,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy    ,,by  ,,george      
,,fillmore ,,swa91 ,,ll4 ,d4            
,,gordon ,,mckay ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,civil 
,,eng9e]+ ,,9 ,,h>v>d   ,,univ]sity2    
,,pa/-,,presid5t1 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e42 
,,=m]ly   ,,*airman ,,( ,,! ,,bo/on     
,,transit ,,commission2   ,,consult+    
,,eng9e]     ,,fir/ ,,edition  ,,f\rte5?
 ,,impression    ,,total ,,issue1       
#de1jjj     ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book   
,,company1 ,,inc4  ,,new ,,york3 #cgj   
,,sev5? ,,av5ue  ,,london3 #f  #h       
,,b\v]ie ,,/41 ,e4 ,c4 #d  #aiag        
,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,!            
,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1    
,,inc4   ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates
 ,,( ,,am]ica     v  ,,preface  ,!      
pres5t pap] has be5 sugge/$ by a long   
exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 9 :i* ! writ] has be5 
cont9ually surpris$ at ! ignorance      
manife/$ by /ud5ts 9 ! high] classes (  
our te*nical s*ools & univ]sities1 or   
graduates f su* s*ools1 ) ref]5ce to    
prop] me?ods ( /udy4  ,if 8 exp]i5ce is 
a reliable guide1  l>ge majority ( !    

graduates f su* s*ools1 z well z "s     
tea*]s 9 !m1 h n acquir$ prop] habits & 
me?ods ( /udy1 & h devot$ little or no  
att5tion to ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 
vital ?\gh x is4  ,x is und\bt$ly true t
 tra9+ 9 ! prop] habits & me?ods ( /udy 
%\ld be inculcat$ by ea* individual     
tea*] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 & exemplifi$ by 
! occurr5ces 9 8 class room4  ,!        
individual tea*] c d mu* 9 ?is          
direction1 & inde$ ! writ] may say t    
probably ! mo/ important "p ( 8         
in/ruction dur+ ! pa/ ?irty-five ye>s   
has be5 tea*+ 8 /ud5ts h[ to /udy & h[  
to ?9k logically1 by con/ant reit]ation 
( pr9ciples 9 ! class room & by mak+ any
 failure vi on ! "p ( a /ud5t ! occasion
 = po9t+ out h[ su* failure arose f     
improp] me?ods ( /udy or reason+4       
,nev]!less1 x has seem$ to ! writ]      
desirable to =mulate1 9 a brief b simple
 mann]1 c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples :i*  
he has be5 9 ! habit ( po9t+ out 9 !    
class room1 & t su* a /atem5t might     
p]haps be f\nd useful ) /ud5ts ( any    

grade z a set subject ( /udy 9 itself1  
occupy+ "o or m lessons4  ,) ?is object 
9 view1 ! pres5t pap] has be5 writt51 & 
x is hop$ t x w prove useful to tea*]s z
 well z to /ud5ts1 sugge/+ to ! =m]     
directions 9 :i* !y may seek to discov] 
defects 9 _! /ud5ts & 9 :i* !y may urge 
improvem5t4  ,mo/ /ud5ts desire to le>n 
b d n "k h[4  ,a /ud5t w frequ5tly answ]
 a "q correctly1 p]haps 9 ! words ( !   
book1 b ^u fur!r prob+ ! tea*] w v      
likely f9d t he fails entirely to und]/&
 :at he is talk+ ab\t4  ,! tea*] %\ld   
seek to discov] if su* is ! case & %\ld1
 if practicable1 po9t out ! cause ( !   
tr\ble4  ,! writ] believes t if ! /ud5ts
 9 our colleges w read ?is pap] c>efully
 & ?\ghtfully1 & w endeavor to foll[ its
 precepts1 vii !y w d]ive "s b5efit4    
,if su* proves to be ! case1 & if ?is   
pap] af=ds help 9 enabl+ /ud5ts to save 
"t & to /udy m und]/&+ly1 ! aim ( !     
writ] w h be5 accompli%$4     ix        
,,cont5ts                               
,,page  ,,preface  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     v
  ,,introduction 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     #a     
,i4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,m5tal ,,attitude  4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #f       
7a7 ,di/9ction betwe5 read+ & und]/&+ 4 
4 4 4    #h       7b7 ,di/9ction betwe5 
facts1 op9ions1 & logical               
conclusions   4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #i       7c7           
,importance ( ! que/ion+ habit 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4   #aa       7d7 ,inquir+ into  
me?ods ( asc]ta9+ facts  4 4 4 4   #ad  
7e7 ,/udy+ evid5ce ( reliability ( a    
writ]  4 4 4 4   #ae       7f7          
,importance ( caution 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ah       7g7           
,importance ( ! sci5tific attitude ( m9d
 4 4 4 4   #ai       7h7 ,intellectual  
mode/y  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
#ai       7i7 ,wisdom r ?an k ! aim  4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ba    ,,ii4 ,,/udy+     
,,und]/&+ly  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4   #bb       7a7 ,importance (    
def9ite ideas  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  

#bd             7#a7 ,use ( ! diction>y 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #be       
7#b7 ,practice 9 def9ition  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #bg             7#c7    
,importance ( ! /udy ( logic  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #bh       7b7 ,/at+ a ?+ 9      
diff]5t ways 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ca  
7c7 ,/at+ a ?+ negatively z well z      
positively  4 4   #cb       7d7         
,obs]vation ( necess>y qualify+ words or
 phrases    #cd       7e7 ,reflection1  
illu/ration1 & application 4 4 4 4 4 4  
#ce       7f7 ,keep+ ! m9d active 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ci       7g7 
,/udy ( causes ( diff]5ces ( op9ion 4 4 
4 4 4 4   #dj       7h7 ,discrim9ation (
 m]e ass]tion f pro( 4 4 4 4 4   #dj    
,,iii4 ,,sy/em  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #db       
7a7 ,importance ( grasp+ ! fundam5tal   
idea 4 4 4 4 4   #db       7b7          
,prelim9>y arrangem5t ( ideas  4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4   #dd       7c7              
,classification & arrangem5t  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4   #de  x    ,,iv4 ,,m5tal   

,,initiative  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #dg       7a7 ,int]e/ 9
 subject ( /udy ess5tial 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  
#dh       7b7 ,=mulation ( problem      
ess5tial 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #di     
7c7 ,indep5d5t "w ess5tial 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4    #di       7d7 ,draw+    
conclusions indep5d5t ( au?or  4 4 4 4 4
    #ea       7e7 ,indep5d5ce 9 arriv+  
at conclusions  4 4 4 4 4 4    #eb      
7f7 ,g5]aliz+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #eb       7g7 ,go+     
beyond ! book  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4    #eb       7h7 ,visualiz+ results
  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #ec
     ,v4 ,,habits ,,( ,,"w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #ed   
7a7 ,selection ( book  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #ed       7b7 ,prop]
 numb] ( subjects to be /udi$ at once  4
 4    #ee       7c7 ,ha/e undesirable  4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #ef 
7d7 ,tak+ /udies s]i\sly 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4    #ef       7e7 ,judici\s 
skipp+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

    #ef       7f7 ,sy/ematic program (  
"w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #eg     
7g7 ,cultivation ( conc5tration 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #eg       7h7 ,apply+
 :at is le>n$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4    #eh       7i7 ,avoidance (         
indiff]5ce  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   
#eh       7j7 ,?or\gh k ( a few books  4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #eh       7k7 ,li/ (
 ref]5ces %\ld be made  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4    #ei       7l7 ,frequ5t reviews     
desirable 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ei       7m7 ,regul> times = recreative
 /udy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #fj       7n7
 ,physical ex]cise ess5tial  4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4    #fj  ,,sugge/ions ,,to  
,,tea*]s  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4    #fa            ,,importance
 ,,( ,,refus+ ,,to ,,be ,,disc\rag$1    
,,& ,,( ,,seek+ ,,! ,,"w ,,"o ,,c ,,d   
,,be/  4 4 4 4 4 4    #fc  ,,ref]5ces 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4    #fe     #a  ,,h[ ,,to    
,,/udy  ,= ! end ( education & tra9+ is 
to help nature to h] p]fection 9 !      

complete developm5t ( all ! v>i\s       
p[]s4--,ri*>d ,mulca/]1 #aebb-afaa4     
,education is an opportunity1 no?+ m4   
,x w n gu>antee success1 or happ9ess1 or
 cont5tm5t1 or ri*es4  ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u
 :at developm5t is produc$ by x & :at   
use is made ( x4  ,x does n mean        
morality or usefulness4  ,x may make a  
man m capable ( do+ h>m 9 ! _w1 = an    
educat$ sc\ndrel is cle>ly m dang]\s ?an
 an ignorant "o4  ,prop]ly employ$1     
h[ev]1 & comb9$ ) high "*1 ) a due reg>d
 = ! rights ( o!rs1 & ) simple &        
practicable b high ideals1 x %\ld help a
 man v greatly 9 mak+ himself ( s]vice 9
 ! _w & s 9 mak+ 8 life really          
successful 9 ! highe/ s5se4  ,:at !     
/ud5t gets out ( 8 education dep5ds     
l>gely ^u :at he puts into x4  ,! /ud5t 
is n an empty vessel to be pump$ full ( 
le>n+2 he is a complex ma*9e :i*        
education %\ld help to run prop]ly4  #b 
,! aim ( education is purely utilit>ian1
 & is express$ m cle>ly by ! ^w p[] ?an 
by any o!r4  ,its object is to give !   

man p[] to meet ! problems ( life1 & to 
develop all 8 faculties to ! greate/    
degree4  ,! ^w utilit>ian1 h[ev]1 is to 
be int]pret$ 9 its broade/ s5se4  ,x is 
n simply bread-&-butt] utility t is aim$
 at4  ,:atev] makes a man m capable (   
legitimate enjoym5t1 or helps to make   
him cont5t$ & happy1 or to enl>ge 8     
bread? ( view1 is really useful & helps 
to give him p[]4  ,! true ord] ( le>n+  
%\ld be fir/1 :at is necess>y2 second1  
:at is useful2 & ?ird1 :at is ornam5tal4
  ,to rev]se ?is arrangem5t is l beg9n+ 
to build at ! top ( ! edifice4  ,! only 
way t p[] & /r5g? c be develop$ is by   
ef=t on ! "p ( ! /ud5t4  ,! only real   
education is self-education4 ,! be/ t ! 
tea*] c d = ! /ud5t is to %[ him :at he 
c d = himself & h[ he c d x4    ,if     
little labor1 little are our ga9s2      
,man's =tunes are accord+ to 8 pa9s4    
,b labor alone w n produce ga9s unless  
prop]ly & intellig5tly direct$4         
,misdirect$ labor1 ?\gh hone/ &         
well-int5tion$1 may #c lead to naught2 j

 z any virtue1 su* = in/ance1 z         
p]sev]ance1 if misdirect$ or misappli$1 
or 9 ! wrong proportion1 may become a   
vice4  ,hegel's dictum t any?+ c>ri$ to 
its extreme t5ds to become its opposite1
 has pr(\nd significance4  ,a /ud5t may 
"w h>d & e>ne/ly 9 s*ool or college &   
yet accompli% little or no?+4  ,he %\ld1
 !re=e1 be made to see--n only !        
necessity = h>d "w1 & h[ to "w--b also  
h[ to "w effectively4  ,among ! mo/     
important ?+s1 !n1 = a /ud5t to le>n1 is
 h[ to /udy4  ,)\t a k ( ?is 8 labor may
 be l>gely 9 va94  ,he may pass 8       
exam9ations & yet "k no?+ ?or\ghly & h  
little p[]4  ,! importance ( kn[+ h[ to 
/udy is evid5t :5 we realize t ! am\nt (
 k t a /ud5t c acquire 9 college1 comp>$
 ) ! :ole mass ( human k1 ev5 t be>+ ^u 
a s+le specialty1 is entirely           
insignificant2 & fur!rmore1 t a /ud5t is
 g5]ally q unable to =esee ) any degree 
( correctness :at 8 "w 9 life w be4     
,unless1 !re=e1 8 education has enabl$  
him to take up a new subject or a new   

problem & to /udy & ma/] x #d himself--t
 is to say1 unless he has le>n$ h[ to   
/udy1 h[ to use 8 m9d prop]ly & to      
direct x effici5tly ^u ! subject 9 h&--8
 education may h b5efit$ him little &   
may n h fitt$ him = ! c>e] 9 :i* he     
f9ally f9ds himself4  ,important z x is 
to le>n h[ to /udy1 x is s+ul> t mo/    
/ud5ts d n le>n x1 & t little ef=t is   
made to tea* x4 ,x is assum$ t *ildr5 "k
 h[ to /udy because !y h bra9s4         
,probably a l>ge majority ( our college 
graduates today h n le>n$ h[ to /udy    
prop]ly1 & f9d x difficult or impossible
 to take up a new /udy & ma/] x4  ,!y h 
only le>n$ h[ to d c]ta9 r\t9e ?+s 9 a  
me*anical way4  ,!y h le>n$ by rote4  ,x
 is ) ! hope ( emphasiz+ ?is subject & (
 call+ att5tion to "s rules = prop]     
/udy1 t ?is article has be5 writt54  ,9 
its broade/ s5se1 ! "q to be consid]$   
is1 ,h[ to ,inve/igate a ,problem4  ,9  
do+ ?is ! fir/ /ep is to get toge!r all 
available in=mation reg>d+ ! problem1   
includ+ books1 exp]im5tal data & results

 ( exp]i5ce1 & to consid] & dige/ ?is   
mat]ial4  ,p]sonal inve/igations &      
inquiry1 #e fur!r exp]im5tal rese>*1    
correspond5ce1 travel1 etc41 may !n be  
necess>y4  ,?is w be bas$1 h[ev]1 9     
g5]al1 ^u a /udy ( books1 & ) ?is "p ( !
 subject we are "h p>ticul>ly conc]n$4  
,let u1 !re=e1 consid] ! elem5ts        
requisite = a prop] me?od ( /udy4     #f
  ,i  ,,! ,,prop] ,,m5tal ,,attitude  ,!
 fir/ ess5tial is t ! /ud5t %\ld h !    
prop] m5tal attitude4  ,t attitude %\ld 
n be "o ( subs]vi5ce1 ( bl9d believ+1 b 
%\ld be "o ( m5tal c\rage & det]m9ation4
  ,8 object is to und]/& ! subject1 n   
simply to read a book4  ,if ! book is a 
prop] "o = him to read1 t is to say1 if 
he has ! prop] prep>ation1 & requisite  
m5tal p[]1 !n he is capable ( ma/]+ x4  
,he is to ma/] ! book1 ! book is n to   
ma/] him4 ,he is to le>n :at ! writ] ( !
 book ?9ks 9 matt]s ( op9ion1 b he is   
nev] to accept su* views bl9dly1 & is to
 believe !m only :5 he sees !m to be    
true4  ,_m /ud5ts accept bl9dly z tru?  

:atev] !y see on a pr9t$ page t !y are  
requir$ to read4  ,to d ?is1 ev5 if :at 
is read be rememb]$1 is to /udy by rote2
 x makes a r\t9e1 rule-(-?umb man1 :o   
m]ely imitates or copies4  ,he %\ld     
realize t no?+ is true simply because x 
is 9 a book1 b %\ld accept x only :5 x  
passes ! te/ ( 8 own und]/&+4  ,m5tal   
c\rage1 !re=e1 is ess5tial = a prop] #g 
me?od ( /udy1 )\t :i* ! /ud5t w become  
little m ?an a p>rot4  ,he mu/ possess  
self-confid5ce1 a consci\sness ( 8 p[]  
to ma/] ! subject1 & a firm det]m9ation 
to ma/] x4  ,( c\rse1 nobody %\ld read a
 book t he is incapable ( ma/]+ or      
unprep>$ to und]/&4  ,a suitable        
prep>ation & suffici5t m5tal p[] are (  
c\rse ess5tial1 & are "h assum$4  ,!    
po9t is t ! s5se ( 8 own p[] & !        
det]m9ation to use x %\ld be con/antly 9
 8 m9d4  ,/ud5ts are ( c\rse frequ5tly1 
if n g5]ally1 limit$ 9 ! "t :i* !y h    
available = any giv5 lesson1 & !y may n 
be able to foll[ out completely ! me?ods
 recomm5d$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,x may !re=e be  

necess>y = a /ud5t frequ5tly to accept a
 /atem5t :i* he reads1 al?\gh he is n at
 ! "t able to see ! reason = x4  ,9 all 
cases1 h[ev]1 he %\ld endeavor to       
p]ceive :e!r x is a m]e fact or         
def9ition1 or :e!r x has a reason1 & if 
he _c at ! "t und]/& ! reason he %\ld   
accept ! /atem5t only t5tatively1 mak+ a
 note ( x z some?+ :i* he mu/ return to 
& /udy fur!r if he wi%es ?or\ghly to    
ma/] ! subject4  #h  7a7 ,,! ,,/ud5t    
,,mu/ ,,di/+ui% ,,cle>ly ,,betwe5       
,,read+ ,,& ,,und]/&+4--,read+ alone1 no
 matt] h[ ext5sive1 or h[ ret5tive !    
memory1 w n give wisdom or p[]4         
,:o reads   ,incessantly1 & to 8 read+  
br+s n   ,a _s & judgm5t equal or       
sup]ior   ,unc]ta9 & unsettl$ /ill      
rema9s1   ,deep v]s$ 9 books1 & %all[ 9 
himself4   ,no d\bt e "o f9ds himself at
 times read+ m]ely words or phrases )\t 
und]/&+ !m1 reflect+ ab\t !m1 or        
translat+ !m into t]ms :i* are          
intelligible to 8 und]/&+4  ,su* read+  
is worse ?an useless2 x leads to actual 

m5tal injury4  ,:5ev] we f9d ourselves  
do+ ?is we %\ld !re=e ar\se ourselves1  
make an ef=t ( w1 & conc5trate our      
att5tion ^u ! subject1 insi/+ ^u und]/&+
 x4  ,if = any reason we are unable to d
 ?is1 we %\ld close ! book1 take "s     
ex]cise or recreation1 or at any rate d 
some?+ else1 = we are n at ! mom5t fitt$
 = /udy4  ,we might z well eat sawdu/ & 
deceive ourselves ) ?9k+ t we are tak+  
n\ri%m5t4  ,x is n :at is read or :at is
 rememb]$1 b only :at is und]/ood1 t    
gives p[]1  #i  ,9 ?is que/ ( k 444 !re 
are two faults to be %unn$--"o1 ! tak+ (
 unkn[n ?+s = kn[n1 & giv+ an ass5t to  
!m too ha/ily1 :i* fault he :o wi%es to 
escape 7& all ought s to wi%7 w give "t 
& dilig5ce to reflect on ! subjects     
propos$ = 8 consid]ation4  ,! o!r fault 
is t "s be/[ too great zeal & too mu*   
labor on ?+s obscure & difficult1 & at !
 same "t useless4--,cic]o3 de ,(ficiis4 
7b7 ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,mu/ ,,cle>ly ,,di/+ui%
 ,,m]e ,,facts ,,f ,,conclusions ,,or   
,,op9ions4--,m]e facts1 "s ( :i* may be 

! result ( labori\s inve/igation1 may be
 accept$ )\t v]ification1 if ! au?ority 
is good4  ,:5 ! /ud5t reads t ! riv]    
,nile rises 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 fl[s 
9 a nor!rly direction ?r\gh ,egypt into 
! ,m$it]ranean sea1 he _c v]ify ?is     
/atem5t nor reason out t x mu/ be s4  ,x
 is a m]e fact & a "n1 & he simply      
accepts x1 p]haps look+ at ! map to fix 
! fact 9 8 m9d4 ,s1 too1 if he reads t !
 atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #af1 or t a   
cubic foot ( wat] weighs #fb4d p\nds1 he
 _c be expect$ to p]=m ! exp]im5ts      
necess>y to v]ify ^! /atem5ts4  ,if he 7
 to d ?is ?r\gh\t 8 read+1 he w\ld h to 
make all ! inve/igations made 9 !       
subject s9ce man has /udi$ x1 tak+ no   
advantage ( ! labor ( o!rs4  #aj  ,v    
diff]5t are conclusions or op9ions d$uc$
 f facts2 & logical conclusions are v   
diff]5t f m]e op9ions4  ,! facts may be 
suffici5t to prove logically a c]ta9    
conclusion4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! facts may  
simply give reasonable gr\nd1 or appe>  
to give reasonable gr\nd1 = a c]ta9     

op9ion1 ?\gh !y may fall f> %ort (      
demon/ration4  ,! /ud5t mu/1 !re=e1     
discrim9ate con/antly betwe5 m]e        
/atem5ts ( facts1 necess>y conclusions  
:i* foll[ !refrom1 & m]e op9ions :i* !y 
seem to r5d] reasonable4  ,"s           
conclusions also1 l ^? ( ma!matics or   
logic1 may be arriv$ at by ! unaid$     
reason )\t ! previ\s accumulation (     
facts d$uc$ f exp]im5ts or obs]vation4  
,su* tru?s or conclusions %\ld be       
di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are bas$ ^u facts1    
exp]im5ts or obs]vation4  ,if ! /ud5t   
reads1 !re=e1 t ! sum ( ! angles ( a    
plane triangle is equal to two "r       
angles1 he %\ld see t ?is is n a m]e    
fact1 b an inevitable tru?1 ! reason =  
:i* he %\ld p]ceive1 & n accept simply  
because he reads x4  ,! cont9ual ex]cise
 ( ?is discrim9ation1 :i* comes f an    
attitude ( m5tal c\rage & indep5d5ce1 is
 an ess5tial ( prop] /udy4  #aa  7c7 ,,!
 ,,/ud5t',s ,,m9d ,,%\ld ,,be ,a        
,,cont9ual ,,int]rogation               
,,po9t4#a--;,he %\ld always ask himself1

 reg>d+ any /atem5t :i* he reads1 :e!r  
!re is a reason = x1 & if !re is1 :e!r x
 is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 s t he     
might indep5d5tly arrive at x1 or :e!r x
 foll[s f facts :i* ! writ] has obs]v$4 
,= in/ance1 !re is at fir/ sight no     
reason :y a cubic foot ( wat] %\ld weigh
 #fb4d p\nds4  ,x simply does & t is all
 !re is to x2 x does1 because x does4   
,b if he reads t a cubic foot ( wat] at 
"o po9t on ! e>?'s surface weighs less  
?an x does at ano!r po9t1 or t 9 !      
,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ! w9d 9 a /orm       
revolves ar\nd ! /orm c5t] 9 a direction
 contr>y to ! motion ( ! h&s ( a clock1 
he %\ld p]ceive t ^! facts1 if true1 h a
 reason = !m1 & he %\ld endeavor to     
p]ceive t reason4  ,x mu/ be obs]v$ at  
?is po9t t1 /rictly speak+1 !re mu/ be a
 reason = any tru?1 ev5 = :at we may t]m
 m]e facts1 except+ ^? :i* are m]e      
def9itions4  ,!re is "s reason1 ly+ 9 ! 
con/itution & arrangem5t ( its atoms1 :y
 a cubic foot ( wat] at a giv5 #ab spot 
& at a giv5 temp]ature weighs #fb4d     

p\nds4  ,b !re is no reason :y ,new     
,york is #ij miles f ,philadelphia2 ^?  
two po9ts #ij miles ap>t are simply s   
nam$ or def9$4  ,_m tru?s :i* are       
accept$ z m]e facts1 ! explanation be+  
unkn[n1 9 ! c\rse ( "t are expla9$ by ! 
progress ( sci5ce4  ,?us1 = _m ye>s !   
fact t a magnetic ne$le po9t$ t[>d !    
,nor? 0 a m]e unexpla9$ fact1 b lat] !  
reason 0 discov]$4  ,! same is true ( ! 
fact t ! pollution ( dr9k+ wat] by      
sewage may cause typhoid fev]4  ,! po9t 
is t ! /ud5t mu/ cont9ually discrim9ate1
 cont9ually inquire1 &1 z he reads1 keep
 a li/ ( po9ts1 ! reason = :i* he _c !n 
discov]1 b :i* he p]ceives mu/ h a      
discov]able reason4  ,he %\ld n g too   
deeply into ?is1 b %\ld pres]ve 8 s5se (
 proportion2 = if he foll[s e possible  
l9e ( inquiry back to its s\rce he w    
progress b sl[ly4  ,?us1 if he is /udy+ 
descriptive a/ronomy & reads t ! sun is 
n9ety-two million miles f ! e>?1 or t   
,jupit] has n9e moons1 or t ! /> ,sirius
 is mov+ away f ! e>? ) a velocity (    

elev5 miles p] second1 or t ! moon      
always turns ! same half t[>d ! #ac e>?1
 he %\ld p]ceive t he _c at t /age try  
to get back ( ^! facts1 b he may well   
make a note ( !m z que/ions to be lat]  
exam9$1 if n z to ! cause1 at lea/ z to 
h[ ! fact is asc]ta9$4  ,x does n foll[ 
t he %\ld nev] leave ! subject until he 
has f\nd a reason1 = x may dep5d ^u     
facts or pr9ciples ( :i* he is n at !   
mom5t in=m$2 b if su* is ! case1 he %\ld
 accept ! fact t5tatively1 b make a     
m5tal note t x is some?+ :i* cle>ly mu/ 
h a reason :i* he is capable ( p]ceiv+1 
& :i* he w look up at "s future "t4  ,9 
/udy+ 8 book he may well make a li/ (   
su* que/ions to ask ! tea*] or to look  
up lat]4  ,/ud5ts mu/ ( c\rse proce$ 9 a
 sy/ematic way1 & a /ud5t :o has n /udi$
 physics _c be expect$ to p]ceive       
reasons t dep5d ^u ! laws ( physics1 &  
yet )\t a k ( physics he may /ill       
p]ceive t a /atem5t is n ( a m]e fact1 b
 ( some?+ t mu/ h a reason4  ,to        
primitive peoples nature 0 a clos$ book4

  ,! simple/ ph5om5a 7 beyond _!        
und]/&+1 & !y1 !re=e1 imag9$ deities (  
^: p]sonal activities ^! ph5om5a #ad 7  
suppos$ to be manife/ations4  ,) !      
progress ( sci5ce _m ph5om5a once       
my/]i\s & look$ ^u z facts h become     
easily expla9$4  ,! intellig5t /ud5t1   
h[ev]1 c g5]ally di/+ui% betwe5 /atem5ts
 ( ! diff]5t k9ds :i* h be5 describ$1 & 
he %\ld con/antly endeavor to expla9 or 
seek ! reason = new /atem5ts by relat+  
!m to ! body ( k :i* he has previ\sly   
ga9$4  ,un=tunately1 ! av]age /ud5t     
reads only to accept :at is writt51 :e!r
 fact1 conclusion1 or op9ion1 p]haps    
memoriz+ x v]batim "u ! impression t by 
s do+ he is le>n+2 he does n exam9e or  
reflect ^u x1 & (t5 ev5 accepts z facts 
:at are explicitly /at$ to be m]e       
expressions ( op9ion4  ,?us palpable    
mi/akes1 or ev5 typographical errors1   
:i* a c>eful /ud5t %\ld detect at once1 
are (t5 accept$ & believ$4  ,x is = ?is 
reason t x is s easy to deceive mo/ p1  
at lea/ = "p ( ! "t4  ,!y d n ?9k =     

!mselves1 & all t is necess>y to make !m
 believe :at y say is 9 "s way to get !m
 to ?9k y are an au?ority4   7d7        
,,reg>d+ ,,facts ,,:i* ,,he ,,does ,,n  
,,!n ,,inve/igate ,,! ,,reason ,,=1 ,,he
 ,,%\ld ,,ask ,h[ ,,!y ,,are            
,,asc]ta9$4--,?is w #ae draw 8 att5tion 
to me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 or to
 ! te*nique ( ! subject4  ,h[1 =        
in/ance1 is x asc]ta9$ t ,new ,york is  
#ij miles f ,philadelphia1 or t ! sun is
 n9ety-two million miles f ! e>?8  ,x is
 always possible to asc]ta91 at lea/ 9 a
 g5]al way1 h[ a fact is asc]ta9$1 ?\gh 
x may n be possible to det]m9e ! reason 
= ! fact4  ,?is applies n alone to      
physical sci5ces1 b to que/ions ( an    
economic1 hi/oric or sociological "*4   
,if we read t at ! ,battle ( ,gettysburg
 #cjgb ,union soldi]s 7 kill$1 we d n   
inquire :y2 su* a "q is cle>ly          
mean+less2 b we may well inquire h[ ?is 
0 asc]ta9$1 :e!r by c\nt+ ! dead ^u !   
field or by ! roll call1 etc42 or if we 
read t foll[+ ! issue ( l>ge quantities 

( pap] curr5cy dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 !     
am\nt ( gold 9 ! c\ntry decreas$1 we may
 9 ?is case also inquire h[ x 0         
asc]ta9$1 & we may fur!r p]ceive t ?is  
is a fact = :i* !re mu/ be a reason1 &  
we may !n or lat] asc]ta9 :y x is true4 
7e7 ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,mu/ ,,tra9 ,,himself  
,,to ,,be ,,con/antly ,,on ,,! ,,wat*   
,,= ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,reliability ,,9 ,,! 
,,writ] ,,he ,,is ,,/udy+1 ,,9 ,,ord]   
,,t ,,he ,,may ,,get ,a ,,correct #af   
,,impression ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,8        
,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,fact ,,may ,,be        
,,accept$1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,8           
,,conclusions ,,& ,,op9ions4--,_m writ]s
 are c>eless1 "s are entirely           
unreliable1 & "s wilfully di/ort4 ,n    
only are ! op9ions sometimes express$   
entirely unw>rant$ by ! facts1 b (t5    
/atem5ts ( m]e fact1 su* z ^? (         
/ati/ics1 may be grossly p]v]t$1        
sometimes int5tionally4 ,errone\s       
conclusions or op9ions :i* are ! result 
( illogical reason+ f correct facts may 
be discov]$ by ! /ud5t :o himself kn[s  

h[ to reason1 b p]v]sions ( fact may    
escape detection1 if n trac$ back to    
orig9al au?orities or obs]vations1 :i* !
 /ud5t may n h "t or opportunity to d4  
,/ati/ical results1 or /atem5ts made 9  
books on economics1 hi/ory1 & sociology1
 are p>ticul>ly liable to di/ortion1    
int5tionally or un9t5tionally4  ,inde$  
by select+ c]ta9 /ati/ics & exclud+     
o!rs1 almo/ any?+ dep5d+ ^u /ati/ics may
 be prov$4  ,! importance is ?us obvi\s 
( be+ able to detect signs ( reliability
 & accuracy1 & ( disc>d+ a writ] :o _c  
be dep5d$ ^u4  ,x is also important to  
make x a rule to ask :e!r any result :5 
rea*$ appe>s to be reliable 9 ! light ( 
common s5se4  #ag ,sometimes a sugge/ion
 ( error w be obs]v$ if ! subject is    
look$ at 9 ?is light1 :i* if trac$ back 
w lead to ! discov]y ( "s mi/ake 9      
obs]vation or "s error 9 reason+4       
,evid5ce ( unreliability %[n by a writ] 
may g5]ally be discov]$1 if c>e is      
ex]cis$4  ,8 temp]am5t1 age1 environm5t1
 tra9+1 religion & o!r facts w          

contribute4  ,"o :o is dogmatic or      
abusive 9 /at+ :at are obvi\sly m]e     
op9ions :i* _c be demon/rat$1 or :o is  
intol]ant ( ^? :o rea* diff]5t          
conclusions1 is obvi\sly by temp]am5t   
untru/wor?y4  ,a writ] :o 9 a s+le      
in/ance c be %[n to h int5tionally      
di/ort$ facts %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be at once 
& =ev] reject$2#b "o :o has di/ort$     
facts un9t5tionally may p]haps be =giv5 
once4  ,s a writ] :o1 9 a matt] n       
capable ( ma!matical demon/ration1 & to 
"s ext5t a matt] ( op9ion1 sets out to  
prove a preconceiv$ idea1 %[s himself 9 
g5]al n possess$ ( ! qualities :i* %\ld 
inspire confid5ce4  ,by ^! & o!r te/s ! 
/ud5t %\ld con/antly be on ! wat* to =m 
8 op9ion ( ! cr$ibility & reliability ( 
a writ] or exp]im5t] ^: "w he is /udy+4 
,he #ah may ?us guide himself z to !    
books :i* he %\ld pursue c>efully1      
rememb]+ ! dictum ( ,bacon t ,"s books  
are to be ta/$1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s
 few to be *ew$ & dige/$1 except t v    
few1 if any1 are to be lit]ally swall[$ 

)\t dige/ion4  ,by c>eful obs]vance ( ! 
injunction to /udy con/antly !          
cr$ibility ( a writ] "o may become :at  
may be t]m$ a discrim9at+ /ud5t4   7f7  
,,ano!r ,,ess5tial ,,elem5t ,,( ,a      
,,prop] ,,attitude ,,( ,,m9d ,,is       
,,caution4--,always realize !           
possibility ( error bo? 9 ano!r & 9     
y\rself4  ,be on y\r gu>d aga9/         
int5tional or un9t5tional deception4  ,z
 ,bacon said1 ,read n to contradict & to
 confute1 nor to believe & take =       
grant$1 nor to f9d talk & disc\rse1 b to
 weigh & consid]4#c  ,! au?or y are     
read+ may h made a mi/ake1 or may be    
try+ to mislead y4  ,:5 we ?9k ( !      
difficulty ( f9d+ ! way1 :5 we are mo/  
desir\s to g "r1 h[ easy to mislead ^?  
:om we wi% to g wrong6  ,be1 !re=e1     
always suspici\s ( #ai y\r au?or1 &     
subject all 8 /atem5ts to ! te/ ( y\r   
own intellig5ce4#d   7g7 ,,/udy ,,) ,,an
 ,,op5 ,,m9d1 ,,& ,,) ,,no ,,preconceiv$
 ,,ideas4--,cultivate ! sci5tific       
attitude ( m9d1 :i* means1 fir/ to      

=mulate cle>ly a problem1 !n to get     
toge!r all ! p]t95t facts1 & !n to draw 
! logical conclusions4  ,be ready to    
accept gladly any logical conclusion f !
 facts1 ev5 if unpalatable4 ,tru? is1 or
 %\ld be1 ! sole object ( /udy4#e   7h7 
,,be ,,mode/ ,,intellectually1 ,,yet    
,,self-,,reliant4  ,,tra9 ,,y\rself ,,to
 ,,love ,,correction4--,rememb] ^! say+s
 f wise m53    ,:oso love? correction   
love? k2   ,b he t hate? repro( is      
bruti%4         --,prov]bs4    ,pov]ty &
 %ame %all be to him t refuse?          
correction2   ,b he t reg>de? repro(    
%all be hon\r$4         --,prov]bs4  #bj
    ,! beg9n+ ( wisdom is ! k ( "o's    
faults4         --,epicurus4    ,he t   
be+ (t5 reprov$ h>d5e? 8 neck   ,%all   
sudd5ly be brok51 & t )\t rem$y4        
--,prov]bs4    ,reprove n a scorn]1 le/ 
he hate !e2   ,reprove a wise man & he w
 love !e4         --,prov]bs4    ,be n  
wise 9 ?9e own eyes4--,prov]bs4    ,!   
true beg9n+ ( wisdom is ! desire (      
discipl9e4         --,wisdom ( ,solomon4

  ,c5sure & criticism nev] hurt anybody4
  ,if false !y c't hurt y unless y are  
want+ 9 manly "*2 & if true1 !y %[ a man
 8 weak po9ts1 & =ew>n him aga9/ failure
 & tr\ble4--,glad/one4  ,if !re's any?+ 
worse ?an kn[+ too little1 x's kn[+ too 
mu*4  ,education w broad5 a n>r[ m9d1 b 
!re's no cure = a big head4  ,! be/ y c 
hope is t x w swell up & bu/1 & !n1 (   
c\rse1 !re's no?+ left4  ,pov]ty nev]   
spoils a good man1 b prosp]ity (t5 does4
  ,x's easy to /& h>d times1 because t's
 ! only ?+ y c d1 b 9 good times !      
fool-kill] has to d night "w4--,lorim]3 
,lett]s f a ,self-made ,m]*ant to 8 ,son
 at ,college4   ,intellectual mode/y is 
q consi/5t ) self-reliance & m5tal      
c\rage4  ,! /udy ( books too (t5 leads  
to intellectual arrogance1 :i* is !     
sure/ b> to real m5tal progress4        
,realize ! limitations ( y\r own k2 see 
cle>ly :at y "k & :at y d n "k1 o!rwise 
y w see ! ?+s y "k out ( #ba proportion4
 ,make sure1 h[ev]1 t y "k !            
fundam5tals4  ,socrates said t a k ( our

 ignorance is ! fir/ /ep t[>d true k1 & 
a ,p]sian prov]b says3    ,he :o kn[s n1
 & kn[s n t he kn[s n1       is a fool2 
%un him4   ,he :o kn[s n1 & kn[s t he   
kn[s n1 is a       *ild2 tea* him4   ,he
 :o kn[s1 & kn[s n t he kn[s1 is asleep2
       wake him4   ,he :o kn[s1 & kn[s t
 he kn[s1 is wise2 foll[       him4     
,ask y\rself1 :i* ( ^! classes y belong 
to4   7i7 ,,rememb] ,,t ,,! ,,object ,,(
 ,,/udy ,,%\ld ,,be ,,to ,,ga9 ,,wisdom1
 ,,r ,,?an ,,k4--,facts are important & 
mu/ be le>n$2 b f> m important is x to  
ga9 wisdom & to tra9 ! m9d & judgm5t s t
 tru? may be di/+ui%$ f error4  ,z !    
poet says3    ,k & wisdom1 f> f be+ "o1 
,h (ttimes no connection4  ,k dwells    
,9 heads replete ) ?\ghts ( o!r m52     
,wisdom1 9 m9ds att5tive to _! own4   ,k
 is pr\d t he has le>n$ s mu*1          
,wisdom is humble t he kn[s no m4   ,!  
above po9ts all h to d ) ! m5tal        
attitude ( ! /ud5t1 & may be summ>iz$ by
 simply /at+ t ! /ud5t mu/ be possess$ (
 m5tal c\rage1 self-reliance1           

discrim9ation1 mode/y1 & caution1 all 9 
prop] proportion4    #a ,he t que/ione? 
mu* %all le>n mu*4--,bacon4  #b ,m5dax 9
 uno praesumitur m5dax 9 alio4  #c ,!re 
are always p ready to assume t ?+s are  
:at !y are call$1 because x is mu* easi]
 to deal ) names ?an to exam9e          
facts4--,bryce3 ,s\? ,am]ica4  #d ,a    
wise man kn[s an ignorant "o1 because he
 has be5 ignorant himself1 b ! ignorant 
_c recognize ! wise1 because he has nev]
 be5 wise4--,p]sian ,prov]b4  #e ,table 
talk proves t n9e out ( t5 p read :at   
amuses !m1 r ?an :at in/ructs !m1 &     
proves also1 t ! la/ ?+ !y read is      
some?+ :i* tells !m disagreeable tru?s  
or dispels gr\ndless hopes4  ,t popul>  
education results 9 an ext5sive read+ ( 
publications :i* fo/] pleasant illusions
 r ?an ( ^? :i* insi/ on h>d realities1 
is beyond "q4--,sp5c]3 ,! ,com+ ,slav]y4
     #bb  ,,ii  ,,/udy+ ,,und]/&+ly  ,! 
second ess5tial :i* may be nam$1        
connect$ ) ! fir/1 & already m5tion$1 b 
n[ to be discuss$1 is t ! /ud5t %\ld    

und]/& :at he reads4  ,?is may seem     
almo/ a ne$less injunction1 yet x is v  
surpris+ h[ commonly x is disreg>d$4  ,x
 is1 h[ev]1 easy to und]/& :y ?is %\ld  
be s4  ,a *ild1 z x gr[s up1 mu/ ga9 all
 its k ei!r by ! ex]cise ( its own      
reason+ p[]s or f its s5ses4  ,h[ does x
 le>n ! mean+ ( words8  ,c]ta9 n\ns l   
papa or cat x may easily be made to     
und]/& by po9t+ at ! object ref]r$ to & 
utt]+ ! ^w1 b h[ does x le>n ! mean+ (  
ab/ract n\ns1 or ( v]bs & o!r p>ts (    
spee* :i* _c be illu/rat$ by pantomime8 
,x is almo/ inevitable t ! *ild %\ld use
 _m words ! mean+ ( :i* x does n und]/&1
 & :5 "y *ildr5 9 s*ool recite poetry at
 class-day ex]cises1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t 
!y d n und]/& ! mean+ ( _m ( ! words !y 
use4  ,?us1 x happ5s t !y come #bc into 
! habit ( us+ words & phrases )\t       
c>efully exam9+ _! mean+s4  ,?is t5d5cy 
%\ld be c\nt]act$ f ! e>lie/ /age4  ,!  
*ild %\ld be cont9ually ask$ ! mean+s ( 
words :i* x uses1 & %\ld be enc\rag$    
itself to inquire z to ^? mean+s & to   

take ! prop] m5tal attitude4  ,! use ( !
 diction>y %\ld be insi/$ ^u ev5 f an   
e>ly age1 ! object be+ to avoid !       
=mation ( ! habit ( us+ words or phrases
 un9tellig5tly1 :i* is "o ( ! wor/      
habits t "o c acquire4  ,pr(essor       
,james1 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,talks to     
,tea*]s1 illu/rates ?is habit by an     
amus+ anecdote3   ,a fri5d ( m9e visit+ 
a s*ool1 0 ask$ to exam9e a "y class 9  
geography4  ,glanc+ at ! book1 %e said3 
',suppose y %\ld dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd1  
hundr$s ( feet deep1 h[ %\ld y f9d x at 
! bottom--w>m] or cold] ?an on top8'    
,none ( ! class reply+1 ! tea*] said3   
',i'm sure !y "k1 b ,i ?9k y don't ask !
 "q q rightly4  ,let me try4'  ,s1 tak+ 
! book1 %e ask$3 ',9 :at condition is ! 
int]ior ( ! globe8' & receiv$ ! imm$iate
 answ] f half ! class at once2 ',!      
int]ior ( ! globe is 9 a condition (    
igne\s fusion6'   ,p]haps x may be ?\ght
 t an incid5t l ! =ego+ w\ld only occur 
9 an elem5t>y s*ool4  ,z a matt] ( fact1
 college /ud5ts & graduates1 & inde$ mo/

 ( u1 #bd d ?is v ?+ m (t5 ?an we       
realize1 ev5 9 subjects l ma!matics or  
me*anics2 & t]ms l en]gy1 mom5tum1 rate 
( *ange1 p]iod ( vibration1 value1      
social ju/ice1 etc41 are (t5 us$ )\t a  
cle> und]/&+1 & sometimes )\t any       
und]/&+ at all1 ( :at !y mean4   7a7 ,,!
 ,,/ud5t ,,%\ld ,,acquire ,,& ,,insi/   
,,^u ,,ex]cis+ ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,=m+    
,,def9ite ,,ideas4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/  
important injunctions to be obs]v$ z an 
ess5tial pr9ciple ( intellig5t /udy4#a  
,x is self-evid5t t facts or ?+s _c be  
reason$ ab\t intellig5tly unless a      
def9ite idea is =m$ ( ! facts or ?+s    
!mselves4  ,vagu5ess ( idea n alone     
precludes a prop] conception ( ! ?+     
itself1 b may vitiate all reason+ reg>d+
 x4  ,! /ud5t mu/ resolutely make up 8  
m9d t he mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) hazy1     
unc]ta91 half-=m$ ideas4  ,a half k ( a 
?+ may n be useless1 b x is g5]ally f\nd
 t x is ! o!r half t is ne$$4  ,if !    
/ud5t c\ld le>n ?is "o precept &        
cont9ually apply x1 he w\ld h little    

difficulty 9 /udy+ prop]ly4  #be  ,x is 
n easy to /ate j h[ ! habit ( =m+       
def9ite ideas may be acquir$4  ,to a    
c]ta9 ext5t x is intuitive4  ,"s /ud5ts 
h x1 :ile o!rs d n2 "s c cultivate x1   
:ile o!rs app>5tly _c4  ,x is probably  
safe to say1 h[ev]1 t a /ud5t :o _c     
cultivate x %\ld n /udy books1 or ent]  
into a pr(ession1 b %\ld g to "w ) 8 h&s
 in/ead ( tak+ a college c\rse4  ,su* a 
man w be always likely to be misl$1 8   
conclusions c nev] be dep5d$ ^u1 & :at  
we t]m education may d him h>m r ?an    
good4  ,a def9ite idea is "o t leaves no
 room = ambiguity--:i* means j "o ?+4   
,! habit ( =m+ su* ideas habitually may 
be cultivat$ 9 sev]al ways1 z = in/ance3
  #a4 ,,/udy ,,! ,,diction>y4--,by /udy 
( ! diction>y1 ! /ud5t may tra9 himself 
to di/+ui% slight diff]5ces 9 mean+     
betwe5 words1 & habitually to use       
precisely ! ^w ) ! prop] mean+ to       
express 8 idea4  ,a k ( ! d]ivation (   
words w (t5 assi/1 & su* books z        
,ar*bi%op ,tr5*'s on ,! ,/udy ( ,words1 

or a c\rse 9 ,engli% composition "u a   
good tea*]1 accompani$ by ex]cises 9    
expression1 w all contribute to #bf !   
=mation ( ! habit4#b  ,sometimes1 h[ev]1
 ! diction>y may give little assi/ance1 
= x may be f\nd t "o t]m is def9$ by    
means ( ano!r & on look+ up t o!r1 x w  
be f\nd to be def9$ by means ( ! fir/4  
,sometimes also a def9ition ( a ^w w be 
giv5 9 t]ms ev5 m difficult to und]/&   
?an ! "o :i* is def9$4  ,!re are        
diff]5ces 9 diction>ies4  ,! /udy (     
language1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! classics1 if 
prop]ly pursu$1 may be ( great b5efit1  
because x involves translat+ #bg f "o   
language into ano!r1 & %\ld include mu* 
practice 9 discov]+ ! precise ^w or     
phrase to express an idea4  ,! reason :y
 a /udy ( ! classics may be bett] ?an t 
( mod]n =eign languages1 is t 9 /udy+ ! 
latt] ! object is m (t5 consid]$--by !  
/ud5t at lea/--to become able to read   
pr(essional books 9 a mod]n language1 or
 to get a smatt]+ :i* w be ( use 9      
travel or 9 bus9ess2 :ile 9 ! /udy ( !  

classics ^! objects are entirely abs5t1 
& ! att5tion is m apt to be conc5trat$  
on /udy+ delicate %ades ( mean+4        
,h[ev]1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! tea*] & ! way
 ! subject is taught4#c  #b4 ,! habit ( 
=m+ def9ite ideas may also be cultivat$ 
by ea* day attempt+ to def9e a c]ta9    
numb] ( common words1 & aft] mak+ z good
 a def9ition z possible comp>+ ! result 
) t 9 ! diction>y4  ,if ! /ud5t w       
practise ?is1 he w at fir/ receive _m   
surprises1 = any ^w may be def9$ 9 v>i\s
 ways1 all correct z f> z !y g1 b only  
"o ( :i* is a true def9ition4  ,=       
in/ance1 a c[ may be def9$ z a #bh      
f\r-legg$ animal1 b ?is1 :ile correct1  
obvi\sly does n def9e a c[1 = ! same    
def9ition w\ld apply to _m o!r animals t
 are n c[s4  ,:at con/itutes a          
def9ition8  ,?is subject is cle>ly alli$
 ) ! discussion ( ! "q z to :at         
con/itutes p]fect k2 :at elem5ts1 =     
in/ance1 g to make up :at may be call$ a
 p]fect conception ( a ?+4 ,accord+ to  
,liebnitz1 p]fect k is cle>1 di/9ct1    

adequate1 & intuitive4  ,! /ud5t w d    
well to look up ! discussion ( ?is      
subject 9 ,jevon's ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 
,logic 7,lesson ,,vii74  ,! importance (
 =m+ def9ite ideas1 z an ess5tial (     
prop] /udy1 & ( und]/&+ :at is read1 _c 
be exagg]at$4 ,)\t x "o _c acquire m ?an
 a p>tial k1 & "o is always liable to ^?
 errors ( reason+ :i* arise f ! use (   
equivocal language1 :i* may lead u      
unconsci\sly f "o mean+ ( a ^w to       
ano!r--a logical error :i* is p]haps !  
mo/ fruitful cause ( fallaci\s reason+4 
#c4 ,,/udy ,,logic4--,logic is ! sci5ce 
( correct reason+4  ,x tea*es u h[ to   
discov] tru?1 h[ to recognize x :5      
discov]$1 h[ to arrive at g5]al laws f  
facts collect$ by #bi obs]vation or     
exp]im5t1 & h[ to d$uce new facts f ^?  
already f\nd to be true4  ,x is ?us !   
sci5ce ( sci5ces1 & f9ds its application
 9 e bran* ( k4  ,! tra9+ ( 8 p[] (     
logical ?\ght is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! ?+s t   
%\ld be con/antly aim$ at by ! /ud5t4   
,n[ all ?9k+ is conc]n$1 fir/ ( all1 )  

t]ms or names = ?+s or qualities or     
conceptions ( "s sort4  ,!n1 x is       
conc]n$ ) comp>isons ( ?+s1 & ! discov]y
 ( _! id5tity or dissimil>ity1 z :5 ,i  
say ,iron is a metal or all metals are  
elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* /atem5ts is a        
proposition1 ! tru? or falsity ( :i* ,i 
mu/ be able to discov]4  ,f9ally1 x is  
conc]n$ 9 d$uc+ new propositions f old  
ones1 & s arriv+ at new tru?s1 z :5 ,i  
discov] f ! two propositions /at$ above1
 ! new tru? t ,iron is an elem5t4  ,b   
!re are _m *ances = error 9 ?is process2
 = in/ance1 ,i might say3  ,to call y an
 animal w\ld be to /ate ! tru?--to :i* y
 w\ld agree2 &1 ,to call y an ass w\ld  
be to call y an animal--to :i* y w\ld   
also agree2 f :i* ,i might conclude t1  
,to call y an ass w\ld #cj be to /ate ! 
tru?--:i* y might h a vague idea 0 n    
true4  ,if y wi% to be sure t ?is       
conclusion is incorrect1 y mu/ be able  
to %[ j :y x is incorrect4  ,! /udy (   
logic w\ld enable y to see j :]e ! error
 lies4  ,y mu/ n be gov]n$ by vague     

ideas1 or y w be intellectually at      
anybody's m]cy4  ,9 ! logical /udy (    
t]ms1 !y are classifi$ & di/+ui%$1 & !  
importance made manife/ ( hav+ 9 m9d a  
cle> def9ition ( ! mean+ ( a t]m be=e   
reason+ ab\t x4  ,_m t]ms are ambigu\s1 
z already expla9$1 & may mean _m diff]5t
 ?+s1 z = in/ance ! t]ms bill1 *ur*1    
evil1 value1 social ju/ice4  ,"h1 !n1 ! 
importance ( def9ite ideas w be manife/4
  ,pascal laid d[n ! ess5tials ( logical
 me?od 9 ! /atem5t ,def9e ev]y?+ & prove
 ev]y?+4  ,9 o!r words1 d n attempt to  
?9k ab\t a t]m until y h def9$ ! t]m & h
 a cle> idea :at x means2 & insi/ ^u    
prov+ e /atem5t at :i* y arrive1 be=e   
accept+ x f9ally & def9itely2 al?\gh =  
want ( "t1 y may be oblig$ sometimes to 
accept or =m a conclusion t5tatively or 
provisionally4  ,y may be able to draw  
correct conclusions f /at$ #ca premises 
ev5 ?\gh y d n und]/& ! t]ms ( !        
premises4  ,= in/ance1 if ,i say1       
,sel5ium is a dyad elem5t & ,a dyad     
elem5t is "o capable ( replac+ two      

equival5ts ( hydrog51 ,i c correctly    
draw ! conclusion t1 ,sel5ium is capable
 ( replac+ two equival5ts ( hydrog51 b  
,i _c "k t ! conclusion is correct      
unless ,i und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]ms 9 !   
premises & s c be sure ( ! correctness (
 ^? premises4  ,e /ud5t %\ld1 !re=e1 9 !
 writ]'s op9ion1 take a sy/ematic c\rse 
9 logic1 or c>efully /udy by himself su*
 books z ,jevons' ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9  
,logic or ,john ,/u>t ,mill's ,logic4#d 
7b7 ,,le>n ,,to ,,/ate ,a ,,?+ ,,9      
,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,or ,,f ,,diff]5t     
,,po9ts ,,( ,,view4--,almo/ any?+ may be
 look$ at f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 or a  
tru? /at$ 9 diff]5t ways1 #cb & x may   
appe> v diff]5t f diff]5t viewpo9ts4  ,a
 /ud5t %\ld practise do+ ?is1 fir/ /at+ 
a pr9ciple p]haps f ! ma!matical po9t ( 
view1 & !n 9 simple unte*nical language 
t c be und]/ood by "o :o is n a         
ma!matician4  ,! habit ( /at+ ev5       
te*nical matt]s 9 simple unte*nical     
language %\ld be practis$ cont9ually4 ,z
 ,bi%op ,b]keley urg$1 we %\ld ?9k ) !  

le>n$ & speak ) ! vulg>4  ,if y cle>ly  
und]/& a proposition1 y c /ate x 9 cle> 
& unambigu\s language1 ?\gh p]haps n 9  
,addisonian ,engli%4  ,/ud5ts frequ5tly 
say ,i und]/& t1 b ,i _c expla9 x4  ,su*
 a /ud5t deceives himself3 he does n    
und]/& x4  ,if he und]/&s x ?or\ghly1 he
 c expla9 x cle>ly & )\t ambiguity1 & s 
t o!rs w und]/& him4 ,= ?is reason an   
acute obs]v] c get ! m5tal measure ( a  
man aft] a few m9utes' conv]sation4     
,inaccurate or slip%od ?9k+ w surely %[ 
itself 9 spee*4   7c7 ,,/ate ,a ,,?+ ,,n
 ,,only ,,positively ,,b                
,,negatively4--,t is to say1 /ate n only
 :at x is1 b :at x is n1 ev5 if         
incompletely4  ,p]ceive n only :at x    
includes1 b :at x excludes4  ,:5 a      
result or a #cc pr9ciple is arriv$ at1 x
 is ess5tial n only to see t x is true1 
b h[ f> ! rev]se is untrue4  ,! /ud5t   
does n really und]/& a ?+ unless he     
recognizes x f any po9t ( view1 c       
describe x f any po9t ( view1 c /ate x 9
 language to suit ! p>ticul> em]g5cy1 & 

c see :y ! o!r ?+ is untrue4  ,z        
,ari/otle says3   ,we mu/ n only /ate ! 
tru?1 b ! cause ( ! untrue /atem5t2 ?is 
is an elem5t 9 our belief2 = :5 x is    
made app>5t :y a /atem5t n true appe>s  
to be true1 our belief 9 ! tru? is      
confirm$4   ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ analyze
 e /atem5t :i* is ! result ( reason+1 or
 a /atem5t ( op9ion1 & see :at          
objections1 if any1 c be br\ght aga9/ x1
 & !n conv9ce ourselves :]e ! tru? lies 
& :y4  ,! lawy] has excell5t practice 9 
do+ ?is1 = 9 mak+ 8 own argum5t he is   
oblig$ to scrut9ize x closely to discov]
 :at objections he w\ld make to x1 if he
 7 ! c\nsel on ! opposite side4  ,!     
lawy]1 h[ev]1 does n always limit       
himself to ! discov]y ( ! tru?1 b (t5   
seeks to discov] & br+ to be> uns\nd b  
plausible argum5ts to refute ! o!r side2
 & by 8 skill 9 dialectics he may (t5   
delib]ately make ! worse appe> #cd !    
bett] reason4  ,! /ud5t ( ma!matics1 on 
! o!r h&1 does n ga9 9 t /udy mu*       
practice 9 weigh+ evid5ce or seek+      

objections to an argum5t1 = he deals )  
pr9ciples :i* are rigid & n op5 to "q4  
,pr(essor ,palm]1 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,!  
,problem ( ,fre$om1 says3 ,until we     
und]/& ! objection to any l9e ( ?\ght1  
we d n und]/& t ?\ght2 nor c we feel !  
full =ce ( su* objections until we h !m 
urg$ ^u u by "o :o believes !m4  ,?is is
 precisely :at ! advocate endeavors to d
 be=eh&1 & 9 ! c\rt room he is v sure to
 h ! objections to 8 l9e ( ?\ght urg$ ^u
 him & ! jury by "o :o at all ev5ts     
appe>s to believe !m4   7d7 ,,9 ,,/udy+ 
,a ,,/atem5t1 ,,obs]ve ,,:i* ,,are ,,!  
,,necess>y ,,words ,,& ,,:e!r ,,!re     
,,are ,,any ,,unnecess>y ,,ones ,,:i*   
,,might ,,be ,,omitt$4--,= in/ance1 9 ! 
foll[+ s5t5ce1 ,:5 a =ce acts ^u a body1
 & ! po9t ( application ( ! =ce moves 9 
! direction ( ! l9e ( action ( ! =ce1 ! 
=ce is said to d "w on ! body1 :at is ! 
necessity & significance ( ! qualify+   
phrase 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( action ( 
#ce ! =ce8  ,are ^! words necess>y1 or  
c\ld !y be omitt$8  ,note :e!r ano!r ^w 

c\ld be sub/itut$ = "o us$1 )\t r5d]+ a 
/atem5t incorrect1 or :e!r su* *ange    
w\ld improve x & make x m accurate4  ,= 
in/ance1 9 ! def9ition ,matt] is t :i* c
 occupy space w\ld x be prop] to        
sub/itute does = c or occupies = c      
occupy8  ,note :at ^w or words %\ld be  
emphasiz$ 9 ord] to convey ! int5d$     
mean+4  ,9 ! s5t5ce ,?\ %alt n be> false
 witness aga9/ ?y neighbor1 sev]al      
widely diff]5t mean+s may be convey$    
accord+ to ! ^w :i* is emphasiz$4       
,/ud5ts frequ5tly seem to lack all s5se 
( proportion & fail to acquire def9ite  
ideas because !y d n see ! mean+ or     
necessity ( qualify+ words or phrases1  
or because !y d n p]ceive :]e ! emphasis
 %\ld be plac$4   7e7 ,,reflect ,,^u    
,,:at ,,is ,,read3 ,,illu/rate ,,&      
,,apply ,a ,,result ,,aft] ,,rea*+ ,,x1 
,,be=e ,,pass+ ,,on ,,to ,,some?+       
,,else4#e--;,apply x to cases entirely  
diff]5t f ^? #cf %[n 9 ! book1 & try to 
obs]ve h[ g5]ally x is applicable4  ,d n
 leave x 9 ! ab/ract4  ,an infallible   

te/ ( :e!r y und]/& :at y h read is y\r 
ability to apply x1 p>ticul>ly to cases 
entirely diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 ! book4  ,an
 ab/ract idea or result n illu/rat$ or  
appli$ concretely is l food undige/$2 x 
is n assimilat$1 & x soon passes f !    
sy/em4  ,9 illu/rat+1 s f> z "t p]mits1 
! /ud5t %\ld use p5cil & pap]1 if ! case
 dem&s1 draw sket*es :]e applicable1    
write out ! /atem5t arriv$ at 9 language
 diff]5t f t us$ by ! au?or1 /udy ea* ^w
 & ! be/ me?od ( expression1 & practise 
to be concise & to omit ev]y?+          
unnecess>y to ! exact mean+4  ,h]ndon 9 
8 ,life ( ,l9coln says ( t great man1   
,he /udi$ to see ! subject matt] cle>ly 
& to express x truly & /rongly2 ,i h    
kn[n him to /udy = h\rs ! be/ way ( ?ree
 to express an idea4 ,?is k9d ( practice
 inevitably leads to a ?or\gh grasp ( a 
subject4  ,"s ( ^! pr9ciples may be     
illu/rat$ by consid]+ ! /udy ( !        
algebraical conditions "u :i* a c]ta9   
numb] ( unkn[n quantities may be f\nd f 
a numb] ( #cg equations4  ,! /ud5t w    

p]haps f9d ! necess>y condition express$
 by ! /atem5t t ! numb] ( indep5d5t     
equations mu/ equal ! numb] ( unkn[n    
quantities4  ,n[ ?is /atem5t makes      
little or no concrete impression ^u !   
m9ds ( mo/ /ud5ts4  ,!y d n und]/&      
exactly :at x means1 & !y c easily be   
trapp$ into misapply+ x4  ,to /udy x1 ! 
/ud5t %\ld ask himself :at ea* ^w ( !   
/atem5t means1 & :e!r all are necess>y4 
,c ! ^w indep5d5t be omitt$8  ,if n1 :y 
n8  ,:at does ?is ^w really mean 9 ?is  
connection8  ,mu/ ea* equation conta9   
all ! unkn[n quantities8  ,may "s ( ^!  
equations conta9 none ( ! unkn[n        
quantities8  ,:at w\ld be ! condition ( 
?+s if !re 7 few] equations ?an unkn[n  
quantities8  ,:at if !re 7 m equations  
?an unkn[n quantities8  ,?is problem    
too1 af=ds a good illu/ration ( !       
advantage ( translation into o!r t]ms8  
,:at1 = in/ance1 is an equation anyway8 
,is x m]ely a comb9ation ( lett]s )     
signs betwe58  ,! /ud5t %\ld translate1 
& p]ceive t an equation is really an    

intelligible s5t5ce1 express+ "s /atem5t
 ( fact1 #ch 9 :i* ! t]ms are m]ely     
repres5t$ by lett]s4  ,an equation tells
 u some?+4  ,let ! /ud5t /ate :at x     
tells 9 ord9>y non-ma!matical language4 
,!n aga91 a c]ta9 comb9ation (          
equations1 tak5 toge!r1 may express "s  
s+le fact or conclusion :i* may be /at$ 
entirely indep5d5t ( ! t]ms ( !         
equations4 ,?us1 9 me*anics ! ?ree      
equations sigma,h#j2 sigma,v#j2         
sigma,m#j2 tak5 toge!r1 m]ely say1 9    
,engli%1 t a c]ta9 set ( =ces is 9      
equilibrium2 !y are ! ma!matical /atem5t
 ( t simple fact4  ,if ! equations are  
fulfill$1 ! =ces are 9 equilibrium2 if n
 fulfill$1 ! =ces are n 9 equilibrium4  
,foll[+ ?is f>!r1 ! /ud5t %\ld p]ceive1 
9 non-ma!matical language1 t an equation
 is indep5d5t ( o!r equations if ! fact 
t x expresses is n express$ by any ( !  
o!rs1 & _c be d$uc$ f ! facts express$ 9
 ! o!rs4  ,! b5efit ( translation into  
common1 ev]yday language1 may be %[n by 
ano!r ma!matical illu/ration4  ,e /ud5t 

( ,algebra le>ns ! b9omial !orem1 or    
expression = ! squ>e ( ! sum ( two      
quantities2 b he does n reflect ^u x1   
illu/rate x1 or p]ceive #ci its e-day   
applications1 & if ask$ to give ! squ>e 
( #ba1 w fail to see t he %\ld be able  
to give ! answ] in/antly )\t p5cil or   
pap]1 by m5tal ari?metic alone4  ,any   
/ud5t :o fully grasps ! b9omial !orem c 
give 7)\t hesitation7 ! squ>e ( #ba1 or 
( #ba4e1 or any simil> quantity4  ,)    
practice & reflection1 results :i* seem 
a/oni%+ may be atta9$4   7f7 ,,keep ,,! 
,,m9d ,,active ,,& ,,al]t4--,d n simply 
sit & gaze ^u a book1 expect+ to h ideas
 come to y1 b ex]t ! m9d4  ,/udy is     
active & intellig5t1 n dreamy4  ,by ?is 
is n meant t ha/e is to be practis$4    
,on ! contr>y1 :at might p]haps be call$
 a sort ( dreamy ?9k+ (t5 gives "t &    
opportunity = ideas to cl>ify & take    
%ape & proportion 9 ! m9d4  ,we (t5 le>n
 mo/ 9 h\rs ( comp>ative idl5ess1       
m$itat+ )\t /r5u\s m5tal activity ^u :at
 we h read4  ,su* m$itation is ( !      

greate/ value1 b x is v diff]5t f !     
m5tal indol5ce ( :i* ! poet speaks :5 he
 says3    ',tis ?us ! imag9ation takes  
repose   ,9 indol5t vacuity ( ?\ght1    
,& re/s & is refre%$4  #dj ,?is is      
b5eficial to ! prop] ext5t2 b x is re/1 
n /udy4   7g7 ,,:5 ,,y ,,meet ,,)       
,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,op9ion ,,^u ,a        
,,subject1 ,,reflect ,,^u ,,! ,,reasons 
,,:i* ,,may ,,cause ,,intellig5t ,,m5   
,,to ,,arrive ,,at ,,diff]5t            
,,conclusions4--,^! reasons are3  #a4   
,"o or bo? may fail to grasp all !      
p]t95t facts1 or ev5 ! problem itself1  
or may assume1 z true1 facts or         
pr9ciples :i* are really errone\s4  ,?is
 %\ld easily be asc]ta9able4  #b4 ,"o or
 bo? may reason incorrectly ev5 f       
accurate premises4 ,?is also %\ld be    
discov]able4  #c4 ,"o or bo? may see    
facts out ( proportion--may lack a true 
m5tal balance or p]spective4  #d4 ,"o or
 bo? may illu/rate ! inh]5t /ubbornness 
or imp]vi\sness ( ! human m9d4   ,:e!r !
 /ud5t c discov] ! la/ two s\rces (     

error w dep5d ^u 8 own m5tal            
*>act]i/ics4  ,he mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t  
on _m matt]s no def9ite demon/rable     
conclusion is possible1 & t ! result mu/
 rema9 m or less a matt] ( op9ion4   7h7
 ,,rememb] ,,t ,a ,,/atem5t ,,is ,,n ,a 
,,pro(4  ,,_m ,,/ud5ts ,,?9k ,,!y       
,,prove ,a ,,/atem5t ,,by ,,m]ely       
,,repeat+ ,,x ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,words4    
,,y ,,d ,,n ,,und]/& ,a ,,conclusion    
,,unless ,,y ,,c ,,see ,,! ,,/eps ,,9   
,,its ,,logical ,,demon/ration4  #da  ,x
 is q surpris+ h[ _m /ud5ts commit ?is  
error4  ,= in/ance1 if ,i am ask$ :y c  
,i see ?r\gh glass & ,i reply1 because x
 is transp>5t1 ,i am giv+ no reason at  
all1 = transp>5t means :at c be se5     
?r\gh1 s ,i am simply say+ t ,i c see   
?r\gh glass because ,i c see ?r\gh      
glass4  ,! same error (t5 occurs 9      
argum5ts or syllogisms4  ,= in/ance1    
suppose ,i make ! foll[+ /atem5ts3      
,no unsportsmanlike act %\ld be done2   
,smi?'s act 0 unsportsmanlike2   ,!re=e1
 ,smi?'s act %\ld n h be5 done4   ,n[1  

?is ( itself is n correct reason+1 = !  
reason t ! ^w unsportsmanlike simply    
means some?+ :i* no sportsman %\ld d4   
,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is simply a       
repetition ( ! second /atem5t4  ,! real 
?+ to be prov$ 9 ?is case is :e!r       
,smi?'s act 0 or 0 n unsportsmanlike4   
#a ,g5]al ideas & great conceit are     
always 9 a fair way to br+ ab\t t]rible 
mis=tune4--,goe!4  #b ,i tell y e>ne/ly 
& au?oritatively 7,i "k ,i am "r 9 ?is7 
y mu/ get into ! habit ( look+ int5sely 
at words1 & assur+ y\rself ( _! mean+1  
syllable by syllable--nay1 lett] by     
lett]4--,rusk93 ,sesame & ,lilies4      
,nei!r is a diction>y a bad book to     
read--x is full ( sugge/ions4--,em]son4 
,b5jam9 ,frankl91 writ+ to a lady :o    
ask$ him to give h] advice ab\t read+   
said3  ,i w\ld advise y to read ) a p5 9
 y\r h&1 & ent] 9 a little book %ort    
h9ts ( :at y f9d t is curi\s or t may be
 useful 444 & z _m ( ! t]ms ( sci5ce are
 su* z y _c h met ) 9 y\r common read+1 
& may !re=e be unacqua9t$ )1 ,i ?9k x   

w\ld be well = y to h a good diction>y  
at h& to consult imm$iately :5 y meet a 
^w y d n "k ! precise mean+ (4  ,?is may
 at fir/ seem tr\blesome & int]rupt+1 b 
x is a tr\ble t w daily dim9i%1 & y w   
daily f9d less & less occasion = y\r    
diction>y1 z y w become m acqua9t$ ) !  
t]ms2 & 9 ! mean "t y w read ) m        
satisfaction because ) m und]/&+4  #c ,a
 man :o has no acqua9tance ) =eign      
languages1 kn[s no?+ ( 8 own4  #d ,!    
,pr9ciples ( ,argum5tation by ,bak] &   
,hunt+ton1 is ano!r excell5t book1 n    
treat+ ( =mal logic1 b discuss+ ! g5]al 
pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! prep>ation ( 
a pap] or argum5t1 ! pr9ciples (        
evid5ce1 & ! logical fallacies 9        
reason+4  ,x is recomm5d$ to read]s4    
,?is book is1 or has be51 us$ 9 ! c\rse 
9 ,engli% at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & simil>
 books are us$ 9 o!r colleges4  ,a      
?or\gh tra9+ 9 ,engli% "u a good tea*]  
is a good tra9+ 9 logic1 = cle> &       
logical writ+ requires cle> & logical   
?9k+4  ,nev]!less1 ! writ] /rongly      

advocates ! /udy ( =mal logic also4  #e 
,x is n en\gh to "k1 we mu/ also apply2 
x is n en\gh to w1 we mu/ also          
d4--,goe!4     #db  ,,iii  ,,! ,,?ird   
,,ess5tial ,,= ,a ,,prop] ,,me?od ,,(   
,,/udy ,,is ,,sy/em  7a7 ,,discov] ,,!  
,,fundam5tal ,,idea ,,( ,,!             
,,subject4--,/rip (f ! detail & get d[n 
to ! root ( ! ?+4  ,see ! really        
important po9t4  ,!n1 aft] ?is has be5  
cle>ly p]ceiv$ & ma/]$1 arrange !       
details 9 _! prop] relations to !       
fundam5tals4  ,! subject w ?us h a      
skeleton1 & ^u ?is ! details w be plac$4
  ,a subject ( /udy ?us view$ may be    
comp>$ to ! human body1 ) its bony      
skeleton or framework1 & all ! v>i\s    
organs & p>ts support$ by x2 or to a    
tree1 ) its trunk1 bran*es & leaves4    
,?us to consid] ! relative importance ( 
facts1 to sift out ! ess5tial ones1 w   
tra9 ! p[] ( m5tal discrim9ation &      
cultivate ! judgm5t4  ,:5 ?is is done1  
subsequ5t facts relat+ to ! subject c be
 correlat$ ) :at is already kn[n1 & w 9 

?is way be easily reta9$ by ! memory4   
,rememb] & obs]ve ,jacotot's maxim1     
,le>n some?+ accurately1 & ref] #dc !   
re/ to t4  ,uness5tial facts1 or ^? (   
second>y importance1 may be pass$ ov] 9 
! fir/ read+1 & left = a second or lat] 
read+1 = a prop] me?od ( /udy always    
involves re-read+1 p]haps _m times4  ,y 
_c possibly "k ev]y?+ ev5 ( a s+le      
subject1 h5ce ! importance ( kn[+ !     
fundam5tal ?+s ab\t x & kn[+ !m         
?or\ghly4  ,ev5 if y ga9 b an elem5t>y k
 ( a subject1 t k may be ?or\gh & %\ld  
include fundam5tals4 ,?or\gh elem5t>y k 
mu/ n be confus$ ) a smatt]+4 ,! latt]  
is worse ?an useless1 & is m>k$ by      
vagu5ess1 unc]ta9ty1 & failure to grasp 
fundam5tals4  ,b elem5t>y k1 if cle> &  
def9ite z f> z x goes1 is valuable1 & ! 
fir/ /ep t[>d m complete k4  ,_m /ud5ts 
deceive !mselves & o!rs into ?9k+ t !y  
"k some?+ ( a subject1 because !y h     
look$ into x1 :ile _! k may be entirely 
sup]ficial & valueless4  ,:5 !          
fundam5tal pr9ciple or fact is p]ceiv$1 

/udy ?is c>efully until x is ?or\ghly   
ma/]$4  ,"o :o kn[s h[ to /udy prop]ly w
 ?us pick out ! s5t5ce or ! p>agraph :i*
 conta9s ! key to ! #dd subject--!      
fundam5tal fact or pr9ciple--& w read & 
re-read ?is _m times until its full     
mean+ is cle>ly grasp$4  ,:5 ?is is done
 x is sometimes rem>kable h[ quickly !  
re/ ( ! *apt] or subject may be ma/]$1 =
 x w (t5 be f\nd to consi/ ( discussions
 or illu/rations1 :i* w be obvi\s once !
 fundam5tals are cle>ly 9 ! m9d4  ,!    
ord9>y /ud5t1 h[ev]1 does n d ?is4  ,he 
does n see ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ea* 
illu/ration is l a sep>ate problem1     
diff]5t f ! o!rs1 :i* has to be /udi$ by
 itself1 & is nev] fully ma/]$1 because 
! und]ly+ fundam5tal pr9ciple is n      
grasp$4   7b7 ,,be=e ,,y ,,beg9 ,,to    
,,/udy ,a ,,subject1 ,,?9k ,,x ,,ov]    
,,c>efully ,,& ,,f9d ,,out ,,:at ,,y    
,,already ,,"k ,,( ,,x ,,or ,,:at ,,y   
,,c ,,arrive ,,at ,,by ,,y\r ,,unaid$   
,,ef=ts4--,try also to p]ceive :at y    
expect to get out ( ! /udy ( ! subject1 

& h[ x is relat$ ) :at y h already      
/udi$1 & h[ x is to f9d application4#a  
,! hi/orian1 ,edw>d ,gibbon1 /ates 9 8  
autobiography t be=e read+ any book1 he 
made x a rule to reflect #de ^u !       
subject1 arrang+ & classify+ :at he     
already knew ( x4  ,?is me?od may be    
foll[$ to diff]5t degrees1 dep5d+ on !  
subject4  ,a /ud5t beg9n+ ! /udy ( a new
 sci5ce :i* he has nev] /udi$ be=e1 c d 
comp>atively little2 b at lea/ he c     
insi/ ^u gett+ a cle> idea ( :at !      
subject or problem is1 its ext5t1 :at   
its objects & me?ods are1 h[ x is relat$
 to o!r subjects1 :at its uses are1 & h[
 o!r /udies w f9d _! application 9 x4   
7c7 ,,classify ,,& ,,arrange ,,:at ,,y  
,,h ,,le>n$4--,:5 y h f9i%$ "p ( a      
subject1 /op & ?9k ov] ! gr\nd t has be5
 cov]$1 & arrange ! v>i\s po9ts made4   
,draw up a topical index & comp>e x ) ! 
table ( cont5ts4  ,note ! correlation or
 int]dep5d5ce ( facts & l9k !m toge!r4  
,by ! pr9ciple ( association ! ret5tion 
( facts & pr9ciples 9 ! memory w be mu* 

facilitat$4  ,note d[n concisely ! /eps 
( an argum5t 9 y\r own words1 & see if !
 conclusion is ju/ifi$4  ,close ! book f
 "t to "t & g ov] 9 y\r m9d :at y h     
le>n$4  ,! importance ( sy/ematic       
classification is v great4  ,! m9ds ( _m
 /ud5ts are #df l a libr>y )\t          
arrangem5t or catalogue2 ! books may be 
!re1 b _c be f\nd :5 want$1 & s are     
valueless = use4#b    #a ,we mu/ keep   
c>efully t rule ( ,ari/otle :i* tea*es t
 ! be/ way to le>n any?+ well :i* has to
 be done aft] x is le>n$1 is always to  
be a-do+ :ile we are a-le>n+4--,ri*>d   
,mulca/]4  #b ,!re's a va/ diff]5ce     
betwe5 hav+ a c>load ( miscellane\s     
facts slo%+ ar\nd loose 9 y\r head &    
gett+ all mix$ up 9 transit1 & c>ry+ !  
same assortm5t prop]ly box$ & crat$ =   
conv5i5t h&l+ & imm$iate                
deliv]y4--,lorim]3 ,lett]s f a          
,self-made ,m]*ant to 8 ,son at         
,college4     #dg  ,,iv  ,,m5tal        
,,initiative  ,x w become evid5t f !    
=ego+ t a f\r? ess5tial = prop] /udy is 

m5tal initiative4  ,! /ud5t mu/ h a     
def9ite purpose1 & mu/ d :at is ! prop] 
?+ )\t x be+ sugge/$ to him4  ,he mu/ n 
simply d z he is told4  ,if he h n      
initiative & _c develop x1 he w probably
 nev] /udy intellig5tly1 nor ga9 a      
?or\gh und]/&+ ( :at he reads1 b w m]ely
 memorize4  ,memory is a mo/ important  
faculty2 x is n1 h[ev]1 a sub/itute =   
?\ght1 b %\ld be bas$ ^u x4  ,?9k+ is   
ess5tial 9 ord] to decide :at to        
memorize4  ,memory1 h[ev]1 is (t5 made !
 sole factor 9 /udy4  ,fundam5tal       
pr9ciples %\ld frequ5tly be memoriz$1 s 
t by numb]less repetitions !y may be    
p]man5tly impress$ ^u ! consci\sness1 & 
c be repeat$ v]batim z a guide 9 any    
concrete case :]e !y are to be appli$4  
,"s sugge/ions may be useful z to ! use 
& cultivation ( m5tal initiative4   #dh 
7a7 ,,cultivate ,,an ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,:at 
,,y ,,are ,,/udy+1 ,,& ,,"s ,,idea ,,(  
,,:at ,,x ,,leads ,,to4--,)\t int]e/ y\r
 /udy w be p]functory & ( little use to 
y4  ,make y\rself believe t = y1 at t   

"t1 x is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! _w4  ,x 
is ( c\rse true t 9 mo/ s*ools /ud5ts   
are requir$ to /udy def9ite subjects    
accord+ to a curriculum arrang$ by !    
faculty4  ,9 "s ( ^! subjects a /ud5t   
may take little int]e/2 inde$ !y may be 
s =eign to 8 natural ta/es t he is n    
able to cultivate any int]e/ 9 !m4  ,9  
su* a case 8 /udy ( !m w be ( little    
value to him4  ,if1 rely+ ^u ! judgm5t (
 ^? :o prescribe ! curriculum z necess>y
 or desirable = ! object :i* he has 9   
view1 he _c p]suade himself t !y h value
 = him or make himself take an int]e/ 9 
!m1 x w\ld probably be bett] = him to   
drop !m ev5 ?\gh he may !reby become a  
special /ud5t 9 ! s*ool or lose 8       
degree4  ,a degree :i* simply means     
slip%od1 un9tellig5t & un9t]e/$ /udy ( a
 consid]able numb] ( subjects embrac$ 9 
! curriculum1 is v]ily a scrap ( pap] n 
wor? hav+4  ,if y wi% to conc5trate y\r 
entire att5tion ^u c]ta9 subjects 9 :i* 
#di y take an active int]e/ y may become
 pr(ici5t 9 ^?1 b y may become v n>r[   

m9d$ & altoge!r lack+ 9 t all-ar\nd     
bread? ( view :i* comes f ! cultivation 
( o!r subjects :i* well in=m$ m5 consid]
 necess>y4   7b7 ,,insi/ ,,^u ,,fir/    
,,cle>ly ,,=mulat+ ,,! ,,problem1 ,,if  
,,"o ,,is ,,be=e ,,y4--,_m /ud5ts       
lit]ally d n "k :at !y are do+1 because 
!y neglect ?is injunction1 :i* is a     
necess>y coroll>y ( ! necessity ( =m+   
def9ite ideas4  ,d n proce$ to endeavor 
to solve ! problem until x is cle>ly    
=mulat$1 no matt] h[ long x may take4   
,see :at ! data ( ! problem are1 :e!r   
def9ite or n1 & :at is requir$4  ,see   
also h[ v>iations ( ! data1 if          
indef9ite1 w\ld affect ! result4   7c7  
,,"w ,,indep5d5tly ,,( ,,o!rs4--,solve  
y\r own difficulties & welcome !m4  ,d n
 expect ?+s to be easy4  ,y w nev] ga9  
/r5g? by be+ %[n1 b only by ! ex]cise ( 
y\r own unaid$ p[]s4  ,!re=e1 d ev]y?+ =
 y\rself1 s f> z possible4 ,seek only   
sugge/ions f y\r tea*]1 :5 y ne$ help1  
except 9 reg>d to m]e matt]s ( fact1 :i*
 y c\ld n be expect$ to #ej reason out4 

,let ! sugge/ions be z slight z         
possible4  ,if y h problems assign$1    
solve !m entirely by y\rself1 ev5 if y  
make mi/akes4  ,!n1 :5 ^? mi/akes are   
po9t$ out1 consid] !m ) great c>e &     
discov] ! causes = !m1 & rem$y !m1 s t y
 w n aga9 make ! same mi/ake or "o      
analog\s to x4  ,y %\ld delight 9       
discov]+ difficulties :i* give y an     
opportunity to te/ & increase y\r /r5g? 
& s avoid future errors4  ,9 ! same way1
 exam9ations %\ld be welcom$1 n dread$4 
,! tea*] does n m>k y--y m>k y\rself2 ! 
tea*] m]ely records ! m>k4  ,ev5 if y   
fail 9 ! exam9ation1 t %\ld indicate to 
y :at y lack1 & s be a b5efit4  ,inde$1 
x is bett] to fail ?an to scrape        
?r\gh4#a  ,!re mu/ be a l9e some:]e4  ,!
 man j above ! l9e passes1 & ! man j    
bel[ ! l9e fails4  ,! =m] may n be z    
capable z ! latt]1 b1 hav+ pass$1 he    
does n rem$y 8 faults2 :ile ! man :o has
 fail$ is requir$ to rem$y 84  ,huxley  
said t ! next be/ ?+ to be+ "r is to be 
completely & :olesomely wrong4  #ea  7d7

 ,,draw ,,y\r ,,own ,,conclusions1      
,,:5ev] ,,possible1 ,,be=e ,,y ,,"k ,,^?
 ,,( ,,! ,,writ] ,y ,,are ,,/udy+4--,:5 
y read1 ,f ! above x is evid5t1 /op1    
close ! book1 & see if y c /ate :at is  
evid5t4  ,:5 y h writt5 ?is d[n1 comp>e 
) ! result rea*$ by ! writ]4  ,practise 
su* ex]cises 9 :atev] =m !y pres5t      
!mselves4  ,if y\r conclusions are      
diff]5t f ^? ( ! writ]1 9 k9d or 9 "*1  
see :i* is "r1 or :e!r bo? are "r4  ,if 
y are "r1 :y did ! writ] n rea* y\r     
conclusion8  ,0 x because x 0 n p]t95t  
to 8 problem8  ,is x simply a diff]5ce (
 expression8  ,! process ( inve/igat+   
any subject is a process ( "q & answ]4  
,! /ud5t mu/ fir/ prop\nd to himself a  
"q1 & x mu/ be ! prop] "q4  ,he mu/ be  
able to p]ceive :at ! prop] "q is1 "u ! 
circum/ances4  ,!n he mu/ give to       
himself ! prop] answ] out ( all !       
possible answ]s t are v]bally correct1  
namely1 ! answ] t af=ds a new vantage   
gr\nd f :i* ano!r "q may be ask$2 & s ! 
problem may be gradually unravell$4  ,!n

 aga91 _m que/ions are indef9ite1 & #eb 
c only be answ]$ indef9itely2 b to all  
que/ions a correct answ] c be giv51 & ! 
/ud5t mu/ give ! mo/ def9ite answ] !    
case admits (1 & mu/ ga9 ! ability to   
qualify 8 answ] or classify possible    
cases 9 su* mann] z may be necess>y4    
7e7 ,,if ,,y ,,_c ,,see ,,h[ ,,! ,,au?or
 ,,rea*es ,a ,,/at$ ,,conclusion1       
,,because ,,he ,,does ,,n ,,indicate ,,!
 ,,process ,,:i* ,,he ,,foll[s1 ,,d ,,n 
,,sp5d ,,too ,,mu* ,,"t ,,try+ ,,to     
,,f9d ,,out ,,h[ ,,he ,,did ,,x1 ,,b ,,r
 ,,see ,,if ,,y ,,c ,,come ,,to ,a      
,,conclusion ,,9 ,,y\r ,,own ,,way1     
,,?us ,,cultivat+ ,,y\r ,,own ,,p[] ,,& 
,,initiative ,,r ,,?an ,,foll[+ ,,!     
,,au?or4--,a good textbook %\ld n make  
?+s too cle>1 or relieve ! /ud5t ( !    
necessity ( ex]t+ himself4   7f7 ,,le>n 
,,to ,,g5]alize4--,draw ! mo/ g5]al     
conclusion possible f ! premises4  ,try 
to see if a g5]al pr9ciple c be laid    
d[n4 ,?is is a mo/ important faculty to 
acquire4  ,at ! same "t1 avoid !        

preval5t fault ( ha/y g5]alization1 bas$
 on insuffici5t data4   7g7 ,,g ,,beyond
 ,,! ,,book4--,reg>d ! book z sugge/ive 
& n f9al1 z ! assi/ant to y\r own p[]s t
 y are = ! mom5t employ+4  ,pursue !    
subject z mu* f>!r #ec z y h "t =4  ,9  
?is way y may develop a faculty =       
indep5d5t ?9k+4   7h7 ,,visualize ,,y\r 
,,results ,,s ,,f> ,,z                  
,,possible4--,tra9 ! imag9ation by      
p]ceiv+ results 9 y\r m9d1 9 concrete   
=m1 & 9 imag9+ applications ( facts &   
pr9ciples4  ,rememb] t use is ! object (
 /udy1 & try to see ! use t may be made 
( :at y h acquir$4  ,we h se5 t !re are 
f\r ma9 requisites = prop] /udy1 viz43  
7#a7 ,m5tal c\rage2 7#b7 ,und]/&+2 7#c7 
,sy/em2 7#d7 ,initiative4  ,9 addition  
to ^! may be m5tion$ 7#e7 ,prop] habits 
& me?ods ( "w1 "u :i* head a numb] (    
m9or b important sugge/ions may be made4
    #a ,! greate/ piece ( good =tune is 
t :i* corrects our defici5cies & r$eems 
our mi/akes4--,goe!4     #ed  ,v        
,,prop] ,,habits ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,"w  

7a7 ,,select ,,! ,,be/ ,,book ,,= ,,y\r 
,,purposes ,,& ,,/udy ,,x               
,,?or\ghly4--,! be/ book = y\r purposes 
w dep5d ^u circum/ances4  ,if y are     
beg9n+ a subject1 d n />t ) ! mo/       
complete book1 b take a m elem5t>y "o4  
,rememb] t elem5t>y k is n ! same ?+ z  
sup]ficial k1 b may be q ! rev]se4  ,a k
 ( fundam5tal elem5t>y pr9ciples is     
ess5tial = ! und]/&+ ( any subject4  ,^!
 %\ld be obta9$ fir/ f "s elem5t>y book1
 & made to =m a skeleton or framework1  
^u :i* ! m elaborate portions ( !       
subject may be hung 9 _! prop] places4  
,9 l>ge books !re w be f\nd too great   
detail = ! beg9n]1 & he w be disc\rag$  
by hav+ too _m ?+s ?ru/ ^u 8 att5tion at
 once4  ,elem5t>y k1 ?or\ghly           
assimilat$1 is ess5tial4  ,beg91 !re=e1 
) ! be/ elem5t>y book !re is1 "o :i* w  
make y #ee ?9k1 weigh1 und]/&1 te/ &    
discrim9ate2 & get f x ! k]nel ( !      
subject2 & ga91 if possible1 a          
/imulation to g beyond to a m elaborate 
treatise4   7b7 ,,d ,,n ,,/udy ,,too    

,,_m ,,subjects ,,at ,,once4--,y ne$ n  
conc5trate on "o ?+ to ! exclusion (    
ev]y?+ else1 al?\gh :5 /udy+ any "o     
subject y %\ld1 = ! "t be+1 conc5trate  
y\r entire att5tion ^u x1 z already     
expla9$2 b ! m9d is re/$ by *ange (     
occupation :i* comes by pass+ f "o /udy 
to ano!r ( a diff]5t k9d4  ,! po9t is1 t
 y %\ld n dissipate y\r p[]s by tak+ up 
too _m subjects1 look+ into !m          
cursorily1 !n dropp+ !m & pass+ on to   
some?+ else4  ,?is habit ( beg9n+ _m ?+s
 & complet+ no?+1 is mo/ demoraliz+ & w 
result 9 y\r do+ no?+ well4  ,d n       
attempt m ?an y c d prop]ly4  ,select   
fir/ ! subjects t w be directly useful  
to y1 & /udy !m ?or\ghly4  ,ga9 ! p[] ( 
conc5trat+ y\r att5tion on "o subject ) 
int5tness = sev]al h\rs at a "t4  ,9 !  
end y\r m9d w become tir$1 & y c !n     
*ange to an entirely diff]5t subject1 or
 ev5 to recreation1 su* z ! /udy ( good 
fiction4  #ef ,! m9d does n ne$ idl5ess1
 b x does ne$ *ange ( occupation4       
,probably f ?ree to five /udies are z _m

 z ! /ud5t c pr(itably pursue at once1 b
 /ud5ts diff] greatly 9 ?is respect1 z 9
 o!rs4   7c7 ,,d ,,n ,,be ,,9 ,a        
,,hurry4--,take "t to ?9k1 s t y w n    
take ! /atem5ts 9 ! book = grant$1 b w  
/udy !m ) a s5se ( ma/]%ip4  ,rememb] t 
"h1 z else:]e1 ! m ha/e ! less spe$4  ,y
 may ?9k t y h n "t to ?9k ab\t y\r     
/udies4  ,! fact is1 t y h n "t n to ?9k
 ab\t !m1 & t 9 ! end y c d m 9 less "t 
if y w insi/ ^u tak+ pa9s4   7d7 ,,d ,,n
 ,,take ,,up ,a ,,/udy ,,lightly1 ,,b   
,,:5 ,,tak5 ,,up ,,d ,,n ,,ab&on ,,x    
,,)\t ,,good ,,cause4--,at ! beg9n+ (   
y\r /udy try to get a def9ite idea be=e 
y\r m9d :at y want to get out ( y\r     
/udy1 & keep ?is po9t be=e y\r m9d z y  
progress 9 ! subject4   7e7 ,,cultivate 
,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,judici\s ,,skipp+4--,y c
 d ?is if y /udy ) a s5se ( ma/]y & a   
cle> idea ( :at y want to get4  ,x is n 
necess>y to read e ^w 9 ! book4         
,sometimes p>agraphs1 pages #eg & p]haps
 *apt]s may be skipp$4  ,?is1 h[ev]1    
%\ld n lead y into ! habit ( c>eless or 

sup]ficial read+4   7f7 ,,be            
,,sy/ematic4--,h set times = y\r /udy ( 
ea* subject1 a regul> program ( "w4     
,ga9 ! habit ( be+ able to />t at once  
on y\r "w )\t fritt]+ away y\r "t & ?9k+
 ab\t beg9n+4  ,apply y\rself /eadily & 
p]si/5tly & d n let y\r "w consi/ ( a   
s]ies ( spasmodic ef=ts4  ,by           
sy/ematically do+ "o ?+ at a "t & pass+ 
f /udy to /udy1 y c f9ally1 aft] a p]iod
 ( cont9u\s application1 dep5d5t ^u y\r 
p[]s1 alt]nate ) a p]iod ( relaxation or
 amusem5t4  ,y\r p]iod ( cont9u\s /udy  
%\ld n be s %ort z to prev5t cont9u\s   
ef=t1 nor s long z to ov]-fatigue y\r   
m9d4  ,"s /ud5ts are re/less1 spasmodic1
 & :ile !y seem to be cont9ually        
employ$1 !y a*ieve no?+4  ,o!rs by a    
/eady1 cont9u\s pull1 a*ieve mu*4   7g7 
,,cultivate ,,! ,,p[]1 ,,by ,,habitual  
,,practice1 ,,( ,,fix+ ,,y\r ,,m9d      
,,int5sely ,,^u ,,"o ,,?+ ,,= ,a        
,,consid]able ,,"t4--,if y c acquire    
?is1 x w be mo/ valuable to y4  ,x has  
be5 said t ! diff]5ce betwe5 clev] &    

ord9>y m5 is (t5 ma9ly #eh a diff]5ce 9 
! p[] ( direct+ & controll+ ! m9d ?r\gh 
! att5tion4  ,"s m9ds g wool ga!r+ or   
day dream+1 & flit f "o ?+ to ano!r 9 a 
desultory mann]4  ,o!rs g /raight t[>d !
 object 9 view4   7h7 ,,rememb] ,,to    
,,apply ,,:at ,,y ,,are ,,/udy+4--,/udy 
f ?+s1 by exp]im5t1 9 ! field1 r ?an    
entirely by books4  ,9 ?is way1 :at y   
le>n w be real to y4  ,book k is ( v    
little value 9 itself4   7i7 ,,be       
,,int]e/$ ,,?or\ghly ,,9 ,,:at ,,y ,,are
 ,,do+4--,indiff]5ce is a fatal enemy to
 good "w4  ,e subject has its           
difficulties & y mu/ n be disc\rag$ by  
!m4  ,if y c le>n h[ to ov]come         
difficulties1 y w f9d t do+ s af=ds !   
ke5e/ intellectual pleasure1 & t ea*    
difficulty ov]come by y\r own unaid$    
ef=ts w make y mu* /rong] 9 attack+ !   
next "o4   7j7 ,,read ,,! ,,important   
,,?+s ,,aga9 ,,& ,,aga9 ,,until ,,y ,,"k
 ,,y\r ,,book ,,?or\ghly4--,z ,h]b]t    
,sp5c] says1 x is mu* bett] to "k a few 
books ?or\ghly ?an to "k _m             

sup]ficially4  ,! same philosoph] once  
said t if he _h read z _m books z c]ta9 
o!r p]sons _h read he w\ld "k #ei z     
little z !y did4 ,rememb] ! old ,lat9   
prov]b1 ,multum leg]e non multa4  ,read 
mu* b n _m books4  ,if y le>n y\r small 
book ?or\ghly & !n take a l>g] "o1 y w  
be surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* ( ! latt] y   
already "k4  ,y c !n direct y\r att5tion
 to ! new mat]ial & to relat+ x ) ! old4
   7k7 ,,make ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,ref]5ces   
,,z ,,y ,,proce$4--,summ>ize :at y le>n 
& con/ruct an index4  ,le>n :]e to g to 
f9d :at y d n "k4  ,y _c le>n ev]y?+ ev5
 ab\t "o subject1 & ! next be/ ?+ to    
kn[+ x is to "k :]e to f9d x or h[ to "w
 x out y\rself4   7l7 ,,review ,,y\r    
,,"w ,,frequ5tly4--,review is n         
re-/udy+1 b is go+ quickly ov] ! ma9    
po9ts1 look+ at !m all 9 _! prop]       
p]spective4  ,?is w be assi/$ if y make 
summ>ies2 writ+ out a /atem5t ( a ?+    
helps y to und]/& x cle>ly & to fix x 9 
! memory4  ,z ,l&on says3 ,! practice ( 
review+ keeps ! m9d 9 t\* ) ! ma9 l9es (

 ! subject2 secures fre%ness & exactness
 ( k2 %[s :at has be5 imp]fectly le>n$1 
& gives an opportunity = rem$y+ !       
tr\ble2 /r5g!ns #fj ! recollection &    
accu/oms ! m9d to recov] & give up its  
/ores2 saves wa/e ( en]gy & ! =mation ( 
bad m5tal habits2 & ?us leads to        
complete assimilation ( ! subject4   7m7
 ,,set ,,special ,,times ,,= ,,y\r      
,,recreative ,,/udy4--,cultivate "s     
hobby z a relief f y\r conc5trat$ /udy (
 books4  ,music1 "s games ( c>ds1 *ess1 
billi>ds1 or o!r relaxations1 are       
admirable means ( recup]ation4  ,:5 y   
indulge 9 recreation or recreative      
read+1 d n let ! m9d worry ab\t problems
 ( y\r previ\s /udies4  ,make y\r       
recreative read+ 9 itself h "s aim4  ,d 
n all[ y\rself to develop 9 a "o-sid$   
mann]1 b h int]e/s outside ( y\r ma9    
/udy4   7n7 ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,y\r  
,,/udies ,,d ,,n ,,neglect ,,prop]      
,,physical ,,ex]cise4--,rememb] t !     
pres]vation ( y\r heal? %\ld be y\r     
pr9cipal aim r ?an to cram y\r head )   

book le>n+4  ,/udy %\ld n be all[$ to   
int]f]e ) a suffici5t am\nt ( physical  
ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 b ?is %\ld n be    
c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( sev]e bodily fatigue4
  ,a heal?y body is necess>y = ! fulle/ 
cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s1 b #fa on !  
o!r h&1 ! m9d w n "w :5 ! body is       
exhau/$4  ,moreov]1 see t y\r /udies are
 done "u prop] conditions ( air1 light1 
sun2 t y h a com=table *air1 b n "o :i* 
leads to somnol5ce4  ,! sugge/ions      
conta9$ 9 ?is pap] %\ld be ( use n only 
to /ud5ts b to ! tea*] :o believes1 z ! 
writ] does1 t ! ma9 object :i* he %\ld h
 9 m9d is n by lectures to pump 8 /ud5ts
 full ( in=mation1 b to tra9 !m1 s f> z 
possible1 to ?9k & /udy prop]ly4  ,) a  
good text book a lesson %\ld be assign$ 
& ! /ud5t %\ld be expect$ to ma/] x4  ,!
 lesson %\ld n be s long t ! av]age     
/ud5t _c1 9 ! "t all[$1 prop]ly         
assimilate x4  ,!n 9 ! class-room !     
tea*] %\ld call up a /ud5t1 "q him on ! 
lesson1 or give him a problem to "w out 
on ! blackbo>d4  ,he %\ld "q ! /ud5t at 

all po9ts ( 8 "w to asc]ta9 :e!r he     
really und]/&s ! subject4  ,(t5times !  
/ud5t w reply to a "q ) entire          
correctness1 p]haps us+ ! v words 9 !   
book1 f :i* a sup]ficial tea*] might    
inf] t he und]/ood :at he 0 say+2 b if !
 tea*] w probe m deeply1 = in/ance by   
ask+ ! /ud5t #fb 9 a plausible way :y "s
 o!r & conflict+ me?od or /atem5t is n  
us$1 he w 9 _m cases f9d ! /ud5t q z    
ready to accept ! conflict+ plausible   
me?od1 %[+ t he _h le>n$ by rote & did n
 really und]/&4  ,if ! /ud5t correctly  
/ates a c]ta9 ?+ to be true1 ! tea*]    
%\ld make him expla9 :y a conflict+     
/atem5t is n true & %\ld utilize ! v>i\s
 sugge/ions 9 ?is pap]1 p>ticul>ly ^? "u
 ! second & ?ird ess5tials4  ,he %\ld   
also endeavor to cultivate 9 a /ud5t !  
prop] attitude ( m9d1 above discuss$ z !
 fir/ ess5tial1 & :ile correct+ unsp>+ly
 ! faults ( ! /ud5t1 %\ld endeavor to   
make him p]ceive t1 if he w ?9k1 he     
really has ! capacity to und]/& :at he  
is /udy+4 ,if ! tea*] conv9ces himself t

 ! /ud5t has n ?is capacity1 he %\ld n  
be all[$ to g on ) ! class or p]haps    
%\ld be requir$ to )draw f ! s*ool4  ,x 
is an injury r ?an a help to a man to   
endeavor to give him an education = :i* 
he is n fitt$ & :i* he _c assimilate1 & 
x (t5 results 9 putt+ a man into a      
position 9 life = :i* he is entirely    
unadapt$4  ,! /ud5t %\ld be made to     
realize t all labor is honorable1 & t x 
is f> bett] #fc to be a successful      
me*anic1 labor]1 or cl]k ?an an         
unsuccessful or incompet5t lawy]1       
physician1 or eng9e]4  ,= e man !re is  
"s "w :i* he is bett] fitt$ to d ?an    
any?+ else1 & :i* he c d ) reasonable   
success4  ,8 happ9ess 9 life w l>gely   
dep5d ^u 8 f9d+ ?is "w4  ,mu* "t & ef=t 
are wa/$ 9 our s*ools 9 ! endeavor to   
fit m5 = sph]es = :i* !y are n adapt$4  
,f9ally1 ! /ud5t %\ld be aga9 urg$ to   
realize ! importance ( n becom+         
disc\rag$4  ,_m an e>ne/ /ud5t1 aft]    
repeat$ failures1 assumes a sort (      
hopeless1 disc\rag$ attitude ( m9d1 :i* 

naturally leads him into ! habit ( try+ 
to le>n 8 lessons by memoriz+ 9 ! hope (
 be+ able to pass1 if only by scrap+    
?r\gh1 & into o!r bad habits :i* h be5  
ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ pages4  ,su* an     
attitude ( m9d %\ld be resolutely       
oppos$1 & ! tea*]1 ev5 :5 sev]ely       
correct+ a /ud5t1 %\ld enc\rage him to  
see ! possibilities t are )9 8 rea* if  
he w ex]cise 8 w & put =? 8 utmo/ p[]s 9
 a prop] mann]4  ,success 9 ! "w ( ! _w 
dep5ds mu* m ^u w ?an ^u bra9s2 b all   
faculties1 #fd :e!r m5tal or moral1 c be
 cultivat$ & develop$ to an almo/       
unlimit$ ext5t4  ,a /udy ( ! biographies
 ( m5 :o h succe$$ %\ld be urg$ ^u !    
/ud5t1 & su* a /udy w %[ h[ (t5 success 
has be5 atta9$ only aft] repeat$        
failures4  ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say 
to a /ud5t t he c atta9 any?+ he        
desires1 if he desires x ) suffici5t    
int5sity2 t is to say1 if he possesses  
suffici5t w p[]1 & if he w tra9 himself 
to direct 8 ef=ts prop]ly4 ,exp]i5ce )  
/ud5ts1 h[ev]1 w (t5 %[ t a /ud5t is on 

! wrong track1 or try+ to d "w = :i* he 
is n well adapt$4 ,if ?is c be          
demon/rat$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty1 ! /ud5t
 %\ld be ! p]son mo/ eag] to take       
advantage ( x1 & %\ld alt] 8 c\rse (    
/udy or 8 aim 9 life1 9 su* a mann] t he
 may tra9 himself to d t "w :i* he is   
be/ qualifi$ to d4  ,to put ! "r man 9 !
 "r place %\ld be "o ( ! *ief aims (    
education2 b = a /ud5t to f9d t he is on
 ! wrong track & t he _h bett] *ange to 
ano!r1 is v diff]5t f becom+ disc\rag$4 
,! opportunities 9 ! _w are )\t numb]1 &
 x is )9 ! p[] ( e man to be a          
successful1 useful1 & #fe respect$ memb]
 ( society4  ,if a /ud5t f9ds himself   
con/antly unsuccessful 9 8 "w1 he %\ld  
scrut9ize himself c>efully ) ! endeavor 
to asc]ta9 ! cause4  ,he %\ld n be too  
quick to conclude t he is on ! wrong    
track1 b %\ld consult fri5ds & tea*]s ) 
frankness & s9c]ity4  ,9 no case1 h[ev]1
 %\ld he all[ himself to become         
disc\rag$ or di%e>t5$1 or to lose       
confid5ce 9 8 own ability to atta9      

ultimate success 9 "s direction4  ,!re  
are ?ree books kn[n to ! pres5t writ] on
 ! subject ( ,h[ to ,/udy1 b !y d n     
appe> to h be5 mu* us$ ev5 by tea*]s4   
,! ord9>y /ud5t kn[s no?+ ( !m4  ,!y are
 e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to all :o wi% to le>n
 h[ to /udy4   ,fir/ 9 ord] may be      
m5tion$ ,! ,pr9ciples & ,practice (     
,tea*+ & ,class ,managem5t by ,joseph   
,l&on1 #ahid1 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan    
,company4  ,?is is a g5]al book on !    
conduct ( classes1 b on pages #ab to #bd
 is f\nd ! be/ summ>y ( ?is subject kn[n
 to ! writ]4  ,he has made mu* use ( x 9
 ! pres5t pap]1 & "h makes ackn[l$gm5t (
 8 indebt$ness4  ,second1 ,h[ to ,/udy &
 ,tea*+ ,h[ to ,/udy by ,frank ,m4      
,mc,murry1 #aiji1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9     
,company4  ,?is is a v sugge/ive little 
book & w be valuable to any ?\ghtful    
/ud5t4  ,?ird1 ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy  
by ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1 #aiji1 ,riv]side   
,educational ,monograph1 ,h\ghton1      
,miffl9 ,company4