty1 reels in walking or in standing1 and in a short time falls and dies from suffocation4 ,the distention of the stomach may become so great as to prevent the animal from breathing1 and in some instances the case may be complicated by rupture of the stomach4 ,treatment4--,if the case is not extreme1 it may be sufficient to drive the animal at a walk for a quarter or half an hour2 or cold water by the bucketful may be thrown against the cow's sides4 ,in some cases the following simple treatment is successful3 ,a rope or a twisted straw band is coated with pine tar1 wagon grease1 or other unsavory substance and is placed in the cow's mouth as a bit1 being secured by tying behind the horns4 ,the efforts of the animal to dislodge this object result in movements of the tongue1 jaws1 and throat that stimulate the secretion of saliva and swallowing1 thus opening the esophagus1 which permits the exit of gas and at the same time peristalsis is stimulated reflexly4 ,in urgent cases the gas must be allowed to escape without delay1 and this is best accomplished by the use of the trocar4 ,the trocar is a sharp-pointed instrument incased in a cannula or sheath1 which leaves the sharp point of the trocar free4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #e;a and #e;b47 ,in selecting the point for using the trocar a spot on the left side equally distant from the last rib1 the hip bone1 and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebr must be chosen4 ,here an incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made with a knife through the skin1 and then the sharp point of the trocar1 being directed downward1 inward1 and slightly forward1 is thrust into the paunch4 7,pl4 ,i47 ,the cannula or sheath of the trocar should be left in the paunch so long as any gas continues to issue from it4 ,if the cannula is removed while gas is still forming in the paunch and the left flank becomes considerably swollen1 it may be necessary to insert it again4 ,it is well1 accordingly1 to observe the cannula closely1 and if gas is found to be issuing from it1 it should not be removed4 ,when gas issues from it in considerable quantities the sound accompanying its escape renders the exact condition obvious4 ,it is occasionally necessary to keep the cannula in the stomach for several hours4 ,when this is necessary a piece of stout cord should be passed round the neck of the cannula immediately below the projecting rim and then be passed round the animal's body and tied in a secure knot1 and a careful attendant must remain with the cow during the entire period that the instrument is in place4 ,the rim surrounding the mouth of the cannula should be in contact with the skin4 ,whenever the person in charge of the cow is convinced that gas has ceased to issue from the cannula the instrument should be removed4 ,the trocar is to be used only in extreme or urgent cases1 though everyone who has had experience in treating indigestion in cattle realizes that he has saved the lives of many animals by its prompt application4 ,when the tympanitic animal is not distressed and the swelling of the flank is not great1 or when the most distressing condition has been removed by the use of the trocar1 it is best to use internal medicine4 ,two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should be given every half hour in a quart of cold water2 or half an ounce of chlorid of lime may be dissolved in a pint of tepid water and the dose repeated every half hour until the bloating has subsided2 or #a ounce of creolin in #b quarts of tepid water may be given at one dose or carefully injected through the cannula directly into the paunch to stop fermentation and the consequent formation of gas4 ,it is generally necessary to give a moderate dose of purgative medicine after bloating has subsided1 as animals frequently show symptoms of constipation after attacks of indigestion4 ,for this purpose #a pound of ,glauber's salt may be used4 ,the animal should be fed carefully upon easily digested food for several days after the bloating has subsided1 so that all fermenting matter may pass out of the stomach4 ,,chronic ,,tympanites4 ,cattle1 especially those that have been kept in the stable all winter1 are liable to suffer from chronic tympanites4 ,in this form they bloat up after feeding1 but seldom swell so much as to cause any alarm4 ,the chronic form of indigestion may also follow an acute attack like that previously described4 ,this is also a symptom of tuberculosis when the lymphatic glands lying between the lungs are so enlarged as to press upon and partly occlude the esophagus4 ,it may develop in calves as a result of the formation of hair balls in the stomach4 ,treatment4--,treatment should be preceded by a moderate dose of purgative medicine3 #a pound of sulphate of magnesia 7,epsom salt7 or sulphate of soda 7,glauber's salt71 half an ounce of powdered ,barbados aloes1 #a ounce of powdered ginger1 #a pint of molasses4 ,the salts and aloes should be dissolved by stirring for a few minutes in #b quarts of lukewarm water1 then the molasses should be added1 and after all the ingredients have been stirred together for about #aj minutes the dose should be administered4 ,after the operation of the purgative it is generally necessary to give some tonic and antacid preparation to promote digestion1 which is imperfectly performed in such cases4 ,the following may be used3 ,powdered gentian1 #c ounces2 powdered bicarbonate of potash1 #c ounces2 powdered ginger1 #c ounces2 powdered capsicum1 #a ounce4 ,mix and divide into #ab powders1 one of which should be given three times a day before feeding1 shaken up with a pint and a half of water4 ,it is also advantageous in such cases to give two heaped teaspoonsfuls of wood charcoal1 mixed with the animal's feed three times a day4 ,the animal should also go out during the day1 as want of exercise favors the continuance of this form of indigestion4 ,if the dung is hard1 the constipation should be overcome by feeding a little flaxseed twice daily or by giving a handful of ,glauber's salt in the feed once or twice daily1 as may be necessary4 ,roots1 silage1 and other succulent feeds are useful in this connection4 ,if tuberculosis is suspected as the cause of chronic bloating1 a skilled veterinarian should make a diagnosis1 using the tuberculin test if necessary4 ,until it is settled that the cow has not tuberculosis1 she should be kept apart from the other members of the herd4 ,,distention ,,of ,,rumen ,,or ,,paunch ,,with ,,feed4 ,this form of indigestion is caused by the animal gorging itself with feed1 and arises more from the animal's voracious appetite than from any defect in the quality of the feed supplied to it4 ,the condition is1 however1 more severe if the feed consumed is especially concentrated or difficult of digestion4 ,in cases of this kind there is comparatively no great formation of gas1 and the gas which is formed is diffused through the stomach instead of accumulating in a layer in its upper part4 ,on pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short time in the flank1 as if the rumen were filled with a soft1 doughy mass4 ,this form of indigestion should be treated by stimulants1 such as aromatic spirits of ammonia4 ,if the formation of gas is not great and the distention with solid material is somewhat limited1 the animal may be drenched through a piece of ordinary garden hose1 one end inserted in the mouth1 and the other end fitted with a funnel1 giving #a-a_/b pounds of ,epsom salt or ,glauber's salt dissolved in #b gallons of water1 at a single dose4 ,immediately after this treatment the left side of the animal1 extending below the median line of the abdomen1 should be powerfully kneaded with the fist1 so that the impacted food mass will be broken1 allowing the water to separate it into small portions which can be carried downward for the process of digestion4 ,but if the treatment fails and the impacted or overloaded condition of the rumen continues1 it may become necessary to make an incision with a sharp1 long-bladed knife in the left flank1 commencing at the point where it is usual to puncture the stomach of an ox1 and prolong the incision in a downward direction until it is long enough to admit the hand4 ,when the point of the knife is thrust into the flank and the blade cuts downward1 the wall of the stomach1 the muscle1 and the skin should all be cut through at the same time4 ,two assistants should hold the edges of the wound together so as to prevent any food from slipping between the flank and the wall of the stomach1 and then the operator should remove two-third sic of the contents of the rumen4 ,this having been done1 the edges of the wound should be sponged with a little carbolized warm water1 and1 the lips of the wound in the rumen being turned inward1 they should be brought together with catgut stitches4 ,the wound penetrating the muscle and the skin may then be brought together by silk stitches1 which should pass through the entire thickness of the muscle and should be about #a inch apart4 ,the wound should afterwards be dressed once a day with a lotion and the animal covered with a tight linen sheet1 to protect the wound from insects and dirt4 ,the lotion to be used in such case is made up as follows3 ,sulphate of zinc1 #a dram2 carbolic acid1 #b drams2 glycerin1 #b ounces2 water1 #ad ounces2 mix4 ,it is clear that this operation requires special skill and it should be attempted only by those who are competent4 ,,imaginary ,,diseases 7,,hollow ,,horn2 ,,loss ,,of ,,cud2 ,,wolf ,,in ,,the ,,tail74 ,it would appear quite in place here1 in connection with the diseases of the stomach and bowels of cattle1 to consider the three old fallacies or superstitions known by the above names1 since these names1 whenever and wherever used1 seem to be invariably applied to some form of digestive derangement or disease having its origin in the stomach and bowels4 ,,hollow ,,horn4--,in the first place it should be noted that the horns of all animals of the ox tribe are hollow4 ,the horn cores are elongations of the frontal bones of the skull1 and the frontal sinuses1 which are the larger of the air spaces of the head1 are prolonged into the horn cores4 ,when a cow is sick1 if the horns are hot it is an evidence of fever2 if they are cold it indicates impaired circulation of the blood2 but these manifestations of sickness are to be regarded as symptoms of some constitutional disorder and do not in themselves require treatment4 ,the treatment should be applied to the disease which causes the abnormal temperature of the horns4 ,the usual treatment for the supposed hollow horn1 which consists in boring the horns with a gimlet and pouring turpentine into the openings thus made1 is not only useless and cruel1 but is liable to set up an acute inflammation and result in an abscess of the sinus4 ,,loss ,,of ,,cud4--,the so-called loss of cud is simply a cessation of rumination1 frequently one of the first indications of some form of disease1 since ruminants stop chewing the cud when they feel sick4 ,loss of cud is a symptom of a great many diseases1 and when it is detected it should lead the observer to try to discover other symptoms upon which to base a correct opinion as to the nature of the disease from which the animal suffers4 ,no local treatment is required4 ,,wolf ,,in ,,the ,,tail4--,this term also seems to be vaguely applied to various disturbances of the digestive function1 or to some disease which is in reality in the stomach or bowels4 ,,vomiting4 ,vomiting is not to be confounded with rumination1 though some writers have advanced the opinion that it is merely a disordered and irregular rumination4 ,it is not of common occurrence in cattle4 ,symptoms4--,animals which vomit are frequently in poor condition4 ,after having eaten tranquilly for some time the animal suddenly becomes uneasy1 arches the back1 stretches the neck and head1 and then suddenly ejects #aj to #ab pounds of the contents of the rumen4 ,after having done this the uneasiness subsides and in a short time the animal resumes eating as if nothing had happened4 ,cause4--,the cause of this disordered state of the digestive system in cattle is usually obscure1 but has in some cases been traced to a partial closure of the opening into the second stomach or to a distention of the esophagus4 ,it has been found to occur when there was cancerous disease of the fourth stomach1 and experimentally it has been shown that a suspension of digestion or great derangement of this stomach produces considerable nervous disorder of the rumen and sometimes vomiting or attempts to vomit4 ,,treatment4--,easily digested feed and plenty of water should be given4 ,fear and excitement1 chasing1 or hurrying animals after they have eaten heartily are liable to bring on this result4 ,in order to overcome irritation which may produce vomiting the following draft should be given3 ,hydrate of chloral1 half an ounce2 water1 #a pint4 ,the dose must be repeated when the condition of the animal seems to require it4 ,as a rule1 treatment is not successful4 ,,depraved ,,appetite 7,,pica74 ,cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable appetite as regards their ordinary feed but evince a strong desire to lick and eat substances for which healthy cattle show no inclination4 ,alkaline and saline-tasting substances are especially attractive to cattle having a depraved appetite and they frequently lick lime1 earth1 coal1 gravel1 and even the dung of other cattle4 ,cows in calf and young cattle are especially liable to develop these symptoms4 ,animals affected in this way lose condition1 their coat is staring1 gait slow1 and small vesicles containing yellow liquid form under the tongue2 the milk given by such cows is thin and watery4 ,such animals become restless and uneasy1 as is indicated by frequent bellowing4 ,the disease may last for months1 the animal ultimately dying emaciated and exhausted4 ,depraved appetite frequently precedes the condition in which the bones of cattle become brittle and fracture easily1 which is known as osteomalacia4 ,cause4--,from the fact that this disease is largely one of regions1 it is generally believed that some condition of the soil and water and of the local vegetation is responsible for it4 ,it is more prevalent some years than others1 and is most common in old countries1 where the soil is more or less depleted4 ,cattle pastured on low1 swampy land become predisposed to it4 ,it occasionally happens1 however1 that one individual in a herd suffers though all are fed alike2 in such cases the disease must arise from the affected animal's imperfect assimilation of the nutritive elements of the feed which is supplied to it4 ,treatment4--,the aim in such cases must be to improve the process of digestion and to supply the animal with a sufficiency of sound and wholesome feed4 ,the following should be given to the cow three times a day1 a heaping tablespoonful constituting a dose3 ,carbonate of iron1 #d ounces2 finely ground bone or bone flour1 #a pound2 powdered gentian1 #d ounces2 common salt1 #h ounces2 powdered fenugreek1 #d ounces2 mix4 ,in addition to this1 #c tablespoonfuls of powdered charcoal may be mixed with the feed three times a day1 and a piece of rock salt should be placed where the animal can lick it at will4 ,german veterinarians have had brilliant results from the treatment of this disease with subcutaneous injections of apomorphin in doses of #a-a_/b to #e grains for three or four days4 ,,hair ,,concretions4 ,hair concretions1 or hair balls1 result from the habit which some cattle have of licking themselves or other animals4 ,as a result the hairs which are swallowed are carried around by the contractions of the stomach and gradually assume the form of a small pellet or ball4 ,this increases in size as fresh quantities of hair are introduced into the stomach and adhere to the surface of the ball4 ,these balls are found most frequently in the reticulum or second stomach 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,b71 though sometimes in the rumen4 ,in calves hair balls are generally found in the fourth stomach4 ,there are no certain symptoms by which we can determine the presence of hair balls in the stomach1 and therefore no treatment can be recommended for such cases4 ,in making post-mortem examinations of cattle we have sometimes found the walls of the reticulum transfixed with nails or pieces of wire1 and yet the animal had not shown any symptoms of indigestion1 but had died from maladies not involving the second stomach4 ,,indigestion 7,,dyspepsia1 ,,or ,,gastrointestinal ,,catarrh74 ,tympanites1 already described1 is a form of indigestion in which the chief symptom and most threatening condition is the collection of gas in the paunch4 ,this symptom does not always accompany indigestion1 so it is well here to consider other forms under a separate head4 ,if indigestion is long continued1 the irritant abnormal products developed cause catarrh of the stomach and intestines--gastrointestinal catarrh4 ,on the other hand1 however1 irritant substances ingested may cause gastrointestinal catarrh1 which1 in turn1 will cause indigestion2 hence1 it results that these several conditions are usually found existing together4 ,causes4--,irritant feed1 damaged feed1 overloading of the stomach1 or sudden changes of diet may cause this disease4 ,want of exercise predisposes to it1 or feed which is coarse and indigestible may after a time produce it4 ,feed which possesses astringent properties and tends to check secretion may also act as an exciting cause4 ,feed in excessive quantity may lead to disorder of digestion and to this disease4 ,it is very likely to appear toward the end of protracted seasons of drought2 therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the conditions which favor its development4 ,symptoms4--,diminished appetite1 rumination irregular1 tongue coated1 mouth slimy1 dung passed apparently not well digested and smelling bad1 dullness1 and fullness of the flanks4 ,the disease may in some cases assume a chronic character1 and in addition to the foregoing symptoms slight bloating or tympanites of the left flank may be observed2 the animal breathes with effort and each respiration may be accompanied with a grunt1 the ears and horns are alternately hot and cold1 rumination ceases1 the usual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible1 the passage of dung is almost entirely suspended1 and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally4 ,sometimes there is alternating constipation and diarrhea4 ,there is low fever in many cases4 ,the disease continues a few days or a week in the mild cases1 while the severe cases may last several weeks4 ,in the latter form the emaciation and loss of strength may be very great4 ,there is no appetite1 no rumination1 nor peristalsis4 ,the mouth is hot and sticky1 the eyes have receded in their sockets1 and milk secretion has ceased4 ,in such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable4 ,the patient falls away in flesh and becomes weaker1 as is shown by the fact that one frequently finds it lying down4 ,on examining animals which have died of this disease it is found that the lining membrane of the fourth stomach and the intestines1 particularly the small intestine1 is red1 swollen1 streaked with deeper red or bluish lines1 or spotted4 ,the lining of the first three stomachs is more or less softened1 and may easily be peeled off4 ,the third stomach 7psalter7 contains dry feed in hard masses closely adherent to its walls4 ,in some cases the brain appears to become disordered1 probably from the pain and weakness and from the absorption of toxins generated in the digestive canal4 ,in such cases there is weakness and an unsteady gait1 the animal does not appear to take notice of and will consequently run against obstacles2 after a time it falls and gives up to violent and disordered movements4 ,this delirious condition is succeeded by coma or stupor1 and death ensues4 ,treatment4--,small quantities of roots1 sweet silage1 or selected grass or hay should be offered several times daily4 ,very little feed should be allowed4 ,aromatic and demulcent drafts may be given to produce a soothing effect on the mucous lining of the stomachs and to promote digestion4 ,two ounces of camomile flowers should be boiled for #bj minutes in a quart of water and the infusion on cooling should be given to the affected animal4 ,this may be repeated three or four times a day4 ,when constipation is present the following purgative may be administered3 ,one pound of ,glauber's salt dissolved in a quart of linseed tea and a pint of molasses4 ,after this purgative has acted1 if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not ruminate regularly1 the powder mentioned in remarks on the treatment of chronic tympanites may be given according to directions4 ,the diet must be rather laxative and of an easily digestible character after an attack of this form of indigestion4 ,feed should be given in moderate quantities1 as excess by overtaxing the digestive functions may bring on a relapse4 ,ice-cold water should be avoided4 ,,indigestion ,,from ,,drinking ,,cold ,,water 7,,colic74 ,this disorder is produced by drinking copiously of cold water1 which arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach1 probably of the other stomachs1 and also of the bowels4 ,causes4---,it is not customary for the ox to drink much water at once4 ,in fact1 he usually drinks slowly and as if he were merely tasting the water1 letting some fall out at the corners of his mouth at every mouthful4 ,it would therefore seem to be contrary to the habits of the ox to drink copiously2 but we find that during hot weather1 when he has been working and is consequently very thirsty1 if he drinks a large quantity of cold water he may be immediately taken with a very severe colic4 ,cows which are fed largely on dry hay drink copiously1 like the working ox1 and become affected in precisely the same manner4 ,in such cases they are seized with a chill or fit of trembling before the cramps come on4 ,symptoms4--,there is some distension of the abdomen1 but no accumulation of gas4 ,as the distension and pain occur immediately after the animal has drunk the water1 there can be no doubt as to the exciting cause4 ,treatment4--,walk the animal about for #aj minutes before administering medicine1 and this allows time for a portion of the contents of the stomach to pass into the bowel1 and renders it safer to give medicine4 ,in many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring about a spontaneous cure of this disorder1 but as in some instances the cramps and pains of the stomachs persist1 one may give #a ounce of sulphuric ether and #a ounce of tincture of opium1 shaken up with a pint of warm water1 and repeat the dose in half an hour if the animal is not relieved4 ,in an emergency when the medicine is not to be had1 a tablespoonful of powdered ginger may be administered in a pint of warm water4 ,,indigestion ,,in ,,calves 7,,gastrointestinal ,,catarrh1 ,,diarrhea1 ,,or ,,scour74 ,calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which the foregoing designations have been applied4 ,causes4--,calves that suck their dams are not frequently affected with this disease1 though it may be occasioned by their sucking at long intervals and thus overloading the stomach and bringing on indigestion1 or from improper feeding of the dam on soft1 watery1 or damaged feeds4 ,suckling the calf at irregular times may also cause it4 ,exposure to damp and cold is a potent predisposing cause4 ,calves separated from their dams and fed considerable quantities of cold milk at long intervals are liable to contract this form of indigestion4 ,calves fed on artificial feed1 used as a substitute for milk1 frequently contract it4 ,damaged feed1 sour or rotten milk1 milk from dirty cans1 skim milk from a dirty creamery skim-milk vat1 skim milk hauled warm1 exposed to the sun and fed from unclean buckets may all cause this disease4 ,symptoms4--,the calf is depressed2 appetite is poor2 sometimes there is fever2 the extremities are cold4 ,the dung becomes gradually softer and lighter in color until it is cream colored and little thicker than milk4 ,it has a most offensive odor and may contain clumps of curd4 ,later it contains mucus and gas bubbles4 ,it sticks to the hair of the tail and buttocks1 causing the hair to drop off and the skin to become irritated4 ,there may be pain on passing dung and also abdominal or colicky pain4 ,the calf stands about with the back arched and belly contracted4 ,there may be tympanites4 ,great weakness ensues in severe cases1 and without prompt and successful treatment death soon follows4 ,treatment4--,remove the cause4 ,give appropriate feed of best quality in small quantities4 ,make sure that the cow furnishing the milk is healthy and is properly fed4 ,clean all milk vessels4 ,clean and disinfect the stalls4 ,for the diarrhea give two raw eggs or a cup of strong coffee4 ,if the case is severe1 give #a ounce of castor oil with a teaspoonful of creolin and #bj grains of subnitrate of bismuth4 ,repeat the bismuth and creolin with flaxseed tea every four hours4 ,tannopin may be used in doses of #ae to #cj grains4 ,calves artificially fed on whole or skim milk should receive only such milk as is sweet and has been handled in a sanitary manner4 ,milk should always be warmed to the temperature of the body before feeding4 ,when calves artificially milk-fed develop diarrhea1 the use of the following treatment has given excellent results in many cases3 ,immediately after milking1 or the separation of the skim milk from the cream1 formalin in the proportion of #a to #d1jjj should be added to the milk which is used for feeding2 this may be closely approximated by adding four drops of formalin to each quart of milk4 ,this medicated milk should be fed to the calf in the usual quantity4 ,when the diarrhea is not controlled in three or four days by this treatment1 the additional use of some of the agents recommended above may assist in a recovery4 ,,infectious ,,diarrhea2 ,,white ,,scour4 ,see chapter on ,diseases of young calves1 p4 #bdg4 ,,gastroenteritis4 ,this consists of an inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and of the bowel4 ,gastroenteritis1 or inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and intestines1 follows upon irritations more severe or longer continued than those that produce gastrointestinal catarrh4 ,causes4--,severe indigestion may be followed by gastroenteritis1 or it may be caused by swallowing irritant poisons1 such as arsenic or corrosive sublimate or irritant plants4 ,exposure to cold or inclement weather may produce the disease1 especially in debilitated animals or animals fed improperly4 ,it is asserted that if cattle feed on vegetation infested with some kinds of caterpillars this disease may result4 ,symptoms4--,dullness2 drooping of the ears2 dryness of the muzzle2 dry skin2 staring coat2 loins morbidly sensitive to pressure2 fullness of the left flank1 which is caused by the distention of the fourth stomach by gas4 ,the pulse is small1 the gait is feeble and staggering2 each step taken is accompanied with a grunt1 and this symptom is especially marked if the animal walks in a downward direction4 ,there is loss of appetite1 and rumination is suspended4 ,the passages at first are few in number1 hard1 and are sometimes coated with mucus or with blood4 ,later a severe diarrhea sets in1 when the passages contain mucus and blood and have an offensive odor4 ,there is evidence of colicky pain1 and the abdomen is sensitive to pressure4 ,pain may be continuous4 ,there is fever and acceleration of pulse rate and respirations4 ,mental depression and even insensibility occur before death4 ,the disease is always severe and often fatal4 ,post-mortem appearances4--,the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach has a well-marked red color and sometimes presents ulcerations4 ,the wall is thickened and softened1 and similar conditions are found in the walls of the intestines4 ,the red discoloration extends in spots or large areas quite through the wall1 showing on the outside4 ,treatment4--,very small quantities of carefully selected feed must be given and the appetite must not be forced4 ,protect the animal well from cold and dampness4 ,internally1 give linseed tea1 boiled milk1 boiled oatmeal gruel1 or rice water4 ,these protectives may carry the medicine4 ,tannopin in doses of #cj to #fj grains is good4 ,subnitrate of bismuth in doses of #a to #b drams may be given4 ,pulverized opium may be used1 if the diarrhea is severe1 in #a to #b dram doses4 ,if the bowel movements are not free1 one may give from a pint to a quart of castor or raw linseed oil4 ,,traumatic ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,stomach4 ,this disease results from the presence of a foreign body4 ,this condition is not rare in cattle1 because these animals have the habit of swallowing their feed without careful chewing1 and so nails1 screws1 hairpins1 ends of wire1 and other metal objects may be swallowed unconsciously4 ,such objects gravitate to the second stomach1 where they may be caught in the folds of the lining mucous membrane1 and in some instances the wall of this organ is perforated4 ,from this accident1 chronic indigestion results4 ,the symptoms1 more or less characteristic1 are pain when getting up or lying down2 grunting and pain upon sudden motion1 especially downhill2 coughing2 pain on pressure over the second stomach1 which lies immediately above the cartilaginous prolongation of the sternum4 ,if the presence of such a foreign body is recognized1 it may be removed by a difficult surgical operation1 or1 as is usually most economical1 the animal may be killed for beef1 if there is no fever4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,bowels4 ,,diarrhea ,,and ,,dysentery4 ,see also ,gastrointestinal catarrh1 p4 #cb4 ,the word dysentery1 as it is commonly used in relation to the diseases of animals1 signifies a severe form of diarrhea4 ,causes4--,diarrhea is a symptom of irritation of the intestines1 resulting in increased secretion or increased muscular contractions1 or both4 ,the irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from exposure1 improper feeding1 irritant feeds1 indigestion1 organic diseases of the intestines1 or parasites4 ,symptoms4--,passages from the bowels are frequent1 at first consisting of thin dung1 but as the disease continues they become watery and offensive smelling1 and may be even streaked with blood4 ,at first the animal shows no constitutional disturbance1 but later it becomes weak and may exhibit evidence of abdominal pain by looking around to the side1 drawing the feet together1 lying down1 or moving restlessly4 ,sometimes this malady is accompanied with fever1 great depression1 loss of strength1 rapid loss of flesh1 and it may terminate in death4 ,treatment4--,when the disease depends on irritating properties of the feed which has been supplied to the animal1 it is advisable to give a mild purgative1 such as a pint of castor or linseed oil4 ,when the secretions of the bowels are irritating1 an ounce of carbonate of magnesia and half an ounce of tincture of opium should be shaken up in a quart of linseed tea and given to the animal three times a day until the passages present a natural appearance4 ,when there is debility1 want of appetite1 no fever1 but a continuance of the watery discharges from the bowels1 then an astringent may be given4 ,for such cases the following is serviceable3 ,tannic acid1 #a ounce2 powdered gentian1 #b ounces2 mix and divide into #ab powders1 one powder to be given three times a day until the passages present a natural appearance4 ,each powder may be mixed with a pint and a half of water4 ,tannopin is a new remedy that is most useful in such cases4 ,the dose is from #cj grains to #b drams4 ,useful household remedies are raw eggs1 strong coffee1 parched rye flour1 or decoction of oak bark4 ,in all cases the food must be given sparingly1 and it should be carefully selected to insure good quality4 ,complete rest in a box stall is desirable4 ,when diarrhea is a symptom of a malady characterized by the presence of a blood poison1 the treatment appropriate to such disease must be applied4 ,,simple ,,enteritis4 ,see ,gastroenteritis1 p4 #cc4 ,,croupous ,,enteritis4 ,under certain conditions1 severe irritation of the digestive canal may1 in cattle1 cause a form of inflammation of the intestines 7enteritis7 that is characterized by the formation of a false membrane upon the surface of the lining membrane of the intestines1 particularly the large ones4 ,symptoms4--,there is fever1 depression1 loss of appetite1 diarrhea1 and in the fecal masses shreds of leathery false membrane may be found4 ,these shreds are sometimes mistaken for parasites or for portions of the wall of the intestine4 ,treatment4--,give a pound of ,glauber's salt1 followed by bicarbonate of soda in doses of #b ounces four times daily4 ,,enteritis 7,,obstruction ,,resulting ,,from ,,invagination1 ,,or ,,intussusception1 ,,twisting1 ,,and ,,knotting ,,of ,,the ,,bowels74 ,inflammation may arise from a knot forming on some part of the small intestine from the portion of the bowel becoming twisted on itself1 or from one part of the bowel slipping into another1 which is termed invagination4 ,this form of enteritis occurs occasionally in animals of the bovine species4 ,causes4--,the small intestine1 which in the ox rests on the right side of the rumen1 is1 from the position which it occupies1 predisposed to this accident4 ,it has been ascertained that animals which have shown symptoms of this malady have trotted1 galloped1 or made other violent exertions in coming from drinking1 or that they have been chased by dogs or by animals of their own species while at pasture4 ,the accident is most likely to occur among cattle on very hilly pastures4 ,the danger of jumping or running is greatest when the rumen is distended with food4 ,symptoms4--,this form of enteritis or obstruction is manifested by severe colicky pains2 the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his front and hind feet alternately2 keeps lying down and getting up again2 he keeps his tail constantly raised and turns his nose frequently to his right flank2 he is frequently bloated1 or tympanitic1 on that side4 ,he refuses feed and does not ruminate1 and for some hours suffers severe pains4 ,at first he frequently passes thin dung1 and also urinates frequently1 but passes only a little urine at a time4 ,on the second day the pains have become less acute2 the animal remains lying down2 moans occasionally2 his pulse is small and quick2 he still refuses feed and does not ruminate4 ,at this stage he does not pass any dung1 though sometimes a small quantity of bloody mucus may be passed4 ,the animal passes very little urine4 ,this condition may continue for a considerable time1 as cattle so affected may live for #ae or even #bj days4 ,post-mortem appearance4--,at death the bowels are found to be misplaced or obstructed1 as mentioned above1 and inflamed1 the inflammation always originating at the point where the intestine has been invaginated1 twisted1 or knotted4 ,sometimes the part is gangrenous1 the compression of the blood vessels preventing circulation1 and thus causing the death of the tissues4 ,treatment4--,purgatives1 anodynes1 and other remedies are of no service in such cases1 and bleeding also fails to produce any benefit4 ,indeed1 it is usually true that in such cases treatment is useless4 ,some cases are recorded in which an incision has been made in the flank1 so as to enable the operator to restore the intestine to its normal position or to remove the kink4 ,,constipation4 ,constipation is to be regarded rather as a symptom of disease or of faults in feeding than as a disease in itself4 ,it occurs in almost all general fevers unless the bowels are involved in local disease1 in obstructions of all kinds1 from feeding on dry1 bulky feed1 etc4 ,in order to remove the constipation the treatment must be applied to remove the causes which give rise to it4 ,calves sometimes suffer from constipation immediately after birth when the meconium that accumulates in the bowels before birth is not passed4 ,in such cases1 give a rectal injection of warm water and an ounce of castor oil shaken up with an ounce of new milk4 ,the mother's milk is the best food to prevent constipation in the new-born calf1 as it contains a large amount of fatty matter which renders it laxative in its effects4 ,it is usually better to treat habitual constipation by a change of diet than by medicine4 ,flaxseed is a good feed laxative4 ,if the constipation has lasted long1 repeated small doses of purgatives are better than a single large dose4 ,,intestinal ,,worms4 ,see chapter on ,the animal parasites of cattle1 p4 #ejb4 ,,ruptures 7,,ventral ,,hernia74 ,ventral hernia1 or rupture1 is an escape of some one of the abdominal organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles1 the skin remaining intact4 ,the rumen1 the small intestine1 or part of the large intestine1 and the fourth stomach are the parts which usually form a ventral hernia in bovine animals4 ,causes4--,hernia is frequently produced by blows of the horns1 kicks1 and falls4 ,in old cows hernia may sometimes occur without any direct injury4 ,,hernia ,,of ,,the ,,rumen4--,hernia of the rumen is generally situated on the left side of the abdomen1 on account of the situation of the rumen4 ,in exceptional cases it may take place on the right side1 and in such cases it also generally happens that some folds of the intestine pass into the hernial sac4 ,hernias have been classified into simple or complicated1 recent or old1 traumatic 7from mechanical injury7 or spontaneous4 ,in recent traumatic hernia there is swelling on the left side of the lower part of the abdomen4 ,the swelling is greatest in the cases of hernia which are situated on the lower part of the abdomen4 ,unless an examination is made immediately after the injury has been inflicted it is difficult1 and sometimes impossible1 to ascertain the exact extent of the rupture1 owing to the swelling which subsequently takes place4 ,frequently there is no loss of appetite1 fever1 or other general symptoms attending the injury4 ,from the twelfth to the fifteenth day the swelling has generally subsided to such an extent that it is possible by an examination to determine the extent of the rupture4 ,in old cows what is termed spontaneous hernia may sometimes take place without any direct injury4 ,the occurrence of this form of hernia is explained by the increase in the size of the abdomen1 which takes place in an advanced stage of pregnancy1 causing a thinning and stretching of the muscular fibers1 which at last may rupture1 or give way4 ,such hernias frequently occur about the end of the period of gestation1 and in some instances have contained the right sac of the rumen1 the omentum1 the small and large intestines1 a portion of the liver1 and the pregnant uterus4 ,in old hernias the swelling is soft and elastic1 and if they have not contracted adhesions to the sides of the laceration1 they can be made to disappear by pressure carefully applied4 ,sometimes this accident is complicated by a rupture of the rumen1 constituting a complicated hernia4 ,if a portion of the contents of the rumen escape into the abdomen1 the case will be aggravated by the occurrence of peritonitis4 ,,hernia ,,of ,,the ,,bowel4--,when the intestines 7,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #f7 form the contents of the hernia1 it will be situated at the right side of the abdomen4 ,in an intestinal hernia the swelling is usually not painful1 of a doughy consistence or elastic1 according as the intestine does or does not contain alimentary matter4 ,this swelling can generally be made to disappear by pressure1 and when it has been reduced one can easily recognize the direction and extent of the hernial opening4 ,hernias of the bowel which are situated at the upper and right side of the abdomen are usually formed by the small intestine4 ,they are less easily reduced than a hernia in a lower situation1 but when reduction has been effected they are less readily reproduced than those occurring lower4 ,in hernias of the small intestine1 adhesion of the protruding parts to the walls of the opening1 or strangulation1 are complications which sometimes take place4 ,if adhesion has taken place the hernia can not be reduced by pressure1 and when strangulation has occurred the animal shows symptoms of pain--is restless1 turns its nose to the painful part1 and shows those symptoms which are usually collectively designated under the term colic4 ,if relief is not afforded1 the animal will die4 ,,hernia ,,of ,,the ,,rennet1 ,,or ,,fourth ,,stomach4--,this disease occasionally occurs in calves and is usually caused by a blow from a cow's horn on the right flank of the calf4 ,after such an accident a swelling forms on the right flank near the last rib4 ,this swelling may be neither hot nor painful1 even at first1 and is soft to the touch4 ,it can be made to disappear by careful pressure1 when the sides of the aperture through which it has passed can be felt4 ,the application of pressure so as to cause the disappearance of the hernia is best made immediately after the occurrence of the accident1 or when the edema which accompanies the swelling has disappeared4 ,treatment4--,when a hernia is reducible--that is1 can be pushed back into the abdomen--then1 if it is of recent occurrence1 it is advisable to maintain the natural position of the parts by bandaging and to allow the walls of the laceration to grow together4 ,the bowels should be kept reasonably empty by avoiding the use of bulky feed1 and the animal must be kept quiet4 ,the following method of bandaging is recommended by ,bouley3 ,first prepare a bandage 7must be of strong material71 about #aj yards long and between #c and #d inches broad1 and a flexible and solid piece of pasteboard adapted in size to the surface of the hernia4 ,the protruding organ must then be replaced in the abdomen and maintained in that position during the application of the bandage4 ,this being done1 a layer of melted pitch and turpentine is quickly spread on the skin covering the seat of the hernia1 so as to extend somewhat beyond that space4 ,this adhesive layer is then covered with a layer of fine tow1 then a new layer of pitch and turpentine is spread on the tow1 and the piece of pasteboard is applied on the layer of pitch1 its outer surface being covered with the same preparation4 ,lastly1 the bandage1 adhering to the piece of pasteboard1 to the skin1 and to the different turns which it makes around the body1 is carefully applied so as to form an immovable1 rigid1 and solid bandage1 which will retain the hernia long enough for the wound in the abdominal walls to heal permanently4 ,if the hernia is old and small it may be treated by injecting a strong solution of common salt about the edges of the tear4 ,this causes swelling and inflammation1 which1 respectively1 forces the protruded organ back and closes the opening4 ,there is some risk attached to this method of treatment4 ,in small1 old1 ventral hernias the method of compressing and sloughing off the skin has been used successfully4 ,if the hernia is large a radical operation will be necessary1 and this is also true when the symptoms indicate that a hernia is strangulated4 ,this operation is performed by cutting down on the hernia1 restoring the organ to the abdominal cavity1 and then closing the wound with two sets of stitches2 the inner stitches1 in the muscular wall1 should be made with catgut and the outer stitches1 in the skin1 may be made with silk or silver wire4 ,the strictest surgical cleanliness must be observed4 ,bleeding vessels should be tied4 ,then a compress composed of ten or twelve folds of cloth must be placed smoothly over the seat of injury and a bandage applied around the body1 the two ends being fastened at the back4 ,in the smaller kinds of hernia1 nitric acid may sometimes be applied with success4 ,this treatment should not be applied until the swelling and inflammation attending the appearance of the hernia have subsided2 then1 the contents of the hernia having been returned1 the surface of skin corresponding to it is sponged over with a solution composed of #a part of nitric acid to #b of water4 ,this treatment acts by exciting considerable inflammation1 which has the effect of causing swelling1 and thus frequently closing the hernial opening and preventing the contents of the sac from returning4 ,a second application should not be made until the inflammation excited by the first has subsided4 ,in what is termed spontaneous hernia it is useless to apply any kind of treatment4 ,,umbilical ,,hernia4--,the umbilicus1 or navel1 is the aperture through which the blood vessels pass from the mother to the fetus1 and naturally the sides of this aperture ought to adhere or unite after birth4 ,in very young animals1 and sometimes in newborn calves1 this aperture in the abdominal muscles remains open and a part of the bowel or a portion of the mesentery may slip through the opening1 constituting what is called umbilical hernia4 ,the wall of the sac is formed by the skin1 which is covered on the inner surface by a layer of cellular tissue1 and within this there is sometimes1 but not always1 a layer of peritoneum4 ,the contents of the hernia may be formed by a part of the bowel1 by a portion of the peritoneum1 or may contain portions of both peritoneum and bowel4 ,when the sac contains only the peritoneum it has a doughy feel1 but when it is formed by a portion of the bowel it is more elastic on pressure4 ,causes4--,in the new-born animal the opening of the navel is generally large1 and may sometimes give way to the pressure of the bowel on account of the weak and relaxed condition of the abdominal muscles4 ,this defective and abnormal condition of the umbilicus is frequently hereditary4 ,it may be occasioned by roughly pulling away the umbilical cord2 through kicks or blows on the belly2 through any severe straining by which the sides of the navel are stretched apart4 ,we may mention in this connection that it is best in new-born calves to tie the umbilical cord tightly about #b inches from the navel1 and then to leave it alone1 when in most cases it will drop off in a few days1 leaving the navel closed4 ,treatment4--,it is well to bear in mind that many1 and especially the smaller1 umbilical hernias heal spontaneously2 that is1 nature effects a cure4 ,as the animal gets older the abdominal muscles get stronger and possess more power of resistance to pressure1 the bowels become larger and do not pass so readily through a small opening1 so that from a combination of causes there is a gradual growing together or adhesion of the sides of the navel4 ,in cases of umbilical hernia in which there are no indications that a spontaneous cure will take place1 the calf should be laid on its back2 immediately on this being done the hernia will often disappear into the abdomen4 ,if it does not1 its reduction may be brought about by gentle handling1 endeavoring1 if need be1 to empty the organs forming the hernia before returning them into the abdomen4 ,after the hernia has been returned1 the hair should be clipped from the skin covering it and a compress composed of #aj or #ab folds of linen or cotton should be applied1 first smearing the skin with pitch and then a bandage about #c inches wide should be passed round the body so as to retain the compress in position4 ,the lower part of the compress should be smeared with pitch1 and also those portions of the bandage which pass over it1 so as to keep it solid and prevent it from shifting4 ,in some cases it will be found that the contents of the sac can not be returned into the abdomen1 and this generally arises from the fact that some part of the contents of the sac has grown to or become adherent to the edges of the umbilical opening4 ,in such a case the skin must be carefully laid open in the long direction1 the adhesions of the protruding organs carefully separated from the umbilicus1 and after the protruding parts have been returned into the abdomen1 the sides of the umbilicus must be freshened if necessary by paring1 and then the edges of the opening brought together by catgut stitches2 the wound in the skin must then also be brought together by stitches4 ,the wound must be carefully dressed every day and a bandage passed round the body so as to cover and protect the part operated on4 ,in small hernias nitric acid has been used successfully in the same manner as has been described in the treatment of ventral hernia4 ,sulphuric acid has also been used for a similar purpose1 diluting it to the extent of #a part of acid to #c or #e of water4 ,in thin-skinned animals the weaker preparations ought to be preferred1 and caution must be exercised in using such preparations so as not to destroy the tissues on which they are applied4 ,another method of treatment is1 after the contents of the sac have been returned into the abdomen1 to tie a piece of strong waxed cord round the pendulous portion which formed the outer covering of the hernia4 ,the string is apt to slacken after two or three days1 when a new piece of cord should be applied above the first one4 ,the constriction of the skin sets up inflammation1 which generally extends to the umbilicus and causes the edges to adhere together1 and by the time the portion of skin below the ligature has lost its vitality and dropped off1 the umbilicus is closed and there is no danger of the abdominal organs protruding through it4 ,this is what takes place when this method has a favorable result1 though if the umbilicus does not become adherent and the skin sloughs1 the bowels will protrude through the opening4 ,,gut-,,tie 7,,peritoneal ,,hernia74--,in peritoneal hernia of the ox a loop or knuckle of intestine enters from the abdomen into a rent in that part of the peritoneum which is situated at the margin of the hip bone or it passes under the remains of the spermatic cord1 the end of which may be grown fast to the inner inguinal ring4 ,the onward pressure of the bowel1 as well as the occasional turning of the latter round the spermatic cord1 is the cause of the cord exercising considerable pressure on the bowel1 which occasions irritation1 obstructs the passage of excrement1 and excites inflammation1 which terminates in gangrene and death4 ,the rent in the peritoneum is situated at the upper and front part of the pelvis1 nearer to the sacrum than the pubes4 ,causes4--,among the causes of peritoneal hernia considerable importance is attached to a method of castration which is practiced in certain districts1 viz1 the tearing or rupturing of the spermatic cord by main force instead of dividing it at a proper distance above the testicle in a surgical manner4 ,after this violent and rough method of operating1 the cord retracts into the abdomen and its stump becomes adherent to some part of the peritoneum1 or it may wind around the bowel and then the stump becomes adherent1 so that strangulation of the bowel results4 ,the rough dragging on the cord may also cause a tear in the peritoneum1 the result of which need not be described4 ,the severe exertion of ascending hills and mountains1 drawing heavy loads1 or the straining which oxen undergo while fighting each other may also give rise to peritoneal hernia4 ,symptoms4--,the ox suddenly becomes very restless1 stamps with his feet1 moves backward and forward1 hurriedly lies down1 rises1 moves his tail uneasily1 and kicks at his belly with the foot of the affected side4 ,the pain evinced may diminish but soon returns again4 ,in the early stage there are frequent passages of dung1 but after the lapse of #ah or #bd hours this ceases1 the bowel apparently being emptied to the point of strangulation1 and the passages now consist only of a little mucus mixed with blood4 ,when injections are given at this time the water passes out of the bowel without even being colored4 ,the animal lies down on the side where the hernia exists and stretches out his hind feet in a backward direction4 ,these two particular symptoms serve to distinguish this affection from enteritis and invagination of the bowel4 ,as time passes the animal becomes quieter1 but this cessation of pain may indicate that gangrene of the bowel has set in1 and may1 therefore1 under certain circumstances1 be considered a precursor of death4 ,gangrene may take place in from four to six days1 when perforation of the bowel may occur and death result in a short time4 ,treatment4--,in the first place the ox should be examined by passing the oiled hand and arm into the rectum2 the hand should be passed along the margin of the pelvis1 beginning at the sacrum and continuing downward toward the inguinal ring1 when a soft1 painful swelling will be felt1 which may vary from the size of an apple to that of the two fists4 ,this swelling will be felt to be tightly compressed by the spermatic cord4 ,it very rarely happens that there is any similar swelling on the left side1 though in such cases it is best to make a thorough examination4 ,the bowel has sometimes been released from its position by driving the ox down a hill2 by causing him to jump from a height of #b feet to the ground2 the expedient of trotting him also has been resorted to with the hope that the jolting movement might bring about a release of the bowel4 ,if the simple expedients mentioned have been tried and failed1 then the hand being passed into the rectum should be pressed gently on the swelling in an upward and forward direction1 so as to endeavor to push the imprisoned portion of the bowel back into the abdomen4 ,while this is being done the ox's hind feet should stand on higher ground than the front1 so as to favor the slipping out of the bowel by its own weight1 and at the same time an assistant should squeeze the animal's loins1 so as to cause it to bend downward and so relax the band formed by the spermatic cord4 ,if the imprisoned portion of gut is freed1 which may be ascertained by the disappearance of the swelling1 the usual sounds produced by the bowels moving in the abdomen will be heard1 and in a few hours the feces and urine will be passed as usual4 ,if the means mentioned fail to release the imprisoned portion of the gut1 then an incision about #d inches long must be made in the right flank in a downward direction1 the hand introduced into the abdomen1 the situation and condition of swelling exactly ascertained1 and then a probe-pointed knife inserted between the imprisoned bowel and band compressing it1 and turned outward against the band1 the latter being then cautiously divided and the imprisoned gut allowed to escape1 or1 if necessary1 the bowel should be drawn gently from its position into the abdomen4 ,the wound in the flank must be brought together in the same way as in the case of the wound made in operating for impaction of the rumen4 ,,wounds ,,of ,,the ,,abdomen4 ,a wound of the abdomen may merely penetrate the skin2 but as such cases are not attended with much danger1 nor their treatment with much difficulty1 we will consider here merely those wounds which penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal walls and expose to a greater or less extent the organs contained in that cavity4 ,causes4--,such accidents may be occasioned by falling on fragments of broken glass or other sharp objects4 ,a blow from the horn of another animal may penetrate the abdomen4 ,exposure and protrusion of some of the abdominal organs may also be occasioned by the incautious use of caustics in the treatment of umbilical or ventral hernia4 ,the parts which generally escape through an abdominal wound are the small intestine and floating colon4 ,symptoms4--,when the abdominal wound is small1 the bowel exposed presents the appearance of a small round tumor1 but in a few moments a loop of intestine may emerge from the opening4 ,the animal then shows symptoms of severe pain by pawing with his feet1 which has the effect of accelerating the passage of new loops of intestine through the wound1 so that the mass which they form may even touch the ground4 ,the pain becomes so great that the ox now not only paws but lies down and rolls1 thus tearing and crushing his bowels4 ,in such cases it is best to slaughter the animal at once2 but in the case of a valuable animal in which tearing and crushing of the bowels has not taken place the bowels should be washed with freshly boiled water reduced to the temperature of the body and returned and the wounds in the muscle and skin brought together in a manner somewhat similar to that described in speaking of ventral hernia4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,liver ,,and ,,spleen4 ,,jaundice 7,,the ,,yellows1 ,,or ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,liver74 ,when jaundice exists1 there is a yellow appearance of the white of the eyes and of the mucous membrane of the mouth4 ,a similar aspect of the skin may also be observed in animals which are either partly or altogether covered with white hair4 ,jaundice is then merely a symptom of disease and ought to direct attention to ascertaining1 if possible1 the cause or causes which have given rise to it4 ,a swollen condition of the mucous membrane of that part of the bowel called the duodenum may produce jaundice1 as that mechanically closes the orifice of the biliary duct4 ,in constipation there is an inactive or torpid condition of the bowel1 and the bile which passes into the intestine may be absorbed and cause the yellow staining of jaundice4 ,jaundice is one of the symptoms of ,texas fever4 ,it may also arise from the presence of parasites or gallstones in the ducts1 forming a mechanical obstruction to the onward flow of bile4 ,the conditions under which jaundice most commonly calls for treatment are when cattle have been highly fed and kept in a state of inactivity4 ,at such time there is an excess of nutritive elements carried into the blood1 which is associated with increased fullness of the portal vein and hepatic artery4 ,when continued high feeding has produced this congested state of the liver1 the functions of that organ become disordered1 so that a considerable portion of the bile1 instead of being excreted and passing into the intestine1 is absorbed by the hepatic veins4 ,the structure of the liver is shown in ,plate ,,iv4 ,symptoms4--,this disease1 although rare1 occurs most frequently among stall-fed cattle4 ,pressure along the margin of the short ribs on the right side produces pain2 the appetite is poor and the animal shows hardly any inclination to drink2 the mucous membranes of the eye and mouth are yellow1 the urine has a yellow or brown appearance1 the animal lies down much and moves with reluctance1 moans occasionally1 and has a tottering gait4 ,the ears and horns are alternately hot and cold2 in cows the secretion of milk is much diminished1 and that which is secreted has a bitter taste2 sometimes the animal has a dry1 painful cough and presents a dull1 stupefied appearance4 ,treatment4--,in such cases it is advisable to produce a free action of the bowels1 so as to remove the usually congested condition of the portal vein and liver4 ,for this purpose the administration of the following dose is recommended3 ,sulphate of soda1 #af ounces2 molasses1 #a pint2 warm water1 #a quart4 ,the sulphate of soda is dissolved by stirring it up in tepid water4 ,following this the animal should have a heaping tablespoonful of artificial ,carlsbad salt in the feed three times daily4 ,this treatment may be assisted by giving occasional injections of warm water and soap4 ,the diet should be laxative and moderate in quantity and may consist of coarse bran mash1 pulped roots1 grass in the season1 and hay in moderate quantity4 ,,hepatitis 7,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,liver74 ,hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver and usually occurs as a complication of some infectious disease4 ,it may also occur as a complication of gastrointestinal catarrh or in hot weather from overheating or damaged 7putrid or fermented7 feeds4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are sometimes obscure and their real significance is frequently overlooked4 ,the most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the white of the eye and of the membrane lining the mouth2 the appetite is poor1 the body presents an emaciated appearance1 the feces are light colored1 while the urine is likely to be unusually dark2 there is thirst1 and pain is caused by pressing over the liver4 ,the gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual1 and while doing so frequently rests its head on the side of its chest4 ,treatment4--,give a purge of ,glauber's salt and after it has operated give artificial ,carlsbad salts in each feed1 as advised under ,jaundice4 ,give green feed and plenty of water4 ,oil of turpentine should be rubbed in well once a day over the region of the liver4 ,the skin on which it should be applied extends from the false ribs on the right side to #f inches in front of the last one1 and from the backbone to #ab inches on the right side of it4 ,,fluke ,,disease4 ,see chapter on ,the animal parasites of cattle1 p4 #ejb4 ,,splenitis 7,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,spleen74 ,this disease occurs almost solely as a result of the existence of some infectious disease1 and the symptoms caused by it merge with the symptoms of the accompanying causative disease4 ,the spleen is seriously involved and becomes enlarged and soft in ,texas fever1 anthrax1 and blood poisoning4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,peritoneum4 ,,peritonitis4 ,peritonitis consists of an inflammation of the peritoneum1 which is the thin1 delicate membrane that lines the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs4 ,causes4--,wounds are the usual cause in cattle4 ,the wound may be of the abdominal wall or of the intestines1 stomach1 or uterus2 or inflammation may extend from one of the organs of the abdominal cavity to the peritoneum2 so this disease may complicate enteritis or inflamed womb4 ,a sharp metal body may perforate the second stomach and allow the gastric contents to escape1 irritating the peritoneum4 ,this disease may follow castration or operation for hernia4 ,symptoms4--,a continuous or occasional shivering2 the animal lies down1 but appears uneasy2 it frequently turns its head toward its belly and lows plaintively2 pressure on the flanks produces pain2 has no appetite2 muzzle is dry and no rumination2 while standing1 its legs are placed well under its body2 pulse small and hard4 ,the evacuations from the bowels are dry and hard4 ,if this disease is complicated by the presence of inflammation of the bowels1 the pain is more severe and the animal is more restless4 ,the skin is cold and dry in the early stage of this disease1 but in a more advanced stage this condition may be succeeded by heat of the skin and quick breathing4 ,the fits of trembling1 uneasiness1 small and hard pulse1 and tension of the left flank are symptoms the presence of which would enable one to reach the conclusion that peritonitis exists4 ,post-mortem appearance4--,the membrane lining the abdomen and covering the surface of the bowels is reddened to a greater or less extent1 and there is usually considerable serous1 or watery1 fluid collected in the abdomen4 ,treatment4--,when we have to do with the form of peritonitis resulting from an injury1 as when the horn of another animal has been thrust through the abdominal walls1 this lesion must be treated in accordance with directions before given1 but the general treatment must be similar to that which follows4 ,peritonitis resulting from castration or from parturient fever must also be treated in connection with the special conditions which give rise to it1 as the general treatment of this disease must be modified to some extent by the exciting cause4 ,the aim must be to discover and remove the cause4 ,the cause must be treated according to its nature4 ,harms strongly recommends borax in the treatment of peritonitis4 ,he gives #f ounces in the first #bd hours1 divided into three doses1 and afterwards he gives #f drams three times daily4 ,opium in doses of #b to #c drams may be given4 ,to bring on evacuations of the bowels it is better to give rectal injections than to administer purges4 ,the strength may be sustained by coffee or camphor4 ,the body should be warmly clothed1 and it is advisable1 when practicable1 to have a blanket which has been wrung out of hot water placed over the abdomen1 then covered by several dry blankets1 which are maintained in position by straps or ropes passing round the body4 ,the wet blanket must be changed as it cools--the object of treatment being to warm the surface of the body and to determine as much blood to the skin as possible4 ,the diet should consist of laxative food and drinks1 such as linseed tea4 ,if peritonitis assumes chronic form the diet should be nutritious1 such as selected clover hay1 linseed cake1 grass1 etc41 and iodid of potassium should be given three times a day in gram doses dissolved in a pint of water4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,abdomen 7,,ascites74 ,in this disease there is a serous1 or watery1 effusion in the cavity of the abdomen4 ,causes4--,when old animals are fed on innutritious feed or when reduced by disease1 they become anemic2 in other words1 their blood becomes impoverished and dropsy may follow4 ,an innutritious and insufficient diet produces the same effect in young animals4 ,it is one of the results of peritonitis1 and may also arise from acute or chronic inflammation of the liver1 such as is of common occurrence when flukes are present in the liver in large numbers4 ,heart disease and chronic lung disease may be followed by ascites4 ,it is sometimes1 in calves1 a symptom of infestation with worms4 ,symptoms4--,a gradual increase in the size of the abdomen at its lower part1 while the flanks becomes hollow2 pallor of the mucous membrane of the mouth and eye2 weak and sluggish gait2 want of appetite1 and irregularity in ruminating4 ,on percussion or tapping the surface of the abdomen with the fingers1 a dull sound is produced4 ,if the hand and arm are oiled and passed into the rectum as far as possible1 on moving the hand from one side to the other the fluctuation caused by the presence of fluid in the abdomen may be felt4 ,treatment4--,if possible the cause must be discovered and removed4 ,the diet should be nutritious1 and in those cases in which we have merely to deal with anemia 7the bloodless state7 arising from insufficient diet1 the use of tonics and diuretics1 at the same time keeping the skin warm1 may bring about a gradual absorption of the fluid contained in the abdomen4 ,one of the following powders may be mixed with the animal's feed three times a day2 or1 if there is any uncertainty as to its being taken in that way1 it should be mixed with sirup1 so as to form a paste1 and smeared well back on the animal's tongue with a flat wooden spoon3 ,carbonate of iron1 #c ounces2 powdered gentian1 #c ounces2 powdered nitrate of potassium1 #c ounces2 mix and divide into #ab powders4 ,the administration of purgatives which promote a watery discharge from the mucous surface of the bowels also tends1 by diminishing the serum of the blood1 to bring about absorption and a gradual removal of the fluid contained in the abdomen4 ,large doses should not be given1 but moderate ones should be administered morning and night1 so as to produce a laxative effect on the bowels for several days4 ,to attain this end the following may be used3 ,sulphate of soda1 #h ounces2 powdered ginger1 half an ounce2 to be mixed in #b quarts of tepid water and given at one dose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,position of the first stomach 7rumen or paunch7 on the left side4 ,the area inclosed by heavy dotted lines represents the rumen2 the elongated1 shaded organ is the spleen resting upon it4 ,the skin and muscles have been removed from the ribs to show the position of the lungs and their relation to the paunch4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,stomach of ruminants4 ,fig4 #a4 ,stomach of a full-grown sheep1 #a_/e natural size 7after ,thanhoffer1 from ,r4 ,meade ,smith's ,physiology of ,domestic ,animals73 a1 rumen1 or first stomach2 b1 reticulum1 or second stomach2 c1 omasum1 or third stomach2 d1 abomasum1 or fourth stomach2 e1 esophagus1 or gullet1 opening into the first and second stomachs2 f1 opening of fourth stomach into small intestine2 g1 opening of second stomach into third2 h1 opening of third stomach into fourth4 ,the lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs4 ,the incompletely masticated food passes down the esophagus1 or gullet1 into the first and second stomachs1 in which a churning motion is kept up1 carrying the food from side to side and from stomach to stomach4 ,from the first stomach regurgitation takes place2 that is1 the food is returned through the gullet to the mouth to be more thoroughly chewed1 and this constitutes what is known as chewing the cud4 ,from the second stomach the food passes into the third1 and from the third into the fourth1 or true1 stomach1 and from there into the intestines4 ,fig4 #b4 ,stomach of ox 7after ,colin1 from ,r4 ,meade ,smith's ,physiology of ,domestic ,animals73 a1 rumen2 b1 reticulum2 c1 omasum2 d1 abomasum2 e1 esophagus2 f1 opening of fourth stomach into small intestine4 ,frstenberg calculated that in an ox of #a1djj pounds weight the capacity of the stomach is as follows3 ,per cent4 ,rumen1 #adi4be quarts1 liquid measure #fb4d ,reticulum1 #bc4gg quarts #aj ,omasum1 #cf4ih quarts #ae ,abomasum1 #bi4je quarts #ab4f ,according to ,colon-- ,quarts4 ,the capacity of a beef's stomach is #bff4ha ,small intestine #fi4gd ,cecum #i4ea ,colon and rectum #be4eh ,fig4 #a4 ,clinical thermometer1 #d_/e natural size4 ,this is used to determine the temperature of the animal body4 ,the thermometer is passed into the rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth1 or after having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its passage4 ,there it is allowed to remain two or three minutes1 then withdrawn1 and the temperature read as in any ordinary thermometer4 ,the clinical thermometer is made self-registering2 that is1 the mercury in the stem remains at the height to which it was forced by the heat of the body until it is shaken back into the bulb by taking hold of the upper portion of the instrument and giving it a short1 sharp swing4 ,the normal temperature of cattle varies from #ajj to #ajc ,f4 ,in young animals it is somewhat higher than in old4 ,the thermometer is a very useful instrument and frequently is the means by which disease is detected before the appearance of any external sign4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,showing ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,rumen4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,stomach ,,of ,,ruminants4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,instruments ,,used ,,in ,,treating ,,diseases ,,of ,,digestive ,,organs4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,microscopic ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,liver4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,ergot ,,in ,,hay4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,ergotism4 ,fig4 #b4 ,simple probang1 used to dislodge foreign bodies1 like apples1 potatoes1 eggs1 etc41 which have become fastened or stuck in the esophagus or gullet4 ,fig4 #c4 ,grasping or forceps probang4 ,this instrument1 also intended to remove obstructions from the gullet1 has a spring forceps at one end in the place of the cup-like arrangement at the end of the simple probang4 ,the forceps are closed while the probang is being introduced2 their blades are regulated by a screw in the handle of the instrument4 ,this probang is used to grasp and withdraw an article which may have lodged in the gullet and can not be forced into the stomach by use of the simple probang4 ,fig4 #d4 ,wooden gag1 used when the probang is to be passed4 ,the gag is a piece of wood which fits in the animal's mouth2 a cord passes over the head to hold it in place4 ,the central opening in the wood is intended for the passage of the probang4 ,figs4 #e;a and #e;b4 ,trocar and cannula2 #e;a shows the trocar covered by the cannula2 #e;b1 the cannula from which the trocar has been withdrawn4 ,this instrument is used when the rumen or first stomach becomes distended with gas4 ,the trocar covered by the cannula is forced into the rumen1 the trocar withdrawn1 and the cannula allowed to remain until the gas has escaped4 ,fig4 #f4 ,section at right angles through the abdominal wall1 showing a hernia or rupture4 7,taken from ,d',arboval4 ,dictionnaire de ,mdecine1 de ,chirurgie de ,hygiene73 a a1 ,the abdominal muscles cut across2 v1 opening in the abdominal wall permitting the intestines i i to pass through and outward between the abdominal wall and the skin2 p p1 peritoneum1 or membrane lining the abdominal cavity1 carried through the opening o by the loop of intestine and forming the sac ,s1 the outer walls of which are marked b f b4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,microscopic anatomy of the liver4 ,the liver is composed of innumerable small lobules1 from #a_/bj to #a_/aj inch in diameter4 ,the lobules are held together by a small amount of fibrous tissue1 in which the bile ducts and larger blood vessels are lodged4 ,fig4 #a ,illustrates the structure of a lobule2 v v1 interlobular veins or the veins between the lobules4 ,these are branches of the portal vein1 which carries blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver2 c c1 capillaries1 or very fine blood vessels1 extending as a very fine network between the groups of liver cells from the interlobular vein to the center of the lobule and emptying there into the intralobular vein to the center of the lobule2 v c1 intralobular vein1 or the vein within the lobule4 ,this vessel passes out of the lobule and there becomes the sublobular vein2 v s1 sublobular vein4 ,this joins other similar veins and helps to form the hepatic vein1 through which the blood leaves the liver2 d d1 the position of the liver cells between the meshes of the capillaries2 ,a ,a1 branches of the hepatic artery to the interlobular connective tissue and the walls of the large veins and large bile ducts4 ,these branches are seen at r r and form the vena vascularis2 v v1 vena vascularis2 i i1 branches of the hepatic artery entering the substance of the lobule and connecting with capillaries from the interlobular vein4 ,the use of the hepatic artery is to nourish the liver1 while the other vessels carry blood to be modified by the liver cells in certain important directions2 g1 branches of the bile ducts1 carrying bile from the various lobules into the gall bladder and into the intestines2 x x1 intralobular bile capillaries between the liver cells4 ,these form a network of very minute tubes surrounding each ultimate cell1 which receives the bile as it is formed by the liver cells and carried outward as described4 ,fig4 #b4 ,isolated liver cells3 c1 blood capillary2 a1 fine bile capillary channel4 ,,plate ,v4 ,ergot in hay3 #a1 bluegrass2 #b1 timothy2 #c1 wild rye2 #d1 redtop4 ,ergot is a fungus which may affect any member of the grass family4 ,the spore of the fungus1 by some means brought in contact with the undeveloped seed of the grass1 grows1 obliterates the seed1 and practically takes its place4 ,when hay affected with ergot is fed to animals it is productive of a characteristic and serious affection or poisoning known as ergotism4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,ergotism1 or the effects of ergot4 ,the lower part of the limb of a cow1 showing the loss of skin and flesh in a narrow ring around the pastern bone and the exposure of the bone itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,poisons ,,and ,,poisoning4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atkinson1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,c4 ,,dwight ,,marsh1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,definition ,,of ,a ,,poison4 ,to define clearly the meaning of the word poison is somewhat difficult4 ,even in law the word has never been defined1 and when a definition is attempted we are apt to include either too much or too little4 ,the following definition given by ,husemann is perhaps the best3 ,poisons are those substances1 inorganic or organic1 existing in the organism or introduced from the outside1 produced artificially or formed as natural products1 which1 through their chemical nature1 under definite conditions1 so affect some organ of a living organism that the health or well-being of the organism is temporarily or chronically injured4 ,the common conception of a poison is any substance which1 in small quantity1 will destroy life1 except such as act by purely mechanical means1 as1 for example1 powdered glass4 ,some substances that are not usually looked upon as poisons may destroy life if given in large doses1 such as common salt4 ,other substances which are perfectly harmless when taken into the body in the usual way are poisons if injected into the circulation1 such as distilled water1 milk1 or glycerin4 ,living organisms are not chemical substances1 and are not considered in this connection4 ,,sources ,,of ,,poisoning4 ,poisoning may come from many causes1 among the chief of which are the following3 7#a7 ,errors in medication4--,by using the wrong substance or too large dose an animal may be poisoned4 7#b7 ,the exposure of poisons used for horticultural1 technical1 or other legitimate purposes4--,poisons used for spraying plants1 disinfecting1 poisoning vermin1 dipping cattle or sheep1 painting1 smelting1 dyeing1 or other purposes may be so handled as to come within the reach of animals4 7#c7 ,damaged food4--,food that has undergone putrefaction or certain kinds of fermentation or heating1 may have become poisonous1 producing forage poisoning1 meat poisoning1 cheese poisoning1 etc4 7#d7 ,poisonous plants in the pasture or forage4 7#e7 ,the bite or sting of a poisonous insect or the bite of an animal4 7#f7 ,malicious poisoning4 ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,poisons4 ,the action of poisons may be either local1 and exerted directly on the tissues with which they come in contact1 or remote1 acting through the circulation or the nervous system2 or both local and remote action may be exerted by the same drug4 ,poisons which act locally generally either destroy by corrosion the tissues with which they come in contact or by inhalation set up acute inflammation4 ,when any corrosive agent is taken into the stomach in poisonous quantities1 a group of symptoms is developed which is common to all4 ,the tissues with which the agent comes in contact are destroyed1 sloughing and acute inflammation of the surrounding structures take place2 intense pain in the abdomen and death ensue4 ,in a like manner1 but with less rapidity1 the same result is reached if the agent used be not of a sufficiently corrosive nature to destroy the tissues1 but sufficiently irritating to set up acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract4 ,if the poison exerts a remote influence alone1 the action is quite different1 little or no local effect being produced upon the digestive organs4 ,to produce an effect on some part of the body distant from the channel of entrance1 a poison must have been absorbed and carried in the blood to the central nervous system or other region involved4 ,the poisonous effect of any substance is modified by the quantity used2 by its chemical combinations2 by the part of the animal structure with which it comes in contact2 by the physical condition of the subject2 and also by the rapidity with which the poison is excreted4 ,as an illustration1 opium may be given with safety in much larger doses to an animal suffering from acute pain than to one free from pain1 and to an adult animal with greater safety than to a young one4 ,the rapidity with which the poison is absorbed1 owing to the part of the body with which it is brought in contact1 is also an important factor4 ,so marked is this quality that some agents which have the power of destroying life with almost absolute certainty when introduced beneath the skin1 may be taken into the stomach without causing inconvenience1 as curara1 the arrow poisons1 or the venomous secretion of snakes4 ,other agents in chemical combination may tend to intensify1 lessen1 or wholly neutralize the poisonous effect4 ,for example1 arsenic in itself has well-marked poisonous properties1 but when brought in contact with dialyzed iron it forms an insoluble compound and becomes innocuous4 ,idiosyncrasies are not so noticeable in cattle practice as in practice among human beings1 but the uncertainty with which some drugs exert their influence would lead us to believe that well-marked differences in susceptibility exist4 ,even in some cases a tolerance for poison is engendered1 so that in a herd of animals equally exposed injurious or fatal effects do not appear with uniformity4 ,for example1 among cattle that are compelled to drink water holding in solution a salt of lead the effects of the poisoning will be found varying all the way from fatality to imperceptibility4 ,,general ,,symptoms ,,of ,,poisoning4 ,it is not always easy to differentiate between poisoning and some disease4 ,indeed1 examination during the life of the animal is sometimes wholly inadequate to the formation of an opinion as to whether the case is one of poisoning or1 if it is1 as to what the poison may be4 ,a chemical and physical examination after the death of the animal may be necessary to clear up the doubt4 ,on the other hand1 the symptoms may be of such a nature as to point unmistakably to poisoning with a certain agent4 ,in general1 the following classes of symptoms may be regarded as indicative of poisoning3 ,sudden onset of the disease without visible cause1 a number of animals being similarly affected at once1 with severe gastrointestinal disorder or derangement of the nervous system1 or both2 sudden alteration of heart action in relation to frequency1 force1 or rhythm2 local irritation1 dyspnea1 or change in the urine or urination4 ,after death1 lesions of the greatest variety may be found1 and it is necessary for one to be skilled in anatomy and pathology in order to determine their significance4 ,oftentimes the stomach and intestines are red1 have thick walls1 and contain blood4 ,this signifies a severe irritant1 such as arsenic or corrosive sublimate4 ,other alterations sometimes found are inflammation of the kidneys or bladder1 points of hemorrhage in various organs1 changes in the blood1 congestion of the lungs1 and certain microscopic changes4 ,,general ,,treatment4 ,the treatment of animals suffering from poison must vary according to the nature of the toxic agent4 ,there are a few general plans of action1 however1 which should be followed so far as possible4 ,in man and in some of the smaller animals it is possible to eliminate unabsorbed poison by the use of the stomach pump or by causing vomiting4 ,these proceedings are impracticable in cattle4 ,it is well1 therefore1 in many cases to endeavor to expel the unabsorbed poison by emptying the digestive tract1 so far as may be1 with a nonirritating purge4 ,castor oil in doses of #a pint to #b quarts is adapted to this purpose4 ,if the poison is known to be nonirritant--as a narcotic plant--from #aj to #bj drops of croton oil may be given with a quart of castor oil4 ,when poisons are somewhat prolonged in their effect1 ,epsom salt in doses of #a pound can be given advantageously4 ,to protect the mucous membrane from the action of strong irritants1 one may give flaxseed tea1 barley water1 the whites of eggs1 milk1 butter1 olive oil1 or fresh lard4 ,chemical antidotes may sometimes be used for special poisons1 as advised below4 ,in general1 if an acid has been taken it may be neutralized with an alkali1 such as chalk1 magnesia1 bicarbonate of soda 7baking soda71 ammonia 7diluted71 or soap4 ,if the poison is an alkali1 such as caustic soda or potash 7lye71 or ammonia1 an acid1 such as diluted 7#a per cent7 sulphuric acid or vinegar1 may be administered4 ,special treatments and antidotes are considered below4 ,a poisonous agent may be so gradually introduced into the system as to slowly develop the power of resistance against its own action4 ,in other cases where the poison is introduced slowly the poisonous action becomes accumulative1 and1 although there is no increase in the quantity taken1 violent symptoms are suddenly developed1 as if the whole amount1 the consumption of which may have extended over a considerable period1 had been given in one dose4 ,other agents1 poisonous in their nature1 tend to deteriorate some of the important organs1 and1 interfering with their natural functions1 are productive of conditions of ill health which1 although not necessarily fatal1 are important4 ,such might properly be called chronic poisons4 ,poisons of themselves dangerous when administered in large doses are used medicinally for curative purposes1 and a very large percentage of the pharmaceutical preparations used in the practice of medicine if given in excessive quantities may produce serious results4 ,in the administration of medicines1 therefore1 care should be exercised not only that the animal is not poisoned by the administration of an excessive dose but that injury is not done by continued treatment with medicines the administration of which is not called for4 ,,mineral ,,poisons4 ,,arsenic ,,poisoning4 ,of the common irritant and corrosive poisons1 arsenic1 especially one of its compounds 7,paris green71 is likely to be the most dangerous to our class of patients4 ,the common practice of using ,paris green and other compounds of arsenic as insecticides for the destruction of potato beetle and other insect enemies of the farmer and fruit grower has had the effect of introducing it into almost all farming establishments4 ,white arsenic is also a principal ingredient in some popular dipping preparations1 and poisoning from this source occasionally takes place when1 after dipping1 animals are allowed to run in a yard in which there is loose fodder4 ,the drippings from the animals falling on the fodder render it poisonous and dangerous to animal life if eaten4 ,familiarity with its use has in many instances tended to breed contempt for its potency as a poison4 ,rat poisons often contain arsenic4 ,the excessive use of arsenic as a tonic1 or of condition powders containing arsenic1 has been the means of poisoning many animals4 ,this is the common poison used by malicious persons with criminal intent4 ,the poison may also be absorbed through wounds or through the skin if used as a dip or bath4 ,if a large dose is given1 at once acute poisoning is produced2 if repeated small doses are given1 chronic poisoning may result4 ,the poisonous dose for an ox is from #c drams to #a ounce4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of acute poisoning first appear as those of colic2 the animal is restless1 stamping with the feet1 lying down and getting up4 ,there is tenderness on pressure over the abdomen4 ,the acute symptoms increase2 in a few hours violent diarrhea is developed2 in many cases blood and shreds of detached mucous membrane are mixed with the evacuations4 ,there is irregular and feeble pulse and respiration1 and death is likely to supervene between the eighteenth hour and the third day4 ,if the latter period is passed1 there is a reasonable hope of recovery4 ,in chronic poisoning the symptoms are similar to those of chronic gastrointestinal catarrh1 with indigestion1 diarrhea1 and general weakness and loss of condition4 ,treatment4--,the antidote for arsenic is a solution of hydrated oxid of iron in water4 ,it should be prepared fresh by mixing a solution of sulphate of iron1 made by dissolving #d ounces of sulphate of iron in one-half pint water1 with a suspension of #a ounce of magnesia in one-half pint water4 ,this quantity is sufficient for one dose for a cow and may be repeated in an hour1 if much arsenic was taken4 ,a solution of calcined magnesia or powdered iron or iron filings or iron scale from a blacksmith's forge may be given in the absence of other remedies4 ,powdered sulphur is of some value as an antidote4 ,one must also administer protectives1 such as linseed tea1 barley water1 whites of eggs1 etc4 ,,lead ,,poisoning4 ,lead poisoning of cattle sometimes comes from their having licked freshly painted surfaces and thus swallowed compounds containing white lead4 ,in several instances cattle have been poisoned by silage from a silo painted inside with lead paint shortly before filling4 ,sometimes cattle eat dried paint scrapings with apparent relish and are poisoned4 ,cattle grazing on rifle ranges have been poisoned by lead from the bullets4 ,sugar of lead has been administered by mistake for ,glauber's salt4 ,lead poisoning may be acute or chronic4 ,the fatal dose of sugar of lead is from #a to #d ounces4 ,water drawn from lead pipes or held in a lead-lined tank may cause poisoning4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are generally dullness1 lying down with the head turned toward the flank1 colic1 rumbling in the abdomen1 loss of control of the limbs when walking1 twitching1 champing of the jaws1 moving in a circle1 convulsions1 delirium1 violent bellowing1 followed by stupor and death4 ,the symptoms generally extend over considerable time but may end in death after #bd hours4 ,chronic lead poisoning occasionally occurs in districts where lead mining is the principal industry4 ,the waste products of the mine thrown into streams contaminate the water supply1 so that the mineral is taken into the system gradually1 and a very small per cent of any of the salts taken into the system in this way is pernicious4 ,water which contains any salt of lead to the extent of more than one-tenth of a grain to the gallon is unfit to drink4 ,such water when used continually is likely to produce colic from the resulting intestinal irritation1 and in aggravated cases paralysis more or less severe is likely to be developed4 ,a blue line on the margin of the gums1 the last symptom1 is regarded as diagnostic and its presence as conclusive evidence of the nature of the disorder4 ,treatment4--,the treatment should first be directed toward removing the cause4 ,a large dose of purgative medicine should be given1 and the brain symptoms be relieved by giving bromid of potassium in half-ounce doses every #d or #e hours and by the application of cold water to the head4 ,dilute sulphuric acid in half-ounce doses should be given with the purgative medicine4 ,in this case sulphate of magnesia 7,epsom salt7 is the best purgative1 and it may be given in doses of from #a to #b pounds dissolved in warm water4 ,after the acute symptoms have abated1 iodid of potassium may be given1 in doses of #b drams each1 three times a day for a week4 ,no treatment is likely to be of avail until the cause is removed4 ,,copper ,,poisoning4 ,the soluble salts of copper1 though used as a tonic in the medicinal treatment of cattle1 are poisonous when taken in large quantities4 ,like lead and arsenic1 they have an irritant effect upon the mucous membrane with which they come in contact in a concentrated form4 ,cattle are not very likely to be poisoned from this cause unless through carelessness4 ,sulphate of copper1 commonly called blue vitriol1 is occasionally used for disinfecting and cleansing stables1 where it might inadvertently be mixed with the feed4 ,it is also used largely for making the ,bordeaux mixture used in spraying fruit trees4 ,the general symptoms produced are those of intestinal irritation1 short breathing1 stamping1 and tender abdomen4 ,treatment4--,give powdered iron1 or iron reduced by hydrogen1 or calcined magnesia4 ,sulphur may be used4 ,this should be followed by a liberal supply of demulcents1 linseed infusion1 boiled starch1 whites of eggs1 etc4 ,,zinc ,,poisoning4 ,several of the soluble salts of zinc are irritant poisons4 ,the chlorid and sulphate are those in most common use4 ,in animals which have power to vomit they are emetic in their action4 ,in others1 when retained in the stomach1 they set up more or less irritation of the mucous membrane and abdominal pain1 producing symptoms already described in the action of other poisons which produce the same result4 ,treatment4--,the treatment should be the same as for copper poisoning4 ,,phosphorus ,,poisoning4 ,only one of the forms of phosphorus in common use--the ordinary yellow--is poisonous4 ,phosphorus in this form is used for the destruction of rats and mice and other vermin1 and has been largely used in the manufacture of matches4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are loss of appetite1 colic1 diarrhea1 irritation of the mouth and throat1 and paralysis of the throat4 ,there is also weakness1 difficult breathing1 and rapid pulse4 ,the course of the poisoning is usually rapid1 terminating in either recovery or death within three days4 ,the toxic dose for cattle is from #e to #cj grains4 ,if taken in large quantities the excreta are occasionally noticed to be luminous when examined in the dark4 ,treatment4--,turpentine is given in an emulsion with flaxseed tea in a single dose of from #b to #h ounces4 ,permanganate of potassium may be given in a one-fourth of #a per cent solution4 ,stimulants1 such as alcohol and ether1 should be administered4 ,oils and milk must not be given4 ,,mercury ,,poisoning4 ,mercury poisoning is not rare in cattle from the fact that these animals have a special susceptibility to the action of this substance4 ,antiseptic washes or injections containing the bichlorid of mercury 7corrosive sublimate7 must be used on cattle with great care4 ,mercurial disinfecting solutions or salves must be used cautiously4 ,calomel can not be given freely to cattle4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are salivation1 sore mouth1 indigestion1 diarrhea1 skin eruption1 paralysis of local groups of muscles1 and nephritis4 ,treatment4--,the treatment consists in administering sulphur in large doses 7#b to #d ounces7 or iron powder4 ,both make insoluble compounds with mercury4 ,follow with the whites of eggs mixed with water and with linseed tea4 ,if the case does not terminate promptly1 give iodid of potash in #a-;dram doses twice daily4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,acids4 ,,mineral ,,acids4--,the mineral acids--nitric1 sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 etc4-- when used in a concentrated form destroy the animal tissues with which they come in contact1 and in this respect differ from most of the poisons previously described4 ,when taken into the stomach the mucous membrane of the mouth1 pharynx1 esophagus1 and stomach is apt to be more or less completely destroyed4 ,if taken in large quantities death is likely to result so speedily that nothing can be done to relieve the patient1 and even if time is allowed and the action of the acid can be arrested it can not be done until considerable and1 perhaps1 irreparable damage has been done4 ,the mucous membrane with which the acid has come in contact in the esophagus may be destroyed by its corrosive action and carried away1 leaving the muscular tissues exposed4 ,the raw surface heals irregularly1 the cicatrice contracting causes stricture1 and an animal so injured is likely to die of starvation4 ,in the stomach even greater damage is likely to be done4 ,the peristaltic action of the esophagus carries the irritant along quickly1 but here it remains quiet in contact with one surface1 destroying it4 ,it is likely to perforate the organ and1 coming in contact with the abdominal lining or other organs of digestion1 soon sets up a condition that is beyond repair4 ,in a less concentrated form1 when this is not sufficiently strong to be corrosive1 it exerts an irritant effect4 ,in this form it may not do much harm unless taken in considerable quantity4 ,when thus the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines becomes inflamed pain and diarrhea are likely to result4 ,treatment4--,any of the alkalies may be used as an antidote4 ,most convenient of these are chalk1 baking soda1 marble dust1 magnesia1 lime1 soap1 or plaster from a wall4 ,mucilaginous drinks should be given in large quantities4 ,,vegetable ,,acids4--,oxalic acid in particular is corrosive in its action when taken in concentrated solution1 losing its corrosive effect and becoming irritant when more dilute4 ,it also exerts a specific effect on the heart1 frequently causing death from syncope4 ,taken in the form either of the crystals or solution it is likely to cause death in a very short time4 ,failure of heart action and the attendant small pulse1 weakness1 staggering1 and convulsions are the more noticeable symptoms4 ,acetic acid is irritant to the gastrointestinal tract1 and may cause sudden paralysis of the heart4 ,treatment4--,the action of the acid should be counteracted by the use of alkalies1 as advised above1 by limewater or lime or plaster given promptly1 by protectives to the digestive tract1 and by stimulants4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,alkalies4 ,the carbonates of potash and soda and the alkalies themselves in concentrated form cause symptoms of intestinal irritation similar to those produced by mineral acids4 ,ammonia1 caustic soda1 and caustic potash 7lye7 are those to which animals are most exposed4 ,the degree of their caustic irritant effects depends on their degree of concentration4 ,when they reach the stomach the symptoms are nearly as well marked as in the case of the acids4 ,the irritation is even more noticeable1 and purgation is likely to be a more prominent symptom4 ,if death is not caused soon1 the irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and malnutrition will last for a long time4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in neutralizing the alkali by an acid1 such as dilute sulphuric acid 7#a per cent7 or strong vinegar4 ,the administration of such an antidote and its action must be carefully watched during administration4 ,in the chemical change which takes place when the acid and alkali are combined1 carbonic-acid gas is liberated1 which may be to an extent sufficient to cause considerable distention of the abdomen1 and even to produce asphyxia from pressure forward on the diaphragm4 ,should this danger present itself1 it may be averted by opening the flank1 permitting the gas to escape4 7,see ,acute tympanites1 or ,bloating1 p4 #bb47 ,flaxseed or slippery-elm decoction must be given to sooth the inflamed mucous surface4 ,opium may be used to allay pain4 ,,coal-,,oil ,,poisoning4 ,coal oil is sometimes administered empirically as a treatment for intestinal parasites4 ,if given in large doses it produces poisonous effects1 which are likely to be manifested some time after the administration4 ,it acts as an irritant to the digestive tract1 causing dribbling of ropy saliva from the mouth1 diarrhea1 tenesmus1 and loss of appetite1 with increased temperature and cold extremities4 ,visible mucous membranes are injected1 pupils of the eyes are contracted1 and there is a watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils4 ,remotely it exerts a depressing influence on the functions of the brain and slight coma1 and occasionally convulsions1 from which the animal is easily aroused4 ,the kidneys also suffer4 ,the urine is dark colored and has the characteristic odor of coal oil4 ,death may result from gastroenteritis or convulsions4 ,treatment4--,the patient's strength should be fostered by the frequent administration of mild stimulants1 of which aromatic spirits of ammonia is perhaps the best4 ,the animal should be encouraged to eat soft feed and given mucilaginous drinks4 ,crude coal oil is sometimes applied to the skin to kill parasites4 ,if too much is used1 especially in hot weather1 great weakness and depression may be caused and in some cases death may result4 ,,carbolic-,,acid ,,poisoning4 ,although one of the most valuable antiseptic remedies1 carbolic acid in a concentrated form1 when taken internally or used over a large surface externally1 is likely to produce poisonous effects4 ,it causes whitening1 shrinking1 and numbness of the structures with which it comes in contact1 and1 besides its irritant effect1 exerts a powerful influence on the nervous system4 ,being readily absorbed1 it produces its effect whether swallowed1 injected into the rectum1 inhaled1 or applied to wounds1 or even to a large tract of unbroken skin4 ,used extensively as a dressing1 it may produce nausea1 dizziness1 and smoky or blackish colored urine4 ,the last symptom is nearly always noticeable where the poisonous effect is produced4 ,in more concentrated form1 or used in larger quantities1 convulsions1 followed by fatal coma1 are likely to take place4 ,even in smaller quantities1 dullness1 trembling1 and disinclination for food often continue for several days4 ,in a tolerably concentrated solution it coagulates albumen and acts as an astringent4 ,treatment4--,as an antidote internally1 a solution of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia 7,glauber's or ,epsom salt7 may be given4 ,the white of egg is also useful4 ,stimulants may be given if needed4 ,when the poisoning occurs through too extensive applications to wounds or the skin1 as in treatment of mange1 cold water should be freely applied so as to wash off any of the acid that may still remain unabsorbed4 ,as a surgical dressing a #c per cent solution is strong enough for ordinary purposes4 ,water will not hold more than #e per cent in permanent solution4 ,no preparation stronger than the saturated solution should be used medicinally under any circumstances4 ,,saltpeter ,,poisoning4 ,both nitrate of soda and nitrate of potassium are poisonous to cattle4 ,these substances are used for manure and for preserving meats4 ,they may be administered in a drench by error in place of ,glauber's salt1 or they may be exposed within reach of cattle and thus be eaten4 ,the toxic dose depends upon the condition of fullness of the stomach4 ,if in solution and given on an empty stomach1 as little as #c ounces of saltpeter 7nitrate of potassium7 may be fatal to a cow4 ,more of the ,chile saltpeter 7nitrate of soda7 is required to cause serious trouble4 ,symptoms4--,severe gastroenteritis1 colic1 tympanites1 diarrhea1 excessive urination1 weakness1 trembling1 convulsions1 collapse4 ,treatment4--,same as for poisoning by common salt4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,common ,,salt4 ,a few pounds 7#c to #e7 of common salt will produce well-marked signs of poisoning in cattle4 ,so much salt as this will not be taken by cattle except under unusual conditions4 ,if the feed is poor in salt1 and if no salt has been given for a long time1 an intense salt hunger may occur that may lead an animal to eat a poisonous quantity1 or an overdose of salt may be given by error as a drench4 ,in order to prevent overeating of salt1 it is doubtless better in salting cattle to use rock salt rather than that in more or less finely divided form4 ,herring and mackerel brine and pork pickle are also poisonous1 and are especially dangerous for hogs4 ,in these substances there are1 in addition to salt1 certain products extracted from the fish or meat which undergo change and add to the toxicity of the solution4 ,sometimes saltpeter is present in such brines4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are great thirst1 abdominal pain1 diarrhea1 poor appetite1 redness and dryness of the mouth1 increased urination1 paralysis of the hind legs1 weak pulse1 general paralysis1 coma1 and death in from six to eight hours4 ,treatment4--,allow as much warm water as the animal will drink2 give protectives1 such as linseed tea1 etc4 ,linseed or olive oil may be given4 ,to keep up the heart action give ether1 alcohol1 camphor1 digitalis1 or coffee4 ,to allay pain1 give opium4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons4 ,vegetable poisons may be divided into two classes--those that are likely to be administered to the animal as medicine1 and such as may be taken in the feed1 either in the shape of poisonous plants or as plants or feeds of vegetable origin that have been damaged by fungi or by bacteria which have produced fermentation or putrefaction4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons ,,used ,,as ,,medicine4 ,,opium 7,,morphin1 ,,laudanum7 ,,poisoning4 ,opium and its alkaloid1 morphia1 are so commonly used in the practice of medicine that the poisonous result of an overdose is not uncommon4 ,the common preparations are gum opium1 the inspissated juice of the poppy2 powdered opium1 made from the gum2 tincture of opium1 commonly called laudanum2 and the alkaloid or active principle1 morphia4 ,laudanum has about one-eighth the strength of the gum or powder4 ,morphia is present in good opium to the extent of about #aj per cent4 ,in medicine it is a most useful agent in allaying pain4 ,it first produces a stimulating action1 which is followed by drowsiness1 a disposition to sleep or complete anesthesia1 depending on the quantity of the drug used4 ,in poisonous doses a state of exhilaration is well marked at first4 ,this is particularly noticeable in cattle and in horses4 ,the animal becomes much excited1 and this stage does not pass into insensibility unless an enormous dose has been given4 ,if the dose is large enough1 a second stage sometimes supervenes1 in which the symptoms are those of congestion of the brain4 ,the visible membranes have a bluish tint 7cyanotic7 from interference with the air supply4 ,the breathing is slow1 labored1 and later stertorous2 the pupils of the eyes are very much contracted2 the skin dry and warm4 ,gas accumulates in the stomach1 so that tympanites is a prominent symptom4 ,the patient may be aroused by great noise or the infliction of sharp pain1 when the breathing becomes more natural4 ,a lapse into the comatose condition takes place when the excitement ceases4 ,later1 there is perfect coma and the patient can no longer be aroused from the insensible condition4 ,the contraction of the pupil becomes more marked1 the breathing intermittent and slower1 there is perspiration1 the pulse more feeble and rapid1 till death takes place4 ,poisoning of cattle with opium or its products rarely goes beyond the stage of excitement1 because the quantity of the drug required for the later effects is so great4 ,seventy-five grains of morphia administered subcutaneously has sufficed merely to excite for #ab hours4 ,treatment4--,give strong coffee1 #a to #d quarts1 aromatic spirits of ammonia or carbonate of ammonia4 ,atropia is the physiological antidote4 ,,strychnin ,,poisoning4 ,strychnin is a very concentrated poison and produces its effect very quickly1 usually only a few minutes being necessary if given in sufficient dose and in such a way that it will be at once absorbed4 ,when employed as a medicine1 as a rule1 minimum doses should be used1 as cattle are quite susceptible to its effects and may be killed by the maximum doses given in the common manuals of veterinary medicine4 ,the first noticeable symptom is evidence of unrest or mental excitement2 at the same time the muscles over the shoulder and croup may be seen to quiver or twitch1 and later there occurs a more or less well-marked convulsion2 the head is jerked back1 the back arched and leg extended1 the eyes drawn4 ,the spasm continues for only a few minutes1 when it relaxes and another occurs in a short time4 ,the return is hastened by excitement and in a short time again disappears1 continuing to disappear and reappear until death results4 ,as the poisonous effect advances the intervals between the spasms become shorter and less marked and the spasms more severe until the animal dies in violent struggles4 ,treatment4--,the best method is to put the patient under the influence of chloral1 chloroform1 or ether1 and keep it there continuously until the effect of the poison has passed off4 ,alcohol may be given in large doses4 ,,aconite ,,poisoning4 ,in recent years tincture of aconite has become a popular stable remedy4 ,if an animal is ailing1 aconite is given whether indicated or not4 ,fortunately the dose used is generally small1 and for this reason the damage done is much less than it would otherwise be4 ,aconite is one of the most deadly poisons known4 ,it produces paralysis of motion and sensation1 depresses the heart's action1 and causes death by paralysis of respiration4 ,in large doses it causes profuse salivation1 champing of the jaws1 and attempts at swallowing4 ,if not sufficient to cause death1 there is impaired appetite with more or less nausea for some time after4 ,in poisonous doses it causes the animal to tremble violently1 to lose power to support itself1 and brings on slight convulsions1 with perspiration4 ,the pulse is depressed1 irregular1 and afterwards intermittent4 ,treatment4--,the chemical antidote is tannic acid1 which forms an insoluble compound with the aconitin4 ,the depressing effect on the heart should be counteracted by the use of ammonia1 digitalis1 alcohol1 camphor1 or other diffusible stimulants1 which have a physiological effect opposite to aconite4 ,,poisonous ,,plants4 ,an important group of poisons may be classed under this head4 ,in most cases it is poison naturally belonging in the plant2 in other cases the poisonous principle is developed in what would otherwise be harmless plants as a plant disease1 or as a fermentation or putrefaction due to bacterial growth and observed in forage1 grain1 or meal that has become heated1 damaged1 or spoilt4 ,the subject of poisonous plants is an important one and is of especial interest to those using the western stock ranges1 for it is probable that there is no other single cause producing so many fatalities4 ,in this article only a few of the more important plants are treated in a brief way1 for an extended treatise would be necessary if the subject were to be handled adequately4 ,further information should be sought in the more elaborate publications4 ,many of the ,american poisonous plants have been treated in bulletins issued by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,treatment for plant poisoning4--,remedies given by the mouth in most cases fail to give relief to cattle affected by poisonous plants4 ,the material of the poisonous plants in the first stomach is not very largely affected by a remedy given as a drench4 ,if any beneficial result is effected1 it must be on the material which has already passed into the fourth stomach1 so that to get any real antidotal result the remedy must be given repeatedly in order to meet the alkaloid poisons as they are passing through the fourth stomach4 ,while certain substances like tannic acid and potassium permanganate are the logical antidotes for plant poisons1 in practical application they are very disappointing in the treatment of ruminant animals4 ,reliance must be mainly on prevention and upon such remedies as will increase elimination4 ,a laxative or purgative is always helpful1 and for this purpose ,epsom salt may be given in pound doses1 or linseed oil in doses of #a or #b pints4 ,in some few cases special remedies can be given as is indicated below4 ,it is well to bear in mind that cattle while grazing freely in good pasture are not likely to eat poisonous plants to any extent4 ,if these same plants are gathered and thrown in a pile1 the animals1 through a kind of pernicious curiosity1 may eat them with disastrous results4 ,this has frequently happened when freshly cut branches of cherry1 yew1 oleander1 and other plants have been thrown where dairy cattle could get at them4 ,,oaks4 ,the foliage of oaks is a valuable constituent of the forage on many ranges and pastures4 ,it has been shown1 however1 that when this is eaten without some admixture of other food1 cattle frequently sicken and die4 ,many cases of the poisoning of cattle by acorns have been reported in ,england and ,germany1 and there have been some complaints in the ,united ,states4 ,harmful results from eating acorns do not seem likely to occur except as they are eaten in considerable quantities4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of oak poisoning are constipation1 mucus and blood in the feces1 emaciation1 and edema4 ,the symptoms of acorn poisoning are much the same4 ,treatment4--,change of pasture or an addition of other food material4 ,,horse ,,chestnut--,,buckeye4 ,all the species of sculus1 popularly known as horse chestnut or buckeye1 are considered poisonous4 ,the bark1 leaves1 and fruit are injurious4 ,it is said that if the fruit is boiled or roasted and washed out it becomes harmless and even is a desirable addition to the feed of cattle4 ,the ,indians in time of scarcity of food have used the fruit after preparing it in this way4 ,the buckeyes are said to have a specific effect in producing abortion in cattle and goats4 ,,death ,,camas 7,,species ,,of ,,zygadenus74 ,the death-camas plants1 which are commonly known in the ,pacific ,states as lobelia1 are especially destructive of sheep1 but cattle sometimes eat them and are poisoned4 ,cases of cattle poisoning are not likely to result fatally4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are salivation1 nausea accompanied by vomiting1 great weakness1 and lowered temperature4 ,treatment4--,there is no effective treatment for death-camas poisoning4 ,,fly ,,poison 7,,chrosperma ,,musc,,torium74 ,this plant1 which is closely related to the death-camas plants1 is sometimes known as stagger grass and causes a considerable loss in the ,southern ,states4 ,it grows earlier than the grasses1 and on this account is more likely to be eaten4 ,like death camas1 it produces pronounced nausea1 resulting in vomiting and weakness1 and in cases which recover the effects may continue for several days4 ,apparently the injurious effects are more common in the case of cattle than in other domestic animals4 ,there is no known way of treating these animals1 though doubtless purgatives would be beneficial4 ,,yew 7,,taxus ,,baccata74 ,the ,european yew has long been known as a very poisonous plant4 ,it is cultivated in ,america1 and while cases of poisoning have not been common1 it is well to recognize its dangerous character4 ,a comparatively small dose is poisonous and ordinarily acts with great rapidity4 ,it causes respiratory paralysis and the animal dies in convulsions4 ,,laurel4 ,the laurels1 including the broad-leafed laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia1 the narrow-leafed laurel1 ,kalmia angustifolia1 the rhododendrons1 and other closely related plants are poisonous and cause considerable losses4 ,it is dangerous to let cattle graze where these plants are abundant at times when other forage is scarce4 ,the symptoms are salivation1 nausea and vomiting1 spasms1 dizziness1 stupor1 and death4 ,,fern4 ,the common brake or bracken fern1 ,pteris aquilina1 has been considered responsible for the poisoning of many horses and cattle4 ,many cases have been reported in ,england and ,germany1 and some well-authenticated cases in the ,united ,states4 ,very little has been learned experimentally of fern poisoning1 but there seems to be little question that it has been the cause of many deaths4 ,the symptoms are said to be temperature higher than normal1 loss of appetite1 bloody discharges from mouth1 nose1 and bowels1 and great depression followed by coma and death4 ,some authors say that the urine is colored by blood4 ,it is thought by some that the disease known as red water in the northwestern ,united ,states and ,canada is caused by eating ferns4 ,,sorghum ,,poisoning4 ,under certain conditions sorghum contains enough hydrocyanic acid to make it exceedingly dangerous to cattle4 ,these cases of poisoning most commonly occur when cattle are pastured upon the young plant or upon a field where the crop has been cut and is making a second growth4 ,conditions of drought make the sorghum especially dangerous4 ,there is some reason to think that the frosted second growth is particularly rich in hydrocyanic acid4 ,the cases of poisoning occur when animals are grazed upon the plant1 but not from the harvested crop or from silage4 ,if cattle are grazed on sorghum or sorghum stubble they should at first be under constant observation and should be removed as soon as any signs of illness appear4 ,similar precautions should be used in grazing kafir4 ,,cornstalk ,,disease4 ,considerable losses of cattle have occurred when they were turned upon cornfields in the fall4 ,deaths come very suddenly and there is no opportunity to apply remedies4 ,it has been thought that these fatalities1 like those from sorghum1 were caused by hydrocyanic acid1 but there is good reason to think that this is not true1 and at the present time there is no accepted explanation of this disease1 although there seems to be no doubt that it is connected in some way with the condition of the corn4 ,whether a given field is poisonous or not can only be determined by experiment1 and the wise farmer will keep his cattle under close observation when they are first turned into a cornfield4 ,,water ,,hemlock 7,,cicuta74 ,this plant1 growing in wet places by ditches and along creeks1 is the most poisonous of ,north ,american plants4 ,the root is the poisonous part1 and cattle generally get it when it is plowed up or washed out by high water4 ,sometimes they pull it up1 for the plant occasionally grows out into ditches so that the whole plant will be taken in grazing4 ,the most marked symptoms of ,cicuta poisoning are the violent convulsions1 which remind one of the effect of strychnin4 ,treatment4--,little can be done in the way of treatment4 ,the logical thing is to attempt to control the convulsions by means of morphia1 but in view of the fact that the stomach can not be emptied1 the prognosis is not good1 and most cases die4 ,,larkspurs4 ,the larkspurs are a source of heavy loss to cattle owners in the higher ranges of the ,west4 ,there are a number of species1 growing at altitudes from #d1jjj feet to timber line1 and all are poisonous4 ,a few cases of poisoning by larkspurs have been reported in the eastern ,united ,states1 but most of the losses are confined to the ,west1 both because larkspurs grow there in greater profusion and because cattle are grazed in that region on the open ranges4 ,the losses are confined to cattle1 for sheep and horses can graze on larkspur with no resulting harm4 ,most of the larkspur losses occur in the spring and early summer1 as the plants lose their toxicity after maturing4 ,symptoms4--,larkspur poisoning is accompanied by a definite line of symptoms4 ,in range animals the first symptom noted is generally the sudden falling of the animal and consequent inability to rise4 ,after a while it may rise1 only to fall again4 ,this may happen repeatedly4 ,in severe cases the animal lies prone and exhibits nausea1 accompanied by vomiting4 ,it dies of respiratory paralysis1 death many times being hastened by the asphyxia following the vomiting4 ,treatment4--,the animal1 if found down1 should be turned so that its head is uphill in order to relieve the lungs4 ,many cases will recover with no further treatment4 ,nearly all cases will recover if a hypodermic injection is given immediately of physostigmin salicylate #a grain1 pilocarpin hydrochlorid #b grains1 strychnin sulphate #a_/b grain4 ,,loco4 ,the loco plants have caused especially heavy losses of cattle1 horses1 and sheep4 ,they grow in the semiarid regions of the ,west and sometimes in great luxuriance4 ,the best known are the blue loco1 the woolly loco or purple loco1 and the white loco or rattle-weed4 ,the blue loco is common in parts of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,utah4 ,it affects both horses and cattle4 ,the purple loco1 ,astragalus mollissimus1 is common in ,texas and the adjoining ,states and extends north as far as ,nebraska and ,colorado4 ,it is especially destructive to horses4 ,the white loco1 ,oxytropis lamberti1 is still more widely distributed1 being found in the plains region from ,alaska to ,mexico and west of the ,rocky ,mountains to central ,utah4 ,the white loco is much more important than the purple loco1 for it affects not only horses but cattle and sheep4 ,these plants belong to the pea family1 and there are a number of other species of this family that are loco plants and produce the same symptoms4 ,symptoms4--,loco poisoning is a chronic condition and symptoms are shown only after somewhat prolonged feeding4 ,the condition is one of cumulative poisoning1 and animals sometimes decline very rapidly after the first symptoms appear4 ,in many cases animals acquire a habit of eating loco and prefer it to any other feed4 ,the poison affects the central nervous system4 ,there is a lack of muscular coordination and the animal performs very erratic movements4 ,in the later stages the animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies of starvation4 ,treatment4--,locoed animals are badly constipated1 and it is important that this condition should be remedied at the start4 ,any purgative can be used1 but ,epsom salt has been found especially effective4 ,if locoed animals can be turned into a field of alfalfa1 a large proportion of them will recover with no further treatment4 ,recovery may be aided by giving cattle1 hypodermically1 daily doses of three-twentieths to four-twentieths of a grain of strychnin4 ,by this treatment cattle can be cured and put in condition for market4 ,,white ,,snakeroot 7,,eupatorium ,,urtic,,folium74 ,white snakeroot1 frequently known as rich weed1 is a plant growing in great abundance in some of the eastern and central regions of the ,united ,states4 ,it is particularly abundant in parts of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois1 and in western ,north ,carolina4 ,it is responsible for most1 if not all1 of the cases of a disease which is commonly known as milk sickness4 ,symptoms4--,the animals are constipated1 sometimes have bloody feces1 become weak1 and exhibit muscular trembling4 ,this trembling is very characteristic1 so that the disease is sometimes known as the trembles4 ,remedy4--,there are no remedies which will work very efficiently4 ,it is desirable to give the animals purgatives like ,epsom salt and1 of course1 to remove them from fields where this plant is abundant4 ,,rayless ,,goldenrod 7,,isocoma ,,wrightii74 ,the rayless goldenrod is a plant growing in especial abundance in parts of the ,pecos ,valley in ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 and there produces a disease so much like that produced in the ,east by white snakeroot that it is sometimes called milk sickness4 ,more generally this disease goes under the name of alkali disease4 ,the plant has produced heavy losses in the regions where it grows abundantly4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are much like those produced by the white snakeroot4 ,the animals are constipated1 sometimes have bloody feces1 become weak1 and exhibit muscular trembling4 ,there is good reason to think1 too1 that the milk of cows eating this plant is more or less injurious4 ,treatment4--,a purgative like ,epsom salt will aid an animal in recovering1 but most important is to remove the cattle from pastures where the plant is abundant and give them an abundance of good forage4 ,under such conditions they are almost certain to recover4 ,,milkweeds4 ,many of the milkweeds have long been known to have more or less poisonous properties4 ,within the last few years it has been discovered that certain of the milkweeds going under the popular name of whorled milkweeds are especially toxic4 ,there are at least four species of whorled milkweeds1 but two of them are particularly important from the standpoint of people handling livestock4 ,one1 known scientifically as ,asclepias galioides1 is harmful in ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 and ,new ,mexico1 while another1 known as ,asclepias mexicana1 has produced losses1 especially in ,california and ,nevada4 ,these whorled milkweeds are distasteful to all animals and are eaten only when the stock is closely confined to pastures where there is little else in the way of forage4 ,symptoms4--,the most prominent symptoms are weakness1 producing staggering1 and this is followed in acute cases by violent spasms4 ,treatment4--,there is no treatment which will effectively antidote the effect of the poison4 ,in practically all cases1 however1 poisoning may be avoided if care is taken to prevent animals from being closely confined where this plant is abundant1 as they never eat the plant by choice4 ,,cherry4 ,in the leaves of the cherries more or less hydrocyanic acid is produced1 and when these leaves are eaten in any considerable quantity cases of poisoning are likely to arise4 ,it is popularly supposed that these cases arise from eating wilted cherry leaves1 but there is every reason to think that the fresh leaves will produce the same results4 ,these cases are easily prevented1 because no harm results from eating a small quantity of the leaves1 and if the fact is recognized that poisoning may result from eating a large quantity1 it is not difficult to care for the animals so as to prevent poisoning4 ,,ergotism4 ,the poisonous effects of ergot 7,pls4 ,v1 ,,vi7 appear chiefly in the winter and spring of the year and among cattle4 ,it is developed among grasses grown on rich soil in hot1 damp seasons4 ,rye seems more liable to ergot than any of our other crops4 ,of the grasses which enter into the composition of hay1 bluegrass is the most likely to become affected4 ,ergot may also affect redtop1 oats1 grasses1 and grains4 ,on the plant the fungus manifests itself on the seeds1 where it is easily recognized when the hay is examined in the mow4 ,the ergotized seeds are several times larger than the natural seeds--hard1 black1 and generally curved in shape4 ,the effect of the protracted use of ergot in the feed is pretty well understood to be that of producing a degeneration and obstruction of the smaller arterial branches4 ,the result is to shut off the blood supply to the distal parts of the body1 where the circulation is weakest1 and thus to produce a mummification or dry gangrene of the extremities1 as the ears1 tail1 feet1 etc4 ,cattle seem to be more susceptible than other animals to the influence of ergot1 possibly on account of the slowness of the heart's action4 ,when the effect of the poison has become sufficient to entirely arrest the circulation in any part1 the structures soon die4 ,the disorder manifests itself as lameness in one or more limbs2 swelling about the ankle which may result in only a small slough or the loss of a toe1 but it may circumscribe the limb at any point below the knee or hock by an indented ring below which the tissues become dead4 ,the indentation soon changes to a crack1 which extends completely around the limb1 forming the line of separation between the dead and living structures4 ,the crack deepens till the parts below drop off without loss of blood1 and frequently with very little pus4 ,ergot may cause serious irritation of the digestive tract1 or by acting upon the nervous system it may cause lethargy or paralysis4 ,it also operates to cause contraction of the uterus1 and may thus cause abortion4 ,treatment4--,regarding the treatment1 change of feed and local antiseptics are1 of course1 indicated4 ,the former may be useful as a preventive1 but when the symptoms have appeared the animal is necessarily so completely saturated that recovery is likely to be tedious4 ,tannin may be given internally in doses of one-half dram twice daily for a few days to neutralize the unabsorbed alkaloids of the ergot4 ,at the same time give castor oil4 ,to dilate the blood vessels give chloral hydrate4 ,bathe the affected parts with hot water4 ,if sloughing has gone far1 amputation must be resorted to4 ,,other ,,poisonous ,,fungi4 ,many other fungi poison herbivora4 ,in some instances1 however1 where fungi are blamed for causing disease their presence on the feedstuff or herbage is but coincidental with some other and more potent disease-producing factor4 ,for example1 if the conditions are favorable to the growth of fungi they are also favorable to the growth of bacteria1 and bacteria may produce poisons in feeds4 ,in general it may be said that any feed that is moldy1 musty1 or putrid is possibly dangerous4 ,silage1 properly cured1 does not belong to this class1 because the curing of silage is not a bacterial process4 ,but spoiled silage and silage matted with mold is dangerous and should not be fed4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,animal ,,products4 ,,snake ,,bites4 ,the poison contained in the tooth glands of certain venomous reptiles1 particularly some of the snakes1 which is injected into or under the skin of an animal bitten by the reptile1 is a very powerful agent4 ,it is likely to produce a serious local irritation1 and in the case of the more poisonous snakes serious constitutional disturbances1 even to causing death1 which it may do in either of two ways3 ,first1 when very strong1 by exerting a narcotic influence similar to that of some of the powerful poisons1 checking heart action4 ,second1 by diffused inflammation of the areolar tissue1 gangrene1 and extensive sloughing4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of snake bite are a local swelling caused by an intense local inflammation1 pricks showing where the fangs penetrated1 depression1 weakness1 feeble pulse1 difficult breathing1 bluish discoloration of the visible mucous membranes1 stupor1 or convulsions4 ,if the poison is not powerful or plentiful enough to produce death1 it is1 at any rate1 likely to cause severe local abscesses or sloughs4 ,treatment4--,the treatment may be divided into local and general4 ,locally every effort should be made to prevent absorption of the poison4 ,if discovered at once the bitten part had better be excised4 ,if that is impracticable and a ligature can be applied1 as in the case of a bite to one of the limbs1 no time should be lost in applying it above the injury4 ,it should be made sufficiently tight to so far as possible arrest circulation in the bitten part4 ,the wound should be freely incised1 so that it will bleed freely1 and the poison should be extracted by cupping1 or pressed out by squeezing with the fingers4 ,permanganate of potassium in #e per cent solution should be applied to and injected into the wound4 ,the depressing effect of the poison on the general system should be counteracted by hypodermic injections of strychnin1 or by liberal drenching with stimulants1 such as coffee1 digitalis1 or the aromatic spirits or carbonate of ammonia4 ,in animal practice the alcoholic stimulants and local treatment above described are likely to meet with best success4 ,a special antitoxin for use in treating snake bite is now prepared and may be had from the leading druggists4 ,it is quite effective if used promptly4 ,,wasp ,,and ,,bee ,,stings4 ,wasps and bees secrete a poisonous substance which they are able to insert through the skin of an animal by the aid of their sharp stings4 ,this poison is a severe local irritant and may even cause local gangrene4 ,it also has a depressing effect upon the central nervous system and destroys the red-blood corpuscles4 ,to produce these general effects it must be introduced in very large quantities1 as when an animal is stung by a swarm of bees or wasps4 ,treatment4--,the treatment is to wash the parts with diluted ammonia or permanganate of potassium solution and to give stimulants internally4 ,if there is so much swelling about the head and nostrils as to interfere with breathing1 tracheotomy may be necessary4 ,,poisoning ,,with ,,spanish ,,fly4 ,spanish fly1 in the form of powdered cantharides1 may be given in an overdose1 or when applied as a blister to too large a surface of skin enough may be absorbed to poison4 ,if given by the mouth1 it causes severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract1 shown by salivation1 sore throat1 colic1 bloody diarrhea1 etc4 ,it also produces1 whether given by the mouth or absorbed through the skin1 irritation of the urinary tract1 as shown by frequent and painful urination4 ,if death results1 it is due to respiratory paralysis4 ,treatment4--,give protectives and the white of egg1 with opium4 ,do not give oils or alcohol4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,heart1 ,,blood ,,vessels1 ,,and ,,lymphatics4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,harbaugh1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,leonard ,pearson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,the ,,circulatory ,,system4 ,in cattle1 as in human beings1 the heart1 blood vessels1 and lymphatics may be described as the circulatory apparatus4 ,the heart is in the thoracic cavity 7chest74 ,it is conical in form1 with the base or large part uppermost1 while the apex1 or point1 rests just above the sternum 7breastbone74 ,it is situated between the right and left lungs1 the apex inclining to the left1 and owing to this the heart beats are best felt on the left side of the chest1 behind the elbow4 ,the heart may be considered as a hollow muscle1 containing four compartments1 two on each side4 ,the upper compartments are called auricles and the lower ones ventricles4 ,the right auricle and ventricle are completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle by a thick septum or wall1 so that there is no communication between the right and left sides of the organ4 ,at the bottom of each auricle is the auriculo-ventricular opening1 each provided with a valve to close it when the heart contracts to force the blood into the arteries4 ,in the interval between the contractions these valves hang down into the ventricles4 ,the muscular tissue of the heart belongs to that class known as involuntary1 because its action is not controlled by the will4 ,the cavities of the heart are lined by a serous membrane1 called the endocardium1 which may be considered as a continuation of the veins and the arteries1 forming their internal lining4 ,the walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the auricles1 and the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than those of the right4 ,the heart is enveloped by a fibrous sac 7or bag71 called the pericardium1 which assumes much of the general shape of the outer surface of the heart4 ,the action of the heart is similar to that of a pump and its function is to keep the blood in circulation4 ,the auricles may be considered as the reservoirs or receivers of the blood and the ventricles as the pump chambers4 ,during the interval between contractions1 the heart being in momentary repose1 the blood pours into the auricles from the veins2 the auriculo-ventricular orifices being widely open1 the ventricles also receive blood2 the auricles contract and the ventricles are filled2 contraction of the ventricles follows2 the auriculo-ventricular valves are forced up by the pressure of the blood and close the auriculo-ventricular openings and prevent the return of blood into the auricles2 the contraction of the ventricles forces the blood from the right ventricle into the lungs through the pulmonary artery and its branches1 and from the left ventricle into the aorta1 thence through the arteries to all parts of the body4 ,after the contraction of the ventricles the heart is again in momentary repose and is being filled with blood1 while the valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery close to prevent the return of blood into the ventricles4 7,see ,pl4 ,,vii47 ,the average weight of the heart of an ox is said to be from #c-a_/b to #e pounds2 but1 of course1 owing to the many breeds and sizes of cattle1 it must vary in different animals4 ,the vessels that convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body are called arteries2 those which return the blood to the heart are called veins4 ,the arteries divide and subdivide 7like the branches of a tree71 become smaller and smaller1 and ultimately ramify into every part of the body4 ,between the ultimate ramifications of the arteries and the beginning of the veins there is an intermediate system of very minute vessels called capillaries1 which connect the arterial with the venous system of the circulation4 ,the walls of the arteries are possessed of a certain amount of rigidity1 sufficient to keep the tubes open when they are empty4 ,the blood leaves the left ventricle through a single vessel1 the common aorta1 consisting of the anterior and posterior aortas1 which give off the large arteries4 ,the veins take the blood from the capillaries in all parts of the body4 ,they begin in very small tubes1 which unite to become larger in size and less in number as they approach the heart4 ,in its course an artery is usually accompanied with a vein and in many situations with a nerve4 ,the more important arteries are placed deep within the body2 when they are superficial1 however1 they are generally found where least exposed to injury1 as1 for example1 on the inner side of the legs4 ,arteries are less numerous than veins1 and their total capacity is much less than that of the veins4 ,a great number of veins are in the tissue immediately beneath the skin and do not generally accompany arteries4 ,the blood1 throughout its course in the heart1 arteries1 capillaries1 and veins1 is inclosed within these vessels4 ,except where the large lymphatics empty into the venous blood1 there is no opening into the course of the blood4 ,all the arteries except the pulmonary and its branches carry bright-red blood1 and all the veins1 except the pulmonary veins1 carry dark-red blood4 ,the impure dark-red blood is collected from the capillary vessels and carried to the right auricle by the veins2 it passes down into the right ventricle1 and thence into the pulmonary artery and through its branches to the capillaries of the lungs1 where the carbonic-acid gas and other impurities are given up to the air in the air cells of the lungs 7through the thin walls between the capillaries and the air cells71 and where it also absorbs from the air the oxygen gas necessary to sustain life4 ,this gas changes it to the bright-red1 pure blood4 ,it passes from the capillaries to the branches of the pulmonary veins1 which convey it to the left auricle of the heart2 it then passes through the auriculo-ventricular opening into the left ventricle1 the contraction of which forces it through the common aorta into the posterior and anterior aortas1 and through all the arteries of the body into the capillaries1 where it parts with its oxygen and nutritive elements and where it absorbs carbonic-acid gas and becomes dark colored4 7,see theoretical diagram of the circulation1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 ,the branches of certain arteries in different parts unite again after subdividing4 ,this reuniting is called anastomosing1 and assures a quota of blood to a part if one of the anastomosing arteries should be tied in case of hemorrhage1 or should be destroyed by accident or operation4 ,,the ,,blood4 ,the various kinds of food1 after being digested in the alimentary canal1 are absorbed and carried into the blood by the lymphatics1 and by the blood to the places where nutrition is required4 ,the blood takes from all parts of the body all that is no longer required1 and carries it to the different organs through which it is eliminated from the body4 ,it contains within itself all the elements which nourish the body4 ,the blood may be considered as a fluid holding in solution certain inorganic elements and having certain bodies suspended in it4 ,to facilitate description1 the blood may be considered as made up of the corpuscles and the liquor sanguinis4 ,the corpuscles are of two kinds1 the red and the white1 the red being the more numerous4 ,the color of the blood is caused by the coloring matter in the red corpuscles1 which are the oxygen carriers4 ,both kinds are very minute bodies1 which require the aid of the microscope to recognize them4 ,the liquor sanguinis is composed of water containing in solution salts1 albumen1 and the elements of fibrin4 ,the lymphatics1 or absorbents1 are the vessels which carry the lymph and chyle in the blood4 ,they begin as capillaries in all parts of the body1 gradually uniting to form larger trunks4 ,placed along the course of the lymphatic vessels are glands1 in some situations collected into groups2 for example1 in the groin4 ,these glands are often involved in inflammation arising from the absorption of deleterious matter4 ,absorption is the function of the lymphatics4 ,the liquor sanguinis passes from the blood capillaries to supply nutrition to the tissues4 ,all of the liquor sanguinis that is not required is absorbed by the lymphatic vessels and conveyed back to the blood by the lymphatic ducts4 ,the lymphatics which proceed from the intestines convey the chyle into the blood during digestion4 ,as a rule1 the lymphatic vessels follow the course of the veins4 ,all the absorbent vessels convey their contents to the thoracic duct and right great lymphatic vein1 which empty into the anterior vena cava1 where the lymph and chyle mix with the venous blood1 and thus maintain the supply of nutritive elements in the blood4 ,,the ,,pulse4 ,as fully explained1 the heart pumps the blood throughout the arterial system4 ,the arteries are always full and each contraction of the ventricle pumps more blood into them2 this distends their elastic walls and sends along them a wave which gradually becomes less perceptible as it nears the very small arteries4 ,this wave constitutes the pulse1 and is lost before the capillaries are reached4 ,the sensation or impression given to the finger when placed upon the artery shows the force exerted by the heart and some important facts concerning the condition of the circulation4 ,in adult cattle the average number of pulsations in a minute is from #ej to #fj4 ,the pulse is faster than normal after exercise1 excitement1 on hot days1 from pain1 and as a result of fullness of the stomach4 ,in old animals it is slower than in the young and in males slightly slower than in females4 ,in fevers and inflammations and in local diseases of the heart the pulse rate is increased4 ,if the rate is greater than #ajj or #aaj to the minute the outlook for recovery is not good4 ,other variations of the pulse are known as infrequent pulse1 which means that the number of pulsations in a given time is less than normal4 ,the irregular or the intermittent pulse is when the pulsations do not follow in regular order4 ,the large pulse and the small pulse refer to the volume of the pulse1 which may be larger or smaller than usual4 ,the strong pulse and the feeble pulse refer to the strength or weakness of the pulsation4 ,the pulse is said to be hard when the vessel feels hard and incompressible1 the soft pulse being the opposite4 ,by dicrotic pulse is meant that kind of pulsation which makes each beat seem double1 and therefore it is generally called the double pulse4 ,the venous or jugular pulse is the pulsation so frequently observed in the jugular vein of cattle and is particularly noticeable while they are ruminating--chewing the cud4 ,it is not always associated with disease1 but may be a symptom of some disease of the heart2 in such cases the jugular pulse is continuous4 ,the place selected for feeling the pulse in cattle is where the submaxillary artery winds around the lower jawbones1 just at the lower edge of the flat muscle on the side of the cheek2 or1 if the cow is lying down1 the metacarpal artery on the back part of the fore fetlock is very convenient for the purpose4 ,,the ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,corresponding to the beats of the heart two sounds are emitted which are of a definite type in healthy animals4 ,the first is produced by the contraction of the heart and the flow of blood out of it2 the second is caused by the rebound of blood in the aorta and the closure of the valves that prevent it from flowing backward into the heart1 whence it came4 ,the first sound is the longer and louder of the two1 though of low pitch4 ,the second sound is sharper and shorter1 and is not always easy to hear4 ,there is a brief interval between them4 ,to distinguish these sounds1 the ear is placed against the left side of the chest1 a little above the point where the elbow rests when the animal is standing in a natural position1 and about opposite the sixth rib4 ,both heart sounds are reduced in intensity when the animal is weak or when the heart is forced away from the chest wall by collections of fluid or by tubercular or other growths4 ,nonrhythmical heart sound is often caused by pericarditis or by disease of the valves4 ,it may also be attributable to overfilling of the heart upon the right side1 as occurs in severe congestion of the lungs and in some febrile diseases4 ,in pericarditis1 sounds like scraping1 rubbing1 or splashing may be heard1 entirely apart from the two normal sounds above described4 ,the impulse of the heart1 as felt by placing the hand against the chest1 is of some consequence in reaching a conclusion in respect to disease of the heart2 but it must be remembered that the impulse may be very much increased by diseases other than those of the heart1 as1 for example1 inflammation of various organs1 severe pains1 etc4 ,the impulse may be increased also 7when disease does not exist7 by work1 exercise1 fright1 or any cause of excitement1 or1 in general1 by anything that causes acceleration of the pulse4 ,the impulse of the heart may be felt and the sounds may be heard fairly well in lean cattle1 but in fat ones it is difficult and often impossible to detect either impulse or sound with any degree of satisfaction4 ,,palpitation4 ,when the impulse of the heart is excessive--that is1 when it beats more or less tumultuously--the familiar expression palpitation of the heart is applied2 by many it is called thumps4 ,the hand or ear placed against the chest easily detects the unnatural beating4 ,in some cases it is so violent that the motion may be seen at a distance4 ,palpitation is but a symptom1 and in many instances not connected with disease of the structure of the heart or its membranes4 ,a badly frightened animal may have palpitation4 ,when it comes on suddenly and soon passes away1 it depends on some cause other than diseases of the heart2 when it is gradually manifested1 however1 and becomes constant1 although more pronounced at one time than another1 heart disease may be suspected1 especially if other symptoms of heart disease are present4 ,,injury ,,to ,,the ,,heart ,,by ,,foreign ,,bodies4 ,cattle are addicted to the habit of chewing and swallowing many objects not intended as articles of food4 ,every veterinarian of experience has met with instances to remind him of this1 and it is well known to butchers4 ,among the great variety of things that have thus found their way into the stomachs of cattle the following have been noticed3 ,finger rings1 knitting needles1 old shoes1 table knives1 wood1 pieces of leather1 pieces of wire1 buttons1 hairpins1 brushes1 nails1 coins1 etc4 ,the more sharply pointed objects sometimes penetrate the wall of the stomach1 in some cases causing gastric irritation enough to produce indigestion1 gradually work their way through the diaphragm toward the heart1 pierce the pericardium 7bag inclosing the heart71 wound the heart1 and thus prove fatal to the animal4 ,cases are recorded in which the foreign body has actually worked its way into one of the cavities of the heart4 ,instances are known1 however1 in which the object took a different course1 and finally worked its way toward the surface and was extracted from the wall of the chest4 ,while it is possible that the foreign body may pierce the wall at different parts of the alimentary canal1 as it frequently does that of the rumen 7paunch71 it is thought that in most cases it passes through the wall of the reticulum 7smaller honeycombed compartment1 or second stomach7 and is drawn toward the heart by the suctionlike action of the chest4 ,post-mortem examinations have demonstrated the course it pursued1 as adhesions and other results of the inflammation it caused were plainly to be seen4 ,all manner of symptoms may precede those showing involvement of the heart1 depending upon the location of the foreign body and the extent of inflammation caused by it4 ,severe indigestion may occur2 stiffness and difficulty in moving about owing to the prods of the sharp body following muscular contraction2 pain on pressure over the front1 lower1 or right side of the abdomen2 coughing and difficult1 quick breathing4 ,in most cases the foreign body does not penetrate to the heart1 nor even to the pericardium4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are as follows3 ,the animal is disinclined to move actively1 the step is restricted and cautious1 sudden motion causes grunting1 the attitude is constrained1 the feet are drawn somewhat together1 the back is arched1 the face has an anxious expression4 ,if the disease is of several days' standing1 there is likely to be soft swelling 7edema7 beneath the neck1 in the dewlap1 and under the chest1 between the fore legs4 ,breathing is short and difficult2 it may clearly be painful4 ,the pulse is rapid1 #hj to #abj per minute4 ,the muscles quiver as though the animal were cold4 ,rumination and appetite are depressed or checked4 ,the dung is hard1 and to void it appears to cause pain4 ,these symptoms usually develop gradually1 and1 of course1 they vary considerably in different animals1 depending upon the size and location of the foreign body and the irritation it causes4 ,as a matter of course1 in such cases treatment is useless1 but when it is possible to diagnose correctly the animal could be turned over to the butcher before the flesh becomes unfit for use2 that is1 before there is more than a little suppuration and before there is fever4 ,knowing that cattle are prone to swallow such objects1 ordinary care may be taken in keeping their surroundings as free of them as possible4 ,,pericarditis4 ,inflammation of the pericardium 7heart bag7 is often associated with pneumonia and pleurisy1 rheumatism1 and other constitutional diseases1 or with an injury4 ,it also occurs as an independent affection1 owing to causes similar to those of other chest affections1 as exposure to cold or dampness and changes of the weather4 ,symptoms4--,it may be ushered in with a chill1 followed by fever1 of more or less severity2 the animal stands still and dull1 with head hanging low1 and anxiety expressed in its countenance4 ,the pulse may be large1 perhaps hard2 there is also a venous pulse4 ,the hand against the chest will feel the beating of the heart1 which is often irregular1 sometimes violent1 and in other instances weak1 depending in part upon the quantity of fluid that has transuded into the pericardial sac4 ,the legs are cold1 the breathing quickened and usually abdominal2 if the left side of the chest is pressed on or struck1 the animal evinces pain4 ,there may be spasms of the muscles in the region of the breast1 neck1 or hind legs4 ,after a variable time swelling may also appear in the legs and under the chest and brisket4 ,in those animals in which the heart sounds may be heard somewhat distinctly1 the ear applied against the chest will detect a to-and-fro friction sound1 corresponding to the beats of the heart4 ,this sound is produced by the rubbing of the internal surface of the heart bag against the external surface of the heart4 ,during the first stages of the inflammation these surfaces are dry1 and the rubbing of one against the other during the contraction and relaxation of the heart produces this sound4 ,the dry stage is followed by the exudation of fluid into the heart sac1 and the friction is not heard until the fluid is absorbed sufficiently to allow the surfaces to come in contact again4 ,but during the time the friction sound is lost a sound which has been called a churning noise may take its place4 ,the friction sound of pericarditis can not be mistaken for the friction sound of pleurisy if the examination is a careful one1 because in the heart affection the sound is made in connection with the heart beats1 while in the pleuritic affection the sound is synchronous with each respiration or breath of air taken in and expelled from the lungs4 ,treatment4--,when pericarditis is complicated with rheumatism or other diseases the latter must be treated as directed in the description of them4 ,the animal must be kept in a quiet1 comfortable place1 where it will be free from excitement4 ,warm clothing should be applied to the body1 and the legs should be hand-rubbed until the circulation in them is reestablished1 and then they should be snugly bandaged4 ,the food should be nutritive and in moderate quantity4 ,bleeding should not be performed unless the case is in the hands of an expert4 ,at the beginning give as a purgative ,epsom salt--#a pound to an average-sized cow--dissolved in about a quart of warm water and administered as a drench4 ,when there is much pain #b ounces of laudanum1 diluted with a pint of water1 may be given every three hours until the animal is better4 ,do not give the laudanum unless demanded by the severity of the pain1 as it tends to constipate4 ,give one-half ounce of nitrate of potassium 7saltpeter71 dissolved in drinking water1 four or five times a day4 ,after the attack has abated mustard mixed with water may be rubbed well over the left side of the chest to stimulate the absorption of the fluid within the pericardium4 ,the other medicines may be discontinued and the following administered3 ,sulphate of iron1 #b ounces2 powdered gentian1 #f ounces2 mix and make #h powders4 ,give one powder every day at noon1 mixed with feed1 if the animal will eat it1 or shaken up with water in a bottle as a drench4 ,also the following3 ,iodid of potassium1 #b ounces2 nitrate of potassium1 #h ounces2 mix and make #af powders4 ,give one in drinking water or in drench every morning and evening4 ,the last two prescriptions may be continued for several weeks if necessary4 ,in extreme cases tapping the pericardium with a trocar and cannula to draw off the fluid is resorted to1 but the operation requires exact anatomical knowledge4 ,after death from pericarditis there is always more or less fluid found in the pericardium2 the surfaces are rough and covered with a yellow-colored exudate4 ,there are also in many cases adhesions to a greater or less extent between the heart and pericardium4 ,,myocarditis4 ,inflammation of the muscular structure of the heart occurs in limited1 circumscribed areas1 as evidenced by post-mortem examination1 and it is probably always somewhat involved in connection with pericarditis and endocarditis4 ,it may readily be inferred that if the whole organ were inflamed death would ensue immediately4 ,usually myocarditis results from the preexistence of blood poisoning or of some infectious febrile disease4 ,symptoms4--,the chief symptoms are those of heart weakness4 ,the heart beat is fast1 weak1 and often irregular4 ,respiration is difficult and rapid4 ,there is great general weakness and depression4 ,death comes suddenly4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in supporting the animal by the use of stimulants1 such as ammonia1 coffee1 digitalis1 camphor1 etc4 ,complete quiet must be provided1 and the general care should be as in pericarditis4 ,,endocarditis4 ,when the membrane which lines the cavities of the heart--the endocardium-- suffers inflammation1 the disease is called endocarditis4 ,the cause is another disease1 during which substances that irritate the lining of the heart are produced and admitted into the circulation4 ,these substances are usually living organisms1 or it is possible that in some cases they are chemical irritants4 ,endocarditis occurs as a complication of or sequel to pneumonia1 blood poisoning1 inflammation of the womb1 rheumatism1 or severe wounds or abscesses4 ,the symptoms are much the same as those of pericarditis1 and it is difficult to discriminate between the two affections4 ,there is a jugular pulse1 the legs may become dropsical1 and there is a tendency to faint if the head is elevated suddenly4 ,the bellowslike sound is more distinct than it is in pericarditis4 ,it is the most fatal of heart diseases1 because of the liability of the formation of clots1 which may adhere to the valves1 change in the structure of the valves1 and often a complication with an abnormal condition of the blood4 ,clots may be formed in the heart1 and1 being carried to other parts1 prove fatal by interrupting the circulation in some vital organ4 ,treatment similar to that advised for myocarditis may be followed in this disease4 ,,valves ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,the valves are subject to abnormal growths and structural changes in chronic endocarditis or as a result of acute endocarditis4 ,sometimes valves are torn by sudden1 extreme muscular effort or a congenital abnormality4 ,cases are also reported in which they have been found ruptured4 ,symptoms4--,the general symptoms are those of heart weakness1 accompanied with edema and congestion of the lungs4 ,treatment4--,relief is sometimes afforded1 but usually only temporarily1 by the use of stimulants1 especially digitalis4 ,,rupture ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,sudden effort1 blows1 or disease may lead to rupture of the heart of the ox4 ,the first cause does not operate so often in cattle as in horses4 ,tuberculosis or ulceration from other causes1 such as a foreign body1 is the most common source of this accident4 ,rupture is shown by sudden fainting1 followed very shortly by death4 ,,hypertrophy ,,and ,,dilatation ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,this is an enlargement of the heart1 and may consist of the thickening of the walls alone1 or at the same time the cavities may be either enlarged or diminished4 ,dilatation of the cavities has been noticed as existing independently of thickened walls4 ,in hypertrophy the sounds of the heart are loud and pronounced1 may be heard on both sides of the chest distinctly1 and palpitation occurs to a greater or less extent4 ,fortunately both conditions are very rare in cattle4 ,,atrophy4 ,atrophy is the technical term for wasting of the muscular tissue4 ,atrophy of the heart is very rare among cattle1 and is usually a result of other diseases4 ,,fatty ,,degeneration ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,this condition of the heart is met with in some very fat cattle1 but it must be understood that the accumulation of fat around the heart is not referred to by this designation4 ,in fatty degeneration the elements of the muscular tissue are replaced by fatty or oily granules4 ,the muscle becomes weak1 the heart contractions are insufficient1 and heart weakness is shown by general weakness1 shortness of breath1 and weak1 rapid pulse4 ,,cyanosis4 ,owing to the most prominent symptoms1 cyanosis is also called blue disease1 and is seen occasionally in new-born calves4 ,it is recognized by the blue color of the mucous membrane 7easily seen by looking within the mouth and nostrils71 the coldness of the surface of the body1 and rapid1 labored breathing4 ,it is caused by non-closure of the foramen ovale1 connecting the right with the left side of the heart1 and the consequent mixing of the venous with the arterial blood4 ,calves so affected live but a short time4 ,,misplacement ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,cases are recorded in which the heart has been found out of its natural position1 sometimes even outside the chest4 ,this is a congenital condition for which there is no remedy4 ,a heifer calf with the heart entirely outside the thoracic cavity and beneath the skin in the lower part of the neck was kept for two years at the veterinary hospital of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 during which time it grew to be a well-developed cow4 ,,wounds ,,of ,,arteries ,,and ,,veins4 ,when a blood vessel is opened a glance will tell whether it is an artery or a vein by simply remembering that bright-red blood comes from arteries and dark-red from veins4 ,when a vein or a very small artery is severed the blood flows from the vessel in a continuous and even stream1 but when one of the larger arteries is severed the blood comes in intermitting jets or spurts corresponding to the beats of the heart4 ,it is well to call attention to the fact that the dark-red blood which flows or oozes from a wound soon becomes bright red1 because it gives up its carbonic-acid gas to the air1 and absorbs oxygen gas from the air1 which is exactly the change it undergoes in the capillaries of the lungs4 ,the general treatment of wounds will be found in another section2 here it is necessary only to refer briefly to some of the most practical methods used to arrest hemorrhages1 as instances occur in which an animal may lose much strength from the loss of blood1 or even bleed to death unless action is prompt4 ,,bleeding 7,,hemorrhage74 ,the severity of a hemorrhage depends upon the size of the vessel from which the blood escapes1 though it may be stated that it is more serious when arteries are severed4 ,if the wound in an artery is in the direction of its length1 the blood escapes more freely than if the vessel is completely severed1 because in the latter instance the severed ends retract1 curl in1 and may aid very much in arresting the flow4 ,when the blood merely oozes from the wound1 and even when it flows in a small stream1 the forming of the clot arrests the hemorrhage in a comparatively short time4 ,slight hemorrhages may be checked by the continuous application of cold water1 ice1 or snow1 to the wound1 as cold causes contraction of the small vessels4 ,water from a hose may be thrown on a wound1 or dashed on it from the hand or a cup1 or folds of cotton cloths may be held on it and kept wet4 ,ice or snow may be held against the wound1 or they may be put into a bag and conveniently secured in position4 ,hot water of an average temperature of #aae to #abj ,f4 injected into the vagina or womb is often efficient in arresting hemorrhages from those organs4 ,tow1 raw cotton1 lint1 or sponges may be forced into a wound and held or bound there with bandages4 ,this is an excellent method of checking the flow of blood until the arrival of an expert4 ,if the flow persists1 these articles may be saturated with tincture of iron1 but it is not advisable to use it unless necessary1 as it is a caustic and retards healing by causing a slough4 ,in cases of necessity1 the articles may be saturated with vinegar1 or tannic acid or alum dissolved in water may be used instead4 ,whatever article is used should be left in the wound sufficiently long to make sure that its removal will not be followed by a renewal of the hemorrhage4 ,sometimes it must remain there one or two days4 ,an iron heated white and then pressed on the bleeding vessel for three or four seconds is occasionally used4 ,it should not be applied longer1 or else the charred tissue will come away with the iron and thus defeat the purpose of its application4 ,compression may be applied in different ways1 but only the most convenient will be mentioned4 ,to many wounds bandages may easily be applied4 ,the bandages may be made of linen1 muslin1 etc41 sufficiently wide and long1 according to the nature of the wound and the region to be bandaged4 ,bed sheets torn in strips the full length make excellent bandages for this purpose4 ,cotton batting1 tow1 or a piece of sponge may be placed on the wound and firmly bound there with the bandages4 ,many cases require ligating1 which is almost entirely confined to arteries4 ,a ligature is a piece of thread or string tied around the vessel4 ,veins are not ligated unless very large 7and even then only when other means are not available7 on account of the danger of causing phlebitis1 or inflammation of a vein4 ,the ligature is tied around the end of the artery1 but in some instances this is difficult and it is necessary to include some of the adjacent tissue1 although care should be taken not to include a nerve4 ,to apply a ligature1 it is necessary to have artery forceps 7tweezers or small pincers may suffice7 by which to draw out the artery in order to tie the string around it4 ,to grasp the vessel it may be necessary to sponge the blood from the wound so that the end will be exposed4 ,in case the end of the bleeding artery has retracted1 a sharp-pointed hook1 called a tenaculum1 is used to draw it out far enough to tie4 ,the ligature should be drawn tightly1 so that the middle and internal coats will be cut through4 ,another method of checking hemorrhage is called torsion4 ,it consists in catching the end of the bleeding vessel1 drawing it out a little1 and then twisting it around a few times with the forceps1 which lacerates the internal coats so that a check is effected4 ,this is very effectual in small vessels1 and is to be preferred to ligatures1 because it leaves no foreign body in the wound4 ,a needle or pin may be stuck through the edges of the wound and a string passed around between the free ends and the skin 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #aj71 or it may be passed around in the form of a figure #h1 as is often done in the operation of bleeding from the jugular vein4 ,,aneurism4 ,a circumscribed dilatation of an artery1 constituting a tumor which pulsates synchronously with the beats of the heart1 is called aneurism4 ,it is caused by disease and rupture of one or two of the arterial coats4 ,the true aneurism communicates with the interior of the artery and contains coagulated blood4 ,it is so deeply seated in cattle that treatment is out of the question4 ,such abnormalities are ascribable to severe exertion1 to old age1 to fatty or calcareous degeneration1 or to parasites in the blood vessels4 ,death is sudden when caused by the rupture of an aneurism of a large artery1 owing to internal hemorrhage4 ,sometimes spontaneous recovery occurs4 ,as a rule no symptoms are caused in cattle by the presence of deep-seated aneurisms1 and their presence is not known until after death4 ,a false aneurism results from blood escaping from a wounded artery into the adjacent tissue1 where it clots1 and the wound1 remaining open in the artery1 causes pulsation in the tumor4 ,,thrombosis 7,,obstruction7 ,,of ,,the ,,arteries4 ,arteries become obstructed as a result of wounds and other injuries to them1 as those caused by the formation of an abscess or the extension of inflammation from surrounding structures to the coats of an artery4 ,arteries are also obstructed by the breaking off of particles of a plug or clot1 partly obstructing the aorta or other large artery4 ,these small pieces 7emboli7 are floated to an artery that is too small to permit them to pass and are there securely held1 producing obstruction4 ,these obstructions are shown by loss of power in the muscles supplied by the obstructed artery and by excitation of the heart and by respiration after exercise4 ,the loss of power may not come into evidence until after exercise4 ,symptoms4--,while standing still or when walking slowly the animal may appear to be normal1 but after more active exercise a group of muscles1 a leg1 or both hind legs1 may be handled with difficulty1 causing lameness1 and later there is practically a local paralysis4 ,these symptoms disappear with rest4 ,in some cases the collateral circulation develops in time1 so that the parts receive sufficient blood and the symptoms disappear4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,veins 7,,phlebitis74 ,when bleeding is performed without proper care or with an unclean lancet1 inflammation of the vein may result1 or it may be caused by the animal rubbing the wound against some object4 ,when inflammation follows the operation1 the coats of the vein become so much enlarged that the vessel may be felt hard and knotted beneath the skin1 and pressure produces pain4 ,a thin1 watery discharge1 tinged with blood1 issues from the wound4 ,the blood becomes coagulated in the vessel4 ,in inflammation of the jugular the coagulation extends from the wound upward to the first large branch4 ,abscesses may form along the course of the vein4 ,the inflammation is followed by obliteration of that part in which coagulation exists4 ,this is of small import1 as cattle have an accessory jugular vein which gradually enlarges and accommodates itself to the increased quantity of blood it must carry4 ,treatment4--,the treatment for inflammation of the vein is to clip the hair from along the course of the affected vessel and apply a blister1 the cerate of cantharides4 ,abscesses should be opened as soon as they form1 because there is a possibility of the pus getting into the circulation4 ,in the operation of bleeding the instruments should be clean and free from rust4 ,if the skin is not sufficiently opened1 or when closing the wound the skin is drawn out too much1 blood may accumulate in the tissue1 and if it does it should be removed by pressing absorbent cotton or a sponge on the part4 ,care should also be used in opening the vein1 so that the instrument may not pass entirely through both sides of the vein and open the artery beneath it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,heart1 ,,blood ,,vessels1 ,,and ,,lymphatics4 ,,description ,,of ,,plate4 ,,plate ,,vii3 ,diagram illustrating the circulation of the blood4 ,the arrows indicate the direction in which the blood flows4 ,the valves of the heart1 situated between the right auricle and ventricle1 and left auricle and ventricle1 and between the ventricles and large arteries1 are represented by curved lines4 ,these valves are intended to prevent the flow of blood in a direction contrary to that indicated by the arrows4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,diagram ,,of ,,the ,,circulation ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,noncontagious ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,organs ,,of ,,respiration4 ,by ,,william ,,herbert ,,lowe1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,diagnosis4 ,in the determination of disease in the human being the physician1 in making his diagnosis1 is aided by both subjective and objective symptoms1 but the veterinary physician1 in a very large majority of cases1 is obliged to rely almost solely upon objective symptoms1 and perhaps in no class of diseases is this more true than in the exploration of those under consideration4 ,this condition of affairs has a strong tendency to develop observation and discernment in the veterinarian1 and not infrequently do we find that the successful veterinary practitioner is a very accurate diagnostician4 ,in order to make a differential diagnosis1 however1 it is not only necessary to know the structure and functions of the organs in health1 but to adopt a rigid system of details of examination1 without which successful results can not be reached4 ,history4--,the history of a case should always be ascertained so far as possible4 ,the information obtained is sometimes unsatisfactory and not to be depended upon1 but even when this is the case it is advisable to weigh the evidence from every point of view4 ,in connection with the history of every case it is always of primary importance to ascertain the cause of illness4 ,a knowledge of the origin and development of a disease is important1 both in making a diagnosis and in formulating the treatment4 ,exposure to cold and dampness is frequently the exciting cause of affections of the organs of respiration4 ,the experienced practitioner is always sure to ascertain whether the particular animal he is called on to attend is the only one in the stable or on the premises that is similarly affected4 ,if several animals are similarly affected1 the disease may have a common cause1 which may or may not be of an infectious nature4 ,another thing that the experienced practitioner ascertains is what previous treatment1 if any1 the animal has had4 ,medicine given in excessive doses sometimes produces symptoms resembling those of disease4 ,the hygienic and sanitary conditions must always be considered in connection with the cause as well as the treatment of disease4 ,much of the disease which occurs in large dairies and elsewhere could be prevented if owners and those in charge of animals had proper regard for the fundamental laws of animal hygiene and modern sanitation4 ,disregard for these laws is the cause of most of the diseases under consideration in this chapter4 ,attitude and general condition4--,the feeling of pain in animals suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is expressed to the close observer in no uncertain language--by their flinching when the painful part is touched2 by the care with which they move or lie down2 by walking or standing to favor the part2 by the general attitude and expression of the eye2 by the distress and suffering apparent in the face2 and by other evidences4 ,the general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell the careful observer much that aids him in making a diagnosis and prognosis4 ,cows suffering from affections of the organs of respiration usually assume a position or attitude that is characteristic1 well known to experienced stockmen1 as well as to veterinarians4 ,when an animal has a fever or is suffering from an inflammation1 the skin is one of the first parts to undergo a change that is apparent to the average observer1 for it soon loses its elasticity and tone1 and the hair becomes dry and staring4 ,from the general condition or state of nutrition one is able to judge the effect that the disease has already had upon the animal and to estimate the strength remaining available for its restoration to health2 from the degree of emaciation one can approximate the length of time the animal has been ill4 ,the age and breed of the animal1 as well as its constitution and temperament1 are among the things that have to be taken into account in making a diagnosis and in overcoming the disease4 ,the mucous membrane4--,the mucous membrane should in all cases be examined4 ,it can be readily seen by everting the eyelids or by an inspection of the lining membrane of the nostrils4 ,paleness of the mucous membrane indicates weak circulation or poor blood and may result from disease1 hemorrhage1 or from inappropriate feed4 ,in healthy animals increased redness of the mucous membrane occurs from pain1 excitement1 or severe exertion1 and in such instances is always transitory4 ,in certain pathological conditions1 such as fevers and inflammation1 this condition of the mucous membrane will also be found4 ,the increased redness of the mucous membrane lasts during the duration of the fever or inflammation4 ,a bluish or blue mucous membrane indicates that the blood is imperfectly oxidized and contains an excess of carbon dioxid1 and is seen in serious diseases of the respiratory tract1 such as pneumonia1 and in heart failure4 ,the secretions4--,the secretions may be diminished1 increased1 or perverted4 ,in the early stage of an inflammation of a secretory organ its secretion is diminished4 ,in the early stage of pleurisy the serous membrane is dry1 and as the disease advances the membrane becomes unnaturally moist4 ,the products of secretion are sometimes greatly changed in character from the secretion in health1 becoming excessively irritant and yielding evidence of chemical and other alterations in the character of the secretion4 ,cough4--,cough depends upon a reflex nervous action and may be primary when the irritation exists in the lungs or air passages1 or secondary when caused by irritation of the stomach1 intestines1 or other parts having nervous communications with the respiratory apparatus4 ,a cough is said to be dry1 moist1 harsh1 hollow1 difficult1 paroxysmal1 suppressed1 sympathetic1 etc41 according to its character4 ,it is a very important symptom1 often being diagnostic in diseases of the respiratory organs1 but this is a subject1 however1 which can be more satisfactorily treated in connection with the special diseases of the organs in question4 ,respiration4--,in making an examination of an animal observe the depth1 frequency1 quickness1 facility1 and the nature of the respiratory movements4 ,they may be quick or slow1 frequent or infrequent1 deep or imperfect1 labored1 unequal1 irregular1 etc41 each of which indications has its significance to the experienced veterinarian4 ,sleep1 rumination1 pregnancy in cows1 etc41 modify the respiratory movements even in health4 ,respiration consists of two acts--inspiration and expiration4 ,the function of respiration is to take in oxygen from the atmospheric air1 which is essential for the maintenance of life1 and to exhale the deleterious gas known as carbon dioxid4 ,the frequency of the respiratory movements is determined by observing the motions of the nostrils or of the flanks4 ,the normal rate of respiration for a healthy animal of the bovine species is from #ae to #ah times a minute4 ,the extent of the respiratory system renders it liable to become affected by contiguity to many parts and its nervous connections are very important4 ,rapid1 irregular1 or difficult breathing is known as dyspnea1 and in all such cases the animal has difficulty in obtaining as much oxygen as it requires4 ,among the conditions that give rise to dyspnea may be mentioned restricted area of active lung tissue1 owing to the filling of portions of the lungs with inflammatory exudate1 as in pneumonia2 painful movements of the chest1 as in rheumatism or pleurisy2 fluid in the chest cavity1 as in hydrothorax2 adhesions between the lungs and chest walls2 compression of the lungs or loss of elasticity2 excess of carbon dioxid in the blood2 weakness of the respiratory passages2 tumors of the nose and paralysis of the throat2 swellings of the throat2 foreign bodies and constriction of the air passages leading to the lungs2 fevers1 etc4 ,as already stated1 it is only the careful and constant examination of animals in health that will enable one properly to appreciate abnormal conditions4 ,one must become familiar with the frequency and character of the pulse and of the respirations and know the temperature of the animal in health1 before changes in abnormal conditions can be properly appreciated4 ,temperature4--,the temperature should be taken in all cases of sickness4 ,experienced practitioners can approximate the patient's temperature with remarkable accuracy1 but ,i strongly recommend the use of the self-registering clinical thermometer1 which is a most valuable instrument in diagnosing diseases4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #a47 ,it is advisable to get a tested instrument1 as some thermometers in the market are inaccurate and misleading4 ,the proper place to insert the thermometer is in the rectum1 where the instrument should be rested against the walls of the cavity for about three minutes4 ,the normal temperature of the bovine is #aja to #ajb ,f41 which is higher than that of the horse4 ,a cow breathes faster1 her heart beats faster1 and her internal temperature is higher than that of the horse4 ,ordinary physiological influences--such as exercise1 digestion1 etc4--give rise to slight variations of internal temperature2 but if the temperature rises two or three degrees above the normal some diseased condition is indicated4 ,pulse4--,the pulse in a grown animal of the bovine species in a state of good health beats from #de to #ee times a minute4 ,exercise1 fright1 fear1 excitement1 overfeeding1 pregnancy1 and other conditions aside from disease may affect the frequency and character of the pulse4 ,it assumes various characters according to its rapidity of beat1 frequency of occurrence1 resistance to pressure1 regularity1 and perceptibility4 ,thus we have the quick or slow1 frequent or infrequent1 hard or soft1 full or imperceptible1 large or small pulse1 the character of each of which may be determined from its name2 also that known as the intermittent1 either regular or irregular4 ,we may have a dicrotic1 or double1 pulse2 a thready pulse1 which is extremely small and scarcely perceptible2 the venous1 or jugular1 pulse2 the running down pulse1 and so on4 7,see p4 #gf47 ,in cattle the pulse is conveniently felt over the submaxillary artery where it winds around the lower jawbone1 just at the lower edge of the flat muscle on the side of the cheek4 ,if the cow is lying down the pulse may be taken from the metacarpal artery on the back part of the fore fetlock4 ,the pulsations can be felt from any superficial artery1 but in order to ascertain the peculiarities it is necessary to select an artery that may be pressed against a bone4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,position of the ,lung4 ,there is a marked difference in the normal or physiological pulse of the horse and that of the cow1 that of the horse being full and rather tense1 while in the cow it is soft and rolling4 ,the pulse is faster in young or old cattle than it is in those of middle age4 ,auscultation4--,auscultation and percussion are the chief methods used to determine the various pathological changes that occur in the respiratory organs4 ,auscultation is the act of listening1 and may be either mediate or immediate4 ,mediate auscultation is accomplished by aid of an instrument known as the stethoscope1 one extremity of which is applied to the ear and the other to the chest of the animal4 ,in immediate auscultation the ear is applied directly to the part4 ,immediate auscultation will answer in a large majority of cases4 ,auscultation is resorted to in cardiac and certain abdominal diseases1 but it is mainly employed for determining the condition of the lungs and air passages4 ,animals can not give the various phases of respiration1 as can the patients of the human practitioner4 ,the organs themselves are less accessible than in man1 owing to the greater bulk of tissue surrounding them and the pectoral position of the fore extremities1 all of which render it more difficult in determining pathological conditions4 7,see ,pl4 ,,viii47 ,the air going in and out of the lungs makes a certain soft1 rustling sound1 known as the vesicular murmur1 which can be heard distinctly in a healthy state of the animal1 especially upon inspiration4 ,exercise accelerates the rate of respiration and intensifies this sound4 ,the vesicular murmur is heard only where the lung contains air and its function is active4 ,the vesicular murmur is weakened as inflammatory infiltration takes place and when the lungs are compressed by fluids in the thoracic cavity1 and disappears when the lung becomes solidified in pneumonia or the chest cavity filled with fluid as in hydrothorax4 ,the bronchial murmur is a harsh1 blowing sound1 heard in normal conditions by applying the ear over the lower part of the trachea1 and may be heard to a limited extent in the anterior portions of the lungs after severe exercise4 ,the bronchial murmur when heard over other portions of the lungs generally signifies that the lung tissue has become more or less solidified or that fluid has collected in the chest cavity4 ,other sounds1 known as mucous rles1 are heard in the lungs in pneumonia after the solidified parts begin to break down at the end of the disease and in bronchitis where there is an excess of secretion1 as well as in other conditions4 ,mucous rles are of a gargling or bubbling nature4 ,they are caused by air rushing through tubes containing secretions or pus4 ,they are said to be large or small as they are distinct or indistinct1 depending upon the quantity of fluid that is present and the size of the tubes in which the sound is produced4 ,according to their character they are divided into dry and moist4 ,the friction sound is produced by the rubbing together of roughened surfaces and is characteristic of pleurisy4 ,percussion4--,percussion is that mode of examination by which we elicit sounds by striking or tapping over the part4 ,it may be direct or indirect4 ,if the middle finger of the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and smartly tapped or struck with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand1 the sound will be noticed to be more resonant and clear than when the same procedure is practiced on a solid part of the body4 ,this is because the lungs are not solid1 but are always1 in health1 well expanded with air4 ,in certain pulmonary diseases1 however1 as in pneumonia1 they fill up and become solid1 when percussion produces a dull sound1 like that on any other solid part of the animal4 ,when fluid has collected in the lower part of the chest cavity the sound will also be dull on percussion4 ,where there is an excess of air in the chest cavity1 as in emphysema or in pneumothorax1 the percussion sound becomes abnormally loud and clear4 ,by practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries of the sounds can be so well determined that any variation from them will be readily detected1 and will sometimes disclose the presence of a diseased condition when nothing else will4 ,percussion is sometimes practiced with the aid of a special percussion hammer and an object known as a pleximeter to strike upon4 ,a percussion hammer is made of rubber or has a rubber tip1 so that when the pleximeter1 which is placed against the side of the animal1 is struck the impact will not be accompanied with a noise4 ,a percussion hammer and pleximeter may be purchased from any veterinary instrument maker4 ,,catarrh 7,,cold ,,in ,,the ,,head74 ,nasal catarrh is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nostrils and upper air passages4 ,simple catarrh is not a serious disease in itself1 but if neglected is liable to be complicated with laryngitis1 bronchitis1 pneumonia1 plurisy1 or other serious and sometimes fatal diseases of the respiratory organs4 ,catarrh is a common disease among cattle4 ,it is often caused by sudden exposure to wet and cold after they have been accustomed to shelter4 ,it may arise from inhalation of irritating gases4 ,it is also sometimes produced by certain specific atmospheric conditions1 and may assume an enzotic form4 ,it is very debilitating1 and requires prompt and judicious treatment4 ,symptoms4--,redness of the mucous membranes of the nose and redness and watering of the eyes are symptoms of nasal catarrh4 ,the mucous membrane first becomes dry2 afterwards a watery discharge appears1 and later1 in severe cases1 the discharge becomes mucopurulent4 ,in mild cases there is little or no fever1 but in severe ones it may run high4 ,the animal becomes dull1 languid1 and is not inclined to move about1 and the appetite may become impaired2 there is also variable temperature of the horns and ears4 ,if in a cow giving milk the secretion diminishes1 the mucus from the eyes and nose becomes thicker and yellower4 ,afterwards1 as the symptoms increase in severity1 the discharge becomes mucopurulent4 ,treatment4--,the animal should be housed in a well-ventilated place1 with good hygienic surroundings4 ,in cold and damp weather it should be kept warm with blanketing1 and1 in severe cases1 hot1 medicated inhalations given4 ,if the fever is high1 it may be reduced by giving nitrate of potassium1 from #a to #b ounces1 in the drinking water1 three times daily4 ,diffusible stimulants are beneficial in most cases4 ,too much importance can not be attached to good nursing4 ,there is no necessity to resort to the old system of bleeding1 purging1 or the use of powerful sedatives4 ,,epistaxis 7,,bleeding ,,from ,,the ,,nose74 ,bleeding from the nostrils is rather rare in cattle4 ,it may arise from any one of a variety of causes1 but usually results from disease or injury to the mucous membranes or to violent exertions in coughing and sneezing4 ,it is seldom serious4 ,it generally occurs in drops from one nostril only1 accompanied with sneezing1 and without frothing4 ,bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils1 is bright red1 frothy1 and accompanied with a cough4 ,treatment4--,in many cases the bleeding will cease spontaneously and all that is necessary is to keep the animal quiet and bathe the head and nostrils with cold water4 ,the cause of the bleeding should be learned and governed accordingly in the treatment4 ,in severe and exceptional cases1 when the hemorrhage is persistent and long continued1 the animal's head should be tied to a high rack or beam and cold water or ice applied1 or recourse to styptic injections taken4 ,if the hemorrhage is profuse and persistent1 either a drench composed of #a-a_/b drams of acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water or #a-a_/b drams of gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water should be given4 ,,laryngitis 7,,sore ,,throat74 ,an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the larynx is known as laryngitis4 ,it may be either a primary or a secondary disease1 complicated or uncomplicated4 ,in the majority of cases it is attributable to some form of exposure1 a sudden change from warm to cold surroundings1 or exposure to cold storms4 ,it may also result from inhaling irritating gases or from external violence4 ,in an acute attack of laryngitis there is an elevation of temperature1 pain on pressure over the region of the larynx1 violent paroxysms of coughing1 difficult and noisy respiration4 ,the nostrils are dilated1 the nose extended1 and the animal has a frightened expression4 ,there is marked difficulty in swallowing4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists of fomentations and hot applications over the throat4 ,stimulating liniments1 mustard mixed with cold water and well rubbed in with a stiff brush1 or other forms of counterirritation may be applied in severe cases4 ,hot inhalations should be frequently resorted to1 and often afford much relief to the suffering animal4 ,in this disease medicines should be given so far as possible in the form of electuaries 7soft solid7 on account of the difficulty of deglutition4 ,large drafts of medicines have a tendency to produce violent spells of coughing1 and in this way retard recovery4 ,the subjoined formula for an electuary will be found to answer the purpose in ordinary cases3 ,chlorate of potassium1 pulverized1 #h ounces2 fluid extract of belladonna1 #b ounces2 powdered opium1 #a ounce2 powdered licorice root1 #h ounces2 sirup1 sufficient quantity2 mix4 ,place a small tablespoonful of the mixture frequently on the tongue or back teeth4 ,or the following may be used instead3 ,aloes1 powdered opium1 and gum camphor in equal parts2 mix4 ,rub an ounce on the molar teeth every four or five hours4 ,the bowels should be kept open and the diet should be such as the patient can easily swallow4 ,warm1 sloppy mashes1 boiled oatmeal gruel1 linseed tea1 and the like are the most suitable substances4 ,if suffocation be threatened during the course of the disease1 tracheotomy should be performed without delay4 ,the details of the operation are fully described under the head of ,surgical operations4 7,see p4 #bhi47 ,when the disease assumes a chronic form1 strong counterirritation is indicated4 ,a cantharides blister may be applied1 or the following ointment used3 ,biniodid of mercury #a part1 lard #f parts2 mix4 ,in some cases it will be found necessary to repeat the application4 ,,bronchitis4 ,bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes4 ,when a primary disease1 it is generally the result of what is commonly known as catching cold4 ,it may be secondary to or complicated with many of the diseases of the respiratory system4 ,it may also be caused by breathing irritating gases1 or by the introduction of foreign bodies into the bronchial tubes1 which sometimes results from injudicious and careless drenching when the larynx is temporarily relaxed4 ,it may be acute or chronic1 and is divided1 according to the seat of the inflammation1 into bronchitis proper when the large tubes are affected1 or capillary bronchitis when the trouble is in the smaller ones4 ,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 elevation of temperature1 generally #ajd or #aje ,f4 ,the inspiration is incomplete1 short1 and painful1 and the expiration is prolonged4 ,the pulse is increased in frequency and is hard4 ,a characteristic1 painful cough is present1 but it is paroxysmal and incomplete4 ,auscultation and percussion greatly aid us in a diagnosis4 ,a normal sound is given on percussion4 ,on auscultation1 in the early stages1 rhonchus rles are detected if the larger tubes are affected1 and sibilant rles if the smaller ones are affected4 ,later mucous rles are noted1 and sometimes all sounds in certain parts are absent1 owing to the plugging up of the tubes4 ,this plugging1 if extensive enough1 is sometimes the cause of death1 or death may result from extension of the disease to the lungs or pleura4 ,treatment4--,the animal should be placed in a light1 well-ventilated box1 and the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas1 etc4 ,violent purgatives should not be used4 ,the body should be kept warm by blanketing4 ,in the early stages a draft composed as follows should be given three times daily3 ,extract of belladonna1 #b drams2 solution of acetate of ammonium1 #d fluid ounces2 water1 one-half pint4 ,in the later stage of the disease the following formula may be substituted and given twice daily3 ,carbonate of ammonium1 #c drams2 liquor hydrochlorate of strychnin1 #b fluid drams2 spirits of nitrous ether1 #a fluid ounce2 water1 one-half pint4 ,in some cases the following is preferable to either of the above1 and may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours3 ,spirits of nitrous ether1 #a-a_/b ounces2 aromatic spirits of ammonia1 #b ounces2 powdered camphor1 #b drams4 ,the feed should be light and nutritious4 ,bronchitis is liable to become chronic if not properly treated in the earliest stage4 ,in this case remedial treatment is of little value4 ,,pleurisy4 ,pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the chest cavity and enveloping the lungs4 ,it is somewhat rare as an independent disease1 but it often complicates pneumonia2 indeed1 it is often caused by the same germ that causes pneumonia--pneumococcus4 ,it may arise from exposure to cold or wet or from external violence1 and is usually present in some degree in cases in which the ribs have been fractured with or without a penetrated wound4 ,symptoms4--,in the first stage there is great pain aggravated by movement1 and the animal is usually stiff as though foundered1 the pulse is quick and hard1 the breathing abdominal1 the chest being fixed so far as possible1 the inspiration short and jerky1 the expiration longer4 ,the pain is caused by the friction of the dry1 inflamed pleural surfaces of the lung and chest on each other4 ,at this stage the ear detects a dry friction murmur1 resembling somewhat the sound made by rubbing two pieces of sole leather together4 ,pressure between the ribs gives pain and usually causes the animal to flinch and grunt4 ,the muzzle is hot and dry1 the mouth slimy1 and the secretions scanty4 ,after a day or two the severity of the symptoms is much lessened1 the temperature1 which during the first days may have been as high as #ajf ,f41 falls to #ajc or #ajd1 the pain decreases1 the stiffness disappears1 and the patient eats a little4 ,the pulse softens1 but remains quicker than normal4 ,now1 day by day the patient loses a little strength1 the friction sound disappears as the exudation moistens the pleural surfaces2 percussion now shows a horizontal line of dullness1 which day by day rises higher in the chest1 the respiration grows more frequent and labored1 the countenance is anxious and haggard1 the eyes sink somewhat in their sockets1 and in unfavorable cases death occurs during the second or third week1 from either asphyxia or heart failure4 ,in pleurisy1 as in pneumonia1 the elbows are usually turned outward4 ,care must be taken to differentiate pleurisy from traumatic pericarditis 7which see74 ,in the latter condition the area of dullness of the heart is much increased1 and usually a splashing sound is heard at each beat of the heart4 ,another diagnostic symptom of value is that in traumatic pericarditis respiration is painful1 not difficult1 and the respiratory rate is very much increased on movement4 ,in both conditions a considerable swelling of the dewlap may be noticed in the later stages4 ,treatment4--,give the same general care as recommended in bronchitis or pneumonia4 ,in the early stages give a febrifuge to reduce the fever1 as directed for pneumonia4 ,for relief of the cough give electuary formula1 which will be found in the treatment of laryngitis4 ,the bowels must be kept relaxed and the kidneys secreting freely4 ,in the stage of effusion the following should be given three times daily3 ,digitalis tincture1 #a ounce2 iodid of potassium1 #cj to #fj grains2 mix4 ,apply strong counterirritant to chest and put seton in dewlap4 7,see ,setoning1 p4 #bic47 ,if collapse of the lung is threatened1 a surgical operation1 termed paracentesis thoracis1 is sometimes performed2 this consists in puncturing the chest cavity and drawing off a part of the fluid4 ,the instruments used are a small trocar and cannula1 which are introduced between the eighth and ninth ribs4 ,the skin should be drawn forward so that the external wound may not correspond to the puncture of the chest1 to prevent the entrance of air4 ,only a portion of the fluid should be removed4 ,the animal gets immediate relief1 but it is generally only temporary1 as the fluid has a tendency to accumulate again4 ,,pneumonia4 ,pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung substance1 and is divided into three forms1 viz1 croupous1 catarrhal1 and interstitial4 ,these various forms1 however1 can be differentiated only by the expert1 and it is therefore deemed necessary for the purpose of the present work to treat the subject under the general head of pneumonia4 ,the causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the various other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract4 ,the germ is known as a pneumococcus4 ,the disease mostly follows congestion of the lungs1 but may in rare cases have a parasitic origin4 ,symptoms4--,in the first stage1 that of congestion1 the disease is usually ushered in by a chill1 although this may not always be observed by the attendant4 ,this is followed by an elevation of temperature1 usually #aje to #ajf ,f41 or it may be even higher4 ,the respirations are quick and shallow2 the nostrils are dilated2 the pulse is full and hard4 ,cough may or may not appear in this stage4 ,the nose is hot and dry2 the tongue sometimes protrudes and is slimy2 the coat is staring1 and the skin dry and harsh4 ,the urine is usually diminished in quantity1 high colored1 and the bowels constipated4 ,the animal stands with the forelegs wide apart to facilitate respiration4 ,on auscultation crepitation will be observed over the portion of the lung affected4 ,the sounds elicited on percussion are practically normal in this stage4 ,in the second stage the temperature generally drops one or two degrees1 and respiration is performed with much difficulty4 ,the cough is frequent and painful4 ,the animal still stands with the forelegs wide apart and the elbows turned outward4 ,if it assumes the recumbent position it rests on the sternum4 ,all secretions are more or less suspended1 particularly the milk in cows4 ,the animal has a haggard appearance1 and the pulse becomes small and wiry at this period4 ,the extremities are hot and cold alternately2 the crepitation which was present in the first stage is now absent1 and no sound on auscultation is heard1 unless it is a slight wheezing or whistling noise4 ,on percussion dullness over the diseased lung is manifested1 indicating consolidation4 ,the lung has now assumed a characteristic liverlike appearance4 ,in the third stage1 if the disease is to terminate favorably1 the cough becomes loose1 the animal improves1 the appetite returns1 and the symptoms above detailed rapidly subside2 if1 on the other hand1 resolution is not progressing1 the lung substance degenerates1 becomes clogged up1 and ceases to function4 ,in fatal cases the breath has a peculiar1 fetid1 cadaverous odor1 and is taken in short gasps2 the horns1 ears1 and extremities become cold and clammy1 and the pulse is imperceptible4 ,on auscultation1 when suppuration is taking place and the lung structure is breaking down1 a bubbling or gurgling crepitation1 caused by the passage of air through pus1 is heard4 ,treatment4--,good hygienic surroundings and good nursing are essential in connection with the medical treatment4 ,the probability of recovery depends largely on the extent of the lung tissue involved1 as well as on the intensity of the inflammatory process4 ,in the early stage1 when the fever is high1 febrifuges should be given4 ,if the pulse be strong and full1 aconite 7,fleming's tincture1 #a to #b drams1 every four or five hours7 may be given for a short time1 but should be discontinued as soon as the fever begins to abate4 ,aconite is a valuable drug in the hands of the intelligent practitioner1 but my experience leads me to believe that not infrequently animals are lost by its injudicious use1 for in many febrile conditions it is positively contraindicated1 owing to its action upon the heart4 ,in a plethoric animal1 with a strong1 bounding pulse1 bleeding may be resorted to instead of administering aconite4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 calomel1 #a to #c drams1 which acts as a cathartic and a febrifuge1 is advisable4 ,in the second stage diffusible stimulants are required1 viz3 ,spirits of nitrous ether1 #b ounces2 aromatic spirits of ammonia1 #a ounce2 mix1 and give in gruel three times daily4 ,in some cases carbonate of ammonia1 #b to #e drams1 has been found beneficial4 ,most practitioners apply counterirritants1 such as mustard plasters1 turpentine1 and ammonia liniment1 or cantharides4 ,,emphysema 7,,heaves74 ,emphysema is a rupture of the minute air vesicles of the lung substance1 and may be either interlobular or vesicular4 ,there is an extreme interference with respiration1 inspiration being short and expiration prolonged4 ,it is a nonfebrile condition1 in which the appetite is not decreased and the milk secretion is kept up4 ,it may be caused by an attack of asthma or may result from chronic bronchitis4 ,the disease can be diagnosed by the marked interference with respiration4 ,the animal1 as a rule1 is emaciated1 has a staring coat1 and is hidebound4 ,if percussion is resorted to1 the animal's chest will give a tympanic1 drumlike sound4 ,the normal resonant sound is exaggerated4 ,treatment4--,the disease is incurable1 and only a palliative form of treatment can be carried out4 ,the destruction of the animal is often advisable1 from a humane as well as from a financial point of view4 ,,pulmonary ,,congestion4 ,cattle that are overdriven or overworked are liable to pulmonary congestion in an acute form1 and sometimes to pulmonary apoplexy4 ,in such cases they should be allowed to rest1 and if the weather is hot1 they should be put in a shady place4 ,give stimulants internally1 unload the venous side of the heart by bleeding1 and apply stimulating applications to the legs1 and bandage4 ,,hemoptysis4 ,hemoptysis is a term used to signify bleeding from the lungs4 ,the trouble may result from a previous congestion of the lungs or from a breaking down of the lung substance1 or from specific disorders4 ,bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils and from the mouth4 ,the blood is bright red1 frothy1 and accompanied with a cough1 the flow being somewhat profuse and intermingled with mucus4 ,it may cease of its own accord4 ,internally hemostatics are indicated1 and locally over the sides cold applications have a tendency to check the hemorrhage4 ,a drench of #a-a_/b drams of gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water should be given4 ,,abscess ,,of ,,the ,,lung4 ,abscesses of the lung sometimes form during the course of or subsequent to tuberculosis or other diseases4 ,an animal affected with abscess of the lung usually has a protracted1 feeble cough and a general appearance of emaciation and anemia4 ,the pulse is feeble and the breath foul4 ,an offensive discharge from the lungs frequently occurs4 ,percussion and auscultation aid in making a diagnosis in this condition4 ,the appetite is poor4 ,such animals go from bad to worse1 and their prompt destruction would1 as a rule1 be to the interest of the owner4 ,,hydrothorax4 ,hydrothorax1 or dropsy of the chest1 is not a disease in itself1 but is simply a condition in which an effusion takes place in the chest cavity1 and is the result or effect of some disease1 mostly pleurisy4 ,it can be easily diagnosed by physical signs4 ,a loss of the respiratory murmur will be noticed on auscultation1 and on percussion dullness or flatness on a line as high as the effusion has taken place4 ,when a large amount of effusion is present1 tapping with the trocar and cannula is generally resorted to4 ,the proper method of performing this operation will be found under the head of ,pleurisy4 ,,pneumothorax4 ,an accumulation of gas in the pleural sac is known as pneumothorax4 ,the presence of air may result from either an injury of the lung or a wound communicating from the exterior4 ,the indications for treatment are to remove any foreign body that may have penetrated1 to exclude the further entrance of the air into the cavity by the closure of the external opening1 and to employ antiseptics and adhesive dressings4 ,the air already in the cavity will in most cases be absorbed4 ,,verminous ,,bronchitis4 ,this is a disease that sometimes attacks young cattle when pastured in low-lying meadows near rivers subject to flood4 ,it is caused by a small worm1 ,strongylus micrurus1 which lodges in large numbers in the trachea and bronchial tubes1 giving rise to considerable irritation of the air passages and inflammation4 ,sometimes the strongyles lodge in large numbers in the windpipe1 forming themselves into a ball1 and thus choke the animal to death4 ,symptoms4--,it is liable to attack a number of animals at once1 and the weakest are the first to give way4 ,the animal has a remarkably forcible cough1 distressing1 and of a special hacking and paroxysmal character4 ,a stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spells of coughing4 ,this mucus contains the ,strongylus micrurus1 which can be detected1 or their ova observed1 under a low power of the microscope4 ,the attack has a subacute character and is very exhausting4 ,the parasites1 by becoming entwined in balls1 seriously impede respiration1 which is always remarkably labored in this disease4 ,treatment4--,the affected calves should be placed in a dry stable1 protected from dampness1 and subjected to fumigations of sulphurous anhydrid or chlorin gas4 ,the liberation of chlorin gas is brought about by the action of sulphuric acid1 either on a mixture of chlorid of sodium and black oxid of manganese or on bleaching powder4 ,sulphurous anhydrid may be procured by burning sulphur4 ,some practitioners prescribe small doses of spirits of turpentine in linseed oil4 ,the system requires good support1 and the diet should therefore be liberal and nutritious4 ,equal parts of sulphate of iron1 gentian1 and ginger make an excellent tonic4 ,prevention4--,avoid pastures notorious for generating verminous bronchitis4 ,,pleurodynia4 ,pleurodynia is a term applied to rheumatism of the intercostal muscles1 the apparent symptoms being very similar to those of pleurisy4 ,the animal is stiff1 is not inclined to turn around1 and the ribs are kept in a fixed state as much as possible4 ,pleurodynia may be distinguished from pleurisy by the coexistence of rheumatism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fever1 cough1 the friction sound1 and the effusion into the chest4 ,the treatment for this affection is the same as that for rheumatism affecting other parts4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,harbaugh1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,john ,e4 ,mohler1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 ,the nervous system is the distinguishing feature of animal life4 ,without it there can be no intelligence1 no instinct1 no sensibility1 no perception2 in fact1 existence would be nothing more than vegetable life4 ,the senses--touch1 taste1 sight1 hearing1 smell--all depend on the nervous system4 ,motion depends on it4 ,a muscle can not contract without receiving the stimulus from the nervous system4 ,for example1 if a nerve passing from a nerve center to a muscle is severed1 the particular muscle that is supplied by the cut nerve is paralyzed4 ,the nervous system is often studied in two divisions--the cerebrospinal division and the sympathetic division4 ,the cerebrospinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord1 nerves1 and ganglia4 ,the nerves of this division convey the impulses of motion and sensation and supply all parts which are under the control of the will4 ,for example1 the voluntary muscular tissue includes all the muscles which act as the will directs4 ,another example3 ,if anything comes in contact with any part of the skin1 the impression is immediately perceived4 ,all the special senses belong to this division4 ,the sympathetic division consists of nerves and ganglia4 ,the muscular tissue1 which acts independently of the will--as1 for example1 the stomach1 intestines1 womb1 blood vessels1 ducts1 etc4--is called involuntary muscular tissue1 and receives nervous stimulus from the sympathetic division4 ,the brain1 spinal cord1 and the ganglia are the central organs of the nervous system4 ,the nerves conduct the nervous influence4 ,the nerves terminate differently according to their function4 ,the terminations are called end organs4 ,the terminal end organs in the skin and other parts endowed with sensation receive the impressions1 which are conveyed to the brain1 where they are appreciated4 ,they are so sensitive that the most gentle zephyr is perceived4 ,they are so abundant that the point of the finest needle can not pierce the skin without coming in contact with them1 and the sensation of pain is instantly conveyed to the brain4 ,the terminal end organs of the nerves that supply the muscles are different1 as they give the impulse which is conveyed by the motor nerves to the elements which constitute the muscle1 and this impulse is the excitation which causes the muscle to contract4 ,the terminal end organs of the special senses of taste1 smell1 etc41 receive their special impressions1 and their respective nerves carry the impressions to the brain4 ,there are two divisions of nerves1 the afferent and efferent4 ,the afferent nerves are those which convey the impression to the nerve centers4 ,all the sensory nerves belong to this division4 ,the efferent nerves are those which convey the nervous impulse outward from the nerve centers1 and they are further classified according to the function of their respective centers4 ,for example3 ,motor fibers carry the impulse from the nerve center to a muscle to cause contraction4 ,vasomotor fibers carry the impulse to the muscular tissue in the blood vessels1 which regulates their caliber4 ,the secretory fibers convey the impulse to the cells of the glands and excite the activity of the gland1 and its particular product is secreted or evolved1 as1 for instance1 milk in the mammary gland4 ,inhibitory fibers control or inhibit the action of the organ to which they are distributed1 as1 for instance1 the heart4 ,nerve centers may be considered as a collection or group of nerve cells4 ,both the cerebrospinal and the sympathetic divisions have nerve centers4 ,the centers derive their special names from their functions4 ,the brain is the great center of the nervous system1 as it is the center of intelligence and perception4 ,the centers of all the special senses1 as well as the centers of various functions1 are located in different parts of the brain4 ,nerve centers also exist in the spinal cord and in connection with the sympathetic system4 ,a nerve is a cord consisting of a certain number of fibers of nerve tissue1 inclosed in a sheath of connective tissue4 ,nerves divide and subdivide1 sending off branches1 which ramify in all parts of the body1 and1 as they near their terminations1 they contain but one or two fibers4 ,the brain and spinal cord are contained within a bony canal1 which forms a protective covering for them4 ,the spinal cord1 or spinal marrow1 lodged within the spinal canal1 or hollow of the backbone1 is continuous with the brain anteriorly1 and terminates in a point in the sacrum 7that part of the spinal column which immediately precedes the tail74 ,the spinal cord gives off branches at each of the spaces between the segments of the backbone4 ,these branches form nerve trunks which carry both sensory and motor impressions and impulses4 ,the spinal cord is a grand nerve trunk to carry messages to or from the brain and to and from the reflex centers contained within itself4 ,the brain is contained within the cavity of the skull and is continuous with the spinal cord2 there is nothing to mark the place where one leaves off and the other begins4 ,the brain is the seat of reason and intelligence4 ,voluntary effort originates from the brain4 ,coordination1 or harmony of movement1 is controlled by the rear portion of the brain1 known as the cerebellum4 ,the meninges are the membranes1 three in number1 which envelop the brain and spinal cord1 and separate them from the bones which form the walls of the cranial cavity and spinal canal4 ,the sympathetic1 also called the ganglionic1 division of the nervous system consists of two chains of ganglia1 reaching from the head to the tail1 situated beneath the spinal column1 one on either side4 ,the presence of the ganglia or enlargements on the cords give them their chainlike appearance4 ,the sympathetic nerves are closely connected with the cerebrospinal nerves1 but are not under the control of the will4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,its ,,membranes 7,,staggers74 ,inflammation of the brain is technically termed encephalitis and of its membranes cerebral-meningitis1 but as both conditions usually occur together1 and since it is practically impossible to distinguish one from the other by the symptoms shown by the diseased animal1 they may as well be considered together here as varieties of the same disease4 ,staggers1 coma1 frenzy1 etc41 are terms that are sometimes applied to this disease in its different forms or stages4 ,causes4--,severe blows on the head with a hard object1 or the head coming violently in contact with the ground or other hard substance in a fall1 may be followed by encephalitis4 ,irritation caused by tumors in the brain may produce inflammation4 ,feed containing deleterious matters--for example1 ergot 7see ,pl4 ,v7 and other fungi which contain a narcotic principle--is the most frequent cause of this affection1 and hence it is often called grass staggers and stomach staggers4 ,highly nitrogenous feeds are blamed for causing this disease4 ,parasites1 mineral and narcotic poisons1 hot weather1 and severe exertion or excessive excitement may cause this condition4 ,inflammation of the brain may occur as a complication of some infectious disease or may follow some forms of indigestion4 ,in many localities certain plants have the reputation of causing staggers4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms vary much1 but a careful observer will detect a trouble connected with the nervous system without much uncertainty4 ,the first signs may be those of frenzy1 but generally at the start the animal is dull and sleepy1 with little or no inclination to move about2 the head may be pressed against the wall or fence and the legs kept moving1 as if the animal were endeavoring to walk through the obstruction2 the body1 especially the hind part1 may be leaned against the side of the stall or stable1 as if for support4 ,the bowels are constipated2 the urine1 when passed1 is small in quantity and darker in color than natural4 ,there may be trembling and even spasms of muscles in different parts4 ,in the dull stage the animal may breathe less frequently than is natural1 and each breath may be accompanied with a snoring-like sound4 ,the pulse may be large and less frequent than normal4 ,if suddenly aroused from the drowsy state1 the animal appears startled and stares wildly4 ,when moving about it may stagger1 the hind quarters swaying from side to side4 ,if delirium ensues1 the cow is commonly said to be mad4 ,she may bellow1 stamp her feet1 run about wildly1 grate the teeth1 froth at the mouth4 ,if she is confined in the stable1 she rears and plunges2 the convulsions are so violent in many instances that it is really dangerous for one to attempt to render aid4 ,the body may be covered with perspiration4 ,she may fall2 the muscles twitch and jerk2 often the head is raised and then dashed against the ground until blood issues from the nose and mouth2 the eyes may be bloodshot and sightless2 the limbs stiff and outstretched1 or they may be kicked about recklessly2 the head may be drawn back and the tail drawn up2 the urine may be squirted out in spurts2 often the washer 7membrane nictitans7 is forced over the eye4 ,when the convulsions cease they may be followed by a period of quiet unconsciousness 7coma7 which is more or less prolonged1 when the animal may gradually regain consciousness1 get up on its feet1 and perhaps quietly partake of food1 if there be any within reach1 while at other times it arises with much difficulty and staggers blindly about the stall or field4 ,it must be remembered that all the foregoing symptoms are not always seen in the same case4 ,in those cases usually designated sleepy staggers the general symptoms of drowsiness are presented1 while in other cases the symptoms of frenzy cause the affection to be called mad staggers4 ,in other cases there are symptoms of paralysis1 swaying of the hind quarters1 inability to rise1 etc41 and sometimes these symptoms of paralysis are the most striking manifestations and continue until death4 ,acute cases are accompanied by fever4 ,it is well to remark that when the disease follows injuries to the head the symptoms may not be manifested until two or three days 7or longer7 after the accident4 ,treatment4--,recoveries are rare in spite of careful attention4 ,to be of any service whatever the treatment must be prompt and begin with the disease4 ,in the early stage1 when the pulse is large1 most cases will admit of bleeding4 ,eight or #i quarts of blood should be taken from the jugular vein4 ,this should be followed immediately by a purgative1 the following for a cow of average size3 ,epsom salt1 #bd ounces2 pulverized gamboge1 one-half ounce2 croton oil1 #bj drops2 warm water1 #c quarts2 mix all together and give at once as a drench4 ,about #b quarts of warm water or warm soapsuds should be injected with a syringe into the rectum every three or four hours4 ,it is best to keep the animal in a quiet1 sheltered place1 where it will be free from noise or other cause of excitement4 ,all the cold water the animal will drink should be allowed1 but feed must be withheld1 except bran slops occasionally in small quantities1 or grass1 if in season1 which may be cut and carried fresh to the patient4 ,the skull must be examined1 and if sign of injury is found1 appropriate surgical treatment should be given4 ,during the convulsions all possible efforts should be made to prevent the animal injuring itself4 ,the head should be held down on the ground and straw kept under it4 ,cold water may be continuously poured on the head1 or bags filled with ice broken in small pieces may be applied to the head4 ,different authors recommend different remedies to allay the convulsions1 but for two reasons it will be found extremely difficult to administer medicines during the convulsions3 7#a7 ,while the animal is unconscious the power to swallow is lost1 and therefore the medicine is more liable to go down the windpipe to the lungs than it is to go to the paunch2 7#b7 the convulsions are often so violent that it would be utterly useless to attempt to drench the animal2 and furthermore it must be borne in mind that during this stage the functions of digestion and absorption are suspended1 and as a consequence the medicine 7provided it finds its way to the paunch7 is likely to remain there unabsorbed and therefore useless4 ,a blistering compound1 composed of mustard1 #a ounce2 pulverized cantharides1 one-half ounce2 hot water1 #d ounces1 well mixed together1 may be rubbed in over the loins1 along the spine1 and back of the head on each side of the neck4 ,this is occasionally attended with beneficial effect1 and especially so in those cases when paralysis is present4 ,if the purgative acts and the animal shows signs of improvement in the course of two or three days1 #b drams of iodid of potassium may be given every night and morning1 dissolved in a half bucketful of drinking water1 if the animal will drink it1 or it may be dissolved in a half pint of water and given as a drench4 ,great care must be observed in regard to the food1 which should be nutritive1 but not coarse1 and at first in small quantities1 gradually increased as the patient improves4 ,after some progress is made toward recovery #a-a_/b drams of pulverized nux vomica may be given twice a day1 added to the iodid of potassium drench4 ,this should be administered so long as a staggering gait continues4 ,in those rare cases when recovery takes place it is only partial as a rule1 as there is generally a sequel which remains1 such as partial paralysis4 ,however1 this is but a slight drawback in cattle1 because when it is seen to persist the medicine should be stopped and the animal fattened for butchering4 ,post-mortem examinations discover congestion of the brain and its membranes4 ,in those cases which have exhibited much paralysis of the hind legs before death the cord may be congested in the lumbar region 7loins74 ,when the disease has been caused by injury to the head1 the congestion and extravasated blood may be found inside of the cavity in the location corresponding to the place where the injury was inflicted externally4 ,in some cases pus is also discovered4 ,it remains to be said that in all animals that have died from this affection the lungs are found very much congested4 ,this may lead the superficial observer to suppose that the disease was a lung affection1 but in fact it is only a natural consequence when death ensues from brain disease4 ,,apoplexy4 ,that form of congestion of the brain known as parturient apoplexy1 or parturient paresis1 which is so frequently associated with the period of calving is described in another part of this work4 7,see ,milk fever1 p4 #bbf47 ,cerebral apoplexy1 not connected with parturition1 is a rare disease among cattle4 ,however1 it may be due to degeneration and consequent rupture of a blood vessel in the brain4 ,the attack is sudden1 the animal in most cases falling as if it had received a blow on the head4 ,it may stagger and reel some time before going down4 ,after falling1 there are convulsive movements of the legs or the animal sinks into insensibility4 ,there may be remissions in the severity of the symptoms1 but the pressure from the continued escape of blood soon causes death4 ,rest1 quiet1 friction to the legs and surface1 frequent turning of the animal and cold to the head are to be practiced1 if treatment is attempted4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,brain4 ,there is a form of congestive apoplexy affecting cattle which are in a plethoric condition4 ,the congestion1 or overfilling with blood1 causes pressure on the brain substance and disorganizes its function4 ,it occurs mostly in hot weather4 ,in this disease the symptoms are somewhat similar to those exhibited when the animal has encephalitis1 but the onset is more sudden1 the duration is shorter1 and there is less fever4 ,there may be frenzy or coma1 or alternations one with the other4 ,the intelligence is diminished1 staring eyes1 bracing with the legs1 pressing against the stall partition or manger1 red mucous membranes4 ,this condition usually terminates in recovery4 ,in such cases bleeding should be resorted to immediately1 and when the power of swallowing is not lost purgatives should be administered4 ,cold applications to the head and the general treatment recommended for encephalitis are indicated4 ,,concussion ,,of ,,the ,,brain4 ,severe blows on the head1 striking the head against some hard object while running1 or falling on the head may cause concussion of the brain4 ,the injury may fracture bones of the cranium and produce compression of the brain4 ,symptoms and treatment4--,the symptoms and the treatment that is indicated differ very little from what has been said under congestion of the brain and under encephalitis4 ,in some cases it may be necessary to operate to remove a piece of bone that is pressing on the brain or to remove a clot of blood under the area which received the blow4 ,,epilepsy4 ,this affection is characterized by the occurrence of sudden convulsions4 ,the animal may appear to be in a fair state of health usually1 but at any time1 in the stable or in the field1 it may have a convulsion in which it will fall and lose consciousness4 ,epilepsy must not be confounded with vertigo--the fainting which is an effect of heart troubles4 ,the exact cause of epilepsy in the majority of cases is unknown4 ,post-mortem examinations in many instances have failed to discover any lesion in connection with the brain or nervous system1 while in other instances disease of the brain has been found in the form of thickening of the membranes1 abscesses1 and tumors1 and in some cases the affection has been manifested in connection with a diseased condition of the blood4 ,the cause has also been traced to reflex irritation1 due to teething1 worms1 and chronic indigestion4 ,treatment4--,when the affection is due to the last-named causes treatment may be successful if the cause is removed4 ,if there are symptoms of worms or of indigestion1 follow the general treatment advised for those troubles under their proper heads4 ,if due to irritation caused by teething1 the inflamed gums must be lanced4 ,examination of the mouth often develops the fact that one of the temporary teeth causes much irritation by remaining unshed1 and thereby interfering with the growth of a permanent tooth4 ,the offending tooth should be extracted4 ,when the cause of epilepsy can not be discovered1 it must be confessed that there is no prospect of a cure4 ,however1 some benefit may be expected from the occasional administration of a purgative dose of medicine4 ,a pound of ,epsom salt dissolved in a quart of warm water1 for a cow of average size1 may be given as a drench once or twice a month4 ,in addition to the purgative1 #d drams of bromid of potassium1 dissolved in the drinking water1 three times a day1 has proved very beneficial in some cases4 ,,sunstroke 7,,prostration ,,from ,,heat74 ,owing to the fact that cattle are seldom put to work at which they would have to undergo severe exertion1 especially in collars1 they are not frequently prostrated by the extreme heat of the summer months4 ,when at pasture they select the coolest places in the shade of trees1 in water1 etc41 when the heat becomes oppressive1 and thereby avoid1 as much as possible1 the effects of it4 ,it does happen1 however1 that cattle that have been kept up for the purpose of fattening1 when driven some distance in very hot weather1 are sometimes prostrated1 but it must be remembered that it is not really necessary for the animal to be exposed to the rays of the sun1 as those confined in hot1 close places may suffer4 ,this often happens in shipping1 when they are crowded together in cars4 ,symptoms4--,the premonitory signs are those of exhaustion--dullness1 panting1 frothing at the mouth1 tongue hanging out1 irregular gait1 uneasiness1 palpitation--when1 if the circumstances which tend to the prostration are not mitigated1 the animal staggers or sways from side to side1 falls1 struggles for a while1 and then gradually becomes quiet1 or the struggles may continue1 with repeated but ineffectual efforts to regain a standing position4 ,in serious cases the attack may be very sudden1 unconsciousness occurring without continued or distressing premonitory symptoms4 ,treatment4--,at first1 when not very serious1 removal to a quiet1 sheltered place1 with a few days on a reduced diet1 is all that need be done4 ,when the animal has fallen1 apply cold water or ice to the head2 rub the body and limbs with cloths or wisps of straw and continue the rubbing for a considerable time4 ,if the power of swallowing is not lost 7which may be ascertained by pouring a little cold water into the mouth71 give #c drams of stronger liquor ammonia1 diluted with a quart of cold water4 ,be very careful in drenching the animal when lying down4 ,repeat the drench in a half hour and an hour after the first one has been given4 ,instead of the ammonia1 a drench composed of #c ounces of spirits of nitrous ether in a pint of water may be given1 if more convenient1 but the ammonia drench is preferable4 ,if unconsciousness continues1 so that a drench can not be administered1 the same quantity of ammonia and water may be injected with a syringe into the rectum4 ,the popular aqua ammonia1 commonly called hartshorn1 will do as well as the stronger liquor ammonia1 but as it is weaker than the latter the dose for a cow is about #a-a_/b ounces1 which should be diluted with a quart of water before it is given to the animal1 either as a drench or an enema4 ,when ammonia can not be obtained1 an ounce of tincture of digitalis may be given4 ,as soon as the animal is able to rise it should be assisted and moved to the nearest shelter4 ,all the cold water it will drink should be allowed4 ,the ammonia or spirits of nitrous ether drench should be administered every three hours so long as there is much failure of strength4 ,the diet should be limited for several days--bran slops and a little grass4 ,when signs of returning strength are presented1 #ab ounces of ,epsom salt dissolved in a quart of warm water may be given in those cases which have been down and unconscious1 but do not give it while much weakness remains1 which may be for several days after the attack4 ,the flesh of an animal that is suffering from heat stroke should not be prepared for use as food4 ,on account of the fever with which the animal suffers1 the flesh contains toxins that may render it poisonous to the consumer4 ,,injuries ,,to ,,the ,,spinal ,,cord4 ,the spinal cord is liable to concussion from blows and falls1 and paralysis1 to a greater or less extent1 may be the result4 ,fracture1 with displacement of the bones 7vertebr7 which form the spinal column1 by compressing the spinal cord1 produces paralysis1 which varies in its effect according to the part of the cord that is compressed4 ,if the fracture is above the middle of the neck1 death soon follows1 as communication between the brain and diaphragm 7the essential muscle of inspiration7 is stopped4 ,when the fracture is farther down in the neck1 posterior to the origin of the phrenic nerve1 the breathing continues1 but there is paralysis in all parts posterior to the fracture1 including the fore and hind legs4 ,when the fracture is in the region of the loins the hind legs are paralyzed1 but the fore legs are not4 ,if the fracture is in the sacrum 7the division of the spinal column between the loins and the tail71 the tail alone is paralyzed4 ,as a matter of course1 when the back is broken there is no remedy2 the animal should be killed at once4 ,,paralysis4 ,paralysis1 or loss of motion in a part1 may be due to a lesion of the brain1 of the spinal cord1 or of a nerve4 ,it may also be caused by reflex irritation4 ,when the paralysis affects both sides of the body1 posterior to a point1 it is further designated by the name paraplegia4 ,when one side of the body 7a lateral half7 is paralyzed1 the term hemiplegia is applied to the affection4 ,when paralysis is caused by a lesion of a nerve1 the paralysis is confined to the particular part supplied by the affected nerve4 ,as already pointed out1 paralysis may be due to concussion of the spine1 fracture of a bone of the spinal column with consequent compression of the spinal cord1 concussion of the brain1 or compression of the brain4 ,an injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis of the same side of the head and of the opposite side of the body 7hemiplegia74 ,paralysis may occur in connection with parturient apoplexy1 lead poisoning1 ergotism1 etc4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,spinal ,,cord4 ,paraplegia1 or paralysis of the rear part of the body1 is the dominant symptom in congestion or inflammation of the spinal cord4 ,the cause is not known1 but the disease is probably due to chilling4 ,it is thought by some that some toxic influence 7poison7 may be responsible for its development4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms usually appear suddenly and consist in inability to stand4 ,sometimes this is preceded by a period of excitement4 ,the animal usually lies quietly1 but sometimes it groans and tosses its head about in a way that indicates pain4 ,cows heavy with calf are sometimes affected with a form of paraplegia1 which usually attacks them from about a month to a few days before calving4 ,apparently they are in good health in every respect except the inability to stand up on account of the paralysis of the hind quarters4 ,this form is generally attributed to feeding on feeds containing insufficient protein and ash4 ,it is most likely to occur in cows that are weak and thin4 ,with good care and feed recovery usually occurs4 ,treatment4--,the animal must be given a soft1 dry bed under shelter and in a quiet1 airy place4 ,it is well to apply mustard along the spine4 ,the action of the mustard may be intensified by rubbing the skin with ammonia or turpentine4 ,internally give a purge of ,glauber's salt4 ,nux vomica or strychnia 7#a to #b grain doses7 may be given4 ,turn the cow two to four times daily and rub the legs well each time4 ,there are instances when cows will persist in lying down 7in spite of all efforts that are made to compel them to stand up71 when it can not really be said that they are paralyzed4 ,they have sensation in all parts2 they can move all their feet2 they can change their position2 and in fact every function seems to be normally performed1 but they obstinately refuse to rise or even make an effort to do so4 ,cases of this kind have been killed1 as it was an utter impossibility to get the animal on its feet4 ,however1 there are instances when a cow1 after refusing to rise when all other means had been tried1 quickly jumped to her feet and showed fright upon the appearance of a dog or other terrifying object4 ,,rabies 7,,hydrophobia74 ,see discussion of this disease in chapter on ,infectious diseases1 p4 #ceh4 ,,lightning ,,stroke 7,,asphyxia ,,electrica74 ,when an animal is struck by lightning the shock is instantaneously expended on the nervous system1 and as a rule death occurs immediately2 but when the shock is not fatal animation is suspended to a greater or less extent1 as evidenced by prostration1 unconsciousness1 and paralysis4 ,symptoms4--,when not fatal1 the symptoms vary much1 according to the severity of the shock4 ,the animal usually falls1 as from an apoplectic attack1 and1 as a matter of course1 the symptoms are such as are generally manifested in connection with concussion of the brain4 ,the muscular system may be completely relaxed2 the legs limber2 the muscles flabby and soft to the touch2 or there may be convulsions1 spasms1 and twitching of the muscles4 ,the breathing is generally labored1 irregular1 or interrupted1 and slower than normal4 ,in most instances the electrical fluid leaves its mark by singeing the hair1 or by inflicting wounds1 burns1 or blisters4 ,treatment4--,so long as the beating of the heart is perceptible the endeavor to resuscitate the animal should be continued4 ,dash cold water over the head and body2 rub the body and legs2 smartly whip the body with wet towels or switches4 ,mustard1 mixed with water1 should be well rubbed over the legs and back of the head on each side of the neck4 ,inject into the rectum #d drams of stronger liquor ammonia1 or #a-a_/b ounces of hartshorn diluted with a quart of warm water4 ,cautiously hold an uncorked bottle of hartshorn to the nostrils1 so that some of it is inhaled1 but care should be taken that too much is not suddenly inhaled4 ,if the animal is unconscious1 hypodermic injections of stimulants are indicated1 such as #f drams of camphorated oil in one dose1 subcutaneously1 or #bj grains of caffein or #a_/b grain of strychnin1 also subcutaneously4 ,when the animal revives sufficiently to be able to swallow1 #d drams of the stronger liquor ammonia1 diluted with a quart of cold water1 should be given as a drench1 and the dose should be repeated in an hour4 ,one and one-half ounces of ordinary hartshorn may be used instead of the stronger liquor ammonia1 but1 like the latter1 it should be diluted with a quart or more of water1 and even then care should be exercised in drenching4 ,in cases where the shock has not caused complete insensibility recovery may be hastened by the ammonia and water drench1 or #d ounces of brandy diluted with a quart of water1 or #h ounces of whisky diluted with a quart of water4 ,these doses may be given every three or four hours if necessary4 ,after recovery from the more serious symptoms #b drams of sulphate of quinin should be given twice a day until health is restored4 ,if any paralysis remains #a-a_/b drams of pulverized nux vomica should be given twice a day with the quinin4 ,the foregoing treatment is also applicable when the electrical shock is given by telephone1 electric car1 or electric-light wires1 etc4 ,the wounds1 burns1 or blisters should be treated according to the antiseptic method of treating wounds4 ,,tumors ,,in ,,the ,,brain1 ,,etc4 ,tumors of different kinds have been found within the cranial cavity1 and in many cases there have been no well-marked symptoms exhibited during the life of the animal to lead one to suspect their existence4 ,cases are recorded where bony tumors have been found in the brain of cattle that died suddenly1 but during life no signs of disease were manifested4 ,post-mortem examinations have disclosed tubercles in the membranes of the brain4 7,see ,tuberculosis1 p4 #djg47 ,abscesses1 usually the result of inflammation of the brain1 have been found post-mortem4 ,for the description of hydrocephalus1 or dropsy of the brain1 of calves the reader is referred to the section on parturition4 7,see ,water in the head1 p4 #agi47 ,chorea1 constant twitching and irregular spasmodic movements of the muscles1 has been noticed in connection with or as a sequel to other affections1 as1 for example1 parturient apoplexy4 ,various diseases1 the description of which will be found in other sections of this work1 affect the nervous system to a greater or less extent--for example1 ergotism1 lead poisoning1 uremia1 parturient apoplexy1 colic1 and other affections associated with cramps1 or spasms1 etc4 ,disease of the ovaries or of the spinal cord1 by reflex irritation1 may cause estromania 7see ,excess of venereal desire1 p4 #adh1 constant desire for the bull74 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,urinary ,,organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,formerly ,professor of ,veterinary ,science1 etc41 in ,cornell ,university4 ,of the materials that have served their purpose in building up the animal body or in sustaining the body temperature1 and that are now to be thrown out as waste1 the greater part is expelled from the system through the lungs and the kidneys1 but the agents that pass out by either of these two channels differ in the main from those passing by the other4 ,thus from the lungs in the form of dioxid of carbon--the same gas that comes from burning of coal or oil--there escapes most of the waste material resulting from the destruction in the system of fats1 sugars1 starch1 and such other foods as are wanting in the element nitrogen1 and do not form fibrous tissues1 but go mainly to support animal heat or maintain functional activity4 ,from the kidneys1 on the other hand1 are thrown out the waste products resulting from the destruction of the foods and tissues containing nitrogen--of1 for instance1 albumin1 fibrin1 gluten1 casein1 gelatin1 woody tissue1 etc4 ,while much of the waste material containing nitrogen leaves the body by the bowels1 this is virtually only such of the albuminoid food as has failed to be fully digested and absorbed2 this has never formed a true constituent part of the body itself or of the blood1 but is so much waste food1 like that which has come to the table and again carried away unused4 ,if the albuminoid food element has entered the blood1 whether or not it has been built up into a constituent part of the structure of the body1 its waste products1 which contain nitrogen1 are in the main expelled through the kidneys1 so that the latter become the principal channels for the expulsion of all nitrogen-containing waste4 ,it would be an error1 however1 to infer that all nitrogenous food1 when once digested and absorbed into the blood1 must necessarily leave the system in the urine4 ,on the contrary1 in the young and growing animal1 all increase of the fibrous structures of the body is gained through the building up of those flesh-forming constituents into their substance2 in the pregnant animal the growth of the offspring and its envelopes has a similar origin1 and in the dairy cow the casein or curd of the milk is a means of constant elimination of these nitrogen-containing agents4 ,thus1 in the breeding cow and1 above all1 in the milking cow1 the womb or udder carries on a work in one sense equivalent to that otherwise performed by the kidneys4 ,not only are these organs alike channels for the excretion of albuminous products1 but they are also related to each other structurally and by nervous sympathy1 so that suffering in the one is liable to induce some measure of disorder in the other4 ,as in the case of other mammals1 this nitrogenous waste matter is mainly present in the urine of cattle in the form of urea1 but also1 to some extent1 as hippuric acid1 a derivative of vegetable food which1 in the herbivora1 replaces the uric acid found in the urine of man and carnivora4 ,uric acid is1 however1 found in the urine of sucking calves which have practically an animal diet1 and it may also appear in the adult in case of absolute1 prolonged starvation1 and in diseases attended with complete loss of appetite and rapid wasting of the body4 ,in such cases the animal lives on its own substance1 and the product is that of the wasting flesh4 ,the other products containing nitrogen are present in only small quantities and need not be specially referred to4 ,the urine of cattle contains much less of carbonates than that of the horse1 and effervesces less on the addition of an acid4 ,as the carbonates form a large proportion of the solid deposits 7gravel1 stone7 from the horse's urine1 the ox may thus be held less liable1 yet even in the ox the carbonates become abundant or scanty1 according to the nature of the feed1 and therefore gravel1 formed by carbonate of lime1 is not infrequent in cattle4 ,when fed on beets1 clover hay1 or bean straw carbonates are present in large quantities1 these aliments being rich in organic acids and alkaline carbonates2 whereas upon oat straw1 barley straw1 and1 above all1 wheat straw1 they are in small amount4 ,in calves fed on milk alone no carbonates are found in the urine4 ,phosphates1 usually in combination with lime1 are1 as a rule1 present only in traces in the urine of cattle2 however1 on a dietary of wheat1 bran1 or other aliment rich in phosphates1 these may be present in large amount1 so that they render the liquid cloudy or are deposited in solid crystals4 ,the liquid is rendered transparent by nitric acid4 ,the cow's urine1 on a diet of hay and potatoes1 contained3 ,parts4 ,urea #ah4e ,potassic hippurate #af4e ,alkaline lactates #ag4b ,potassium bicarbonate #af4a ,magnesium carbonate #d4g ,lime carbonate #j4f ,potassium sulphate #c4f ,common salt #a4e ,silica ,trace ,phosphates #j4j ,water and undetermined substances #iba4c ,total #a1jjj4j ,the following table after ,tereg#a gives the different conditions of the urine1 and especially the amount of urea and hippuric acid under different rations4 ,the subjects were two oxen1 weighing1 respectively1 #a1bfj pounds and #a1jfj pounds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,food per day4,water4 7pounds7 ,urine ,passed4 ,density4 ,solids in urine4 ,hippuric acid4 ,urea4 ,nitrogen in hippuric acid and urea4 ,total nitrogen4 ,urea per day4 ,hip- puric acid per week ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lbs4,lbs ,pct,pct,pct,pct,pct,ozs,ozs #af4ij wheat straw1 and #df4df #g4dja1jcf #h4da #b4ff #a4cc #j4hc #j4id #a4fcc4bc #a4cj bean meal #ad4gj oat straw1 and #fa4ajae4bfa1jci #f4ic #b4ji #j4hd #j4ee #j4di #b4b #e4c #b4cj bean meal #aj4d wheat straw1 #aj4d #ga4gfab4cfa1jdc #h4je #j4ie #a4he #j4ic #j4id #c4hca4if clover hay1 #j4f bean meal1 and #b4f starch #aj4d wheat straw1 #aj4d #hj4edab4dfa1jdd #h4bi #h4jg #b4da #a4ai #a4aa #e4h #b4a clover hay1 #b4g bean meal1 #a4d starch1 and #j4h sugar #aj4d wheat straw1 #aj4d #gh4ifag4fba1jdc #h4da #j4gd #c4ab #a4de #a4bd #i4agb4ag clover hay1 #e bean meal1 and #j4h sugar #aj wheat straw1 #aj #aaj4abbe4hfa1jch #g4jj #j4ca #b4di #a4ai #a4beaj4i #a4cc clover hay1 #f4d bean meal1 #a4g starch1 #d sugar1 and #j4d rape oil #aj wheat straw1 #aj #aja4hjbg4jda1jcg #g4ad #j4bj #b4ie #a4ci #a4ehac4c #j4i clover hay1 #i4d bean meal1 #c4a sugar1 and #j4d rape oil #aj wheat straw1 #aj #aai4jjbc4bja1jch #g4gd #j4ba #d4jf #a4ia #a4fiae4d #j4h clover hay1 #aa4g bean meal1 #b4h starch1 and #j4e rape oil #ag4hf bean straw1 and #ed4hdab4fja1jdc #g4jf #j4dj #b4ec #a4ba #a4ae #e4c #j4hc #a4f bean meal #ad4hh bean straw #ee4gfaf4cda1jcf #e4de #j4aa #a4da #j4fg #j4fd #c4hcj4c #af4ij meadow hay #cf4bfae4ada1jdb #g4ia #a4cj #a4gc #j4ia #j4ib #d4cgc4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,the varying quantity of urea 7from #a4f to #ae4d ounces7 is most suggestive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous feed and the resulting concentration of the urine and blood4 ,hippuric acid1 on the other hand1 is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and straw4 ,the specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from #a1jcj to #a1jfj in health1 water being #a1jjj4 ,it is transparent1 with a yellowish tinge1 and has a characteristic1 musky smell4 ,the chemical reaction is alkaline1 turning red litmus paper blue4 ,the quantity passed in twenty-four hours varies greatly1 increasing not only with the water drunk1 but with the albuminoids taken in with the feed and the urea produced4 ,if a solution of urea is injected into the veins the secretion of urine is greatly augmented4 ,similarly the excess of salts like carbonate of potash in the feed1 or of sugar1 increases the action of the kidneys4 ,only about #bj per cent of the water swallowed escapes in the urine1 the remaining #hj per cent passing mostly from the lungs1 and to a slight extent by the bowels4 ,the skin of the ox does not perspire so readily nor so freely as that of the horse2 hence the kidneys and lungs are called upon for extra work4 ,the influence of an excess of water in the feed is most remarkable in swill-fed distillery cattle1 which urinate profusely and frequently1 yet thrive and fatten rapidly4 ,among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is overfilling of 7internal pressure in7 the blood vessels of the kidneys2 hence the contraction of the blood vessels of the skin by cold drives the blood inward1 tends to dilate the blood vessels of the kidneys1 and to increase the secretion of urine4 ,nervous disorders1 such as excitement1 fear1 congestions1 or structural injuries to the back part of the base of the brain1 have a similar result1 hence1 doubtless1 the action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing profuse flow of urine1 whereas other forms of musty fodder cause stupor1 delirium1 or paralysis4 ,bacteria and their products are mainly expelled by the kidneys1 and become sources of local infection1 irritation1 and disease4 ,the quantity of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding averages #g to #ab pints1 but this may be increased enormously on a watery diet4 ,the mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs tends to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on preexisting disorder in another4 ,the introduction of albuminoids in excess into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea1 and a more profuse secretion of urine1 of a higher specific gravity1 and with a greater tendency to deposit its solid constituents1 as gravel1 in the kidneys or bladder4 ,a torpid action of the liver1 leaving the albuminoids in transition forms1 less soluble than the urea into which they should have been changed1 favors the onset of rheumatism or of nervous disorder1 the deposit of such albuminoid products in the kidneys1 the formation of a deep-brown or reddish urine1 and congestion of the kidneys4 ,any abnormal activity of the liver in the production of sugar--more than can be burned up in the circulation--overstimulates the kidneys and produces increased flow of a heavy urine with a sweetish taste4 ,this increased production of sugar may be primarily due to disease of the brain1 which1 in its turn1 determines the disorder of the liver4 ,disease of the right side of the heart or of the lungs1 by obstructing the onward flow of blood from the veins1 increases the blood pressure in the kidneys and produces disorder and excessive secretion4 ,inactivity of the kidneys determines an increase in the blood of waste products1 which become irritating to different parts1 producing skin eruptions1 itching1 dropsies1 and nervous disorders4 ,sprains of the loins produce bleeding from the kidneys and disease of the spinal cord1 and sometimes determine albuminous or milky looking urine4 ,the kidney of the ox 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #a7 is a compound organ made up of #ae to #be separate lobules like so many separate kidneys1 but all pouring their secretion into one common pouch 7pelvis7 situated in an excavation in the center of the lower surface4 ,while the ox is the only domesticated quadruped which maintains this divided condition of the kidney after birth1 this condition is common to all while at an early stage of development in the womb4 ,the cluster of lobules making up a single kidney forms an ovoid mass flattened from above downward1 and extending from the last rib backward beneath the loins and to one side of the solid chain of the backbone4 ,the right is more firmly attached to the loins and extends farther backward than the left4 ,deeply covered in a mass of suet1 each kidney has a strong outer1 white1 fibrous covering1 and inside this two successive layers of kidney substance1 of which the outer is that in which the urine is mainly separated from the blood and poured into the fine1 microscopic urinary ducts4 7,pl4 ,x1 fig4 #a7 ,these latter1 together with blood vessels1 lymph vessels1 and nerves1 make up the second1 or internal1 layer4 ,the outer layer is mainly composed of minute globular clusters of microscopic1 intercommunicating blood vessels 7,malpighian bodies71 each of which is furnished with a fibrous capsule that is nothing else than the dilated commencement of a urine tube4 ,these practically microscopic tubes follow at first a winding course through the outer layer 7,ferrein's tubes71 then form a long loop 7doubling on itself7 in the inner layer 7,henle's loop71 and finally pass back through the inner layer 7,bellini's tubes7 to open through a conical process into the common pouch 7pelvis7 on the lower surface of the organ4 7,pl4 ,x1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,the tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder is like a white1 round cord1 about the size of a goose quill1 prolonged from the pouch on the lower surface of the kidney backward beneath the loins1 then inward1 supported by a fold of thin membrane1 to open into the bladder just in front of its neck4 ,the canal passes first through the middle 7muscular7 coat of the bladder1 and then advances perceptibly between that and the internal 7mucous7 coat1 through which it finally opens4 ,by this arrangement in overfilling the bladder this opening is closed like a valve by the pressure of the urine1 and the return of liquid to the kidney is prevented4 ,the bladder 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b7 is a dilatable1 egg-shaped pouch1 closed behind by a strong ring of muscular fibers encircling its neck1 and enveloped by looped1 muscular fibers extending on all sides around its body and closed anterior end4 ,stimulated by the presence of urine1 these last contract and expel contents through the neck into the urethra4 ,this last is the tube leading backward along the floor of the pelvic bones and downward through the penis4 ,in the bull this canal of the urethra is remarkable for its small caliber and for the ,s-shaped bend which it describes in the space between the thighs and just above the scrotum4 ,this bend is attributable to the fact that the retractor muscles are attached to the penis at this point1 and in withdrawing that organ within its sheath they double it upon itself4 ,the small size of the canal and this ,s-shaped bend are serious obstacles to the passing of a catheter to draw the urine1 yet by extending the penis out of its sheath the bend is effaced1 and a small1 gum-elastic catheter1 not more than one-fourth of an inch in diameter1 may with care be passed into the bladder4 ,in the cow the urethra is very short1 opening in the median line on the floor of the vulva about #d inches in front of its external orifice4 ,even in her1 however1 the passing of a catheter is a matter of no little difficulty1 the opening of the urethra being very narrow and encircled by the projecting membranous and rigid margins1 and on each side of the opening is a blind pouch 7canal of ,grtner7 into which the catheter will almost invariably find its way4 ,in both male and female1 therefore1 the passing of a catheter is an operation which demands special skill4 ,general symptoms of urinary disorders4--,these are not so prominent in cattle as in horses1 yet they are of a similar kind4 ,there is a stiff or straddling gait with the hind legs and some difficulty in turning or in lying down and rising1 the act causing a groan4 ,the frequent passage of urine in driblets1 its continuous escape in drops1 the sudden arrest of the flow when in full stream1 the rhythmic contraction of the muscles under the anus without any flow resulting1 the swelling of the sheath1 the collection of hard1 gritty masses on the hair surrounding the orifice of the sheath1 the occurrence of dropsies in the limbs under the chest or belly1 or in either of these cavities1 and finally the appearance of nervous stupor1 may indicate serious disorder of the urinary organs4 ,the condition of the urine passed may likewise lead to suspicion4 ,it may be white1 from crystallized carbonate of lime2 brown1 red1 or even black1 from the presence of blood or blood-coloring matter2 yellow1 from biliary coloring matter2 frothy1 from contained albumin2 cloudy1 from phosphates2 glairy1 from pus2 it may also show gritty masses from gravel4 ,in many cases of urinary disorder in the ox1 however1 the symptoms are by no means prominent1 and unless special examination is made of the loins1 the bladder1 and the urine the true nature of the malady may be overlooked4 ,,diuresis 7,,polyuria1 ,,diabetes ,,insipidus1 ,,excessive ,,secretion ,,of ,,urine74 ,a secretion of urine in excess of the normal amount may be looked on as disease1 even if the result does not lead to immediate loss of condition4 ,cattle fed on distillery swill are striking examples of such excess caused by the enormous consumption of a liquid feed1 which nourishes and fattens in spite of the diuresis2 the condition is unwholesome1 and cattle that have passed four or five months in a swill stable have fatty livers and kidneys1 and never again do well on ordinary feed4 ,diuresis may further occur from increase of blood pressure in the kidneys 7diseases of the heart or lungs which hinder the onward passage of the blood1 the eating of digitalis1 ,english broom1 the contraction of the blood vessels on the surface of the body in cold weather1 etc472 also from acrid or diuretic plants taken with the feed 7dandelion1 burdock1 colchicum1 digitalis1 savin1 resinous shoots1 etc472 from excess of sugar in the feed 7beets1 turnips1 ripe sorghum72 also from the use of frozen feed 7frosted turnip tops and other vegetables71 and from the growths of certain molds in fodder 7musty hay1 mow-burnt hay1 moldy oats1 moldy bread1 etc474 ,finally1 alkaline waters and alkaline incrustations on the soil may be active causes4 ,in some of these cases the result is beneficial rather than injurious1 as when cattle affected with gravel in the kidneys are entirely freed from this condition by a run at grass1 or by an exclusive diet of roots or swill4 ,in other cases1 however1 the health and condition suffer1 and even inflammation of the kidneys may occur4 ,treatment4--,the treatment is mainly in the change of diet to a more solid aliment destitute of the special1 offensive ingredient4 ,boiled flaxseed is often the best diet or addition to the wholesome dry food1 and1 by way of medicine1 doses of #b drams each of sulphate of iron and iodid of potassium may be given twice daily4 ,in obstinate cases #b drams ergot of rye or of catechu may be added4 ,,bloody ,,urine 7,,red ,,water1 ,,moor ,,ill1 ,,wood ,,ill1 ,,hematuria1 ,,hemaglobinuria74 ,this is a common affection among cattle in certain localities1 above all on damp1 undrained lands and under a backward agriculture4 ,it is simply bloody urine or hematuria when the blood is found in clots1 or when under the microscope the blood globules can be detected as distinctly rounded1 flattened disks4 ,it is smoky urine--hemaglobinuria--when neither such distinct clots nor blood disks can be found1 but merely a general browning1 reddening1 or blackening of the urine by the presence of dissolved1 blood-coloring matter4 ,the bloody urine is the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or urinary passages 7inflammation1 stone1 gravel1 tumors1 hydatids1 kidney worms1 sprains of the loins71 while the stained urine 7hemaglobinuria7 is usually the result of some general or more distinct disorder in which the globules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the coloring matter dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of the blood and of the urine secreted from it4 ,as in the two forms1 blood and the elements of blood escape into the urine1 albumin is always present1 so that there is albuminuria with blood-coloring matter superadded4 ,if from stone or gravel1 gritty particles are usually passed1 and may be detected in the bottom of a dish in which the liquid is caught4 ,if from fracture or severe sprain of the loins1 it is liable to be associated not only with some loss of control of the hind limbs and with staggering behind but also with a more or less perfect paralysis of the tail4 ,the bloodstained urine without red globules results from specific diseases--,texas fever 7,pl4 ,,xlvii1 fig4 #c71 anthrax1 spirillosis1 and from eating irritant plants 7broom1 savin1 mercury1 hellebore1 ranunculus1 convolvulus1 colchicum1 oak shoots1 ash privet1 hazel1 hornbeam1 and other astringent1 acrid1 or resinous plants1 etc474 ,the ,maybug or ,spanish fly taken with the feed or spread over a great extent of skin as a blister has a similar action4 ,frosted turnips or other roots will bring on the affection in some subjects4 ,among conditions which act by the direct destruction of the globules in the circulating blood may be named an excess of water in that fluid2 the use of water from soils rich in decomposing vegetable matter and containing alkaline salts1 particularly nitrites2 and the presence in the water and feed of the ptomaines of bacteria growth2 hence the prevalence of red water in marshy districts and on clayey and other impervious soils1 and the occurrence of bloody urine in the advanced stages of several contagious diseases4 ,some mineral poisons--such as iodin1 arsenic1 and phosphorus taken to excess--may cause hematuria1 and finally the symptoms may be merely the result of a constitutional predisposition of the individual or family to bleeding4 ,in some predisposed subjects1 exposure of the body to cold or wet will cause the affection4 ,the specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent one4 ,it may or may not be associated with fever1 with the presence or absence of abdominal tenderness on pressure1 with a very frothy state of the milk or even a reddish tinge1 with or without marked paleness of the mucous membranes1 and general weakness4 ,when direct injury to the kidneys is the immediate cause of the disease the urine will be passed often1 in small quantity at a time1 and with much straining4 ,when there is bloodlessness 7a watery blood7 from insufficient nourishment1 fever is absent and the red water is at first the only symptom4 ,when the active cause has been irritant plants1 abdominal tenderness1 colics1 and other signs of bowel inflammation are marked features4 ,treatment4--,treatment varies according as the cause has been a direct irritant operating on a subject in vigorous health or a microbian poison acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor4 ,in the first form of red water a smart purgative 7#a pound to #a-a_/b pounds ,glauber's salt7 will clear away the irritants from the bowels and allay the coexistent high fever4 ,it will also serve to divert to the bowels much of the irritant products already absorbed into the blood and will thus protect the kidneys4 ,in many such cases a liberal supply of wholesome1 easily digestible feed will be all the additional treatment required4 ,in this connection demulcent feed 7boiled flaxseed1 wheat bran7 is especially good4 ,if much blood has been lost1 bitters 7gentian1 one-half ounce7 and iron 7sulphate of iron1 #b drams7 should be given for a week4 ,for cases in which excess of diuretic plants has been taken1 it may be well to replace the salts by #a to #b pints of olive oil1 adding #a ounce of laudanum and #b drams of gum camphor2 also to apply fomentations or a fresh sheepskin over the loins4 ,buttermilk or vinegar1 one-half pint1 or sulphuric acid1 #fj drops in a pint of water1 may also be used frequently as injections4 ,in cases caused by sprained or fractured loins1 inflamed kidneys1 stone or gravel1 the treatment will be as for the particular disease in question4 ,in hematuria from anemia 7watery blood71 whether from insufficient or badly adjusted rations or from the poisonous products of fermentations in impervious or marshy soils1 the treatment must be essentially tonic and stimulating4 ,rich1 abundant1 and easily digestible feed must be furnished4 ,the different grains 7oats1 barley1 wheat1 bran1 rye7 and seeds 7rape1 linseed1 cotton seed7 are especially called for and may be given either ground or boiled4 ,as a bitter1 sulphate of quinin1 one-half dram1 and tincture of chlorid of iron1 #b drams1 may be given in a pint of water thrice a day4 ,in some cases #a or #b teaspoonfuls of oil of turpentine twice daily in milk will act favorably4 ,in this anemic variety prevention is the great need4 ,the drainage and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object4 ,until this can be accomplished young and newly purchased cattle not yet inured to the poisons must be kept from the dangerous fields and turned on only those which are already drained naturally or artificially4 ,further1 they should have an abundant ration in which the local product of grass1 hay1 etc41 is supplemented by grain or other seeds4 ,another point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has drained from marshes or impervious soils1 rich in organic matter1 as such water is charged with nitrites1 ptomaines1 etc41 which directly conduce to the disorder4 ,fence out from all such waters and supply from living springs or deep wells only4 ,,albumin ,,in ,,the ,,urine 7,,albuminuria74 ,in bloody urine albumin is always present as an important constituent of the blood1 and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is present as a part of the inflammatory exudate4 ,apart from these1 albumin in the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased conditions of the kidneys or of distant organs4 ,among the additional causes of albuminuria may be named3 7#a7 ,an excess of albumin in the blood 7after easy calving with little loss of blood and before the secretion of milk has been established1 or in cases of sudden suppression of the secretion of milk72 7#b7 under increase of blood pressure 7after deep drinking1 after doses of digitalis or broom1 after transfusion of blood from one animal to another1 or in disease of the heart or lungs causing obstruction to the flow of blood from the veins72 7#c7 after cutting 7or disease7 of the motor nerves of the vessels going to the kidneys1 causing congestion of these organs2 7#d7 violent exertion1 hence long drives2 the same happens with violent1 muscular spasms1 as from strychnia poisoning1 lockjaw1 epilepsy1 and convulsions2 7#e7 in most fevers and extensive inflammations of important organs1 like the lungs or liver1 the escape of the albumin being variously attributed to the high temperature of the body and disorder of the nerves1 and to resulting congestion and disorder of the secreting cells of the kidneys2 7#f7 in burns and some other congested states of the skin2 7#g7 under the action of certain poisons 7strong acids1 phosphorous1 arsenic1 ,spanish flies1 carbolic acid1 and those inducing bloody urine72 7#h7 in certain conditions of weakness or congestion of the secreting cells of the kidneys1 so that they allow this element of the blood to escape2 7#i7 when the feed is entirely wanting in common salt1 albumin may appear in the urine temporarily after a full meal containing an excess of albumin4 ,it can also be produced experimentally by puncturing the back part of the base of the brain 7the floor of the fourth ventricle close to the point the injury to which causes sugary urine74 ,in abscess1 tumor1 or inflammation of the bladder1 ureter1 or urethra the urine is albuminous4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that albumin in the urine does not indicate the existence of any one specific disease1 and except when from weakness or loss of function of the kidney cells1 it must be looked on as an attendant on another disease1 the true nature of which we must try to find out4 ,these affections we must exclude one by one until we are left to assume the noninflammatory disorder of the secreting cells of the kidney4 ,it is especially important to exclude inflammation of the kidney1 and to do this may require a microscopic examination of the sediment of the urine and the demonstration of the entire absence of casts of the uriniferous tubes4 7,see ,nephritis1 p4 #abc47 ,to detect albumin in the urine1 the suspected and frothy liquid must be rendered sour by adding a few drops of nitric acid and then boiled in a test tube4 ,if a solid precipitate forms1 then a few more drops of nitric acid should be added1 and if the liquid does not clear it up it is albumin4 ,a precipitate thrown down by boiling and redissolved by nitric acid is probably phosphate of lime4 ,treatment4--,treatment is usually directed to the disease on which it is dependent4 ,in the absence of any other recognizable disease1 mucilaginous drinks of boiled flaxseed1 slippery elm1 or gum may be given1 tannic acid1 one-half dram twice daily1 and fomentations or even mustard poultices over the loins4 ,when the disease is chronic and there is no attendant fever 7elevation of temperature71 tonics 7hydrochloric acid1 #f drops in a pint of water2 phosphate of iron1 #b drams1 or sulphate of quinin1 #b drams1 repeated twice daily7 may be used4 ,in all cases the patient should be kept carefully from cold and wet1 a warm1 dry shed1 or in warm weather a dry1 sunny yard or pasture being especially desirable4 ,,sugar ,,in ,,urine 7,,diabetes ,,mellitus74 ,this is a frequent condition of the urine in parturition fever1 but as a specific disease1 associated with deranged liver or brain1 it is practically unknown in cattle4 ,as a mere attendant on another disease it demands no special notice here4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys 7,,nephritis74 ,this has been divided according as it affects the different parts of the kidneys1 as3 7#a7 ,its fibrous covering 7perinephritis72 7#b7 the secreting tissue of its outer portion 7parenchymatous72 7#c7 the connective tissue 7interstitial72 7#d7 the lining membrane of its ducts 7catarrhal72 and 7#e7 its pelvis or sac receiving the urine 7pyelitis74 ,it has also been distinguished according to the changes that take place in the kidney1 especially as seen after death1 according to the quantity of albumin in the urine1 and according as the affection is acute or chronic4 ,for the purpose of this work it will be convenient to consider these as one inflammatory disease1 making a distinction merely between the acute and the chronic or of long standing4 ,the causes are in the main like those causing bloody urine1 such as irritant and diuretic plants1 ,spanish flies applied as a blister or otherwise1 exposure to cold and wet1 the presence of stone or gravel in the kidneys1 injuries to the back or loins1 as by riding one another1 the drinking of alkaline or selenitic water1 the use of putrid1 stagnant water1 of that containing bacteria and their products1 the consumption of musty fodder1 etc4 7,see ,hematuria1 p4 #aai47 ,the length of the loins in cattle predisposes these parts to mechanical injury1 and in the lean and especially in the thin1 working ox the kidney is very liable to suffer4 ,in the absence of an abundance of loose1 connective tissue and of fat1 the kidneys lie in close contact with the muscles of the loins1 and any injury to them may tend to stretch the kidney and its vessels1 or to cause its inflammation by direct extension of the disease from the injured muscle to the adjacent kidney4 ,thus1 under unusually heavy draft1 under slips or falls on slippery ground1 under sudden unexpected drooping or twisting of the loins from missteps or from the feet sinking into holes1 under the loading and jarring of the loins when animals ride one another in cases of heat1 the kidneys are subject to injury and inflammation4 ,a hard run1 as when chased by a dog1 may be the occasion of such an attack4 ,a fodder rich in nitrogenous or flesh-forming elements 7beans1 peas1 vetches 7,vicia sativa71 and other leguminous plants7 has been charged with irritating the kidneys through the excess of urea1 hippuric acid1 and allied products eliminated through these organs and the tendency to the formation of gravel4 ,it seems1 however1 that these feeds are most dangerous when partially ripened and yet not fully matured1 a stage of growth at which they are liable to contain ingredients irritating to the stomach and poisonous to the brain1 as seen in their inducing so-called stomach staggers4 ,even in the poisoning by the seeds of ripened but only partially cured rye grass 7,lolium perenne71 and darnel 7,lolium temulentum71 the kidneys are found violently congested with black blood2 also1 in the indigestions that result from the eating of partially ripened corn or millet some congestion of the kidneys is an attendant phenomenon4 ,cruzel says that the disease as occurring locally is usually not alone from the acrid and resinous plants charged with inducing hematuria1 but also from stinking camomile 7,anthemis cotula7 and field poppy when used in the fresh1 succulent condition2 also from the great prevalence of dead caterpillars on the pasture1 or from dead ,spanish flies in the stagnant pools of water4 ,the fresh plants are believed to be injurious only by reason of a volatile oil which is dissipated in drying4 ,in the case of the stagnant water it may be questioned whether the chemical products of the contained ferments 7bacteria7 are not more frequently the cause of the evil than the alleged ,spanish flies1 though the latter are hurtful enough when present4 ,inflammation of the kidneys may further be a form or an extension of a specific contagious disease1 such as erysipelas1 rinderpest1 septicemia1 or even of poisoning by the spores of fungi4 ,rivolta reports the case of a cow with spots of local congestion and blood staining in the kidney1 the affected parts being loaded with bacteria4 ,unfortunately he neither cultivated the bacteria nor inoculated them1 and thus the case stands without positive demonstration that they were the cause of disease4 ,in certain cases the symptoms of nephritis are very manifest1 and in others so hidden that the existence of the affection can be certainly recognized only by a microscopic examination of the urine4 ,in violent cases there is high fever1 increase of the body temperature to #ajc ,f4 and upward2 hurried breathing1 with a catching inspiration2 accelerated pulse2 dry1 hot muzzle2 burning of the roots of the horns and ears2 loss of appetite2 suspended rumination2 and indications of extreme sensitiveness in the loins4 ,the patient stands with back arched and hind legs extended backward and outward1 and passes water frequently1 in driblets1 of a high color and specific gravity1 containing albumin and microscopic casts4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #e47 ,when made to move1 the patient does so with hesitation and groaning1 especially if turned in a narrow circle2 when pinched on the flank just beneath the lateral bony processes of the loins1 especially on that side on which the disease predominates1 it flinches and groans4 ,if the examination is made with oiled hand introduced through the last gut 7rectum71 the pressure upward on the kidneys gives rise to great pain and to efforts to escape by moving away and by active contractions of the rectum for the expulsion of the hand4 ,sometimes there is a distinct swelling over the loins or quarter on one or both sides4 ,in uncastrated males the testicle on the affected side is drawn up1 or is alternately raised and dropped4 ,in all there is a liability to tremors of the thigh on the side affected4 ,in some severe cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst forms of indigestion and spasms of the bowels4 ,the animal frequently shifts from one hind foot to the other1 stamps1 kicks at the belly1 frequently looks anxiously at its flank1 moans plaintively1 lies down and quickly gets up again1 grinds its teeth1 twists its tail1 and keeps the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind feet advanced under the belly4 ,the bowels may be costive and the feces glistening with a coat of mucus1 or they may be loose and irritable1 and the paunch or even the bowels may become distended with gas 7bloating7 as the result of indigestion and fermentation4 ,in some animals1 male and female alike1 the rigid1 arched condition of the back will give way to such undulating movements as are sometimes seen in the act of coition4 ,the disease does not always appear in its full severity2 for a day1 or even two1 however1 there may be merely loss of appetite1 impaired rumination1 a disposition to remain lying down1 yet when the patient is raised it manifests suffering by anxiously looking at the flanks1 shifting or stamping of the hind feet1 shaking of the tail1 and attempts to urinate1 which are either fruitless or lead to the discharge of a small quantity of high-colored or perhaps bloody urine4 ,in some recent slight cases1 and in many chronic ones1 these symptoms may be absent or unobserved1 and an examination of the urine is necessary to reach a safe conclusion4 ,the urine may contain blood1 or it may be cloudy from contained albumin1 which coagulates on heating with nitric acid 7see ,albuminuria1 p4 #aba72 it may be slightly glairy from pus1 or gritty particles may be detected in it4 ,in seeking for casts of the uriniferous tubes1 a drop may be taken with a fine tube from the bottom of the liquid after standing1 and examined under a power magnifying #ej diameters4 ,if the fine1 cylindroid filaments are seen they may then be examined with a power of #bjj or #bej diameters4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #e47 ,the appearance of the casts gives some clue to the condition of the kidneys4 ,if made up of large1 rounded or slightly columnar cells1 with a single nucleus in each cell 7epithelial71 they imply comparatively slight and recent disease of the kidney tubes1 the detachment of the epithelium being like what is seen in any inflamed mucous surface4 ,if made up largely of the small1 disk-shaped and nonnucleated red blood globules1 they imply escape of blood1 and usually a recent injury or congestion of the kidney--it may be from sprains1 blows1 or the ingestion of acrid or diuretic poisons4 ,if the casts are made of a clear1 waxy1 homogeneous substance 7hyaline71 without any admixture of opaque particles1 they imply an inflammation of longer standing1 in which the inflamed kidney tubules have been already stripped of their cellular 7epithelial7 lining4 ,if the casts are rendered opaque by the presence of minute1 spherical granular cells1 like white blood globules1 it betokens active suppuration of the kidney tubes4 ,in other cases the casts are rendered opaque by entangled earthy granules 7carbonate of lime71 or crystals of some other urinary salts4 ,in still other cases the casts entangle clear1 refrangent globules of oil or fat1 which may imply fatty degeneration of the kidneys or injury to the spinal cord4 ,the presence of free pus giving a glairy1 flocculent appearance to the urine is suggestive of inflammation of the urinary pouch at the commencement of the excretory duct 7pelvis of kidney7 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #a71 especially if complicated with gritty particles of earthy salts4 ,this condition is known as pyelitis4 ,in the chronic cases swelling of the legs or along the lower surface of chest or abdomen1 or within these respective cavities1 is a common symptom4 ,so1 also1 stupor or coma1 or even convulsions1 may supervene from the poisonous action of urea and other waste or morbid products retained in the blood4 ,treatment4--,in the treatment of acute nephritis the first consideration is the removal of the cause4 ,acrid or diuretic plants in the feed must be removed1 and what of this kind is present in the stomach or bowels may be cleared away by a moderate dose of castor or olive oil2 extensive surfaces of inflammation that have been blistered by ,spanish flies must be washed clean with soapsuds2 sprains of the back or loins must be treated by soothing fomentations or poultices or by a fresh sheepskin with its fleshy side applied on the loins1 and the patient must be kept in a narrow stall in which it can not turn even its head4 ,the patient must be kept in a warm1 dry building1 so that the skin may be kept active rather than the kidneys4 ,warm blanketing is equally important1 or even mustard poultices over the loins will be useful4 ,blisters of ,spanish flies1 turpentine1 or other agent which may be absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be avoided4 ,the active fever may be checked by #ae drops tincture of aconite every four hours or by one-third ounce of acetanilid4 ,if pain is very acute1 #a ounce of laudanum or #b drams of solid extract of belladonna will serve to relieve4 ,when the severity of the disease has passed1 a course of tonics 7quinin1 #b drams1 or gentian powder1 #d drams1 daily7 may be given4 ,diuretics1 too1 may be given cautiously at this advanced stage to relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys and general system 7oil of turpentine1 #b teaspoonfuls2 bicarbonate of soda1 #a teaspoonful1 repeated twice a day74 ,pure water is essential1 and it should not be given chilled2 warm drinks are preferable4 ,in the chronic forms of kidney inflammation the same protection against cold and similar general treatment are demanded4 ,tonics1 however1 are important to improve the general health 7phosphate of iron1 #b drams2 powdered nux vomica1 #bj grains2 powdered gentian root1 #d drams1 daily74 ,in some instances the mineral acids 7nitric acid1 #fj drops1 or nitrohydrochloric acid1 #fj drops1 daily7 may be used with the bitters4 ,mustard applied to the loins in the form of a thin pulp made with water and covered for an hour with paper or other impervious envelope1 or water hotter than the hand can bear1 or cupping1 may be resorted to as a counterirritant4 ,in cupping1 shave the loins1 smear them with lard1 then take a narrow-mouthed glass1 expand the air within by smearing its interior with a few drops of alcohol1 setting it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the vessel to the oiled portion of the skin4 ,as the air within the vessel cools it contracts1 tending to form a partial vacuum1 and the skin1 charged with blood1 is strongly drawn up within it4 ,several of these being applied at once1 a strong derivation from the affected kidneys is obtained4 ,in no case of inflamed or irritable kidney should ,spanish flies or oil of turpentine be used upon the skin4 ,,parasites ,,of ,,the ,,kidney4 ,as the kidney is the visual channel by which the bacteria leave the system1 this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist in the blood1 and congestions and blood extravasions are produced4 ,in anthrax1 southern cattle fever 7,texas fever71 and other such affections bloody urine is the consequence4 ,of the larger parasites attacking the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the echinococcus tapeworm of the dog1 the cystic form of the unarmed or beef tapeworm of man1 the diving bladderworm--the cystic form of the marginate tapeworm of the dog1 and the giant strongyle-- the largest of the roundworms4 ,these give rise to general symptoms of kidney disease1 but the true source of the trouble is likely to be detected only if the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the roundworm are found on microscopical examination of the urine4 ,,tumors ,,of ,,the ,,kidney 7,,hypertrophy ,,or ,,atrophy74 ,the kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors1 and it may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size1 but though there may be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom manifest until after death4 ,the passing of blood and of large multi-nucleated cells in the urine 7to be detected under the microscope7 may betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney4 ,the presence of cancerous enlargement of 7superficial7 lymphatic glands may further assist and confirm the decision4 ,,retention ,,of ,,urine4 ,inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions--first1 spasm of the neck of the bladder2 second1 paralysis of the body of the bladder2 third1 obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone 7calculus7 7see ,pl4 ,,xi7 or other obstacle4 ,in spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand with the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of the muscle beneath the anus 7accelerator urin7 7see ,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b71 but without passing a drop of liquid4 ,in the female the hind legs are extended1 widely parted1 and the back is arched as if to urinate1 but the effort is vain4 ,if the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum or vagina in the early stages of the affection1 the bladder may be felt beneath partially filled1 but not overdistended with liquid1 and its neck or mouth firm and rigid4 ,in the more advanced stages of the affection the organ is felt as a great1 tense1 elastic bag1 extending forward into the abdomen4 ,in this condition the overdistended muscular coat of the bladder has lost its power of contraction1 so that true paralysis has set in1 the muscle closing the mouth of the sac alone retaining its contractile power4 ,in paralysis of the body of the bladder attention is rarely drawn to the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full repletion and is almost ready to give way by rupture and to allow the escape of the contained liquid into the abdomen4 ,overdistention is the most common cause of the paralysis1 yet it may occur from inflammation of the muscular wall of the bladder1 or even from injury to the terminal part of the spinal marrow4 ,in this last condition1 however1 the tail is liable to be powerless1 and the neck of the bladder may also be paralyzed1 so that the urine dribbles away continuously4 ,causes4--,among the causes of spasm of the neck of the bladder may be named the lodgment of small stones or gravel1 the feeding on irritant diuretics 7see ,bloody urine1 p4 #aai1 or ,nephritis1 p4 #abc71 the enforced retention of urine while at work or during a painful or difficult parturition4 ,the irritation attendant on inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder may be a further cause of spasms of the neck1 as may also be inflammation of the channel 7urethra7 back of the neck4 ,extensive applications of ,spanish flies to the skin1 the abuse of diuretics1 and the occurrence of indigestion and spasms of the bowels are further causes4 ,so long as spasmodic colic is unrelieved1 retention of water from spasm of the neck of the bladder usually persists4 ,treatment4--,treatment depends largely on the cause4 ,in indigestion the irritant contents of the bowels must be got rid of by laxatives and injections of warm water2 ,spanish-fly blisters must be washed from the surface2 a prolonged and too active exertion must be intermitted4 ,the spasm may be relaxed by injecting one-half ounce of solid extract of belladonna in water into the rectum or by a solution of tobacco4 ,chloroform or ether may be given by inhalation1 or chloral hydrate 7#a ounce7 may be given in water by the mouth4 ,fomentations of warm water may be made over the loins and between the thighs1 and the oiled hand inserted into the rectum may press moderately on the anterior part of the bladder1 which can be felt as an elastic fluctuating bag of an oval shape just beneath4 ,all other measures failing1 the liquid must be drawn off through a tube 7catheter74 ,this is1 however1 exceedingly difficult1 alike in male and female1 and we can not expect an amateur to succeed in accomplishing it4 ,in the cow the opening into the bladder is found in the median line of the floor of the generative entrance1 about #d inches in front of the external opening1 but it is flanked on either side by a blind pouch1 into which the catheter will pass1 in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred1 in the hands of any but the most skilled operator4 ,in the bull or steer the penis1 when retracted into its sheath1 is bent upon itself like the letter ,s1 just above the scrotum and testicles 7see ,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b71 and unless this bend is effaced by extending the organ forward out of its sheath it is quite impossible to pass a catheter beyond this point4 ,when1 however1 by the presentation of a female1 the animal can be tempted to protrude the penis1 so that it can be seized and extended1 or when it can be manipulated forward out of the sheath1 it becomes possible to pass a catheter of small caliber 7one-third inch or under7 onward into the bladder4 ,youatt advised laying open the sheath so as to reach and extend the penis1 and others have advocated opening the urethra in the space between the thighs or just beneath the anus1 but such formidable operations are beyond the stock owner4 ,the incision of the narrow urethra through the great thickness of muscular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is especially an operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty4 ,drawing the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another possible resort for the professional man4 ,the delicate needle of the aspirator is inserted in such cases through the floor of the vagina and upper wall of the bladder in the female1 or through the floor of the rectum 7last gut7 and roof of the bladder in the male1 or finally through the lower and back part of the abdominal wall1 just in front of the bones of the pelvis 7pubic bones71 thence through the lower and anterior part of the bladder near its blind anterior end4 ,after relief has been obtained the administration of belladonna in #b-;dram doses daily for several days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention4 ,when the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed by overdistention1 we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily1 and by mustard plaster applied over the loins1 on the back part of the belly inferiorly1 or between the thighs4 ,small doses 7#b drams7 of balsam of copaiba are sometimes useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ4 ,,incontinence ,,of ,,urine 7,,palsy ,,of ,,the ,,neck ,,of ,,the ,,bladder74 ,this may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord or from broken back1 and in these cases the tail1 and perhaps the hind limbs1 are liable to be paralyzed4 ,in this case the urine dribbles away constantly1 and the oiled hand in the vagina or rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may easily empty it by pressure4 ,treatment4--,treatment is only successful when the cause of the trouble can be remedied4 ,after these 7sprains of the back1 etc47 have recovered1 blisters 7mustard7 on the loins1 the lower part of the abdomen1 or between the thighs may be resorted to with success4 ,two drams of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or #b grains ,spanish flies daily may serve to restore the lost tone4 ,these failing1 the use of electric currents may still prove successful4 ,,urinary ,,calculi 7,,stone ,,or ,,gravel74 ,stone or gravel consists of hard bodies mainly made up of the solid earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of that liquid at some part of the urinary passage1 and have remained as small particles 7gravel71 or have concreted into large masses 7stone1 calculus74 7,see ,pl4 ,,xi1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,in cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending the practically microscopic tubes in the red substance of the kidney1 having been deposited from the urine in the solid form almost as soon as that liquid has been separated from the blood4 ,these stones appear as white objects on the red ground formed by cutting sections of the kidney1 and are essentially products of the dry feed of winter1 and are most common in working oxen1 which are called upon to exhale more water from the lungs and skin than are the slop-fed and inactive cows4 ,little water being introduced into the body with the feed and considerable being expelled with the breath and perspiration in connection with the active life1 the urine becomes small in amount1 but having to carry out all waste material from the tissues and the tissue-forming feed it becomes so charged with solids that it is ready to deposit them on the slightest disturbance4 ,if1 therefore1 a little of the water of such concentrated urine is reabsorbed at any point of the urinary passages the remainder is no longer able to hold the solids in solution1 and they are at once precipitated in the solid form as gravel or commencing stone4 ,in cattle1 on the other hand1 which are kept at pasture in summer1 or which are fed liberally on roots1 potatoes1 pumpkins1 apples1 or ensilage in winter1 this concentrated condition of the urine is not induced1 and under such circumstances1 therefore1 the formation of stone is practically unknown4 ,nothing more need be said to show the controlling influence of dry feeding in producing gravel and of a watery ration in preventing it4 ,calculus in cattle is essentially a disease of winter and of such cattle as are denied succulent feed and are confined to dry fodder as their exclusive ration4 ,while there are exceptions1 they are so rare that they do not invalidate this general rule4 ,it is true that stone in the kidney or bladder is often found in the summer or in animals feeding at the time on a more or less succulent ration1 yet such masses usually date back to a former period when the animals were restricted to a dry ration4 ,in this connection is should be noted that a great drain of water from the system by any other channel than the kidneys predisposes to the production of gravel or stone4 ,in case of profuse diarrhea1 for example1 or of excessive secretion of milk1 there is a corresponding diminution of the water of the blood1 and as the whole quantity of the blood is thus decreased and as the urine secreted is largely influenced by the fullness of the blood vessels and the pressure exerted upon their walls from within1 it follows that with this decrease of the mass of the blood and the lessening of its pressure outward there will be a corresponding decrease of urine4 ,the waste of the tissues1 however1 goes on as before1 and if the waste matter is passed out through the kidneys it must be in a more concentrated solution1 and the more concentrated the urine the greater the danger that the solids will be deposited as small crystals or calculi4 ,again1 the concentrated condition of the urine which predisposes to such deposits is favored by the quantity of lime salts that may be present in the water drunk by the animal4 ,water that contains #bj or #cj grains of carbonate or sulphate of lime to the gallon must contribute a large addition of solids to the blood and urine as compared with soft waters from which lime is absent4 ,in this connection it is a remarkable fact that stone and gravel in the domesticated herbivora are notoriously prevalent on many limestone soils1 as on the limestone formations of central and western ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 and ,michigan2 on the calcareous formations of ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,derbyshire1 ,shropshire1 and ,gloucestershire1 in ,england2 in ,landes in ,france1 and around ,munich in ,bavaria4 ,it does not follow that the abundance of lime in the water and fodder is the main cause of the calculi1 as other poisons which are operative in the same districts in causing goiter in both man and animal probably contribute to the trouble1 yet the excess of earthy salts in the drinking water can hardly fail to add to the saturation of both blood and urine1 and thereby to favor the precipitation of the urinary solids from their state of solution4 ,the known results of feeding cattle a generous or forcing ration in which phosphate of lime is present to excess adds additional force to the view just advanced4 ,in the writer's experience1 the ,second ,duke of ,oneida1 a magnificent product of his world-famed family1 died as the result of a too liberal allowance of wheat bran1 fed with the view of still further improving the bone and general form of the ,duchess strain of ,shorthorns4 ,lithotomy was performed and a number of stones removed from the bladder and urethra1 but the patient succumbed to an inflammation of the bowels1 induced by the violent purgatives given before the writer arrived1 under the mistaken idea that the straining had been caused by intestinal impaction4 ,in this case not only the ,second ,duke of ,oneida1 but the other males of the herd as well1 had the tufts of hairs at the outlet of the sheath encased in hard1 cylindroid sheaths of urinary salts1 precipitated from the liquid as it ran over them4 ,the tufts were in reality resolved into a series of hard1 rollerlike bodies1 more or less constricted at intervals1 as if beaded4 ,when it is stated that the ash of the whole grain of wheat is but #c per cent1 while the ash of wheat bran is #g4c per cent1 and that in the case of the former #df4ch per cent of the ash is phosphoric acid1 and in that of the latter #ej per cent1 it can easily be understood how a too liberal use of wheat bran should prove dangerous if fed dry4 ,the following table shows the relative proportion of ash and phosphoric acid in wheat bran and in some common farm seeds3 ,ash and phosphoric acid in bran and some common farm seeds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,kind of grain4 ,ash4 ,phosphoric ,phosphoric acid in ash4 acid in the entire feed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,wheat bran #g4c #ej #c4fe ,wheat1 grain #c #df4ch #a4ciad ,oats1 grain #b4ej #bf4e 4#ffbe ,barley1 grain #c4aj #ci4f #a4bbgf ,bean1 grain #c4aj #ca4i 4#ihfd ,peas1 grain #b4ge #cd4h 4#ieg ,tare1 grain #c #cf4b #a4jhf ,indian corn1 grain4 #a4e -- -- ,rye1 grain #a4f #ci4i 4#fchd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,wheat bran1 it will be observed1 contains three times as much phosphoric acid as is found in any of the other grains1 and four times as much as oats1 beans1 peas1 or rye2 so that if fed in excess it will readily overcharge the urine with phosphates4 ,there is another point to be considered1 however1 in estimating this danger4 ,wheat bran contains a far greater quantity of albuminoids and other nitrogen-containing constituents than the common grains 7these being made up mainly of starch1 which contains no nitrogen72 and1 all nitrogen-bearing products contained in the blood and tissues being expelled from the body mainly through the kidneys in the form of urea and 7in cattle7 hippuric acid1 it follows that the excess of urea formed when such feed is consumed must load the urine with solids and bring it constantly nearer to the point of saturation1 when such solids 7or the least soluble of them7 must be deposited4 ,the following table will show the relative amounts of the nitrogen-bearing products in wheat bran and some of our common grains3 ,nitrogenous matter in wheat bran and some common farm grains4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,kind of grain4 ,albuminoids ,woody fiber ,total nitrogenous- 7nitrogenous74 7nitrogenous47 bearing constituents4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,wheat bran4 #af4a #h #bd4a ,wheat1 grain #ab4e #a4h #ad4c ,barley1 grain #ab4d #b4g #ae4a ,oats1 grain #aa4h #i4e #ba4c ,rye1 grain #aj4f #a4g #ab4c ,indian corn #aj4a #a4g #aa4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,it will be observed that1 with the exception of oats1 none of the grains contain more than two-thirds of the nitrogenous material present in the wheat bran1 while in the case of rye and maize there is practically but one-half4 ,even in the case of oats the albuminoids1 which are the more digestible principles1 and therefore those that are the most easily and speedily converted into urea1 are present only to the amount of two-thirds of that which exists in the wheat bran4 ,with such an excess of ash1 of phosphates1 and of nitrogenous 7urea-forming7 constituents in wheat bran1 its tendency to favor the formation of calculi is fully explained4 ,it must not1 however1 be inferred that wheat bran is not a valuable feedstuff4 ,the inference is only that it should be fed with an abundance of water1 as a sloppy mash1 or in combination with an abundance of roots1 potatoes1 pumpkins1 or other succulent aliment4 ,in this connection the presence of magnesia in the feed or water must be named as favoring calculous formations in the urinary passages4 ,the explanation is that while the phosphate of magnesia thrown out in the urine is soluble in water1 the compound phosphate of ammonia and magnesia is insoluble1 and1 accordingly1 if at any time ammonia is introduced into urine containing the phosphate of magnesia there is instantly formed the ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 which is as promptly deposited in the solid form4 ,the common source of ammonia in such cases is from decomposition of the urea in fermenting urine4 ,in order to produce this a ferment is necessary1 however1 and therefore1 as an additional prerequisite1 the presence of bacteria1 or fungi1 in the urine is essential4 ,these ferments may make their way from without along the urinary passage 7urethra71 and their propagation in the bladder is greatly favored by the prolonged retention of urine1 as in case of spasm of the neck of the bladder or obstruction by an already existing stone4 ,another mode of entrance of the ferment is an unclean catheter used to draw the urine4 ,still another is the elimination through the kidneys of the bacteria of infectious diseases1 or of such as1 without producing a general infection1 yet determine fermentation in the urine4 ,the precipitation is favored not only by the production of ammonia1 but also by the formation of viscid 7colloid7 products of fermentation4 ,in this sense bacteria are most important factors in causing gritty deposits in the urine4 ,another insoluble salt which enters largely into the composition of many urinary calculi of the ox is carbonate of lime4 ,this is derived mainly from the lime in the feed and water and from the carbon dioxid formed by the oxidation of the organic acids in the fodder4 ,these organic acids1 being composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen 7without nitrogen71 are resolved by the addition of oxygen into carbon dioxid 7,,co#b7 and water 7,h#b,o74 ,the carbon dioxid unites with the lime in the blood to form carbonate of lime1 and in this state passes into the urine4 ,now1 carbonate of lime is soluble in water containing free or uncombined carbon dioxid1 but is precipitated whenever the latter is withdrawn4 ,it is only necessary1 therefore1 to have in the urine sufficient lime or other available base to unite with all the free carbon dioxid in order to bring about the precipitation of the dissolved carbonate of lime in the solid1 crystallized form2 hence it is that1 of all sediments in the urine of herbivora1 this is the most frequent and usually the most abundant4 ,a less common constituent of urinary calculi is the insoluble oxalate of lime4 ,in this case the lime is derived as before from the feed or water1 or both1 while the oxalic acid is a product of the oxidation of organic acids of the feed1 less oxygen having been used than in the formation of carbon dioxid4 ,the final product of the complete oxidation of these acids is carbon dioxid1 but when less oxygen is furnished1 owing to some disease of the lungs or a disease of the nerve centers1 which lessens the activity of the breathing1 then oxalic acid may be produced4 ,if this oxalic acid comes into contact with lime1 it is instantly precipitated as crystals of oxalate of lime4 ,another inorganic substance at times found in urinary calculi is silica 7,si,o#b74 ,this contributes largely to giving stiffness to the stems of growing plants1 and in most of our cereals and grasses makes up a large proportion of the ashes of the burned plant4 ,it is found in the soluble form in combination as silicate of potash1 but at times is displaced by oxalic or other acid and then appears as gritty1 sandy particles in the stem4 ,this gritty1 insoluble silica is especially noticeable among the horsetails 7,equisetacce71 bamboos1 and sedges4 ,the per cent of silica in the ash of several common fodder plants is given below3 ,silica in ash of various fodder plants4 ,ash of-- ,silica4 ,per cent4 ,wheat straw #fg4f ,oats and husk #ch4f ,oat straw #ce4d ,barley straw #gc4a ,rye straw #fd4d ,rye-grass hay #fd4eg ,wheat chaff #ha4b ,oat chaff #ei4i ,barley awn #gj4g ,it is only soluble silica that is taken up into the system1 and it is in this form 7usually as silicate of potash or soda7 that it enters the urine1 but all that is wanted to precipitate it in crystalline form as a gritty sand is the presence of oxalic or other acid having a stronger affinity for its base 7potash or soda74 ,other conditions1 however1 enter largely into the causation of stone1 or gravel4 ,a high density of urine resulting from a highly saturated condition is often present for a length of time without any precipitation of solid materials4 ,urea and carbonates may be present in excess1 the feed may be given dry1 and drinking water may be deficient in quantity without any deposition of stone or gravel4 ,in such cases1 the presence of noncrystalline organic matter in the urine becomes an exciting cause4 ,rainey and ,ord have shown experimentally that colloid 7noncrystallizable7 bodies like mucus1 epithelial cells1 albumin1 pus1 blood1 hyaline casts of the kidney tubes1 etc41 not only determine the precipitation of crystallizable salts from a strong solution1 but they determine the precipitation in the form of globular masses1 or minute spheres1 which1 by further similar accessions1 become stones1 or calculi1 of various sizes4 ,the salts that are deposited by mere chemical reaction without the intervention of colloids appear in the form of sharply defined angular crystals1 and hence the rough1 jagged crystals of oxalate of lime or ammonia-magnesium phosphate4 ,heat intensifies the action of the colloids in causing precipitation of the dissolved salts1 so that the temperatures of the kidneys and bladder constitute favorable conditions4 ,colloids that are undergoing decomposition are also specially powerful1 so that the presence of bacteria or fungi causing fermentation is an important factor4 ,in looking1 therefore1 for the immediate causes of urinary calculi we must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine the presence of excess of mucus1 albumin1 pus1 blood1 kidney casts1 blood-coloring matter1 etc41 in the urine4 ,a catarrhal inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney1 of the ureter1 or of the bladder1 generating excess of mucus or pus2 inflammation of the kidneys1 causing the discharge of blood1 albumin1 or hyaline casts into the urinary passages2 inflammation of the liver1 lungs1 or other distant organ1 resulting in the escape of albumin in the urine2 disorders of the liver or of the blood-forming functions1 resulting in hematuria or hemoglobinuria2 sprains or other injuries to the back1 or disease of the spinal marrow1 which cause the escape of blood with the urine2 the presence in the bladder of a bacterial ferment1 which determines the decomposition of the mucus and urea1 the evolution of ammonia and the consequent destruction of the protecting cellular 7epithelia7 lining of the bladder1 or the irritation caused by the presence of an already formed calculus1 may produce the colloid or uncrystallizable body that proves so effective in the precipitation of stone or gravel4 ,it has long been known that calculi almost invariably form around any foreign body introduced into the kidney or bladder1 and ,i have seen a large1 calculous mass surrounding a splinter of an arrow that had penetrated and broken off in the body of a deer4 ,the explanation is now satisfactory--the foreign body carries in with it bacteria1 which act as ferments upon the urine and mucus in addition to the mechanical injury caused by its presence4 ,if such a body has been introduced through the solid tissues1 there is1 in addition1 the presence of the blood and lymph derived from the wounded structures4 ,,classification ,,of ,,urinary ,,calculi4 ,urinary calculi are most conveniently divided according to the locality in which they are found4 ,thus we find first renal calculi1 formed in the kidney 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #a71 and which for cattle must be again divided into calculi of the uriniferous tubes and calculi of the pelvis4 ,the second class are named ureteral calculi because they are found in the duct leading from the kidney to the bladder 7ureter74 ,the third class are the vesical calculi1 from the bladder or vesicle in which they are found4 ,the fourth class are the urethral calculi1 and are found in the duct leading outward from the bladder through the penis 7urethra74 ,the fifth and last class are the preputial calculi1 since they are found within the sheath of the penis 7prepuce74 ,calculi may also be classed according to their chemical composition and this has the advantage of suggesting the special cause of each as found in the feed1 water1 soil1 or general conditions of health4 ,this classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms1 as calculi of the same chemical composition may be formed at any part of the urinary passages1 as those formed in the kidney may pass on through all the various passages outward1 unless it is found at any point of their progress that they have grown so large that the passage will not admit them4 ,the following are among the concretions found in the various parts3 7#a7 ,coralline calculi4--,these are of a dull-white color and irregular surface1 like coral4 ,they are made up of hard and resistant layers evenly deposited around a central nucleus4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #c47 ,their specific gravity is #a1gfj1 water being #a1jjj1 and they contain #gd per cent of carbonate of lime with some carbonate of magnesia1 organic matter1 and a trace of carbonate of iron4 ,yellowish-white1 smooth1 round calculi of the same chemical composition are met with4 7#b7 ,pearly calculi4--,these are more frequent than the first-named variety4 ,they are very hard and smooth on the surface1 reflecting a play of various colors after the fashion of a pearl4 ,this peculiarity appears to be caused by the thinness and semitransparency of the supposed layers4 ,they have a specific gravity of #b1aji to #b1cea1 and nearly the same chemical composition as the coralline variety4 ,golding ,bird found a specimen of this kind formed of carbonate of lime and organic matter only4 7#c7 ,green calculi 7metalloid calculi74--,these are usually small and numerous1 as they are exceedingly common4 ,they are of a very hard consistency1 and have a clear-polished1 greenish surface of almost metallic brilliancy4 ,they have a specific gravity of #b4cja and a composition almost identical with the second variety4 7#d7 ,white calculi4--,pure white1 smooth1 lustrous calculi are rare4 ,they have a specific gravity of #b4cjg1 and contain as much as #ib per cent of carbonate of lime with carbonate of magnesia and organic matter4 7#e7 ,ammonio-magnesium calculi4--,these are of a grayish color and a very rough1 crystalline surface1 which proves very irritating to the mucous membrane4 ,they have a specific gravity of #a4aji to #a4fcg1 and are composed chiefly of ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 oxalate of lime1 and organic matter1 with a little carbonate of lime and magnesia4 7#f7 ,siliceous calculi4--,these are clear1 smooth1 and hard1 and usually spherical4 ,they have a specific gravity of #a4bfe to #a4cgf1 and contain #eg per cent of silica with carbonates of iron and magnesia1 organic matter1 and traces of iron4 ,in other specimens of siliceous calculi there was a specific gravity of #c4abb1 and there was #gi to #he per cent of carbonate of lime together with carbonate of magnesia1 and iron1 silica1 and organic matter4 ,others are almost exclusively made of silica4 7#g7 ,oxalate of lime calculi 7mulberry calculi7 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #b74-- ,these are characterized by their extremely rough1 angular surface1 formed by the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime4 ,their specific gravity may be #c4dda1 and they contain oxalate of lime to the extent of #ha per cent1 together with carbonates of lime and magnesia and organic matter4 7#h7 ,gravel 7pultaceous deposits74--,simple crystals may be met with at any point from the kidneys to the external opening at the end of the prepuce 7sheath71 and they may appear singly1 as crystals1 or they may accumulate in masses of fine spherical crystals almost like dirty powdered chalk suspended in water4 ,in the ox this is especially common as a collection in the sheath1 distending that into a soft1 doughy swelling4 ,,forms ,,of ,,calculi ,,in ,,different ,,situations4 ,apart from the rough crystalline surfaces of the calculi of oxalate of lime and ammonio-magnesium phosphate1 the general tendency is to a smooth1 round outline4 ,at times1 however1 they show more or less flattening with rounded angular edges1 caused by the contact and mutual friction of two calculi4 ,sometimes two or more stones lying together become united into one by a new external deposit1 and the resulting mass then shows rounded swellings on opposite sides4 ,the large calculi occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually show a central part having the outline of the main cavity of the pelvis and two or more projections that have been molded into the corresponding branches or channels which lead to corresponding lobes of the kidney4 ,in winter and spring small concretions in the form of plates are often met with in the branches of the pelvis1 having been formed and molded in the confined space between the projecting papilla and the surrounding cuplike branch of the pelvis4 ,finally1 the pulplike deposits in the sheath and elsewhere are made up of globular masses1 individually so small as to be often practically microscopic4 ,,stone ,,in ,,the ,,kidney 7,,renal ,,calculi74 ,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #a4 ,in an animal leading the quiet1 uneventful life of the ox1 stones of large size may be present in the kidney without producing any disorder appreciable to the people about him4 ,in cattle fattened on dry feed in winter1 on the magnesian limestone of ,new ,york1 it is exceptional to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the size of a grain of wheat or less1 and standing out as white objects in the general red of the cut surface of the organ4 ,similarly around the papill in the cuplike arms of the pelvis we find minute1 flattened or more or less rounded1 yellowish-white concretions4 ,even the large concretions may prove apparently harmless4 ,i have a calculus several ounces in weight which filled the entire pelvis of the kidney1 that was found by accident in a fat carcass while being dressed4 ,in work oxen1 however1 such concretions may give rise to symptoms of kidney disease1 such as stiffness of the loins1 shown especially in the acts of rising or turning1 weakness of the hind parts when set to pull a heavy load1 an irritability of the kidneys1 shown by the frequent passage of urine in small quantity1 tenderness of the loins1 shown when they are pinched or lightly struck1 and it may be the passage of blood or minute gritty masses with the urine4 ,if the attack is severe1 what is called renal colic 7kidney colic7 may be shown by frequent uneasy shifting of the hind limbs1 shaking or twisting of the tail1 looking around at the flanks1 and lying down and rising again at short intervals without apparent cause4 ,the frequent passage of urine1 the blood or gritty masses contained in it1 and perhaps the hard1 stony cylinders around the tufts of hair of the sheath1 show that the source of the suffering is the urinary organs4 ,in bad cases active inflammation of the kidneys may set in4 7,see ,nephritis1 p4 #abc47 ,,ureteral ,,calculi4 ,these are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the kidney into the canal 7ureter7 leading from the kidney to the bladder1 but1 being too large to pass on easily1 have blocked that canal and forced the urine back upon the kidney4 ,the result is the production of symptoms more violent than in renal calculi1 though not varying1 save in intensity1 from those of renal colic4 ,in case of complete and unrelieved obstruction1 the secretion of the kidney on that side is entirely abolished1 and it becomes the seat of passive congestion1 and it may even be absorbed in greater part or as a whole1 leaving only a fibrous sac containing fluid with a urinous odor4 ,in small cattle1 in which the oiled hand introduced into the last gut may reach the affected part1 the distended ureter may be felt as a tense1 elastic cord1 extending forward from the point of obstruction on the lateral wall of the pelvis and beneath the loins toward the kidney4 ,if relief is obtained by the onward passage of the stone a free flow of urine usually follows1 in the midst of which may often be found gritty masses4 ,if the outlets from both kidneys are similarly blocked the animal becomes poisoned by the retention in the blood of the elements of the urine1 and by their reabsorption after secretion4 ,treatment of renal and ureteral calculi4--,treatment is not very successful1 as only the smallest calculi can pass through the ureter and enter the bladder1 and even if they should do so they are liable to a progressive increase there1 so that later they may cause the symptoms of stone in the bladder4 ,fortunately1 ordinary dairy1 growing1 or fattening cattle rarely show evident symptoms of illness1 and even though they do so they can usually be fattened and slaughtered before the health is seriously impaired4 ,in work oxen the case is different1 and acute symptoms may develop1 but even then the animal may often be fitted for the butcher4 ,when treatment is demanded it is primarily soothing and antispasmodic4 ,fomentations with warm water over the loins should be persisted in without intermission until relief has been secured4 ,the soothing effect on the kidney will often relieve inflammation and irritation1 should the stone be in that situation1 while if in the ureter the warm fomentations will at once soothe irritation1 relax spasm of the muscular coat of the canal1 and favor an abundant secretion from the kidney1 which1 pressing on the obstructing stone1 may slowly push it on into the bladder4 ,large doses of laudanum 7#b ounces7 or of solid extract of belladonna 7#b drams7 will not only soothe the pain but relax the spasm and favor the onward passage of the calculus4 ,the animal should be encouraged to drink large quantities of cool water to favor the free secretion of a very watery urine1 which will not only serve to obviate irritation and continued deposit caused by a highly concentrated urine1 but will press the stone onward toward the bladder1 and even in certain cases will tend to disintegrate it by solution of some of its elements1 and thus to favor its crumbling and expulsion4 ,this is a principle which must never be lost sight of in the treatment of calculi4 ,the immersion of the stone in a liquid of a lower specific gravity than that in which it has formed and grown tends to dissolve out the more soluble of its component parts1 and thus to destroy its density and cohesion at all points1 and thereby to favor its complete disintegration and expulsion4 ,this explains why cattle taken from a herd on magnesian limestone in spring1 after the long1 dry feeding of winter1 usually have renal calculi1 while cattle from the same herd in the fall1 after a summer's run on a succulent pasture1 are almost always free from concretions4 ,the abundance of liquid taken in the green feed and expelled through the kidneys and the low density or watery nature of the urine have so opened the texture and destroyed the density of the smaller stones and gravel that they have all been disintegrated and removed4 ,this1 too1 is the main reason why benefit is derived from a prolonged stay at mineral springs by the human victims of gravel4 ,if they had swallowed the same number of quarts of pure water at home and distributed it at suitable times each day1 they would have benefited largely without a visit to the springs4 ,it follows from what has been just said that a succulent diet1 including a large quantity of water 7gruels1 sloppy mashes1 turnips1 beets1 potatoes1 apples1 pumpkins1 ensilage1 succulent grasses71 is an important factor in the relief of the milder forms of stone and gravel4 ,prevention4--,prevention of calculus especially demands this supply of water and watery rations on all soils and in all conditions in which there is a predisposition to the disease4 ,it must also be sought by attempts to obviate all those conditions mentioned above as causative of the malady4 ,sometimes good rain water can be furnished in limestone districts1 but putrid or bad-smelling rain water is to be avoided as probably more injurious than that from the limestone4 ,unsuccessful attempts have been made to dissolve calculi by alkaline salts and mineral acids1 respectively1 but their failure as a remedy does not necessarily condemn them as preventives4 ,one dram of caustic potash or of hydrochloric acid may be given daily in the drinking water4 ,in diametrically opposite ways these attack and decompose the less soluble salts and form new ones which are more soluble and therefore little disposed to precipitate in the solid form4 ,both are beneficial as increasing the secretion of urine4 ,in cases in which the diet has been too highly charged with phosphates 7wheat bran1 etc471 these aliments must be restricted and water allowed ad libitum4 ,if the crystals passed with the urine are the sharp angular 7octahedral7 ones of oxalate of lime1 then the breathing should be made more active by exercise1 and any disease of the lungs subjected to appropriate treatment4 ,if the crystals are triangular prisms of ammonia-magnesium phosphate or starlike forms with feathery rays1 the indications are to withhold the feed or water that abounds in magnesia and check the fermentation in the urine by attempts to destroy its bacteria4 ,in the latter direction plenty of pure-water diuretics1 and a daily dose of oil of turpentine in milk1 or a dose thrice a day of a solution containing one-tenth grain each of biniodid of mercury and iodid of potassium would be indicated4 ,in considering the subject of prevention1 it must never be forgotten that any disease of a distant organ which determines the passage from the blood into the urine of albumin or any other colloid 7uncrystallizable7 body is strongly provocative of calculus1 and should1 if possible1 be corrected4 ,apart from cases from geological formation1 faulty feeding1 and other causes1 the grand preventive of calculus is a long1 summer's pasturage of succulent grasses1 or in winter a diet of ensilage or other succulent feed4 ,the calculi formed in part of silica demand special notice4 ,this agent is secreted in the urine in the form of silicate of potash and is thrown down as insoluble silica when a stronger acid displaces it by combining with the potash to its exclusion4 ,in cases of siliceous calculi1 accordingly1 the appropriate chemical prevention is caustic potash1 which being present in the free state would attract to itself any free acid and leave the silica in its soluble condition as silicate of potash4 ,,stone ,,in ,,the ,,bladder 7,,vesical ,,calculus1 ,,or ,,urethral ,,calculus74 ,stone in the bladder may be of any size1 but in the ox does not usually exceed half an inch in diameter4 ,there may1 however1 be a number of small calculi2 indeed1 they are sometimes so small and numerous as to form a small1 pulpy magma by which the bladder is considerably distended4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent until one of the masses escapes into the urethra1 but when this occurs the escape of urine is prevented1 or it is allowed to pass in drops or driblets only1 and the effect of such obstruction becomes manifest4 ,the point of obstruction is not always the same1 but it is most frequently at the ,s-shaped curve of the penis1 just above the testicles or scrotum4 ,in cows and heifers the urethra is so short and becomes so widely dilated during the urination that the calculi easily escape in the flow of liquid and dangerous symptoms practically never appear4 ,even in the male the signs of illness are at first very slight4 ,a close observer may notice the cylinders of hard1 earthy materials encircling the tufts of hair at the opening of the prepuce4 ,it may further be observed that the stall remains dry and that the animal has not been seen to pass water when out of doors4 ,the tail may at times be gently raised and contractions of the muscle 7accelerator urin7 beneath the anus 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b7 may take place in a rhythmical or pulsating manner4 ,as a rule1 however1 no symptom is noticed for two days1 only the animal is lacking in his usual spirits4 ,by this time the constantly accumulating urine has distended the bladder beyond its power of resistance and a rupture occurs1 allowing the urine to escape into the cavity of the abdomen4 ,then dullness increases2 the animal lies down most of his time2 he becomes stupid and sometimes drowsy1 with reddish-brown congestion of the lining membrane of the eyelids2 pressure on the abdomen causes pain1 flinching1 and perhaps groaning1 and the lowest part of the belly fluctuates more and more as the escaping urine accumulates in greater and greater amount4 ,if at this stage the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum 7last gut71 the animal flinches when pressure is made downward on the floor of the pelvis1 and no round1 distended bladder is felt4 ,if the same examination is made prior to the rupture1 the rounded1 tense1 elastic bladder is felt extending forward into the abdomen1 containing one or two gallons of liquid4 ,there may be uneasy shifting of the hind limbs and twisting of the tail1 also frequent lying down and rising1 but these symptoms are exceptional4 ,when the obstruction is low down between the thighs 7at the ,s-shaped flexure71 the line of the pulsating urethra from the anus downward may be felt distended with liquid1 and though1 by the hard swelling of the urethra1 it is seldom easy to distinguish the exact seat of the stone1 yet there is usually tenderness at the point of obstruction1 and from this it may be accurately located4 ,treatment4--,the treatment of stone in the bladder or urethra consists in the removal of the stone by incision and the use of forceps4 7,pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #d47 ,when the stone has been arrested at the ,s-shaped flexure just above the scrotum1 the patient being lean1 the thickened tender part of the penis may be seized between the fingers and thumb of the left hand1 while the calculus is exposed by a free incision with the knife held in the right4 ,if there is no other obstruction between this point and the bladder1 and if the latter has not yet ruptured1 a flow of urine should take place from the opening4 ,if there is no escape of liquid1 a catheter or sound1 one-fourth of an inch in diameter1 must be passed up through the canal 7urethra7 until it is arrested by the next stone1 on which a similar incision should then be made to effect its extraction4 ,in case the stone has been arrested in the portion of the urethra which is in front of the arch of the hip bone and inside the pelvis1 it can be reached only by making an opening into the urethra beneath the anus and over the arch of the hip bone1 and from this orifice exploring the urethra with fine forceps to the neck of the bladder or until the stone has been reached and extracted4 ,owing to the small size of the canal 7urethra7 to be opened and the great thickness of erectile tissue to be cut through1 the operation requires a very accurate knowledge of the parts1 while the free flow of blood is blinding to the operator4 ,a staff should always be passed up through the urethra from the lower wound1 if such has been made1 or1 in case of its absence1 through the whole length of the penis1 that organ having been drawn out of its sheath until the ,s-shaped curve has been effaced and the course of the canal rendered straight4 ,upon the end of this staff the incision can be made with far more confidence and certainty4 ,the operation can be undertaken only by a skilled veterinary anatomist1 but the hints given above may be valuable in showing the stock owner when he is being properly served in such a case4 ,in outlying districts1 where no skilled operator can be had1 a transverse incision may be made with a clean1 sharp knife through the root of the penis1 just over the arch of the hip bone1 when the urine will flow out in a full stream4 ,the attendant bleeding may be ignored1 or if profuse it may be checked by packing the wound firmly with cotton wool for several hours4 ,the urine will continue to escape by the wound1 and the ox should be fattened for the butcher4 ,the immediate relief is not to be looked upon as a permanent cure1 as the calculi in the affected ox are usually numerous1 and later attacks are therefore to be looked for4 ,hence it is desirable to fatten and kill such cases after a successful operation4 ,if a breeding animal is too valuable to be killed1 he should be subjected to preventive measures1 as laid down under ,stone in the kidney1 page #aci4 ,it should be added that when the bladder is filled with a soft magma a catheter may be introduced through the whole length of the urethra to be used in pumping water into the bladder4 ,this water is extracted through the same channel when it has been charged with the suspended solids by manipulations of the bladder with the oiled hand introduced through the rectum4 ,,calculi1 ,,or ,,gravel1 ,,in ,,the ,,prepuce1 ,,or ,,sheath4 ,this is usually a collection of gravel1 or a soft1 puttylike material which causes distinct swelling of the sheath and gives it a soft1 doughy feeling when handled4 ,it may be removed in part by the oiled fingers introduced into the cavity1 assisted by manipulation from without1 or a tube may be inserted until the end extends behind the collection and water pumped in until the whole mass has been evacuated4 ,should even this fail of success1 the sheath may be slit open from its orifice back in the median line below until the offending matter can be reached and removed4 ,in all such cases the interior of the sheath should be finally lubricated with sweet oil or vaseline4 ,it is unnecessary to stitch up the wound made in the sheath4 7,see ,inflammation of the sheath1 p4 #aee47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,kidney ,,and ,,male ,,generative ,,and ,,urinary ,,organs4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,microscopic ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,kidney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,urinary ,,organs4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,kidney and male generative and urinary organs4 ,fig4 #a4 ,kidney of the ox4 7,from ,handbuch des ,vergleichenden ,anatomie des ,haus ,sugethiere1 vol4 #g1 #ahij47 ,a1 renal artery carrying blood into the kidney2 ,v1 renal vein carrying blood from the kidney back to the heart2 ,h1 ureter1 the tube carrying the urine from kidney to bladder4 ,it is formed by the union of a number of branches which begin as cups 7calices71 each inclosing the tip of a conical mass of tissue from which the urine excludes4 ,fig4 #b4 ,genital and urinary organs of the bull4 7,from ,leisering1 ,mueller1 and ,ellenberger1 ,handbuch des ,verg4 ,anat4 des ,haus ,sugethiere47 the serous membrane enveloping the testicles2 #c1 the right testicle1 outer view2 #c'1 left testicle1 inner view2 #d1 epididymis1 or the beginning of the excretory canal of the testicle2 #d'1 globus major1 or the head of the epididymis2 #d''1 globus minor1 or the tail of the epididymis2 #e1 vas deferens1 the duct through which the seminal fluid reaches the ejaculatory ducts2 #e'1 pelvic dilation of the vas deferens2 #f1 vesicula seminalis4 ,the vesicul seminalis are two oval pouches1 which1 in addition to their own secretions1 receive the semen conveyed by the seminal ducts and hold it in reserve until copulation2 #g1 membranous or intrapelvic portion of the urethral canal covered by ,wilson's muscle2 #h1 part of the prostate gland1 covered by ,wilson's muscle2 #i1 ,cowper's gland4 ,this gland1 like the prostate gland1 secretes a fluid which is thrown into the urethal canal in abundance immediately before ejaculation2 by this means the expulsion of the semen is facilitated2 #aj1 ejaculator seminis1 or accelerator urin muscle2 #aa1 penis2 #aa'1 cut portion of same2 #ab1 cut suspensory ligaments of penis2 #ac1 sheath1 or prepuce laid open2 #ad1 retractor muscles of sheath2 #ae1 cremaster muscle cut at superior extremity2 #af1 duplicature of peritoneum2 #ag1 ureters carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder4 ,,plate ,x4 ,microscopic anatomy of the kidney4 ,fig4 #a4 ,in this figure the minute apparatus for the secretion1 collection1 and discharge of the urine into the pelvis of the kidney 7see preceding plate7 is shown4 ,the course is as follows3 ,the urine is secreted from the blood vessels in the little round bodies called glomeruli 7#ab71 and by the minute cells in the curved tubes 7#aa1 #i1 #aj1 #h71 and passes through the convoluted and straight tubes 7#g1 #f7 into the larger tube 7#a71 and then out into the pelvis1 thence through the ureters into the bladder4 ,the fluid and salts dissolved in the urine are taken from the blood1 and the minute blood vessels are therefore very abundant in the kidneys1 as is shown by the branches and network on the left of the figure4 ,the blood passes into the kidney in the artery 7#ac71 which then divides into branches which pass into the glomeruli 7#ab7 and also forms network around the secreting tubules 7#aa1 #i74 ,the urine and salts pass from these vessels through the cells lining the tubules into the latter1 and are discharged as described above4 ,the blood is again collected in veins drawn black in the figure4 ,fig4 #b illustrates the manner in which the blood is distributed in the glomerulus 7f71 and also to the secreting tubules 7e74 ,fig4 #c shows the relation between the blood vessel in the glomerulus 7e7 the tubule which conducts the urine therein secreted from the blood vessel2 7c7 represents a glomerulus from which the urinary tubule has been removed4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,calculi of kidney and bladder4 ,fig4 #a4 ,calculus1 or stone1 from the kidney4 ,these are in the pelvis or portion of the ureter receiving the urine4 ,the prolongations are casts of the branches of the pelvis4 ,see the plates of the kidney for further description4 ,fig4 #b4 ,calculus made up of oxalate of lime magnified #bae times4 ,fig4 #c4 ,phosphatic calculus containing a nucleus of uric acid1 sawed through to show concentric layers4 ,fig4 #d4 ,straight forceps used in removing stones from the bladder4 ,fig4 #e4 ,casts of the minute tubules of the kidney found in the urine in various kinds of kidney disease4 ,highly magnified4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,calculi ,,of ,,kidney ,,and ,,bladder4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,encyklop4 der ,thierheilk41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bjh4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,generative ,,organs4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,formerly ,professor of ,veterinary ,science1 etc41 in ,cornell ,university4 ,revised by ,adolph ,eichhorn1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,general ,,discussion4 ,diseases of the generative organs are practically confined to animals which are kept for reproduction and the dairy4 ,the castration of the bull condemns these organs to inactivity and protects them from the many causes of injury attendant on the engorged blood vessels in the frequent periods of sexual excitement1 on the exposure to mechanical violence1 and on the exposure to infective inoculation4 ,in three respects the castrated male is especially subject to disease3 7#a7 ,to inflammation and tumefaction of the cut end of the cord that supported the testicle and of the loose connective tissue of the scrotum2 7#b7 to inflammation of the sheath and penis from the accumulation of gravel in the former1 from which the penis is not usually protruded in passing water2 and 7#c7 to bruising1 abrasion1 and inflammation of the sheath and penis during suspension in the stocks for the purpose of shoeing4 ,apart from these the ox is practically almost exempt from the inflammations and injuries of the genital organs4 ,the same applies to the castrated heifer4 ,inflammation may occur in the broad ligament of the womb whence the ovary has been removed or infective inflammation in the abdominal cavity 7peritonitis7 in case the operation has been performed through the flank1 as it usually is in the young heifer4 ,apart from these1 the castrated heifer is practically immune from any trouble of the generative apparatus4 ,even the virgin heifer is little subject to such troubles1 though she is not exempt from inflammations1 and above all1 from morbid growths in the ovaries which are well developed and functionally very active after the first year1 or in precocious animals after the first few months of life4 ,the breeding cow1 on the other hand1 is subjected to all the disturbances attendant on the gradual enlargement of the womb1 the diversion of a large mass of blood to its walls1 the constant drain of nutrient materials of all kinds for the nourishment of the fetus1 the risks attendant and consequent on abortion and parturition1 the dangers of infection from the bull1 the risks of sympathetic disturbance in case of serious diseases of other organs1 but preeminently of the urinary organs and the udder1 and finally the sudden extreme derangements of the circulation and of the nervous functions which attend on the sudden revulsion of a great mass of blood from the walls of the contracting womb into the body at large immediately after calving4 ,in reviewing this class of diseases1 therefore1 we have to note1 first1 that they are almost exclusively restricted to breeding animals1 and secondly that in keeping with the absolute difference of the organs in the male and female we find two essentially distinct lists of diseases affecting the two sexes4 ,,excess ,,of ,,venereal ,,desire 7,,satyriasis ,,in ,,male1 ,,or ,,nymphomania ,,in ,,female74 ,this may occur in the male from too frequent sexual intercourse1 or from injury and congestion of the base of the brain 7vasodilator center in the medulla71 or of the posterior end of the spinal cord1 or it may be kept up by congestion or inflammation of the testicles or of the mucous membrane covering the penis4 ,it may be manifested by a constant or frequent erection1 by attempts at sexual connection1 and sometimes by the discharge of semen without connection4 ,in bad cases the feverishness and restlessness lead to loss of flesh1 emaciation1 and physical weakness4 ,it is1 however1 in the female especially that this morbid desire is most noticeable and injurious4 ,it may be excited by the stimulating quality of the blood in cows fed to excess on highly nitrogenous feed1 as the seeds of the bean1 pea1 vetch1 and tare1 and as wheat bran1 middlings1 cotton seed1 gluten meal1 etc41 especially in the case of such as have no free exercise in the fields1 and are subject to constant association with a vigorous young bull4 ,a more frequent cause is the excitation or congestion of some part of the genital organs4 ,disease of the ovaries is preeminently the cause1 and this may be by the formation of cysts 7sacs containing liquid7 or of solid tumors or degenerations1 or1 more commonly than all1 the formation of tubercle4 ,indeed1 in case of tuberculosis attacking the abdominal organs of cows1 the ovaries or the serous membranes that support and cover them 7the broad ligaments of the womb7 are peculiarly subject to attack1 and the animal has constant sexual excitement1 incessantly riding or being ridden by other cattle1 having no leisure to eat or chew the cud1 but moving restlessly1 wearing the flesh off its bones1 and gradually wasting4 ,in some localities these cows are known as bullers1 because they are nearly always disposed to take the bull1 but they do not conceive1 or1 if they do1 they are subject to early abortions4 ,they are1 therefore1 useless alike for the dairy and for the feeder1 unless the removal of the ovaries subdues the sexual excitement1 when1 in the absence of tuberculous disease elsewhere1 they may be fattened for the butcher4 ,among the other sources of irritation charged with causing nymphomania are tumors and cancers of the womb1 rigid closure of the neck of the womb so that conception can not occur and the frequent services by the male which stimulate the unsatisfied appetite1 inflammation1 and a purulent discharge from the womb or vagina4 ,treatment4--,the treatment in each case will vary with the cause and is most satisfactory when that cause is a removable one4 ,overfeeding on richly nitrogenous feed can be stopped1 exercise in the open field given1 diseased ovaries may be removed 7see ,castration1 p4 #bii71 catarrhs of the womb and passages overcome by antiseptic1 astringent injections 7see ,leucorrhea1 p4 #bbd71 and tumors of the womb may often be detached and extracted1 the mouth of that organ having been first dilated by sponge tents or otherwise4 ,the rubber dilator 7impregnator71 sometimes helpful in the mare1 is rarely available for the cow1 owing to the different condition of the mouth of the womb4 ,,diminution ,,or ,,loss ,,of ,,venereal ,,desire 7,,anaphrodisia74 ,this occurs in either sex from low condition and ill health4 ,longstanding1 chronic diseases of important internal organs1 leading to emaciation and weakness1 or a prolonged semistarvation in winter may be sufficient cause4 ,it is1 however1 much more common as the result of degeneration or extensive and destructive disease of the secreting organs 7testicles1 ovaries7 which elaborate the male and female sexual products1 respectively4 ,such diseases are1 therefore1 a common cause of sterility in both sexes4 ,the old bull1 fat and lazy1 becomes sluggish and unreliable in serving1 and finally gets to be useless for breeding purposes4 ,this is not attributable to his weight and clumsiness alone1 but largely to the fatty degeneration of his testicles and their excretory ducts1 which prevents the due formation and maturation of the semen4 ,if he has been kept in extra high condition for exhibition in the show ring1 this disqualification comes upon him sooner and becomes more irremediable4 ,similarly the overfed1 inactive cow1 and above all the show cow1 fails to come in heat at the usual times1 shows little disposition to take the bull1 and fails to conceive when served4 ,her trouble is the same in kind1 namely1 fatty degeneration of the ovaries and of their excretory ducts 7,fallopian tubes71 which prevents the formation or maturation of the ovum or1 when it has formed1 hinders its passage into the womb4 ,another common defect in such old1 fat cows is a rigid closure of the mouth of the womb1 which prevents conception1 even if the ovum reaches the interior of that organ and even if the semen is discharged into the vagina4 ,preventive4--,the true preventive of such conditions is to be found in a sound hygiene4 ,the breeding animal should be of adult age1 neither overfed nor underfed1 but well fed and moderately exercised2 in other words1 the most vigorous health should be sought1 not only that a strong race may be propagated1 but that the whole herd1 or nearly so1 may breed with certainty4 ,fleming gives #gi per cent as the general average of cows that are found to breed in one year4 ,here more than a fifth of the progeny is sacrificed and a fifth of the product of the dairy4 ,with careful management the proportion of breeders should approach #ajj per cent4 ,the various local and general obstacles to conception should be carefully investigated and removed4 ,the vigorous health which comes from a sufficiently liberal diet and abundant exercise should be solicited1 and the comparative bloodlessness and weakness which advance with undue fattening should be sedulously avoided4 ,in bull or cow which is becoming unduly fat and showing indications of sexual indifference1 the treatment must be active4 ,turning out on a short pasture where it must work hard for a living will often suffice4 ,the bull which can not be turned out to pasture may sometimes be utilized in the yoke or tread power1 or he may be kept a part of his time in a field or paddock chained by the ring in his nose to a strong wire extending from one side of the lot to the other and attached securely to two trees or posts4 ,the wire should be higher than the back of the bull1 which will move frequently from end to end4 ,if he is indisposed to take sufficient exercise in this way he may be safely driven4 ,an instance of the value of the exercise in these incipient cases of fatty degeneration is often quoted4 ,the cow ,dodona1 condemned as barren at ,earl ,spencer's1 was sold cheap to ,jonas ,webb1 who had her driven by a road a distance of #abj miles to his farm at ,wilbraham1 soon after which she became pregnant4 ,in advanced cases1 however1 in which the fatty degeneration is complete1 recovery is impossible4 ,in case of rigid closure of the mouth of the womb the only resort is dilatation4 ,this is far more difficult and uncertain in the cow than in the mare4 ,the neck of the womb is longer1 is often tortuous in its course1 and its walls so approximated to each other and so rigid that it may be all but impossible to follow it1 and there is always danger of perforating its walls and opening into the cavity of the abdomen1 or1 short of that1 of causing inflammation and a new1 rigid1 fibrous formation which on healing leaves matters worse than before4 ,the opening must be carefully made with the finger1 and when that has entered the womb further dilatation may be effected by inserting a sponge tent or by careful stretching with a mechanical dilator4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f47 ,,sterility ,,from ,,other ,,causes4 ,the questions as to whether a bull is a sure stock getter and whether a cow is a breeder are so important that it would be wrong to pass over other prominent causes of sterility4 ,breeding at too early an age is a common source of increasing weakness of constitution which has existed in certain breeds4 ,jerseys have especially been made the victims of this mistake1 the object being to establish the highest milking powers in the smallest obtainable body which will demand the least material and outlay for its constant repair of waste4 ,with success in this line there has been the counterbalancing disadvantage of impaired vigor1 with too often lessened fertility as well as increased predisposition to disease4 ,when the heifers of the race have for generation after generation been bred under a year old1 the demand for the nourishment of the fetus is too great a drain on the immature animal1 which accordingly remains small and stunted4 ,as it fails to develop in size1 so every organ fails to be nourished to perfection4 ,similarly with the immature bull put to too many cows2 he fails to develop his full size1 vigor1 or stamina1 and transfers his acquired weakness to his progeny4 ,an increasing number of barren females and an increasing proclivity to abortions are the necessary results of both courses4 ,when this early breeding has occurred accidentally it is well to dry up the dam just after calving1 and to avoid having her served again until full grown4 ,some highly fed and plethoric females seem to escape conception by the very intensity of the generative ardor4 ,the frequent passage of urine1 accompanied by contractions of the womb and vagina and a profuse secretion from their surfaces1 leads to the expulsion of the semen after it has been lodged in the genital passages4 ,this may be remedied somewhat by giving #a-a_/b pounds of ,epsom salt a day or two before she comes in heat1 and subjecting her at the same time to a spare diet4 ,should the excessive ardor of the cow not be controllable in this way1 she may be shut up for a day or two1 until the heat is passing off1 when under the lessened excitement the semen is more likely to be retained4 ,the various diseases of the ovaries1 their tubes1 the womb1 the testicles and their excretory ducts1 as referred to under ,excess of venereal desire1 are causes of barrenness4 ,in this connection it may be said that the discharges consequent on calving are fatal to the vitality of semen introduced before these have ceased to flow2 hence service too soon after calving1 or that of a cow which has had the womb or genital passages injured so as to keep up a mucopurulent flow until the animal comes in heat1 is liable to fail of conception4 ,any such discharge should be first arrested by repeated injections as for leucorrhea1 after which the male may be admitted4 ,feeding on a very saccharine diet1 which greatly favors the deposition of fat1 seems to have an even more direct effect in preventing conception during such regimen4 ,among other causes of barrenness are all those that favor abortion1 ergoted grasses1 smutty wheat or corn1 laxative or diuretic drinking water1 and any improper or musty feed that causes indigestions1 colics1 and diseases of the urinary organs1 notably gravel2 also savin1 rue1 cantharides1 and all other irritants of the bowels or kidneys4 ,hermaphrodites are barren1 of course1 as their sexual organs are not distinctively either male or female4 ,the heifer born as a twin with a bull is usually hermaphrodite and barren1 but the animals of either sex in which development of the organs is arrested before they are fully matured remain as in the male or female prior to puberty1 and are barren4 ,bulls with both testicles retained within the abdomen may go through the form of serving a cow1 but the service is unfruitful2 the spermatozoa are not fully elaborated4 ,so ,i have examined a heifer with a properly formed but very small womb and an extremely narrow vagina and vulva1 the walls of which were very muscular1 that could never be made to conceive4 ,a post-mortem examination would probably have disclosed an imperfectly formed ovary incapable of bringing ova to maturity4 ,a bull and cow that have been too closely inbred in the same line for generations may prove sexually incompatible and unable to generate together1 though both are abundantly prolific when coupled with animals of other strains4 ,finally1 a bull may prove unable to get stock1 not from any lack of sexual development1 but from disease of other organs 7back1 loins1 hind limbs71 which renders him unable to mount with the energy requisite to the perfect service4 ,,congestion ,,and ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,testicles 7,,orchitis74 ,this visually results from blows or other direct injuries1 but may be the result of excessive service or of the formation of some new growth 7tumor7 in the gland tissue4 ,the bull moves stiffly1 with straddling gait1 and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected testicle lies is swollen1 red1 and tender1 and the gland is drawn up within the sac and dropped again at frequent intervals4 ,it may be treated by rest2 by #a-a_/b pounds ,epsom salt given in #d quarts of water2 by a restricted diet of some succulent feed2 by continued fomentations with warm water by means of sponges or rags sustained by a sling passed around the loins and back between the hind legs4 ,the pain may be allayed by smearing with a solution of opium or of extract of belladonna4 ,should a soft point appear1 indicating the formation of matter1 it may be opened with a sharp lancet and the wound treated daily with a solution of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a half pint of water4 ,usually1 however1 when the inflammation has proceeded to this extent1 the gland will be ruined for purposes of procreation and must be cut out4 7,see ,castration1 p4 #bii47 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,sheath4 ,while this may occur in bulls from infection during copulation and from bruises1 blows1 and other mechanical injuries1 the condition is more common in the ox in connection with the comparative inactivity of the parts4 ,the sheath has a very small external opening1 the mucous membrane of which is studded with sebaceous glands secreting a thick1 unctuous matter of a strong1 heavy odor4 ,behind this orifice is a distinct pouch1 in which this unctuous matter is liable to accumulate when the penis is habitually drawn back4 ,moreover1 the sheath has two muscles 7protractors7 which lengthen it1 passing into it from the region of the navel1 and two 7retractors7 that shorten it1 passing into it from the lower surface of the pelvic bones above4 7,pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #b47 ,the protractors keep the sheath stretched1 so that it habitually covers the penis1 while the retractors shorten it up in the act of service1 so that the penis can project to its full extent4 ,in stud bulls the frequent protrusion of the erect and enlarged penis and the retraction and dilation of the opening of the sheath serve to empty the pouch and prevent any accumulation of sebaceous matter or urine4 ,in the ox1 on the other hand1 the undeveloped and inactive penis is usually drawn back so as to leave the anterior preputial pouch empty1 so that the sebaceous matter has space to accumulate and is never expelled by the active retraction of the sheath and protrusion of the erect penis in service4 ,again1 the ox rarely protrudes the tip of the penis in urination1 the urine is discharged into the preputial pouch and lodges and decomposes there1 so that there is a great liability to the precipitation of its earthy salts in the form of gravel4 ,the decomposing ammoniacal urine1 the gritty crystals precipitated from it1 and the fetid1 rancid1 sebaceous matter set up inflammation in the delicate mucous membrane lining the passage4 ,the membrane is thickened1 reddened1 rendered friable1 and ultimately ulcerated1 and the now narrowed sheath is blocked by the increasing mass of sebaceous and urinous material and the decomposing mucus and pus4 ,the penis can no longer be protruded1 the urine escapes in a small stream through the narrowing sheath1 and finally the outlet is completely blocked and the urine distends the back part of the sheath4 ,this will fluctuate on being handled1 and soon the unhealthy inflammation extends on each side of it1 causing a thick1 doughy1 tender swelling under the belly and between the thighs4 ,the next step in the morbid course is overdistention of the bladder1 with the occurrence of colicky pains1 looking at the flanks1 uneasy movements of the hind limbs1 raising or twisting of the tail1 pulsatory contractions of the urethra under the anus1 and finally a false appearance of relief1 which is caused by rupture of the bladder4 ,before rupture takes place the distended bladder may press on the rectum and obstruct the passage of the bowel dejections4 ,two mistakes are therefore probable--first1 that the bowels alone are to be relieved1 and1 second1 that the trouble is obstruction of the urethra by a stone4 ,hence the need of examining the sheath and pushing the finger into its opening to see that there is no obstruction there1 in all cases of retention of urine1 overdistended bladder1 or blocked rectum in the ox4 ,the disease may be acute or chronic--the first by reason of acute1 adhesive inflammation blocking the outlet1 the second by gradual thickening and ulceration of the sheath and blocking by the sebaceous and calculous accretion4 ,treatment4--,the treatment of this affection depends on the stage4 ,if recent and without instant danger of rupture of the bladder1 the narrow opening of the sheath should be freely cut open in the median line below1 and the sac emptied out with a finger or spoon1 after which it should be thoroughly washed with tepid water4 ,to make the cleansing more thorough a catheter or a small1 rubber tube may be inserted well back into the sheath1 and water may be forced through it from a syringe or a funnel inserted into the other end of the tube and considerably elevated4 ,a fountain syringe1 which should be in every house1 answers admirably4 ,the sheath may be daily washed out with tepid water1 with a suds made with ,castile soap1 or with a weak solution of sulphate of zinc 7one-half dram to a quart of water74 ,if these attentions are impossible1 most cases1 after cleansing1 will do well if merely driven through clean water up to the belly once a day4 ,in case the disease has progressed to absolute obstruction1 with the bladder ready to rupture any moment1 no time must be lost in opening into the urethra with a sharp knife over the bony arch under the anus1 where the pulsations are seen in urinating4 ,this incision is best made in the median line from above downward1 but in the absence of a skillful operator a transverse incision with a sharp knife over the bone in the median line until the urine flows with a gush is better than to let the patient die4 ,considerable blood will be lost and the wound will heal tardily1 but the ox will be preserved4 ,then the slitting and cleansing of the sheath can be done at leisure1 as described above4 ,if the bladder is ruptured1 the case is hopeless4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,sheath ,,and ,,penis ,,from ,,bruising4 ,this also is an affection of work oxen1 caused by the pressure and friction of the sling when the animals are held in stocks for shoeing4 ,this crushing of both sheath and penis for half an hour or more leads to the development1 some hours later1 of a hard1 hot1 and painful swelling1 extending from the scrotum as far as the opening of the sheath4 ,fever sets in1 with dry muzzle1 red eyes1 hard1 full1 rapid pulse1 accelerated breathing1 and elevated temperature4 ,the ox stands obstinately with his hind legs drawn apart and urine falling drop by drop from the sheath4 ,appetite and rumination are suspended4 ,in twenty-four hours there may be indications of advancing gangrene 7mortification71 the swelling becomes cold1 soft1 and doughy2 it may even crack slightly from the presence of gas2 a reddish brown1 fetid liquid oozes from the swelling1 especially around the edges1 and if the animal survives it is only with a great loss of substance of the sheath and penis4 ,prevention4--,the prevention of such an injury is easy4 ,it is only necessary to see that the slings do not press upon the posterior part of the abdomen4 ,they must be kept in front of the sheath4 ,treatment4--,treatment1 to be effective1 must be prompt and judicious4 ,put around the patient a strap with soft pads in contact with the affected parts1 constantly soaked in cold water for at least #bd hours4 ,a pound or two of ,epsom salt in #d quarts of hot water should also be given4 ,the second day the parts may be washed with #a quart of witch-hazel 7extract71 #b drams sugar of lead1 and #a ounce laudanum1 or the cold-water irrigations may be continued if the active inflammation persists4 ,in case the swelling continues hard and resistant1 it may be pricked at the most prominent points to the depth of one-third of an inch with a lancet first dipped in dilute carbolic acid1 and the whole surface should be washed frequently with some antiseptic solution4 ,when softening occurs in the center of a hard mass and fluctuation can be felt between two fingers pressed on different parts of such softening1 it should be freely opened to let out the putrid pus1 and the cavity should be syringed often with antiseptic solution4 ,in bad cases extensive sloughs of dead skin1 of the whole wall of the sheath1 and even of the penis1 may take place1 which will require careful antiseptic treatment4 ,the soaking of the urine into the inflamed and softened tissue and the setting up of putrefactive action not only endanger great destruction of the tissues from putrid inflammation1 but even threaten life itself from a general blood poisoning 7septicemia74 ,every case should have skillful treatment to meet its various phases1 but in the severe ones this is most urgently demanded4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,urethra4 ,like other males1 the bull sometimes suffers from inflammation of the canal which conveys the urine through the penis1 and a whitish mucopurulent discharge forms in consequence4 ,it may have originated in gravel1 the excitement of too frequent service1 infection from a cow with leucorrhea1 or from extension of inflammation from the sheath4 ,besides the oozing of the whitish liquid from the end of the penis and sheath1 there is tenderness and pain when handled1 and while there is no actual arrest of the urine1 its flow is subject to frequent voluntary checks1 as the scalding liquid irritates the tender surface4 ,treatment4--,if recognized before the discharge sets in1 a dose of #a-a_/b pounds of ,epsom salt and local1 warm fomentations would be appropriate4 ,after the onset of the whitish discharge a daily injection of a solution of #bj grains of permanganate of potassium in a pint of water into the penis will be beneficial4 ,,warts ,,and ,,papillary ,,growths ,,on ,,the ,,penis4 ,these are not frequent in bull or ox4 ,they may interfere with the protrusion of the organ from its sheath or with service1 and always give rise to a bad-smelling discharge4 ,treatment4--,they may be twisted off with a pair of small tweezers or cut off with a pair of scissors1 and the seat burned with a pencil of lunar caustic4 ,to get hold of the penis in the bull1 bring him up to a cow4 ,in the ox it will be necessary to push it out by manipulation through the sheath4 ,in difficult cases the narrow opening of the sheath may be slit open4 ,,wounds ,,of ,,the ,,penis4 ,the most common wounds are those sustained by blows of horns1 sticks1 etc4 ,the blood vessels and sacs are ruptured to a greater or less extent and considerable swellings filled with coagulated blood and inflammatory products occur1 leading to distortion of the organ1 and it may be to the impossibility of protruding it4 ,treatment4--,a lotion of a dram of alum in a quart of water may be applied 7injected into the sheath1 if necessary71 and a large sponge constantly irrigated by a stream of cold water may be kept applied by means of a surcingle to the outer side of the sheath4 ,incisions are rarely applicable to an organ of this kind1 but in case of the existence of an extensive clot which is unlikely to be absorbed the lancet may be resorted to4 ,if the injury leads to paralysis of the penis and hanging out of its sheath1 it should be supported in a sling and astringents used freely until inflammation subsides4 ,then the restoration of power may be sought by a blister between the thighs1 by the use of electricity1 or by the careful use of nerve stimulants1 such as strychnin1 #a grain twice daily4 ,,ulcers ,,on ,,the ,,penis4 ,sores on the penis of the bull may result from gravel or sebaceous masses in the sheath or from having served a cow having leucorrhea4 ,treatment4--,these may be treated by frequent injections into the sheath of a lotion made with #a dram sugar of lead1 #fj drops carbolic acid1 and #a quart water4 ,,polypus ,,of ,,the ,,vagina ,,or ,,uterus4 ,a polypus is a tumor growing from the mucous membrane1 and often connected to it by a narrow neck4 ,a definite cause can not always be assigned4 ,if growing in the vagina1 a polypus may project as a reddish1 rounded tumor from the vulva1 especially during the act of passing water4 ,it can be distinguished from descent of the womb by the absence of the orifice of that cavity1 which can be felt by the oiled hand beyond the tumor in the depth of the vagina4 ,from a vaginal hernia caused by the protrusion of some abdominal organ enveloped by the relaxed wall of the vagina it may be distinguished by its persistence1 its firm substance1 and the impossibility of returning it into the abdomen by pressure4 ,a hernia containing a portion of bowel gurgles when handled and can be completely effaced by pressure1 the gut passing into the abdomen4 ,a polypus in the womb is less easily recognized4 ,at the time of calving it may be felt through the open mouth of the womb and recognized by the educated touch 7it must be carefully distinguished from the mushroom-formed cotyledons 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b71 to which in ruminants the fetal membranes are attached74 ,at other times1 unless the womb is opened in the effort to expel it1 the polypus can be detected only by examining the womb with the oiled hand introduced through the rectum4 ,polypi may cause a mucopurulent discharge or they may only be suspected when they prove an obstacle to parturition4 ,the best way to remove them is to put the chain of an craseur around the neck1 or pedicle1 of the tumor and tear it through2 or the narrow neck may be torn through by the emasculator1 or in an emergency it may be twisted through by rotating the tumor on its axis4 ,the removal of the tumor will allow calving to proceed2 after this the sore may be treated by a daily injection of one-half dram sulphate of zinc1 #a dram carbolic acid1 and #a quart milk-warm water4 ,,signs ,,of ,,pregnancy4 ,if a cow remains for three or four weeks after service without showing signs of heat 7bulling71 she is probably pregnant4 ,there are very exceptional cases in which the well-fed cow will accept the bull weeks or months after actual conception1 and others equally exceptional in which the well-thriven but unimpregnated female will refuse the male persistently1 but these in no way invalidate the general rule4 ,the bull1 no matter how vigorous or how ardent his sexual instinct1 can not be made to pay any attention to a cow which is not in heat2 hence indications of pregnancy can be had from both the male and female side4 ,when she has conceived1 the cow usually becomes more quiet and docile1 and lays on flesh and fat more rapidly1 especially during the first four months of gestation4 ,the stimulus to digestion and nutrition created by the demands of the growing fetus1 added to the quieter and more uneventful life1 contributes to this result4 ,some feeders avail themselves of this disposition to prepare heifers and cows speedily for the butcher4 ,the enlargement of the abdomen1 and its dropping so that it bulges below and to each side1 while it falls in at the flank1 between the outer angle of the hip bone and the last rib1 are significant features which1 though they may be caused by abdominal tumor or dropsy1 are usually marks of pregnancy4 ,from the same increasing weight of the abdomen the spine in the region of the loins sinks so that the bones of the croup seem to rise1 especially back toward the root of the tail4 ,in the early stages of pregnancy the udder develops slowly1 and toward its completion quite rapidly4 ,for a long time there is merely a sense of greater fullness when handled2 the wrinkles in the skin become shallower and are effaced1 and the teats are materially enlarged4 ,beginning a few weeks after conception1 this tends to a steady development1 though slight alternations in the sense of successive growth and shrinkage are not uncommon4 ,in milking cows this does not hold1 as the milk usually tends to a steady diminution and the udder shrinks slowly until near the completion of the period1 when it undergoes its sudden1 remarkable development1 and yields at first a serous liquid and then the yellow colostrum1 which coagulates when heated4 ,as pregnancy advances the mucous membrane lining the vulva becomes swollen and of a darker1 bluish-red hue2 the mucous secretion also increases1 becoming very abundant just before calving4 ,when the feeding has not been altered or restricted1 a steady diminution of the salts of lime excreted in the urine is an attendant on pregnancy1 the lime being demanded for the growing body of the fetus4 ,after the fifth month the movements of the calf may often be observed in the right flank1 nearly in front of the stifle1 when the cow is drinking cold water4 ,the sensation of cold on the side of the first stomach1 which lies to the left and directly below the womb 7,pl4 ,i71 stimulates the calf to active movements1 which are detected on the sudden jerking outward of the abdominal wall as if from blows delivered from within4 ,in a loose1 pendent abdomen in the latter months of gestation the skin may often be seen pushed out at a sharp angle1 irrespective of the period of drinking4 ,another mode of examination through the flank is by touch4 ,the palm of the hand is pressed strongly inward1 about #h inches in front of the stifle and a little below1 several times in succession1 and is then brought to rest with the pressure maintained4 ,presently there are felt distinct and characteristic movements of the fetus1 which has been disturbed and roused to action4 ,another mode is to press the closed fist strongly inward in the same situation and hold it so1 forming a deep indentation in the abdominal wall4 ,presently the knuckles are felt to be struck by a solid body1 which is no other than the fetus that has been displaced to the left by the push of the hand1 and now floats back in its liquid covering 7amniotic fluid2 see ,pl4 ,,xii7 downward and to the right4 ,of all the modes of examination by touch1 that done through the rectum gives the earliest satisfactory indications4 ,the hand and arm1 well oiled1 are introduced1 and the excrement having been removed if necessary1 the palm of the hand is turned downward and the floor of the pelvis carefully examined4 ,there will be felt in the median line the pear-shaped outline of the bladder1 more or less full1 rounded or tense1 according to the quantity of urine it contains4 ,between this and the hand will be felt a soft1 somewhat rounded tubular body1 which divides in front into two smaller tubes or branches1 extending to the right and left into the abdomen4 ,this is the womb1 which in its virgin1 or unimpregnated1 condition is of nearly uniform size from before backward1 the main part or body being from #a-a_/b to #b inches across1 and the two anterior branches or horns being individually little over an inch wide4 ,immediately after conception the body and one of the horns begin to enlarge1 the vacant horn remaining disproportionately small1 and the enlargement will be most marked at one point1 where a solid1 rounded mass indicates the presence of the growing embryo4 ,in case of twins1 both horns are enlarged4 ,at a more advanced stage1 when the embryo begins to assume the form of the future animal1 the rounded form gives place to a more or less irregular nodular mass1 while later still the head1 limbs1 and body of the fetus may be distinctly made out4 ,the chief source of fallacy is found in the very pendent abdomen of certain cows1 into which in advanced gestation the fetus has dropped so low that it can not be felt by the hand in the rectum4 ,the absence of the distinct outline of the vacant womb1 however1 and the clear indications obtained on external examination through the right flank will serve to prevent any mistake4 ,the fetus may still be felt through the rectum if the abdomen is raised by a sheet passed from side to side beneath it4 ,still another sign is the beating of the fetal heart1 which may be heard in the latter half of pregnancy when the ear is pressed on the flank in front of the right stifle or from that downward to the udder4 ,the beats1 which are best heard in the absence of rumbling1 are about #abj a minute and easily distinguished from any bowel sounds by their perfect regularity4 ,,duration ,,of ,,pregnancy4 ,from extended statistics it is found that the average duration of pregnancy in the cow is #bhe days4 ,a calf born at the two hundred and fortieth day may live1 and ,dietrichs reported a case of a calf born on the three hundred and thirty-fifth day1 and another was reported by the ,american ,journal of ,medical ,science as having been born on the three hundred and thirty-sixth day4 ,it is the general observation that in most cases of prolonged pregnancies the offspring are males4 ,lord ,spencer found a preponderance of males between the two hundred and ninetieth and the three hundredth days1 but strangely enough all born after the three hundredth day under his observation were females4 ,it may be reasonably inferred that while the prevailing tendency is to carry the males overtime1 yet that the smaller and comparatively much less developed female sometimes fails to stimulate the womb to contraction until very far beyond the regular date4 ,,hygiene ,,of ,,the ,,pregnant ,,cow4 ,among domestic animals considerations of hygiene must be made subservient to profit1 and therefore the first consideration is not to obtain the most robust health1 but such a measure of vigor and stamina as is compatible with the most profitable utilization of the animal4 ,the breeding cow must carry a calf every year1 and this notwithstanding that she is at the same time suckling another large1 growing calf4 ,the dairy cow must breed every year1 and at the same time must furnish a generous flow of milk from nine to eleven months yearly4 ,if her health is lowered thereby or her life shortened1 the question of profit must still hold sway1 and1 when disqualified1 she must yield her place to another4 ,there are exceptions1 of course1 but this rule generally holds4 ,there are certain points1 however1 in which the interests of hygiene may be considered4 ,the pregnant cow should have exercise1 and as regards both exercise and feed1 nothing is better than a run on a smooth pasture4 ,she should be withheld from all violent excitement1 hunting with dogs1 riding or being ridden by cows in heat1 driving in herd rapidly through narrow gateways1 causing to jump ditches or fences1 subjecting to blows with the horns of pugnacious cattle1 driving on icy or otherwise slippery ground1 carrying in railroad cars1 kicking by vicious attendants1 and fastening or throwing down for operations4 ,the diet should be good1 not of a kind to fatten1 but with a generous quantity of nitrogenous constituents which will favor both the yield of milk and the nourishment of the fetus4 ,aliments like wheat bran1 middlings1 etc41 which are rich in lime and phosphates1 can be used to advantage1 as there is a constant drain of earthy salts for the building of the body of the calf1 and thereby the danger of undue concentration of the urine is lessened4 ,hard1 innutritious1 and indigestible aliments1 musty grain or hay1 partially ripened rye grass1 millet1 ,hungarian grass1 vetches1 peas1 or maize are objectionable1 as they are liable to cause indigestion or even paralysis2 and corn or hay affected by smut or ergot1 or that has been spoiled by wet1 overripened1 and rendered fibrous and innutritious1 is equally objectionable4 ,in the main the feed should be laxative1 as costiveness and straining are liable to cause abortion4 ,roots and green feed that have been frosted are objectionable1 as being liable to cause indigestion1 though in their fresh condition most wholesome and desirable4 ,ice-cold water should be avoided1 as calculated to check the flow of milk1 to derange digestion1 and to cause abortion4 ,a good temperature for the drink of the dairy cow is #ee ,f4 ,in the case of plethoric and heavy-milking cows of mature age and in the prime of life1 the hitherto liberal diet must be changed at the last week for the scantiest possible fare1 and the bowels must be kept open by laxatives1 if need be1 if the owner would avoid milk fever4 ,her stall should not incline downward from shoulder to croup1 lest the pressure of the abdominal organs should produce protrusion or abortion4 ,she should be kept aloof from all causes of acute diseases1 and all existing diseases should be remedied speedily and with as little excitement of the abdominal organs as possible4 ,strong purgatives and diuretics are to be especially avoided1 unless it is in the very last days of gestation in very plethoric cows4 ,,protrusion ,,of ,,the ,,vagina 7,,prolapsus ,,vagin74 ,during pregnancy this is common from chronic relaxation of the vaginal walls and from lying in stalls that are lower behind than in front4 ,the protrusion is of a rounded form and smooth1 and if it embraces both sides of the canal it is double1 with a passage between4 ,it may sometimes be remedied by raising the hind part of the stall higher than the front part4 ,this failing1 a truss may be applied as for eversion of the womb1 and worn until the period of calving approaches4 7,pls4 ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii47 ,,hernia 7,,breach7 ,,of ,,the ,,uterus4 ,in advanced pregnancy this occurs usually from a gradual relaxation and distention of the lower wall of the abdomen in the region of the udder1 so that the latter is displaced downward1 and in the sac above and in front of it may be felt the form and movements of the fetus4 ,in other cases the womb escapes through a great laceration of the abdominal muscles to one side of the udder1 and the hernial mass extends down to one side of that organ4 ,however unsightly1 this often allows the animal to complete its pregnancy naturally1 and a broad1 supporting bandage placed around the abdomen is about all that can be recommended4 ,after calving it is best to fatten the cow4 ,,cramps ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,limbs4 ,the compression of the nerves by the womb and fetus passing through the pelvis sometimes causes cramp and inability to move the limb1 but it disappears under friction and motion and is never seen after calving4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,limbs ,,and ,,between ,,the ,,thighs4 ,in the latter months of pregnancy the hind legs may swell beneath the hocks1 or a soft swelling which pits on pressure with the finger appears from the vulva down between the thighs to the udder and in front4 ,it is mainly ascribable to the pressure of the enlarged womb on the blood vessels1 is not dangerous1 and disappears after calving4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,membranes ,,of ,,the ,,fetus 7,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,womb74 ,the unimpregnated womb may be filled with a dropsical fluid1 but the pregnant womb is more liable to become overdistended by an excess of fluid in the inner water bag in which the fetus floats4 7,pl4 ,,xii47 ,from an unhealthy state of this membrane or of blood of the fetus 7water blood7 this liquid may go on accumulating until the cow seems almost as broad as she is long4 ,if the trouble has not originated in the ill health of the cow1 the result is still to draw on her system1 overtax her strength1 and derange her digestion1 so that the result may prove fatal to both mother and offspring4 ,on the other hand1 ,i have known extreme cases that came to the natural term without help and produced a living calf1 after which the dam did well4 ,the natural resort is to draw off a portion of the fluid through a hollow needle passed through the neck of the womb or through its tense wall adjacent4 ,this may be repeated several times1 as demanded1 to relieve the cow from the injurious distention4 ,,paralysis ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,parts4 ,in ill-fed1 weak1 unthrifty cows palsy of the hind limbs and tail may appear in the last weeks of pregnancy4 ,the anus and rectum may participate in the palsy so far as to prevent defecation1 and the rectum is more or less completely impacted4 ,exposure to wet and cold are often accessory causes1 though the low condition1 general weakness1 and the pressure on the nerves going to the hind limbs are not to be forgotten4 ,something may be done for these cases by a warm1 dry bed1 an abundant diet fed warm1 frictions with straw wisps or with a liniment of equal parts of oil of turpentine and sweet oil on the loins1 croup1 and limbs1 by the daily use of ginger and gentian1 by the cautious administration of strychnia 7#a grain twice daily71 and by sending a current of electricity daily from the loins through the various groups of muscles in the hind limbs4 ,the case becomes increasingly hopeful after calving1 though some days may still elapse before the animal can support herself upon her limbs4 ,,extrauterine ,,gestation 7,,fetus ,,developing ,,outside ,,the ,,womb74 ,these curious cases are rare and are usually divided into three types3 7#a7 ,that in which the fetus is formed in or on the ovary 7ovarian gestation72 7#b7 that in which it is lodged in the ,fallopian tube1 or canal between the ovary and womb 7tubal gestation72 and 7#c7 that in which it is lodged in the abdominal cavity and attached to one or more of its contents from which it draws its nourishment 7abdominal gestation74 ,undoubted cases of the first and last varieties are recorded as occurring in the cow4 ,the explanation of such cases is to be found in the fact that the actively moving sperm cells 7spermatozoa7 thrown into the womb have made their way through the ,fallopian tubes to the ovary4 ,if they met and impregnated an ovum in the tube1 and if the consequent growth of that ovum prevented its descent and caused its imprisonment within the tube1 it developed there1 getting attached to and drawing nourishment from the mucous walls4 ,such product has its development arrested by compression by the undilatable tube1 or1 bursting through the walls of the tube1 it escapes into the abdomen and perishes4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the spermatozoa only meet and impregnate the ovum on or in the ovary1 the development may take place in the substance of the ovary1 from which the fetus draws its nourishment1 or the impregnated ovum1 escaping between the ovary and the open end of the tube1 falls into the abdominal cavity and becomes adherent to and draws nourishment from some of the abdominal organs 7womb1 bowel1 liver1 stomach1 etc474 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are those of pregnancy1 which may be suddenly complicated by inflammation 7peritonitis71 owing to rupture of the sac containing the fetus2 or at full term signs of calving appear1 but no progress is made2 an examination with the oiled hand in the vagina or rectum finds the womb empty and its mouth closed4 ,further examination will disclose the fetal sac attached in some part of the abdominal cavity and containing the more or less perfectly developed body of a calf4 ,in the most hopeful cases the fetus perishes at an early stage of gestation1 becomes inclosed in a fibrous sac1 and is slowly absorbed1 its soft parts becoming liquefied and removed and the bones remaining encysted4 ,in some cases the bones have finally sloughed into the rectum or through an artificial opening in the side of the belly4 ,treatment4--,little can be done in such cases except to quiet pain and excitement by anodynes 7opium1 chloral1 etc47 and leave the rest to nature4 ,a fistula discharging bones may be dilated and the bones extracted1 the sac being then washed out with a solution of #aj grains bichlorid of mercury in a quart of water4 ,in certain cases with a live calf a skillful operator may be justified in cutting into the abdomen and extracting the calf with its membranes1 using the lotion just named as an antiseptic4 ,,prolonged ,,retention ,,of ,,the ,,fetus4 ,even when the fetus has developed within the womb it may fail to be delivered at the proper time2 labor pains have quickly subsided and the cow resumed her usual health4 ,in such cases the calf dies1 and its soft parts are gradually liquefied and absorbed1 while its bones remain for years in the womb inclosed in the remains of the fetal membranes4 ,these may be expelled at any time through the natural channels1 or they may remain indefinitely in the womb1 not interfering with the general health1 but preventing conception4 ,if the true condition of things is recognized at the time of the subsidence of the labor pains1 the mouth of the womb may be dilated by the fingers1 by the insertion of sponge tents1 or by a mechanical dilator 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f71 the fetal membranes may be ruptured and the calf extracted4 ,after the removal of the calf and its membranes the danger of putrid poisoning may be obviated by injecting the antiseptic solution advised in the paragraph above4 ,,abortion 7,,slinking ,,the ,,calf74 ,technically1 abortion is the term used for the expulsion of the offspring before it can live out of the womb4 ,its expulsion before the normal time1 but after it is capable of an independent existence1 is premature parturition4 ,in the cow this may be after seven and one-half months of pregnancy4 ,earl ,spencer failed to raise any calf born before the two hundred and forty-second day4 ,dairymen use the term abortion for the expulsion of the product of conception at any time before the completion of the full period of a normal pregnancy1 and in this sense it will be used in this article4 ,abortion in cows is either contagious or noncontagious4 ,it does not follow that the contagium is the sole cause in every case in which it is present4 ,we know that the organized germs 7microbes7 of contagion vary much in potency at different times1 and that the animal system also varies in susceptibility to their attack4 ,the germ may therefore be present in a herd without any manifest injury1 its disease-producing power having for the time abated considerably1 or the whole herd being in a condition of comparative insusceptibility4 ,at other times the same germ may have become so virulent that almost all pregnant cows succumb to its force1 or the herd may have been subjected to other causes of abortion which1 though of themselves powerless to actually cause abortion1 may yet so predispose the animals that even the weaker germ will operate with destructive effect4 ,in dealing with this disease1 therefore1 it is the part of wisdom not to rest satisfied with the discovery and removal of one specific cause1 but rather to try to find every existent cause and to obtain a remedy by correcting all the harmful conditions4 ,,noncontagious ,,abortion4 ,as abortion most frequently occurs at those three-week intervals at which the cow would have been in heat if nonpregnant1 we may assume a predisposition at such times owing to a periodicity in the nervous system and functions4 ,poor condition1 weakness1 and a too watery state of the blood is often a predisposing cause4 ,this in its turn may result from poor or insufficient feed1 from the excessive drain upon the udder while bearing the calf1 from the use of feed deficient in certain essential elements1 like the nitrogenous constituents or albuminoids1 from chronic1 wasting diseases1 from roundworms or tapeworms in the bowels1 from flat-worms 7flukes1 trematodes7 in the liver1 from worms in the lungs1 from dark1 damp1 unhealthful buildings1 etc4 ,in some such cases the nourishment is so deficient that the fetus dies in the womb and is expelled in consequence4 ,excessive loss of blood1 attended as it usually is with shock1 becomes a direct cause of abortion4 ,acute inflammations of important organs are notorious causes of abortion1 and in most contagious fevers 7lung plague1 rinderpest1 foot-and-mouth disease7 it is a common result4 ,affections of the chest which prevent due aeration of the blood induce contractions of the womb1 as shown experimentally by ,brown-,sequard4 ,pregnant women suffocated in smoke aborted in many cases4 7,retoul47 ,ergoted grasses have long been known as a cause of widespread abortion in cows4 ,the ergot is familiar as the dark purple or black1 hard1 spurlike growths which protrude from the seeds of the grasses at the period of their ripening4 7,pl4 ,v47 ,it is especially common1 in damp localities and cloudy seasons on meadows shaded by trees and protected against the free sweep of the winds4 ,the same is to a large extent true of smut2 hence1 wet years have been often remarkable for the great prevalence of abortions4 ,abortions have greatly increased in ,new ,zealand among cows since the introduction of rye grass1 which is specially subject to ergot4 ,as abortion is more prevalent in old dairying districts1 the ergot may not be the sole cause in this instance4 ,the riding of one another by cows is attended by such severe muscular exertion1 jars1 jolts1 mental excitement1 and gravitation of the womb and abdominal organs backward that it may easily cause abortion in a predisposed animal4 ,keeping in stalls that slope too much behind 7more than #b inches7 acts in the same way1 the compression from lying and the gravitation backward proving more than a predisposed cow can safely bear4 ,deep gutters behind the stalls1 into which one or both hind limbs slip unexpectedly1 strain the loins and jar the body and womb most injuriously4 ,slippery stalls in which the flooring boards are laid longitudinally in place of transversely1 and on which there is no device to give a firm foothold1 are almost equally dangerous4 ,driving on icy ground1 or through a narrow doorway where the abdomen is liable to be jammed1 are other common causes4 ,aborting cows often fail to expel the afterbirth1 and if this remains hanging in a putrid condition it is most injurious to pregnant cows in the near vicinity4 ,so with retained afterbirth in other cows after calving4 ,that some cows kept in filthy stables or with slaughterhouses near by may become inured to the odors and escape the evil results is no disproof of the injurious effects so often seen in such cases4 ,the excitement1 jarring1 and jolting of a railroad journey often cause abortion1 especially as the cow nears the period of calving1 and the terror or injury of railway or other accidents proves incomparably worse4 ,all irritant poisons cause abortions by the disorder and inflammation of the digestive organs1 and if such agents act also on the kidneys or womb1 the effect is materially enhanced4 ,powerful purgatives or diuretics should never be administered to the pregnant cow4 ,among other causes of abortion must be named the death or the various illnesses of the fetus1 which are about as numerous as those of the adult2 the slipping of a young fetus through a loop in the navel string so as to tie a knot which will tighten later and interrupt the flow of blood with fatal effect1 and the twisting of the navel string by the turning of the fetus until little or no blood can flow through the contorted cord4 ,there is in addition a series of diseases of the mucous membrane of the womb1 and of the fetal membranes 7inflammation1 effusion of blood1 detachment of the membranes from the womb1 fatty or other degenerations1 etc471 which interfere with the supply of blood to the fetus or change its quality so that death is the natural result1 followed by abortion4 ,treatment4--,although the first symptoms of abortion have appeared1 it does not follow that it will go on to completion4 ,so long as the fetus has not perished1 if the waters have not been discharged1 nor the water bags presented1 attempts should be made to check its progress4 ,every appreciable and removable cause should be done away with1 the cow should be placed in a quiet stall alone1 and agents given to check the excitement of the labor pains4 ,laudanum in doses of #a ounce for a small cow or #b ounces for a large one should be promptly administered1 and repeated in three or four hours should the labor pains recur4 ,this may be kept up for days or even weeks if necessary1 though that is rarely required1 as the trouble either subsides or abortion occurs4 ,if the laudanum seems to lack permanency of action1 use bromid of potassium1 or1 better1 extract of ,viburnum prunifolium 7black haw71 #dj grains1 at intervals of two or three hours until five or six doses have been given4 ,,contagious ,,abortion4 ,contagious abortion 7also known as epizootic abortion1 enzootic abortion1 and slinking of calves7 is a disease affecting chiefly cattle and to a lesser degree other domestic animals1 and characterized by an inflammatory condition of the female reproductive organs1 which results in the expulsion of the immature young4 ,history4--,this disease has been known in ,england and continental ,europe for many years1 and descriptions of it are mentioned in the writings of ,mascal1 ,lafoose1 ,skellet1 ,lawrence1 ,st4 ,cyr1 ,zndel1 and ,youatt4 ,in the early part of the eighteenth century ,british veterinarians recognized its contagiousness1 but it remained for ,franck 7#ahgf71 ,lehnert 7#ahgh71 and ,bruer 7#ahhj7 to produce the disease in healthy1 pregnant cows by the introduction of exudate and material from aborting animals4 ,nocard 7#ahhh7 isolated from the exudate between the mucous membrane of the uterus and fetal membranes a micrococcus and a short bacillus which were found continually in contagious abortion1 but he failed to reproduce the disease by inoculations of pure cultures of these organisms into healthy1 pregnant animals4 ,in #ahig ,bang1 assisted by ,stribolt1 published their findings regarding infectious abortion of cattle1 in which they incriminated ,bang's bacillus of abortion as the causative agent4 ,with pure cultures of this bacillus they were able to produce the disease artificially and to recover the same organism from the experimental cases4 ,since that time many noted investigators1 both in this country and in ,europe1 have confirmed these findings4 ,cause4--,the ,bacterium abortus of ,bang is now generally recognized as the causative agent of the disease of cattle4 ,formerly it was thought that abortion was due to injury1 such as blows1 horn thrusts1 falls1 etc41 or the eating of spoiled feed and certain plants1 and while this may be true in a limited number of cases1 careful investigations have demonstrated these claims to be largely unfounded4 ,it is now generally recognized that when abortion occurs in herds from time to time1 it is safe to assume that the disorder is of an infectious nature and should be so treated4 ,natural mode of infection4--,this phase of the disease is of greatest importance for a clear understanding of the methods of prevention4 ,many investigators have demonstrated that the infection is transmitted through the digestive tract1 through contaminated feed and water4 ,the germs are taken up by the body from the intestines with the liquid nourishment1 reach the blood1 and are carried to the genital organs1 where they find conditions best suited to their development4 ,some assert that calves are infected in this manner by suckling infected mothers1 the germs being present in the milk1 or the teats having been contaminated by coming in contact with infective discharges4 ,it is claimed that infection contracted in this manner remains dormant in the body of the calf until pregnancy begins1 and then the organism1 finding conditions suitable for its development1 produces the disease4 ,abortion may occasionally be transmitted from cow to cow by direct contact4 ,the discharges from diseased cows1 swarming with the germs1 soil the external genitals1 tail1 and hind quarters1 and then a susceptible animal1 by contact1 gets the infective material upon the vulva1 the infection traveling up the genital canal and directly infecting the uterus4 ,the belief long entertained that the female acquires the disease at the time of copulation as a result of transference of the infection from affected to healthy females on the genital organs of the bull has failed to receive the support of experimental evidence4 ,the view that the disease is spread to any great degree in this way has been largely discredited4 ,cows of all ages are more or less susceptible1 but young ones in first or second pregnancy most frequently abort4 ,a second abortion is not unusual1 and a third may occasionally occur1 after which the cow usually becomes immune and thereafter carries her calf to maturity4 ,heifers from aborting mothers sometimes seem to be less susceptible than others4 ,symptoms4--,contagious abortion is a very insidious disease1 developing very slowly through several months of the gestation period1 and resulting finally in the expulsion of the immature young1 this act being simply an indication of the presence of the disease and not the disease itself4 ,because of this slow development and the fact that the health of the animal is not noticeably influenced1 the presence of the disease may not be suspected until it has gained a firm foothold in the herd4 ,the symptoms of approaching abortion are those preceding normal calving4 ,in addition1 there may be observed1 a few days previous to abortion1 a sticky1 sometimes purulent1 rusty1 and odorless discharge4 ,abortion occurs most frequently from the third to the seventh month1 according to the number of abortions1 occurring early in first abortion1 and later in each succeeding abortion until the calf is carried to full term and the mother has become immune4 ,it happens frequently that calves are carried almost to full term1 and are born alive1 but are sickly1 and soon die4 ,following abortion there is a dirty1 yellowish-gray mucopurulent discharge which persists for two or more weeks4 ,if abortion occurs early1 the fetus is passed surrounded by its membranes1 but if late in the period of pregnancy1 the membranes are retained1 decomposition sets in and blood poisoning1 which may cause the death of the animal1 or sterility may result4 ,lesions4--,the most characteristic change is found in the uterus where a dark-brown fluid1 purulent or even gluey in consistency1 and containing grayish-white flakes separates the material membranes from those of the fetus1 preventing that intimate contact between the two which is so necessary for the interchange of fluids and gases by which the fetus is nourished and by which it obtains its oxygen4 ,these being cut off1 the fetus must of course die4 ,the germs producing the disease are found in greatest numbers at this point4 ,in addition there may be inflammatory changes1 first in the walls of the uterus and then in the tissues of the fetus4 ,these inflammatory changes seem most intense in the cotyledons and result in the destruction of the minute structure of those bodies1 and they appear swollen1 pale1 and soft4 ,the membrane of the uterus between the cotyledons also may show inflamed and necrotic patches4 ,complications4--,serious results sometimes follow abortion1 and this is particularly the case when there is retained afterbirth4 ,the retained membranes decompose1 the poisonous products of decomposition and the organisms of decomposition themselves are absorbed1 blood poisoning results1 and the animal dies4 ,sometimes1 when the animal is able to resist the effects of this decomposition1 the uterus becomes the seat of such severe changes that sterility results4 ,the walls of that organ become thickened and hard1 the lining membranes become eroded1 and conception can not take place4 ,at other times the ovaries1 where the reproductive cells originate1 become affected and lose their function4 ,abortion does not invariably follow infection1 but the calf is carried to full term4 ,in these cases1 however1 retained afterbirth is a common occurrence1 even to the extent that frequent retention of afterbirth in a herd may be taken as an indication of the presence of the disease4 ,very often suppurative processes persist for a long time1 preventing conception1 or sterility may result without apparent cause4 ,a sterile cow is valueless1 of course1 for any purpose except for beef4 ,such animals are a source of infection for the others and should not be allowed to remain in the herd4 ,diagnosis4--,the diagnosis of infectious abortion is made from the changes occurring in the fetal membranes and in the expelled fetus4 ,this1 however1 is substantiated with certainty only by microscopic demonstration of the germ of abortion4 ,the fact that repeated abortions are observed in a herd is also evidence of the presence of the disease4 ,in consideration1 however1 of the fact that animals may be affected with the disease and disseminate the germs1 even though they carry the fetus to full time1 a diagnosis in such instances is only possible by laboratory methods4 ,for this purpose the agglutination and also the complement-fixation tests are being used with splendid results1 and by the aid of these biological tests it is possible to determine all infected animals in a herd4 ,the tests are carried out with the serum from animals to be examined1 only a teaspoonful of serum being necessary for the execution of both of these tests4 ,it1 however1 has to be confined to laboratories which are properly equipped for such work4 ,treatment and prevention4--,it may be said in general that treatment is without avail and all efforts should be directed toward prevention4 ,various medicinal agents1 such as carbolic acid administered subcutaneously and methylene blue fed in large quantities1 have been recommended1 but have failed to stand the tests of scientific investigation and practical use4 ,serums and vaccines have also been prepared and sold as cures and preventives1 but the work is still considered in the experimental stage4 ,bacterial vaccines are at present extensively used in the control of this disease1 and while numerous reports indicate beneficial results from their administration1 in other instances total failures have been recorded4 ,it appears that the experiments in this line have not progressed sufficiently to justify definite conclusions4 ,the spread of the disease can be controlled to a great degree by the practice of sanitary measures directed toward the disinfection of premises and the isolation of animals at time of calving and aborting4 ,for methods of disinfection of premises see page #cfc4 ,make frequent observations of the animals of affected herds for symptoms of aborting1 such as swelling of vulva or udder enlargement1 and upon the discovery of an animal showing these symptoms place her immediately in a stall which is somewhat remote from healthy stock as a means of confining the products of abortion as much as possible should the act occur4 ,if an animal aborts unexpectedly she should be removed to separate quarters and given proper attention as promptly as possible4 ,the fetus1 afterbirth1 provided it has been expelled1 and all litter that has been contaminated with them and uterine discharges should be gathered up and destroyed either by burning or burying4 ,clean and thoroughly disinfect the floor1 gutters1 and manger in the vicinity of the aborting animal4 ,daily irrigations of the uterus with nonirritating antiseptic solutions1 such as #j4e per cent solution of cresol or compound solution of cresol1 at body temperature have a tendency to prevent the multiplication of microorganisms in the uterus and in this way promote recovery4 ,douching of the uterus should be continued until the discharge ceases4 ,in addition1 the external genitals1 root of the tail1 escutcheon1 etc41 should be sponged daily with the antiseptic solution4 ,aim to place all pregnant animals in disinfected individual pens or stalls a few days before they are expected to calve1 and confine them to these quarters for three or four weeks following the delivery of the calf1 or as long thereafter as uterine discharges are observed4 ,avoid carrying infection from the maternity stalls to other portions of stable1 on shoes or otherwise4 ,this may be prevented to some degree by the use of disinfectant solutions on shoes after the stalls have been entered or by wearing rubbers while in the maternity stalls1 removing them after the isolated animals have been attended to4 ,the isolation of cows at time of calving and the aborting animal is based upon the knowledge that the fetus1 afterbirth1 and uterine discharges of an affected animal at these times very frequently contain myriads of the abortion bacteria1 and that unless these substances are confined and promptly destroyed an abundant opportunity is provided for the contamination of the food substances of the healthy animals and their contraction of the disease4 ,refrain from breeding fresh cows for a period of six weeks to two months following calving4 ,the aborting animal should be isolated for a period of six weeks to two months and under no consideration be permitted to mingle with the rest of the herd as long as uterine discharges are observed4 ,douching of the external genitals of the bull1 a practice formerly regarded as highly important for preventing the spread of the disease1 is now recognized as being of doubtful value4 ,the bull is protected from abortion infection to a great degree by permitting him to serve only such animals as have calved or aborted from six weeks to two months previously4 ,investigational work has indicated that when the bull is affected with the disease the organs of his generative system commonly involved are not reached by the antiseptic solutions4 ,a more rational method for the prevention of the spread of the disease by the bull consists in keeping him in an inclosure separate from the females and in having all services take place on neutral ground4 ,great care should be used in purchasing cattle1 and cows not known to be free from the disease should be kept in separate quarters until this point is determined4 ,,granular ,,venereal ,,disease 7,,infectious ,,granular ,,vaginitis74 ,the affection to which the foregoing names have been given is a chronic1 mild1 and apparently contagious disease of cattle1 characterized by an inflammatory condition of the mucous membrane of the vagina and the development of nodules upon its surface4 ,this disease is very widely spread1 but from an economic point of view it does not appear to have great significance4 ,williams1 who investigated it1 asserts that it is difficult to find a single herd in this country which is free of this disease4 ,he considers it of great importance1 claiming that granular vaginitis has a vital relation to abortion4 ,this view1 however1 is not substantiated by other investigators1 it being now generally accepted that the disease is only rarely responsible for abortion1 and further1 that it exerts no apparent ill effects on the health of the animal and that it has no effect on the milk yield4 ,symptoms4--,natural infection may take place either by direct contact of animals or at the time of service4 ,most of the cows in the affected herd contract the disease1 but the bulls are rarely or very mildly affected4 ,the inflamed condition of the membranes of the vagina results in a catarrhal exudate1 and this discharge1 which soils the external genitals and the tail1 and the uneasiness and sometimes the straining of the animal1 are the first and most prominent symptoms observed4 ,upon examination1 small1 hard1 grayish nodules can be seen and felt upon the inflamed membranes4 ,this acute stage may last for three or four weeks1 then it gradually subsides and assumes the chronic form1 only to flare up again as the animal comes in heat4 ,these nodules are sometimes found on the membranes of the uterus1 and some investigators have argued from this fact that it was responsible for abortion and sterility4 ,others1 however1 deny this and point out that the bacillus of abortion can be demonstrated in nearly every case4 ,the importance of the disease is therefore in dispute and the decision must be left to future investigation4 ,treatment4--,the exaggerated importance which has been attached to this disease resulted in the exploitation of the most varied kinds of remedies for its treatment4 ,it is true that with a protracted and laborious treatment it is possible to effect cures in from one to three months1 but with our present knowledge of this disorder it is advisable to limit the treatment to animals which show an acute inflammatory condition of the vagina and vulva with a discharge as a result of the granular affection4 ,the treatment should be local and confined to the application of antiseptic washes in the form of irrigations4 ,for this purpose a #j4e per cent solution of the compound solution of cresol or of ,lugol's solution has been found satisfactory4 ,,parturition 7,,calving74 ,,symptoms ,,of ,,calving4 ,in the cow the premonitions of calving are the enlargement of the udder1 which becomes firm and resistant to the touch1 with more or less swelling in front1 and yields a serous1 milky fluid2 the enlargement and swelling of the vulva1 which discharges an abundant1 stringy mucus2 the drooping of the belly1 and the falling in of the muscles at each side of the root of the tail1 so as to leave deep hollows4 ,when this last symptom is seen1 calving may be counted on in #bd hours or in #b or #c days4 ,when the act is imminent1 the cow becomes uneasy1 moves restlessly1 leaves off eating1 in the field leaves the herd1 lies down and rises again as if in pain1 shifts upon her hind feet1 moves the tail1 and may bellow or moan4 ,when labor pains come on the back is arched1 the croup drooped1 the belly is drawn up1 and straining is more or less violent and continuous4 ,meanwhile blood may have appeared on the vulva and tail1 and soon the clear water bags protrude between the lips of the vulva4 ,they increase rapidly1 hanging down toward the hocks1 and the fore or hind feet can be detected within them4 ,with the rupture of the bags and escape of the waters the womb contracts on the solid1 angular body of the fetus and is at once stimulated to more violent contractions1 so that the work proceeds with redoubled energy to the complete expulsion4 ,this is why it is wrong to rupture the water bags if the presentation is normal1 as they furnish a soft1 uniform pressure for the preliminary dilation of the mouth of the womb and passages1 in anticipation of the severe strain put upon them as the solid body of the calf passes4 ,the cow often calves standing1 in which case the navel string is broken as the calf falls to the ground4 ,if1 however1 she is recumbent1 this cord is torn through as she rises4 ,the afterpains come on #c or #d hours later and expel the membranes1 which should never be left longer than #bd hours4 ,,natural ,,presentation4 ,when there is but one calf the natural presentation is that of the fore feet with the front of the hoofs and knees turned upward toward the tail of the dam and the nose lying between the knees4 7,pl4 ,,xv47 ,if there are twins the natural position of the second is that of the hind feet1 the heels and hocks turned upward toward the cow's tail4 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #a47 ,in both of these natural positions the curvature of the body of the calf--the back arched upward--is the same with the curvature of the passages1 which descend anteriorly into the womb1 ascend over the brim of the pelvis1 and descend again toward the external opening 7vulva74 ,any presentation differing from the above is abnormal4 ,,obstacles ,,to ,,parturition4 ,with a well-formed cow and calf and a natural presentation as above1 calving is usually prompt and easy4 ,obstacles may1 however1 come from failure of the mouth of the womb to dilate2 from twisting of the neck of the womb2 from tumors in the vagina2 from dropsy in the womb or abdomen2 from overdistention of the rectum or bladder2 from undue narrowing of the passages2 from excess of fat in the walls of the pelvis2 from the disturbance of a nervous cow by noises2 from stone or urine in the bladder2 from wrong presentation of the calf1 its back being turned downward or to one side in place of upward toward the spine of the dam2 from the bending backward of one or more limbs or of the head into the body of the womb2 from presentation of the back1 shoulder1 or croup1 all four limbs being turned back2 from presentation of all four feet at once2 from obstruction caused by an extra head or extra limbs1 or double body on the part of the offspring 7,pl4 ,,xix72 from dropsy or other disease of the calf2 from excessive or imperfect development of the calf2 from the impaction of twins into the passages at the same time2 or at times it may be from the mere excessive volume of the fetus4 ,,general ,,maxims ,,for ,,the ,,assistant ,,concerning ,,difficult ,,parturition4 ,do not interfere too soon4 ,meddlesome midwifery is bad with animals as with women4 ,after labor pains set in1 give a reasonable time for the water bags to protrude and burst spontaneously1 and only interfere when delay suggests some mechanical obstruction4 ,if there is no mechanical obstruction1 let the calf be expelled slowly by the unaided efforts of the cow4 ,bruises and lacerations of the passages and flooding from the uncontracted womb may come from the too speedy extraction of the calf4 ,when assistance is necessary1 the operator should dress in a thick flannel shirt from which the sleeves have been cut off clear to the shoulders4 ,this avoids danger of exposure and yet leaves the whole arm free and untrammeled4 ,before inserting the hand it and the arm should be smeared with oil1 lard1 or vaseline1 care being taken that the oil or lard is fresh1 neither salted nor rancid1 and that it has been purified by boiling or rendered antiseptic by the addition of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to the pound4 ,this is a valuable precaution against infecting the cow by introducing putrid ferments into the passages and against poisoning of the arm by decomposing discharges in case the calving is unduly protracted4 ,when labor pains have lasted some time without any signs of the water bags1 the dropping in at the sides of the rump1 and the other preparations for calving being accomplished1 the hand should be introduced to examine4 ,when the water bags have burst and neither feet nor head appear for some time1 examination should be made4 ,when one fore foot only and the head appear1 or both fore feet without the head1 or the head without the fore feet1 examine4 ,if one hind foot appears without the other1 make examination4 ,the presenting limb or head should be secured by a rope with a running noose1 so that it may not pass back into the womb and get lost during the subsequent manipulations1 but may be retained in the vagina or brought up again easily4 ,in searching for a missing member it is usually better to turn the head of the cow downhill1 so that the gravitation of the fetus and abdominal organs forward into the belly of the cow may give more room in which to bring up the missing limb or head4 ,if the cow is lying down1 turn her on the side opposite to that on which the limb is missing1 so that there may be more room for bringing the latter up4 ,even if a missing limb is reached1 it is vain to attempt to bring it up during a labor pain4 ,wait until the pain has ceased and attempt to straighten out the limb before the next pain comes on4 ,if the pains are violent and continuous1 they may be checked by pinching the back or by putting a tight surcingle around the body in front of the udder4 ,these failing1 #a ounce or #a-a_/b ounces of chloral hydrate in a quart of water may be given to check the pains4 ,if the passages have dried up or lost their natural1 lubricating liquid1 smear the interior of the passages and womb and the surface of the calf1 so far as it can be reached1 with pure fresh lard2 or pure sweet oil may be run into the womb through a rubber tube 7fountain syringe74 ,in dragging upon the fetus apply strong traction only while the mother is straining1 and drag downward toward the hocks as well as backward4 ,the natural curvature of both fetus and passages is thus followed and the extraction rendered easier4 ,,labor ,,pains ,,before ,,relaxation ,,of ,,the ,,passages4 ,any of the various causes of abortion may bring on labor pains before the time4 ,straining comes on days or weeks before the time1 and there is not the usual enlargement1 swelling1 and mucous discharge from the vulva4 ,there is little or no falling in by the sides of the root of the tail2 the abdomen has not dropped to the usual extent1 and the udder is less developed and yields little or no milk4 ,in spite of the pains no water bags appear1 and the oiled hand cautiously introduced into the vagina finds the neck of the womb firmly closed1 rigid1 and undilatable4 ,if it is known that the cow has not reached her proper time of calving1 the examination through the vagina should be omitted and the animal should be placed in a dark1 quiet place by herself1 and be given #a to #b ounces laudanum4 ,viburnum prunifolium 7black haw71 #a ounce1 may be added1 if necessary1 and repeated in three hours4 ,the pains will usually subside4 ,in some instances the external parts are relaxed and duly prepared1 but the neck of the womb remains rigidly closed4 ,in such case the solid extract of belladonna should be smeared around the constricted opening and the animal left quiet until it relaxes4 ,,diseased ,,induration ,,of ,,the ,,mouth ,,of ,,the ,,womb4 ,from previous lacerations or other injuries the neck of the womb may have become the seat of fibrous hardening and constriction1 so as to prevent its dilatation1 when all other parts are fully prepared for calving4 ,the enlarged1 flabby vulva1 the sinking at each side of the rump1 the full udder1 and drooping abdomen indicate the proper time for calving1 but the labor pains effect no progress in the dilatation of the mouth of the womb1 and the oiled hand introduced detects the rigid1 hard1 and1 in some cases1 nodular feeling of the margins of the closed orifice which no application of belladonna or other antispasmodic suffices to relax4 ,sponge tents may be inserted or the mechanical dilator 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #f7 may be used if there is opening enough to admit it1 and if not1 a narrow-bladed1 probe-pointed knife 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b7 may be passed through the orifice and turned upward1 downward1 and to each side1 cutting to a depth not exceeding a quarter of an inch in each case4 ,this done1 a finger may be inserted1 then two1 three1 and four1 and finally all four fingers and thumb brought together in the form of a cone and made to push in with rotary motion until the whole hand can be introduced4 ,after this the labor pains will induce further dilation1 and finally the presenting members of the calf will complete the process4 ,,twisting ,,of ,,the ,,neck ,,of ,,the ,,womb4 ,this is not very uncommon in the cow1 the length of the body of the womb and the looseness of the broad ligaments that attach it to the walls of the pelvis favoring the twisting4 ,it is as if one were to take a long sack rather loosely filled at the neck and turn over its closed end1 so that its twisting should occur in the neck4 ,the twist may be one-quarter round1 so that the upper surface would come to look to one side1 or it may be half round1 so that what was the upper surface becomes the lower4 ,the relation of the womb of the cow to the upper and right side of the paunch favors the twisting4 ,the paunch occupies the whole left side of the abdomen and extends across its floor to the right side4 ,its upper surface thus forms an inclined plane1 sloping from the left downward and to the right1 and on this sloping surface lies the pregnant womb4 ,it is easy to see how1 in the constant movements of the paunch upon its contents and the frequent changes of position of the growing fetus within the womb1 to say nothing of the contractions of the adjacent bowels and the more or less active movements of the cow1 the womb should roll downward to the right4 ,yet in many cases the twist is toward the left1 showing that it is not the result of a simple rolling downward over the paunch1 but rather of other disturbances4 ,the condition may be suspected when labor pains have continued for some time without any sign of the water bags1 and it is confirmed when the oiled hand1 introduced through the vagina1 finds the mouth of the womb soft and yielding1 but furnished with internal folds running forward in a spiral manner4 ,if the folds on the upper wall of the orifice run toward the right1 the womb is twisted to the right2 if1 on the contrary1 they turn toward the left1 it indicates that the womb is turned over in that direction4 ,the direction of the twist must be known before treatment can be undertaken4 ,then1 if the twist is toward the right1 the cow is laid upon her right side with her head downhill1 the hand of the operator is introduced through the spirally constricted neck of the womb1 and a limb or other portion of the body of the calf is seized and pressed firmly against the wall of the womb4 ,meanwhile two or three assistants roll the cow from her right side over on her back to her left side4 ,the object is to hold the womb and calf still while the body of the cow rolls over4 ,if successful1 the twist is undone1 its grasp on the wrist is slackened1 and the water bags and calf press into the now open passage4 ,if the first attempt does not succeed1 it is to be repeated until success has been attained4 ,if the spiral folds on the upper wall of the opening turn toward the left1 the cow is laid on her left side and rolled over on her back and on to the right side1 the hand being1 as before1 within the womb and holding the fetus1 so that all may not rotate with the cow4 ,in introducing the hand it will usually be found needful to perforate the membranes1 so that a limb of the calf may be seized direct and firmly held4 ,among my occasional causes of failure with these cases have been1 first1 the previous death and decomposition of the fetus1 leading to such overdistention of the womb that it could not be made to rotate within the abdomen1 and1 second1 the occurrence of inflammation and an exudate on the twisted neck of the womb1 which hindered it from untwisting4 ,in obstinate cases1 in which the hand can be made to pass through the neck of the womb easily1 additional help may be had from the use of the instrument shown in ,plate ,,xx1 figure #e4 ,two cords1 with running nooses1 are successively introduced and made fast on two limbs of the calf2 the cords are then passed through the two rings on the end of the instrument1 which is passed into the womb and the cords drawn tight and fixed round the handle4 ,then1 using the handle as a lever1 it is turned in the direction opposite to the twist4 ,the hand should meanwhile be introduced into the womb and the snared limbs seized and pressed against its walls so as to secure the rotation of the uterus along with the body of the fetus4 ,the relaxation of the constriction and the effacement of the spiral folds will show when success has been gained1 and the different members at one end of the body should then be brought up so as to secure a natural presentation4 ,,narrow ,,pelvis ,,from ,,fracture ,,or ,,disease4 ,in a small cow the pelvis may be too narrow to pass a calf sired by a bull of a large breed1 but this is exceptional1 as the fetus usually accommodates itself to the size of the dam and makes its extra growth after birth4 ,when the pelvic bones have been fractured repair takes place with the formation of a large permanent callus1 which1 projecting internally1 may be a serious obstacle to calving4 ,worse still1 if the edge of the broken bone projects internally as a sharp spike or ridge1 the vaginal walls are cut upon it during the passage of the calf1 with serious or fatal result4 ,in other cases1 where the cow has suffered from fragility of bone 7fragilitas ossium7 the thickening of the bone causes narrowing of the long passage of the pelvis and the crumbling fractures poorly repaired1 with an excess of brittle new material1 may form an insuperable obstacle to parturition4 ,cows affected in any of these ways should never again be bred1 but if they do get pregnant and reach full time a careful examination will be necessary to determine whether natural parturition can take place or if the calf must be extracted in pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,obstruction ,,by ,,masses ,,of ,,fat4 ,this is not unknown in old cows of the beef breeds1 the enormous masses of fat upon and within the pelvis being associated with weakness or fatty degeneration of the muscles4 ,if the presentation is natural1 little more is wanted than a judicious traction upon the fetus to compress and overcome the soft resisting masses4 ,,obstruction ,,by ,a ,,full ,,bladder ,,or ,,rectum ,,or ,,by ,,stone4 ,in all cases of delayed or tardy parturition the evacuation of rectum and bladder is important1 and it is no less so in all difficult parturitions4 ,stone in the bladder is fortunately rare in the cow1 but when present it should be removed to obviate crushing and perhaps perforation of the organ during calving4 ,,calving ,,retarded ,,by ,,nervousness4 ,in a public fair ground ,i have seen labor pains begin early in the day and keep up in a weak and insufficient manner for many hours1 until the stall was thoroughly closed in and the cow secluded from the constant stream of visitors and the incessant noise1 when at once the pains became strong and effective and the calf was soon born4 ,,coagulated ,,blood ,,under ,,the ,,vaginal ,,walls4 ,this is common after calving1 but sometimes occurs before1 as the result of accidental injury4 ,the mass may be recognized by its dark hue and the doughy sensation to the touch4 ,it may be cut into and the mass turned out with the fingers1 after which it should be washed frequently with an antiseptic lotion 7carbolic acid #a dram in #a quart of water74 ,,constriction ,,of ,a ,,member ,,by ,,the ,,navel ,,string4 ,in early fetal life the winding of the navel string around a limb may cause the latter to be slowly cut off by absorption under the constricting cord4 ,so at calving the cord wound round a presenting member may retard progress somewhat1 and though the calf may still be born tardily by the unaided efforts of the mother1 it is liable to come still-born1 because the circulation in the cord is interrupted by compression before the offspring can reach the open air and commence to breathe4 ,if1 therefore1 it is possible to anticipate and prevent this displacement and compression of the navel string it should be done1 but if this is no longer possible1 then the extraction of the calf should be effected as rapidly as possible1 and if breathing is not at once attempted it should be started by artificial means4 ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,the ,,calf 7,,hydrocephalus74 ,this is an enormous distention of the cavity holding the brain1 by reason of the accumulation of liquid in the internal cavities 7ventricles7 of the brain substance4 ,the head back of the eyes rises into a great rounded ball 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #d and #e71 which proves an insuperable obstacle to parturition4 ,the fore feet and nose being the parts presented1 no progress can be made1 and even if the feet are pulled upon the nose can not by any means be made to appear4 ,the oiled hand introduced into the passages will feel the nose presenting between the fore limbs1 and on passing the hand back over the face the hard rounded mass of the cranium is met with4 ,a sharp-pointed knife or a cannula and trocar should be introduced in the palm of the hand and pushed into the center of the rounded mass so as to evacuate the water4 ,the hand is now used to press together the hitherto distended but thin and fragile walls1 and the calf may be delivered in the natural way4 ,if the enlarged head is turned backward it must still be reached and punctured1 after which it must be brought up into position and the calf delivered4 ,if the hind feet present first1 all may go well until the body and shoulders have passed out1 when further progress is suddenly arrested by the great bulk of the head4 ,if possible1 the hand1 armed with a knife or trocar1 must be passed along the side of the shoulder or neck so as to reach and puncture the distended head4 ,failing in this1 the body may be skinned up from the belly and cut in two at the shoulder or neck1 after which the head can easily be reached and punctured4 ,if in such case the fore limbs have been left in the womb1 they may now be brought up into the passage1 and when dragged upon the collapsed head will follow4 ,if the distention is not sufficient to have rendered the bony walls of the cranium thin and fragile1 so that they can be compressed with the hand after puncture1 a special method may be necessary4 ,a long incision should be made from behind forward in the median line of the cranium with an embryotomy knife 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #a7 or with a long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #c74 ,by this means the bones on the one side are completely separated from those on the other and may be made to overlap and perhaps to flatten down4 ,if this fails they may be cut from the head all around the base of the rounded cranial swelling by means of a guarded chisel 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #h7 and mallet1 after which there will be no difficulty in causing them to collapse4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,abdomen ,,of ,,the ,,calf 7,,ascites74 ,this is less frequent than hydrocephalus1 but no less difficult to deal with4 ,with an anterior presentation the fore limbs and head may come away easily enough1 but no effort will advance the calf beyond the shoulders4 ,the first thought should be dropsy of the belly1 and the oiled hand introduced by the side of the chest will detect the soft and fluctuating yet tense sac of the abdomen4 ,if there is space to allow of the introduction of an embryotomy knife1 the abdomen may be freely cut with this1 when the fluid will escape into the womb and parturition may proceed naturally4 ,if this can not be effected1 a long trocar and cannula may be passed between the first two ribs and straight on beneath the spine until it punctures the abdomen4 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #b47 ,then the trocar is to be withdrawn and the liquid will flow through the cannula and will be hastened by traction on the fore limbs4 ,in the absence of the trocar and cannula1 two or three of the first ribs may be cut from the breastbone1 so that the hand may be introduced through the chest to puncture the diaphragm with an embryotomy knife and allow an escape of the water4 ,in some slighter cases a tardy delivery may take place without puncture1 the liquid bulging forward into the chest as the abdomen is compressed in the pelvic passages4 ,with a posterior presentation the abdomen may be punctured more easily either in the flank or with a trocar and cannula through the anus4 ,,general ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,calf4 ,this occurs from watery blood or disease of some internal organ1 like the liver or kidney1 and is recognized by the general puffed-up and rounded condition of the body1 which pits everywhere on pressure but without crackling4 ,if not too extreme a case1 the calf may be extracted after it has been very generally punctured over the body1 but usually the only resort is to extract it in pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,swelling ,,of ,,the ,,calf ,,with ,,gas4 ,this is usually the result of the death and decomposition of the fetus when extraction has been delayed for a day or more after the escape of the waters4 ,it is impossible to extract it whole1 owing to its large size and the dry state of the skin of the calf1 the membranes1 and the wall of the womb4 ,these dry surfaces stick with such tenacity that no attempt at traction leads to any advance of the calf out of the womb or into the passages4 ,when the fetus is advanced the adherent womb advances with it1 and when the strain is relaxed both recede to where they were at first4 ,the condition may be helped somewhat by the free injection of oil into the womb1 but it remains impossible to extract the enormously bloated body1 and the only resort is to cut it in pieces and extract it by degrees4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,rigid ,,contractions ,,of ,,muscles4 ,in the development of the calf1 as in after life1 the muscles are subject to cramps1 and in certain cases given groups of muscles remain unnaturally short1 so that even the bones grow in a twisted and distorted way4 ,in one case the head and neck are drawn round to one side and can not be straightened out1 even the bones of the face and the nose being curved around to that side4 ,in other cases the flexor muscles of the fore legs are so shortened that the knees are kept constantly bent and can not be extended by force4 ,the bent neck may sometimes be sufficiently straightened for extraction by cutting across the muscles on the side to which it is turned1 and the bent knees by cutting the cords on the back of the shank bones just below the knees4 ,if this fails1 there remains the resort of cutting off the distorted limbs or head4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,,tumors ,,of ,,the ,,calf 7,,inclosed ,,ovum74 ,tumors or new growths grow on the unborn calf as on the mature animal1 and by increasing the diameter of the body render its progress through the passage of the pelvis impossible4 ,in my experience with large1 fleshy tumors of the abdomen1 ,i have cut open the chest1 removed the lungs and heart1 cut through the diaphragm with the knife1 and removed the tumor piecemeal by alternate tearing and cutting until the volume of the body was sufficiently reduced to pass through4 ,where this failed it would remain to cut off the anterior part of the body1 removing as much of the chest as possible1 and cutting freely through the diaphragm2 then1 pushing back the remainder of the body1 the hind limbs may be seized and brought into the passages and the residue thus extracted4 ,the tumor1 unless very large1 will get displaced backward so as not to prove an insuperable obstacle4 ,in many cases the apparent tumor is a blighted ovum which has failed to develop1 but has grafted itself on its more fortunate twin and from it has drawn its nourishment4 ,these are usually sacs containing hair1 skin1 muscle1 bone1 or other natural tissues1 and only exceptionally do they show the distinct outline of the animal4 ,,monstrosity ,,in ,,the ,,calf4 ,as a monstrous development in the calf may hinder calving1 it is well to consider shortly the different directions in which these deviations from the natural form appear4 ,their origin and significance will be rendered clearer if we divide them according to the fault of development in individual cases4 ,monsters are such-- 7#a7 ,from absence of parts--absence of head1 limb1 or other organ--arrested development4 7#b7 ,from some organ being unnaturally small1 as a dwarfed head1 limb1 trunk1 etc4--arrested development4 7#c7 ,from unnatural division of parts--cleft lips1 palate1 head1 trunk1 limbs1 etc4--abnormal growth4 7#d7 ,from the absence of natural divisions--absence of mouth1 nose1 eye1 anus2 the cloven foot of ox or pig becomes solid1 like that of the horse1 etc4--confluence of parts which are rightfully separate4 7#e7 ,from the fusion of parts--both eyes replaced by central one1 both nostrils merged into one central opening1 etc4--confluence of parts4 7#f7 ,from unnatural position or form of parts--curved nose1 neck1 back1 limbs1 etc4--lack of balance in the growth of muscles during development4 7#g7 ,from excessive growth of one or more organs--enormous size of head1 double penis1 superfluous digits1 etc4--redundancy of growth at given points4 7#h7 ,from imperfect differentiation of the sexual organs--hermaphrodites 7organs intermediate between male and female71 male organs with certain feminine characters1 female organs with certain well-marked male characters4 7#i7 ,from the doubling of parts or of the entire body--double monsters1 doubled heads1 doubled bodies1 extra limbs1 etc4--redundant development4 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,causes4--,the causes of monstrosities are varied4 ,some1 like extra digits1 lack of horns1 etc41 run in families1 which produce them with absolute certainty when bred in the direct line1 although they were originally acquired peculiarities which have merely been fixed by long habit in successive generations4 ,the earliest horse had five toes1 and even the most recent fossil horse had three toes1 of which the two lateral ones are still represented in the modern animal by the two splint bones4 ,yet if our horse develops an extra toe it is pronounced a monstrosity4 ,a more genuine monstrosity is the solid-hoofed pig1 in which two toes have been merged into one4 ,another of the same kind is the solid shank bone of the ox1 which consists of two bones united into one1 but which are still found apart in the early fetus4 ,though originally acquired peculiarities1 they now breed as invariably as color or form4 ,other monstrosities seem to have begun in too close breeding1 by which the powers of symmetrical development are impaired1 just as the procreative power weakens under continuous breeding from the closest blood relations4 ,a monstrosity consisting in the absence of an organ often depends on a simple lack of development1 the result of disease or injury1 as a young bone is permanently shortened by being broken across the soft part between the shaft and the end1 the only part where increase in length can take place4 ,as the result of the injury the soft1 growing layer becomes prematurely hard and all increase in length at that end of the bone ceases4 ,this will account for some cases of absence of eye1 limb1 or other organ4 ,sometimes a monstrosity is owing to the inclosure of one ovum in another while the latter is still but a soft mass of cells and can easily close around the first4 ,here each ovum has an independent life2 they develop simultaneously1 only the outer one having direct connection with the womb and being furnished with abundant nourishment advances most rapidly and perfectly1 while the inclosed and starved ovum is dwarfed and imperfect often to the last degree4 ,in many cases of excess of parts the extra part or member is manifestly derived from the same ovum1 and even the same part of the ovum1 being merely the effect of a redundancy and vagary of growth4 ,such cases include most instances of extra digits or other organs1 and even of double monsters1 as manifested by the fact that such extra organs grow from the normal identical organs4 ,hence the extra digit is attached to the normal digit1 the extra head to the one neck1 the extra tail to the croup1 extra teeth to the existing teeth1 and even two similarly formed bodies are attached by some point common to both1 as the navels1 breastbones1 backs1 etc4 7,pl4 ,,xix1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,this shows that both have been derived from the same primitive layer of the embryo1 which possessed the plastic power of building up a given structure or set of organs4 ,an inclosed ovum1 on the other hand1 has no such identity or similarity of structure to the part with which it is connected1 showing an evident primary independence of both life and the power of building tissues and organs4 ,the power of determining extra growth along a given natural line is very highly developed in the early embryo and is equally manifest in the mature examples of some of the lower forms of animal life4 ,thus a newt will grow a new tail when that member has been cut off1 and a starfish will develop as many new starfishes as the pieces made by cutting up the original one4 ,this power of growth in the embryo and in the lower form of animals is comparable to the branching out again of a tree at the places from which branches have been lopped4 ,the presence of this vegetablelike power of growth in the embryo accounts for most double monsters4 ,the influence of disease in modifying growth in the early embryo1 increasing1 decreasing1 distorting1 etc41 is well illustrated in the experiments of ,st4 ,hilaire and ,valentine in varnishing1 shaking1 or otherwise disturbing the connections of eggs and thereby producing monstrosities4 ,one can easily understand how inflammations and other causes of disturbed circulation in the womb1 fetal membranes1 or fetus would cause similar distortions and variations in the growing fetus4 ,it is doubtless largely in the same way that certain mental disturbances of a very susceptible dam affect the appearance of the progeny4 ,the monstrosities which seriously interfere with calving are mainly such as consist in extra members or head1 which can not be admitted into the passages at the same time1 where some organ of the body has attained extra size1 where a blighted ovum has been inclosed in the body of a more perfect one1 or where the body or limbs are so contracted or twisted that the calf must enter the passages doubled up4 ,treatment4--,extraction is sometimes possible by straightening the distorted members by the force of traction2 in other cases the muscles or tendons must be cut across on the side to which the body or limbs are bent to allow of such straightening4 ,thus1 the muscles on the concave side of a wry neck or the cords behind the shank bones of a contracted limb may be cut to allow of these parts being brought into the passages1 and there will still be wanting the methods demanded for bringing up missing limbs or head1 for which see paragraphs below4 ,in most cases of monstrosity by excess of overgrowth it becomes necessary to cut off the supernumerary or overdeveloped parts1 and the same general principles must be followed as laid down in ,embryotomy 7p4 #bjb74 ,,wrong ,,presentations ,,of ,,the ,,calf4 ,the following is a list of abnormal presentations of the calf3 ,simultaneous presentation of twins4 ,a ,limbs curved at the knee4 ,flexor tendons shortened4 n ,fore ,limbs,limb crossed over the back of the neck4 t ,limb bent back at the knee4 e ,limb bent back from the shoulder4 r i ,head bent downward on the neck4 o ,p ,head and neck turned downward beneath the breast4 r r ,head ,head turned to one side upon the side of the neck4 e ,head and neck turned back on the side of the chest and s abdomen4 e ,head turned upward and backward on the back4 n t ,hind limbs rotated outward4 ,toes and stifles turned a outward4 t ,hind ,limbs,hind limbs bent forward1 their feet resting in the pelvis4 i o ,transverse,back of the calf turned to the right or left side4 n s ,inverted ,back of the calf turned to the floor of the pelvis and udder4 ,p ,p o r ,hind limb bent on itself at the hock4 ,hock and buttocks s e ,hind ,limbs present4 t s ,hind limb bent at the hips4 ,buttocks present4 e e r n ,transverse,back of calf turned to the right or left side4 i t o a ,inverted ,back of calf turned to the floor of the pelvis and udder4 r t i o n ,head up toward the spine1 croup ,position of calf vertical toward udder4 ,t ,head down toward udder1 croup r ,back toward spine4 u ,p and n r loins ,head toward the right side1 k e presented4,position of calf transverse croup toward the left4 s e ,head toward the left side1 n croup toward the right4 t a t ,breast ,head toward right side1 croup i and ,position of calf transverse toward left4 o abdomen ,head toward left side1 croup n presented4 toward right4 s ,these include all general presentations1 yet other subsidiary ones will at once occur to the attentive reader4 ,thus1 in each anterior or posterior presentation1 with the back of the calf turned downward or to one side1 the case may be complicated by the bending back of one or more members as a whole or at the joint just above the shank bones 7knee or hock74 ,so also in such anterior presentation the head may be turned back4 ,head and fore feet presented--,back turned to one side4--,the calf has a greater diameter from above down 7spine to breastbone7 than it has from side to side1 and the same is true of the passage of the pelvis of the cow1 which measures1 on an average1 #h-g_/aj inches from above downward and #g-i_/aj inches from side to side4 ,hence the calf passes most easily with its back upward1 and when turned with its back to one side calving is always tardy and may be difficult or impossible4 ,the obvious remedy is to rotate the calf on its own axis until its spine turns toward the spine of the cow4 ,the operation is not difficult if the body of the calf is not yet fixed in the passages4 ,the presenting feet are twisted over each other in the direction desired1 and this is continued until the head and spine have assumed their proper place4 ,if the body is firmly engaged in the passages the skin of the whole engaged portion should be freely lubricated with lard1 and the limbs and head twisted over each other as above4 ,the limbs may be twisted by an assistant when the head is manipulated by the operator1 who drags on the rope turned halfway round the limbs and assists in the rotation with his other hand in the passages4 ,head and fore feet presented--,back turned down toward the udder4--,this position 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #f7 is unnatural1 and the parturition is difficult for two reasons3 ,first1 the natural curvature of the fetus is opposed to the natural curvature of the passages2 and1 second1 the thickest part of the body of the calf 7the upper7 is engaged in the narrowest part of the passage of the pelvis 7the lower74 ,yet unless the calf is especially large and the pelvis of the cow narrow1 parturition may usually be accomplished in this way spontaneously or with very little assistance in the way of traction on the limbs4 ,if this can not be accomplished1 two courses are open3 ,first1 to rotate the calf as when the back is turned to one side2 second1 to push back the presenting fore limbs and head and search for and bring up the hind limbs1 when the presentation will be a natural1 posterior one4 ,presentation of the hind feet with the back turned to one side or downward4--,these are the exact counterparts of the two conditions last described1 are beset with similar drawbacks1 and are to be dealt with on the same general principles4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #d47 ,with the back turned to one side the body should be rotated until the back turns toward the spine of the dam1 and with the back turned down it must be extracted in that position 7care being taken that the feet do not perforate the roof of the vagina7 or it must be rotated on its own axis until the back turns upward1 or the hind limbs must be pushed back and the fore limbs and head advanced1 when the presentation will be a natural anterior one4 ,impaction of twins in the passage4--,it is very rare to have twins enter the passages together so as to become firmly impacted4 ,as a rule1 each of the twins has its own separate membranes1 and as the water bags of one will naturally first enter and be the first to burst1 so the calf which occupied those membranes will be the first to enter the passage and the other will be thereby excluded4 ,when the membranes of both have burst without either calf having become engaged in the pelvis1 it becomes possible for the fore legs of one and the hind legs of the other to enter at one time1 and if the straining is very violent they may become firmly impacted4 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #a47 ,the condition may be recognized by the fact that two of the presenting feet have their fronts turned forward1 while the two others have their fronts turned backward4 ,if the four feet belonged to one natural calf1 they would all have the same direction4 ,by means of this difference in direction we can easily select the two feet of one calf1 place running nooses upon them just above the hoofs or fetlocks1 and have an assistant drag upon the ropes while the feet of the other calf are pushed back4 ,in selecting one of the twins to come first several considerations should have weight4 ,the one that is most advanced in the passage is1 of course1 the first choice4 ,though the fore feet of one are presented1 yet if the head is not in place the calf presenting by its hind feet is to be chosen as being less liable to obstruct4 ,again1 if for either calf one limb only is presented and the other missing1 the one presenting two feet should be selected to come first4 ,as soon as one calf has been advanced so as to occupy the pelvis the other will be crowded back so that it will not seriously obstruct4 ,fore limbs curved at the knee--,limbs sprawling outward4--,in this case not only are the knees somewhat bent in a curve1 but the calf has a position as if it rested on its breastbone1 while the legs were drawn apart and directed to the right and left4 ,the shoulder blades being drawn outward from the chest and the elbows turned out1 the muscles extending from the trunk to the limb are unduly stretched and keep the knees bent and the feet directed outward so as to press on the sides of the passages4 ,they become retarded in their progress as compared with the more rapidly advancing head1 and may bruise or even lacerate the walls of the vagina4 ,it would seem easy to rectify this by extending the legs1 but the already tense and overstretched muscles operate against extension in the present position1 and it is not easy to rotate the limbs so as to apply the shoulder flat against the side of the chest4 ,under these circumstances a repeller 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 may be planted in the breast and the body of the calf pushed backward into the womb1 when the limbs will extend easily under traction and the presentation becomes at once natural4 ,fore limbs curved at knee--,flexor tendons shortening4--,in this case the feet will press against the floor of the pelvis though the limb has no outward direction1 and the shoulder meanwhile presses against the roof of the same passage4 ,unless the knees can be sufficiently straightened by force a knife must be used to cut across the cords behind the knee1 when the limbs may be straightened sufficiently4 ,fore limbs flexed at knee--,flexor tendons unshortened4--,this is mostly seen in cases in which the body of the calf is in the proper position1 its back being turned up toward the back of the dam1 and in cows with a drooping abdomen4 ,the feet have been supposed to catch beneath the brim of the pelvis1 and being retarded while the head advances into the passages1 they get bent at the knee and the nose and knees present4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #b47 ,the calf1 however1 is not an inanimate body advanced by the mere contraction of the womb1 but it moves its limbs freely under the stimulus of the unwonted compression1 and in moving the feet as they are advanced they slip down over the pelvic brim and finding no other firm support they bend back until1 under the impulsion1 they can no longer straighten out again4 ,the knees1 therefore1 advance with the neck and head1 but the feet remain bent back4 ,the result is that the upper part of the limb is also flexed1 and the shoulder blade and arm bone with their masses of investing muscles are carried backward and applied on the side of the chest1 greatly increasing the bulk of this already bulky part4 ,as the elbow is carried back on the side of the chest1 the forearm from elbow to knee further increases the superadded masses of the shoulder and renders it difficult or impossible to drag the mass through the passages4 ,when the fore limbs are fully extended1 on the contrary1 the shoulder blade is extended forward on the smallest and narrowest part of the chest1 the arm bone with its muscles is in great part applied against the side of the back part of the neck1 and the forearm is continued forward by the side of the head so that the nose lies between the knees4 ,in this natural presentation the presenting body of the calf forms a long wedge or cone1 the increase of which is slow and gradual until it reaches the middle of the chest4 ,the difficulty of extending the fore limbs will be in proportion to the advance of the head through the pelvic cavity4 ,in the early stage all that is necessary may be to introduce the oiled hand1 the left one for the right leg or the right one for the left1 and passing the hand from the knee on to the foot to seize the foot in the palm1 bend it forcibly on the fetlock1 and lift it up over the brim of the pelvis1 the knee being1 of course1 pressed upward against the spine4 ,as soon as the foot has been raised above the brim of the pelvis 7into the passage7 the limb can be straightened out with the greatest ease4 ,when1 however1 the shoulders are already engaging in the pelvis the feet can not thus be lifted up1 and to gain room a repeller 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 must be used to push back the body of the calf4 ,this is an instrument with a long1 straight stem1 divided at the end into two short branches 7#b to #c inches long7 united to the stem by hinges so that they can be brought into a line with the stem for introduction into the womb and then spread to be implanted in the breast4 ,in the absence of a repeller a smooth1 round1 fork handle may be used1 the prongs having been removed from the other end4 ,a third device is to have an assistant strip his arm to the shoulder and1 standing back to back with the operator1 to introduce his right arm into the passages along with the operator's left 7or vice versa7 and push back the body of the calf while the operator seeks to bring up a limb4 ,the repeller or staff having been planted safely in the breast of the calf1 an assistant pushes upon it in a direction either forward or slightly upward1 so as not only to follow the natural curve of the body and favor its turning in the line of that curve within the womb1 but also to carry the shoulders upward toward the spine and obtain more room for bringing up the missing feet4 ,it is good policy1 first1 to put a halter 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 figs4 #d;a and #d;b7 on the head or a noose 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #c7 on the lower jaw and a rope round each limb at the knee1 so as to provide against the loss of any of these parts when the body is pushed back into the womb4 ,this offers the further advantage that by dragging upon these ropes the body can be advanced in the passage until the foot is reached1 when the rope must be slackened and the repeller used to get room for bringing up the foot4 ,if the cow is lying1 the operator should first secure the foot on the upper side and then1 if necessary1 turn the cow on its opposite side so as to bring up the other4 ,in using the instruments some precautions are demanded4 ,they must be invariably warmed before they are introduced1 and they should be smeared with lard or oil to make them pass easily and without friction4 ,the assistant who is pushing on the instrument must be warned to stop if at any time resistance gives way4 ,this may mean the turning of the fetus1 in which case the object of repulsion has been accomplished1 but much more probably it implies the displacement of the instrument from the body of the fetus1 and unguarded pressure may drive it through the walls of the womb4 ,when the calf enters the passage with its back turned down toward the belly and udder1 the bending back of the fore limbs is rare1 probably because the feet can find a straighter and more nearly uniform surface of resistance in the upper wall of the womb and the backbone1 and do not slide over a crest into an open cavity1 as they do over the brim of the pelvis4 ,the weight of the calf1 too1 gravitating downward1 leaves more room for the straightening of the bent limbs1 so that the desired relief is much more easily secured4 ,the manipulation is the same in principle1 only one must add the precaution of a steady traction on the feet in extraction1 lest1 owing to the adverse curvature of the fetus1 the hoofs are suddenly forced through the roof of the vagina1 and1 perhaps1 the rectum as well1 during a specially powerful labor pain4 ,when the back of the calf is turned to the right side or the left the main difference is that in addition to straightening the limbs the fetus must be rotated to turn its back upward before extraction is attempted4 ,in this case1 too1 it may be difficult to bring up and straighten the lower of the two limbs until the body has been rotated into its proper position4 ,cord the upper straightened limb and head1 then rotate the body and search for the second missing limb4 ,fore limbs bent back from the shoulders4--,this is an exaggeration of the condition just named1 and is much more difficult to remedy1 owing to the distance and inaccessibility of the missing limb4 ,it usually happens with the proper position of the body1 the back of the calf being turned toward the back of the mother4 ,the head presents in the passage and may even protrude from the vulva during an active labor pain1 but it starts back like a spring when the straining ceases4 ,examination with the oiled hands in the intervals between the pains fails to detect the missing limbs4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #a47 ,if1 however1 the hand can be introduced during a pain it may be possible to reach the elbow or upper part of the forearm4 ,in the absence of a pain a halter or noose on the head may be used to advance the whole body until the forearm can be seized just below the elbow4 ,this being firmly held and the head or body pushed back into the womb1 room may be obtained for bringing up the knee4 ,the forearm is used as a lever1 its upper part being strongly forced back while its lower part is pressed forward4 ,if a pain supervenes the hold must be retained1 and whatever gain has been made must be held if possible4 ,then during the next pain1 by pushing back the body and continuing to operate the forearm as a lever1 a still further advance may be made4 ,as the knee is brought up in this way1 the hand is slid down from the elbow toward the knee1 which is finally brought up over the brim of the pelvis and into the passage4 ,it is now corded at the knee1 and the subsequent procedure is as described in the last article4 ,in a large1 roomy cow with a small calf the latter may pass with one or both forelegs bent back1 but this is a very exceptional case1 and1 as early assistance is the most successful1 there should never be delay in hope of such a result4 ,one fore limb crossed over the back of the neck4--,this is a rare obstacle to calving1 but one that not altogether unknown4 ,the hand introduced into the passage feels the head and one forefoot1 and farther back on the same side of the other foot1 from which the womb can be traced obliquely across the back of the neck4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #c47 ,this foot1 projecting transversely1 is liable to bruise or tear the vagina4 ,if still deeply engaged in the vagina1 it may be seized and pushed across to the opposite side of the neck1 when the presentation will be natural4 ,head bent down beneath the neck4--,in this case1 with drooping belly and womb allowing the brim of the pelvis to form a ridge1 the advancing calf1 having unduly depressed its nose1 strikes it on the brim of the pelvis1 and the neck advancing1 the head is bent back and the poll and ears either enter the pelvis or strike against its brim4 ,the two forefeet present1 but they make no progress1 and the oiled hand introduced can detect no head until the poll is felt at the entrance of the pelvis1 between the forearms4 ,the two forefeet must be fixed with running nooses and dragged on moderately while the oiled hand seeks to bring up the head4 ,the hand is slid down over the forehead and brim of the pelvis until the nose is reached1 when it is passed into the mouth1 the muzzle resting in the palm of the hand4 ,the legs are now pushed upon1 and in the space thus gained the muzzle is drawn up so as to enter it into the pelvis4 ,in doing this the operator must carefully see that the mouth does not drop open so that the sharp1 front teeth cut through the floor of the womb4 ,should this danger threaten1 the hand should be made to cover the lower jaw as well4 ,the lessened security of the hold is more than compensated by the safety of the procedure4 ,with the nose in the pelvis1 it has only to be drawn forward and the parturition is natural4 ,head bent down beneath the breast4--,this is an exaggerated condition of that last named4 ,the head1 arrested by the brim of the pelvis and already bent back on the neck1 is pressed farther with each successive throe until it has passed between the forelegs and lodges beneath the breast bone4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #d47 ,on examination1 the narrow upper border of the neck is felt between the forearms1 but as a rule the head is out of reach below4 ,keeping the hand on the neck and dragging on the feet by the aid of ropes1 the hand may come to touch and seize the ear1 or1 still better1 one or two fingers may be inserted into the orbit of the eye4 ,then in pushing back upon the limbs1 with or without the aid of a repeller applied against the shoulder1 space may be obtained to draw the head into a vertical position1 and even to slip the hand down so as to seize the nose4 ,should it prove impossible to draw the head up with the unassisted fingers1 a blunt hook 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #f7 may be inserted into the orbit1 on which an assistant may drag while another pushes upon the limbs or repeller4 ,meanwhile the operator may secure an opportunity of reaching and seizing the nose or of passing a blunt hook into the angle of the mouth4 ,success will be better assured if two hooks 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #g7 are inserted in the two orbits1 so as to draw up the head more evenly4 ,in other cases a noose may be placed on the upper jaw1 or even around both jaws1 and traction made upon this and on the hooks in the orbits while the legs are pushed back1 and while the operator pushes back on the poll or forehead4 ,in still more difficult cases1 in which even the orbits can not be reached1 a sharp hook on the end of a straight iron rod 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #b7 may be inserted over the lower jaw as far forward as it can be reached1 and by dragging upon this while the body is pushed back the head will be brought up sufficiently to allow the operator to reach the orbit or nose4 ,if even the jaw can not be reached1 the hook may be inserted in the neck as near to the head as possible and traction employed so as to bring the head within reach4 ,in all such cases the cow's head should be turned downhill1 and in case of special difficulty she should be turned on her back and held there until the head is secured4 ,in old-standing cases1 with the womb closely clasping the body of the calf1 relaxation may be sought by the use of chloroform or a full dose of chloral hydrate--#b ounces2 the free injection of warm water into the womb will also be useful4 ,head turned back on the shoulder4--,with a natural1 anterior presentation this may happen because of the imperfect dilation of the mouth of the womb4 ,under the throes of the mother the forefeet pass through the narrow opening into the vagina1 while the nose1 striking against it and unable to enter1 is pressed backward into the womb and turns aside on the right or left shoulder4 ,the broad muzzle of the calf forms an especial obstacle to entrance and favors this deviation of the head4 ,the worst form of this deviation is the old-standing one with shortening of the muscles of the neck on that side1 and oftentimes distortion of the face and neck bones1 as noticed under ,monstrosities 7p4 #ahb74 ,when the head is bent on the shoulder the feet appear in the natural way1 but no progress is made1 and examination reveals the absence of the nose from between the knees1 and farther back1 from above and between the elbows1 a smooth rounded mass is felt extending to the right or left1 which further examination will identify with the neck4 ,following the upper border of this the hand reaches the crown of the head with the ears1 and still further the eyes1 or even1 in a small calf1 the nose4 ,as the bulky head of the calf can not be extracted along with the shoulders1 it becomes necessary to push the body of the fetus back and straighten out the head and neck4 ,the cow should be laid with her head downhill and with that side up toward which the head is turned4 ,if the throes are very violent1 or the womb strongly contracted on the calf1 it may be best to seek relaxation by giving chloroform1 or #b ounces of laudanum1 or #b ounces of chloral hydrate4 ,if the calf or the passages are dry1 sweet oil may be injected1 or the whole may be liberally smeared with fresh lard4 ,in the absence of these1 warm water rendered slightly slippery by ,castile soap may be injected into the womb in quantity4 ,ropes with running nooses are placed on the presenting feet and the oiled hand introduced to find the head4 ,if1 now1 the fingers can be passed inside the lower jawbone1 and drag the head upward and toward the passage1 it unwinds the spiral turn given to the neck in bending back1 and greatly improves the chances of bringing forward the nose4 ,if1 at first1 or if now1 the lower jaw can be reached1 a noose should be placed around it behind the incisor teeth and traction made upon this1 so that the head may continue to be turned1 forehead up1 toward the spine and jaws down1 thereby continuing to undo the screwlike curve of the neck4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the nose is dragged upon by a cord passing over the upper border of the neck1 the screwlike twist is increased and the resistance of the bones and joints of the neck prevents any straightening of the head4 ,as soon as the lower jaw has been seized by the hand or noose1 a repeller 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g71 planted on the inside of the elbow or shoulder most distant from the head1 should be used to push back the body and turn it in the womb1 so that the head may be brought nearer to the outlet4 ,in this way the head can usually be brought into position and the further course of delivery will be natural4 ,sometimes1 however1 the lower jaw can not be reached with the hand1 and then the orbit or1 less desirably1 the ear1 may be availed of4 ,the ear may be pulled by the hand1 and by the aid of the repeller on the other shoulder the calf may be so turned that the lower jaw may be reached and availed of4 ,better still1 a clamp 7,pl4 ,,xviii1 figs4 #c and #d7 is firmly fixed on the ear and pulled by a rope1 while the repeller is used on the opposite shoulder1 and the hand of the operator pulls on the lower border of the neck and lifts it toward the other side4 ,to pull on the upper border of the neck is to increase the spiral twist1 while to raise the lower border is to undo it4 ,if the outer orbit can be reached1 the fingers may be inserted into it so as to employ traction1 or a blunt finger hook 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #h7 may be used1 or a hook with a rope attached1 or1 finally1 a hook on the end of a long staff4 ,then1 with the assistance of the repeller1 the body may be so turned and the head advanced that the lower jaw may be reached and availed of4 ,in case neither the ears nor the orbit can be reached1 a cord should be passed around the neck of the calf as near the head as possible1 and traction made upon that while the opposite shoulder is pushed toward the opposite side by the repeller1 assisted by the hand dragging on the lower border of the neck4 ,to aid the hand in passing a rope around the neck a cord carrier 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e7 is in use4 ,it fails1 however1 to help us in the most difficult part of the operation--the passing of the cord down on the deep or farthest side of the neck--and to remedy this ,i have devised a cord carrier1 furnished with a ring at the end1 a joint #f or #h inches from the end1 and another ring on the handle1 close to this joint4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #d47 ,a cord is passed through both rings and a knot tied on its end1 just back of the terminal ring4 ,the instrument1 straightened out1 is inserted until it reaches just beyond the upper border of the neck1 when1 by dragging on the cord1 the movable segment is bent down on the farther side of the neck1 and is pushed on until it can be felt at its lower border4 ,the hand now seizes the knotted end of the cord beneath the lower border of the neck and pulls it through while the carrier is withdrawn1 the cord sliding through its rings4 ,the cord1 pushed up as near to the head as possible1 is furnished with a running noose by tying the knotted end round the other1 or1 better1 the two ends are twisted around each other so as to give a firm hold on the neck without dangerously compressing the blood vessels4 ,by pushing on the opposite shoulder with the repeller1 and1 assisting with the hand on shoulder1 breastbone1 or lower border of the neck1 such a change of position will be secured as will speedily bring the head within reach4 ,afterwards proceed as described above4 ,these cases are always trying1 but it is very rarely necessary to resort to embryotomy4 ,when absolutely required1 first remove one fore limb1 and then1 if still unsuccessful1 the other1 after which the head can easily be secured4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,head turned upward and backward4--,in this case the face rests upon the spine2 the forefeet appear alone in the passage1 but fail to advance1 and on examination the rounded1 inferior border of the neck can be felt1 extending upward and backward beneath the spine of the dam1 and if the calf is not too large the hand may reach the lower jaw or even the muzzle4 7,pl4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #e47 ,a repeller is planted in the breast and the body of the calf pushed backward and downward so as to make room and bring the head nearer to the passage2 or in some cases the body may be pushed back sufficiently by the use of the fore limbs alone4 ,meanwhile the head is seized by the ear or the eye socket1 or1 if it can be reached1 by the lower jaw1 and pulled downward into position as space is obtained for it4 ,if the hand alone is insufficient1 the blunt hooks may be inserted in the orbits or in the angle of the mouth1 or a noose may be placed on the lower paw1 and by traction the head will be easily advanced4 ,in case of a large fetus1 the head of which is beyond reach1 even when traction is made on the limbs1 a rope may be passed around the neck and pulled1 while the breastbone is pressed downward and backward by the repeller1 and soon the change of position will bring the orbit or lower jaw within reach4 ,with the above-described position the standing position is most favorable for success1 but if the calf is placed with its back down toward the udder1 and if the head is bent down under the brim of the pelvis1 the best position for the cow is on her back1 with her head downhill4 ,in neglected cases1 with death and putrefaction of the fetus and dryness of the passages1 it may be necessary to extract in pieces4 7,see ,embryotomy1 p4 #bjb47 ,outward direction of the stifles--,abduction of hind limbs4--,as an obstacle to parturition1 this is rare in cows4 ,it is most liable to take place in cows with narrow hip bones1 and when the service has been made by a bull having great breadth across the quarter4 ,the calf1 taking after the sire1 presents an obstacle to calving in the breadth of its quarters1 and if at the same time the toes and stifles are turned excessively outward and the hocks inward the combined breadth of the hip bones above and the stifles below may be so great that the pelvis will not easily admit them4 ,after the forefeet1 head1 and shoulders have all passed out through the vulva1 further progress suddenly and unaccountably ceases1 and some dragging on the parts already delivered does not serve to bring away the hind parts4 ,the oiled hand introduced along the side of the calf will discover the obstacle in the stifle joints turned directly outward and projecting on each side beyond the bones which circumscribe laterally the front entrance of the pelvis4 ,the evident need is to turn the stifles inward2 this may be attempted by the hand introduced by the side of the calf1 which is meanwhile rotated gently on its own axis to favor the change of position4 ,to correct the deviation of the hind limb is1 however1 very difficult1 as the limbs themselves are out of reach and can not be used as levers to assist4 ,if nothing can be done by pushing the body of the calf back and rotating it and by pressure by the hand in the passages1 the only resort appears to be to skin the calf from the shoulder back1 cut it in two as far back as can be reached1 then push the buttocks well forward into the womb1 bring up the hind feet1 and so deliver4 ,hind limbs excessively bent on the body and engaged in the pelvis4--,in this case the presentation is apparently a normal1 anterior one2 fore limbs and head advanced naturally and the parturition proceeds until half the chest has passed through the external passages1 when suddenly progress ceases and no force will effect farther advance4 ,an examination with the oiled hand detects the presence1 in the passages1 of the hind feet and usually the hind legs up to above the hocks4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #a47 ,the indications for treatment are to return the hind limbs into the body of the womb4 ,if they have not advanced too far into the pelvis1 this may be done as follows3 ,a rope with running noose is passed over each hind foot and drawn tight around the lower part of the hock2 the ropes are then passed through the two rings in the small end of the rotating instrument 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #e7 which is slid into the passages until it reaches the hocks1 when the ropes1 drawn tight1 are tied around the handle of the instrument4 ,then in the intervals between the pains the hocks are pushed forcibly back into the womb4 ,if by this means flexion can be effected in hocks and stifles1 success will follow2 the hind feet will pass into the womb and clear of the brim of the pelvis and the body may now be advanced without hindrance1 the hind limbs falling into place when the hip joints are extended4 ,at the same time the pressure upon hind limbs must not be relaxed until the buttocks are engaged in the pelvis1 as otherwise the feet may again get over the brim and arrest the progress of delivery4 ,when the hind limbs are already so jammed into the pelvis that it is impossible to return them1 the calf must be sacrificed to save the mother4 ,cords with running nooses are first put on the two hind feet4 ,the body must be skinned from the shoulders back as far as can be reached1 and is to be then cut in two1 if possible1 back of the last rib4 ,the remainder of the trunk is now pushed back into the body of the womb and by traction upon the cords the hind feet are brought up into the passages and the extraction will be comparatively easy4 ,hind presentation with one or both legs bent at the hock4--,after the bursting of the water bags1 though labor pains continue1 no part of the fetus appears at the vulva unless it be the end of the tail4 ,on examination the buttocks are felt wedged against the spine at the entrance of the pelvis and beneath them the bent hock joints resting on the brim of the pelvis below4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #c47 ,the calf has been caught by the labor pains while the limb was bent beneath it and has been jammed into or against the rim of the pelvis1 so that extension of the limb became impossible4 ,with the thigh bent on the flank1 the leg on the thigh1 and the shank on the leg1 and all at once wedged into the passage1 delivery is practically impossible4 ,the obvious remedy is to push the croup upward and forward and extend the hind legs1 and in the early stages this can usually be accomplished in the cow4 ,a repeller 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #g7 is planted across the thighs and pointed upward toward the spine of the cow and pushed forcibly in this direction during the intervals between labor pains4 ,meanwhile the oiled hand seizes the shank just below the hock and uses it as a lever1 pushing the body back and drawing the foot forward1 thus effectually seconding the action of the repeller4 ,soon a distinct gain is manifest1 and as soon as the foot can be reached it is bent back strongly at the fetlock1 held in the palm of the hand1 and pulled up1 while the repeller1 pressing on the buttocks1 assists to make room for it4 ,in this way the foot may be brought safely and easily over the brim of the pelvis without any risk of laceration of the womb of the foot4 ,after the foot has been lifted over the brim1 the whole limb can be promptly and easily extended4 ,in cases presenting special difficulty in raising the foot over the brim1 help may be had by traction on a rope passed around in front of the hock1 and later still by a rope with a noose fastened to the pastern4 ,in the worst cases1 with the buttocks and hocks wedged deeply into the passages1 it may prove difficult or impossible to push the buttocks back into the abdomen1 and in such case the extension of the hind limb is practically impossible without mutilation4 ,in some roomy cows a calf may be dragged through the passages by ropes attached to the bent hocks1 but even when this is possible there is great risk of laceration of the floor of the vagina by the feet4 ,the next resort is to cut the hamstring just above the point of the hock and the tendon on the front of the limb 7flexor metatarsi7 just above the hock1 and even the sinews behind the shank bone just below the hock4 ,this allows the stifle and hock to move independently of each other1 the one undergoing extension without entailing the extension of the other2 it also allows both joints to flex completely1 so that the impacted mass can pass through a narrower channel4 ,if now1 by dragging on the hocks and operating with the repeller on the buttocks1 the latter can be tilted forward sufficiently to allow of the extension of the stifle1 the jam will be at once overcome1 and the calf may be extracted with the hock bent1 but the stifle extended4 ,if even this can not be accomplished1 it may now be possible to extract the whole mass with both hocks and stifles fully bent4 ,to attempt this1 traction may be made on the rope around the hocks and on a sharp hook 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #b7 passed forward between the thighs and hooked on to the brim of the pelvis4 ,everything else failing1 the offending limb or limbs may be cut off at the hip joint and extracted1 after which extraction may proceed by dragging on the remaining limb1 or by hooks on the hip bones4 ,very little is to be gained by cutting off the limb at the hock1 and the stifle is less accessible than the hip1 and amputation of the stifle gives much poorer results4 ,hind limbs bent forward from the hip--,breech presentation4--,this is an exaggeration of the condition last described1 only the hocks and stifles are fully extended and the whole limb carried forward beneath the belly4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #b47 ,the water bags appear and burst1 but nothing presents unless it may be the tail4 ,examination in this case detects the outline of the buttocks1 with the tail and anus at its upper part4 ,the remedy1 as in the case last described1 consists in pushing the buttock upward and forward with a repeller1 the cow being kept standing and headed downhill until the thigh bone can be reached and used as a lever4 ,its upper end is pushed forward and its lower end raised until1 the joints becoming fully flexed1 the point of the hock can be raised above the brim of the pelvis4 ,if necessary a noose may be passed around the leg as far down toward the hock as possible and pulled on forcibly1 while the hand presses forward strongly on the back of the leg above4 ,when both hocks have been lodged above the brim of the pelvis the further procedure is as described under the last heading4 ,if1 however1 the case is advanced and the buttocks wedged firmly into the passages1 it may be impossible safely to push the fetus back into the womb1 and the calf must either be dragged through the passage as it is or the limbs or the pelvis must be cut off4 ,to extract successfully with a breech presentation the cow must be large and roomy and the calf not too large4 ,the first step in this case is to separate the pelvic bones on the two sides by cutting from before backward1 exactly in the median line below and where the thighs come together above4 ,this may be done with a strong embryotomy knife1 but is most easily accomplished with the long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #c74 ,the form which ,i have designed 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #a71 with a short cutting branch jointed to the main stem1 is to be preferred1 as the short cutting piece may be folded on the main stem so that its cutting edge will be covered1 and it can be introduced and extracted without danger4 ,this is pushed forward beneath the calf's belly1 and the cutting arm opened1 inserted in front of the brim of the pelvis and pulled forcibly back through the whole length of the pelvic bones4 ,the divided edges are now made to overlap each other and the breadth of the haunch is materially reduced4 ,one end of the cord may then be passed forward by means of a cord carrier 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e7 on the inner side of one thigh until it can be seized at the stifle by the hand passed forward on the outer side of that thigh4 ,this end is now pulled back through the vagina1 the other end passed through the cord carrier and passed forward on the inner side of the other thigh until it can be seized at the stifle by the hand passed forward outside that thigh4 ,this end is drawn back through the vagina like the first1 and is tied around the other so as to form a running noose4 ,the rope is now drawn through the ring until it forms a tight loop1 encircling the belly just in front of the hind limbs4 ,on this strong traction can be made without interfering with the full flexion of the limbs on the body1 and if the case is a suitable one1 and the body of the fetus and the passages are both well lubricated with oil or lard1 a successful parturition may be accomplished4 ,a less desirable method is to put a rope around one thigh or a rope around each and drag upon these1 but manifestly the strain is not so directly on the spine1 and the limbs may be somewhat hampered in flexion4 ,this method being inapplicable1 the next resort is to cut off one or both hind limbs at the hip joint4 ,free incisions are made on the side of the haunch so as to expose the hip joint1 and the muscles are cut away from the head of the thigh bone down to its narrow neck1 around which a rope is passed and firmly fixed with a running noose4 ,the joint is now cut into all around1 and while traction is made on the cord the knife is inserted into the inner side of the joint and the round ligament severed4 ,the cord may now be dragged upon forcibly1 and the muscles and other parts cut through as they are drawn tense1 until finally the whole member has been extracted4 ,traction on the rope round the other thigh will now suffice to extract1 in most cases1 but if it should fail the other limb may be cut off in the same manner1 and then hooks inserted in front of the brim of the pelvis or in the openings in the bones of its floor 7obturator foramina7 will give sufficient purchase for extraction4 ,another method is to insert a knife between the bone of the rump 7sacrum7 and the hip bone and sever their connections2 then cut through the joint 7symphysis7 between the two hip bones in the median line of the floor of the pelvis1 and then with a hook in the opening on the pelvic bones 7obturator foramen7 drag upon the limb and cut the tense soft parts until the limb is freed and extracted4 ,presentation of the back4--,in this presentation straining may be active1 but after the rupture of the water bags no progress is made1 and the hand introduced will recognize the back with its row of spinous processes and the springing ribs at each side pressed against the entrance to the pelvis4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #f47 ,the presence or absence of the ribs will show whether it is the region of the chest or the loins4 ,by feeling along the line of spines until the ribs are met with we shall learn that the head lies in that direction4 ,if1 on the contrary1 we follow the ribs until they disappear1 and a blank space is succeeded by hip bones1 it shows that we are approaching the tail4 ,the head may be turned upward1 downward1 to the right side1 or to the left4 ,the object must be to turn the fetus so that one extremity or the other can enter the passage1 and the choice of which end to bring forward will depend on various considerations4 ,if one end is much nearer the outlet than the other1 that would naturally be selected for extraction1 but if they are equidistant the choice would fall on the hind end1 as having only the two limbs to deal with without any risk of complication from the head4 ,when the head is turned upward and forward it will usually be preferable to bring up the hind limb1 as1 owing to the drooping of the womb into the abdomen1 rotation of the fetus will usually be easier in that direction1 and if successful the resulting position will be a natural posterior presentation1 with the back of the calf turned toward the rump of the cow4 ,similarly with the croup turned upward and forward1 that should be pushed on forward1 and if the forefeet and head can be secured it will be a natural anterior presentation1 with the back of the calf turned upward toward the rump of the cow4 ,the womb should be injected with warm water or oil1 and the turning of the calf will demand the combined action of the repeller and the hand1 but in all such cases the operator has an advantage that the body of the fetus is wholly within the body of the womb1 and therefore movable with comparative ease4 ,no part is wedged into the pelvic passages as a complication4 ,the general principles are the same as in faulty presentation fore and hind1 and no time should be lost in making the manipulations necessary to bring the feet into the pelvis1 lest they get inbent or otherwise displaced and add unnecessary complications4 ,with a transverse direction of the calf1 the head being turned to one side1 the pressure must be directed laterally1 so that the body will glide around on one side of the womb1 and the extremities when reached must be promptly seized and brought into the passages4 ,sometimes a fortunate struggle of a live fetus will greatly aid in rectifying the position4 ,breast and abdomen presented4--,all four feet in the passages4--,in this form the calf lies across the womb with its roached back turned forward and its belly toward the pelvis4 ,all four feet may be extended and engaged in the passages1 or one or more may be bent on themselves so as to lie in front of the pelvis4 ,the head1 too1 may usually be felt on the right side or the left1 and if detected it serves to identify the exact position of the fetus4 ,the position may further be decided upon by examination of the feet and limbs4 ,with the limbs extended the front of the hoofs and the convex aspect of the bent pasterns and fetlocks will look toward that flank in which lie the head and shoulders4 ,on examination still higher the smooth1 even outline of the knee and its bend1 looking toward the hind parts1 characterize the fore limb1 while the sharp prominence of the point of the hock and the bend on the opposite side of the joint1 looking toward the head1 indicate the hind limb4 7,pl4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #e47 ,the remedy of this condition is to be sought in repelling into the womb those limbs that are least eligible for extraction1 and bringing into the passages the most eligible extremities4 ,the most eligible will usually be those which project farthest into the passages1 indicating the nearer proximity of that end of the calf4 ,an exception may1 however1 be made in favor of that extremity which will give the most natural presentation4 ,thus if1 owing to obliquity in the position of the fetus1 the hind extremities promised a presentation with the back of the fetus turned down toward the udder1 and the anterior extremities one with the back turned up toward the spine1 the latter should be selected4 ,again1 if the choice for the two extremities is evenly balanced1 the hind may be chosen as offering less risk of complication1 there being no head to get displaced4 ,the first step in the treatment is to place a running noose on each of the four feet1 marking those of the fore limbs to distinguish them from those of the hind ones4 ,in case it is proposed to bring the anterior extremities into the passage1 a noose should also be placed on the lower jaw4 ,then run the ropes attached to the two feet that are to be pushed back through the ring of a cord carrier 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #e71 passing the rings down to the feet1 and by the aid of the carrier push them well back into the womb and hold them there4 ,meanwhile drag upon the ropes attached to the two other feet so as to bring them into the passage 7or1 in case of the anterior extremity1 on the two foot ropes and the head one74 ,the other feet must be pushed back into the womb until the body of the calf is fully engaged in the passages4 ,after this they can no longer find an entrance1 but must follow as the body escapes4 ,,neglected ,,and ,,aggravated ,,cases4 ,in laying down the foregoing rules for giving assistance in critical cases of calving it is not intimated that all cases and stages can be successfully dealt with4 ,too often assistance is not sought for many hours or even days after labor pains1 and the escape of the waters intimate the danger of delay4 ,not seldom the long delay has been filled up with unintelligent and injurious attempts at rendering assistance1 violent pulling when resistance is insurmountable without change of position1 injuries to the vagina and womb by ill-considered but too forcibly executed attempts to change the position1 the repeated and long-continued contact with rough hands and rougher ropes and hooks1 the gashes with knives and lacerations with instruments in ignorant hands1 the infecting material introduced on filthy hands and instruments1 and the septic inflammations started in the now dry and tender passages and womb4 ,not infrequently the death1 putrefaction1 and bloating of the calf in the womb render the case extremely unpromising and make it impossible to apply successfully many of the measures above recommended4 ,the labor pains of the cow may have practically ceased from exhaustion2 the passages of the vagina may be so dry1 tender1 friable1 red1 and swollen that it requires considerable effort even to pass the oiled hand through them1 and the extraction of the calf or any portion of it through such a channel seems a hopeless task2 the womb may be equally dry1 inflamed and swollen1 so that its lining membrane or even its entire thickness is easily torn2 the fetal membranes have lost their natural1 unctuous and slippery character1 and cling firmly to the dry walls of the womb1 to the dry skin of the calf1 or to the hands of the operator2 the dead and putrefying calf may be so bloated with gases that the womb has been overdistended by its presence1 and the two adhere so closely that the motion of the one on the other is practically impossible4 ,in other cases reckless attempts to cut the calf in pieces have left raw surfaces with projecting bones which dangerously scratch and tear the womb and passages4 ,in many cases the extreme resort must be had of cutting the fetus to pieces 7embryotomy71 or the still more redoubtable one of ,csarean section 7extraction through the flank74 ,,dissection ,,of ,,the ,,unborn ,,calf 7,,embryotomy74 ,in some cases the dissection of the calf is the only feasible means of delivering it through the natural passages2 and while it is especially applicable to the dead calf1 it is also on occasion called for in the case of the living4 ,as a rule1 the living calf should be preserved1 if possible1 but if this threatens to entail the death of the cow it is only in the case of offspring of rare value that its preservation is to be preferred4 ,to those acquainted with the toil1 fatigue1 and discomfort of embryotomy1 no discussion is necessary so long as there is a prospect of success from the simple and generally easier method of rectifying the faulty position of the calf4 ,when the correction of the position is manifestly impossible1 however1 when distortions and monstrosities of the fetus successfully obstruct delivery1 when the pelvic passages are seriously contracted by fractures and bony growths1 when the passages are virtually almost closed by swelling1 or when the calf is dead and excessively swollen1 no other resort may be available4 ,in many cases of distortion and displacement the dismemberment of the entire calf is unnecessary1 the removal of the offending member being all that is required4 ,it will be convenient1 therefore1 to describe the various suboperations one by one and in the order in which they are usually demanded4 ,amputation of the fore limb4--,in cutting off a fore limb it is the one presenting that should be selected1 since it is much more easily operated on1 and its complete removal from the side of the chest affords so much more space for manipulation that it often makes it easy to bring the other missing limb or the head into position4 ,the first consideration is to skin the limb from the fetlock up and leave the skin attached to the body4 ,the reasons for this are3 7a7 ,that the skin is the most resistant structure of the limb1 and when it has been removed the entire limb can be easily detached2 7b7 the tough skin left from the amputated limb may be used as a cord in subsequent traction on the body of the calf2 7c7 the dissection and separation of the limb are far more safely accomplished under the protection of the enveloping skin than if the operator's hands and instruments were in direct contact with the walls of the passages or womb2 7d7 the dissection can be much more easily effected while the skin is stretched by the left hand1 so as to form a comparatively firmer resistant point for the knife1 than when it is attempted to cut the soft1 yielding1 and elastic tissues which naturally offer little solid resistance1 but constantly recede before the cutting edge of the instrument4 ,the preservation of the skin is therefore a cardinal principle in the amputation of all parts in which it is at all feasible4 ,the presenting foot is inclosed in a noose and drawn well out of the passages4 ,then a circular incision through the skin is made around the limb just above the fetlock4 ,from this the skin is slit up on the inner side of the limb to the breast4 ,then the projecting part of the limb is skinned up to the vulva1 traction being made on the foot by an assistant so as to expose as much as possible4 ,the embryotomy knife may now be taken 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 fig4 #b71 and a small hole having been cut in the free end of the detached portion of skin1 that is seized by the left hand and extended while its firm connections with the deeper structures are cut through4 ,the looser connections can be more quickly torn through with the closed fist or the tips of the four fingers held firmly together in a line or with the spud1 of which there are several kinds4 ,much of the upper part of the limb can be skinned more speedily without the knife1 but that must be resorted to to cut across tough bands whenever these interrupt the progress4 ,the skinning should be carried upward on the outer side of the shoulder blade to the spine or nearly so4 ,then with the knife the muscles attaching the elbow and shoulder to the breastbone are cut across1 together with those on the inner side of the shoulder joint and in front and behind it as far as these can be reached4 ,steady traction is now made upon the foot1 the remaining muscles attaching the shoulder blade to the trunk are torn through with a cracking noise1 and the whole limb1 including the shoulder blade and its investing muscles1 comes away4 ,if the shoulder blade is left the bulk of the chest is not diminished1 and nothing has been gained4 ,before going further it is well to see whether the great additional space thus secured in the passages will allow of the missing limb or head to be brought into position4 ,if not1 the other presenting part1 limb or head1 is to be amputated and extracted4 ,for the limb the procedure is a repetition of that just described4 ,amputation of the head4--,the head is first seized and drawn well forward1 or even outside the vulva1 by a rope with a running noose placed around the lower jaw just behind the incisor teeth1 by a sharp hook inserted in the arch of the lower jaw behind the union of its two branches and back of the incisor teeth1 or by hooks inserted in the orbits1 or1 finally1 in case the whole head protrudes1 by a halter4 7,pl4 ,,xxi1 figs #d;a and #d;b47 ,in case the whole head protrudes1 a circular incision through the skin is made just back of the ear1 and the cut edge being held firmly by the left hand1 the neck is skinned as far as it can be reached4 ,then the great ligamentous cord above the spine is cut across at the farthest available point1 together with the muscles above and below the spine4 ,strong traction on the head will then detach it at this point and bring it away1 but should there still be too much resistance the knife is inserted between the bodies of two vertebr just behind one of the prominent points felt in the median line below1 and their connecting fibrous cartilage is cut through1 after which comparatively moderate pulling will bring it away4 ,the detached neck and body at once slip back into the womb1 and if the fore limbs are now brought up and pulled they are advanced so far upon the chest that the transverse diameter of that is greatly diminished and delivery correspondingly facilitated4 ,if the head is still inclosed in the vagina two methods are available3 7#a7 ,the removal of the lower jaw and subsequent separation of the head from the neck2 7#b7 the skinning of the whole head and its separation from the neck4 ,to remove the lower jaw the skin is dissected away from it until the throat is reached4 ,then the muscles of the cheeks and side of the jaw 7masseters7 are cut through and those connecting the jaw with the neck4 ,when traction is made on the rope around the lower jaw it will usually come away with little trouble4 ,should it resist1 its posterior extremity on each side 7behind the grinding teeth7 may be cut through with bone forceps or with a guarded bone chisel4 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #h47 ,after the removal of the lower jaw the way will be open to separate the head from the neck1 the knife being used to cut into the first or second joint from below1 or the bone forceps or chisel being employed to cut through the bones of the neck4 ,then traction is made on the head by means of hooks in the orbits1 and the hand1 armed with an embryotomy knife1 is introduced to cut through the tense resisting ligament1 and muscles above the bones4 ,the skin and the strong ligamentous cord attached to the poll are the essential things to cut1 as the muscles can easily be torn across4 ,unless there are great difficulties in the way it is well to skin the head from the eyes back1 and on reaching the poll to cut through the ligament and then bring the head away by pulling4 ,if it is decided to remove the entire head at once1 it may be skinned from the front of the eyes back to behind the lower jaw below and the poll above1 then cut through the muscles and ligaments around the first joint and pull the head away1 assisting1 if need be1 in the separation of the head by using the knife on the ligament of the joint4 ,if the calf is a double-headed monster1 the skinning of the head must be carried backward until the point has been reached where both heads branch from the single neck1 and the separation must be made at that point4 ,the muscles and ligaments are first to be cut through2 and if the part can not then be detached by pulling1 the bodies of the vertebr may be separated by passing the knife through the joint4 ,the second head may now be secured by a noose around the lower jaw or hooks in the orbits and brought up into place1 the body being pushed back toward the other side by a repeller1 so as to make room4 ,it should be added that1 except in the case of a double-headed monster1 or in case of the head protruding or nearly so1 and one or both fore limbs presenting1 it is rarely desirable to undertake amputation of the head4 ,the space desirable in the passages can usually be obtained by the much simpler and easier procedure of removing one or both fore limbs4 ,amputation of the hind limbs4--,this is sometimes demanded on the one extended limb when the other can not be brought up and delivery can not be effected2 also in case of monsters having extra hind limbs2 when the calf is dead1 putrid1 and bloated with gas2 and in some cases of breech presentation1 as described under that head4 ,when the limb is extended the guiding principles are as in the case of the fore limbs4 ,the skin is cut through circularly above the fetlock and slit up to beneath the pelvic bones on the inner side of the thigh4 ,it is then dissected from the other parts as high as it has been slit on the inner side and to above the prominence 7trochanter major7 on the upper end of the thigh bone on the outer side of the joint4 ,in this procedure the hands and spud can do much1 but owing to the firmer connections the knife will be more frequently required than in the case of the fore limb4 ,the muscles are now cut through all around the hip joint1 and strong traction is made by two or three men on the limb4 ,if there is still too much resistance1 a knife is inserted into the joint on the inner side and its round ligament cut through1 after which extraction will be comparatively easy4 ,this accomplished1 it will often be possible to extract the fetus with the other leg turned forward into the womb4 ,if the calf is bloated with gas1 it may be necessary to remove the other leg in the same way1 and even to cut open the chest and abdomen and remove their contents before extraction can be effected4 ,in the case of extra limbs it may be possible to bring them up into the passages after the presenting hind limbs have been removed4 ,if this is not practicable1 they may be detached by cutting them through at the hip joint1 as described under ,breech presentation1 page #aig4 ,another method of removing the hind limb is1 after having skinned it over the quarter1 to cut through the pelvic bones from before backward1 in the median line below1 by knife1 saw1 or long embryotome 7,pl4 ,,xx1 fig4 #a71 and then disjoint the bones of the spine 7sacrum7 and the hip bone 7ilium7 on that side with embryotome1 knife1 or saw1 and then drag away the entire limb1 along with all the hip bones on that side4 ,this has the advantage of securing more room and thereby facilitating subsequent operations4 ,both limbs may be removed in this way1 but on the removal of the second the operator is without any solid point to drag upon in bringing away the remainder of the fetus4 ,division across the middle of the body4--,in cases of extra size1 monstrosity1 or distortion of one end of the body it may be requisite to cut the body in two and return the half from the passages into womb1 even after one-half has been born4 ,the presenting members are dragged upon forcibly by assistants to bring as much of the body as possible outside4 ,then cut through the skin around the body at some distance from the vulva1 and with hand1 knife1 and spud detach it from the trunk as far back into the passages as can be reached4 ,next cut across the body at the point reached1 beginning at the lower part 7breast1 belly7 and proceeding up toward the spine4 ,this greatly favors the separation of the backbone when reached1 and further allows of its being extended so that it can be divided higher up4 ,when the backbone is reached1 the knife is passed between the two bones1 the prominent ridges across their ends acting as guides1 and by dragging and twisting the one is easily detached from the other4 ,with an anterior presentation the separation should1 if possible1 be made behind the last rib1 while with a posterior presentation as many of the ribs should be brought away as can be accomplished4 ,having removed one half of the body1 the remaining half is to be pushed back into the womb1 the feet sought and secured with nooses1 and the second half removed in one piece if possible2 and if not1 then after the removal of the extra limb or other cause of obstruction4 ,removed of the contents of chest or abdomen4--,if the body of the calf sticks fast in the passages by reason of the mere dryness of its skin and of the passages1 the obstacle may be removed by injecting sweet oil past the fetus into the womb through a rubber or other tube1 and smearing the passages freely with lard4 ,when the obstruction depends on excess of size of the chest or abdomen or thickening of the body from distorted spine1 much advantage may be derived from the removal of the contents of these great cavities of the trunk4 ,we have already seen how the haunches may be narrowed by cutting the bones apart in the median line below and causing their free edges to overlap each other4 ,the abdomen can be cut open by the embryotomy knife or the long embryotome in the median line1 or at any point1 and the contents pulled out with the hand1 the knife being used in any case when especial resistance is encountered4 ,if the abdomen is so firmly impacted that it can not be dealt within this way1 one hind limb and the hip bone on the same side may be removed as described under ,amputation of the hind limbs1 page #bje4 ,this will allow the introduction of the hand into the abdomen from behind1 so as to pull out the contents4 ,by introducing an embryotomy knife in the palm of the hand and cutting through the muscle of the diaphragm the interior of the chest can be reached in the same way and the heart and lungs removed4 ,when1 in dealing with an anterior presentation1 it becomes necessary to remove the contents of the chest1 the usual course is to cut through the connections of the ribs with the breastbone 7the costal cartilages7 close to the breastbone on each side1 and from the abdomen forward to the neck4 ,then cut through the muscles connecting the front of the breastbone with the neck and its hinder end with the belly1 and pull out the entire breastbone4 ,having torn out the heart and lungs with the hand1 make the rib cartilages on the one side overlap those on the other1 so as to lessen the thickness of the chest1 and proceed to extract the body4 ,if it seems needful to empty the abdomen as well1 it is easy to reach it by cutting through the diaphragm1 which separates it from the chest4 ,delivery through the flank 7,csarean section1 or laparotomy74--,this is sometimes demanded1 when the distortion and narrowing of the hip bones are such as to forbid the passage of the calf1 or when inflammation has practically closed the natural passages and the progeny is more valuable and worthy of being saved than the dam2 also in cases in which the cow has been fatally injured1 or is ill beyond possibility of recovery and yet carries a living calf4 ,it is too often a last resort after long and fruitless efforts to deliver by the natural channels1 and in such cases the saving of the calf is all that can be expected1 the exhausted cow1 already the subject of active inflammation and too often also of putrid poisoning1 is virtually beyond hope4 ,the hope of saving the dam is greatest if she is in good health and not fatigued1 in cases1 for example1 in which the operation is resorted to on account of broken hip bones or abnormally narrow passages4 ,the stock owner will not attempt such a serious operation as this4 ,yet1 if the mother has just died or is to be immediately sacrificed1 no one should hesitate to resort to it in order to save the calf4 ,if alive1 it is important to have the cow perfectly still4 ,her left fore leg being bent at the knee by one person1 another may seize the left horn and nose and turn the head to the right until the nose rests on the spine just above the shoulder4 ,the cow will sink down gently on her left side without shock or struggle4 ,one may now hold the head firmly to the ground1 while a second1 carrying the end of the tail from behind forward on the inside of the right thigh1 pulls upon it so as to keep the right hind limb well raised from the ground4 ,if time presses she may be operated on in this position1 or if the cow is to be sacrificed a blow on the head with an ax will produce quietude4 ,then the prompt cutting into the abdomen and womb and the extraction of the calf requires no skill4 ,if1 however1 the cow is to be preserved1 her two forefeet and the lower hind one should be safely fastened together and the upper hind one drawn back4 ,two ounces chloral hydrate1 given by injection1 should induce sleep in #bj minutes1 and the operation may proceed4 ,in case the cow is to be preserved1 wash the right flank and apply a solution of #d grains of corrosive sublimate in a pint of water4 ,then1 with an ordinary scalpel or knife1 dipped in the above-mentioned solution1 make an incision from #b inches below and in front of the outer angle of the hip bone in a direction downward and slightly forward to a distance of #ab inches4 ,cut through the muscles1 and more carefully through the transparent lining membrane of the abdomen 7peritoneum71 letting the point of the knife lie in the groove between the first two fingers of the left hand as they are slid down inside the membrane and with their back to the intestines4 ,an assistant1 whose hands1 like those of the operator1 have been dipped in the sublimate solution1 may press his hands on the wound behind the knife to prevent the protrusion of the intestines4 ,the operator now feels for and brings up to the wound the gravid womb1 allowing it to bulge well through the abdominal wound1 so as to keep back the bowels and prevent any escape of water into the abdomen4 ,this is seconded by two assistants1 who press the lips of the wound against the womb4 ,then an incision #ab inches long is made into the womb at its most prominent point1 deep enough to penetrate its walls1 but not so as to cut into the water bags4 ,in cutting1 carefully avoid the cotyledons1 which may be felt as hard masses inside4 ,by pressure the water bags may be made to bulge out as in natural parturition1 and this projecting portion may be torn or cut so as to let the liquid flow down outside of the belly4 ,the operator now plunges his hand into the womb1 seizes the fore or hind limbs1 and quickly extracts the calf and gives it to an attendant to convey to a safe place4 ,the womb may be drawn out1 but not until all the liquid has flowed out1 and the fetal membranes must be separated from the natural cotyledons1 one by one1 and the membranes removed4 ,the womb is now emptied with a sponge1 which has been boiled or squeezed out of a sublimate solution1 and if any liquid has fallen into the abdomen it may be removed in the same way4 ,a few stitches are now placed in the wound in the womb1 using carbolized catgut4 ,they need not be very close together1 as the wound will diminish greatly when the womb contracts4 ,should the womb not contract at once it may have applied against it a sponge squeezed out of a cold sublimate solution1 or it may be drawn out of the abdominal wound and exposed to the cold air until it contracts4 ,its contraction is necessary to prevent bleeding from its enormous network of veins4 ,when contracted1 the womb is returned into the abdomen and the abdominal wound sewed up4 ,one set of stitches1 to be placed at intervals of #b inches1 is passed through the entire thickness of skin and muscles and tied around two quills or little rollers resting on the skin4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #g47 ,these should be of silver1 and may be cut at one end and pulled out after the wound has healed4 ,the superficial stitches are put in every half inch and passed through the skin only4 ,they1 too1 may be of silver1 or pins may be inserted through the lips and a fine cord twisted round their ends like a figure #h4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #i47 ,the points of the pins may be snipped off with pliers4 ,the edges may be still further held together by the application of ,venice turpentine1 melted so as to become firmly adherent1 and covered with a layer of sterilized cotton wool4 ,then the whole should be supported by a bandage fixed around the loins and abdomen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,generative ,,organs4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,fetal calf within its membranes 7at mid term74 ,the uterus is opened on the left side4 ,in the uterus the fetus is surrounded by several membranes which are known as the amnion or inner layer1 the allantois or central layer1 and the chorion or outer layer4 ,the amnion is nearest the fetus and forms a closed sac around it filled with a fluid known as liquor amnii1 in which the fetus floats4 ,the allantois is composed of two layers1 which form a closed sac in connection with the urachus1 or the tube which extends from the fetal bladder through the umbilical cord4 ,the one layer of the allantois is spread over the outer surface of the amnion and the other over the inner surface of chorion4 ,the allantois also contains a fluid which is known as the allantoid liquid4 ,the chorion is the outer envelope or membrane of the fetus1 completely inclosing the fetus with its other membranes4 ,on the outer surface of this membrane are found the fetal placentul1 or cotyledons1 which1 through their attachment to the maternal cotyledons1 furnish the fetus with the means of sustaining life4 ,the relation of the fetal and maternal cotyledons to each other is illustrated on the following plate4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,pregnant uterus with cotyledons4 ,fig4 #a4 ,uterus of the cow during pregnancy1 laid open to show the cotyledons 7d7 on the internal surface of uterus 7c74 ,the ovary 7a7 is shown cut across1 and the two halves are laid open to show the position of the discharged ovum at a'4 ,fig4 #b illustrates the relation of the fetal and maternal parts of a cotyledon4 ,a portion of the uterus 7,a7 is shown with the maternal cotyledon 7,,bb7 attached to it4 ,the fetal portion 7,d7 consists of a mass of very minute hairlike processes on the chorion 7,e71 which fit into corresponding depressions or pits of the maternal portion4 ,each portion is abundantly supplied with blood vessels1 so that a ready interchange of nutritive fluid may take place between mother and fetus4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,vessels of umbilical cord4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fetal calf with a portion of the wall of the abdominal cavity of the right side and the stomach and intestines removed to illustrate the nature of the umbilical or navel cord4 ,it consists of a tube 7#a-a'7 into which pass the two umbilical arteries 7#c7 carrying blood to the placenta in the uterus or womb and the umbilical vein 7#d7 bringing the blood back and carrying it into the liver4 ,the cord also contains the urachus 7#b'7 which carries urine from the bladder 7#b7 through the cord4 ,these vessels are all obliterated at birth4 #e1 liver2 #e'1 lobe of same1 known as the lobus ,spigelii2 #e''1 gall bladder2 #f1 right kidney2 #f'1 left kidney2 #f''1 ureters1 or the tubes conducting the urine from the kidneys to the bladder2 #g1 rectum1 where it has been severed in removing the intestines2 #h1 uterus of the fetus1 cut off at the anterior extremity2 #i1 aorta2 #aj1 posterior vena cava4 7,from ,frstenberg-,leisering1 ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,rindes47 ,fig4 #b4 ,blood vessels passing through the umbilical cord in a human fetus4 7,from ,quain's ,anatomy1 vol4 #b47 ,l1 liver2 ,k1 kidney2 ,i1 intestines2 ,u ,c1 umbilical cord2 ,ua1 umbilical arteries4 ,the posterior aorta coming from the heart passes backward and gives rise to the internal iliac arteries1 and of these the umbilical arteries are branches4 ,uv1 umbilical vein2 this joins the portal vein1 passes onward to the liver1 breaks up into smaller vessels1 which reunite in the hepatic vein2 this empties into the posterior vena cava1 which carries the blood back to the heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,fetal ,,calf ,,within ,,its ,,membranes4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,pregnant ,,uterus ,,with ,,cotyledons4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,vessels ,,of ,,umbilical ,,cord4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,normal ,,position ,,of ,,calf ,,in ,,utero4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,abnormal ,,positions ,,of ,,calf ,,in ,,utero4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,abnormal ,,positions ,,of ,,calf ,,in ,,utero4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,normal position of calf in utero4 ,this is the most favorable position of the calf or fetus in the womb at birth1 and the position in which it is most frequently found4 ,this is known as the normal anterior position4 ,the back of the fetus is directly toward that of the mother1 the forelegs are extended back toward the vulva of the mother1 and the head rests between them4 ,the birth of the calf in this position usually takes place without artificial assistance4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,abnormal positions of calf in utero4 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #e from ,fleming's ,veterinary ,obstetrics2 fig4 #d after ,st4 ,cyr1 from ,hill's ,bovine ,medicine and ,surgery2 fig4 #f from ,d',arboval1 ,dictionaire de ,mdecine et de ,chirurgie47 ,fig4 #a4 ,anterior presentation2 one fore limb completely retained4 ,the retained limb must be reached if possible and brought forward joint by joint and the fetus then extracted4 ,fig4 #b4 ,anterior presentation2 fore limbs bent at knee4 ,the limbs must be extended before delivery can be accomplished4 ,fig4 #c4 ,anterior presentation2 fore limb crossed over neck4 ,the leg should be grasped a little above the fetlock1 raised1 drawn to its proper side1 and extended in genital canal4 ,fig4 #d4 ,anterior presentation2 downward deviation of head4 ,the head must be brought into position seen in ,plate ,,xv before delivery can take place4 ,fig4 #e4 ,anterior presentation2 deviation of the head upward and backward4 ,retropulsion is the first indication1 and will often bring the head into its normal position4 ,fig4 #f4 ,anterior presentation2 head presented with back down4 ,the fetus should be turned by pushing back the fore parts and bringing up the hind so as to make a posterior presentation4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,abnormal positions of calf in utero4 7,figs4 #b and #c from ,fleming2 figs4 #d1 #e1 and #f from ,d',arboval47 ,fig4 #a4 ,anterior presentation1 with hind feet engaged in pelvis4 ,a very serious malpresentation1 in which it is generally impossible to save the fetus if delivery is far advanced4 ,the indications are to force back the hind feet4 ,fig4 #b4 ,thigh and croup presentation1 showing the fetus corded4 ,the cord has a ring or noose at one end4 ,the two ends of the cord are passed between the thighs1 brought out at the flanks1 and the plain end passed through the noose at the top of the back and brought outside the vulva4 ,the fetus must be pushed back and an attempt made to bring the limbs properly into the genital passage4 ,fig4 #c4 ,croup and hock presentation4 ,the indications in this abnormal presentation are the same as described for ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d4 ,posterior presentation2 the fetus on its back4 ,turn the fetus so as to make a normal anterior presentation4 ,fig4 #e4 ,sterno-abdominal presentation4 ,the fetus is on its side with limbs crossing and presenting4 ,the limbs least eligible for extraction should be forced back into the uterus4 ,fig4 #f4 ,dorso-lumbar presentation2 the back presenting4 ,the fetus must be turned so that one or the other extremity can enter the passage4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,abnormal positions of the calf in utero4 ,surgical instruments and sutures4 ,fig4 #a4 ,twin pregnancy1 showing the normal anterior and posterior presentations4 7,from ,fleming47 ,fig4 #b4 ,abdominal dropsy of the fetus2 normal presentation2 fore limbs corded4 7,after ,armatage47 ,the drawing illustrates the method of puncturing the abdomen through the chest with a long trocar and cannula4 ,the fluid is represented escaping from the cannula after the withdrawal of the trocar4 ,fig4 #c4 ,tallich's short1 bent1 crotchet forceps4 ,the forceps have bent and toothed jaws1 which are intended to take hold of the fetus where neither cords nor hooks can be applied1 as the ear1 nose1 or skin of cheek4 ,fig4 #d4 ,clamp for ear1 skin1 etc43 #a-a1 blades with hooks and corresponding holes2 #b1 ring to close the blades2 #c1 stem with female screw for handle2 #d1 handle1 which may be either straight or jointed and flexible4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,monstrosities4 ,this plate illustrates various malformations and diseases of the fetus which act as the cause of difficult parturition4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,fetuses with portions of their bodies double4 ,fig4 #a 7from ,fleming71 double head1 neck1 and fore limbs4 ,fig4 #b 7from ,encyclop4 der ,gesam4 ,thierheilkunde1 #ahhf71 double head1 neck1 fore limbs1 and body4 ,fig4 #c 7from ,fleming71 double faced4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fetus with head very much enlarged4 7,from ,fleming47 ,this affection is known as hydrocephalus1 or dropsy of the brain1 and is due to a more or less considerable quantity of fluid in the cranial cavity of the fetus4 ,fig4 #e4 ,skull of the calf represented in ,fig4 #d4 ,the roof of the skull is absent4 7,from ,fleming47 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,instruments used in difficult labor4 ,fig4 #a4 ,long embryotome with joint4 ,fig4 #b4 ,long1 sharp hook4 ,this instrument is about #c feet in length1 including the handle4 ,hooks of this kind1 both blunt and sharp1 are applied directly to the fetus to assist in delivery4 ,fig4 #c4 ,gnther's long-handled embryotome4 ,this instrument and that represented in ,fig4 #a are of special value in cutting through muscular tissue and in separating the limbs from the trunk when the fetus can not be removed entire4 ,these embryotomes are usually #cj inches long1 but may be made either longer or shorter4 ,fig4 #d4 ,jointed cord-carrier1 used in difficult parturition to carry a cord into regions which can not be reached by the arm4 ,fig4 #e4 ,instrument used to rotate or turn the fetus1 known as a rotator4 ,fig4 #f4 ,dilator of the neck of the womb1 used when conception can not take place owing to a contracted condition of the neck of the womb4 ,fig4 #g4 ,repeller4 ,an instrument from #b to #c feet long1 used to force the fetus forward into the womb4 ,this operation is generally necessary when the presentation is abnormal and the fetus has advanced too far into the narrow inlet to the uterus to be moved4 ,fig4 #h4 ,cartwright's bone chisel4 ,including the handle1 this instrument is about #cb inches in length2 the chisel portion is a little more than #b inches long and #a to #a-a_/b broad4 ,only the middle portion is sharp1 the projecting corners are blunt1 and the sides rounded4 ,this instrument is used for slitting up the skin of a limb and as a bone chisel when it is necessary to mutilate the fetus in order to effect delivery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,abnormal ,,position ,,of ,,calf ,,in ,,utero4 ,,surgical ,,instruments ,,and ,,sutures4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,monstrosities4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,instruments ,,used ,,in ,,difficult ,,labor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,instruments ,,used ,,in ,,difficult ,,labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,instruments used in difficult labor4 ,fig4 #a4 ,embryotome1 an instrument used when it is necessary to reduce the size of the fetus by cutting away certain parts before birth can be effected4 ,this instrument may be long or short1 straight or curved4 ,fig4 #b4 ,also an embryotome4 ,the blade can be made to slide out of or into the handle4 ,the instrument can thus be introduced into or withdrawn from the genital passage without risk of injury to the mother4 ,fig4 #c4 ,schaack's traction cord4 ,this is merely a cord with a running noose at one end and a piece of wood at the other1 to offer a better hold for the hand4 ,figs4 #d;a and #d;b4 ,reuff's head collar for securing the head of the fetus4 ,fig4 #e4 ,curved cord-carrier1 used in difficult parturition to carry a cord into regions which can not be reached by the arm4 ,fig4 #f4 ,blunt hook1 used in difficult parturition4 ,fig4 #g4 ,short hook forceps1 used in difficult parturition4 ,fig4 #h4 ,blunt finger hook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,following ,,parturition4 ,by ,james ,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,formerly ,professor of ,veterinary ,science1 etc41 in ,cornell ,university4 ,,flooding 7,,bleeding ,,from ,,the ,,womb74 ,though not so common in the cow as in the human female1 flooding is sufficiently frequent to demand attention4 ,it may depend on a too rapid calving and a consequent failure of the womb to contract when the calf has been removed4 ,the pregnant womb is extraordinarily rich in blood vessels1 especially in large and tortuous veins1 which become compressed and almost obliterated under contraction1 but remain overfilled and often bleed into the cavity of the womb should no contraction take place4 ,cox records cases in which the labor pains had detached and expelled the fetal membranes1 while the calf1 owing to large size or wrong presentation1 was detained in the womb1 and the continued dilatation of the womb in the absence of the fetal membranes led to a flow of blood which accumulated in clots around the calf4 ,other causes are laceration of the cotyledons of the womb1 or from an antecedent inflammation of the placenta1 and the unnatural adhesion of the membranes to the womb1 which bleeds when the two are torn apart4 ,weakness of the womb from overdistention1 as in dropsy1 twins1 etc41 is not without its influence4 ,finally1 eversion of the womb 7casting the withers7 is an occasional cause of flooding4 ,the trouble is only too evident when the blood flows from the external passages in drops or in a fine stream4 ,when it is retained in the cavity of the womb1 however1 it may remain unsuspected until it has rendered the animal almost bloodless4 ,the symptoms in such case are paleness of the eyes1 nose1 mouth1 and of the lips of the vulva1 a weak1 rapid pulse1 violent and perhaps loud beating of the heart 7palpitations71 sunken1 staring eyes1 coldness of the skin1 ears1 horns1 and limbs1 perspiration1 weakness in standing1 staggering gait1 and1 finally1 inability to rise1 and death in convulsions4 ,if these symptoms are seen1 the oiled hand should be introduced into the womb1 which will be found open and flaccid and containing large blood clots4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in the removal of the fetal membranes and blood clots from the womb 7which will not contract while they are present71 the dashing of cold water on the loins1 right flank1 and vulva1 and if these measures fail1 the injection of cold water into the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a funnel4 ,in obstinate cases a good-sized sponge soaked in tincture of muriate of iron should be introduced into the womb and firmly squeezed1 so as to bring the iron into contact with the bleeding surface4 ,this is at once an astringent and a coagulant for the blood1 besides stimulating the womb to contraction4 ,in the absence of this agent astringents 7solution of copperas1 alum1 tannic acid1 or acetate of lead7 may be thrown into the womb1 and one-half-dram doses of acetate of lead may be given by the mouth1 or #a ounce powdered ergot of rye may be given in gruel4 ,when nothing else is at hand1 an injection of oil of turpentine will sometimes promptly check the bleeding4 ,,eversion ,,of ,,the ,,womb 7,,casting ,,the ,,withers74 ,like flooding1 this is the result of failure of the womb to contract after calving4 ,if that organ contracts naturally1 the afterbirth is expelled1 the internal cavity of the womb is nearly closed1 and the mouth of the organ becomes so narrow that the hand can not be forced through1 much less the whole mass of the matrix4 ,when1 however1 it fails to contract1 the closed end of one of the horns may fall into its open internal cavity1 and under the compression of the adjacent intestines1 and the straining and contraction of the abdominal walls1 it is forced farther and farther1 until the whole organ is turned outside in1 slides back through the vagina1 and hangs from the vulva4 ,the womb can be instantly distinguished from the protruding vagina or bladder by the presence1 over its whole surface1 of #ej to #ajj mushroomlike bodies 7cotyledons71 each #b to #c inches in diameter1 and attached by a narrow neck4 7,pls4 ,,xii1 ,,xiii47 ,when fully everted1 it is further recognizable by a large1 undivided body hanging from the vulva1 and two horns or divisions which hang down toward the hocks4 ,in the imperfect eversions the body of the womb may be present with two depressions leading into the two horns4 ,in the cases of some standing the organ has become inflamed and gorged with blood until it is as large as a bushel basket1 its surface has a dark-red1 bloodlike hue1 and tears and bleeds on the slightest touch4 ,still later lacerations1 raw sores1 and even gangrene are shown in the mass4 ,at the moment of protrusion the general health is not altered1 but soon the inflammation and fever with the violent and continued straining induce exhaustion1 and the cow lies down1 making no attempt to rise4 ,treatment4--,treatment varies somewhat1 according to the degree of the eversion4 ,in partial eversion1 with the womb protruding only slightly from the vulva and the cow standing1 let an assistant pinch the back to prevent straining while the operator pushes his closed fist into the center of the mass and carries it back through the vagina1 assisting in returning the surrounding parts by the other hand4 ,in more complete eversion1 but with the womb as yet of its natural bulk and consistency and the cow standing1 straining being checked by pinching the back1 a sheet is held by two men so as to sustain the everted womb and raise it to the level of the vulva4 ,it is now sponged clean with cold water1 the cold being useful in driving out the blood and reducing the bulk1 and finally it may be sponged over with laudanum or with a weak solution of carbolic acid 7#a dram to #a quart water74 ,the closed fist may now be planted in the rounded end of the largest horn and pushed on so as to turn it back within itself and carry it on through the vagina1 the other hand being used meanwhile to assist in the inversion and in pushing the different masses in succession within the lips of the vulva4 ,in case of failure1 resort should be had at once to a plan which ,i have successfully followed for many years4 ,take a long linen or cotton bandage1 #e or #f inches wide1 and wind it around the protruding womb as tightly as it can be drawn1 beginning at the free end and gradually covering the entire mass up to the vulva4 ,by this means the greater part of the blood will be forced out of the organ and its bulk greatly reduced1 so that its reduction is much facilitated4 ,an additional advantage is found in the protection given to the womb by its investing bandage while it is being pushed forward into the vagina and abdomen4 ,in manipulating the exposed womb there is always danger of laceration1 but when the organ is covered with a sheet it is next to impossible to tear it4 ,the subsequent manipulation is as in the other case1 by pushing the blind end forward within itself with the closed fist and carrying this on through the vagina into the abdomen with the constant assistance of the other hand4 ,often it will be found convenient to use the edge of the left hand to push the outer part of the protruding mass inside the lips of the vulva1 while the right hand and arm are carrying the central portions forward through the vagina4 ,an intelligent assistant1 pushing with the palms of both hands on the outer portion of the mass1 will also afford material assistance4 ,as the womb is turned within itself the wrapping bandage will gradually loosen1 but once the great mass has entered the passages it is easy to compel the rest to follow1 and the compression by the bandage is no longer so important4 ,when the womb is fully replaced the bandage is left in its interior in a series of loose folds1 and can be easily withdrawn4 ,it is well to move the hand from side to side to insure that the two horns of the womb are fully extended and on about the same level before withdrawing the arm and applying a truss4 ,when the womb has been long everted and is gorged with blood1 inflamed1 and friable there is often the additional disadvantage that the animal is unable or unwilling to rise4 ,when lying down the straining can not be controlled so effectually1 and1 even in the absence of straining1 the compression of the belly is so great as to prove a serious obstacle to reduction4 ,the straining may be checked by #b or #c ounces of laudanum or #b ounces of chloral hydrate1 or by inhalation of chloroform to insensibility1 and then by raising the hind parts on straw bundles the gravitation of the abdominal organs forward may be made to lessen the resistance4 ,if not successful in this way1 the cow may be further turned on her back1 and if return is still impossible1 the hind limbs may be tied together and drawn up to a beam overhead by the aid of a pulley4 ,in this position1 in place of the pressure backward of the bowels proving a hindrance1 their gravitation forward proves a most material help to reduction4 ,in seeking to return the womb the sponging with ice-cold water1 raising on a sheet1 and wrapping in a tight bandage should be resorted to4 ,another method which is especially commendable in these inflamed conditions of the womb is to bring a piece of linen sheet1 #cj by #cf inches1 under the womb1 with its anterior border close up to the vulva1 then turn the posterior border upward and forward over the organ1 and cross the two ends over this and over each other above4 ,the ends of the sheet are steadily drawn1 so as to tighten its hold on the womb1 which is thus held on the level of the vulva or above1 and cold water is constantly poured upon the mass4 ,the reduction is further sought by compression of the mass with the palms applied outside the sheet4 ,fifteen or twenty minutes are usually sufficient to cause the return of the womb1 provided straining is prevented by pinching the back1 or otherwise4 ,in old and aggravated cases1 with the womb torn1 bruised1 or even gangrenous1 the only resort is to amputate the entire mass4 ,this is done by tying a strong1 waxed cord around the protruding mass close to the vulva1 winding the cord around pieces of wood1 so as to draw it as tightly as possible1 cutting off the organ below this ligature1 tying a thread on any artery that may still bleed1 and returning the stump well into the vagina4 ,retention of the returned womb is the next point1 and is most easily accomplished by a rope truss4 ,take two ropes1 each about #ah feet long and an inch in thickness4 ,double each rope at its middle1 and lay the one above the other at the bend1 so as to form an ovoid of about #h inches in its long diameter4 ,twist each end of the one rope twice around the other1 so that this ovoid will remain when they are drawn tight4 7,pls4 ,,xxii and ,,xxiii47 ,tie a strap or rope around the back part of the neck and a surcingle around the body4 ,place the rope truss on the animal so that the ovoid ring will surround the vulva1 the two ascending ropes on the right and left of the tail and the two descending ones down inside the thighs on the right and left of the udder4 ,these descending ropes are carried forward on the sides of the body and tied to the surcingle and to the neck collar4 ,the ascending ropes proceed forward on the middle of the back1 twisting over each other1 and are tied to the surcingle and collar4 ,the upper and lower ropes are drawn so tightly that the rope ring is made to press firmly all around the vulva without risk of displacement4 ,this should be worn for several days1 until the womb shall have closed and all risk of further eversion is at an end4 ,variations of this device are found in the use of a narrow triangle of iron applied around the vulva and fixed by a similar arrangement of ropes1 surcingle1 and collar 7,pl4 ,,xxiii1 fig4 #c71 a common crupper similarly held around the vulva 7,pl4 ,,xxii1 fig4 #a71 stitches through the vulva1 and wire inserted through the skin on the two hips 7,pl4 ,,xxiii1 fig4 #b71 so that they will cross behind the vulva2 also pessaries of various kinds should be inserted into the vagina4 ,none of these devices1 however1 present any advantage over the simple and comparatively painless rope truss described above4 ,such additional precautions as keeping the cow in a stall higher behind than in front1 and seeing that the diet is slightly laxative and nonstimulating may be named4 ,if straining is persistent1 ounce doses of laudanum may be used twice a day1 and the same may be injected into the vagina4 ,if the womb has been cut off1 injections of a solution of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water should be used daily1 or more frequently1 until the discharge ceases4 ,,eversion ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,a genuine eversion of the bladder is almost unknown in the cow1 owing to the extreme narrowness of its mouth4 ,the protrusion of the bladder1 however1 through a laceration sustained in calving1 in the floor of the vagina and its subsequent protrusion through the vulva1 is sometimes met with4 ,in this case the protruding bladder contains urine2 this can never be the case in a real eversion1 in which the inner surface of the bladder and the openings of the ureters are both exposed outside the vulva4 ,the presence of a bag containing water1 which is connected with the floor of the vagina1 will serve to identify this condition4 ,if the position of the bladder in the vulva renders it impracticable to pass a catheter to draw off the urine1 pierce the organ with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe1 or even a very small trocar and cannula1 and draw off the water1 when it will be found an easy matter to return the bladder to its place4 ,the rent in the vagina can be stitched up1 but as there would be risk in any subsequent calving it is best to prepare the cow for the butcher4 ,,rupture ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,this has been known to occur in protracted parturition when the fetus finally passed while the bladder was full4 ,the symptoms are those of complete suppression of urine and tenderness of the abdomen1 with a steady accumulation of liquid1 and fluctuation on handling its lower part4 ,if the hand is introduced into the vagina it is felt to be hot and tender1 and perhaps slightly swollen along its floor4 ,as a final test1 if the lower1 fluctuating part of the abdomen is punctured with a hypodermic needle1 a straw-colored liquid of a urinous odor flows out4 ,the condition has been considered as past hope4 ,the only chance for recovery would be in opening the abdomen1 evacuating the liquid1 and stitching up the rent in the bladder1 but at such a season1 and with inflammation already started1 there would be little to hope for4 ,,rupture ,,of ,,the ,,womb4 ,when the womb has been rendered friable by disease rupture may occur in the course of the labor1 but much more frequently it occurs from violence sustained in attempting assistance in difficult parturition4 ,it is also liable to occur during eversion of the organ through efforts to replace it4 ,if it happens while the calf is still in the womb1 it will usually bleed freely and continuously until the fetus has been extracted1 so that the womb can contract on itself and expel its excess of blood4 ,another danger is that in case of a large rent the calf may escape into the cavity of the abdomen and parturition become impossible4 ,still another danger is that of the introduction of septic germs and the setting up of a fatal inflammation of the lining membrane of the belly 7peritoneum74 ,still another is the escape of the small intestine through the rent and on through the vagina and vulva1 so as to protrude externally and receive perhaps fatal injuries4 ,in case of rupture before calving1 that act should be completed as rapidly and carefully as possible1 the fetal membranes removed1 and the contraction of the womb sought by dashing cold water on the loins1 the right flank1 or the vulva4 ,if the calf has escaped into the abdomen and can not be brought through the natural channels1 it may be permissible to fix the animal and extract it through the side1 as in the ,csarian section4 ,if the laceration has happened during eversion of the womb it is usually less redoubtable1 because the womb contracts more readily under the stimulus of the cold air so recently applied4 ,in case the abdomen has been laid open it is well to stitch up the rent1 but if not1 it should be left to nature1 and will often heal satisfactorily1 the cow even breeding successfully in after years4 ,rupture of the floor of the vagina has been already referred to as allowing the protrusion of the bladder4 ,laceration of the roof of this passage is also met with as the result of deviations of the hind limbs and feet upward when the calf lies on its back4 ,in some such cases the opening passes clear into the rectum1 or the foot may even pass out through the anus1 so that that opening and the vulva are laid open into one4 ,simple1 superficial lacerations of the vaginal walls are not usually serious1 and heal readily unless septic inflammation sets in1 in which case the cow is liable to perish4 ,they may be treated with soothing and antiseptic injections1 such as carbolic acid1 #a dram2 water1 #a quart4 ,the more serious injuries depend on the complications4 ,rupture of the anterior part of the canal1 close to the mouth of the womb1 may lead to the introduction of infecting germs into the cavity of the abdomen1 or protrusion of the bowel through the rent and externally1 either of which may prove fatal4 ,if both these conditions are escaped the wound may heal spontaneously4 ,rupture into the bladder may lead to nothing worse than a constant dribbling of the urine from the vulva4 ,the cow should be fattened if she survives4 ,rupture into the rectum will entail a constant escape of feces through the vulva1 and1 of course1 the same condition exists when the anus as well has been torn open4 ,i have successfully sewed up an opening of this kind in the mare1 but in the case of the cow it is probably better to prepare her for the butcher4 ,,clots ,,of ,,blood ,,in ,,the ,,walls ,,of ,,the ,,vagina4 ,during calving the vagina may be bruised so as to cause escape of blood beneath the mucous membrane and its coagulation into large bulging clots4 ,the vulva may appear swollen1 and on separating its lips the mucous membrane of the vagina is seen to be raised into irregular rounded swellings of a dark-blue or black color1 and which pit on pressure of the finger4 ,if the accumulation of blood is not extensive it may be reabsorbed1 but if abundant it may lead to irritation and dangerous inflammation1 and should be incised with a lancet and the clots cleared out4 ,the wounds may then be sponged twice a day with a lotion made with #a dram sulphate of zinc1 #a dram carbolic acid1 and #a quart water4 ,,retained ,,afterbirth4 ,the cow1 of all our domestic animals1 is especially subject to this accident4 ,this may be partly accounted for by the firm connections established through the fifty to one hundred cotyledons 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b7 in which the fetal membranes dovetail with the follicles of the womb4 ,it is also most liable to occur after abortion1 in which preparation has not been made by fatty degeneration for the severance of these close connections4 ,in the occurrence of inflammation1 causing the formation of new tissue between the membranes and the womb1 we find the occasion of unnaturally firm adhesions which prevent the spontaneous detachment of the membranes4 ,again1 in low conditions of health and an imperfect power of contraction we find a potent cause of retention1 the general debility showing particularly in the indisposition of the womb to contract1 after calving1 with sufficient energy to expel the afterbirth4 ,hence we find the condition common with insufficient or innutritious feed1 and in years or localities in which the fodder has suffered from weather4 ,ergoted1 smutty1 or musty fodder 7,pl4 ,v71 by causing abortion1 is a frequent cause of retention4 ,old cows are more subject than young ones1 probably because of diminishing vigor4 ,a temporary retention is sometimes owing to a too rapid closure of the neck of the womb after calving1 causing strangulation and imprisonment of the membranes4 ,conditions favoring this are the drinking of cold 7iced7 water1 the eating of cold feed 7frosted roots71 and 7through sympathy between udder and womb7 a too prompt sucking by the calf or milking by the attendant4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of retention of the afterbirth are usually only too evident1 as the membranes hang from the vulva and rot away gradually1 causing the most offensive odor throughout the building4 ,when retained within the womb by closure of its mouth and similarly in cases in which the protruded part has rotted off1 the decomposition continues and the fetid products escaping by the vulva appear in offensively smelling pools on the floor and mat together the hairs near the root of the tail4 ,the septic materials retained in the womb cause inflammation of its lining membrane1 and this1 together with the absorption into the blood of the products of putrefaction1 leads to ill health1 emaciation1 and drying up of the milk4 ,treatment4--,treatment varies according to the conditions4 ,when the cow is in low condition1 or when retention is connected with drinking iced water or eating frozen feed1 hot drinks and hot mashes of wheat bran or other aliment may be sufficient4 ,if along with the above conditions1 the bowels are somewhat confined1 an ounce of ground ginger1 or half an ounce of black pepper1 given with a quart of sweet oil1 or #a-a_/b pounds of ,glauber's salt in at least #d quarts of warm water1 will often prove effectual4 ,a bottle or two of flaxseed tea1 made by prolonged boiling1 should also be given at frequent intervals4 ,other stimulants1 like rue1 savin1 laurel1 and carminatives like anise1 cumin1 and coriander1 are preferred by some1 but with very questionable reason1 the more so that the first three are not without danger4 ,ergot of rye1 #a ounce1 or its extract1 #a dram1 may be resorted to to induce contraction of the womb4 ,the mechanical extraction of the membranes is1 however1 often called for2 of this there are several methods4 ,the simplest is to hang a weight of #a or #b pounds to the hanging portion1 and allow this1 by its constant dragging and by its jerking effect when the cow moves1 to pull the membranes from their attachments and to stimulate the womb to expulsive contractions4 ,it frequently happens that the afterbirth is only loosely adherent to the womb and its removal is effected if but a slight amount of traction on it is exerted4 ,this can be determined by seizing the dependent part of the afterbirth between two sticks and rolling it up on them until they lie against the vulva2 then1 by careful traction1 accompanied with slight jerking movements from side to side1 the womb is stimulated to expulsive contractions and the afterbirth is wound up more and more on the sticks until finally its last connections with the womb are severed and the remainder is expelled suddenly en masse4 ,it is quite evident that neglected cases with putrid membranes are poor subjects for this method1 as the afterbirth is liable to tear across1 leaving a mass in the womb4 ,during the progress of the work any indication of tearing is the signal to stop and proceed with greater caution or altogether abandon the attempt in this way4 ,the following method 7that with the skilled hand7 is the most promptly and certainly successful4 ,for this the operator had better dress as for a parturition case4 ,again1 the operation should be undertaken within twenty-four hours after calving1 since later the mouth of the womb may be so closed that it becomes difficult to introduce the hand4 ,the operator should smear his arms with carbolized lard or vaseline to protect them against infection1 and particularly in delayed cases with putrid membranes4 ,an assistant holds the tail to one side1 the operator seizes the hanging afterbirth with the left hand1 while he introduces the other along the right side of the vagina and womb1 letting the membranes slide through his palm until he reaches the first cotyledon to which they remain adherent4 ,in case no such connection is within reach1 with the left hand gentle traction is made on the membranes until the deeper parts of the womb are brought within reach and the attachments to the cotyledons can be reached4 ,then the soft projection of the membrane1 which is attached to the firm fungus-shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the womb1 is seized by the little finger1 and the other fingers and thumb are closed on it so as to tear it out from its connections4 ,to explain this1 it is necessary only to say that the projection from the membrane is covered by soft1 conical processes1 which are received into cavities of a corresponding size on the summit of the firm1 mushroom-shaped cotyledon growing from the inner surface of the womb4 ,to draw upon the former1 therefore1 is to extract its soft1 villous processes from within the follicles or cavities of the other4 7,pl4 ,,xiii1 fig4 #b47 ,if at times it is difficult to start this extraction it may be necessary to get the finger nail inserted between the two1 and once started the finger may be pushed on1 lifting all the villi1 in turn1 out of their cavities4 ,this process of separating the cotyledons must be carefully conducted1 one after another1 until the last has been detached and the afterbirth comes freely out of the passages4 ,i have never found any evil result from the removal of the whole mass at one operation1 but ,shaack mentions the eversion of the womb as the possible result of the necessary traction1 and in cases in which those in the most distant part of the horn of the womb can not be easily reached1 he advises to attach a cord to the membranes inside the vulva1 letting it hang out behind1 and to cut off the membranes below the cord4 ,then1 after two or three days' delay1 he extracts the remainder1 now softened and easily detached4 ,if carefully conducted1 so as not to tear the cotyledons of the womb1 the operation is eminently successful2 the cow suffers little1 and the straining roused by the manipulations soon subsides4 ,keeping in a quiet1 dark place1 or driving a short distance at a walking pace1 will serve to quiet these4 ,when the membranes have been withdrawn1 the hand1 half closed1 may be used to draw out of the womb the offensive liquid that has collected4 ,if the case is a neglected one1 and the discharge is very offensive1 the womb must be injected as for leucorrhea4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,vagina 7,,vaginitis74 ,this may occur independently of inflammation of the womb1 and usually as the result of bruises1 lacerations1 or other injuries sustained during calving4 ,it will be shown by swelling of the lips of the vulva1 which1 together with their lining membrane1 become of a dark-red or leaden hue1 and the mucous discharge increases and becomes whitish or purulent1 and it may be fetid4 ,slight cases recover spontaneously1 or under warm fomentations or mild astringent injections 7a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water71 but severe cases may go on to the formation of large sores 7ulcers71 or considerable portions of the mucous membrane may die and slough off4 ,baumeister records two cases of diphtheritic vaginitis1 the second case in a cow four weeks calved1 contracted from the first in a newly calved cow4 ,both proved fatal1 with formation of false membranes as far as the interior of the womb4 ,in all severe cases the antiseptic injections must be applied most assiduously4 ,the carbolic acid may be increased to one-half ounce to a quart1 or chlorin water1 or peroxid of hydrogen solution may be injected at least three times a day4 ,hyposulphite of soda1 #a ounce to a quart of water1 is an excellent application1 and the same amount may be given by the mouth4 ,,leucorrhea 7,,mucopurulent ,,discharge ,,from ,,the ,,passages74 ,this is from a continued or chronic inflammation of the womb1 or the vagina1 or both4 ,it usually results from injuries sustained in calving or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained afterbirth1 or from the use of some object in the vagina 7pessary7 to prevent eversion of the womb4 ,exposure to cold or other cause of disturbance of the health may affect an organ so susceptible as this at the time of parturition so as to cause inflammation4 ,symptoms4--,the main symptom is the glairy1 white discharge flowing constantly or intermittently 7when the cow lies down71 soiling the tail and matting its hairs and those of the vulva4 ,when the lips of the vulva are drawn apart the mucous membrane is seen to be red1 with minute elevations1 or pale and smooth4 ,the health may not suffer at first1 but if the discharge continues and is putrid the health fails1 the milk shrinks1 and flesh is lost4 ,if the womb is involved the hand introduced into the vagina may detect the mouth of the womb slightly open and the liquid collected within its cavity4 ,examination with the oiled hand in the rectum may detect the outline of the womb beneath1 somewhat enlarged1 and fluctuating under the touch from contained fluid4 ,in some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural1 but the animal rarely conceives when served1 and1 if she does1 is liable to abort4 ,treatment4--,treatment with the injections advised for vaginitis is successful in mild or recent cases4 ,in obstinate ones stronger solutions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of tepid water until it comes clear4 ,a rubber tube is inserted into the womb1 a funnel placed in its raised end1 and the water1 and afterwards the solution1 poured slowly through it4 ,if the neck of the womb is so close that the liquid can not escape1 a second tube may be inserted to drain it off4 ,as injections may be used chlorid of zinc1 one-half dram to the quart of water1 or sulphate of iron1 #a dram to the quart4 ,three drams of sulphate of iron and one-half ounce ground ginger may also be given in the feed daily4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,womb 7,,metritis1 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,womb ,,and ,,abdomen1 ,,or ,,metroperitonitis74 ,inflammation of the womb may be slight or violent1 simple or associated with putrefaction of its liquid contents and general poisoning1 or it may extend so that the inflammation affects the lining membrane of the whole abdominal cavity4 ,in the last two cases the malady is a very grave one4 ,causes4--,the causes are largely the same as those causing inflammation of the vagina4 ,greater importance must1 however1 be attached to exposure to cold and wet and to septic infection4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms appear two or three days after calving1 when the cow may be seen to shiver1 or the hair stands erect1 especially along the spine1 and the horns1 ears1 and limbs are cold4 ,the temperature in the rectum is elevated by one or two degrees1 the pulse is small1 hard1 and rapid 7#gj to #ajj71 appetite is lost1 rumination ceases1 and the milk shrinks in quantity or is entirely arrested1 and the breathing is hurried4 ,the hind limbs may shift uneasily1 the tail be twisted1 the head and eyes turn to the right flank1 and the teeth are ground4 ,with the flush of heat to the horns and other extremities1 there is redness of the eyes1 nose1 and mouth1 and usually a dark redness about the vulva4 ,pressure on the right flank gives manifest pain1 causing moaning or grunting1 and the hind limbs are moved stiffly1 extremely so if the general lining of the abdomen is involved4 ,in severe cases the cow lies down and can not be made to rise4 ,there is usually marked thirst1 the bowels are costive1 and dung is passed with pain and effort4 ,the hand inserted into the vagina perceives the increased heat1 and when the neck of the womb is touched the cow winces4 ,examination through the rectum detects enlargement and tenderness of the womb4 ,the discharge from the vulva is at first watery1 but becomes thick1 yellow1 and finally red or brown1 with a heavy or fetid odor4 ,some cases recover speedily and may be almost well in two days2 a large proportion perish within two days of the attack1 and some merge into the chronic form1 terminating in leucorrhea4 ,in the worst cases there is local septic infection and ulceration1 or even gangrene of the parts1 or there is general septicemia1 or the inflammation involving the veins of the womb causes coagulation of the blood contained in them1 and the washing out of the clots to the right heart and lung leads to the blocking of the vessels in the latter and complicating pneumonia4 ,inflammation of the womb and passages after calving are always liable to these complications1 and consequently to a fatal issue4 ,franck records three instances of rapidly fatal metritis in cows1 all of which had been poisoned from an adjacent cow with retained and putrid afterbirth4 ,others have had similar cases4 ,treatment4--,treatment in the slight cases of simple inflammation does not differ much from that adopted for vaginitis1 only care must be taken that the astringent and antiseptic injections are made to penetrate into the womb4 ,after having washed out the womb a solution of chlorid of lime or permanganate of potassium 7one-half ounce to #a quart of water71 with an ounce each of glycerin and laudanum to render it more soothing1 will often answer every purpose4 ,it is usually desirable to open the bowels with #a-a_/b pounds of ,glauber's salt and #a ounce of ginger in #d quarts of warm water1 and to apply fomentation of warm water or even mustard poultices or turpentine to the right flank4 ,in the violent attacks with high temperature and much prostration1 besides the salts agents must be given to lower the temperature and counteract septic poisoning4 ,salicylate of soda one-half ounce1 or quinia #b drams every four hours will help in both ways1 or ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda or dram doses of carbolic acid may be given as often until six doses have been taken4 ,tincture of aconite has often been used in #bj-;drop doses every six hours4 ,if the temperature rises to #ajf or #ajg ,f41 it must be met by the direct application of cold or iced water to the surface4 ,the animal may be covered with wet sheets and cold water poured on them frequently until the temperature in the rectum is lowered to #ajb ,f4 ,in summer the cow may be allowed to dry spontaneously1 while in winter it should be rubbed dry and blanketed4 ,even in the absence of high temperature much good may be obtained from the soothing influence of a wet sheet covering the loins and flanks and well covered at all points by a dry one4 ,this may be followed next day by a free application of mustard and oil of turpentine4 ,when the animal shows extreme prostration1 carbonate of ammonia 7#a ounce7 may be given to tide over the danger1 but such cases usually perish4 ,in this disease1 even more than in difficult and protracted parturition or retained placenta1 the attendants must carefully guard against the infection of their hands and arms from the diseased parts4 ,the hand and arm before entering the passages should always be well smeared with lard impregnated with carbolic acid4 ,,milk ,,fever 7,,parturition ,,fever1 ,,parturient ,,apoplexy1 ,,or ,,parturient ,,collapse74 ,this disease is not only peculiar to the cow1 but it may be said to be virtually confined to the improved and plethoric cow4 ,it further occurs only at or near the time of calving4 ,indeed1 these two factors1 calving and plethora1 may be set apart as preeminently the causes of this disease4 ,it is the disease of cows that have been improved in the direction of early maturity1 power of rapid fattening1 or a heavy yield of milk1 and hence it is characteristic of those having great appetites and extraordinary power of digestion4 ,the heavy milking breeds are especially its victims1 as in them the demand for the daily yield of #ej to #ajj pounds of milk means even more than a daily increase of #b to #c pounds of body weight1 mainly fat4 ,the victims are not always fat when attacked1 but they are cows having enormous powers of digestion1 and which have been fed heavily at the time4 ,hence the stall-fed1 city-dairy cow1 and the farm cow on a rich clover pasture in ,june or ,july are especially subject4 ,the condition of the blood globules in the suffering cow attests the extreme richness and density of the blood1 yet this peculiarity appears to have entirely escaped the notice of veterinary writers4 ,i have never examined the blood of a victim of this disease without finding the red-blood globules reduced to little more than one-half their usual size4 ,now1 these globules expand or contract according to the density of the liquid in which they float4 ,if we dilute the blood with water they will expand until they burst1 whereas if solids1 such as salt or albumin1 are added they shrink to a large extent4 ,their small size1 therefore1 in parturition fever indicates the extreme richness of the blood1 or1 in other words1 plethora4 ,confinement in the stall is an accessory cause1 partly because stabled cattle are highly fed1 partly because the air is hotter and fouler1 and partly because there is no expenditure by exercise of the rich products of digestion4 ,high temperature is conducive to the malady1 though the extreme colds of winter are no protection against it4 ,heat1 however1 conduces to fever1 and fever means lessened secretion1 which means a plethoric state of the circulation4 ,the heats of summer are1 however1 often only a coincidence of the real cause1 the mature rich pastures1 and especially the clover ones1 being the greater4 ,electrical disturbances have an influence of a similar kind1 disturbing the functions of the body and favoring sudden variations in the circulation4 ,a succession of cases of the malady often accompany or precede a change of weather from dry to wet1 from a low to a high barometric pressure4 ,costiveness1 which is the usual concomitant of fever1 may in a case of this kind become an accessory cause1 the retention in the blood of what should have passed off by the bowels tending to increase the fullness of the blood vessels and the density of the blood4 ,mature age is a very strong accessory cause4 ,the disease never occurs with the first parturition1 and rarely with the second4 ,it appears with the third1 fourth1 fifth1 or sixth--after the growth of the cow has ceased and when all her powers are devoted to the production of milk4 ,calving is an essential condition1 as the disturbance of the circulation consequent on the contraction of the womb and the expulsion into the general circulation of the enormous mass of blood hitherto circulating in the walls of the womb fills to repletion the vessels of the rest of the body and very greatly intensifies the already existing plethora4 ,if this is not speedily counterbalanced by a free secretion from the udder1 kidneys1 bowels1 and other excretory organs1 the most dire results may ensue4 ,calving may thus be held to be an exciting cause1 and yet the labor and fatigue of the act are not active factors4 ,it is after the easy calving1 when there has been little expenditure of muscular or nervous energy and no loss of blood1 that the malady is seen4 ,difficult parturitions may be followed by metritis1 but they are rarely connected with parturition fever4 ,all these factors coincide in intensifying the one condition of plethora and point to that as a most essential cause of the affection4 ,it is needless to enter here into the much-debated question as to the mode in which the plethora brings about the characteristic symptoms and results4 ,as the results show disorder or suspension of the nervous functions mainly1 it may suffice to say that this condition of the blood and blood vessels is incompatible with the normal functional activity of the nerve centers4 ,how much is due to congestion of the brain and how much to bloodlessness may well be debated1 yet in a closed box like the cranium1 in which the absolute contents can not be appreciably increased or diminished1 it is evident that1 apart from dropsical effusion or inflammatory exudation1 there can be only a given amount of blood2 therefore1 if one portion of the brain is congested1 another must be proportionately bloodless2 and as congestion of the eyes and head generally and great heat of the head are most prominent features of the disease1 congestion of the brain must be accepted4 ,this1 of course1 implies a lack of blood in certain other parts or blood vessels4 ,the latest developments of treatment indicate very clearly that the main cause is the production of poisonous1 metabolic products 7leucomains and toxins7 by secreting cells of the follicles of the udder1 acting on the susceptible nerve centers of the plethoric1 calving cow4 ,less fatal examples of udder poisons are found in the first milk 7colostrum71 which is distinctly irritant and purgative1 and in the toxic qualities of the first milk drawn from an animal which has been subjected to violent overexertion or excitement4 ,still more conclusive as to the production of such poisons is the fact that the full distention of the milk ducts and follicles1 and the consequent driving of the blood out of the udder and arrest of the formation of depraved products1 determines a speedy and complete recovery from the disease4 ,this does not exclude the other causes above named1 nor the influence of a reflex nervous derangement proceeding from the udder to the brain4 ,symptoms4--,it may be said that there are two extreme types of this disease1 with intervening grades4 ,in both forms there is the characteristic plethora and more or less sudden loss of voluntary movement and sensation1 indicating a sudden collapse of nervous power2 in one1 however1 there is such prominent evidence of congestion of head and brain that it may be called the congestive form par excellence1 without thereby intimating that the torpid form is independent of congestion4 ,in the congestive form there is sudden dullness1 languor1 hanging back in the stall1 or drooping the head1 uneasy movements of the hind limbs or tail2 if the cow is moved1 she steps unsteadily1 or even staggers2 she no longer notices her calf or her feed2 the eyes appear red and their pupils dilated2 the weakness increases and the cow lies down or falls and after that is unable to rise4 ,at this time the pulse is usually full1 bounding1 and the temperature raised1 though not invariably so1 the head1 horns1 and ears being especially hot and the veins of the head full1 while the visible mucous membranes of nose and eyes are deeply congested4 ,the cow may lie on her breastbone with her feet beneath the body and her head turned sleepily round1 with the nose resting on the right flank2 or1 if worse1 she may be stretched full on her side1 with even the head extended1 though at times it is suddenly raised and again dashed back on the ground4 ,at such times the legs1 fore and hind1 struggle convulsively1 evidently through unconscious nervous spasm4 ,by this time the unconsciousness is usually complete2 the eyes are glazed1 their pupils widely dilated1 and their lids are not moved when the ball of the eye is touched with the finger4 ,pricking the skin with a pin also fails to bring any wincing or other response4 ,the pulse1 at first from #ej to #gj a minute1 becomes weaker and more accelerated as the disease advances4 ,the breathing is quickened1 becoming more and more so with the violence of the symptoms1 and at first associated with moaning 7in exceptional cases1 bellowing71 it may1 before death1 become slow1 deep1 sighing1 or rattling 7stertorous74 ,the temperature1 at first usually raised1 tends to become lower as stupor and utter insensibility and coma supervene4 ,the bowels1 which may have moved at the onset of the attack1 become torpid or completely paralyzed1 and1 unless in case of improvement1 they are not likely to operate again4 ,yet this is the result of paralysis and not of induration of the feces1 as often shown by the semiliquid1 pultaceous condition of the contents after death4 ,the bladder1 too1 is paralyzed and fails to expel its contents4 ,a free action of either bladder or bowels1 or of both1 is always a favorable symptom4 ,the urine contains sugar1 in quantity proportionate to the severity of the attack4 ,in nearly all cases the torpor of the digestive organs results in gastric disorder2 the paunch becomes the seat of fermentation1 producing gas1 which causes it to bloat like a drum4 ,there are frequent eructations of gas and liquid and solid feed1 which1 reaching the paralyzed throat1 pass in part into the windpipe and cause inflammations of the air passages and lungs4 ,in the torpid form of the disease there is much less indication of fever or violence4 ,there may be no special heat about the horns1 ears1 or forehead1 nor any marked redness or congestion of the eyes or nose1 nor engorgement of the veins of the head4 ,the attack comes on more slowly1 with apparent weakness of the hind limbs1 dullness1 drowsiness1 suspension of rumination and appetite1 and a general indifference to surrounding objects4 ,soon the cow lies down1 or falls and is unable to rise1 but for one or two days she may rest on the breastbone and hold the head in the flank without showing any disorderly movements4 ,meanwhile there is not only loss of muscular power and inability to stand1 but also considerable dullness of sensation1 pricking the skin producing no quick response1 and even touching the edge of the eyelids causing no very prompt winking4 ,unless she gets relief1 however1 the case develops all the advanced symptoms of the more violent form1 and the animal perishes4 ,in advanced and fatal cases of either form the insensibility becomes complete2 no irritation of skin or eye meets any response2 the eye becomes more dull and glassy2 the head rests on the ground or other object2 unless prevented the cow lies stretched fully on her side2 the pulse is small1 rapid1 and finally imperceptible2 the breathing is slow1 deep1 stertorous1 and the expirations accompanied with puffing is slow1 the cheeks1 and death comes quietly or with accompanying struggles4 ,prevention4--,for such fatal disease prevention is of far more consequence than treatment4 ,among the most efficient preventives may be named a spare diet 7amounting to actual starvation in very plethoric1 heavy-milking cows7 for a week before calving and at least four days after4 ,a free access to salt and water is most important1 as the salt favors drinking and the water serves to dilute the rich and dense blood4 ,iced water1 however1 is undesirable1 as a chill may favor the onset of fever4 ,a dose of ,epsom salt 7#a to #b pounds7 should be given #ab to #bd hours before calving is due1 so that it may operate at or just before that act4 ,in case calving has occurred unexpectedly in the heavy milker1 no time should be lost in giving the purgative thereafter4 ,a most important precaution in the fleshy1 plethoric cow1 or in one that has been attacked at a previous calving1 is to avoid drawing any milk from the bag for #ab or #bd hours after calving4 ,breeders on the island of ,jersey have found that this alone has almost abolished the mortality from milk fever4 ,if ,epsom salt is not at hand1 saltpeter 7#a ounce7 should be used for several days4 ,daily exercise is also of importance1 and1 excepting in midsummer1 when the heat of the sun may be injurious1 the value of open air is unquestionable4 ,even in summer an open shed or shady grove is incomparably better than a close1 stuffy stall4 ,a rich pasture 7clover especially71 in ,may1 ,june1 or ,july1 when at its best1 is to be carefully avoided4 ,it is better to keep the cow indoors on dry straw with plenty of salt and water than to have access to such pastures4 ,treatment4--,treatment of milk fever has been completely revolutionized1 with the result that a former mortality of #ej to #gj per cent has been practically abolished4 ,formerly the most vigorous treatment was practiced by bleeding1 purging1 the increase of peristalsis by eserin or pilocarpin1 enemas1 cold in the head1 counterirritants1 aconite1 tartar emetic1 sponging1 wet-sheet packing1 etc4 ,the gross mortality1 however1 was not materially reduced1 and nearly all that were attacked within the first two days after calving perished4 ,the first step in the modern treatment was made in #ahig1 when ,j4 ,schmidt published his successful treatment by the injection of the teats and milk ducts with a solution of iodid of potassium 7#a-a_/b drams to #a quart of water74 ,this reduced the mortality to #ag per cent4 ,others followed this lead by the injection of other antiseptics 7lysol1 creolin1 creosol1 chinosol1 common salt1 etherized air1 oxygen74 ,these succeeded as well as the iodid solution4 ,with the injection of gases1 however1 a fuller distention of the udder was usually secured1 and virtually every case recovered4 ,this suggested the full distention of the udder with common atmospheric air filtered and sterilized1 and this with the most perfect success4 ,with sterile air ,schmidt-,kolding claimed #if4g per cent recoveries in #iad cases4 ,in ,america the full distention of the udder1 whether with oxygen or filtered air1 has proved invariably successful in all kinds of cases1 including the violent ones that set in within a few hours after calving4 ,in #a or #b hours after the injection the cow has got up1 had free passages from the bowels and bladder1 bright expression of countenance1 and some return of appetite4 ,in my cases which had made no response for #h hours to the iodid injection1 the injection of the udder to full repletion with the gas 7oxygen or air7 has had immediately beneficial results4 ,a similar full distention of the bag with a common-salt solution 7#j4e to #ajj71 or even with well-boiled water1 is equally effective1 but in these cases the weight of the liquid causes dragging upon the udder and a measure of discomfort which is escaped under the treatment with gas4 ,the value of each method depends on the fullness of distention of the udder and the arrest in larger part of the circulation and chemical changes in its tissues4 ,this distention acts like magic1 and seems hardly to admit of failure in securing a successful outcome4 ,it can not1 however1 be recommended as absolutely devoid of dangers and serious complications4 ,to get the best results it should be applied only by one who has been trained in the careful antiseptic methods of the bacteriological laboratory4 ,some readers will recall the case of the injection of the udders of show cows at ,toronto to impose upon the judges4 ,the cows treated in this way had the udders infected and ruined1 and several lost their lives4 ,there is no better culture medium for septic and other germs than the first milk 7colostrum7 charged with albumin and retained in the warm udder4 ,already in the hands of veterinarians even the ,schmidt treatment has produced a small proportion of cases of infective mammitis4 ,how many more such cases will develop if this treatment becomes a popular domestic resort1 applied by the dairyman himself in all sorts of surroundings and with little or no antiseptic precautions8 ,even then1 however1 the losses will by no means approach the past mortality of #ej to #gj per cent1 so that the economy will be immeasurable under even the worst conditions4 ,a fair test and judgment of this treatment1 however1 can be obtained only when the administrator is trustworthy and painstaking1 well acquainted with bacteriological antisepsis and with the general and special pathology of the bovine animal4 ,the necessary precautions may be summarized as follows3 7#a7 ,provide an elastic rubber ball and tubes furnished with valves to direct the current of air1 as in a common ,davidson syringe4 7#b7 ,fill the delivery tube for a short distance with cotton sterilized by prolonged heating in a water bath4 7#c7 ,in the free end of the delivery tube fit a milking tube to be inserted into the teat4 7#d7 ,sterilize the entire apparatus by boiling for #cj minutes1 and1 without touching the milking tube1 wrap it in a towel that has been sterilized in a water bath or in live steam and dried4 7#e7 ,avoid drawing any milk from the teats2 wash them and the udder thoroughly with warm soapsuds2 rinse off with well-boiled and cooled water1 and apply to the teats1 and especially to their tips1 a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid or lysol1 taking care that the teats are not allowed to touch any other body from the time they are cleansed until the teat tube is inserted4 ,it is well to rest the cleansed and disinfected udder on a sterilized pad of cotton or a boiled towel4 7#f7 ,the injecting apparatus is unwrapped2 the teat tube1 seized by its attached end and kept from contact with any other body1 is inserted into the teat1 while an assistant working the rubber pump fills the quarter as full as it will hold4 ,the tube is now withdrawn and a broad tape is tied around the free end of the teat to prevent escape of the air4 7#g7 ,the teat tube1 which has been carefully preserved from possible contact with other bodies1 is dipped in the carbolic acid solution and inserted in a second teat1 and the second quarter is inflated1 and so with the third and fourth4 7#h7 ,the recumbent cow is kept resting on her breastbone1 with the head elevated1 even if it should be necessary to pack around her with straw bundles or to suspend the head by a halter4 ,when lying on her side she is liable to develop fatal bloating and to have belching of gas and liquids1 which1 passing down the windpipe1 cause fatal broncho-pneumonia4 7#i7 ,if in #b hours the cow is not on her feet1 if there is no brighter or more intelligent expression1 if she has passed no manure or urine1 and if the air has become absorbed1 leaving the udder less tense1 the injection of the bag may be repeated1 under the same scrupulous and rigid precautions as at first4 ,in all cases1 but especially in severe ones1 it is well to keep watch of the patient1 and to repeat the distention on the first indication of relapse4 ,should there not be a free discharge of feces and urine after rising1 indicating a natural resumption of the nervous functions1 the case should be all the more carefully watched1 so that the treatment may be repeated if necessary4 ,accessory treatment may still be used1 but is rarely necessary4 ,a dose of purgative medicine 7#a-a_/b pounds of ,epsom salt7 in warm water may be given in the early stages1 while as yet there is no danger of its passing into the lungs through paralysis of the throat4 ,eserin or pilocarpin 7#a-a_/b grains7 may be given under the skin to stimulate the movements of the bowels4 ,sponging the skin1 and especially the udder1 with cool water1 may be resorted to in hot weather4 ,bloating may demand puncture of the paunch1 in the left flank1 with a cannula and trocar1 the evacuation of the gas1 and the introduction through the tube of a tablespoonful of strong liquid ammonia in a quart of cold water or other antiferment4 ,the economic value of the new treatment of milk fever is enormous4 ,the ,united ,states has more than #bb1jjj1jjj milk cows4 ,if we could raise their quality by preserving and breeding from the largest producers of both milk and butterfat1 in place of losing the best by milk fever1 as in the past1 and if we could thus obtain an average increase of #b quarts a day1 the proceeds at #c cents a quart would amount to #acj1jjj1jjj a year4 ,,palsy ,,after ,,calving 7,,dropping ,,after ,,calving74 ,this consists in a more or less complete loss of control of the hind limbs occurring after calving1 and caused by low condition1 weakness1 and exposure to cold or to injurious compression of the nerves of the hind limbs by a large calf passing through the pelvis4 ,its symptoms do not differ from those of palsy of the hind limbs1 occurring at other times1 and it may be treated in the same way1 except so far as bruises of the vagina may demand special smoothing treatment4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,udder 7,,garget74 ,in heavy milkers1 before and just after calving1 it is the rule that the mammary gland is enlarged1 hot1 tense1 and tender1 and that a slight exudation or pasty swelling extends forward from the gland on the lower surface of the abdomen4 ,this physiological congestion is looked upon as a matter of course1 and disappears in two or three days when the secretion of milk has been fully established4 ,this breaking up of the bag may be greatly hastened by the sucking of a hungry calf and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose1 by stripping the glands clean thrice daily1 and by active rubbing at each milking with the palm of the hand1 with or without lard or1 better1 with camphorated ointment4 ,the congestion may be at times aggravated by standing in a draft of cold air or by neglect to milk for an entire day or more 7overstocking1 hefting7 with the view of making a great show of udder for purposes of sale4 ,in such cases the surface of the bag pits on pressure1 and the milk has a reddish tinge or even streaks of blood1 or it is partially or fully clotted and is drawn with difficulty1 mixed1 it may be1 with a yellowish serum 7whey7 which has separated from the casein4 ,this should be treated like the above1 though it may sometimes demand fomentations with warm water to ward off inflammation1 and it may be a week before the natural condition of the gland is restored4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,udder 7,,simple ,,mammitis74 ,congestion may merge into active inflammation1 or it may arise direct1 in connection with exposure to cold or wet1 with standing in a cold draft1 with blows on the udder with clubs1 stones1 horns1 or feet1 with injury from a sharp or cold stone1 or the projecting edge of a board or end of a nail in the floor1 with sudden and extreme changes of weather1 with overfeeding on rich albuminous feed like cotton seed1 beans1 or peas1 with indigestions1 with sores on the teats1 or with insufficient stripping of the udder in milking4 ,in the period of full milk the organ is so susceptible that any serious disturbance of the general health is liable to fall upon the udder4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms and mode of onset vary in different cases4 ,when following exposure there is usually a violent shivering fit1 with cold horns1 ears1 tail1 and limbs1 and general erection of the hair4 ,this is succeeded by a flush of heat 7reaction7 in which the horns1 ears1 and limbs become unnaturally warm and the gland swells up and becomes firm and solid in one1 two1 three1 or all four quarters4 ,there is hot dry muzzle1 elevated temperature1 full1 accelerated pulse1 and excited breathing1 impaired or suspended appetite and rumination1 with more or less costiveness1 suppression of urine1 and a lessened yield of milk1 which may be entirely suppressed in the affected quarter4 ,in other cases the shivering escapes notice1 the general disorder of the system is little marked or comes on late1 and the first observed sign of illness is the firm swelling1 heat1 and tenderness of the bag4 ,as the inflammation increases and extends1 the hot1 tender udder causes the animal to straddle with its hind limbs1 and1 when walking1 to halt on the limb on that side4 ,if the cow lies down it is on the unaffected side4 ,with the increase in intensity and the extension of the inflammation the general fever manifests itself more prominently4 ,in some instances the connective tissue beneath the skin and between the lobules of the gland is affected1 then the swelling is uniformly rounded and of nearly the same consistency1 pitting everywhere on pressure4 ,in other cases it primarily attacks the secreting tissue of the gland1 then the swelling is more localized and appears as hard1 nodular masses in the interior of the gland4 ,this last is the usual form of inflammation occurring from infection entering by the teats4 ,in all cases1 but especially in the last-named form1 the milk is suppressed and replaced by a watery fluid colored with blood 7sometimes deeply7 and mingled with masses of clotted casein4 ,later it becomes white and purulent1 and in many cases of an offensive odor4 ,the course of the disease is sometimes so rapid and at others so slow that no definite rule can be laid down4 ,in two or three days1 or from that to the end of the week1 the bag may soften1 lose its heat and tenderness1 and subside into the healthy condition1 even resuming the secretion of milk4 ,the longer the inflammatory hardness continues the greater the probability that its complete restoration will not be effected4 ,when a portion of the gland fails to be restored in this way1 and has its secretion arrested1 it usually shrinks to a smaller size4 ,more commonly a greater quantity of the inflammatory product remains in the gland and develops into a solid1 fibrous mass1 causing permanent hardening 7induration74 ,in other cases1 in place of the product of inflammation developing into a fibrous mass1 it softens and breaks down into white1 creamy1 liquid pus 7abscess74 ,this abscess may make its way to the surface and escape externally1 or it may burst into a milk duct and discharge through the teat4 ,it may break into both and establish a channel for the escape of milk 7fistula74 ,in the worst types of the disease gangrene may ensue1 a quarter or half or even the whole udder1 losing its vitality1 and sloughing off if the cow can bear up against the depressing influence4 ,these gangrenous cases are probably always the result of infection and sometimes run a very rapidly fatal course4 ,i remember one to which ,i was called as soon as the owner noticed it1 yet ,i found one-quarter dark blue1 cold1 and showing a tendency to the formation of blebs containing a bloody secretion4 ,the cow1 which had waded through a depth of semiliquid manure to reach her stall1 died within #bd hours4 ,treatment4--,treatment varies with the type and the stage of the disease4 ,if the case is seen in the shivering fit1 every effort should be made to cut it short1 as the inflammation may be thereby greatly moderated1 if not checked4 ,copious drinks of warm water thrown in from horn or bottle2 equally copious warm injections2 the application of heat in some form to the surface of the body 7by a rug wrung out of hot water2 by hanging over the back and loins bags loosely filled with bran1 sand1 salt1 chaff1 or other agent previously heated in a stove2 by the use of a flatiron or the warming of the surface by a hot-air bath71 or by active friction with straw wisps by two or more persons2 the administration of #a ounce of ground ginger may serve to shorten the attack4 ,after half an hour's sweat the animal should be rubbed and covered with a dry blanket4 ,if1 on the other hand1 there is little or no fever1 and only a slight inflammation1 rub well with camphorated ointment or a weak iodin ointment1 and milk three1 four1 or six times a day1 rubbing the bag thoroughly each time4 ,milking must be done with great gentleness1 squeezing the teat in place of pulling and stripping it1 and if this causes too much pain1 the teat tube 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #d7 or the spring teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c7 may be employed4 ,antiseptic injections of the teats and udder are often useful1 and iodoform in water has been especially recommended4 ,it may be replaced by one of the injections advised for parturition fever1 used with the same careful precautions4 ,in cases in which the fever has set in and the inflammation is more advanced1 a dose of laxative medicine is desirable 7,epsom salt1 #a to #b pounds2 ginger1 #a ounce71 which may be followed1 after the purging has ceased1 by daily doses of saltpeter1 #a ounce4 ,many rely on cooling and astringent applications to the inflamed quarter 7vinegar1 sugar-of-lead lotion1 cold water1 ice1 etc471 but a safer and better resort is continued fomentation with warm water4 ,a bucket of warm water1 replenished as it cools1 may be set beneath the udder1 and two persons can raise a rug cut of this and hold it against the udder1 dipping it anew whenever the temperature is somewhat lowered4 ,a sheet may be passed around the body1 with holes cut for the teats1 soft rags packed between it and the udder1 and kept warm by pouring water on every #aj or #ae minutes1 as warm as the hand can bear4 ,when this has been kept up for an hour or two1 the bag may be dried1 well rubbed with soap1 and left thus with a soapy coating4 ,if the pain is great1 extract of belladonna may be applied along with the soap1 and a dry suspensory bandage with holes for the teats may be applied4 ,strong1 mercurial ointment is very useful in relieving pain and softening the bag4 ,this is especially valuable when the disease is protracted and induration threatens4 ,it may be mixed with an equal quantity of soap and half as much extract of belladonna4 ,in cases of threatened induration excellent results are sometimes obtained from a weak-induction current of electricity sent through the gland daily for #aj minutes4 ,if abscess threatens1 it may be favored by fomentation and opened as soon as fluctuation from finger to finger shows the formation of matter at a point formerly hard4 ,the wound may bleed freely1 and there is a risk of opening a milk duct1 yet relief will be obtained2 also a dressing twice daily with a lotion of carbolic acid #a part1 water #bj parts1 and glycerin #a part will suffice to keep the wound clean and healthy4 ,gangrene of the affected part is often fatal4 ,it demands antiseptics 7chlorid of zinc1 #a dram to #a quart water7 applied frequently to the part1 or1 if the case can not be attended1 smear the affected quarter with ,venice turpentine1 melted1 or even wood tar4 ,antiseptic tonics 7tincture of chlorid of iron1 #d drams7 may also be given four times daily in a quart of water4 ,,contagious ,,mammitis 7,,contagious ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,udder74 ,as stated in the last article1 that form of inflammation of the udder which attacks the gland ducts and follicles1 causing deep-seated1 hard1 nodular swellings1 is often contagious4 ,franck has demonstrated this by injecting into the milk ducts in different cows 7milking and dry7 the pus from the bags of cows affected with mammitis1 or the liquids of putrid flesh1 or putrid blood1 and in every case he produced acute inflammation of the gland tissue within twenty-four hours4 ,he thinks that in ordinary conditions the septic germ gains access by propagating itself through the milk1 filling the milk canal and oozing from the external orifice4 ,he points to this as a reason why dry cows escape the malady1 though mingling freely with the sufferers1 and why such dry cows do not suffer from inflammation of the gland tissue when attacked with foot-and-mouth disease4 ,in this last case it is evident that it is not simply the inoculation with the milker's hand that is lacking1 for the skin of the bag is attacked1 but not its secreting1 glandular parts4 ,now that in any case of abscess we look for the cause in the chain forms of globular bacteria 7,streptococcus pyogenes71 in the cluster form of white1 globular bacteria 7,staphylococcus pyogenes albus71 and in the golden and citron-yellow forms of clustered globular bacteria 7,staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and ,staphylococcus pyogenes citreus71 the formation of pus gives presumptive evidence of the action of one or more of these germs4 ,so in cases of mortification of the bag2 in the very occurrence there is fair circumstantial evidence of the presence of erysipelas micrococcus or other germ which kills the local tissues4 ,again1 in tuberculosis affecting the bag 7a not uncommon condition71 the active local cause is without doubt the tubercle bacillus4 ,it has been found that false membranes have formed in certain cases of mammitis in the cow1 and ,klein1 after inoculating the diphtheria of man on the cow1 found an ulcerous sore in the seat of inoculation and blisters on the teats and udder1 in which he found what he believed to be the bacillus of diphtheria4 ,the results are doubtful1 even in the absence of false membranes4 ,lffler1 too1 in the diphtheria of calves1 found that the germ was longer and more delicate than that of man1 and that its pathogenesis for rodents was less1 guinea pigs having only a nonfatal abscess4 ,the presence of false membranes in one form of mammitis in cows does not necessarily imply its communicability to man4 ,it has been asserted that scarlet fever has been transmitted from the cow to man1 and it can not be denied that in many cases the infection has been spread by means of the milk4 ,the facts1 however1 when brought out fully have shown that in almost every case the milk had first come into contact with a person suffering or recovering from scarlet fever1 so that the milk was infected after it left the cow4 ,the alleged exceptional cases at ,hendon and ,dover1 ,england1 are not conclusive4 ,in the ,hendon outbreak inoculations were made on calves from the slight eruption on the cow's teats1 and they had a slight eruption on the lips and a form of inflammation of the kidneys1 which ,dr4 ,klein thought resembled that of scarlatina4 ,the cows that had brought the disease to the ,hendon dairies were traced back to ,wiltshire1 where cows were found suffering from a similar malady1 but no sign of scarlet fever resulted4 ,in the ,dover outbreak the dairyman first denied any disease in his cows1 and brought a certificate of a veterinarian to prove that they were sound at the time of the investigation2 then later he confessed that the cows had had foot-and-mouth disease some time before1 and consequent eruption on the teats4 ,so the question remains whether the man who denied sickness in the cows to begin with1 and adduced professional evidence of it1 did not later acknowledge the foot-and-mouth disease as a blind to hide the real source of the trouble in scarlatina in his own family or in the family of an employee4 ,in ,america ,dr4 ,stickler said that he had produced scarlatina in children by inoculation with imported virus of foot-and-mouth disease1 but his contention is negatived by the facts that with foot-and-mouth disease constantly present in ,europe scarlatina does not accompany it1 and that in ,america1 with scarlatina constantly prevailing at some point1 foot-and-mouth disease is unknown locally except at long intervals and as the result of the importation of infected animals or their products4 ,man is susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease1 but it never appears during the frequent epidemics of scarlatina4 ,among other contagious forms of mammitis ,i may name one which ,i have encountered in large dairies1 starting as a sore and slight swelling at the opening of the teat and extending up along the milk duct to the gland structure in the bag1 all of which become indurated1 nodular1 and painful4 ,the milk is entirely suppressed in that quarter of the bag1 and from that it may extend to the others as it does from cow to cow through the milker's hands4 ,another form almost universally prevalent in this district of central ,new ,york in #ahhi broke out on the teats and udders as blisters strongly resembling cowpox1 but which were not propagated when inoculated on calves4 ,it was only exceptionally that this extended through the teat to the gland tissue1 yet in some instances the bag was lost from this cause4 ,scarlatina in man was very prevalent at the time 7many schools were closed in consequence71 but no definite connection seemed to exist between this and the cow disease1 and on different dairy farms there were families of young children that had never had scarlet fever and who did not at that time contract it4 ,the most common cause of contagious mammitis in cattle is a spherical bacterium in chain form 7,streptococcus7 7,moore1 ,ward74 ,yet it is clear that contagious mammitis is not a single affection1 but a group of diseases which have this in common1 that they attack the udder4 ,prevention4--,prevention is to be especially sought in all such cases4 ,in purchasing new cows see that they come from a herd where the teats and udder are sound4 ,if a new cow with unknown antecedents comes from a public market1 let her be milked for a week by a person who does not milk any other cows4 ,keep her in a separate stall from others1 so that there may be no infection from litter or flooring4 ,wash the udder with soap and water1 and wet with a solution of two teaspoonfuls of carbolic acid in a pint of water before letting the regular milker of the other cows take her4 ,if any cow in the herd shows the indurated end of the teat or the inflammation and nodular tender character of the gland1 sequestrate her at once and give her a separate milker4 ,if another cow is to be put into the stall she occupied1 first clean and scrape it1 and wet it with a strong solution of bluestone1 #e ounces in a gallon of water4 ,the milk may be drawn off with a teat tube1 or spring teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 figs4 #c and #d71 and the milk ducts injected frequently with a solution of peroxid of hydrogen or iodoform4 ,i have had little success in checking the upward progress of the disease through the teat with carbolic acid or boric-acid solutions4 ,used on the outside of the other teats1 however1 they may serve to prevent them from becoming infected4 ,in the absence of peroxid of hydrogen the affected teat may be injected with a solution of #a grain corrosive sublimate in a pint of water1 and the same may be used on the other teats1 provided it is washed off every time before milking4 ,as additional precautions1 no cow with a retained afterbirth or unhealthy discharge from the womb should be left with the other cows4 ,such cows doubtless infect their own udders and those of the cows next them by lashing with the soiled tail4 ,if milkers handle retained afterbirth or vaginal discharge1 or unhealthy wounds1 or assist in a difficult and protracted parturition1 they should wash the hands and arms thoroughly with soap and warm water and then rub them with the corrosive-sublimate solution1 or if not1 at least with one of carbolic acid4 ,clothes stained with such offensive products should be thoroughly washed4 ,the general treatment of contagious mammitis does not differ from that of the simple form1 except that antiseptics should be given by the mouth as well as applied locally 7hyposulphite of soda1 one-half ounce daily74 ,,cowpox4 ,this is another form of contagious inflammation of the udder which does not spread readily from animal to animal except by the hands of the milker4 ,it is held to occur spontaneously in the cow1 but this is altogether improbable1 and so-called spontaneous cases are rather to be looked on as instances in which the germs have been preserved dry in the buildings or introduced in some unknown manner4 ,it is not uncommon in the horse1 attacking the heels1 the lips1 or some other inoculated part of the body1 and is then easily transferred to the cow1 if the same man grooms and dresses the horse and milks the cow4 ,it may also appear in the cow by infection1 more or less direct1 from a person who has been successfully vaccinated4 ,many believe that it is only a form of the smallpox of man modified by passing through the system of cow or horse4 ,it is1 however1 unreasonable to suppose that this alleged modified smallpox could have been transmitted from child to child 7the most susceptible of the human race7 for #ij years1 under all possible conditions1 without once reverting to its original type of smallpox4 ,chauveau's experiments on both cattle and horses with the virus of smallpox and its inoculation back on the human subject go far to show that in the climate of western ,europe1 at least1 no such transformation takes place4 ,smallpox remains smallpox and cowpox1 cowpox4 ,again1 smallpox is communicable to a person who visits the patient in his room but avoids touching him1 while cowpox is never thus transferred through the air unless deliberately diffused in the form of spray4 ,the disease in the cow is ushered in by a slight fever1 which1 however1 is usually overlooked1 and the first sign is tenderness of the teats4 ,examined1 these may be redder and hotter than normal1 and at the end of two days there appear little nodules1 like small peas1 of a pale-red color1 and increasing so that by the seventh day they may measure three-fourths of an inch to #a inch in diameter4 ,the yield of milk diminishes1 and when heated it coagulates slightly4 ,from the seventh to the tenth day the eruption forms into a blister1 with raised margins and a depression in the center1 and from which the whole of the liquid can not be drawn by a single puncture4 ,the blister1 in other words1 is chambered1 and each chamber must be opened to evacuate the whole of the contents4 ,if the pock forms on a surface where there is thick hair it does not rise as a blister1 but oozes out a straw-colored fluid which concretes on the hairs in an amber-colored mass4 ,in one or two days after the pock is full it becomes yellow from contained pus and then dries into a brownish-yellow scab1 which finally falls1 leaving one or more distinct pits in the skin4 ,upon the teats1 however1 this regular course is rarely seen2 the vesicles are burst by the hands of the milker as soon as liquid is formed1 and as they continue to suffer at each milking they form raw1 angry sores1 scabbing more or less at intervals1 but are slow to undergo healing4 ,the only treatment required is to heal the sores4 ,as milking is the main cause of their persistence1 that must be done as gently as possible1 or even with the teat tube or dilator4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 figs4 #c and #d47 ,it is essential to check the propagation of the germ1 and for this purpose the sore teats may be washed frequently with a solution of half an ounce hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water4 ,this will usually check the inflammation and cut short the malady4 ,,suppression ,,of ,,milk4 ,the absence of milk in the udder may result from ill health1 debility1 emaciation1 chronic disease of the bag1 wasting of the gland from previous disease1 or insufficient feed1 but sometimes it will occur suddenly without any appreciable cause4 ,the treatment consists in removing the cause of the disease1 giving rich albuminoid feed made into warm mashes1 and administering ounce doses of aromatic carminatives1 like anise seed1 fennel seed1 etc4 ,rubbing and stripping the udder are useful2 the application of oil of lavender or of turpentine1 or even a blister of ,spanish flies1 will sometimes succeed4 ,,bloody ,,milk4 ,blood may escape with the milk when the udder has been injured by blows2 also when it is congested or inflamed1 when the circulation through it has been suddenly increased by richer and more abundant feed1 or when the cow is under the excitement of heat4 ,the milk frothing up and assuming a pink tinge is often the first sign of red water1 and it may result from eating acrid or irritant plants1 like the ,ranunculace1 resinous plants1 etc4 ,deposits of tubercle or tumors in the udder1 or induration of the gland1 may be efficient causes1 the irritation caused by milking contributing to draw the blood4 ,finally1 there may be a reddish tinge or sediment when madder or logwood has been eaten4 ,in milk which becomes red after it is drawn it may be from the presence in it of the ,bacillus prodigiosus4 ,this also grows on bread1 and is the explanation of the supposed miracle of the bleeding host4 ,the treatment will vary with the cause4 ,in congested glands give #a pound of ,epsom salt1 and daily thereafter one-half ounce saltpeter1 with a dram of chlorate of potassium2 the bag should be bathed with hot or cold water1 and rubbed with camphorated lard4 ,if the feed is too rich or abundant it must be reduced4 ,if from acrid plants1 they must be removed from pasture or fodder4 ,induration of the udder may be met by rubbing with a combination of iodin ointment #a part1 soft soap #b parts2 mercurial ointment and soap also may be used4 ,careful milking is imperative4 ,,blue ,,milk4 ,watery milk is blue1 but the presence of a germ 7,bacillus cyanogenes7 causes a distinct blue shade even in rich milk and cream4 ,it may reach the milk after it has been drawn1 or it may find its way into the opening of the milk ducts and enter the milk as it is drawn4 ,in the latter case frequent milking and the injection of a solution of #b drams of hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water into the teats will serve to destroy the germs4 ,,stringy ,,milk4 ,this may be caused by fungi developing in the liquid1 and that the spores are present in the system of the cow may be safely inferred from the fact that in a large herd two or three cows only will yield such milk at a time1 and that after a run of #aj days or a fortnight they will recover and others will be attacked4 ,i have found that such affected cows had the temperature raised one or two degrees above the others4 ,like most other fungi this does not grow out into filaments within the body of the cow1 but in five or six hours after milking the surface layers are found to be one dense network of filaments4 ,if a needle is dipped in this and lifted the liquid is drawn out into a long thread4 ,in one case which ,i investigated near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 the contamination was manifestly from a spring which oozed out of a bank of black-muck soil and stood in pools mixed with the dejections of the animals4 ,inoculation of pure milk with the water as it flowed out of this bank developed in it the fungus and the stringy characters4 ,by fencing the spring in and giving the affected cows each #b drams bisulphite of soda daily1 the trouble was arrested promptly and permanently4 ,,chapped ,,teats4 ,these may be caused by anything which irritates them4 ,the powerful sucking of the calf2 the sudden chilling of the teat in winter after the calf has just let it go or after the completion of milking with a wet hand2 contact with cold water or stagnant1 putrid water1 or with filth or irritants when lying down2 slight congestions of the skin in connection with overstocking2 indeed1 any source of local irritation may cause chapping4 ,this may be slight or extend into great1 gaping sores and induce retention of milk or even mammitis4 ,soothing applications of vaseline or a combination of equal parts of spermaceti and oil of sweet almonds may be applied4 ,if healing is tardy1 add #aj grains balsam of ,peru to the ounce of ointment4 ,if the irritation is very great1 wash first with a solution of #a dram sugar of lead in #a pint of water and then apply benzoated zinc-oxid ointment4 ,,warts ,,on ,,the ,,teats4 ,these are often very troublesome1 yet they may be greatly benefited or entirely removed by smearing them thickly with pure olive oil after each milking4 ,if they persist they may be cut off with a pair of sharp scissors and the sore touched with a stick of lunar caustic4 ,they may now be oiled and the caustic repeated as demanded to prevent their renewed growth4 ,scabby teats may be smeared with vaseline containing carbolic acid enough to give it an odor4 ,,teat ,,blocked ,,by ,,concretion ,,of ,,casein4 ,under unhealthy conditions of the gland or milk ducts clots of casein form which1 pressed clear of most of their liquid and rolled into rounded masses1 may block the passage4 ,they can be moved up and down by manipulation of the teat1 and if they can not be pressed out they may be extracted by using the spring teat dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c71 being held surrounded by its three limbs4 ,before extraction is attempted an ounce of almond oil1 boiled1 should be injected into the teat4 ,,teat ,,blocked ,,by ,,calculus4 ,when the calcareous matter of the milk has been precipitated in the form of a smooth1 rounded stone1 a rough1 conglomerated concretion1 or a fine1 sandlike dbris1 it may cause obstruction and irritation4 ,these bodies are felt to be much harder than those formed by casein1 and the milk usually contains gritty particles4 ,extraction may be attempted1 in the case of the finely divided gritty matter1 by simple milking or with the spring dilator 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #c7 in the case of the larger masses4 ,should this fail the teat may be laid open with the knife and sewed up again or closed with collodion1 but such an operation is best deferred until the cow is dry4 ,,teat ,,blocked ,,by ,a ,,warty ,,or ,,other ,,growth ,,inside4 ,in this case the obstruction may be near the orifice of the teat or farther up1 and the solid mass is not movable up and down with the same freedom as are concretions and calculi4 ,the movement is limited by the elasticity of the inner membrane of the teat from which it grows1 and is somewhat freer in certain cases because the growth has become loose and hangs by a narrow neck4 ,in the case of the looser growths they may be snared by a fine1 spring wire passed as a loop through a fine tube 7like a teat tube open at each end7 and introduced into the teat4 ,when this can not be done1 the only resort is to cut in and excise it while the cow is dry4 ,,thickening ,,of ,,the ,,mucous ,,membrane ,,and ,,closure ,,of ,,the ,,milk ,,duct4 ,as a result of inflammation extending from without inward1 a gradual narrowing of the milk duct may occur from thickening and narrowing of its lining membrane4 ,this may be limited to a small area near the lower end1 or it may extend through the whole length of the teat4 ,the stream of milk becomes finer and finer until it finally ceases altogether1 and a firm cord is felt running through the teat4 ,if the constriction is only at the outlet1 the teat may be seized and distended by pressing the milk down into it from above1 and an incision may be made with a sharp penknife in two directions at right angles to each other and directly in the original opening4 ,the knife should be first cleansed in boiling water4 ,the opening may be kept from closing by a dumb-bell shaped bougie of gutta-percha 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #e7 or by the spring dilator4 ,if the obstruction is more extended it may be perforated by ,lthi's perforating sound4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #a;,a and #a;,b47 ,this is a steel wire with a ring at one end1 and at the other is screwed on to the wire a conical cap with sharp cutting edges at the base1 which scrapes away the thickened masses of cells as it is drawn back4 ,this may be passed again and again to enlarge the passages sufficiently1 and then the passage may be kept open by wearing a long1 dumb-bell bougie1 a thick piece of carbolized catgut1 or a spring dilator4 ,if the passage can not be sufficiently opened with the sound it may be incised by the hidden bistoury4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b47 ,this is a knife lying alongside a flattened protector with smooth1 rounded edges1 but which can be projected to any required distance by a lever on the handle4 ,the incisions are made in four directions1 as deep as may be necessary1 and the walls then can be held apart by the spring dilator until they heal4 ,in case the constriction and thickening of the canal extend the whole length of the teat1 it is practically beyond remedy1 as the gland is usually involved so as to render it useless4 ,,closure ,,of ,,the ,,milk ,,duct ,,by ,a ,,membrane4 ,in this form the duct of the teat is closed by the constriction of its lining membrane at one point1 usually without thickening4 ,the closure usually takes place while the cow is dry2 otherwise its progress is gradual1 and for a time the milk may still be pressed through slowly4 ,in such case1 if left at rest1 the lower part of the teat fills up and the milk flows in a full stream at the first pressure1 but after this it will not fill up again without sufficient time for it to filter through4 ,this is to be cut open by the hidden bistoury 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b71 which may be first passed through the opening of the membrane1 if such exists4 ,if not it may be bored through1 or it may be pressed up against the membrane at one side of the teat and opened toward the center1 so as to cut its way through4 ,incisions should be made in at least two opposite directions1 and the edges then may be held apart by wearing the spring dilator until healing has been completed4 ,in all cases of operations on the teats the instruments must be thoroughly disinfected with hot water1 or by dipping in carbolic acid and then in water that has been boiled4 ,,opening ,,in ,,the ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,teat 7,,milk ,,fistula74 ,this may occur from wounds penetrating the milk duct and failing to close1 or it may be congenital1 and then very often it leads to a distinct milk duct and an independent portion of the gland4 ,in the first form it is necessary only to dissect away the skin leading into the opening for some distance down1 to close the orifice with stitches1 and to cover the whole with collodion4 ,a teat tube or spring dilator may be worn to drain the milk off and prevent distention and reopening of the orifice4 ,in case of an independent milk duct and gland one of two courses may be selected--to open the one duct into the other by incision and then close the offending opening1 or to inject the superfluous gland through its duct with a caustic solution1 so as to destroy its secreting power4 ,in both cases it is desirable to wait until the cow goes dry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diseases ,,following ,,parturition4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plates ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii4 ,supports for prolapsed uterus4 ,these illustrations show various appliances used in prolapse or inversion of the uterus4 ,the uterus should first be returned to its proper situation and then some apparatus applied to prevent a recurrence of the inversion or protrusion4 ,,plate ,,xxii3 ,fig4 #a4 ,crupper1 strap truss4 7,from ,hill's ,bovine ,medicine and ,surgery47 ,fig4 #b4 ,renault's rope truss4 ,the rope for this truss should be from #be to #cj feet long and about the thickness of the little finger4 ,,plate ,,xxiii3 ,fig4 #a4 ,cow to which ,delwart's rope truss has been applied4 ,fig4 #a;a shows the loop of ,delwart's truss4 ,fig4 #b4 ,zundel's labial sutures4 ,these consist of two wires passed through the lips of the vulva in a horizontal direction1 and two additional wires passed through the loops at the ends of the horizontal wires in order to hold them in place4 ,fig4 #c4 ,iron truss for holding the vagina or uterus in place after calving4 ,the cords are passed through the eyes at the corners of the triangular iron2 the base of the triangle fits under the tail4 ,the truss is from #e to #g inches long and about #b-a_/b inches wide4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,instruments used in diseases following parturition4 ,fig4 #a4 ,lthi's perforating sound1 for opening the milk canal through the teat when this has become occluded2 ,a1 the sound one-half the natural size2 ,b1 section of head of sound1 natural size1 showing cutting edge4 ,fig4 #b4 ,bistouri cach4 ,a blade hidden in its sheath which by pressure of the finger may be made to protrude a certain distance4 ,this distance is regulated by the screw near the handle4 ,the instrument is used to open the milk canal when closed up4 ,it is introduced into the milk canal with its blade in the sheath and withdrawn with the blade protruding4 ,fig4 #c4 ,spring teat dilator1 about one-half natural size1 for dilating the milk canal4 ,fig4 #d4 ,ring teat syphon1 for withdrawing milk when the teat is sore or injured4 ,fig4 #e4 ,gutta-percha bougie1 for dilating the opening of the teat4 ,fig4 #f4 ,truss applied to calf for umbilical or navel hernia4 7,from ,fleming's ,veterinary ,obstetrics47 ,fig4 #g4 ,armatage's iron clamp for umbilical or navel hernia4 ,when this clamp is applied care must be taken not to include a portion of the bowel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,supports ,,for ,,prolapsed ,,uterus4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,supports ,,for ,,prolapsed ,,uterus4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,instruments ,,used ,,in ,,diseases ,,following ,,parturition4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,young ,,calves4 ,by ,,james ,,law1 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s41 ,formerly ,professor of ,veterinary ,science1 etc41 in ,cornell ,university4 ,,suspended ,,breathing4 ,the moment the circulation through the navel string is stopped the blood of the calf begins to become overcharged with carbon dioxid 7,,co#b71 and unless breathing is speedily established death promptly follows4 ,fortunately the desire to breathe1 roused by the circulation of the venous blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin1 usually starts the contractions of the diaphragm at once and life is insured4 ,among the obstacles to breathing may be named suffocation before or during birth from compression of the navel cord and the arrest of its circulation2 the detachment of the fetal membranes from the womb before the calf is born2 a too free communication between the two auricles 7foramen ovale7 of the heart by which the nonaerated blood has mixed too abundantly with the aerated and induced debility and profound weakness2 a condition of ill health and debility of the calf as a result of semistarvation1 overwork1 or disease of the cow2 fainting in the debilitated calf when calving has been difficult and prolonged2 the birth of the calf with its head enveloped in the fetal membranes1 so that it has been unable to breathe1 and the presence of tenacious phlegm in the mouth and nose1 acting in the same manner4 ,besides the importance of proper care and feeding of the cow as a preventive measure1 attention should be given at once to relieve the newborn calf of its investing membrane and of any mucus that has collected in mouth or nostrils4 ,wiping out the nose deeply with a finger or feather excites to sneezing1 hence to breathing4 ,blowing into the nose has a similar effect4 ,sucking the nostril through a tube applied to it is even more effective4 ,slapping the chest with the palm of the hand or with a towel dipped in cold water1 compression and relaxation alternately of the walls of the chest1 may start the action1 and ammonia or even tobacco smoke blown into the nose may suffice4 ,every second is precious1 however1 and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcibly introducing air from a bellows or from the human lungs4 ,as the air is blown in through bellows or a tube the upper end of the windpipe must be pressed back against the gullet1 as otherwise the air will go to the stomach4 ,in a large dairy a piece of elastic tubing one-third of an inch in bore should be kept at hand for sucking and blowing in such cases4 ,,bleeding ,,from ,,the ,,navel4 ,this may occur in two conditions--when the cord is cut off too close to the navel and left untied and when it tears off at the navel4 7,pl4 ,,xiv47 ,it may also bleed when torn across naturally1 if it is sucked by the dam or another calf4 ,in an animal with little plasticity to its blood it will flow under almost any circumstances4 ,when any cord is left it is always safe to tie it1 and it is only when it is swollen and may possibly contain a loop of the bowel that there is danger in doing so4 ,by pressing upward any bulky contents such danger is avoided4 ,if torn or cut too close to be tied the bleeding may be checked by applying alum1 copperas1 or for a fraction of a second the end of an iron rod at a dull-red heat4 ,if much blood has been lost it may be requisite to transfuse several ounces of blood or of a weak1 common-salt solution into the open1 umbilical vein4 ,,urine ,,discharged ,,through ,,the ,,navel 7,,persistent ,,urachus74 ,before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube through the navel and navel string into the outer water bag 7allantois74 7,pl4 ,,xii47 ,this closes at birth1 and the tube shrinks into a fine cord up to the bladder4 ,it is only in the bull calf that it is liable to remain open1 doubtless because of the long1 narrow channel through which the urine must otherwise escape4 ,the urethra1 too1 is sometimes abnormally narrow1 or even closed1 in the male4 ,if part of the cord remains1 it should be tied and the whole allowed to wither up naturally4 ,if the cord has been removed and the tube 7urachus7 protrudes1 discharging the urine1 that alone must be tied4 ,if there is nothing pendent the urachus must be seized1 covered by the skin1 and a curved needle being passed through the skin and above the duct1 it may be tied along with this skin4 ,a blister of ,spanish flies1 causing swelling of the skin1 will often close the orifice--so with the hot iron4 ,if the urethra of the male is impervious it can rarely be remedied4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,urachus 7,,navel ,,urine ,,duct74 ,this may originate in direct1 mechanical injury to the navel in calving1 or shortly after1 with or without the lodgment of irritant or septic matter on its lacerated or cut end4 ,the mere contact with healthy urine1 hitherto harmless1 can now be looked on as becoming suddenly irritating4 ,the affection is usually marked by the presence of redness and swelling at the posterior part of the navel and the escape of urine and a few drops of whitish1 serous pus from the orifice of the urachus4 ,in those cases in which urine is not discharged a tender swelling1 like a thick cord extending upward and backward from the navel into the abdomen1 may be identified4 ,the navel enlargement may be considerable1 but it is solid1 does not gurgle on handling1 and can not be done away with by pressing it back into the abdomen1 as in a case of hernia4 ,in cases at first closed the pus may burst out later1 coming from the back part of the navel and the swelling extending backward4 ,in other cases whitish pus may pass with the urine by the ordinary channel1 showing that it has opened back into the bladder4 ,in other cases the umbilical veins become involved1 in which case the swelling extends forward as well as backward4 ,thus the disease may result in destructive disorders of the liver1 lungs1 and1 above all1 of the joints4 ,the disease may usually be warded off or rendered simple and comparatively harmless by applying antiseptics to the navel string at birth 7carbolic acid #a part1 water and glycerin #e parts each1 or wood tar74 ,later1 antiseptics may be freely used 7hyposulphite of soda #d drams1 water #a quart7 as an application to the surface and as an injection into the urachus1 or even into the bladder if the two still communicate4 ,if they no longer communicate1 a stronger injection may be used 7tincture of chlorid of iron #fj drops1 alcohol #a ounce74 ,several weeks will be required for complete recovery4 ,,abscess ,,of ,,the ,,navel4 ,as the result of irritation at calving or by the withered cord1 or by licking with the rough tongue of the cow1 inflammation may attack the loose connective tissue of the navel to the exclusion of the urachus and veins1 and go on to the formation of matter4 ,in this case a firm swelling appears as large as the fist1 which softens in the center and may finally burst and discharge4 ,the opening1 however1 is usually small and may close prematurely1 so that abscess after abscess is formed4 ,it is distinguished from hernia by the fact that it can not be returned into the abdomen1 and from inflammations of the veins and urachus by the absence of swellings forward and backward along the lines of these canals4 ,treatment consists in an early opening of the abscess by a free incision and the injection twice a day of an astringent antiseptic 7chlorid of zinc one-half dram1 water #a pint74 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,navel ,,veins 7,,umbilical ,,phlebitis74 ,in this affection of the navel the inflammation may start directly from mechanical injury1 as in either of the two forms just described1 but on this are inoculated infective microbes1 derived from a retained and putrefying afterbirth1 an abortion1 a metritis1 a fetid discharge from the womb1 an unhealthy open sore1 a case of erysipelas1 from overcrowding1 from filthy floor or bedding1 or from an offensive accumulation of manure1 solid or liquid4 ,as the microbes vary in different cases1 given outbreaks will differ materially in their nature4 ,one is erysipelatoid2 another purulent infection with the tendency to secondary abscesses in the joints1 liver1 lungs1 etc42 another is from a septic germ and is associated with fetid discharge from the navel and general putrid blood poisoning4 ,in estimating the causes of the disease we must not omit debility of the calf when the mother has been underfed or badly housed or when either she or the fetus has been diseased4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms vary4 ,with the chain-form germs 7streptococci7 the navel becomes intensely red1 with a very firm1 painful swelling1 ending abruptly at the edges in sound skin and extending forward along the umbilical veins4 ,the secondary diseases are circumscribed1 black engorgements 7infarctions7 or abscesses of the liver1 lungs1 kidneys1 bowels1 or other internal organs1 and sometimes disease of the joints4 ,with the ordinary pus-producing germs 7,staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and ,streptococcus pyogenes7 the local inflammation in the navel causes a hot1 painful swelling1 which rapidly advances to the formation of matter 7pus71 and the raw1 exposed surface1 at first bright red1 becomes dark red or black1 soft1 friable1 and pultaceous4 ,if the pus is white1 creamy1 and comparatively inoffensive in odor1 the secondary formations in internal organs and joints are mainly of the same purulent character 7secondary abscesses74 ,if1 on the other hand1 the discharge is very offensive and the pus more serous1 watery1 or bloody1 there is reason to suspect the presence of some of the septic bacteria1 and the results on the general system are a high fever and softening of the liver and spleen and no tendency to abscesses of the internal organs4 ,diarrhea is a common symptom1 and death ensues early1 the blood after death being found unclotted4 ,complicated cases are common1 and in all alike the umbilical veins usually remain open and can be explored by a probe passed at first upward and then forward toward the liver4 ,prevention is sought by applying a lotion of carbolic acid or iodin solution to the navel string at birth1 or it may be smeared with common wood tar1 which is at once antiseptic and a protective covering against germs4 ,in the absence of either a strong decoction of oak bark may be used4 ,local treatment consists in the application of antiseptic to the surface and their injection into the vein4 ,as a lotion carbolic acid1 #a ounce in a quart of strong decoction of oak bark1 should be used1 or salicylic acid or salol may be sprinkled on the surface4 ,the interior of the vein should be swabbed out with a probe wrapped around with cotton wool and dipped in boracic salicylic acid4 ,if complications have extended to the liver or other internal organs1 or the joints1 other treatment will be demanded4 ,in acute cases of general infection an early fatal result is to be expected4 ,,pyemic ,,and ,,septicemic ,,inflammation ,,of ,,joints ,,in ,,calves 7,,joint ,,ill74 ,this occurs in young calves within the first month after birth4 ,it persists in the joints when once attacked1 and is usually connected with disease of the navel4 ,rheumatism1 on the other hand1 rarely occurs in a calf under a month old4 ,it tends to shift from joint to joint1 and is independent of any navel disease4 ,again1 it affects the fibrous structures of the joints1 and rarely results in the formation of white matter1 while the affection before named attacks the structures outside as well as inside the joints and1 above all1 the ends of the bones1 and tends to the destruction and crumbling of their tissue1 and even to the formation of open sores1 through which the fragile bones are exposed4 ,the microbes from the unhealthy and infected wound in the navel pass into the system through the veins1 or lymphatics1 and form colonies and local inflammations and abscesses in and around the joints4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are the swelling of one or more joints1 which are very hot and tender4 ,the calf is stiff and lame1 lies down constantly1 and does not care to suck4 ,there is very high fever1 accelerated breathing and pulse1 and there is swelling and purulent discharge 7often fetid7 from the navel4 ,there may be added symptoms of disease of the liver1 lungs1 heart1 or bowels1 on which we need not here delay4 ,the important point is to determine the condition of the navel in all such cases of diseased and swollen joints beginning in the first month of life1 and in all cases of general stiffness1 for besides the diseases of the internal organs there may be abscesses formed among the muscles of the trunk1 though the joints appear sound4 ,cases of this kind1 if they do not speedily die1 tend to become emaciated and perish later in a state of weakness and exhaustion4 ,prevention4--,prevention must begin with the purity of the buildings and the navel1 as noted in the last article4 ,treatment4--,treatment is in the main antiseptic4 ,the slighter forms may be painted daily with tincture of iodin1 or an ointment of biniodid of mercury 7#a dram7 and lard 7#b ounces7 may be rubbed on the affected joints daily until they are blistered4 ,in case of swellings containing matter1 this may be drawn through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and the following solution injected3 ,compound tincture of iodin1 #a dram2 distilled 7or boiled7 water1 #b ounces4 ,internally the calf may take #e grains quinin twice daily and #ae grains hyposulphite of soda1 or #bj grains salicylate of soda three times a day4 ,,umbilical ,,hernia 7,,breach ,,at ,,the ,,navel74 ,this may exist at birth from imperfect closure of the muscles around the opening2 it may even extend backward for a distance1 from the two sides failing to come together4 ,apart from this1 the trouble rarely appears after the calf has been some time on solid feed1 as the paunch then extends down to the right immediately over the navel1 and thus forms an internal pad1 preventing the protrusion of intestine4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling at the navel1 with contents that usually gurgle on handling1 and can be entirely returned into the abdomen by pressure4 ,the diseases of the navel hitherto considered have no gurgling contents and can not be completely returned into the abdomen4 ,the only exception in the case of the hernia is when the walls of the sac have become greatly thickened4 ,these will1 of course1 remain as a swelling after the bowel has been returned2 and when the protruding bowel has contracted permanent adhesion to the sac1 it is impossible to return it fully without first severing that connection4 ,treatment4--,treatment is not always necessary4 ,a small hernia1 like an egg1 in a new-born calf1 usually recovers of itself as the animal changes its diet to solid feed and has the paunch fully developed as an internal pad4 ,in other cases apply a leather pad #h inches square attached around the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners1 and an elastic band passing from its front border to a collar encircling the neck1 and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the two sides of the body to the two bands passing up over the back4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #f47 ,for small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated4 ,for a mass like a large goose egg one-half ounce of the acid may be rubbed in for three minutes4 ,no more must be applied for #ae days4 ,for large masses this is inapplicable1 and with too much loss of skin the orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape4 ,the application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most effective method1 but great care must be taken to see that all the contents of the sac are returned so that none may be inclosed in the clamp4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #g47 ,another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of common salt1 filter and boil it1 and when cool inject under the skin 7not into the sac7 on each side of the hernia a dram of the fluid4 ,a bandage may then be put around the body4 ,in #aj hours an enormous swelling will have taken place1 pressing back the bowel into the abdomen4 ,when this subsides the wound will have closed4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,navel4 ,a sac formed at the navel1 by contained liquid accumulated by reason of sucking by other calves1 is unsightly and sometimes injurious4 ,after making sure that it is simply a dropsical collection it may be deeply punctured at various points with a large-sized lancet or knife1 fomented with hot water1 and then daily treated with a strong decoction of white-oak bark4 ,,blue ,,disease 7,,cyanosis74 ,this appearing in the calf at birth is due to the orifice between the two auricles of the heart 7foramen ovale7 remaining too open1 allowing the nonaerated 7venous7 blood to mix with the aerated 7arterial7 blood1 and it is beyond the reach of treatment4 ,it is recognized by the blueness of the eyes1 nose1 mouth1 and other mucous membranes1 the coldness of the surface1 and the extreme sensitiveness to cold4 ,,constipation4 ,at birth the bowels of the calf contain the meconium1 a tenacious1 gluey1 brownish-yellow material largely derived from the liver1 which must be expelled before they can start their functions normally4 ,the first milk of the cow 7colostrum1 beestings71 rich in albumin and salts1 is nature's laxative to expel this now offensive material and should never be withheld from the calf4 ,if1 for lack of this1 from the dry feeding of the cow1 or from any other cause1 the calf is costive1 straining violently without passage1 lying down and rising as in colic1 and failing in appetite1 no time should be lost in giving relief by an ounce dose of castor oil1 assisting its action by injections of soapsuds or oil4 ,whatever meconium is within reach of the finger should be carefully removed4 ,it is also important to give the cow a sloppy1 laxative diet4 ,,indigestion4 ,this may occur from many different causes1 as costiveness2 a too liberal supply of milk2 milk too rich2 the furnishing of the milk of a cow long after calving to a very young calf2 allowing a calf to suck the first milk of a cow that has been hunted1 driven by road1 shipped by rail1 or otherwise violently excited2 allowing the calf too long time between meals1 so that impelled by hunger it quickly overloads and clogs the stomach2 feeding from the pail milk that has been held over in unwashed 7unscalded7 buckets1 so that it is fermented and spoiled2 feeding the milk of cows kept on unwholesome feed2 keeping the calves in cold1 damp1 dark1 filthy1 or bad-smelling pens2 feeding the calves on artificial mixtures containing too much starchy matter2 or overfeeding the calves on artificial feed that may be appropriate enough in smaller quantity4 ,the licking of hair from themselves or others and its formation into balls in the stomach will cause obstinate indigestion in the calf4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are dullness1 indisposition to move1 uneasiness1 eructations of gas from the stomach1 sour breath1 entire loss of appetite1 lying down and rising as if in pain1 fullness of the abdomen1 which gives out a drumlike sound when tapped with the fingers4 ,the costiveness may be marked at first1 but soon it gives place to diarrhea1 by which the offensive matters may be carried off and health restored4 ,in other cases it becomes aggravated1 merges into inflammation of the bowels1 fever sets in1 and the calf gradually sinks4 ,prevention4--,prevention consists in avoiding the causes enumerated above or any others that may be detected4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in first clearing away the irritant present in the bowels4 ,for this purpose #a or #b ounces of castor oil with #bj drops of laudanum may be given1 and if the sour eructations are marked a tablespoonful of limewater or one-fourth ounce calcined magnesia may be given and repeated two or three times a day4 ,if the disorder continues after the removal of the irritant1 a large tablespoonful of rennet1 or #cj grains of pepsin1 may be given at each meal along with a teaspoonful of tincture of gentian4 ,any return of constipation must be treated by injections of warm water and soap1 while the persistence of diarrhea must be met as advised under the discussion following this4 ,in case of the formation of loose hair balls inclosing milk undergoing putrid fermentation1 temporary benefit may be obtained by giving a tablespoonful of vegetable charcoal three or four times a day1 but the only real remedy is to cut the paunch open and extract them4 ,at this early age they may be found in the third or even the fourth stomach2 in the adult they are confined to the first two and are comparatively harmless4 ,,diarrhea 7,,scouring7 ,,in ,,calves 7,,simple ,,and ,,contagious74 ,as stated in the last article1 scouring is a common result of indigestion1 and at first may be nothing more than an attempt of nature to relieve the stomach and bowels of offensive and irritating contents4 ,as the indigestion persists1 however1 the fermentations going on in the undigested masses become steadily more complex and active1 and what was at first the mere result of irritation or suspended digestion comes to be a genuine contagious disease1 in which the organized ferments 7bacteria7 propagate the affection from animal to animal and from herd to herd4 ,more than once ,i have seen such epizootic diarrhea start on the headwaters of a creek and1 traveling along that stream1 follow the watershed and attack the herds supplied with water from the contaminated channel4 ,in the same way the disease1 once started in a cow stable1 is liable to persist for years1 or until the building has been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected4 ,it may be carried into a healthy stable by the introduction of a cow brought from an infected stable when she is closely approaching calving4 ,another method of its introduction is by the purchase of a calf from a herd where the infection exists4 ,in enumerating the other causes of this disease we may refer to those noted above as inducing indigestion4 ,as a primary consideration any condition which lowers the vitality or vigor of the calf must be accorded a prominent place among factors which1 apart from contagion1 contribute to start the disease de novo4 ,other things being equal1 the strong1 vigorous races are the least predisposed to the malady1 and in this respect the compact form1 the healthy coat1 the clear eye1 and the bold1 active carriage are desirable4 ,even the color of the hair is not unimportant1 as in the same herd ,i have found a far greater number of victims among the light colors 7light yellow1 light brown7 than among those of a darker tint4 ,this constitutional predisposition to indigestion and diarrhea is sometimes fostered by too close breeding1 without taking due account of the maintenance of a robust constitution2 hence animals that are very much inbred need to be especially observed and cared for unless their inherent vigor has been thoroughly attested4 ,the surroundings of the calf are powerful influences4 ,calves kept indoors suffer to a greater extent than those running in the open air and having the invigorating influences of sunshine1 pure air1 and exercise2 close1 crowded1 filthy1 bad-smelling buildings are especially causative of the complaint4 ,the presence in the air of carbon dioxid1 the product of breathing1 and of the fetid1 gaseous products of decomposing dung and urine diminish by about one-fourth of their volume the life-giving oxygen and in the same ratio hinder the aeration of the blood and the maintenance of vigorous health4 ,worse than this1 such fetid gases are usually direct poisons to the animal breathing them2 for example1 sulphureted hydrogen 7hydrogen sulphid #b ,,sh#b7 and various alkaloids 7ptomaines7 and toxins 7neutral poisonous principles7 produced in the filth fermentations4 ,these lower the general health and stamina1 impair digestion1 and by leading to the accumulation in stomach and bowels of undigested materials they lay the foundation for offensive fermentations within these organs and consequent irritation1 poisoning1 and diarrhea4 ,they further weaken the system so that it can no longer resist and overcome the trouble4 ,the condition of the nursing cow and her milk is another potent cause of trouble4 ,the feed of the cow is important4 ,the influence of this is shown in the following tables3 ,influence of feed on milk4 7,from ,becquerel and ,vernois47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,casein ,character of feed4 ,water4 and ,milk extractive sugar4 ,butter4 ,salts4 matter4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,parts ,parts ,parts ,parts ,parts in #a1jjj in #a1jjj;in #a1jjj;in #a1jjj;in #a1jjj ,cows on winter feed3 ,trefoil or lucern1 #ab-ac pounds2 oat straw1 #i-aj pounds2 beets1 #g pounds2 water1 #b buckets #hga4bf #dg4ha #cc4dg #db4jg #e4cd ,cows on summer feed3 ,green trefoil1 lucern1 maize1 barley1 grass1 #b buckets water #hei4ef #ed4gj #cf4ch #db4gf #f4hj ,goat's milk on different feed3 ,on straw and trefoil #heh4fh #dg4ch #ce4dg #eb4ed #e4ic ,on beets #hhh4gg #cc4ha #ch4jb #cc4fh #e4gb ,normal mean #hdd4ij #ce4ad #cf4ij #ef4hg #f4ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,in these examples the deterioration of the milk in casein on the less nutritious winter feeding is very marked1 although the relative quantity of butter remains almost unchanged4 ,in the case of the goat the result is even more striking1 the beet diet giving a very large decrease of both casein and butter and an increase of milk sugar4 ,the second table following1 condensed from the ,iowa ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,bulletin1 gives the results in butter and total solids when the same cows were fed on different rations in succession4 ,each cow was fed a daily ration of #ab pounds corn fodder and #d pounds clover hay1 besides the test diet of 7#a7 #ab-a_/d pounds corn-and-cob meal1 and 7#b7 #aj pounds sugar meal--a product of the glucose manufacture4 ,this special feed was given seven days before the commencement of each test period to obviate the effects of transition4 ,the analyses of the special rations are given below3 ,analyses of special rations4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,constituents4 ,corn-and-cob ,sugar meal4 meal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,moisture #ac4cg #f4aj ,salts #a4dc #a4ag ,fat #b4ha #aa4af ,carbohydrates 7heat formers74 #fe4ii #eb4ff ,woody fiber #h4jc #h4fd ,proteids 7flesh formers7 #h4cg #bj4bg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,the great excess of fat and nitrogenous or flesh-forming principles in the sugar meal is very evident4 ,influence of feed on milk4 7,iowa station47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,ratio of fat ,animal4 ,milk4 ,fat4,solids4 ,fat4 ,solids4to solids not fat4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pounds,pct ,pct ,pounds,pounds ,grade ,shorthorn cow3 ,first period1 #ba days1 corn-and-cob meal #fca4bec4dc #aa4eg #ba4fg #gc4jb #dbb4j3a1jjj ,second period1 #ba days sugar meal #fda4ejd4jd #ab4ec #be4ic #hc4ch #dgf4b3a1jjj ,third period1 #ba days1 corn-and-cob meal #eei4jjc4bb #aa4hf #ag4ig #ff4cb #cga4g3a1jjj ,grade ,shorthorn cow3 ,first period1 #ba days1 corn-and-cob meal #fjd4gec4eg #aa4ie #ba4ef #gb4bh #dbe4a3a1jjj ,second period1 #ba days sugar meal #ehb4jjc4ia #ab4cg #bb4gd #gb4eg #def4c3a1jjj ,third period1 #ba days1 corn-and-cob meal #ebg4jjc4cg #ab4je #ag4gh #fc4dh #chi4a3a1jjj ,grade ,shorthorn cow3 ,first period1 #ba days1 sugar meal #gec4ejc4ig #ab4dc #bi4id #ic4fg #dfi4h3a1jjj ,second period1 #ba days corn-and-cob meal #fja4ejc4ae #aa4de #ah4ig #fh4hi #chj4j3a1jjj ,third period1 #ba days1 sugar meal #efj4ejc4he #ab4af #ba4eh #fh4af #dfc4c3a1jjj ,grade ,holstein cow3 ,first period1 #ba days1 sugar meal #dhg4ejd4ae #ac4bg #bj4be #fd4fi #dee4f3a1jjj ,second period1 #ba days corn-and-cob meal #cgi4jjc4ea #ab4fi #ac4cj #dh4ji #chb4c3a1jjj ,third period1 #ba days1 sugar meal #cgd4ejc4gb #ac4ja #ac4ie #dh4gd #dja4j3a1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,here we see in every instance a marked relative increase of the butter1 and to a less extent of the other milk solids whenever the sugar meal--rich in fat and albuminoids--was furnished4 ,the opposite theory having been largely taught1 it becomes needful thus to sustain the old and well-founded belief of the dairymen4 ,not only does the richness of the milk vary with the nature of the food1 but it varies also according to the time of the day when it is drawn1 the morning milk giving #g-a_/b per cent of cream and the evening milk #i-a_/b per cent 7,hassall74 ,boedecker found that the morning milk had #aj per cent of solids1 while the evening milk had #ac per cent4 ,again1 the milk first drawn at any milking is always poorer than the last drawn4 ,the first may have only one-half1 or in extreme cases one-fourth1 the cream of the last4 ,once more1 when the cow is in heat the milk becomes richer in solids 7casein and butter71 and contains granular and white blood cells like the colostrum1 and often disagrees with the young animal living on it4 ,now1 while these various modifications in the amount of solid matters may prove harmless to a strong and vigorous calf1 they can easily be the occasion of intestinal disorder in a weaker one1 or in one with health already somewhat impaired by sickness1 exposure1 or unwholesome buildings4 ,the casein of the cow's milk coagulates in one solid mass1 and is much less easily penetrated by the digesting fluids than the fine1 flaky coagula of woman's or mare's milk4 ,an excess of casein1 therefore1 thrown on an already overtaxed stomach can all the more readily induce disorder4 ,so it is with butter fat4 ,while a most important element in nutrition1 it may be present in the stomach in such quantity as to interfere with the action of the gastric juice on the casein1 and with the interruption of the natural stomach digestion the fats themselves undergo decomposition with the production of offensive and irritating fatty acids4 ,the milk of the very young cow is usually more watery than that of the mature animal1 and that of the old cow has a greater liability to become acid4 ,it varies much with the breed1 the ,channel ,island cattle being notorious for the relatively large quantity of cream1 while the ,holsteins1 ,ayrshires1 and ,shorthorns are remarkable rather for the quantity of casein4 ,the milk of cows fed on potatoes and grass is very poor and watery2 that from cows fed on cabbage or ,swedish turnips has a disagreeable taste and odor 7from the former an offensive liquid has been distilled74 ,cows fed on overkept1 fermented1 and soured rations have acid milk1 which readily turns and coagulates4 ,thus old1 long-kept brewer's grains1 swill1 the refuse of glucose factories1 and ensilage which has been put up too green all act in this way4 ,the same may come from disease in the cow's udder1 or any general disease of the cow with attendant fever1 and in all such cases the tendency is to rapid change and unwholesomeness4 ,if the milk is drawn and fed from a pail1 there is the added danger of all sorts of poisonous ferments getting into it and multiplying2 it may be from the imperfect cleansing and scalding of the pail2 from rinsing the pails with water that is impure2 from the entrance of bacterial ferments floating in the filthy atmosphere of the stable1 or from the entrance of the volatile chemical products of fermentation4 ,in addition to the dangers coming through the milk1 the calf suffers in its digestive powers from any temporary illness1 and among others from the excitement attendant on the cutting of teeth1 and impaired digestion means fermentations in the undigested masses and the excessive production of poisonous ptomaines and toxins4 ,whatever may be the starting or predisposing cause of this malady1 when once established it is liable to perpetuate itself by contagion and to prove a veritable plague in a herd or a district4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of a diarrhea may appear so promptly after birth as to lead to the idea that the cause already existed in the body of the calf1 and it usually shows itself before the end of the second week4 ,it may be preceded by constipation1 as in retained meconium1 or by fetid eructations and colicky pains1 as in acute indigestion4 ,the tail is stained by the liquid dejections1 which are at first simply soft and mixed with mucus with a sour odor1 accompanied with a peculiar and characteristic fetor 7suggesting rotten cheese71 which continually grows worse4 ,the quantity of water and mucus steadily increases1 the normal predominance of fatty matters becoming modified by the presence of considerable undigested casein1 which is not present in the normal feces1 and in acute cases death may result in one or two days from the combined drain on the system and the poisoning by the absorbed products of the decomposition in the stomach and bowels4 ,when the case is prolonged the passages1 at first #e or #f a day1 increase to #ae or #bj1 and pass with more and more straining1 so that they are projected from the animal in a liquid stream4 ,the color of the feces1 at first yellow1 becomes a lighter grayish yellow or a dirty white 7hence the name white scour71 and the fetor becomes intolerable4 ,at first the calf retains its appetite1 but as the severity of the disease increases the animal shows less and less disposition to suck1 and has lost all vivacity1 lying dull and listless1 and1 when raised1 walking weakly and unsteadily4 ,flesh is lost rapidly1 the hair stands erect1 the skin gets dry and scurfy1 the nose is dry and hot1 or this condition alternates with a moist and cool one4 ,by this time the mouth and skin1 as well as the breath and dung1 exhale the peculiar1 penetrating1 sour1 offensive odor1 and the poor calf has become an object of disgust to all that approach it4 ,at first1 and unless inflammation of the stomach and bowels supervenes 7and unless the affection has started in indigestion and colic71 the belly is not bloated or painful on pressure1 symptoms of acute colicky pains are absent1 and the bowels do not rumble2 neither are bubbles of gas mingled with the feces4 ,the irritant products of the intestinal fermentations may1 however1 irritate and excoriate the skin around the anus1 which becomes red1 raw1 and broken out in sores for some distance4 ,similarly the rectum1 exposed by reason of the relaxed condition of the anus1 or temporarily in straining to pass the liquid dejection1 is of a more or less deep red1 and it may be ulcerated4 ,fever1 with rapid pulse and increased breathing and temperature1 usually comes on with the very fetid character of the feces and is more pronounced as the bowels become inflamed1 the abdomen sore to the touch and tucked up1 and the feces more watery and even mixed with blood4 ,prevention4--,the prevention of these cases is the prevention of constipation and indigestion1 with all their varied causes as above enumerated1 the selection of a strong1 vigorous stock1 and1 above all1 the combating of contagion1 especially in the separation of the sick from the healthy1 and in the thorough purification and disinfection of the buildings4 ,the cleansing and sweetening of all drains1 the removal of dung heaps1 and the washing and scraping of floors and walls1 followed by a liberal application of chlorid of lime 7bleaching powder71 #d ounces to the gallon1 are indicated4 ,great care must be exercised in the feeding of the cow to have sound and wholesome feed and water1 so apportioned as to make the milk neither too rich nor too poor1 and to her health1 so that the calf may be saved from the evil consequences of poisonous principles that may be produced in the body of the cow4 ,the calves should be carefully kept apart from all calving cows and their discharges4 ,similarly each calf must have special attention to see that its nurse gives milk which agrees with it1 and that this is furnished at suitable times4 ,if allowed to suck1 it should either be left with the cow or be fed three times a day4 ,if it becomes hungry twice a day1 it is more liable to overload and derange the stomach1 and if left too long hungry it is tempted to take in unsuitable and unwholesome feed1 for which its stomach is as yet unprepared4 ,so1 if fed from the pail1 it is safer to do so three times daily than twice4 ,there should be the utmost cleanliness of feeding dishes1 and the feeder must be ever on the alert to prevent the strong and hungry from drinking the milk of the weaker in addition to their own4 ,in case the cow nurse has been subjected to any great excitement by reason of travel1 hunting1 or carrying1 the first milk she yields thereafter should be used for some other purpose and only the second allowed to the calf4 ,indeed1 one and all of the conditions indicated above as causes should be judiciously guarded against4 ,treatment4--,treatment varies according to the nature and stage of the disease4 ,when the disease is not widespread1 but isolated cases only occur1 it may be assumed to be a simple diarrhea and is easily dealt with4 ,the first object is to remove the irritant matter from stomach and bowels1 and for this #a or #b ounces of castor oil may be given1 according to the size of the calf4 ,reduce the milk by one-half or two-thirds4 ,if the stools smell particularly sour1 the milk may be replaced by #a ounce calcined magnesia1 and in any case a tablespoonful or two of limewater must be given with each meal4 ,great harm is often done by giving opium and astringents at the outset4 ,these serve merely to bind up the bowels and retain the irritant source of the trouble2 literally1 to shut up the wolf in the sheep-fold4 ,when the offending agents have been expelled in this way1 carminatives and demulcent agents may be given--#a dram of anise water1 #a dram nitrate of bismuth1 and #a dram of gum arabic1 three times a day4 ,under such course the consistency of the stools should increase until in a day or two they become natural4 ,if1 however1 the outbreak is more general and evidently the result of contagion1 the first consideration is to remove all sources of such contamination4 ,test the milk of the cow with blue litmus paper2 if it reddens1 reject the milk until by sound1 dry feeding1 with perhaps a course of hyposulphite of soda and gentian root1 the milk is made alkaline4 ,the castor oil or magnesia will be demanded to clear away the 7now infecting7 irritants1 but they should be combined with antiseptics1 and1 while the limewater and the carminative mixture may still be used1 a most valuable addition will be found in the following3 ,calomel1 #aj grains2 prepared chalk1 #a ounce2 creosote1 #a teaspoonful2 mix1 divide into #aj parts1 and give one four times a day4 ,or the following may be given four times a day3 ,one dram ,dover's powder1 #f grains powdered ipecacuanha2 mix1 divide into #aj equal parts4 ,injections of solutions of gum arabic are often useful1 and if the anus is red and excoriated1 one-half dram of copperas may be added to each pint of the gummy solution4 ,all the milk given must be boiled1 and if that does not agree1 eggs made into an emulsion with barley water may be substituted4 ,as the feces lose their watery character and become more consistent1 tincture of gentian in doses of #b teaspoonfuls may be given three or four times a day4 ,counter-irritants1 such as mustard1 ammonia1 or oil of turpentine1 may be rubbed on the abdomen when it becomes tender to the touch4 ,,acute ,,contagious ,,scouring ,,in ,,the ,,newborn4 ,the most violent and deadly form of diarrhea in the newborn calf deserves a special mention4 ,this may appear immediately after birth1 and shows itself almost invariably within the first or second day4 ,the most intense symptoms of white scour are complicated by great dullness1 weakness1 and prostration1 sunken eyes1 retracted belly1 short1 hurried breathing1 and very low temperature1 the calf lying on its side1 with the head resting on the ground1 lethargic and unconscious or regardless of all around it4 ,the bowel discharges are profuse1 yellowish white1 and very offensive4 ,as a rule death ensues within #bd to #cf hours4 ,a marked characteristic of this form of illness is that it attacks almost every calf born in the herd1 or in the building1 rather1 and if the calf escapes an attack in the first two or three days of its life it usually survives4 ,those that recover from an attack1 however1 are liable one or two weeks later to suffer from an infective inflammation of the lungs4 ,the infection clings to a stable for years1 in many cases rendering it impossible to preserve and raise the calves4 ,it has frequently coincided with abortions and failures to conceive in the same herd1 so that it has been thought that the same infective germ produces one type of abortion4 ,on the other hand1 the removal of the calving cow from the herd to calve in a separate building1 hitherto unused and therefore uninfected1 usually effects the escape and survival of the offspring4 ,the disease has been traced by ,nocard and ,lignires to a small bacillus having the general characters of those that produce hemorrhagic septicemia1 which is usually combined with a variety of others1 but is in some cases alone and in pure culture1 especially in the joints4 ,the theory of ,lignires is that this bacillus is the primary offender1 and that once introduced it so depresses the vital powers of the system and tissue cells that the healthy resistance to other bacteria is impaired or suspended1 and hence the general and deadly invasion of the latter4 ,inoculations with this bacillus killed guinea pigs or rabbits in #f to #ah hours1 and calves in #cj hours1 with symptoms and lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia1 including profuse fetid diarrhea4 ,the predominance of the early and deadly lesions in the alimentary tract would seem to imply infection through the feed1 and the promptitude of the attack after birth1 together with the frequent coincidence of contagious abortion in the herd1 suggest the presence of the germ in the cow2 yet the escape of the calf when the cow calves in a fresh building is equally suggestive of the infection through germs laid up in the building4 ,this conclusion is further sustained by the observation that the bacillus evidently enters by the raw1 unhealed navel1 that it is diffused in the blood1 and that a very careful preservation of the navel against infection gives immunity from attack4 ,prevention4--,the disease is so certainly and speedily fatal that it is hopeless to expect recovery1 and therefore prevention is the rational resort4 ,when a herd is small1 the removal of the dam to a clean1 unused stable a few days before calving and her retention there for a week usually succeeds4 ,it is in the large herd that the disease is mainly to be dreaded1 however1 and in this it is impossible to furnish new and pure stables for each successive group of two or three calving cows4 ,the thorough disinfection of the general stable ought to succeed1 yet ,i have seen the cleanest and purest stable repeatedly disinfected with corrosive sublimate without stopping the malady4 ,it would appear as if the germ lodged on the surface or in the bowels of the cow and tided the infection over the period of stable disinfection4 ,though insufficient of themselves1 the supply of separate calving boxes and the frequent thorough cleaning and disinfection of both these and the stables should not be neglected4 ,the most important measure1 however1 is the disinfection of the navel4 ,the cow should be furnished with abundance of dry1 clean bedding1 sprinkled with a solution of carbolic acid4 ,as soon as calving sets in the tail and hips and anus and vulva should be sponged with a carbolic-acid solution 7one-half ounce to the quart71 and the vagina injected with a weaker solution 7#b drams to the quart74 ,fresh carbolized bedding should be constantly supplied1 so that the calf may be dropped on that and not on soaked litter nor manure4 ,the navel string should be at once tied with a cord that has been taken from a strong solution of carbolic acid4 ,the stump of the cord and the adjacent skin should then be washed with the following solution3 ,iodin1 one-half dram2 iodid of potassium1 one-half dram2 water1 #a quart4 ,when dry it may be covered with a coating of collodion or tar1 each containing #a per cent of iodin4 ,whenever a calf shows any sign of scouring it should be instantly removed to another pen and building1 and the vacated one should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected4 ,different attendants should take care of the sound calves and the infected ones1 and all utensils1 litter1 etc41 kept scrupulously apart4 ,after one week the healthy calves may usually be safely herded together1 or they may be safely placed in the cow stable4 ,,other ,,ailments ,,of ,,the ,,calf4 ,among these may be named several congenital imperfections1 such as imperforate anus1 vulva1 or prepuce1 which are to be recognized by the inability to pass dung or urine1 in spite of straining1 and the formation of swellings in the anus1 vulva1 or sheath4 ,each must be carefully incised with the knife1 taking care not to injure the muscles which circumscribe the respective openings2 also tongue-tie1 in which the thin1 flaccid1 mucous membrane passing from the median line of the lower surface of the tongue binds the latter too closely to the floor of the mouth and renders the tongue unfit for gathering in the food in after life4 ,this must be cut with knife or scissors1 so as to give the tongue a reasonable degree of liberty4 ,,aphtha1 or ,,thrush1 is another trouble of the sucking calf1 showing itself as a white1 curdy elevation on the tongue1 lips1 cheeks1 or gums1 and when detached leaving a raw1 red1 angry surface4 ,it is due to the growth of a vegetable parasite long recognized as the ,odium albicans 7,saccharomyces albicans74 ,it is easily removed by rubbing with powdered borax1 but inasmuch as other colonies are liable to start either in the mouth or in the pharynx1 gullet1 or stomach1 it is well to give a dose of one-half dram of hyposulphite of soda in water day by day for several days4 ,,rickets is not a common disease in calves1 and comes on1 if at all1 later than those we have been considering4 ,it consists in softening and friability of the bones from a deficiency of lime salts1 and appears to be mainly connected with an inherited weakness of constitution1 unsuitable feeding1 cold1 close1 damp buildings1 microbian infection1 and other conditions inimical to health4 ,the prevention and treatment of rickets consists essentially in the improvement of the digestion and general health2 hence sunshine1 open air1 exercise1 nourishing food1 and tonics are indicated4 7,see p4 #bfg47 ,,bones3 ,,diseases ,,and ,,accidents4 ,by ,v4 ,t4 ,,atkinson1 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,some knowledge of the skeleton is advisable to facilitate the study of diseases of bones and the accidental injuries to which they are exposed4 ,the skeleton of the adult ox is made up of the following number of bones3 ,spinal column #de ,head #bh ,chest #bg ,shoulder #b-- #a on each side4 ,arm #b-- #a on each side4 ,forearm #d-- #b on each side4 ,forefoot #dj--bj on each side4 ,pelvis #b-- #a on each side4 ,thigh #b-- #a on each side4 ,leg #f-- #c on each side4 ,hind foot #ch--ai on each side4 ---- ,total #aif ,without attempting to burden the reader with the technical names and a scientific classification of each1 it appears desirable to describe some of the characteristics of forms in general and of a few classes into which they may be divided1 leaving the special study of individual bones to the illustrations of the skeleton 7,pl4 ,,xxv71 which will serve better than a great deal of writing to fix in the mind of the reader the location1 relation1 and function of each one4 ,in early fetal life the place of bone is supplied by temporary cartilage1 which gradually changes to bone4 ,for convenience of study1 bones may be said to be composed of a form of dense connective tissue impregnated with lime salts and to contain two elementary constituents--the organic or animal and the inorganic or earthy4 ,in young animals the former predominates2 with increasing years the relative proportions of the two change1 so that when advanced age is reached the proportion of inorganic far exceeds the organic4 ,the gradual change with advancing years from organic to inorganic has the effect of rendering the bone harder and more brittle1 and though it is stronger1 the reparative process is slower when injury does occur4 ,the bones are nourished in two ways3 ,first1 from the outside through their covering1 called the periosteum--the thin1 strong membrane that covers every part of the bone except the articular surface of the joints2 and1 second1 from within through the minute branches of blood vessels which pass into the bones through holes 7foramina7 on their surface and are distributed in the soft structure 7medulla7 of the inside4 ,the structure of the bone is divided into two parts--the compact or hard material of the outside1 which gives strength and is more abundant in the shafts of long bones1 and the cancellated1 softer tissue of the inside1 which affords accommodation to the blood vessels necessary for the nourishment of that part of the structure4 ,in shape1 bones are divided into three classes--long1 flat1 and short4 ,the long bones are the ribs and those mostly found in the limbs2 the flat bones are found in the head1 the shoulder1 and the pelvis2 the short bones in the spinal column and in the lower portions of the limbs4 ,with this little introduction1 which seems almost indispensable1 we will proceed at once to the consideration of diseases of bones1 for they undergo disease processes like any other living tissue4 ,,osteitis4 ,inflammation of the compact structure of bones 7osteitis7 may be either acute or chronic1 and may involve the whole extent of the bone affected or may be confined to only a portion of it4 ,this inflammation results from injury1 such as concussion1 laceration1 or a crushing bruise2 also from specific influences1 as in actinomycosis 7lumpy jaw7 or cases of foul foot4 ,the latter affection frequently involves the bones1 and for this reason the pastern is the most frequent seat of osteitis4 ,there is dull pain on pressure and a painful swelling of bone when pus is present4 ,suppuration may involve the overlying soft tissues1 causing an abscess1 which may finally break through the skin4 ,the inflammatory condition sometimes assumes an ulcerated form 7caries7 or from interrupted nutrition of the part deprived of the blood necessary to its nourishment may cause death of a large section of bone 7necrosis72 this dead fragment 7sequestrum71 becoming separated from the main portion of bone1 acts as a foreign body4 ,treatment4--,this consists in resting the affected part and in giving vent at the earliest possible moment to whatever pus may be present4 ,free drainage should then be maintained4 ,apply dressings of lactic acid or inject with #e per cent zinc-chlorid solution and pack with tampons of cotton soaked in antiseptic solutions4 ,a laxative to keep the bowels moving freely is the only internal treatment necessary4 ,,periostitis4 ,this disease is an inflammation of the external covering of bone 7periosteum7 and is usually produced by wounds1 pressure1 or crushing the part4 ,the periosteum is well supplied with sensitive nerve endings and when inflamed is very sensitive to pressure and may cause lameness4 ,this condition is often difficult to determine1 and even an acute observer may fail to locate the point of its existence4 ,there are three forms of periostitis--aseptic1 purulent1 and fibrous4 ,,aseptic ,,periostitis when it becomes chronic causes such a bony enlargement 7exostosis7 as is seen in the callous formation following the fracture of a bone4 ,the formation of such a tumor or enlargement on the surface of a bone is liable to occur in any part of the bone covered with periosteum1 and when found near a joint involving two or more bones it is liable to result in their union 7anchylosis74 ,treatment4--,applications of cold water to check the inflammatory processes is indicated for the first few days in aseptic periostitis1 followed by hot fomentations to hurry resorption of fluids4 ,massage should then be given with camphor ointment1 mercurial ointment1 soap liniment1 or ,lugol's solution4 ,in the chronic form point firing or a biniodid-of-mercury blister will be found beneficial4 ,,purulent ,,periostitis follows wounds which reach the periosteum and become infected1 as observed in compound fractures1 or it may result from advancing purulent conditions in neighboring structures1 as in foul foot4 ,it may also occur in the course of an infectious disease1 when small abscesses are formed under the periosteum 7subperiosteal abscess74 ,it may lead to necrosis of the bone or a fistulous tract from the bone to the surface4 ,there is usually much pain and fever1 and the odor from the wound is offensive4 ,treatment4--,in this form of periostitis the periosteum should be freely incised1 followed either by continuous irrigation or frequent injection of the wound with antiseptic solutions4 ,,fibrous ,,periostitis4--,this form of the disease consists in the thickening of the outer layer of the periosteum from the inflammation reaching it from neighboring structures4 ,this newly formed fibrous tissue may become ossified or may transmit the inflammation to the deeper bony structures4 ,it is frequently seen in cases in which there has been an intense inflammation of the skin close to an underlying bone4 ,treatment4--,the treatment should be the same as that recommended for aseptic periostitis4 ,,osteomyelitis4 ,this term refers to an inflammation of the bone marrow1 which is most commonly seen following the bacterial infection of a compound fracture and usually results in pus formation4 ,the bone is melted away and pus escapes from the bone under the periosteum1 involving the soft tissues4 ,it is principally confined to the long bones and seldom affects more than one4 ,treatment4--,the bone should be opened for the purpose of curetting out the diseased portion of the marrow cavity and removing all the necrotic pieces of bone4 ,this should be undertaken only by a competent veterinarian4 ,the after-treatment consists in tamponing the wound with pledgets of iodoform gauze or a mixture of iodoform #a part and glycerin #d parts4 ,the wound in the soft tissue should be kept open until the cavity in the bone has filled with granulation tissue4 ,,rickets4 ,this disease1 also called rachitis1 is an inflammatory affection of young1 growing bones1 and mostly involves the ribs and long bones of the legs4 ,it consists in a failure of the organism to deposit lime salts in bone1 and for this reason the bones do not ossify so rapidly as they should4 ,the cartilaginous ends of the bones grow rapidly1 but ossification does not keep pace with it4 ,the bones become long and their ends bend at the joints1 the legs become crooked1 and the joints are large and irregular4 ,all the bones affected with this disease are thicker than normal1 and the gait of the animal is stiff and painful4 ,a row of bony enlargements may be found where the ribs articulate with the cartilages connecting them with the breastbone and is called the beaded line4 ,a catarrhal condition of the digestive tract is usually observed4 ,the disease may result from an inherited weakness of constitution1 poor hygienic surroundings1 or improper diet4 ,calves and foals are less frequently affected with rickets than dogs and pigs4 ,treatment4--,the affected animal should have nourishing feed containing a proper quantity of lime salts4 ,outdoor exercise and plenty of fresh air are indispensable4 ,limewater should be given once daily for drinking purposes and ground bone meal mixed with the food4 ,phosphorus1 one-fortieth of a grain1 and calcium phosphate1 #a dram1 given twice daily to a #b-month-old calf1 and proportionally increased for older animals1 has proved efficacious in this disease4 ,in some cases the long bones of the limbs are too weak at birth to support the weight of the animal1 and temporary splints1 carefully padded and wrapped on with some soft bandages1 become necessary4 ,,osteomalacia 7,,creeps74 ,this is a condition of bone brittleness or softening of bone found usually in adult life4 ,it consists in the decalcification of mature bone1 with the advancing diminution of the compact portion of bone by absorption4 ,the periosteum strips very easily from the bone4 ,this disease is seen in milch cows during the period of heavy lactation or in the later stages of pregnancy1 and the greater the yield of milk the more rapid the progress of the disease4 ,heifers with their first calves are frequently affected1 as these animals require a considerable quantity of mineral salts for their own growth and for the nourishment of their offspring4 ,symptoms4--,in marked cases there is a gradual emaciation and symptoms of gastrointestinal catarrh1 with depraved appetite1 the animal eating manure1 decayed wood1 dirt1 leather1 etc4 ,muscular weakness is prominent1 together with muscle tremors1 which simulate chills1 but are not accompanied with any rise of temperature4 ,the animal has a stiff1 laborious gait2 there is pain and swelling of the joints1 and constant shifting of the weight from one leg to another4 ,the restricted movements of the joints are frequently accompanied with a crackling sound1 which has caused the name of creeps to be applied to the disease4 ,the coat is dull and rough and the skin dry and hidebound4 ,the animal is subject to frequent sprains or fracture of bones without apparent cause1 as in lying down or turning around1 and when such fractures occur they are difficult to unite4 ,the bones principally involved are the upper bones of the legs1 the haunch bone1 and the middle bones of the spinal column4 ,the disease in this country is confined to localized areas in the ,southwest1 known as the alkali districts1 and in the old dairy sections of ,new ,york ,state4 ,the cause of this affection is the insufficiency of lime salts in the food1 also to feeding hay of low1 damp pastures1 kitchen slops1 and potatoes1 or to overstocking lands4 ,it occurs on old1 worn-out soil poor in lime salts1 and has also been observed to follow a dry season4 ,treatment4--,this should consist in a change of feed and the artificial feeding of lime salts1 such as magnesium and sodium phosphate4 ,feed rich in mineral salts may be given1 such as beans1 cowpeas1 oats1 cottonseed meal1 or wheat bran4 ,cottonseed meal is one of the best feeds for this purpose1 but it should be fed carefully1 as too large quantities of it are injurious to cows4 ,phosphorus may also be given in one-fourth grain doses twice daily1 together with a tablespoonful of powdered bone meal or crude calcium phosphate at each meal4 ,ordinary lime dissolved in drinking water 7limewater7 will also be found efficacious in combating this disease1 and can be provided at slight expense4 ,a change of pasture to a locality where the disease is unknown and a free supply of common salt and bone meal will be the most convenient method of treating range cattle4 ,,sprains4 ,the most common accident occurring to bones and joints is a sprain of the ligaments uniting the bones1 or the tendons uniting the muscles and bones4 ,a sprain is the result of a sudden forcing of a joint in an unnatural direction1 or1 if in a natural direction1 beyond the power of the ligament or tendon to restrain it properly1 so that part of the fibers of either are ruptured4 ,when such an accident occurs pain is immediately inflicted1 varying in degree with the extent of the injury1 which is soon followed by swelling1 with more or less heat and tenderness4 ,if the seat of the injury be in any of the limbs1 lameness is likely to result4 ,of the causes of sprain1 slipping on ice or a wet floor1 playing1 and fighting with another animal are the most common4 ,,sprain ,,of ,,the ,,shoulder ,,joint4--,this is liable to occur from any of the causes mentioned above or from the animal slipping suddenly into a rut or hole4 ,when such an accident occurs1 sudden lameness will attract attention4 ,the animal will be noticed to drag the leg when walking and to carry it in a circular direction1 outward and forward1 at each step4 ,the leg should be carefully examined1 pressure over the joint causing the animal to evince pain4 ,if the person making the examination is in doubt1 it is well to make a comparison between the shoulders by pressing first on one and then the other4 ,after such an accident the animal should be tied up so as to limit so far as possible the use of the injured joint4 ,soft feed should be given with a view of keeping the bowels acting freely4 ,treatment4--,during the first three days the treatment should consist of cold-water irrigation to check the inflammation and relieve the pain4 ,hot fomentations may then be applied to hasten the absorption of the inflammatory fluids4 ,when the pain has somewhat abated1 equal parts of mercurial ointment and green soap may be rubbed into the swollen tissue4 ,should lameness continue after the tenth day1 good results will be obtained from the application of a blister4 ,this may be done by carefully clipping off the hair over the joint1 including a surface of #d or #e inches in circumference1 and rubbing in the following preparation3 ,powdered cantharides dram #a ,biniodid of mercury do #a ,vaseline ounce #a ,the animal's head should be carefully tied until the third day1 to prevent its licking the blister4 ,the blistered surface should then be smeared with lard or vaseline every other day until the scabs fall off4 ,gentle exercise should be allowed after the fourth or fifth day from the application of the blister4 ,if the lameness still remains the blister may be repeated in three weeks or a month4 ,,sprain ,,of ,,the ,,fetlock4--,this may occur from misstep when the animal is moving rapidly1 and the twisting or wrenching of the foot is sufficient to rupture partially the ligaments which bind the bones together at that part4 ,such an accident also frequently occurs by the foot getting fastened in a hole in the floor2 the wrenching is the result of the animal's attempt to liberate it4 ,lameness1 followed by swelling of the joint and pain when it is handled1 or when the animal moves the joint1 and heat1 are the more noticeable symptoms4 ,if the sprain is very severe1 the animal occasionally does not bear its weight on the limb4 ,treatment4--,the most important consideration in the treatment of this affection is rest1 which is best enforced by keeping the animal in the stall and placing strong1 muslin bandages about the inflamed joint4 ,as in the sprain of the shoulder1 cold water in the form of douches1 continuous irrigation with hose or soaking tub1 or finely chopped ice poultices are indicated for the first three days4 ,following this apply a ,priessnitz bandage#b moderately tight about the joint1 which not only conduces to rest1 but also favors absorption4 ,massage with stimulating liniments1 such as soap or camphor1 may later be applied to the affected parts4 ,if the lameness has not disappeared by the tenth day1 the blister advised for the sprain of the shoulder should be applied and the same precautions observed as to tying the animal's head and subsequent smearing with vaseline4 ,when a blister is applied in this locality1 the back part of the heel should be first filled with lard or vaseline1 and care taken to prevent any of the blistering preparation from coming in contact with the skin of that part4 ,if this precaution is not observed1 scratches may ensue and prove troublesome4 ,,sprain ,,of ,,the ,,hip4--,this is liable to result from the animal's slipping in such way as to spread the hind feet wide apart4 ,the patient goes stiff in the hind legs1 or lame in one hind leg1 walking with a straddling gait and swinging the leg outward as it is carried forward4 ,tenderness may occasionally be detected on pressure1 but owing to the heavy covering of muscles outside the joint this test is not always reliable4 ,in the acute cases give rest and cold local applications4 ,after the fourth or fifth day the blister mentioned for sprain of the shoulder may be applied with advantage1 and if this proves insufficient1 as a last resort we may fire in points over the joint4 ,,sprain ,,of ,,the ,,back4--,sprain of the back1 particularly in the region of the loins1 is not an uncommon accident among cattle4 ,it is liable to occur from the animals slipping with both hind feet sidewise so as to twist the back1 or from slipping violently backward so that great stress is thrown on the loins4 ,the patient moves with difficulty1 using the hind parts in a guarded manner1 as if afraid of causing severe pain4 ,occasionally1 if the sprain is severe1 the animal will rise with difficulty4 ,pressure on the back in the immediate region of the loins causes pain4 ,such cases may be mistaken for paralysis1 and1 in fact1 in severe cases1 during the early stages of the injury1 although the nerve supply is not interfered with1 the injury to the muscles and resulting pain is so great that the condition is almost equal to paralysis1 although liable to be attended with more favorable results4 ,hot applications1 such as blankets wrung out of hot water and changed often1 will be likely to afford relief during the earlier stages4 ,afterwards the blister mentioned for sprain of the shoulder may be applied with advantage4 ,,fractures 7,,broken ,,bones74 ,bones may be accidentally broken in many ways and from different causes4 ,fractures in general are liable to be produced by external force suddenly and violently applied1 either directly to the part or at a distance1 the force being transmitted through the stronger bones until it expends itself by breaking a weaker one remote from the seat of the injury4 ,occasionally violent contraction of muscles is sufficient to break a bone4 ,certain bones1 those of the limbs in particular1 owing to their exposed position1 are more liable to fracture than others4 ,owing to certain predisposing causes1 such as age1 habit1 or hereditary constitutional weakness1 the bones of some animals are more easily fractured than those of others4 ,the bones of an animal advanced in years are more subject to fracture because of the preponderance of inorganic matter rendering them more brittle4 ,they are also occasionally rendered liable to fracture by a previously existing diseased condition4 ,fractures are divided into four classes--partial1 simple1 compound1 and comminuted4 ,,partial ,,fractures4--,partial fractures are those which are liable to occur in a young animal in which the preponderance of animal matter or the semicartilaginous condition of the bone renders it tough1 so that even when considerable force is applied the bone bends1 breaking on the side opposite that to which the force was applied1 after the manner in which a green stick bends and breaks4 ,,simple ,,fractures4 ,simple fracture is one in which the bone is severed in two parts1 transversely1 longitudinally1 or obliquely1 without serious injury to the adjoining structures4 ,,compound ,,fractures4--,compound fracture is one in which there is an open wound permitting the air to communicate with the ends of the broken bones4 ,,comminuted ,,fractures4--,comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is shattered or divided into a number of fragments4 ,,complicated ,,fractures4--,complicated fracture is one in which other structures surrounding the bones are injured4 ,,general ,,symptoms ,,of ,,fracture4--,when a fracture of one or more of the large bones of a limb occurs1 symptoms are sure to be well marked4 ,after the accident the animal refuses to touch the foot to the ground and1 if compelled to move1 does so with great pain and reluctance4 ,there is more or less shortening of the limb1 with trembling of the muscles in the vicinity of the injury2 deformity1 and increased mobility1 so that1 instead of the natural joints of the limb and the natural1 muscular control of their motion1 a new joint1 over which the animal has no control1 is formed where the fracture occurred4 ,as the leg1 shortened by the ends of the bones being forced past one another from the muscular contraction which invariably takes place1 hangs dependent from the body it swings in an awkward and unnatural manner1 permitting the toe and foot to assume positions in their relations to other parts of the body which otherwise would be impossible4 ,if the fractured bone is so situated that the parts may be moved one upon another1 a grating sound1 known as crepitus1 will be heard4 ,,general ,,treatment ,,of ,,fractures4--,when a fracture occurs1 the advisability of attempting treatment must first be determined4 ,if the animal is young1 valuable1 and of reasonably quiet temperament1 and the fracture is not too great in extent1 the chances of recovery are fair4 ,on the other hand1 if the animal should be of little value1 irritable1 advanced in years1 and the fracture is a serious compound or comminuted one1 the wiser course would generally be to put the creature out of its misery4 ,having determined to attempt treatment1 no time should be lost in restoring the parts as nearly as possible to their natural position and retaining them there4 ,if the ends of the bones have been drawn one past the other1 they should be drawn out by firm and continuous tension1 until they again assume the position in which they were before the accident4 ,all this can better be done before the swelling 7which is sure to result7 takes place4 ,if the swelling has occurred before the injury is noticed1 do not attempt to treat it1 but proceed at once to treat the fracture as though the swelling were not present1 for no step can be taken toward recovery until the ends of the bone have been restored to their proper position4 ,when that is done and proper appliances have been used to prevent them from being again misplaced1 the swelling1 which is the result of irritation1 will be relieved4 ,in selecting the appliances to be used in the treatment of fracture the judgment and ingenuity of the operator are of much importance4 ,splints1 made of wood shaped to fit the limb and padded with soft material where they come in contact with bony prominences1 and held in position by means of bandages1 are the oldest method1 and with some are still most popular4 ,the fracture pads used in human surgery1 and for sale in surgical depots1 are very convenient4 ,after being dipped in water they may be molded to fit the limb and be retained by means of bandages4 ,heavy sole leather is also used after being soaked in warm water and molded to the shape of the limb and holes cut in it to fit over any sharp irregularities in the natural shape of the bones4 ,gutta-percha sheets are also used and answer well4 ,they are prepared and used in the same way as the leather4 ,another and perhaps the simplest of all methods is the application of a plaster-of-,paris bandage1 which is made as follows3 ,strips of thin cheesecloth #c inches wide and #h or #i feet long are laid flat on a board and on them is spread a layer of plaster of ,paris about one-eighth of an inch thick2 then1 starting at one end1 roll carefully so as to gather the plaster in between the layers of the bandage4 ,it is of course important that the cloth be thin and the plaster of ,paris fresh and active4 ,after preparing four or five of such bandages the operator is ready to dress the fracture1 which1 after the parts have been brought into position1 should be done by covering all that part of the limb to which the plaster-of-,paris bandage is to be applied with a single layer of the dry bandage1 letting it extend both above and below the part to which the plaster bandage is to be applied and including under the folds of the dry bandage at each end a layer of absorbent cotton1 which is intended to form a pad to prevent the ends of the plaster bandage from chafing the skin beneath4 ,when this is done one of the plaster bandages should be placed in a vessel of water and allowed to remain till the air bubbles have ceased to rise from it1 which will generally indicate that it is soaked through4 ,then1 taking it in the hand1 wind it carefully around and around the limb1 unrolling the bandage as it is wound around the limb1 occasionally smoothing down the plaster of ,paris4 ,should it form roughly or in ridges the hand may be dipped in water to impart increased moisture to it4 ,when about finished with one bandage1 place another one in the water1 so that the winding operation may be continued without delay4 ,the bandages should be applied till the cast is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch thick1 then gently restrain the animal for one-half or three-quarters of an hour till the plaster is hardened4 ,any of the appliances used should be so manipulated as to prevent absolutely any motion of the detached parts4 ,if the fracture is near a joint1 it is generally best to include the joint in the appliance4 ,the part of the limb below the bandage should be carefully and firmly wrapped with an ordinary cotton bandage all the way from the plaster bandage down to the hoof4 ,this last bandage will tend to prevent swelling1 which is liable to occur1 the result of the dependent position in which the animal is forced by nature to keep the injured limb4 ,when plaster-of-,paris bandages are applied to a compound fracture the injured part may be previously dressed with a small1 thick pad of cotton immediately over the wound4 ,in applying the bandage the operator may with a little care so arrange it as to keep the folds of the bandages off the cotton1 or have only a thin layer over it1 which may be easily cut out and the cotton removed1 leaving a convenient opening through which to dress the wound without removing the bandage4 ,the ends of the bandage or other appliance should be carefully watched to see that the skin does not become chafed1 particularly at the lower end4 ,if the bandage should become weak or broken at any part1 it may be strengthened without removal by applying other bandages immediately over it4 ,if swelling has taken place before the bandage has been applied1 there is liable to be some loosening as it disappears1 and even without the swelling there may be a tendency of the bandage to slide downward4 ,this may be overcome by fastening it to a suspender attached to a surcingle or passed over the body and attached to the opposite leg4 ,if the looseness can not be overcome in this way1 the space may be filled by pouring in a thin paste of plaster of ,paris4 ,a better method1 however1 is to remove the bandage and apply another4 ,owing to the hardness of the bandage it will be removed with some difficulty4 ,a deep groove should be cut down completely through it on the opposite sides4 ,this may be done with a chisel and a small hammer if the bandage is carefully held by an assistant so that the concussion of the blows is not transmitted to the injured bones4 ,the patient should have a roomy stall1 and should be tied by the head to prevent any attempts to move around4 ,in some cases slings have been used4 ,ordinarily1 however1 they are not satisfactory in cattle practice1 and if applied should be for only a few days at a time1 and with a view to lessen the animal's disposition to lie down1 rather than to prevent it4 ,when they are used continuously the pressure on the abdomen may interfere with digestion and the general health of the animal4 ,modes of union4--,the animal should be kept as quiet as possible and given such feed as will have a tendency to keep the bowels slightly relaxed4 ,the success of the operation depends chiefly on the skill of the operator1 but not alone in the selection and use of the appliances1 for as much attention must be given to subsequent management4 ,the patients are restless1 and a single awkward motion may undo the work of weeks so far as the union of the parts of the bone is concerned4 ,union takes place after the same process and1 if the conditions are favorable1 with greater rapidity than in the human being4 ,the injury that caused the fracture is almost sure to have extended to some of the adjacent tissues1 and even though the fracture may be of the simplest type there is almost sure to be considerable hemorrhage around the ends of the broken bone4 ,this1 however1 is unimportant if the skin remains intact1 unless a very large vessel should be injured1 or the fracture should open some of the important cavities of the body1 in which case a fatal hemorrhage may result4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the fracture is compound the external opening furnishes a fertile field for the lodgment of disease-producing germs4 ,unless great care is taken in such cases1 a suppurative process is liable to be established which will seriously interfere with1 if not entirely arrest1 the process of union between the bones2 or it may become so serious as to endanger the general health of the animal and even be attended with fatal results4 ,this last danger is greater if the injury has occurred to the bones of the arm or thigh4 ,in such cases1 owing to the dense covering of fascia which ensheathes the muscular covering pus is liable to be imprisoned1 and1 burrowing downward1 saturate the whole structure1 not only endangering the limb1 but1 by absorption1 may set up blood poisoning and seriously interfere with the general health of the patient1 even to causing death4 ,in order so far as possible to prevent such an unfortunate complication1 the wound should be carefully cleansed with a mild solution of carbolic acid1 then dusted over with iodoform before the bandages are applied1 and cleansed and dressed daily in the same way4 ,after dressing1 always cover with absorbent cotton4 ,in the early process of union an exudation of lymph takes place1 which is at first fluid1 gradually becoming thicker and firmer till it forms a callus1 known as the external or ensheathing callus1 in the shape of a ring or ferrule surrounding the detached portions of the bone4 ,it occasionally happens that this callus forms only at the ends of the bones1 filling the spaces that exist between them1 when it is known as the intermediate callus4 ,the process of union may be divided into five stages4 ,in the first stage1 including the first eight days1 the detached portions of the bone and the sharp projections that are not sufficiently nourished are absorbed2 the blood which escaped into the surrounding tissues1 the result of the injury1 is gradually absorbed1 and the effused lymph1 which is ultimately to constitute the temporary cartilage1 takes it place4 ,in the second stage1 from the tenth to the twentieth day1 the tumor or callus is formed and fibrocartilage is developed inside and around the exposed end of the bone4 ,in the third stage1 extending from the twentieth to the fortieth or fiftieth day1 according to the age and strength of the animal1 the fibrocartilaginous structure undergoes a change and is gradually converted into bone1 forming a ferrule on the outside and a plug on the inside1 which serve to hold the part in position4 ,in the fourth stage1 extending to about the sixth month1 the whole of the new structure is converted into bone4 ,in the fifth stage1 extending to the end of the first year1 the callus is absorbed1 being no longer necessary1 and the connection between the cavities of the two bones is again established4 ,common complications4--,the process of union just described is healthy and normal4 ,diseased conditions may at any time supervene during the treatment and render the operation unsuccessful4 ,in the case of compound fracture1 the open wound communicating with the ends of the bones1 a septic condition is liable to arise which may become so serious as to endanger the animal's life and bring about conditions which in human surgery would indicate amputation4 ,although that operation is not a general one in veterinary practice1 there is no reason why it should not be attempted as a last resort1 particularly if the animal is valuable or is one whose existence is necessary in order to perpetuate some valuable strain4 ,even in the simplest form of fracture1 if the splints or bandages are improperly applied and the fractured bone left so loosely guarded that the broken ends move one upon another1 the formation of the calluses previously described is liable to be interfered with1 and in place of a strong1 rigid1 and healthy union a formation of elastic cartilage is the result4 ,this false structure unites the broken ends of the bones in such way that they move one upon another1 depriving the bone of its stability and usefulness4 ,when once the healthy process of union is interrupted in the manner just described1 it is again established with great difficulty4 ,it no longer does any good to continue the restraining power2 in fact1 the change of the temporary cartilage into bone is more liable to be reestablished if the parts move violently upon each other for a short time so as to set up and renew the process of inflammation4 ,then if the restraint is again applied there is some chance of union4 ,in order so far as possible to avoid this danger1 care should be taken to see that the bandage fits closely and that it is kept on till there is no longer any danger but that a perfect union has taken place4 ,it is impossible to say at just what time the splints or bandages can safely be removed4 ,in a young and healthy animal of quiet temperament1 if the parts have been firmly held in position throughout the whole time1 from #cj to #dj days may be regarded as reasonably safe4 ,under more unfavorable conditions as to age1 vitality1 and restraint1 the period would better be extended to #fj days1 if the general condition of the animal is such as to permit of so long a continuance4 ,after the appliance has been removed the animal should be allowed to stand quiet for a few days1 then be given very gentle exercise1 gradually increased for a week or #aj days1 by which time the patient will be so far recovered as to be placed in pasture4 ,it should1 however1 be alone for a time1 so as not to take any chance of injury from fighting or other accidents that association with other animals might involve4 ,,special ,,fractures4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,horns4--,of the special fractures liable to occur1 that of the horn is perhaps the most common4 ,it is always the result of violent mechanical means1 such as blows1 injury occurring while fighting1 or from the animal getting its head locked in some manner while feeding from a rack4 ,when it occurs there are two ways in which the injury may affect the animal4 ,first and most common1 the horny crust is liable to be stripped from the bony projection which it covers4 ,second1 the crust and bone may both be broken or bent down1 the fracture occurring in that case at the root of the horn and involving part of the bones of the head in the immediate vicinity4 ,in the first case1 if the horny covering is knocked off1 little attention is necessary4 ,the animal may be relieved from suffering if the stump is smeared with pine tar and wrapped in cloth4 ,if the core is much lacerated1 perhaps it would be better to amputate4 ,the necessity for such operation must be determined by the condition of the injury1 influenced to some extent by the owner's ideas on the subject4 ,when the operation is performed1 it should be done with a sharp1 fine-toothed saw1 and by sawing the horn off close enough to include a little of the skin and hair around its base4 ,the practice of dehorning has grown popular in many parts of the country4 ,it is a simple operation1 and1 although attended with some immediate suffering1 does not produce serious constitutional disturbance4 ,the advisability of performing the operation on all cattle is a question of expediency and must be justified by the expectation of benefit on the part of the feeder4 ,if the horn should be broken so that the core and crust are bent out of shape without the detachment of one from the other1 it may be restored to its normal position and retained there by means of a splint made to fit across the back of the head1 so as to be laced to both horns1 the sound horn serving to hold the broken one in position4 ,such a splint may be fastened on by means of either a wire or cord and allowed to remain six weeks or two months4 ,if both the horn and core have been broken off1 bleeding is usually severe and should be checked by astringents1 such as alum1 or by pressure4 ,after the hemorrhage has ceased the exposed portion of the fracture should be covered with pine tar1 with or without a bandage4 ,an imperfect growth of horn will in due time cover the exposed bone4 ,,fractures ,,of ,,the ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,face4--,these occasionally occur1 and when over the cavities of the nose produce depression1 disfigurement1 and impeded respiration1 owing to the lessening of the caliber of the nasal passages4 ,when such accident occurs1 the depressed bone should be gently forced back to place by introducing the finger in the nostril1 or if the fracture is too far up for this1 a probe may be passed and the parts retained by placing immediately over it a plaster of thin leather or strong canvas smeared with tar1 extending out to the sound surroundings1 taking care to embed the hair over the fractured portion in the tar of the plaster1 so that it will be firmly held and prevented from again becoming depressed4 ,if only one nostril is involved1 the depressed portion may be held in position by packing that nostril with absorbent cotton4 ,this practice1 however1 has the objection of giving the animal great discomfort and in some cases a disposition to aggravate the injury4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,skull 7,,cranium74--,fractures of the bones forming the cavity in which the brain is situated are1 owing to their strength1 comparatively rare among cattle4 ,such an accident can only be the result of external violence1 and it is hardly possible that it could occur without some fragment of the broken bone pressing upon the brain so as to cause coma or other severe nervous derangement1 or even death4 ,if the animal survives the first shock1 the efforts should be directed toward relieving the pressure1 which may be done by making an opening in the bone 7trephining71 and with a hook drawing the depressed part outward4 ,interference is not so liable to be attended with good results as to be warranted in all cases4 ,the effects of a very severe shock which may not have produced a fracture1 although the symptoms were alarming1 will in many cases pass off1 leaving the animal in a better condition than if an operation had been performed4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,lower ,,jaw4--,this occasionally occurs1 and is more liable to result from the kick of a horse than from any other cause4 ,the front part of the jaw may be split or shattered in any direction in which the force may have been applied4 ,bloody discharges from the mouth and failure to eat or ruminate are symptoms most likely to attract attention4 ,the treatment is simple and consists in first removing detached pieces of bone1 then drawing the parts together and retaining them by means of pieces of copper wire fastened around the teeth1 and feeding the animal on sloppy feed until recovery takes place4 ,the wound should be dressed once or twice a day with a #c per cent solution of carbolic acid1 forced gently in with a syringe1 so as to remove any feed which may have become impacted and interfere with the healing process4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,vertebra 7,,spinal ,,column74--,this is not so common among cattle as other animals4 ,if the fracture should be through the body of the bone1 there may be pressure on or laceration of the spinal cord1 causing paralysis of all parts posterior to the seat of injury4 ,fractures of the prominences on a vertebra occasionally occur without interfering with the canal in which the spinal cord is situated4 ,such accidents are liable to pass unnoticed1 for1 although the animal may suffer considerable pain1 it may not be manifested in such way as to attract attention1 and the deep covering of muscles serves effectually to conceal the injury4 ,when the fracture occurs in the upper part of the neck1 paralysis of the muscles used in respiration must result1 and death from asphyxia very shortly ensues4 ,the more common accident is to the loins1 and when a fracture of the body of a vertebra occurs in this region so as to produce pressure on the spinal cord1 paralysis of the hind legs and quarters is the result4 ,diagnosis of such an accident is more difficult than in the case of any other fracture4 ,the parts can not be moved one upon another so that crepitus is noticeable4 ,the heavy coating of muscles conceals irregularities of shape1 which otherwise may attract attention4 ,about the only reliable symptom is paralysis or loss of use and sensation of the parts posterior to the injury4 ,careful examination may reveal the seat of the injury4 ,if it was the result of a blow1 there may be some abrasion of the skin4 ,the diagnosis is only important as an aid in determining the proper course to pursue4 ,if paralysis is present and a depression or irregularity of the spinal column is so apparent as to leave no doubt of the existence of a fracture1 the only alternative is to destroy the animal1 for of recovery there can be no hope4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the paralysis is incomplete and there is no depression or irregularity of the spinal column or other evidence of fracture1 the patient should be made as comfortable as possible by being placed in a well-bedded box stall and a few days permitted to elapse before the case is abandoned4 ,the symptoms last described may possibly be the result of a severe strain of the muscles of the loins1 in which case an improvement will soon be noticeable4 ,,fractures ,,of ,,the ,,pelvis4--,the pelvis1 or bony framework which gives shape to the posterior part of the body1 is liable to fracture in many ways4 ,a common one is by a separation of the two bones which constitute the whole pelvis along the bottom and center line 7symphysis pubis74 ,in early life the two bones are separate and distinct4 ,the union between them1 which is at first cartilaginous1 undergoes a change and is converted into bone1 so that in adult life the whole pelvis is practically one bone4 ,the point on which the two bones are united is weaker than the adjoining parts of the bone4 ,when an animal slips violently1 spreading the legs wide apart1 the weaker materials give way and the bones are divided4 ,if the accident is noticed when it occurs1 it is likely to throw light on the nature of the injury4 ,the animal will immediately go stiff behind1 the legs being spread apart4 ,further examination may be made by introducing the hand1 previously carefully oiled1 into the rectum or vagina and pressing down along the central line1 which will cause the patient to evince acute pain4 ,in this case no appliance can be used to advantage4 ,the animal should be tied in a stall until the parts become reunited and the lameness disappears4 ,fracture of the posterior parts of the bone 7ischium71 which forms the point of the buttocks occasionally occurs4 ,the buttock on the injured side will be less prominent than the other4 ,careful manipulation will generally move the parts so that crepitus may be recognized4 ,if the fracture is through the posterior part of the bone1 it is unimportant and deserving of no more attention than placing the animal in such position as to insure it against subsequent injury until the bones are united4 ,some distortion may result1 but not sufficient to warrant interference4 ,fracture through the body of the bone on a line with the hip joint 7acetabulum7 occasionally1 though rarely1 occurs1 and is nearly always associated with dislocation of the hip joint and the forcing of the head of the upper bone of the leg 7femur7 upward1 far out of its place4 ,the violent contraction of the powerful muscles of the hip renders it impossible to reduce the dislocation1 and even if it were possible the fractured pelvis could not be held in position1 so that the case becomes at once hopeless4 ,it may be recognized by the animal's standing on three legs1 the leg on the injured side seeming shorter than its fellow and hanging pendulous1 the muscles of the hip violently contracted and hard to the touch4 ,the animal evinces great pain when the limb is moved4 ,there is liable to be some apparent distortion in the relations between the point of the hip and the point of the buttock4 ,this will be more readily noticed by comparing the injured side with the other4 ,the parts may be moved so as to produce crepitus4 ,the examination may be completed by introducing the oiled hand into the vagina or rectum1 when the two sides of the pelvis will reveal well-marked differences4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,point ,,of ,,the ,,hip4--,the anterior and external part of the pelvis 7ilium71 commonly known as the point of the hip1 is liable to fracture1 which stock owners describe as hipping1 or being hipped1 or having the hip knocked down4 ,this accident may be the result of crowding while passing through a narrow door1 of falling violently on the point of the hip1 or from a violent blow directed downward and forward against it4 ,the lesion generally extends across the flat surface of the bone from its outer and posterior edge forward and inward4 ,distortion is liable to be the only noticeable symptom4 ,the detached portion varies in size in different cases and with it the resulting deformity4 ,the animal is noticed to be slightly lame1 but this symptom soon disappears4 ,the detached portion of the bone is drawn downward and away from the main part by the action of the muscles below1 which are so powerful as to render return impossible4 ,the bones therefore remain permanently separated1 union taking place by fibrous callus4 ,the animal suffers very little inconvenience1 and for practical use may be as serviceable as before the accident1 though the distorted appearance depreciates its value4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,ribs4--,such an occurrence can take place only as the result of a direct injury1 as from blows or crowding4 ,the posterior ribs1 being more exposed1 are more liable to fracture4 ,pain in moving1 slight swelling over the seat of injury1 and difficult breathing are obvious symptoms4 ,if the fracture is complete1 crepitation may be occasionally noticed by placing the hand flat over the injured part1 carefully observing the motion as the chest contracts and expands during respiration4 ,this symptom is more noticeable when the animal coughs4 ,unless the point of the broken bone penetrates the cavity of the chest the fracture is usually unimportant and calls for no treatment other than quiet4 ,if the breathing is very labored and attended with much pain1 motion may be limited by applying a wide bandage firmly around the chest4 ,the animal should be restricted in the amount of feed and water for a few days1 the stomach being kept as nearly empty as possible4 ,sloppy feed should be given to encourage1 as much as possible1 free action of the diaphragm in breathing4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,limbs4--,on this subject much has been said in the preceding remarks on general fractures4 ,as a rule1 fracture through one of the large bones of the shoulder 7scapula7 or thigh 7femur7 is very difficult to manage4 ,the powerful contraction of the muscles and the changing shape of the limb resulting from their action renders it impossible to retain the detached parts of the bone in proper position4 ,therefore1 though the union should take place1 there is almost sure to be considerable deformity and more or less lameness4 ,fracture of the arm 7humerus7 or leg 7tibia7 is likely to be attended with better results4 ,the muscular covering is not so thick1 the sheath in which they are held is more tense1 and the change in the shape of the limb from muscular action not so noticeable1 the muscular force not so great1 all of which facilitate replacing the dislodged ends and retaining them4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,knee 7,,carpus7 ,,and ,,hock 7,,tarsus74--,this seldom occurs unless it is the result of a very violent injury1 and is generally associated with other injury and serious complications4 ,displacement does not generally occur to any considerable extent4 ,the treatment1 of course1 consists in holding the limb perfectly quiet in a natural position1 which may be done by the application of long1 wooden splints retained by bandages1 or a plaster-of-,paris bandage4 ,,fractures ,,below ,,the ,,knee4--,fracture of the long bone below the knee 7metacarpus7 and hock 7metatarsus7 is more common4 ,in young animals of quiet temperament the treatment of simple fractures here is likely to be attended with good results4 ,on the other hand1 a compound fracture in this region becomes a serious matter4 ,the structures which surround the bones are so thin that a very small degree of sloughing will expose parts of the bones and be liable to lead to serious complications and probably fatal results4 ,,fractures ,,of ,,bones ,,below ,,the ,,fetlock4--,these fractures are comparatively unimportant unless associated with other serious injury4 ,the parts can generally be held in position without much difficulty1 and union generally takes place quite rapidly4 ,,appliances4--,of the appliances used in the treatment of the fracture of limbs above the knee1 splints made of wood or iron strips and bandages are likely to serve best4 ,below the knee plaster-of-,paris bandages are preferable4 ,the writer is well aware that many of the standard authors deprecate the use of the latter1 but an extensive experience leads me to believe that they have many advantages over any of the other appliances when used alone1 and in many ways they may be used with advantage in combination with others4 ,,dislocations4 ,luxation1 or displacement without fracture of the bones forming a joint1 is comparatively rare among cattle4 ,it most frequently occurs in the stifle joint1 where dislocation of the kneepan 7patella7 takes place4 ,a glance at the skeleton 7,pl4 ,,xxv7 will show the relations better than they can be described4 ,it will be observed that the small1 irregularly shaped bone 7patella7 plays on the anterior rounded part of the lower edge of the thigh bone 7femur7 and between it and the upper end of the shank bone 7tibia74 ,the outer ridge on the lower end of the thigh bone is less prominent than the inner one1 so that displacement1 when it does take place1 is by slipping outward4 ,such an accident may occur from direct injury or external force1 as a blow1 or from slipping4 ,when it does occur the symptoms produced are somewhat alarming4 ,the animal is unable to draw the leg forward1 and either stands with it thrown back with the toe pointing downward1 or1 if it should succeed in getting its weight upon it1 holds it firmly on the ground1 fearing to move it4 ,examination of the outside of the joint will disclose the situation of the patella outside its proper place4 ,if the operator is not familiar with the normal appearance of the joint1 it is well to make a comparison between the injured and the sound one4 ,if compelled to move1 the animal does so with great difficulty1 jerking the leg which it is unable to bring forward1 hopping with the other1 and partially dragging the injured one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,cow4 ,treatment4--,the treatment is simple4 ,a rope #bj feet long should be applied around the fetlock of the affected leg1 passed forward between the front legs and up over the opposite side of the neck1 back over the withers1 and wrapped once behind the elbow around that portion of the rope which passes between the front legs4 ,the leg is then drawn away from the body and forcibly pushed forward by an assistant1 while another person tightens up the slack in the rope until the affected leg is off the ground in front of the supporting leg4 ,the rope is then drawn taut and the assistant grasps the tail and pulls the cow toward the affected side4 ,the animal makes a lurch to keep from falling1 contracts the muscles1 and the patella slips into place with a sharp click1 and the animal walks off as if nothing had happened4 ,if the animal resists this method of handling1 it may suffice to manipulate the dislocated kneepan by shoving it inward and forward with the heel of the hand while the affected leg is drawn well forward4 ,unless some precaution is taken the accident is liable to recur1 as the ligaments have been stretched by the dislocation till they no longer hold the bone with that firmness necessary to retain it4 ,the animal should be tied and the foot fastened forward1 so that the patient can just stand on it comfortably1 by means of a rope or strap around the fetlock carried forward between the front legs1 around the neck1 and tied on the breast4 ,should this accident occur more than once it is a good practice to apply a blister around the joint1 as in the formula recommended for sprain of shoulder1 and observe the precautions as to restraint and subsequent treatment there recommended4 ,with this one exception dislocations in the ox occurring independently of other complications are rare4 ,dislocation with fracture may occur in any of the joints1 and if one is suspected or discovered1 examination should always be made for the other before treatment is applied4 ,when a fracture occurs near a joint the force sufficient to rend the bone is liable to be partly exerted on the immediate tissues1 and when the bone gives way the structures of the joints may be seriously injured4 ,it occasionally happens that the injury to the joint becomes the most important complication in the treatment of a fracture4 ,in order clearly to understand the reason for this a few words are necessary in relation to the structure of joints4 ,the different pieces constituting the skeleton of the animal body are united in such manner as to admit of more or less motion one upon another4 ,in some of the more simple joints the bones fitting one into another are held together by the dense structures around them1 admitting of very little or no movement at all1 as the bones of the head4 ,in other joints the bones are bound together by dense1 cartilaginous structures1 admitting of only limited motion1 such as the union of the small bones at the back part of the knee and hock 7metacarpal and metatarsal74 ,in the more nearly perfect form of joint the power of motion becomes complete and the structures are more complex4 ,the substance of the bone on its articular surface is not covered with periosteum1 but is sheathed in a dense1 thin layer of cartilage1 shaped to fit the other surfaces with which it comes in contact 7articular74 ,this layer is thickest toward its center when covering bony eminences1 and is elastic1 of a pearly whiteness1 and resisting1 though soft enough to be easily cut4 ,the bones forming an articulation are bound together by numerous ligaments attached to bony prominences4 ,the whole joint is sealed in by a band or ribbonlike ligament 7capsular ligament7 extending around the joint and attached at the outer edge of the articular surface1 uniting the bones and hermetically sealing the cavities of the articulation4 ,this structure and the articular surface of the bone is covered by a thin1 delicate membrane1 known as the synovial membrane1 which secretes the joint oil 7synovia74 ,this fluid is viscid and colorless1 or slightly yellow1 and although it does not possess a large quantity of fat1 its character somewhat resembles oil1 and it serves the same purpose in lubricating the joints that oil does to the friction surface of an engine4 ,although the tissues of the joint when used in a natural way are able to withstand the effect of great exertion1 when unnaturally used1 as they are very delicate and complex1 they are liable to inflammatory and other changes of a very serious nature4 ,the synovial membrane1 and in fact the whole structure of the joint1 is susceptible to injury and serious inflammatory derangement1 and the capsular ligament is liable to be distended from excessive secretion of synovia4 ,the latter process may be almost noninflammatory1 and attended with little inconvenience or importance other than a blemish to the animal1 which in cattle is not serious4 ,it may occur on the back part of the leg above the fetlock or on the inner and fore part of the hock1 corresponding in its location to windgalls and bog spavin of the horse4 ,continuous support by bandages will generally force reabsorption1 and as the limb is not subjected to violent action1 as in the case of the horse1 the affection is not so liable to recur4 ,,spavin4 ,occasionally working oxen that are used in the lumber woods and made to pull heavily1 with bad footing1 are afflicted with this condition4 ,when it occurs lameness is the first symptom4 ,during the early stages of the disease the lameness is most severe in the morning1 and disappears after the animal is exercised2 it gradually becomes more severe as the disease advances1 so that when the disease is well established the animal is lame continuously4 ,shortly after the lameness appears a bunch 7exostosis7 will be noticed on the inner and fore part of the affected joint4 ,this bunch differs from bog spavin in that it is hard1 while bog spavin is soft4 ,it increases in size as the disease advances till the animal is too lame to be used for labor4 ,as the disease is always attended with considerable pain there is more or less loss of flesh4 ,in the most advanced stage the animal will step with difficulty1 frequently holding the foot from the ground1 or1 if forced to take a few steps1 stands with it elevated1 twitching with pain4 ,in the earlier stages of the disease only a small portion of the fore part of the lower1 or second1 articulation is involved1 but the inflammatory process gradually extends over the whole surface of the lower joints of the hock4 ,the structures of the joint are broken down and the bones are united 7anchylosis74 ,this process may include any or all of the three lower joints of the hock4 ,the joint of motion which is situated on the lower end of the leg bone is seldom involved4 ,treatment4--,treatment of spavin in the ox1 as in the horse1 is likely to be tedious1 and not always resulting in perfect cure4 ,usually it is best to fatten the animal for slaughter4 ,if1 however1 treatment is decided upon1 it should consist of complete rest and counterirritation of the part either by sharp blisters or the firing iron4 ,it is advisable to try the effect of blistering first1 and for this purpose the following mixture is recommended3 ,powdered cantharides drams #b ,biniodid of mercury do #b ,vaseline ounces #a-a_/b ,clip the hair off and apply over the inner and fore part of the joint1 covering the surface an inch and a half in every direction from the enlargement1 or over an area #c to #d inches across4 ,fasten the animal's head so that it can not reach the part to lick it2 after the third day grease with lard every other day until the scabs come off4 ,this blister may be repeated three or four times at intervals of three weeks4 ,the lameness will generally begin to disappear about the third or fourth month if the above-described treatment proves beneficial4 ,should lameness persist1 firing in points by a qualified veterinarian may effect the desired result and should be tried as a last resort4 ,in a case of spavin the cure is not effected by restoring the diseased parts to their natural condition1 but by uniting the bones and obliterating the joints4 ,if this union extends over the whole articular surface of the joints affected and is sufficiently strong to prevent any motion of the bones1 the animal will again go sound4 ,the joints that are obliterated1 not being those of motion1 are not important1 so that the animal suffers no inconvenience in their loss4 ,,rheumatism4 ,rheumatism is a constitutional disease from a specific condition of the blood and characterized by inflammation of the fibrous structures of the body4 ,it is usually accompanied with stiffness1 lameness1 and fever4 ,the parts affected are usually swollen1 but swelling may be lacking4 ,the inflammation may be transitory2 that is1 it changes from place to place4 ,the parts usually affected are the fibrous structures of the joints1 tendons1 ligaments1 and muscles4 ,the serous membranes and heart may also be affected4 ,according to its location1 rheumatism is specified as articular or muscular4 ,according to its course1 it is designated as acute or chronic4 ,cause4--,among the factors which are actively causative of rheumatism may be mentioned exposure to dampness and cold1 especially while the animal is perspiring or fatigued after severe physical exertion4 ,among other causes often mentioned are acidity of the blood1 nervous derangement1 microbes1 and injuries4 ,it occasionally follows another disease1 such as pleurisy4 ,the influence of age and heredity may be considered as secondary or predisposing causes4 ,sometimes the disease appears without any apparent cause4 ,on the whole1 it may be said that any of the above-mentioned factors may have more or less influence on the production of rheumatism1 but the specific cause is as yet unknown4 ,symptoms of articular rheumatism4--,the symptoms appear suddenly and with varying degrees of severity4 ,the animal presents a downcast appearance1 with staring coat1 horns and ears cold1 and the mouth and muzzle hot and dry4 ,appetite and rumination may be impaired and followed later or be accompanied at the same time by constipation4 ,constipation may be followed by impaction of the stomach or bowels4 ,thirst is increased1 but the amount of urine voided is scanty4 ,respiration and pulse are accelerated1 and there is usually a fever1 rising sometimes as high as #ajh ,f4 ,the animal prefers to lie down1 and when forced to rise stands with its back arched4 ,the movements are stiff and lame and cause great pain4 ,the disease may attack one or more joints at the same time2 in fact1 it is often symmetrical4 ,one joint may improve while another becomes affected1 thus showing the shifting tendency of the inflammation4 ,the affected joints1 including their tendons1 ligaments1 and synovial membranes1 may be swollen1 hot1 and distended with liquid4 ,they are very tender1 and1 if treated carelessly or injured1 may become infected1 thus leading to suppuration4 ,while rheumatism attacks perhaps more frequently the knees and fetlocks1 it has no special affinity for any joint and may attack the stifle1 hip1 shoulder1 or elbow joint4 ,in mild cases of articular rheumatism1 the animal may fully recover in a few days4 ,in chronic articular rheumatism there is less tendency of the disease to shift about1 but there is a greater liability of structural change in the affected joints4 ,this change may consist of induration1 exostosis1 or even anchylosis4 ,these structural changes about the joints may lead to permanent deformity1 such as the bending of the neck4 ,fever is not so constant in the chronic form as in the acute1 and the latter may lapse into the former4 ,symptoms of muscular rheumatism4--,this form of rheumatism may appear under the same general conditions as the articular form4 ,the general appearance of the animal is the same in both forms4 ,the cow usually assumes a recumbent position1 and all the movements made are stiff and lame4 ,the method of rising or of locomotion indicates pain in certain muscles or groups of muscles1 as of the croup1 shoulder1 or neck4 ,as in the case of articular rheumatism1 the tendons1 ligaments1 and synovial membranes may become involved4 ,the constitutional symptoms in both articular and muscular rheumatism are similar1 so that it is often perplexing to differentiate between the two forms4 ,prevention4--,it is somewhat difficult to procure preventive treatment for cattle1 especially when there are large numbers with little or no shelter4 ,in general1 it is advisable to protect the animals so far as possible from inclement weather conditions1 such as cold rains1 heavy dews1 and frosts4 ,this is more particularly necessary for animals in poor condition1 or those which are perspiring or fatigued after long physical exertion4 ,careful feeding is also essential4 ,treatment4--,in attempting to treat cattle for rheumatism the first step is to procure proper shelter and environment4 ,the animal should be quartered in a large1 clean1 dry stall1 with plenty of light and fresh air1 but protected from strong drafts4 ,there should be an abundance of clean1 dry bedding4 ,the feed should be soft1 easily digestible1 and slightly laxative1 and the animal should have access to clean1 pure1 cool water4 ,for general or constitutional treatment of acute rheumatism1 sodium salicylate is indicated4 ,in order to gain the best results from this drug1 it should be administered with the idea of rapidly saturating the system4 ,to cattle it may be given in doses of one-half ounce every two hours for ten hours or until immediate relief is obtained4 ,this drug should not be continued indefinitely1 but may be given once a day after immediate relief has been obtained1 and this single dose continued daily until permanent relief ensues1 when it should be stopped4 ,the use of sodium salicylate in chronic rheumatism is not advisable on account of the danger of depressing the heart1 whose action is already somewhat impaired by the lesions which have attacked it4 ,in this case one-half ounce doses of potassium nitrate or bicarbonate may be given three times a day4 ,besides the constitutional treatment1 it may be necessary to give special attention to the bowels in order to relieve constipation4 ,cattle may be given saline laxatives at the outset1 such as #a pound of ,epsom salt for an ordinary-sized cow1 and the bowels kept regular by an occasional smaller dose4 ,in chronic rheumatism the best course of treatment is to give tonics and local treatment4 ,local treatment may also be advisable in acute rheumatism in addition to the constitutional treatment already prescribed4 ,external treatment depends solely on the local conditions and should be applied judiciously4 ,among the various remedies may be mentioned hot or cold moist packs1 hot air and vapor baths1 friction1 etc4 ,anodynes are often applied locally with good results4 ,blisters are occasionally indicated4 ,as anodynes may be mentioned liniments and ointments containing salicylic acid or sodium salicylate in combination with laudanum1 aconite1 or chloral hydrate4 ,camphorated spirit1 soap liniment1 and essential oils also afford some relief when applied locally4 ,of blisters1 those containing cantharides are most effective4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,a ,priessnitz bandage is a dressing which combines the three properties of keeping a part warm1 moist1 and subjecting it to uniform pressure4 ,it consists of three layers of material4 ,the inner layer is composed of absorbent cotton or some other material which is capable of holding moisture4 ,this is soaked in water and wrapped around the part4 ,the second layer consists of a substance which is impervious to moisture1 as oiled silk or oiled paper1 and is applied about the inner layer to prevent evaporation4 ,the third or outside layer is composed of a flannel or woolen bandage to prevent the radiation of heat and thus keep the moist inner layer at the temperature of the body4 ,,surgical ,,operations4 ,by ,,william ,,dickson and ,,william ,,herbert ,,lowe1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,b4 ,t4 ,woodward1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,surgery is both a science and an art4 ,the success of surgical operations depends on the judgment1 skill1 and dexterity1 as well as upon the knowledge of the operator4 ,the same fundamental principles underlie and govern animal and human surgery1 although their applications have a wide range and are very different in many essential particulars4 ,we must not lose sight of the fact that hygiene and sanitation are essential to the best results in veterinary as well as in human surgery4 ,asepsis is an ideal condition which1 although not always possible in animal surgery1 is highly important in connection with the mechanical details of all surgical operations in proportion to the nature and seriousness of the same4 ,aseptic surgery is considered to be the performance of operations with sterile instruments with the hands of the operator and the site of operation being rendered as nearly sterile as possible1 and the wound treated during operation with sterile solutions and protected following the operation with sterile bandage material4 ,in other words1 it is the preservation of the highest degree of cleanliness in connection with operations4 ,local or general anesthesia should be resorted to in painful and serious surgical operations1 as operations upon all living creatures should be humanely performed and all unnecessary pain and suffering avoided4 ,anesthesia is necessary where absolute immobility of the patient is essential and where entire muscular relaxation is indispensable4 ,the anesthetic condition is also favorable for the adjustment of displaced organs4 ,large animals have to be cast and secured before an anesthetic is administered4 ,for complete anesthesia inhalations of chloroform are generally employed2 sometimes of both ether and chloroform4 ,the quantity of chloroform required to produce insensibility to external impressions varies much in different cases and must be regulated1 as well as the admixture of air1 by a competent assistant4 ,if the probability of the success of an operation is remote and the animal is in healthy physical condition1 so that its flesh is good for human food1 it is more advisable to butcher the animal than to attempt a surgical operation that offers little encouragement to the owner4 ,the best judgment has to be exercised in determining a matter of this kind1 for no animal suffering from inflammation or that is in a feverish condition is fit for human food4 ,all cases of major operative surgery require the skill and dexterity of the experienced veterinary surgeon1 and no one else should attempt such an operation1 for unnecessary suffering must be prevented4 ,nevertheless1 the more knowledge and understanding an owner of animals has of the principles of surgical operations and manipulations1 the better for all concerned4 ,in the first place1 such an owner will appreciate more fully the skill of the qualified veterinarian1 and1 in the second place1 he will be the better prepared and equipped to render assistance to his suffering dumb dependents where no practitioner is accessible and in cases of emergency4 ,there are1 moreover1 some minor operations upon cattle1 some of which can hardly be classed as surgical1 that the stockman and farmer should be able to perform himself4 ,in the performance of any operation upon an animal of the size and strength of the bull or cow1 the first consideration is to secure the animal in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of its injuring either itself or those taking any part in the operation4 ,the nature and time likely to be occupied by an operation must1 of course1 largely determine the method to be adopted4 ,the majority of operations with which the present chapter is concerned are usually performed on the animal in a standing position4 ,a bull should always be held by a staff attached to the ring in his nose4 ,to secure the cow in a standing position1 grasp the nose1 the finger and thumb being introduced into the nostrils1 and press against the cartilage which makes a division between them4 ,if she has horns1 grasp one of them with the disengaged hand4 ,if this is insufficient the animal should be secured to a post1 along the side of a fence1 or put into a stanchion4 ,an excellent method of restraint is to tie a long rope in a slip noose over the horns1 pass it around the chest just behind the forelegs1 taking a half hitch on itself1 taking another half hitch in front of the hind limbs1 passing the free end under the tail1 bringing it forward and making it fast either to the head or one of the hitches4 ,the head should be raised to the level of the back before the final knot is tied1 so as to render it too serious and painful a matter for her to repeat the first attempt she makes to lower it4 ,should the nature or extent of the operation be likely to take up considerable time1 it is invariably the best plan to throw the animal4 ,in the case of the ox this is very easily done1 either by use of horse hobbles1 should they be at hand1 or by the application of a simple rope4 ,if the horse hobbles are used1 they should be fastened on the leg just above the fetlocks 7ankle joints71 as in that position they are less liable to come off than if placed around the pastern4 ,of the many ways of applying the rope for this purpose we will describe only two1 which we consider the best and simplest3 ,first4 ,take a long1 strong rope 7one which has been used a few times is more flexible71 double it1 and at #b or #c feet from the doubled end1 according to the size of the animal1 make a knot and pass the collar thus formed over the animal's head1 allowing it to rest on what would be the collar place in a horse4 ,now1 pass the ends of the rope between the forelegs1 carry one around each hind leg just above the fetlock joint1 from outside in1 under itself once1 and bring the free ends forward1 passing each through the collar loop on its own side and bringing the slack back toward and beyond the hind quarters4 7,pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #b47 ,two or three men should then take hold of each rope and at a given signal pull4 ,the animal's hind legs being drawn forward1 the balance is lost1 and if the animal does not fall or lie down he can be readily pushed over on his side and secured in the desired position4 ,second4 ,the three half hitches4 ,take a rope #cj or more feet long1 make a slip noose at the end and pass it over the animal's horns1 leaving the knot in the loop between the horns2 then pass the rope backward along the neck to the withers1 just in front of which take a half hitch on it1 passing it along the back1 take one half hitch just behind the forelegs and a second in front of the hind limbs round the flank4 7,pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #a47 ,the free end of the rope is taken hold of by one or two assistants while another holds the animal's head4 ,by pulling firmly on the rope1 or inducing the animal to make a step or two forward while steady traction is made on the rope1 the beast will lie down1 when his feet can be secured in the way most convenient for the operator4 ,there are numerous other methods1 involving more or less complete restraint1 which may be equally efficacious1 but one or other of the ways indicated will doubtless be found to meet fully all ordinary cases4 ,,ringing ,,the ,,bull4 ,this is usually and ought always to be done before the calf has attained sufficient weight or strength to make his restraint a matter of serious difficulty4 ,an ordinary halter is usually all that is required1 the strap being secured to a tree or post4 ,a jointed steel or copper ring is ordinarily used4 ,those made of the latter metal are preferable4 ,the common method of punching a round piece out of the nasal septum for the introduction of the ring is1 ,i think1 open to objection1 as portions of the fine nervous filaments are destroyed4 ,the sensibility of the parts is thus lessened and the object of ringing to some extent defeated4 ,the insertion of the ring by means of a trocar and cannula is preferable1 as the method is not open to this objection4 ,for some years we have used a little instrument1 which can be made by any worker in metal1 consisting of a steel point riveted into a short cannula made to fit on one end of the ring while open4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #aa47 ,when attached to the ring it is easily and quickly passed through the septum1 the half of the ring following as a matter of course4 ,it can then be removed and the ends of the ring brought together and fastened by means of the screw for that purpose4 ,,dehorning4 ,in the wild state the utility of the horns of cattle as weapons of offense and defense is apparent1 but with domestication of cattle and their confinement the presence of horns constitutes a menace to the safety of their companions4 ,horned cattle frequently inflict with their horns painful and serious injuries to others4 ,deaths as a result of such injuries are not unusual4 ,the operation of dehorning would therefore be indicated as a matter of general safety4 ,on farms where breeding is conducted1 the most desirable method is to prevent the horns from growing on the young calves4 ,this action results in a more symmetrical appearance of the poll and eliminates the dangers which would result from the presence of horns on the young cattle prior to their operative removal at a later age4 ,a calf should be treated not later than one week after it is born--preferably when it is from #c to #e days old4 ,the agent to be used may be either caustic soda or potash in the form of sticks about the thickness of an ordinary lead pencil4 ,these caustics must be handled with care1 as they dissolve the cuticle and may make the hands or fingers sore4 ,the preparation of the calf first consists in clipping the hair from the parts1 washing clean with soap or warm water1 and thoroughly drying with a cloth or towel4 ,the stick of caustic should be wrapped in a piece of paper to protect the hands and fingers1 leaving one end of the stick uncovered4 ,moisten the uncovered end slightly and rub it on the horn buttons or little points which may be felt on the calf's head--first on one1 then on the other--two or three times1 allowing the caustic to dry after each application4 ,be careful to apply the caustic to the horn button only1 for if it is brought in contact with the surrounding skin it will cause pain4 ,too much moisture on the stick of caustic will allow the application to spread to the surrounding skin4 ,after treatment keep the calf protected from rain1 as water on the head after application of the caustic will cause it to run down over the face4 ,dehorning of adult animals is usually performed after the age of #b years1 as after that age there is less probability of the horns again growing4 ,the horns should be severed from the head from a quarter to a half-inch below where the skin joins the base of the horn1 cutting from the back toward the front if a saw is used4 ,if the horn is not cut close enough to the head1 an irregular1 gnarly growth of horn is liable to follow4 ,before attempting to dehorn the animal1 it should be securely controlled by ropes in a stanchion or by casting4 ,upon the range the cattle are usually controlled by casting or by placing them in a squeezer connected with a corral4 ,a clean1 sharp meat saw or a miter saw with a rigid back may be used4 ,various types of dehorning shears or clippers are in general use4 ,one type of dehorner has a stationary knife edge with its cutting edge shaped like a very wide ,v1 and opposing this1 another knife of similar shape moving in a slide1 so that the cutting edges act upon the horn from all four sides at once1 all the edges passing the center at the same time4 ,another type has a movable knife1 with one oblique or one curved edge1 and the cutting is done in one direction only4 ,the power for cutting with these instruments is supplied by pulling together two long handles which1 in order to transmit a greater force1 are generally so constructed that they act through the medium of a series of cogs4 ,in dehorning with these instruments the cutting edges should be slipped down over the horn and the knives closed1 so that their edges set firmly against the horn in such position that the cut will be made in the right place and in the right direction4 ,the handles should then be drawn together with a quick1 firm1 strong pull so that the horn will be completely severed by the first act and without twisting4 ,dehorning should1 when possible1 be performed in cool weather when the flies are not plentiful4 ,the loss of blood from the operation is not sufficient1 as a rule1 to be of consequence1 and after care being taken to prevent substances from getting into the openings left after the removal of the horns it is not usual to apply any dressing4 ,pine tar or a mixture of pine tar and tannic acid may be applied1 particularly if the weather is warm4 ,,setoning4 ,the ordinary use of a seton is to keep up constant drainage from a cavity containing matter or to act as a stimulant or counterirritant4 ,to insert a seton1 the place of entrance and exit having been decided on1 with the finger and thumb make a small fold of the skin transversely to the direction the seton is to be inserted1 and cut it through1 either with a sharp knife or a pair of scissors 7this should be done at both the entrance and exit72 then with a steady pressure and slight lateral movement insert the seton by means of a seton needle4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 figs4 #a and #b47 ,the seton should consist of a piece of strong tape1 varying in breadth according to circumstances1 and should be kept in place either by a knot on each end or by tying the ends together4 ,setons should be gently moved once a day after suppuration is set up1 and they should not be allowed to remain in over three weeks1 or a month at the outside4 ,,tracheotomy4 ,this operation consists in making an opening in the trachea1 or windpipe4 ,it is indicated whenever there is an obstruction from any cause in the upper part of the respiratory tract which threatens the death of the animal by asphyxia 7suffocation74 ,the mode of procedure is as follows3 ,have an assistant extend the animal's head as far as possible to make the trachea tense and prominent2 make a longitudinal incision about #b to #b-a_/b inches long through the skin and deeper tissues and trachea at the most prominent part of the trachea1 which is about the middle or upper third1 and then insert the tracheotomy tube4 ,the latter should be removed once or twice daily and cleansed1 and the wound dressed antiseptically4 ,to ascertain when it is time to discontinue the use of the tube and to allow the wound to close1 the hand should be held over the opening1 which will require the animal to use its natural passages in breathing4 ,observe whether it is performed in a natural manner1 and if so1 remove the tube and allow the wound to close4 ,often the operation has to be performed in great haste without the proper instruments and under great disadvantages1 the operator having to cut down quickly1 open the trachea and spread the parts1 using some instrument improvised by him at the time4 ,this operation only gives the animal relief in breathing1 and therefore the proper remedial treatment should be adopted at the onset of the attack and continued until the cause 7the disease7 has been overcome4 ,,rumenotomy4 ,the opening of the paunch1 or rumen1 in cattle and the removal of a part or the whole of the ingesta through said opening is termed rumenotomy4 ,the operation should be performed in severe cases only1 where the rumen is excessively overloaded and distended4 ,the animal is placed with its right side against a wall and firmly held in position by strong assistants4 ,the incision is made in the same place that the trocar is inserted for puncturing that organ in cases of hoven4 ,the opening is increased in size until the operator's hand can be inserted into the rumen4 ,before any of the contents are removed from that organ a linen cloth should be placed from the outer wound into the rumen in order to prevent any of the ingesta from getting into the abdominal cavity4 ,some practitioners1 after removing a portion of the contents of the rumen1 introduce such medicine as may be indicated before closing the wound4 ,clean the wound and close the opening in the rumen with uninterrupted 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #h7 carbolized catgut sutures4 ,next close the external wound1 consisting of the integument1 muscle1 and peritoneum1 with stout1 interrupted 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f7 metallic sutures4 ,no feed should be given for several hours after the operation1 and then gruels only4 7,see ,distention of rumen or paunch with feed1 p4 #bf47 ,,treatment ,,of ,,abscesses4 ,an abscess may be detected1 if situated externally1 by heat1 pain1 redness1 and swelling in the early stages1 and1 if further developed1 by the fluctuation which is present4 ,when any of these symptoms are absent1 the suppuration should be encouraged by the means of hot fomentations and poultices4 ,care must be taken that the abscess is not opened too soon1 or to some extent it may cause it to scatter1 and the escape of pus will be lessened4 ,the time to open an abscess is just before it is ready to break1 and should be done with a sharp lance1 a crucial incision sometimes being necessary4 ,the cavity should be syringed out with an antiseptic solution4 ,care should be taken not to allow the wound to close too rapidly1 to prevent which a tent of lint or oakum should be introduced4 ,,wounds4 ,for the purposes of the present work wounds may be divided into three classes3 7#a7 ,incised2 7#b7 punctured2 7#c7 lacerated or contused4 ,in any wound all that the most suitable applications can accomplish is1 in the first place1 to prevent the access of those poisonous germs which exist in the animal's surroundings1 such as the soil and the manure1 and1 in the second place1 when the process of repair is for some reason temporarily inactive or altogether arrested1 to incite that curative inflammation that is the invariable method by which the cure is effected4 ,,incised ,,wound4--,this is one with clean-cut edges1 and may be either superficial or deep4 ,in wounds of all descriptions there is necessarily more or less bleeding1 and this is especially liable to be the case in incised wounds1 particularly when they penetrate to a considerable depth1 or when inflicted on a part where blood vessels of any considerable size approach the surface4 ,to arrest the hemorrhage must therefore be the first consideration4 ,if slight1 a generous use of cold water is all that is necessary1 but if one or more vessels of any size have been wounded or entirely severed1 they should be taken up and ligated4 ,if the blood flows continuously and is dark in color1 it proceeds from a vein1 but if bright-colored and jerky in its flow1 it is arterial4 ,the taking up of an artery simply means the tying up of the bleeding vessel1 which should be accomplished as follows3 ,to discover the bleeding artery take a piece of clean absorbent cotton1 dip it in cold water1 and by gentle pressure on the wound clear it of the accumulated blood4 ,the jet of fresh blood reveals the end of the vessel1 which is readily recognized by its whitish-yellow or buff color4 ,it should be seized with a forceps or pincers and slightly drawn clear of the surrounding tissues4 ,now take the thread and place the middle of it under the artery1 take up the ends1 tie one simple knot tightly1 pressing the thread down with the forefinger so as not to include the forceps1 then a second one over it and cut off the ends4 ,the bleeding being arrested1 the operator can now carefully clean and inspect the wound1 taking care to remove all blood and foreign matters and clip the hair around the edges before proceeding to stitch it up4 ,if the wound is superficial1 the lips may be brought together by a series of independent stitches 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f7 about one-half of an inch to three-fourths of an inch apart4 ,the stitches should not be drawn tightly2 it is sufficient to bring the edges of the wound in apposition4 ,if the wound is deep1 the needle should be introduced perpendicularly at as great a distance from the lip of the wound as the depth it is to be inserted1 so as to give the thread sufficient hold4 ,all the stitches should be as nearly as possible at equal distances from the border of the wound1 to prevent unequal strain1 and the knots should be made at the side1 not over the wound4 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #f47 ,when the wound is large and deep1 care should be taken to have an opening in the lowest part to allow for the escape of the discharges4 ,in deep wounds which run crosswise of a limb or muscle it is often advisable to use what is technically known as the quilled suture1 which is most readily understood by reference to ,plate ,,xxvii1 figure #g4 ,to accomplish this method a curved needle with an eye in the point and a strong double thread should be used4 ,the needle thus threaded is introduced perpendicularly at least an inch from the wound on one side1 carried across below and brought out the same distance from the border of the cut on the opposite side1 the thread being seized and held in position while the needle is withdrawn1 leaving a loop of thread protruding on one side and two loose ends on the other side of each stitch4 ,when enough stitches have been made1 take a light piece of wood about the size of a lead pencil1 corresponding in length to the size of the wound or slightly longer1 and insert it through each of the loops1 drawing up the free ends of the threads1 which should in turn be tied securely on a similar piece of wood on that side4 ,,punctured ,,wounds4--,owing to the uncertainty of their depth and the structures they may involve1 punctured wounds are by far the most dangerous and difficult to treat4 ,not only is the extent of the damage hidden from view1 but the very character of the injury1 as can be readily understood1 implies at least the possibility of deep-seated inflammation and consequent discharge of pus 7matter71 which1 when formed1 is kept pent up until it has accumulated to such an extent that it burrows by simple gravity1 as no other exit is possible4 ,in this way foreign matters1 such as a broken piece of the stake or snag1 or whatever caused the wound1 may be carried to an indefinite depth1 or the cavity of a joint may be invaded and very serious1 if not fatal1 consequences occur4 ,the danger is especially marked when the injury is inflicted on parts liable to frequent and extensive motion1 but all cases of punctured wounds should receive unusual care1 as no judgment can be accurately formed from the external appearance of the wound4 ,while a probe can ascertain the depth1 it throws but little light on the extent or exact nature of the internal injury4 ,for this reason all punctured wounds should invariably be carefully searched by means of a probe or some substitute devised for the occasion1 such as a piece of wire with a smooth blunt end1 or a piece of hard wood shaped for the purpose4 ,stitching is not admissible in the case of punctured wounds4 ,after thoroughly cleansing the opening of the wound and its surroundings1 tincture of iodin should be injected directly into the wound4 ,if a punctured wound is not very deep1 and when the bruising and laceration are slight1 it is possible for healing to take place by adhesion1 and this should always be encouraged1 as the process of repair by this method is far superior to that by granulation1 which will be referred to later4 ,with this object in view1 the animal should be kept as quiet as possible4 ,a dose of physic1 such as a pound of ,glauber's or ,epsom salt1 should be administered1 and warm antiseptic fomentations or poultices1 when this is practicable1 applied frequently to the surface of the wound4 ,in wounds of this description the process of repair may be complicated by the appearance of exuberant granulations1 popularly known as proud flesh1 which is really an overgrowth of new tissue--granulation tissue2 but these should not be interfered with unless they continue after the acute stage of inflammation has been subdued4 ,if1 after this1 they persist1 they may be treated with a #aj per cent solution of sulphate of copper 7bluestone7 or nitrate of silver 7lunar caustic7 in water4 ,,contused ,,or ,,lacerated ,,wounds4--,these are usually caused by a blow with some blunt instrument or by falls4 ,the seriousness depends largely on the depth of the injury1 and treatment should be directed to allaying the inflammation and preventing the consequent tendency to sloughing4 ,to this end soothing applications1 such as antiseptic fomentations and poultices1 are plainly indicated4 ,,methods ,,of ,,healing4--,technically these may be divided into a number of distinct processes1 but practically we may speak of them as two only1 namely1 by primary union1 or adhesion1 and by granulation4 ,as suppuration is not so liable to occur in cattle as in horses1 healing by the former and more speedy process is much more common in the first-named species1 more particularly in clean-cut or incised wounds1 provided they have been stitched within #ab hours from the time the injury which caused them was inflicted1 that they have been kept antiseptically clean1 and that the patient by some means has been kept fairly still4 ,this latter stipulation is probably hardest to comply with4 ,quiet is an important factor in the process of repair among the lower animals4 ,the second method of healing1 namely1 by granulation1 which is1 however1 the manner in which most wounds in animals heal1 takes much longer4 ,in punctured wounds of any depth healing necessarily takes place in this way only1 and the treatment should be directed largely to alleviating pain and moderating inflammation4 ,,after-,,treatment ,,and ,,dressing ,,of ,,wounds4--,the dressing of wounds is one of the most important branches of veterinary surgery1 and one of the most constant difficulties that the practicing veterinarian has to contend with lies in the lack of cooperation on the part of owners in the care and attention in the after-treatment of wounds4 ,in summarizing the treatment of wounds1 the following recommendations should be observed3 wounds must be cleansed and kept clean1 using antiseptic solutions which do not produce irritation1 and applying the solutions with a syringe or with clean pieces of absorbent cotton4 ,bleeding should be stopped before the closing of the wound by sutures or bandages4 ,an opening at the bottom of all wounds except small superficial wounds should be provided as a drainage outlet for the escape of wound secretions or pus if it should form4 ,the edges of wounds and the muscles involved in the wound should be kept as quiet as possible during the process of healing4 ,every wound should be protected by a sterile or antiseptic dressing whenever it is possible to retain a dressing in place4 ,dressings should be changed when it is apparent that they have become drenched with wound secretions or pus1 or have become disarranged or too loose1 permitting dirt to enter between them and the skin4 ,if swelling appears beyond the edges of a bandage1 it is an indication that it is too tight and it should then be removed and again applied4 ,the hands of the operator and all instruments and dressings coming in contact with a wound at any time should be made as clean as possible by the use of antiseptics4 ,,barbed-,,wire ,,cuts4--,we have specified these simply because in some sections of the country there is a fixed idea that there is a specific poison in barbed wire1 causing injuries which require treatment differing from that which is applicable to ordinary wounds4 ,barbed-wire cuts differ from ordinary wounds only in the parts being often lacerated and torn1 and the treatment already indicated for wounds of that description is applicable to them4 ,,castration4 ,castration consists in the removal of the essential organs of generation1 and is performed upon both the male and the female4 ,in the male the organs removed are the testicles and in the female the ovaries4 ,,castration ,,of ,,the ,,male4 ,castration in the male is performed for several different purposes4 ,it may be necessary1 as is the case in certain diseased conditions of the testicles and in strangulated hernia1 but the usual object of the operation is to enhance the general value of the animal4 ,for example1 if the animal is intended for burden1 the operation will better fit him for his work by so modifying his temperament and physical condition that he may easily be controlled by his master4 ,again1 if he is merely to be used for beef purposes1 the operation will improve the quality of the flesh and cause an added development of the most valuable portions of the dressed carcass4 ,the operation upon the female may be performed on account of diseased conditions1 but we may say that the chief object of the operation is to make the animal one of more profit to its owner by lessening the lacteal secretion and also improving the physical condition from the point of view of beef production4 ,when the cow is spayed1 it does away with all trouble attending estrum1 or heat1 gestation1 and parturition with its accidents and ailments4 ,the flesh of the spayed cow is more tender and juicy than that of the natural animal4 ,the operation upon the male may be either the uncovered or the covered4 ,in the former the incision is made down to the testicle proper1 and in the latter the cut is made through the scrotum or the outside covering and through the dartos1 or the next coat1 care being taken to cut no deeper tissues or coats4 ,the age at which the operation is performed varies1 but usually it is performed between the second and third month4 ,if done in early life1 there is less danger of complications1 the organs being in a latent condition and not fully developed4 ,there are many different methods of operating1 the principal ones of which we shall mention4 ,in the uncovered operation a good free incision should be made1 exposing the testicle completely4 ,now it may be removed by simply cutting it off4 ,the only danger of doing this is that hemorrhage is liable to follow4 ,to obviate this1 before the division of the spermatic cord it should be twisted several times in the following manner3 ,take hold of the cord with the left hand1 having it between the thumb and the index finger4 ,now twist the free portion several times with the right hand1 all the time being careful to push with the left hand toward the body of the animal4 ,in this way the danger of injury to the cord during the animal's struggles will be overcome4 ,there will be no hemorrhage1 or very little1 if it has been done properly4 ,this is the most simple manner of torsion4 ,there are forceps and other instruments made to perform the operation in this manner4 ,the actual cautery is an old method1 but we shall not describe it1 as we consider that we have better methods now4 ,the next method with the clamps1 although extensively used upon the horse1 is not practiced to so great an extent upon the bovine at the present time4 ,it is a very old method1 and is considered very safe4 ,clamps are used in the covered and uncovered operations4 ,more modern methods are by the use of special instruments known as the emasculator and the craseur4 ,the operation of mulling or crushing the spermatic cord is an unscientific and barbarous procedure1 causing unnecessary pain and suffering4 ,the methods described above apply only to the animal in a normal condition4 ,before operating everything should be examined to see that it is as it should be4 ,if otherwise1 a special operative procedure will be necessary4 ,whichever mode of operation is adopted from a practical standpoint1 the principal precautions to be taken in order to attain success are as follows3 ,first1 thorough cleanliness under strict aseptic and antiseptic precautions2 second1 a free and boldly made incision2 third1 the avoidance of undue pulling or tension upon the spermatic cord2 fourth1 free drainage1 which can be maintained1 provided the original incision has been properly made4 ,the operation of castration of the male is by no means a serious one1 and when properly performed there is little danger from complications4 ,although the danger is trifling1 the complications which may arise are sometimes of a serious nature4 ,hemorrhage1 either primary or secondary1 tetanus 7or lockjaw71 abscesses1 hernia 7or rupture71 gangrene1 and peritonitis are the most serious complications that follow castration4 ,whichever complication arises will require its own special treatment1 which we will not go into here1 as it will be fully dealt with under another heading4 ,we would add1 however1 that1 generally speaking1 the animal1 after being castrated1 should either be regularly exercised or be allowed freedom so that it can exercise itself4 ,sudden changes of the temperature are dangerous4 ,the animal should be fed moderately1 but of a diet easily digestible4 ,,castration ,,of ,,the ,,female4 ,the operation of ovariotomy 7spaying7 should be performed when the heifer is in her prime and in moderate condition not too plethoric and not in heat or pregnant4 ,this operation may be performed in one of two ways--namely1 by the flank or by the vagina--each operation having its special advantages4 ,in the flank operation the animal may be operated upon either while standing or while in the recumbent position4 ,if standing1 she should be placed against a wall or a partition and her head held by a strong assistant4 ,the legs also must be secured to prevent the animal from kicking4 ,a vertical incision should be made in the left flank1 about the middle of the upper portion1 care being taken not to make the opening too far down1 in order to avoid the division of the circumflex artery which traverses that region4 ,the operator should now make an opening through the peritoneum1 which is best done with the fingers4 ,next the hand and arm should be introduced into the abdominal cavity and the hand directed backward toward the pelvis1 searching for the horns of the uterus2 if followed up the ovaries will easily be found4 ,they should then be drawn outward and may be removed either by the craseur or by torsion4 ,closing and suturing the wound will complete the operation4 ,an adhesive plaster bandage can be beneficially applied4 ,the operation by the vagina is more complicated and requires special and expensive instruments4 ,the mode of procedure in brief is as follows3 ,a speculum is introduced into the vagina1 and an incision is made into the superior wall of that passage about #b inches from the neck of the uterus1 cutting from below upward and from before backward4 ,an incision which should not exceed #c-a_/b inches in length should be made4 ,the next step is to get possession of the ovaries4 ,they are situated in a fold of the broad ligament and should be drawn carefully through the incision into the vagina4 ,now take the long-handled scissors1 specially made for this purpose1 with which the thick border of the broad ligament is divided4 ,the torsion forceps are introduced and applied to the broad ligament above the ovary4 ,the left hand is then introduced1 and the thumb and the index finger grasp hold of the broad ligament above the forceps4 ,with the right hand torsion is applied and the ovary removed4 ,the other ovary may be removed in the same manner4 ,what has been said with regard to complications and aftertreatment in the case of the male also applies to the female4 ,,other ,,surgical ,,operations4 ,descriptions of other surgical operations not given in this chapter may be found in other parts of this work by reference to the index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,surgical ,,operations4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,devices for casting cattle4 7,from ,fleming47 ,fig4 #a4 ,reuff's method of throwing or casting the ox4 ,fig4 #b4 ,miles's method of throwing or casting the ox4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,surgical instruments and sutures4 7,after ,reynders and ,fleming47 ,figs4 #a and #b4 ,seton needles4 ,these may be either long or short1 straight or curved1 according to the locality in which a seton is to be inserted4 ,fig4 #c4 ,various forms of surgical needles4 ,fig4 #d4 ,suture forceps or needle holder1 for passing needles through thick and dense tissues4 ,fig4 #e4 ,knot properly tied4 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,various forms of sutures4 ,fig4 #f1 interrupted suture2 #g1 quilled suture2 #h1 uninterrupted suture2 #i1 twisted suture1 made by passing suture pins through the parts to be held together and winding the thread about them so as to represent the figure #h2 #aj1 single-pin suture4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,appliance for ringing the bull1 one-fourth natural size4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,nose clamp1 with spring and keeper4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,devices ,,for ,,casting ,,cattle4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,surgical ,,instruments ,,and ,,sutures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tumors ,,affecting ,,cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,chief1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,synonyms3 ,new growth1 neoplasm1 neoformation1 pseudoplasm1 swelling1 and hyperplasia4 ,definition4--,tumors#c are abnormal masses of tissue1 noninflammatory and independent in character1 arising1 without obvious cause1 from cells of preexistent tissue1 possessing no physiologic function1 and characteristically unrestrained in growth and structure4 ,tumors are abnormal masses of tissue4 ,the application of the term tumor is directly connected with the fact that they produce local enlargement4 ,they are noninflammatory2 that is1 the process of inflammation is not directly the cause or accompaniment of them4 ,an inflammatory new growth tends to disappear upon the subsidence of the inflammatory process1 while spontaneous disappearance of a tumor is comparatively rare4 ,tumors are independent4 ,for instance1 their nutrition bears no relation to the nutrition of the body4 ,a lipoma1 or fatty tumor1 in the subcutaneous tissue1 may go on increasing to huge bulk while the body is steadily emaciating4 ,again1 the tissues of the aged gradually undergo atrophy1 yet cancers arise at this time and grow rapidly4 ,tumors are unrestrained in growth and structure4 ,in the development of an animal we know at what period of its existence the mass of tissue called liver will develop--what its site1 structure1 and size will be4 ,we know that it will remain only in that locality1 and not1 as it were1 colonize throughout the system4 ,with tumors it is different2 there are no laws by which we can forecast the time1 place1 nature1 or size of development of them4 ,there is no cartilage in the kidney or parotid gland1 yet a chondroma1 or cartilage tumor1 may develop in either4 ,even when a new growth of tissue is started by an injury and consequent inflammation--as1 for instance1 proud flesh--there is a limitation of its size1 but the controlling influences which govern the size of an organ or normal mass of tissue and limit the extent of an inflammatory overgrowth are all absent in the case of tumors4 ,they are unrestrained1 lawless4 ,metastasis expresses the lawlessness of tumors as regards being limited to the original site of development4 ,small particles of tumors enter the blood vessels or lymph streams and are carried to distant parts of the body1 where they lodge and start new tumor formations4 ,expansion by colonization in this manner is a rule with many tumors1 and1 since they exercise no function of use to the organism1 this dissemination of actively growing particles becomes a menace to the system by numerically increasing the body's burden1 opening new channels of drain upon the system and adding new centers for the absorption of putrefactive materials when the secondary tumors shall have degenerated4 ,it is this which makes metastasis such an important element in the malignancy of tumors4 ,tumors possess no physiological function4 ,they are absolutely useless4 ,fibrous tumors bind no parts of the organism together2 bony tumors add nothing to the supporting framework of the body2 the tissue of fatty tumors never serves as a storehouse of feed and energy2 the cells of an adenoma1 or gland tumor1 furnish no secretion2 a tumor composed of muscle tissue produces no increase to the strength of the individual--its muscle cells are not contractile4 ,tumors arise from cells of preexistent tissue4 ,tumor tissue is not a new variety4 ,whatever the structure of a tumor1 its counterpart is found among the tissues of the body1 the lawlessness of the tumor1 however1 showing itself in more or less departure from the normal type4 ,this departure is usually a reversion to a more elementary or embryonic stage1 so that the tumor tissues may be said to be structurally immature4 ,tumors arise without obvious cause4 ,concerning the ultimate cause of tumor formation we are absolutely ignorant4 ,various theories have been advanced from time to time1 but none of them have been applicable to more than a limited number of cases4 ,the most important theories may be briefly mentioned4 7#a7 ,the theory of tumor diathesis4--,bilroth taught that tumors are caused by a peculiar predisposition consisting of a diseased state of the fluids of the body4 ,this constitutional taint might be acquired1 but1 having been acquired1 is also hereditary4 ,this theory is known also as the heredity hypothesis1 but1 while it is true that heredity appears to play some role in the causation of certain neoplasms1 its application is too limited to make it of value4 7#b7 ,the mechanical or irritant theory4--,virchow assumed that tumors arise as the result of previous irritation of the part4 ,this has been noticed particularly in the case of certain cancers4 ,they frequently develop on the edges of old ulcers1 thus being dependent apparently on chronic irritation4 ,cancer of the lip in pipe smokers is a case in point4 ,cancerous tumors of the skin often develop on the arms of workers in paraffin1 tar1 or soot1 the chemical irritation of these substances being the cause4 ,on the contrary1 the proportion of those thus affected among the exposed is very small and forces the conclusion that if the real cause were in the irritation vastly more cases would occur4 7#c7 ,the theory of nervous influence4--,that is based upon 7a7 the observed fact that tumors occur more frequently in man and the higher animals than in those lower in the scale1 among which the nervous system is less highly developed2 7b7 that certain formations seem to be directly connected with nerve distribution1 while others have been associated with alternations in neighboring nerve trunks4 7#d7 ,the embryonal theory4--,this is known also as ,cohnheim's hypothesis4 ,in early fetal life there occurs a production of cells in excess of those required for the construction of the various parts of the body1 so that a certain number of them are left over in the fully developed tissue or become misplaced during the sorting of cells for future development of tissues and organs4 ,these cells lie dormant until favorable conditions arise or until some sufficient stimulus is applied1 when1 released from their inactivity1 they begin to reproduce and grow4 ,not being normally related to their site1 they lack the controlling and limiting influences of the part1 and1 their embryonic character enduing them with a most potent proliferating power1 they develop in a lawless and unrestrained manner4 ,there are tumors whose existence can be explained only on these grounds4 ,still1 this theory falls far short of answering the question as to the origin of tumors4 7#e7 ,the parasitic theory4--,this is not only one of the latest1 but1 merely as a hypothesis1 it is the most attractive and plausible of all4 ,the serious objections to it1 however1 are the almost uniform failure that has met the attempts to transplant these tumors from one animal to another and the absence of any constant variety of organism in them4 ,several forms of parasites have been found in certain tumors1 but nothing definite has been shown with reference to the relation they bear to the causation of the neoplasm4 ,,classification ,,of ,,tumors4 ,in ,senn's work on tumors occurs the following3 ,a uniform system of classification of tumors is one of the great wants of modern pathology1 and all attempts in this direction have proved failures4 ,it would be folly1 therefore1 to burden the pages of a work of this kind with one or several of the proposed systems which have1 admittedly1 at some important point1 failed of their purpose4 ,since the value of this chapter depends chiefly upon its practical character1 which in turn is measured by its aid in diagnosis1 prognosis1 and treatment1 the old but important clinical division is here adopted4 ,tumors are either malignant or benign4 ,the essential difference between the two classes is that while benign tumors depend for their ill effects entirely upon their situation1 malignant neoplasms wherever located inevitably destroy life4 ,the clinical features of each group are in many cases sufficiently marked to distinguish them4 ,,malignant ,,tumors4 7#a7 ,these are invariably pernicious1 and from the beginning tend to destroy life4 7#b7 ,the cellular element predominates2 therefore they grow rapidly4 7#c7 ,possessing no capsule1 they infiltrate surrounding tissues4 7#d7 ,they infect adjacent lymph glands4 7#e7 ,they recur even after complete removal4 7#f7 ,they give metastasis2 that is1 they become disseminated in different organs4 7#g7 ,their presence develops a progressive emaciation4 ,,benign ,,tumors4 7#a7 ,these in and of themselves do not tend to produce death4 7#b7 ,as the cellular element is not liable to predominate1 they grow slowly4 7#c7 ,they are encapsulated1 and when diffuse do not infiltrate surrounding tissues4 7#d7 ,they do not infect adjacent lymph glands4 7#e7 ,they do not recur after complete removal4 7#f7 ,they do not manifest metastasis4 ,benign tumors1 though harmless1 may1 by the accident of their location1 indirectly produce death4 ,mere pressure on the brain substance of an otherwise innocent tumor1 compression of the blood supply for vital organs1 growth in such manner as to cause obstruction in the alimentary tract or pressure upon nerves1 may cause death1 or1 prior to death1 so combine the effects of anemia 7deficiency of blood71 starvation1 and pain1 with its consequent restlessness1 as to produce a veritable cachexia 7condition of general ill health74 ,on the other hand1 a malignant tumor in its primary growth may so implicate a vital organ as to destroy life before metastasis can occur or even before cachexia can develop4 ,thus1 to the untrained observer1 environment may so operate as to cause these two classes of new growths to simulate each other4 ,the boundary lines may seem to overlap4 ,it is here that the microscope1 as the court of last appeal1 adjudicates positively in the diagnosis between these two clearly marked divisions4 ,it may almost be asserted that a true classification of tumors can not be made until we know more about the cause of them4 ,the arrangement here presented is offered to meet the practical needs of the veterinarian1 student1 and farmer rather than of the pathologist4 ,we may roughly divide the tissues of the body into structural and lining tissues4 ,the structural tissues are composed of the tissues of special function and simple connective tissues4 ,the lining or covering tissues1 both internal and external1 are known as epithelium4 ,section ,a of the table below contains the true tumors or proper neoplasms4 ,section ,b includes the cysts1 some of which are true tumors1 while others are false ones1 but the latter are added because of their gross resemblance to the true and the consequent necessity of considering them at the same time4 ,,tumors ,,and ,,cysts4 ,a4--,tumors4 ,,benign4 ,i4--,tumors composed of tissues resembling those of special function4 #a4 ,type of muscle tissue ,myoma4 #b4 ,type of nerve tissue ,neuroma4 #c4 ,type of vascular tissue ,angioma4 #d4 ,type of gland tissue ,adenoma4 ,,ii4--,tumors composed of fully developed connective tissue4 #a4 ,type of fibrous tissue ,fibroma4 #b4 ,type of adipose1 or fat1 tissue ,lipoma4 #c4 ,type of cartilage tissue ,chondroma4 #d4 ,type of osseous1 or bone1 tissue ,osteoma4 #e4 ,type of neuroglia1 or nerve1 sheath ,glioma4 #f4 ,type of mucoid1 or mucous1 tissue ,myxoma4 ,,malignant4 ,,iii4--,tumors composed of embryonic or immature connective tissues4 #a4 ,type of immature connective tissue ,sarcoma4 #b4 ,type of endothelial tissue ,endothelioma4 ,,iv4--,tumors in which epithelial elements predominate4 #a4 ,type of various epithelial cells and associated tissues ,carcinoma4 ,b4--,,cysts4 ,i4--,cysts which develop in preexisting cavities4 #a ,retention cysts4 #b ,proliferation cysts4 ,,ii4--,cysts which are of congenital origin and are true tumors4 #a ,dermoid cysts4 ,,iii4--,cysts which originate independently as the result of pathological changes and are nontumorous4 #a4 ,cysts formed by the softening and disintegration of lesions ,softening cysts4 #b4 ,cysts formed around parasites ,parasitic cysts4 #c4 ,cysts formed by an outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces with subsequent encapsulation of the fluid ,extravasation cysts4 ,,terminology4--,the principle of naming tumors is quite simple4 ,the ,greek word oma 7plural omata7 means tumor4 ,this word oma is added to the stem of the word ordinarily used to designate the kind of tissue of which the tumor is composed4 ,thus a tumor formed after the type of fibrous tissue is a fibroma4 ,the only exception to this is in the naming of the two large classes of malignant neoplasms4 ,there the names were formed from the fleshlike appearance of the one and the crablike proliferations of the other--namely1 ,sarcoma 7sarksflesh71 carcinoma 7karkinoscrab74 ,,diagnosis4--,in the diagnosis of tumors note is taken of 7#a7 clinical history and 7#b7 examination of the tumor4 7#a7 ,clinical history4--,circumstances connected with the origin of the tumor and its rapidity of growth may point to an inflammatory swelling rather than a tumor4 ,the location of the tumor at its commencement is important1 as1 for instance1 in diagnosing between lipoma and carcinoma1 the former being more or less movable under the skin1 while a carcinoma develops in the skin4 ,while tenderness on pressure may be caused by compression of a sensitive nerve by a tumor or by tumors of the nerve or nerve sheaths1 as a rule this symptom is indicative of inflammatory swelling rather than of the existence of a tumor4 7#b7 ,direct examination of the tumor4--,in the application of this diagnosis the trained observer will note color1 size1 shape1 and surface structure1 transmission of light1 movableness1 consistence1 resistance1 pulsation1 and crepitation4 ,percussion1 auscultation1 and exploration are also available methods4 ,finally1 microscopic examination of the growing portions of the tumor by a pathologist will be found most satisfactory4 ,,general ,,treatment ,,of ,,tumors4 ,for benign tumors treatment is required only when it damages the animal's value or when merely for sake of appearance4 ,when it is possible1 the removal of the tumor by an operation is indicated4 ,if the tumor has a small1 constricted base1 remove by torsion1 ligation1 or with an craseur4 ,ligation following the incision of the skin with a knife avoids the pain of pressing on the sensitive nerves of the skin and is suitable for tumors of broad base and small bodies4 ,a firing iron1 such as is used in line or feather firing1 may also be used in removing tumors with small attachments4 ,this not only stops the bleeding but forms a firm scab1 under which healing may occur rapidly4 ,those tumors that can not be removed by the above methods may be treated with caustics or acids1 such as sulphuric acid1 hydrochloric acid1 caustic potash1 arsenic1 silver nitrate1 or chromic acid1 but it is difficult to limit the action of these drugs4 ,the injection1 into the tumor1 of such chemicals as anilin dyes1 alcohol1 acetic acid1 citric acid1 or ergotin1 is of doubtful value1 as is also the injection of the germs of erysipelas--thought by some to be a specific4 ,certain specific tumors1 such as actinomycosis and botryomycosis1 may be successfully treated by the internal administration of potassium iodid1 together with the injection into the tumor or the painting of its surface with either ,lugol's solution or the tincture of iodin4 ,the most reliable means of treating tumors is by extirpation with cutting instruments4 ,dissect the tumor from the surrounding tissue1 ligating all the larger blood vessels1 and tearing the tissues with the fingers rather than cutting with a knife4 ,the bleeding may be stopped with a hot iron4 ,the after treatment is the same as for any ordinary wound of similar size4 ,,description ,,of ,,individual ,,tumors4 ,although a full list of the tumors that may be found in bovines has been given above1 there are a number that warrant a detailed description1 and the following mention will be made of the most important of them3 ,,myoma4 ,these tumors are after the type of muscle4 ,they are sharply circumscribed and1 as a rule1 are very hard1 a condition owing usually to combination with fibroma and are then known as fibromyoma4 ,in fact1 the clinical differentiation between myoma and fibroma is almost impossible4 ,myomas are found in the uterus1 vagina1 stomach1 intestines1 gullet1 and bladder of a bovine animal4 ,they grow very large1 but1 as a rule1 are benign4 ,treatment should consist of their removal4 ,,neurofibroma4 ,a true neuroma built up of nerve fibers and nerve cells is infrequent1 if it ever occurs1 in cattle4 ,false neuromas1 or neurofibromas1 are knotty1 spreading tumors of the size of a large potato1 which are developed within the nerve sheaths and composed of nerve fibers and connective tissue bands interlaced4 ,the commingling of these varied fibers is often so intricate that separation is practically impossible4 ,this tumor is most frequently found upon the shoulder of cattle4 ,treatment is surgical4 ,,angioma4 ,the angiomas are tumors composed mainly of blood vessels or blood spaces and are observed on the skin of man1 where they are called birthmarks or mother marks4 ,cavernous angiomas are seen in cattle1 affecting the liver and the mucous membrane of the nasal septum4 ,in the liver they appear as smooth1 flat1 nonprojecting tumors of a dark-red or purple color and of about the size of a silver #aj-;cent piece4 ,they are somewhat softer in consistency than the adjoining liver substance into which they are gradually fused4 ,these tumors are frequently observed by meat inspectors in livers of slaughtered cattle4 ,treatment of angioma is unnecessary4 ,,adenoma4 ,the structure of this tumor is after the type of gland tissue4 ,it is rarely seen in cattle except in combination with cancer or sarcoma4 ,a growth which occurs more frequently in bovines1 especially calves1 and which in some instances bears a striking resemblance to an adenoma is the so-called goiter4 ,,goiter 7,,struma74 ,this is a noninflammatory enlargement or a hyperplasia of the thyroid gland4 ,while it can not be definitely classed among tumors1 yet1 owing to its resemblance to the latter1 it will be discussed at this time4 ,the cause of goiter has never been definitely ascertained4 ,among the most probable causes may be mentioned heredity1 insufficient and improper diet1 close confinement1 unhygienic surroundings1 and an unknown toxic substance which is supposed to obtain in those localities rich in magnesium and lime salts4 ,certain organisms found in goiter have been suspected of producing this trouble1 but their relation to the disease has not been satisfactorily proved4 ,a goiter may consist of 7#a7 simple enlargement of the follicles which are filled with albuminous matter 7follicular goiter72 7#b7 an increase of connective tissues between the follicles1 causing the swelling to be dense and resistant 7fibrous goiter72 7#c7 a great increase in size of one or more follicles1 forming a cyst 7cystic goiter72 7#d7 great dilatation of the blood vessels in the gland accompanied with pulsation with each heart beat 7vascular goiter74 ,symptoms4--,goiter may be observed at the side of the throat1 reaching the size of a fist or even larger1 or it may hang down below the windpipe4 ,in cattle the two thyroid glands are close together1 and when the disease affects both there may be but one uniform swelling placed in front of the windpipe below the angle of the jaw4 ,this swelling may be hard1 soft1 or doughy in consistence1 and with each beat of the heart it may pulsate like an artery4 ,it may cause labored breathing by pressure on the windpipe1 and death may result from pressure on this structure1 on the gullet1 or on the adjoining large vessels4 ,treatment4--,in young animals the treatment is usually satisfactory1 and consists in giving the animal a complete change of feed and plenty of exercise in the open air4 ,if the condition appears enzootic in the district1 remove the animal to another location when possible4 ,iodin1 either in the form of ointment or the tincture1 should be applied to the swelling4 ,injections of iodin solution1 #e grains of iodin in #a dram of #be per cent alcohol1 may also be made into the substance of the gland4 ,when the swelling which follows this injection has subsided it may be repeated4 ,potassium iodid should be given internally in #a-a_/b dram doses twice daily for a cow1 or in #bj-;grain doses twice a day for a calf4 ,extirpation of all but a small section of the swelling may be successfully accomplished by a qualified veterinarian1 but if it should be entirely removed1 myxedema and death follow4 ,,fibroma4 ,fibromas are tumors made up chiefly of connective tissue and are usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue4 ,indurative fibromas of the skin appear as tumors of gelatinous connective tissue or as firm1 white vascular connective tissue growths1 which are more or less sharply outlined1 move readily over the underlying tissues in company with the skin1 and owe their origin to mechanical injuries1 perforating wounds1 repeated abrasions1 or the invasion of pus cocci or botryomyces into the tissues4 ,these tumors in cattle are frequently found upon the dewlap as solid lumps1 hard as stone to the touch1 lying loosely between the layers of skin1 and gradually losing themselves in the softer tissues of the neck above1 or as smooth1 hard tumors of glistening white substance with interlacing lines of softer tissue4 ,they may also be found in the region of the knee or at the elbow4 ,the skin over the growths1 in accordance with the originating cause1 will be found chafed1 covered with scabs1 or even ulcerated and accompanied with collateral edema4 ,these connective tissue tumors grow slowly but reach enormous size4 ,they sometimes follow injuries to the region of the throat and form there as hard1 firm growth1 even reaching the size of a child's head4 ,a fibroma upon the larynx is not an infrequent occurrence in the ox4 ,these tumors are always sharply outlined and have a roughened surface4 ,they may be differentiated from actinomycotic tumors 7see chapter on ,infectious diseases of cattle1 p4 #ceh7 in the same location by their firm1 fibrous structure and by the absence of pus from the interior4 ,a tumor is sometimes seen upon the muzzle of cattle1 which assumes a diameter equaling the width of the muzzle4 ,it is a voluminous connective-tissue formation known by the name of fibroma diffusum4 ,another form is sometimes observed upon the tongue4 ,it grows upon a broad1 spreading base1 becoming very hard4 ,it is almost lacking in blood vessels1 although the few that are present are plainly in view1 and in consequence is poorly supplied with fluids4 ,it is of a smooth contour1 white or whitish yellow in color1 is sharply limited from the normal substance of the tongue1 may be covered with mucous membrane1 on which prominent papill are located1 or only by a thin1 delicate layer of epithelium1 and is usually found in the middle part of the tongue1 where it may reach the size of two fists4 ,pedunculate or stemmed fibrous tumors are frequently noticed growing upon or near the extremity of the tails of cows4 ,they are apparently of traumatic origin1 such as tying the tail fast while milking or shaving it too closely while trimming for show purposes1 and usually contain bloody or gelatinous material within1 or1 again1 they may be strongly edematous throughout4 ,treatment4--,the treatment of large fibromas is surgical and consists of the operative removal of the tumor1 followed by suturing of the wound4 ,small external tumors may be painted with zinc chlorid1 chromic acid1 or a concentrated solution of bichlorid of mercury4 ,,papilloma 7,,wart74 ,when fibromas develop from the lining or covering tissues they frequently form papillary growths1 more or less thickly covered with epithelium1 and are then called papillomas1 or warts4 ,papillomas consist of villouslike projections1 resulting from a proliferation of the outer layer 7epithelium7 of the skin or mucous membrane4 ,these growths are also called angle berries1 and may assume a variety of forms4 ,sometimes there is a preponderance of epidermis in the formation1 and the tumor then appears as a hard1 dense1 insensitive1 clublike growth1 or wart4 ,again the swelling is chiefly in the derm1 or true skin1 and we have what is known as a flesh wart 7verucca carnea74 ,in other cases the growth of papillar bodies projects in great cauliflowerlike tumors with deeply furrowed and lobulated surface1 over which a covering of epidermis may or may not be present4 ,these are usually much softer and are well supplied with blood vessels4 ,it is not uncommon for them to be pedunculate or stemmed1 and in this case considerable rotary motion or twisting is possible4 ,their color is cloudy gray or grayish red1 with white bands of connective tissue radiating from the center4 ,their consistence varies4 ,upon their surfaces and within their clefts and fissures they undergo retrogressive changes1 softening1 bleeding1 or ulcerations4 ,a favorite location for the papilloma in cattle is the udder and teats1 where they may develop in such numbers as to cover the entire surface and make the animal troublesome to milk4 ,the sides of the head1 neck1 and shoulders also afford satisfactory conditions for their growth1 and are frequently seen to be affected by them4 ,treatment4--,warts may be removed with the scissors1 twisted off with the fingers1 or ligatured by means of a rubber band or horsehair4 ,the roots should then be cauterized with tincture of iron1 glacial acetic acid1 or lunar caustic4 ,acids should never be used in removing warts about the eyes or in the mouth4 ,papillomas of the eyelids sometimes change to cancers and should be removed by taking out a wedge-shaped section of the eyelid4 ,young cattle should be given arsenic internally in the form of ,fowler's solution1 #a tablespoonful twice a day for a #f-months-old calf4 ,,polyps4 ,polyps are usually fibromas or myxomas1 occurring on the mucous membrane of the nasal passages or genital tract4 ,they grow upon a narrow stem1 bleed readily when injured1 and often contain a center of thin1 limpid fluid4 ,a bloody discharge is sometimes seen coming from the affected nostril1 but this is not always easy of detection in cattle1 owing to the pliancy of their tongues and to their habit of licking an irritated nostril4 ,usually these tumors grow downward and may project from the nostril1 causing snoring sounds and uneasy breathing4 ,they may occasionally force themselves backward into the throat1 where they interfere seriously with respiration1 the patient being obliged to breathe with an effort1 and even forced to cough in order to dislodge temporarily the obstruction from the larynx4 ,such tumors1 when near the nostril1 may easily be removed by the use of forceps or a loop made of bailing wire4 ,serious bleeding is not liable to follow their removal1 but an astringent wash1 such as a solution of the perchlorid of iron1 if applied to the cut surface1 will be found very beneficial4 ,in case the tumor is not within easy reach1 the services of a qualified veterinarian should be obtained to perform the necessary operation4 ,,lipoma4 ,this is a tumor consisting chiefly of fat cells4 ,the growth is irregularly rounded and distinctly lobulated1 very soft1 and almost fluctuating4 ,it is insensitive1 grows slowly1 and is always inclosed in a distinct fibrous capsule1 from which it can be easily shelled out4 ,it may become very large and often hangs pendulous from a long1 elastic pedicle4 ,in cattle this tumor may be found in the subcutaneous tissues1 especially of the back and shoulders1 uterus1 and intestines1 and in the latter position it may cause strangulation1 or gut tie1 by winding around a loop of the intestine4 ,treatment4--,when found on the skin the tumor may be readily removed with a knife or by a ligature4 ,caustics and the cautery produce wounds that heal slowly and can not be recommended in the treatment of this tumor4 ,,chondroma4 ,this tumor formation is composed of cartilage cells4 ,it is a rounded and very often unevenly nodular and sharply described tumor4 ,it is very hard1 dense1 elastic1 and painless and develops principally where we find normal cartilage cells4 ,it is rare in cattle1 but has been found in the subcutaneous tissues and nasal cavities4 ,treatment4--,extirpation4 ,,osteoma 7,,bony ,,tumor74 ,bones may occasionally grow in such a profuse and irregular manner that the product1 or osteophyte1 assumes the character of a tumor4 ,the bone tissue may possess either spongy or compact properties and grow either from the periphery of the bone or within its interior4 ,these tumors most frequently appear about the head of the animal1 either upon the jawbones1 within the nasal passages1 or in connection with the horns4 ,they are usually of bony hardness1 painless1 benign1 and sharply outlined4 ,treatment4--,the treatment consists in either removing them with a saw1 chisel1 or trephine1 or preventing their further development by counterirritation with blisters or firing iron4 ,,myxoma4 ,characteristic myxomas are mucoid tumors which chiefly originate from the mucous membrane and are especially to be found within the nasal passages and uteri of cattle4 ,they can reach a size of three fists1 are smooth or velvetlike1 or may be lobulated1 broad at the base1 and consist of a glassy-looking mass of connective tissue1 which usually shows a distinctive yellowish color4 ,being homogeneous and elastic1 the moist1 jellylike tissue composing the tumor may be easily destroyed or crushed4 ,when cut through1 these tumors soon collapse from the loss of their fluids4 ,they sometimes inclose elliptical cavities filled with slimy1 gelatinous masses4 ,treatment4--,extirpation4 ,,sarcoma4 ,this is a malignant tumor after the type of embryonal tissue1 and consists of several varieties1 such as the round cell1 spindle cell1 giant cell1 alveolar1 and melanosarcoma4 ,they grow by preference in connective tissue and are quite vascular4 ,sarcomas appear either as single or multiple nodules1 varying in size from a hempseed to a hazelnut1 or else as a moderate number of tumors of the size of hen eggs4 ,their surface1 at first smooth1 later becomes lumpy and tuberous from internal degeneration4 ,secondary nodules may appear near the primary tumor4 ,the outer skin is not involved so soon as in cancer1 nor does ulceration follow so rapidly4 ,sarcoma is about the most frequent and dangerous tumor that is found in cattle4 ,it occurs in young animals1 and is found on the serous membranes1 in the glandular organs1 and on the outer skin1 especially of the neck and shoulders--in fact1 in nearly every tissue and in almost every part of the body4 ,this tumor is often found in places exposed to traumatisms and at seats of scars1 or of irritations from pressure and inflammation4 ,treatment4--,treatment should consist in early and complete removal by the knife1 including one-half or three-quarters of an inch of the sound tissue adjoining the tumor4 ,if there is a possibility that sarcomatous tissue still remains1 either cauterize the wound with a hot iron or powder the walls of the cavity with arsenious acid4 ,,cancer 7,,carcinoma74 ,cancers are tumors of epithelial tissues and are malignant4 ,there are several varieties of cancers1 such as hard1 soft1 and colloid1 but only those growing on the surface will be mentioned here4 ,these malignant tumors of the superficial organs develop primarily from the epidermis or from the glands of the skin4 ,they appear secondarily as spreading infections from milk glands1 thyroids1 anal glands1 or as embolisms4 ,in such cases their sole character depends wholly upon the kind of cancer from which they have sprung4 ,the infiltrating cancer begins as an elevation of the skin1 which progresses until it becomes rough and nodular4 ,the surface later becomes attacked1 and an ulcer results whose edges are outlined by a hard1 firm zone4 ,the ulcerations may remain limited by cicatricial tissue1 but it is more likely that the infiltration and destruction of tissue will spread out wider and deeper until a rodent ulcer 7so called7 is formed4 ,one of the most frequent sites of cancer in cattle is in the eye1 where they are called fungus hematodes1 but they also occur on the skin1 on the genitals1 in the stomach1 and within the organs4 ,fungus hematodes4--,this starts at the inner corner of the eye as a papillary elevation or as small nodules which become fused4 ,they grow larger and become papillomatous1 with superficial ulcerations and a tendency toward hemorrhage4 ,in some cases the eye is displaced by the growing tumor or is attacked by the cancer cells and entirely destroyed4 ,cancerous growths upon the external genitals and the anus usually present a rough1 irregular surface from which there is a constant sloughing of decomposed tissue accompanied with a penetrating disagreeable odor4 ,the diagnosis of cancer may be made clinically by noting the simultaneous infection of the lymph glands which surround the primary lesion4 ,deeply burrowing and infiltrating forms which appear as lumps and ulcerations cause marked disfiguration of the affected part4 ,the surface becomes a soft1 greasy mass2 later it cracks open and from the fissures blood-colored pus exudes1 being continually formed by the moist degeneration of the tissues beneath4 ,at first the general health of the animal does not appear affected1 but later the cancer nodules spread to important organs and give rise to marasmus and progressive emaciation4 ,cancer is not a frequent tumor of cows4 ,frhner states that of #ge cases of tumors in cattle which came under his observation #b1 or #b4f per cent1 were found to be cancers1 while #bj1 or #bf4f per cent1 were sarcomas4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in the early and complete removal of the tumor1 taking care to include a wide border of healthy tissue4 ,this has been most successful in such superficial cancers as those of the eye1 penis1 anus1 testicle1 vulva1 and sheath4 ,if the disease has advanced too far1 this treatment may not prove efficacious1 owing to the great malignancy of the cancer and its tendency to recur4 ,in such cases the animal may be slaughtered1 but the flesh should be used for food only after inspection by a competent veterinarian4 ,,cysts4 ,cysts may be true or false tumors and consist of a capsule containing a fluid or semisolid content4 ,among the most important cysts1 which have been briefly referred to in a previous table1 the following are probably the most noteworthy1 owing to the frequency with which they are found in bovines3 ,,softening ,,cysts4 ,softening cysts1 which result from the degenerative liquefaction of normal or diseased tissues1 especially of tumors of different kinds1 followed by the encapsulation of the fluid4 ,,parasitic ,,cysts4 ,parasitic or foreign-body cysts1 from the inflammatory reaction induced by such parasites as the echinococcus 7hydatid cyst7 or by the presence of various kinds of foreign bodies4 ,,extravasation ,,cysts4 ,extravasation cysts1 caused by injuries which rupture blood vessels1 followed by an increase of fibrous tissue which forms a capsule about the fluid4 ,the hygromata in front of the knee in cattle1 so-called tumor of the knee1 and serous cysts belong to this variety4 ,,hygromata1 ,,or ,,tumors ,,of ,,the ,,knee4--,these consist in the simplest form of a collection of serous fluid mixed with fibrin within a distended bursa4 ,the walls surrounding the fluid become firm1 smooth1 and dense4 ,outwardly the tumor appears fluctuating1 though tense1 while the skin which covers it may be normal1 denuded of hair1 or covered with hard epidermal scales1 possibly half an inch in thickness1 forming a hard1 horny plate4 ,the cavity which contains the fluid may have the dimensions of a hen's egg1 an apple1 or a child's head4 ,its walls are formed by the diseased secreting membrane of the bursal sac1 and are readily detachable from the subcutis of the skin4 ,their internal surfaces are often uneven or supplied with projections or tufted growths which support a fibrous network within the tumor4 ,tumors of the knee may also assume a granular type1 as the result of chronic inflammation or following operative or spontaneous evacuation of pus from the part4 ,they are either firmly connected with the skin or are detachable from it1 and when laid open disclose a whitish-red1 porklike tissue surrounding a central nucleus of pus1 or a fistulous tract leading to the outer surface4 ,they are caused by the chronic inflammation which follows the bruises received by cattle in lying down and in rising1 or they may be due to falls on uneven1 hard ground4 ,treatment for hygromata4--,when the swelling first appears cold water should be applied1 followed later by bandaging with cloths wrung out of warm water4 ,if the swelling is soft1 it should be punctured at the lowest point1 and afterwards the cavity should be syringed with ,lugol's solution4 ,if the tumor is hard and nonfluctuating1 a mercurial blister may cause absorption and at the same time prevent further injury to the part by making it more painful1 thus sparing it4 ,,serous ,,cysts4--,these swellings are another variety of extravasation cysts1 and are caused by such injuries as butting1 running against hard objects1 and shipping bruises1 which are followed by an outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces4 ,these cysts develop rapidly and may reach the size of a man's head or even larger4 ,they are soft1 edematous1 and hot at first and contain a serous or blood-tinged fluid4 ,later1 partially organized clots and shreds of a fibrinous nature and of a gelatinous consistence are formed within1 and the temperature of the swelling is reduced4 ,they appear on the surface of the body1 especially on the belly and flank of cattle4 ,treatment of serous cysts4--,treatment consists in opening the cyst at the most dependent point with a sharp knife4 ,the cavity should be washed out twice daily with a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid1 and drainage encouraged by keeping the incision open4 ,,dermoid ,,cysts4 ,these cysts have a wall which is almost an exact duplicate of the structure of the skin1 and frequently contain epidermal structures1 such as hair and teeth1 which1 in the development of the embryo1 have been misplaced4 ,thus we may find in an ovary or testicle a dermoid cyst1 containing a tooth or a ball of hair4 ,dental cysts are included in the class above4 ,,dental ,,cysts4--,it happens occasionally that the teeth of cattle1 instead of developing normally within strong supporting alveol1 remain inclosed within a cystic membrane1 which assumes a tumorlike character4 ,one tooth may be included alone in the cyst or a number may be inclosed together4 ,however this may be1 the malformation progresses1 especially if confined to the incisor teeth1 until the remaining teeth that began to develop normally are crowded out of position and rendered useless4 ,the tumor may reach the size of a man's fist4 ,it appears to be fleshy and dents upon pressure1 but it may also appear on closer examination as though it contained irregular sections of thin bone4 ,the outer surface is always smooth1 and no indication of purulence1 softening1 or scab formation is ever exhibited4 ,upon being laid open with the knife the tumor is seen to be surrounded by a firm1 smooth membrane which limits it completely from the adjoining tissues4 ,it is filled with material which possesses partly edematous1 partly fleshy1 and partly bony properties4 ,it is supposed that this mass is composed of rudiments of the jawbone or of the alveolar walls which1 becoming spongy1 lose themselves in the soft1 fleshy mass contained within the capsule of the tumor4 ,it occasionally happens that the tumor is hollow and that the cavity extends back into the body of the lower jaw for a considerable distance4 ,tumors of this kind1 being of congenital origin1 are very naturally observed most frequently in young cattle1 but they may continue to expand for a period of several months after the birth of the calf1 even until they become troublesome and unsightly4 ,treatment for dental cysts4--,treatment consists in the complete extirpation of the cyst and the destruction of the lining pouch by curetting4 ,,retention ,,cysts4 ,retention cysts arise from the retention of normal secretions1 owing to obstruction of a duct leading from a gland4 ,the mucous cysts found in the mouth1 udder1 and vestibule of cows are samples of this form4 ,,mucous ,,cysts4--,saclike dependent tumors1 caused by retention of the secretions from the mucous glands1 sometimes develop in the mouth1 nose1 pharynx1 and vulva of cattle4 ,they are called mucous cysts4 ,these are of sizes varying from peas to pigeon eggs1 are roundish and translucent1 and surrounded by a delicate1 vascular membrane4 ,they contain a siruplike substance more or less thick and transparent and whitish yellow in color4 ,treatment consists in the puncturing of the swelling1 if accessible1 and the destruction of the cyst walls by the injection of ,lugol's solution4 ,,proliferation ,,cysts4 ,these are found especially in the ovaries of cows1 called cystic ovaries1 and may produce nymphomania 7chronic bulling74 ,the treatment indicated in this case is the removal of the diseased ovaries4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,the term tumor literally means a swelling1 and thus has been applied to the prominence caused by an overdistended bladder1 to the enlargement of pregnancy1 to the swelling produced by an abscess1 to the overgrowth of tissue 7hyperplasia7 associated with injury and consequent inflammation1 and to numerous other phases of tissue enlargement directly connected with recognized disease processes4 ,for this reason it is becoming more common for scientists to apply the word neoplasm to the new growths described in this chapter4 ,because of the still popular use of the word tumor1 it is retained in this chapter for the designation of those new growths to which the sevenfold characterization of our descriptive definition applies4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,general ,,discussion4 ,the skin consists of two parts--a superficial layer1 the epidermis1 or cuticle1 and the deep1 or true1 skin1 the dermis1 cutis vera1 or corium4 ,the epidermis1 cuticle1 or scarf skin1 is an epithelial structure1 forming a protective covering to the corium4 ,it varies in thickness1 is quite insensible and nonvascular1 and consists of a sheet of cells4 ,the epidermis is divided into a firm and transparent superficial and a deep1 soft layer4 ,the latter is the rete mucosum1 whose cells contain the pigment which gives color to the skin4 ,the deep surface of the epidermis is accurately molded on the papillary layer of the true skin1 and1 when removed by maceration1 presents depressions which correspond to the elevations on the dermis4 ,from the cuticle tubular prolongations pass into the sebaceous and sudorific glands2 thus the entire surface of the body is inclosed by the cuticle4 ,the dermis1 or true skin1 is vascular and highly sensitive1 containing the tactile ends of the nerves of touch4 ,it is covered by epidermis and attached to the underlying parts by a layer of areolar tissue1 which usually contains fat4 ,the cutis consists of a fibro-areolar tissue and vessels of supply4 ,it is divided into two layers1 the deep1 or true1 corium and the upper1 or papillary4 ,the corium consists of strong interlacing fibrous bands1 chiefly white2 its meshes are larger and more open toward the attached surface1 giving lodgment to the sweat glands and fat4 ,the papillary1 or superficial1 layer is formed of a series of small conical eminences or papill1 which are highly sensitive1 and consists of a homogenous1 transparent tissue4 ,the blood vessels form dense capillary plexuses in the corium1 terminating by loops in the papill4 ,the papillary nerves run in a waving manner1 usually terminating in loops4 ,hair is an appendage of the skin and forms its external covering4 ,it is a special modification of epidermis1 having the same essential structure1 and consists of a root1 shaft1 and point4 ,the root has a bulbous extremity1 is lighter and softer than the stem1 and is lodged in a recess or hair follicle1 which may either be in the corium or subcutaneous areol4 ,the follicle is dilated at the bottom to correspond to the root bulb1 and the ducts of one or more sebaceous glands open into it4 ,at the bottom of each follicle is a conical1 vascular papilla1 similar in every respect to those on the surface of the dermis2 this papilla fits into a corresponding depression in the root of the hair4 ,the shaft consists of a center1 or medulla1 a surrounding fibrous portion1 and an external coating1 or cortex4 ,the medulla consists of cells containing pigment or fat1 is opaque1 and deeply colored4 ,all kinds of hair do not have this medulla4 ,the fibrous portion occupies the bulk of the stem1 and the cortex is merely a single layer of thin1 flat1 imbricated 7shinglelike7 scales4 ,the sebaceous glands1 lodged in the corium1 are most abundant in parts exposed to friction4 ,they generally open into the hair follicles1 occasionally on the surface of the body4 ,each gland consists of a small duct which terminates in a lobulated recess4 ,these lobules vary1 and are1 as is the duct1 lined with epithelium4 ,they are filled with sebaceous matter which1 as it is secreted1 is detached into the sacs4 ,they are very plentiful between the claws of cattle4 ,the sudorific glands1 or sweat glands1 are situated in the subcutaneous areolar tissue1 surrounded by a quantity of fat4 ,they are small1 round1 reddish bodies1 each of which consists of one or more fine tubes coiled into a ball1 the free end of the tube being continued up through the true skin and cuticle1 and opening on the surface4 ,each sweat gland is supplied with a cluster of capillary blood vessels which vary in size1 being very large when perspiration is excessive4 ,the contents of the smaller ones are fluid1 and of the larger1 semifluid4 ,the skin may be regarded as an organ supplementary in its action to the lungs and kidneys1 since by its secretion it is capable of removing a considerable quantity of water from the blood2 it also removes small quantities of carbon dioxid1 salts1 and in certain instances during suppression of the renal secretions a small quantity of urea4 ,the skin is also the chief organ for the regulation of animal heat1 by or through conduction1 radiation1 and evaporation of water1 permitting of loss of heat1 while it also1 through other mechanisms1 is able to regulate the heat lost4 ,the hair furnishes protection against extreme and sudden variations of temperature by reason of the fact that hairs are poor conductors of heat1 and inclose between them a still layer of air1 itself a nonconductor4 ,the hairs are also furnished with an apparatus by which the loss of heat may be regulated2 thus1 in cold weather1 through the contraction of unstriped muscular fibers of the skin1 the hairs become erect and the external coat becomes thicker4 ,cold1 too1 acts as a stimulus to the growth of hair1 and we find1 in consequence1 a thicker coat in winter than in summer4 ,the hairs also furnish protection against wet1 as they are always more or less oily from the secretion of sebaceous glands1 and thus shed water4 ,through their elasticity they furnish mechanical protection1 and through the thickness of the coat1 to a certain degree1 resist the attacks of insects4 ,finally1 the hairs assist the sense of touch4 ,the sweat glands are constantly discharging a watery secretion in the form of insensible perspiration1 and by their influence act as regulators of the temperature of the body2 hence1 in warm weather1 the secretion of the skin is increased1 which tends to prevent overheating4 ,sweating1 in addition to regulating heat1 is also an active agent in removing effete material from the blood2 therefore this secretion can not be checked without danger4 ,if the skin is covered with an impermeable coating of grease or tar1 death results from blood poisoning1 owing to the retention of materials destined to be excreted by the skin4 ,all secretion poured out by the skin is not only modified by the condition of the atmosphere but also by the character and quantity of the food1 by the amount of exercise1 and especially by the quantity of fluid taken4 ,the sebaceous secretion is intended to lubricate the skin and hairs4 ,it consists of soft1 fatty material suspended in water1 and is characterized by an odor peculiar to the animal by which it is secreted4 ,i will not attempt to classify the various diseases of the skin1 for in a work of this kind it would serve only to confuse the reader4 ,we shall first consider a class of diseases which are of an inflammatory type2 next1 those caused by faulty secretion and abnormal growth2 then1 diseases of parasitic origin2 lastly1 local injuries of the skin4 ,,pruritis 7,,itching74 ,we shall consider pruritis first as a distinct subject4 ,it is not a disease1 only a sensation1 and therefore a symptom4 ,it is one of the symptoms accompanying the majority of the diseases which we will consider in this chapter4 ,it is1 then1 a functional affection produced by slight irritation from without or by an internal cause acting upon the sensory nerves of the skin4 ,nothing characteristic is seen except the secondary lesions1 produced mechanically by scratching or rubbing4 ,there are various forms of itching1 the result of specific skin diseases1 where the pruritis is a secondary symptom4 ,in such cases it should not be regarded as an independent affection4 ,causes4--,many causes may induce the condition which we recognize here as pruritis4 ,the most common one is dirt on the skin1 resulting from insufficient care4 ,if the ceiling of the stable is open1 so that dust and straw may fall1 the skin is irritated and pruritis results4 ,it also occurs in some forms of indigestion4 ,the parts of the body most exposed to this condition are the croup1 the back1 the top of the neck1 and the root of the tail4 ,another cause is found in affections of the liver and of the kidneys1 when an increase of effete material has to be thrown off by the skin4 ,morbid materials circulating in the blood may produce a tickling or smarting sensation of the skin in their passage from the blood to the free surface of the skin4 ,certain irritating substances when eaten may be excreted by the skin1 and coming thus in direct contact with the sensory nerves produce itching1 or may go further and cause distinct inflammation of the skin4 ,in another class of cases the pruritis may be ascribable to an atrophy1 contraction1 or hardening of the skin1 when the nerves become irritated by the pressure4 ,these conditions may be so slightly marked in a thick skin like that of the ox that they can not be recognized4 ,it is frequently noticed that cattle rub themselves as soon as they pass from the stable into the open air--changing from a warm to a cold atmosphere4 ,again1 we may find one that does all its rubbing in the stall4 ,we may look for lice1 but fail to find them4 ,these conditions are generally attributable to high feeding and to too close confinement4 ,they may be associated with inflammatory irritation or not2 certainly we fail to discover any morbid changes in the skin4 ,there is to some extent a delightful sensation produced by rubbing1 and it may partly become a habit of pleasure4 ,treatment4--,we must place our chief reliance upon a change of food1 plenty of exercise1 and in most cases the administration of an active cathartic--#a to #a-a_/b pounds of ,epsom salt1 a handful of common salt1 a tablespoonful of ginger or pepper1 mixed with #b quarts of water1 all of which is to be given at one dose4 ,afterwards half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda mixed with the feed may be given twice a day for a week4 ,for an external application1 when the skin is abraded or thickened from rubbing1 a solution of borax1 #d ounces to the quart of water1 may be used4 ,carbolic acid1 #a_/b ounce to a quart of water1 will give relief in some cases4 ,,inflammatory ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,,erythema4 ,this is the simplest form of inflammation of the skin4 ,it consists of an increased redness1 which may occur in patches or involve considerable surface4 ,the red coloration disappears when pressed by the finger1 but soon returns after the pressure is removed4 ,there is seldom much swelling of the affected part1 though often there is a glutinous discharge which dries and mats the hair or forms a thin scale upon the skin4 ,in simple erythema the epidermis alone is affected2 when it becomes chronic1 fissures form and extend into the corium1 or true skin4 ,causes4--,simple erythema1 consisting of an inflammatory irritation1 is seen in very young calves1 in which the navels leak4 ,the discharge being urine1 it causes an irritation of the surrounding skin4 ,chafing1 which is another form of erythema1 is occasionally seen on the udders of cows from rubbing by the legs2 chafing between the legs is not uncommon among fat steers4 ,chronic erythema is found in the form of chapped teats of cows and chapped lips in sucking calves4 ,it frequently occurs in cows when they are turned out in winter directly after milking1 and in others from chafing by the sucking calf4 ,some cows are peculiarly subject to sore teats4 ,the fissures when neglected in the early stage of formation become deep1 very painful1 often bleeding at the slightest touch1 and when milked in that condition cause the animal to become a kicker4 ,occasionally the lower portions of the legs become irritated and chapped when cattle are fed in a muddy or wet yard in winter1 or if they are compelled to wade through water in frosty weather4 ,another form of erythema occurs in young cattle highly fed and closely stabled for a long winter4 ,the erythema appears in patches1 and as it is most common near the end of the winter it is known as the spring eruption or spring itch4 ,treatment4--,in ordinary cases of erythema the removal of the cause and the application of benzoated oxid of zinc ointment1 carbolized cosmoline1 or ichthyol ointment applied a few times1 will restore the skin to a healthy condition4 ,when there are fissures the zinc ointment is the best4 ,if at the teats1 a milk siphon 7,pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #d7 should be used instead of milking by hand1 and the calf1 if one is suckled1 should be taken away4 ,the calf should be fed by hand if its mouth is affected4 ,when the legs are irritated or chapped1 dry stabling for a few days and the application of tar ointment will soon heal them4 ,,urticaria 7,,nettle ,,rash1 ,,or ,,surfeit74 ,this is a mild1 inflammatory affection of the skin1 characterized by sudden development of patches of various sizes1 from that of a nickel to one as large as the hand4 ,the patches of raised skin are marked by an abrupt border and are irregular in form4 ,all the swelling may disappear in a few hours1 or it may go away in one place and reappear on another part of the body4 ,it is always accompanied with a great desire to rub the affected part4 ,in its simplest type1 as just described1 it is never followed by any serous exudation or eruptions1 unless the surface of the skin becomes abraded from scratching or rubbing4 ,causes4--,digestive derangements caused by overloading the stomach when the animal is turned out to graze in the spring1 certain feed constituents1 high feeding of fattening stock1 functional derangement of the kidneys1 spinal and other nervous affections1 are the most common sources of nettle rash4 ,the disease consists in paralysis of the nerve ends that control the volume of the capillary vessels in certain areas of skin1 thus permitting the vessels to expand1 their contents in part to exude1 and thus produce a soft1 circumscribed swelling4 ,treatment4--,administer a full dose of ,epsom salt4 ,give soft1 easily digested feed1 and wash the affected parts with a solution of bicarbonate of soda 7common baking soda71 #h ounces to the gallon of water twice a day1 or diluted glycerin may be applied to the skin4 ,if it assumes a persistent tendency1 give a tablespoonful of the following powder in the feed three times a day3 ,cream of tartar1 sulphur1 and nitrate of potassium1 equal parts by weight2 mix4 ,,eczema4 ,eczema is a noncontagious inflammation of the skin1 characterized by any or all of the results of inflammation at once or in succession1 such as erythema1 vesicles1 or pustules1 accompanied with more or less infiltration and itching1 terminating in a watery discharge1 with the formation of crusts or in scaling off4 ,the disease may run an acute course and then disappear1 or it may become chronic2 therefore two varieties are recognized1 vesicular 7or pustular7 and chronic eczema4 ,causes4--,eczema is not so common among cattle as in horses and in dogs1 in which it is the most common of all skin diseases4 ,among cattle it is occasionally observed under systems of bad hygiene1 filthiness1 lousiness1 overcrowding1 overfeeding1 excessively damp or too warm stables4 ,it is found to develop now and then in cattle that are fed upon sour substances1 distillery swill1 house or garden garbage1 etc4 ,localized eczema may be caused by irritant substances applied to the skin--turpentine1 ammonia1 the essential oils1 mustard1 ,spanish-fly ointment1 etc4 ,occasionally an eruption with vesiculation of the skin has been induced by the excessive use of mercurial preparations for the destruction of lice4 ,it is evident that eczema may arise from local irritation to the skin or from an autointoxication4 ,cattle fed on the refuse from potato-starch factories develop a most obstinate and widespread eczema1 beginning on the legs4 ,symptoms4--,in accordance with the variety of symptoms during the progress of the disease we may divide it into different stages or periods3 7#a7 ,swelling and increased heat of the skin2 the formation of vesicles1 which are circumscribed1 rounded elevations of the epidermis1 varying in size from a pinhead to a split pea1 containing a clear1 watery fluid2 7#b7 exudation of a watery1 glutinous fluid1 formation of crusts1 and sometimes suppuration1 or the formation of vesicles containing pus 7pustules72 7#c7 scaling off 7desquamation71 with redness1 and thickening of the skin4 ,from the very beginning of the disease the animal commences to rub the affected parts2 hence the various stages may not always be easily recognized1 as the rubbing produces more or less abrasion1 thus leaving the skin raw-- sometimes bleeding4 ,neither do these symptoms always occur in regular succession1 for in some cases the exudation is most prominent1 being very profuse1 and serve to spread the disorder over a large surface4 ,in other cases the formation of incrustations1 or rawness of the skin1 is the most striking feature4 ,the disease may be limited to certain small areas1 or it may be diffused over the greater part of the body2 the vesicles1 or pustules1 may be scattered in small clusters1 or a large number run together4 ,the chronic form is really only a prolongation of the disease1 successive crops of pustules appearing on various portions of the body1 frequently invading fresh sections of the skin1 while the older surfaces form scabs1 or crusts1 upon the raw1 indurated skin4 ,in old1 standing cases the skin breaks1 forming fissures1 especially on portions of the body that bend--the neck and limbs4 ,thus the disease may be prolonged indefinitely4 ,when eczema reaches its latest period1 either acute or chronic1 desquamation of the affected parts is the most prominent feature4 ,the formation and shedding of these successive crops of scales constitute the character of the disease frequently denominated psoriasis4 ,treatment4--,the treatment of eczema is often anything but a pleasant task4 ,there is no one method of treatment which always proves successful1 no matter how early it is begun or how small an area is involved4 ,we must endeavor to remove the cause by giving attention to the general health of the animal and to its environment4 ,feeding should be moderate in quantity and not too stimulating in character--green feed1 bran mashes1 ground oats1 clean hay1 plenty of salt4 ,if the animal has been fed too high1 give an active purgative--,epsom salt preferred--once a week1 if necessary1 and half an ounce of acetate or nitrate of potassium may be given in the feed twice a day4 ,if the animal is in poor condition and debilitated1 give a tablespoonful of the following mixture in feed twice a day3 ,powdered copperas1 gentian1 sulphur1 and sassafras bark1 equal parts by weight4 ,if the animal is lousy1 the parasite must be destroyed before the eczema can be cured4 ,the external treatment must vary with the character of the lesions2 no irritating application is to be made while the disease is in its acute vesicular1 or pustular1 stage1 and1 in the chronic stage1 active stimulants must be used4 ,much washing is harmful1 yet crusts and scales must be removed in order to obtain satisfactory results from the external applications4 ,both objects1 however1 can be attained by judiciously combining the curative agents with such substances as will at the same time cleanse the parts4 ,in the vesicular stage1 when the skin is feverish and the epidermis peeling off1 thus exposing the exuding dermis1 an application of boric-acid solution1 #b drams of the acid to #h ounces of water1 often relieves the smarting or itching1 and also serves to check the exudation and dry the surface4 ,if this fails to have the desired effect compound cresol1 #a ounce to #b quarts of water1 should be used as a wash4 ,either of these washes may be used several times a day until incrustation is well established4 ,then compound cresol1 #a ounce to #b quarts of sweet oil1 or the benzoated oxid of zinc ointment1 giving the affected surfaces a thorough application once a day1 will be efficacious4 ,when the eczema is not the result of an external irritant1 it takes usually from one to two weeks to heal4 ,in chronic eczema1 when there is a succession of scabs or scales1 indolent sores or fissures1 the white precipitate ointment1 nitrate of mercury ointment1 or blue ointment1 mixed with equal parts of cosmoline or fresh lard1 may be applied every second day1 taking care to protect the parts so that the animal can not lick it off4 ,the internal administration of arsenic often yields excellent results in chronic eczema4 ,dissolve #a dram of arsenic and #a dram of carbonate of potassium in #a pint of boiling water1 and give #a ounce of this twice a day in water1 after feeding4 ,an alkali internally may be of service4 ,as such1 one may give #b ounces of bicarbonate of soda twice daily4 ,sublimed sulphur may also be tried in ounce doses twice daily4 ,,pustules 7,,impetigo74 ,impetigo is an inflammatory disease of the skin1 characterized by the formation of distinct pustules1 about the size of a pea or a bean1 without itching4 ,the pustules develop from the papular layer of the skin1 and contain a yellowish-white pus4 ,after reaching maturity they remain stationary for a few days1 then they disappear by absorption and dry up into crusts1 which later drop off1 leaving upon the skin a red spot that soon disappears4 ,occasionally the crusts remain firmly adherent for a long time1 or they may be raised and loosened by the formation of matter underneath4 ,the dry crusts usually have a brown or black appearance4 ,causes4--,impetigo affects sucking calves1 in which the disease appears upon the lips1 nostrils1 and face4 ,it is attributed to some irritant substance contained in the mother's milk4 ,impetigo is also witnessed among grazing animals1 regardless of age1 and it especially attacks animals with white hair and skin4 ,the mouth1 face1 and limbs become covered with pustules1 which may rupture in a few hours1 followed by rapid and successive incrustations2 the scabs frequently coalesce1 covering a large surface2 pus may form under them1 and thus the whole thickness of the skin become involved in the morbid process4 ,this form of the disease is attributed to the local irritant properties of such plants in the pasture as ,st4 ,john's wort 7,hypericum perforatum71 smartweed 7,polygonum hydropiper71 vetches1 honeydew1 etc4 ,buckwheat1 at the time the seeds become ripe1 is said to have caused it2 also bedding with buckwheat straw4 ,treatment4--,sucking calves should be removed from the mother1 and a purgative given to the latter to divert the poisonous substance secreted with the milk4 ,when the more formidable disease among grazing cattle appears1 the pasturage should be changed and the affected parts of the animal thoroughly anointed once a day with sweet oil containing #b drams of carbolic acid to the pint4 ,this should be continued until the crusts soften and begin to drop off1 then the parts may be cleansed thoroughly with warm water and soap4 ,subsequently the white precipitate ointment or carbolized cosmoline should be applied daily until the parts are healed4 ,,pemphigus 7,,water ,,blisters74 ,this is an inflammatory disease of the skin1 characterized by successive formations of rounded1 irregularly shaped water blisters1 varying in size from a pea to a hen's egg4 ,causes4--,obscure4 ,symptoms4--,the formation of a blister is preceded by a congestion or swelling of the skin4 ,yellowish-colored water collects beneath the cuticle1 which raises the latter from its bed in the form of a blister4 ,the blisters appear in a succession of crops2 as soon as one crop disappears another forms4 ,they usually occur in clusters1 each one being distinct1 or they may coalesce4 ,each crop usually runs its course in a week4 ,the disease is attended with itching or burning sensations which cause the animal to rub1 thereby frequently producing excoriations and formation of crust on the affected region4 ,treatment4--,give a tablespoonful of the following-described mixture in feed twice a day3 ,saltpeter1 cream of tartar1 and sulphur1 equal parts by weight4 ,the blisters should be opened as soon as formed1 to allow the escape of the serum1 followed by a wash composed of chlorid of zinc1 #a dram to #ae ounces of water4 ,when there is any formation of crusts1 carbolized cosmoline should be applied4 ,,furunculus 7,,boils74 ,this is an acute affection of the skin1 usually involving its whole thickness1 characterized by the formation of one or more abscesses1 originating generally in a sebaceous gland1 sweat gland1 or hair follicle4 ,they usually terminate by absorption1 or by the formation of a central core1 which sloughs out1 leaving a deep1 round cavity that soon heals4 ,causes4--,impoverished state of blood1 the result of kidney diseases or of local friction or contusions1 with the entrance of pus cocci through the damaged skin or through a hair follicle or a sebaceous gland4 ,symptoms4--,boils in cattle usually appear singly1 not in clusters2 they may attain the size of a hen's egg4 ,the abscess begins as a small round nodule1 painful on pressure1 gradually increases in size until death of the central portion takes place1 then the surface of the skin gives way to internal pressure and the core is released and expelled4 ,constitutional symptoms are generally absent1 unless the boils occur in considerable numbers1 or by their size involve a great deal of tissue4 ,treatment4--,poulticing to ripen the abscess4 ,if this can not be done1 apply camphorated oil two or three times a day until the core is formed4 ,as soon as the central or most prominent part becomes soft1 the abscess should be opened to release the core4 ,then use carbolized cosmoline once a day until the healing is completed4 ,if the animal is in poor condition1 give tonics--copperas1 gentian1 ginger1 and sulphur1 equal parts by weight1 #a tablespoonful twice a day4 ,if the animal manifests a feverish condition of the system1 give half an ounce of saltpeter twice a day1 continuing it several days or a week4 ,,faulty ,,secretions ,,and ,,abnormal ,,growths ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,,pityriasis 7,,seborrhea1 ,,dandruff1 ,,or ,,scurf74 ,this is a condition characterized by an excessive secretion of sebaceous matter1 forming upon the skin in small crusts or scales4 ,causes4--,it is ascribable to a functional derangement of the sebaceous glands1 usually accompanied with dryness and loss of pliancy of the skin4 ,the animal is hidebound1 as it is commonly termed1 thin in flesh1 inclined to rub1 and very frequently lousy4 ,the condition is observed most often toward the spring of the year4 ,animals that are continually housed1 and the skins of which receive no cleaning1 generally present a coat filled with fine scales1 composed of epithelium from the epidermis and dried sebaceous matter4 ,this1 however1 is a physiological condition and compatible with perfect health4 ,symptoms4--,pityriasis may affect the greater portion of the body1 though usually only certain parts are affected--the ears1 neck1 rump1 etc4 ,the skin becomes scurfy1 the hairy coat filled with branlike gray or whitish scales4 ,treatment4--,nutritious feed1 such as oil-cake meal1 bran1 ground oats1 and clean hay4 ,in the spring the disease generally disappears after the animal is turned out to pasture4 ,when lice are present they should be destroyed4 ,,elephantiasis 7,,scleroderma74 ,this condition consists in a chronic thickening of the skin1 which may affect one or more limbs or involve the whole integument4 ,it is characterized by recurrent attacks of swelling of the skin and subcutaneous areolar tissue4 ,after each attack the affected parts remain infiltrated to a larger extent than before1 until finally the skin may attain a thickness of an inch1 becoming wrinkled and fissured4 ,in cattle this disease is confined to hot climates4 ,the predisposing cause is unknown4 ,,edema 7,,anasarca ,,of ,,the ,,skin74 ,this is a dropsical condition of the skin and subcutaneous areolar tissue1 characterized by pitting under pressure1 the fingers leaving a dent which remains a short time4 ,causes4--,edema generally results from a weakened state of the system arising from previous disease4 ,it may also be dependent upon a functional derangement of the kidneys1 upon weak circulation1 or obstruction to the flow of blood through the lungs4 ,in debilitated animals and in some animals highly infested with parasites there is swelling of the dewlap or of the fold of the skin between the jaws4 ,symptoms4--,painless swelling of a limb1 udder1 lower surface of abdomen1 or lower jaw becomes apparent4 ,this may increase in dimensions for several days or may attain its maximum in less than #bd hours4 ,unless complicated with some acute disease of a specific character1 there is not much1 if any1 constitutional disturbance4 ,the deep layer of the skin is infiltrated with serum1 which gives it the characteristic condition of pitting under pressure4 ,treatment4--,when the cause can be ascertained and removed we may expect to see the edema disappear4 ,when no direct specific cause can be discovered and the animal is debilitated1 give general tonic4 ,if1 on the contrary1 it is in good flesh1 give a purgative1 followed by half an ounce of acetate of potassium twice a day4 ,external applications are useless4 ,edema may be distinguished from erysipelas or anthrax by the absence of pain and fever4 ,,dermoid ,,and ,,sebaceous ,,cysts 7,,wens74 ,a dermoid cyst is formed by an involution of the skin with a growth of hair on the inner wall of the sac4 ,it may become embedded deeply in the subcutaneous tissues or may just penetrate the thickness of the skin1 where it is movable and painless4 ,they are generally found within the ear or at its base1 although they may form on any part of the body4 ,usually they have a small opening1 from which a thick1 cheesy matter can be squeezed out4 ,the rational treatment is to dissect them out4 ,sebaceous cysts appear not unlike the former4 ,they are formed by a dilatation of the hair follicle and sebaceous duct within the skin1 and contain a gray or yellowish sebaceous mass4 ,the tumor may attain the size of a cherry stone or a walnut4 ,generally they are round1 movable1 and painless1 soft or doughy in consistency1 and covered with skin and hair4 ,they develop slowly4 ,the best treatment is to dissect out the sac with contents entire4 ,,verruca 7,,warts74 ,cattle are affected with two varieties of warts4 ,one1 the verruca vulgaris1 is composed of a cluster of enlarged papill1 covered with a thickened epidermis1 the number of papill determining the breadth and their length its height4 ,they are generally circular in figure1 slightly roughened on the surface1 and spring from the skin by a broad base4 ,occasionally large numbers of very thin1 long1 pedunculated warts grow from the skin of the ear1 lips1 about the eyes1 and vulva4 ,another variety1 the verruca acuminata1 sometimes erroneously denominated epithelial cancers1 are irregularly shaped elevations1 tufted or club shaped1 occasionally existing as thick1 short1 fleshy excrescences1 giving the growth the appearance of granulation tissue4 ,their color is red or purplish1 and oftentimes by friction they become raw and bleeding1 emitting then a very offensive odor4 ,they usually grow in clusters and their development is rapid4 ,causes4--,an abnormal nutrition of the skin1 determined by increased energy of growth operating upon a healthy skin2 at other times1 upon a weak or impoverished skin4 ,treatment4--,when they are small and pedunculated1 they may be snipped off with shears and the stump touched with nitrate of silver4 ,when they are broad and flattened1 they may be dissected out and the wound cauterized if necessary4 ,if they are large and very vascular1 they may be ligated1 one by one1 by taking a strong cord and tying it as firmly around the base as possible4 ,they will then shrivel1 die1 and drop off4 ,if there is a tendency to grow again1 apply a red-hot iron or nitric acid with a glass rod4 ,very often warts quickly disappear if they are kept soft by daily applications of sweet or olive oil4 ,,kelis4 ,kelis is an irregularly shaped flat tumor of the skin1 resulting from hypertrophy--increased growth of the fibrous tissue of the corium1 producing absorption of the papillary layer4 ,causes4--,it may arise spontaneously or follow a scar after an injury4 ,symptoms4--,kelis generally appears below the knee or hock1 and may occur singly or in numbers4 ,there are no constitutional symptoms4 ,its growth is very slow and seldom causes any inconvenience4 ,it appears as a flattened1 irregular1 or spreading growth within the substance of the skin1 is hard to the touch1 and is especially characterized by divergent branches or roots1 resembling the claws of a crab2 hence the name4 ,occasionally some part of it may soften and result in an abscess4 ,it may grow several inches in length and encircle the whole limb4 ,treatment4--,so long as it causes the animal no inconvenience it is best not to meddle with it2 when it does the animal ought to be fattened for beef1 the meat being perfectly harmless to the consumer4 ,,parasitic ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,,ringworm 7,,tinea ,,tonsurans ,,and ,,tinea ,,favosa74 ,ringworm is an affection of the skin1 caused by a vegetable parasite4 ,the form known as tinea tonsurans is produced by the presence of a minute or microscopic fungus--the ,trichophyton tonsurans1 which affects the hair and the epidermic layer of the skin1 and is highly contagious1 being readily transmitted from one animal to another4 ,this fungus consists of spores and filaments4 ,the spores1 being the most numerous1 are round and seldom vary much in size4 ,they are very abundant in the hair follicle4 ,the filaments are articulated1 waving1 and contain granules4 ,this disease is productive of changes in the root and shaft of the hair1 rendering it brittle and easily broken off4 ,this disease becomes manifest by the formation of circular patches on the skin1 which soon becomes denuded of hair4 ,the cuticular layer of the skin in slightly inflamed1 and vesication with exudation occurs1 followed by the formation of scaly1 brittle crusts4 ,the patches appear silvery gray when incrusted1 and are mostly confined to the head and neck4 ,it is a common disease among young cattle in the winter and spring4 ,very early in the development of the patches the hairs split1 twist1 and break off close to the skin4 ,this disease is attended with more or less itching4 ,it is communicable to man4 ,tinea favosa comes from another fungus1 the ,achorion schnleinii4 ,this enters the hair follicle and involves the cuticle surrounding it1 small crusts form which increase in diameter and thickness and then become elevated at their margin1 forming a cup-shaped scab1 the favus cup1 which gives the disease its distinctive character4 ,the number of these cups varies from a few to many hundreds4 ,the hairs involved become brittle and broken1 fall off with the crusts1 leaving small bald patches4 ,the crusts are of a pale or sulphur-yellow color at first2 as they grow older they turn darker1 or to a brown color4 ,this form of ringworm has a peculiar odor1 resembling that of mice or musty straw4 ,it is occasionally communicated to cattle by man1 mice1 cats1 etc41 all being subject to it4 ,treatment4--,remove all crusts by washing with soap and water1 then apply acetic acid1 sulphur ointment1 tincture of iodin or nitrate of mercury ointment once a day4 ,cleanse the stable and whitewash it to destroy the spores scattered by the crusts4 ,,other ,,parasites ,,and ,,parasitic ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,for discussion of mange1 itch1 scab1 lousiness1 warbles 7grub in the skin71 buffalo gnats1 hornfly 7,hoematobia serrata71 ticks1 flies1 etc41 see the chapter on ,the animal parasites of cattle1 page #ejb4 ,,wounds ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,,snake ,,bites ,,and ,,venomous ,,stings4 ,see discussion of these subjects in chapter on ,poisons and poisoning4 ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds4 ,this is a rare accident among cattle1 yet in cases of fire it may occur4 ,the application of heat1 whether dry or moist1 unless sufficient instantly to destroy the life of a part1 is always followed by the development of vesicles or blisters1 which contain a thin1 watery fluid4 ,the blisters may be isolated and not very large1 or one blister may cover a very large surface4 ,when the burn is very severe the skin may be wholly devitalized1 or the injury may extend into the deeper structures of the skin4 ,then sloughs will occur1 followed by a contraction of the parts in healing2 if on a limb1 this may render the animal stiff4 ,when the burn or scald has been a severe one1 the resulting pain is great and the constitutional disturbance very marked4 ,treatment4--,for a superficial burn use a mixture of equal parts of limewater and linseed oil1 or common white paint--white lead ground in oil--to exclude the atmosphere and protect the inflamed skin4 ,if it is not convenient to get anything else1 chimney soot1 flour1 or starch may be spread on the wound 7dry71 and covered with cotton batting and light bandage4 ,the blisters should be opened to let the contained fluid escape1 but do not pull off the thin cuticle which has been raised by the blister4 ,when the burn is extensive and deep sloughing occurs1 the parts should be treated1 like other deep wounds1 by poulticing1 astringent washes1 etc4 ,when the system has sustained much shock1 the animal may require internal stimulants1 such as #b drams of carbonate of ammonia every hour until it rallies4 ,when the pain is very great1 hypodermic injections of #f grains of morphia may be administered every six hours4 ,frostbite on any portion of the body may be treated as recommended in the article on diseases of the ears4 ,,emphysema 7,,air ,,or ,,gas ,,under ,,the ,,skin74 ,emphysema of the skin is not a true disease of the skin1 but it is mentioned as a pathological condition4 ,it is characterized by a distention of the skin with air or gas contained in the subcutaneous areolar tissue4 ,it may depend upon a septic condition of the blood1 as in anthrax or blackleg1 or air may be forced under the skin about the head1 neck1 and shoulders1 as a result of rupture of the windpipe4 ,it occurs in the region of the chest and shoulders from penetrating wounds of the chest and lung1 and occasionally follows puncture of the rumen when the escaping gas is retained under the skin4 ,symptoms4--,the skin is enormously distended over a greater or less portion of the body2 thus any region of the body may lose its natural contour and appear like a monstrosity4 ,there is a peculiar crackling beneath the skin when the hand is passed over it1 and on tapping it with the fingers a resonant1 drumlike sound is elicited4 ,treatment4--,puncture the distended skin with a clean1 broad-bladed knife and press the air out4 ,further treatment must be directed with a view to the removal of the cause4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,foot4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,leonard ,pearson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,laminitis 7,,founder74 ,laminitis denotes an active inflammation of the sensitive structures within the wall of the hoof1 which in severe cases may result in suppuration and the loss of one or more claws4 ,owing to the simplicity of the structure of the foot of an ox compared with that of the horse1 this disease is rarely seen in an acute form1 but a mild form1 commonly called foot soreness1 is not of infrequent occurrence4 ,causes4--,laminitis in cattle may be caused by overfeeding1 overheating1 continued standing without exercise on a stone or cement floor without sufficient bedding1 or by driving long distances over rough or stony soil4 ,symptoms4--,an unwillingness to maintain the standing position2 the animal persists in lying down4 ,the feet will be found unnaturally hot1 and frequently some swelling may be noticed above the hoof4 ,pressure upon the hoof with blacksmith's hoof pincers causes pain and flinching4 ,the general body temperature is increased and the breathing accelerated4 ,ordinarily the animal eats and drinks as usual4 ,when it is made to move excessive tenderness of the feet becomes manifest1 as is shown by reluctance to walk and by the very short1 hesitating step4 ,founder affects the hind as well as the fore feet1 although the front feet are more often exposed4 ,treatment4--,cold packs to the feet1 or if the animal can be made to stand in a stream of water1 having a soft bottom1 the inflammation is often relieved without the necessity of any additional treatment4 ,it may be well1 however1 to give a full dose of ,epsom salt1 #a to #a-a_/b pounds1 followed by half-ounce doses of saltpeter two or three times a day4 ,,soreness 7,,foot ,,soreness74 ,cattle that have been stabled or pastured on soft ground and are driven over stony roads soon wear down the soles of their feet and become lame from foot soreness4 ,draft oxen1 for this reason1 require to be shod4 ,when the soreness is excessive it may develop into an active inflammation of all the sensitive structures of the foot--laminitis1 or into a local bruise commonly called a corn4 ,treatment4--,rest1 poulticing the feet with moistened clay1 followed by astringent washes--strong white-oak bark or alum water4 ,if the pain and heat last several days1 it is probable that pus has formed beneath the wall of the hoof4 ,in this case it is necessary to cut through the wall1 usually at the most prominent part of the sole1 to allow the accumulation to drain out4 ,the animal should then stand for several hours daily in a tub containing a #c per cent solution of some good milky coal-tar disinfectant4 ,when not in the disinfecting solution the foot should be dressed with pine tar and cotton and bandaged with bagging4 ,,loss ,,of ,,hoof4 ,cattle sometimes become fastened between planks or otherwise and pull off the wall of one or both claws in the effort to extricate themselves4 ,the claws of one or more feet may be shed as the result of acute laminitis4 ,treatment4--,wash the bleeding surface with an antiseptic and then with an astringent1 such as a weak solution of alum1 then apply a thick coating of pine tar2 cover this with a layer of oakum or absorbent cotton2 apply another coat of tar over this1 and then bandage closely and firmly4 ,this may remain without disturbance until the new growing wall becomes sufficiently strong to sustain the pressure and weight of the animal4 ,if1 however1 at any time oozing or bad smell indicates that pus is forming under this dressing1 the bandage should be removed and the suppurating surface freshly cleaned and dressed4 ,this may have to be repeated every few days and should be continued so long as there is any pus formation4 ,if the loss of hoof is owing to suppurative laminitis1 the parts denuded of the horny covering must be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected with carbolic acid1 lysol1 or other antiseptic4 ,then apply a moderately thick layer of absorbent cotton and over this apply the tar and bandage4 ,after this the antiseptic solution may be poured in daily at the top of the dressing4 ,it will thus soak in and saturate the dressing and inflamed tissue4 ,it may become necessary to remove all the dressing at daily or longer intervals to give the parts a fresh cleaning1 and then to reapply it4 ,,foul ,,in ,,foot 7,,foot ,,rot74 ,a variety of causes may produce inflammation of the foot between the claws or toes4 ,it may be on account of overgrowth of the claws and inward pressure1 as in ingrowing nail of man1 or it may be caused by the irritation of stable filth by impaction and hardening of soil between the claws1 or by other foreign substances becoming wedged in1 causing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the skin in the interdigital space4 ,under some conditions several cattle in the same herd become affected1 which has led some to think that the disease may be contagious4 ,occurrences have been reported in which foot rot of cattle has appeared within a short time among a large proportion of the cattle in a farming district4 ,this disease is most frequently seen in the hind feet1 though all four feet may become affected4 ,symptoms4--,the animal is observed to limp4 ,on examination of the foot we discover heat and swelling above the hoof and of the soft parts between the claws which frequently spreads the claws apart to a considerable extent1 or the inflammation may have advanced to softening and sloughing of the interdigital membrane4 ,if the disease is neglected at this stage1 deep abscesses may form and the pus burrow under the horny wall1 or the joint within the hoof may become inflamed and the articular attachments destroyed1 in which case the treatment will be difficult and recovery will be very tedious4 ,treatment4--,in the earlier stages of the disease1 before pus burrows beneath the horn1 a thorough cleansing and an application of a carbolic-acid solution--#a ounce to a pint of water--clean stabling1 and laxative food will usually remedy the evil4 ,compound solution of cresol is an excellent remedy at this stage4 ,it should be applied1 in its pure or undiluted state1 to the suppurating and putrefying tissue between the claws4 ,it is best applied by means of a cotton swab on a thin stick4 ,care must be taken to keep it from contact with the skin about the coronary band or heels4 ,if deep sloughing has taken place the carbolic solution should be used1 and a wad of oakum or cotton smeared with pine tar should be secured firmly in the cleft4 ,this can be done by taking a strip of strong cloth1 #b inches wide1 passing the middle between the claws1 then tying the ends after winding them in opposite directions above the hoof4 ,sometimes warm poulticing with flaxseed meal or bran is necessary to relieve excessive fever and pain4 ,if the pus burrows under the horn1 its channel must be followed by paring away the horn until the bottom is reached4 ,the aftertreatment is the same as that already recommended4 ,if the joint becomes diseased an amputation of that toe is the quickest and surest method to relieve the suffering of the animal1 and offers the best chance for an early recovery4 ,,ulceration ,,of ,,the ,,heel4 ,occasionally we find ulcers at the junction of the hair with the hoof at the heel1 which present an elevated1 raw1 or ragged surface1 and cause considerable lameness4 ,this is generally caused by a bruise of the fibrous cushion of the back part of the foot4 ,subsequent sloughing or necrosis may occur1 or pus may form deep within the wall and gain an exit at the margin of the heel4 ,sometimes1 from no visible cause1 large pieces of skin slough from the heel and pastern4 ,this condition is caused by an infection with certain microorganisms 7streptococci1 necrosis bacilli7 and may be contagious4 ,treatment4--,if there is a deep opening1 inject carbolic solution once a day until it closes4 ,if the ulcer is only superficial1 wash with carbolic solution and apply a mixture of equal parts of blue vitriol and alum in dry powder4 ,,fissure ,,of ,,the ,,wall 7,,split ,,hoof74 ,this is rarely seen among cattle4 ,it may occur in weak walls1 in heavily bodied cattle1 caused by stepping on an uneven surface1 especially when the point of the toe is grown out long4 ,one may find the point of the toe broken and the wall split almost up to the hair4 ,treatment4--,the divided sections may be brought into approximation and held in place by drilling a small hole from one side into and through the other1 commencing half an inch back of the fissure on each side2 then drive a light horseshoe nail through the hole and clinch it4 ,pare the injured claw as short as it will bear4 ,,interdigital ,,fibroma4 ,hard1 nodular1 fibrous tumors sometimes grow in the cleft of the foot1 and cause inconvenience1 lameness1 absorption1 or ulceration of the contiguous parts4 ,treatment4--,they should be dissected out and the wound dressed with carbolic-acid lotion and pine tar once a day until healing is completed4 ,,deformities4 ,deformities in the feet of cattle usually consist in overgrowth of horn1 generally from want of wear in animals which are stabled4 ,the hoof may turn inward1 outward1 or upward1 and may give rise to lameness1 inability to walk1 foul foot1 etc4 ,bulls which are continually stabled and dairy cows very frequently have misshapen feet from want of an occasional trimming1 and this deformity may eventually lead to permanent injury4 ,treatment4--,cut the superabundant growth of horn down with saw1 knife1 or rasp1 until the foot assumes its natural form4 ,,pricks ,,and ,,wounds4 ,if an animal suffers with a penetrating wound from prick of fork or nail1 the orifice of the wound should be enlarged to permit a free discharge of pus2 then the foot should be soaked in a cresol compound solution 7#c per cent7 in a tub1 or a flaxseed poultice applied1 changing it three times a day until the fever has abated4 ,the foot should be kept bandaged and dressed with pine tar and oakum2 the animal must also be kept on a clean floor until the wound is closed and all or nearly all lameness has disappeared4 ,if an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire1 piece of glass1 or any other substance1 the wound1 after proper cleansing1 should be dressed with carbolic-acid solution1 #a ounce of the acid to #bj of water4 ,if any uneven edges of horn1 skin1 or lacerated flesh project1 trim them off1 and in all cases when it can be done a tarred bandage should be applied4 ,this will serve to sustain the cut surfaces in their place1 exclude dirt1 and protect against flies1 maggots1 etc4 ,when the wound has extended into a joint1 surgical treatment1 which will require the services of an educated veterinarian1 may be necessary4 ,occasionally an animal gets caught by the foot in a crevice and sustains severe bruising1 wrenching1 or fracture of some part of the foot4 ,in such cases cold-water packs to the injured member are of service until the fever and swelling disappear4 ,afterwards the animal should rest until the usefulness of the foot is restored4 ,sometimes such an accident1 causing fracture1 renders necessary plaster bandages or amputation4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,eye ,,and ,,its ,,appendages4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,leonard ,pearson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,,description4 ,for the sake of gaining a clear comprehension of the diseases of the eye it becomes necessary to review the anatomy of this important organ4 ,the essential organ of vision1 or globe of the eye1 will be first described1 then its receptacle or orbital cavity1 the muscles that move it1 the protective membranes1 or eyelids1 the membrana nictitans1 or accessory eyelids1 and1 lastly1 the lacrimal apparatus4 ,the globe or ball of the eye is almost spherical in form4 ,on closer inspection1 however1 it appears to be made up of two combined portions from spheres of different sizes4 ,the posterior portion1 forming about five-sixths of the ball1 is a sphere of comparatively large size with a small segment cut off it in front1 and at this point there is applied to it the anterior portion1 which1 being a segment of a smaller sphere1 projects at the front of the ball with a greater convexity than the posterior portion4 ,the eyeball consists of concentrically arranged coats and of refracting media inclosed in them4 ,the coats are three in number1 namely1 7#a7 an external protective tunic made up of the sclerotic and cornea2 7#b7 a middle vascular and pigmentary tunic1 the choroid2 7#c7 an internal nervous layer1 the retina4 ,the sclerotic is the white1 opaque part of the outer tunic1 of which it forms about the posterior five-sixths1 being coextensive with the larger sphere already mentioned4 ,the cornea forms the remaining one-sixth of the outer tunic1 being coextensive with the segment of the smaller sphere4 ,it is distinguished from the sclerotic by being colorless and transparent4 ,the choroid coat will be recognized as the black layer lying subjacent to the sclerotic4 ,it does not line the cornea1 but terminates behind the line of junction of that coat with the sclerotic by a thickened edge--the ciliary processes4 ,at the line of junction of the sclerotic and cornea the iris passes across the interior of the eye4 ,this 7which may be viewed as a dependency of the choroid7 is a muscular curtain perforated by an aperture termed the pupil4 ,the retina will be recognized as a delicate1 glassy layer1 lining the greater part of the choroid4 ,the refracting media of the eye are three in number1 namely 7#a7 the aqueous humor1 a watery fluid inclosed in a chamber behind the cornea2 7#b7 the crystalline lens and its capsule1 a transparent1 soft solid of a biconvex form1 and placed behind the iris2 7#c7 the vitreous humor1 a transparent material with a consistence like thin jelly1 and occupying as much of the interior of the eye as is subjacent to the choroid4 ,the sclerotic is a strong1 opaque1 fibrous membrane1 which1 in a great measure1 maintains the form of the eyeball and protects the more delicate structures within it4 ,its interior portion1 which is covered by the ocular conjunctiva1 is commonly known as the white of the eye4 ,in form it is bell-shaped1 and the optic nerve pierces it behind like a handle1 the perforation being a little to its inner side4 ,in front1 the rim of the bell becomes continuous with the cornea4 ,the outer surface of the membrane receives the insertion of the muscles of the eyeball4 ,the coat is thickest over the posterior part of the eyeball1 and is thinnest a little behind its junction with the cornea4 ,the cornea is the anterior transparent portion of the outer coat of the eyeball4 ,it may be viewed as a part of the sclerotic specially modified to permit the passage of light into the interior of the eye4 ,its outline is elliptical1 nearly circular1 and its greatest diameter is transverse4 ,at its periphery it joins the sclerotic by continuity of tissue1 and as the edge of the cornea is slightly beveled and has the fibrous sclerotic carried for a little distance forward on its outward surface1 the cornea is generally said to be fitted into the sclerotic like a watch glass into its rim4 ,the venous canal of ,schlemm runs circularly around the eyeball at the line of junction of the sclerotic and cornea4 ,the anterior surface of the cornea is exquisitely smooth1 and is kept moist by the lacrimal secretions4 ,its posterior surface forms the anterior boundary of the chamber in which the aqueous humor is contained4 ,the cornea is of uniform thickness and is of a dense1 almost horny1 consistence4 ,save a few capillary loops of blood vessels at its margin the cornea is without vessels4 ,its structure is comprised of five distinct layers4 ,the aqueous humor occupies a chamber which is bounded in front by the posterior surface of the cornea and behind by the capsule and suspensory ligament of the lens and by the ends of the ciliary processes4 ,it is across this chamber that the iris extends4 ,the aqueous humor is composed of water1 with a small proportion of common salt in solution4 ,the iris is a muscular1 pigmented curtain extending across the interior of the eye and having about its center an aperture termed the pupil4 ,by variations in the size of this aperture the amount of light transmitted to the retina is regulated4 ,it varies somewhat in color1 but is most frequently of a yellowish-brown tint4 ,its anterior face is bathed by the aqueous humor4 ,the greater part of the posterior surface is in contact with the capsule of the lens and glides on it during the movements of the curtain4 ,the circumferential border is attached within the junction of the sclerotic cornea4 ,the inner border circumscribes the pupil1 which varies in outline according to its size4 ,when much contracted the pupil is a very elongated ellipse1 the long axis of which is in the line joining the nasal and temporal angles of the eyelids4 ,it contains muscular tissue1 which1 by contracting or relaxing1 lessens or dilates the pupillary opening4 ,the choroid coat is a bell-shaped1 dark membrane which lines the sclerotic4 ,its outer surface has a shaggy appearance1 caused by the tunica fusca1 which unites the two coats4 ,between the two the ciliary vessels and nerves pass forward4 ,behind it is pierced by the optic nerve2 in front it is continued as the ciliary processes1 which form1 as it were1 the rim of the bell4 ,the ciliary processes form a fringe around the slightly inverted rim of the choroid4 ,the retina is the most delicate of the coats of the eyeball4 ,it is formed by the expansion of the optic nerve on the inner surface of the choroid1 and1 like that coat1 it is bell-shaped4 ,its inner surface is molded on the vitreous humor4 ,the nervous structures of the retina terminate at a wavy line1 the ora serrata1 behind the ciliary processes4 ,ten distinct layers are described as composing the thickness of the retina4 ,the lens is situated behind the pupil and is contained within a capsule of its own4 ,the capsule is a close-fitting1 firm1 transparent membrane4 ,the anterior surface forms the posterior boundary of the cavity containing the aqueous humor1 and the iris in its movement glides on it4 ,the posterior surface is in contact with the vitreous humor4 ,the vitreous humor occupies four-fifths of the interior of the eyeball4 ,it is globular in form1 with a depression in front for the lodgment of the lens4 ,it is colorless1 transparent1 and of a consistency like thin jelly4 ,it is enveloped by a delicate capsule--the hyaloid membrane--which is connected in front with the suspensory ligament of the lens1 and ends by joining the capsule behind the lens4 ,the orbital cavity1 at the side of the head1 is circumscribed by a bony margin2 posteriorly1 however1 there are no bony walls1 and the cavity is often confounded with the depression above and behind the orbit--the temporal fossa4 ,a fibrous membrane completes this cavity and keeps it distinct from the temporal fossa4 ,this membrane--the ocular sheath or periorbita--is attached posteriorly around the opening in the back part of the orbital cavity 7the orbital hiatus7 and anteriorly to its inner face2 then it becomes prolonged beyond the margin to form the fibrous membrane of the eyelids4 ,when complete the orbital cavity has the form of a regular hollow cone1 open at its base and closed at the apex4 ,the opening of this cone is directed forward1 downward1 and outward4 ,independently of the globe of the eye1 this cavity lodges the muscles that move it1 the membrana nictitans1 and the lacrimal gland4 ,the muscles of the eye are seven in number--one retractor1 four straight1 and two oblique4 ,the retractor oculi envelops the optic nerve between the brain and the ball of the eye and becomes attached upon the external face of the sclerotic tunic4 ,when this muscle contracts1 it draws the globe back into the orbit1 away from the light4 ,the superior1 inferior1 external1 and internal recti or straight muscles are attached to the back part of the orbital sheath and spread forward in four bundles over the globe of the eye1 where they are inserted by a fibrous expansion into the sclerotic at the margin of the cornea4 ,when they act singly1 they turn the globe either upward1 downward1 inward1 or outward4 ,the great oblique1 by its action1 pivots the eye inward and upward in the orbit4 ,the small oblique turns the eye outward and downward4 ,the eyelids are two movable curtains1 superior and inferior1 which cover and protect the eye in front4 ,they are attached to the circumference of the orbit and have a convex external face formed by the skin and a concave internal face molded on the anterior surface of the eye and are lined by the conjunctiva1 which is reflected above and below on the eyeball4 ,the border of each lid is slightly beveled on the inner side and shows the openings of the ,meibomian glands4 ,these glands secrete an unctuous fluid1 which is thrown out on the border of the lids1 the function of which is to facilitate their movements and enable them to retain the tears in the ocular cavity4 ,the eyelid is composed of a fibrous inner membrane ending in a stiff arch near the border1 a muscle to close the lid1 another to open it1 the skin externally1 and the conjunctival mucous membrane internally4 ,the border of each lid is covered and protected by long hairs to prevent floating particles of matter in the atmosphere from gaining entrance to the eye4 ,the membrana nictitans1 which is also named the third eyelid1 winking eyelid1 haw1 etc41 is placed at the inner angle of the eye1 whence it extends over the eyeball to relieve it from foreign bodies which may fall upon it4 ,it has for its framework a fibro-cartilage1 irregular in shape1 thick1 nearly prismatic at its base1 and thin anteriorly where it is covered by the conjunctiva2 behind1 it is loosely attached to a fatty cushion4 ,the lacrimal gland is situated between the orbital process and the upper part of the eyeball4 ,it secretes the tears destined to lubricate the anterior surface of the eye4 ,this fluid escapes upon the organ at the outer angle of the lids and is carried between them and the eyeball toward the inner angle4 ,the caruncula lacrimalis is a small round body1 frequently entirely or partially black1 situated in the inner angle of the eye1 and is designed to direct the tears toward the puncta lacrimalia4 ,the puncta lacrimalia are two little openings1 situated one in each eyelid1 a short distance from the inner corner1 which admit the tears into the lacrimal ducts leading to the lacrimal canal1 whence they are emptied into the nasal passages4 ,,conjunctivitis 7,,simple ,,ophthalmia74 ,this is an inflammation of the conjunctival mucous membrane of the eyeball and lids2 in severe cases the deeper coats of the eye are involved1 seriously complicating the attack4 ,causes4--,it may result from a bruise of the eyelid2 from the introduction of foreign matters into the eye1 as chaff1 hayseed1 dust1 gnats1 etc42 from exposure to cold2 poisonous or irritating vapors arising from filthiness of stable4 ,dust1 cinders1 or sand blown into the eyes during transportation frequently cause conjunctivitis4 ,symptoms4--,a profuse flow of tears1 closure of the eyelids from intolerance of light1 retraction of the eyeball and corresponding protrusion of the haw1 disinclination to move1 diminution of milk secretion1 etc4 ,on parting the lids the lining membrane is found injected with an excess of blood1 giving it a red and swollen appearance2 the sclerotic1 or white of the eye1 is bloodshot and the cornea may be cloudy4 ,if the disease advances1 keratitis results1 with its train of unfavorable symptoms4 ,treatment4--,careful examination should be made to discover particles of chaff1 etc41 which may have lodged in the eye1 and upon the discovery of such a cause prompt removal is indicated4 ,this may be accomplished by flushing the eye with warm water by means of a syringe1 or1 if the foreign substance is adherent to the eyeball or lid1 it may be scooped out with the handle of a teaspoon or some other blunt instrument4 ,to relieve the congestion and local irritation1 a wash composed of boracic acid in freshly boiled water1 #bj grains to the ounce1 or acetate of zinc1 #e grains to the ounce of pure soft water1 may be used1 to which may be added #bj drops of laudanum4 ,a few drops of this should be placed in the eye with a camel's-hair pencil or soft feather three or four times daily4 ,the animal should be placed in a cool1 darkened stable2 then a cloth folded into several thicknesses should be fastened to the horns in such manner as to reach below the eyes4 ,this should be kept wet with cold water during the day and removed at night4 ,if there is much fever and constitutional disturbance1 it becomes advisable to administer #a pound of ,epsom salt dissolved in #a quart of water4 ,,infectious ,,catarrhal ,,conjunctivitis 7,,specific ,,ophthalmia74 ,this generally appears in an enzootic or epizootic form and affects a considerable number in the herd4 ,it is distinctly a contagious disease and may be brought into a previously healthy herd by one infected animal4 ,it may continue in a herd for a season or for several years1 affecting all newly purchased animals4 ,it is seldom seen in the winter months4 ,it affects old and young animals alike4 ,symptoms4--,this form of catarrh conjunctivitis is characterized chiefly by a mucopurulent discharge from the eyes1 an intense degree of inflammation of the mucous membrane1 accompanied with swelling of the eyelids and an early opacity of the cornea4 ,the flow of tears is mixed with pus1 sometimes streaked with blood1 and the skin of the face is kept moist and soiled4 ,the eyes are kept continually closed4 ,the implication of the cornea in the disease frequently blinds the animal for a time1 and occasionally suppurative keratitis1 ulcers of the cornea1 or staphyloma supervene4 ,the attack is marked from the onset by fever1 partial loss of appetite1 partial loss of milk1 suspended rumination1 and separation from the herd4 ,treatment4--,the animal should be housed in a cool1 dark stable1 supplied with plenty of fresh water to drink and soft1 succulent feed4 ,administer #a pound of ,epsom salt--if a very large animal1 use #a-a_/b pounds--dissolved in #b or #c pints of water4 ,for an eyewash1 take boracic acid1 #a dram1 and pour #d ounces of boiling water over it4 ,use this as often as is convenient1 applying it directly to the eye4 ,in the majority of cases improvement becomes manifest in a few days1 and the eye becomes clear and free from inflammation in #aj days or #b weeks4 ,where the disease develops ulceration of the cornea1 or well-marked1 deep-seated keratitis1 the treatment recommended for those conditions should be adopted4 ,prevention4--,whenever this affection appears in a herd all the unaffected animals should be moved to fields which possess a different character of soil and feed4 ,the water should also be changed1 especially if they have been obtaining it from a stagnant pond4 ,,keratitis 7,,corneitis74 ,this is an inflammation of the cornea proper1 although the sclerotic at the corneal border becomes involved to some extent4 ,it may be divided into diffuse and suppurative4 ,causes4--,the cornea constitutes the most prominent portion of the eyeball1 hence it is subject to a variety of injuries--scratches1 pricks1 contusions1 lacerations1 etc4 ,inflammation of the cornea may also be due to the extension of catarrhal conjunctivitis or intraocular disease1 and it may occasionally occur without any perceptible cause4 ,symptoms4--,diffuse keratitis is characterized by an exudation into and an opacity of the cornea4 ,the swelling of the anterior part of the eyeball may be of an irregular form1 in points resembling small bladders1 or it may commence at the periphery of the cornea by an abrupt thickening1 which gradually diminishes as it approaches the center4 ,if the whole cornea is affected1 it has a uniform gray or grayish-white appearance4 ,the flow of tears is not so marked as in conjunctivitis1 nor is the suffering so acute1 though both conditions often exist together4 ,both eyes usually become affected1 unless it is caused by an external injury4 ,in favorable cases the exudate within the cornea begins to disappear within a week or #aj days1 the eye becomes clearer and regains its transparency1 until it eventually is fully restored4 ,in unfavorable cases blood vessels form and are seen to traverse the affected part from periphery to center1 vision becomes entirely lost1 and permanent opacity 7albugo or leucoma7 remains4 ,when it arises from constitutional causes recurrence is frequent1 leaving the corneal membrane more cloudy after each attack1 until the sight is permanently lost4 ,suppurative keratitis may be a sequel of diffuse keratitis2 more commonly1 however1 it abruptly becomes manifest by a raised swelling on or near the center of the cornea that very soon assumes a yellow1 turbid color1 while the periphery of the swelling fades into an opaque ring4 ,suppurative keratitis is seldom noticed for the first day or two--not until distinct pus formation has occurred4 ,when it is the result of diffuse keratitis1 ulceration and the escape of the contained pus is inevitable2 otherwise the pus may be absorbed4 ,when the deeper membranes covering the anterior chamber of the eye become involved1 the contents of this chamber may be evacuated and the sight permanently lost4 ,treatment4--,place the animal in a darkened stable1 give green or sloppy feed1 and administer #d ounces of ,glauber's salt 7sulphate of soda7 dissolved in a quart of water once a day4 ,if the animal is debilitated a tablespoonful of tonic powder should be mixed with the feed three times a day4 ,this may be composed of equal parts by weight of powdered copperas 7sulphate of iron71 gentian1 and ginger4 ,as an application for the eye1 nitrate of silver1 #c grains to the ounce of soft water1 with the addition of #a grain sulphate of morphia1 may be used several times a day4 ,if ulceration occurs1 it is well to dust powdered calomel into the eye twice daily1 or apply to the eyelids a salve of yellow oxid of mercury1 #e per cent in lanolin4 ,some of this may go on to the cornea and beneath the lids4 ,apply twice daily4 7,see ,ulcers of the cornea47 ,to remove opacity1 after the inflammation has subsided1 apply a few drops of the following solution twice a day3 ,iodid of potassium1 #ae grains2 tincture sanguinaria1 #bj drops2 distilled water1 #b ounces2 mix4 ,sometimes keratitis exists in a herd as a transmissible disease1 spreading like infectious conjunctivitis4 ,calomel1 applied to the eye1 is especially useful in such cases4 ,,ulcers ,,of ,,the ,,cornea4 ,an ulcer comes from erosion or is the consequence of the bursting of a small abscess1 which may have formed beneath the delicate layer of the conjunctiva1 continued over the cornea2 or1 in the very substance of the cornea itself1 after violent keratitis1 or catarrhal conjunctivitis4 ,at other times it is produced by bruises1 scratches1 or other direct injury of the cornea4 ,symptoms4--,the ulcer is generally at first of a pale gray color1 with its edges high and irregular1 discharges instead of pus an acrid1 watery substance1 and has a tendency to spread widely and deeply4 ,if it spreads superficially upon the cornea1 the transparency of this membrane is lost2 if it proceeds deeply and penetrates the anterior chamber of the aqueous humor1 this fluid escapes1 the iris may prolapse1 and the lens and the vitreous humor become expelled1 thus producing destruction of the whole organ4 ,treatment4--,it is of the greatest importance1 as soon as an ulcer appears upon the cornea1 to prevent its growing larger4 ,the corroding process must be converted into a healthy one4 ,for this purpose nothing is more reliable than the use of solid nitrate of silver4 ,a stick of this medicine should be scraped to a point2 the animal's head should be firmly secured2 an assistant should part the lids2 if necessary1 the haw must be secured within the corner of the eye and then all parts of the ulcer should be lightly touched with the silver4 ,after waiting a few minutes the eye should be thoroughly washed out with a very weak solution of common salt4 ,this operation generally has to be repeated at the end of three or four days4 ,if healthy action succeeds1 the ulcer assumes a delicate fleshy tint1 and the former redness around the ulcer disappears in proportion as the ulcer heals4 ,in superficial abrasions of the cornea1 where there is no distinct excavation1 this caustic treatment is not needed4 ,the eye should be bathed several times a day with sulphate of zinc1 #cj grains to half a pint of soft water1 and protected against exposure to cold air and sunlight4 ,excessive ulceration sometimes assumes the form of fungous excrescence upon the cornea1 appearing to derive its nourishment from loops of blood vessels of the conjunctiva4 ,under these circumstances the fungoid mass must be cut away and the wound cauterized with the nitrate of silver1 or else the eye will soon be destroyed4 ,when ulcers of the cornea appear indolent1 with a tendency to slough1 in addition to the treatment already prescribed1 tonic powders of copperas1 gentian1 and ginger1 equal parts by weight1 should be given twice a day1 mixed with the feed2 dose1 one tablespoonful4 ,,staphyloma4 ,this is a disease of the eyeball1 in which the cornea loses its transparency1 rises above the level of the eye1 and even projects beyond the eyelids in the form of an elongated1 whitish1 or pearl-colored tumor1 which is sometimes smooth1 at other times uneven4 ,causes4--,inflammation is the only known cause1 although it may not occur immediately2 it frequently follows catarrhal conjunctivitis and keratitis as a sequela4 ,treatment4--,in a few cases restoration of sight may be effected by puncturing the projecting tumor and treating it afterwards with nitrate of silver in the same manner as prescribed for ulceration of the cornea4 ,in some cases spontaneous rupture has occurred1 and healing without any treatment at all4 ,,cataract4 ,in cataract the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its transparency1 the power of refraction is lost--the animal can not see4 ,causes4--,cataract generally arises from a diminution 7atrophy7 or other change in the nutrition of the lens2 it may occur as a result of inflammation of the deep structures of the eye4 ,cataract may be simple1 or complicated with amaurosis1 adhesions1 etc4 ,symptoms4--,it is known by the whiteness or loss of transparency of the lens1 although the pupil dilates and contracts4 ,sight may be totally lost2 however1 evidence is usually manifested that the animal distinguishes light when brought out of a darkened stable4 ,for the most part the formation of cataract takes place slowly1 the cases in which it originates very quickly being but few4 ,treatment4--,there is only one method for the treatment of cataract--a surgical operation for the removal of the lens2 but this is not advisable1 for the sight can not be perfectly restored1 and objects would be seen imperfectly without the aid of glasses4 ,,amaurosis4 ,this is a paralysis of the nerve of sight or the expansion of the retina4 ,causes4--,this is the result of concussion from a blow upon the forehead1 fracture of bone over the eye 7causing downward pressure71 rheumatic inflammation of the optic nerve1 or from extension of deep inflammation of the eye involving the retina4 ,it sometimes occurs as the result of excessive loss of blood or of great debility4 ,symptoms4--,in this disease observation is seldom made until the animal in its gait and by its action indicates blindness4 ,generally both eyes are affected4 ,the eyeball remains clear1 and the pupil is permanently dilated4 ,no response to light is manifested4 ,treatment4--,if caused by debility1 loss of blood1 or associated with rheumatism1 general blood tonics may be given in the feed1 namely1 powdered sulphate of iron1 #a dram2 gentian1 #b drams2 nux vomica1 one-half dram2 to be given twice a day4 ,in cases of rheumatism1 one-half ounce of saltpeter may be added4 ,,filaria ,,oculi 7,,worm ,,in ,,the ,,eye74 ,filaria oculi 7provisionally taken as the larva of ,f4 cervina7 is a small white worm1 found swimming in the aqueous fluid in the anterior chamber4 ,it may be apparently harmless for a long time1 but will eventually induce keratitis with inflammatory exudations4 ,treatment4--,the cornea may be punctured at its upper and outer margin1 and the worm squeezed out with the aqueous humor4 ,the latter will be formed again4 ,this operation results disastrously unless the greatest care and skill are employed4 ,,corneal ,,dermatoma 7,,hairy ,,tumor ,,on ,,the ,,eyeball74 ,in a few instances this has been seen as a congenital growth4 ,the tumor arises from the cornea or the sclerotic1 covered by its respective membrane1 with a growth of hair upon its surface4 ,these tumors may be quite prominent or flattened1 and are dark in color2 the hair may protrude between the eyelids1 giving the animal the appearance of having a double eyelid4 ,treatment4--,a surgical operation becomes necessary for their removal-- one requiring a skilled operator4 ,,strabismus 7,,squinting74 ,this is a very rare affection among cattle4 ,strabismus may be either single or double--affecting one eye or both4 ,it is caused by a paralysis1 or a weakening of one of the straight muscles of the eyeball4 ,generally it is a congenital defect1 and the squinting is toward the nose--strabismus convergens4 ,it is best not to attempt to remedy the defect1 as the risk in an operation is greater than the chances of success warrant4 ,,pterygium4 ,this term is applied to a flesh-colored membrane1 triangular in form1 which most frequently grows from the inner angle of the eye and extends over the cornea1 thus interfering with vision4 ,it may grow from the outer angle1 or even from either the superior or inferior hemisphere of the eyeball4 ,the figure is invariably that of a triangle1 with its base on the white of the eye and its apex more or less advanced over the cornea toward its center4 ,the distinguishing characteristics are the constancy of the triangular form1 and the facility with which the whole of it may be taken hold of with a pair of forceps and raised into a fold on the cornea4 ,every other kind of excrescence attached to this membrane continues firmly adherent to it1 and can not be folded and raised from the surface of the cornea in any manner whatever4 ,treatment4--,raise the fold and dissect it away from all points of attachment4 ,,trichiasis 7,,inversion ,,of ,,the ,,eyelashes74 ,in the simplest form the eyelashes bend inwardly1 touching the eyeball1 causing irritation and simple conjunctivitis4 ,it may be also associated with entropion4 ,treatment4--,the offending eyelashes should be cut off or pulled out4 ,in case the natural growth of the eyelashes is directed inward1 an operation similar to that for entropion becomes necessary4 ,,entropion 7,,inversion ,,of ,,the ,,eyelid74 ,in inversion of the eyelid the eyelashes soon irritate the anterior face of the cornea and produce more or less inflammation and opacity4 ,the inversion may be due to the growth of a tumor within or without the lid1 to abscess1 laceration1 or injury1 causing the lid to lose its natural conformity to the eyeball1 ulcerations1 etc4 ,surgical interference in either case becomes necessary to restore the lid to its natural direction4 ,,ectropion 7,,eversion ,,of ,,the ,,eyelid74 ,this serves to injure the eye by permitting dust or other foreign substances to enter the eye and interferes with the natural removal of them4 ,treatment4--,a delicate surgical operation--the removal of an elliptic section of the palpbral conjunctiva--may remedy the defect4 ,,tumors ,,of ,,the ,,eyelids4 ,occasionally tumors form upon or within the substance of the eyelid4 ,they may be of a fibroid nature and arise from the follicles of the hair as sebaceous tumors or may be in the form of an abscess4 ,in debilitating diseases the lids sometimes become swollen and puffy1 a condition which may possibly be taken for the growth of a tumor4 ,this generally disappears with the improvement of the health of the animal4 ,warts not uncommonly appear on or about the eyelids of cattle4 ,treatment4--,the removal of a tumor in the vicinity of so delicate an organ as the eye should not be attempted by anyone not qualified to perform the operation4 ,,laceration ,,of ,,the ,,eyelid4 ,this accident is not uncommon where cattle are fenced in by barbed wire2 an animal may be caught under the eyelid by the horn of another1 or the laceration may occur in the stable by means of a projecting nail or splinter of wood4 ,treatment4--,the edges of the wound should be brought together closely and correctly1 by means of pins pushed through very nearly the whole thickness of the lid1 extending through each lip of the torn part2 then a waxed silk or linen thread must be wound over each end of the pin1 crossing the torn line in the form of the figure #h 7,pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #i72 the pins should be placed about three-eighths of an inch apart4 ,the projecting ends of the pins should be cut off close to the ligature1 and the parts kept anointed with vaseline1 to which #b per cent of compound cresol has been added4 ,in place of a pin suture1 silver wire1 catgut1 or strong linen thread may be used in the way of an ordinary suture4 ,,foreign ,,bodies ,,in ,,the ,,eye4 ,splinters of wood1 hedge thorns1 pieces of cornstalk or leaves1 stems of hay or straw1 twigs of trees1 or weeds may penetrate into the eye1 break off1 and remain1 causing inflammation1 blindness1 abscess1 etc4 ,these substances may penetrate the eyeball1 but more frequently they glide off and enter between the eye and the ocular sheath4 ,treatment4--,their removal becomes often a very difficult task1 from the fact that the organ is so extremely sensitive1 and the retracting power so strong as to necessitate casting the animal1 or even the administration of sufficient chloroform to render it completely insensible4 ,the removal1 however1 is of paramount importance1 and the after treatment depends upon the extent and location of the injury--cold water compress over the injured eye1 the application of mild astringent and cooling washes1 such as acetate or sulphate of zinc1 #e grains to the ounce of water4 ,when there is extreme suffering from pain a solution of atropia or morphia1 #e grains to the ounce of water1 may be dropped into the eye1 alternating with the cooling wash several times a day4 ,when abscesses form within the orbit a free opening must be maintained for the discharge of pus4 ,in deep penetrating wounds of the eye there is a great tendency to the formation of a fungous growth1 which often necessitates the enucleation of the whole eyeball4 ,,orbital ,,and ,,periorbital ,,abscess4 ,orbital abscess may form outside the globe and within the orbital sheath1 as the result of a previous wound of the parts or from fracture of the bony orbit1 etc4 ,periorbital abscess commences outside the ocular sheath1 beneath the periosteal membrane covering the bone1 and is usually the result of a disease or fractured bone which enters into the formation of the orbital cavity4 ,symptoms4--,orbital abscess is manifested by a pushing forward of the eyeball 7exophthalmos71 a swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids4 ,the bulging out of the eye is in proportion to the size of the abscess2 the movement of the eye is fixed1 due to the painfulness of any voluntary movement of the eyeball4 ,periorbital abscess generally pushes the eye to one side2 otherwise the symptoms are similar to the foregoing4 ,the pain generally is very great2 paralysis of the nerve of sight may occur1 and death may be caused by the abscess extending to the brain4 ,treatment4--,the treatment for either orbital or periorbital abscess is the same as that for abscess occurring in any other part of the body--a free opening for the escape of imprisoned pus4 ,this should be made as soon as the true nature of the disease is recognized4 ,afterwards antiseptic injections may be needed to stimulate healthy granulation and to prevent septic infection of the ocular membranes4 ,for this purpose a saturated solution of boric acid or listerine #a part to #aj of water may be used4 ,when the fever runs high1 ,glauber's salt 7sulphate of soda7 may be given in #d-ounce doses once a day4 ,the animal should be kept in a darkened stable1 on soft or green feed4 ,,fracture ,,of ,,the ,,orbit4 ,this accident occasionally occurs among belligerent animals1 or as the result of blows delivered by brutal attendants4 ,the orbital process above the eye may be entirely crushed in1 pressing down upon the eyeball4 ,in such an event the depressed bone should be elevated into its proper place1 and if it fails to unite it may have to be removed with saw or chisel4 ,the margin of the orbit may be crushed at any point and cause periorbital abscess1 or necrosis may result from the presence of a splinter of bone or the excessive destruction of bone4 ,in all cases of fracture the animal should be kept by itself until the injured part heals4 ,,necrosis ,,of ,,the ,,bony ,,orbit4 ,as the result of fracture of the margin of the orbit a part of the injured bone may become necrosed 7dead71 and periostitis and periorbital abscess will follow as a consequence4 ,the discovery of this disease will at first resemble abscess1 but on making an examination with a probe after the abscess is open we find the bone rough and brittle at the point of disease4 ,the discharge has a peculiar fetid odor1 and is often mixed with blood4 ,treatment4--,the affected bone must be laid bare and all diseased portions removed by scraping or1 if necessary1 with saw or chisel1 disregarding the extent of the injury or the size of the wound necessary to be inflicted4 ,a large portion of the bony orbit may be removed without serious danger to the eye1 provided the eyeball itself has not been previously affected by the disease or involved in the original injury4 ,,tumors ,,of ,,the ,,orbit4 ,a fungous tumor of the eyeball or orbit occasionally appears1 which is designated fungus hmatodes4 ,this may arise without any appreciable cause1 or as the result of a wound4 ,it frequently commences within the eyeball as a small1 red mass1 eventually bursts through1 and pushes its way outside the orbit as a large1 dark-red mass1 bleeding at the slightest touch4 ,it has a peculiar1 fetid odor1 and early in its appearance destroys sight1 involving all the contents of the orbit1 not infrequently the bony wall itself4 ,unless the tumor is totally removed in its early stage of growth1 together with the eyeball1 the disease will eventually cause emaciation and death of the animal4 ,the enucleation of the eyeball should not be undertaken by anyone unacquainted with the anatomical structures involved in such an operation4 ,when the operation is performed early enough the result is generally satisfactory4 ,bony tumors of the orbit1 the result of bruises1 fractures1 etc41 are occasionally present in cattle4 ,they may encroach upon the contents of the orbit1 causing paralysis of the optic nerve--the condition known as amaurosis--or by pressure upon the posterior surface of the eyeball force it forward1 or produce atrophy 7shrinking74 ,they may displace the eye in any direction1 with or without disturbing vision4 ,fibrous tumors growing within the orbit will produce symptoms similar to those of bony tumors4 ,treatment4--,when the outlines of the tumor1 whether fungoid1 bony1 or fibrous1 can be detected1 an operation for its removal should be undertaken as soon as the sight of the eye is in any manner disturbed4 ,,dislocation ,,of ,,the ,,eyeball4 ,the eyeball may be torn out of its socket by the horns of another animal1 or it may be crowded out with the blunt end of a club1 cane1 or probe in the hands of a brutal attendant4 ,treatment4--,when the optic nerve is not lacerated and the retractor muscles at the back of the eye are intact1 an attempt at reduction is advisable4 ,this1 however1 must follow very soon after the injury--before swelling takes place4 ,divide the outer corner of the eyelid to enlarge the orifice1 then by pressure with the fingers of both hands placed upon the sides of the eye the ball may be put into its place4 ,apply a firm compress over the injured eye and keep it constantly wet with cold water containing #a dram of sugar of lead to each quart4 ,if the attempt at reduction proves unsuccessful the artery at the back of the eye should be ligated1 and then the whole mass cut off as deep within the orbit as possible4 ,the orbital cavity1 after washing it out with a #c per cent solution of carbolic acid or compound cresol1 should be packed daily with fresh absorbent cotton4 ,,inflammation ,,and ,,enlargement ,,of ,,the ,,haw4 ,the haw1 or membrana nictitans1 is subject to inflammation and swelling from the extension of conjunctivitis1 or direct injury by foreign substances4 ,it presents a red1 swollen appearance1 accompanied with considerable pain and a profuse flow of tears4 ,a slight scarification with a sharp knife and the application of a cooling lotion1 such as is recommended for conjunctivitis1 will soon reduce the swelling and restore it to its normal function4 ,there is1 however1 a tendency for an inflammation of this membrane to take on a chronic character1 which may eventually result in a permanent enlargement1 resembling a tumor4 ,when it attains sufficient size to protrude itself permanently over the eye1 or project between the lids so as to obstruct the sight1 its removal may become necessary4 ,a threaded needle is passed through the body of the enlarged mass1 by which the membrane is drawn out as far as possible1 then with a blunt pair of scissors it may be dissected away from its attachments4 ,the eye is afterwards treated with simple cooling lotions4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trumbower1 ,d4 ,v4 ,s4 ,revised by ,leonard ,pearson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d4 ,diseases of the ears of cattle are not very common1 for the reasons probably that they are not subjected to the brutality of drivers so much as horses and that the horns to a great extent protect them against external violence4 ,,otitis 7,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,internal ,,ear74 ,inflammation of the deep part of the ear is often difficult to recognize in cattle4 ,it may be caused by disease of bone in that region1 from blows inflicted by drivers1 or from injury by other cattle4 ,occasionally the ear becomes involved in actinomycosis 7lumpy jaw71 or the inflammation may be the result of a tuberculous affection4 ,symptoms4--,the animal will hold its head to one side1 or shake it1 while the ear itself is held immovable4 ,the movement of the jaws in eating usually gives rise to a manifestation of pain2 the base of the ear may be feverish and swollen1 and very sensitive to the touch4 ,if the inflammation has advanced to a suppurative stage1 offensive matter will flow from the ear4 ,treatment4--,at first1 hot fomentations to reduce pain and fever1 followed by a sharp blister below the ear4 ,laudanum1 #a part to #aj of sweet oil1 may be injected into the ear to relieve pain and to soften the secretions4 ,if there is a discharge from the ear1 it should be thoroughly washed out by injecting warm soapsuds until all the matter has been washed away2 then inject the following mixture twice a day3 ,sulphate of morphia1 #bj grains2 water1 #a pint2 glycerin1 #d ounces4 ,,abscess4 ,abscesses1 caused by contusions1 sometimes form about the base of the ear1 either inside or outside4 ,a serous cyst is found occasionally between the cartilage and the skin on the base of the ear1 which may be from a similar cause4 ,treatment4--,with the knife make a free incision into the most prominent part of the abscess or cyst1 then1 with a syringe1 wash out the sac with carbolized water4 ,if the abscess recurs1 open it again1 wash it out1 and inject tincture of iodin1 or fill it with iodoform4 ,,fungoid ,,growths4 ,as a result of laceration or wound of any kind1 fungous growths1 characterized by a raw1 bleeding1 granulating surface1 with a tendency to become pendulous1 may develop on the ear4 ,treatment4--,the whole tumor or diseased structure should be cut away1 and the wound treated daily with a dressing of carbolized cosmoline or turpentine and sweet oil1 #a part of the former to #d of the latter4 ,,foreign ,,bodies ,,in ,,the ,,ear4 ,bugs have been known to gain entrance into the ears of animals4 ,i once removed an acorn from the ear of a cow that had been roaming in the woods2 also pieces of wood from a stanchion may be lodged accidentally in the ear4 ,symptoms4--,there is usually a continuous uneasiness or frequent shaking of the head1 occasionally the manifestation of exceedingly great pain4 ,the animal may rub the head and ear against trees or other objects in an endeavor to dislodge the offending body4 ,treatment4--,a careful examination reveals the cause1 which may be removed with a pair of forceps or scraped out with a hairpin or piece of wire bent at one end4 ,if much inflammation exists1 the ear may be swollen so that the foreign substance is hidden from sight2 then a probe may be inserted to feel for the object1 which1 when found1 should be removed1 even if it becomes necessary to split the ear at the base4 ,afterwards treat the ear with frequent warm water fomentations and the injection of soapy water or oil and water4 ,,scurfy ,,ears4 ,cattle are subject to scurfy ears1 which may be owing to a generally morbid condition of the skin1 or may be confined to the ears alone4 ,the affected animal shows an inclination to rub the ear2 thick scales1 which sometimes have the appearance of hard1 dry1 horny scales1 of scurf collect on it4 ,this condition is chiefly caused by a faulty secretion of the sebaceous glands of the ear4 ,thoroughly clean the ear with a stiff brush1 then anoint it1 so far as affected1 with vaseline #d parts to #a part of white precipitate ointment4 ,if the scurfy ears are only a part of a general scurfiness of the skin1 the condition of the animal needs attention4 7,see ,pityriasis1 p4 #cbi47 ,,frostbite4 ,it is not uncommon among young cattle which are poorly nourished and exposed outdoors to storms and extreme cold to suffer frostbite of the ear1 which may constitute actual freezing of the part4 ,symptoms4--,frostbite presents naturally every degree of severity from the mere chilling of the tip of the ear to positive freezing and death of a portion4 ,in a day or two after the freezing has occurred the ear becomes swollen and very painful2 the dead part remains cold and begins to shrivel2 a line of separation then forms between the inflamed and the dead or dying portion1 and finally the piece destroyed drops off1 leaving a raw healing surface4 ,when the ear is only slightly affected by the cold1 an excoriation or peeling off of superficial skin takes place1 accompanied with some pain and itching4 ,treatment4--,a good liniment for frozen ears is a mixture of turpentine1 ammonia1 and chloroform1 of each #a part1 added to #f parts of sweet oil4 ,rub this on the ear several times a day4 ,it will relieve pain and stimulate the circulation1 thus favoring a recovery of the injured structures4 ,,lacerations ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,aggressive dogs are the most frequent cause of lacerated ear1 generally leaving a torn1 ragged edge and bruised cartilage4 ,if the wound is extensive1 a trimming of the ragged edges becomes necessary2 then the edges should be fastened together with silver wire1 catgut1 or strong1 thick1 linen thread1 taking a deep hold1 and pine tar applied4 ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,cartilage ,,and ,,necrosis4 ,occasionally the cartilages of the ear become affected1 usually the result of a deep bruise2 pus forms1 burrows under the skin1 and may find a discharge from any part of the ear more or less distant from the seat of the disease4 ,when the cartilage has been extensively injured1 pieces of it may become dead 7necrosed7 and dissolve1 to be carried away with the pus1 or it may lead to extensive sloughing and the formation of numerous running sores4 ,in the disease of the cartilage there is seldom much swelling or great pain4 ,the discharge is usually very offensive1 and occasionally streaked with blood4 ,whenever there is a long-continued1 persistent discharge from one or more openings in the ear1 disease of the cartilage may be suspected4 ,treatment4--,the sinus formed by the passage of matter should be probed and searched to the bottom for the presence of a foreign substance or the evidence of decaying cartilage4 ,when the probe touches necrosed cartilage it will feel like a piece of dry leather or partially softened wood4 ,a counter opening must then be made at this place1 and all diseased cartilage cut away with the knife4 ,the subsequent treatment consists in keeping the artificial wound open for the discharge of pus1 and the injection of chlorid of zinc1 #e grains to the ounce of water1 once or twice a day1 until the wound is healed4 ,,enchondroma ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 ,this is an excessive growth of cartilage1 found at the base of the ear in the form of a hard1 painless tumor1 firmly attached to the movable ear4 ,the only recourse for its removal is the knife in the hands of one acquainted with the anatomy of the part involved in the operation4 ,,infectious ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle4 ,revised by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,a4 ,m41 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,chief1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,,general ,,introduction4 ,the importance1 to the farmer and stock raiser1 of a general knowledge of the nature of infectious diseases need not be insisted on1 as it must be evident to all who have charge of farm animals4 ,the growing facilities for intercourse between one section of a country and another1 and between different countries1 cause a wide distribution of the infectious diseases once restricted to a definite locality4 ,not only the animals themselves1 but the cars1 vessels1 or other conveyances in which they are carried may become agents for the dissemination of disease4 ,the growing tendency of specialization in agriculture1 which leads to the maintenance of large herds of cattle1 sheep1 and hogs1 makes infectious diseases more common and more dangerous4 ,fresh animals are being continually introduced which may be the carriers of disease from other herds1 and when disease is once brought into a large herd the losses become very high1 because it is difficult1 if not impossible1 to check it after it has once obtained a foothold4 ,these considerations make it plain that only by the most careful supervision by intelligent men who understand the nature of infectious diseases and their causes in a general way can these be kept away4 ,we must likewise consider how incomplete our knowledge concerning many diseases is1 and probably will be for some time to come4 ,the suggestions and recommendations offered by investigators1 therefore1 may not always be correct1 and may require frequent modification as our information grows more comprehensive and exact4 ,an infectious disease may be defined as any malady caused by the introduction1 into the body1 of minute organisms of a vegetable or animal nature which have the power of indefinite multiplication and of setting free certain peculiar poisons which are chiefly responsible for the morbid changes4 ,this definition might include diseases caused by certain animal parasites1 such as trichin1 for example1 which multiply in the digestive tract1 but whose progeny is limited to a single generation4 ,by common consent the term infectious is restricted to those diseases caused by the invasion and multiplication of certain very minute unicellular organisms included under the general classes of bacteria and protozoa4 ,nearly all the diseases of cattle for which a definite cause has been traced are from bacteria4 ,among these are tuberculosis1 anthrax1 blackleg1 and tetanus 7or lockjaw74 ,some diseases1 such as ,texas fever and nagana1 are traceable to protozoa1 while others1 like actinomycosis and aspergillosis1 are caused by fungi4 ,those diseases of which the cause is unknown or imperfectly worked out are pleuropneumonia1 rinderpest1 foot-and-mouth disease1 rabies1 cowpox1 malignant catarrh1 and dysentery4 ,bacteria may be defined as very minute1 unicellular organisms of a plantlike character4 ,their form is very simple1 as may be seen from an inspection of the various species depicted on ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,the description of these figures will be found on page #cfj4 ,the magnification there given will furnish the reader some idea of their very minute size4 ,they multiply in two ways4 ,the bacterium elongates and then divides in the middle to form #b daughter cells4 ,these go through the same process at once1 and thus #d cells are produced4 ,the division of these leads to #h1 the division of #h to #af1 and so on indefinitely4 ,the rapidity with which this multiplication takes place depends upon the nature of the bacterium4 ,the bacillus of tuberculosis multiplies very slowly1 while that of anthrax does so with great rapidity1 provided both are in the most favorable condition4 ,another mode of reproduction1 limited to certain classes of bacteria1 consists in the formation of a spore within the body of the bacterium4 ,spore formation usually takes place when the conditions pertaining to the growth of the bacteria become unfavorable4 ,the spores are much more resistant to destructive agents than the bacteria which produced them4 ,the anthrax spore may live several years in a dried state1 but the anthrax bacillus perishes in a few days under like conditions4 ,this matter will be referred to again when we come to discuss the subject of disinfection4 ,of the protozoa which cause disease very little is at present known4 ,one which produces ,texas fever is pictured on ,plate ,,xlv1 in figs4 #d and #e4 ,these parasites have a more complex life history than bacteria2 and as they can not be grown in artificial media1 their thorough investigation is at present hampered with great difficulties4 ,the differences in the symptoms and lesions of the various infectious diseases are due to differences in the respective organisms causing them4 ,similarly the great differences observed in the sources from which animals become infected and the manner in which infection takes place are due to differences in the life history of these minute organisms4 ,much discussion has taken place of late years concerning the precise meaning of the words infection and contagion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,various ,,bacteria ,,which ,,produce ,,disease ,,in ,,cattle4 ,,description ,,of ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,the bacteria on this plate are partly from tissues1 partly from cultures1 and stained artificially with aniline colors 7fuchsin or methylene blue74 ,figs #f and #g are copied from ,frnkel and ,pfeiffer's atlas4 ,all but fig4 #g are magnified #a1jjj times2 fig4 #g1 #ejj times4 ,fig4 #a4 ,bacteria from pneumonia in cattle4 ,these are also the cause of hemorrhagic septicemia and are closely related to swine-plague bacteria4 ,these bacteria were drawn from a piece of spleen pulp 7rabbit74 ,fig4 #b4 ,micrococci 7streptococcus7 which produce inflammation of the lining membranes of the abdomen1 thorax1 heart1 brain1 and joints4 ,frequently associated with the preceding bacteria in abscesses4 ,fig4 #c4 ,micrococci 7staphylococcus7 which produce inflammation and suppuration2 also pyemia4 ,fig4 #d4 ,bacilli of blackleg4 ,the pale oval bodies as well as the light spots in one end of the bacilli represent spores4 ,fig4 #e4 ,bacilli which produce tetanus or lockjaw4 ,the light spot in the enlarged end of each rod represents a spore4 ,fig4 #f4 ,bacilli of tuberculosis4 ,microscopic sections of a pearly nodule from the lining membrane of the chest cavity4 ,the bacilli are stained red and appear as small straight rods within the cells of the nodule or tubercle4 ,fig4 #g4 ,bacilli of anthrax4 ,bacilli from the spleen of a mouse inoculated with a culture4 ,the bacilli were obtained from the blood of a cow which died of anthrax in ,mississippi4 ,the bacilli appear as rods stained blue4 ,the round bodies are blood corpuscles1 also stained artificially4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,haines del4 ,,zeese-,,wilkinson ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,various ,,bacteria ,,which ,,produce ,,disease ,,in ,,cattle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these words1 however1 are now wholly inadequate to express the complex processes of infection1 and it may be said that each species of bacterium or protozoon has its own peculiar way of invading the animal body1 differing more or less from all the rest4 ,there are1 however1 a few broad distinctions which may be expressed with the help of these old terms4 ,infection1 as laid down above1 refers at present in a comprehensive way to all microorganisms capable of setting up disease in the body4 ,some microorganisms are transmitted directly from one animal to another1 and the diseases produced may be called contagious4 ,among these are included pleuropneumonia1 rinderpest1 foot-and-mouth disease1 rabies1 cowpox1 and tuberculosis4 ,again1 certain organisms are perhaps never transmitted from one animal to another1 but may come from the soil4 ,among these are tetanus1 blackleg1 anthrax to a large extent1 and perhaps actinomycosis in part4 ,these diseases1 according to some authorities1 may be called miasmatic4 ,there is a third class of infectious diseases1 the specific bacteria of which are transmitted from one animal to another1 as with the contagious diseases1 but the bacteria may1 under certain favorable conditions1 find food enough in the soil and in the surroundings of animals to multiply to some extent after they have left the sick animal and before they gain entrance into a healthy one4 ,this general classification is subject to change if we take other characteristics into consideration4 ,thus tuberculosis1 because of its insidious beginning and slow course1 would not by many be considered contagious in the sense that foot-and-mouth disease is2 yet1 in either case1 the bacillus must come from preexisting disease4 ,the disease of rabies1 or hydrophobia1 is not contagious in the sense that rinderpest is1 because the virus of rabies must be inoculated into a wound before it can take effect2 yet1 in both cases1 the virus passes without modification from one animal to another1 though in different ways4 ,again1 all the diseases under the second group1 which seem to come from the soil and from pastures1 are in one sense contagious in that the virus may be taken from a sick animal and inoculated directly1 with positive results1 into a healthy animal4 ,other illustrations may be cited which show that these old terms are not in themselves satisfactory4 ,there are so many conditions which enter into the process of infection that no single classification will give a sufficiently correct or comprehensive idea of it4 ,these statements will be easily understood if the different infectious diseases in the following pages are studied with reference to the way or ways in which each disease may be contracted4 ,enough has been said1 therefore1 to show that if we wish to make ourselves acquainted with the dangers of any given disease1 we must study it and not rely upon any single work to tell the whole story4 ,infectious diseases have1 as a general rule1 a period of incubation1 which comprises the time elapsing between the exposure to the infection and the actual appearance of the disease4 ,this period varies with the malady4 ,the most common symptom of this class of diseases is fever4 ,the severity of the fever is measured by the temperature of the animal2 this is readily and accurately ascertainable by the clinical thermometer4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #a47 ,the other symptoms are variable and depend upon the particular organ or organs most implicated4 ,loss of appetite1 cessation of rumination and milk secretion1 and general dullness are symptoms quite invariably present in most infectious diseases4 ,during the course of infectious diseases secondary diseases or complications may arise which are largely caused by bacteria other than those producing the original malady4 ,these complications are often so severe as to become fatal4 ,in general it may be stated that they are due to filthy surroundings1 and hence cleanliness may become an important aid to recovery4 ,the treatment of infectious diseases is given under each malady so far as this is allowable or advisable4 ,these diseases are not1 as a rule1 amenable to treatment4 ,when the symptoms have once appeared the disease is liable to run its course in spite of treatment1 and if it is one from which animals usually recover1 all that can be done is to put them into the most favorable surroundings4 ,many infectious diseases lead sooner or later to death1 treatment is useless so far as the sick are concerned1 and it may be worse than useless for those not yet infected4 ,all animals suffering with infectious diseases are more or less directly a menace to all others4 ,they represent for the time being manufactories of disease germs1 and they are giving them off more or less abundantly during the period of disease4 ,they may infect others directly or they may scatter the virus about1 and the surroundings may become a future source of infection for healthy animals4 ,this leads us to the subject of prevention as the most important of all which claim our attention4 ,in this place only a few general remarks will suffice to bring the subject before the reader4 ,the most important thing is to keep disease away from a herd or farm4 ,to do this all sick or suspicious animals should be avoided4 ,a grave form of disease may be introduced by apparently mild or trivial cases brought in from without4 ,it is generally conceded that continual change and movement of animals are the most potent means by which infectious diseases are disseminated4 ,with some cattle diseases1 such as anthrax1 rinderpest1 and pleuropneumonia1 preventive inoculation is resorted to in some countries4 ,this may be desirable when certain diseases have become established in any locality so that eradication is impossible4 ,it should not be practiced in territories where a given disease may still be extirpated by ordinary precautions4 ,preventive inoculation is applicable to only a few maladies1 and therefore its aid in the control of diseases is limited4 ,when an infectious disease has gained foothold in a herd the course to be pursued will depend upon the nature of the malady4 ,a good rule is to kill diseased animals1 especially when the disease is liable to run a chronic course1 as in tuberculosis4 ,the next important step is to separate the well from the sick by placing the former on fresh ground4 ,this is rarely possible2 hence the destruction or removal of the sick1 with thorough disinfection of the infected locality1 is the next thing to be done4 ,as to the disinfectants to be used1 special directions are given under the various diseases1 to which the reader is referred4 ,here we will simply call attention briefly to the general subject4 ,,disinfection ,,and ,,disinfectants4 ,disinfection consists in the use of certain substances which possess the power to destroy bacteria or their spores1 or both4 ,those which are cheapest and most available for animal diseases are ordinary freshly slaked lime or unslaked in powder1 chlorid of lime1 crude carbolic acid1 corrosive sublimate1 formaldehyde gas1 formalin1 and compound cresol solution4 7#a7 ,slaked lime is perhaps the most easily procured1 but its disinfecting power is limited4 ,while it is capable of destroying all bacteria in their vegetative state1 it is unable to destroy such spores as those of anthrax and blackleg4 ,it is probable1 however1 that in incrusting spores it may destroy their vitality sooner or later4 ,it is regarded as safe practice to use only spore-destroying substances for the virus of those diseases of which we have no definite knowledge4 ,nevertheless1 in the absence of other disinfectants1 lime is very useful4 ,it may be employed as a whitewash on wood and stone and sprinkled as a dilute wash or in powder over yards1 manure heaps1 and over carcasses before they are buried1 and over the ground on which they have lain to prevent other animals from carrying the infection away4 7#b7 ,chlorid of lime is more efficient than simple slaked or unslaked lime1 as it destroys spores4 ,it is the ordinary bleaching powder of commerce and is quite unstable1 hence old preparations1 unless sealed1 are of little value4 ,a #e per cent solution is sufficiently strong for all spore-bearing bacteria 7#c ounces in #b quarts of water74 ,it may be efficiently applied to the walls and floor of an infected stable by mixing with limewash in the proportion of #f ounces of the lime to each gallon of limewash4 ,the ceilings and those portions of the walls which can not be reached should be disinfected by means of chlorin gas liberated from the chlorid of lime by crude carbolic acid4 ,this is accomplished by making a cone of #e or #f pounds of chlorid of lime1 in the top of which a deep crater is made for the placement of from #a to #b pints of crude acid4 ,the edge of the crater is thereupon pushed into the fluid1 when a lively reaction follows4 ,the fumes of chlorin are strongly irritating to the respiratory tract and therefore all live stock should be removed before the work is started4 ,owing to the heat generated1 it is advisable to place the lime in an iron crucible and to have nothing inflammable within a radius of #b feet4 ,the number and location of these cones of chlorid of lime depend on the size and structure of the building to be disinfected4 ,as a rule1 it may be stated that chlorin gas liberated from the above-sized cone will be sufficient for disinfecting #e1bjj cubic feet of air space4 7#c7 ,crude carbolic acid4 ,the ordinary purified carbolic acid is too expensive to be used on a large scale1 and the crude produce is a very good substitute4 ,this is made more powerful by mixing with it an equal volume of commercial sulphuric acid4 ,while the sulphuric acid is being added to the crude carbolic acid much heat is evolved1 and if the glass jar in which the two are mixed is placed in cold water the resulting product is said to have a higher disinfecting power4 ,the mixture is added to water enough to make a #e per cent solution 7about #g ounces to #d quarts of water74 ,this is strong enough for all purposes4 ,it may be kept in wood or glass1 but not in metal1 owing to the corroding action of the acid4 ,it should be used freely on woodwork and on infected floors1 and a force pump of the kind used by orchardists is very convenient as a means of applying the disinfectant4 ,if the solution is warm when applied1 it will penetrate the woodwork better than when cold1 especially if the spraying is done during cold weather4 ,the addition of air-slaked lime in any quantity that will dissolve in water to the above solution 7say #a-a_/b pounds of lime to #g ounces of crude carbolic acid to each gallon of water7 is preferred by many1 as it makes any neglected places at once visible and leaves cleaner and better air within the buildings4 ,in most cases in which its application becomes desirable--and this rule should apply to all disinfections--the disinfected stables1 stalls1 etc41 should remain vacant as long as possible before cattle are again stabled therein4 7#d7 ,mercuric chlorid1 or corrosive sublimate1 is a powerful disinfectant1 but it is likewise very poisonous2 hence its uses are limited4 ,cattle are especially susceptible to its action and caution must be used in its application4 ,a solution of one-tenth of #a per cent is usually sufficient 7#a ounce to #h gallons of water74 ,it should not be placed in wooden pails1 which would form the tannate of mercury1 a weak antiseptic2 nor1 owing to its corrosive action1 should expensive metal pails be used4 ,agate vessels or tin pails are to be preferred4 ,all solutions should be labeled poison1 and to avoid accidents none should be kept on hand4 7#e7 ,formalin and formaldehyde gas have been found very efficacious as sanitary agents4 ,formalin is the commercial name for the #dj per cent solution of formaldehyde gas in water1 and is one of the most powerful antiseptic and disinfectants that we possess4 ,solutions of this strength are manufactured by different commercial houses and sold by the drug trade under the name of formalose and formal4 ,in this connection it should be mentioned that while the #dj per cent solution of formaldehyde gas and formalin are exactly the same thing1 the former can be purchased at #cc-a_/c to #fd per cent less than the latter4 ,formalin1 diluted with water in the proportion of #a pint to #cj parts of water1 or #d ounces to each gallon of water1 may be applied1 and it may thus be used as a wash or as a spray on all paints1 metals1 and woodwork1 as well as on clothing and other fabrics1 without injuring them4 ,it may also be applied to floors1 walls1 and woodwork in whitewash by mixing #a part to #cj parts of limewash1 or #d ounces to each gallon of limewash4 ,formalin has the appearance of water and in the strong solution is poisonous1 but when diluted as recommended above it is not dangerous4 ,the fumes given off by it1 however1 are very disagreeable and irritating to the eyes and nasal mucous membranes4 ,one and one-half ounces of formalin added to #a gallon of water is a valuable agent for the disinfection of the skin or septic wounds1 but is somewhat painful and irritating to raw surfaces4 ,formaldehyde is a gas which is soluble in #b-a_/b parts of water 7#dj parts of formaldehyde gas to #ajj parts of water72 this solution constitutes the formalin of commerce4 ,the use of formaldehyde gas is in most cases impracticable for stable disinfection4 ,in case the stable is not too large and can be made almost air-tight the generation of formaldehyde gas1 after removing all the animals1 will be found very serviceable4 ,it penetrates all parts of the stable--the walls1 crevices1 floors1 ceiling--and is probably the best fumigating disinfectant that we have4 ,probably one of the most simple and practical methods of liberating this gas is by means of the chemical reaction which takes place when formalin is poured upon permanganate of potassium4 ,for each #a1jjj cubic feet of air space1 #af-b_/c ounces of crystallized or powdered permanganate of potassium is placed in a wide-surfaced pan2 #bj ounces of formalin is then poured upon it1 and the stable immediately closed for a period of #ab hours or longer4 ,this method is efficient only when it is possible to seal tightly the place to be disinfected1 and should be used only by experienced persons4 7#f7 ,some coal-tar products are cheap1 effective1 and easily applied disinfectants1 their action being due to the carbolic acid and creosote in their composition4 ,they may be used in #c to #e per cent solution4 ,as a rule they form a milky solution in water4 7#g7 ,compound solution of cresol 7liquor cresolis compositus71 now recognized as an official preparation1 is composed of equal parts of cresol and linseed-oil-potash soap4 ,the mixture is a thick1 dark1 amber-colored fluid which mixes readily with water in all proportions to form a clear1 soap solution4 ,it is an efficient disinfectant in a #c or #d per cent solution1 and in this strength it may be applied in the same manner as a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid4 ,when it is desired to apply one of these above-mentioned agents to the stable or barnyard1 a preliminary cleaning up of all dbris and litter is advisable1 together with the scraping of the floor1 mangers1 and walls of the stable with hoes2 also the removal of all dust and filth4 ,this should be followed by the burning of all such accumulations1 inasmuch as this material likewise contains the infectious principle and is best destroyed by heat4 ,heat may be applied to the surface of the affected pen1 byre1 or barnyard by means of a cyclone burner1 which consists of a tank1 pump1 hose1 and cyclone nozzle for spraying with paraffin 7gas oil74 ,the latter is ejected in the form of spray1 which when ignited gives a very hot and effective flame to be applied to the infected ground4 ,where such burning is impracticable the surface soil of the yard and surroundings should be removed to a depth of #e or #f inches and then placed in a heap and thoroughly mixed with air-slaked lime4 ,the fresh surface of the soil thus exposed may then be sprinkled with the disinfectant4 ,in addition to these artificial substances there are several natural sanitary agents of great importance as destroyers of virus4 ,these are cleanliness1 ventilation1 drying1 and sunshine4 ,all virus1 excepting such as may live in the soil1 is killed sooner or later by drying and sunshine1 and the importance of these factors in the daily life of animals need not be insisted on here4 ,finally1 all sanitary measures which contribute to the healthfulness of animal surroundings are directly or indirectly inimical to disease germs1 and all carelessness in the keeping of animals may be regarded as an ally of these destructive organisms4 ,,contagious ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,pls4 ,,xxix-,,xxxii4 ,definition and history4--,this disease has been eradicated from the ,united ,states1 and it is not probable that it will ever be seen in this country again4 ,as1 however1 much interest was manifested in regard to it for a number of years1 and as our cattle are still prohibited from some foreign markets on account of its previous existence here1 the subject is treated at greater length than would otherwise be necessary4 ,the contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle is a specific1 epizootic disease which affects bovine animals1 and from which other species are exempt4 ,it is characterized1 when the disease results from exposure in the usual manner1 by an inflammation of the lungs and pleur1 which is generally extensive1 and which has a tendency to invade portions of these organs not primarily affected and to cause death of the diseased portion of the lung4 ,this disease is frequently called the lung plague1 which corresponds to its ,german name of ,lungenseuche4 ,in ,french it is spoken of as the pripneumonie contagieuse4 ,the history of the contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle can not be traced with any certainty to a period earlier than the beginning of the eighteenth century4 ,no doubt it existed and ravaged the herds of ,europe for many years and perhaps centuries before that time1 but veterinary knowledge was so limited that the descriptions of the symptoms and post-mortem appearance are too vague and too limited to admit of the identification of the maladies to which they refer4 ,it has been supposed by some writers that certain passages in the writings of ,aristotle1 ,livy1 and ,virgil show the existence of pleuropneumonia at the time that their works were composed1 but their references are too indefinite to be seriously accepted as indicating this rather than some other disease4 ,it seems quite plain that as early as #agac and #agad pleuropneumonia existed in ,swabia and several ,cantons of ,switzerland4 ,there are even clearer accounts of its prevalence in ,switzerland in #agcb1 #agdc1 and #agfe4 ,in #agfi a disease called murie was investigated in ,franche-,comt by ,bourgelat which undoubtedly was identical with the pleuropneumonia of to-day4 ,from that period we have frequent and well-authenticated accounts of its existence in various parts of ,europe4 ,during the period from #agij to #ahab it was spread throughout a large portion of the ,continent of ,europe by the cattle driven for the subsistence of the armies1 which marched and countermarched in all directions4 ,it was generally prevalent in ,italy in #ahjj4 ,it appears to have been unknown1 however1 in the ,department of the ,nord1 ,france1 until #ahbf1 but during the years from #ahbj to #ahdj it penetrated into most parts of that country4 ,during the same period it was introduced into and allowed to spread over ,belgium and ,holland4 ,this contagion is said to have been carried to ,ireland from ,holland in #ahci1 and is reported as existing in ,england in #ahdb4 ,the disease was brought to the ,united ,states at several different times4 ,probably its first introduction was with a diseased cow sold in ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 in #ahdc4 ,it came to ,new ,jersey by importing affected animals in #ahdg4 ,massachusetts was infected in the same way in #ahei4 ,south ,africa was infected by a bull brought from ,holland in #ahed1 and ,australia likewise received the contagion with an ,english cow in #aheh4 ,it is also reported as existing in various parts of the ,continent of ,asia1 but the time of its first appearance and the extent of its distribution are very uncertain4 ,some countries1 such as ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,denmark1 which had been infected for only a short time1 have succeeded in eradicating the disease without much difficulty by slaughtering all affected and exposed animals4 ,other countries long infected and in which the contagion was thoroughly established1 like ,australia1 ,south ,africa1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,belgium1 and parts of ,germany1 have labored long1 in some cases making no progress and in others being only partially successful4 ,holland was one of the first of the thoroughly infected countries to free itself from the contagion4 ,in the ,united ,states1 ,massachusetts eradicated pleuropneumonia during the period from #ahfj to #ahff4 ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey made an attempt to eradicate it in #ahgi1 but were not successful4 ,late in #ahhc the contagion was carried to ,ohio1 probably by ,jersey cattle purchased in the vicinity of ,baltimore1 ,md41 to which place it had extended before #ahfh4 ,from the herd then infected it was spread by the sale of cattle during #ahhd to a limited number of herds in ,illinois1 to one herd in ,missouri1 and to two in ,kentucky4 ,the alarm caused among the stock owners of the ,united ,states by this widespread dissemination of a disease so much dreaded led to the adoption of active measures for its control and eradication4 ,by cooperation between the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and the authorities of the affected ,states it was found possible to prevent the further spread of the contagion and to eradicate it after a few months' delay4 ,in #ahhf pleuropneumonia was discovered in some of the large distillery stables of ,chicago and among cows on neighboring lots4 ,this led to renewed efforts for the complete extirpation of this disease from the country4 ,congress in #ahhg enlarged the appropriation available for this purpose and gave more extended authority4 ,during the same year the disease was stamped out of ,chicago1 and has not since appeared in any district west of the ,allegheny ,mountains4 ,the work of eradication was at the same time commenced in all the infected ,states4 ,before the end of the year #ahhi ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 ,maryland1 the ,district of ,columbia1 and ,virginia had been freed from the disease4 ,more difficulties1 however1 were encountered in the ,states of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey1 on account of the larger territory infected and the density of the population4 ,the long struggle was successful1 however1 and the last animal in which the disease appeared in the ,state of ,new ,york was slaughtered early in #ahia1 and the last one affected in ,new ,jersey met the same fate early in the spring of #ahib4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,haines del4 ,,zeese-,,wilkinson ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,upper ,,or ,,dorsal ,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,lungs ,,of ,,the ,,ox4 7,,one-,,twelfth ,,natural ,,size47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,haines del4 ,,zeese-,,wilkinson ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,bronchopneumonia4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,haines del4 ,,zeese-,,wilkinson ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,contagious ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,haines del4 ,,zeese-,,wilkinson ,,co41 ,,inc41 ,n4,y4 ,,contagious ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,during these same years a supreme effort had been made to stamp out this lung plague from ,great ,britain4 ,from the official reports it appears that the number of infected districts and of diseased animals had rapidly diminished1 but it was not until #ahih that the infection was finally eradicated4 ,the other infected ,european countries1 though they maintain a veterinary sanitary service1 are not making satisfactory progress in eradicating the disease4 ,this is owing partly to delays in carrying out the provisions of the laws and partly to mistaken ideas as to the measures which are necessary to accomplish the object4 ,the ,united ,states was the last of the countries having old infected districts which undertook to stamp out this contagion1 and1 except ,holland1 it was the first to reach success4 ,the cause 7etiology7 of pleuropneumonia4--,this is a contagious disease1 and arises only by contagion from a previously affected animal2 consequently it can never be seen here except as the result of importing affected animals from the ,old ,world4 ,when thoroughly stamped out it does not reappear2 and if imported animals continue to be properly inspected and quarantined1 we have every reason to believe that pleuropneumonia will never again be seen in this country4 ,the exact nature of the virus or contagion of lung plague has never been determined4 ,various investigators have from time to time claimed the discovery of the specific organism of the disease1 but it was not until #ahih that ,nocard and ,roux1 by an ingenious method of cultivation1 succeeded in obtaining a very feeble growth of an exceedingly minute microorganism4 ,with these cultures the disease was produced in cattle4 ,some investigators and writers are of the opinion that the disease can be contracted only by an animal coming near enough to a living diseased one to receive the contagion directly from it4 ,they hold that the contagion is expired with the air from the affected lungs1 and that it must be almost immediately inspired by another animal in order to produce the disease4 ,some experimental attempts to infect animals by placing them in stables where diseased animals have been1 and by placing the diseased lungs of slaughtered animals in their feeding troughs have failed1 and1 consequently1 apparently confirm this view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contagious ,,pleuropneumonia4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,upper or dorsal surface of the lungs of the ox1 reduced to one-twelfth of the natural size3 a1 a'1 the right and left principal lobes4 ,these are the largest and are situated posteriorly1 resting upon the diaphragm2 b1 b'1 the ventral lobes1 situated between the principal lobes2 and c1 c'1 c'' the most anterior1 or cephalic1 lobes4 ,the right anterior is divided into two lobes 7c1 c'71 the left is single 7c''72 d1 trachea1 or windpipe4 ,in the majority of the lungs examined in the laboratory of the bureau which were affected with contagious pleuropneumonia the principal lobes 7a1 a'7 were primarily affected4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,bronchopneumonia4 ,the ventral or middle lobe of the right lung affected with collapse and beginning bronchopneumonia4 ,the light yellowish portions represent healthy lung tissue2 the red represents the disease4 ,it will be noticed that the lines between the lobules are quite faint1 indicating little or no inflammation of the connective tissue between the lobules4 ,the healthy lung tissue is seen to be raised above the level of the diseased portion4 ,in contagious pleuropneumonia the exact reverse is the case1 the diseased portions being very much larger than the healthy4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,contagious pleuropneumonia4 ,appearance of a cow's lung affected with contagious pleuropneumonia when sections or slices are made of it and cut surfaces examined4 ,fig4 #a4 ,transverse section through the right principal lobe in a case of acute pleuropneumonia4 ,the area drawn includes the air tubes1 veins1 and arteries1 and illustrates the great thickening of the interlobular connective tissue into broad whitish bands and of the walls of the air tubes1 veins1 and arteries3 a1 air tube cut obliquely2 a'1 air tube cut directly across2 b1 arteries cut across2 c1 large vein completely occluded by a thrombus or plug formed during life4 ,the great thickening of the walls of the artery and vein in this disease is especially brought out by stating that in the healthy lung they are so thin as to be easily overlooked4 ,fig4 #b4 ,transverse section of the principal lobe in a case of acute pleuropneumonia1 illustrating the different kinds of hepatization or consolidation of the lung4 ,these are indicated by the different colors from dark red to reddish yellow4 ,this variation of color is regarded by some as the real marbling characteristic of pleuropneumonia1 while the whitish bands penetrating the lung tissue in all directions constitute the true marbling according to other observers4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,contagious pleuropneumonia4 ,this illustrates what are called infarctions4 ,the right half of the figure shows nearly normal lung tissue4 ,the left represents a blackish mass1 in which the lung tissue is filled with blood and solidified4 ,this is caused by the plugging of the vein carrying away the blood from this portion4 ,the heart forces the blood through the artery into the tissue at considerable pressure1 but owing to the fact that its return is prevented1 the minute blood vessels rupture and the air vesicles become distended with blood1 which coagulates and causes the firmness of the tissue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the other hand1 it is known that the serum from affected lungs retains its virulence and may be used successfully for inoculation weeks or months after the death of the animal from which it was taken4 ,this is particularly the case when this liquid is hermetically sealed in glass tubes4 ,other investigators state that they have successfully infected cattle by placing1 in the nostrils1 sponges or pledgets of cotton saturated with such serum4 ,cattle have also1 according to the best evidence obtainable1 been infected from the clothing of attendants1 from horns used in drenching1 and from smelling about wagons which have been used to transport affected carcasses4 ,in the work of eradicating pleuropneumonia from the ,united ,states many stables were found in which the disease would appear and reappear after the slaughter of affected herds1 and in spite of any precautions which were adopted4 ,these were always old stables1 with woodwork in a decaying condition and with floors underlaid with filth which could not be thoroughly removed or disinfected4 ,in every one of these cases the destruction of the stable1 the burning of the lumber of which it was constructed1 the removal of the accumulations beneath the floors1 and thorough disinfection1 prevented the recurrence of the plague in new stables built upon the same premises4 ,this experience conclusively shows that under certain conditions1 at least1 stables may retain the infection for a considerable time1 and that when restocked the disease may break out again from such infection4 ,as a rule1 however1 the disease is acquired by a healthy animal being near an affected one and receiving the contagion direct4 ,affected animals may give off the contagion in the early stages of the disease before the symptoms are apparent to the observer2 also1 they may retain this infectious character1 if they survive the attack1 for six months and probably for a year after all symptoms of the disease have disappeared4 ,incubation4--,the time which elapses between exposure to the contagion of pleuropneumonia and the first appearance of the symptoms of this disease varies greatly with different individuals and with different outbreaks of the disease4 ,ordinarily the symptoms of disease make their appearance within three to six weeks after exposure2 they may be observed1 however1 within two weeks or they may not become apparent until nearly or quite three months4 ,it is this long period of incubation and the great length of time that an animal may disseminate the contagion after apparent recovery which give the plague that insidious character so often spoken of1 and which greatly increase the difficulties of eradication4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms are such as would be expected with inflammation of the lungs and pleur1 but they vary considerably1 according to the type which the disease manifests4 ,if the attack is an acute one1 as is frequently seen in hot weather1 the symptoms appear suddenly2 the breathing becomes rapid and difficult1 the animal grunts or moans with each expiration1 the shoulders stand out from the chest1 the head is extended on the neck1 the back is arched1 the temperature is #ajd to #ajg ,f41 the milk secretion is suspended1 there is no appetite1 rumination is stopped1 the animal may bloat and later be affected with a severe diarrhea4 ,such cases are generally fatal in #g to #bj days4 ,very often the attack comes on slowly and the symptoms are much less clear4 ,in the mildest cases there is a cough for a week or two1 but no appreciable loss of appetite or elevation of temperature4 ,the lungs are but slightly affected and recovery soon follows4 ,such animals may disseminate the contagion for a long time without being suspected1 and for that reason are the most dangerous of all4 ,a more severe type of the plague is the most frequently seen4 ,in these cases the cough is frequent1 more or less painful1 the back somewhat arched1 and the milk secretion diminished4 ,the prominence of these symptoms increases1 the appetite is affected1 the animal loses flesh1 the breathing becomes more rapid1 the cough more painful1 pressure of the fingers between the ribs shows tenderness1 the hair loses its gloss and stands erect1 the skin becomes adherent1 little1 if any1 milk is secreted1 and the temperature rises1 varying in different animals from #ajc to #ajg ,f4 ,animals thus affected may continue to grow worse and die in from three to eight weeks1 or they may after a time begin to improve and make an apparent recovery4 ,the inflammation of the lung does not1 as a rule1 subside and the organ return to its normal condition1 as is the case in ordinary pneumonia1 but with this disease the life of the affected portion of the lung is destroyed1 the tissue dies1 and a fibrous wall is formed around it to shut it away from the living parts4 ,the tissue1 thus encysted1 gradually softens1 becomes disintegrated1 and breaks down into pus4 ,the recovery1 therefore1 is not complete2 it is only apparent and partial4 ,to those accustomed to examining the lungs of cattle1 other and extremely important symptoms may be apparent during the course of the disease4 ,by applying the ear over the walls of the chest an area of a certain extent may be found in which the natural breathing sound is diminished or entirely lost4 ,this represents the diseased portion of the lungs4 ,in other cases a loud blowing sound may be heard1 quite different from any sound produced when the lung is in a healthy condition4 ,in some cases crepitation is heard near the border line of the diseased area and friction sounds produced by the roughened pleura2 these can be appreciated1 however1 only by those whose ears have been trained to distinguish between the different sounds which reach the ear when applied to the chest wall4 ,by percussion--that is1 by pressing the fingers of the left hand firmly against the wall of the chest and tapping upon the middle finger with the ends of the fingers of the right hand--an area of dullness may be discovered corresponding to the portion from which the respiratory murmur has disappeared4 ,this loss of respiration detected by auscultation1 and the dullness brought out by percussion1 are the most important evidences of an inflamed or consolidated lung4 ,seriously affected animals remain standing if they have sufficient strength1 but those which lie down always lie on the affected side4 ,the proportion of animals which become affected after being exposed varies according to the virulence of the outbreak1 the susceptibility of the animals1 and the length of time during which exposure is continued4 ,sometimes not more than #ae1 #bj1 or #cj per cent will contract the disease when a large herd is exposed2 on the other hand1 however1 #hj or #ij per cent may be affected4 ,the proportion of cases in which the disease proves fatal also varies greatly--it may not exceed #aj and it may reach #ej per cent4 ,in general1 it may be said that about #dj per cent of the exposed animals will contract the disease and about one-half of these cases will prove fatal4 ,post-mortem appearances4--,owing to the complexity of the structure of the lung tissue1 its ramifications of bronchial tubes and blood vessels1 and its abundant supply of lymphatics1 the pathological changes in pleuropneumonia are interpreted with great difficulty4 ,furthermore1 there are certain kinds of pneumonia which present some resemblances to pleuropneumonia and which may therefore be confused with it in some of its phases4 ,if we kill an animal affected with acute pleuropneumonia and examine the cavity of the chest and lungs1 the following appearances will be noted3 ,the thorax may contain more or less serum1 which may be clear or clouded4 ,there may be firm adhesions of different parts of the lungs to the chest wall1 the extent of which depends on the stage and severity of the disease4 ,the diseased lobes are unusually large and exceedingly firm to the touch4 ,the weight of a single large lobe may reach #dj pounds4 ,usually only one side is affected1 often but a single lobe1 and this most commonly the large or principal lobe4 ,the pleura may be covered with one or more layers of a firm1 elastic1 grayish membrane1 which varies in thickness and which sometimes may be pulled away entirely4 ,sometimes it is absent4 ,the pleura1 however1 is opaque and apparently very much thickened4 ,this is owing to the diseased condition of the connective tissue beneath the pleura1 as will be explained later4 ,when an affected lobe is cut through at right angles to its long diameter1 the cut surface presents a variety of interesting changes4 ,in the first place the spaces between the small subdivisions of the lung 7the lobules71 which in the healthy lung are barely visible1 are distended with a yellowish-white1 usually quite firm1 substance1 which is coagulated fibrin4 ,the cut surface thus appears divided into small fields by yellowish-white bands of varying thickness running in various directions through the lung tissue and beneath the pleura4 7,pl4 ,,xxxi47 ,these bands may appear honeycombed and the spaces filled with yellowish fluid 7serum7 or they may be uniformly solid4 ,it will also be noticed that the space immediately outside of and around the artery1 vein1 and air tube is similarly broadened by fibrinous deposits4 ,some authorities look upon these bands as constituting the so-called marbling of pleuropneumonia4 ,in addition to these changes which have taken place in the connective tissue between the lobules1 the lung tissue itself may be markedly altered4 ,certain areas of the cut surface may be very firm in texture and of a brownish-red color4 ,the cut surface is granular or roughened1 not smooth to the eye4 ,other areas equally firm may be more grayish yellow and still others may be blackish4 7,pl4 ,,xxxii47 ,besides these areas which represent solidified 7hepatized7 lung tissue there may be others which approach the normal lung tissue in color1 are soft1 and float in water4 ,from these a milky1 purulent fluid may often be expressed4 ,these different shades are represented in ,plate ,,xxxi1 fig4 #b1 within a small compass4 ,some authorities are inclined to consider these variations in color on the same cut surface as the so-called marbling of pleuropneumonia4 ,it matters not whether we regard the bands between the lobules or the varying shades of the lobules themselves as the marbling1 provided either or both are peculiar to contagious pleuropneumonia4 ,if we examine the blood vessels appearing on such cut surface they will usually be found plugged within the firmly hepatized regions4 ,the artery contains a dark1 soft1 removable clot1 the vein a grayish-pink1 granular1 fragile plug 7thrombus71 which adheres firmly to the wall of the vein1 and if this is slit open1 indications of a diseased condition of the inner coat will be readily detected4 ,when large regions of the lung tissues are hepatized1 the main air tube and its branches are usually filled with grayish1 cylindrical branched masses of fibrin that are easily removed1 as they do not adhere to the mucous membrane4 ,the views of pathologists differ as to the nature of the earliest changes in pleuropneumonia1 and it is not within the scope of this work to present controverted or imperfectly developed theories4 ,in the foregoing description we have taken as a type the acute pleuropneumonia in its fully developed phase1 which can scarcely be mistaken for any other disease4 ,we have seen that there is an inflammatory condition of the connective tissue between the lobules1 resulting in the exudation of coagulable lymph4 ,this inflammation is equally marked around the blood vessels and air tubes4 ,it leads to inflammatory changes in the inner wall of the veins1 and these cause the deposition of thrombi or plugs in the vessels1 which prevent the return of the blood4 ,the blood pumped into the lung tissue through the artery1 but unable to get out by way of the vein1 leaves the mesh-work of capillaries around the air vesicles1 enters the latter1 and produces the firm1 hepatized condition so characteristic of this disease4 ,if we bear in mind that the veins in different parts of the lung tissue are plugged at different times1 and that1 therefore1 the affected regions are in different stages of disease1 it will be easily understood how the different shades of color from dark red to grayish or yellowish red are produced4 ,the complete plugging of the veins may lead to the death of circumscribed masses of lung tissue4 ,a line of separation forms between the living and the dead tissue and a thick cyst wall of fibrous tissue forms around the latter4 ,the dead tissue for a time preserves the appearance of lung tissue1 then undergoes disintegration and liquefaction4 ,the softened mass is finally absorbed1 and the walls of the cyst1 or capsule around it1 gradually collapse and form a cicatrix4 ,this favorable termination takes place only when the dead mass is not too large4 ,it may1 however1 involve over half of one of the large lobes4 ,under such circumstances recovery is improbable4 ,a more favorable termination is the abundant growth of fibrous tissue around and into the hepatized masses4 ,the formation of fibrous tissue may extend to the pleura1 or lung covering1 and cause firm adhesion of the lungs to the chest wall and to the pericardium1 or heart case4 ,the same peculiar1 inflammatory changes which take place between the lobules of the lung and around the bronchi and vessels may invade the pleural cavity1 cause extensive membranous and spongy deposits on the pleura and firm deposits around the heart and large arteries1 the gullet1 and windpipe4 ,these are the main features of the lung disease caused by contagious pleuropneumonia4 ,in the typical1 acute cases there are a sufficient number of peculiarities to enable us to make a positive diagnosis4 ,there are1 however1 many cases in which the disease is restricted to small areas1 or to the interlobular tissue1 or in which the changes are still imperfectly developed1 or else so far advanced that doubts may arise as to the true nature of the affection4 ,in such cases all obtainable facts1 including the history of the case1 the symptoms during life1 and the pathological changes observed on post-mortem examination must be taken into consideration4 ,only one who has made a careful study of the disease is fitted to decide in such cases4 ,other kinds of lung disease1 because of certain features common to most lung diseases of cattle1 may be confounded with pleuropneumonia4 ,the inflammation of the connective tissue between the lobules is not infrequently observed in so-called interstitial pneumonia and may lead to the formation of whitish bands intersecting the lung tissues in various directions4 ,on the cut surface these bands may give rise to a decidedly marbled appearance4 ,again1 in traumatic pneumonia1 caused1 as its name implies1 by the entrance of foreign bodies into the lung tissue1 generally from the paunch1 the connective tissue around the place of disease becomes inflamed and thickened1 and the disease itself may simulate pleuropneumonia in its retrogressive stages when it is confined to a small portion of lung tissue4 ,the filling up of the interlobular spaces with fibrin and connective tissue of inflammatory origin is not thus limited to pleuropneumonia1 but may appear in a marked degree in other lung diseases4 ,it must not be inferred from this statement that these interlobular changes are necessarily the same as those in pleuropneumonia1 although to the naked eye they may appear the same4 ,we simply note their presence without discussing their nature4 ,in general1 the distinction between pleuropneumonia and bronchopneumonia is not difficult to make4 ,in the latter disease the pneumonia generally invades certain lobes4 ,the disease attacks the smaller lobes in their lowest portions first and gradually extends upward1 i4 e41 toward the root of the lung or the back of the animal and backward into the large principal lobes4 ,again1 both lungs in advanced cases are often symmetrically affected4 ,in contagious pleuropneumonia the large principal lobe of one side is most frequently affected1 and a symmetrical disease of both lungs is very rare1 if1 in fact1 it has ever been observed4 ,the lung tissue in bronchopneumonia is not enlarged1 but rather more contracted than the normal tissue around it4 ,this is well illustrated in ,plate ,,xxx4 ,normal1 air-containing lobules may be scattered among and around the hepatized portion in an irregular manner4 ,in pleuropneumonia the diseased and healthy portions are either sharply divided off1 one from the other1 or else they shade into each other by intermediate stages4 ,the hepatized lung tissue in bronchopneumonia when the cut surface is examined is visually of a more or less dark flesh color with paler grayish-yellow dots regularly interspersed1 giving it a peculiar1 mottled appearance4 ,in the more advanced stages it becomes more firm1 and may contain nodular and firmer masses disseminated through it4 ,the air tubes usually contain more or less soft1 creamy1 or cheesy pus or a turbid fluid quite different from the loose1 fibrinous casts of acute pleuropneumonia4 ,the interlobular tissue may or may not be affected4 ,it sometimes contains loose1 fibrinous plugs1 or it may be greatly distended with air1 especially in the still normal portions of the lung4 ,the pleura is seldom seriously diseased4 ,if we contrast with these features the firm dark-red hepatizations1 the plugging of the veins1 the extensive interlobular deposits1 and the well-marked pleuritis in pleuropneumonia1 there is little chance for confusion between well-developed cases of these two lung diseases4 ,it should not be forgotten1 however1 that the lesions of the disease known as contagious pleuropneumonia may be confined to the serous membranes of the thorax1 or they may be confined to the parenchyma of the lungs2 they may affect a whole lobe1 or only a small portion of it2 they may or may not cause the so-called marbled appearance4 ,in the same way bronchopneumonia may vary as to the parts of the lung affected1 the extent of the lesions1 the degree and kind of pathological changes in the interlobular tissue1 the color of the lung on cross section and the amount of hepatization4 ,in individual cases1 therefore1 it is often necessary to take into account the history of the animal1 the course of the disease1 and the communicability of the affection before a diagnosis can be made between the two diseases4 ,prevention and treatment4--,the prevention of pleuropneumonia1 as of other contagious diseases1 consists in keeping animals so that they will not be exposed to the contagion4 ,as the disease arises only by contagion1 there is no possibility of an animal becoming affected with it unless it has been exposed4 ,if1 therefore1 pleuropneumonia exists in a locality the owner of healthy cattle should make every effort to keep his animals from coming near affected ones or which have been exposed4 ,he should be equally particular not to allow persons who have been on the infected premises to visit his own pastures1 stables1 or cattle4 ,if pleuropneumonia breaks out in a herd1 every animal in it should be slaughtered1 the stables thoroughly cleaned and disinfected1 and no other cattle allowed on the premises until a period of #ij days has elapsed4 ,medical treatment of affected animals is unavailing and should not be attempted4 ,no matter how valuable the diseased animals may have been before they contracted the disease1 they should at once be destroyed and the contagion eradicated4 ,this is the best policy for the individual as well as for the community4 ,the eradication of this disease by local or ,national ,governments can be successful only when the same principles are adopted and carried out as here recommended for individual stables4 ,it is then a difficult undertaking1 simply because the contagion is generally widely disseminated before any measures are adopted1 and because a great majority of cattle owners will never report the existence of the disease4 ,regulations must therefore be enforced which will insure the prompt discovery of every herd in which the disease appears1 as well as the destruction of all diseased and exposed animals and the thorough disinfection of the premises4 ,to discover pleuropneumonia sufficiently early for this purpose1 the district supposed to be infected should be clearly defined and inspectors should be constantly employed to inspect every herd in it at least once in two weeks1 or1 better1 once a week4 ,no bovine animal should be allowed to go out of the defined district alive1 and all which enter it should be carefully inspected to insure their freedom from disease4 ,as an assistance to the discovery of diseased herds1 every animal which1 from any cause1 dies in the infected district and every animal which is slaughtered1 even if apparently in good health1 should be the subject of a careful post-mortem examination4 ,many affected herds will be found in this way4 ,in addition to these measures it is also necessary to guard against the removal of animals from one stable to another and the mixing of herds upon common pastures or in the public highways4 ,the object must be to isolate every individual's cattle as completely as possible1 or otherwise a single affected animal may infect a dozen or more herds4 ,to prevent surreptitious sale or trading of cattle1 each animal must in some way be numbered and recorded in the books kept by the official in charge of the district4 ,in the work of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture a numbered metal tag was fastened to each animal's ear and index books were so arranged that with a number given the owner could be at once ascertained1 or from the owner's name the cattle for which he was responsible could be at once learned4 ,in this way1 if an animal was missing from a stable1 the fact became apparent at once1 or if one too many was found in a stable the number in its ear would indicate where it came from4 ,when pleuropneumonia is discovered by these means1 the entire herd should be slaughtered as soon as the formalities of appraisement can be arranged4 ,in country districts the carcasses should be buried1 as it is generally impracticable to dispose of them in any other way4 ,in city districts the animals may be taken to a slaughterhouse1 with such precautions as are possible to prevent dissemination of the contagion4 ,the animals should be slaughtered under the supervision of an inspector4 ,the healthy carcasses may be utilized for food1 but the blood1 entrails1 and all diseased carcasses should be heated to a temperature equal to that of boiling water or above1 and then used for the manufacture of fertilizers4 ,the disinfection of premises should be thorough and should be carried out by a trained corps of men employed for the purpose4 ,the floors of stables should be removed1 the accumulations removed from beneath them1 the contents of haylofts should be destroyed1 and the woodwork and soil beneath the stables should be thoroughly drenched with a solution of bichlorid of mercury1 #a part to #b1jjj of water4 ,after the flooring is replaced the woodwork should be coated with limewash1 containing one-fourth pound of chlorid of lime to the gallon of mixture4 ,usually in these cases the owners are dependent upon their herd of cows for a living1 and consequently it is difficult or impossible to hold the stables vacant for any considerable period4 ,in a majority of instances cattle may be admitted at once to stables so disinfected1 without the reappearance of the disease4 ,occasionally1 however1 it will reappear without apparent cause4 ,for this reason the inspection and other measures must be maintained in the infected district for six months or a year after the last case of disease has been disposed of4 ,many people have objected to the slaughter of diseased and exposed animals as an unscientific and expensive method of eradicating the disease4 ,to these it may be answered that it is the only method which has ever proved successful1 and that in the end it is much more economical than temporizing measures4 ,inoculation has been adopted in many countries1 and has undoubtedly lessened the death rate1 but where this practice is allowed the disease is kept up and spreads4 ,for this reason it should be prohibited wherever there is a possibility and disposition to eradicate the contagion4 ,,rinderpest4 ,rinderpest1 also known as cattle plague1 is an acute1 infectious disease of cattle1 in which the digestive organs are mainly involved4 ,though unknown in this country1 the importance of having near at hand a few definite facts concerning this disease1 should it ever reach our shores1 will be at once appreciated4 ,a knowledge of such facts may aid in an early recognition of the disease4 ,it must not be forgotten1 on the other hand1 that a superficial knowledge of diseases1 such as the layman may gain through reading1 not infrequently leads to confounding comparatively harmless1 noninfectious maladies with such as are truly dangerous 7foot-and-mouth disease1 rinderpest1 etc71 and causes temporary panics among stock owners4 ,according to some authorities1 rinderpest has its home in the territory around the ,black ,sea and the ,volga ,river in ,russia2 according to others1 in ,central ,asia4 ,thence it has been conveyed at various times by cattle to nearly every country of ,europe and ,asia1 where it has proved to be a veritable bovine scourge4 ,it probably visited ,europe as early as the beginning of the ,christian era1 and since then the migrations of the people from the ,far ,east have from time to time introduced the disease4 ,especially during the eighteenth century it was more or less prevalent in ,europe1 owing to the frequent wars1 during which herds of cattle were brought from eastern ,europe and ,asia to supply the demands of the armies4 ,it prevailed in ,europe during the ,franco-,prussian ,war4 ,at present it exists in eastern ,europe and in portions of ,asia and ,africa4 ,the virus is conveyed from one country to another chiefly by means of infected cattle1 although infected hides1 wool1 and feed may play an important part in its dissemination4 ,the railroad facilities of the present1 which furnish the means of such rapid communication1 are particularly liable to aid in the spread of the disease4 ,in the past rinderpest has been supposed to be identical with various human diseases1 among them smallpox and typhoid fever4 ,these suppositions are unfounded1 and the view of authorities to-day is that it is a disease of a peculiar kind1 not identical with any other known infectious disease4 ,the contagion of rinderpest4--,the cause of rinderpest must be looked for among microorganisms--most likely bacteria4 ,the investigations made thus far for this causal factor have been fruitless4 ,however1 certain recent experiments would indicate that the unseen microbe is of such dimensions that it is withheld by the dense bacterial filters1 but passes through the more porous ones4 ,formerly it was supposed by various authorities that rinderpest virus appeared spontaneously under the influence of deteriorated feed and long and exhausting drives2 also during unusual meteorological conditions4 ,this view1 however1 is no longer maintained4 ,it is probable that in its home in ,asia the disease is perpetuated by continual infection of fresh animals1 and some authorities go even so far as to believe that the disease would be entirely stamped out1 even in its native haunts1 by a destruction of all sick and infected herds4 ,however this may be1 the success of such an undertaking would largely depend on the nature of the cause4 ,if a strictly parasitic organism1 like the contagion of pleuropneumonia1 it might be completely extirpated in this way4 ,if1 however1 the germs or bacteria may live and multiply outside of the bovine body1 in the soil1 water1 or in some other animal1 extirpation would be impossible4 ,the virus may be transmitted in a variety of ways1 both direct and indirect1 from sick to healthy animals4 ,it is said to be present in the various excreta1 such as the discharges from the nose1 and the saliva1 the urine1 and the manure1 of the diseased4 ,for months it retains its vitality in a moist state outside the body1 and the disease is reported to have developed after feeding hay a year after it had lain in an infected stable2 hence manure and the fodder and bedding soiled with discharges may convey it4 ,persons may carry the virus on their shoes1 clothing1 or implements4 ,even small animals1 such as cats and rats1 which frequent barns and stables1 have been looked upon as carriers of the virus4 ,cattle are very susceptible to the disease1 and in its virulent type all those exposed are said to become infected4 ,buffaloes1 sheep1 and goats are likewise susceptible1 but in a less degree4 ,it is also claimed that animals after having passed through one attack successfully resist future attacks4 ,inoculation with virus is said to produce immunity1 but in many cases the process of inoculation itself is followed by death4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of rinderpest are not very characteristic1 and hence the diagnosis of a suspected case in the beginning of an invasion is attended with difficulties4 ,certain appearances which are characteristic of one epizootic may be absent in another4 ,different observers are not quite agreed as to the most constant and important4 ,the period of incubation1 i4 e41 the time between the exposure to infection and the earliest outward symptoms1 varies from three to nine days4 ,the first sign is a very high fever1 which may reach #ajg ,f4 ,the heat of the skin varies in different parts of the body1 and may be felt at the base of the ears and horns4 ,repeated chills are frequently observed4 ,the pulse reaches #ej to #fj beats a minute1 and in very severe attacks may rise to #ij or #ajj4 ,the animal manifests great debility4 ,the head droops and rests on some object of support4 ,one or both ears may droop4 ,the coat is staring and the muzzle dry4 ,the secretion of milk diminishes very rapidly4 ,within twelve to twenty hours the usual quantity may have become reduced one-half or two-thirds4 ,the back is arched1 and the four limbs are brought together under the body4 ,as the disease progresses1 symptoms with reference to the digestive and respiratory organs become prominent4 ,the mucous membrane of the mouth and the nose1 as well as that of the rectum and vagina1 becomes reddened1 either in patches or diffusely1 and assumes a scarlet hue4 ,the discharges1 at first firm1 become softer1 and soon diarrhea sets in4 ,this is said to be one of the most constant symptoms4 ,the rectum may become everted and paralyzed1 and the bowels move spontaneously4 ,the discharges become fetid1 viscid1 and streaked with blood4 ,coughing is a common symptom1 and by some is considered characteristic4 ,it is associated with discharges from the nose and vagina and dribbling of saliva from the mouth4 ,the eyes also are affected4 ,there is an increased formation of a viscid secretion which flows down the face4 ,another series of changes prominent in some epizootics and mild or absent in others are the ulcers1 or so-called erosions1 in the mouth4 ,these begin as red patches and streaks4 ,the mucous membrane in such localities is converted into a grayish-white slough1 which1 when shed1 leaves a small erosion1 or ulcer4 ,at the same time similar changes may go on in the skin of the thighs1 the udder1 or the scrotum1 or about the vagina1 which lead to small sloughs4 ,in severe cases1 which are the most common in the susceptible cattle of western ,europe1 death ensues four to seven days after the first appearance of the disease1 and is preceded by great emaciation and debility1 fetid1 purulent discharges from the nose and mouth1 and the relaxed rectum and vagina4 ,after death1 if the animal is opened and the organs carefully examined1 the chief changes are found in the digestive organs4 ,the lining membrane of the mouth and pharynx is covered with mucus1 is reddened in spots1 and shows superficial1 yellowish-gray1 cheesy patches1 which represent dead tissue1 and when removed expose ulcerated depressions4 ,the same reddening in spots and the yellowish-gray1 cheesy deposits or patches are found in the fourth stomach1 the small intestines1 and more rarely in the cecum1 while the third stomach1 or manyplies1 is more or less impacted with dry1 hard feed4 ,similar changes may be found on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity1 larynx1 trachea1 the uterus1 vagina1 and rectum4 ,the lungs may be injected1 edematous1 or pneumonic4 ,the heart muscle is pale and flabby1 and frequently hemorrhages are observed in its internal membrane4 ,the liver may be pale or injected with blood1 and at times shows hemorrhages beneath its capsule4 ,the bile is thin and watery in consistence4 ,the kidneys may be inflamed or contain small hemorrhages within their substance or under the capsule4 ,the lymphatic glands may be swollen and injected or even hemorrhagic4 ,treatment4--,on account of the danger of spreading the infection1 neither medicinal treatment nor inoculation is permitted in ,european countries1 with the exception of ,russia1 where the disease is more generally diffused4 ,the most effective method of exterminating rinderpest in those districts in which the disease is not indigenous has been found to be the slaughter of all affected and exposed animals4 ,where the disease is general1 successful efforts adopted for its control have followed the immunization by inoculation of the exposed animals and a strict application of appropriate sanitary measures4 ,this protective inoculation has been practiced with very gratifying results in ,russia1 ,south ,africa1 and in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,an active immunity is thus induced in susceptible animals which lasts until the danger from exposure to the disease is over4 ,this immunity may be attained 7#a7 by the inoculation of pure bile from an animal which recently died of rinderpest1 7#b7 by the inoculation of glycerinated bile1 followed by pure bile or virulent blood1 or 7#c7 by the simultaneous inoculation of strong standardized serum and virulent blood4 ,the latter method has been adopted by the ,united ,states ,government in its endeavor to exterminate the disease in the ,philippines1 and to protect the cattle and carabaos against rinderpest after their importation into those islands4 ,owing to the existence of this and other infectious diseases in the ,philippine ,islands1 an order has been issued by the ,department of ,agriculture prohibiting the landing of any live stock or animals of any kind from the ,philippines at any of the ports of the ,united ,states or the dependencies thereof4 ,this prohibition removes the greatest source of danger to which the ,united ,states is exposed as the result of its intercourse with the islands4 ,the introduction of rinderpest from those countries from which we import animals is rendered extremely improbable1 especially in live animals1 owing to its short period of incubation and to the #ij-;day quarantine for cattle 7counting from date of shipment7 and #ae-;day 7counting from date of landing7 quarantine for sheep and other ruminants and swine which are at present enforced in the ,united ,states at all ports of entry4 ,,foot-,,and-,,mouth ,,disease4 ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,foot-and-mouth disease1 also known as aphthous fever1 epizootic aphtha1 and eczema contagiosa1 is an acute1 highly communicable disease chiefly confined to cloven-footed animals and characterized by an eruption of vesicles or blisters on the mucous membrane of the mouth and on the skin between the toes and above the hoofs4 ,the vesicles rupture1 forming erosions and ulcerations2 there are also salivation1 tenderness of the affected parts1 loss of appetite1 lameness1 emaciation1 and diminution in the quantity of milk secreted4 ,the tremendous ravages of the disease are seen in the number and variety of the species attacked4 ,while it may be regarded as essentially a disease of cattle1 hogs would seem to be as easy a prey4 ,almost in the same grade of receptivity are sheep and goats4 ,next in order of susceptibility come the buffalo1 ,american bison1 camel1 chamois1 llama1 giraffe1 and antelope4 ,horses1 dogs1 cats1 and even poultry may occasionally become infected with the disease1 the last three being particularly dangerous as carriers of the contagion4 ,man himself is not immune1 and the frequency of his infection by coming in contact with diseased animals is established by numerous observations4 ,as with other communicable diseases1 the source and origin of foot-and-mouth disease have given rise to much speculation4 ,the disease had been known in ,europe for centuries1 but it was not until comparatively recent years that the erroneous conceptions of its spontaneous origin as a result of climatic and meteorological conditions1 exhausting journeys1 etc41 were abandoned4 ,it is now conceded that foot-and-mouth disease is propagated by a specific virus and that every outbreak starts from some preexisting outbreak4 ,so far investigators have been unable to identify or isolate the specific organism causing the disease1 although numerous attempts have been made to cultivate and stain it by laboratory methods4 ,experiments have shown that the virus will pass through standard germ-proof filters1 thus indicating its minute size and the reason it has not been detected by the staining methods4 ,the contagion may be found in the serum of the vesicles on the mouth1 feet1 and udder2 in the saliva1 milk1 and various secretions and excretions2 also in the blood during the rise of temperature4 ,a wide distribution of the virus and a rapid infection of a herd is the result4 ,animals may be infected directly1 as by licking1 and in calves by sucking1 or indirectly by such things as infected manure1 hay1 utensils1 drinking troughs1 railway cars1 animal markets1 barnyards1 and pastures4 ,human beings may carry the virus on their shoes and clothing and transmit it on their hands when milking1 since the udder is occasionally the seat of the eruption4 ,it may also be carried by dogs1 cats1 rats1 chickens1 pigeons1 etc4 ,milk in a raw state may also transmit the disease to animals fed with it4 ,the observations made by some veterinarians would lead us to suppose that the virus is quite readily destroyed4 ,it is claimed that stables thoroughly cleaned become safe after drying for a short time2 hence1 litter of all kinds1 such as manure or soiled hay and straw1 may remain infective for a longer time because they do not dry out4 ,other authorities maintain that the virus is quite tenacious and may live in stables even so long as a year4 ,they also state that animals which have passed through the disease may be a source of infection for several months after recovery4 ,unlike most other infectious diseases1 foot-and-mouth disease may repeatedly attack the same animals4 ,the immunity conferred by an attack is of limited duration4 ,the period of incubation 7that is1 the time between the exposure of an animal to infection and the development of the disease7 is variable1 usually from three to six days4 ,the disease may appear in #bd hours1 or1 in exceptional cases1 not for #ah days or even longer4 ,losses4--,the highly contagious character of foot-and-mouth disease and its rapid spread to practically all exposed susceptible animals lead to heavy losses4 ,since the mortality is comparatively low1 ranging from only #c per cent or less in mild forms to #cj or #dj per cent in malignant cases1 the havoc caused by the pestilence is sometimes underestimated4 ,but there are other sources of loss which are much more important than the actual mortality4 ,the fever and the difficulty of eating cause a rapid and extreme loss in flesh and a lessening or cessation of the milk secretion4 ,the udders often become inflamed and ruined by the formation of abscesses1 and cows affected in this way are sometimes rendered permanently valueless for milk production4 ,the inflammation of the feet may cause the horn to drop from the toes1 producing great lameness and lasting injury4 ,abortion is frequent1 and typical lesions have been observed in the newly born at birth4 ,altogether these losses may amount to #bj or #cj per cent of the value of the affected animals4 ,in addition there are indirect losses of a commercial nature4 ,dairy farmers are put out of business for a time4 ,necessary quarantine restrictions greatly interfere with the movement of live stock and such commodities as hay1 straw1 hides1 and farm produce4 ,the business of the stockyards and slaughtering centers is greatly interfered with4 ,sometimes it is necessary to close stockyards for disinfection4 ,the whole business of marketing1 transporting1 feeding1 and slaughtering is interrupted and deranged4 ,losses of this character may reach enormous proportions4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,foot-,,and-,,mouth ,,disease4 ,the disease in other countries4--,foot-and-mouth disease has prevailed in ,europe for a great many years and has occasioned tremendous economic losses there4 ,in ,italy1 ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and ,russia the plague has existed so long and has gained such a foothold that it is economically impossible to fight it with the ,american methods of slaughter and disinfection1 for to do so would kill a large percentage of the live stock of those countries4 ,in consequence1 little or no progress toward eradication has been made by the authorities1 though the severity of the disease in ,france appears to have abated somewhat in recent months4 ,the outbreak which appeared in ,germany in #ahhh increased steadily until #ahib1 when it diminished gradually for a few years1 but the disease again reached great proportions in #ahii4 ,thereafter it continued to exist to a greater or less extent until in #aiaa it attained a virulence unequaled before4 ,in that year #c1cff1cfi cattle1 #a1fjb1ibg sheep1 #b1eee1cga hogs1 and #ec1fgd goats were affected4 ,at that time the total number of cattle1 sheep1 swine1 and goats in ,germany was only #ea1cai1jjj1 while there were in the ,united ,states #agb1egb1jjj1 or between three and four times as many4 ,it can readily be imagined1 therefore1 what it would mean to the ,united ,states if the disease were to gain the foothold here that it had in ,germany1 where1 as these figures show1 approximately one out of seven of the animals susceptible to the disease was affected4 ,the ,german ,government1 of course1 has not left the disease to itself4 ,it attempted to control some outbreaks by the method of slaughter1 but the pestilence had gained too much headway and was too firmly established in too many portions of the country for this method to succeed1 and the slaughter of the infected herds had to be abandoned4 ,it now appears that there is no hope of getting rid of it until the virus has worn itself out4 ,as soon as the animals' period of acquired immunity is over and favorable conditions present themselves1 the contagion breaks out with renewed virulence4 ,it has been impossible to control it by means of quarantines4 ,one scientist has asserted that unless all the infected farms were absolutely isolated and the movement1 not only of live stock but of persons1 absolutely prohibited1 the disease could not be stamped out4 ,such a quarantine is1 of course1 utterly impossible to enforce4 ,in portions of ,germany the farmers1 realizing that the disease is inevitable1 make haste to be done with it by exposing their stock deliberately to mild cases in the hope that this will result in an immediate1 mild attack and immunity for several years thereafter4 ,such immunity1 however1 is very uncertain4 ,great ,britain1 ,denmark1 ,norway1 and ,sweden1 on account of their comparatively isolated positions1 have been more successful in keeping out the disease4 ,the outbreaks in those countries have been more sporadic1 and by resorting to immediate slaughter the authorities have been able to stamp them out4 ,great ,britain has applied both quarantine and slaughter for many years1 and in an outbreak near ,dublin in #aiab measures were adopted which were even more stringent than any that have been used in the ,united ,states4 ,a ,british official 7,cope7 asserted in #ahii that after his country's experience with this disease it was more dreaded by the farmers and stock raisers of ,great ,britain than cattle plague or pleuropneumonia1 and they are now willing and ready to put up with any restrictions1 of however drastic a character1 considered necessary by the central department to stamp it out4 ,the ,british authorities have succeeded in suppressing each outbreak1 but reinfection often occurs from the neighboring continent4 ,at the present time 7,april1 #aibb7 ,great ,britain is having a siege of the disease1 but is applying vigorous measures for its suppression4 ,in ,november1 #aijf1 the disease reached ,belgium from ,france1 where it was quite prevalent1 and by the end of the year every ,province in ,belgium was affected1 and the ,netherlands as well4 ,efforts to eradicate it from ,belgium were unavailing4 ,the ,netherlands apparently succeeded in stamping it out for about six months1 but it reappeared there4 ,the disease is also more or less prevalent in ,central ,europe1 ,spain1 and in the ,balkan countries4 ,australia and ,new ,zealand have remained free from it4 ,we have less accurate information regarding ,asia and ,africa1 but the disease is known to prevail in ,japan and ,china and in the ,philippine ,islands1 and it is doubtful whether any considerable part of the ,orient is free from it4 ,in ,south ,america it is reported as common in ,brazil1 ,argentina1 and ,uruguay1 and it probably exists in other countries4 ,canada and ,mexico are fortunately free from the disease4 ,outbreaks in the ,united ,states4--,foot-and-mouth disease has appeared in the ,united ,states on six different occasions--#ahgj1 #ahhj1 #ahhd1 #aijb1 #aijh1 and #aiad4 ,an extensive outbreak in #ahgj was introduced by way of ,canada1 where the infection was brought by an importation of cattle from ,scotland4 ,it spread into the ,new ,england ,states and ,new ,york and appears to have been arrested within a few months4 ,its failure to spread more extensively and its early disappearance have been ascribed to favorable conditions1 such as the movement of live stock from west to east1 the limited trading at that period as compared with the present time1 the restriction of traffic by winter weather1 and the infrequency of travel which obtained at that time among people4 ,about #ahhj two or three lots of animals affected by this disease were brought to the ,united ,states1 but there was no extension from the animals originally affected4 ,in #ahhd1 at ,portland1 ,me41 there was a small outbreak caused by imported cattle1 and the disease spread to a few herds outside the quarantine station4 ,owing to the small number of animals affected and the limited area of territory covered by the disease1 it was easily controlled by the ordinary measures of quarantine and disinfection4 ,it will be observed that in all these early outbreaks the contagion was introduced with imported animals4 ,since the development of a stringent system of inspection and quarantine of imported live stock1 no instance of that kind has occurred4 ,on subsequent occasions the infection has evidently been brought in with contaminated products or materials and not by means of live animals4 ,in ,november1 #aijb1 the disease was discovered in ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island4 ,the earliest cases were traced to ,chelsea1 ,mass41 near the docks1 and it was suspected for a time that the infection was brought in with foreign shipping1 by some such means as hay1 straw1 halters1 ropes1 hides1 hair1 wool1 etc4 ,later developments1 however1 and especially investigations into the cause of the #aijh outbreak1 led to the belief that a more probable source of the infection was cowpox vaccine virus imported from a country 7probably ,japan7 where foot-and-mouth disease existed1 the vaccine virus being contaminated with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease4 ,a ,federal quarantine was declared by the ,secretary of ,agriculture on ,november #bg1 #aijb1 as soon as the nature of the disease was established1 and steps for eradication were at once taken by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in cooperation with authorities of the affected ,states4 ,the methods followed consisted of inspection to trace and detect the disease1 quarantine of infected premises and territory1 slaughter and burial or burning of diseased and exposed animals1 and disinfection of premises4 ,this outbreak involved ,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 and ,rhode ,island1 and was eradicated in about six months4 ,two hundred and forty-four herds1 including #d1gab cattle1 were found infected4 ,of these1 #bje herds with #c1hgb cattle1 as well as #cfj hogs and #bbj sheep and goats1 were slaughtered4 ,the cattle infected but not slaughtered were those that either died or completely recovered before slaughtering could be carried out4 ,the animals slaughtered were valued at #ahd1aee4aj1 and the ,federal ,government reimbursed owners to the extent of #gj per cent1 or #abh1ijh4eg4 ,it is understood that the ,states paid the remainder4 ,the total cost to the ,department of ,agriculture of stamping out the disease was about #cjj1jjj4 ,the next appearance of the foot-and-mouth disease was early in ,november1 #aijh1 when it was observed in cattle near ,danville1 ,pa4 ,a ,federal quarantine was issued ,november #ab4 ,the infection was traced back to the stockyards at ,east ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 and to ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,the disease appeared in the ,states of ,michigan1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,maryland4 ,a careful and thorough investigation made by ,mohler of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry and ,rosenau of the ,public ,health ,service demonstrated that the outbreak started from calves used to propagate vaccine virus at an establishment near ,detroit1 and that the source of the infection was contaminated ,japanese vaccine virus4 ,vigorous measures of eradication similar to those employed in #aijb-c were at once put into effect and the disease was stamped out in about five months at an expense of about #cjj1jjj to the ,department of ,agriculture1 and of about #aac1jjj to the ,states4 ,the inspectors made #ajh1fhc visits to farms1 stockyards1 etc41 and inspected more than #a1ejj1jjj animals 7including reinspections74 ,one hundred and fifty-seven premises were found infected1 and #c1fcf animals 7#b1jbe cattle1 #a1cbi hogs1 and #bhb sheep and goats71 valued at #ij1jcc4ah1 were slaughtered4 ,owners were reimbursed for the value of their animals and property destroyed1 one-third being paid by the ,states and two-thirds by the ,federal ,government4 ,the latest invasion was discovered in the vicinity of ,niles1 ,mich41 in ,october1 #aiad1 after it had evidently been under way since ,august of the same year4 ,this is the most serious and extensive outbreak ever known in this country4 ,the disease extended to #bb ,states and the ,district of ,columbia1 at places ranging from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific coasts4 ,the work of eradication was not completed for more than a year4 ,the affected ,states were ,connecticut1 ,delaware1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,kentucky1 ,maryland1 ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,montana1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,rhode ,island1 ,virginia1 ,washington1 ,west ,virginia1 and ,wisconsin4 ,illinois had the largest infected area and the largest number of animals affected4 ,the ,union ,stock ,yards at ,chicago became infected and were a source of dissemination of the contagion north1 east1 south1 and west4 ,these and other yards found infected were closed temporarily and disinfected4 ,the first ,federal quarantine was issued ,october #ai1 #aiad4 ,a campaign to check the spread of the disease and to stamp it out was immediately begun by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in cooperation with the ,state authorities4 ,quarantines against the movement of animals and certain materials from the infected areas were declared1 shipments were traced1 rumors investigated1 and thorough inspections made in an effort to discover all infected stock4 ,as measures of eradication1 diseased herds were slaughtered and buried and the premises disinfected4 ,the owners of live stock and other property destroyed on account of the disease were reimbursed to the extent of the appraised value1 half of which is paid by the ,federal ,government and half by the ,state4 ,there were slaughtered #agb1gbj animals 7#gf1ege cattle1 #hf1dib swine1 #i1eaa sheep1 #acc goats1 and #i deer71 in #c1dhb herds4 ,the total appraised value of these animals was more than #e1hjj1jjj4 ,the expense to the ,federal ,government of eradicating this outbreak was about #d1edj1jjj4 ,symptoms4--,in three to six days1 or even longer1 after the exposure of the animal to the infection the disease makes its appearance4 ,it is usually first indicated by the animal suffering from a chill1 quickly followed by an invasion of fever1 which may cause the temperature to rise as high as #ajf ,f4 ,these symptoms are not always present1 or may be in so slight a form as to escape notice4 ,following this in one or two days it will be noticed that small vesicles or blisters about the size of hempseeds or peas are making their appearance upon the mucous membranes of the mouth at the border and upper surface of the tongue near the tip1 the inside of the cheeks1 on the gums and the inner surface of the lips1 or on the margin of the dental pad4 ,these little blisters contain a yellowish1 watery fluid and gradually become more extensive as the disease advances4 ,soon after the eruptions have appeared in the mouth of the animal considerable swelling1 redness1 and tenderness will be noticed about the feet1 at the coronet1 and between the digits of each foot4 ,a day or two later eruptions similar to those within the mouth make their appearance upon these swollen regions of the foot1 and at this stage it is usual to find that like lesions have made their appearance upon the perineum of the victim4 ,in the case of milk cows the udder1 and more particularly the teats1 show the same vesicular eruption1 but the latter as the result of milking soon become covered with reddened spots deprived of the superficial layer of skin and may develop deep1 obstinate fissures4 ,as soon as the disease has become well established the patient evinces pain when attempting to eat2 in fact1 the appetite is often so seriously affected that all feed is refused1 and the animal uneasily opens and shuts its mouth with a characteristic smacking sound1 while strings of cohesive1 ropy saliva hang suspended from the lips4 ,with the advance of the disease the vesicles widen and extend until they may reach a diameter ranging from that of a dime to that of a silver dollar4 ,these rupture soon after their appearance1 sometimes on the first day1 more rarely on the second or third day4 ,after they have ruptured1 the grayish-white membrane forming the blister may remain attached for a day or more1 or disappear speedily and leave deeply reddened1 sensitive spots or erosions1 both within the mouth and upon the coronet and between the claws of the feet4 ,similar erosions1 which quickly form scabs1 as a rule1 may be noticed in cases in which the teats of milk cows have become affected1 and instances are reported in which sloughing of the tegument immediately around the lesions upon the udder has occurred4 ,owing to the tough1 fibrous nature of the bovine skin1 it is exceedingly rare for sloughing to occur upon any part of the body other than those mentioned4 ,the attack upon the feet of an animal is frequently manifested in all four feet at once1 but one or more of the feet may entirely escape and remain unaffected throughout the course of the disease4 ,the ulceration of the interdigital tissue may extend to the ligaments of the fetlock or produce disease of the joint or bone4 ,as the feet become sensitive and sore the animal persistently lies down1 and it has been found that bedsores develop with amazing rapidity in all such cases and wholly baffle all attempts at treatment until after the patient has regained its feet4 ,the disease may attack some of the internal organs before it appears upon any of the external tissues4 ,these cases are very liable to prove quickly fatal4 ,the animal dies from paralysis of the heart1 due to the formation of poisonous principles within the system2 it may suffocate by reason of the action of these same poisons upon the tissues of the lungs1 or it may choke to death as a result of paralysis of the throat4 ,in cases of serious affection of the udder the erosions will often be found within the passages of the teats1 resulting in a caked udder1 and the same toxic poisoning which is the cause of death in the apoplectiform types just mentioned may arise from this source4 ,in any event the milk from such cases is dangerous for use1 causing fatal diarrhea in sucking calves or young pigs and serious illness in human consumers4 ,the milk obtained from cows suffering with foot-and-mouth disease is not readily converted into either butter or cheese1 but remains thick1 slimy1 and inert in spite of churning and attempts at curdling4 ,pregnant animals may abort4 ,in pigs1 sheep1 and goats the lesions in the foot are most common1 but both forms may be observed or only the mouth lesions4 ,when the disease has become fully established it will be found that the duration of the attack will vary greatly with different animals4 ,from #aj to #bj days are usually required for the recovery of the normal appetite and spirits in mild outbreaks1 while the return to a full flow of milk1 in the case of milk cows1 seldom occurs before the arrival of the following season4 ,in the malignant type of the disease it requires from three months to a year for an animal to recover4 ,the mortality1 as already stated1 is usually low4 ,the disease is more fatal in young animals that have been fed on infected milk1 and produces death in from #fj to #hj per cent of these cases as a result of gastroenteritis4 ,in the #aiad outbreak numerous new centers of infection started among hogs and calves which were fed on unpasteurized1 infected milk from creameries4 ,diagnosis4--,the recognition of this affection should not1 as a rule1 be difficult1 especially when the disease is known to be in the vicinity2 in fact1 the group of symptoms form a clinical picture too decided to be doubted4 ,the combination of high fever1 vesicular inflammation of the mouth1 and hot1 painful1 swollen condition of the feet1 followed #bd to #dh hours later by the appearance of numerous blisters varying in size from that of a pea to that of a walnut on the udder and feet and in the mouth should prevent any serious or long-continued error in the diagnosis2 however1 in the inoculation of calves we have a certain and final test4 ,in #bd to #if hours after inoculation the calves present the characteristic blisters4 ,such inoculation should be practiced1 however1 only by officials properly authorized to deal with contagious diseases4 ,differential diagnosis4--,the lesions of no other disease of cattle closely simulate the vesicular eruption of foot-and-mouth disease on the lining membrane of the mouth4 ,when the blisters have ruptured1 however1 and the resulting lesions have become contaminated by numerous secondary forms of microorganisms1 the correct recognition of the disease may be involved in considerable difficulty4 ,cowpox or horsepox may be accidentally transmitted by inoculation4 ,but the eruption of the pox goes on to the development of a pustule1 while in foot-and-mouth disease the eruption is never more than a vesicle1 even though the contained fluid may become turbid4 ,the inoculation test in the case of cowpox does not respond with fever and eruption for at least #aj days1 and often longer4 ,necrotic stomatitis 7sore mouth due to a germ7 may be distinguished from foot-and-mouth disease by the fact that in the latter there is a rapid infection of the entire herd1 including the adult cattle1 as well as the infection of hogs and sheep4 ,the characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of blisters containing a serous fluid upon the mucous membrane of the mouth and upon the udder1 teats1 and feet of the affected animals4 ,in necrotic stomatitis blisters are never formed1 destruction of the tissues occurring from the beginning and being followed by the formation of yellowish1 cheesy patches1 principally found involving the lining membrane of the mouth1 especially the tongue and cheeks4 ,in mycotic stomatitis 7sore mouth due to a fungus or mold71 portions of the lining membrane become inflamed and in a few days it changes to a croupous membrane which peels off1 leaving a raw surface1 while the thin skin between the toes may also be inflamed4 ,the previous history of the case2 the failure of the blisters1 if any appear1 to spread extensively2 the absence of vesicular eruptions on other portions of the body1 notably the udder and teats1 and1 characteristically1 the hoof1 together with the absence of rapid spread to practically all cattle in the herd and the complete negative character of inoculation of calves1 distinguish between the local disease named and foot-and-mouth disease4 ,mycotic stomatitis occurs in only from #aj to #ej per cent of the animals in a herd1 usually in the late summer or early fall after a dry spell1 and it does not run a regular course4 ,the lesion1 resulting from ergotism may be distinguished from those of foot-and-mouth disease by the lack of eruptions in the mouth and by the location of the disease at the tips of the ears1 end of the tail1 or upon the lower part of the legs1 usually below the knees or hocks4 ,the lesion of ergotism does not take the form of pustules or blisters1 but manifests itself first as a swelling about the ankle1 which later may slough and circumscribe the limb1 forming a deep crack1 extending entirely around the limb and forming a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below4 ,the absence of ulcerous sores on the coronet and between the claws1 together with the healthy condition of the membranes of the mouth and the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around it1 should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism and to the exclusion of all fears of foot-and-mouth disease4 ,in foul foot or ground itch of cattle1 the inflammation of the skin and toes is general and not in certain spots1 as in foot-and-mouth disease4 ,the mouth remains unaffected1 and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor drainage4 ,the severer forms of the disease might be confounded with certain general diseases4 ,if gastrointestinal symptoms predominate1 acute gastric catarrh or inflammation of the intestines might be thought of4 ,involvement of the lungs may lead to a diagnosis of acute congestion of the lungs or pneumonia4 ,the distinction is apparent in these diseases by the lack of vesicular eruption on the mucous membrane or skin1 and also by lack of evidences of infection in the herd or neighboring animals4 ,prevention and eradication4--,the measures to be adopted to prevent the spread of the affection must take into consideration the highly infectious nature of the disease1 its ease of dissemination1 and the liability of the virus to live for long periods outside the body of an animal4 ,great care should therefore be observed in keeping healthy animals unexposed to the contagion4 ,when an outbreak occurs in a community the owner should make every effort to keep other animals from coming in contact with his diseased cattle4 ,this especially applies to dogs1 cats1 goats1 and poultry1 which usually have access to the stables and barnyards and in this way furnish excellent means for disseminating the infectious principle4 ,he should be equally particular in prohibiting any person from coming onto his premises1 especially an attendant or owner or other person in any way connected with cattle4 ,such a herd may be placed under quarantine1 with an inspector appointed to keep the premises under constant surveillance4 ,this method of quarantine alone1 while very satisfactory in many instances1 is rather tardy in obtaining the desired result4 ,the experience of ,european ,governments already mentioned shows that eradication by this method alone1 when the disease has obtained a foothold1 is practically impossible4 ,for this reason1 when the disease breaks out in a country like the ,united ,states1 where the contagion is likely to spread rapidly by means of infected cars1 manure1 hay1 and other feed1 and where the results of its obtaining a firm foothold would be so disastrous1 it seems that this method of temporizing is rather tedious1 and more radical steps are required in order to suppress and eradicate completely the infection in the quickest and most thorough manner possible4 ,it would therefore appear better1 after judicious appraisement1 to concentrate the expense incident to the extermination of foot-and-mouth disease by purchasing and slaughtering all affected and exposed cattle4 ,the carcasses of these animals should be totally destroyed1 preferably by cremation1 or otherwise by burying them in a hole #f feet deep and covering them with air-slaked lime4 ,the infected stable should be disinfected by thoroughly cleaning it1 scrubbing the floor with hot water1 brushing down all loose dust from the walls1 and tearing off all woodwork which is partly decayed4 ,then the whole interior of the stable should be disinfected with one of the following substances3 ,a #e per cent solution of pure carbolic acid4 ,chlorid of lime1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 strength 7#cj per cent available chlorin71 #a pound to #c gallons of water4 ,formaldehyde1 #a quart #dj per cent solution to #e gallons of water4 ,a #c per cent solution of cresol compound1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 or accepted substitute therefor1 containing at least #ej per cent cresylic acid4 ,all stable utensils should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected by the application of a solution of one of the above-named disinfectants4 ,the manure should be burned or disinfected and spread over ground 7other than meadow land7 that is to be turned under4 ,no other cattle should be purchased for at least sixty days after the complete disinfection of the premises4 ,the success in eradicating the disease by combined quarantine1 slaughter1 and disinfection1 as practiced in the ,united ,states1 ,denmark1 ,great ,britain1 and a few other countries1 demonstrates in a striking manner the efficacy of slaughtering and the futility of relying upon quarantine alone to stamp out the disease4 ,inoculation has been adopted in some countries in order to have the disease spread quickly through the herds1 and while this practice has undoubted value where the disease is indigenous1 it is not desirable in this country and should not be adopted4 ,as a rule medicinal treatment with a view of curing affected animals is not to be recommended under conditions prevailing in the ,united ,states1 where the disease has not become established1 and the first object is to stamp it out as quickly as possible4 ,even though most animals would recover1 with or without treatment1 it would be practically impossible1 while they were being held for recovery1 to prevent the spread of the infection to others4 ,the disease would be liable to spread faster than it could be cured4 ,as already pointed out1 it has been found impossible to prevent absolutely the spread of the contagion by the strictest quarantine alone1 under the usual farm conditions4 ,in addition1 the affected animals that have passed through the disease may become a source of further infection as virus carriers for weeks and months after they have apparently recovered1 and are susceptible of reinfection1 as one attack does not confer permanent immunity4 ,foot-and-mouth disease in man4--,foot-and-mouth disease is primarily and principally a disease of cattle2 secondarily and casually1 a disease of man4 ,it is transmissible to man through the eating or drinking of raw milk1 buttermilk1 butter1 cheese1 and whey from animals suffering from foot-and-mouth disease4 ,it is also transmitted directly1 though more rarely1 from the salivary secretions or other infected material which may gain entrance through the mucous membrane of the mouth4 ,it is doubtful whether the disease can be transmitted to man by cutaneous or subcutaneous inoculation1 though it is probable that the infection may be communicated if the virus directly enters the blood through wounds of any kind4 ,children are not infrequently infected by drinking unboiled milk during the periods in which the disease is prevalent in the neighborhood1 while persons in charge of diseased animals may become infected through contact with the diseased parts or by milking1 slaughtering1 or caring for the animals4 ,the symptoms in man resemble those observed in animals4 ,there is fever1 sometimes vomiting1 painful swallowing1 heat and dryness of the mouth1 followed by an eruption of vesicles on the mucous membrane of the mouth1 and very rarely by similar ones on the fingers4 ,the vesicles appear on the lips1 gums1 cheek1 and edge of the tongue1 and are about the size of a pea4 ,the vesicles soon rupture1 leaving a small erosion which is soon covered by a thin crust under which the new formation of epithelium proceeds rapidly4 ,the skin eruption mostly appears on the hands1 tips of the fingers1 base of the nails1 and more seldom on the toes and other parts of the body4 ,besides these local changes1 during the course of the disease headache1 pain in the limbs1 vertigo1 abdominal cramps1 vomiting1 diarrhea1 and weakness are occasionally observed4 ,the disease is seldom fatal1 usually appearing in a very mild form except in weakened children1 in whom an accompanying intestinal catarrh may lead to a fatal termination4 ,veterinarians who have had considerable experience with the disease among animals regard the human affection as by no means uncommon in countries where foot-and-mouth disease prevails1 but the disturbance of health is usually too slight to come to the notice of the family physician4 ,but few outbreaks of the disease in man have occurred in the ,united ,states1 and therefore cases of its transmission to man in this country are rather rare4 ,dr4 ,james ,law reports having observed the disease in man from drinking infected milk during the epizootic of #ahgj in the ,eastern ,states1 but the outbreaks of #ahhj and #ahhd affected such a small number of animals and were so quickly suppressed that no instance of its transmission to man was recorded4 ,a few cases have been reported by ,brush accompanying the ,new ,england outbreak of #aijb4 ,similar reports have been likewise received concerning the appearance of vesicular eruptions in the mouths of children during the #aijh and #aiad outbreaks1 and the history of these cases incriminates the milk supply4 ,experiments by ,loeffler and ,froesch1 as well as recent experiments which have been made in ,denmark and ,germany1 indicate that the infection is comparatively easy to destroy by heat or the usual antiseptics4 ,milk pasteurized at a temperature of #fj ,c4 for #bj minutes is safe so far as infection by foot-and-mouth disease is concerned4 ,,septicemia ,,and ,,pyemia4 ,these two names are applied to diseased conditions which are so nearly alike in their symptoms that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the one from the other4 ,indeed1 the name pyosepticemia1 or septicopyemia1 is often applied when it is impossible to make a distinction between septicemia and pyemia or where each is equally responsible for the diseased condition4 ,the name septicemia is derived from two ,greek words meaning poison and blood1 and signifies that the germ lives in the blood1 hence the use of the term blood poisoning for this disease4 ,pyemia is likewise derived from two ,greek words1 meaning pus and blood1 and is that form of septicemia caused by pus-producing organisms and characterized by secondary abscesses4 ,causes4--,neither of these diseases is brought about1 strictly speaking1 by any specific organism2 hence neither can be looked upon as a specific disease4 ,the organisms most frequently found in cases of septicemia are1 on the whole1 the same as those of pyemia1 and may be pus cocci1 the bacillus coli1 or other pus-producing organisms4 ,these organisms are often found as secondary invaders in other diseases1 such as advanced cases of tuberculosis1 in which cases they are responsible for the formation of pus4 ,aside from the causative organism1 or1 in other words1 the active cause1 there are many secondary causes4 ,the most important of these in pyemia is a break in continuity of the protective covering1 as a wound1 which affords an entrance into the tissues for the organisms4 ,among the different varieties of wounds may be mentioned cuts1 bruises1 punctures1 burns1 chemical or frozen wounds1 and compound fractures of bones4 ,injuries received during parturition1 stoppage of the milk ducts1 and infection of the umbilicus in the newly born are also frequent causes of pyemia4 ,septicemia usually follows surgical wounds1 local suppuration1 enteritis1 bronchitis--in fact1 wherever there is a local lesion of any kind permitting germs to enter the blood4 ,septicemia was formerly applied to designate the condition in which the organisms were localized1 but in which their toxins were diffused in the blood4 ,pyemia was made to represent that condition when the organisms were localized1 but in which the pus was transported by the blood4 ,these terms now are applied to conditions in which both the organisms and their toxins1 or the pus1 are present in the blood4 ,the term septicemia is indicated when intoxication is the more pronounced symptom and pyemia if pus formation and metastatic or secondary abscess formation are observed4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms of both diseases include primarily a high fever 7#ajd to #ajg ,f474 ,coupled with this there is disinclination to move1 the animal is depressed and not cognizant of its surroundings4 ,the pulse is rapid1 small1 and feeble1 respiration increased1 mucous membrane injected1 swollen1 and of a yellowish tinge4 ,appetite is lost and death follows in the case of septicemia in from two to four days4 ,in pyemia the symptoms come on more slowly and are not so intense as in septicemia1 while the course of the disease is longer1 lasting from six days to four weeks4 ,the mortality is not so great as in septicemia1 but the period of convalescence is always long4 ,lesions4--,septicemia is characterized by the destructive changes in the blood1 which is chocolate colored1 noncoagulable1 and swarms with bacteria4 ,the lining membranes of the heart are studded with red spots1 often running together to form a large hemorrhagic area4 ,the lungs1 liver1 and kidneys may also show these hemorrhages4 ,the spleen is enlarged and full of black blood4 ,the cadaver decomposes very rapidly and in some cases forms great quantities of fetid gas4 ,in pyemia1 in addition to these lesions1 abscesses are formed in the various organs throughout the body4 ,if the disease develops slowly a post-mortem examination shows the abscesses to be the chief alterations4 ,the pus content is usually greenish1 stained with blood1 and contains strings of fibrous tissue and necrosed matter4 ,treatment4--,treatment is almost futile in advanced cases of either disease4 ,septicemia is usually fatal and pyemia frequently so4 ,prevention and the immediate treatment of local infections are the surest means of combating them4 ,for local treatment of wounds the usual antiseptics are indicated1 such as #c per cent compound cresol or carbolic acid1 or one one-thousandth bichlorid-of-mercury solution4 ,for pyemia1 where the abscesses are near the skin1 they should be opened and treated antiseptically by injecting any of the previously mentioned germicides4 ,general and heart stimulants are indicated1 such as a drench containing digitalis #b drams and alcohol #b ounces4 ,quinin and calomel in repeated small doses of one-half dram each three times a day are sometimes beneficial4 ,camphor in the form of oil of camphor 7camphor dissolved in #aj parts of sweet oil7 is a good stimulant and has some antiseptic properties1 which make it a valuable drug in combating these diseases when it is given in doses of #b drams three times daily4 ,,hemorrhagic ,,septicemia4 ,hemorrhagic septicemia is a name applied to a highly fatal1 infectious disease existing in various species of domestic and wild animals1 from a microorganism having definite biological characters and possessing the properties of producing clearly defined and characteristic lesions4 ,this causal agent1 ,bacterium bovisepticum1 belongs to the same group of cocco-bacilli as those causing chicken cholera1 swine plague1 and rabbit septicemia1 and may be described as an ovoid1 nonmotile1 polar-staining bacterium with rounded ends1 #a_/chjjj of an inch wide by #a_/bjjjj of an inch long1 sometimes seen in pairs and sometimes in chains4 ,various names have been applied to this disease1 and though the causative agent and the distinctive lesions are well known1 it is more than likely that the affection is seldom recognized4 ,it was described by ,bollinger in #ahgh1 and named ,wild und ,rinderseuche1 from its having affected deer1 wild boars1 cattle1 and horses in an epizootic which swept over ,germany at that time4 ,before this1 however1 several epizootics of what was evidently the same disease had been well described1 notably that which occurred in ,england in #ahed4 ,since then it has occurred in epizootic and enzootic forms in many sections of ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america4 ,in this country the disease has been observed in ,texas1 ,tennessee1 ,new ,york1 ,minnesota1 ,pennsylvania1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,south ,dakota1 and ,wisconsin4 ,other names given to it are game and cattle disease1 buffalo disease1 barbone1 pasteurellosis bovina1 ghotwa1 and infectious pneumoenteritis4 ,in earlier times it was evidently confounded with gloss anthrax1 and even now it is probably mistaken in a great many instances for anthrax1 blackleg1 cornstalk disease1 and cerebrospinal meningitis4 ,the disease is essentially a septicemia1 or blood poisoning1 and the microbic invasion occurs from inoculation probably either through abrasions of the skin or by injury to the mucous membranes from coarse fodder1 etc4 ,moore and ,smith have found in the mouths and nasal cavities of healthy animals1 including cattle1 bacteria belonging to this group2 but these organisms proved to be nonpathogenic4 ,as is well known1 however1 many pathogenic germs at times exist in a saprophytic state1 and it is not hard to conceive how a microbe may cease such existence and assume parasitic or pathogenic properties when the surroundings are eminently favorable4 ,this may be a connecting link in the etiology of sporadic outbreaks of the disease in which all other hypotheses as to its genesis seem untenable4 ,the disease seems to occur most frequently in swampy or mucky localities or in pastures receiving the overflow from infected fields4 ,it is said to occur usually in the spring of the year1 when the melting snows and rains bring to the surface the subterranean waters from rich soils containing nitrogenous materials in which the bacteria have been existing4 ,in a great many instances there does not seem to be any plausible explanation for an outbreak of the disease and one can only surmise as to its origin4 ,symptoms4--,three forms of the disease are recognized1 based upon the distribution of the lesions--the superficial1 or cutaneous1 the pectoral1 or thoracic1 and the intestinal form4 ,the last is a usual accompaniment of the other two and may be mild or severe4 ,naturally the symptoms vary according to the violence of the attack and to the particular form of disease with which the animal is affected4 ,in the superficial1 or cutaneous1 form the presence of a swollen tongue1 throat1 and dewlap1 or even of the lower portion of the legs1 gives us a clew to the trouble4 ,an entire loss of appetite occurs1 and in milk cows there is a diminution of the milk secretion4 ,the temperature may be only slightly elevated1 but it is usually very high4 ,salivation is set up by the inflammation of the mouth and pharynx4 ,unsuccessful efforts at eating and swallowing are made4 ,there may be difficulty in breathing1 depending on the amount of involvement of the larynx1 trachea1 bronchi1 or lungs4 ,there may be a blood-stained discharge from the nostrils1 and the mucous membrane thereof will often show punctiform hemorrhages4 ,the pulmonary form shows the same symptoms as croupous pneumonia1 with a frequent suffocative cough and oppressed breathing1 or dyspnea4 ,when the intestines are involved the patient strains to defecate1 and passes shreds of intestinal mucus along with blood-stained feces4 ,the urine also may be tinged with blood4 ,finally a severe diarrhea takes place1 the animal becomes correspondingly weak1 and death takes place in #bd to #cf hours4 ,cases may die in as short a period as six to eight hours1 while in the pectoral form of the disease the animal may linger six or eight days4 ,cases have been reported which became chronic and in which death did not take place for a month or more4 ,in some of the cases running an acute course1 symptoms of toxemia are present2 there is a lack of sensation of the skin1 staggering gait1 trembling1 eyes fixed1 neck at times bent to one side1 and the eyes showing a wild expression4 ,at times the animals appear as if in pain and look around at the flanks4 ,in the pectoral form they may stand with the forelegs wide apart in evident effort to breathe more freely4 ,sometimes there is a champing of the jaws and a very free flow of glairy saliva dropping from the mouth4 ,the prognosis is decidedly unfavorable and #hj to #ij per cent of the cases result fatally4 ,lesions4--,the characteristic lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia consist of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous1 subserous1 and muscular tissues1 the lymph glands1 and the viscera2 in fact1 they are distributed more or less widely throughout the body and vary in size from a mere speck to the diameter of a half dollar or even larger4 ,the superficial form presents itself first as a doughy tumefaction of the skin about the region of the throat1 neck1 dewlap1 or legs1 which pits on pressure4 ,this tumefaction consists essentially of a cerogelatinous exudate into the subcutaneous and intermuscular tissues4 ,bloody extravasations may take place in subcutaneous tissues in various places1 but they are usually seen about the lower portion of the neck4 ,the mucous membranes and submucous tissues of the mouth1 tongue1 pharynx1 and larynx become involved in the process and are greatly thickened1 inflamed1 and infiltrated with serum4 ,the mucous membrane becomes reddish purple1 and that of the nostrils may in addition show hemorrhagic spots on its surface4 ,the lymphatic glands in this region are also swollen and infiltrated with bloody serum4 ,the salivary glands are pale and dry4 ,the pectoral type1 though at times existing alone1 may coexist with the cutaneous form4 ,the inflammatory edema of the mouth extends to the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi1 producing an extensive thickening and a yellowish infiltration4 ,the lung shows interstitial thickening from the outpouring of serum into its meshes4 ,it may become pneumonic4 ,the diaphragm1 heart sac1 and heart walls show numerous hemorrhagic points and larger bloody extravasations4 ,sometimes there is a serous pleurisy1 with more or less fibrinous exudate4 ,in the intestinal form the submucous and subperitoneal tissues show alterations from a few hemorrhagic spots to large bloody suffusions1 or even gelatinous infiltrations4 ,this latter is seen about the region of the pancreas and in the folds of the mesentery4 ,there is a severe hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestines and a staining of the intestinal contents with blood4 ,the muscular system throughout shows hemorrhagic areas4 ,the abdominal viscera1 liver1 spleen1 and kidneys often present hemorrhagic lesions4 ,differential diagnosis4--,anthrax1 which presents superficial swellings1 like hemorrhagic septicemia1 may be distinguished from that affection on post-mortem examination by the enlargement and engorgement of the spleen1 the contents of which are soft and tarry4 ,the blood of anthrax animals is very dark1 and does not become light red on exposure to air1 nor does it coagulate1 while in hemorrhagic septicemia the blood is normal in appearance and coagulates4 ,the detection of the anthrax bacillus in the blood would be final4 ,in blackleg the animals affected are usually under #b years of age4 ,the swellings are quite evident1 and usually occur on the legs1 above the knees or hocks1 and are distended with gas1 which crackles1 or crepitates1 when pressed upon4 ,if one of these tumors is opened1 a bloody serum will exude1 and the gas gives off the odor of rancid butter4 ,the internal hemorrhages are not general1 although they may occur4 ,a microscopic examination of the juices from the tumefaction will show the blackleg bacillus4 ,in cerebrospinal meningitis the causative agent is unknown1 but probably exists in the feed4 ,it may occur in any locality and at any season of the year4 ,there are no local swellings1 and cattle are not frequently affected4 ,cornstalk disease may be differentiated from this affection from the fact that it always occurs after the cattle are turned into a cornstalk field1 by its sudden onset1 the absence of any characteristic symptoms or post-mortem lesions1 and the failure to find the causative agent in the blood4 ,in making a post-mortem examination of animals affected with hemorrhagic septicemia1 it would be well to examine the articular surfaces of the long bones1 as it has been reported that they are frequently ulcerated4 ,this should apply especially to those cases that have shown lameness4 ,treatment4--,treatment is absolutely useless1 so far as we know at present1 and for all practical purposes prophylaxis alone should be relied upon4 ,the same sanitary precautions1 such as isolation1 disinfection1 and burial or burning of all dead carcasses1 should be observed as for anthrax and other highly infectious diseases4 ,all the premises1 barns1 stalls1 litter1 and stable utensils should be thoroughly disinfected4 ,separate the apparently well animals from the sick by placing them in a separate lot4 ,experiments by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry toward protective inoculation of the exposed cattle on infected premises have been made and the results have been so satisfactory that several commercial houses handling biological products are manufacturing a vaccine for hemorrhagic septicemia in accordance with the ,government's experiments on this subject4 ,the method of preparing the vaccine is similar to that recommended by ,lignires4 ,it consists in growing the cultures of the organism of the disease at #db to #dc ,c4 and preparing from them growing at this temperature two different strengths of vaccine4 ,the weaker vaccine1 which is used for the first injection1 is grown for five days at this temperature1 whereas the stronger vaccine1 for the second injection1 is grown for only two days4 ,these vaccines are used with an interval of #aj days between the injections1 the dose being #a cubic centimeter at each injection4 ,the effect of this vaccine in abating outbreaks already in progress has been highly satisfactory and it is plain that the general introduction of preventive vaccination for hemorrhagic septicemia must be of material benefit to the cattle raisers in the infected districts4 ,,vesicular ,,eruption ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,organs4 ,this contagious disease is called coital exanthema or vesicular exanthema1 and is more or less prevalent on the ,continent4 ,it has also been observed in the breeding districts of the ,united ,states4 ,it is the subject of legislation in ,germany1 and governmental statistics are published annually concerning its distribution in the ,empire4 ,according to the reports from ,hungary #dib head of cattle were attacked during #ahih1 #ehg in #ahii1 and #bjg in #aijj4 ,a similar or perhaps identical disease of horses has the same distribution and is transmissible from horses to cattle and vice versa4 ,the disease may be defined as a highly contagious eruption situated upon the external genital organs of both sexes and accompanied with little or no general disturbance of health4 ,the contagion1 the nature of which remains still unknown1 is transmitted mainly during copulation4 ,the bull may have the disease and convey it to all the cows with which he comes in contact1 or he may become infected by one cow1 and1 although not showing the disease1 he may1 during copulation1 transmit it for several days after to all other cows4 ,simple contact between one cow and another may convey the disease1 or the sponges used in cleaning the diseased may carry the virus to the healthy4 ,it has also been conveyed to healthy cows by these animals lying with their hind quarters against infected wooden troughs4 ,symptoms4--,the period between the infection and the appearance of symptoms is somewhat variable4 ,it is usually given as three to six days4 ,it may be briefer or much longer4 ,in cows the mucous membrane of the vagina and the vulva become swollen1 inflamed1 very tender1 and covered with dark-red spots4 ,the secretion is very abundant and consists at first largely of serum and mucus resembling the white of an egg4 ,small vesicles then appear1 which rapidly burst and are converted into excoriations or deeper ulcerations4 ,the secretion becomes more purulent and is apt to dry in crusts about the root of the tail4 ,the eruption is accompanied with much itching and difficulty in urinating4 ,the walk may be stiff and awkward4 ,in bulls the eruption is situated on the prepuce and the end of the penis1 and consists of pimples1 vesicles1 and ulcers1 as in cows4 ,it is accompanied with a little purulent discharge from the prepuce1 itching1 and difficulty in urinating4 ,in severe cases the inflammation and swelling may extend backward to the scrotum and forward upon the abdomen4 ,the disease lasts from one to four weeks and always terminates in recovery4 ,the acute stage lasts only four or five days1 while the complete healing of the inflammation is slow4 ,the eruption is usually accompanied with very little general disturbance4 ,if the pain and irritation are severe1 there may be some light loss of appetite and diminished milk secretion in cows4 ,the disease rarely causes abortion4 ,chronic catarrh of the vagina and permanent sterility frequently follow as sequel4 ,treatment need not be resorted to excepting in severe cases4 ,the secretion and exudation should be washed off and a mild antiseptic applied1 such as a #a per cent solution of carbolic acid 7#a ounce to #c quarts of water7 or #b per cent solution of cresol compound in water4 ,care must be taken not to carry the disease from the sick to the well by sponges1 etc41 which have come in contact with the affected organs4 ,these should be destroyed4 ,to prevent the spread of the disease the infected animals should be kept isolated until they have recovered4 ,,rabies ,,of ,,cattle4 ,rabies is a disease preeminently affecting the canine race1 although all warm-blooded animals1 including man1 are susceptible to the malady1 which is always communicated through bites from a preceding case4 ,it has required many years of patient1 scientific research to lead the ablest investigators to a clear comprehension of the cause1 nature1 and characteristics of this affection4 ,it was known and described several centuries prior to the beginning of the ,christian era1 and from the earliest dawn of history it has been feared and dreaded4 ,its terrible manifestations have always been surrounded with an atmosphere of awe and mystery1 and it is not surprising that myths1 fallacies1 and misconceptions in regard to it have been common and widely accepted4 ,as the investigations by which we have come to a tolerably clear understanding of the facts concerning rabies have been comparatively recent1 and for the most part1 have appeared in scientific periodicals1 fallacies in regard to the disease continue to have a strong hold upon the public mind4 ,for instance1 it is still a widely prevalent belief that if persons or animals are bitten by a dog they are liable to become rabid if the dog should contract the disease at any future time4 ,there is no foundation for this impression1 and it would be a great comfort to many people who are now and then bitten by animals if the fallacy of this idea were known4 ,all experience1 both scientific and practical1 goes to show that rabies is transmitted only by animals that are actually diseased at the time the bite is inflicted4 ,rabies is an infectious disease involving the nervous system and characterized by extreme excitability and other nervous disorders and always terminating in death4 ,the contagion of this disease has never been isolated1 but the fact that it is caused by a specific organism principally found in the nervous system is indisputable4 ,for instance1 if an emulsion of the brain of a rabid animal is filtered through a germ-proof filter1 the filtrate will be harmless4 ,this fact indicates that the infectious principle is not in solution1 but is an organism withheld from the filtrate by the filter4 ,this contagion can be propagated only in the body of an animal4 ,it is transmitted naturally from one animal to another solely by bites1 and the old idea of spontaneous appearance of the disease is absolutely fallacious4 ,it may be produced artificially by inoculating susceptible animals with an emulsion of the brain or spinal cord1 as well as the saliva1 milk1 and other secretions of the affected animal4 ,the blood1 on the contrary1 seems to be free from the infectious principle4 ,the saliva contains the virus1 which1 under natural conditions1 is introduced into or under the skin on the tooth of the rabid animal4 ,the disease is widespread1 being found in many countries of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 and in certain sections of the ,united ,states4 ,owing to the rigid quarantine regulations enforced against dogs imported into ,australia1 that country remains absolutely free from the disease4 ,following the canine race1 cattle seem to be the most frequently affected1 probably because rabid dogs1 next to their morbid desire to attack other members of their own race1 have a better opportunity to bite grazing cattle than any other species of animal4 ,the relative frequency of rabies in these two species of animals is indicated by the carefully compiled statistics of the ,german ,empire1 which shows that #ijd dogs and #bbc cows died of rabies in #ahih1 while in #ahii there were #iaa cases in dogs and #aga in cattle4 ,the latter receive bites most frequently on the hind legs and in the hips and about the lower jaw4 ,these places are most accessible to dogs1 owing to the habit of cattle to drive their tormentors away by lowering their heads and using their horns4 ,every animal bitten does not necessarily develop the disease1 but the per cent of fatalities has been variously estimated1 and averages from #be to #cj4 ,this1 however1 depends on the location and size of the wound as well as the amount of hemorrhage produced1 and various other conditions4 ,in general1 the nearer the bite is located to the central nervous system and the deeper the wound inflicted1 the greater the danger of a fatal result4 ,in cases in which the hemorrhage resulting from the bite is profuse1 there is a possibility that the virus will be washed out of the wound and thus obviate the danger of subsequent appearance of the disease4 ,the virus after being deposited in the wound remains latent for an extremely variable period of time1 which also depends on the size and depth of the wound as well as its location and the amount of the virulent saliva introduced4 ,experiments have proved that the virus follows the course of the nerves to the spinal cord and along the latter to the brain before the symptoms appear4 ,gerlach1 having collected the statistics from #acc cases1 has found this time1 known as the period of incubation1 to vary from #ad to #bhe days4 ,the great majority of cases1 however1 contract the disease in one to three months after the bite has been inflicted4 ,symptoms4--,as in dogs1 both furious and dumb rabies are met with1 the former being more common in cattle4 ,a sharp line of distinction1 however1 can not be drawn between these two forms of the disease1 as the furious form usually merges into the dumb1 from the paralysis which appears prior to death4 ,the typical cases of dumb rabies are those in which the paralysis appears at the beginning of the attack and remains until death4 ,the disease first manifests itself by a loss of appetite and rumination1 stopping of the secretion of milk1 great restlessness1 anxiety1 manifestation of fear1 and change in the disposition of the animal4 ,this preliminary stage is followed in a day or two by the stage of excitation1 or madness1 which is indicated by increasing restlessness1 loud roaring at times with a peculiar change in the sound of the voice1 violent butting with the horns and pawing the ground with the feet1 with an insane tendency to attack other animals1 although the desire to bite is not so marked in cattle as in the canine race4 ,a constant symptom is the increased secretion of saliva with a consequent frothing at the mouth1 or the secretion may hang from the lips in long strings4 ,constipation is marked1 and there is manifested a continual1 although unsuccessful1 desire to defecate4 ,spasms of the muscles in different parts of the body are also seen at intervals4 ,about the fourth day the animal usually becomes quieter and the walk is stiff1 unsteady1 and swaying1 showing that the final paralysis is coming on4 ,this is called the paralytic stage4 ,the loss of flesh is extremely rapid1 and even during the short course of the disease the animal becomes exceedingly emaciated4 ,the temperature is never elevated1 it usually remaining about normal or even subnormal4 ,finally1 there is complete paralysis of the hind quarters1 the animal being unable to rise1 and but for irregular convulsive movements lies in a comatose condition and dies usually from the fourth to the sixth day after the appearance of the first symptom4 ,anatomy4--,if animals which have succumbed to rabies are examined post mortem1 very slight evidence of disease will be found in any of the organs1 and1 indeed1 the absence of any specific lesions may be considered as characteristic4 ,the blood is dark and imperfectly coagulated4 ,the throat is frequently reddened1 and there may be small spots of extravasated blood in the intestines4 ,the stomachs are usually empty4 ,in the spleen there may be hemorrhagic enlargements 7infarcts74 ,the cadavers rapidly undergo decomposition4 ,differential diagnosis4--,it is not an easy matter to decide definitely that a given animal has rabies1 since the symptoms given above belong in part to a variety of other diseases1 among which may be mentioned the excitement seen in young animals following close confinement1 certain vegetable and mineral poisons1 acute enteritis1 and alterations of the central nervous system in cattle1 the most common of which is tuberculosis of the brain and its covering membranes4 ,the post-mortem lesions1 however1 should assist in making a correct diagnosis4 ,tetanus may readily be differentiated from rabies by the persistence of muscular cramps1 especially of the face and abdomen1 which cause these muscles to become set and as hard as wood4 ,in tetanus there is also an absence of a depraved appetite or of a willful propensity to hurt other animals or to damage the surroundings4 ,the cow remains quiet and the general muscular contraction gives her a rigid appearance4 ,there is an absence of paralysis which marks the advanced stage of rabies4 ,the form of dumb rabies in dogs is characterized by the paralysis and pendency of the lower jaw1 while in tetanus the jaws are locked4 ,this locking of the jaws in cattle renders the animal incapable of bellowing1 as in rabies4 ,finally1 tetanus may be distinguished from rabies by the fact that the central nervous system does not contain the infectious principle1 while in rabies the inoculation of test rabbits with the brain or cord of a rabid animal will produce the disease with characteristic symptoms after an interval of #ae to #bj days4 ,this period of incubation is much longer than in tetanus1 since the inoculation of rabbits with tetanus cultures invariably results in death after a short period and usually within three days4 ,the positive evidence that a rabid dog has been near cattle would greatly assist in making a decision in doubtful cases4 ,the disease in dogs is pretty well recognized by most people1 but in case a suspected dog is killed it is desirable to open the animal and examine the contents of the stomach4 ,while feed is absent1 a variety of odd things may be present which the abnormally changed appetite of the rabid dog has induced it to swallow4 ,among such things may be straws1 sticks1 glass1 rags1 earth1 pieces of leather1 and whatever the animal may have encountered small enough to be swallowed4 ,this miscellaneous collection in the stomach of dogs1 together with absence of feed1 is regarded by authorities as a very valuable sign1 and in case of doubt may be made use of by laymen4 ,in important cases1 however1 the head of the dog1 cow1 or other suspected animal should be removed and sent to the nearest biological laboratory1 where a positive diagnosis can be made within #cf hours by the histological examination of the plexiform nerve ganglia1 and within two or three weeks by the intracerebral inoculation of rabbits with an emulsion of the brain of the suspected animal4 ,treatment4--,this is useless after the first appearance of symptoms4 ,when1 however1 a wound inflicted by a rabid animal can be discovered1 it should be immediately cauterized or even completely extirpated1 care being taken to cut entirely around the wound in the healthy tissues4 ,for cauterizing the wound1 fuming nitric acid1 the hot iron1 and #aj per cent solution of zinc chlorid are the most efficacious4 ,to afford an absolute protection1 this should be done within a few moments after the bite has been inflicted1 although even as late as a few hours it has been known to thwart the development of the disease4 ,pasteur originated and perfected a system of preventive inoculation against this disease which has greatly reduced the mortality in human subjects4 ,its application to animals1 however1 is difficult and requires considerable time and expense4 ,a method of vaccination applicable to animals1 consisting of a single injection of a suspension of fixed rabies virus1 is now being quite extensively employed by veterinarians4 ,sanitary regulations which seek to control effectively the disease by exterminating it among dogs are most likely to prove successful4 ,the measures which are adopted to this end can not be discussed in this place1 but it is a striking fact that where the muzzling of all dogs has been rigidly enforced1 as in ,england and in certain ,german districts1 the disease has been practically stamped out4 ,,tuberculosis4 ,pls4 ,,xxxiv-,,xxxviii4 ,tuberculosis is an infectious and communicable disease characterized in its early stages by the formation1 in various organs of the body1 of minute nodules or tubercles1 which contain ,mycobacterium tuberculosis1 the cause of the disease4 ,the disease1 in its various manifestations1 has been known for many centuries1 and legislative enactments having reference to the destruction of affected animals and forbidding the use of the flesh date far back into the ,middle ,ages4 ,the opinions entertained regarding the nature and the cause of the malady varied much in different periods and very markedly influenced the laws and regulations in vogue4 ,thus1 in the sixteenth century1 the disease was considered identical with syphilis in man4 ,in consequence of this belief very stringent laws were enacted1 which made the destruction of tuberculous cattle compulsory4 ,in the eighteenth century this erroneous conception of the nature of the disease was abandoned and all restrictions against the use of meat were removed4 ,since that time1 however1 its communicable nature has been established by many investigators1 and the tide of opinion has again turned in favor of repressing the disease and prohibiting the sale of contaminated products4 ,occurrence4--,the statistics concerning tuberculosis show that it is a disease prevalent in all civilized countries4 ,in some countries1 such as the northern part of ,norway and ,sweden1 on the steppes of eastern ,europe and ,russia1 in ,sicily and ,iceland1 and in ,algiers1 it is said to be quite rare4 ,the returns from testing ,british cattle with tuberculin1 supplied by the ,royal ,veterinary ,college1 as stated in ,march1 #aijj1 showed that among #ae1cib animals tested #d1aje1 or #bf per cent1 reacted4 ,during the slaughter of cattle for pleuropneumonia careful examinations of the carcasses were made for tuberculosis4 ,of #cjj head killed near ,edinburgh #abj1 or #dj per cent1 were tuberculous4 ,of #d1afj killed in ,england #bj per cent were tuberculous4 ,of one of these lots of cattle 7#dea animals7 the president of the ,lancashire ,farmers' ,association testified that they were fairly representative cattle--cows1 heifers1 and growing stock--a thoroughly mixed lot2 #bj per cent of them had tuberculosis4 ,of #cih bovine animals taken haphazard in the city of ,manchester1 #abj1 or #cj per cent1 were tuberculous4 ,among them were #afh cows1 #fi1 or #da per cent1 being tuberculous1 and #b having diseased udders4 ,the result of testing the ,queen's herd at ,windsor was that #cf out of #dj1 or #ij per cent1 were found tuberculous4 ,the investigations made by the ,british ,dairy ,farmers' ,association deserve particular attention1 coming as they do directly from a cattle owners' organization4 ,the council of this association resolved to submit the general consideration of the question to a committee1 with a view to some more definite understanding as to the possible extent to which tuberculosis exists in dairy cattle4 ,the secretary was instructed to write to a number of dairy farmers being members of the association1 asking their cooperation and the use of their herds for the application of the tests4 ,of the herds offered1 #i were selected1 containing #dfa cows and #ab bulls1 and #ahh of these animals reacted1 being #dj4h per cent4 ,there were among these cattle #cce ,shorthorns1 of which #aai1 or #ce per cent1 reacted2 #fg crossbreds1 of which #bh1 or #db per cent1 reacted2 #dg ,ayrshires1 of which #cg1 or #hj per cent1 reacted4 ,another experiment of much interest is that of the ,cheshire ,county ,council4 ,the technical instruction committee set aside #bej to be used by a joint committee from the agricultural and horticultural schools and ,worleson ,dairy ,institute for applying the tuberculin test to their herds4 ,the tests were made ,february #ae1 #ahii4 ,the results were3 ,worleson herd of #ed animals1 #af diseased1 or #bi4f per cent2 agricultural school herd of #ag animals1 #d diseased1 or #bc4e per cent4 ,the ,worleson herd consisted of ,shorthorn cows4 ,in each herd the purebred ,shorthorn bull was tuberculous4 ,the results of the tuberculin test were confirmed by the slaughter of the animals and examination of the carcasses4 ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,g4 ,carmichael1 member of ,parliament for ,midlothian1 gave evidence before the royal commission that his ,polled ,angus herd was tested in the spring of #ahie4 ,the results of the test were fearfully unexpected and alarming4 ,of #cj tested #ac showed decided reaction--#dc per cent4 ,again1 he speaks of having #da animals tested the same spring and #af reacted--#ci4e per cent4 ,of #hj ,shorthorn cattle intended for export which were tested #cd reacted1 or #db per cent4 ,of a herd of #be ,british ,shorthorns recently tested in quarantine #dj per cent were found tuberculous4 ,the addition of these animals above referred to gives #bj1icj head examined and #e1dda1 or #bf per cent1 pronounced tuberculous4 ,and these herds were not selected because they were supposed to be tuberculous1 but represent the general cattle stock of the country4 ,these animals included at least #dgj head of ,shorthorns1 of which #agj1 or #cd per cent1 were tuberculous4 ,to these facts may be added the evidence of ,prof4 ,bang that in the first half of the nineteenth century tuberculosis was brought to ,denmark by cattle from ,switzerland1 ,schleswig1 and ,england1 and that the same thing is now going on in ,sweden and ,norway1 particularly through ,english cattle4 ,also the evidence of ,m4 ,sivori1 chief of section at the ministry of agriculture1 ,argentina1 who has investigated tuberculosis in that country and who says that #cj or #dj years ago tuberculosis was unknown in ,argentine cattle1 and it is still unknown among the native 7criollo7 cattle4 ,its appearance dates from the introduction of pure breeding animals4 ,statistics prove that tuberculosis is observed among the grades--above all among those of the ,durham and less among the ,hereford4 ,moreover1 the reports of the royal commission of ,victoria1 ,australia1 and of the ,new ,zealand department of agriculture show a large proportion of tuberculous cattle in those colonies1 where the disease was almost certainly carried by ,british cattle4 ,in the same manner that tuberculosis has been carried from ,great ,britain to ,denmark1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,argentina1 and ,australia1 it has also been taken to ,canada4 ,in one herd of imported cattle slaughtered in the ,canadian quarantine station1 #ac of the #ad animals were found tuberculous4 ,one of the largest ,shorthorn herds in ,canada was some time ago tested because an animal from it was condemned when offered for shipment to the ,united ,states4 ,this herd was found to be very badly affected1 and an effort is being made to eradicate the disease by the ,bang method4 ,a ,canadian official publication says of another ,shorthorn herd1 which at one time had a very high reputation1 that when an investigation in regard to tuberculosis was recently made the disease was found among ordinary cattle wherever animals from this herd had been introduced1 and that this herd1 which had been looked upon as one of the greatest benefits to the farming community1 was really a danger1 because it disseminated tuberculosis among the farmers' herds4 ,still another well-known herd recently attracted attention because four animals from it offered for export to the ,united ,states were all tuberculous4 ,from ,december #bc1 #aijj1 to ,february #ai1 #aija1 the period that the department inspector tested all ,canadian cattle intended for shipment to the ,united ,states1 #adj purebred ,shorthorns and #c ,shorthorn grades were tested1 and of the total number #bf1 or #ah per cent1 reacted4 ,during the first month that this inspection was enforced1 and when it may be assumed that the condition of the cattle most nearly represented what it had previously been1 #gd cattle were offered for importation1 and #ah1 or #bd4c per cent1 were found tuberculous4 ,in justice to ,shorthorn cattle it should be said in this connection that they are probably no more susceptible to tuberculosis than are other breeds1 but the disease has been allowed to spread in certain herds and families to such an extent as to give a wrong impression concerning the breed as a whole4 ,the slaughterhouse statistics of ,prussia show #ad4f per cent of the cattle and #b4ad per cent of the hogs to be tuberculous4 ,in ,saxony the percentage is #bi4ac with cattle and #c4aj with hogs4 ,in the city of ,leipzig the figures are #cf4d for cattle and #b4ag for hogs4 7,siedamgrotzky47 ,of #bj1hej animals in ,belgium tested with tuberculin in #ahif1 #dh4hh per cent reacted4 7,stubbe47 ,of #be1dci tested in ,denmark from #ahic to #ahie1 #di4c per cent reacted2 and of #fg1bfc tested from #ahif to #ahih1 #cb4h per cent reacted4 7,bang47 ,figures available in the ,united ,states allow us to make a reliable estimate of the extent of tuberculosis of cattle4 ,the following summary is presented3 ,statistics of tests for tuberculosis in the ,united ,states1 #aiag to ,march #a1 #aibb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,state4 ,number ,number ,per cent tested4 tuberculous4tuberculous4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alabama #fh1ggb #a1jga #a4f ,arkansas #e1iag #ih #a4g ,colorado #a1iei #gf #c4i ,connecticut #bi1bhf #d1fie #af4j ,delaware #ai1jjc #b1acb #aa4b ,florida #ef1ecc #a1dch #b4e ,georgia #df1ebb #iih #b4a ,idaho #eg1gca #a1jeb #a4h ,illinois #ib1gha #f1aab #f4f ,indiana #adb1hcc #c1iia #b4h ,iowa #aeh1ead #i1ieh #f4c ,kansas #fd1cda #a1gif #b4h ,kentucky #ff1hci #a1dib #b4b ,louisiana #cf1cia #iha #b4g ,maine #fg1djf #a1gib #b4g ,maryland #fe1hhh #e1dia #h4c ,massachusetts #bf1big #b1cga #i4j ,michigan #afc1cbc #e1cfa #c4c ,minnesota #bdj1hhh #g1eee #c4a ,mississippi #ii1bde #ejc 4#e ,missouri #aif1bjh #b1ehg #a4c ,montana #afe1fdj #c1cdf #b4j ,nebraska #abe1afb #c1idg #c4b ,nevada #bi1eda #a1jdb #c4e ,new ,hampshire #af1fbc #a1fig #aj4b ,new ,jersey #cb1ahd #b1edb #g4i ,new ,mexico #c1hig #ci #a4j ,new ,york #afg1heb #bc1jga #ac4g ,north ,carolina #fd1jjh #a1jih #a4g ,north ,dakota #aci1eja #d1adb #c4j ,ohio #ig1fab #d1dgj #d4f ,oklahoma #fg1ebb #b1dec #c4f ,oregon #abc1gib #b1eha #b4a ,pennsylvania #ajb1dfe #f1cbb #f4b ,rhode ,island #c1deh #cch #i4h ,south ,carolina #da1hfh #gdj #a4h ,south ,dakota #dc1dcc #b1cec #e4d ,tennessee #fc1fca #ief #a4e ,texas #fa1ief #a1bef #b4j ,utah #ei1gaa #ehf #a4j ,vermont #afj1cfa #aa1dhf #g4b ,virginia #ace1fgg #c1hha #b4i ,washington #aed1bib #c1hfd #b4e ,west ,virginia #cf1fjc #gih #b4b ,wisconsin #bhe1bfi #h1aff #b4i ,wyoming #bb1haa #cbb #a4d ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,reports of tuberculin tests made on #djj1jjj cattle in the ,united ,states during the years #ahic to #aijh by ,federal1 ,state1 and other officers with tuberculin prepared by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry show #cg1jjh reactions1 or #i4be per cent4 ,these were mostly dairy cattle1 and in some cases herds were suspected of being diseased4 ,later reports of tuberculin tests made in the ,united ,states from ,july #a1 #aiag1 to ,march #a1 #aibb1 on #c1iaa1edf cattle by ,state1 county1 and ,federal officers engaged in cooperative tuberculosis eradication work showed #aec1jdf reactions1 or #c4i per cent4 ,all cattle in the ,district of ,columbia1 numbering #a1gja1 were tested with tuberculin in #aiji-aj1 and #ah4hg per cent reacted4 ,in #aiji-aa herds in ,maryland and ,virginia supplying milk to the ,district of ,columbia were tested1 with #ai4jc and #ae4ch per cent of reactions1 respectively1 among #d1eja cattle4 ,all cattle in the ,district of ,columbia were tuberculin tested in #aibj-ba1 numbering #a1cac1 and #e animals reacted1 or #j4d per cent1 demonstrating that tuberculosis may be eradicated from all the herds in a circumscribed area4 ,the beef cattle of the ,united ,states show a much smaller proportion of the disease than dairy cattle1 though the percentage of cattle found tuberculous in the ,government meat-inspection service has increased considerably in recent years4 ,this increase is due partly1 but not wholly1 to more stringent inspection4 ,of #g1gha1jcj adult cattle slaughtered under ,federal inspection during the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aiaa1 #gf1ddh were found tuberculous1 a percentage of #j4ih4 ,from the statistics above referred to1 and other data1 it appears that in the more densely populated areas of ,europe and ,america from #e to #ej per cent of the dairy cattle are more or less affected with tuberculosis1 while the proportion of beef cattle affected is distinctly less1 ranging from #j4ad to #cj per cent4 ,this difference is due to a number of causes4 ,beef cattle average younger when slaughtered4 ,they are not so frequently stabled1 and are for that reason less liable to infection1 and as the males constitute a large proportion of this class of animals the effect of milk secretion in lowering the vital forces is not so apparent4 ,in the ,united ,states it has been estimated that about #aj per cent of the dairy cattle are tuberculous1 while only about #b per cent of the beef cattle are so infected4 ,cause and nature of the disease4--,the cause of tuberculosis is the tubercle bacillus1 which gains entrance to the body1 lodges somewhere in the tissues1 and begins to grow and multiply at that point4 ,as this bacillus vegetates and increases in numbers it excretes substances which act as irritants and poisons and which lead to the formation of a small nodule1 called a tubercle1 at the point of irritation4 ,as the bacilli are disseminated through the animal body they affect many parts and cause the formation of an enormous number of tubercles4 ,by the union of such tubercles1 masses of tubercular material are formed1 which in some cases are of great size4 ,the disease is called tuberculosis because it is characterized by the formation of these peculiar nodules1 and the bacillus which causes the disease is for the same reason known technically as the ,mycobacterium tuberculosis4 ,there are undoubtedly predisposing conditions which contribute toward the development of the disease2 some of these are found in the animal body and others in the environment4 ,an enfeebled condition caused by insufficient feed1 exposure to great extremes of atmospheric temperature and insanitary surroundings1 or the drain occasioned by heavy production of milk1 appear to aid the development of the bacillus1 and there is also a special individual susceptibility in some cases which may be otherwise described as an inability of the animal tissues to resist and destroy the bacilli when they have penetrated to the inner recesses of the body4 ,among the conditions of environment which aid the development of tuberculosis may be mentioned stabling with lack of ventilation1 damp buildings1 the keeping of many animals together1 drafts of air which cause colds and catarrhs1 and1 in general1 everything which prevents the animals from developing and maintaining the highest condition of health4 ,none of these conditions of body or environment are sufficient to cause the disease1 however1 unless the animals are exposed to the ,mycobacterium tuberculosis and it penetrates the tissues of their bodies4 ,the ways in which the tubercle bacilli find their way into the body may be considered under four heads3 7#a7 ,by inhalation into the lungs2 7#b7 by taking into the digestive tract in the milk of tuberculous cows or with other contaminated feed2 7#c7 during coition when the sexual organs are tuberculous2 7#d7 from the tuberculous mother to the fetus in the uterus4 ,the bacilli can reach the lungs by inhalation only when the bacilli are thoroughly dried and pulverized and in condition to be carried by currents of air4 ,it is well known that the bacilli withstand drying for months before they lose their power of producing disease4 ,they leave the bodies of diseased animals in several ways4 ,there may be a little discharge occasionally coughed up as a spray from the diseased lungs1 or this material may be swallowed and the bacilli carried off with the excrement1 or milk may be spilt1 or there may be a discharge from the vagina when the genital organs are tuberculous4 ,there may also be ulcers of the intestines1 from which many bacilli escape with the feces4 ,the bacilli from these sources may become dried and pulverized and carried in the air of the stable and into the lungs of still healthy cattle1 where the disease then develops4 ,the disease of the stomach1 intestines1 and mesenteric glands is very probably the result of feed infection4 ,tubercle bacilli may have been scattered upon the feed by diseased animals1 but the most common source of such infection is the milk of tuberculous cows4 ,calves may become infected in this way4 ,the disease may remain latent until the animal becomes older4 ,the not-infrequent occurrence of tuberculosis of the uterus and ovaries makes it probable that the disease may be transmitted by a diseased bull or carried by a healthy one from a diseased cow to a number of healthy cows4 ,the source of infection is always some previous case of the disease1 for the disease can never rise spontaneously2 hence1 in those stables in which there is frequent change of cattle the introduction of tuberculosis by cattle coming from other infected stables is the most frequent source of infection4 ,since the bacilli when dried can be carried by the air1 it is not necessary that healthy animals come in direct contact with cases of disease to become infected4 ,in general1 the greatest number of cases occur in the immediate environment of cities1 where there are not only abundant opportunities for infection1 owing to the frequent introduction of new animals into herds1 but where the sanitary conditions may be regarded as the poorest4 ,the bacillus of tuberculosis was discovered by ,robert ,koch in #ahhb4 ,it is a slender1 rodlike body 7see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #f7 from one-third to two-thirds the diameter of a red blood corpuscle in length4 ,as already explained1 when the bacillus has become lodged in any organ or tissue it begins to multiply1 and thereby causes an irritation in the tissue around it1 which leads to the formation of the so-called tubercle4 ,the tubercle1 when it has reached its full growth1 is a little nodule about the size of a millet seed4 ,it is composed of several kinds of tissue cells4 ,soon a change takes place within the tubercle4 ,disintegration begins1 and a soft1 cheesy substance is formed in the center1 which may contain particles of lime salts4 ,when these tubercles continue to form in large numbers they run together1 forming masses of various sizes4 ,the disintegration which attacks them leads to the formation of large cheesy masses of a yellowish color1 containing more or less of lime salts in the form of gritty particles4 ,these large tuberculous masses are surrounded by or embedded in layers of fibrous tissue which in some cases becomes very dense and thick4 ,the disease is thus a development of these tubercles in one or more organs of the body4 ,the distribution and number of the tubercles determine the course of the disease4 ,in a large number of cases the changes are limited to the lungs and the serous membranes#d of the thorax and abdomen4 ,pathologists have been in the habit of calling the lung disease tuberculosis and the disease of the serous membranes pearly disease4 ,statistics have shown that in about one-half of the cases both lungs and serous membranes are diseased1 in one-third only the lungs1 and in one-fifth only the serous membranes4 ,at the same time the lymphatic glands near the diseased organs are usually involved4 ,other organs1 such as the liver1 not infrequently contain tubercles4 ,though the disease may remain restricted to a single organ1 it now and then is found generalized1 affecting all organs of the body4 ,in the lungs 7,pl4 ,,xxxiv7 the changes observed vary according to the age and intensity of the disease process4 ,they usually begin with the appearance of very minute tubercles4 ,these may appear in large numbers on the surface of the lungs or within the lung tissue4 ,later the contents become cheesy and partly calcified4 ,when these tubercles are sufficiently numerous to become confluent1 large masses may be formed1 which undergo the same retrogressive changes of caseation and calcification4 ,in addition to the formation of tubercles in the lung tissue1 certain other changes take place4 ,there is usually bronchitis with abundant catarrhal secretion2 this plugs up the smaller air tubes1 and the lung tissue supplied with air by the tubes collapses4 ,subsequently it becomes filled with yellowish1 cheesy matter1 which greatly distends the small air tubes and air vesicles 7bronchopneumonia74 ,the connective tissue between the lung lobules1 around the tubercles1 and around the air tubes becomes thickened and indurated4 ,in the larynx and the bronchi tubercles may vegetate upon the mucous membrane1 and ulcers may result from their breaking down4 ,the inflammatory irritation which the growth of the tubercles on the surface of the lungs arouses gives rise to adhesion of the lungs to the ribs and diaphragm4 ,this adhesion is sometimes so firm and extensive that the lungs appear grown to the chest wall4 ,when1 therefore1 the lungs in advanced stages of the disease are cut open we observe large yellowish masses1 from one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter1 of a cheesy texture1 in which calcified1 gritty particles are embedded and which are surrounded by very firm connective tissue4 ,the neighboring lung tissue1 when collapsed and involved in bronchopneumonia1 has the color and consistency of pale-red flesh4 ,the air tubes1 large and small1 stand out prominently on the cut surface4 ,they are distended with a pasty1 yellowish1 cheesy mass1 surrounded and enveloped in thick mucus1 and their walls greatly thickened4 ,the larger bronchi may be sacculated1 owing to the distention produced by the cheesy contents4 ,the disease usually attacks the bronchial glands1 which are situated on the trachea and bronchial tubes at the bifurcation4 ,the changes in the glands are the same as those going on in the lung tissue1 and they frequently reach an enormous size4 ,the tubercle formation on the serous membranes covering the lungs and chest wall 7,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #b71 which may go on at the same time with the lung disease or independent of it1 has been called pearly disease1 on account of the peculiar appearance of the tubercles4 ,these begin as very minute1 grayish nodules1 which give the originally smooth1 lustrous membrane a roughened appearance4 ,these minute tubercles enlarge1 become confluent1 and project above the surface of the membrane as wartlike masses1 attaining the size of peas4 ,in this stage their attachment to the membrane is by means of delicate fibers4 ,the attachment is loose1 so that the tubercle hangs by a short pedicle or neck and may be moved slightly to and fro4 ,large masses are frequently formed by a coalescence of many tubercles and the secondary formation of the same4 ,these may be found on the lungs1 the ribs1 and the diaphragm4 ,these tubercles likewise undergo degenerative changes4 ,the center partly softens and partly calcifies into a grayish mortarlike mass1 and is gritty4 ,associated with the formation of tubercles on the pleura1 those glands situated back of the center of the lungs between the two main lobes 7posterior mediastinal7 become greatly enlarged and the center cheesy4 7,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #a47 ,they may compress the esophagus and interfere with swallowing4 ,the size attained by these tumors and new growths is well illustrated by the fact that1 taken together1 they not infrequently weigh from #fj to #hj pounds4 ,the bronchial glands1 which in the healthy state are not so large as horse-chestnuts1 have been found to attain a weight of more than #aj pounds4 ,in the abdominal cavity tubercles may be found1 both in the organs and on the serous membranes covering them4 ,they are situated usually on the omentum1 or caul 7see ,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #b71 the diaphragm1 and the walls of the abdomen4 ,in the liver large and small tubercular masses are occasionally encountered4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xxxv47 ,the mesenteric glands are occasionally enlarged and tuberculous2 likewise the glands near the liver4 ,tubercles may also develop in the spleen1 the kidneys1 the uterus and ovaries1 and the testicles4 ,tubercular affection of the intestines seems to be quite rare1 although ulcers of the large intestines have been observed4 ,nodules may also form under the serous covering of the intestines4 ,the brain and spinal cord are occasionally found tuberculous4 ,of #dj cases1 ,semmer found tuberculosis of the brain in #d4 ,it is not improbable that1 owing to the infrequency of exposing the brain and spinal cord1 tuberculosis may have escaped the attention of pathologists1 and it may be that it is not so uncommon as is generally supposed4 ,the tubercles occur on the membranes of the brain as well as in the substance of the brain itself4 ,they project into the ventricles as masses1 varying in size from a pinhead to a hen's egg4 ,they finally lead to various inflammatory changes4 ,jhne has observed numerous small tubercles on the membranes of the spinal cord4 ,very rarely tuberculous lesions have been observed in the bones and muscles of the body4 ,not so rare1 however1 is the affection of the lymphatic glands embedded in the muscular tissue1 and those which can be felt beneath the skin4 ,these are situated at the joints1 under the jaw1 and along the neck4 ,of late tubercular disease of the udder in cows 7,pl4 ,,xxxviii7 has received considerable attention from sanitarians1 owing to the infection of the milk with the virus of tuberculosis4 ,according to those who have given this subject special attention1 the udder becomes swollen uniformly and quite firm4 ,this swelling1 which is painless1 frequently attacks but one quarter1 more rarely two1 these being usually the hind quarters4 ,the larger milk ducts contain yellowish1 cheesy particles1 in which are many tubercle bacilli4 ,later larger nodules can be felt within the udder1 which undergo the various changes to which tubercles are subject4 ,the udder may grow very hard to the touch and become very large1 weighing in some cases up to #dj pounds4 ,the milk1 at first normal1 becomes thin and watery after a month or so1 and is mixed with flakes and tubercle bacilli4 ,as regards the frequency of the tuberculous processes in the different organs1 the following carefully compiled statistics of the disease in ,bavaria and ,baden may serve as a guide3 ,bavaria3 ,per cent4 ,tuberculosis of lungs and serous membranes #da ,tuberculosis of lungs alone #cc ,tuberculosis of serous membranes alone 7pearly disease7 #ag ,tuberculosis of other organs #h ,baden3 ,tuberculosis of lungs alone #ba ,tuberculosis of serous membranes alone #bh ,both combined #ci ,generalized tuberculosis #i ,tuberculosis of the sexual organs alone #c ,symptoms4--,the beginning of the disease usually passes unnoticed1 inasmuch as it is very slow and insidious and rarely accompanied with fever4 ,when the lungs are involved a dull1 short cough is noticed1 which may later on become prolonged1 convulsive1 and very troublesome to the animal4 ,the cough is more frequent in the morning after movement and drinking4 ,the breathing varies4 ,only when much of the lung tissue is diseased is it labored and accompanied with active movements of the chest and nostrils4 ,discharge from the nose is rare or absent4 ,at times1 however1 when the tubercles have broken down and cavities containing cheesy masses have formed in the lung tissue1 or when the air tubes have become filled with cheesy and mucous masses1 coughing will dislodge them and cause their discharge4 ,in advanced stages the breath may have a disagreeable odor4 ,pressure on the chest wall may give rise to pain4 ,the general effect on the body is at first slight4 ,in fact1 animals may remain in good flesh for a considerable time4 ,invariably as the disease progresses loss of flesh and appetite and paleness of the mucous membranes become manifest4 ,these symptoms are accompanied with a gradual diminution of the milk secretion4 ,the debilitated condition of the animal is also manifested by a staring coat and a tough1 dry1 harsh skin 7hidebound74 ,digestive disturbances are indicated by tympanites1 or distention of the rumen by gas1 colic1 and diarrhea1 alternating with constipation4 ,the animal generally dies from exhaustion after a period of sickness which may last months or even years4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,the ,,lungs ,,of ,,cattle4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,the ,,liver4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,lymph ,,gland ,,and ,,of ,,omentum 7,,caul74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,sirloin ,,and ,,porterhouse ,,cuts ,,of ,,beef4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,pleura ,,of ,a ,,cow1 ,,so-,,called ,,pearly ,,disease4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,tuberculosis ,,of ,,cow',s ,,udder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tuberculosis4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,tuberculosis of the lungs of cattle4 ,the upper figure represents a large cheesy mass1 surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue1 the whole embedded in healthy lung tissue4 ,the lower figure illustrates in section a mass of tubercles which have undergone cheesy degeneration1 and some of which are surrounded by dense connective tissue4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,tuberculosis of the liver4 ,a large portion of the lobe represented in the plate has undergone tuberculous changes4 ,numerous nodules are shown in various stages of the disease1 the majority of which1 however1 contain the yellowish1 partly cheesy1 partly gritty areas characteristic of advanced tuberculous degeneration4 ,this large mass involves the surface of the liver1 and also extends into the liver substance4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,tuberculosis of lymph gland and of omentum 7caul74 ,fig4 #a4 ,a lymph gland from the region of the thorax behind or above the esophagus1 or gullet 7posterior1 or dorsal1 mediastinum74 ,the gland is shown cut through and laid open4 ,it is very much enlarged1 and the yellowish cheesy masses which represent tissue undergoing tuberculous changes are well shown on the cut surface4 ,fig4 #b4 ,omentum1 or caul1 resting upon the paunch4 ,the reddish nodules with which the membrane is beset are tubercles1 the product of the disease4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,tuberculosis of the sirloin and porterhouse cuts of beef4 ,the grapelike tuberculous growths are mainly restricted to the lining membrane of the abdomen4 ,fig4 #b4 ,tuberculosis of the pleura of a cow1 so-called pearly disease4 ,notice the grapelike clusters of tubercular nodules scattered over the lining membrane of the chest 7pleura74 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,tuberculosis of cow's udder4 ,the udder was uniformly swollen and quite firm4 ,small cheesy foci and yellowish lines of tuberculous material follow the course of the milk ducts4 ,the mucous membrane of the milk cistern 7a7 is ulcerated and covered with yellowish cheesy particles4 ,the supramammary lymphatic gland 7b7 is greatly enlarged and contains many miliary tubercular foci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tuberculosis in the abdominal organs is often signalized by abortion and by abnormal sexual manifestations4 ,when the brain is involved1 the disease may cause convulsions1 unconsciousness1 paralysis1 as well as peculiar movements in a circle1 oblique position of the head1 etc4 ,lydtin quotes the following description of the disease as taken from a ,swiss sanitary order3 ,a dry1 short1 interrupted1 hoarse cough1 which the sick animals manifest1 especially in the morning at feeding time1 still more after somewhat violent exertion4 ,at first these animals may be full blooded and lay on a considerable amount of fat when well fed4 ,as the disease progresses they grow thin and show more and more those appearances which indicate diseased nutrition1 such as a staring1 lusterless1 disheveled coat2 dirty1 tense skin1 which appears very pale in those regions free from hair4 ,the temperature of the skin is below normal4 ,the loss of fat causes sinking of the eyes in their sockets4 ,they appear swimming in water1 and their expression is weak4 ,the cough is more frequent1 but never or very rarely accompanied with discharge4 ,the body continues to emaciate1 even with plenty of food and a good appetite1 so that the quantity of milk is small4 ,at times in the early stages of the disease1 still more in the later stages1 the diseased animals manifest considerable tenderness when pressure is applied to the front or the sides of the chest by coughing1 moaning1 etc4 ,often symptoms are wanting in spite of the existence of the disease4 ,lydtin also quotes at length a description of the abnormal sexual desire occasionally observed among cows when affected with this disease4 ,diagnosis4--,a disease so varied in its attack upon the different organs of the body and in the extent of the disease process must necessarily lead to mistakes when diagnosis is attempted by ordinary means of examination4 ,it has been confounded with the later stages of pleuropneumonia1 with parasitic diseases of the brain1 the lungs1 the intestines1 and with actinomycosis4 ,a careful examination of the lungs by auscultation and percussion enables the expert to locate large tuberculous masses1 owing to dullness1 loss of respiratory murmur1 and abnormal sounds1 such as blowing1 whistling1 and creaking4 ,the majority of cases of tuberculosis in cattle1 however1 including many in which the lungs are quite seriously involved1 can not be detected in this manner4 ,,the ,,tuberculin ,,test4 ,the tuberculin test1 which is marvelously accurate in its indications1 has been almost universally adopted for the detection of tuberculosis4 ,tuberculin is a drug prepared by sterilizing1 filtering1 and concentrating the liquids in which the tubercle bacillus has been allowed to vegetate4 ,it contains the cooked products of the growth of these bacilli1 but no living bacilli2 consequently1 when this substance is injected under the skin of an animal it is absolutely unable to produce the disease1 cause abortion1 or otherwise injure the animal4 ,in case the injected animal is normal there is no more effect upon the system than would be expected from the injection of sterile water2 however1 if the animal is tuberculous1 a decided rise of temperature will follow the use of tuberculin by the subcutaneous method4 ,this substance1 discovered by ,koch1 has the effect1 when injected into the tissues of a tuberculous animal1 of causing a decided rise of temperature or other manifestations while it has no such effect upon animals free from the disease4 ,the value of tuberculin for this purpose was tested during the years #ahij and #ahia by ,guttman1 ,roeckl and ,schtz1 ,bang and ,salomonsen1 ,lydtin1 ,jhne and ,siedamgrotzky1 ,nocard1 and many others4 ,it was at once recognized as a most remarkable and accurate method of detecting tuberculosis even in the early stages and when the disease had yet made but little progress4 ,it is now quite generally employed4 ,the tuberculin test came into existence through the most careful and thorough scientific experimentation4 ,as a result of its use an accurate diagnosis may be established in more than #ij per cent of the cases tested4 ,the relatively few failures in diagnoses are included among two classes of cattle4 ,the first class contains those that are tuberculous1 but which do not react either because of the slight effect of an ordinary-sized dose of tuberculin on an advanced case of the disease with so much natural tuberculin already in the system1 or on account of a recent previous test with tuberculin which produces a tolerance to this material1 lasting for about six weeks4 ,the second class includes those that are not tuberculous1 but which show indications of a reaction as a result of 7a7 advanced pregnancy1 7b7 the excitement of oestrum1 7c7 concurrent diseases1 as inflammation of the lungs1 intestines1 uterus1 udder1 or other parts1 abortion1 retention of afterbirth1 indigestion1 etc41 7d7 inclosure in a hot1 stuffy stable1 especially in summer1 or exposure to cold drafts or rains1 7e7 any change in the method of feeding1 watering1 or stabling of the animal during the test4 ,notwithstanding all these possibilities of error1 the results of thousands of tests show that in less than #c per cent of the cases tested do these failures actually occur4 ,in the first class the chances of error are decidedly reduced by the skilled veterinarian by making careful physical examination and diagnosing clinically these advanced cases1 and by the injection of double or triple doses into all recently tested cattle1 with the taking of the after-temperature1 beginning two hours following the injection and continuing hourly for #bj hours4 ,it is therefore apparent that tuberculin should be applied only by or under the direction of a competent veterinarian1 capable not only of injecting the tuberculin but also of interpreting the results1 and particularly of picking out all clinical cases by physical examination4 ,the latter observation is extremely important and should always be made on every animal tested4 ,in the second class1 where the temperature test is used1 errors are avoided by eliminating from the test those cases that are nearing parturition or are in heat or show evidence of the previously mentioned diseases or exhibit temperatures sufficiently high to make them unreliable for use as normal4 ,where other methods of test are used these conditions do not have an important bearing on the results4 ,in addition1 a satisfactory tuberculin must be used2 also an accurate thermometer and a reliable syringe1 in order that a sufficient dose of tuberculin may be given4 ,finally1 the number of apparent errors of the tuberculin test will be greatly diminished if a careful post-mortem examination is made1 giving especial attention to the lymph glands4 ,this low percentage of failures being the case1 cattle owners should welcome the tuberculin test1 not only for their own interest but for the welfare of the public as well4 ,where this method of diagnosing the disease has been adopted tuberculosis is gradually being eradicated4 ,without its use the disease can not be controlled and the owner is confronted with serious and continuous losses2 with its use the disease can be eradicated from the herd1 a clean herd established in a few years without very serious loss or hardship1 and the danger of its spread to man removed4 ,tuberculin may therefore be considered a most beneficial discovery for the stock raiser4 ,law has clearly stated the question when he says-- ,many stock owners still entertain an ignorant and unwarranted dread of the tuberculin test4 ,it is true that when recklessly used by ignorant and careless people it may be made a root of evil1 yet as employed by the intelligent and careful expert it is not only perfectly safe1 but it is the only known means of ascertaining approximately the actual number affected in a given herd4 ,in most infected herds living under what are in other respects good hygienic conditions two-thirds or three-fourths are not to be detected without its aid1 so that in clearing a herd from tuberculosis and placing both herd and products above suspicion the test becomes essential4 99 99 99 ,in skilled hands the tuberculin test will show at least nine-tenths of all cases of tuberculosis when other methods of diagnosis will not detect one-tenth4 ,probably the most popular objection to tuberculin is that it is too searching1 since it discovers cases in which the lesions are small and obscure4 ,while this fact is admitted1 it should also be remembered that such a small lesion to-day may break down and become widely disseminated in a relatively short period4 ,therefore any cow affected with tuberculosis1 even to a slight degree1 must be considered as dangerous not only to the other animals in the herd but also to the consumer of her products4 ,in #ahih ,bang1 of ,copenhagen1 one of the highest ,european authorities1 in his paper presented to the ,congress for the ,study of ,human and ,animal ,tuberculosis1 at ,paris1 said3 ,numerous tests made in almost every civilized country have demonstrated that in the majority of cases tuberculin is an excellent means for diagnosing the existence or nonexistence of the disease1 but giving us no positive information as to the extent to which the disease has progressed4 ,when tuberculin produces a typical reaction we may be almost sure that there exists in the body of the animal a tubercular process4 ,the cases in which a careful examiner has not succeeded in finding it are very rare1 and ,i am led to believe that when1 notwithstanding all the pains taken1 it has escaped discovery1 the reason is that it is located in a portion of the body that is particularly inaccessible4 ,nevertheless1 it is not to be denied that a fever1 entirely accidental and of short duration1 may in some rare cases have simulated a reaction4 ,however this may be1 the error committed in wrongly condemning an occasional animal for tuberculosis is of no practical consequence4 ,a worse aspect of the case is that there are some diseased animals in which tuberculin fails to discover the existence of tuberculosis4 ,in most of these1 no doubt1 the deposits are old1 insignificant1 and generally calcified1 or they are cases where the disease is arrested and perhaps in process of recovery1 and which are possibly incapable of disseminating the contagion4 ,but it is known that there are cases1 not altogether rare1 where tuberculin fails to cause a reaction in a highly tuberculous animal1 and consequently one in which the disease exists in an extremely contagious form4 ,for this reason a clinical examination should always be made of an animal which does not give a reaction but which shows symptoms indicating that1 notwithstanding the test1 it may suffer from tuberculosis4 ,nocard1 of ,paris1 wrote also in #ahih as follows3 ,the degree of certainty of the indications furnished may be stated in precise terms4 ,the observation of a clear reaction to tuberculin is unequivocal2 the animal is tuberculous4 ,the pretended errors imputed to the method are explained by the extreme sensitiveness of the reagent1 which is capable of detecting the smallest lesion4 ,it often requires prolonged and minute researches in the depths of all the tissues to discover the few miliary centers1 the presence of which has been revealed4 ,the reaction is absolutely specific4 ,in those cases where it is observed with animals which show lesions of another disease 7actinomycosis1 hydatid disease1 verminous bronchitis1 distomatosis71 it may be affirmed that there exists1 in addition to these conspicuous changes1 a tuberculous center which alone has provoked the reaction4 ,the failure to react does not necessarily imply absence of tuberculosis4 ,such failures of tuberculin are very exceptional4 ,they are seen most frequently with animals affected with tuberculosis in a very advanced stage and made evident by plain external signs4 ,sometimes1 also1 there are found at the post-mortem examination of animals which have not reacted small fibrous or calcified lesions in such a condition that one is tempted to believe them cured4 ,whether sterile or not1 these lesions have no tendency to increase1 and they are not very dangerous from the point of view of contagion4 ,these opinions of two eminent authorities1 living in different countries1 after long experience of their own and after studying the results of the many tests made in different parts of the world1 should have great weight4 ,they are essentially the same throughout4 ,in #ahig ,voges compiled statistics of tuberculin tests1 the accuracy of which had been determined by post-mortem examination4 ,of #g1cbg animals tested1 it appeared that errors had been made with #bjd1 or #b4gh per cent4 ,in the work of the ,pennsylvania ,live ,stock ,sanitary ,board post-mortem examinations were made on about #d1djj reacting cattle and the disease was found in all but #h of those which had given characteristic reactions4 ,the results of a much larger number of tests might be compiled at this time1 but they would not materially change the average of those already mentioned4 ,it is plain that tuberculin is a remarkably accurate test of tuberculosis1 that the animals which react may be safely considered as tuberculous1 and that when a careful clinical examination is practiced in addition to the test there are few animals in a dangerous condition which escape detection4 ,the first questions asked by those who oppose the adoption of the tuberculin tests are3 ,is this test infallible8 and1 if it is not infallible1 why should it be forced upon the cattle owners of the country8 ,in answer to these questions it may be said that tuberculin is not absolutely infallible1 and yet it is by far the best method of diagnosing tuberculosis that has been discovered4 ,it is much better than any test known for pleuropneumonia when that disease was eradicated4 ,practically all the animals that react are affected with tuberculosis and should be separated from the herd1 not only in the interest of the public1 but in the interest of the owner of the herd4 ,the best authorities admit1 after studying many thousands of tests1 that there are few1 if any1 mistakes made in condemning cattle which show a typical tuberculin reaction4 ,the errors are principally in the other direction--that is1 some tuberculous animals are not discovered by the tuberculin test1 but as the most dangerous of these may be picked out by ordinary clinical examination this fault of tuberculin is not so serious as it at first sight appears4 ,this being the case1 it should not be necessary to force the tuberculin test upon owners4 ,they should be anxious to adopt it in their own interests and for the protection of their patrons4 ,there is to-day no greater danger to the cattle and hog industries than that which confronts them in the form of tuberculosis1 a disease already widespread and rapidly extending4 ,furthermore1 in view of the results revealed by numerous tests covering vast numbers of animals1 tuberculin must be considered as harmless for healthy animals4 ,it has also been clearly demonstrated that tuberculin interferes in no way with the milking function in healthy cattle2 neither in the quantity of milk nor in butter-fat value has any variation been detected4 ,the conclusions of some of the best authorities on the subject of its harmlessness to healthy animals are given below4 ,nocard and ,leclainche state3 ,direct experiments and observations collected by thousands show that the tuberculin injections have no unfavorable effect4 ,with healthy animals the system is indifferent to the inoculation2 with tuberculous animals it causes slight changes which are not at all serious4 ,bang has written as follows on this question3 ,we will now consider the following question1 a very important one1 in the application of tuberculin1 viz3 ,can the reaction produce a worse condition in tuberculous animals than before existed8 ,hess emphatically states that it can1 and on this account he earnestly warns against its application4 ,my attention has been directed to this question from the beginning4 ,in my first publication on tuberculin injection ,i reported two cases in which acute miliary tuberculosis was proved in two high-grade tuberculous cows several weeks after the tuberculin injection4 ,i then stated my suspicion that perhaps the tuberculin injection had some connection with this1 just as is often supposed to be the case in human practice4 ,with my present very large amount of material for observation at hand ,i may express the following opinion3 ,such an acute development of tuberculosis as a result of tuberculin injection is to be feared only exceptionally1 and then in cases of advanced tuberculosis4 ,it must not be forgotten that acute miliary tuberculosis by no means rarely accompanies an advanced tuberculosis of long standing4 ,it is therefore impossible to offer strict proof of the causal connection with the injection1 and only oft-repeated observation could make this probable4 ,in support of my view ,i offer the following3 ,in the course of the last three years ,i have made careful post-mortem examinations of #hc tuberculous animals1 which have been removed from my experiment farm1 ,thurebylille4 ,among these were #ah 7or1 strictly speaking1 #bc7 high-grade tuberculous animals4 ,i have been able to prove miliary tuberculosis in only #d of these4 ,among the others1 which showed less developed tuberculosis1 ,i have never found miliary tuberculosis1 and with very many ,i have never found any sign of a more rapid development of the process4 ,on the contrary1 it has been proved that the disease was restricted locally1 often for years1 in spite of yearly repeated injections4 ,dissections were made at very different periods after the injections--in #ag cases from #d to #ab days after the last test4 ,in all of these cases earlier tests had been made months or years before4 ,in #bh cases the injection took place from #ai days to #b months before the butchering2 in #c of these cases earlier injections had been made4 ,in #ch cases from two and one-half months to one year intervened between the last injection and the dissection4 ,dissection gives the best explanation of this question1 but a clinical observation1 continued for years1 of a herd tested with tuberculin can render very essential aid4 ,if ,hess's opinion is correct1 it is to be assumed that tuberculosis must take an unusually vicious course in such herds1 but this ,i have been unable to prove4 ,at ,thurebylille there has existed for three years a reacting division1 consisting originally of #aca head and now #fi4 ,although these animals are yearly tested1 and although most of them react every year1 the division certainly appears to be made up of healthy animals1 and the farm inspector has expressed the decided opinion that the tuberculosis in this division is no more developed than at the beginning of the experiment4 ,the testimony of many owners of large herds of cattle which have long ago been injected is to the same effect4 ,i will adduce statements from several4 ,a farm tenant whose cattle were injected #bj months previously1 when #hb per cent of the grown animals reacted1 wrote me recently as follows3 ,only #b cows from the division of #ajj head had been sold as decidedly tuberculous4 ,the majority appeared afterwards1 just as before1 entirely healthy4 ,the fat animals which had been slaughtered had been pronounced healthy by the butchers4 ,another farm tenant with a herd injected in #ahid had not been obliged to remove a single animal from the tuberculosis division1 numbering #gj head4 ,a large farm owner in ,jutland stated in ,september that he had traced no undesirable result from the injection4 ,his herd of #cej had been injected in ,february and about #ge per cent reacted4 ,similar answers have been given by other owners and veterinarians4 ,a veterinarian who had injected #fjj animals1 among them a herd of a large farm1 #ah months previously1 expressed the belief that the injection had produced in no single case an unusually rapid or vicious course of tuberculosis4 ,in spite of a demand made months ago1 ,i have received thus far no report from any veterinarian of an undesirable result4 ,on a large farm1 on which before the injection tuberculosis had appeared in a vicious form1 the owner had the impression that the severe cases had afterwards become more numerous4 ,he had1 however1 not suffered severe losses1 and #h months later the large reacting division by no means made a bad impression4 ,finally1 it is to be noticed that tuberculin has been employed on a large scale in ,denmark for years1 and still the demand from farmers constantly increases4 ,this could certainly not be the case if the injections were generally followed by bad results4 ,paige said1 after the tests of the herd of the ,massachusetts ,agricultural ,college1 that its use is not followed by any ill effects of a serious or permanent nature4 ,lamson1 of the ,new ,hampshire ,college ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 said3 ,there is abundant testimony that its use is not in any way injurious to a healthy animal4 ,conn1 who made a special study of the present attitude of ,european science toward tuberculosis in cattle1 reached the following conclusions3 ,it has been1 from the first1 thought by some that the use of tuberculin produces a direct injury upon the inoculated animals4 ,this1 however1 is undoubtedly a mistake1 and there is no longer any belief anywhere on the part of scientists that the injury thus produced is worthy of note4 ,in the first place1 the idea that it may produce the disease in a perfectly healthy animal by the inoculation is absolutely fallacious4 ,the tuberculin does not contain the tubercle bacillus1 and it is absolutely certain that it is impossible to produce a case of tuberculosis in an animal unless the tubercle bacilli are present4 ,the use of tuberculin1 therefore1 certainly can never produce the disease in the inoculated animal4 ,it has been more widely believed1 however1 that the inoculation of an animal with this material has a tendency to stimulate an incipient case of tuberculosis4 ,it has been thought that an animal with a very slight case of the disease may1 after inoculation1 show a very rapid extension of this disease and be speedily brought to a condition where it is beyond any use4 ,the reasons given for this have been the apparent activity of the tuberculosis infection in animals that have been slaughtered shortly after inoculation4 ,this has been claimed1 not only by agriculturists who have not understood the subject well1 but also by veterinarians and bacteriologists4 ,but here1 too1 we must recognize that the claim has been disproved1 and that there is now a practical unanimity of opinion on the part of all who are best calculated to judge that such an injurious effect does not occur4 ,even those who have been most pronounced in the claim that there is injury thus resulting from tuberculin have1 little by little1 modified their claim1 until at the present time they say either that the injury which they formerly claimed does not occur or that the stimulus of the disease is so slight that it should be absolutely neglected in view of the great value which may arise from the use of tuberculin4 ,apart from two or three who hold this very moderate opinion1 all bacteriologists and veterinarians unite in agreeing that there is no evidence for believing that any injury results4 ,in ,denmark1 especially1 many hundreds of thousands of animals have been inoculated1 and the veterinarians say there is absolutely no reason in all their experience for believing that the tuberculin inoculation is followed by any injurious results4 ,in #ahih tuberculosis was found in the large ,shorthorn herd belonging to ,w4 ,c4 ,edwards1 of ,canada1 who with commendable promptness and public spirit had his animals tested1 and at once proceeded to separate the diseased from the healthy animals4 ,they were all finely bred animals1 and of the very class which we have been told are most susceptible to the injurious effects of tuberculin4 ,after using this test regularly for two years1 ,mr4 ,edwards wrote as follows3 ,i have seen nothing to lead me to believe that the tuberculin test had any injurious influence on the course of the disease4 ,it is by no means our opinion that the disease has been stimulated or aggravated by the application of the tuberculin test4 ,all animals that we have tested two or three times continue as hale and hearty as they were previously1 and not one animal in our herds has broken down or failed in any way since we began testing4 ,mr4 ,edwards1 in ,december1 #aija1 verbally stated that his views as to the harmlessness of tuberculin remained unchanged1 and that he had not seen the least ill effect in any of his cattle from its use4 ,those who have had most experience with tuberculin have failed to observe any injurious effects following its use upon healthy cattle4 ,with tuberculous cattle it produces a fever of short duration1 and in the great majority of cases all derangement of the system which it causes disappears within #dh hours after the tuberculin is administered4 ,there appear to have been a very few cases in which the disease was aggravated1 and a greater number in which it was benefited by the injection of tuberculin4 ,the cases of abortion following the tuberculin test have not been numerous1 even when cows were tested within a few weeks of the normal time of calving4 ,the few cases of this kind which have occurred may be explained by the fact that abortion in cattle is a very common occurrence1 and that it would inevitably happen sometimes after the tuberculin test as a mere coincidence and without any relation between the test and the loss of the calf4 ,the cases of abortion which have been cited appear to be no more numerous than might be expected to have occurred among the same number of cattle within the same period if the test had not been applied4 ,at the present time there is ample evidence to show that tuberculin is the most reliable means of detecting tuberculosis in the living animal and that its use is not attended by any harmful aftereffects4 ,an act of ,congress was approved ,july #bd1 #aiai1 for the purpose of controlling and eradicating tuberculosis of animals4 ,the official means of detecting tuberculosis in the living animal is the tuberculin test1 which may be applied by three different methods--the subcutaneous1 the intradermic1 and the ophthalmic4 ,it is not necessary to discuss here the details of these three methods1 which are made use of in the work of eradication of tuberculosis4 ,the plan adopted by the ,state and ,federal authorities in eradication of the disease is known as ,the ,accredited-,herd ,plan4 ,under this plan herds are tested under ,state and ,federal supervision1 the diseased animals are appraised1 removed1 and slaughtered under ,federal inspection4 ,retests are then made after definite periods of time until two successive tests show all the animals to be free from the disease4 ,at this time the herd owner is given a certificate of an accredited herd4 ,details concerning the accredited-herd plan may be obtained by applying to the ,chief of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,tuberculin ,,tests4 ,testing animals with tuberculin is the process of introducing tuberculin into the animal and interpreting results according to well-known standards4 ,from the investigations and observations that have been mentioned1 it may be safely concluded-- #a4 ,that the tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of determining whether an animal is affected with tuberculosis4 #b4 ,that by its use the animals diseased with tuberculosis may be detected and removed from the herd1 thereby eradicating the disease4 #c4 ,that it has no injurious effect upon healthy cattle4 #d4 ,that the comparatively small number of cattle which have aborted1 suffered in health1 or fallen off in condition after the test were either diseased before it was made or were affected by some cause other than the tuberculin4 ,,the ,,subcutaneous ,,test 7,,under ,,the ,,skin74 ,the most frequently used method of testing is the subcutaneous test1 which consists in injecting the proper quantity of tuberculin underneath the skin into the subcutaneous tissue4 ,if an animal is tuberculous1 the action of the tuberculin causes a fever1 which is indicated by a rise in temperature4 ,this rise1 under ordinary conditions1 may occur any time between the eighth and twentieth hours after the tuberculin is injected1 but in some cases it is desirable to measure the temperature before the eighth hour and continue to the twenty-fourth hour or longer4 ,the temperatures are measured at least #c times in advance of the injection1 at #b-;hour intervals1 to learn whether the animal is in proper condition to receive the test4 ,the temperatures after injection are taken every #b hours until the test is completed4 ,the proper interpretation of the temperatures is made by the person applying the test1 and a careful observance of any clinical changes is always important in determining the result4 ,it can not be set forth too strongly that the test1 including the two following methods1 should be attempted only by those who are properly qualified to do the work4 ,,the ,,intradermic ,,test 7,,into ,,the ,,skin74 ,the intradermic test for detecting tuberculosis is used to a considerable extent1 especially in area work and on range cattle not easily controlled4 ,when made by those who have become skilled in its application1 it is very accurate4 ,in this test the tuberculin is injected between the layers of the skin1 only a few drops being used1 and it is usually applied in the region at the base of the tail1 where the skin is soft and nearly hairless4 ,the intradermic test is satisfactory also for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in swine and1 when so used1 the tuberculin is applied into the skin of the ear near its base4 ,the reaction from the intradermic test consists of a swelling at the point of injection and is observed from #gb to #aej hours after the injection4 ,the character of the swelling varies1 and a proper diagnosis of tuberculosis by this test can be made only by an experienced person4 ,,the ,,ophthalmic ,,test 7,,into ,,the ,,eye74 ,still another method1 known as the ophthalmic test1 is used quite frequently and has been found to be of considerable value in what is known as check testing2 that is1 it is used in connection with either of the previously described methods4 ,sometimes a tuberculous animal that fails to react to those tests shows evidence of the disease upon the application of the ophthalmic test4 ,the ophthalmic tuberculin is placed in one eye and the other eye is used as a check4 ,a reaction is indicated by a characteristic discharge from the eye receiving the treatment1 which may occur in from #c to #aj hours after the application or even later4 ,some swelling and inflammation of the eye and lids are often noted4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,tuberculosis4 ,treatment of the disease is not seriously considered by any authorities at the present time4 ,the measures to be adopted to prevent the spreading of the disease must take into consideration not only the tubercle bacillus1 but likewise all those circumstances that make cattle more susceptible to the disease1 and which have already been dwelt upon4 ,it would be useless to repeat here all that has been said above on the transmission of tubercle bacilli from one animal to another1 and on the dangers of certain debilitating influences4 ,a careful study of these influences will show how tuberculosis may1 at least in some cases1 be prevented4 ,great care should be bestowed upon the breeding1 the surroundings1 and the feed of the animal1 so that the latter may be put into a condition to resist infection even when exposed to it4 ,a tuberculin test should be applied to all strange cattle before they are introduced into the herd1 and those which show a reaction should be refused4 ,a rigid exclusion of tuberculous animals is all that is necessary to prevent the appearance of the disease1 provided cattle are not infected by consumptive persons and animals4 ,the transmission of the disease from man to cattle is probably not frequent1 but is regarded as a possible source of infection4 ,tuberculosis in cattle must also be considered as bearing upon tuberculosis of other domesticated animals1 particularly hogs4 ,in ,europe and the ,united ,states this disease is not uncommon among hogs1 and appears to be on the increase4 ,the reason for its existence may be looked for in the feeding of pigs with skim milk1 buttermilk1 and whey from creameries1 with the offal of the abattoirs1 with the household refuse generally1 and behind tuberculous cattle4 ,if tuberculosis is common among cattle1 it is likely to be transmitted to hogs kept in this way4 ,the carcasses of animals which have died of tuberculosis should be buried deeply so that they can not be eaten by other animals4 ,this is likewise true of all organs or tissues of slaughtered animals containing tubercles4 ,these should never be fed to other animals1 such as hogs1 dogs1 and cats1 and should either be destroyed by fire or deeply buried4 ,when any of the animals in a herd of cattle show evident symptoms of tuberculosis1 or when the tuberculin test proves that they are affected with this disease1 the best method of procedure in most cases is to have the affected animals slaughtered and the stables disinfected4 ,a large proportion of the animals which are slightly affected yield carcasses which are perfectly wholesome and fit for human food1 but in all such cases there should be an inspection by an expert at the time of slaughter to determine which carcasses may be used and which should be destroyed4 ,the disinfection of stables may be accomplished by thoroughly cleaning them1 scrubbing the floors with hot water1 brushing down all loose dust from the walls1 and tearing off all woodwork which is partly decayed4 ,then the whole interior of the stable should be covered with a good coat of limewash containing #a part of formalin 7which is a #dj per cent watery solution of formaldehyde7 to #cj parts of the lime wash1 or #d ounces of formalin to each gallon of lime wash4 ,similar precautions should be observed in removing the manure of the infected herd from the barnyard and other places accessible to cattle1 since it is known that tuberculous cattle frequently eliminate large numbers of tubercle bacilli through the feces4 ,the ground under the manure pile should then be disinfected1 either by the above-mentioned formalin solution or by unslaked lime thickly sprinkled over the soil4 ,if all the animals which react are destroyed and the stables disinfected in this manner1 the herd should remain free from the disease unless other affected animals are added to it4 ,the introduction of the disease in this manner may be avoided by requiring a tuberculin test of all new animals admitted on the premises4 ,unfortunately it is a fact that tuberculous animals which have been tested several times may become so accustomed to tuberculin that they will no longer react2 consequently it is always advisable to purchase cattle from some one who is known to be reliable1 as otherwise animals of this kind may be treated with tuberculin for the purpose of hiding the disease4 ,in the case of very valuable purebred animals and under exceptional circumstances it may be more advantageous to retain the reacting animals which are in good condition in order to breed from them and in that manner avoid the excessive loss which would follow from their immediate slaughter4 ,this may be done if proper precautions are adopted4 ,the disposal of reactors depends upon the ,state laws and live-stock regulations of the ,state in which the herd belongs4 ,if this policy is followed it should be attempted only after careful study of the plan known as the ,bang method of controlling tuberculosis4 ,the live-stock officials of the ,state should be frequently consulted and their advice followed2 otherwise failure will surely ensue4 ,the plan necessitates considerable trouble and is not recommended except under the circumstances mentioned4 ,,bovine ,,tuberculosis ,,and ,,the ,,public ,,health4 ,the increasing amount of evidence pointing to the identity of human and animal tuberculosis1 combined with the extraordinary mortality of human beings from this disease1 often amounting to #aj to #ad per cent1 has raised the question in all civilized countries as to how far animal1 and especially bovine1 tuberculosis is to blame for this high mortality4 ,the medical and veterinary professions have approached this problem with equal zeal1 and much has come to light within recent years which enables us to come to some conclusion4 ,if this disease is transmitted from animals to man1 how does the transmission take place8 ,as comparatively few people come in direct contact with tuberculous cattle1 it must be either through the meat1 the milk1 the butter1 the cheese1 or through all these products that the virus enters the human body4 ,the question has thus narrowed itself down to the food products furnished by cattle4 ,it has become a very urgent question1 especially in the poorer countries of ,europe1 whether all flesh from tuberculous animals is unfit for human food4 ,it is argued there that if it can be shown that in the majority of cases of tuberculosis the bones and the muscular system are free from infection1 there is no reason why the meat should not be put on sale under certain restrictions4 ,the question may be resolved into two divisions3 7#a7 ,how frequently does the disease invade those parts of the body which are used as food8 7#b7 ,when the disease process is manifestly restricted to the internal organs1 do tubercle bacilli circulate in the blood and lymph and can they be detected in the muscular tissue8 7#a7 ,disease of the bones is not unknown1 although very rare4 ,according to ,walley1 it appears chiefly in the spongy bones of the head and backbone and in the long bones of the limbs4 ,occasionally the ends of the bones1 where they are covered by the synovial membrane of the joints1 are dotted with tubercles4 ,the muscular system itself is very rarely the seat of tuberculous deposits1 although the lymphatic glands lying near and among the muscles may be not infrequently diseased4 7#b7 ,whether tubercle bacilli are found in muscle juice independent of any tuberculous deposits is a question which must be approached experimentally4 ,there is on record a great variety of opinions on this matter1 some authorities considering all flesh from tuberculous animals unfit for food1 while others hold a contrary view4 ,experiments have shown that in rare cases the flesh of tuberculous cattle contains a small number of tubercle bacilli4 ,in ,germany the flesh of animals in which the disease is just beginning1 or in which it is restricted to one or more related organs1 is not rejected4 ,when1 however1 the disease has affected the muscles or bones1 or lymphatic glands situated on or between them1 the flesh is condemned as unfit and dangerous4 ,animals are also rejected in which it is evident1 from the general distribution of tubercles throughout the various organs1 that the bacilli have been distributed by the blood and may have been carried into the muscular system 7generalized tuberculosis74 ,concerning the infectious nature of milk secreted by tuberculous cows1 authorities have universally agreed that when the udder itself is in the slightest degree involved the milk possesses infectious properties1 and is therefore dangerous4 ,tubercle bacilli in large numbers have been found in the milk and the udder under such circumstances4 ,unlike other affections of the udder1 tuberculosis of this organ does not at once change the appearance and the quality of the milk secreted4 ,bang states that for at least a month after the disease has appeared the milk is normal in appearance and may be consumed and sold without arousing the suspicion of the owner4 ,considerable danger is1 therefore1 involved in this disease1 and the necessity for the careful inspection of dairy cows seems more urgent than ever4 ,authorities are1 however1 not fully agreed as to whether the milk from tuberculous cows in which the udder is apparently not invaded by the disease should be considered dangerous or not4 ,some incline to the belief that the milk secreted by healthy udders is never infectious1 even when the lungs or other organs are affected2 that1 in other words1 the tubercle bacilli are rarely1 if ever1 separated from the lesions which they produce1 and that the udder itself must be diseased before tubercle bacilli can appear in the milk4 ,experiments made with the milk of tuberculous cows in which there were no indications of udder disease do not bear out this theory1 since tubercle bacilli have been found in their milk4 ,some authorities still believe that the udder is diseased when the milk is infected1 but that the disease escapes observation4 ,however this may be1 the fact that the udder may be diseased and the disease not recognizable simply casts suspicion upon all milk from tuberculous animals4 ,we know that the milk of tuberculous cattle may or may not contain tubercle bacilli when the udder is apparently free from disease1 but we have no rapid method of determining whether in any given case the milk contains tubercle bacilli or not4 ,moreover1 the bacilli may be absent at one time and present at another in milk from the same cow4 ,when we consider1 therefore1 the extent of tuberculosis and the hidden character of the disease1 a certain degree of suspicion rests upon all milk from untested cattle4 ,fortunately1 tubercle bacilli are readily destroyed by the temperature of boiling water1 and hence both meat and milk are made safe1 the former by the various processes of cooking1 the latter by boiling for a few moments4 ,it is incumbent upon all communities to have dairy cows examined and tested with tuberculin4 ,if disease is detected1 the affected animal should be killed at once or else all opportunity for the sale of such milk removed by appropriate measures4 ,where milk or cream is sold to the trade in large towns or cities pasteurization should be required as an additional safeguard4 ,recently there has been much discussion of the question as to whether human and animal tuberculosis are identical diseases and as to the possibility of the tuberculosis of animals being transmitted to man or that of man being transmitted to animals4 ,the fact that tuberculous material from human subjects often failed to produce serious disease in cattle was observed by a number of the earlier investigators who experimented with such virus4 ,it was the experiments and comparative studies of ,theobald ,smith1 however1 which attracted special attention to the difference in virulence shown by tubercle bacilli from human and bovine sources when inoculated upon cattle4 ,smith mentioned also certain morphological and cultural differences in bacilli from these two sources1 and in the location and histology of the lesions in cattle produced by such bacilli4 ,he did not conclude1 however1 that bovine bacilli could not produce disease in the human subject1 but said3 ,it seems to me that1 accepting the clinical evidence on hand1 bovine tuberculosis may be transmitted to children when the body is overpowered by large numbers of bacilli1 as in udder tuberculosis1 or when certain unknown favorable conditions exist4 ,koch1 however1 in his address at the ,british ,congress on ,tuberculosis1 went far beyond this and maintained that human tuberculosis differs from bovine and can not be transmitted to cattle4 ,as to the susceptibility of man to bovine tuberculosis1 he said it was not yet absolutely decided1 but one was nevertheless already at liberty to say that1 if such a susceptibility really exists1 the infection of human beings is but a very rare occurrence4 ,he emphasizes this view in the following language3 ,i should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tubercular cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than that of hereditary transmission1 and ,i therefore do not deem it advisable to take any measures against it4 ,this conclusion was so radically different from the views of most experimenters and so out of harmony with facts which had apparently been demonstrated by others that it at once aroused opposition in the congress1 followed by the adoption of dissenting resolutions1 and led to numerous investigations in various countries4 ,koch's conclusions were based upon his failure to produce tuberculosis in cattle and other animals by inoculating them with tuberculous material of human origin and his success in causing progressive and fatal tuberculosis in the same kinds of animals when inoculated with tuberculous material of bovine origin4 ,with such positiveness did he hold to the constant and specific difference between the human and bovine bacillus that he promulgated an experimental method of discriminating between them4 ,speaking of the etiology of intestinal tuberculosis in man1 he said3 ,hitherto nobody could decide with certainty in such a case whether the tuberculosis of the intestine was of human or of animal origin4 ,now we can diagnose them4 ,all that is necessary is to cultivate in pure culture the tubercle bacilli found in the tubercular material1 and to ascertain whether they belong to bovine tuberculosis by inoculating cattle with them4 ,for this purpose ,i recommend subcutaneous injection1 which yields quite specially characteristic and convincing results4 ,these important and comprehensive conclusions followed from a comparatively few experiments upon animals1 and apparently no effort had been made to learn to what extent human tubercle bacilli may differ in their virulence for cattle or what grades of virulence there might be among bacilli of bovine origin4 ,vagedes had already shown that bacilli were sometimes present in human lesions which were as virulent as bovine bacilli1 but his work was wholly ignored by ,koch4 ,a considerable number of investigators1 including ,chauveau1 ,vagedes1 ,ravenel1 ,de ,schweinitz1 ,mohler1 ,de ,jong1 ,delpine1 ,orth1 ,stenstrm1 ,fibiger and ,jensen1 ,max ,wolff1 ,nocard1 ,arloing1 ,behring1 ,dean and ,todd1 ,hamilton and ,young1 the ,german ,tuberculosis ,commission1 and ,theobald ,smith1 have found tubercle bacilli in the bodies of human beings who died of tuberculosis which proved to have about the same virulence for cattle as had the bacilli from bovine animals affected by the disease4 ,kossel1 in a preliminary report1 stated that the ,german commission had tested #g cultures of tuberculosis from cattle and hogs--#d from cattle and #c from hogs4 ,two proved acutely fatal in cattle after eight to nine weeks2 #d likewise produced a generalized tuberculosis1 but which certainly had a more chronic course1 while #a of the cultures caused only an infiltration at the point of inoculation1 with some caseous foci in the adjoining prescapular gland and in one of the mediastinal glands1 and there was lacking the spreading of the tuberculosis over the entire body which they were accustomed to see after the injection of cultures of bovine tuberculosis4 ,hence1 says ,kossel1 among bovine tuberculosis bacilli there can also occur differences with regard to the virulence4 ,the ,german commission also tested #ci different freshly made cultures from tuberculous disease in man4 ,nineteen did not produce the slightest symptoms in cattle2 with #i others the cattle exhibited after four months very minute foci in the prescapular glands1 which were mostly encapsuled and showed no inclination to progress2 with #g other cases there was somewhat more marked disease of the prescapular glands1 but it did not go so far as a material spreading of the process to the adjoining glands4 ,there were #d cultures1 however1 which were more virulent and caused generalized tuberculosis in the cattle inoculated with them4 ,it would appear1 therefore1 that hereafter everyone must admit that it is impossible always to tell the source of a culture of the tubercle bacillus by its effect when it is inoculated upon cattle4 ,one of the bovine cultures failed to produce generalized tuberculosis in cattle1 and some of the human cultures did produce it in such animals4 ,moreover1 while some of the human cultures caused no disease at all1 others led to the development of minute foci in the prescapular glands1 and still others to somewhat more marked disease of the glands4 ,there were1 consequently1 four degrees of virulence noted in these #ci cultures of bacilli from human sources and three degrees of virulence in the #g cultures from animal4 ,now1 if we accept the views of ,koch as to the specific difference between human and bovine tubercle bacilli1 and that the human bacilli produce only localized lesions in cattle1 while bovine bacilli produce generalized lesions in them1 must we not conclude that the one non-virulent bovine culture was in reality of human origin1 and that the animal from which it was obtained had been infected from man8 ,this is a logical deduction1 but reverses the dictum laid down at ,london that human tuberculosis is not transmissible to cattle4 ,again1 how are we to explain the human cultures of medium virulence8 ,are they human bacilli which1 for some unknown reason1 are increasing in virulence and approaching the activity of the bovine bacillus1 or are they really bovine bacilli which have multiplied in the human body until their virulence has become attenuated8 ,in whatever manner these questions are decided it would seem that the findings of the ,german commission1 instead of supporting ,koch's views that we can decide with certainty by the inoculation of cattle as to the source of any given bacillus1 really show that this method of diagnosis is extremely uncertain in the present condition of our knowledge4 ,it is definitely admitted that #d of the human cultures caused generalized tuberculosis in cattle2 ,kossel suggest1 however1 that it may be possible that the bacilli in cases of human tuberculosis under certain circumstances can likewise attain a very high pathogenic activity for cattle without being for that reason bovine bacilli4 ,undoubtedly the ,german commission is confronting the two horns of a dilemma1 either one of which is fatal to the views of ,koch as stated with such positiveness at ,london4 ,if we accept this suggestion thrown out by ,kossel1 we must conclude that ,koch was wrong in his claim that human tuberculosis can not be transmitted to cattle1 and thus with one blow we destroy the entire experimental support which he had for his argument before the ,british ,congress on ,tuberculosis4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we accept the conclusion which follows from the principle laid down by ,koch for the discrimination between human and bovine bacilli1 and which appears to be favored by ,kossel1 we must admit that bovine tuberculosis is an extremely important factor in the etiology of human tuberculosis4 ,of the #ci cases of human tuberculosis tested1 #d1 or more than #aj per cent1 were virulent for cattle and would be classified as of bovine origin2 however1 these #d cases1 were all found among the #af cases of tuberculosis in children which the commission investigated2 hence it is plain that #be per cent of the cases tested of tuberculosis in children would by ,koch's method be classified as of bovine origin4 ,in the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry two distinct lines of experiments have been carried on1 in order that one might serve as a check against the other4 ,there has been1 however1 no discrepancy in the results4 ,de ,schweinitz1 in the ,biochemic ,division1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 isolated #i cultures from human tuberculosis4 ,two were derived from human sputum1 #c from cases of generalized tuberculosis in adults1 and #d from cases of generalized tuberculosis in children4 ,by comparing these cultures with a newly isolated virulent culture of bovine tuberculosis1 there were found among them #b cultures from children which were identical in their cultural and morphological characters with the bovine bacillus4 ,these cultures also killed rabbits and guinea pigs in as short a time as did the bovine bacillus4 ,hogs which were inoculated subcutaneously with these #b cultures from children died of generalized tuberculosis4 ,two calves weighing more than #cjj pounds each were inoculated subcutaneously with these virulent human cultures1 and as a result developed generalized tuberculosis4 ,a yearling heifer inoculated with #a of the cultures showed generalized tuberculosis when killed three months after inoculation4 ,both the cattle and the hogs had been tested with tuberculin and found to be free from tuberculosis before the inoculations were made4 ,it is important to observe in this connection that #b out of #d1 or #ej per cent1 of the cultures obtained from cases of generalized tuberculosis in children proved virulent for cattle4 ,mohler1 working in the ,pathological ,division1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 obtained #c very virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli from the human subject4 ,a goat inoculated subcutaneously with #a of these cultures died in #cg days with miliary tuberculosis of the lungs involving the axillary and prescapular glands4 ,this bacillus was obtained from the mesenteric gland of a boy4 ,of still greater interest is a bacillus isolated by ,mohler from human sputum4 ,a goat inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of this germ died in #ie days of pulmonary tuberculosis4 ,a cat inoculated in the same manner died in #bc days of generalized tuberculosis4 ,a rabbit similarly inoculated died in #ei days of pulmonary tuberculosis4 ,another rabbit inoculated with a bovine culture for comparison lived #aj days longer than the one inoculated with this sputum germ4 ,mohler also inoculated subcutaneously a #a-year-old heifer with a culture derived from the tuberculosis mesenteric gland of a boy #d years of age4 ,this culture was always refractory in its growth under artificial conditions1 and the bacilli were short1 stubby rods1 corresponding in appearance to the bovine type4 ,at the autopsy1 held #abg days after the inoculation1 the general condition was seen to be poor and unthrifty1 and large1 hard tumors were found at the points of inoculation4 ,on the right side the swelling measured #c-a_/b by #e inches1 and the corresponding lymph gland was #b-c_/d inches long by #a-c_/d inches in diameter4 ,this gland contained numerous calcareous foci2 one at the apex was an inch in diameter4 ,the lesions on the left shoulder of the animal were very similar to those found on the right side1 but the dimensions of the tumor were slightly less4 ,the lungs presented an irregular mass of tuberculous nodules1 and #g or #h grapelike nodules were seen on the parietal pleura4 ,bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands contained numerous tuberculous foci1 and the pericardium1 peritoneum1 spleen1 and liver also were affected4 ,in order to throw some light1 if possible1 upon the morphological constancy of the different types of tubercle bacilli1 ,mohler made comparative studies of bacilli from various sources1 and which had been passed through various species of animals1 by making the cultures upon dog serum after the method described by ,theobald ,smith4 ,some important results have been obtained4 ,one culture of human bacilli which had morphological and cultural peculiarities similar to those of the bovine bacillus1 and which produced only local lesions in cattle1 was passed through a series of five cats4 ,it was then found to be completely changed in its morphological characters1 the rods being elongated1 slender1 more or less beaded1 and entirely of the human type4 ,far from decreasing in virulence1 however1 as might be expected from its morphological appearance1 this bacillus had so increased in its pathogenic activity that it produced generalized tuberculosis in a cow4 ,this cow was inoculated subcutaneously in front of each shoulder with #b cubic centimeters of a salt-solution emulsion of the tuberculous omentum of the last cat of the series4 ,the cow rapidly lost flesh1 had a temperature of #ajd ,f41 with the point of inoculation and adjacent glands greatly swollen4 ,the autopsy revealed generalized tuberculosis1 involving the lungs1 mediastinal glands1 spleen1 liver1 and kidneys4 ,tubercle bacilli of the bovine type obtained from the mesenteric glands of a sheep1 hog1 and cow were similarly transformed in their morphological appearance after being passed through a series of cats and recovered on dog serum4 ,these bacilli also increased in virulence1 as the last cat in the series invariably succumbed in a shorter time than the first of the series4 ,these experiments and observations indicate that the types of tubercle bacilli are very inconstant1 and that under suitable conditions they readily change both in morphology and in virulence4 ,a similar conclusion was reached by other investigators in working with the avian and porcine types of tubercle bacilli several years ago1 and was reasonably to have been expected with the human and bovine types4 ,later investigations made by ,park and ,krumweide1 of the ,research ,laboratory of ,new ,york ,city1 ,novick1 ,richard ,m4 ,smith1 ,ravenel1 ,rosenau1 ,chung ,yik ,wang1 and others tend to show the incidence of bovine infection in the human family4 ,chung ,yik ,wang stated in #aiag that studies of #bha cases of various clinical forms of tuberculosis in ,edinburgh1 ,scotland1 resulted in the isolation of the bovine tubercle bacilli in #gh4d per cent of cases under the age of #e years1 in #gj4c per cent between the ages of #e and #af1 and in #g4h per cent over the age of #af4 ,this investigator states that from the prophylactic point of view any measure resorted to in combating the disease should be directed not only against the human spread of infection1 but also1 more particularly in children's cases1 against the bovine source of infection4 ,ravenel1 in summarizing the work of ,drs4 ,park and ,krumweide1 as well as others throughout the world1 gives the following results3 ,of #fc children dying of tuberculosis at the babies' hospital #ei cases proved to be human infection and #d bovine1 a percentage of #f-a_/c4 ,of #i children dying of tuberculosis at the foundling hospital #d proved to have derived their infection from human sources and #e from bovine1 a percentage of #ee4 ,of a total of #hh children under #e years of age who died of tuberculosis #gg proved to have derived their infection from human sources and #aa from bovine1 a percentage of #ab-a_/b4 ,combining the cases studied in ,new ,york with those of other observers in different parts of this country and ,europe1 the following results are obtained3 ,adults1 #ghg cases--#ggg human and #aj bovine infection4 ,children1 #e to #af years1 #aec cases--#aag human and #cf bovine infection4 ,children under #e years1 #bhj cases--#bae human and #fe bovine infection4 ,the figures of the foundling hospital show the real danger of unprotected cows' milk4 ,the conclusion from these studies is inevitable1 namely1 that in children1 in addition to the large number of deaths which occur from bovine infection1 there are many cases of infection resulting in deformities1 necessitating operations more or less severe in character and which frequently leave the patient disfigured permanently4 ,it must be plain to all1 from these recent developments1 that too much has been made of the slight differences in cultural characteristics1 in morphology1 and in virulence which have been observed in some cases in comparing the human and the bovine bacilli4 ,the observations were interesting1 and it was important that they be followed up until their significance was made entirely clear1 but it was an almost unpardonable error1 from a sanitary point of view1 to promulgate sweeping generalizations calculated to arrest and abolish important measures for preventing human tuberculosis before the soundness of these generalizations had been established by a thorough course of experimentation4 ,when ,koch said in the ,british ,congress on ,tuberculosis that he should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tuberculous cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than that of hereditary transmission1 and that he therefore did not deem it advisable to take any measures against it1 he went far beyond what was justified by any experiments or observations which he reported1 and he did a great deal of harm1 which will be manifested for years to come1 to those who endeavor to guard the human race from the dangers of animal tuberculosis4 ,the researches which have been alluded to make these dangers more definite and certain than they have appeared before1 and sanitarians should therefore most earnestly endeavor to counteract the erroneous and harmful impression which was made by ,koch's address at ,london and his subsequent address at the ,international ,conference on ,tuberculosis at ,berlin4 ,,vaccinia ,,or ,,cowpox4 ,variola of cattle1 more correctly vaccinia1 is a contagious disease of cattle which manifests its presence through an elevation of temperature1 a shrinkage in milk production1 and by the appearance of characteristic1 pustular eruptions1 especially upon the teats and udders of dairy cows4 ,although this is a contagious disease1 strictly speaking1 it is so universally harmless and benign in its course that it is robbed of the terrors which usually accompany all spreading diseases1 and is allowed to enter a herd of cattle1 run its course1 and disappear without exciting any particular notice4 ,the contagion of cowpox does not travel through the air from animal to animal1 but is transfused only by actual contact of the contagious principle with the skin of some susceptible animal4 ,it may be carried in this manner1 not alone from cattle to cattle1 but horses1 sheep1 goats1 and man may readily contract the disease whenever suitable conditions attend their inoculation4 ,an identical disease frequently appears upon horses1 attacking their heels1 and thence extending upward along the leg1 producing1 as it progresses1 inflammation and swelling of the skin1 followed later by pustules1 which soon rupture1 discharging a sticky1 disagreeable secretion4 ,other parts of the body are frequently affected in like manner1 especially in the region of the head1 where the eruptions may appear upon lips and nostrils1 or upon the mucous surfaces of the nasal cavities1 mouth1 or eyes4 ,variola of the horse is readily transmitted to cattle1 if both are cared for by the same attendant1 and1 conversely1 variola of cattle may be carried from the cow to the horse on the hands of a person who has been milking a cow affected with the disease4 ,the method of vaccination with material derived from the eruptions of cowpox as a safeguard against the ravages of smallpox in members of the human family is well known4 ,the immunity which such vaccination confers upon the human subject has led many writers to assert that cowpox is simply a modified form of smallpox1 whose harmless attack upon the human system is owing to a certain attenuation derived during its passages through the system of the cow or horse4 ,the results of numerous experiments which have been carried out for the purpose of determining the relationship existing between variola of the human and bovine families seem to show1 however1 that although possessing many similar characteristics1 they are nevertheless distinct1 and that in spite of repeated inoculations from cattle to man1 and vice versa1 no transformation in the real character of the disease ever takes place4 ,symptoms4--,the disease appears in four to seven days after natural infection1 or may evince itself in two or three days as the result of artificial inoculation4 ,young milch cows are most susceptible to an attack1 but older cows1 bulls1 or young cattle are by no means immune4 ,the attack causes a slight rise in temperature1 which is soon followed by the appearance of reddened1 inflamed areas1 principally upon the teats and udder1 and at times on the abdominal skin or the skin of the inner surface of the thighs4 ,in a few cases the skin of the throat and jaws has been found similarly involved4 ,if the affected parts are examined on the second day after the establishment of the inflammation numerous pale-red nodules will be found1 which gradually expand until1 within a few days1 they reach a diameter of one-half inch or even larger4 ,at this period the tops of the nodules become transformed into vesicles which are depressed in the center and contain a pale1 serous fluid4 ,they usually reach their maturity by the tenth day of the course of the disease and are then the size of a bean4 ,from this time the contents of the vesicles become purulent1 which requires about three days1 when the typical pox pustule is present1 consisting of a swelling with broad1 reddened base1 within which is an elevated1 conical abscess varying from the size of a pea to that of a hazelnut4 ,the course of the disease after the full maturity of the pustule is rapid if outside interference has not caused a premature rupture of the small abscess at the apex of the swelling4 ,the pustules gradually become darker colored and drier until nothing remains but a thick scab1 which at last falls off1 leaving only a slight1 whitish scar behind4 ,the total duration of the disease covers some #bj days in each animal1 and owing to the slow spread of the infection from animal to animal1 many weeks may elapse before a stable can be fully freed from it4 ,the fallen scabs and crusts may retain their contagious properties for several days when mixed with litter and bedding upon the floor of the stable1 and at any time during this period they are capable of producing new outbreaks should fresh cattle be brought into the stalls and thus come into actual contact with them4 ,again1 the pustules may appear1 one after another1 on a single animal1 in which case the duration of the disease is materially lengthened4 ,treatment4--,in herds of cattle that regularly receive careful handling1 no special treatment will be found necessary beyond the application of softening and disinfecting agents to such vesicles upon the teats as may have become ruptured by the hands of the milker4 ,carbolized vaseline or iodoform ointment will be found well suited to this work4 ,in more persistent cases it may be found desirable to use a milking tube in order to prevent the repeated opening of the pustules during the operation of milking4 ,washing the sores twice daily with a weak solution of zinc chlorid 7#b-a_/b per cent solution7 has been found to assist in checking the inflammation and to cleanse and heal the parts by its germicidal action4 ,when the udder is hard1 swollen1 and painful1 support it by a bandage and foment frequently with hot water4 ,if calves are allowed to suckle the cows the pustules become confluent1 and the ulcerations may extend up into the teat1 causing garget and ruining the whole quarter of the udder4 ,as young cows are most susceptible to variola1 the milker must exercise constant patience with these affected animals so long as their teats or udders are sore and tender1 else the patient may contract vicious habits while resisting painful handling4 ,the flow of milk is usually lessened as soon as the fever becomes established1 but is again normal with the return of perfect health4 ,the practice of thorough cleanliness in handling or milking affected cattle may1 in many instances1 prevent the dissemination of the trouble among the healthy portion of the herd1 but even the greatest care may prove insufficient to check the spread until it has attacked each animal of the herd in turn4 ,,actinomycosis 7,,lumpy ,,jaw7 ,pls4 ,,xxxix-,,xli4 ,actinomycosis1 also known as lumpy jaw1 big jaw1 wooden tongue1 etc41 is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of peculiar tumors in various regions of the body1 more particularly the head1 and is due to the specific action of a certain fungus-like germ 7actinomyces74 ,this fungus is an organism which occurs in the tissues in the form of rosettes1 and it has therefore been termed the ray fungus4 ,the disease is not directly transmitted from one animal to another1 but it seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues by various feedstuffs through slight wounds of the mucous membrane of the mouth1 decayed teeth1 or during the shedding of milk teeth4 ,the ray fungus is found in nature vegetated on grasses1 on the awns of barley1 the spears of oats1 and on other grains4 ,quantities of the fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley which had penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain embedded in the tongues of cows4 ,although actinomycotic tumors on cattle had been the object of study for many years1 it was not until #ahgg that the constant presence of actinomyces was pointed out by ,bollinger1 of ,munich1 and since that time considered the cause4 ,this fungus was observed in these tumors as early as #ahfj by ,rivolta1 and by others subsequently1 without having been suspected as causing them4 ,since ,bollinger's publication much work has been done1 many observations made1 and many hitherto obscure disease processes brought into relation with this fungus4 ,furthermore1 a similar disease in man was first definitely shown to be associated with the same fungus in #ahgh by ,israel1 and in the following year ,ponfick pointed out that the disease described by ,bollinger in animals and that found by ,israel in man were due to the same cause2 that is1 that the fungi described by these observers were one and the same4 ,the tumors and abscesses wherever they may be are all found to be the same in origin by the presence of the actinomyces fungus4 ,when they are incised1 a very close scrutiny with the naked eye1 or1 at most1 a hand lens1 will reveal the presence of minute grains which vary from a pale-yellow to a sulphur-yellow color4 ,they may be very abundant or so few as to be overlooked4 ,they are embedded in the soft tissue composing the tumor or in the pus of the abscess4 ,with a needle they are easily lifted out from the tissue1 and then they appear as roundish masses about one-half millimeter 7#a_/ej inch7 in diameter4 ,to anyone familiar with the use of a microscope the recognition of these grains or particles without any previous preparation is a comparatively easy task4 ,when examined in the fresh condition under a microscope magnifying up to #bej diameters the general structure is made out without much difficulty4 ,these grains consist of collections of minute1 roundish masses4 ,their outer surface is made up of club-shaped bodies all radiating from the center of the mass 7see ,pl4 ,,xxxix1 fig4 #b71 somewhat like a rosette4 ,if the fungus is crushed1 the interior is found made up of bundles of very fine filaments1 which are probably continuous into the club-shaped bodies4 ,the addition of a dilute solution of caustic soda or potash greatly aids the examination1 as it removes the layer of cells adhering to the fungus1 which obscures the structure4 ,now and then these grains are found to be in a calcified condition4 ,the exterior is incrusted in lime salts1 which are dissolved by adding some weak dilute acid1 like acetic acid4 ,only by this procedure can the fungus be definitely recognized when in a mummified condition4 ,these are the bodies whose presence causes sufficient irritation in the tissues into which they find their way to set up inflammatory growths4 ,these growths increase as the fungus continues to multiply until they reach enormous dimensions1 if the affected animal is permitted to live long enough4 ,the true nature of this parasite is not yet definitely settled1 although many excellent observers have occupied themselves with it4 ,according to earlier observers1 it is a true fungus4 ,later ones are inclined to place it among the higher bacteria4 ,present knowledge concerning the actinomyces growth indicates that it should be classified with the higher bacteria or trichomycetes4 ,whatever the situation of the disease caused by actinomyces may be1 its nature is fundamentally the same and peculiar to the fungus4 ,the pathological details which make this statement clear can not be entered upon in this place1 nor would they be of any practical value to the farmer4 ,we will simply dwell upon a few obvious characters4 ,the consistency of the tumor varies in different situations according to the quantity of fibrous or connective tissue present4 ,when very little of this is present the tumor is of a very soft consistency4 ,as the quantity of connective tissue is increased the tumor is firmer and of a more honeycombed appearance4 ,the individual actinomyces colonies are lodged in the spaces or interstices formed by the meshwork of the connective tissue4 ,there they are surrounded by a mantle of cellular elements which fill up the spaces4 ,by scraping the cut surface of such a tumor these cell masses inclosing the fungi come away1 and the latter may be seen as pale-yellow or sulphur-yellow specks1 as described above4 ,location of the disease4--,in cattle the disease process may be located both externally1 where it is readily detected1 and in internal organs4 ,its preferred seat is on the bones of the lower and upper jaws1 in the parotid salivary gland in the angle of the jaw1 and in the region of the throat4 ,it may also appear under the skin in different parts of the body4 ,internally it may attack the tongue and appear in the form of a tumor in the mouth1 pharynx1 or larynx4 ,it may cause extensive disease of the lungs1 more rarely of the digestive tract4 ,it appears1 furthermore1 that in certain districts or countries the disease seems by preference to attack certain parts4 ,thus in ,england actinomycosis of the tongue is most prevalent4 ,in ,denmark the soft parts of the head are most prone to disease1 while in ,russia the lips are the usual seat4 ,in certain parts of ,germany actinomycotic tumors are most frequently encountered in the throat region and in the jawbones4 ,a description of actinomycosis of the jaw 7lumpy jaw7 and of the tongue has already been given in a previous chapter1 and hence they will be dealt with here only very briefly4 ,when the disease attacks the soft parts of the head a rather firm swelling appears1 in which are formed one or more smaller projecting tumors1 varying from the size of a nut to that of an egg4 ,these push their way outward and finally break through the skin as small1 reddish1 funguslike bodies covered with thin sloughs4 ,or the original swelling1 in place of enlarging in the manner described1 may become transformed into an abscess which finally bursts to discharge creamy pus4 ,the abscess cavity1 however1 does not disappear1 but is soon filled with fungus-like growths1 which force their way outward through the opening4 ,when the tumors are situated within the cavity of the pharynx they have broken through from some gland1 perhaps beneath the mucous membrane1 where the disease first appeared1 and hang or project into the cavity of the pharynx1 either as pendulous masses with slender stems or as tumors with broad bases4 ,their position may be such as to interfere with swallowing and with breathing4 ,in either case serious symptoms will soon appear4 ,the invasion of the bones of the jaws by actinomycosis must be regarded as one of the most serious forms of the disease4 7,pls4 ,,xxxix1 ,,xl47 ,it may start in the marrow of the bone and by a slow extension gradually undermine the entire thickness of the bone itself4 ,the growth may continue outward1 and after working its way through muscle and skin finally break through and appear externally as stinking fungoid growths4 ,the growth may at the same time work its way inward and appear in the mouth4 ,the disease may also begin in the periosteum1 or covering of the bone1 and destroy the bone from without inward4 ,actinomycosis of the lungs is occasionally observed1 and it is not improbable that at times it has been mistaken for tuberculosis4 ,the actinomyces grains are1 however1 easily observed if the diseased tissue is carefully examined4 ,the changes in the lungs as they appear to the naked eye vary considerably from case to case4 ,thus in one animal the lungs were affected as in ordinary bronchopneumonia as to the location1 extent1 and appearance of the disease process4 ,the affected lobes had a dark-red flesh appearance1 with yellowish areas sprinkled in here and there4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xli1 figs4 #a1 #b47 ,these latter areas were the seat of multiplication of the actinomyces fungus4 ,in another case1 of which only a small portion of the lungs was sent to the laboratory1 they were completely transformed into a uniformly grayish mass1 very soft and pulpy to the touch1 and appearing like very soft and moist dough4 7,pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #c47 ,the actinomyces grains were exceedingly abundant in this tissue1 and appeared when the tissue was incised as minute sulphur-yellow grains1 densely sprinkled through the tissue1 which readily came away and adhered to the knife blade4 ,in still another case a portion of the lung tissue was converted into large1 soft masses from #a to #c inches in diameter1 each partly inclosed in very dense connective tissue4 ,these soft1 grayish-yellow masses likewise resembled moist dough in their consistency1 and the actinomyces grains1 though neither very distinct nor at all abundant1 were easily fished out and identified as such4 ,a portion of this growth1 which was as large as a child's head1 was converted into an abscess filled with creamy semiliquid pus4 ,this case differed from the preceding in that all appearance of lung tissue had disappeared from the diseased mass4 ,only on the exterior the lung tissue could be recognized1 although even there it had been largely converted into very dense1 whitish connective tissue inclosing the fungoid growth4 ,in the other case the external form of the lung and the shape and outline of the lobules were preserved1 but the lung tissue itself was not recognizable as such4 ,in the case first mentioned the changes were still less marked1 and actinomycosis would not have been suspected by a simple inspection4 ,these few illustrations suffice to show that actinomycosis of the lungs may appear under quite different forms1 and that the nature of the disease can be accurately determined only by finding the fungus itself4 ,rarely actinomycosis attacks the body externally in places other than the head and neck4 ,crookshank describes the case of a bull in which the flank was attacked and subsequently the scrotum became diseased4 ,a large portion of the skin of the flank was destroyed and covered with a leathery crust4 ,when this was pulled away the pus beneath it showed the actinomyces grains to the naked eye4 ,actinomycosis may also involve the udder1 the spermatic cord of castrated animals1 the vagina1 and1 when it becomes generalized1 the brain1 liver1 spleen1 and muscular tissue4 ,actinomycosis may in some cases be confounded with tuberculosis4 ,the diagnosis does not offer any difficulties1 since the presence of the actinomyces fungus at once removes any existing doubts4 ,as has already been intimated1 these grains1 simulating sulphur balls1 are visible to the naked eye1 and their nature is readily determined with the aid of a microscope4 ,the course of the disease is quite slow4 ,as the tumors grow they may interfere with the natural functions of the body4 ,according to their situation1 mastication1 rumination1 or breathing may be interfered with1 and in this way the animal may become emaciated4 ,actinomycosis of the jawbones leads to destruction of the teeth and impedes the movements necessary to chewing the feed4 ,similarly1 when the disease attacks the soft parts of the head obstructions may arise in the mouth by an inward growth of the tumor4 ,if tumors exist in the pharynx they may partially obstruct the movements necessary to breathing1 or close the air passages and cause partial suffocation4 ,actinomycosis of the tongue1 in interfering with the many and varied movements of this important organ1 is also a serious matter4 ,there is no reason to suppose that the localized disease interferes with the general health in any other way than indirectly until internal organs1 such as the lungs1 become involved4 ,a very small proportion of the cases may recover spontaneously1 the tumors being encysted or undergoing calcification4 ,in most cases the disease yields readily to proper treatment1 and about #ge per cent of the affected animals may be cured4 ,prevention4--,the question as to how and where animals take this disease is one concerning which we are still in the stage of conjecture1 because so far we possess very little information concerning the life history of the actinomyces itself4 ,the quite unanimous view of all observers is that animals become infected from the feed4 ,the fungus is lodged upon the plants and in some way enters the tissues of the head1 the lungs1 and the digestive tract1 where it sets up its peculiar activity4 ,it is likewise generally believed that the fungus is1 as it were1 inoculated into the affected part4 ,this inoculation is performed by the sharp and pointed parts of plants which penetrate the mucous membrane and carry the fungus with them4 ,the disease is therefore inoculable rather than contagious4 ,the mere presence of the diseased animal will not give rise to disease in healthy animals unless the actinomyces grains pass directly from the diseased into some wound or abrasion of the healthy or else drop upon the feed which is consumed by the healthy4 ,not only are these views deducible from clinical observation1 but they have been proved by the positive inoculation of calves and smaller animals with actinomyces4 ,the danger therefore of the presence of actinomyces for healthy animals is a limited one4 ,nevertheless an animal affected with this disease should not be allowed to go at large or run with other animals4 ,if the fungus is being scattered by discharging growths we certainly can not state at this stage of our knowledge that other animals may not be infected by such distribution1 and we must assume1 until more positive information is at hand1 that this actually occurs4 ,it is1 however1 the opinion of the majority of authorities that when actinomycosis appears among a large number of animals they all contract it in the same way from the feed4 ,much speculation has therefore arisen whether any particular plant or group of plants is the source of the infection and whether any special condition of the soil favors it4 ,very little positive information is at hand on these questions4 ,it would be very desirable for those who live in localities where this disease is prevalent to make statistical and other observations on the occurrence of the disease with reference to the season of the year1 the kind of feed1 the nature of the soil 7whether swampy or dry1 recently reclaimed1 or cultivated for a long time7 upon which the animals are pastured or upon which the feed is grown4 ,it is highly probable that such investigations will lead to an understanding of the source of the fungus and the means for checking the spread of the disease itself4 ,veterinarian ,jensen1 of ,denmark1 made some observations upon an extensive outbreak of actinomycosis a number of years ago which led him to infer that the animals were inoculated by eating barley straw harvested from pieces of ground just reclaimed from the sea4 ,while the animals remained unaffected so long as they pastured on this ground or ate the hay obtained from it1 they became diseased after eating the straw of cereals from the same territory4 ,others have found that cattle grazing upon low pastures along the banks of streams and subject to inundations are more prone to the disease4 ,it has also been observed that feed gathered from such grounds1 even after prolonged drying1 may give rise to the disease4 ,actinomycosis is not infrequent in cattle in the ,southwest and is generally supposed to be the result of eating the prickly fruit of the cactus plant1 causing wounds of the mucous membrane and subsequent infection with the parasite4 ,much additional information of a similar kind must be forthcoming before the source and manner of infection in this disease and its dependence upon external conditions will be known4 ,it is not at all improbable that they may vary considerably from place to place4 ,treatment4--,until recently this has been almost entirely surgical4 ,when the tumors are external and attached to soft parts only1 an early removal may lead to recovery4 ,this1 of course1 can be undertaken only by a trained veterinarian1 especially as the various parts of the head and neck contain important vessels1 nerves1 and ducts which should be injured as little as possible in any operation4 ,unless the tumor is completely removed it will reappear4 ,disease of the jawbones is at best a very serious matter and treatment is liable to be of no avail4 ,in ,march1 #ahib1 an important contribution to our knowledge of this subject was made by ,nocard1 of the ,alfort ,veterinary ,school1 in a communication to the ,french ,central ,society of ,veterinary ,medicine4 ,he showed clearly that the actinomycosis of the tongue1 a disease which appears to be quite common in ,germany1 and is there known as wooden tongue1 could be quickly and permanently cured by the administration of iodid of potassium4 ,nocard calls attention to the success of ,thomassen1 of ,utrecht1 who recommended this treatment so long ago as #ahhe1 and who has since treated more than #hj cases1 all of which have been cured4 ,a ,french veterinarian1 ,godbille1 has used the same remedy in a number of cases of actinomycosis in the tongue1 all of which have been cured4 ,nocard also gives details of a case which was cured by himself4 ,all the cases referred to were of actinomycosis of the tongue1 and no one appears to have attempted the cure of actinomycosis of the jaw until it was undertaken by ,nrgaard1 of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,in ,april1 #ahib1 he selected a young steer in fair condition which had a tumor on the jaw measuring #ae-a_/b inches in circumference and from which a discharge had already been established4 ,this animal was treated with iodid of potassium1 and the result was a complete cure4 ,the iodid of potassium is given in doses of #a-a_/b and #b-a_/b drams once a day1 dissolved in water1 and administered as a drench4 ,the dose should vary somewhat with the size of the animal and with the effects that are produced4 ,if the dose is sufficiently large signs of iodism appear in the course of a week or #aj days4 ,the skin becomes scurfy1 there is weeping from the eyes1 catarrh of the nose1 and loss of appetite4 ,when these symptoms appear the medicine may be suspended for a few days and afterward resumed in the same dose4 ,the cure requires from three to six weeks' treatment4 ,some animals1 generally the ones which show no signs of iodism1 do not improve under treatment with iodid of potassium4 ,if there is no sign of improvement after the animals have been treated four or five weeks1 and the medicine has been given in as large doses as appear desirable1 it is an indication that the particular animal is not susceptible to the curative effects of the drug1 and the treatment may therefore be abandoned4 ,it is not1 however1 advisable to administer iodid of potassium to milch cows1 as it will considerably reduce the milk secretion or stop it altogether4 ,furthermore1 a great part of the drug is excreted through the milk1 making the milk unfit for use4 ,it should not be given to animals in advanced pregnancy1 as there is danger of producing abortion4 ,the best results are obtained by pushing the drug until its effect is seen4 ,the many tests to which this treatment has been subjected have proved1 with few exceptions1 its specific curative value4 ,in addition to this the tumor should be painted externally with either the tincture of iodin or ,lugol's solution1 or the drug should be injected subcutaneously into the tumor4 ,godbille has given as much as #d drams of potassium iodid in one day to a steer1 decreasing the dose one-fourth dram each day until the dose was #a-a_/d drams1 which was maintained until the twelfth day of treatment1 when the animal appeared to be entirely cured4 ,nocard gave the first day #a-a_/b drams in one dose to a cow2 the second and succeeding days a dose of #a dram in the morning and evening1 in each case before feeding4 ,this treatment was continued for #aj days1 when the animal was cured4 ,actinomycosis and the public health4--,the interest which is shown concerning this cattle disease is largely due to the fact that the same disease attacks human beings4 ,its slow progress1 its tendency to remain restricted to certain localities1 and the absence of any directly contagious properties have thus far not aroused any anxiety in other countries as to its influence on the cattle industry1 not even to the point of placing it among the infectious diseases of which statistics are annually published4 ,its possible bearing on public health has1 however1 given the disease a place in the public mind which it hardly deserves4 ,it has already been stated that the actinomyces fungus found in human disease is considered by authorities the same as that occurring in bovine affections4 ,it is therefore of interest to conclude this article with a brief discussion of the disease in man and its relation to actinomycosis in cattle4 ,in man the location of the disease process corresponds fairly well to that in cattle4 ,the majority of cases which have been reported in different parts of the world--and they are now rather numerous--indicate disease of the face4 ,the skin1 tongue1 or the jawbones may become affected1 and by a very slow process it may extend downward upon the neck and even into the cavity of the chest4 ,in many cases the teeth have been found in a state of more or less advanced decay and ulceration4 ,in a few cases disease of the lungs was observed without coexisting disease of the bones or soft parts of the head4 ,in such cases the fungus must have been inhaled4 ,the disease of the lungs after a time extends upon the chest wall1 where it may corrode the ribs and work its way through the muscles and the skin4 ,an abscess is thus formed discharging pus containing actinomyces grains4 ,disease of the digestive organs caused by this fungus has also been observed in a few instances4 ,granting the identity of the disease in man and cattle1 the question has been raised whether cattle are responsible for its occurrence in man4 ,any transmission of the infectious agent may be conceived of as taking place during the life of the animal and from the meat after slaughter4 ,that human beings have contracted actinomycosis by coming in contact with diseased cattle is not shown by the cases that have been reported1 for the occupations of most of the patients did not bring them into any relation whatever with cattle4 ,while the possibility of such direct transmission is not denied1 nevertheless it must be considered as extremely remote4 ,practically the same position is maintained at present by most authorities as regards the transmission of the disease to man by eating meat4 ,israel1 who has studied this question carefully1 found the disease in ,jews who never ate pork1#e and who likewise were protected from bovine actinomycosis by the rigorous meat inspection practiced by that race4 ,furthermore1 it must be borne in mind that actinomycosis is a local disease1 causing great destruction of tissue where the fungus multiplies1 but which very rarely becomes generally disseminated over the body from the original disease focus4 ,the fungus is found only in places where the disease process is manifest to the eye or becomes so in a very short time after the lodgment of the fungus4 ,only the greatest negligence would allow the actually diseased parts to be sold and consumed4 ,finally1 this parasite1 like all others1 would be destroyed in the process of cooking4 ,most authorities thus do not believe that actinomycosis in man is directly traceable to the disease in animals1 but are of the opinion that both man and animals are infected from a third source1 which has already been discussed above4 ,how far these views may be modified by further and more telling investigations of the parasite fungus itself no one can predict4 ,there are still wide gaps in our knowledge1 and the presentation above simply summarizes the prevailing views1 from which there are dissenters1 of course4 ,an attempt to give the views of both sides on this question would necessitate the summarizing and impartial discussion of all the experiments thus far made--a task entirely beyond the scope of the present work4 ,whether an animal affected with actinomycosis should be used for human food after all diseased organs and tissues have been thoroughly removed is a question the answer to which depends on a variety of circumstances4 ,among these may be mentioned the thoroughness of the meat inspection itself1 the extent of the disease1 and the general condition of the animal affected4 ,the ,federal meat-inspection regulations require that carcasses of animals showing generalized actinomycosis shall be condemned4 ,if carcasses are in a well-nourished condition1 showing uncomplicated localized lesions of actinomycosis1 they may be passed after the infected organs or parts have been removed and condemned4 ,when the disease of the jaw is slight1 strictly localized1 and without pus formation1 fistulous tracts1 or lymph-gland involvement1 the tongue1 if free from disease1 may be passed4 ,the heads affected with actinomycosis 7lumpy jaw71 including the tongue1 shall be condemned1 except that when the lesions in the jaw are strictly localized and slight in extent1 the tongue may be passed1 if free from disease4 ,,anthrax4 ,anthrax or charbon may be defined as an infectious disease which is caused by specific bacteria1 known as anthrax bacilli1 and which is more or less restricted by conditions of soil and moisture to definite geographical localities4 ,while it is chiefly limited to cattle and sheep1 it may be transmitted to goats1 horses1 cats1 and certain kinds of game4 ,smaller animals1 such as mice1 rabbits1 and guinea pigs1 speedily succumb to inoculation4 ,dogs and hogs are slightly susceptible1 while fowls are practically immune4 ,the variety of domesticated animals which it may attack renders it one of the most dreaded scourges of animal life4 ,it may even attack man4 ,of this more will be stated further on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,actinomycosis 7,,lumpy ,,jaw74 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,actinomycosis4 7,from ,jhne's ,encyklopdie d4 gesammt4 ,thierheilkunde47 ,fig4 #a4 ,actinomycosis of the jaw4 ,the lower jawbone has been extensively eaten away by the disease4 ,fig4 #b4 ,actinomyces fungus from a tumor of the jawbone in cattle1 magnified #eej times4 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,actinomycosis of the jaw4 7,reduced one-half4 ,from ,jhne's ,encyklopdie d4 gesammt4 ,thierheilkunde47 ,the lower jaw is sawed through transversely1 i4e41 from right to left1 and shows the disease within the jawbone itself2 a1 within the mouth1 showing the papill on the mucous membrane of the cheek2 b1 front view of a molar tooth2 c1 the skin covering the lower surface of the jawbone2 d1 the jawbone hollowed out and enlarged by the formation of cavities within it1 which are filled with the soft growth of the actinomycotic tumor4 ,the section makes it appear as if the bone were broken into fragments and these forced apart2 e1 a portion of the tumor which has broken through the bone and the skin and appears as a tumor on the cheek4 ,the little roundish masses represent the granulomata 7minute tumors7 in which the fungus vegetates4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,actinomycosis of the lungs4 ,fig4 #a4 ,transverse section of the ventral lobe of the right lung1 from a case studied in the laboratory4 ,the yellowish dots represent the places where the actinomyces fungus is lodged4 ,the larger yellowish patches are produced by the confluence of a number of isolated centers4 ,the entire lobe is of a dark flesh-red color1 due to collapse and bronchopneumonia4 ,fig4 #b4 ,the cut surface of a portion of the principal lobe of the same lung1 showing the recent invasion of antinomycosis from the other lobe3 a1 large air tube2 b1 artery2 c1 a pneumatic lobule2 d1 lobule containing minute yellowish dots4 ,in these the actinomyces fungus is lodged4 ,fig4 #c4 ,cut surface of a small portion of another lung1 showing a few lobules1 a4 ,the fungus is sprinkled throughout the lung tissue in the form of yellowish grains1 as shown in the illustration4 ,the pleural covering of the lung tissue is shown in profile above4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,,actinomycosis4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,actinomycosis ,,of ,,the ,,jaw4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,actinomycosis ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cause4--,the cause of anthrax is a microscopic organism known as the anthrax bacillus4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #g47 ,in form it is cylindrical or rodlike1 measuring #a_/ejjj to #a_/bejj inch in length and #a_/bejjj inch in diameter4 ,like all bacteria1 these rodlike bodies have the power of indefinite multiplication1 and in the bodies of infected animals they produce death by rapidly increasing in numbers and producing substances which poison the body4 ,in the blood they multiply in number by becoming elongated and then dividing into two1 each new organism continuing the same process indefinitely4 ,outside the body1 however1 they multiply in a different way when under conditions unfavorable to growth4 ,oval bodies1 which are called spores1 appear within the rods1 and remain alive and capable of germination after years of drying4 ,they also resist heat to a remarkable degree1 so that boiling water is necessary to destroy them4 ,the bacilli themselves1 on the other hand1 show only very little resistance to heat and drying4 ,it has long been known that the anthrax virus thrives best under certain conditions of the soil and on territories subject to floods and inundations4 ,the particular kinds of soil upon which the disease is observed are black1 loose1 warm1 humous soils2 also those containing lime1 marl1 and clay1 finally peaty1 swampy soils resting upon strata which hold the water1 or1 in other words1 are impervious4 ,hence fields containing stagnant pools may be the source of infection4 ,the infection may be limited to certain farms1 or even to restricted areas on such farms4 ,even in the ,alps1 more than #c1jjj feet above sea level1 where such conditions prevail in secluded valleys1 anthrax persists among herds4 ,aside from these limitations to specific conditions of the soil1 anthrax is a disease of world-wide distribution4 ,it exists in most countries of ,europe1 in ,asia1 ,africa1 ,australia1 and in our own country in the lower ,mississippi ,valley1 the ,gulf ,states1 and in some of the ,eastern and ,western ,states4 ,it seems to be gradually spreading in this country and every year occurs in new districts4 ,meteorological conditions also have an important share in determining the severity of the disease4 ,on those tracts subject to inundations in spring a very hot1 dry summer is liable to cause a severe outbreak4 ,the relation which the bacillus bears to these conditions is not positively known4 ,it may be that during and immediately after inundations or in stagnant water the bacilli find nourishment enough in the water here and there to multiply and produce an abundant crop of spores1 which are subsequently carried1 in a dry condition1 by the winds during the period of drought and disseminated over the vegetation4 ,animals feeding upon this vegetation may contract the disease if the spores germinate in the body4 ,another source of the virus1 and one regarded by many authorities as perhaps the most important1 is the body of an animal which has died of anthrax4 ,it will be remembered that in such bodies the anthrax bacilli are present in great numbers1 and wherever blood or other body fluids are exposed to the air on the surface of the carcass there the formation of spores will go on with great rapidity in the warm season of the year4 ,it will thus be readily understood how this disease may become stationary in a given locality and appear year after year and even grow in severity if the carcasses of animals which have succumbed to it are not properly disposed of4 ,these carcasses should be buried deeply1 so that spore formation may be prevented and no animal have access to them4 ,by exercising this precaution the disease will not be disseminated by flies and other insect pests4 ,we have thus two agents at work in maintaining the disease in any locality--the soil and meteorological conditions1 and the carcasses of animals that have died of the disease4 ,besides these dangers1 which are of immediate consequence to cattle on pastures1 the virus may be carried from place to place in hides1 hair1 wool1 hoofs1 and horns1 and it may be stored in the hay or other fodder from the infected fields and cause an outbreak among stabled animals feeding upon it in winter4 ,in this manner the affection has been introduced into far-distant localities4 ,how cattle are infected4--,we have seen above that the spores of the anthrax bacilli1 which in their functions correspond to the seeds of higher plants and which are the elements that longest resist the unfavorable conditions in the soil1 air1 and water1 are the chief agents of infection4 ,they may be taken into the body with the feed and produce disease which begins in the intestinal tract1 or they may come in contact with scratches1 bites1 or other wounds of the skin1 mouth1 and tongue1 and produce in these situations swellings or carbuncles4 ,from such swellings the bacilli penetrate into the blood and produce a general disease4 ,it has likewise been asserted that the disease may be transmitted by various kinds of insects which carry the bacilli from the sick and inoculate the healthy as they pierce the skin4 ,when infection of the blood takes place from the intestines the carbuncles may be absent4 ,it has already been stated that since anthrax spores live for several years1 the disease may be contracted in winter from feed gathered on permanently infected fields4 ,the disease may appear sporadically1 i4 e41 only one or several animals may be infected while the rest of the herd remain well1 or it may appear as an epizootic attacking a large number at about the same time4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms in cattle vary considerably1 according as the disease begins in the skin1 in the lungs1 or in the intestines4 ,they depend also on the severity of the attack4 ,thus we may have what is called anthrax peracutus or apoplectiform1 when the animal dies very suddenly as if from apoplexy4 ,such cases usually occur in the beginning of an outbreak4 ,the animal1 without having shown any signs of disease1 suddenly drops in the pasture and dies in convulsions1 or one apparently well at night is found dead in the morning4 ,the second type 7anthrax acutis71 without any external swellings1 is the one most commonly observed in cattle4 ,the disease begins with a high fever4 ,the temperature may reach #ajf to #ajg ,f4 ,the pulse beats from #hj to #ajj a minute4 ,feeding and rumination are suspended4 ,chills and muscular tremors may appear and the skin show uneven temperature4 ,the ears and base of the horns are cold1 the coat staring4 ,the animals are dull and stupid and manifest great weakness4 ,to these symptoms others are added in the course of the disease4 ,the dullness may give way to great uneasiness1 champing of the jaws1 spasms of the limbs1 kicking and pawing the ground4 ,the breathing may become labored4 ,the nostrils then dilate1 the mouth is open1 the head raised1 and all muscles of the chest are strained during breathing1 while the visible mucous membranes 7nose1 mouth1 rectum1 and vagina7 become bluish4 ,if the disease has started in the bowels1 there is much pain1 as shown by the moaning of the animal2 the discharges1 at first firm1 become softer and covered with serum1 mucus1 and blood4 ,as the disease approaches the fatal termination the weakness of the animal increases4 ,it leans against supports or lies down4 ,blood vessels may rupture and give rise to spots of blood on the various mucous membranes and bloody discharges from nose1 mouth1 rectum1 and vagina4 ,the urine not infrequently contains blood 7red water71 and death ensues within one or two days4 ,a third type of the disease 7anthrax subacutus71 which is rarely observed1 includes those cases in which the disease is more prolonged4 ,it may last from three to seven days and terminate fatally or end in recovery4 ,in this type1 the symptoms are practically as described in the acute form1 only less marked4 ,in connection with these types of intestinal anthrax1 swellings may appear in different parts of the body under the skin1 or the disease may start from such a swelling1 caused by the inoculation of anthrax spores in one of the several different ways already described4 ,if the disease begins in the skin1 it agrees in general with the subacute form in prolonged duration1 and it may occasionally terminate in recovery if the swellings are thoroughly incised and treated4 ,lesions4--,these swellings appear as edemas and carbuncles4 ,the former are doughy tumors of a more or less flattish form passing gradually into the surrounding healthy tissue4 ,as a rule1 they are situated beneath the skin in the fatty layer1 and the skin itself is at first of healthy appearance1 so that they are often overlooked1 especially when covered with a good coat of hair4 ,when they are cut open they are found to consist of a peculiar1 jellylike mass of a yellowish color and more or less stained with blood4 ,the carbuncles are firm1 hot1 tender swellings1 which later become cool and painless and undergo mortification4 ,the edemas and carbuncles may also appear in the mouth1 pharynx1 larynx1 in the tongue1 and in the rectum4 ,the bodies of cattle which have died of anthrax soon lose their rigidity and become bloated1 because decomposition sets in very rapidly4 ,from the mouth1 nose1 and anus bloodstained fluid flows in small quantities4 ,when such carcasses are opened and examined it is found that nearly all organs are sprinkled with spots of blood or extravasations of various sizes4 ,the spleen is enlarged from two to five times1 the pulp blackish and soft and occasionally disintegrated4 ,the blood is of tarry consistency1 not firmly coagulated1 and blackish in color4 ,in the abdomen1 the thoracic cavity1 and in the pericardium1 or bag surrounding the heart1 more or less blood-stained fluid is present4 ,in addition to these characteristic signs1 the carbuncles and swellings under the skin1 already described1 will aid in determining the true nature of the disease4 ,the most reliable method of diagnosis is the examination of the blood and tissues for anthrax bacilli1 which requires a trained bacteriologist4 ,the cases of fatal anthrax number from #gj to #ij per cent1 and are usually more numerous at the first outbreak of the disease4 ,differential diagnosis4--,the diagnosis from blackleg may be made by noting the subcutaneous swellings which appear upon the patient4 ,those of blackleg are found to crackle under pressure with the finger1 owing to the presence of gas within the tissues1 while the tumors of anthrax1 being caused by the pressure of serum1 are entirely free from this quality and have a somewhat doughy consistence4 ,the tumors of blackleg are usually on the shoulder or thigh and are not found so frequently about the neck and side of the body as are the swellings of anthrax4 ,the blood of animals dead of blackleg is normal1 and the spleen does not appear swollen or darkened1 as in those affected with anthrax4 ,the chief differences between anthrax and ,texas fever are that the course of the former is more acute and the blood of the animal is dark and of a tarlike consistence1 while in the latter it is thinner than normal4 ,the presence of ,texas-fever ticks on the cattle would also lead one to suspect that disease in regions where cattle are not immune from it4 ,treatment4--,in cases which originate from external wounds1 the swellings should be opened freely by long incisions with a sharp knife and washed several times daily with carbolic-acid solution 7#a ounce to a quart of water74 ,care should be taken to disinfect thoroughly any fluid discharge that may follow the incision4 ,when suppuration has set in the treatment recommended in the chapter on wounds should be carried out4 ,in the treatment of animals showing symptoms of anthrax1 the serum recommended under the next heading of ,prevention should be administered in large doses4 ,animals showing only a high temperature with no other symptoms of the disease should be given from #cj to #ej cubic centimeters of the serum1 but if the gravity of the disease is pronounced #ajj cubic centimeters should be administered4 ,in most instances a drop in temperature may be observed and a diminishing of the severity of the symptoms4 ,at times1 however1 a relapse occurs about the second or third day following the serum injection1 when it becomes necessary to administer another dose of serum4 ,it has been proved that animals affected with anthrax may recover after injections of potent serum4 ,prevention4--,in this disease prevention is the most important subject demanding consideration4 ,the various means to be suggested may be brought under two heads3 7#a7 ,the surroundings of the animal1 and 7#b7 preventive inoculation4 7#a7 ,surroundings4--,what has already been stated of those conditions of the pastures which are favorable to anthrax1 after a little thought1 will suggest to most minds some of the preventive measures which may be of service in reducing losses in anthrax localities4 ,all that conduces to a better state of the soil should be attempted4 ,the ,state or ,nation1 by appropriate engineering1 should do its share in preventing frequent inundations4 ,if pools of stagnant water exist in the pastures1 or if any particular portions are known by experience to give rise to anthrax1 they should be fenced off4 ,efforts should likewise be made toward the proper draining of swamp lands frequented by cattle4 ,sometimes it has been found desirable to abandon for a season any infected or dangerous pastures4 ,this remedy can not be carried out by most farmers1 and it is liable to extend the infected territory4 ,in some instances withdrawal of cattle from pastures entirely and feeding them in stables is said to have reduced the losses4 ,it is of the utmost importance that carcasses of animals which have died of anthrax be properly disposed of1 as every portion of such animal contains the bacilli1 ready to form spores when exposed to the air4 ,perhaps the simplest means is to bury the carcasses deep1 where they can not be exposed by dogs or wild animals4 ,it may be necessary to bury them on the pasture1 but it is better to remove them to places not frequented by susceptible animals and to a point where drainage from the graves can not infect any water supply4 ,if they are moved some distance it must be borne in mind that the ground and all objects which have come in contact with the carcass should be disinfected4 ,this is best accomplished with chlorid of lime4 ,for washing utensils1 etc41 a #e per cent solution may be prepared by adding #c ounces to #b quarts of water4 ,this should be prepared fresh from the powder1 and it is but little trouble to have a small tin measure of known capacity to dip out the powder1 to be added to the water whenever necessary4 ,the carcass and the ground should be sprinkled with powdered chlorid1 or1 if this is not at hand1 an abundance of ordinary1 unslaked lime should be used in its place4 ,the removal of carcasses to rendering establishments is always fraught with danger1 unless those who handle them are thoroughly aware of the danger of scattering the virus by careless handling in wagons that are not tight4 ,as a rule1 the persons in charge of such transfer have no training for this important work1 so that deep burial is to be preferred4 ,burning large carcasses is not always feasible2 it is1 however1 the most certain means of destroying infectious material of any kind1 and should be resorted to whenever practicable and economical4 ,all carcasses1 whether buried1 rendered1 or burned1 should be disposed of unopened4 ,when stables have become infected they should be thoroughly cleaned out1 and the solution of chlorid of lime freely applied on floors and woodwork4 ,the feed should be carefully protected from contamination with the manure or other discharges from the sick4 7#b7 ,preventive inoculation4--,one of the most important discoveries in connection with the disease was made by ,louis ,pasteur in #ahha1 and consisted in the new principle of producing immunity by the inoculation of weakened cultures of the bacillus causing the disease4 ,this method has been quite extensively adopted in ,france1 and to some extent in other ,european countries1 and in the ,united ,states4 ,the fluid used for inoculation consists of bouillon in which modified anthrax bacilli have multiplied and are present in large numbers4 ,the bacilli have been modified by heat so that to a certain degree they have lost their original virulence4 ,two vaccines are prepared4 ,the first or weaker1 for the first inoculation1 is obtained by subjecting the bacilli to the attenuating effects of heat for a longer period of time than in the case of the second1 or stronger vaccine1 for a second inoculation some #ab days later4 ,there are several difficulties inherent in the practical application of ,pasteur's vaccine4 ,among them may be mentioned the variable degree of attenuation of different tubes of the vaccine and the varying susceptibility of the animals to be inoculated4 ,the use of this vaccine is increasing1 nevertheless1 and has reduced the mortality in the affected districts from an average of #aj per cent in the case of sheep1 to less than #a per cent1 and from #e per cent with cattle1 to less than one-half of #a per cent4 ,it is very important to call attention to the possibility of distributing anthrax by this method of protective inoculation1 as the bacilli themselves are present in the culture liquid4 ,it is true that they have been modified and weakened by the process adopted by ,pasteur1 but it is not impossible for such modified virus to regain its original virulence after it has been scattered broadcast by the inoculation of large herds4 ,it is obviously unsafe to have such vaccine injected by a layman2 instead1 it should be handled only by a competent veterinarian4 ,there are other disadvantages in this method of vaccination1 and they all must be given due consideration4 ,the unstable keeping quality of the ,pasteur vaccine is a very important factor to be considered4 ,experience in this line has proved that ,pasteur vaccine may deteriorate within a very short time after its preparation1 and in repeated instances it has proved inert within three months of its preparation4 ,when exposed to warm temperature and light1 it deteriorates very rapidly2 and when it is considered that the products of manufacturers may be stored under unfavorable conditions in branch houses and on the shelves of rural drug stores1 the loss of potency can be readily explained4 ,these deficiencies have been recognized by many investigators1 and because of the superior keeping qualities particular attention has been directed toward the preparation of a spore vaccine by ,zenkowsky of ,russia1 ,detre of ,hungary1 and ,nitta of ,japan4 ,for the purpose of producing a spore vaccine it is desirable to use a peptone-free agar medium1 and after inoculation with an attenuated culture of the anthrax bacillus1 it is allowed to grow at a temperature of #cg ,c4 for #d to #g days4 ,by this time an abundance of spores will have formed4 ,the growth is then collected in sterile flasks and heated to a temperature of #fj ,c4 for one-half hour to destroy the vegetative forms of the organism4 ,if it is desired to use for vaccination one million spores1 it is advisable to dilute the vaccine to a quantity of which #a cubic centimeter would contain this number4 ,of such a vaccine #a cubic centimeter would constitute the dose for cattle and horses4 ,in all forms of vaccination against anthrax in sheep the greatest care must be exercised1 as these animals are very susceptible to the disease1 and at times vaccines which have no ill effects on cattle will prove fatal to sheep4 ,therefore the dose of the spore vaccine for sheep should not be more than one-fourth of that given to cattle4 ,sclavo1 ,sobernheim1 and others have established that injections of increasing quantities of virulent cultures into immune animals produced a serum which has great protective value against anthrax4 ,such protective serum may be produced in the various susceptible animals4 ,for immunization purposes it is advisable to use the simultaneous method2 that is1 both the spore vaccine and the anthrax serum should be injected4 ,it is desirable to divide the herd to be treated into groups of ten or twelve and inject1 first1 each animal of the group with the serum1 following this with the injection of the spore vaccine4 ,the serum should be injected on one side1 either on the neck or back of the shoulder1 and the spore vaccine on the other side1 injections being made subcutaneously4 ,in herds in which the disease has already made its appearance it is necessary to take the temperatures of all the animals and to subject to the simultaneous vaccination only those that show no rise in temperature4 ,all others should be given the serum-alone treatment in doses varying in accordance with the severity of the symptoms manifested by the individual animals4 ,if the examination reveals a considerable number of infections1 it is advisable to use the serum alone for all the animals1 and in three or four weeks to revaccinate by the simultaneous method4 ,the dosage should depend on the potency of the serum1 serum of a high potency naturally being most desirable4 ,thus serum in #aj cubic centimeter doses for large animals1 and #c to #e cubic centimeter doses for smaller ones1 has been found to be effective in producing a temporary immunity4 ,as anthrax is entirely different from blackleg1 vaccine for the latter does not act as a preventive against the former4 ,,anthrax ,,in ,,man 7,,malignant ,,pustule1 ,,or ,,carbuncle74 ,anthrax may be transmitted to man in handling the carcasses and hides of animals which have succumbed to the disease4 ,the infection usually takes place through some abrasion or slight wound of the skin into which the anthrax spores1 or bacilli1 find their way4 ,the point of inoculation appears at first as a dark point or patch1 compared by some writers to the sting of a flea4 ,after a few hours this is changed into a reddened pimple1 which bears on its summit1 usually around a hair1 a yellowish blister1 or vesicle1 which later on becomes red or bluish in color4 ,the burning sensation in this stage is very great4 ,later this pimple enlarges1 its center becomes dry1 gangrenous1 and is surrounded by an elevated1 discolored swelling4 ,the center becomes drier and more leatherlike1 and sinks in as the whole increases in size4 ,the skin around this swelling or carbuncle is stained yellow or bluish1 and is not infrequently swollen and doughy to the touch4 ,the carbuncle itself rarely grows larger than a pea or a small nut1 and is but slightly painful4 ,anthrax swellings or edemas1 already described as occurring in cattle1 may also be found in man1 and they are at times so extensive as to produce distortion in the appearance of the part of the body on which they are found4 ,the color of the skin over these swellings varies according to the situation and thickness of the skin and the stage of the disease1 and may be white1 red1 bluish1 or blackish4 ,as sooner or later these carbuncles and swellings may lead to an infection of the entire body1 and thus be fatal1 surgical assistance should at once be called if there is well-grounded suspicion that any swellings resembling those described above have been caused by inoculation with anthrax virus4 ,inasmuch as physicians differ as to medicinal treatment of such accidents in man1 it would be out of place to make any suggestions in this connection4 ,extensive data are available1 however1 on the effectiveness of anthrax serum for the treatment of the disease in man4 ,it is recommended that from #cj to #dj cubic centimeters of serum be injected in three or four different places4 ,should no improvement follow in #bd hours additional injections of #bj to #cj cubic centimeters should be administered4 ,in most instances the results are favorable1 and this treatment is acknowledged to be superior to any other mode of treatment known for the disease4 ,to show that the transmission of anthrax to man is not so very uncommon1 we take the following figures from the #ahij report of the ,german ,government3 ,the attention of the authorities was brought to #aaa cases1 of which #aa terminated fatally4 ,the largest number of inoculations were caused by the slaughtering1 opening1 and skinning of animals affected with anthrax2 hence1 the butchers suffered most extensively4 ,of the #aaa thus affected1 #cf belonged to this craft4 ,infected shaving brushes also are very dangerous4 ,in addition to anthrax of the skin 7known as malignant pustule71 human beings are subject1 though very rarely1 to the disease of the lungs and the digestive organs4 ,in the former case the spores are inhaled by workmen in establishments in which wool1 hides1 and rags are worked over1 and it is therefore known as woolsorter's disease4 ,in the latter case the disease is contracted by eating the flesh of diseased animals which has not been thoroughly cooked4 ,these forms of the disease are more fatal than those in which the disease starts from the skin4 ,,blackleg4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 ,blackleg1 black quarter1 quarter ill1 symptomatic anthrax1 charbon symptomatique of the ,french1 ,rauschbrand of the ,germans1 is a rapidly fatal1 infectious disease of young cattle1 associated with external swellings which emit a crackling sound when handled4 ,this disease was formerly regarded identical with anthrax1 but investigations by various scientists in recent times have definitely proved the entire dissimilarity of the two affections1 both from a clinical and a causal standpoint4 ,the disease is produced by a specific bacillus1 readily distinguishable from that causing anthrax4 7,pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #d47 ,cattle between #f months and #b years of age are the most susceptible4 ,sucking calves under #f months are rarely attacked1 nor are they so susceptible to inoculation as older animals4 ,cattle more than #b years of age may become affected1 but such cases are infrequent4 ,sheep and goats may also contract the disease1 but man1 horses1 hogs1 dogs1 cats1 and fowls appear to be immune4 ,like anthrax1 blackleg is more or less restricted to definite localities4 ,there are certain pastures upon which the disease regularly appears in the summer and fall of the year4 ,as to any peculiarities of the soil nothing is definitely known4 ,some authors are inclined to regard moist1 undrained1 and swampy pastures favorable to this disease1 but these theories will hardly hold1 as it is found in all kinds of soil1 in all altitudes1 at all seasons of the year1 and under various climatic conditions4 ,it occurs in this country from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific and from ,mexico to ,canada1 but it is more prevalent in the ,western and ,southwestern ,states4 ,in ,europe it exists in ,france1 various parts of ,germany1 in ,belgium1 ,norway1 ,denmark1 ,italy1 and in the ,alps of ,switzerland4 ,in ,africa it occurs in ,algeria and to some extent in ,natal and bordering countries4 ,in ,south ,america it prevails quite extensively throughout ,argentina4 ,cattle in ,cuba and ,australia also suffer4 ,cause4--,the cause of the disease is a bacillus resembling in some minor respects the anthrax bacillus and differing but little from it in size4 ,it also possesses the power of forming within itself a spore4 ,in ,plate ,,xxviii1 figure #d1 this is represented as an uncolored spot located in one end of the rod1 which is enlarged so that the rod itself appears more or less club-shaped4 ,what has already been stated concerning the significance of the spore of the anthrax bacillus applies equally well to these bodies4 ,they resist destructive agents for a considerable time1 and may still produce disease when inoculated after several years of drying4 ,this fact may account for the occasional appearance of blackleg in stables4 ,in order to meet the requirements for the development of the spores1 which takes place only in the absence of the atmosphere1 it is necessary that the wound be very small and deep enough to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue4 ,several observers have found this organism in the mud of swamps4 ,by placing a little of the mud under the skin1 the disease has been produced4 ,since the disease may be produced by placing under the skin material containing the specific bacilli and spores1 it has been assumed that cattle contract the disease through wounds1 principally of the skin1 or very rarely of the mouth1 tongue1 and throat4 ,slight wounds into which the virus may find access may be caused by barbed wire1 stubbles1 thorns1 briers1 grass burs1 and sharp or pointed parts of feed4 ,infection by way of digestive tract is also probable4 ,symptoms and lesions4--,the symptoms of blackleg may be either of a general or of a local nature1 though more frequently of the latter4 ,the general symptoms are very much like those belonging to other acute infectious or bacterial diseases4 ,they begin1 from one to three days after the infection has taken place1 with loss of appetite and of rumination1 with dullness and debility1 and a high fever4 ,the temperature may rise to #ajg ,f4 ,to these may be added lameness or stiffness of one or more limbs1 due to the tumor or swelling quite invariably accompanying the disease4 ,after a period of disease lasting from one to three days the affected animal almost always succumbs4 ,death is preceded by increasing weakness1 difficult breathing1 and occasional attacks of violent convulsions4 ,the most important characteristic of this disease is the appearance of a tumor or swelling under the skin a few hours after the setting in of the constitutional symptoms described above4 ,in some cases it may appear first4 ,this tumor may be on the thighs 7hence blackleg1 black quarter71 the neck1 the shoulder1 the breast1 the flanks1 or the rump2 never below the carpal 7or knee7 and the hock joint4 ,it more rarely appears in the throat and at the base of the tongue4 ,the tumor1 at first small and painful1 spreads very rapidly both in depth and extent4 ,when it is stroked or handled a peculiar crackling sound is heard under the skin2 this is due to a collection of gas formed by the bacilli as they multiply4 ,at this stage the skin becomes dry1 parchment-like1 and cool to the touch in the center of the tumor4 ,if the swelling is cut into1 a frothy1 dark-red1 rather disagreeable-smelling fluid is discharged4 ,the animal manifests little or no pain during the operation4 ,as it is frequently desirable to know whether the disease is anthrax or blackleg1 a few of the most obvious post-mortem changes may here be cited4 ,the characteristic tumor with its crackling sound when stroked has already been described4 ,if after the death of the animal it is more thoroughly examined1 it will be noted that the tissues under the skin are infiltrated with blood and yellowish1 jellylike material and gas bubbles4 ,the muscular tissue beneath the swelling may be brownish or black1 shading into dark red4 7,pl4 ,,xlii47 ,it is soft1 easily torn and broken up4 ,the muscle tissue is distended with numerous smaller or larger gas-filled cavities1 often to such extent as to produce a resemblance to lung tissue4 ,upon incision it does not collapse perceptibly1 as the gas cavities are not connected with one another4 ,in the abdomen and the thorax bloodstained fluid is not infrequently found1 together with bloodstaining of the lining membrane of these cavities4 ,blood spots 7or ecchymoses7 are also found on the heart and lungs4 ,the liver is congested1 but the spleen is always normal in appearance4 ,differential diagnosis4--,among the features of this disease which distinguish it from anthrax may be mentioned the unchanged spleen and the ready clotting of the blood4 ,it will be remembered that in anthrax the spleen 7milt7 is very much enlarged1 the blood tarry1 coagulating feebly4 ,the anthrax carbuncles and swellings differ from the blackleg swellings in not containing gas1 in being hard and solid1 and in causing death less rapidly4 ,it is difficult to distinguish between the swellings of blackleg and malignant edema1 as they resemble each other very closely and both are distended with gas4 ,malignant edema1 however1 generally starts from a wound of considerable size2 it usually follows surgical operations1 and seldom results from the small abrasions and pricks to which animals are subjected in pastures4 ,inoculation experiments on guinea pigs1 rabbits1 and chickens will generally disclose the differences between the three diseases above1 as all these species are killed by the germ of malignant edema1 only the first two species by the anthrax bacillus1 while the guinea pigs alone will succumb to the blackleg infection4 ,hemorrhagic septicemia may be differentiated from blackleg by its affecting cattle of all ages1 by the location of the swelling usually about the region of the throat1 neck1 and dewlap1 by the soft1 doughy character of the swellings without the presence of gas bubbles1 and finally by the characteristic hemorrhages widely distributed throughout the body4 ,other means of diagnosis1 which have reference to the specific bacilli1 to the inoculable character of the virus upon small animals1 and which are of decisive and final importance1 can be utilized only by the trained bacteriologist and veterinarian4 ,treatment4--,in this disease remedies have thus far proved unavailing4 ,some writers recommend the use of certain drugs1 which seem to have been beneficial in a few cases1 but a thorough trial has shown them to be valueless4 ,others advise that the swelling be opened by deep and long incisions and a strong disinfectant1 such as a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid1 applied to the exposed parts2 but this procedure can not be too strongly condemned4 ,as nearly all those attacked die1 in spite of every kind of treatment1 and in view of the fact that when these tumors are opened the germs of the disease are scattered over the stables or pastures1 thus becoming a source of danger to other cattle1 it is obvious that such measures do more harm than good and should be put aside as dangerous4 ,bleeding1 nerving1 roweling1 or setoning have likewise some adherents1 but the evidence indicates that they have neither curative nor preventive value and therefore should be discarded for the method of vaccination which has been thoroughly tried and proved to be efficacious4 ,prevention4--,the various means suggested under ,anthrax to prevent the spread or recurrence of this disease are equally applicable to blackleg1 and hence do not need to be repeated here in full4 ,they consist in the removal of well animals from the infected pasture to a noninfected field1 the draining of the swampy ground1 the burial or burning of the carcasses to prevent the dissemination of the germs over vast areas through the agency of dogs1 wolves1 buzzards1 or crows1 the disinfection of the stables and the ground where the animals lay at the time of death1 and1 if possible1 the destruction of the germs on the infected pastures4 ,one of the most effective methods for freeing an infected pasture from blackleg is to allow the grass to grow high1 and when sufficiently dry to burn it off4 ,one burning off is not sufficient to redeem an infected pasture1 but the process should be repeated several years in succession4 ,this method1 however1 is in many instances impracticable1 as few cattle owners can afford to do it1 and the only means left for the protection of the animals is vaccination4 ,immunization by vaccination4--,three ,french veterinarians1 ,arloing1 ,cornevin1 and ,thomas1 were the first to discover that cattle may be protected against blackleg by inoculation with virulent material obtained from animals which have died of this disease4 ,later they devised a method of inoculation with the attenuated or weakened blackleg spores which produced immunity from natural or artificial inoculation of virulent blackleg germs4 ,their method has undergone various modifications both in regard to the manufacture of the vaccine and in the mode of its application4 ,kitt1 a ,german scientist1 modified the method so that but one inoculation of the vaccine was required instead of two1 as was the case with that made by the ,french investigators4 ,the vaccine formerly prepared and distributed by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry combined the principle of ,arloing1 ,cornevin1 and ,thomas1 and the modification of ,kitt4 ,by vaccination we understand the injection of a minute amount of attenuated--that is1 artificially weakened--blackleg virus into the system4 ,this virus is obtained from animals which have died from blackleg1 by securing the affected muscles1 cutting them into strips1 and drying them in the air4 ,when they are perfectly dry they are pulverized and mixed with water to form a paste1 smeared in a thin layer on flat dishes1 placed in an oven1 and heated for six hours at a temperature close to that of boiling water4 ,the paste is then transformed into a hard crust1 which is pulverized and sifted and distributed in packages containing either #aj or #be doses4 ,this constitutes the vaccine1 the strength of which is thoroughly tested on experiment animals before it is distributed among the cattle owners4 ,this vaccine1 which is in the form of a brownish1 dry powder1 is mixed with definite quantities of sterile water1 filtered1 and by means of a hypodermic syringe the filtrate injected under the skin in front of the shoulder of the animal4 ,the inoculation is usually followed by insignificant symptoms4 ,in a few cases there is a slight rise of temperature1 and by close observation a minute swelling may be noted at the point of inoculation4 ,the immunity conferred in this way may last for #ah months1 but animals vaccinated before they are #f months old and those in badly infected districts should be revaccinated before the following blackleg season4 ,the effect of the vaccine prepared by this bureau in preventing outbreaks of the disease and in immediately abating outbreaks already in progress was highly satisfactory1 and it is not to be doubted that thousands of young cattle were saved to the stock owners during the #be years in which the vaccine was distributed4#f ,more than #dg1jjj1jjj doses were sent out during this period1 and from reports received it is safe to conclude that more than #dj1jjj1jjj were actually injected1 whereby the percentage of loss from blackleg has been reduced from #aj per cent1 which annually occurred before using1 to less than one-half of #a per cent per annum4 ,with these figures before us it is plain that the general introduction of preventive vaccination must be of material benefit to the cattle raisers in the infected districts4 ,moreover1 there is every reason to believe that with the continued use of blackleg vaccine in all districts where the disease is known to occur1 and an earnest effort on the part of the stock owners to prevent the reinfection of their pastures by following the directions given1 blackleg may be kept in check and gradually eradicated4 ,immunization against blackleg is now frequently accomplished by the use of the so-called blackleg aggressin and blackleg filtrates4 ,,necrotic ,,stomatitis 7,,calf ,,diphtheria74 ,pl4 ,,xliii4 ,necrotic stomatitis is an acute1 specific1 highly contagious inflammation of the mouth occurring in young cattle1 and characterized locally by the formation of ulcers and caseo-necrotic patches and by constitutional symptoms1 chiefly toxic4 ,this disease has also been termed calf diphtheria1 gangrenous stomatitis1 ulcerative stomatitis1 malignant stomatitis1 tubercular stomatitis1 and diphtheritic patches of the oral mucous membrane4 ,history4--,during the last few years farmers and cattlemen in this country1 especially in ,colorado1 ,texas1 and ,south ,dakota1 have increasingly noted the occurrence of enzootics of sore mouth among the young animals of their herds4 ,instead of healing1 like the usual forms1 of themselves1 these cases1 if untreated1 die4 ,careful study of some of them has resulted in their identification with cases reported in #ahgg by ,dammann1 from the shore of the ,baltic2 in #ahgh by ,blazekowic1 in ,slavonia2 in #ahgi by ,vollers1 in ,holstein2 in #ahhj by ,lenglen1 in ,france2 in #ahha by ,macgillivray1 in ,england2 and in #ahhd by ,lffler1 who isolated and described the microorganism which produces the disease4 ,bang obtained this organism from the diphtheritic lesions of calves in #ahij1 and ,kitt likewise recovered the bacillus from similar lesions of the larynx and pharynx of calves and pigs in #ahic4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,,section ,,of ,,muscle ,,from ,a ,,blackleg ,,swelling4 a4 ,,gas ,,bubbles4 b4 ,,cavities ,,due ,,to ,,gas ,,formation4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,necrotic ,,stomatitis 7,,calf ,,diptheria74 ,etiology4--,the cause of necrotic stomatitis1 as demonstrated by ,lffler and since confirmed by other investigators1 is ,bacillus necrophorus1 often spoken of as the bacillus of necrosis4 ,this organism varies in form from a coccoid rod to long1 wavy filaments1 which may reach a length of #ajj2 the width varies from #j4ge to #a4 ,hence it is described as polymorphic4 ,it does not stain by ,gram1 but takes the ordinary anilin dyes1 often presenting1 especially the longer forms1 a beaded appearance4 ,a characteristic of the organism1 of great moment when we come to treatment1 is that it grows only in the absence of oxygen1 from which fact it is described as an obligate anrobe4 ,very few organisms exhibit a wider range of pathogenesis4 ,according to clinical observation to the present time1 ,bacillus necrophorus is pathogenic for cattle1 horses1 hogs1 sheep1 reindeer1 kangaroos1 antelope1 and rabbits4 ,experimentally it has been proved pathogenic for rabbits and white mice4 ,the dog1 cat1 guinea pig1 pigeon1 and chicken appear to be absolutely immune4 ,it is not pathogenic for man4 ,the importance of this bacillus is far beyond even its relation to necrotic stomatitis4 ,besides this disease it has been demonstrated as the causative factor in foot rot1 multiple liver abscesses1 disseminated liver necrosis1 embolic necrosis of the lungs1 necrosis of the heart1 in cattle2 gangrenous pox of the teats1 diphtheria of the uterus and vagina1 in cows2 diphtheritic inflammation of the small intestine of calves4 ,among horses it is the agent in the production of necrotic malanders1 quittor1 and diphtheritic inflammation of the large intestine4 ,in hogs it has caused necrotic or diphtheritic processes in the mucous membrane of the mouth1 necrosis of the anterior wall of the nasal septum1 and pulmonary and intestinal necrosis1 accompanying hog cholera4 ,abscesses of the liver1 gangrenous processes of the lips and nose1 and gangrenous affections of the hoof have all been caused in sheep by this organism4 ,pathology4--,the principal lesions in necrotic stomatitis occur in the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx4 ,the alterations may extend to the nasal cavities1 the larynx1 the trachea1 the lung1 the esophagus1 the intestines1 and to the hoof4 ,the oral surfaces affected are1 in the order of frequency1 tongue1 cheeks1 hard palate1 gums1 lips1 and pharynx4 ,in the majority of cases the primary infection seems to occur in the tongue4 7,pl4 ,,xliii47 ,infection takes place by inoculation4 ,some abrasion or break in the continuity of the mucous membrane of the mouth occurs4 ,very likely the origin may be connected with the eruption of the first teeth after birth1 or1 in animals somewhat older1 the entrance of a sharp-pointed particle of feed4 ,gaining an entrance at this point1 the bacilli begin to multiply4 ,during their development they elaborate a toxin1 or poisonous substance1 which causes the death1 or necrosis1 of the epithelial1 or superficial1 layer of the mucous membrane and also of the white blood cells which have sallied forth through the vessel walls to the defense of the tissues against the bacillary attack4 ,this destruction of the surface epithelium seems to be the essential factor in the production of the caseous patch1 often called the false membrane4 ,from the connective-tissue framework below is poured forth an inflammatory exudate highly albuminous or rich in fibrin-forming elements4 ,when this exudate and the necrosed cellular elements come in contact1 the latter furnish a fibrin ferment which transforms the exduate into a fibrinous mass4 ,this process is known as coagulation necrosis1 and the resulting fibroid mass1 containing in its meshes the necrosed and degenerated epithelium and leucocytes1 constitutes the diphtheritic or false membrane4 ,did the process cease at this point it would be properly called a diphtheritic inflammation1 but it does not4 ,a caseating ferment is supplied by the bacilli1 and this1 acting upon the fibroid patch1 transforms it into a dry1 finely granular1 yellowish mass of tissue detritus resembling cheese4 ,frequently this caseous inflammation results in the formation of one or more ulcers with thickened1 slightly reddened borders1 surmounted by several layers of this necrosed tissue4 ,the floor of the ulcer is formed by a grayish-yellow1 corroded surface1 under which the tissue is transformed into a dry1 friable1 or firm cheesy mass4 ,in the tongue this may progress to two fingers' thickness into the muscular portion2 in the cheek it may form an external opening1 permitting fluids to escape from the mouth2 upon the palate it frequently reaches and includes the bone in its destructive course2 upon the gums it has produced necrosis of the tooth sockets1 causing loss of the teeth4 ,in the advanced forms1 caseous foci may be seen in the lung and in the liver and necrotic patches observed on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract4 ,symptoms4--,necrotic stomatitis is both a local and a systemic affection4 ,primarily it is local4 ,the local lesion is the caseo-necrotic patch or ulcer developed as a result of the multiplication of the bacilli at the point of inoculation4 ,the general affection is an intoxication1 or poisoning1 of the whole system produced by a soluble toxin elaborated by the bacilli4 ,the stage of incubation is from three to five days4 ,the first symptoms noted are a disinclination to take nourishment1 some drooling from the mouth1 and an examination of the mouth will show on some portion of its mucous membrane a circumscribed area of infiltration and redness1 possibly an erosion4 ,the latter gradually extends in size and depth1 forming a sharply circumscribed area of necrotic inflammation4 ,it may measure anywhere from the size of a #e-;cent piece to that of a silver dollar or even larger4 ,it has the appearance of a corroded surface1 under which the mucous membrane or muscular tissue seems transformed into a dry1 friable1 or firm cheesy mass4 ,it is grayish yellow in color and is bordered by a zone of thickened tissue slightly reddened and somewhat granulated4 ,the necrotic tissue is very adherent and can be only partially peeled off4 ,it is homogeneous1 cheesy1 and may extend two fingers' depth into the tissues beneath4 ,the general symptoms are languor1 weakness1 and slight fever4 ,in spite of plenty of good feed the calf is seen to be failing4 ,it stops sucking1 or1 if older1 altogether refuses to eat4 ,the temperature at this time may be from #ajd to #ajg ,f4 ,the slobber becomes profuse1 swallowing very difficult1 opening of the mouth quite painful1 and a most offensive odor is exhaled4 ,the tongue is swollen and its motion greatly impaired4 ,sometimes the mouth is kept open1 permitting the tumefied tongue to protrude4 ,one or more of the above symptoms direct the attention to the mouth as the seat of disease2 or1 having noticed the debility and disinclination to eat1 an examination of the animal may show a lump under the neck or swelling of the throat or head4 ,the following extract from a letter is characteristic3 ,i noticed my calves beginning to fail about the first week in ,december1 but could not account for it1 as they were getting plenty of grain and hay4 ,my attention was first attracted by a swelling under the neck of one of the calves4 ,i cast the animal and found that it was feed that had collected and the animal couldn't swallow it4 ,i removed it1 and in so doing noticed a large ulcer on the tongue and a very offensive odor4 ,this was the first knowledge ,i had of anything being wrong with the calves' mouths4 ,they may have been sick for some time before this4 ,out of a herd of #ajj belonging to this man1 #gj were affected1 and the letter emphasizes the insidious character of the onset4 ,the general affection at this time manifests itself by dejectedness1 extreme weakness1 and emaciation1 constant lying down1 with stiffness and marked difficulty in standing4 ,the disease frequently extends to the nasal cavities1 producing a thin1 yellowish1 or greenish-yellow1 sticky discharge which adheres closely to the borders of the nostrils4 ,their edges also show caseous patches similar to those in the mouth4 ,sometimes the nasal passage is obstructed by great masses of the necrosed exudate1 thus causing extreme difficulty in breathing4 ,when the caseous process involves the larynx and trachea there result cough1 wheezing1 and dyspnea1 together with a yellowish mucopurulent expectoration4 ,when life is prolonged three or four weeks1 caseous foci may be established in the lung1 giving rise to all the signs of a bronchopneumonia4 ,many of these cases are associated with a fibrinous pleurisy4 ,the invasion of the gastrointestinal tract is announced by diarrheal symptoms4 ,this disease principally attacks sucklings not more than #f weeks of age1 but calves #h and #aj months old are frequently affected1 and several cases in adult cattle have been reported to this office4 ,in its very acute form many of the cases run their course in from five to eight days4 ,in these the local lesions are not strongly marked1 and death seems due to acute intoxication4 ,in other enzootics the majority of the affected animals live from three to five weeks4 ,these are cases that occasionally present the pulmonary and intestinal symptoms1 and sometimes develop also caseo-necrotic lesions in the liver4 ,ordinarily cases show no tendency to spontaneous cure4 ,left to themselves they die4 ,on the contrary1 if taken in hand early1 the disease is readily amenable to treatment4 ,in the latter event the prospects of recovery are excellent4 ,differential diagnosis4--,necrotic stomatitis may be differentiated from foot-and-mouth disease by the fact that in the latter there is a rapid infection of the entire herd1 including the adult cattle1 as well as the infection of hogs and sheep4 ,the characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing a serous fluid upon the mucous membrane of the mouth and upon the udder1 teats1 and feet of the affected animals4 ,in necrotic stomatitis vesicles are never formed1 necrosis occurring from the beginning and followed by the formation of yellowish1 cheesy patches1 principally found in the mouth4 ,mycotic stomatitis occurs in only a few animals of the herd1 chiefly the adult cattle1 and the lesions produced consist of an inflammation of the mouth and lips and of the skin between the toes1 followed in a few days by small irregular ulcers in the mouth4 ,this disease appears sporadically1 usually in the early fall after a dry summer1 does not run a regular course1 and can not be inoculated4 ,prevention4--,prophylaxis should be carried out along three lines3 7#a7 ,separation of the sick from the healthy animals4 7#b7 ,close scrutiny and thorough disinfection once or twice daily for five days of the mouths and nasal passages of those animals that have been exposed4 7#c7 ,complete disinfection of all stalls and sheds4 ,the disease appears to break out in winter and hold over to spring4 ,it is conceivable that exposure to cold might so disturb the normal circulation of the oral tissues as to make the mucous membrane an excellent location for the causative factor of the disease4 ,there is another possibility1 however1 which bears on the third line of prophylaxis4 ,the so-called diphtheritic inflammations of the vagina and uterus in cows are caused by the same organism that induces necrotic stomatitis4 ,a ,european writer has recently pointed out the almost constant relation of such attacks to previous occurrences of foul foot or foot rot in the same or other cattle on the place4 ,in all likelihood1 in such cases1 the stalls and sheds are the harborers of this germ4 ,it is possible that many of these outbreaks have some relation to preceding cases of the above-mentioned diseases and the greater use in winter of the stalls and sheds1 thus harboring the ,bacillus necrophorus4 ,treatment4--,the treatment consists almost solely in careful and extensive cleansing and disinfection of the mouth and other affected surfaces4 ,the mucous membrane of the mouth should be copiously irrigated with a #d per cent solution of boracic acid in warm water at least twice daily4 ,as exposure to oxygen kills the bacilli1 one need have no fear about disturbing or tearing off the caseous patches or necrotic tissue during irrigation4 ,the irrigation of the sores should then be followed by the application with a brush or rag on a stick of a paste made with #a part of salicylic acid and #aj parts of water1 or the affected areas may be painted with ,lugol's solution of iodin 7iodin1 #a2 potassium iodid1 #e2 water1 #bjj74 ,frequent injections of #a per cent carbolic-acid solution into the mouth make an excellent treatment4 ,the internal administration of #b grams of salicylic acid and #c grams of chlorate of potassium three times a day has also proved to be very beneficial when accompanied with local antiseptic treatment4 ,,malignant ,,catarrh4 ,malignant catarrh1 or infectious catarrhal fever1 is an acute infectious disease of cattle preeminently involving the respiratory and digestive tracts1 although the sinuses of the head1 the eyes1 and the urinary and sexual organs are very frequently affected4 ,it is relatively rare in this country1 being more common on the continent of ,europe4 ,outbreaks have occurred1 however1 in ,minnesota1 ,new ,york1 and ,new ,jersey4 ,so far the causal agent of the disease has never been isolated1 and inoculation experiments with the view of artificially reproducing the disease have proved negative in every case4 ,in spite of the foregoing statements the consensus of opinion of eminent investigators points to malignant catarrh as being of specific origin2 that is1 due to some form of microorganism the contagious character of which is poorly developed4 ,this accounts for the slow transmissibility of the disease from one animal to another4 ,in fact1 malignant catarrh is a type of that class of affections scientifically known as miasmatic diseases2 that is1 they remain stationary in stables with damp floors1 low ceilings1 poor ventilation1 and bad sanitary conditions in general4 ,such places furnish a favorable seat of propagation for the infective material1 and it will remain active for a long time1 causing the loss of a few animals each year4 ,one ,european veterinarian reports an instance in which the disease remained for #be years on the same farm1 attacking in all #bbe animals1 with a mortality of about #ih per cent4 ,the disease is most common in late winter and early spring1 at all altitudes1 and has a special preference for young1 well-nourished cattle1 although older animals are not immune4 ,the time between the entrance of the infective principle into the body of the animal and the appearance of the first symptoms is relatively very long1 averaging1 according to ,german investigators1 from #bj to #cj days4 ,fortunately1 it is not a disease which spreads to any great extent or which causes severe losses1 and hence legislative enactments do not seem to be necessary for its restriction4 ,symptoms4--,these are extremely variable according to the point of localization of the lesions4 ,it is usually ushered in with a chill1 followed by a marked rise of temperature 7#ajd to #ajg ,f474 ,the head droops1 the skin is hot and dry1 and the coat staring4 ,quivering of the muscles in various parts of the body is frequently observed4 ,marked dullness of the animal1 passing1 according to some observers1 into an almost stupefied condition later on1 is quite common4 ,the secretion of milk stops in the beginning of the disease1 and loss of flesh1 invariably associated with the disease1 is extremely marked and rapid4 ,the lesions of the eyes may best be likened to moon blindness 7periodic ophthalmia7 in horses4 ,there is first an abundant secretion of tears1 which run down the face4 ,the lids are swollen and inflamed1 and indeed this may be so marked as to cause involuntary eversion1 exposing the reddened conjunctiva to view4 ,sunlight is painful1 as is shown by the fact that the animal keeps the eyes continuously closed4 ,this inflammation may extend to the cornea1 causing it to assume a slightly clouded appearance in mild cases or a chalky whiteness in more severe affection4 ,cases of ulceration of the cornea followed by perforation and subsequent escape of the aqueous humor1 leading to shrinking of the eyeball and permanent loss of sight1 have been recorded1 but these are relatively rare1 although slight inflammation of the deeper structures of the eye 7iris7 are more frequent4 ,in mild cases this inflammation may undergo complete resolution1 but more frequently permanent cloudliness of the cornea1 either diffuse or in spots 7leucoma71 is the result4 ,the mucous membrane of the mouth1 nose1 sinuses of the head1 throat1 and lower respiratory passages are also involved4 ,it is first catarrhal in character1 but soon a false or diphtheritic membrane is formed1 with the production of shallow ulcers4 ,there is dribbling of saliva from the mouth and discharge from the nose1 at first watery1 becoming thicker and mixed with blood and small masses of cast-off croupous membrane1 causing a very fetid odor4 ,these croupous areas when they form in the throat1 larynx1 or windpipe1 may lead to narrowing of the passages1 with consequent difficult breathing and even suffocation4 ,various respiratory murmurs may also be heard1 caused by the to-and-fro movement of mucus and inflammatory deposits along the air passages4 ,there is also inflammation of the horn core with consequent loosening of the horn shell1 and the horns are thus readily knocked off by the uneasy1 blind sufferer4 ,the animal may refuse all feed from the time of the initial rise of temperature1 or in less severe cases1 and especially when the lesions of the digestive tract are not so marked1 the appetite may remain until the disease is well advanced4 ,constipation is quite common at the commencement of the attack1 followed by diarrhea and severe straining1 the evacuations becoming very soft1 fetid1 and streaked with blood4 ,cases of the evacuation of desquamated patches of diphtheritic membrane from the intestinal mucosa #f to #i feet in length have been reported4 ,the kidneys and bladder are usually inflamed1 the urine being voided with difficulty and the animal evincing signs of pain4 ,inflammatory elements1 as albumen1 casts1 etc41 may be seen on examination of the urine4 ,in cows the mucous membrane of the vestibule is congested1 swollen1 and may contain ulcers and an excessive quantity of mucus4 ,abortion during advanced pregnancy is not infrequent1 following a severe attack4 ,in connection with these various symptoms there may be much uneasiness on the part of the animal1 leading in some cases to madness and furious delirium1 in others to spasms and convulsions or paralysis4 ,a vesicular eruption of the skin may occur1 seen principally between the toes and on the inside of the flank and in the armpits1 with subsequent loss of hair and epidermis4 ,like other infectious diseases1 malignant catarrh pursues a longer or shorter course in accordance with the severity of the attack4 ,in acute cases death is said to take place three to seven days after the appearance of symptoms4 ,recovery1 if it occurs1 may take three or four weeks4 ,according to statistics1 from #ej to #ij per cent of the affected animals die4 ,if animals which have died of this disease are examined1 in addition to the changes of the mucous membrane of mouth and nasal cavities referred to above1 shallow ulcers in these situations will be found occasionally4 ,these necrotic processes may pass beneath the mucous membrane and even involve the underlying bony structure4 ,in severe cases membranous 7croupous7 deposits are found in the throat4 ,similar deposits have been found upon the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach and intestine1 which is always inflamed4 ,there is more or less inflammation of the membranes of the brain1 kidneys1 and liver1 and some fatty degeneration of the voluntary muscles4 ,in countries where rinderpest occasionally appears it may be difficult to distinguish between it and malignant catarrh1 owing to a general similarity of the symptoms4 ,the principal points to be observed in differentiating between the two are the very slight transmissibility of the latter as compared with the intense contagiousness of the former1 and the tendency of malignant catarrh to run a more chronic course than rinderpest1 which usually results fatally in a very few days4 ,only a trained veterinarian who takes into consideration all the different symptoms and lesions of both diseases should decide in such cases4 ,treatment4--,there is no specific treatment for this affection4 ,copious blood letting in the earliest stages has been highly recommended1 however1 as this has a tendency to deplete the system and lessen the exudation of inflammatory products4 ,antiseptic washes1 such as #d per cent boric-acid solution to the eyes and ,dobell's solution applied to the nose and mouth with ice poultices over the crest of the head and frontal region1 have also proved efficacious4 ,calomel should also be given in #a-;dram doses twice a day for three days1 and in severe cases1 involving the respiratory tract1 a powder containing ferrous sulphate1 quinin1 and subnitrate of bismuth1 given twice a day1 will be found beneficial4 ,at the same time it must be remembered that much greater success is to be looked for in the preventive treatment4 ,this consists in the removal of the healthy from the infected animals 7not vice versa7 and thorough cleaning and disinfecting of the contaminated stables4 ,if the floors are low and damp1 they should be raised and made dry4 ,if this can not be done1 place a layer of cement under the stable floor to prevent water from entering from below4 ,the stable should be well ventilated and the soil in the pastures thoroughly drained4 ,if this is carefully carried out1 the contagion should be destroyed and the danger of the reappearance of the disease in a great measure lessened4 ,,malignant ,,edema4 ,malignant edema1 also termed gangrenous septicemia1 is an acute1 inflammatory disease of domestic and wild animals1 resulting from the introduction of a specific organism into the deep connective tissues of a susceptible animal and proving fatal in many instances within #bd to #dh hours4 ,the disease may be inoculated from one animal to another1 but only by inserting the virus deeply below the skin4 ,it is infrequently met with in cattle1 but may follow operating wounds1 as roweling1 castration1 and phlebotomy1 which have become infected with septic matter1 soil1 or unclean instruments4 ,in the pathological laboratory of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry the organism has also been obtained from the infected muscles of a calf that was supposed to have died of blackleg1 and1 as a result1 all blackleg virus is thoroughly tested before it is made into blackleg vaccine in order to exclude the malignant-edema organism4 ,the essential cause of malignant edema is a long1 slender1 motile1 spore-bearing bacillus1 resembling the bacillus of blackleg1 and which can develop only in the absence of the atmosphere4 ,unlike the bacilli of anthrax and blackleg1 which are confined to certain districts1 this organism is widely distributed and found in ordinary garden soil1 foul water1 and in the normal intestinal tract of the herbivora4 ,it may be brought to the surface of the soil by growing plants1 rains1 winds1 or burrowing insects and rodents4 ,in animals that have succumbed to the disease the germ is confined to the seat of infection1 but a few hours after death it may migrate through the blood channels to other parts of the body4 ,the bacillus may attack man1 horses1 asses1 goats1 sheep1 pigs1 cats1 dogs1 and poultry4 ,adult cattle1 although refractory to experimental inoculation1 suffer from natural infection1 while calves are susceptible to both these methods of exposure4 7,kitt47 ,the introduction of the bacillus into abrasions of the skin and superficial sores rarely does any harm1 because the germ is quickly destroyed by contact with air4 ,if1 however1 the organisms are inserted deeply into the subcutaneous tissues of susceptible animals1 they quickly develop1 producing a soluble poison1 which is the fatal agent4 ,in lamb-shearing season1 or after docking or castration1 the mortality is higher among these animals because of wounds inflicted at such times4 ,the application of antiseptics to wounds thus made will reduce the percentage of deaths to a minimum4 ,symptoms4--,usually the first symptoms are overlooked4 ,in the early stages the animal appears listless1 disinclined to move about1 and lies down in shady and quiet places4 ,if forced to move about1 the hind legs are drawn forward with a peculiar1 stiff1 dragging movement1 and there may be slight muscular trembling over all the body1 which becomes more intense as the disease progresses4 ,when driven1 the animal shows signs of fatigue1 ultimately dropping to the ground completely exhausted4 ,breathing becomes fast and painful1 with frequent spasmodic jerks4 ,the pulse is quick and weak and the temperature is #ajf to #ajg ,f4 ,an edematous1 doughy1 and painful swelling appears at the point of infection4 ,this tumefaction spreads more and more1 and crackles on pressure4 ,in case of an open wound1 a fetid liquid and frothy discharge is observed4 ,the center of the swelling may appear soft and jellylike1 while the margin is tense1 hot1 and painful4 ,the symptoms increase rapidly1 resulting in coma and death4 ,lesions4--,after death the fat and subcutaneous tissues surrounding the infected area are infiltrated with a yellow gelatinous material containing an orange-colored foam1 due to the presence of gas bubbles4 ,the muscles at this point are friable1 spongy1 and of a uniform brownish tint1 dissociated by gas and with a blood-tinged exudate4 ,this gangrenous tissue1 when present before death1 can be removed without pain to the animal4 ,the intestines are generally normal1 but1 together with the peritoneum1 they may be inflamed1 and the lungs are usually the seat of an edema4 ,the spleen1 liver1 and kidneys retain their normal appearance1 in marked contrast with anthrax4 ,differential diagnosis4--,unlike blackleg1 this disease never appears as an epizootic but in isolated cases4 ,it may also be differentiated from the former by the history of a recent parturition or surgical operation1 by the presence of an external injury at the site of the swelling accompanied with a fetid liquid discharge1 and the gangrenous appearance of the tumefaction4 ,man is susceptible to malignant edema1 but not to blackleg4 ,malignant edema may also be easily differentiated from anthrax in that the blood and spleen are normal in appearance1 while in the latter disease the blood is dark and of a tarlike consistency1 and the spleen appears swollen1 injected1 and softened4 ,the local tumor in malignant edema contains gas bubbles1 which are absent in anthrax swellings4 ,inoculation experiments of guinea pigs1 rabbits1 and chickens will also disclose the differences among the above-mentioned three diseases1 since all these species are killed by the germ of malignant edema1 only the first two species by the anthrax bacillus1 while the guinea pig alone will succumb to the blackleg infection4 ,treatment4--,treatment is chiefly surgical and consists in laying the infected areas wide open by free incision1 followed by a liberal application of a #cj per cent solution of hydrogen dioxid and subsequently a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid4 ,usually the disease when observed has advanced to such an extent that medicinal interference is without avail4 ,preventive treatment is by far the most desirable1 and consists1 essentially1 in a thorough disinfection of all accidental and surgical wounds1 the cleansing of the skin1 and the exclusion of soil1 filth1 and bacteria during surgical operations of any nature4 ,sheds1 barns1 and stables should receive a thorough application of quicklime or crude carbolic acid wash after all rubbish has been removed and burned4 ,all dead animals should be burned or deeply buried and covered well with quicklime4 ,,southern ,,cattle ,,fever 7,,texas ,,fever1 ,,tick ,,fever74 ,pls4 ,,xliv-,,xlix4 ,this disease1 which is more commonly known as ,texas fever1 and sometimes as splenetic fever1 is a specific fever communicated by cattle which have recently been moved northward from the infected district2 it is also contracted by cattle taken into the infected district from other parts of the world4 ,it is characterized by the peculiarity among animal diseases that the animals which disseminate the infection are apparently in good health1 while those which sicken and die from it do not1 as a rule1 infect others4 ,it is accompanied with high fever1 greatly enlarged spleen1 destruction of the red blood corpuscles1 escape of the coloring matter of the blood through the kidneys1 giving the urine a deep-red color1 with a yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat1 which is seen more especially in fat cattle1 by a rapid loss of strength1 and with fatal results in a large proportion of cases4 ,this disease has various names in different sections of the country where it frequently appears4 ,it is often called ,spanish fever1 acclimation fever1 red water1 black water1 distemper1 murrain1 dry murrain1 yellow murrain1 bloody murrain1 ,australian tick fever1 and tristeza of ,south ,america4 ,the earliest accounts we have of this disease date back to #ahad1 when it was stated by ,dr4 ,james ,mease1 before the ,philadelphia ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture1 that the cattle from a certain district in ,south ,carolina so certainly disease all others with which they mix in their progress to the ,north that they are prohibited by the people of ,virginia from passing through the ,state2 that these cattle infect others while they themselves are in perfect health1 and that cattle from ,europe or the interior taken to the vicinity of the sea are attacked by a disease that generally proves fatal4 ,similar observations have been made in regard to a district in the southern part of the ,united ,states4 ,the northern limits of this area are changed yearly as a result of the dissemination or eradication of the cattle tick along the border1 but the infected area has gradually decreased1 owing to the successful endeavors pushed forward to eliminate the ticks4 ,it was the frequent and severe losses following the driving of cattle from the infected district in ,texas into and across the ,western ,states and ,territories which led to the disease being denominated ,texas fever4 ,it is now known1 however1 that the infection is not peculiar to ,texas or even to the ,united ,states1 but that it also exists in southern ,europe1 ,central and ,south ,america1 ,australia1 ,south ,africa1 and the ,west ,indies4 ,when cattle from other sections of the country are taken into the infected district they contract this disease usually during the first summer1 and if they are adult animals1 particularly milch cows or fat cattle1 nearly all die4 ,calves are much more likely to survive4 ,the disease is one from which immunity is acquired1 and therefore calves which recover are not again attacked1 as a rule1 even after they become adult4 ,when the infection is disseminated beyond the permanently infected district1 the roads1 pastures1 pens1 and other inclosures are dangerous for susceptible animals until freezing weather4 ,the infection then disappears1 and cattle may be driven over the grounds or kept in the inclosures the succeeding summer and the disease will not reappear4 ,there are some exceptions to this rule in the section just north of the boundary line of the infected district4 ,in this locality the infection sometimes resists the winters1 especially if they are mild4 ,in regard to the manner in which the disease is communicated1 experience shows that this does not occur by animals coming near or in contact with one another4 ,it is an indirect infection4 ,the cattle from the infected district first infect the pastures1 roads1 pens1 cars1 etc41 whence the susceptible cattle obtain the virus secondhand4 ,usually animals do not contract the disease when separated from infected pastures by a fence4 ,if1 however1 there is any drainage or washing by rains across the line of fence this rule does not hold good4 ,the investigations made by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry demonstrate that the ticks which adhere to cattle from the infected district are the only known means of conveying the infection to susceptible cattle4 ,the infection is not spread by the saliva1 the urine1 or the manure of cattle from the infected district4 ,in studying the causation and prevention of this disease1 attention must therefore be largely given to the tick1 and it now seems apparent that if cattle could be freed from this parasite when leaving the infected district they would not be able to spread the malady4 ,the discovery of the connection of the ticks with the production of the disease has played a very important part in determining the methods that should be adopted in preventing its spread4 ,it established an essential point and indicated many lines of investigation which have yielded and are still likely to yield very important results4 ,nature of the disease4--,texas fever is caused by an organism which lives within the red blood corpuscles and breaks them up4 ,it is therefore simply a blood disease4 ,the organism does not belong to the bacteria but to the protozoa4 ,it is not1 in other words1 a microscopic plant1 but it belongs to the lowest forms of the animal kingdom4 ,this very minute organism multiplies very rapidly in the body of the infected animal1 and in acute cases causes an enormous destruction of red corpuscles in a few days4 ,how it gets into the red corpuscle it is not possible to state1 but it appears that it enters as an exceedingly minute body1 probably endowed with motion1 and only after it has succeeded in entering the corpuscle does it begin to enlarge4 ,plate ,,xlv1 figure #d1 illustrates an early stage of this blood parasite4 ,the red corpuscle contains a very minute1 roundish body which is stained blue to bring it into view4 ,the body is1 as a rule1 situated near the edge of the corpuscle4 ,figure #e illustrates an older stage in the growth of the parasite1 in fact the largest which has thus far been detected4 ,it will be noticed that there are usually two bodies in a corpuscle4 ,these bodies are in general pear-shaped4 ,the narrow ends are always toward each other when two are present in the same corpuscle4 ,if we bear in mind that the average diameter of the red blood corpuscles of cattle is from #a_/djjj to #a_/ejjj inch1 the size of the contained parasite may be at once appreciated by a glance at the figures referred to4 ,the various disease processes which go on in ,texas fever1 and which we may observe by examining the organs after death1 all result from the destruction of the red corpuscles2 this destruction may be extremely rapid or slow4 ,when it is rapid we have the acute1 usually fatal1 type of ,texas fever1 which is always witnessed in the height of the ,texas-fever season1 that is1 during the latter weeks of ,august and the early weeks of ,september4 ,when the destruction of corpuscles is slower1 a mild1 usually nonfatal1 type of the disease is called forth1 which is only witnessed late in autumn or more rarely in ,july and the early part of ,august4 ,cases of the mild type occurring thus early usually become acute later and terminate fatally4 ,the acute disease is fatal in most cases1 and the fatality is due not so much to the loss of blood corpuscles as to the difficulty which the organs have in getting rid of the waste products arising from this wholesale destruction4 ,how great this may be a simple calculation will serve to illustrate4 ,in a steer weighing #a1jjj pounds1 the blood in its body weighs about #ej pounds1 if we assume that the blood represents one-twentieth of the weight of the body1 which is a rather low estimate4 ,according to experimental determination at the bureau station1 which consists in counting the number of blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood from day to day in such an animal1 the corpuscles contained in from #e to #aj pounds of blood may be destroyed within #bd hours4 ,the remains of these corpuscles and the coloring matter in them must be either converted into bile or excreted unchanged4 ,the result of this effort on the part of the liver causes extensive disease of this organ4 ,the bile secreted by the liver cells contains so much solid material that it stagnates in the finest bile canals and chokes these up completely4 ,this in turn interferes with the nutrition of the liver cells and they undergo fatty degeneration and perish4 ,the functions of the liver are thereby completely suspended and death is the result4 ,this enormous destruction of corpuscles takes place to a large extent in the kidneys1 where a great number of corpuscles containing the parasites are always found in acute cases4 ,this accounts largely for the blood-colored urine1 or red water1 which is such a characteristic feature of ,texas fever4 ,the corpuscles themselves are not found in the urine2 it is the red coloring matter1 or hemoglobin1 which leaves them when they break up and pass into the urine4 ,symptoms4--,after a period of exposure to infected soil1 which may vary from #ac to #ij days1 and which will be more fully discussed under the subject of cattle ticks as bearers of the ,texas-fever parasite1 the disease first shows itself in dullness1 loss of appetite1 and a tendency to leave the herd and stand or lie down alone4 ,a few days before these symptoms appear the presence of a high fever may be detected by the clinical thermometer4 ,the temperature rises from a normal of #aja to #ajc ,f4 to #ajf and #ajg ,f4 ,there seems to be little or no change in temperature until recovery or death ensues4 ,the period of high temperature or fever varies considerably4 ,as it indicates the intensity of the disease process going on within1 the higher it is the more rapid the fatal end4 ,when it does not rise above #ajd ,f4 the disease is milder and more prolonged4 ,the bowels are mostly constipated during the fever2 toward the end the feces may become softer and rather deeply tinged with bile4 ,the urine shows nothing abnormal during the course of the disease until near the fatal termination1 when it may be deeply stained with the coloring matter of the blood4 7,hemoglobinuria2 see ,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #c47 ,although this symptom is occasionally observed in animals which recover1 yet it may generally be regarded as an indication of approaching death4 ,the pulse and respiration are usually much more rapid than during health4 ,other symptoms in addition to those mentioned have been described by observers1 but they do not seem to be constant1 and only those described above are nearly always present4 ,as the end approaches emaciation becomes very marked1 the blood is very thin and watery1 and the closing of any wound of the skin by clots is retarded4 ,the animal manifests increasing stupor and may lie down much of the time4 ,signs of delirium have been observed in some cases4 ,death occurs most frequently in the night4 ,the duration of the disease is very variable4 ,death may ensue in from three days to several weeks after the beginning of the fever4 ,those that recover ultimately do so very slowly1 owing to the great poverty of the blood in red corpuscles4 ,the flesh is regained but very gradually1 and the animal may be subjected to a second1 though mild1 attack later on in the autumn1 which pushes the full recovery onward to the beginning of winter4 ,in the mild type of the disease1 which occurs in ,october and ,november1 symptoms of disease are well-nigh absent4 ,there is little if any fever1 and if it were not for loss of flesh and more or less dullness the disease may pass unnoticed1 as it undoubtedly does in a majority of cases4 ,if1 however1 the blood corpuscles are counted from time to time a gradually diminishing number will be found1 and after several weeks only about one-fifth or one-sixth of the normal number are present4 ,it is indeed surprising how little impression upon the animal this very impoverished condition of the blood appears to make4 ,it is probable1 however1 that if two animals kept under the same conditions1 one healthy and the other at the end of one of these mild attacks1 are weighed1 the difference would be plainly shown4 ,pathological changes observable after death4--,in the preceding pages some of these have already been referred to in describing the nature of the disease4 ,it is very important at times to determine whether a certain disease is ,texas fever or some other disease1 like anthrax1 for example4 ,this fact can1 as a rule1 be determined at once by a thorough microscopic examination of the blood4 ,the necessary apparatus and the requisite qualifications for this task leave this method entirely in the hands of experts4 ,there are1 however1 a considerable number of changes caused by this disease which may be detected by the naked eye when the body has been opened4 ,put together they make a mistake quite impossible4 ,the presence of small ticks on the skin of the escutcheon1 the thighs1 and the udder is a very important sign in herds north of the ,texas-fever line1 as it indicates that they have been brought in some manner from the ,south and have carried the disease with them1 as will be explained later4 ,another very important sign is the thin1 watery condition of the blood1 either just before death or when the fever has been present for four or five days4 ,a little incision into the skin will enable any one to determine this point4 ,frequently the skin is so poor in blood that it may require several incisions to draw a drop or more4 ,the changes in the internal organs1 as found on post-mortem examinations1 are briefly as follows3 ,the spleen1 or milt1 is much larger than in healthy animals4 ,it may weigh three or four times as much4 ,when it is incised the contents or pulp is blackish 7see ,pl4 ,,xliv1 fig4 #a71 and may even well out as a disintegrated mass4 ,the markings of the healthy spleen 7fig4 #b7 are all effaced by the enormous number of blood corpuscles which have collected in it1 and to which the enlargement is attributable4 ,next to the spleen the liver will arouse our attention4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #b47 ,it is larger than in the healthy state1 has lost its natural brownish color 7fig4 #a71 and now has on the surface a paler1 yellowish hue4 ,when it is incised this yellowish tinge1 or mahogany color1 as it has been called by some1 is still more prominent4 ,this is owing to the large quantity of bile in the finest bile capillaries1 and as these are not uniformly filled with it the cut surface has a more or less mottled appearance4 ,this bile injection causes in many cases a fatty degeneration of the liver cells1 which makes the organ appear still lighter in color4 ,in all cases the gall bladder should be examined4 ,this is distended with bile1 which holds in suspension a large number of yellow flakes1 so that when it is poured into a tall bottle to settle fully one-half or more of the column of fluid will be occupied by a layer of flakes4 ,if mucus is present at the same time1 the bile may become so viscid that when it is poured from one glass to another it forms long bands4 ,the bile in health is a limpid fluid1 containing no solid particles4 ,if the animal during life has not been observed to pass urine colored with blood or red water1 the bladder should be opened4 ,this quite invariably1 in acute cases1 contains urine which varies in color from a deep port wine to a light claret4 ,in many cases the color is so dense that light will not pass through even a thin layer4 7,pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #c47 ,the kidneys are always found congested in the acute attack4 ,the disease exerts but little effect on the stomach and intestines beyond more or less reddening of the mucous membrane2 hence an examination of them may be safely omitted4 ,the lungs are1 as a rule1 not diseased4 ,the heart usually shows patches of blood extravasation on the inside 7left ventricle7 and less markedly on the outer surface4 ,we have observed jaundice of the various tissues but very rarely4 ,it has been observed by some quite regularly1 however4 ,during the hot season about #ij per cent of the susceptible mature animals from a noninfected district die1 but later1 in the cool weather1 the disease assumes a milder type1 with a consequent decrease in the number of deaths4 ,the cattle tick1 ,margaropus annulatus1 as the carrier of ,texas fever4 7,pls4 ,,xlvi1 ,,xlvii1 and ,,xlviii47--,the cattle tick is1 as its name indicates1 a parasite of cattle in the southern part of the ,united ,states4 ,it belongs to the group of ,arthropoda and to the genus ,margaropus 7or ,boophilus71 which is included in the order ,acarina4 ,its life history is quite simple and easily traced from one generation to another4 ,it is essentially a parasite1 attaching itself to the skin 7,pl4 ,,xlviii7 and drawing the blood of its host4 ,it is unable to come to maturity and reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle1 whence it may obtain its food4 ,the eggs laid on the ground after the female has dropped from the host begin to develop at once4 ,when the embryo is fully formed within the shell it ruptures this and gains its freedom4 ,the time required from the laying of the eggs to their hatching varies considerably1 according to the temperature4 ,in the laboratory in the heat of midsummer this was accomplished in about #ac days4 ,in the late fall1 under the same conditions1 it required from four to six weeks4 ,the larva after emerging from the egg is very minute1 six-legged1 and is just visible to the naked eye4 7,pl4 ,,xlvi1 fig4 #c47 ,if these larv are kept on a layer of moist sand or earth in a covered dish1 they may remain alive for months1 but there is no appreciable increase in size4 ,so soon1 however1 as they are placed upon cattle growth begins4 ,on pastures these little creatures soon find their way on to cattle4 ,they attach themselves by preference to the tender skin on the escutcheon1 the inside of the thighs1 and on the base of the udder4 ,yet when they are very numerous they may be found in small numbers on various parts of the body1 such as the neck1 the chest1 and the ears4 7,pl4 ,,xlviii and ,pl4 ,,xlix1 fig4 #a47 ,the changes which they undergo during their parasitic existence were first studied by ,dr4 ,cooper ,curtice1 of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 in #ahhi4 ,the young tick molts within a week1 and the second or nymphal stage of the parasite's life is thus ushered in4 ,after this change it has four pairs of legs4 ,within another week another molt takes place by which the tick passes from the nymphal to the sexual1 or adult1 stage4 ,impregnation now takes place1 and1 with the development of the ova in the body1 the tick takes an increased quantity of blood1 so that in a few days it becomes very much larger4 ,that the rapid growth is due to the blood taken in may be easily proved by crushing one4 ,the intestine is distended with a thick1 tarry mass composed of partly digested blood4 ,when the female has reached a certain stage of maturity she drops to the ground and begins to lay a large number of eggs1 which hatch in the time given above4 ,the life of the cattle tick is thus spent largely on cattle1 and although the young1 or larv may live for a long time on the ground in the summer season1 they can not mature except as parasites on cattle and horses4 ,we have purposely omitted various details of the life history1 including that of the male1 as they are not necessary to an understanding of our present subject--,texas fever4 ,how this is transmitted we will proceed to consider4 ,before the enforcement of the ,federal quarantine southern cattle sent north during the spring and summer months carried on their bodies large numbers of the cattle ticks1 which1 when matured1 would drop off and lay their eggs in the northern pastures4 ,after hatching1 the young ticks would soon get upon any northern cattle which happened to be on the pasture4 ,so soon as they attached themselves to the skin they inoculated the cattle1 and ,texas fever would break out a week or more thereafter4 ,for many years there had been a growing suspicion that the cattle tick was in some way concerned in the spread of ,texas fever1 and the facts which supported this supposition finally became so numerous and convincing that a series of experiments was inaugurated by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry which served to show that the tick is abundantly able to carry the disease to a herd of healthy cattle1 and1 in fact1 is probably the only agent concerned in the transmission of the disease from southern cattle to susceptible northern animals4 ,injurious effects of cattle ticks4--,unfortunately many cattle owners who have always been accustomed to see both ticks and ticky cattle on their farms are not inclined to attach much importance to these parasites1 and1 as a rule1 through lack of appreciation of their damaging effects1 placidly consider them as of little consequence4 ,that ticks may be detrimental to their hosts in several ways has probably not suggested itself to these stockmen1 who are most vitally affected1 and it therefore seems necessary to emphasize the fact that1 in addition to their relation to ,texas fever1 they may also be injurious to cattle as external parasites4 ,while the power of transmitting ,texas fever is undoubtedly the most dangerous property possessed by the cattle tick and is the principal cause for adopting stringent measures looking to its complete eradication1 nevertheless there still remain other good reasons for the accomplishment of this achievement4 ,these secondary objections to the presence of ticks on cattle consists in the physical harm they do to the host aside from the production of the specific disease of ,texas fever4 ,true1 a few parasites may remain on cattle indefinitely without causing any noticeable effect1 but it is not uncommon to notice bovine animals on pastures with their hides heavily infested with these pests4 ,in such cases it can readily be seen that the continuous sucking of blood causes more or less impoverishment of the circulation4 ,the animal must therefore be fed more in order to meet the demands of the parasites in addition to the ordinary needs of the host4 ,if the ticks are removed from the body1 the bites inflicted are often distinguished by small1 inflamed or reddened areas somewhat swollen1 with perforations of the skin which may allow the entrance of various kinds of disease germs1 and showing that more or less irritation of the hide is produced by these parasites4 ,this condition1 together with the loss of blood1 frequently induces an irritable state and evidence of uneasiness commonly known as tick worry1 which results in the loss of energy and other derangements of the animal's health4 ,it may in some cases1 especially in hot weather1 become so pronounced that the animal will lose flesh in spite of good pasturing1 thereby reducing the vitality and rendering it more susceptible to the inroads of disease4 ,moreover1 if the infestation of ticks is not controlled1 the cattle may be so reduced in condition that growth is retarded1 and1 in the case of young animals1 they may never become fully developed1 but remain thin1 weak1 and stunted--a condition that has been termed tick poverty--and easily succumb to other diseases as a result of lowered vitality4 ,in milch cows this debilitating influence of the numerous ticks is shown in a greatly reduced milk supply4 ,this should not appear strange when it is considered that some animals harbor several thousand of the bloodsucking parasites4 ,if these parasites are crushed1 it will be found that their intestines are completely filled with a dark1 thick mass of blood abstracted from the animal host and containing nutriment that should go to the formation of milk1 flesh1 and the laying on of fat4 ,in some rare cases the large number of bites on a limited area of skin may be followed by infection with pus-producing organisms1 giving rise to small abscesses which may terminate in ulcers4 ,the discharge from these sores1 or in some cases the mere oozing of blood serum through the incision made by the mouth parts of the ticks1 keeps the hair moist and matted together1 and the laying and hatching of fly eggs in these areas give rise to infestation with destructive maggots1 causing ulcers and other complications that require medical treatment4 ,these statements regarding the secondary injurious effects of cattle ticks also apply to those ticks which have been previously spoken of as harmless so far as ,texas fever is concerned1 and1 in fact1 to all external parasites4 ,therefore1 it is just as important to eradicate the cattle ticks for reasons other than those associated with ,texas fever as it is to exterminate lice1 fleas1 and other vermin4 ,furthermore1 cattle ticks1 aside from the losses sustained by their purely parasitic effects1 are the greatest menace to the profitable raising and feeding of cattle in the ,south1 because they are an obstacle to cattle traffic between the infected and noninfected districts4 ,loss occasioned by cattle ticks4--,the economic aspect of the tick problem is unquestionably of the greatest practical interest1 since the fundamental importance of all the other questions which surround it depends upon the actual money value involved4 ,a careful and conservative estimate made in #aiaf placed the annual loss caused by the ticks in the ,united ,states at #dj1jjj1jjj1 and indicated that the ticks also lowered the assets of the ,south by an additional #cc1jjj1jjj4 ,the principal items in these losses are set forth below4 ,it is well known that those animals coming from an infected district and sold in the southern pens of northern stockyards bring about one-half a cent less per pound than the quoted market price4 ,the handicap that is placed on the southern cattle raiser as a result of this decrease in value of his stock will average at this figure #c per head1 allowing an individual weight of #fjj pounds for all classes of animals4 ,this decreased value reacts and fixes the valuation of all cattle which remain in the infected territory1 thereby reducing the assets of the cattle industry of that section4 ,in addition there is a very great loss from the decrease in flesh and lack of development of southern cattle occasioned by the parasitic life of the ticks from without and by the blood-destroying and enervating properties of the protozoan parasites from within4 ,the presence of the tick among the cattle of the ,south not only lessens the value of the cattle on the hoof but causes the gradings of hides that have been infested with ticks as ,no4 #d quality4 ,the same hide1 if free from tick marks1 would grade ,no4 #b4 ,the difference in price between these two grades of hides is #c cents a pound4 ,as the hide of a southern steer weighs about #db pounds1 the presence of the tick in the hide causes a loss in the hide alone of more than #a4bf a hide4 ,it has been shown that the cost of tick eradication is only about #ej cents a head1 so that if the counties make a systematic campaign to eradicate the tick1 the increase in value of the hide alone would pay for the cost of tick eradication and leave the farmer a net profit of about #gf cents a hide4 ,the shrinkage in the milk production of cattle harboring many ticks will average #a quart a day1 which in the aggregate is a heavy loss4 ,the damage resulting to the southern purchaser of northern purebred or high-grade cattle is another item of no small moment4 ,about #aj per cent of all such cattle taken into the ,south die of ,texas fever1 even after they are immunized by blood inoculations1 and about #fj per cent of them succumb to ,texas fever when not so treated4 ,as they are usually very expensive animals and of a highly valued strain of blood1 the loss in certain cases is excessive and in others almost irreparable1 owing to the possible extinction of some particular type especially selected for the improvement of the herd4 ,another instance in which it is difficult to figure the injury done by the ticks is in the case of death of nonimmune cattle in the tick-free pastures of the ,south4 ,such animals are as susceptible to ,texas fever as nonimmune northern cattle1 and inasmuch as there is in many ,states only one out of every four farms infested with ticks1 the cattle on the remaining farms will in many cases contract ,texas fever when exposed to the fever tick4 ,these losses can scarcely be computed1 as the death rate depends so much on the season of the year when exposure occurs and on the age of the animal affected4 ,however1 the deaths among such cattle are considerable1 although this fact is little appreciated or understood by many outside the infected area4 ,on rare occasions a small outbreak of ,texas fever occurs north of the quarantine line as a result of improperly disinfected cars1 of unscrupulous dealers breaking the quarantine regulations1 or of some accidental condition4 ,such damage1 however1 is slight1 but should be considered in summing up the loss occasioned by the fever tick4 ,the advertisement which a breeder obtains and the sales which are made by having his stock in the show ring are usually lost to the cattle raiser in the infected area who aspires to display his animals in the ,north1 as they are barred from most of these exhibitions4 ,on the other hand1 the southern farmer is not given an opportunity to see and be stimulated by the fine specimens of northern cattle which might be shown at southern stock exhibits1 for the reason that the danger of contracting ,texas fever is too patent to warrant such exposure4 ,a heavy expense is incurred by the ,government and the ,states in enforcing the regulations that apply to the quarantine line4 ,another loss which is indirectly sustained by the southern cattle industry through increased freight rates is the cost1 to the railroad companies1 of cleaning and disinfecting the cars that carry cattle and in providing separate pens for them at various places4 ,these statements are sufficient to indicate that the loss to the quarantined section from the cattle tick is something enormous4 ,such a series of encumbrances as those recorded could be carried by the cattle industry of no other section of the country than the ,south1 whose excellent pastures1 rich soil1 and salubrious climate are the only reasons for its ability to overcome such obstacles in meeting the competition of the ,west2 and it is the inherent capacity of the ,south for greatly increasing its herds and enlarging its pasture lands that makes the actual loss even secondary to the potential loss from restrictions necessitated by the presence of the cattle tick4 ,this potential loss may be described as the difference between the value of the cattle industry of the ,south to-day and the extent to which this industry would be increased if farmers and ranchmen were assured that their lands and cattle would not become infested with fever ticks4 ,could this assurance be given1 the beneficial effects would extend over the entire country1 because the market of the northern breeder would thereby become greatly extended4 ,these appalling losses and annual sacrifices of the cattle raisers of the infected district can be entirely effaced1 and this at a small proportionate cost2 for1 with enthusiastic stockmen1 satisfactory ,state legislation1 sufficient money1 and a corps of trained inspectors1 the cattle tick may be exterminated1 and every dollar expended in this work will be returned many times during each succeeding year4 ,the so-called period of incubation4--,after the young ticks have attached themselves to cattle the fever appears about #aj days thereafter in midsummer4 ,when the weather is cool1 as in autumn1 this period may be a little longer4 ,the actual period of incubation may be shorter1 for if blood from a case of ,texas fever is injected into the blood vessels of healthy cattle the fever may appear within five days4 ,when cattle graze upon pastures over which southern cattle have passed1 the time when the disease appears varies within wide limits4 ,when the animals have been put upon pastures immediately after southern cattle have infected them with ticks1 it may take from #cj to #fj days1 or even longer1 before the disease appears4 ,this will be readily understood when we recall the life history of ticks4 ,the southern cattle leave only matured ticks which have dropped from them4 ,these must lay their eggs and the latter must be hatched before any ticks can get upon native cattle4 ,the shortest period is thus not less than #cj days if we include #aj days for the period of incubation after the young ticks have attached themselves to native cattle4 ,when the infection of pastures with ticks has taken place early in the season1 or when it is cold1 the period is much longer1 because it takes longer for the eggs to hatch4 ,if native cattle are placed upon pastures which have been infected with ticks some time before1 the disease will appear so much sooner1 because the young ticks may be already hatched and attack the cattle at once4 ,it will be evident1 therefore1 that the length of time between the exposure of native cattle on infected fields and the appearance of the disease depends on the date of original infection1 and on the weather1 whether cold or hot4 ,when native cattle are placed upon fields on which young ticks are already present1 they will show the fever in #ac to #ae days if the season is hot4 ,the fever appears before the ticks have matured4 ,in fact1 they are still small enough to be overlooked4 ,in any case very careful search should be made for them in those places which they prefer--the thighs1 escutcheon1 and udder4 ,after the acute stage of the fever has passed the ticks begin to swell up and show very plainly4 7,pl4 ,,xlvi1 figs4 #f and #g47 ,prevention4--,it is generally accepted that if southern cattle are entirely free from that species of tick known as ,margaropus annulatus they can be allowed to mingle with the most susceptible animals without danger4 ,furthermore1 it has been learned from the study of the life history of the cattle tick and by observation that this tick infests pastures only transiently1 never permanently1 and will not mature except upon cattle or equines1 that its extermination is possible1 and that the disease it causes may be prevented4 ,therefore the various methods with these results in view should be directed toward the destruction of ticks on cattle as well as their eradication from the pastures4 ,,methods ,,of ,,eradicating ,,the ,,ticks4#g ,in undertaking measures for eradicating the tick it is evident that the pest may be attacked in two locations1 namely1 on the pasture and on the cattle4 ,in freeing pastures the method followed may be either a direct or an indirect one4 ,the former consists in excluding all cattle1 horses1 and mules from pastures until all the ticks have died from starvation4 ,the latter consists in permitting the cattle and other animals to continue on the infested pasture and treating them at regular intervals with agents destructive to ticks and thus preventing engorged females from dropping and reinfesting the pasture4 ,the larv on the pasture1 or those which hatch from eggs laid by females already there1 will all eventually meet death4 ,such of these as get upon the cattle from time to time will be destroyed by the treatment1 while those which fail to find a host will starve in the pasture4 ,animals may be freed of ticks in two ways4 ,they may be treated with an agent that will destroy all the ticks present1 or they may be rotated at proper intervals on tick-free fields until all the ticks have dropped4 ,the method most generally used is dipping the cattle in a solution of arsenic4 ,the pasture-rotation method is not only more complicated1 but the necessary tick-free fields are seldom available4 ,,dipping4 ,the dipping vat is the best and cheapest means of applying the tick-destroying solution4 ,the great advantage of dipping over spraying and applying remedies by hand lies in the fact that thoroughness of the treatment is practically assured4 ,when eradication is undertaken1 all the cattle1 and also the horses and mules if they harbor ticks1 are treated regularly every two weeks during the part of the year that the temperature is favorable to treatment1 until the ticks have disappeared4 ,the purpose of the treatment is to destroy all ticks that get on the animals before they have had a chance to mature and drop1 thus preventing them from reinfesting the pasture1 farm1 or range4 ,if the treatment used were absolutely effective in destroying each and every tick on the animals treated there would be no renewal of the infestation after the treatment is begun4 ,the cattle would act simply as collectors of ticks which would be destroyed regularly by the treatment applied every two weeks4 ,it is probable1 however1 that in most instances1 either because of the lack of efficiency of the dip or imperfect application1 or because of failure to dip all cattle systematically1 some ticks escape treatment and reproduce1 thus prolonging the time that otherwise would be required for eradication4 ,if ticks apparently disappear from the cattle after they have been under treatment for some time1 the dipping should not be discontinued until a number of careful inspections show that the cattle are free of ticks4 ,if ticks continue on cattle until cold weather and then finally disappear it should be borne in mind that in all probability eradication has not been accomplished and that there may be engorged females1 unhatched eggs1 and inactive seed ticks on the farm or range1 and that even if the cattle should remain free of ticks during the winter they may become reinfested the following spring4 ,in any case in which ticks disappear from the cattle and treatment is discontinued1 the cattle should be watched very carefully for ticks until ample time has elapsed to leave no doubt that eradication has been accomplished4 ,as a general rule it has been found that if dipping is begun in ,march and systematically and thoroughly done1 all cattle being dipped every #ad days until ,november1 complete eradication will be secured4 ,in dipping1 each animal should be completely covered by the dip4 ,to prevent any animals from going through the vat without becoming wet all over1 a man1 provided with a forked stick1 should be stationed at the middle of the vat to shove under those that have not been completely submerged4 ,dipping is the only really satisfactory method of treating animals for ticks4 ,in cases of emergency1 however1 or where there are not cattle enough within a radius of several miles to warrant the construction of a vat in which all the cattle of the community may be dipped1 spraying may be advisable4 ,in spraying animals the work should be done with great thoroughness and every portion of the body treated4 ,an animal can not be sprayed properly unless it is tied or otherwise held1 nor can good results be obtained unless the hair and skin are thoroughly wetted4 ,preparation and use of arsenical dips4#h--;,after experimenting for many years to discover a practical method for dipping cattle to destroy ticks without injury to the cattle1 the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry has developed a very satisfactory arsenical dip4 ,two formulas are given for homemade dips1 one known as the ,s-,b 7self-boiled7 and the other as the boiled dip4 ,the former is the one usually employed4 ,the ,s-,b dip4--,the formula calls for two stock solutions1 arsenic stock and tar stock1 which must not be mixed except in the diluted dipping bath4 ,arsenic stock requires the following materials ready to hand before starting3 ,pounds4 ,caustic soda #d ,white arsenic #aj ,sal-soda crystals #aj ,there should be also some means for heating the solution in case1 as sometimes happens because of impure materials1 lack of skill1 or some unforeseen circumstance1 the heat created by mixing the materials should be insufficient to dissolve all the arsenic4 ,in a #e-;gallon kettle or metal#i pail place the #d pounds of caustic soda1 add #a gallon of cold water1 and stir with a stick until the caustic soda is practically all dissolved4 ,without delay begin adding the white arsenic1 in portions of a pound or two at a time1 as fast as it can be dissolved without causing the solution to boil1 stirring all the time4 ,if the liquid begins to boil1 stop stirring and let it cool slightly before adding more arsenic4 ,the secret of success is to work the arsenic in fast enough to keep the solution very hot--nearly but not quite at the boiling point4 ,the result should be a clear solution1 except for dirt4 ,if the liquid persistently remains muddy or milky1 it may be because the operation has been conducted so fast that much water has been boiled out and sodium arsenite is beginning to crystallize1 so add another gallon of water and stir4 ,if the solution does not then clear up1 the caustic soda must have been very low grade1 and the undissolved substance must be arsenic4 ,in that case1 put the kettle over the fire1 heat nearly1 but not quite1 to boiling1 and stir4 ,as soon as the solution of arsenic is complete1 dilute to about #d gallons1 add the sodium carbonate1 and stir until dissolved4 ,cautions4--,it is necessary to avoid splashing4 ,hence never work hurriedly2 stir deliberately and regularly2 do not dump in the arsenic and sal soda1 but carefully slide them in from a grocer's scoop held close to the side of the pail and to the surface of the liquid4 ,perform the whole operation in a well-ventilated place and avoid inhaling steam4 ,after the solution has become cold add water to make it to exactly #e gallons1#aj mix well1 let settle1 and draw off into containers which can be tightly corked or otherwise closed4 ,jugs or demijohns are best1 but tin cans will serve if occasionally inspected for leaks which may occur after a time through the action of the solution upon the solder of the can4 ,tar stock is prepared thus3 ,in a large metal pail dissolve three-fourths of a pound of caustic soda in #a quart of water1 add #a gallon of pine tar1 and stir thoroughly with a wooden paddle until the mixture1 which at first looks streaked and muddy1 brightens to a uniform1 thick fluid somewhat resembling molasses4 ,test it by letting about a teaspoonful drip from the paddle into a glass of water 7a glass fruit jar or a wide-mouth bottle will do7 and stirring thoroughly with a sliver of wood4 ,it should mix perfectly with the water4 ,globules of tar which can be seen by looking at the glass from underneath and which can not be blended with the water by repeated stirring indicate that more caustic-soda solution is needed4 ,in that case make up more caustic-soda solution of the same strength and add it1 not more than a pint at a time1 with thorough stirring1 until the desired effect is produced4 ,if an appropriate glass vessel for making the test is not at hand1 take a little of the mixture between the fingers1 then dip the fingers under water and try to rub off the tar4 ,it should leave the fingers perfectly clean after a little rubbing with water4 ,if an oily coating remains1 more caustic-soda solution is needed4 ,such an extra addition of caustic soda will be required only in case of a very low-grade chemical or a very highly acid tar4 ,the tar stock should be kept in closed containers1 such as a pail with a friction top4 ,the quantity of ,s-,b arsenic stock or of tar stock made in one operation can be varied as desired1 provided the above-given proportions of the ingredients are adhered to4 ,but one should attempt to work the ,s-,b formula on a larger scale only after skill and experience have been acquired4 ,the boiled dip is less convenient than the ,s-,b dip1 but the final composition and effect of dipping baths prepared from the two are the same4 ,to make a #ejj-;gallon bath provide3 ,sal-soda crystals #bd pounds4 ,white arsenic #h pounds4 ,pine tar #a gallon4 ,put #be gallons of water into a kettle or tank of from #dj to #ej gallons' capacity1 heat to boiling1 and add the sal soda4 ,when this has dissolved add the white arsenic1 then boil and stir for #ae minutes or longer1 until the white arsenic has entirely disappeared4 ,if intended for immediate use cool to #adj ,f4 7by addition of cold water if desired71 then pour in the pine tar in a thin stream while constantly and vigorously stirring the solution4 ,immediately empty the liquid into the dipping vat1 which has already been three-fourths filled with water1 and stir thoroughly4 ,all the utensils must be free from greasy or oily matter which would coat the arsenic and hinder its solution4 ,the operation of boiling requires constant attention to avoid loss by foaming4 ,hard water may be used1 but in that case considerable undissolved material1 which1 however1 does not contain any arsenic1 may be left after boiling4 ,for a stock solution to be kept on hand and used when needed add no tar1 but after the solution has become cold make it up to #be gallons1 stir well1 let settle1 and draw off into containers which can be well closed4 ,in this case the tar stock previously described is also required4 ,diluting the dip4--,first run water into the vat about three-fourths up to the dipping line1 at which its capacity must be known4 ,if tar stock is to be used the necessary amount will be one-third of a gallon for every #ajj gallons of vat capacity4 ,measure it out1 mix it with #b or #c times its volume of water and pour it along the surface of the water in the vat1 stirring a little4 ,every #ajj gallons of standard-strength bath calls for #a-c_/e pounds white arsenic1 which quantity is contained in four-fifths of a gallon of ,s-,b stock or in #e gallons of boiled stock4 ,from these figures the quantity of arsenic or stock needed to charge the vat may be calculated4 ,or one may base the calculation on the following facts3 ,one pound of white arsenic will make #fb-a_/b gallons of bath4 ,one gallon of ,s-,b stock will make #abe gallons of bath4 ,one gallon of boiled arsenic stock will make #bj gallons of bath4 ,all solutions of arsenic are considerably heavier than water and if carelessly put into the vat they may plunge to the bottom and be difficult to mix4 ,therefore always pour the arsenic stock or a proprietary dip in a thin stream evenly along the vat except at the shallow exit end4 ,another precaution to be taken in handling proprietary dips is never to mix them first with small quantities of water1 which may break them4 ,pour them directly into the water in the vat4 ,finally1 add water up to the dipping line and stir well4 ,an excellent way to stir is by a pail tied to a rope4 ,sink it at the entrance end of the vat and haul it along the bottom to the exit4 ,then raise it1 throw it back to the entrance end1 and haul through again1 repeating as many times as necessary but always hauling through in the same direction4 ,the standard-strength bath prepared as above contains practically #j4ai per cent arsenious oxid when fresh4 ,after use oxidation may set in and weaken it1 but it will not need to be strengthened so long as it tests not less than #j4age per cent arsenious oxid4 ,to make up small quantities for spraying1 to each #e gallons of water measured out add first #b fluid ounces 7#d tablespoonfuls7 of tar stock1 and then #e-a_/h fluid ounces of ,s-,b stock or #b-a_/h pints of boiled arsenic stock4 ,the standard strength of bath should be adhered to so far as possible because its effectiveness against ticks will effect eradication in the least time and with fewest dippings4 ,but if time is not pressing it is sometimes best to begin with a lower strength1 say #j4ad or #j4ae per cent1 and gradually work up to full strength as the cattle become accustomed to the treatment4 ,this is certainly a wise method for the individual cattle owner who is outside the area of cooperative work and who lacks aid and advice from experts4 ,weather conditions also need to be considered4 ,hot or moist weather is more trying to the cattle than cool or dry weather4 ,the longer the time needed for the cattle to dry off after dipping1 which of course primarily depends on the proportion of moisture in the air1 the more liable they are to show blistering or other injury through the continued absorption of arsenic by the skin4 ,the combination of heat and moisture is particularly bad1 and under such conditions it may be desirable1 unless other conditions prohibit1 to use the bath somewhat weaker than standard strength4 ,the following table shows the quantities of arsenic and stock solutions contained in #ajj gallons of bath of different strengths1 so that the quantities necessary to charge a vat of any size at any strength can be found by simple multiplication4 ,composition of dipping baths4 ---------------------------------------- - ,actual ,per #ajj gallons of bath4 arsenious ------------------------------ oxid4 ,white ,s-,b ,boiled arsenic4 stock4 stock4 --------------------------------------- ,per cent4 ,pounds4 ,gallons4 ,gallons4 #j4je #j4db #j4ba #a4c 4#jf 4#ej 4#be #a4f 4#jg 4#eh 4#bi #a4h 4#jh 4#ff 4#cc #b4a 4#ji 4#ge 4#ch #b4c 4#aj 4#hc 4#db #b4f 4#aa 4#ia 4#df #b4h 4#ab #a4jj 4#ej #c4a 4#ac #a4jh 4#ed #c4d 4#ad #a4af 4#eh #c4f 4#ae #a4be 4#fc #c4i 4#af #a4cc 4#fg #d4b 4#ag #a4da 4#ga #d4d 4#ah #a4di 4#ge #d4g 4#ai #a4eh 4#gi #d4i 4#bj #a4ff 4#hc 444 4#ba #a4gd 4#hg 444 4#bb #a4hc 4#ib 444 4#bc #a4ia 4#if 444 4#bd #b4jj #a4jj 444 --------------------------------------- ,as dipping goes on the bath naturally needs replenishing1 and its strength probably needs correction from time to time4 ,full directions on these points may be found in ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajeg4 ,prepared dips4--,proprietary arsenical cattle dips appear now to have passed the experimental stage and to have become established as reliable and useful products4 ,at any rate this can be said of the brands which have received permission for use in official dipping in place of the homemade dip4 ,the formulas and standard samples of all such brands are in possession of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry and the manufacturers are required to guarantee that their products as placed on the market will be kept up to standard and that all requirements of the bureau will be observed4 ,like the homemade dip they all contain sodium arsenite as the active tick-killing agent4 ,they do not all contain pine tar1 because that substance is difficult to blend into a highly concentrated product1 but they all contain some other substance or mixture of substances of such character and in such quantity as field trials have proved will produce the same effects4 ,they are not regarded as any more effective or any milder on the cattle than properly prepared homemade dips4 ,none the less they are undoubtedly safer for general use because they offer decidedly fewer opportunities for making mistakes in the quantities used or in the operations gone through and also fewer chances for accidental poisoning or other injury from the handling of powerful chemicals4 ,whether their higher cost is sufficiently outweighed by these considerations is necessarily a matter for individual decision4 ,precautions in the use of arsenic and arsenical dips4--,the fact that arsenic is a violent poison is what renders it valuable1 for the fever tick is hard to kill4 ,but1 like a keen-edged tool1 it may be decidedly dangerous if ignorantly or carelessly handled4 ,three possibilities of danger must be kept constantly in mind2 danger to oneself1 danger to other persons1 danger to animals4 ,the dry1 powdered white arsenic should be kept in a tightly covered pail1 plainly labeled4 ,paper bags are unsafe because they easily burst1 and arsenic so scattered about looks harmless enough4 ,in weighing or otherwise handling the arsenic avoid raising dust or breathing it in1 if raised1 and keep it off the skin and clothing4 ,in mixing or boiling stock solutions work only in a well-ventilated place1 and on the windward side of the kettle so that steam arising from it will not be inhaled4 ,the stock solutions are in some respects more dangerous than the original substance because the arsenic in them is already in solution and can act very quickly4 ,if any gets on the skin or clothing it must be washed off without delay4 ,cattle must be kept away from such solutions or from anything that has been in contact with them1 for cattle craving salt have been poisoned by licking the outside of leaky barrels and by licking the earth around dipping vats where a little concentrate had been carelessly spilled in charging the vat4 ,all such poisoned earth must be removed1 buried1 and replaced by fresh4 ,the diluted bath is naturally much less dangerous1 but no chances can be taken with it4 ,no puddles from which animals may drink should be allowed to accumulate4 ,the persons who do the dipping should not allow the skin or clothing to be wet by the dip any more or any longer than absolutely necessary4 ,when spraying1 the operator should see to it that neither he nor the animals inhale any of the spray4 ,when a vat is to be emptied the approved practice is to run the waste bath into a pit properly guarded by a fence1 where it will gradually seep away under the surface and do no harm1 provided only that seepage can not be carried to a well1 stream1 or spring from which any person or domestic animal may drink4 ,the symptoms of arsenical poisoning are rather variable and also depend on the size of the dose and the method of administration4 ,if an animal sickens or dies shortly after dipping it by no means follows that arsenical poisoning or any other effect of the dipping is the cause4 ,very few cattle relative to the total number dipped have suffered undoubted arsenical poisoning and in most of the cases the cause could be traced to somebody's error or carelessness4 ,in regard to arsenical poisoning of human beings there is a standard antidote1 which may be obtained at any drug store with directions for use4 ,it should be kept on hand for emergencies4 ,if the antidote is not at hand the poison must be removed from the stomach by encouraging repeated vomiting1 and soothing drinks such as milk1 white of eggs and water1 or flour and water must be freely given meanwhile4 ,a suspected case of arsenical poisoning must have the attention of a physician at the earliest possible moment1 as sometimes the poison works very quickly4 ,crude petroleum4--,various kinds of crude petroleum and emulsions of it have been used with more or less success in destroying ticks1 but on account of the difficulty of obtaining suitable grades of oil and the liability of injury to cattle1 their use has been practically abandoned4 ,method of dipping4--,the method usually adopted in dipping cattle is to construct a narrow swimming tank with a chute at one end for the entrance of the cattle1 and a sloping exit at the other end when the cattle emerge after passing through the vat4 7,see ,pl4 ,,xlix1 fig4 #b47 ,a drip chute1 or floor1 is connected with the exit1 where the excess of dip is allowed to drip off the animals and to drain into the vat4 ,plans and specifications for installing dipping plants may be obtained from the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,treatment4 ,when ,texas fever has broken out1 all animals1 the sick as well as the healthy1 should at once be removed to a noninfected pasture4 ,while this may not cut short the disease1 it may save the lives of some by removing them from the possibility of attack by more young ticks4 ,removal from infected pastures likewise prevents a second attack1 in ,october or early in ,november1 which is caused by another generation of ticks4 ,sick native cattle infect with a new generation of ticks the pasture to which they are removed1 but these usually appear so late that they have but little opportunity to do any damage2 hence1 sick natives do not1 as a rule1 cause visible disease in other natives4 ,it is of importance to remove all ticks1 so far as this is possible1 from sick animals1 since they abstract a considerable quantity of blood and thereby retard the final recovery4 ,medical treatment of the sick has generally been unsatisfactory1 although in chronic cases and those occurring late in the fall beneficial results have followed4 ,if the animal is constipated1 a drench containing #a pound of ,epsom salt dissolved in #a quart of water should be administered1 followed by sulphate of quinin in doses of #cj to #ij grains1 according to the size of the animal1 four times a day until the system is well saturated with it4 ,tincture of digitalis one-half ounce and alcohol #b ounces may be combined with the quinin1 according to indications of individual cases4 ,an iron tonic containing reduced iron #b ounces1 powdered gentian #d ounces1 powdered nux vomica #b ounces1 powdered rhubarb #b ounces1 and potassium nitrate #f ounces will be found beneficial in the convalescent stage when the fever has run its course4 ,this tonic should be given in heaping teaspoonful doses three times a day in the feed4 ,good nursing is essential in treating these cases1 and the animal should be given a nutritious1 laxative diet with plenty of clean and cool drinking water and allowed to rest in a quiet place4 ,if the stable or pasture is infested with ticks1 the animal should be placed in a tick-free inclosure to prevent additional infestation with these parasites and the introduction of fresh infection into the blood4 ,furthermore1 all ticks that can be seen should be removed from the sick cattle1 as they keep weakening the animal by withdrawing a considerable quantity of blood1 and thereby retard recovery4 ,,quarantine ,,regulations4 ,the sanitary regulations issued by the ,department of ,agriculture for the control of cattle shipments from the infected districts have for their initial purpose the prevention of the transportation of ticks from infected regions to those that are not infected1 either upon cattle or in stock cars or other conveyer4 ,they are based upon the fact that ,texas fever is carried north only by the cattle tick1 and the exclusion of this parasite from the noninfected territory has in every instance been found a certain method of excluding ,texas fever4 ,the regulations governing the movement of cattle from below the quarantine line are made yearly by the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 and they define the boundary of infected districts4 ,the infected area as now determined is shown in maps issued periodically4 ,in consequence of the enforcement of these quarantine regulations1 ,texas fever has been practically prevented in the noninfected districts for several years1 and little or no hardship has been caused to stockmen handling cattle from the infected areas4 ,prior to the adoption of these regulations the tick-infested district was rapidly extending northward1 but since the quarantine line was established and rational regulations enforced it has gradually been moved farther south4 ,this problem of still further reducing the infested area is of the greatest importance to the cattlemen of the ,south--in fact1 to those on both sides of the line--and one which is receiving special consideration by this department as well as by many of the interested ,states4 ,,tick ,,eradication4 ,systematic cooperative work by the ,federal ,government and the affected ,states for the eradication of the cattle ticks which transmit ,texas fever was begun in the summer of #aijf under authority given by ,congress in the appropriation act for the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the first ,federal appropriation for the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijg1 was #hb1ejj1 and for the fiscal year #aijh an appropriation of #aej1jjj was made1 then for several years #bej1jjj1 and this has been increased to #ffj1jjj for #aibb4 ,funds have also been provided by ,states and counties4 ,the original infected area amounted to #gbh1edc square miles4 ,of this territory there has been released from quarantine as a result of the work above mentioned #ebc1hcg square miles 7up to ,july #a1 #aibb74 ,in other words1 #gb per cent of the area has been freed from ticks in #af years4 ,great improvement has resulted from this work in the released territory4 ,more cattle are being raised1 and a better grade of breeding stock is being introduced2 calves grow faster1 and cattle put on flesh more rapidly during the grazing season and go into the winter in better condition because of the absence of the ticks2 they can be marketed without quarantine restrictions1 and higher prices are being obtained2 dairy cows give a larger yield of milk2 and values of farm lands are enhanced4 ,the difference between the prices realized for cattle from the tick-infested region and the prices of cattle of similar grades from above the quarantine line has ranged from #b4be to #e a head at the principal northern live-stock markets1 without taking into account the improvement in quality and weight of cattle because of the eradication of the ticks4 ,it can easily be seen that the extermination of the ticks means a large total annual increase in the prices obtained for southern cattle sold in northern markets4 ,in addition to this1 the increase in prices of cattle sold locally in the ,south would represent a large sum4 ,this local increase has been found to amount to from #c to #ae a head in territory freed from ticks4 ,an agricultural official of one of the ,southern ,states has reported that calves in the tick-free area bring double the prices that can be obtained for similar calves in the tick-infested region4 ,heretofore it has been impracticable to improve the quality of southern cattle by introducing fine breeding animals from other sections1 because such animals were liable to contract ,texas fever and die unless protected by inoculation4 ,furthermore1 it is impossible for animals to attain good growth and to thrive when they are heavily infested with ticks4 ,with the eradication of the ticks1 however1 the southern farmers are enabled to introduce good breeding animals and to improve the grade of their stock4 ,there is no longer any doubt that it is entirely practicable to exterminate the ticks throughout the entire region1 and the accomplishment of this result will be of tremendous economic advantage not only to the ,south but to the whole country4 ,the rate of progress depends mainly on two factors-- the amounts appropriated by the ,federal and ,state ,governments1 and the cooperation of the people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,southern ,,cattle ,,fever 7,,texas ,,fever1 ,,tick ,,fever74 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,normal spleen and spleen affected by ,texas fever4 ,fig4 #a4 ,spleen of an acute1 fatal case of ,texas fever4 ,the narrow end of the spleen is here represented4 ,fig4 #b4 ,spleen of healthy steer4 ,though the latter animal weighed one-half more than the former1 the weight of the diseased spleen 7#f-g_/h pounds7 was nearly three times that of the healthy spleen 7#b-c_/h pounds74 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,texas fever4 ,fig4 #a4 ,the cut surface of a healthy liver taken from a steer slaughtered for beef4 ,fig4 #b4 ,the cut surface of the liver in ,texas fever4 ,fig4 #c4 ,appearance of the urine in an acute1 fatal case of ,texas fever4 ,fig4 #d4 ,red corpuscles1 magnified #a1jjj diameters1 containing the parasite of ,texas fever4 ,this appears as a blue point a near the edge of the corpuscle4 ,the blood was taken from a skin incision4 ,the case was nonfatal and occurred late in the fall4 ,fig4 #e4 ,red corpuscles from the blood of an acute1 fatal case1 #bj hours before death4 ,the ,texas-fever microbes a are shown as pear-shaped bodies1 stained with methylene blue1 within the red corpuscles4 ,the larger body on the right b is a white blood corpuscle1 also stained with methylene blue4 7,magnified #a1jjj diameters47 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,the cattle tick 7,margaropus annulatus71 the carrier of ,texas fever4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a series of ticks1 natural size1 from the smallest1 just hatched from the egg1 to the mature female1 ready to drop off and lay eggs4 ,fig4 #b4 ,eggs1 magnified #e times4 ,fig4 #c4 ,the young tick just hatched 7magnified #dj times74 ,fig4 #d4 ,the male after the last molt 7magnified #aj times74 ,fig4 #e4 ,the female after the last molt 7magnified #aj times74 ,fig4 #f4 ,a portion of the skin of the udder1 showing the small ticks4 ,from a fatal case of ,texas fever produced by placing young ticks on the animal4 7,natural size47 ,fig4 #g4 ,a portion of the ear of the same animal1 showing same full-grown ticks ready to drop off4 7,natural size47 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,the cattle tick 7,margaropus annulatus74 ,fig4 #a4 ,dorsal view of male4 7,greatly enlarged4 ,original47 ,fig4 #b4 ,ventral view of male4 7,greatly enlarged4 ,original47 ,fig4 #c4 ,dorsal view of replete female4 7,greatly enlarged4 ,original47 ,fig4 #d4 ,ventral view of same4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,portion of a steer's hide1 showing the ,texas-fever tick 7,margaropus annulatus74 7,natural size4 ,original47 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,tick-infested steer4 ,fig4 #b4 ,dipping cattle to kill ticks4 ,,plate ,l4 ,facsimile of poster used to show the difference between cattle of similar breeding raised on a tick-free farm in one case and on a ticky farm in the other4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chronic ,,bacterial ,,dysentery4 ,chronic bacterial dysentery is a chronic infectious disease of bovines caused by an acid-fast bacillus simulating the tubercle bacillus and characterized by marked diarrhea1 anemia1 and emaciation1 terminating in death4 ,this disease was observed in the ,united ,states for the first time by ,pearson in ,pennsylvania cattle1 and later by ,mohler in ,virginia cattle1 and in an imported heifer from the island of ,jersey at the ,athenia quarantine station of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,pearson proposed the name chronic bacterial dysentery for this affection1 and it has also been termed ,johne's disease1 chronic bacterial enteritis1 chronic hypertrophic enteritis1 and chronic bovine pseudotuberculous enteritis by various ,european investigators4 ,the disease was first studied in #ahie by ,johne and ,frothingham in ,dresden1 but they were inclined to attribute to the avian tubercle bacillus the cause of the peculiar lesions of enteritis which they observed4 ,in #aijd ,markus reported this disease in ,holland1 and subsequently it was observed in ,belgium1 ,switzerland1 ,denmark1 and ,great ,britain4 ,cause4--,the bacillus1 which has been invariably demonstrated in the intestinal lesions and mesenteric lymph glands in this disease1 is a rod about #b to #c microns long and #j4e micron wide4 ,it stains more or less irregularly1 like the tubercle bacillus1 and moreover the similarity goes further1 in that the organism is also strongly acid-fast1 which facts led ,johne and ,frothingham to surmise that the disease was caused by avian tubercle bacilli4 ,however1 it has now been plainly demonstrated that the bacillus of chronic bacterial dysentery is readily distinguished from the latter organisms1 for while it resembles the tubercle bacillus in form and staining qualities1 no one has succeeded in growing it in culture media or in reproducing the disease by injecting experiment animals4 ,symptoms4--,probably the first symptom noticed is that the animal is losing condition despite the fact that its appetite is good and the food nourishing4 ,this is soon followed by a diarrhea which1 while moderate at first1 soon becomes excessive and may be either irregular or persistent1 the feces being of the consistency of molasses and passed frequently4 ,in the meantime the hair becomes dry and harsh and the animal falls off considerably in weight4 ,the temperature1 however1 remains about normal4 ,the appetite does not seem to be greatly impaired until the last few weeks of life1 but nevertheless emaciation continues1 the animal becomes more and more anemic1 great muscular weakness and exhaustion are manifested1 and death follows1 apparently as the result of the persistent diarrhea and great emaciation4 ,the disease may continue for four or five weeks or may last for a year1 or even longer1 before death intervenes4 ,lesions4--,the lesions observed on post-mortem are remarkably slight and are out of all proportion to the severity of the symptoms manifested4 ,the disease appears to start in the small intestines1 especially in the lower portion1 where the lesions are usually the most marked1 but it also involves the large intestines1 including the rectum4 ,the mucous membrane may alone be affected1 although usually in the long-standing cases the submucosa is also invaded and the entire intestinal wall is then much thicker than normal and the tissue infiltrated with an inflammatory exudate4 ,the mucous membrane or inside lining membrane is markedly wrinkled or corrugated1 showing large1 coarse folds with more or less reddening or hemorrhagic patches or spots on the summits of the ridges1 especially noticeable in the large intestines4 ,the mesenteric lymph glands are usually somewhat enlarged and appear watery on section4 ,the other organs do not appear to be affected except from the anemia present in the later stages of the disease4 ,differential diagnosis4--,the principal disease with which bacterial dysentery may be confused is tuberculosis1 but the application of the tuberculin test will readily diagnose the latter disease1 while no reaction will be noted in case the injected animal is suffering with the former affection4 ,the disease may also be mistaken for the parasitic affections resulting from stomach worms 7verminous gastritis7 and intestinal parasites1 especially uncinariasis1 but a microscopic examination of the feces is necessary in order to establish definitely the diagnosis4 ,treatment4--,as with all other forms of infectious disease1 it is advisable to separate immediately the diseased and suspected cattle from the healthy animals4 ,the feces passed by the former animals should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy cattle will not be exposed to them1 as the bacilli producing the disease are readily found in such manure4 ,the stalls1 stables1 and barnyards should also be thoroughly disinfected1 as has been described under ,tuberculosis1 in this chapter1 special attention being given to those places which have been soiled by feces4 ,the administration of medicines has thus far been quite unsatisfactory1 although treatment should be directed toward disinfecting the intestines with intestinal antiseptics1 such as tannopin in #a dram doses twice daily1 and strengthening the animal by the use of stimulants such as strychnin in half-grain doses given twice daily hypodermically4 ,salol1 turpentine1 or subnitrate of bismuth in a starch or wheat-flour gruel may also give temporary relief1 but the diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the death of the animal4 ,in all cases the feed must be carefully selected to assure good quality1 and should consist preferably of nutritious dry feed4 ,,nagana4 ,nagana1 also called tsetse-fly disease1 is an infectious fever occurring chiefly in horses and cattle1 characterized by alternating paroxysms and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate protozoan 7,trypanosoma brucei7 in the blood4 ,it is probably transmitted from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly4 ,this insect is something like a large house fly1 and when it settles on a diseased animal1 sucks the blood and infects its proboscis1 it is enabled on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inoculation4 ,this disease is found throughout a large portion of central and southern ,africa1 along the low-lying and swampy valleys4 ,it has never occurred in the ,united ,states1 nor is it known to be present in the ,philippines1 but its relation to surra and the possibility of its appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for including a few remarks at this time4 ,symptoms4--,the chief symptoms in addition to the fever1 which is usually about #ajd to #aje ,f41 are the muscular wasting1 progressive anemia1 and loss of power1 together with the edema most marked about the head1 legs1 abdomen1 and genital organs4 ,the urine is yellow and turbid1 and occasionally contains albumin and blood4 ,there is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs1 difficult urination and defecation1 labored breathing1 discharge from the eyes and nose1 extreme thirst1 and gradual extension of paralysis to other parts of the body4 ,the disease runs a chronic course1 lasting from three to six weeks in horses1 and from one to six months in cattle4 ,besides these animals1 the mule1 ass1 buffalo1 antelope1 hyena1 camel1 and dog contract the disease naturally1 and sheep1 goats1 cats1 and small laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation4 ,lesions4--,the spleen and lymphatic glands are enlarged4 ,there are sero-fibrinous exudates in the body cavities1 the liver is enlarged and engorged1 heart flabby1 and a catarrhal condition is present in the respiratory passages4 ,pathological changes occur in the spinal cord4 ,the finding of the trypanosoma by microscopic examination of the blood will be conclusive evidence for diagnosis4 ,treatment4--,treatment has not proved satisfactory4 ,quinin1 arsenic1 methylene blue1 and other drugs have been used1 but without success4 ,endeavors thus far made to produce immunity from this disease have likewise been unavailing4 ,,cattle ,,farcy4 ,this is a chronic disease of cattle occurring in ,france and the island of ,guadeloupe1 ,west ,indies4 ,it is characterized by caseating nodular swellings1 first of the skin and afterwards of the superficial lymphatic vessels and glands1 finally proving fatal within a year by extension to the viscera4 ,the swellings rupture and discharge a purulent yellowish fluid1 which contains the causative organism4 ,this affection1 called farcin du boeuf by the ,french1 resembles cutaneous glanders or farcy of horses1 but is caused by an entirely different organism1 the streptothrix of ,nocard4 ,moreover1 cattle are immune from glanders1 and for this reason the name1 unfortunately applied to this disease1 should not lead to any confusion with the cutaneous glanders or farcy of horses4 ,although the disease has been described as occurring only in ,guadeloupe and ,france1 the possibility of its occurrence in ,american possessions warrants its mention in this chapter4 ,treatment4--,treatment consists in making incisions into the swellings and syringing them out with #b per cent compound cresol solution4 ,the cavities may then be packed with cotton1 soaked in #e per cent zinc-chlorid solution4 ,the swollen lymphatics may also be bathed or covered with cloths wrung out in this solution4 ,,other ,,infectious ,,diseases4 ,the following are also infectious diseases of cattle1 a discussion of which will be found in previous chapters3 ,page4 ,contagious abortion #afg ,white scour of calves #bfa ,infectious ophthalmia 7pink eye7 #cde ,,footnotes3 #d ,these membranes comprise the smooth1 very delicate1 glistening lining of the large body cavities4 ,in the thorax the serous membrane 7pleura7 covers the ribs and diaphragm as well as the whole lung surface4 ,in the abdomen a similar membrane 7peritoneum7 lines the interior of the cavity and covers the bowels1 liver1 spleen1 etc4 #e ,hogs are subject to actinomycosis4 #f ,the distribution of ,government blackleg vaccine was discontinued ,july #a1 #aibb4 #g ,only a general outline of methods of eradication will be given here4 ,for detailed information1 including directions for the construction of dipping vats and for the preparation of dips1 the reader is referred to ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajeg1 which may be obtained free upon application to the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #h ,for fuller information see ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajeg1 from which the directions here given are mainly derived4 #i ,the chemicals employed have no effect upon iron4 ,they will1 however1 actively corrode zinc1 tin1 or solder2 hence a soldered pail must be watched for leaks and is far inferior to a seamless pail1 stamped from a single sheet of iron4 ,a tinned pail is preferred to a galvanized one1 but a plain iron seamless pail or an iron kettle should be obtained if possible4 #aj ,best done by previously determining by measurement the depth of #e gallons of water in the kettle4 ,set the kettle exactly level and mark the depth on a stick held vertically on the center of the bottom4 ,,animal ,,parasites ,,of ,,cattle4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,ransom1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,chief of ,zoological ,division1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,the animal parasites of cattle comprise more than a hundred different species1 belonging to various groups of the animal kingdom4 ,fortunately not all these parasites occur in this country--many are uncommon1 and many are comparatively harmless4 ,some forms1 however1 occur frequently1 and some are of distinct importance to the ,american stockman on account of the damage for which they are responsible4 ,it is these parasites particularly which will be referred to in the present article1 and although some forms are discussed which are rare or apparently of little economic importance1 most of the minor and unusual parasites and species not found in this country have been omitted from consideration4 ,,flies4#aa ,of the various species of flies which infest cattle some are injurious on account of the annoyance1 pain1 and loss of blood due to their bites1 and sometimes also on account of diseases or parasites which are thus transmitted from the blood of diseased animals to that of healthy cattle1 while others1 which in the winged adult state do not bite1 are injurious because they live parasitic on cattle during their larval stages4 ,remedies for flies4#ab--,most remedies used for protecting cattle from the attacks of flies have to be applied frequently1 and few1 if any1 will keep flies away for more than a day or two following their application4 ,the numerous proprietary fly repellents to be found on the market are usually more expensive1 and often less efficacious than homemade mixtures4 ,at the ,minnesota experiment station rancid lard #a pound and kerosene one-half pint1 mixed thoroughly until a creamy mass forms1 was found to give excellent results as a fly repellent1 lasting for two or three days1 when rubbed not too thickly with a cloth or with the bare hand over the backs of cows4 ,mixtures of cottonseed oil and pine tar containing from #aj to #ej per cent of the latter substance were found by investigations in the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry to have a marked repellent action against flies when applied lightly every day4 ,a too free application of tar mixtures and other preparations containing phenols is liable to cause poisoning2 hence care should be observed in this regard4 ,jensen 7#aiji7 recommends the following formula1 which is said to protect cows for a week3 ,common laundry soap #a pound4 ,water #d gallons4 ,crude petroleum #a gallon4 ,powdered naphthalin #d ounces4 ,cut the soap into thin shavings and dissolve in water by the aid of heat2 dissolve the naphthalin in the crude oil1 mix the two solutions1 put them into an old dasher churn1 and mix thoroughly for #ae minutes4 ,the mixture should be applied once or twice a week with a brush4 ,it must be stirred well before being used4 ,,the ,,stable ,,fly 7,,stomoxys ,,calcitrans74#ac ,this fly very closely resembles the house fly1 but1 unlike the latter1 it is a biting fly4 ,it is common about stables and often enters dwellings1 especially in cloudy weather4 ,according to ,no1 it is the agent of transmission of a parasitic roundworm of cattle 7,setaria labiato-papillosa1 see p4 #ebi74 ,this fly has been shown capable of transmitting anthrax from diseased to healthy animals1 and under some conditions it may transmit surra1 a disease caused by a blood parasite which affects horses1 cattle1 and other livestock4 ,the annoyance suffered by cattle and horses from stable flies is much lessened if the stables are darkened4 ,the screening of doors and windows1 however1 is preferable1 as ventilation is not interfered with as it is in darkening stables4 ,for milk cows coverings made from burlap 7double thickness71 including trouserlike coverings for the legs1 may be used when the flies are very numerous and troublesome4 ,one of the fly repellents mentioned above may be applied to cattle to protect them from stable flies4 ,the ,hodge flytrap fitted to the windows of dairy barns is a useful means of destroying stable flies4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,entomology has found that a mixture of fish oil 7#a gallon71 oil of pine tar 7#b ounces71 oil of pennyroyal 7#b ounces71 and kerosene 7#a_/b pint7 is fairly effective for a short time when applied lightly1 but thoroughly1 to the portions of animals not covered with blankets4 ,the risk of poisoning with tar mixtures as already mentioned should be borne in mind in using this remedy4 ,care should be taken to apply it lightly4 ,the stable fly breeds in moist accumulations of straw1 chaff1 cow or horse manure1 and various fermenting vegetable substances4 ,the dbris collecting in and under outdoor feed troughs1 and the remains of straw stacks are favorable breeding places for the stable fly4 ,under the most favorable conditions about three weeks are required for development from the egg to the adult stage4 ,the proper care of straw and the proper disposal of stable manure are very necessary in the control of stable flies4 ,straw stacks should be carefully built so as to shed rain1 and loose straw or chaff should be scattered or burned4 ,straw not required for winter feed should be promptly disposed of by burning or scattering and plowing it under4 ,stable manure should be hauled out and scattered at regular intervals1 preferably every three days1 and the vicinity of stables should be kept free from accumulations of straw and hay that may become wet and serve as breeding places for the stable fly4 ,,the ,,hornfly 7,,lyperosia ,,irritans74#ad ,this fly1 now found nearly everywhere in the ,united ,states1 was introduced into this country from ,europe about the year #ahhe4 ,hornflies have the habit of clustering about the base of the horn 7fig4 #b71 whence the name by which they are popularly known4 ,they do not damage the horn1 and congregate there only to rest4 ,in view of the general practice of dehorning cattle1 the name hornfly is less distinctive than it once was4 ,moreover1 hornflies rest on other parts of the body as well as the horns4 ,when resting1 their wings are held down close to the body 7fig4 #a72 when feeding1 their wings are held out nearly at right angles1 ready for flight4 ,they puncture the skin and suck blood1 usually attacking the upper parts of the body1 particularly those which are out of reach of the animal's head or tail4 ,unlike most flies1 they remain on the animal more or less constantly1 day and night4 ,owing probably to the irritation and annoyance caused by these flies1 cattle often do not thrive as they should during seasons when the flies are numerous4 ,the hornfly has also been charged with transmitting diseases1 such as anthrax4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,normal ,,spleen ,,and ,,spleen ,,affected ,,by ,,texas ,,fever4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,spleen ,,of ,,an ,,acute1 ,,fatal ,,case ,,of ,,texas ,,fever4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,spleen ,,of ,,healthy ,,steer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,,texas ,,fever4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,cattle ,,tick 7,,margaropus ,,annulatus71 ,,the ,,carrier ,,of ,,texas ,,fever4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,the ,,cattle ,,tick 7,,margaropus ,,annulatus74 ,figs4 #a and #b ,,dorsal ,,and ,,ventral ,,views ,,of ,,male4 ,figs4 #c and #d ,,dorsal ,,and ,,ventral ,,views ,,of ,,replete ,,female4 7,,greatly ,,enlarged47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,portion ,,of ,a ,,steer',s ,,hide1 ,,showing ,,the ,,texas-,,fever ,,tick 7,,margaropus ,,annulatus7 ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,,original4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tick-,,infested ,,steer4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,dipping ,,cattle ,,to ,,kill ,,ticks4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,,facsimile ,,of ,,poster ,,used ,,in ,,tick ,,eradication ,,work4 ,the fly lays its eggs in freshly dropped cow manure4 ,they hatch in about #bd hours1 and the larv or maggots in four or five days develop to the pupal stage1 which lasts a week or #aj days4 ,from the pupal stage the mature fly emerges4 ,the entire process of development from the deposition of the egg to the appearance of the mature fly therefore may be completed in two weeks1 or even in a shorter time4 ,to protect cattle from attacks of the hornfly they may be treated with one of the remedies mentioned above 7p4 #ejb74 ,dipping cattle in a vat provided with splashboards set at the proper angle destroys most of the hornflies present on the animals4 ,unless the splashboards are used all but a few of the flies succeed in escaping as the cattle plunge into the bath and later return to them4 ,scattering the droppings of cattle with a shovel1 or with brush dragged over pastures1 in order to insure the rapid drying of the manure and consequent destruction of the larv1 is1 when practicable1 an efficient means of reducing the number of these flies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,hornfly 7,lyperosia irritans7 in resting position4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,hornflies 7,lyperosia irritans7 on cow horn4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,,buffalo ,,gnats4 ,these small flies1 also known as black flies1 are about one-eighth of an inch long and have a characteristic humped back 7fig4 #c74 ,they breed in running water and appear in swarms during spring and summer1 often in enormous numbers1 causing great annoyance to stock and human beings1 on account of their bites and their entrance into the eyes1 nose1 mouth1 and other openings of the body4 ,their bites appear to be poisonous1 and in seasons especially favorable to the gnats heavy losses of horses and cattle often occur4 ,buffalo gnats are more troublesome in bright1 sunny weather than when it is cloudy1 and animals which have not shed their winter coats suffer more from their attacks than those with smooth coats4 ,cattle kept in darkened stables are not molested4 ,the application of one of the fly repellents already mentioned 7p4 #ejb7 may help to protect animals from buffalo gnats4 ,the burning of smudges is also a useful means of protecting stock from the attacks of these flies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,buffalo gnat4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,,screw ,,worms4#ae ,screw worms 7fig4 #d7 are the maggots of a fly 7,chrysomyia macellaria71 so called from their fancied resemblance to a screw4 ,the adult fly 7fig4 #e7 is about one-third of an inch long1 with a bluish-green body1 red eyes1 and with three dark longitudinal stripes on the back 7thorax74 ,attracted by odors of decay1 it deposits its eggs1 #cjj to #djj at a time1 in cuts1 sores1 castration wounds1 etc4 ,the crushing of a tick on the skin commonly results in screw-worm infection at that point4 ,the eggs hatch in a few hours and the larv or maggots1 or so-called screw worms1 begin to burrow into the flesh and continue burrowing and feeding from three to six days1 after which they leave the wound and crawl into the earth1 there transforming into the quiescent pupal stage4 ,this stage is completed in three to fourteen days4 ,the mature flies then emerge from the pupal envelope and are soon ready for egg laying4 ,from two to three weeks are therefore required for the entire life cycle1 although under certain conditions it is possible for the fly to undergo its full development in as short a time as seven days1 and on the other hand as long as a month is often required4 ,besides cattle1 the screw-worm fly attacks sheep1 horses1 dogs1 and man4 ,in the case of hogs it is generally the ears which are affected4 ,the fly also breeds in dead animals1 and all carcasses should therefore be buried deeply or burned4 ,the complete destruction of all dead animals by burning has been found by the ,bureau of ,entomology to be by far the best method of controlling screw worms4 ,treatment for screw worms4--,for proper treatment an animal suffering from screw worms should be caught and thrown4 ,chloroform is then poured into the wound1 taking care that it penetrates thoroughly into all the burrows of the screw worm1 if necessary using a slender stick or a small bunch of twisted hay as a probe4 ,the animal should be held for several minutes in order to insure the continued action of chloroform4 ,instead of chloroform1 gasoline may be used1 and carbon tetrachlorid is said by some authorities to give good results4 ,finally1 the dead or dying maggots may be removed with forceps1 the wound washed with a weak carbolic or cresylic acid solution1 and painted with pine tar to reduce the chances of further attack by flies4 ,finally the wound should be dressed with a carbolic or cresylic ointment to promote healing and thus prevent further infection1 or the wound may be painted with pine tar4 ,dipping in the arsenical dips used for destroying cattle ticks is a convenient method of treatment if many animals are involved4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,screw worm 7larva of ,chrysomyia macellaria74 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,screw-worm fly 7,chrysomyia macellaria74 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,,grubs1 ,,warbles1 ,,bots4 ,ox warbles are whitish or1 when full grown1 dark-colored grubs or maggots that develop from the eggs deposited on the hairs of cattle by certain flies known as warble flies4 ,in the ,united ,states there are two species of ox-warble flies1 technically known as ,hypoderma lineatum and ,hypoderma bovis4 ,these flies somewhat resemble bees in their general appearance1 but like all flies have only two wings4 ,the first named1 ,h4 lineatum1 is commonly called the heel fly and is more generally distributed over the ,united ,states than the other species4 ,the tail has a distinctive reddish-orange color and the legs are rough and hairy4 ,this fly commonly deposits its eggs about the coronet1 whence the name of heel fly1 and on the fetlocks1 knees1 and hocks4 ,when cattle are resting1 eggs are deposited along the line of contact of the body with the soil4 ,cattle are frequently indifferent to the activity of this fly in depositing its eggs4 ,commonly #h to #aj eggs1 sometimes as many as #ad1 are attached to a single hair4 ,in the ,united ,states the other warble fly1 ,h4 bovis1 has been found only in the ,north 7,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 ,michigan1 ,iowa1 ,missouri1 and ,washington7 and has not yet been found in the ,southern ,states4 ,the tail is orange-yellow1 lighter in color than that of the other species1 and the legs have but few hairs4 ,this fly commonly deposits its eggs on the outside of the hind quarters and above the fetlocks when the animals are moving1 or lower down if they are quiet4 ,cattle are usually much disturbed by the activity of this fly and not infrequently appear terror stricken4 ,the eggs are attached singly1 one egg to a hair near its base4 ,the eggs of the warble flies hatch as a rule in about a week1 the time varying with local conditions4 ,the young warble is about #a mm4 7#a_/be inch7 long4 ,it crawls to the base of the hair and burrows into the hair follicle4 ,the entrance of the larv frequently causes sudden appearance of swellings4 ,the larv of ,h4 bovis in entering the skin rarely cause a flow of serum or pus formation1 but those of ,h4 lineatum commonly cause a considerable flow of serum with pus formation resulting in a matting of the hair on affected areas of the skin4 ,the warbles after penetrating the skin migrate through the body and ultimately reach the backs of the cattle1 ,h4 lineatum usually appearing there in northern latitudes about the middle of ,december and ,h4 bovis about a month later4 ,during their migrations1 before they reach the back1 the young warbles spend a considerable period in the walls of the esophagus1 or gullet1 and may be found in this location as early as ,august #ae4 ,during the fall and winter a large proportion of the gullets of cattle that are slaughtered are found to be infested with warbles1 and are known as grubby gullets or weasands in the packing houses4 ,when the warbles first appear in the back they are about #c_/e inch long4 ,they cause swellings about the size of pigeons' eggs1 each swelling having a small hole in the center1 which has been punctured in the skin by the warble to enable it to breathe4 ,through this hole the warble leaves the back of the cow when it has completed its parasitic stage of development1 at which time it measures nearly an inch in length4 ,the full-grown larv begin to leave the backs of the cattle early in the year1 and in northern latitudes the last leave before the middle of ,july4 ,after leaving the backs of the cattle they burrow into the ground1 lie quiescent for about a month1 and become transformed into mature flies4 ,in northern latitudes the mature flies of the species ,h4 lineatum may be observed during ,april and ,may1 and those of the other species during ,june and ,july4 ,the damage caused by warbles includes injury to stampeding cattle frightened by the fly1 decreased milk flow and diminished growth in infested animals1 and injury to hides1 the last item being especially serious4 ,treatment4--,the best method of control known at present is to extract the warbles from the backs of cattle and kill them4 ,if they are almost ready to leave the cattle1 they may be squeezed from the backs with the fingers4 ,forceps are useful in removing the warbles1 but it is important to be careful in extracting warbles not to crush them1 as the body juices of these parasites are sometimes poisonous to cattle if absorbed into their circulation4 ,in the ,south herds may be examined in ,november or early in ,december and once a month during the next two or three months4 ,in the ,north the first examination may be made six weeks to two months later1 with two or1 better1 three following examinations at intervals of a month4 ,if this procedure is carefully carried out there will be a noticeable diminution of warbles the following year1 and if persisted in the warble can be almost if not completely eradicated4 ,where an entire community follows up the practice of removing and destroying warbles1 the results are highly beneficial4 ,as a result of recent studies by various investigators it appears that the tiny grubs1 newly hatched from the eggs1 may gain entrance to the body by penetrating directly through the skin4 ,many observers1 however1 have held that the eggs or newly hatched larv are taken into the mouth by the cattle licking themselves4 ,it is possible1 as in the case of several other parasites1 that both modes of infection may occur and that the larv may gain entrance to the body either by penetrating the skin or by being swallowed4 ,from the evidence at present available it seems likely that the usual mode of entrance is through the skin4 ,irrespective of the mode of infection1 the larv evidently wander extensively through the tissues of the body1 developmental stages being found in considerable numbers in the wall of the esophagus during the fall of the year4 ,they have also been found in the spinal canal and in various other locations4 ,finally1 about ,january they appear beneath the skin of the back1 forming the well-known swellings4 ,the posterior end of the grub is near the small opening in the hide1 through which the grub breathes and discharges its excrement1 and through which1 when its development is complete1 it finally escapes4 ,the anterior end of the grub is at the bottom of the tumor1 where the mucus collects upon which it feeds4 ,by spring or early summer the grub is full grown and forces its way out of the skin1 falling to the ground1 into which it burrows for a short distance and transforms into the pupal stage4 ,in about a month the mature fly emerges4 ,it has lately been discovered that a second species of warble fly 7,hypoderma bovis7 common in ,europe is of not uncommon occurrence in ,canada and the northern part of the ,united ,states1 whereas it was formerly supposed that the ox warbles of this country were all of the one kind4 ,the general appearance1 life history1 and effects of the ,european species are much the same as those of the ,american form4 ,grubs weaken cattle1 cause them to fall off in flesh and milk1 and decrease the value of the hide4 ,the beef in the immediate vicinity of a grub becomes slimy and of a greenish color1 and is known to the butchers as licked beef4 ,the total loss to this country on account of the warble fly is estimated at #ce1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj a year1 at the least1 and may amount to considerably more4 ,treatment for warbles4--,during the winter and spring examine the cattle for the presence of warbles4 ,by passing the hand over the backs of the animals the swellings marking the location of the grubs may be readily found4 ,pressure properly applied to the swellings will cause the grubs to pop out if they have reached a late stage of development4 ,they may be more easily removed by means of slender forceps inserted into the opening of the warbles1 and a still more certain method of removing them1 particularly if the lumps are still very small1 is to cut into the swellings with a sharp knife or bistoury1 after which they may be pressed out4 ,care should be taken to crush all grubs removed1 so as to prevent the possibility of their further development and transformation into flies4 ,in order that none may escape it is advisable to examine the cattle every two weeks during the late winter and spring1 at each examination removing the grubs which have developed sufficiently to cause perceptible swellings4 ,another method of treatment is to force grease or oil into the openings of the warbles1 which kills the grubs4 ,this method is less certain than that of removing the grubs1 and has the further objection that the dead grubs remain beneath the skin4 ,cattle may be treated during the summer with fly repellents 7p4 #ejb7 to keep off the warble flies4 ,the efficacy of repellents against these flies is probably1 however1 not very great4 ,in localities where the character of the cattle industry is such as to render practicable the systematic examination of cattle and the removal of the grubs--that is1 where the herds are comparatively small and subject to the close supervision of the owners--it is possible1 by the exercise of a little care and with very little effort on the part of the cattle owners1 provided they work together1 each doing his share by seeing to the removal of grubs from his own cattle1 so that as few as possible survive to transform into flies1 to reduce the number of grubs within one or two seasons almost1 if not entirely1 to the point of extinction4 ,investigations not yet completed indicate that grub eradication may sometimes be accomplished by the use of arsenical dips1 which are extensively used at the present time for destroying cattle ticks4 7,see p4 #dig47 ,it is possible that the destructive action of arsenical dips upon warbles is more or less dependent upon the fact that arsenic is stored up in small quantities in and upon the skin of cattle that are repeatedly dipped in arsenical dips4 ,the arsenical dip appears to act1 not upon the well-developed grub beneath the skin1 but upon the eggs or the newly hatched larv1 probably the latter4 ,accordingly the dipping of cattle to destroy grubs should be carried out during the fly season and repeated treatments should be given every two or three weeks1 as in dipping cattle to eradicate ticks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,the warble fly 7,hypoderma lineatum73 a1 adult female2 b1 eggs attached to a hair1 #be2 c1 larva as seen in egg2 d1 larva from esophagus of an ox2 e1 later stage of larva from beneath the skin of the back2 f1 larva at the stage when it leaves the back of cattle and falls to the ground--all enlarged 7after ,riley74 ,,lice4#af ,cattle in the ,united ,states are commonly infested with three species of lice1 two of them sucking lice 7,hmatopinus eurysternus1 the short-nosed cattle louse1 and ,linognathus vituli1 the long-nosed cattle louse71 commonly known as blue lice1 and one biting louse 7,trichodectes scalaris71 commonly known as the red louse4 ,the blue lice 7figs4 #g and #h7 suck the blood of cattle and are more injurious than the red lice 7fig4 #i74 ,unless very abundant the latter cause little injury4 ,if numerous they irritate and worry their host probably more by their sharp claws than by their bites1 as their food seems to consist entirely of particles of hair and dead skin4 ,cattle lice reproduce by means of eggs or nits 7fig4 #aj7 which they fasten to the hair4 ,the blue lice infest chiefly the neck and shoulders2 red lice1 when present1 may be found almost anywhere on the body1 but are usually most numerous on neck1 shoulders1 and at the root of the tail4 ,on account of the itching caused by the lice1 infested cattle rub against posts1 trees1 etc41 and lick themselves1 the hair sometimes coming out and the skin becoming thickened so that mange may be suspected4 ,treatment for lice4--,cattle may be treated for lice by means of hand applications1 spraying1 or dipping4 ,dusting powders sold under various trade names are of value in helping to hold lice in check when the weather is too cold for dipping or spraying4 ,the application of greases and insecticidal liquids by hand is fairly effective and practicable in cases in which there are only a few animals to be treated4 ,the following remedies have proved effective when applied by hand1 the treatment being repeated if necessary in about #af days3 7#a7 ,cottonseed oil and kerosene1 equal parts2 7#b7 kerosene1 #a_/b pint1 mixed with lard1 #a pound2 7#c7 crude petroleum2 7#d7 any of the dips recommended for use in dipping1 and diluted in the same proportions as for dipping4 ,oils or greases should not be used in very warm or very cold weather4 ,the remedies mentioned may be applied with a brush or a cloth4 ,they should be distributed in a thin1 even coating over the surface of the body1 taking care that there is no excess quantity at any point4 ,in spraying1 any of the dips recommended for lice1 properly diluted1 are applied by means of a spray pump over the entire body4 ,thorough wetting of the skin and hair is important1 and a second treatment should be given #ae or #af days later4 ,when a considerable number of animals are to be treated the most satisfactory method of destroying lice is by the use of a dipping vat4 ,two dippings should be given #ae or #af days apart4 ,dipping in the fall is good insurance against risk of loss from lice during the winter4 ,all animals in the herd should be treated regardless of the number showing infestation4 ,either coal-tar-creosote or nicotin dips may be used4 ,these are sold under various trade names4 ,the directions for dilution given by the manufacturer should be carefully followed4 ,as coal-tar-creosote dips do not mix well with all kinds of water1 they should be tested with the water to be used for making the solution by mixing some of the dip in the proper proportions with the water in a clean and clear-glass bottle or jar4 ,if an oily layer or mass of globules collects either at the top or the bottom of the mixture after standing an hour1 the dip is not suitable for use with that kind of water4 ,imperfectly mixed coal-tar-creosote dips are liable to poison animals even when not used in stronger solutions than that recommended by the manufacturers1 and are also likely to be inefficacious4 ,the lime-sulphur dip1 which is highly efficacious as a mange remedy1 is of little value for destroying lice1 especially blue lice4 ,the arsenical dip used in tick eradication is a good louse remedy1 but its use is not advisable on account of its poisonous nature1 except under the supervision of capable persons who know how to use it and what precautions to take4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,short-nosed blue louse 7,hmatopinus eurysternus7 of cattle4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,long-nosed bluelouse 7,linognathus vituli7 of cattle4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,red louse 7,trichodectes scalaris7 of cattle4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,egg of short-nosed blue louse 7,hmatopinus eurysternus7 attached to a hair4 ,enlarged4 7,from ,bureau of ,entomology47 ,,mange1 ,,itch1 ,,scab4#ag ,cattle are subject to four kinds of mange1 of which common mange or psoroptic mange is the most important4 ,,psoroptic ,,mange4 ,psoroptic mange of cattle is caused by small mites 7fig4 #aa7 which multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy cattle by bodily contact1 or by pens1 stables1 railroad cars1 etc41 recently occupied by mangy cattle4 ,the mites attack the skin and cause it to become thickened and covered with crusts and scabs1 with a consequent loss of hair4 ,intense itching accompanies the disease1 and affected cattle are more or less constantly rubbing and licking themselves4 ,psoroptic mange commences at the root of the tail1 or on the neck1 or withers1 and gradually extends over the back up to the head1 over the sides1 and may finally affect nearly the entire body except the legs4 ,in serious cases the skin may become ulcerated2 the animals are greatly weakened and emaciated1 and finally die4 ,by taking scrapings from the edges of scabby patches and placing them on a piece of black paper in a warm place the mites may be seen as tiny white objects crawling over the paper1 more distinctly if a magnifying glass is used4 ,mange may be confused with lousiness1 ringworm1 or with any condition in which there is itching or loss of hair1 but if mites are found there is no question of the diagnosis4 ,the disease is worse during cold1 wet weather4 ,mangy cattle when on good pasture during the summer often seem to recover1 but in the fall the disease again appears in a severe form4 ,treatment4--,the most generally used and most satisfactory method of treating cattle mange consists in dipping the animals in a vat filled with a liquid of such nature that it will kill the parasites without injuring the cattle4 ,vats for dipping cattle are built of wood1 stone1 or concrete1 and vary in length from #cj to #ajj feet or more4 ,they vary in width from #c to #g feet at the top and #a-a_/b to #c feet at the bottom1 and the depth may be from #g to #aj feet4 ,a narrow chute through which the cattle are driven leads to one end of the vat1 where a steep slide pitches the cattle into the dipping fluid1 through which they swim1 and climb out of the vat at the other end1 which is built sloping and provided with cross cleats to give the animals a foothold4 ,a draining pen with floor sloping back toward the vat is generally provided4 ,the dip should be used warm1 #ajj to #aje ,f41 and the cattle should be held in the vat for two minutes to insure thorough action of the dip4 ,the head of each animal should be ducked at least once4 ,care should be taken that the vat contains a sufficient depth of fluid to swim the animals to be dipped4 ,the dipping fluid may be heated from a steam boiler by pipes or hose1 or water heated in large iron cauldrons or tanks may be used for charging the vat1 and hot water with a proper quantity of dip added from time to time as the dipping fluid becomes cool4 ,if crude-petroleum dips are used1 one dipping is usually sufficient1 and the dip is used cold4 ,crude-petroleum dips are rarely used for common mange1 but are of special value for sarcoptic mange1 which is cured with difficulty by the ordinary dips4 ,in the treatment of ordinary mange with lime-sulphur or nicotin dips two dippings are necessary1 the second dipping being given #aj to #ad days after the first4 ,the second treatment is necessary to kill the few parasites which sometimes escape at the first treatment1 either in the egg stage or as fecundated females4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep4 ,enlarged about #ajj times4 ,the mite of psoroptic cattle mange is almost identical in appearance4 ,,lime-,,sulphur ,,dip4 ,the lime-sulphur dip is made in the proportion of #ab pounds of unslaked lime 7or #af pounds of commercial hydrated lime--not air-slaked lime71 #bd pounds of flowers of sulphur1 and #ajj gallons of water4 ,directions for preparing #ajj gallons of dip4--,weigh out the lime1 #ab pounds 7or hydrated lime1 #af pounds71 and sulphur1 #bd pounds4 ,place the unslaked lime in a shallow1 water-tight box similar to a mortar box1 or some other suitable vessel1 and add water enough to slake the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty4 ,sift into this paste the flowers of sulphur and stir well2 then place the lime-sulphur paste in a kettle1 boiler1 or tank containing #cj gallons of water1 the water being first heated nearly to the boiling point4 ,boil the mixture for two hours at least1 stirring frequently2 add water occasionally to maintain the original quantity4 ,allow the mixture to settle in the tank or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into a large tub or barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a bunghole about #d inches from the bottom1 and then allow ample time to settle--from two to three hours or more if necessary4 ,when fully settled1 draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat1 taking care not to allow any of the sediment to accompany it1 as the sediment is liable to render the dip unnecessarily caustic4 ,the clear liquid thus obtained requires only the addition of sufficient clear warm water to bring the total up to #ajj gallons4 ,flowers of sulphur must be used and the lime must be of good quality4 ,the dipping bath should be used at a temperature of #ajj to #aje ,f41 and for official dippings must be maintained at all times at a strength of not less than #b per cent of sulphid sulphur as indicated by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry field test for lime-sulphur baths4 ,,nicotin ,,dip4 ,the nicotin dip is made with sufficient extract of tobacco1 or nicotin solution1 to give a mixture containing not less than five one-hundredths of #a per cent nicotin and #b per cent flowers of sulphur4 ,sufficient nicotin would therefore be furnished for #if gallons 7about #hjj pounds7 of dip by #a pound of a #dj per cent solution of nicotin4 ,the formula for this dip would be3 ,nicotin1 four-tenths of a pound2 flowers of sulphur1 #af pounds2 water1 #if gallons4 ,to calculate how much nicotin solution or extract of tobacco should be used for #if gallons of water1 divide the quantity of nicotin required in the dip by the proportion of nicotin in the extract4 ,for example1 suppose the nicotin solution contains #be per cent nicotin1 we have #j4dj #j4be #a4f4 ,therefore in this case it would require #a4f pounds of nicotin solution for the #if gallons of dip4 ,or1 if a tobacco extract is used1 having1 for example1 #b4d per cent of nicotin1 the formula would be as follows3 #j4dj #j4jbd #af4ff1 and therefore #af4ff pounds would be required for #if gallons of dip4 ,do not use any preparation the strength of which is not given on the outside of the package4 ,in preparing these dips the nicotin solution and sulphur should be mixed together with water before adding them to the water in the dipping vat4 ,on no account should the dip be heated above #aaj ,f4 after the nicotin solution is added1 as heat is liable to evaporate the nicotin and weaken the dip4 ,for official dippings the dipping bath should be used at a temperature of #ajj to #aje ,f4 and at all times must be maintained at a strength of not less than five one-hundredths of #a per cent nicotin as indicated by a field test approved by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,a homemade nicotin dip may be prepared as follows3 ,for each #ajj gallons of dip desired1 take #ba pounds of good1 prepared tobacco leaves2 soak the leaves in cold or lukewarm water for #bd hours in a covered pot or kettle2 then bring the water to near the boiling point for a moment1 and1 if in the morning1 allow the infusion to draw for an hour2 if in the evening1 allow it to draw overnight2 the liquid is next strained 7pressure being used to extract as much nicotin as possible from the wet leaves7 and diluted to #ajj gallons per #ba pounds of tobacco4 ,this dip should be used as fresh as possible1 as it contains a large amount of organic material which will soon decompose4 ,,crude-,,petroleum ,,dips4 ,crude-petroleum dips1 which are valuable for the treatment of sarcoptic mange1 are not often used for the treatment of psoroptic mange or of chorioptic mange1 oily dips being liable to injure animals1 especially if they are moved rapidly soon after treatment1 if they are exposed to bright sunshine1 or if they become chilled4 ,besides unprocessed crude petroleum1 processed petroleum from which the gasoline and other light hydrocarbons have been removed may be utilized in the treatment of cattle for mange1 particularly sarcoptic mange4 ,there are a number of proprietary brands of crude-petroleum dips on the market1 consisting of processed crude petroleum with other substances added1 mainly lighter oils to give the dip a suitable consistency4 ,in dipping cattle in crude-petroleum dips fill the vat with water to within #a foot or #ah inches of the dip line and then add the oil until the surface is flush with the dip line4 ,the oil floats on the water1 and as the animals pass through the vat their bodies become coated with oil4 ,,chorioptic ,,mange4 ,chorioptic mange1 due to a species of mite different from that causing common cattle mange1 is confined almost entirely to the region at the root of the tail and if not treated may persist for years4 ,the treatment is the same as for psoroptic mange4 ,,sarcoptic ,,mange4 ,sarcoptic mange1 frequently called barn itch1 is caused by a mite very similar to that which causes itch in human beings4 ,it commonly affects the head and neck1 but may also occur on various other parts of the body4 ,bulls are particularly liable to be affected with this form of mange4 ,cattle may become infected not only from other cattle1 but also from horses1 goats1 dogs1 sheep1 and hogs4 ,as a rule sarcoptic mange in any species of animal1 if acquired from an animal of another species1 is likely to run a short course and tend toward a spontaneous recovery4 ,the treatment likely to be most efficacious is that of dipping in a crude-petroleum dip1 one treatment as a rule being sufficient4 ,if lime-sulphur dip is used1 four or five successive treatments1 or even more1 at weekly intervals1 may be necessary before a cure is effected4 ,,demodectic ,,mange4 ,demodectic mange1 which is caused by a small parasite that lives in the hair follicles1 causing pustules1 especially on the neck and shoulders1 occurs occasionally among cattle in this country and is of importance on account of the injury to the hide4 ,when tanned1 hides infested by this parasite are pitted1 the pits1 in some cases1 being so deep that they form holes4 ,no practicable treatment is known for this disease4 ,,ticks4#ah ,about #aj species of ticks have been reported as parasites of cattle in the ,united ,states4 ,the most common and most important is the species known as ,margaropus annulatus1 which transmits ,texas fever4 ,information concerning this tick and ,texas fever has been given elsewhere in this volume 7p4 #dge74 ,the spinose ear tick 7,ornithodoros megnini7 is frequently found in the ears of cattle in the western part of the ,united ,states1 and is of common occurrence also in the ears of horses1 dogs1 cats1 etc4 ,when its parasitic stage of development is completed the ear tick leaves its host4 ,mating between the sexes occurs after the ticks have cast their skins following the abandonment of their host4 ,they usually crawl up some distance from the ground and secrete themselves in cracks and crevices in trees1 walls of buildings1 etc41 where the females deposit their eggs4 ,after the eggs hatch1 the larval ticks1 which emerge from them1 when they succeed in finding a host1 enter the ears and gradually develop to the stage at which they are ready to leave the host animal4 ,the females may live several months1 or even years1 if they do not find mates4 ,after mating they may deposit their eggs intermittently4 ,hatching of the eggs may occur as early as #aj days after deposition4 ,the larv may live for #hj days without a host4 ,the parasitic period has been observed to vary from about two to about seven months4 ,treatment4--,on account of their habits and great vitality and their occurrence in various kinds of animals besides cattle1 complete eradication is a difficult problem4 ,the only effective treatment known is to introduce directly into the ear passages a remedy that will kill the ticks4 ,later1 of course1 the cattle may become reinfested from exposure to infested ranges or inclosures4 ,the following mixture1 however1 in addition to killing the ticks in the ears1 will protect against reinfestation for about #cj days3 ,ordinary commercial pine tar1 two parts2 cottonseed oil1 one part--in each case by volume4 ,animals to be treated are confined in a chute1 and the mixture is injected into the ears with a syringe1 after the wax and other dbris in the ears have been cleaned out with a wire probe that has an eyelet at one end4 ,further information concerning ear ticks and the details of their treatment is given in ,farmers' ,bulletin #ihj4 ,,bloodsuckers ,,or ,,leeches4 ,these worms are sometimes taken up by cattle when drinking from ponds4 ,they may attach themselves to the inner surface of the mouth or nose1 and sometimes reach the upper part of the windpipe or of the gullet4 ,bleeding at the mouth or nose may be noticed1 the membranes where the leech is attached are liable to be swollen and congested1 and as a result of the loss of blood a condition of anemia may result4 ,treatment4--,if the worm can be reached it may be destroyed by cutting it in two with a pair of scissors1 or it may be removed with forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a towel around the hand so that the worm can be held without slipping4 ,fumigation with tobacco or tar may cause the worm to release its hold if it can not be removed by other means4 ,ponds may be rid of infestation with bloodsuckers by the introduction of eels4 ,,parasites ,,of ,,the ,,stomach4 ,the stomach of cattle consists of four compartments1 of which the first and fourth are most likely to be the seat of parasitic infestation4 ,the first stomach1 or paunch1 contains large numbers of minute parasites known as protozoa1 which are too small to be seen with the naked eye4 ,these small organisms apparently are in no way injurious4 ,a species of fluke 7,paramphistomum cervi or a closely related species7 is occasionally found in ,north ,american cattle1 especially grass-fed cattle1 attached to the inner surface of the first stomach 7fig4 #ab74 ,this worm is about one-half inch long1 and somewhat conical in shape2 hence the name1 conical fluke1 by which it is sometimes known4 ,although this parasite has been accused of producing serious effects1 it is generally considered harmless4 ,several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach4 ,two of these are of special importance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,portion of the wall of the first stomach with conical flukes attached4 ,,the ,,twisted ,,stomach ,,worm 7,h,,monchus ,,contortus74 ,the twisted stomach worm 7,hmonchus contortus1 figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae7 is sometimes found in enormous numbers in the fourth stomach of cattle4 ,sheep1 goats1 and other ruminants may also be infested with it4 ,among the symptoms caused by this parasite may be mentioned anemia1 loss of flesh1 general weakness1 dullness1 capricious appetite1 excessive thirst1 and diarrhea4 ,the anemic condition is seen in the paleness of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eye1 and in the watery swellings which often develop under the lower jaw 7poverty jaw74 ,if the fourth stomach of a dead animal is cut open and the contents carefully examined1 the parasites1 which are from #a_/b inch to #a-a_/d inches in length and about as thick as an ordinary pin1 may be seen1 if present in any considerable number1 actively wriggling about like little snakes4 ,cattle become infected with these parasites by grazing on pastures on which infested cattle1 sheep1 or goats have grazed and scattered their droppings4 ,the worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs 7fig4 #ad;c7 of microscopic size1 which pass out of the body in the feces4 ,in warm weather these eggs hatch in a few hours4 ,if the temperature is below #dj ,f41 they remain dormant1 and if below freezing1 they soon die4 ,the eggs are also killed by dryness2 moisture1 on the other hand1 favoring their development4 ,the larv which hatch from the eggs are microscopic in size1 and1 like the eggs1 are1 at first and until they have developed to a certain stage1 very susceptible to freezing and drying4 ,in very warm weather the larv complete their development1 so far as they are able to develop outside the body1 in two or three days4 ,in cooler weather the time required for this development is longer1 and at temperatures below #gj ,f4 #aj days to several weeks may be necessary4 ,the larv are then ready to be taken into the body4 ,the eggs and early stages of the larv apparently do not develop if swallowed1 and only the completed larval stage seems to be infectious4 ,in this stage the larv migrate up grass stalks 7fig4 #ae7 or other objects1 showing activity whenever the air is saturated with moisture2 that is1 during rains1 fogs1 and dews4 ,when the air becomes dry and the moisture evaporates from the grass the young worms cease their activity1 resuming their migrations when the air again becomes overladen with moisture4 ,larv which have developed to the infectious stage1 unlike the eggs and early larval stages1 are able to survive long periods of freezing and dryness4 ,in two weeks to a month after the embryos are swallowed they reach maturity and begin producing eggs4 ,preventive treatment4--,preventive measures are important4 ,as moisture favors the development of the embryos1 high sloping ground is preferable for pastures4 ,if low ground is used1 it should be properly drained4 ,the pasture should not be overstocked4 ,burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on the grass and on the ground1 and this means of disinfection under certain circumstances may be very advantageously used4 ,the herd should be changed to fresh pasture as often as possible4 ,cattle should be supplied with water from wells1 springs1 or flowing streams1 preferably in tanks or troughs raised above the ground4 ,to a slight degree salt serves to protect cattle against infection with internal parasites1 and plenty of it should therefore be kept accessible4 ,affected animals should be isolated from the rest of the herd in hospital pens or pastures4 ,a plentiful supply of nourishing feed is an important factor in enabling cattle to withstand the attacks of stomach worms and other intestinal parasites4 ,the stabling of cattle1 with the maintenance of clean and sanitary surroundings and liberal feeding1 will often stop losses from internal parasites1 even though no medicinal treatment is given4 ,medicinal treatment4--,in dosing animals for stomach worms it is advisable to treat not only the animals which are seriously affected1 but the rest of the herd as well1 since the parasites with which they are infested will remain as a source of reinfection to the others4 ,the cattle should be removed to fresh pasture after treatment1 if possible4 ,the animals to be treated should be deprived of feed for #ab to #af1 or even #bd1 hours before they are dosed1 and if the bluestone treatment is used should receive no water on the day they are dosed until several hours after dosing4 ,in drenching1 a long-necked bottle or a drenching tube may be used4 ,in case the former is used the dose to be given may be first measured off1 poured into the bottle1 and the point marked on the outside with a file1 so that subsequent doses may be measured in the bottle itself4 ,a simple form of drenching tube 7fig4 #af7 consists of a piece of rubber tubing about #c feet long and one-half inch in diameter1 with an ordinary tin funnel inserted in one end and a piece of brass or iron tubing #d to #f inches long1 of suitable diameter1 inserted in the other end4 ,in use the metal tube is placed in the animal's mouth between the back teeth1 and the dose is poured into the funnel1 which is either held by an assistant or fastened to a post4 ,the flow of liquid through the tube is controlled by pinching the rubber tubing near the point of union with the metal tube4 ,it is important not to raise the animal's head too high on account of the danger of the dose entering the lungs4 ,the nose should not be raised higher than the level of the eyes4 ,the animal may be dosed either standing on all fours or lying on the side4 ,the position on all fours is preferred by some authorities1 who believe that more of the remedy is likely to reach the fourth stomach when the animal is dosed standing than when dosed in other positions4 ,great care should be used in dosing to prevent the entrance of the liquid into the lungs1 and in the preparation and administration of the remedy to avoid getting the solution too strong or the dose too large4 ,bluestone1 or copper sulphate1 has been extensively used in ,south ,africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and is recommended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the ,cape ,colony as the best and safest remedy4 ,to prepare the solution take #a pound 7avoirdupois7 of pure bluestone1 powder it fine1 and dissolve in #i-a_/b gallons of warm water4 ,it is better first to dissolve the bluestone in #b or #c quarts of boiling water1 then add the remaining quantity of cold water1 and mix thoroughly4 ,this solution may be given to cattle in the following-sized doses3 ,calves #c-a_/b to #d fluid ounces4 ,yearlings #f fluid ounces4 ,two-year-olds and over #ab to #af fluid ounces4 ,in making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone should be used4 ,bluestone with white patches or crusts should be rejected4 ,it is especially important that the bluestone and water be accurately weighed and measured1 and that the size of the dose be graduated according to the age of the animal4 ,the special value of medicated salts advertised under various trade names as preventives against worms is problematical4 ,commonly they contain little else than ordinary salt1 the other substances being in such small quantity that their therapeutic effect is practically negligible4 ,definite evidence that they are more efficacious than plain salt is not yet available and their use is not recommended4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,twisted stomach worms 7,hmonchus contortus74 ,outlines showing natural size of male 7above7 and female4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,twisted stomach worms 7,hmonchus contortus74 ,male 7a71 female 7b71 and egg 7c74 ,enlarged4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,larva of twisted stomach worm 7,hmonchus contortus7 coiled on tip of grass blade4 ,enlarged4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,a drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel1 a piece of rubber hose1 and a piece of brass pipe4 ,,the ,,encysted ,,stomach ,,worm 7,,ostertagia ,,ostertagi74 ,this parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half an inch in length4 ,it lives in small cysts in the wall of the fourth stomach 7fig4 #ag7 and is also found free in the cavity of the stomach4 ,when numerous1 these parasites cause a thickening of the stomach wall and disturb its digestive functions4 ,the symptoms caused by this parasite are very similar to those produced by the twisted stomach worm4 ,the life history of the encysted stomach worm is not known in detail1 but it is undoubtedly very much the same as that of the twisted stomach worm4 ,the same measures as recommended above for preventing infection with the twisted stomach worm should be used4 ,medicinal treatment would seem to be of little use1 owing to the protected position in which the parasite occurs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,piece of lining of fourth stomach1 showing cysts of the encysted stomach worm 7,ostertagia ostertagi74 ,,intestinal ,,parasites4 ,,tapeworms4 ,two species of tapeworms 7fig4 #ah7 are known to occur in the small intestine of ,american cattle4 ,they sometimes grow to a length of several yards and to a breadth of three-fourths of an inch4 ,small portions of tapeworms1 consisting of one or more segments1 are occasionally seen in the droppings of infested cattle4 ,the life history is not known1 but the infectious stage is undoubtedly taken in with the feed or water1 infection being spread by the eggs of the parasite contained in the feces of infested animals4 ,the eggs are perhaps swallowed by some small creature 7an insect1 worm1 or snail7 which acts as an intermediate host1 and which when accidentally swallowed by a cow while grazing or drinking carries with it into her stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm4 ,adult cattle do not seem to suffer much from infestation with tapeworms1 but in calves these parasites may cause scouring and emaciation4 ,treatment4--,medicinal treatment for tapeworms in cattle is usually unsatisfactory1 but the bluestone treatment used for stomach worms and mentioned above 7p4 #ebb7 sometimes expels tapeworms4 ,arsenic in doses of #a-a_/b to #c grains has been claimed to give good results in the treatment of calves for tapeworms4 ,from results obtained at the ,oklahoma ,experiment ,station in the treatment of tapeworms of sheep it would appear that the efficacy of the bluestone treatment against these parasites may be increased by the addition of tobacco4 ,for use on cattle the bluestone and tobacco mixture may be prepared as follows3 #ac ounces of snuff or powdered tobacco is soaked over night in about #h gallons of water4 ,to this decoction is added #a pound of copper sulphate which has been dissolved in #b or #c quarts of boiling water4 ,sufficient water is then added to the mixture to make a total of #i-a_/b gallons4 ,the doses of this solution are the same as for the simple copper sulphate solution1 described on page #ebb1 namely3 ,calves #c-a_/b to #d fluid ounces4 ,yearlings #f fluid ounces4 ,two-year-olds and over #ab to #af fluid ounces4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,a tapeworm 7,moniezia planissima7 which infests cattle4 ,,roundworms4 ,a large roundworm 7,ascaris vitulorum7 measuring #f to #ab inches in length1 sometimes found in the intestines of cattle1 especially calves1 may cause inflammation and occasionally rupture of the intestine4 ,infection occurs through the swallowing of the eggs of the parasite in feed or water which has been contaminated with the feces of infested cattle4 ,a number of species of small roundworms1 varying in size from an eighth of an inch to an inch or more in length1 occur in the intestines4 ,of these may be mentioned the hookworm 7,bunostomum phlebotomum7 and the nodular worm 7,,oesophagostomum radiatum74 ,the former is about an inch long and is found in the small intestine4 ,the latter is somewhat smaller and is found in the cecum and large intestine4 ,hookworms1 when numerous1 may cause anemia and other symptoms similar to those caused by stomach worms 7see p4 #eai74 ,the injury to the mucous lining of the intestine from the bites of hookworms may cause severe inflammation1 and affords an avenue of infection with the germs of various diseases4 ,the adult nodular worms apparently do not attack the wall of the intestine1 but derive their nourishment from the intestinal contents4 ,several species of small1 very slender roundworms 7,trichostrongylus71 less than a quarter of an inch in length1 sometimes occur in the small intestine and fourth stomach1 and a severe gastroenteritis1 or inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 has been attributed to them4 ,one species of small roundworm 7,cooperia punctata7 burrows in the wall of the small intestine and causes caseous nodules in the mucous lining4 ,this parasite sometimes occurs in very large numbers in the intestines of cattle in certain sections of the country1 and apparently does considerable damage4 ,nodular disease of the intestine1 due to young nodular worms which burrow in the intestinal wall during a certain stage in their life history1 sometimes apparently produces serious effects1 particularly in young cattle1 but commonly has little or no perceptible influence on the general health4 ,it1 however1 often renders the intestine unfit for use as sausage casings1 and as it is widely prevalent among cattle the loss from this source is considerable4 ,the greenish or yellowish nodules with cheesy contents are frequently mistaken by the inexperienced for lesions of tuberculosis4 ,the life histories of the various small roundworms occurring in the intestines of cattle1 so far as they have been worked out1 are very similar to that of the twisted stomach worm as described on page #eai4 ,treatment for intestinal roundworms4--,the preventive measures are similar to those recommended in the case of the twisted stomach worm 7p4 #eba74 ,medical treatment is generally not very satisfactory4 ,according to the ,oklahoma ,experiment ,station1 the addition of #a per cent of tobacco to the bluestone solution used in the treatment of stomach worms in sheep is effective in the removal of hookworms4 ,the bluestone and tobacco mixture described on page #ebd may be of value in the treatment of hookworms in cattle4 ,it is asserted by one author that #b or #c drams of rectified empyreumatic oil in a mucilaginous emulsion1 followed the next morning with a purgative of #a to #a-a_/b pounds of sulphate of soda1 will expel the large roundworms 7,ascaris vitulorum74 ,,protozoa4 ,a number of species of protozoa have been reported as parasites of the intestines of cattle4 ,to one species has been attributed a serious disease of cattle in ,switzerland known as red dysentery1 but so far comparatively few cases of this disease have been recorded in ,america4 ,it is probably more common than is generally supposed4 ,calves particularly seem most likely to be affected4 ,,flukes ,,in ,,liver ,,and ,,lungs4 ,two species of flukes occurring in the liver and lungs are known to affect cattle in the ,united ,states4 ,these parasites are flat1 leaf-like worms2 one of them1 the common liver fluke 7,fasciola hepatica1 fig4 #ai71 is less than an inch in length1 while the other1 the large ,american fluke 7,fasciola magna1 fig4 #bj71 is considerably larger when full grown4 ,in their life history these flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts4 ,at a certain stage of development the young flukes leave the snails1 become encysted on stalks of grass 7fig4 #ba71 or fall into drinking water1 and finally may be swallowed by cattle4 ,stiles writes as follows3 ,flukes may produce a serious1 often fatal1 disease1 more especially in younger animals4 ,the symptoms are somewhat similar to those produced by worms in the stomach4 ,the first symptoms are generally overlooked1 the disease not attracting attention until the appetite is diminished2 rumination becomes irregular1 the animals become hidebound1 and the coat dull and staring4 ,the staring coat is due to the contraction of the muscles of the hair follicles4 ,the visible mucous membranes become pale1 eyes become dull1 there is running at the eyes1 and the animal gradually becomes emaciated4 ,as the disease advances the milk supply is lessened1 fever appears1 there is generally great thirst1 but the appetite almost ceases2 edematous swellings appear on the belly1 breast1 etc42 diarrhea at first alternates with constipation1 but finally becomes continuous4 ,the disease lasts from two to five months1 when the most extreme cases succumb4 ,most of the ,german cattle are said to be infested with liver flukes1 but even when a large number are present the nourishment of the cattle is not disturbed4 ,thickening of the gall ducts1 so that a so-called ,medusa's head forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach1 appears in even well-nourished animals2 even in cases of a cirrhosis of the liver it is seldom that any effect upon the cattle's health can be noticed1 and so long as a portion of the liver tissue about twice the size of the fist remains intact1 the nourishment of the animal may be comparatively good4 ,it is rare that one sees a generalized edema in slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion1 and even in the heaviest infections of young cattle only emaciation is noticed4 ,treatment4--,medicinal treatment is unsatisfactory4 ,the disease may be prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt1 and by introducing carp1 frogs1 and toads into infected districts2 these animals destroy the young stages of the parasite and feed upon the snails which serve as intermediate hosts4 ,the drainage of wet pastures and the avoidance of swampy lands for grazing purposes are important measures in the prevention of fluke diseases4 ,railliet and others have recently recommended the application of lime to fluky pastures1 having discovered that very weak solutions are destructive not only to fluke embryos but to snails4 ,this application is to be made during the summer months at the rate of about #ejj to #a1jjj pounds of lime per acre4 ,the same authors also recommend extract of male fern for the treatment of fluke disease4 ,moussu states that the average dose for cattle is #a gram of the extract for each #aj kilograms of live weight2 that is1 #aj grams for a young animal weighing #ajj kilograms 7about #bbj pounds7 up to #ej grams as a maximum for large animals weighing #ejj kilograms 7about #a1ajj pounds7 or more4 ,the extract is mixed with about #e times as much non-purgative oil and the dose is administered each morning for five consecutive days two hours before the animal is allowed to feed after having been fasted over night4 ,the extract of male fern used should have a guaranteed strength of #bb to #be per cent of filicine and #c4e per cent of filicic acid4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,the common liver fluke 7,fasciola hepatica74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,the large ,american fluke 7,fasciola magna74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercari of the common liver fluke 7,fasciola hepatica74 ,enlarged4 ,,tapeworm ,,cysts ,,of ,,liver ,,and ,,other ,,viscera4 ,three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle4 ,one of these 7,multiceps multiceps1 or ,coenurus cerebralis7 will be further referred to in the discussion of gid 7p4 #ebh74 ,all these are the intermediate stages of tapeworms1 which live when mature in the intestines of dogs1 wolves1 and other canines4 ,the eggs of the tapeworms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs or wolves1 and when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch out and the embryos migrate to the liver1 mesentery1 lungs1 brain1 or other organs1 where they develop into cysts1 variously known as hydatids1 bladder worms1 water balls1 etc4 ,when organs of cattle thus infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also liable to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms4 ,to prevent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs1 wolves1 and coyotes should be killed wherever found1 and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworms4 ,as a precaution against infection with tapeworms1 the viscera of cattle1 sheep1 or hogs should not be fed to dogs unless cooked4 ,,hydatids 7,echinococcus granulosus7 form tumors 7fig4 #bb7 of varying size 7sometimes as large as #f inches in diameter7 in the liver1 lungs1 and other organs4 ,their contents are liquid1 resembling water4 ,the presence of these parasites can not be detected in the living animal and there is no medicinal treatment for them4 ,organs containing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in order to prevent their being eaten by dogs4 ,this is especially important1 as dogs infested with the tapeworm stage of this parasite are a menace to human beings on account of the danger of infecting them with hydatids1 which develop in man if the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm are swallowed4 ,,thin-,,necked ,,bladder ,,worms 7,tnia hydatigena1 fig4 #bc7 are most commonly found attached to the mesentery and omentum4 ,there is no medicinal treatment4 ,,gid4--,bladder worms 7,multiceps multiceps1 or ,coenurus cerebralis71 which are occasionally found in the brain of cattle and cause gid1 turnsick1 or staggers1 deserve mention1 as they are rather common among sheep in the ,northwest4 ,as already alluded to1 these worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs1 and their life history and the means of preventing infection have been briefly discussed above 7see p4 #ebg74 ,cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an affection of the brain1 walking or turning in circles1 dizziness1 uneven gait1 impaired vision1 etc4 ,treatment consists in trephining the skull and removing the parasite1 an operation which requires a skillful operator and is frequently unsuccessful4 ,unless the parasite is removed affected cattle almost invariably die4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,hydatids 7,echinococcus granulosus7 in portion of hog's liver4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,thin-necked bladder worm 7,tnia hydatigena7 from abdominal cavity of a steer4 ,,tapeworm ,,cysts ,,in ,,the ,,muscles1 ,,beef ,,measles4#ai ,small tapeworm cysts 7,tnia saginat71 about the size of a pea1 found in the muscles of cattle are the larv of the common tapeworm of man4 ,cattle become infected from feed or water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring the adult tapeworms1 and human beings in turn become infected by eating raw or rare beef infested with the larval stage 7measly beef74 ,to prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite care should be taken that human feces are not placed where they will contaminate the feed or drinking water4 ,this parasite is very common in cattle in the ,united ,states1 at least #a per cent being infested4 ,as a result considerable loss is entailed through condemnations of beef carcasses by meat inspectors1 because of the presence of tapeworm cysts4 ,all this loss could be avoided and the danger of tapeworm infestation in human beings from this source could be removed by the observance of proper precautions in disposing of human excreta4 ,at the same time much sickness and many deaths from diseases 7hookworm1 typhoid fever1 etc47 caused by soil pollution would be prevented1 and farm life would be rendered much safer than under the poor sanitary conditions which are responsible for the high percentage of tapeworm cysts among cattle in the ,united ,states4 ,,thread ,,worms ,,in ,,the ,,abdominal ,,cavity4 ,thread worms 7,setaria labiato-papillosa7 #b to #d inches long are frequently found in the abdominal cavity4 ,they seem to cause little or no trouble4 ,the embryos produced by these worms enter the blood vessels4 ,according to ,no1 they are spread from one animal to another by stable flies 7see p4 #ejc71 but this has not been definitely proved4 ,the roundworms found occasionally in the anterior chamber of the eye 7see p4 #eca7 are perhaps immature forms of this species which have reached this location during their migration4 ,,lung ,,worms4 ,lung worms 7,dictyocaulus viviparus1 fig4 #bd7 in cattle are thread-like worms #b to #d inches long1 found in the bronchial tubes and producing a condition known as verminous bronchitis4 ,the life history of the parasite is not fully known1 but infection is evidently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed4 ,in the later stages of the disease the cattle cough1 especially at night4 ,young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals4 ,treatment for lung worms4--,various treatments have been advocated for lung worms1 including fumigating with different substances and injections of remedies into the trachea by means of a large hypodermic syringe or by a special spraying apparatus1 but none have been very successful from a practical standpoint4 ,about all that can be done is to feed affected animals well and protect them from exposure1 removing them from the pasture and keeping them in dry yards or stables maintained in a cleanly1 sanitary condition4 ,the methods of prevention in general are similar to those described under the discussion of the twisted stomach worm 7p4 #eba74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,lung worm 7,dictyocaulus viviparus7 of cattle4 ,outlines showing natural size of male 7above7 and female4 ,,parasites ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 ,certain flukes 7,schistosoma bovis and related species7 which live in the blood vessels 7the large veins7 of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries cause bloody urine and diarrhea1 the feces being mixed with blood4 ,these parasites have not yet been discovered in the ,united ,states1 although the natural conditions are such in some parts of the country that they are liable to become established if introduced4 ,the embryos of ,setaria labiato-papillosa 7p4 #ebi7 which occur in the blood may be found by microscopical examination4 ,they apparently cause no trouble4 ,the organism which causes ,texas fever is a protozoan parasite 7,piroplasma bigeminum7 of microscopic size1 which lives in the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles4 ,for a discussion of this parasite and the disease which it produces see page #dgf of this volume4 ,other parasites which live in the blood cause serious diseases known as surra and nagana 7p4 #ejj71 but as yet neither of these diseases has gained a foothold in the ,united ,states4 ,,parasites ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,small roundworms1 one-third to four-fifths of an inch in length1 may occur in the ducts of the lacrimal glands4 ,several species all belonging to the same genus 7,thelazia7 are known4 ,they sometimes escape from their usual location and may be found on the surface of the eyeball beneath the lids1 or even in the eyeball4 ,it has been supposed by some writers that the worms seen in the interior of the eyeball 7snakes in the eye7 are immature stages of ,setaria labiato-papilosa 7see p4 #ebi7 which have gone astray from the normal course of their migration1 but the correctness of this supposition is uncertain4 ,worms in the eyes and lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation1 in which case the eyes may be syringed with an antiseptic1 such as a weak solution of coal-tar stock dip1 and iodoform ointment applied if the condition is severe4 ,when worms are present in the eyeball itself1 their removal depends upon surgical treatment1 usually not advisable1 as the worms in that location either cause but little trouble or disappear without treatment4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,further information may be found in a very full report on ,insects ,affecting ,domestic ,animals1 issued as ,bulletin #e1 new series1 of the ,bureau of ,entomology of this department4 #ab ,further information on fly repellents may be found in ,bulletin #aca of the ,department of ,agriculture4 #ac ,for further information consult ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajig4 #ad ,for further information consult ,circular #aae of the ,bureau of ,entomology4 #ae ,for further information consult ,farmers' ,bulletin #heg4 #af ,for further information see ,farmers' ,bulletin #iji4 #ag ,for a fuller discussion see ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajag1 issued by the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 #ah ,for a more complete discussion consult ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajeg1 ,bulletins #acj and #aeb of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 and ,bulletins #ae 7technical series71 #gb1 and #ajf of the ,bureau of ,entomology1 all issued by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ai ,for further information consult ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,circular #bad4 ,,mycotic ,,stomatitis ,,of ,,cattle4 ,by ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,v4 ,m4 ,d41 ,chief1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,,introduction4 ,numerous letters have been received by this bureau in recent years relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in certain ,eastern and ,central ,western ,states4 ,later reports indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the ,southwest1 where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of ,europe4 ,the disease1 which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis1 has been carefully investigated by this department on various occasions1 and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investigations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease1 which it so closely simulates1 that this article is prepared4 ,,name ,,and ,,synonyms4 ,the name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth4 ,this inflammation1 which quickly develops into ulcers1 is one of the principal and most frequently observed lesions4 ,mycotic stomatitis refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food containing irritant fungi4 ,thus the name not only suggests the cause of the disease1 but also indicates the location of the earliest and most prominent symptoms4 ,other names which have been applied to this disease by different writers are sporadic aphth2 aphthous stomatitis2 sore mouth of cattle2 sore tongue2 benign1 simple1 or noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease2 mycotic aphthous stomatitis2 and sporadic stomatitis aphthosa4 ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,disease4 ,mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic1 or noninfectious1 disease which affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture1 but more especially milch cows4 ,it is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth1 producing salivation and inappetence1 and secondarily affecting the feet1 which become sore and swollen4 ,superficial erosions of the skin1 particularly of the muzzle and of the teats and udders of cows1 may also be present1 with some elevation of temperature and emaciation4 ,,cause4 ,this disease1 as its name indicates1 results from the eating of forage containing fungi or molds4 ,it is probable that more than one fungus is involved in the production of this disease1 but no particular species has been definitely proved to be the causative factor4 ,several attempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inoculation1 but with negative results4 ,suspicion1 however1 has been directed by various observers to the ,uromyces and the red and black rusts that occur on clovers4 ,these fungi cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth1 producing sometimes a catarrhal1 at other times an aphthous1 and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis4 ,the fungus of rape1 etc4 7,polydesmus excitiosus71 is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle1 causing severe inflammation and in some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease4 ,the fungi 7,penicillium and ,puccinia7 found on grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis4 ,the fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of the causative fungi1 since it is well known that the malady becomes prevalent after a hot1 dry period has been followed by rain1 thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development of molds and fungi4 ,owing to this fact the disease is observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely different section another year1 but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions prevail4 ,in this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,lesions4 ,among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are inability to eat1 suspension of rumination1 frequent movements of the lips with the formation of froth on their margins1 and in some cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth4 ,there is a desire to eat1 and frequent attempts to take food are made1 but prehension is very difficult4 ,if1 however1 feed is placed on the back of the tongue1 it is readily masticated and swallowed4 ,if the mouth is examined at this time1 it will be found red and hot1 and exceptionally small blisters will be seen1 which1 however1 quickly become eroded and develop into active ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to #a inch in diameter4 ,where several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented patch is formed4 ,these erosions are most frequently found on the gums around the incisor teeth1 on the dental pad1 inside the lips1 and on the tip of the tongue1 but they also occur on the cheeks1 interdental space1 and dorsum of the tongue4 ,the ulcers have a hemorrhagic border1 a depressed suppurating surface1 and contain a brownish or yellowish colored dbris1 which is soon replaced by granulation tissue4 ,as a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food in the mouth1 a very offensive odor is exhaled4 ,the muzzle becomes dry and parched in appearance1 which condition is shortly followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin4 ,adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts1 and similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of the lips4 ,in some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns1 at times affecting the forefeet1 at other times the hind feet1 and occasionally all four feet4 ,in a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock1 but it has never been observed above the knee or hock4 ,the skin around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated1 but without the formation of vesicles4 ,as a result of these feet lesions1 the affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder1 and will manifest much pain and lameness in walking4 ,if it lies down1 the animal shows reluctance in getting up1 and although manifesting no inclination to move about1 when forced to do so there is more or less stiffness and a tendency to kick or shake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign body from between the claws4 ,in some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on the teats which at times extend to the udder4 ,the cracks in the skin are filled with serum and form brownish-colored scabs4 ,the teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes2 in some cases it disappears4 ,a similar tendency toward the formation of fissures and scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulders has manifested itself in a recent outbreak in ,texas1 and this feature was likewise noticeable in the disease when it occurred in ,maryland and ,virginia in #ahhi4 ,in mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed1 or these alterations may be associated with one or more of the other above-described symptoms1 but in severe cases1 where there is a generalized mycotic intoxication1 one animal may show all these alterations4 ,when the disease is well developed the general appearance of the animal is one of great lassitude1 and it either stands off by itself with hind feet drawn under the body and its forefeet extended1 or it assumes a recumbent position4 ,owing to the inability to eat and to the general systemic disturbance present1 the animal loses flesh very rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the disease4 ,the temperature and pulse are somewhat increased1 the former #b or #c degrees1 the latter to from #ge to #ij beats per minute4 ,the fever is not lasting1 and these symptoms are soon modified4 ,the animal has an anxious look1 and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal irritation1 the feces being thin1 of a dark color1 and of an offensive odor4 ,,prognosis ,,and ,,mortality4 ,mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease1 and in uncomplicated cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the indicated remedies4 ,in such cases complete restoration may take place within one week4 ,in mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will recover without treatment1 but that the disease is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb if not treated4 ,in such animals death occurs in #f or #h days1 but the mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than #j4e per cent4 ,the course of this disease is irregular and runs from #g to #ae days1 the average case covering a period of about #aj days4 ,,differential ,,diagnosis4 ,,foot-,,and-,,mouth ,,disease4 ,in examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it for foot-and-mouth disease1 which has appeared in this country on six occasions only4 ,this may be easily accomplished by taking into consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire herd1 as well as of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises4 ,it is also readily transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals1 but it never occurs spontaneously4 ,the characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder1 teats1 heels1 and coronary bands of the affected animals4 ,drooling is profuse1 and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected lips4 ,mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms1 affecting only a few animals in each herd1 and the lesions produced consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth disease4 ,the failure of the vesicles1 if any appear1 to spread extensively in the mouth1 the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body-- notably the teats and udder1 and characteristically the feet--together with the absence of infection in the herd1 and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inoculation1 distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease4 ,the erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis4 ,the swelling of the feet and stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis4 ,,ergotism4 ,the lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears1 end of the tail1 or upon the lower part of the legs1 usually below the knees or hocks4 ,the lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers1 but the end of the limb affected is diseased in toto and the eruption extends entirely around the limbs1 followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below4 ,the absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth1 the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around it1 and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism4 ,,foul ,,foot4 ,in foul foot1 or ground itch1 of cattle1 the inflammation of the skin and toes usually affects but one foot4 ,it begins as a superficial inflammation followed by sloughing1 ulceration1 and the formation of fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons1 bones1 and joints4 ,the mouth remains unaffected1 and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor drainage4 ,,necrotic ,,stomatitis4 ,in necrotic stomatitis 7calf diphtheria7 there is a formation of yellowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder4 ,it affects sucking calves chiefly1 and is caused by the ,bacillus necrophorus4 ,,treatment4 ,the treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running4 ,the affected animals should1 if it is possible1 be brought to the barn or corral and fed on soft1 nutritious food1 such as bran mashes1 ground feed1 and gruels4 ,a bucket of clear1 cool water should be kept constantly in the manger1 so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure2 and it will be found beneficial to dissolve #b heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or #a tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken during the day4 ,if the animals are gentle enough to be handled1 the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes1 such as a #b per cent solution of carbolic acid or a #a per cent solution of compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium1 or #a part of hydrogen peroxid to #b parts of water4 ,this should be followed by astringents1 such as one-half tablespoonful of alum1 borax1 or chlorate of potassium placed on the tongue4 ,probably a more satisfactory method of administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would be to mix thoroughly #b teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five days4 ,range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to the animals4 ,this salt may be prepared by pouring #d ounces of crude carbolic acid upon #ab quarts of ordinary barrel salt1 after which they are thoroughly mixed4 ,the lesions of the feet should be treated with a #b per cent solution of carbolic acid1 while the fissures and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment4 ,if the animals are treated in this manner and carefully fed1 the disease will rapidly disappear4 ,,index4 ,abdomen-- dropsy affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dg inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbd of calf1 dropsy1 description1 and treatment1 #ahj wounds1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dc ,abdominal cavity1 kinds of parasites affecting1 #ebi ,abortion-- contagious-- description and causes1 #afe treatment and prevention1 #agj noncontagious-- causes1 #afe treatment1 #agj ,abscess-- bacteria causing1 #bcg ear treatment1 #cee lung1 description1 #ii navel1 cause and treatment1 #bdi orbital and periorbital1 symptoms and treatment1 #ceb ,abscesses-- danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj treatment1 #bie ,absorbents1 description1 #ge ,achorion schonleinii1 fungus causing ,tinea favosa1 #ccb ,acids-- mineral1 poisoning1 description and treatment1 #ed poisoning1 description and treatment1 #ed vegetable1 poisonous1 description and treatment1 #fa ,aconite poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fc ,actinomycosis-- description and symptoms1 #ddj-ddi jawbone1 description and treatment1 #ddb lungs1 #ddb prevention and treatment1 #dde-ddf relation to public health1 #ddg ,adenoma1 description1 #caj ,administration of medicines1 chapter by ,leonard ,pearson1 #g-aa ,afterbirth1 retention1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbj ,air tubes1 lung1 parasites affecting1 description and treatment1 #ecj ,air under the skin1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccd ,albumin1 urine1 description and treatment1 #aba ,albuminuria1 description and treatment1 #aba ,alkalies1 poisoning1 description and treatment1 #ei ,amaurosis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdh ,anaphrodisia1 cause1 prevention1 and treatment1 #adi ,anasarca of the skin1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccj ,anesthesia1 uses in operations1 #bhi ,aneurism1 description1 #he ,angioma tumor1 description1 #caj ,animal ,industry ,bureau1 experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia1 #dja ,animal parasites of cattle1 chapter by ,b4 ,h4 ,ranson1 #ejb-eca ,animal products1 poisonous1 description and treatment1 #ga ,anthrax-- cause1 symptoms1 treatment1 etc41 #ddi-deh human1 description1 #deh serum1 relation to blackleg1 #deh symptomatic1 description1 cause1 treatment1 etc41 #ddi-deh treatment by use of serum1 #dee ,aphtha1 calf1 description and treatment1 #bfc ,aphtha parasite 7,saccharomyces albicans71 cause1 #bfc ,aphthous fever4 ,see ,foot-and-mouth disease4 ,aphthous stomatitis1 reference1 #ecb ,apoplexy-- cerebral1 description and treatment1 #ajf parturient1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf ,appetite-- depraved1 description1 causes and treatment1 #bh ,loss1 symptom of foot-and-mouth disease1 #chc ,aqueous humor of eye1 description1 #cda ,argentina1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,arsenic poisoning1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ed ,arsenical dips-- for destroying cattle ticks1 #dhh use against screw worms1 #ejg ,arsenical vapor1 danger of inhalation in making cattle dip1 #dhi ,arteries-- and veins1 wounds1 description and treatment1 #hc obstruction1 description and treatment1 #he ,ascaris vitulorum1 intestinal roundworm1 description and treatment1 #ebd ,ascites-- causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dg description and treatment1 #ahj ,asepsis in surgical operations1 #bhi ,aseptic periostitis1 description and treatment1 #bff ,asphyxia electrica1 symptoms and treatment1 #aaa ,atkinson1 ,v4 ,t4-- chapter on ,bones3 ,diseases and accidents1 #bfd-bhh chapter on ,poison and poisoning1 #ea-gj ,atrophy1 description1 #ha ,auscultation1 definition1 #ia ,austria-,hungary1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,bacillus-- cyanogenes1 causing blue milk1 #bdb tuberculosis1 7,mycobacterium tuberculosis1 new terminology7 causing tuberculosis1 #djg ,back1 sprain1 causes and treatment1 #bgj ,bacteria-- causing abscess1 #bcg definition1 #cfj ,bacterium bovisepticum1 causing hemorrhagic septicemia1 #cig ,balkan countries1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,ball-- eye1 description1 #cdj hair1 in stomach1 description1 #bi ,balls1 use in administering medicines1 #h ,bee stings1 description and treatment1 #ga ,beef measles1 discussion and management1 #ebi ,belgium1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,benign tumors1 description1 #cjf ,big jaw4 ,see ,actinomycosis4 ,black quarter4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,blackleg-- description1 cause and treatment1 #dei1 #dfd serum1 relation to anthrax1 #deh vaccine1 note on distribution by ,animal ,industry ,bureau1 #dfc ,bladder-- eversion1 description1 and treatment1 #bah or rectum1 full1 as obstruction to parturition1 #agh palsy of neck1 cause and treatment1 #acj paralysis1 causes and treatment1 #abh rupture1 symptoms1 #bah spasms1 description and treatment1 #abh stone1 symptoms and treatment1 #adb ,bladder worms-- affecting brain1 description and treatment1 #ebh thin-necked1 description and treatment1 #ebh ,bleeding-- description and treatment1 #hc lungs1 description and treatment1 #ii navel1 cause and treatment1 #bdh nose1 cause and treatment1 #ic womb1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bad ,blisters1 water1 symptoms and treatment1 #cbh ,bloating1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bb ,blood-- clots on walls of vagina1 description and treatment1 #bbj coagulated1 under vaginal walls after calving1 treatment1 #agi description and influence of food on1 #ge flukes 7,schistosoma bovis71 note1 #ebf parasites affecting1 different kinds1 #ebf protozoa affecting1 #eaj-ecf vessels-- functions1 #gc heart1 lymphatics1 diseases1 chapter by ,w4 ,h4 ,harbaugh1 #gc-hf ,bloodsuckers affecting cattle1 description and treatment1 #eai ,bloody milk1 cause and treatment1 #bda ,bloody urine-- caused by blood flukes1 #ebf description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai ,blue disease1 cause1 #bec ,blue lice 7,hmatopinus eurysternus and ,h4 vitali71 description1 #eab ,blue milk1 cause and treatment1 #bdb ,boils1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbh ,bones-- broken1 description of kinds and treatment1 #bga-bhb diseases and accidents1 chapter by ,v4 ,t4 ,atkinson1 #bfd-bhh dislocations1 description and treatment1 #bhb face1 fracture1 description1 and treatment1 #bgg luxations1 description and treatment1 #bhb manner of nourishment1 #bfd number and description1 #bfd shape1 classes1 #bfe ,bony tumor1 description and treatment1 #cad ,boophilus annulatus1 ,texas fever tick4 ,see ,margaropus annulatus4 ,bots affecting cattle1 description and treatment1 #ejg ,bovine tuberculosis and the public health1 #dbi ,bowel hernia1 description and treatment1 #ci ,bowels-- diseases affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd-dc obstruction resulting from invagination1 symptoms and treatment1 #ce twisting and knotting1 symptoms1 post-mortem appearance1 and treatment1 #ce ,brain-- and its membranes1 inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ajc bladder worms affecting1 treatment1 #ebg ,coenurus cerebralis 7,multiceps multiceps7 affecting1 treatment1 #ebg concussion1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ajg congestion1 description and treatment1 #ajf description1 #aja tumors1 description1 #aab ,brazil1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,breach-- navel1 symptoms and treatment1 #beb uterus1 cause and treatment1 #afb ,breathing1 suspended in young calves1 discussion1 #bdg ,bronchial tubes1 parasites affecting1 #ecj ,bronchitis-- description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #id verminous-- description1 symptoms1 treatment1 and prevention1 #ajj parasite 7,strongylus micrurus71 cause1 #ajj ,brush1 report of foot-and-mouth disease in man1 #cid ,buffalo gnats1 description and remedy1 #eje ,bull1 ringing1 method1 #bia ,bulls1 susceptibility to sarcoptic mange1 #eag ,burns and scalds1 causes and treatment1 #ccc ,calculi-- classification1 #acg forms in different situations1 #ach in prepuce or sheath1 treatment1 #add renal1 description and treatment1 #aci urethral1 description and treatment1 #aci urinary-- classification1 #acg description and causes1 #acj effect of different feeds1 #aca ,calculus-- blocking teats1 treatment1 #bdc prevention1 #ada vesical or urethral1 symptoms and treatment1 #adb ,calf-- attention necessary at birth1 #bdg diphtheria1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfd-dfi dropsy-- general1 cause and treatment1 #ahj of abdomen1 description and treatment1 #ahj monstrosities1 descriptions1 causes1 and treatment1 #ahb-ahd muscles1 rigid contraction1 cause and treatment1 #aha slinking1 description1 #afe swelling1 caused by gas1 treatment1 #aha tumors affecting1 description and treatment1 #aha ,calves-- congenital imperfections1 kinds1 #bfc indigestion affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd newborn1 acute scouring1 description1 prevention and treatment1 #bfa pyemic and septicemic inflammation1 symptoms and treatment1 #bea young-- aphtha1 or thrush1 affecting1 description and treatment1 #bcc constipation affecting1 cause and treatment1 #bec diseases affecting1 chapter by ,james ,law1 #bdg-bfc rickets affecting1 description and treatment1 #bfc ulcers in mouth1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfd ,calving-- dropping and palsy following1 description and treatment1 #bcc retarded by nervousness1 #agi symptoms1 #agc ,canada1 source of foot-and-mouth infection1 #chf ,cancer1 description and treatment1 #cae ,capsule1 eye1 description1 #cdb ,capsules1 use in administering medicines1 #h ,carbolic-acid poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fj ,carbon dioxid1 formation in preparing cattle dip1 #dhi ,carbuncle1 description1 #deh ,carcinoma1 description and treatment1 #cae ,caries1 teeth1 description1 #af ,carpus1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bha ,cartilage1 ear1 necrosis affecting1 #ceg ,caruncula lacrimalis of eye1 description1 #cdd ,casein concretions blocking teats1 cause and treatment1 #cdc ,casting the withers1 cause and treatment1 #bae ,castration-- dangers and care1 #bii-cja of female1 description of operation1 #cjj of male1 description of operation1 #bii ,cataract1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdh ,catarrh-- description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ib1 #ic gastrointestinal1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cb1 #cc malignant1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfi-dgb nasal1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ib ,catarrhal fever1 infectious1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfi-dgb ,cats1 ear ticks on1 note1 #eah ,cattle-- animal parasites affecting1 chapter by ,b4 ,h4 ,ransom1 #ejb-eca dip1 preparation and use1 #dhh-did dose of vaccine against anthrax1 #dei drenching1 care of lungs1 #ebb farcy1 description and treatment1 #eja infected with anthrax1 description1 #deh infection with sarcoptic mange1 #eag infectious diseases1 chapter by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 #ceh-eja infestation with tapeworm1 #ebc injury by use of petroleum against ticks1 #did loss of blood by inoculations1 limits of safety1 #ejj northern1 immunization against ,texas fever1 manner1 #dih parasitic diseases1 prevention1 #eaj plague4 ,see ,rinderpest4 protection from flies1 formulas for mixtures1 #ejb-ejc rabies affecting1 description1 symptoms1 etc1 #djb-djf southern1 injury by ticks1 #dhb tick1 ,margaropus annulatus1 as carrier of ,texas fever1 #dhj ticks-- injurious effects of and losses caused by1 #dha-dhe methods of ridding cattle of1 #dhe-did tumors affecting1 chapter by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 #cjc-cai ,cerebral apoplexy1 description and treatment1 #ajf ,cerebrospinal division1 description1 #aja ,chapped teats1 cause and treatment1 #bdc ,charbon4 ,see ,anthrax4 ,chest1 dropsy affecting1 description and treatment1 #ii ,children1 infection with foot-and-mouth disease1 #cid ,china1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,choking1 symptoms and treatment1 #bj ,chorioptic mange1 location and treatment1 #eag ,choroid coat of the eye1 description1 #cdb ,chrondroma tumor1 description and treatment1 #cad ,chronic tympanites1 cause and treatment1 #be ,coal-oil poisoning1 description and treatment1 #ei ,coenurus cerebralis 7,multiceps multiceps7 affecting brain1 treatment1 #ebg ,coital exanthema1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dja ,cold in the head1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ib ,colic1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ca ,concussion of the brain1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ajg ,congenital imperfections in calves1 kinds1 #bfc ,congestion-- and inflammation of testicles1 description and treatment1 #aeb brain1 description and treatment1 #ajf liver1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #de spinal cord1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aaj bladder1 description and treatment1 #bcc ,conjunctivitis-- causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdd infectious catarrhal1 symptoms1 treatment and prevention1 #cde ,connecticut1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,constipation-- cause and treatment1 #cf young calves1 cause and treatment1 #bec ,contagious-- abortion-- causes1 #afe-agb prevention and treatment1 #agj diseases1 disinfection of premises1 #cfc inflammation of the udder1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bcg mammitis1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bcg pleuropneumonia-- cause1 incubation1 and symptoms1 #cfi definition and history1 #cff post-mortem appearance1 #cgc prevention and treatment1 #cgg scouring1 acute1 in newborn calves1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bfa ,contused or lacerated wounds1 description and treatment1 #bih ,contusion of lips1 wounds1 and snake bites of mouth1 symptoms and treatment1 #ad ,copper poisoning1 description and treatment1 #ef ,cornea-- eye1 description1 #cda ulcers1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdg ,corneal dermatoma1 description and treatment1 #cdi ,corneitis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cde ,cough1 examination1 #hi ,cow1 pregnant1 hygiene1 #afj ,cowpox1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bdj1 #dch ,cows1 milk1 protection from flies1 #ejc ,cramps of hind limbs during pregnancy1 cause1 #afb ,cranium1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgh ,creeps1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bfg ,cresol-- compound solution1 composition and use1 #cff use in foot-and-mouth disease1 #cic ,croupous enteritis1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ce ,crude petroleum-- danger to cattle in use against ticks1 #did dip for destroying cattle ticks1 #dia ,cud1 loss1 description1 #bg ,cuts1 barbed-wire1 description and treatment1 #big ,cyanosis1 cause1 #ha1 #bec ,cysts-- dental1 description and treatment1 #cah dermoid-- and sebaceous1 description and treatment1 #ccj description and treatment1 #cah description1 #cjh extravasation1 description1 #cag mucous1 description and treatment1 #cai parasitic1 description1 #cag proliferation1 description and treatment1 #cai serous1 description and treatment1 #cah ,dairy business1 injury by foot-and-mouth disease1 #chd ,dandruff1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbi ,deformities1 hoof1 causes and treatment1 #cch ,dehorning1 description1 #bib ,delaware1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,demodectic mange1 description and treatment1 #eag ,denmark1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,dental cysts1 description and treatment1 #cah ,dermis1 description1 #cbj ,dermoid cysts1 description and treatment1 #cah1 #ccj ,diabetes-- insipidus1 cause and treatment1 #aah mellitus1 description1 #abc ,diarrhea-- and dysentery1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd calf1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cb causes1 symptoms1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bed-bfa ,see also ,gastrointestinal catarrh4 ,dickson1 ,william1 and ,william ,h4 ,lowe1 chapter on ,surgical operations1 #bhi-cjb ,digestive organs1 diseases affecting1 chapter by ,a4 ,j4 ,murray1 #ad-ej ,dilatation and hypertrophy of heart1 description1 #hb ,diphtheria1 calf1 description1 cause1 treatment1 etc1 #dfd-dfi ,dipping-- bath1 cattle1 temperature1 #dij remedy for screw worms1 #ejf ,dips-- arsenical1 protection of hands in use1 #dic cattle1 for ticks1 #did-dih mange and scab1 #eac1 #ead ,disinfection1 house1 methods1 #cfc ,dislocation1 eyeball1 treatment1 #cec ,dislocations1 bones1 description and treatment1 #bhb ,diuresis1 causes and treatment1 #aah ,dogs1 ear tick1 #eah ,drainage1 usefulness in prevention of fluke diseases1 #ebg ,drenching tube1 use in eradicating worms1 #ebb ,dropping1 following calving1 description and treatment1 #bcc ,dropsy-- abdomen1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dg abdomen of calf1 description and treatment1 #ahj chest1 description and treatment1 #ii general1 of calf1 cause and treatment1 #ahj hind limbs and between thighs1 during pregnancy1 cause1 #afb membranes of fetus1 description and treatment #afb navel1 description and treatment1 #bec womb1 description and treatment1 #afb ,dysentery-- and diarrhea1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd chronic bacterial1 description1 treatment1 etc1 #dih red1 note1 #eca ,see also ,gastrointestinal catarrh4 ,dyspepsia1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bi ,ear tick1 spinose1 presence in cattle1 horses1 dogs1 etc1 #eah ,ears-- abscess affecting1 treatment1 #cee cartilage1 necrosis affecting1 #ceg diseases affecting1 chapter by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumbower1 #cee-ceg enchondroma1 description and treatment1 #ceg foreign bodies lodging in1 symptoms and treatment1 #cef frostbite1 symptoms and treatment1 #ceg fungoid growths1 cause and treatment1 #cef internal inflammation1 symptoms and treatment1 #cee lacerations1 cause and treatment1 #ceg scurvy1 cause and treatment1 #cef ticks affecting1 treatment1 #eah ,echinococcus granulosus1 hydatid1 description1 #ebh ,ectropion of the eyelid1 description and treatment1 #cej ,eczema-- description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbe epizootic1 reference1 #chc ,edema-- causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccj malignant1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dgb-dgd ,elephantiasis1 description1 #ccj ,emaciation1 symptom of foot-and-mouth disease1 #chc ,emphysema1 description and treatment1 #ih1 #ccd ,enchondroma1 ear1 description and treatment1 #ceg ,encysted stomach worm1 description and treatment1 #ebc ,endocarditis1 description and treatment1 #ha ,enemata1 uses and methods1 #i ,enteritis-- causes1 symptoms1 post-mortem appearance1 and treatment1 #ce croupous1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ce simple4 ,see ,gastroenteritis4 ,entropion1 eyelid1 description and treatment1 #cej ,epidermis1 description1 #cbj ,epilepsy1 description1 cause1 and treatment1 #ajg ,epistaxis1 cause and treatment1 #ic ,epizootic aphtha1 reference1 #chc ,ergotism-- and mycotic stomatitis1 differentiation1 #ecf description and treatment1 #fi ,eruption1 vesicular1 of genital organs1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dja ,erythema1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbc ,eversion-- bladder1 description and treatment1 #bah eyelid1 description and treatment1 #cej womb1 cause and treatment1 #bae ,extra-uterine gestation1 description and treatment1 #afc ,extravasation cysts1 description1 #cag ,eye-- and its appendages1 diseases affecting1 chapter by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumbower1 #cdj-ced aqueous humor1 description1 #cda capsule1 description1 #cdb caruncula1 lacrimalis affecting1 #cdd choroid coat1 description1 #cdb cornea-- description1 #cda ulcers affecting1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdg description1 #cdj foreign bodies penetrating1 treatment1 #cea lens1 description1 #cdb muscles1 description1 #cdc parasites affecting1 treatment1 #cdi1 #eca puncta lacrimalia1 description1 #cdd retina1 description1 #cdb roundworms affecting1 treatment1 #ebd sclerotic membrane1 description1 #cda vitreous humor1 description1 #cdb ,eyeball-- description1 #cdj dislocation1 cause and treatment1 #cec hairy tumor affecting1 description and treatment1 #cdi ,eyelashes1 inversion1 treatment1 #cej ,eyelids-- description1 #cdc ectropion affecting1 description and treatment1 #cej entropion1 description and treatment1 #cej eversion1 description and treatment1 #cej inversion1 description and treatment1 #cej laceration1 cause and treatment1 #cea tumors affecting1 description and treatment1 #cej ,face bones1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgg ,farcy1 cattle1 description and treatment1 #eja ,fasciola hepatica1 description1 #ebf ,fasciola magna1 description1 #ebf ,fatty degeneration1 heart1 description1 #hb ,feed1 character1 analyses1 effect on milk1 #bef-beh ,feeding-- character1 effect on digestive organs1 #ab value as remedy for stomach worms1 #eba-ebc ,feeding-lot method of freeing cattle and pastures from ticks1 #did-dig ,fetlock-- fracture below1 treatment1 #bhb sprain1 causes and treatment1 #bfi ,fetus-- developing outside womb1 description and treatment1 #afc membranes1 dropsy affecting1 description and treatment1 #afb prolonged retention1 description and treatment1 #afd ,fever-- milk1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf-bcg parturition1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf southern1 splenetic1 or ,texas4 ,see ,texas fever4 ,fibroma-- interdigital1 description and treatment1 #cch tumor1 description and treatment1 #caa ,fibrous periostitis1 description and treatment1 #bff ,filaria cervina1 worm found in the eye1 #cdi ,filaria lablato-papillosa1 parasitic roundworm of cattle1 #ebd ,filaria oculi1 description and treatment1 #cdi ,fissure of the wall of hoof1 description and treatment1 #cch ,fistula1 milk1 description and treatment1 #bde ,flies-- injurious to cattle1 #ejb-ejf larval1 note1 #ejb ,flooding from womb1 description and treatment1 #bad ,fluke disease1 control by use of lime1 #ebf ,flukes1 prevention by drainage1 #ebf ,fly-- ,spanish1 poison1 description and treatment1 #gj stable1 breeding places1 #ejc ,fly preventives1 injury to cattle by poisoning1 #ejc ,flytrap1 use against stable flies1 #ejc ,fluke1 disease of cattle1 #ebf ,flukes1 liver and lungs1 description1 #ebf ,foods1 character1 effect on digestive organs1 #ab ,foot-- diseases affecting1 chapter by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumbower1 #cce-cci foul1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccf soreness1 description and treatment1 #cce ,foot rot1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccf ,foot-and-mouth disease-- benign1 simple1 or noninfectious1 #ece danger to man1 #cid-cie description1 cause1 symptoms1 etc41 #chc-cie diagnosis1 #cia-cib eradication by slaughter1 efficacy1 #cid incubation period1 #chd losses other than by death of animal1 #chd mortality1 #chd1 #cia occurrence in various countries of world1 #che-chf prevention and eradication1 #cib-cid similarity to mycotic stomatitis1 #ecf symptoms1 #chc1 #chi-cia symptoms in man1 #cid ,united ,states1 outbreaks1 #chf-chi ,forage1 insects on1 description of poisonous effect1 #gj ,formaldehyde gas1 liberation by use of permanganate1 #cfe ,foul in foot1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccf ,founder1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cce ,fractures-- below hock and fetlock1 description and treatment1 #bhb compound1 comminuted1 and complicated1 #bga description of different kinds1 and treatment1 #bga-bhb face bones1 description and treatment1 #bgg general symptoms and treatment1 #bgb1 #bgc hip point1 causes and treatment1 #bhj horns1 description and treatment1 #bgg limbs1 description and appliances for treatment1 #bha-b lower jaw1 cause and treatment1 #bgh metacarpus and metatarsus1 description and treatment1 #bhb pelvis1 description and treatment1 #agh1 #bgi ribs1 cause and treatment1 #bha special1 descriptions and treatment1 #bgg spinal column1 description and treatment1 #bgi vertebra1 description and treatment1 #bgi ,france1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #che ,froesch1 note on destruction of foot-and-mouth infection1 #cie ,frostbites-- ears1 symptoms and treatment1 #ceg treatment1 #ccd ,fungi1 poisonous1 description of poisoning1 #gj ,fungoid growth of the ear1 cause and treatment1 #cef ,fungus hematodes-- cause and treatment1 #cec description1 #caf ,furunculus1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbh ,ganglionic division of the nervous system1 #ajc ,gangrene1 danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj ,gangrenous septicemia1 symptoms and treatment1 #dgb ,garget1 description and treatment1 #bcc ,gas-- cause of swelling in calf1 treatment1 #aha under the skin1 symptoms and treatment1 #ccd ,gastroenteritis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cc ,gastrointestinal catarrh1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bi1 #cb ,generative organs-- diseases1 chapter by ,james ,law1 #adg-bad discussion1 #adg ,genital organs1 vesicular eruption affecting1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dja ,germany1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #che-chf ,gestation1 extra-uterine1 description and treatment1 #afc ,gid1 parasite of sheep and cattle1 #ebh ,glands1 skin1 location and use1 #cba ,gnats1 buffalo1 description and remedy1 #eje ,goiter1 cause1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #caj ,gonorrhea1 description and treatment1 #aef ,gravel-- description and cause1 #acj effect of different feeds1 #acb in prepuce or sheath1 treatment1 #add ,great ,britain1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,grubs1 cattle1 description1 #ejg ,gullet-- diseases affecting1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ag-bb wounds and injuries1 cause and treatment1 #bb ,gut tie1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #da ,hmatopinus eurysternus and ,h4 vituli1 description and treatment1 #ejh ,hmonchus contortus1 description and treatment1 #eai ,hair balls1 cause1 #bi ,hair1 description1 #cbj ,harbaugh1 ,w4 ,h4-- chapter on ,diseases of the heart1 blood vessels1 and lymphatics1 #gc-hf chapter on ,diseases of the nervous system1 #aja-aab ,haw1 inflammation and enlargement1 description and treatment1 #ced ,health1 public1 relation of actinomycosis1 #ddg ,heart-- blood vessels and lymphatics1 chapter by ,w4 ,h4 ,harbaugh1 #gc-hf description1 #gc dilation and hypertrophy1 description1 #hb examination of1 #gg fatty degeneration1 description1 #hb injury by foreign bodies1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #gh misplacement1 description1 #hc palpitation1 description1 #gh rupture1 description1 #hb valves1 diseases affecting1 symptoms and treatment1 #hb ,heat prostration1 symptoms and treatment1 #ajh ,heaves1 description and treatment1 #ih ,heel1 ulcerations1 causes and treatment1 #ccg ,hemaglobinuria or hematuria1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai ,hematodes1 fungus1 description1 #caf ,hemoptysis1 description and treatment1 #ii ,hemorrhage-- danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj treatment1 #hc ,hemorrhagic septicemia1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #cig-dja ,hepatitis1 symptoms and treatment1 #de ,hernia-- bowel1 description and treatment1 #ch danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj peritoneal1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #da rennet1 description and treatment1 #ch rumen1 description and cause1 #cg stomach1 description and treatment1 #ch umbilical1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #da1 #beb uterus1 cause and treatment1 #afb ventral1 description and causes1 #cg ,hides1 injury by cattle ticks1 #dhd ,hip point1 fracture1 causes and treatment1 #bhj ,hip sprain1 cause and treatment1 #bgj ,hock-- fracture below1 description and treatment1 #bhb fracture1 treatment1 #bha ,hollow horn1 imaginary disease1 #bg ,hoof-- deformities1 causes and treatment1 #cch loss1 causes and treatment1 #ccf split1 description and treatment1 #cch wall1 fissure affecting1 description and treatment1 #cch wounds and pricks1 treatment1 #cch ,horns1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgg ,horses-- dose of vaccine against anthrax1 #deg ear tick1 note1 #eah ,hoven1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bb ,hydatids-- and flukes affecting the lungs of animals1 #ebf description and treatment1 #ebf ,hydrocephalus1 description and treatment1 #agi ,hydrophobia4 ,see ,rabies4 ,hydrothorax1 description and treatment1 #ii ,hygiene1 pregnant cow1 #afj ,hygromata1 description and treatment1 #cag ,hyperplasia1 reference1 #cjc ,hypertrophy-- description1 #abh heart1 with dilation1 description1 #hb ,hypoderma bovis1 new warble fly1 #ejg ,hypoderma lineata1 warble fly1 description1 #ejg ,illinois1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,immunization1 northern cattle against ,texas fever1 manner1 #ejj ,impetigo1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbg ,incised wounds1 description and treatment1 #bie ,incontinence1 urine1 cause and treatment1 #acj ,incubation period of infectious diseases1 #cfb ,indiana1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,indigestion-- calves1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cb1 #bec causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bf1 #bi1 #ca ,induration-- tongue4 ,see ,actinomycosis4 womb mouth1 description and treatment1 #agf ,infectious aphtha4 ,see ,foot-and-mouth disease4 ,infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis1 symptoms1 treatment1 and prevention1 #cde ,infectious catarrhal fever1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfi-dgb ,infectious diseases-- cattle1 chapter by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 #ceh-eaa classification of symptoms and lesions1 #cei general discussion1 #ceh incubation periods1 #cfb treatment1 discussion1 #cfb ,infectious ophthalmia1 or infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis1 #cde ,inflammation-- brain and its membranes1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ajc contagious1 of the udder1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bcg ear1 symptoms and treatment1 #cee haw1 description and treatment1 #ced kidneys1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #abc liver1 symptoms and treatment1 #de mucous membrane of mouth1 symptoms and treatment1 #ag navel veins1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bdi parotid gland1 symptoms and treatment1 #ah pyemic and septicemic1 of joints of calves1 symptoms and treatment1 #bea sheath and penis from bruising1 prevention and treatment1 #aee sheath1 causes and treatment1 #aec spleen1 description1 #de testicles1 description and treatment1 #aeb traumatic1 of the stomach1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd udder1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bcd urachus1 causes and treatment1 #bdh urethra1 description and treatment1 #aef vagina1 causes and treatment1 #bbc veins1 description and treatment1 #hf womb1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbd ,inflammatory diseases1 skin1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbj-ccd ,inhalation of medicines1 manner1 #aj ,inoculation1 use against hemorrhagic septicemia1 #dja ,intercostal muscles1 rheumatism affecting1 description and treatment1 #ajj ,interdigital fibroma1 description and treatment1 #cch ,intestinal parasites1 description and treatment1 #ebc ,intestines1 roundworms affecting1 kind and treatment1 #ecb ,intussusception1 causes1 symptoms1 post-mortem appearance1 and treatment1 #ce ,invagination1 cause of obstruction of bowels1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ce ,inversion-- eyelashes1 treatment1 #cej eyelid1 description and treatment1 #cej ,iodin1 tincture1 use in punctured wounds1 #big ,iowa1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,iris1 description1 #cda ,italy1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #che ,itch1 scab1 mites1 and mange1 description and treatment1 #eac ,itching1 cause and treatment1 #cbb ,japan1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,jaundice1 description1 symptoms and treatment1 #dd ,jaw-- big1 lump1 or lumpy1 ,see ,actinomycosis4 lower1 fracture1 cause and treatment1 #bgh poverty1 caused by twisted wireworms1 #ebj ,jawbones1 actinomycosis affecting1 description and treatment1 #ddj-ddi ,jensen1 formula for protection of cattle from flies1 #ejc ,joint-ill1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bea ,kansas1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,kelis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cca ,kentucky1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,keratitis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cde ,kidney-- ox1 description1 #aag parasites affecting1 discussion1 #abg stone in1 description and treatment1 #aci ,kidneys-- inflammation1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #abc tumors affecting1 description1 #abh ,knee-- fracture below1 description and treatment1 #bhb fracture1 description and treatment1 #bha tumors1 description and treatment1 #cag ,knotting and twisting of bowels1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ce ,labor pains before relaxation of passages1 #age ,lacerated wounds1 description and treatment1 #bih ,laceration1 eyelid1 cause and treatment1 #cea ,lacerations-- and ruptures of the vagina1 description and treatment1 #bai ear1 cause and treatment1 #ceg ,lacrimal gland of the eye1 description1 #cdc ,lameness1 symptom of foot-and-mouth disease1 #chc ,laminitis1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cce ,laryngitis1 cause and treatment1 #ic ,laurel poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fe ,law1 ,james-- chapter on ,diseases following parturition1 #bad-bdf chapter on ,diseases of the generative organs1 #adg-bad chapter on ,diseases of the urinary organs1 #aac-adf chapter on ,diseases of young calves1 #bdg-bfc observation of foot-and-mouth disease in man1 #cie ,lead poisoning1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ee ,leeches in cattle1 description and treatment1 #eai ,lens of the eye1 description1 #cdb ,leucorrhea1 symptoms and treatment1 #bbd ,lice-- blue 7,hmatopinus eurysternus and ,h4 vituli71 description and treatment1 #eab red1 description and treatment1 #eac ,lightning stroke1 symptoms and treatment1 #aaa ,limbs1 fracture of bones1 description1 #bha ,lime1 use in fluke control1 #ecd ,lipoma tumor1 description and treatment1 #cad ,lips1 contusions1 wounds1 and snake bites1 symptoms and treatment1 #ad ,livestock1 immunization against anthrax1 #deg-deh ,liver-- congestion1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dd diseases affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dd-de flukes1 description and treatment1 #ebf inflammation affecting1 symptoms and treatment1 #de ,lockjaw-- danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj reference1 #cjj ,loco weed poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fg ,loeffler1 note on description of foot-and-mouth infection1 #cie ,louse1 red 7,trichodectes scalaris71 description and treatment1 #eac ,lowe1 ,william ,h4-- and ,william ,dickson1 chapter on ,surgical operations1 #bhi-cjb chapter on ,noncontagious diseases of organs of respiration1 #hg-ajj ,lump1 or lumpy jaw4 ,see ,actinomycosis4 ,lung-- abscess1 description1 #ii tissue1 parasites affecting1 #ebf ,lungs-- actinomycosis affecting1 #ddc bleeding from1 description and treatment1 #ii bronchial tubes1 parasites affecting1 description and treatment1 #ecj parasites affecting1 note1 #ebf worms of cattle1 description and treatment1 #ecj ,luxations of bones1 description and treatment1 #bhb ,lymphatics-- description1 #ge heart1 and blood vessels1 diseases1 chapter by ,w4 ,h4 ,harbaugh1 #gc-hf ,malignant-- catarrh1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfi-dgb edema1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dgb-dgd pustule1 description1 #deh tumors1 description1 #cjf ,mammitis-- contagious1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bcg simple1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bcd ,man-- relation to beef measles in cattle1 #ebi symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease1 #cid treatment with anthrax serum1 #dei ,mange-- common1 description and treatment1 #eac itch1 scab1 mites1 description and treatment1 #eac psoroptic1 description and treatment1 #eac sarcoptic1 cause and treatment1 #eag ,manure1 breeding place for flies1 #eaa ,margaropus annulatus1 ,texas fever tick1 #dhj ,maryland1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,massachusetts1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chg1 #chh ,measles1 beef1 discussion and management1 #ebi ,measly beef1 description and prevention1 #ebi ,medicines1 methods of administration1 chapter by ,leonard ,pearson1 #g-aa ,membrana nictitans of eye1 description1 #cdc ,meninges1 number and functions1 #ajc ,mercury poisoning1 symptoms and treatment1 #eg ,metacarpus1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bhb ,metatarsus1 fracture1 description1 treatment1 #bhb ,metritis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbd ,metroperitonitis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbd ,michigan1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,micrococcus prodigiosus1 cause of bloody milk1 #bdb ,microorganisms1 transmission1 #cfa ,milk-- absence1 cause and treatment1 #bda bloody and blue1 cause and treatment1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda-bdb diminution1 symptom of foot-and-mouth disease1 #chc duct-- closure and thickening of mucous membrane1 cause and treatment1 #bdd closure by membrane1 description and treatment1 #bde effect of different feeds1 analyses1 #bef-beh fever1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf-bcg fistula1 description and treatment1 #bde pasteurization as guard against foot-and-mouth infection1 #cie source of foot-and-mouth disease infection1 #cid stringy1 cause and treatment1 #bdb ,mineral-- acid poisoning1 description and treatment1 #eh poisons1 description and kinds1 #ed ,minnesota1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,misplacement1 heart1 description1 #hc ,mites-- description1 #eaa mange1 itch1 scab1 description and treatment1 #eac ,mohler1 ,john ,r4-- chapter on ,infectious diseases of cattle1 #ceh-eaa chapter on ,mycotic stomatitis of cattle1 #eci-edd chapter on ,tumors affecting cattle1 #cjc-cbj ,monstrosities1 calf1 descriptions1 causes1 and treatment1 #ahb-ahd ,montana1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chd ,moor-ill1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai ,morphia1 poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fa ,mouth-- diseases affecting1 symptoms and treatment1 #ad-ag inflammation of the mucous membrane1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ag sore1 characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia-cib ulcers affecting1 in young calves4 ,see ,necrotic stomatitis4 ,mucopurulent discharge from passages1 symptoms and treatment1 #bbd ,mucous cysts1 description and treatment1 #cai ,mucous membrane-- of mouth1 inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ag thickening and closure of milk duct1 cause and treatment1 #bdd ,multiceps multiceps 7bladderworm71 parasite of brain1 #ebg ,murray1 ,a4 ,j41 chapter on ,diseases of digestive organs1 #ab-ej ,muscles-- calf1 rigid contraction1 cause1 and treatment1 #aha eye1 description1 #cdc intercostal1 rheumatism affecting1 description and treatment1 #ajj ,mycotic stomatitis-- cattle1 chapter by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 #eci-edb character1 cause1 symptoms1 lesions1 etc41 #edj characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia-cib differential diagnosis and treatment1 #edb prevalence1 #eci synonyms1 #eci ,myocarditis1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ha ,myoma tumor1 description and treatment1 #cji ,myxoma tumor1 description and treatment1 #cad ,nagana1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #eaj ,nasal catarrh1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ib ,navel-- abscess affecting1 causes and treatment1 #ii bleeding1 cause1 and treatment1 #bdh breach1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #beb dropsy1 description and treatment1 #bec string1 constricting member of fetus1 description1 #agi urine discharged through1 description and treatment1 #bdh urine duct1 inflammation1 cause1 and treatment1 #bdh veins1 inflammation1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #bdi ,necrosis-- and diseases of cartilage of the ear1 cause and treatment1 #ceg bony orbit1 cause and treatment1 #ceb ,necrotic stomatitis-- characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dfd-dfi differentiation from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia ,neoformation and neoplasm4 ,see ,tumors4 ,nephritis1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #abc ,nerves1 description1 #aja-ajc ,nervous system1 diseases1 chapter by ,w4 ,h4 ,harbaugh1 #aja-aab ,nervousness1 cause of retarding calving1 #agi ,netherlands1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,nettle rash1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbd ,neurofibroma tumor1 description and treatment1 #caj ,new ,hampshire1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chg-chh ,new ,jersey1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,new ,york1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,nicotin dip1 directions for making1 #eaf ,nodular disease of intestines due to hookworms1 note1 #ebe ,noncontagious-- abortion-- causes1 #afe treatment1 #afg diseases of organs of respiration1 chapter by ,william ,h4 ,lowe1 #hg-ajj foot-and-mouth disease1 reference1 #ecb ,norway1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,nose bleeding1 cause and treatment1 #ic ,nymphomania in female1 cause and treatment1 #adh ,obstruction-- arteries1 description and treatment1 #he bowels1 resulting from invagination1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #ce parturition by full bladder or rectum1 #agh parturition by masses of fat1 cause1 #agh ,,oesophagostomum radiatum1 parasite causing nodular disease1 treatment1 #ebe ,ohio1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,oidirum albicans1 parasite causing aphtha1 or thrush1 #bfc ,operations-- asepsis1 importance of1 #bhi surgical-- chapter by ,william ,dickson1 ,william ,h4 ,lowe1 #bhi-cjb manner of securing the animals1 #bhi uses of anesthesia1 #bhi ,ophthalmia-- simple1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdd specific1 symptoms1 treatment1 and prevention1 #cde ,opium poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fa ,orbit-- bony1 necrosis affecting1 cause and treatment1 #ceb fracture1 cause and treatment1 #ceb tumors1 cause and treatment1 #cec ,orbital-- and periorbital abscess1 symptoms and treatment1 #ceb cavity of the eye1 description1 #cdb ,orchitis1 description and treatment1 #aeb ,ornithodoros megnini1 ear tick of cattle1 #eah ,osteitis1 description and treatment1 #bfe ,osteoma1 description and treatment1 #cad ,osteomalacia1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bfg ,osteomyelitis1 description and treatment1 #bff ,ostertagia ostertagi1 encysted stomach worm of cattle1 #ebc ,otitis1 symptoms and treatment1 #cee ,otobius magnini1 ear tick1 #eah ,ovariotomy1 description of the operation1 #cja ,ovum1 inclosed1 description and treatment1 #aha ,ox warbles and grubs1 treatment1 #ejg ,pains1 labor1 before relaxation of passages1 #age ,palpitation of heart1 description1 #gf ,palsy-- following calving1 description and treatment1 #bcc of neck of bladder1 cause and treatment1 #acj ,papillary growths and warts on the penis1 treatment1 #aef ,papilloma1 description and treatment1 #cab ,paralysis-- bladder1 causes and treatment1 #acj description1 #aji hind parts during pregnancy1 cause and treatment1 #afc rear parts of body1 cause1 #aji ,paramphistonum cervi1 parasite affecting cattle1 #eai ,paraplegia1 symptoms and treatment1 #aaj ,parasites-- animal1 of cattle1 chapter by ,b4 ,h4 ,ransom1 #ejb-eca blood1 kinds1 #ecj bronchial tubes1 description and treatment1 #ecj ear1 kinds and treatment1 #eah eye1 kinds and treatment1 #eca intestinal tract1 kinds and treatment1 #ebc kidney1 discussion1 #abe lung1 kinds1 #ecj stomach1 kinds and treatment1 #eai ,parasitic-- cysts1 description1 #cag diseases of the skin1 description and treatment1 #ccb ,parotid gland1 inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ah ,parotitis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ah ,parturient-- apoplexy1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf collapse1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf fever1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbf ,parturition-- difficult1 suggestions for assisting1 #gd diseases following1 chapter by ,james ,law1 #bad-bde obstacles1 causes1 #agd ,pasteurization1 value in check of foot-and-mouth infection1 #cie ,pastures1 how to free from ticks1 #dij ,paunch1 distention with food1 description and treatment1 #bf ,pearson1 ,leonard1 chapter on ,administration of medicines1 #g-aa ,pelvis-- fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgi narrow1 fracture1 cause of difficult parturition1 #agh ,pemphigus1 symptoms and treatment1 #cbh ,penis-- inflammation from bruising1 prevention and treatment1 #aee ulcers affecting1 cause and treatment1 #aeg warts and papillary growths1 treatment1 #aef wounds1 cause and treatment1 #aef ,pennsylvania1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,percussion method of examination1 #ib ,pericarditis1 symptoms and treatment1 #gi ,periorbital and orbital abscess1 symptoms and treatment1 #ceb ,periostitis1 aseptic1 purulent1 and fibrous1 description and treatment1 #bfe ,peritoneal hernia1 description1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #da ,peritoneum1 diseases affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #de-dg ,peritonitis-- causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #de1 #df danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj ,permanganate1 use in production of formaldehyde gas1 #cfe ,persistent urachus1 description and treatment1 #bdh ,pharyngeal polypi1 description and treatment1 #ai ,pharyngitis1 symptoms1 causes1 and treatment1 #ag ,pharynx-- diseases1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ai-bb tumors affecting1 description and treatment1 #ai ,philippine ,islands1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,phlebitis-- description and treatment1 #hf umbilical1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bdi ,phosphorus poisoning1 symptoms and treatment1 #eg ,pica1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #bh ,pink eye4 ,see ,ophthalmia4 ,piroplasma bigeminum1 protozoan causing ,texas fever1 #ecj ,pityriasis1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbi ,plants1 poisonous1 description of poisoning1 #fc-fi ,pleurisy1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ie ,pleurodynia1 description and treatment1 #ajj ,pleuropneumonia-- cause1 incubation1 and symptoms1 #cfi definition and history1 #cff post-mortem appearance1 #cgc prevention and treatment1 #cgg ,pneumonia1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #if ,pneumothorax1 description and treatment1 #ii ,poison1 definition1 #ea ,poisoning-- acid1 description and treatment1 #eh aconite1 description and treatment1 #fc alkali1 description and treatment1 #ei animal products1 description and treatment1 #fi arsenic1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ed carbolic acid1 description and treatment1 #fj chapter by ,v4 ,t4 ,atkinson1 #ea-gb coal oil1 description and treatment1 #ei copper1 description and treatment1 #ef fungi1 description1 #gj laurel1 description and treatment1 #fe lead1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ee loco weed1 description and treatment1 #fg mercury1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #eg phosphorus1 symptoms and treatment1 #eg plant1 description1 #fc salt and saltpeter1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #fj-fa sources1 #ea strychnin1 description and treatment1 #fb symptoms and treatment1 #ec ,poisonous-- fungi1 description1 #fh plants1 description1 #fc-fi ,poisons-- chapter by ,v4 ,t4 ,atkinson1 #ea-gb description of action1 #eb mineral1 descriptions1 #ed-eh vegetables1 uses as medicine1 #fa-ga ,polydesmus excitans1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,polypi-- description and treatment1 #cac pharyngeal1 description and treatment1 #ai vagina or uterus1 description and treatment1 #aeg ,polyuria1 causes and treatment1 #aah ,pork measles1 note1 #ecf ,potash1 permanganate1 use in production of formaldehyde gas1 #cfe ,poverty jaw and scours1 caused by twisted wireworm1 treatment1 #ebg ,pregnancy-- cramps of hind limbs during1 cause1 #afb duration1 #afj signs1 #aeg ,pregnant cow1 hygiene1 #afj ,prepuce1 calculi affecting1 treatment1 #add ,presentation of fetus1 natural1 #agc ,pricks1 hoof1 treatment1 #cch ,probang1 use in prevention of choking1 #ba ,prolapsus vagin1 description and treatment1 #afb ,proliferation cysts1 description and treatment1 #cai ,prostration1 heat1 symptoms and treatment1 #ajh ,protozoa-- as intestinal parasites1 note1 #ebf definition1 #cei ,protrusion1 vagina1 description and treatment1 #afb ,pruritis1 causes and treatment1 #cbb ,pseudoplasm4 ,see ,tumors4 ,psoroptic mange1 description and treatment1 #eac ,pucinia arundinacea1 ,p4 coronata1 ,p4 graminis1 ,p4 straminis1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,pulmonary congestion1 treatment1 #ih ,pulse-- description1 #gd examination1 #ij ,puncta lacrimalia of the eye1 description1 #cdd ,purulent periostitis1 description and treatment1 #bff ,pustule-- description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbg malignant1 in man1 description1 #deh ,pterygium1 description and treatment1 #cdi ,pyemia1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cie ,pyemic inflammation of joints in calves1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bea ,quarter-ill4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,rabies1 cattle1 description1 symptoms1 etc41 #djb-djf ,rachitis4 ,see ,rickets4 ,ransom1 ,b4 ,h41 chapter on ,animal parasites of cattle1 #ejb-eca ,rauschbrand4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,rectal injections1 uses and methods1 #i ,rectum-- full1 obstruction to parturition1 #agh method of administering medicines1 #i ,red dysentery1 note1 #ebf ,red water1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai ,regulations1 sanitary1 for controlling ,texas fever1 #die ,renal calculi1 description and treatment1 #aci ,rennet1 hernia affecting1 description and treatment1 #ch ,respiration-- examination1 #hi organs1 methods of diagnosis1 #cg organs1 noncontagious diseases affecting1 chapter by ,william ,h4 ,lowe1 #hg-ajj ,retina1 eye1 description1 #cdb ,rheumatism-- articular and muscular1 symptoms1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bhg1 #bhh intercostal muscles1 description and treatment1 #aja ,rhode ,island1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chg1 #chh ,ribs1 fracture1 cause and treatment1 #bha ,rickets-- description and treatment1 #bfg in young calves1 description and treatment1 #bfc ,rinderpest1 description1 cause1 symptoms1 etc41 #cgi-chc ,ringing1 bull1 method1 #bia ,ringworm1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccb ,roundworms-- description1 #ebd eye1 treatment1 #eca intestine1 kinds and treatment1 #ebc stomach1 description1 #eai ,rumen-- distention with food1 description and treatment1 #bb hernia1 description and cause1 #cg ,rumenotomy1 description1 #bid ,rupture-- bladder1 symptoms1 #bah danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj heart1 description1 #hb womb1 cause and treatment1 #bai ,ruptures-- and lacerations of the vagina1 description and treatment1 #bai-bbj description and cause1 #cg ,russia1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chb ,saccharomyces albicans1 parasite of aphtha1 or thrush1 #bfc ,salivation-- cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ae symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease1 #chc ,salt1 common1 poisoning1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #fa ,saltpeter poisoning1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #fj ,salts1 medicated1 doubtful value against worms1 #ebc ,sarcoma tumor1 description and treatment1 #cae ,satyriasis in male1 cause and treatment1 #adh ,scab1 mange1 itch1 description of kinds and treatment1 #eac ,scabby teats1 treatment1 #bdc ,scalds1 causes and treatment1 #ccc ,schistosoma bovis1 cause of bloody urine1 #ecj ,scleroderma1 description1 #ccj ,sclerotic membrane of eye1 description1 #cda ,scouring-- acute contagious1 in newborn calves1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bfa causes1 symptoms1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bec-bfc ,scours-- and poverty jaw1 caused by twisted wireworm1 treatment1 #eai causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cb ,screens1 use against flies1 remarks1 #ejc ,screwworms-- affecting animals1 description and remedy1 #ejf control by dipping1 #ejf ,scurf1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbi ,scurfy ears1 cause and treatment1 #cef ,sebaceous cysts1 description and treatment1 #ccj ,sebaceous glands1 location1 #cba ,seborrhea1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cbi ,septicemia-- causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cie gangrenous1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dgb hemorrhagic1 causes1 symptoms1 etc1 #cig-dja hemorrhagic1 control by vaccination1 etc1 #dja ,septicemic inflammation of joints in calves1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bea ,serous cysts1 description and treatment1 #cah ,serum1 use against anthrax1 #dee ,setaria labiato-papillosa1 embryo in blood1 note1 #ebi ,setoning1 description and use1 #bic ,sheath-- calculi affecting1 treatment1 #add inflammation1 causes and treatment1 #aec penis1 inflammation from bruising1 prevention and treatment1 #aee ,sheep1 dose of vaccine against anthrax1 #dee ,shoulder joint1 sprain1 causes and treatment1 #bfi ,skeleton1 number of bones1 #bfd ,skin-- description1 #cah diseases1 chapter by ,m4 ,r4 ,trumbower1 #cbj-ccd gas or air under1 symptoms and treatment1 #ccd glands1 location and use1 #cba inflammatory diseases1 causes and treatment1 #cbc parasites affecting1 description and treatment1 #ejb-eba secretions and growths1 descriptions1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbi-cca wounds1 kinds1 description and treatment1 #ccc-ccd ,skull1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgh ,slinking1 calf1 description1 #afe ,snake bites1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ad1 #fi ,sore mouth-- characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia-cib reference1 #ecb ,sore throat1 cause and treatment1 #ag1 #ic ,sore tongue1 reference1 #ecc ,soreness1 foot1 description and treatment1 #cce ,southern cattle fever4 ,see ,texas fever4 ,spanish-fly poisoning1 description and treatment1 #gb ,spasm of the neck of the bladder1 description and treatment1 #abh ,spavin1 description and treatment1 #bhd ,spaying1 description of operation1 #cja ,spinal column1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bgi ,spinal cord-- congestion1 description1 symptom1 and treatment1 #aaj description1 #ajb injuries1 description1 #aji ,spleen-- diseases1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dd-de inflammation1 description1 #de ,splenetic fever4 ,see ,texas fever4 ,splenitis1 description1 #de ,split hoof1 description and treatment1 #cch ,sporadic-- aphthae1 reference1 #ecb stomatitis aphthosa1 reference1 #ecb ,sprain-- fetlock1 causes and treatment1 #bfi hip1 cause and treatment1 #bgj shoulder joint1 causes and treatment1 #bfi ,sprains1 description and treatment1 #bfh ,squinting1 description1 #cdi ,stable flies 7,stomoxys calcitrans71 affecting cattle1 #ejc ,stabling1 value against stomach worms1 #eba-ebb ,staggers1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ajc1 #ebi ,staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and ,s4 pyogenes citreus1 bacteria of abscess1 #bcg ,staphyloma1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdh ,sterility1 causes1 #aea ,stings-- venomous4 ,see ,snake bites4 wasps and bees1 description and treatment1 #ga ,stomach-- diseases affecting1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bb-cd fourth1 affected with hernia1 description and treatment1 #ch hair balls in1 #bi parasites affecting1 treatment1 #eai1 #ebd1 #ebi roundworms affecting1 #ebd traumatic inflammation1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd worm-- encysted1 description and treatment1 #ebc sanitary measures for suppression1 #eba-ebb worms1 different kinds affecting cattle1 #eai ,stomatitis-- cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ag characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cia-cic mycotic4 ,see ,mycotic stomatitis4 necrotic1 description1 symptoms1 treatment1 etc41 #dfd-dfi ,stomoxys calcitrans affecting cattle1 #ejc ,stone-- bladder1 obstruction to parturition1 #agh bladder1 symptoms and treatment1 #adb description and causes1 #acj effect of different feeds1 #acb-acd kidney1 description and treatment1 #aci ,strabismus1 description1 #cdi ,straw1 breeding place of stable fly1 #ejc ,streptococcus pyogenes1 bacteria of abscess1 #bcg ,string1 navel1 constricting member of fetus1 description1 #agi ,stringy milk1 cause and treatment1 #bdb ,strongylus micrurus1 parasite of verminous bronchitis1 #ajj ,struma1 cause1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #caj ,strychnin poisoning1 description and treatment1 #fb ,sudorific glands1 location and use1 #cba ,sugar in urine1 description1 #abc ,sunstroke1 symptoms and treatment1 #ajh ,suppression1 milk1 cause and treatment1 #bda ,surfeit1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cbd ,surgery1 discussion1 #bhi ,surgical operations-- asepsis1 importance1 #bhi chapter by ,william ,dickson and ,william ,h4 ,lowe1 #bhi-cjb manner of securing the animals during1 #bij uses of anesthesia1 #bhi ,swamp lands1 drainage as measure against fluke disease1 #ebg ,sweat glands1 location and use1 #cbb ,sweden1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,swelling of calf with gas1 cause and treatment1 #aha ,switzerland1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #che ,symptomatic anthrax4 ,see ,blackleg4 ,tnia saginat1 tapeworm cysts1 presence in cattle1 #ebi ,tail1 wolf in1 imaginary disease1 #bg ,tapeworm cysts1 source of injury to cattle1 #ebi ,tapeworms-- adult1 of small intestine1 species and remedy1 #ebc cysts in muscles of cattle1 #ebi cysts of liver1 #ebg ,tarsus1 fracture1 description and treatment1 #bha ,teats-- blocked by calculus1 treatment1 #bdc blocked by concretion of casein1 cause and treatment1 #bdc blocked by warty and other growth inside1 description and treatment1 #bdd chapped1 cause and treatment1 #bdc opening in the side1 description and treatment1 #bde scabby1 treatment1 #bdc warts affecting1 treatment1 #bdc ,teeth-- caries1 description1 #af irregularities1 cause and treatment1 #af ,temperature-- how to examine1 #ij limits for dipping bath1 #dij ,test1 tuberculin4 ,see ,tuberculin test4 ,testicles1 congestion and inflammation1 description and treatment1 #aeb ,tetanus-- danger in castration of cattle1 #cjj reference1 #dje ,texas fever-- description1 symptoms1 prevention1 etc1 #dge-eja immunization of northern cattle1 #die infection carried by the cattle tick 7,margaropus annulatus71 #dhj injurious effect of ticks1 #dhb loss occasioned by cattle ticks1 #dhc methods of eradication1 #dhg-ejj nature of the disease1 #dgf period of incubation of ticks1 #dhf prevention1 #dhg quarantine regulations1 #die symptoms and pathological changes after death1 #dgh-dhj tick eradication1 plan of work1 #dhg ,threadworms in abdominal cavity of cattle1 #ebi ,throat1 sore1 symptoms1 causes1 and treatment1 #ag ,thrombosis1 description and symptoms1 #he ,thrush-- calf1 description and treatment1 #bfc parasite 7,saccharomyces albicans71 cause1 #bfc ,ticks-- cattle1 time required to kill1 #dhh ear1 #eah injury to cattle hides1 #dhd parasites of cattle1 note1 #ejb ,see also ,cattle tick2 ,texas fever4 ,tilletia caries in wheat1 effect on cattle1 #ac ,tinea favosa1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccb ,tinea tonsurans1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ccb ,tracheotomy1 description1 #bid ,traumatic inflammation of the stomach1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cd ,trichiasis1 treatment1 #cej ,trichodectes scalaris 7red louse71 description and treatment1 #eac ,trichophyton tonsurans1 fungus causing ,tinea tonsurans1 #ccb ,trumbower1 ,m4 ,r4-- chapter on ,diseases of the ear1 #cec-ceg chapter on ,diseases of the eye and its appendages1 #cdj-ced chapter on ,diseases of the foot1 #cce-cci chapter on ,diseases of the skin1 #cbj-ccd ,trypanosoma brucei1 cause of nagana1 or tsetse-fly disease1 #ejj ,tsetse-fly disease1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #ejj ,tuberculin test-- description and history1 #dag harmless to healthy animals1 #dbf summary of directions for making1 #dbg ,tuberculosis-- bovine1 and public health1 #dcj cause and nature of disease1 #daa occurrence1 #djg statistics of tests in ,united ,states1 #daj symptoms and diagnosis1 #daf-dag transmissibility of human and bovine1 #dcb treatment1 #dbh ,tumor-- bony1 description and treatment1 #cad chrondroma1 description and treatment1 #cad fibroma1 description and treatment1 #caa hairy1 on eyeball1 description and treatment1 #cdi lipoma1 description and treatment1 #cad sarcoma1 description and treatment1 #cae ,tumors-- brain1 description1 #aab calf1 description and treatment1 #aha cattle1 chapter by ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 #cjc-cai definition and description1 #cjc description1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjg description of kinds1 #cji diagnosis1 #cjh eyelid1 description and treatment1 #cej general treatment1 #cji kidney1 description1 #abh malignant and benign1 description1 #cjf orbit1 cause and treatment1 #cec pharynx1 description and treatment1 #ai ,twisted stomach worms1 description and treatment1 #eai-ebc ,twisting-- and knotting of the bowels1 causes1 symptoms1 post-mortem appearance1 and treatment1 #ce of the neck of the womb1 description and treatment1 #agf ,tympanites-- acute1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bb chronic1 causes and treatment1 #be ,udder-- congestion1 description and treatment1 #bcc contagious inflammation affecting1 description1 prevention1 and treatment1 #bcg inflammation1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bcd ,ulceration1 heel1 causes and treatment1 #ccg ,ulcerative stomatitis4 ,see ,necrotic stomatitis4 ,ulcers-- calves4 ,see ,necrotic stomatitis4 cornea1 cause1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #cdg penis1 cause and treatment1 #aeg ,umbilical hernia-- description1 causes1 and treatment1 #ci symptoms and treatment1 #beb ,umbilical phlebitis1 description1 causes1 and treatment1 #bdi ,urachus-- inflammation1 causes and treatment1 #bdh persistent1 description and treatment1 #bdh ,ureteral calculi1 description and treatment1 #aci ,urethra1 inflammation affecting1 description and treatment1 #aef ,urethral calculus1 symptoms and treatment1 #adb ,urinary calculi-- classification1 #ach description and causes1 #acj1 #acg effect of different feeds1 #acc ,urinary disorders1 symptoms1 #aah ,urinary organs-- diseases1 chapter by ,james ,law1 #aac-adf functions1 #aac ,urine-- albumin in1 description and treatment1 #aba amount passed daily1 #aae analyses under different rations1 #aad bloody1 caused by blood flukes1 #ebf bloody1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai cow1 analysis1 #aad discharged through navel1 description and treatment1 #bdh excessive secretion1 cause and treatment1 #aah incontinence1 cause and treatment1 #acj ox1 analysis1 #aae retention1 effect1 cause1 and treatment1 #abh sugar in1 description1 #abc ,urticaria1 description1 causes and treatment1 #abd ,uruguay1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chf ,uterus-- hernia affecting1 cause and treatment1 #afb polypus affecting1 description and treatment1 #aeg ,vaccination1 disadvantages in use against anthrax1 #deg ,vaccine-- anthrax1 care and use1 #deg blackleg1 free distribution1 note1 #dfc preparation and use against hemorrhagic septicemia1 #cie ,vagina-- clots of blood on walls1 description and treatment1 #bbj inflammation1 causes and treatment1 #bbc lacerations and rupture1 description and treatment1 #bai polypus affecting1 description and treatment1 #aeg ,vagin prolapsus1 description and treatment1 #afb ,vaginal walls1 affected with coagulated blood after calving1 treatment1 #agi ,vaginitis1 causes and treatment1 #bbc ,valves1 heart1 diseases affecting1 symptoms and treatment1 #hj ,variola1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dch ,vegetable-- acids1 poisonous1 description and treatment1 #eh poisons-- note1 #fa uses as medicine1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #fa-fi ,veins-- inflammation1 description and treatment1 #hf wounds1 description and treatment1 #hc ,venereal desire1 diminution or loss1 cause1 prevention1 and treatment1 #adi ,venereal excess1 cause and treatment1 #adh ,venomous stings4 ,see ,snake bites4 ,ventral hernia1 description and causes1 #cg ,verminous bronchitis-- description1 symptoms1 and prevention1 #ajj parasites causing1 #ajj ,vermont1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chg ,verruca1 description1 cause1 and treatment1 #cca ,vertebra1 fracture1 description1 and treatment1 #bgi ,vesical calculus1 symptoms and treatment1 #adb ,vesicular eruption of genital organs1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dja ,vesicular exanthema1 symptoms and treatment1 #dja ,veterinarians1 views on foot-and-mouth disease in man1 #cie ,virginia1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,vitreous humor of the eye1 description1 #cdb ,vomiting1 symptoms1 cause1 and treatment1 #bg ,wall1 hoof1 fissure1 description and treatment1 #cch ,warble fly-- damages1 estimate1 #eaj ,european species1 appearance in ,united ,states1 #eaj ,warbles-- description and treatment1 #ejg penetration of skins of cattle1 #ejh reference1 #ccc ,warts-- description1 causes1 and treatment1 #cab1 #cca penis1 treatment1 #aef teats1 treatment1 #bdc ,washington1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,wasp stings1 description and treatment1 #ga ,water-- blisters1 symptoms and treatment1 #cbh cold1 drinking1 a cause of indigestion1 symptoms and treatment1 #cc head of calf1 description and treatment1 #agi ,weather1 relation to occurrence of mycotic stomatitis1 #cib ,wens1 description and treatment1 #ccj ,west ,virginia1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,wisconsin1 foot-and-mouth disease1 #chh ,withers1 casting1 cause and treatment1 #bae ,wolf in the tail1 imaginary disease1 #bg ,womb-- bleeding from1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bad dropsy1 description and treatment1 #afb eversion1 cause and treatment1 #bae fetus developing outside1 description and treatment1 #afc inflammation1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #bbd mouth1 induration1 description and treatment1 #agf rupture1 cause and treatment1 #bai twisting of neck1 description and treatment1 #agf ,wooden tongue4 ,see ,actinomycosis4 ,wood-ill1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #aai ,worm-- encysted stomach1 description and treatment1 #ebc eye1 description and treatment1 #cdi ,worms-- bladder1 description1 #ebh lung1 of cattle1 description and treatment1 #ecj screw1 description and remedies1 #ejf thread1 in abdominal cavity of cattle1 #ebi twisted stomach1 description and treatment1 #eai-ebj ,wounds-- abdomen1 causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dc arteries and veins1 description and treatment1 #hc contused and lacerated1 description and treatment1 #bih contusions of the lips and snake bites of mouth1 description and treatment1 #ad danger of infection from foot-and-mouth disease1 #cid drainage1 necessity1 #bih gullet1 description and treatment1 #bb healing1 treatment and dressing1 description1 #bih hoof1 treatment1 #cch incised-- description and treatment1 #bie punctured1 and lacerated1 description and treatment1 #bie-bii mouth1 snake bites and contusions of lips1 treatment1 #ad penis1 cause and treatment1 #aef skin1 kinds1 description1 and treatment1 #ccc-ccd treatment1 summary of care after dressing1 #bih ,yellows1 description1 symptoms1 and treatment1 #dd ,zinc poisoning1 description and treatment1 #eg ,,additional ,,copies ,,of ,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procured ,,from ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents ,,government ,,printing ,,office ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #a4jj ,,per ,,copy