,,! ,,op5 ,,m9d ,,libr>y ,,be+ ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,works ,,deal+ ,,) ,,que/ions ,,z ,,h&l$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,s*ools ,,( ,,?\ght1 ,,9 ,,religion1 ,,e?ics1 ,,philosophy ,,psy*ology ,,religion ,,sex ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,pa?ology ,,( ,,religi\s ,,developm5t ,,by ,,*apman ,,coh5 ,t4 ,n4 ,,f\lis1 ,,publi%] ,,london1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,bo/on ,publi%$ ,octob] #aiai ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh ,,! ,,li/ ,,( ,,*apt]s ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,! ,,sup]natural page #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,m9d ,,its ,,environm5t #ce ,,iii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,m5tal ,,disease #ea ,,iv4 ,,sex ,,religion ,,9 ,,primitive ,,life #hi ,v4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sexual ,,pa?ologic ,,/ates ,,on ,,religi\s ,,belief #abj ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,t5d5cy #ade ,,vii4 ,,conv]sion #afi ,,viii4 ,,religi\s ,,epidemics #bje ,,ix4 ,,religi\s ,,epidemics--7conclud$7 #bbf ,x4 ,,! ,,wit* ,,mania #bdc ,,xi4 ,,summ>y ,,conclusion #bfi ,,preface ,9 spite ( all t has be5 done 9 ! way ( apply+ sci5tific pr9ciples to religi\s ideas1 !re is mu* t yet rema9s to be accompli%$4 ,g5]ally speak+ sci5ce has only dealt ) ! subject ( religion 9 its m normal & m regul>is$ =ms4 ,! la/ half-c5tury has produc$ _m elaborate & fruitful /udies ( ! orig9 ( religi\s ideas1 :ile comp>ative my?ology has %[n a close & sugge/ive relation%ip betwe5 cre$s & symbols t 7 once believ$ to h no?+ 9 common4 ,b beyond ^! fields ( rese>* !re is at lea/ "o o!r t has hi!rto be5 d5i$ ! att5tion x ri*ly des]ves4 ,:5 ! an?ropologi/ has describ$ ^? conditions ( primitive culture amid :i* he believes religi\s ideas took _! orig91 & ! comp>ative my?ologi/ has %[n u ! simil>ities & int]-relations ( widely sep>at$ cre$s1 religi\s beliefs h yet to submit to ! te/ ( a sci5tific psy*ology1 ! function ( :i* is to det]m9e h[ f> ! same pr9ciples apply to all phases ( m5tal life :e!r religi\s or non-religi\s4 ,moreov]1 9 addition to ! normal psy*ical life ( man1 !re is t va/ bord]l& 9 :i* ! normal m]ges into ! abnormal1 & ! heal?y /ate into a pa?ologic "o4 ,t !re is a physiology ( religion is n[ g5]ally admitt$2 b t !re is also a pa?ology ( religion is n s g5]ally recognis$4 ,! pres5t "w seeks to emphasise ?is la/ aspect4 ,x does n claim to be m ?an an outl9e ( ! subject--a sket* map ( a t]ritory t o!rs may fill 9 m completely4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! foll[+ pages may be reg>d$ z an attempt m completely to apply sci5tific pr9ciples to religi\s beliefs4 ,& x w\ld be idle to hope t su* an attempt c\ld be made )\t incurr+ mu* ho/ile criticism4 ,9 connection ) mo/ o!r subjects ! help ( sci5ce is welcom$2 9 connection ) religion sci5ce is /ill reg>d$ z m or less ( an intrud]1 pr(an+ a sacr$ subject ) vulg> te/s & imp]t95t enquiries4 ,?is mu/ almo/ inevitably foll[ :5 "o has to face ! opposition ( ?\s&s ( m5 :o h be5 tra9$ to reg>d !mselves z ! au?oris$ expon5ts ( all t p]ta9s to religion1 b ^: tra9+ fails to supply !m ) a g5u9e sci5tific equipm5t4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cle> t an attitude ( ho/ility to sci5ce1 veil$ or op51 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,m]e au?ority has fall5 on evil days1 & 9 all directions is be+ freely *all5g$4 ,!re is increas+ dislike to sy/ems ( ?\ght t %r9k f exam9ation1 & to conclusions t _c )/& ! mo/ rigor\s inve/igation4 ,& if sci5ce really has any?+ ( value to say on ?is "q x _c be held to sil5ce = ev]4 ,soon] or lat] ! ne$ = its assi/ance w be felt1 & ! self-elect$ au?ority ( an ord] mu/ give way4 ,x is1 moreov]1 impossible = sci5ce ) its claim1 sometimes av[$1 b always impli$1 to cov] ! :ole ( life1 to =ego s l>ge a t]ritory z t ( religion4 ,= !re c be no reasonable "q t religion has play$1 & /ill plays a l>ge "p 9 ! life ( ! race4 ,:atev] be ! nature ( religion1 sci5ce is b\nd ei!r to deal ) x or confess its ma9 task to be hopeless4 ,:e!r or n x is possible to apply kn[n sci5tific pr9ciples to ! :ole ( religion w be a matt] ( op9ion2 b ! attempt is at lea/ wor? mak+4 ,s mu* t appe>$ to be beyond ! rea* ( sci5ce has be5 ultimately br\ght )9 its k51 s _m ?+s t seem$ to /& 9 a class by !mselves h be5 f9ally br\ght "u "s m compreh5sive g5]alisation1 & s become "p ( ! 'cosmic ma*9e1' t "o is impell$ to believe t giv5 "t & indu/ry ! same w result "h4 ,& x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t "o aspect ( sci5tific progress has be5 ! tak+ ov] ( l>ge tracts ( t]ritory t religion once reg>d$ z peculi>ly its own2 & j z psy*ology & pa?ology 7 f\nd to hold ! key to an und]/&+ ( su* a ph5om5on z wit*craft1 s we may yet realise t a true explanation ( religi\s ph5om5a is to be f\nd1 n 9 "s sup]natural _w1 b 9 ! work+s ( natural =ces imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,! def5ces set up by !ologians aga9/ ! sci5tific advance may be summ>is$ "u two heads4 ,x is claim$ t ! 'facts' ( ! religi\s life belong to a _w ( inn] exp]i5ce1 to a /ate ( spiritual developm5t :i* br+s ! subject into t\* ) a sup]-s5su\s _w n op5 to ! normal human be+1 & ) :i* sci5ce1 z ord9>ily und]/ood1 is incompet5t to deal4 ,9 ess5ce ?is is a v old position1 & conta9s ! k]nel ( 'my/icism' 9 all ages1 f ! savage /ate onw>d4 ,?is position involves a v obvi\s begg+ ( ! "q at issue4 ,x assumes t all attempts to correlate religi\s ph5om5a ) ph5om5a 9 g5]al h fail$1 & t all future attempts are simil>ly doom$ to failure4 ,( c\rse no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 %[n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! aim ( ! pres5t "w is to %[ t no divid+ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ^? /ates ( m9d t h be5 & are class$ z religi\s1 & ^? t are admitt$ly non-religi\s4 ,= v>i\s reasons ,i h dealt almo/ entirely ) ^? conditions t are admitt$ly pa?ological1 b ,i believe x w\ld be possible to prove ! same ( all normal frames ( m9d & emotional /ates4 ,any human quality may be enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 b !re are none t are specifically religi\s4 ,x is a pure assumption t ! religi\s vision>y possesses qualities t are ei!r abs5t or rudim5t>y 9 o!r p]sons4 ,human faculty is ev]y:]e id5tical al?\gh ! =m 9 :i* x is express$ diff]s accord+ to education1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 dom9at+ ideas1 & ! g5]al influ5ce ( "o's environm5t4 ,to admit ! claim ( ! my/ic is to surr5d] all hope ( a sci5tific co-ord9ation ( life4 ,x is q fatal to ! sci5tific ideal & involves ! re-introduction into nature ( a dualism ! removal ( :i* has be5 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ advantages ( sci5tific ?9k+4 ,moreov]1 :atev] views we may hold z to ! ultimate nature ( 'm9d' ! dep5d5ce ( all frames ( m9d ^u ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,we may hold v>i\s !ories z to ! nature ( m9d1 we may1 ) ! late ,william ,james1 treat ! bra9 z m]ely a 'transmissive' organ1 b ev5 on t assumption--on behalf ( :i* n a %r$ ( positive evid5ce has be5 (f]$--! frames ( m9d express$ are det]m9$ by ! n]v\s me*anism1 & ?us ! laws ( m5tal ph5om5a become ultimately ! laws ( ! op]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! 'facts' ( ! religi\s life ?us become "p ( ! facts ( psy*ology z a :ole4 ,its 'laws' w =m "p ( psy*ological laws z a :ole1 & religi\s exp]i5ces mu/ be h&$ ov] = exam9ation & classification to ! psy*ologi/ :o 9 turn relies = help & und]/&+ on v>i\s associat$ bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,closely alli$ to ! claim ( ! 'my/ic' t 8 exp]i5ces br+ him into t\* ) a _w ( sup]-s5su\s reality1 is ! attempt to prove t sci5ce is incapable ( deal+ ) any?+ b 9 ! fir/ place1 ! endless asc]ta9m5t ( facts & ! physical conditions "u :i* !y occur1 & 9 ! second place to ! criticism ( error4 ,well1 no "o d5ies t x is "p ( ! "w ( sci5ce to asc]ta9 facts1 or ev5 t its "w consi/s 9 asc]ta9+ facts & fram+ 'laws' t w expla9 !m4 ,b :y are we to limit sci5ce to physical facts only8 ,all facts are n physical4 ,if ,i h a head-a*e1 ! unpleasant feel+ is a fact4 ,if ,i feel hot or cold1 angry or pleas$1 ?9k "o ?+ ugly or ano!r beautiful1 my feel+s are z mu* 'facts' z any?+ else t exi/s4 ,nay1 if ,i fancy ,i see a gho/1 or a vision1 ^! also are 'facts' s f> z my m5tal /ate at ! "t is conc]n$4 ,s also are my beliefs ab\t all mann] ( ?+s1 & (t5 ! mo/ important facts ) :i* ,i am connect$4 ,facts may be objective or subjective4 ,!y may exi/ 9 relation to all m9ds normally con/itut$1 or !y may exi/ 9 relation to my own m9d only2 or1 yet aga91 !y may exi/ only 9 relation to c]ta9 /ates ( m9d1 b !y d n1 nev]!less1 cease to be facts4 ,n[ ! bus9ess ( sci5ce is to collect facts--all facts--classify !m1 & frame g5]alisations t w expla9 _! gr\p+s & modes ( op]ation4 ,x talks ( ! facts ( ! physical _w1 ! facts ( ! biological _w1 ! facts ( ! psy*ological _w1 & s =?4 ,?is la/ gr\p comprises all sorts ( feel+s & ideas1 beliefs & exp]i5ces4 ,"s ( ^! facts x calls false1 o!rs x calls true--t is1 !y are true :5 !y hold good ( all m5 & wom5 normally con/itut$1 !y are n true :5 !y hold good ( isolat$ individuals only1 & c be se5 to be ! product ( mis9t]pret$ exp]i5ce1 or arise f a d]angem5t--p]man5t or tempor>y--( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,b true or false !y rema9 facts ( ! m5tal life4 ,!y mu/ be collect$1 gr\p$1 & expla9$ exactly z o!r facts are collect$1 gr\p$1 & expla9$4 ,!y fall )9 ! scope ( sci5ce1 to be dealt ) by sci5tific me?ods4 ,!re is really no escape f ! position t s f> z religi\s 'facts' are p>ts ( m5tal life1 religion becomes logically a dep>tm5t ( psy*ology4 ,! sub/antial id5tity ( all m5tal facts is q unaffect$ by _! be+ direct$ to ?is or t special object4 ,z m5tal facts !y are "p ( ! mat]ial t x is ! "w ( sci5ce to r$uce to ord]4 ,& z m5tal facts religi\s ph5om5a are se5 to foll[ ! same 'laws' t gov]n m5tal ph5om5a 9 g5]al4 ,x is p]fectly true t we _c te/ & measure ! mat]ial ( psy*ology ) ! same def9it5ess & accuracy t ! *emi/ applies to ! subject-matt] ( 8 dep>tm5t2 b t may be due to want ( k1 or to ! extreme complexity & v>iability ( ! matt] ) :i* we are deal+4 ,& if x 7 true t ! same te/s c\ld n be appli$ 9 psy*ology t are appli$ else:]e1 ?is w\ld be no cause = sci5tific despair4 ,x w\ld only mean t fre% te/s w\ld h to be devis$ = a new gr\p ( facts1 z e o!r sci5ce has already1 z a matt] ( fact1 creat$ its own special /&>d ( value4 ,! second ( ! two l9es ( def5ce consi/s 9 ! bold ass]tion t ! religi\s int]pretation ( subjective ph5om5a is itself 9 ! nature ( a true sci5tific induction4 ,! me?ods ( sci5ce are n repudiat$1 b welcom$4 ,b x is argu$ t ! non-religi\s explanation ( religi\s ph5om5a breaks d[n hopelessly1 :ile ! religi\s explanation fully cov]s & expla9s ! facts4 ,if ?is 7 true1 no?+ m rema9s to be said1 & we mu/ accept ?is duali/ic s*eme1 h[ev] repugnant x may be to or?odox sci5tific ideas4 ,b is x true8 ,is x a fact t ! non-religi\s explanation breaks d[n s completely8 ,hi!rto ! c\rse ( ev5ts has be5 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,x is ! religi\s explanation t has1 ov] & ov] aga91 be5 %[n to be unreliable1 ! non-religi\s explanation t has be5 f9ally e/abli%$4 ,insanity & epilepsy1 once univ]sally ascrib$ to a sup]natural ord] ( be+1 h be5 r$uc$ to ! level ( n]v\s disord]s4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( 'possession' are /ill ) u1 x is only our und]/&+ ( !m t has alt]$4 ,& be=e x is admitt$ t ! ph5om5a describ$ z religi\s c nev] be affiliat$ to ! ph5om5a describ$ z non-religi\s1 x mu/ be %[n--beyond all possibility ( d\bt--t _! explanation 9 t]ms ( kn[n =ces is impossible4 ,z ,i h said 9 ! body ( ?is "w1 ! "q at issue is ess5tially "o ( int]pretation4 ,! 'facts' ( ! religi\s life are admitt$4 ,sci5ce no m que/ions ! reality ( ! visions ( ! m$ieval my/ic ?an x que/ions ! visions ( ! non-my/ic admitt$ly suff]+ f neural d]angem5t4 ,! crucial "q is :e!r we h any good reason = sep>at+ ! two1 & :ile we dismiss ! "o z halluc9ation accept ! o!r z introduc+ u to ano!r ord] ( be+8 ,i d n ?9k !re is ! slighte/ gr\nd = any su* diff]5tiation1 & ,i h giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages :at ,i conceive to be good reasons = s ?9k+4 ,& ,i hope t ! fact ( ! explanations !re (f]$ runn+ c\nt] to ! traditional "o w n prev5t read]s weigh+ ) ! utmo/ c>e ! pro(s t are (f]$4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sex ,,*apt] ,,"o ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,sup]natural ,accept+ ,pr(essor ,tylor's fam\s m9imum def9ition ( religion z ! belief 9 ,spiritual ,be+s1 x is safe to say t religi\s belief con/itutes "o ( ! l>ge/ facts 9 human hi/ory4 ,no o!r s+le subject has occupi$ s l>ge a %>e ( man's consci\s life1 no o!r subject has absorb$ s mu* ( 8 en]gy4 ,9 v e>ly /ages ( culture religi\s belief is univ]sal 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x %apes all primitive in/itutions2 x dom9ates life f ! cradle to ! grave1 & creates a %ad[-l& beyond ! grave f :i* ! dead cont9ue to influ5ce ! actions ( ! liv+4 ,at a lat] /age ( culture we see a di/9ction be+ drawn betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 ! secul> & ! spiritual1 & ! beg9n+ ( an antagonism t is /ill ) u4 ,( all antagonisms conceiv$ by ! bra9 ( man ?is is ! deepe/ & ! mo/ irreconcilable4 ,ea* feels t ! gr[? ( ! o!r ?reat5s its own supremacy1 ) ! result t advance f ei!r side has be5 conte/$ ) ! greate/ ob/9acy & det]m9ation4 ,& al?\gh x is true t at pres5t ! sup]natural is v l>gely suspect1 x is /ill p[]ful4 ,nor is its influ5ce conf9$ to ! l[] /rata ( ,european society4 ,x has v _m repres5tatives among ! high] culture1 disguis$ x may be "u v>i\s pseudo-philosophic =ms4 ,altoge!r we may say t ! sup]natural has nev] be5 )\t its cl\d ( witnesses4 ,at all times !re h be5 individuals1 or gr\ps ( individuals1 :o h believ$ !mselves1 & h be5 believ$ by o!rs1 to be 9 t\* ) ano!r ord] ( exi/5ce ?an t ) :i* p are normally 9 contact4 ,& ap>t f ^! specially fav\r$ p]sons1 ! wide vogue ( ! belief 9 good & evil port5ts1 9 lucky & unlucky days1 ! attraction ( ! occult 9 fiction & 9 fact1 all s]ve z evid5ce t belief 9 ! sup]natural is /ill a =ce ) :i* "o has to reckon4 ,to :at causes are we to attribute ! p]si/5ce ( ?is belief 9 ! sup]natural8 ,x is useless reply+ t its p]si/5ce is evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,t cle>ly begs ! :ole "q at issue4 ,m]e social h]$ity w d\btless c\nt = mu* 9 ?is direction4 ,m5 d n />t _! ?9k+ afre% ) ea* g5]ation4 ,x is bas$ ^u t ( prec$+ g5]ations2 x foll[s set =ms1 & is g5]ally influ5c$ by t network ( ideas & beliefs into :i* we are born & f :i* none ( u ev] completely escapes4 ,/ill t is h>dly en\gh 9 itself to acc\nt = ! p]si/5ce ( sup]naturalism4 ,assum+ t orig9ally !re exi/$ :at 0 accept$ z good evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a sup]natural1 x is h>dly cr$ible t e subsequ5t g5]ation w5t on accept+ x m]ely because "o g5]ation receiv$ evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,z organs atrophy = want ( ex]cise1 s d beliefs die out 9 "t = want ( pro(4 ,"s k9d ( evid5ce mu/ h be5 cont9ually =?com+ 9 ord] to keep ! belief alive & active4 ,x is n a "q ( :e!r ! evid5ce 0 good or bad4 ,all evid5ce1 x is important to be> 9 m9d1 is good to "s "o4 ,! facts ^u :i* ?\s&s ( p 7 put to dea? = wit*craft w\ld n be consid]$ evid5ce to anyone n[adays1 b !y 7 once accept$ z good gr\nd = conviction4 ,:at k9d ( evid5ce is x1 !n1 t has be5 accept$ z pro( ( ! sup]natural8 ,or1 to return to ,tylor's def9ition ( religion1 see+ t ! belief 9 spiritual be+s has p]si/$ 9 e g5]ation1 ^u :at k9d ( evid5ce has ?is belief be5 n\ri%$8 ,v>i\s replies might be giv5 to ?is "q1 all ( :i* may conta9 "s degree ( tru?1 or an aspect ( a g5]al tru?4 ,9 ! pres5t enquiry ,i am conc]n$ ) "o l9e ( inve/igation only1 "o t has be5 /rangely neglect$1 b :i* yet1 ,i am conv9c$1 promises fruitful results4 ,9 o!r directions x has be5 e/abli%$ t a great aid to an und]/&+ ( ! human organism 9 times ( heal? is to /udy its activities "u conditions ( disease4 ,abnormal psy*ology is n[ a recognis$ bran* ( psy*ology 9 g5]al1 & a glance ?r\gh almo/ any rec5t text-book w %[ t ! two =m p>ts ( a natural :ole4 ,! normal & ! abnormal are 9 turn us$ to ?r[ light on ea* o!r4 ,& x appe>s to ! pres5t writ] t 9 ! matt] ( religi\s beliefs a mu* cle>] und]/&+ ( _! nature1 & also ( "s ( ! conditions ( _! p]petuation1 may be ga9$ by a /udy ( :at has happ5$1 & is happ5+1 9 ! light ( m5tal pa?ology4 ,to "s1 ( c\rse1 ! b>e idea ( !re be+ a pa?ology ( religion w appe> an entirely unw>rantable assumption4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5tific /udy ( all phases ( religions hav+ made s great headway x is hop$ t a l>g] numb] w be prep>$ = a discussion ( ! subject f a po9t ( view :i*1 if n q new1 is c]ta9ly n common4 ,( c\rse1 su* a discussion1 ev5 if ! au?or q succe$s 9 demon/rat+ ! tru? ( 8 !sis1 w /ill leave ! orig9 ( ! religi\s idea an op5 "q4 ,= ! pres5t we are n conc]n$ directly ) ! orig9 ( ! religi\s idea1 b ) an exam9ation ( "s ( ! causes t h s]v$ to p]petuate x1 & to trace ! influ5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( religion ( /ates ( m9d1 bo? p]sonal & collective1 t are n[ admitt$ly abnormal or pa?ological 9 "*4 ,! legitimacy ( ! enquiry _c be que/ion$4 ,z to its value & significance1 t e read] mu/ det]m9e = himself4 ,"o may put ! ess5tial idea ( ! foll[+ pages 9 a s5t5ce3--,giv5 ! religi\s idea z already exi/+1 9 :at way1 & to :at ext5t has its developm5t be5 affect$ by =ces t are n 9 !mselves religi\s1 & :i* mod]n ?\ght def9itely sep>ates f religion8 ,"u civilis$ & uncivilis$ conditions we f9d religi\s beliefs con/antly associat$ ) v>i\s =ces--social1 e?ical1 & psy*ological4 ,v seldom is !re any s]i\s attempt to sep>ate !m & assign to ea* _! respective value2 nor1 inde$1 is ! task at any "t an easy "o4 ,! difficulty is made ! great] by ! way 9 :i* writ]s s enl>ge ! mean+ ( religion t x is made to include almo/ ev]y?+ = :i* "o feels admiration or respect4 ,?is practice is nei!r helpful nor accurate4 ,human nature "u all aspects ( intellectual conviction pres5ts ! same fundam5tal *>act]i/ics1 & a def9ition to be ( value1 :ile ( necessity inclusive1 mu/ also be decisively exclusive4 ,x mu/ unite1 b x mu/ also sep>ate4 ,& _m curr5t def9itions ( religion1 :ile !y may be> te/imony to ! amiability ( ^? :o frame !m1 are q de/itute ( sci5tific value4 ,9 any case1 ! association ( ! religi\s idea ) non-religi\s =ces is a fact too pat5t to admit ( d5ial2 & ! important task is to det]m9e _! reciprocal influ5ce4 ,9 actual life ?is sep>ation has be5 secur$ by ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( positive ?\ght--e?ics1 psy*ology1 etc41 all ( :i* 7 once directly "u ! control ( religion4 ,:at rema9s to be done is to sep>ate 9 !ory :at has already be5 sep>at$ 9 fact1 ) su* additions z a m critical k may sugge/ z advisable4 ,f> m sugge/ive1 h[ev]1 ?an ! association ( religion ) :at we may call ! normal social =ces1 is its connection ) conditions t are n[ cle>ly recognis$ z abnormal4 ,f ! e>lie/ times we f9d ! use ( drugs & /imulants1 ! practice ( fa/+ & self-torture1 ) o!r me?ods ( depress+ or /imulat+ ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 accept$ z well-recognis$ me?ods ( induc+ a s5se ( religi\s illum9ation1 or ! feel+ t "o is 9 direct communion ) a sup]natural ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,equally significant is ! _w-wide acceptance--"r up to rec5t times--( purely pa?ological /ates z evid5ce ( sup]natural int]c\rse4 ,ab\t ^! two sets ( facts !re c be no reasonable d\bt4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we c obs]ve h[ ! prompt+s ( disease are tak5 = ! voice ( div9ity1 & m5 & wom5 :o to-day w\ld be h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( ! physician hail$ z an inc>nation ( deity4 ,9 mod]n asylums we f9d "o ( ! commone/ ( delusions to be t ( ! insane p]son :o imag9es himself to be a specially select$ in/rum5t ( deity4 ,9 su* in/ances ! causal influ5ce ( pa?ological conditions is admitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h belong+ to ! m normal type ! p]son :o claims a sup]natural orig9 = _m ( 8 actions & /ates ( m9d4 ,& betwe5 ^! two extremes lie a :ole s]ies ( gradations4 ,!y exi/ 9 all /ages ( culture1 & x is difficult to see by :at rule ( logic or ( exp]i5ce "o c say :]e ! normal ends & ! abnormal beg9s4 ,if we assume ! inf]5ce ( ! normal p]son conc]n+ ! orig9 ( 8 m5tal /ates to be correct1 x seems difficult to d5y ! possibility ( ^? ( ! insane p]son hav+ a simil> orig91 al?\gh di/ort$ by ! influ5ce ( disease4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we say ! insane p]son is :olly wrong z to ! orig9 ( 8 m5tal /ates1 may we n also assume t ! normal p]son has likewise err$ z to ! cause ( 8 emotions or ideas8 ,two consid]ations may be urg$ 9 support ( ?is conclusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! fact ( ! fundam5tal id5tity ( human qualities "u all conditions ( _! manife/ation4 ,x is too (t5 assum$--sometimes x is explicitly claim$--t "o ) :at is call$ a /rong religi\s nature possesses "s quality ( m9d abs5t or undevelop$ 9 ^? ( an opposite type4 ,?is assumption is q unw>rantable4 ,! religi\s man is m>k$ (f f ! non-religi\s man1 n by ! possession ( di/9ct m5tal qualities1 b solely by hold+ diff]5t ideas conc]n+ ! cause & significance ( 8 m5tal /ates4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a religi\s faculty1 b only qualities ( m9d express$ 9 t]ms ( ! religi\s idea4 ,if ,i am consci\s ( a /rong desire to "w on behalf ( ! social bett]m5t ( my fell[s1 ,i may acc\nt = ?is ei!r by attribut+ x to hav+ inh]it$ a nature modifi$ by g5]ations ( social int]c\rse1 or on ! hypo!sis t ,i am an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a sup]human p]sonality4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! qualities manife/$ rema9 ! same4 ,love & hatr$1 fe> & c\rage1 hone/y & rogu]y1 ) all o!r human qualities1 may be express$ 9 t]ms ( religion1 or !y may be express$ 9 non-religi\s t]ms4 ,x is ! cause to :i* !y are attribut$1 or ! object to :i* !y are direct$1 t m>ks (f ! religi\s f ! non-religi\s p]son4 ,! second po9t is t ! :ole issue arises on a conflict ( int]pretations4 ,if ,i "q ! reality ( ! visions or /ates ( illum9ation exp]i5c$ by ,santa ,t]esa1 ,i am n que/ion+ t1 s f> z ! sa9t h]self 0 conc]n$1 ^! /ates ( exaltation 7 real4 ,all m5tal /ates--:e!r aris+ "u normal or abnormal conditions--are q real to ^? :o exp]i5ce !m4 ,! visions ( ! ha%i%-eat] are real1 :ile !y la/2 s are ^? ( ! victim ( delirium trem5s4 ,all ,i "q is _! g5u95ess z correspond+ to an objective reality4 ,ov] ! m9d ( ! subject ^! visions may ex]cise an absolute sway4 ,z to _! occurr5ce1 he or %e is ! f9al & absolute au?ority4 ,!re c be no "q "h4 ,b :5 we proce$ f ! occurr5ce ( ^! visions to ! "q ( _! causation1 !n we are on entirely diff]5t gr\nd4 ,"h x is n a "q ( _! g5u95ess1 or ( _! p[]1 b a "q ( h[ we are to int]pret !m4 ,! hone/y & s+lem9d$ness ( ^! inspir$ *>act]s may be admitt$1 b hone/y or s+lem9d$ness is no gu>antee ( accuracy4 ,we d n ne$ to ask :e!r ! peasant girl ( ,l\rdes exp]i5c$ a vision ( ! ,madonna1 b we d ne$ to ask :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 h] m5tal hi/ory1 social surr\nd+s1 or n]v\s /ate t w\ld acc\nt = ! vision4 ,all ! facts ( ! religi\s life may be admitt$2 ! sole "q at issue is :e!r an adequate int]pretation ( at lea/ "s ( !m may n be f\nd 9 t]ms ( a purely sci5tific psy*ology4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! religi\s idea z already exi/+1 ! foll[+ pages w be devot$ to an exam9ation ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is idea has be5 associat$ ) =ces & conditions t 7 pla9ly pa?ological4 ,9 v _m individual cases x w n be difficult to trace a vivid s5se ( ! sup]natural to ! pres5ce ( abnormal n]v\s /ates1 sometimes delib]ately induc$1 at o!r times aris+ ( !mselves4 ,& x is a matt] ( m]e hi/orical obs]vation t su* individual cases h op]at$ mo/ p[]fully to /r5g!n ! belief 9 ! sup]natural ) o!rs4 ,! example ( ,l\rdes is a case 9 po9t4 ,all ,prote/ants w agree t ! peasant girl's vision 0 a %e] halluc9ation4 ,& yet !re c be no "q t ?is vision has s]v$ to /r5g!n ! fai? ( _m ?\s&s ( o!rs 9 ! ne>ness ( ! sup]natural4 ,& x ne$s b little ef=t ( ! imag9ation to realise h[ p[]ful su* examples mu/ h be5 9 ages :5 m$ical sci5ce 0 9 its infancy1 & ! m subtle op]ations ( ! n]v\s sy/em completely unkn[n4 ,?is "q1 ,i repeat1 is di/9ct f ! mu* l>g] & wid] enquiry ( ! orig9 ( religion4 ,a fairly l5g?y exp]i5ce ( ! capacity ( ! g5]al m9d = miss+ ! real po9t at issue prev5ts my be+ too sangu9e z to ! effici5cy ( ! mo/ explicit av[al ( "o's purpose1 b ! duty ( tak+ precautions nev]!less rema9s4 ,& 9 elaborat+ an unfamili> view ( ! nature ( mu* ( ! _w's s-call$ religi\s ph5om5a1 ! possibility ( misconception is multipli$ enorm\sly4 ,/ill1 a writ] mu/ d :at he c to gu>d aga9/ misund]/&+1 & 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] x mu/ be said t x is n my purpose to prove1 nor is x my belief1 t religion spr+s f p]v]t$ sexuality1 nor t ! /udy ( religion is no m ?an an ex]cise 9 pa?ology4 ,no?+ is fur!r f ! writ]'s m9d ?an s ess5tially prepo/]\s a claim4 ,nei!r sexuality1 no matt] h[ p[]ful1 nor disease1 no matt] h[ pron\nc$1 c acc\nt = ! religi\s idea4 ,t has an entirely sep>ate & indep5d5t orig94 ,?is %\ld be pla9 to anyone :o has b a m]ely casual acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t ?+ to enquire z to ! "p play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion by morbid n]v\s /ates or p]v]t$ sexual feel+4 ,t is an enquiry bo? legitimate & desirable2 & x is "o t promises to %$ light on aspects ( ! subject o!rwise v obscure4 ,& c]ta9ly1 if s-call$ religi\s feel+s d n admit ( explanation 9 t]ms ( a sci5tific psy*ology1 no?+ rema9s b to recognise religion z some?+ q ap>t f normal life1 to h& x ov] to ! cu/ody ( ^w-sp9n+ ,my/ics1 & s surr5d] all possibility ( a rational und]/&+ ( ei!r its nature or its hi/ory4 ,9 say+ :at ,i h conc]n+ ! probability ( misconception1 ,i h _h specially 9 m9d ! attack made by ! late ,pr(essor ,william ,james on :at he call$ ! m$ical mat]iali/s4 ,9 t rem>kable piece ( religi\s yell[-j\rnalism1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 ,pr(essor ,james says ( ^? :o take up ! position t a great deal ( :at has be5 accept$ by ! _w z religi\s inspiration or exaltation c be acc\nt$ = z ! products ( disord]$ n]v\s /ates or p]v]t$ sexual feel+1 ,we are surely all famili> 9 a g5]al way ) ?is me?od ( discr$it+ /ates ( m9d = :i* we h an antipa?y4 ,we all use x 9 "s degree 9 criticis+ p]sons ^: /ates ( m9d we reg>d z ov]/ra9$4 ,b :5 o!r p criticise our own exalt$ s\l-flights by call+ !m 'no?+ b' expressions ( our organic disposition1 we feel outrag$ & hurt1 = we "k t1 :atev] be our organism's peculi>ities1 our m5tal /ates h _! sub/antive value z revelations ( ! liv+ tru?2 & we wi% t all ?is m$ical mat]ialism c\ld be made to hold its tongue4 ,aga91 ,few conceptions are less in/ructive ?an ?is re-int]pretation ( religion z p]v]t$ sexuality4444 ,x is true t 9 ! va/ collection ( religi\s ph5om5a1 "s are undisguis$ly amatory--e4g4 sex deities & obsc5e rites 9 poly!ism1 & ec/atic feel+s ( union ) ! ,savi\r 9 a few ,*ri/ian ,my/ics4 ,b !n :y n equally call religion an ab]ration ( ! dige/ive functions1 & prove "o's po9t by ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us & ,c]es1 or by ! ec/atic feel+s ( "s o!r sa9ts ab\t ! ,eu*>i/8 ,or1 see+ t ! ,bible is full ( ! language ( respiratory oppression1 "o might almo/ z well int]pret religion z a p]v]sion ( ! respiratory function4 ,& if x is po9t$ out t active int]e/ 9 religion syn*ronises ) adolesc5ce1 ! retort aga9 is easy4444 ,! int]e/ 9 me*anics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 logic1 philosophy1 & sociology1 :i* spr+s up dur+ adolesc5t ye>s along ) t 9 poetry & religion1 is also a p]v]sion ( ! sexual in/9ct4#a ,excell5t fool+1 ?is1 b little else4 ,i d n "k t anyone has ev] claim$ t religion took its orig9 9 sexual feel+1 or t ?is w\ld alone provide an explanation ( hi/orical religion4 ,all t anyone has ev] urg$ is t a deal ( s-call$ religi\s feel+1 pa/ & pres5t1 c be %[n to be due to unsatisfi$ or p]v]t$ sexual feel+--:i* is a v diff]5t /atem5t1 & "o ( :i* ! tru? may be demon/rat$ f ,pr(essor ,james's own pages4 ,b betwe5 say+ t c]ta9 feel+s are wrongly int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( an already exi/+ idea1 & say+ t ! idea itself is no?+ b ^! same feel+s trans=m$1 !re is an obvi\s & important diff]5ce4 ,9 e case ! religi\s idea is tak5 = grant$4 ,its orig9 is a q diff]5t subject ( enquiry4 ,b once ! idea is 9 exi/5ce !re is always ! probability ( evid5ce = its tru? be+ f\nd 9 ! wrong direction4 ,! analogy ( ! dige/ive & respiratory organs is clev]1 b futile4 ,! belief t mu* :i* has pass$ = religi\s feel+ is p]v]t$ sexuality is n bas$ m]ely ^u ! language employ$4 ,! language is only symptomatic4 ,! t]m9ology ( respiration & dige/ion :5 us$ 9 connection ) religion is frankly & palpably symbolic4 ,t ( sexual love is z (t5 frankly lit]al1 & c be correlat$ ) ! actual /ate ( ! p]son us+ x4 ,dige/ion & respiration mu/ g on 9 any case2 b x is precisely ! po9t at issue :e!r ) a diff]5t sexual life ^! s-call$ religi\s ec/atic /ates w\ld h be5 exp]i5c$4 ,:5 we f9d religi\s *>act]s ( /rongly m>k$ amor\s dispositions1 b lead+ an ascetic life1 us+ t[>d ! object ( _! adoration t]ms usually associat$ ) /rong sexual feel+1 x does n seem extravagant to f9d "h a little m ?an :at may be cov]$ by m]e symbolism4 ,w\ld ! m$ieval monk h be5 tempt$ by ,satan 9 ! =m ( beautiful wom5 _h he be5 happily m>ri$8 ,w\ld ,santa ,t]esa or ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na h us$ ! language !y did use to express _! relations to ,jesus _h !y be5 wives & mo!rs8 ,su* que/ions admit ( "o answ]1 :i* is1 9 its way1 decisive4 ,pr(essor ,james admits t mod]n psy*ology holds z a g5]al po/ulate !re is n a s+le "o ( our /ates ( m9d1 high or l[1 heal?y or morbid1 t has n "s organic process z its condition4#b ,! 'm$ical mat]iali/' c ask = no m ?an ?is4 ,b ?is be+ grant$1 on :at gr\nd are we to be =bidd5 f9d+ 9 ^! same organic processes ! condition ( ! visions & ec/atic /ates ) :i* ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce is s l>gely conc]n$8 ,aga91 x may be grant$ t adolesc5ce br+s ) x an awak5+ ( ! :ole m5tal life1 n ( religion alone4 ,b ! analogy goes no fur!r1 &1 9 any case1 x begs ! "q4 ,! full significance ( ! connection w be se5 :5 we come to deal ) initiation 9 primitive times & conv]sion 9 ! mod]n p]iod4 ,at pres5t x suffices to po9t out t ! int]e/ 9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 lit]ature1 9 sociology1 are ends 9 !mselves1 & "o ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! develop+ m5tal life = an explanation4 ,b ! ess5tial "q "h is :e!r ?is gr[+ life c or _c f9d complete satisfaction q ap>t f religion4 ,a develop+ int]e/ 9 ! l>g] social life is common to all1 & to "s ext5t ?is is secur$ by ! pressure ( =ces t are simply inescapable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an int]e/ 9 religion only exi/s ) "s1 & !n x may usually be trac$ to a consci\s direction ( _! en]gies4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o %[ no special int]e/ 9 religion ev9ce no lack ( any?+--save 9 religi\s t]ms4 ,9 e respect !y exhibit ! same m5tal & emotional qualities z _! fell[s4 ,! only disc]nible diff]5ce is t :ile 9 ! "o case adolesc5t nature is express$ 9 t]ms ( religion1 9 ! o!r case x is express$ 9 t]ms ( a l>g] social life4 ,! "q "h might be put ?us3 ,giv5 a g5]ation n taught to express its gr[+ life 9 t]ms ( religion1 c\ld adequate & satisfactory expression be f\nd 9 ! social life to :i* adolesc5ce is unque/ionably an introduction8 ,_m w\ld answ] unhesitat+ly1 yes4 ,!y w\ld argue t :at are call$ ! religi\s feel+s1 are normal social feel+s exploit$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! religi\s idea4 ,!y w\ld d5y t !re is any su* ?+ z a religi\s quality ( m9d4 ,any m5tal quality may be direct$ to a religi\s end1 b all may f9d complete expression & satisfaction 9 a non-religi\s social life4 ,?is is ! real "q at issue1 & yet ,pr(essor ,james nev] once1 9 ! :ole ( 8 #ejj pages1 addresses himself to x4 ,ap>t f sex1 !re is ! important "q ( ! relation betwe5 abnormal & morbid n]v\s /ates & religi\s illum9ation4 ,h[ f> has ! "o be5 mi/ak5 = ! o!r8 ,to :at ext5t h p accept$ ! outcome ( pa?ological conditions z pro(s ( int]c\rse ) an unse5 spiritual _w8 ,!re is no d\bt t among uncivilis$ p ?is is usually1 if n inv>iably1 ! case4 ,& our k ( ! relations betwe5 ! n]v\s sy/em & m5tal /ates--imp]fect z x /ill is--is s rec5t1 t x is n surpris+ t fa/+1 self-torture1 solit>y m$itation1 etc41 because ( ! /ates ( m9d to :i* !y give rise1 h be5 univ]sally valu$ z aids to ! religi\s life4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton says3-- ,:5 ,i say t all religions dep5d = _! orig9 & cont9uation directly ^u inspiration1 ,i /ate an hi/oric fact4 ,x may be kn[n "u o!r names1 ( cr$it or discr$it1 z my/icism1 ec/asy1 rhapsody1 demoniac possession1 ! div9e afflatus1 ! gnosis1 or1 9 its late/ *ri/5+1 'cosmic consci\sness4' ,all are b expressions ( a belief t k arises1 words are utt]$ or actions p]=m$ n ?r\gh consci\s ideation or reflective purpose1 b ?r\gh ! prompt+s ( a p[] above or beyond ! individual m9d4#c ,! connection betwe5 v _m1 at lea/1 ( ^! inspirational moods & pa?ological /ates is too obvi\s to be ignor$4 ,pr(essor ,james admits t we _c possibly ignore ^! pa?ological aspects ( ! subject4 ,8 notice ( !m1 h[ev]1 rem9ds "o ( ! prea*] :o advis$ 8 he>]s to look a c]ta9 difficulty boldly 9 ! face--& pass on4 ,no s]i\s attempt is made to deal ) !m4 ,a huge mass ( religi\s exp]i5ces is ?r[n at ! read]'s head )\t any adequate explanation4 ,x is a glorifi$ revival meet+ 9 an exp5sive volume4 ,! te/imony ( a cr[d ( religi\s en?usia/s ( all ages is accept$ at practically face value4 ,?us1 a religi\s writ] :o exp]i5ces ! fairly common feel+ ( exaltation dur+ a /orm at sea1 & expla9s 8 c>elessness ( dang] z result+ f 8 c]ta9ty ( et]nal life1#d is gravely cit$ z evid5ce ( ! work+ ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to make ( ^? :o exp]i5ce a simil> feel+1 b :o are )\t ! c]ta9ty ( et]nal life8 ,! decl>ation ( ,/4 ,ignatius t a s+le h\r ( m$itation taught him m ( ! tru? ( heav5ly ?+s ?an all ! tea*+s ( ! doctors is giv5 z evid5ce ( my/ic illum9ation4#e ,s ) num]\s o!r cases4 ,we are ev5 in=m$ t nitr\s oxide & e!r1 especially nitr\s oxide1 :5 suffici5tly dilut$ ) air1 /imulate ! my/ical consci\sness 9 an extraord9>y degree4#f ,!re seems no reason :y ! same claim %\ld n be made on behalf ( :isky4 ,if "o 7 n assur$ to ! contr>y1 "o might conclude t ,pr(essor ,james wrote ?is volume to poke fun at ! :ole tribe ( my/ics & _! foll[]s4 ,! use made by ,pr(essor ,james ( 8 long li/ ( cases is ! m rem>kable1 s9ce he q correctly po9ts out t !re are no religi\s feel+s1 only feel+s direct$ t[>ds a religi\s end4 ,b if ?is be s1 h[ are we ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! acc\nts ( religi\s vision>ies z correct descriptions ( ! nature ( _! own m5tal /ates8 ,cle>ly1 we ne$ a /udy ( ^! cases q ap>t f ! my/ical int]pretation ( !m4 ,in/ead ( a /udy ,pr(essor ,james pres5ts u ) a catalogue--useful f a docum5t>y po9t ( view1 b useless to any o!r end4 ,& he is s av]se to subject+ 8 examples to analysis t1 :5 ! extravagance ( c]ta9 cases are gl>+1 he w>ns u t x is unfair to impute n>r[ness ( m9d z a vice ( ! individual1 because 9 religi\s & !ological matt]s he probably absorbs 8 n>r[ness f 8 g5]ation4#g ,grant$2 only "o w\ld l to "k :at reason !re is = n d]iv+ virtues z well z vices f ! same s\rce8 ,&1 deep] enquiry /ill1 may n ! religi\s int]pretation itself be a product ( ! special environm5t ( ! p]iod8 ,! /udy ( religi\s ph5om5a f ! po9t ( view above indicat$ is ( fir/-rate importance4 ,b al?\gh mu* has be5 said1 p>5!tically & inf]5tially1 on ! subject by v>i\s writ]s1 ! enquiry has nev] be5 exhau/ively or sy/ematically pursu$4 ,?is is n due to any lack ( mat]ial2 t is abundant among bo? savage & civilis$ peoples4 ,p]haps x is because1 :ile x has be5 consid]$ p]missible to po9t out t c]ta9 individuals h mi/ak5 _! own morbid /ates = evid5ce ( div9e illum9ation1 too mu* ill-w w\ld h be5 ar\s$ _h ! p[]ful "p play$ by ?is factor 9 religi\s developm5t z a :ole be5 po9t$ out4 ,/ill less admissible w\ld x h be5 to po9t out1 z w be done 9 succe$+ *apt]s1 t ! delib]ate culture ( abnormal /ates ( m9d has be5 a "p ( ! ritual ( religions f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,9 ?is connection x is wor? not+ t a v cle> & %rewd essay on ! connection betwe5 love & religi\s devotion by ,isaac d',israeli1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! fir/ issue ( ! ,miscellanies ( ,lit]ature1 0 quietly elim9at$ f subsequ5t editions4 ,my purpose1 !re=e1 is to give ,pr(essor ,james's qu]y--,"u j :at biographic conditions did ! sacr$ writ]s br+ =? _! contributions to ! holy volume8 & :at _h !y exactly 9 _! sev]al individual m9ds1 :5 !y deliv]$ _! utt]ances8#h--;a wid] scope4 ,:at are ! conditions1 biographic & social1 "u :i* c]ta9 p]sons h imag9$ !mselves1 & h be5 believ$ by o!rs1 to be specially fav\r$ ) div9e illum9ation8 ,! majority ( p1 x may safely be said1 are consci\s ( no su* exp]i5ce4 ,9 :at respect1 !n1 d ! fav\r$ few diff] f _! fell[s8 ,mu/ we assume t by "s r>e quality ( natural end[m5t1 or by "s unusual developm5t ( faculty1 !y are br\ght into t\* ) a wid] & deep] reality8 ,or are we to seek a less romantic explanation ) ! aid ( kn[n t5d5cies & =ces 9 human nature8 ,&1 fur!r1 z ?is m9ority are n consci\s ( div9e illum9ation all ! "t1 :at is x t diff]5tiates _! normal /ate f _! abnormal condition8 ,^! are p]t95t que/ions1 & dem& answ]4 ,b no answ] ( real value w be f\nd 9 ord9>y religi\s writ+s4 ,rhapsodical eulogies ( religion tell u no?+2 less ?an no?+ t is useful1 s9ce !ories t obta9 9 su* qu>t]s are bas$ ^u ! absolute v]acity ( ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4 ,we may ga!r f ?is direction :at religi\s p say or d1 b n :y !y say or d ^! ?+s4 ,a description ( ! /ates ( m9d ( religi\s p1 su* z is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,james1 is int]e/+ en\gh1 b x is _! causation t is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,& _! causation is only to be und]/ood by associat+ !m ) o!r & m fundam5tal processes4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s psy*ology owes mu* ( ! advance made to a clos] /udy ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & if g5u9e advance is to be made 9 our und]/&+ ( religi\s ph5om5a we mu/ adopt ! same plan ( inve/igation4 ,we d n1 = example1 und]/& ! nature ( demoniacal possession by a m]e collation ( cases4 ,x is only :5 we put !m side by side ) simil> cases t n[ come "u ! control ( ! physician1 & associate !m ) c]ta9 peculi> n]v\s conditions1 & a p>ticul> social environm5t1 t we f9d ourselves )9 sight ( a rational explanation4 ,)\t adopt+ ?is plan we are 9 ! position ( "o try+ to det]m9e ! nature ( a locomotive 9 complete ignorance ( its int]nal me*anism4 ,yet ?is is precisely ! position ( ! pr(essional expon5t ( religion4 ,z a /ud5t ! budd+ div9e has 8 head fill$ ) hi/oric cre$s1 & texts1 & dogmas1 & doctr9es1 none ( :i* c possibly tell him any?+ ( ! real nature ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y act z s _m ob/acles to 8 acquir+ real k 9 lat] life4 ,& x is a /rik+ fact t :ile ! pr(essional a/ronom]1 biologi/1 or physici/ ea* adds to our k ( ! subject t falls )9 8 respective dep>tm5t1 we owe little or no?+ ( our k ( ! nature ( religion to ! pr(essional !ologian4 ,to put ! :ole matt] 9 a s5t5ce1 ! /udy ( religion mu/ be affiliat$ to ! /udy ( life z a :ole4 ,if possible1 we mu/ get at ! det]m9+ factors t lead "o p]son to exp5d 8 en]gy on religion & see sup]natural influ5ce 9 a ?\s& & "o details ( 8 life1 :ile ano!r p]son1 ) app>5tly ! same m5tal qualities1 f9ds complete satisfaction 9 ano!r direction1 & is consci\s ( no su* sup]natural influ5ce4 ,x is sci5tifically inadmissible to posit a religi\s faculty organically e>-m>k$ = religi\s use4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d is evid5tly 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o expla9 ,d>w9's agno/icism z due to atrophy ( 8 religi\s s5se1 consequ5t on ov]-absorption 9 sci5tific pursuits1 & :o also argue t ! religi\s faculty1 l a physiological /ructure1 increases 9 effici5cy ) use & atrophies ) disuse4 ,!re is no reason = believ+ t1 _h ,d>w9 be5 pr(\ndly religi\s1 8 m5tal qualities w\ld h be5 diff]5t to :at !y 74 ,!y w\ld h be5 express$ 9 a diff]5t =m1 t is all4 ,z ,i h already said1 !re are no su* ?+s z specifically religi\s qualities ( ! m9d4 ,!re may be hope or fe> or love or hatr$ or t]ror or devotion or wond] 9 relation to religion1 b !y are precisely ! same m5tal qualities t meet u 9 relation to o!r ?+s4 ,! old faculty psy*ology is dead1 & ! religi\s faculty mu/ g ) x4#i ,m5tal qualities may be r\s$ to activity 9 connection ) a belief 9 ! sup]natural1 or !y may be express$ 9 connection ) mundane associations4 ,ev5 ! belief 9 ! sup]natural is only an expression ( ! same qualities ( m9d t ) full] k result 9 a sci5tific g5]alisation4 ,:atev] be ! excit+ cause1 m5tal qualities !mselves rema9 un*ang$4 ,9 ! pres5t enquiry we are n conc]n$ ) a disproval ( ! religi\s idea1 b ) an exam9ation ( ! conditions ( its expression2 less ) ! v>ieties ( religi\s exp]i5ce ?an ) ! nature ( its manife/ations4 ,h[ f> may religi\s exp]i5ce be expla9$ z a mis9t]pretation ( normal non-religi\s life8 ,to :at ext5t h pa?ological n]v\s /ates influ5c$ ! build+ up ( ! religi\s consci\sness8 ,!re c be no "q t ! la/-nam$ factor is an important "o4 ,?is is admitt$ by ,pr(essor ,james 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,y w 9 po9t ( fact h>dly f9d a religi\s lead] ( any k9d 9 ^: life !re is no record ( automatisms4 ,i speak n m]ely ( savage prie/s & prophets1 ^: foll[]s reg>d automatic utt]ance & action z by itself tantam\nt to inspiration1 ,i speak ( lead]s ( ?\ght & subjects ( intellectualis$ exp]i5ce4 ,/4 ,paul _h 8 visions1 8 ec/asies1 8 gifts ( tongues1 small z 0 ! importance he atta*$ to ! latt]4 ,! :ole array ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts & h]esi>*s1 includ+ ! greate/1 ! ,b]n>ds1 ! ,loyolas1 ! ,lu!rs1 ! ,foxes1 ! ,wesleys1 _h _! visions1 voices1 rapt conditions1 guid+ impressions1 & 'op5+s4' ,!y _h ^! ?+s because !y _h exalt$ s5sibility1 & to su* ?+s p]sons ( exalt$ s5sibility are liable4#aj ,! fact is unque/ionable1 b ! "q rema9s1 ,9 :at s5se 7 ^! p exalt$8 ,did _! exalt$ s5sibility really br+ !m into t\* ) a =m ( exi/5ce hidd5 f p]sons ( a co>s] fibre8 ,or did x belong to a class ( cases :i* 9 a m viol5t =m comes )9 ! prov9ce ( ! physician8 ,! subjects1 says ,pr(essor ,james1 actually feel !mselves play$ ^u by p[]s beyond _! w4 ,! evid5ce is dynamic2 ! god or _s moves ! v organs ( _! body4444 ,we h di/9ct pr(essions ( be+ "u ! direction ( a =eign p[]1 & s]v+ z its m\?piece4 ,( c\rse we h1 b = diagno/ic purposes su* pr(essions are q valueless4 ,:at ^! p are consci\s (1 & all !y are consci\s (1 is a s]ies ( feel+s ( a m or less unusual k9d4 ,equally conv9c$ 0 ! m$ieval demoniac t a _s mov$ ! v organs ( 8 body4 ,equally conv9c$ is ! mod]n spirituali/ m$ium t 8 body is controll$ by a disembodi$ _s4 ,x is n a "q ( ! actuality ( c]ta9 /ates1 b ( _! orig94 ,! int5se conviction ( ! subject ( ! seizure is1 z evid5ce1 q irrelevant4 ,! subjective /ate is always real1 :e!r x belongs to a sa9t 9 ec/asy or a drunk>d 9 delirium trem5s4 ,!re are no /ates ( m9d m real :ile !y la/ ?an ^? due to opium or ha%i%4 ,b x is nev] sugge/$ t ?is is evid5ce ( _! v]acity4 ,9 su* cases ! te/imony ( a skill$ outsid] is ( f> great] value ?an ! conviction ( ! vision>y4 ,we are b\nd to appeal to ,paul1 & ,loyola1 & ,fox1 & ,wesley to "k :at _! feel+s 71 because "h !y are ! supreme au?orities4 ,b we mu/ consult o!rs to discov] :y !y exp]i5c$ ^! feel+s4 ,an illusion is no m ?an a false int]pretation ( a real subjective exp]i5ce2 al?\gh _m are incl9$ to treat ! rejection ( ! int]pretation z equival5t to a *>ge ( impo/ure or delib]ate ly+4 ,x is also a matt] ( demon/ration t ^! religi\s exp]i5ces are /rictly det]m9$ by environm5tal conditions4 ,?\s&s ( ,*ri/ians h be5 fav\r$ ) visions ( ,jesus or ( ! ,*ri/ian heav5 9 _! dy+ mom5ts4 ,millions ( ,jews & ,mohamm$ans h liv$ & di$ )\t any su* exp]i5ce--! v p]sons to :om1 f an evid5tial po9t ( view--su* visions w\ld be mo/ useful4 ,! spiritual exp]i5ce is det]m9$ by ! pre-exi/+ religi\s belief4 ,:5 belief 9 a p]sonal devil 0 g5]al1 visions ( ,satan 7 common4 ,! evid5ce = p]sonal conflicts ) ,satan is ( precisely ! same nature & /r5g? z is ! evid5ce = int]c\rse ) deity4 ,:5 ! belief 9 ,satan di$ out1 visions & conflicts ) him ceas$4 ,h[ c we discrim9ate betwe5 ! two classes ( cases8 ,:y %\ld ! te/imony ( a great ,*ri/ian "* t he is consci\s ( int]c\rse ) deity be m au?oritative ?an ! te/imony (1 p]haps1 ! same p]son on o!r occasions1 ( conflict ) a p]sonal devil8 ,moreov]1 visions & a s5se ( contact ) a sup]-normal _w are n peculi> to ! religi\s "*4 ,x is a common feature ( a g5]al psy*opa?ic condition4 ,m$ical works are fill$ ) su* in/ances4 ,& x is only to be expect$ t :5 ! psy*opa? is ( a deeply religi\s nature ! affection w f9d a religi\s expression4 ,:at is cle>ly ne$$ is an explanation t w cov] ! ph5om5on z x appe>s 9 bo? a religi\s & a non-religi\s =m4 ,we may take z illu/rative ( :at has be5 said ! foll[+ case z giv5 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,irel&4 ,x is t ( a ,b]l9 booksell] :o plac$ on record a cle> description ( 8 impressions :ile 9 ill-heal?1 & :i* entirely ceas$ on recov]y4 ,8 delusions mo/ly took ! =m ( human figures2 ( ^! he says3-- ,i saw1 9 ! full use ( my s5ses1 & 7aft] ,i _h got ! bett] ( ! fright :i* at fir/ seiz$ me1 & ! disagreeable effects :i* x caus$7 ev5 9 ! greate/ composure ( m9d1 = almo/ two mon?s1 con/antly & involunt>ily1 a numb] ( human & o!r app>itions--nay1 ,i ev5 he>d _! voices4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,i saw human figures ( bo? sexes2 !y commonly pass$ to & fro1 z if !y _h no connection ) ea* o!r1 l p at a fair :]e all is bu/le4 ,sometimes !y appe>$ to h bus9ess ) "o ano!r4 ,once or twice ,i saw among/ !m p]sons on horseback1 & dogs & birds2 ^! figures all appe>$ to me 9 _! natural size1 z di/9ctly z if !y _h exi/$ 9 real life1 ) ! sev]al t9ts on ! uncov]$ p>ts ( ! body1 & ) all ! diff]5t k9ds & col\rs ( clo!s4#aa ,"h we h ! case ( a man :o 0 "u no misconception z to ! nature ( 8 visions4 ,b x is safe to say t _h he be5 ( a less practical & analytic turn ( m9d1 _h he be51 moreov]1 deeply int]e/$ 9 religi\s matt]s1 we might h _h an altoge!r diff]5t pres5tation ( ! facts4 ,9 ! next in/ance1 also giv5 by ,dr4 ,irel&1 we h a religi\s explanation giv5 ( some:at simil> exp]i5ces3-- ,a poor woman compla9$ to me t %e 0 cont9ually p]secut$ by ! devils :o let loose at h] all sorts ( blasphemies1 &1 inde$1 all ! worse ! m %e ex]t$ h]self n to att5d to !m2 b (t51 also1 :5 %e 0 talk+ & active4 ,%e _h already be5 to a cl]gyman :o %\ld exorcise ! devil1 & :o _h judici\sly direct$ h] to me4 ,i ask$ 9 :i* e> ! devil always talk$ to h]4 ,%e 0 surpris$ at ! "q1 :i* %e _h nev] />t$ = h]self1 b n[ recognis$ t x always occurr$ 9 ! left e>4 ,i expla9$ to h] t x 0 an affection ( ! e> :i* n[ & !n occurs1 b %e 0 d\btful4#ab ,"h we h a di/9ctly physical affection ascrib$ to sup]natural ag5cy4 ,9 ?is case ! inf]5ce is promptly correct$ by ! physician4 ,b giv5 a diff]5t environm5t1 an atmosph]e p]meat$ ) a belief 9 ! sup]natural1 an abs5ce ( adequate sci5tific advice1 & ! m primitive explanation is c]ta9 to prevail4 ,9 ! next in/ance--t ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r--we h j ?is conjuncture ( circum/ances1 ) ! inevitable result4 ,writ+ ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 #aecj1 ,lu!r says3-- ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,coburg 9 #aecj1 ,i 0 torm5t$ ) a noise 9 my e>1 j z ?\gh !re 0 "s w9d te>+ ?r\gh my head4 ,! devil _h some?+ to d ) x4444 ,:5 ,i try to "w1 my head becomes fill$ ) all sorts ( :izz+1 buzz+1 ?und]+ noises1 & if ,i did n leave (f on ! in/ant ,i %\ld fa9t away4 ,= ! la/ two or ?ree days ,i h n be5 able to ev5 look at a lett]4 ,my head has less5$ d[n to a v %ort *apt]2 soon x w be only a p>agraph1 !n only a syllable1 !n no?+ at all4 ,! day y\r lett] came f ,nuremb]g ,i _h ano!r visit f ! devil4444 ,?is "t ! evil "o got ! bett] ( me1 drove me out ( my b$1 & compell$ me to seek ! face ( man4#ac ,!re is no ne$ to quote m ( ?is class ( cases1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 ,_! "n is legion4 ,"o c\ld1 9 fact1 con/ruct an asc5d+ s]ies ( cases1 all agree+ 9 _! symptom1 & diff]+ only 9 ! explanation (f]$4 ,! s]ies w\ld comm5ce ) ! explanation ( a possess+ _s1 & end ) t ( a d]ang$ n]v\s sy/em4 ,ignorant ( ! nature1 or ev5 ( ! exi/5ce1 ( a n]v\s sy/em1 primitive man expla9s abnormal m5tal /ates z due to a malignant _s4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ,george ,fox1 or ,john ,bunyan1 liv+ at a "t :5 ! activity ( evil spirits 0 a firmly held doctr9e1 attribute _! infirmities to satanic influ5ce4 ,we are 9 ! true l9e ( desc5t4 ,to-day we h ) u e "o ( ! ph5om5a on :i* ! satanic !ory re/$1 b !y are describ$1 & prescrib$ =1 9 m$ical works in/ead ( manuals ( exorcism4 ,! sup]naturali/ !ory gives way to t ( ! exp]t neurologi/4 ,! exorci/ is replac$ by ! physician4 ,in/ead ( expell+ an intrud+ demon1 we h to repair a d]ang$ sy/em4 ,we _c argue t :ile ^! affections rema9 con/ant 9 "* _! causes may h be5 diff]5t 9 o!r ages f :at !y are n[4 ,t is pure absurdity4 ,to claim t ! religi\s my/ic is 9 mom5ts ( exaltation br\ght into contact ) a deep] reality is to invite ! retort t "o might make a simil> claim on behalf ( ! inmates ( a lunatic asylum4 ,we _c1 ) any pret5ce to rationality1 accept ! v]dicts ( bo? ! neurologi/ & ! exorci/4 ,if we agree t c]ta9 /ates ( m9d to-day h _! orig9 9 neural disord]1 on :at gr\nd c we believe t simil> m5tal /ates occurr+ a ?\s& or two ?\s& ye>s ago 7 due to sup]natural /imulation8 ,we may be told t !re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,?is may be true1 & :ile x is an obs]vation t w\ld n occur to a fool1 x ne$s no supreme wisdom = its excogitation1 & z g5]ally us$ x is an excuse = idle speculation & grotesque !ory4 ,f> m useful is ! lesson1 sadly ne$$1 t !re are few ?+s 9 heav5 or e>? t w n yield _! secret to a me?od ( inve/igation t is sanely conceiv$ & dilig5tly employ$4 ,! utt] uselessness ( accept+ at its face value anyone's explanation ( ! nature ( 8 subjective exp]i5ce1 is well %[n by ! once univ]sal belief 9 wit*craft4 ,if !re is a s+le belief on behalf ( :i* a mass ( app>5tly unimpea*able evid5ce c\ld be produc$1 x is ?is "o4 ,x has run its c\rse ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,x is /ill accept$ by probably half ! human race4 ,9 our own c\ntry em95t m51 n alone !ologians1 b doctors1 lawy]s1 /atesm51 & m5 ( lett]s1 h giv5 _! solemn te/imony 9 its fav\r4 ,?\s&s ( p h be5 bewit*$1 & _! symptoms describ$ by ?\s&s ( o!rs4 ,m rem>kable /ill1 ^? accus$ h (t5 en\gh confess$ _! guilt4 ,e possible corroboration has be5 giv5 to ?is belief1 & yet x is n[ sc\t$ by educat$ p]sons all ov] ! civilis$ _w4 ,ev5 religi\s tea*]s accept ! explanation t ^! wit*craft cases 7 due to di/9ctly pa?ological conditions1 & to ! p[] ( sugge/ion op]at+ ^u un9=m$ m9ds dur+ an un5light5$ age4 ,b communications ) spiritual be+s re/ on no bett] f\ndation ?an communication ) ,satan4 ,:e!r ! alleg$ illum9ation be diabolic or angelic1 ! evid5ce = ei!r1 or bo?1 is ! same4 ,! te/imony ( a man l ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,campbell t he is consci\s ( a div9e influ5ce 9 8 life is ( no great] value ?an t ( ! m$ieval peasant :o felt himself torm5t$ by ,satan4 ,! "o p]son is no bett] au?ority ?an is ! o!r on su* a topic4 ,bo? are ! heirs ( ! ages1 inh]itors ( a sup]/ition t goes back to ! mo/ primitive ages ( mank9d1 only modifi$ 9 its expression by ! culture ( contempor>y life4 ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 & human nature rema9s sub/antially un*ang$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,all ! ph5om5a on :i* ! belief 9 wit*craft 0 bas$1 rema94 ,cases ( delusion are common1 & ! p[] ( sugge/ion is an e/abli%$ fact 9 psy*ology4 ,all t has happ5$ is ?is3 tak+ ! facts on :i* ! belief 0 bas$1 mod]n sci5ce has %[n !m to be expla9able )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! sup]natural4 ,& ?is is ! pr9ciple t mu/ be appli$ 9 o!r directions4 ,old occurr5ces mu/ be expla9$ 9 ! light ( new k4 ,?is is ! accept$ rule 9 o!r directions1 & x is ( peculi> value 9 relation to religi\s beliefs4 ,to "k :at religi\s p h ?\ght & felt & said gives u no m ?an ! data = a sci5tific /udy ( ! subject4 ,to "k :y !y ?\ght & felt & spoke ?us is :at we really ne$ to und]/&4 ,b if we are to d ?is we mu/ relate phases ( m9d t are call$ religi\s to o!r phases ( a non-religi\s "*4 ,i believe x is q possible to d ?is4 ,f m$ical records & f num]\s biographies x is possible to p>allel all ! exp]i5ces ( ! religi\s my/ic4 ,we c see ! same s5se ( exaltation1 ! same conviction ( illum9ation1 ! same belief t "o is ! tool ( a sup]ior p[]4 ,take1 z m]ely illu/rative ( ?is1 ! case ( ,j4 ,add+ton ,symonds1 z n>rat$ by ,pr(essor ,james1 :o cites x z an example ( a my/ical exp]i5ce ) *lor(orm4 ,symonds tells u t until he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age he 0 liable to extreme /ates ( exaltation conc]n+ ! nature ( self4 7,x is wor? :ile po9t+ out t ,sir ,james ,cri*ton-,br[ne expresses ! op9ion t ,symonds's high] n]ve c5tres 7 9 "s degree enfeebl$ by ^! abnormal /ates47 ,9 addition to ?is confession he plac$ on record an int]e/+ exp]i5ce :ile "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm4 ,he says3-- ,aft] ! *ok+ & /ifl+ _h pass$ away1 ,i seem$ at fir/ 9 a /ate ( utt] blankness2 !n came fla%es ( int5se light1 alt]nat+ ) blankness1 & ) a ke5 s5se ( vision ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ! room ar\nd me1 b no s5sation ( t\*4 ,i ?\ght t ,i 0 ne> dea?2 :5 sudd5ly my s\l became aw>e ( ,god :o 0 manife/ly deal+ ) me1 h&l+ me1 s to speak1 9 an int5se p]sonal reality4 ,i felt him /ream+ 9 l light ^u me4444 ,i _c describe ! ec/asy ,i felt4 ,!n1 z ,i gradually awoke f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic1 ! old s5se ( my relation ) ! _w began to return1 ! new s5se ( my relation to ,god began to fade4444 ,only ?9k ( x4 ,to h felt = t long dateless ec/asy ( vision ! v ,god1 9 all purity1 t5d]ness1 & tru?1 & absolute love1 & !n to f9d t ,i _h aft] all _h no revelation1 b t ,i _h be5 trick$ by ! abnormal excitem5t ( my bra94 ,) a slight v>iation ( expression ?is confession might h come direct f ! lips ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ my/ic4 ,!re is no "q ( ! int5se reality ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,t 0 z vivid z any?+ t ev] occurr$ to any sa9t 9 ! cal5d>4 ,/ill1 no "o w dream ( claim+ t ! way to get en rapport ) ! high] my/]ies is by way ( a dose ( *lor(orm4 ,! di/9ction "h is t ,symonds knew & describ$ ! cause ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,& no "o w "q t ! phrase trick$ by ! abnormal excitem5t ( my bra9 cov]s ! gr\nd4 ,( c\rse1 !re is always ! easy retort t sa9ts & my/ics did n use *lor(orm to produce _! visions4 ,true1 b *lor(orm is n ! only ag5t by means ( :i* a p]son may be ?r[n into an abnormal /ate4 ,o!r means may be us$2 & z a matt] ( fact1 ! use ( h]bs & drugs1 z me?ods ( produc+ ec/atic /ates1 h obta9$ 9 religi\s c]emonies f ! mo/ primitive times4 ,z we %all see lat]1 tobacco1 ha%i%1 coca1 laurel wat]1 & simil> ag5ts h be5 l>gely utilis$ = ?is purpose4 ,& :5 ?is plan is n adopt$--al?\gh v (t5 ! two ?+s run side by side--we f9d fa/+ & o!r =ms ( self-torture practis$ because ( ! abnormal conditions produc$4 ,x is n argu$ or impli$ t 9 all ?is !re 0 ( necessity delib]ate impo/ure4 ,t w\ld imply ! possession ( great] k ?an actually exi/$4 ,b x 0 kn[n t ec/atic /ates foll[$ ! use ( c]ta9 drugs1 or 7 consequ5t on c]ta9 au/]ities1 & !y 7 valu$ because !y 7 believ$ to br+ p into communion ) a hidd5 spiritual _w4 ,9 ?is way !re has always be5 go+ on a m or less delib]ate culture ( ! sup]natural1 9 m primitive times by crude & easily recognisable means1 lat] by me?ods t are m subtle 9 "* & m difficult ( detection4 ,b ! me?od ( induc+ a s5se ( spiritual illum9ation by means ( practices ali5 to ! normal life ( man rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! collation ( ! conditions "u :i* my/ical /ates ( m9d are exp]i5c$ among savages ) simil> exp]i5ces among ! high] races1 proves at once t ?is /atem5t conta9s no exagg]ation ( ! facts4 ,! cont9uity ( ! ph5om5a is1 inde$1 ( pr(\nd significance1 & is too (t5 ignor$4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t we h to expla9 ! l[] by ! high]1 & we c only und]/& ! significance ( religion 9 its l[] =ms by be>+ 9 m9d ! high] manife/ations4 ,?is is %e] fallacy4 ,9 nature ! high] develops out ( ! l[]1 ( :i* x is comp\nd$4 ,9 biology1 = example1 x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ! secret ( animal life lies 9 ! cell4 ,?is may be modifi$ 9 all k9ds ( directions1 ! result+ organic /ructure may be ( ! utmo/ complexity1 b ! basis rema9s un*ang$4 ,s1 too1 ) a great deal ( s-call$ religi\s ph5om5a4 ,! /ory is n only cont9u\s1 b ! same elem5ts rema9 un*ang$ ) only ^? modifications initiat$ by a *ang$ environm5t4 ,& j z we are driv5 back to ! cell to expla9 organic /ructure1 s = an und]/&+ ( ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation we mu/ /udy _! primitive elem5ts4 ,analysis mu/ prec$e syn!sis "h z else:]e4 ,a survey ( ! subject is n at all exhau/$ by a /udy ( abnormal conditions1 s f> z ^! h ent]$ into ! life ( religion4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! /udy ( p]fectly normal frames ( m9d t are mis9t]pret$ & div]t$ into religi\s *annels4 ,! importance ( ?is w be se5 m cle>ly :5 we come to deal ) ! subject ( conv]sion4 ,t conv]sion is a ph5om5on ( adolesc5ce is n[ settl$ beyond all reasonable d\bt4 ,/ati/ics are conclusive on ?is po9t4 ,b ! advocate ( revivalism q misses ! true significance ( ! fact4 ,curr5t religi\s lit]ature is full ( q mean+less *att] conc]n+ ! *ange ( view1 ! l>g] & m unselfi% activities1 t arise z a consequ5ce ( conv]sion4 ,!re is really no evid5ce t ! *anges indicat$ h any connection ) conv]sion4 ,all t does happ5 c be m simply & m adequately expla9$ z result+ f physiological & psy*ological *anges 9 t]ms ( racial & social evolution4 ,! :ole significance ( adolesc5ce lies 9 ! bur/+ into activity ( feel+s hi!rto dormant1 & ! quick5+ ( a desire = communion ) a l>g] social life4 ,! individual becomes less self-c5tr$1 m alive to1 & m responsive to ! claims ( o!rs2 he displays t5d5cies t[>ds :at ! _w calls self-sacrifice1 b :i* mean1 9 ! true/ s5se1 self-realisation4 ,t ^! *anges are (t5 express$ 9 t]ms ( religion is und5iable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be no m ?an an environm5tal accid5t1 q z mu* s z 0 ! case :5 epilepsy 0 expla9$ 9 t]ms ( possession4 ,s f> z "o c see1 !re are no feel+s or impulses *>act]i/ic ( adolesc5ce t c\ld n receive complete satisfaction 9 a rationally ord]$ social life4 ,to-day x usually happ5s t ! /ronge/ express$ influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u ! individual are ( a religi\s k9d1 ) ! result t adolesc5t human nature is mo/ apt to express itself 9 religi\s language4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t we are all z dep5d5t ^u our environm5t = ! =m 9 :i* our explanation ( ?+s is ca/1 z we are = ! language 9 :i* we express ^? ideas4 ,! :ole enquiry op5$ is a v wide "o1 ) :i* ,i c only deal p>5!tically4 ,x is really an enquiry z to h[ f> ! religi\s !ory ( human nature re/s ^u a wrong int]pretation ( p]fectly normal feel+s1 or to :at ext5t sup]naturali/ic ideas are p]petuat$ by ! exploitation--innoc5t exploitation1 maybe--( man's social nature4 ,x is extremely probable t a deep] k1 a m accurate analysis ( human qualities1 w disclose ! tru? t man is a social animal 9 a mu* m pr(\nd s5se ?an has usually atta*$ to t phrase1 & ! expression ( ^! qualities 9 t]ms ( religi\s beliefs1 or 9 t]ms ( non-religi\s beliefs1 is :olly det]m9$ by ! k curr5t 9 ! society 9 :i* he moves4 ,i conclude ?is *apt] ) "o m attempt to avoid misund]/&+4 ,= purposes ( cl>ity x w be necess>y to consid] v>i\s factors out ( relation to o!r factors4 ,b x %\ld h>dly ne$ po9t+ out t 9 actual life su* a sep>ation does n obta94 ,! organism functions z a :ole2 ea* "p acts ^u & is act$ ^u by e o!r "p4 ,life 9 action is a syn!sis1 & "o resorts to analysis only = ! purpose ( m adequate compreh5sion4 ,x is n1 moreov]1 pret5d$ t any "o ( ! factors describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages w expla9 religion1 nor ev5 t all ( !m comb9$ w d s4 ,! orig9 ( ! religi\s idea is a q diff]5t enquiry1 & is adequately dealt ) 9 ! writ+s ( m5 l ,tylor1 ,fraz]1 ,sp5c]1 & o!r repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( an?ropologi/s4 ,my pres5t purpose is ( a m re/rict$ k9d4 ,x is t ( trac+ ! op]ation ( v>i\s processes1 "s normal1 b mo/ ( !m abnormal1 t h 9 all ages be5 accept$ z evid5ce = ! sup]natural4 ,t ! religi\s idea has be5 associat$ ) ^! processes1 & t = multitudes !y h s]v$ z /rong evid5ce ( its tru?1 _c be d5i$4 ,& an exam9ation ( ?is aspect ( ! hi/ory ( religion ought n to be ignor$1 h[ev] unpalatable su* a /udy may be to c]ta9 sup]s5sitive m9ds4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 pp4 #aa-c4 #b ,v>ieties1 p4 #ad4 #c ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #ej4 #d ,page #bhh4 #e ,page #daj4 #f ,page #chg4 #g ,page #cgj4 #h ,v>ieties1 p4 #d4 #i ,! hypo!sis ( faculties 444 mu/ be reg>d$ z productive ( mu* error 9 psy*ology4 ,x has l$ to ! false supposition t m5tal activity1 in/ead ( be+ "o & ! same ?r\gh\t its manifold phases1 is a juxtaposition ( totally di/9ct activities1 answ]+ to a bundle ( deta*$ p[]s1 someh[ /&+ side by side1 & ex]t+ no influ5ce on "o ano!r4 ,sometimes ?is absolute sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( m9d has gone s f> z to p]sonify ! sev]al faculties z ?\gh !y 7 di/9ct entities4--,sully1 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #bf4 #aj ,v>ieties1 p4 #dgh4 #aa ,! ,blot ^u ! ,bra91 p4 #d4 #ab ,! ,blot ^u ! ,bra91 p4 #af4 #ac ,cit$ by ,dr4 ,irel&1 p4 #di4 ,,*apt] ,,two ,,! ,,primitive ,,m9d ,,its ,,environm5t ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle x has be5 an accept$ tru? t man is a social animal4 ,n only is individual human nature su* t x craves = int]c\rse ) its k9d1 b x c only be effectively und]/ood 9 ! light ( ^? ?\s&s ( g5]ations ( associat$ life t lie beh9d u all4 ,z an isolat$ object1 consid]$1 t is1 ap>t f 8 fell[s1 man is m or less ( a my?4 ,at any rate1 he w\ld n be ! man we "k & s may well be left out ( acc\nt4 ,man z we "k him is ess5tially a memb] ( a gr\p2 he is a "p ( a really organic /ructure inasmu* z ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* "p are det]m9$ by its relations to ! :ole1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole det]m9$ by a syn!sis ( ! qualities ( ! p>ts4 ,b :ile !re is agreem5t 9 ! fact1 !re is a consid]able div]g5ce ( op9ion z to its nature4 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is fact ( sociability8 ,:at is ! "* ( ! =ce t b9ds ! memb]s ( a gr\p s closely toge!r8 ,by "s1 ! cause ( sociability is f\nd 9 ! pressure ex]t$ ^u all by purely ext]nal =ces4 ,! ne$ = protection1 x is said1 drives human be+s toge!r1 & ?us 9 c\rse ( "t ! feel+ ( sociability is develop$4 ,?is seems mu* l mi/ak+ a consequ5ce = a cause4 ,x c]ta9ly leaves unansw]$ ! "q ,:y %\ld p h drawn toge!r 9 ! face ( dang]8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly collective action /r5g!ns ! capacity = def5ce2 & x also increases ! c]ta9ty ( obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,su* consequ5ces furni% a ju/ification1 s to speak1 ( gr\p life1 b !y disclose nei!r its nature nor its cause4 ,& mo/ c]ta9ly !y d n br+ u into t\* ) ! fundam5tal qualities ( human society4 ,! ne$ = food1 %elt]1 or protection w n diff]5tiate ! greg>i\s f ! non-greg>i\s =ms ( life1 nor ! social f ! m]ely greg>i\s4 ,all =ms ( life require food1 protection1 & %elt]2 !y are "p ( animal economics4 ,!re is no?+ specifically human ab\t !m4 ,we may rea* :at ,i conceive to be ! tru? 9 ano!r way4 ,environm5t is to-day almo/ a cant ^w4 ,x is v l>gely us$1 &1 z "o might expect1 l>gely misund]/ood4 ,)\t actually say+ x 9 s _m words1 a va/ numb] ( p seem to conceive ! environm5t z consi/+ ( ! purely mat]ial surr\nd+s ( man4 ,?is is to ov]look a mo/ important fact4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( human society1 :]e man's p[] ov] natural =ces is ( ! poore/ k9d1 x is n an exact /atem5t ( ! case1 & x is pr(\ndly untrue :5 we take society 9 its high] developm5ts4 ,if we take ! l[e/ exi/+ savage race we f9d t its attitude t[>ds life1 :at x does1 & :at x refra9s f do+1 is ! product ( a c]ta9 m5tal attitude1 :i* is itself ! outcome ( a numb] ( inh]it$ ideas & cu/oms4 ,a numb] ( :ite p1 plac$ 9 exactly ! same mat]ial environm5t & fac$ ) exactly ! same ext]nal circum/ances1 br+ a diff]5t psy*ological inh]itance into play1 & act 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,if we transport a ,*9aman into ,engl&1 or an ,engli%man into ,*9a1 we f9d t bo? ( !m possess ! same biological & mat]ial ne$s :e!r 9 _! native c\ntry or else:]e4 ,yet ?is community ( ne$s does n make ! ,*9aman a memb] ( ,engli% society1 nor an ,engli%man a memb] ( ,*9ese society4 ,!y are "o 9 virtue ( c]ta9 broad human *>act]i/ics2 !y are divid$ by c]ta9 qualities *>act]i/ic ( _! special gr\ps4 ,ea* society is m>k$ by ! possession ( c]ta9 psy*ological *>act]i/ics--a numb] ( specific beliefs & emotional developm5ts--)\t :i* its di/9ctive gr\p "* disappe>s4 ,?is is true ( gr\ps )9 ! ,/ate2 x is true ( ! ,/ate z a :ole2 x is true1 on ! mo/ g5]al scale ( all1 ( ! race4 ,9 o!r words1 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( human society is ! possession ( a psy*ological m$ium4 ,! adaptations t ! human be+ mu/ make are ma9ly ( a psy*ological "*4 ,_! =m may be p>tly det]m9$ by ext]nal conditions1 b ?is does n affect ! g5]al tru?4 ,:e!r we take man 9 a civilis$ or 9 an uncivilis$ /ate we f9d ! important ?+ ab\t him to be 8 relations to 8 fell[s4 ,he is n m]ely a memb] ( a tribe or a society1 b he ?9ks t society's ?\ghts1 he feels _! emotions1 8 individual life is an expression ( ! psy*ical life ( ! gr\p to :i* he belongs4 ,& 8 transactions ) nature are an expression ( ! ideas & beliefs curr5t 9 ! society ( :i* he is a "p4 ,! recognition ( ?is tru? 0 "o ( ! out/&+ contributions ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ! sci5ce ( sociology4 ,:]eas o!r writ]s _h /ress$ ! p[] ( ! environm5t1 z a purely mat]ial ?+1 9 %ap+ human in/itutions1 ,sp5c] plac$ *ief /ress ^u ! emotional & intellectual life ( primitive man z det]m9+ _! beg9n+s4 ,he %[$ h[ man's feel+s & beliefs ab\t himself1 & ab\t 8 fell[s1 & ab\t ! _w ( liv+ =ces ) :i* he believ$ himself to be surr\nd$1 7 ! all-important factors ( social evolution4 ,& ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( society has be5 su* t sci5tific sociology is v l>gely ! /udy ( ! gr[? & elaboration ( an ess5tially psy*ical environm5t4 ,! l[] animal _w--except s f> z we all[ = ! op]ation ( in/9cts--has1 broadly1 only ! exi/5ce ( o!r animals & ! physical surr\nd+s = its environm5t4 ,) man x is va/ly diff]5t4 ,ow+ prim>ily to language1 ! environm5t ( ! man ( to-day is made up 9 "p ( ! ideas ( m5 :o liv$ & di$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! use ( clo?+ & ! inv5tion ( tools w\ld alone make m9d a dom9ant fact 9 human life4 ,b ap>t f ^! ?+s1 ! great fact ( social h]$ity1 9 virtue ( :i* "o g5]ation enjoys ! acquir$ culture ( prec$+ g5]ations1 & )\t :i* civilisation w\ld h no exi/5ce1 is a great & dom9ant m5tal fact4 ,our in/itutions1 our cu/oms1 are transmitt$ to u z s _m psy*ic facts4 ,e new inv5tion1 e fre% culture acquisition1 is help+ to /r5g!n & broad5 ! psy*ical environm5t ( man4 ,ea* newcom] is born into x2 x m\lds 8 nature & det]m9es 8 life1 z 8 own c>e] & 8 own acquisition help to m\ld ! life ( 8 successors4 ,:e!r ! ph5om5a be simple or complex1 :e!r we are deal+ ) man 9 a civilis$ or 9 an uncivilis$ /ate1 !re is no escape f ! g5]al tru? t man is ev]y:]e "u ! dom9ation ( 8 m5tal life4 ,s f> z ?is enquiry is conc]n$1 we ne$ only deal ) "o aspect ( ! psy*ological m$ium 9 :i* primitive human life moves4 ,& s f> z primitive mank9d seeks to control ! movem5ts ( social life1 !re c be no "q t ?is is done "u ! impulsion ( t class ( beliefs :i* we call religi\s4 ,! op]ation ( religi\s belief 9 savage society is nei!r spasmodic nor local4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 univ]sal & p]si/5t4 ,x influ5ces e ev5t ( daily life ) a =ce t ! mod]n m9d f9ds v difficult to appreciate4 ,9 almo/ e action ! savage feels himself to be 9 t\* ) a sup]s5sual _w ( liv+ be+s t ex]t a direct & inescapable influ5ce4 ,& any /udy ( human evolution t is to be ( real value mu/ take ?is circum/ance into consid]ation to a f> great] ext5t ?an is usually done4 ,pr(essor ,fraz]1 deal+ ) ! orig9 ( v>i\s social in/itutions1 rightly obs]ves t we are only beg9n+ to und]/& ! m9d ( ! savage1 & !re=e ! m9d ( our savage =efa!rs :o creat$ ^! in/itutions & h&$ !m d[n to u1 & w>ns u t a k ( ! tru? may involve a recon/ruction ( society su* z we c h>dly dream (4 ,he also w>ns u t we h at all times1 9 deal+ ) social orig9s1 to reckon ) ! influ5ce ( sup]/ition1 :i* p]vades ! life ( ! savage & has contribut$ to build up ! social organism to an incalculable ext5t4#ad ,9 emphasis+ ?is x mu/ n be tak5 to imply t because social in/itutions & human actions are 9 primitive times m\ld$ by religi\s beliefs1 !y /& to !m 9 a relation ( complete dep5d5ce4 ,x only means t ! psy*ological m$ium is ( su* a "* t sup]naturali/ic reasons are f\nd = do+s ?+s t are susceptible to a totally diff]5t explanation4 ,! facts ( life are express$ 9 t]ms ( sup]naturalism4 ,bir?1 m>riage1 dea?1 social cohesion1 lead]%ip1 heal? & disease1 are all natural facts1 & ! m]e play ( social selection det]m9es ! we$+ out ( practices t are suffici5tly adv]se to tribal well-be+ to ?reat5 its security4 ,b 9 primitive times all ^! facts are alli$ ) religi\s beliefs1 & to ! primitive m9d ! religi\s belief becomes ! *ief feature connect$ ) !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is f> f an uncommon feature ( social life to-day4 ,! am\nt ( sup]naturalism curr5t is /ill v l>ge2 & "o /ill f9ds p expla9+ "s ( ! pla9e/ facts ( social life 9 t]ms ( sup]naturali/ic beliefs4 ,x is all "p ( ! tru? t man is always "u ! dom9ation ( ! psy*ological =ces4 ,?is be+ grant$1 ! enquiry imm$iately pres5ts itself1 ,h[ comes x t ! facts ( social life %\ld be express$ 9 t]ms ( sup]naturalism8 ,:y d ^! facts n imm$iately pres5t !mselves 9 _! true nature8 ,to answ] ?is "q "o mu/ be> 9 m9d a yet fur!r tru?4 ,?is is t ! explanation :i* man (f]s to himself or to o!rs ( ph5om5a mu/ always be 9 t]ms ( curr5t k4 ,a mod]n call$ ^u to expla9 a /orm1 an eclipse1 or a disease1 does s 9 t]ms ( curr5t physical or biological sci5ce4 ,?is is done 9 virtue ( a mass ( prep>$ k1 sl[ly accumulat$ by prec$+ g5]ations1 & :i* =ms "p ( 8 social h]itage4 ,primitive man likewise expla9s ?+s 9 t]ms ( curr5t k1 b 9 8 case ! am\nt ( reliable in=mation is ( a v scanty & g5]ally errone\s description4 ,! inh]it$ k :i* enables a mod]n s*oolboy to />t life ) :at w\ld h be5 an outfit to an anci5t philosoph]1 _h yet to be creat$4 ,in/ead ( f9d+1 z we f9d1 tools ready to h&1 replies prep>$ to que/ions t may arise1 primitive mank9d mu/ create its own tools & prep>e its own answ]s4 ,& 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! social environm5t1 :i* at all times det]m9es ! =m ( man's m5tal output1 is ) primitive man radically diff]5t f our own4 ,b h[ev] ! =m v>ies !re is agreem5t on ?is "o po9t--9 bo? cases ph5om5a are expla9$ 9 t]ms ( kn[n =ces2 ! reason+ ( ea* is det]m9$ by ! k ( ea*4 ,! laws ( m5tal life rema9 ! same 9 all /ages ( culture4 ,! bra9 functions id5tically :e!r we take ! savage or ! sci5ti/4 ,9 a g5]al way ! savage intellig5ce is z rational z t ( a mod]n ?9k]4 ,! diff]5ce is dep5d5t ^u ! accuracy & ext5t ( ! in=mation possess$ by ea*4 ,h5ce ! vital diff]5ce 9 ! conclusions rea*$4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! dom9ance ( sup]naturalism 9 primitive times4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 primitive & sci5tific ?9k+ may be express$ 9 a s5t5ce--! mod]n m9d expla9s man by ! _w1 primitive ?\ght expla9$ ! _w by man4 ,9 ! "o case we move f )9 outw>d1 9 ! o!r f )\t inw>d4 ,we are n n[ conc]n$ ) semi-metaphysical ideali/ic !ories t w\ld r$uce ! :ole *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( e>? to ! creation ( m5tal activity1 b ) ! pla91 und]/&able tru? t ! human organism is fa%ion$ by ! environm5t 9 :i* x dwells4 ,& !re is among/ ^? capable ( express+ an au?oritative op9ion--an agreem5t support$ by evid5ce t has simply no?+ aga9/ x--t ! _w ( primitive man is ov]p[]+ly animi/ic4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( t mass ( sci5tifically v]ifi$ k :i* =ms "p ( our social h]itage1 humanity comm5ces its intellectual c>e] by end[+ natural =ces ) ! qualities possess$ by itself4 ,! =ces conceiv$ are liv+ ones4 ,!y are to be dread$ exactly z human be+s are to be dread$2 to be appeas$ or circumv5t$ by ! same me?ods t man applies to 8 fell[s4 ,! problem be=e ! savage is ?us a v real "o4 ,9 ess5ce x is ! problem t is ev] be=e humanity--t ( subjugat+ =ces to its own welf>e4 ,primitive man is n1 h[ev]1 conc]n$ ) ! elaboration ( !ories2 nor is he consum$ ) vague 'spiritual ye>n+s4' ,8 difficulty is h[ to control or placate ^? invisible b v real p[]s ^u :i* he believes ev]y?+ dep5ds4 ,he w\ld will+ly ignore !m if he c\ld1 & w\ld *e]fully disp5se ) _! pres5ce altoge!r if he believ$ t ?+s w\ld proce$ z well 9 _! abs5ce4 ,b !re !y are1 inescapable facts t h to be reckon$ )4 ,! g5]al outlook ( ! primitive m9d is well put by ,miss ,m>y ,k+sley 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,to ! ,african ! ,univ]se is made up ( matt] p]meat$ by _s4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s by ! direct action ( _s4 ,! ?+ he does himself is done by ! _s )9 him act+ on 8 body 444 ev]y?+ t is done by o!r ?+s is done by _! _s associat$ ) _! p>ticul> mass ( matt]4444 ,! native w po9t out to y a lightn+-/rick5 tree & tell y t its _s has be5 kill$4 ,he w tell y1 :5 ! e>!n cook+ pot is brok51 x has lo/ its _s4 ,if 8 weapon fails him1 x is because someone has /ol5 its _s or made x weak by means ( 8 influ5ce on spirits ( ! same class4444 ,9 e action ( 8 life he %[s y h[ he lives ) a great _s _w ar\nd him4 ,y see him be=e he />ts out to fight rubb+ /uff into 8 weapon to /r5g!n ! _s t is 9 x2 tell+ x ! :ile :at c>e he has tak5 ( x4444 ,y see him lean+ ov] ! face ( ! wat] talk+ to its _s ) prop] incantations1 ask+ x :5 x meets an enemy ( 8 to upset 8 canoe & de/roy him4444 ,if a man is knock$ on ! head ) a club1 or %ot by an arr[ or a bullet1 ! cause ( dea? is cle>ly ! malignity ( p]sons us+ ^! weapons2 & s x is easy to ?9k t a man kill$ by ! fall+ ( a tree1 or by ! upsett+ ( a canoe 9 ! surf1 or 9 a :irlpool 9 ! riv] is also a victim ( "s be+ us+ ^! ?+s z weapons4 ,= a man hold+ ?is view1 x seems bo? natural & easy to reg>d disease z a manife/ation ( ! wra? ( "s invisible be+1 & to con/ruct t intricate sy/em :i* we f9d among ! ,africans1 & agree to call ,wit*craft1 ,feti%1 or ,juju4#ae ,miss ,k+sley is "h deal+ specifically ) ,we/ ,africa1 b h] description applies 9 a g5]al way to uncivilis$ p all ov] ! _w4 ,!re is mu* clos] resemblance betwe5 ! beliefs ( uncivilis$ peoples ?an betwe5 civilis$ ones1 because ! conditions are mu* m alike4 ,& "u sub/antially id5tical conditions ! human m9d has ev]y:]e rea*$ sub/antially id5tical conclusions4 ,! philosophy ( ! savage is simple1 compreh5sive1 &1 giv5 ! data1 logical4 ,he does n divide ! _w into ! natural & ! sup]natural2 x is all "o4 ,at mo/1 he has only ! se5 & ! unse54 ,! sup]natural1 z a di/9ct category1 only appe>s :5 a def9ite k ( ! natural has aris5 to :i* x c be oppos$4 ,he has no su* di/9ction z t ( ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial2 s f> z he ?9ks ( ^! ?+s1 ! invisible is only a f9] =m ( ! visible4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 he is p]fectly conv9c$1 & ?is is t he is at all times surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( invisible ag5cies to :i* all occurr5ces are due1 & ) :om he mu/ come to t]ms4 ,ev5 dea? we>s a diff]5t aspect to ! primitive m9d f t :i* x pres5ts to ! mod]n4 ,to u dea? puts a %>p & abrupt t]m9ation to life4 ,to ! primitive m9d dea? involves no su* end+4#af ,dea? is no m ( a break ?an is sleep2 & at all times ! conception ( an annihilation ( p]sonality requires a m>k$ degree ( m5tal p[]4 ,s ) ! savage--! 'dead' man simply goes on liv+4 ,he may be inc>nat$ 9 "s natural object1 or he may simply g on liv+ z "o ( ! innum]able company ( tribal gho/s4 ,b he rema9s a =ce to be reckon$ )1 & ! ne$ = deal+ ) ^! gho/ly p]sonages is "o ( ! ev]-pres5t problems ( primitive sociology1 & br+s u v ne> ! beg9n+s ( all religi\s beliefs & c]emonies--if x does n =m _! real />t+-po9t4 ,on "o po9t all mod]n s*ools ( an?ropologi/s are agre$4 ,?is is t man's fir/ conception ( ! sup]natural--or :at aft]w>ds ranks z su*--is d]iv$ f a purely mi/ak5 int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is !y h return$ to ! /&po9t ( ,hobbes1 t fe> ( ?+s invisible =ms ! natural se$ ( religion4 ,"o s\rce ( orig9 ( ?is belief 9 a sup]natural _w is c]ta9ly f\nd 9 ! ph5om5a ( dream+4 ,to ! savage 8 dreams are z real z 8 wak+ exp]i5ces4 ,he does n dream he goes to di/ant places2 he goes !re dur+ 8 sleep4 ,he does n dream t p visit him2 !y actually come4 ,if a ,we/ ,african wakes up 9 ! morn+ ) a tir$1 bruis$ feel+1 ?is arises1 z ,miss ,k+sley says1 f 8 's\l' hav+ be5 out fight+ & got ill-treat$4 ,! only philosophy ( dream+ among/ savage races is t ( ! excursions & incursions ( a 's\l' or d\ble4 ,ano!r p[]ful factor 9 ! developm5t ( belief 9 ! sup]natural is t ( man's attempt to expla9 natural happ5+s4 ,:y d ?+s happ58 ,:y does ! sun rise & set1 :y does ra9 fall1 ?und] cra%1 riv]s fl[8 ,note ! way 9 :i* a *ild answ]s simil> que/ions1 & "o is on ! track ( ! primitive intellig5ce4 ,if man's own movem5ts are caus$ by a 's\l' or d\ble1 !n o!r ?+s mu/ also move because !y possess a 's\l4' ,if an answ] is to be f\nd at all1 x is only along ^! l9es t ! primitive m9d is able to f9d x4 ,&1 once ! answ] is giv51 !re are a ?\s& & "o ?+s occurr+ t l5d x app>5t support4 ,resemblances 9 nature1 co9cid5ces1 e*oes1 %ad[s1 etc41 all give _! support to ?is primitive hypo!sis--! only "o possible 9 ! circum/ances1 & ! "o /ill endors$ by ! majority ( ! _w's population4 ,p>ticul>ly /rong endorsem5t ( ?is belief is suppli$ by disease & abnormal n]v\s /ates4 ,in/ances to illu/rate ?is are innum]able1 b f ! num]\s cases cit$ by ,sp5c] ,i select ! foll[+3 ,among ! ,amazulus convulsions are believ$ to be caus$ by ance/ral spirits4 ,) ,asiatic races epileptics are reg>d$ z possess$ by demons4 ,) ! ,kirghiz ! involunt>y muscul> movem5ts ( a woman 9 *ildbir? are believ$ to be caus$ by a _s tak+ possession ( ! body4 ,! ,samoans attribute all madness to possession4 ,! ,congo p h ! same notion ( epilepsy4 ,! ,ea/ ,africans believe t fall+ sickness is due to spirits4#ag ,9 ,rajputana1 says ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke1 disease is g5]ally attribut$ to ,khor or ! ag5cy ( (f5d$ spirits4 ,! ,mahadeo ,kolis ( ,ahmadnag> believe t e malady or disease t seizes man1 woman1 or *ild1 or cattle1 is caus$ ei!r by evil spirits or by an angry god4 ,! ,bijapur ,v$das h a ye>ly fea/ to _! ance/ors to prev5t ! dead br++ sickness into ! h\se4#ah ,a ,ca?olic mission>y1 says ,pr(essor ,fraz]1 obs]ves t 9 ,new ,gu9ea ! nepir1 or sorc]]1 is ev]y:]e4444 ,no?+ happ5s )\t ! sorc]]'s int]v5tion2 w>s1 m>riage1 dea?1 exp$itions1 fi%+1 hunt+1 always & ev]y:]e ! sorc]]4#ai ,9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,*aldea1 & ,assyria !re is ample evid5ce t ! same belief fl\ri%$4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d ! exorci/ & ! wit*-doctor exi/+ z natural consequ5ts ( ! belief t disease has a sup]natural orig94 ,we see x 9 bo? ! tea*+ & practice ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,t great fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 ,orig51 says3 ,x is demons :i* produce fam9e1 unfruitfulness1 corruption ( ! air1 & pe/il5ce4 ,/4 ,augu/9e said t ,all diseases ( ,*ri/ians are to be ascrib$ to demons4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& /ill reta9s 9 its ,articles an au?orisation = ! expulsion ( demons2 & a numb] ( *>ms yet 9 wide use among/ civilis$ nations %[ h[ p]si/5t is ?is belief4 ,= c5turies !re exi/$ all ov] ,europe sacr$ pools1 wells1 grottos1 etc41 all be>+ eloqu5t witness to ! deep-seat$ belief t disease 0 ( sup]natural orig91 & 0 to be conqu]$ by sup]natural means4 ,en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! k9d ( environm5t 9 :i* primitive man moves1 & also to und]/& :y ideas conc]n+ ! sup]natural ex]t su* an enorm\s influ5ce 9 e>ly society4 ,9 a _w :]e ev]y?+ 0 yet to be le>n$1 man's fir/ attempts at und]/&+ himself & 8 fell[s 7 necess>ily blund]+ & t5tative4 ,8 fir/ attempts at explanation are express$ 9 t]ms ( 8 own nature4 ,he sees himself1 8 own passions1 /r5g?s1 & weaknesses reflect$ 9 ! nature ar\nd him4 ,?is is ! out/&+1 dom9at+ fact 9 primitive life4 ,leave out ?is consid]ation & primitive sociology becomes a *aos4 ,admit x1 & we see ! reason :y social in/itutions assum$ ! =m !y took1 & also a key to mu* t happ5s 9 subsequ5t human hi/ory4 ,9 primitive life religi\s beliefs are n some?+ sep>ate f o!r =ms ( social life2 s f> z man seeks consci\sly to %ape t life !y are to him an ess5tial "p ( x4 ,& ! mi/ake once made is p]petuat$4 ,! initial blund] once committ$1 daily exp]i5ce seems to give x con/ant ju/ification4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( k conc]n+ natural =ces e ev5t1--p>ticul>ly if unusual1--e case ( disease1 endorses & /r5g!ns ! mi/ake made4 ,a psy*ological fatality drives ! human race along ! wrong pa? ( inve/igation1 & only v sl[ly is ! mi/ake rectifi$4 ,"o _c see h[ x c\ld h be5 o!rwise4 ,! only corrective is k1 & k is a plant ( sl[ gr[?4 ,?is psy*ological fir/ /ep 0 man's fir/ attempt to frame a !ory ( ?+s satisfactory to 8 intellect--an attempt t1 beg9n+ 9 ! crude animism ( ! savage1 ends 9 ! v]ifiable laws ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( our pres5t enquiry two ?+s are to be not$4 ,! fir/ is t man's conviction ( ! ne>ness ( a sup]natural _w began 9 8 lack ( k conc]n+ ! nature ( natural =ces4 ,( ?is !re c be little d\bt4 ,"o c take all ! facts ^u :i* primitive mank9d built1 & /ill builds1 its !ories ( sup]naturalism1 & %[ t !y may be expla9$ 9 a q diff]5t mann]4 ,! movem5ts ( ! planets1 ! ru% ( comets1 ! pres5ce ( disa/]1 ! ?\s& & "o op]ations ( natural =ces no long] sugge/ to educat$ m9ds ! action ( p]sonal be+s4 ,! :ole data ( ! primitive !ory ( ?+s h be5 reject$4 ,! premises 7 false1 & ! conclusions necess>ily false also4 ,! second po9t is t f ! e>lie/ times "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( human contact ) a sup]natural _w has be5 f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( abnormal or pa?ological /ates ( m9d4 ,^! may h sometimes aris5 q naturally2 at o!r times !y h be5 delib]ately induc$4 ,h[ mu* ! p]petuation ( religi\s beliefs z a :ole owes to ?is factor has nev] yet be5 adequately realis$4 ,t x has _h a v great influ5ce seems beyond dispute4 ,= x seems c]ta9 t _h n pro(s ( a sup]natural _w be5 (f]$ 9 ! %ape ( visions1 ec/atic /ates1 etc41 religi\s beliefs w\ld h>dly h ex]cis$ ! p[] t has be5 !irs4 ,! numb] ( p :o are able to ma9ta9 a /rong consci\sness ( ! tru? ( religion1 m]ely look+ at x z a philosophy ( exi/5ce1 is naturally v few4 ,! great majority require m tangible evid5ce if _! belief is to be kept alive & active4 ,& curi\sly en\gh1 ! v gr[? ( a naturali/ic explanation has driv5 a great _m to f9d ! evid5ce !y desir$ 9 ^? abnormal /ates ( m9d t seem$ to defy sci5tific analysis4 ,9 succe$+ *apt]s evid5ce w be giv5 to %[ to :at ext5t ?is k9d ( evid5ce = ! sup]natural has be5 (f]$ & accept$4 ,x w be se51 z ,pr(essor ,tylor po9ts out1 t ! l9e ( religi\s developm5t is cont9u\s4 ,! late/ =ms /ret* back 9 an unbrok5 l9e to ! e>lie/4 ,& if ?is proves no?+ else1 x at lea/ proves t consequ5ces d n always die out ) ! conditions t gave !m bir?4 ,x 0 ! _w ( ! savage t gave bir? to ! sup]natural4 ,b ! sup]natural is /ill ) u1 ev5 ?\gh ! _w t gave x bir? has disappe>$4 ,we reta9 conclusions bas$ on admitt$ly false premises4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 pp4 #cf-g4 #ae ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 pp4 #cid-f4 #af ,see an int]e/+ article on ?is po9t by ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s on ,! ,primitive ,conception ( ,dea?1 9 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,jan4 #aiab4 #ag ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 vol4 i4 #ah ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 p4 #abd4 #ai ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #crd ed41 i4 #ccg4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,m5tal ,,disease ,x is an int]e/+ problem1 says ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,leuba1 to det]m9e :at influ5ces h l$ !ologians to an*or _! beliefs ^u ! proposition t religi\s exp]i5ce diff]s f o!r =ms ( consci\sness 9 t x gives "o an imm$iate k ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( c]ta9 objects ( belief1 al?\gh !y d n fall "u ! s5ses1 & an imm$iate k ( ! tru? ( c]ta9 hi/orical facts4#bj ,?is is1 inde$1 an int]e/+ problem1 &1 we may add1 "o ( gr[+ importance1 s9ce !re is a pron\nc$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( pres5t-day expon5ts ( religion to re/ _! case almo/ entirely ^u ! imm$iacy ( _! religi\s consci\sness4 ,?is conception ( a c]ta9 ord] ( exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 is n & _c h always exi/$4 ,a belief may be s widely & s g5]ally diffus$ t x is accept$ )\t resi/ance1 &1 z x w\ld almo/ seem1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce4 ,b its intuitive "* is only sup]ficial1 & disappe>s on c>eful exam9ation4 ,! m]e vogue ( a belief con/itutes 9 itself a k9d ( evid5ce1 & = _m p ! mo/ p[]ful k9d ( evid5ce4 ,b ! conviction itself has a hi/ory1 & x is 9 ! unravell+ ( t hi/ory1 9 ! discov]y ( ! class ( facts ^u :i* ! conviction has be5 built1 t ! "w lies4 ,& :5 ?is is done x w be f\nd t our intuitions are inv>iably bas$ ^u a cont9u\s--ev5 ?\gh p>tly unconsci\s--appeal to facts4 ,sometimes x w1 ( c\rse1 be f\nd t a r5ew$ & delib]ate appeal to ! facts 9 "q w ju/ify ! conviction4 ,at o!r times x w be f\nd t ! facts dem& an altoge!r new int]pretation4 ,= c5turies all ! obs]v$ facts support$ a conviction t ! e>? 0 flat4 ,x 0 a fre% scrut9y ( ! facts 9 ! light ( a new conception t revolutionis$ human op9ion on ! subject4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! hi/ory1 & :at are ! facts ^u :i* ! belief t religi\s exp]i5ce br+s man into contact ) a k9d ( exi/5ce n giv5 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 is bas$8 ,! k9d ( answ] t w be giv5 to ?is "q has already be5 indicat$4 ,religi\s beliefs are 9 _! orig9 ( ! nature ( an induction f an obs]v$ ord]4 ,! induction is n ! result ( t c>eful collection ( facts1 lead+ up to an equally c>eful g5]alisation & subsequ5t v]ification1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( mod]n sci5ce1 b x is an induction none ! less4 ,! primitive m9d is n s mu* engag$ 9 seek+ an explanation ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 z x has an explanation =c$ ^u x4 ,to picture ! savage z inv5t+ a !ory 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,d>w9 prop\nd$ ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection is to q misconceive ! nature ( ! savage intellig5ce4 ,b to conceive ! savage z hav+ a c]ta9 explanation sugge/$ by ! pressure ( repeat$ exp]i5ces1 & t ?is explanation subsequ5tly assumes ! "* ( a fix$ belief1 is well )9 ! scope ( ! facts kn[n to u4 ,9 ?is /age ( culture ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural be+s is z mu* a d$uction f exp]i5ce z any mod]n sci5tific g5]alisation4 ,c]ta9 ?+s are se51 c]ta9 feel+s are exp]i5c$1 & ! conclusion is t !y are ! products ( sup]natural ag5cy4 ,f ?is po9t ( view religion is no m ?an a primitive sci5ce4 ,x is ! fir/ /age ( t long s]ies ( g5]alisations :i*1 beg9n+ ) crude animism1 ends ) ! discov]ies ( a ,cop]nicus1 a ,newton1 a ,d>w91 or a ,sp5c]4 ,x is a hi/ory t beg9s ) vitalism & ends ) me*anism4 ,we comm5ce ) a _w 9 :i* !re exi/s a *aotic assemblage ( indep5d5t p]sonal =ces1 & end ) a univ]se t is self-act+1 self-adju/+1 self-conta9$1 & 9 :i* sci5ce makes no all[ance = ! op]ation ( intellig5ce save su* z meets u 9 animal organisation4 ,n[ among/ ! facts t sugge/ to ! primitive intellig5ce ! op]ation ( 'spiritual' =ces are ^? connect$ ) ! human organism itself 9 bo? its normal & abnormal /ates4 ,b x is important to note--p>ticul>ly s = ! und]/&+ ( ! "p play$ by ec/atic religi\s ph5om5a 9 comp>atively rec5t times--t once ! occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d is conceiv$ z ! product ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & spirits1 !re is e inducem5t to cultivate ^! frames ( m9d :5ev] r5ew$ int]c\rse is desir$4 ,?is does n imply1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /ages1 consci\s impo/ure4 ,g5]ally ! op]ator imposes on himself z mu* z he imposes on o!rs4 ,not+ t privation ( body1 or torture ( m9d1 or ! use ( c]ta9 h]bs is foll[$ by visions or ec/asy1 x is believ$1 n t ! vision is ! product ( ! practice1 b t ! practice is ! condition ( illum9ation4 ,?is attitude ( m9d is fairly p>allel$ by :at takes place at ! ord9>y spirituali/ic seance4 ,^? att5d+ are advis$ t ! *ief condition ( a communication ) ! inhabitants ( ! o!r _w is a passive /ate ( m9d4 ,?is passivity _c exclude expectancy1 s9ce x is only assum$ 9 ord] t some?+ may occur4 ,if no?+ occurs1 if no communications are receiv$1 x is because ! requisite conditions h n be5 fulfill$1 & ! sceptic is met ) mu* semi-sci5tific j>gon z to conditions be+ necess>y to e sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! fact t ?is passivity & expectancy1 ) o!r att5dant circum/ances1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is ! contagi\s influ5ce ( a numb] ( p ) a simil> m5tal disposition1 op5s ! way to self-delusion is ignor$4 ,!n :5 ! expect$ & desir$ result foll[s1 ! m5tal attitude cultivat$ is tak5 z ! condition ( communication ) ! spiritual _w1 in/ead ( its be+1 9 all probability1 ! true cause ( :at is exp]i5c$4 ,9 ?is way ! /ory ( sup]natural int]c\rse runs cle> & unbrok5 f primitive savag]y to its survival 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,tylor says1 ,! conception ( ! human s\l is1 z to its mo/ ess5tial nature1 cont9u\s f ! philosophy ( ! savage ?9k] to t ( ! mod]n pr(essor ( !ology1#ba he makes a /atem5t t is true ( ! :ole /ory ( sup]natural int]c\rse 9 all its v>i$ manife/ations4 ,! *ief di/9ction betwe5 primitive & mod]n man lies 9 ! consid]ation t 9 ! fir/ case ! blund] is inevitable1 9 ! latt] case ! rem$y lies to h&4 ,h[ c\ld primitive man be aw>e ( ! real connection betwe5 ! use ( c]ta9 drugs or h]bs & an excitation or depression ( ! activities ( ! n]v\s sy/em8 ,he does obs]ve consequ5ces1 b he is q ignorant ( causes4 ,ev5 to-day _! full consequ5ces are unkn[n2 & x is absurd to expect t savage humanity %\ld h be5 bett] in=m$4 ,& ev5 :5 a m rational !ory exi/s1 ! practice p]si/s "u v>i\s =ms4 ,?is is a pr9ciple t receives vivid illu/ration f ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,! mod]n believ] 9 my/ical /ates ( consci\sness no long] advocates ! use ( drugs1 & ev5 fa/+ is go+ out ( fa%ion4 ,b we /ill h a cont9uation ( ! primitive practice 9 ! %ape ( insi/5ce on ! cultivation ( abnormal frames ( m9d if we are to exp]i5ce a consci\sness ( communion ) an alleg$ sup]s5sible reality4 ,t is1 we are to a*ieve by a m5tal discipl9e :at ! savage or ! m$ieval monk a*iev$ by co>s] & m obvi\s me?ods4 ,to )draw ! m9d f ! normal influ5ce ( ev]yday life is to expose x to ! play ( halluc9ation & delusion4 ,!re is really no vital diff]5ce betwe5 unheal?y1 solit>y brood+ on a giv5 subject & drugg+ ! m9d ) ha%i%4 ,?is class ( mod]n my/ic is "o ) ! savage 9 an inability to recognise t ! illum9ation is ! product ( ! discipl9e1 n ! m]e condition ( its possession4 ,betwe5 ! drug ( ! savage1 ! fa/+ & self-torture ( ! m$ieval monk & ! pray]ful m$itation ( ! mod]n my/ic1 ! diff]5ce is only t ( *ang$ times & alt]$ conditions4 ,! me?od is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,! tru? ( ?is has be5 well put by ,tylor3-- ,! religi\s beliefs ( ! l[] races are 9 no small measure bas$ on ! evid5ce ( visions & dreams1 reg>d$ z actual int]c\rse ) spiritual be+4 ,f ! e>lie/ /ages ( culture we f9d religion 9 close alliance ) ec/atic physical conditions4 ,^! are br\ght on by v>i\s means ( int]f]5ce ) ! heal?y action ( body & m9d1 & x is sc>cely ne$ful to rem9d ! read] t1 accord+ to philosophic !ories antec$5t to ^? ( mod]n m$ic9e1 su* morbid di/urbances are expla9$ z symptoms ( div9e visitation1 or at lea/ ( sup]human spirituality4 ,among ! /ronge/ means ( di/urb+ ! functions ( ! m9d s z to produce ec/atic vision1 is fa/+1 accompani$1 z x usually is1 ) o!r privations1 & ) prolong$ solit>y contemplation 9 ! des]t or 9 ! =e/4 ,among ! ord9>y vicissitudes ( savage life1 ! wild hunt] has _m a "t to try involunt>ily ! effects ( su* a life = days toge!r1 & "u ^! circum/ances he soon comes to see & talk ) phantoms :i* are to him invisible spirits4 ,! secret ( spiritual int]c\rse ?us le>nt1 he has !nce-=? b to reproduce ! cause 9 ord] to r5ew ! effects4#bb ,z a means1 !n1 ( /r5g!n+ & p]petuat+ a consci\sness ( int]c\rse ) ! spiritual _w1 we h to reckon )1 n m]ely ! accid5tal occurr5ce ( abnormal n]v\s conditions1 b ) _! delib]ate cultivation4 ,! practice is _w-wide1 & p]si/s 9 "s =m or o!r 9 all ages4 ,?us we f9d ! ,au/ralians & _m tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians use tobacco = ?is purpose4 ,9 ,we/]n ,sib]ia a species ( fungi1 ! 'fly ,ag>ic1' s call$ because x is (t5 /eep$ & ! solution us$ to de/roy h\se flies1 is us$ to produce religi\s ec/asy4 ,its action on ! muscul> sy/em is /imulatory1 & x greatly excites ! n]v\s sy/em4#bc ,an e>ly ,spani% obs]v] says ( ! anci5t ,mexicans t !y us$ a k9d ( mu%room1 :i* are eat5 raw1 & on acc\nt ( be+ bitt]1 !y dr9k aft] !m1 or eat ) !m a little honey ( bees1 & %ortly aft] !y see a ?\s& visions4#bd ,! mu%room 0 call$ ! bread ( ! gods4 ,! ,cali=nian ,indians give *ildr5 tobacco1 9 ord] to receive in/ruction f ! result+ visions4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians held intoxication by tobacco to be sup]natural ec/asy1 & ! dreams ( m5 9 ?is /ate to be inspir$4 ,! ,d>i5 ,indians use ! se$s ( ! ,datura ,sangu9ea to induce visions4 ,9 ,p]u ! prie/s prep>$ !mselves = int]c\rse ) ! gods by p>tak+ ( a n>cotic dr9k f ! same plant4 ,9 ,guiana ! prie/ 0 prep>$ = 8 functions by fa/+ & flagellation1 & 0 aft]w>ds dos$ ) tobacco juice4#be ,9 ,india ! ,laws ( ,manu give explicit in/ructions z to ! means ( produc+ visions4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! use ( ! ',soma' dr9k4 ,?is is prep>$ f ! fl[] ( ! lotus4 ,! sap ( ?is1 says ,de ,c&olle1 w\ld be poison\s if tak5 9 l>ge quantities1 b 9 small doses m]ely induces halluc9ation4 ,opium & ha%i%1 a prep>ation ( ! hemp plant1 h be5 9 g5]al use among ,ea/]n peoples1 z a means ( produc+ ec/asy f remote antiquity4 ,opium1 x is well kn[n1 produces an extraord9>y /ate ( exaltation1 int5sify+ ! s5se ( "o's p]sonality1 & induc+ a pleasurable consci\sness ( m5tal /r5g? & cl>ity4 ,"u its influ5ce1 z ,de ,qu9cey said1 "t l5g!ns to inf9ity & space swells to imm5sity4#bf ,belladonna1 a drug mu* us$ by m$ieval wit*es & sorc]]s1 has also _h its vogue = purely religi\s purposes4 ,) ! ,greeks ! laurel 0 sacr$ to sculapius4 ,^? :o wi%$ to ask c\nsel ( ! god appe>$ be=e ! alt> cr[n$ ) laurel & *ew+ its leaves4 ,be=e prophesy+1 ! ,greek prie/esses drank a prep>ation ( laurel wat]4 ,?is conta9s1 al?\gh x 01 ( c\rse1 unkn[n to !m1 two toxic sub/ances--prussic acid & ! volatile oil ( laurel4 ,! fir/ w\ld induce convulsions1 ! second1 halluc9atory visions4 ,! two comb9$ 7 calculat$ to produce ) bo? subject & obs]v] a pr(\nd impression ( spiritual illum9ation & possession4 ,x is unnecess>y to multiply examples ( ! action ( v>i\s drugs or h]bs on ! n]v\s sy/em1 or to cite ! p :o use !m4 ,en\gh has be5 said to indicate h[ widespread is ! practice1 & ! consequ5ces are n h>d to =esee4 ,a v mod]ate developm5t ( intellig5ce w\ld enable m5 to associate c]ta9 consequ5ces ) ! use ( p>ticul> drugs1 b a v consid]able am\nt ( k w\ld be requir$ to expla9 :y ^! consequ5ces 7 produc$4 ,9 a social environm5t saturat$ ) sup]/ition ! explanation lies ready to h&1 & is accept$ )\t "q4 ,a p t sees spiritual ag5cy 9 all ! famili> ph5om5a ( nature are c]ta9ly n less likely to trace its influ5ce 9 ! my/]i\s & unacc\ntable effects ( n>cotics & /imulants4 ,& ea* repeat$ exp]im5t provides additional pro(4 ,man ?us n only believes himself to be surr\nd$ by a spiritual _w2 he is actually able to ent] into communication ) x by me?ods t are def9$ 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann]4 ,e repetition /r5g!ns ! delusion & ev5 :5 ! delusion1 z su*1 is explod$1 ! temp] ( m9d induc$ by x p]si/s4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods are employ$ to induce a feel+ ( religi\s exaltation4 ,prom95t among ^! are danc+ & s++4 ,danc+ 9 connection ) religi\s c]emonies is n[ g5]ally outgr[n 9 ! civilis$ _w1 b s++ is /ill ! vogue4 ,t is1 s++ is n1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 practis$ f any desire to cultivate a love ( music1 al?\gh x may appeal to music-lov]s4 ,/ill1 its av[$ purpose is to induce a feel+ ( dev\tness 9 ! congregation4 ,! hypnotic consequ5ces ( a body ( p s++ 9 unison1 or ! soo?+1 my/ical effect ( c]ta9 airs f a *oir ^u a congregation1 are recognis$ 9 practice if n 9 !ory4 ,?is is a ph5om5on t is n1 ( c\rse1 exclusively associat$ ) religion4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r in/ances religion only utilises ! ord9>y qualities ( human nature4 ,b 9 all cases ! purpose & ! result are ! same4 ,t is1 ! subject is plac$ = ! "t be+ 9 a sup]normal condition1 & ! mild /ate ( passivity or en?usiasm creat$ makes him m susceptible to ! influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u him4 ,?is is true ( religi\s s++ & *ant+1 f ! =e/ ga!r+s ( ! primitive savage d[n to ! m s$ate & elaborate assemblages 9 *ur* or *apel4 ,primitive danc+ _h bo? a sexual & religi\s significance1 al?\gh1 z w be se5 lat]1 9 ! primitive m9d ! sexual functions !mselves are v closely associat$ ) sup]natural ag5cy4 ,tylor is ( op9ion t orig9ally m5 & wom5 dance 9 ord] to express _! feel+s & wi%es1#bg b x is c]ta9 x v e>ly & univ]sally became associat$ ) religi\s c]emonies1 & t because ( ! ec/asy induc$4 ,9 "s cases drug-tak+ & danc+ g toge!r4 ,9 o!rs1 reliance is plac$ on danc+ alone4 ,?is latt] is ! case ) ! 'devil danc]s' ( ,ceylon4 ,9 ,africa ! wit* doctor discov]s :o has be5 guilty ( sorc]y by ! aid ( inspiration furni%$ dur+ a dance4 ,! :irl+ dance ( ! ,ea/]n d]vi% is well kn[n4 ,danc+ also figures 9 ! ,bible4 ,! ,jews danc$ ar\nd ! gold5 calf 7,ex4 xxxii4 #ai7 9 a /ate ( nudity4 ,david1 too1 danc$ nak$ be=e ! ,"l4 ,danc+ 0 also "p ( ! religi\s c]emonies att5dant on ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos or ,bac*us4#bh ,along ) ! dr9k+ ( c]ta9 vegetable decoctions1 danc+ =m$ an important "p ( ! wit*es' saturnalia dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( fr5zy1 p>tly drug induc$ & p>tly ! product ( exhil>ation caus$ by wild danc+1 visions ( ,satan foll[$4 ,9 ! danc+ mania ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! suff]]s saw visions ( heav5 op5$1 ) ,jesus & ! ,virg9 en?ron$4 ,danc+ 0 "o ( ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fr5* ,convulsionnaires 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 m rec5t times we h ! danc+ & s++ connect$ ) ! ,me?odi/ revival4 ,9 mod]n in/ances ! danc+ seems to h be5 consequ5t on religi\s excitem5t r ?an prec$5t to x1 b 9 e>li] times !re is no d\bt t x 0 delib]ately practis$ z a means ( produc+ a /ate ( exaltation4 ,among ! commone/ me?ods ( induc+ a s5se ( religi\s exaltation is ! practice ( fa/+4 ,9 v>i\s guises1 ?is is ! mo/ p]si/5t =m ( religi\s self-torture4 ,among/ m civilis$ p ! reason giv5 = fa/+ is t x is a =m ( rep5tance1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is atte/$ by volunt>y puni%m5t4 ,b orig9ally !re seems little reason to d\bt t x 0 adopt$ = a diff]5t purpose4 ,x 0 valu$ n because ! fa/+ p]son felt t he _h done any?+ = :i* x 0 necess>y to rep5t1 b because x 0 believ$ to br+ p into clos] t\* ) ! spiritual _w4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a v obvi\s reason = ?is belief4 ,a l[]$ vitality is fav\rable to halluc9ations ( e description4 ,a %ipwreck$ sailor is plac$1 by no act ( 8 own1 9 precisely ! same condition z is ! primitive m$ic9e man or ! m$ieval sa9t by 8 own volition4 ,x has always be5 recognis$1 & by none m readily ?an by ! great religi\s tea*]s ( ! _w1 t a well-n\ri%$ body is inimical to :at !y *ose to t]m spiritual developm5t4 ,! hi/oric ,*ri/ian outcry aga9/ fle%ly indulg5ce has mu* m 9 x ?an a revolt aga9/ m]e s5sualism4 ,a well-f$ body has be5 deprecat$ because x clos$ ! av5ue to spiritual illum9ation4 ,h5ce x is t fa/+ has f\nd su* fav\r 9 all religi\s sy/ems4 ,! ascetic saw m because1 by r$uc+ ! body to an abnormal /ate1 he provid$ ! conditions = see+ m4 ,! ,zulu maxim1 ,a /uff$ body _c see secret ?+s1 really expresses 9 a s5t5ce ! philosophy ( ! matt]4 ,among ! ,blackfoot ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 a boy rea*es pub]ty he is s5t away f 8 fa!r's lodge 9 se>* ( a spiritual protector or totem4 ,seek+ a seclud$ spot1 he ab/a9s f food until he is fav\r$ 9 a dream ) a vision ( "s animal or bird1 :i* is at once adopt$ by him4#bi ,?is cu/om obta9s ) mo/ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes4 ,among ^! tribes1 also1 ! soo?say] prep>es himself by fa/+ = ! ec/atic /ate 9 :i* ! spirits give _! messages ?r\gh him4 ,! ord9>y memb] ( ! tribe :o wants any?+ w fa/ until he is assur$ 9 a dream t x w be grant$ him4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,malay1 to procure sup]natural int]c\rse1 retires to ! jungle & ab/a9s f food4 ,! ,zulu doctor prep>es = int]c\rse ) ! tribal spirits by sp>e diet or solit>y fa/s4 ,fa/+ is "p ( ! ord9>y regim5 ( ! ,h9du yogi4 ,( c]ta9 ,indian tribes we are told t be=e proce$+ on an exp$ition !y obs]ve a rigor\s fa/1 or r ab/a9 f e k9d ( food = f\r days4 ,9 ?is int]val _! imag9ation is exalt$ to delirium2 :e!r x be ?r\gh bodily weakness or ! natural effect ( delirium1 !y pret5d to h /range visions4 ,! eld]s & sages ( ! tribe1 be+ call$ ^u to int]pret ^! dreams1 draw f !m om5s m or less fav\rable to ! success ( ! ent]prise2 & _! explanations are receiv$ z oracles1 by :i* ! exp$ition w be fai?fully regulat$4#cj ,among/ ! ,samoans1 :5 ra9 0 requir$1 ! prie/s black5$ !mselves all ov]1 exhum$ a dead body1 took ! skeleton to a cave & p\r$ wat] ov] x4 ,!y _h to fa/ & rema9 9 ! cave until x ra9$4 ,sometimes !y di$ "u ! exp]im5t1 b !y g5]ally *ose ! %[]y mon?s = _! ra9-mak+4#ca ,9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts fa/+ figures l>gely4 ,! enc\nt] ( ,jesus ) ,satan is prec$$ by a =ty days' fa/4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na began regul> fa/s at a v e>ly age4 ,santa ,t]esa kept l5g?y fa/s e ye>4 ,! fa/+ ( ! monks & nuns dur+ ! epidemic p]iod ( mona/icism is too well kn[n to call = m ?an a m]e ref]5ce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s religi\s reason giv5 = fa/+ is t cit$ by a writ] f a monki% *ronicl]3-- ,z a coa* goes fa/] :5 x is empty1 a man by fa/+ c be bett] unit$ to ,god2 = x is a pr9ciple ) geomet]s t a r\nd body c nev] t\* a plane except 9 "o po9t4444 ,a belly too well fill$ becomes r\nd1 x _c t\* ,god except 9 "o po9t2 b fa/+ flatt5s ! belly until x is unit$ ) ! surface ( ,god at all po9ts4#cb ,george ,fox1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 confesses t he fa/$ mu* & walk$ abroad 9 solit>y places1 & frequ5tly 9 ! night walk$ ab\t m\rnfully by myself4 ,aft] mu* brood+ & fa/+1 he he>d a voice :i* said1 ,!re is "o1 ev5 ,jesus ,*ri/1 t c speak to ?y condition4 ,su* an exp]i5ce is n at all surpris+1 see+ ! me?od pursu$ to acquire x4 ,less fa/+ & brood+1 ) m g5ial int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s1 might easily h prev5t$ ,fox1 z x has prev5t$ o!rs1 he>+ heav5ly voices pr(f]+ him c\nsel4 ,su* an exp]i5ce is well )9 ! rea* ( anyone :o c>es to acquire x4 ,tylor has well said t ,s long z fa/+ is cont9u$ z a religi\s rite1 s long ! consequ5ces 9 morbid m5tal exaltation w cont9ue ! old savage doctr9e t morbid phantasy is sup]natural exp]i5ce4 ,bread & meat w\ld h robb$ ! ascetic ( _m an angel's visit2 ! op5+ ( ! refectory door mu/ _m a "t h clos$ ! gate ( heav5 to 8 gaze4 ,no "o w "q ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 s long z we are deal+ ) uncivilis$ mank9d4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 %r9k f ackn[l$g+ t ! practices curr5t 9 m civilis$ times are disguis$ illu/rations ( ! same pr9ciple ( int]pretation1 :i* desc5ds direct f savages1 & b = !m w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,comm5t+ on ! practices ( c]ta9 savage m$ic9e-m51 a mission>y rem>ks3-- ,x always appe>$ probable to me t ^! rogues1 f long fa/+1 contract a weakness ( bra91 a gidd9ess1 a k9d ( delirium1 :i* makes !m imag9e t !y are gift$ ) sup]ior wisdom1 & give !mselves out = physicians4 ,!y impose ^u !mselves fir/1 & aft]w>ds ^u o!rs4#cc ,?is is %rewdly said1 & is a good example ( ! read9ess ) :i* obvi\s tru?s are recognis$ :5 !y d n cla% ) religi\s prepossessions4 ,! difficulty = o!rs is to disc]n any real l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! practices ( civilis$ & uncivilis$4 ,s f> z "o c see1 ! only real di/9ction is t ! me?od employ$ by savages is op54 ,t foll[$ by civilis$ p is m or less disguis$4 ,b d]angem5t ( function is d]angem5t ( function1 no matt] h[ produc$4 ,& if we decl9e to believe t a savage holds g5u9e int]c\rse ) a spiritual _w1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is d]angem5t1 9 :at way are we ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ! te/imony ( a ,*ri/ian vision>y to simil> int]c\rse1 :5 ! d]angem5t is 9 8 case no less cle>8 ,x is a case ( accept+ bo?1 or nei!r4 ,! sane & sci5tific conclusion seems to lie 9 ! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley3-- ,n[ t ! m5tal functions are kn[n to be insep>ably connect$ ) n]v\s sub/rata1 dispos$ & unit$ 9 ! bra9 9 ! mo/ ord]ly fa%ion1 sup]ord9ate1 co-ord9ate1 & subord9ate--! :ole a complex organisation ( conf$]ate n]ve c5tres1 ea* capable ( m or less indep5d5t action--a natural int]pretation pres5ts itself4 ,! extraord9>y /ates ( m5tal dis9tegration ev9ce ! sep>ate & irregul> function ( c]ta9 m5tal n]ve tracts1 or gr\p$ n]ve tracts ) :i* goes necess>ily a co9cid5t susp5sion1 p>tial or complete1 ( ! functions ( all ! re/2 ! sup]natural incubus1 !re=e1 nei!r demoniac nor div9e1 only morbid4 ,?us ! /range n]v\s seizures1 ) _! m5tal concomitants1 n be+ outside ! range ( positive rese>*1 b int]e/+ ev5ts )9 x1 become useful natural exp]im5ts to ?r[ an in/ructive light ^u ! intricate functions ( ! mo/ complex organ 9 ! _w--! human bra94 ,/eadily are ! rese>*es ( pa?ology driv+ ! sup]natural back into its la/ & mo/ obscure retreat2 = !y prove t 9 ! extreme/ ec/asies !re is nei!r !olepsy nor diabolepsy1 nor any o!r lepsy 9 ! s5se ( possession ( ! individual by an ext]nal p[]2 :at !re is truly is a psy*olepsy4#cd ,/ates ( exaltation produc$ by ! aid ( drugs1 fa/+1 or o!r =ms ( self-torture come naturally "u ! category ( delib]ately induc$ /ates ( m9d1 ow+ to ! conviction t spiritual k may be ga9$ 9 ?is way4 ,b !re are o!r /ates t arise naturally & :i* fo/] ! same conviction4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ) uncivilis$ peoples is t all disease is due to ! action ( malevol5t spirits4 ,!re is no ne$ n[ to repeat pro( ( ?is1 & 9 any case x lies to h& 9 any "w t deals ) uncivilis$ life4 ,nor ne$ we g back to uncivilis$ times = evid5ce4 ,"o requires only to look b a v little way into ! hi/ory ( any c\ntry to f9d ! sup]naturali/ic !ory ( disease 9 full sw+1 & ev5 to-day "o may discov] indications ( its once g5]al rule4 ,its importance to ! pres5t enquiry lies 9 ! "p x has play$ 9 build+ up 9 ! religi\s consci\sness a g5]al conviction ( religi\s tru? t does n disappe> ev5 :5 x is se5 t ! evid5ce ^u :i* x re/s is faulty4 ,j z ! inhabitants ( a ,wel% village h _! g5]al belief 9 religion /r5g!n$ by ! semi-hy/]ical spee*es ( an ,evan ,rob]ts1 & ! convulsive cap]s ( a :ole congregation1 s 9 all ages p h f\nd endorsem5t ( _! belief 9 a sup]natural _w 9 ! exi/5ce ( cases ! pa?ological nature ( :i* admits ( no d\bt4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural "* ( specific n]v\s conditions or m5tal /ates may disappe>1 b ! fact t ?is belief has be5 g5]al = a "t leaves beh9d a c]ta9 psy*ological residuum 9 fav\r ( sup]naturalism 9 g5]al4 ,! connection betwe5 ! prie/ & ! physician is naturally a v anci5t "o4 ,! prie/1 inde$1 is ! primitive physician1 ! belief t diseases are sup]naturally caus$ indicat+ him z ! ag5t ( _! cure4 ,& x is only to be expect$ t :5 ! attempt is made to div]t ! treatm5t ( disease f prie/ly h&s ! ef=t %\ld be met ) det]m9$ opposition4 ,q naturally1 too1 ! fir/ grop+s aft] a sci5tific !ory ( disease %[ a curi\s mixture ( rationalism & sup]/ition4 ,?us1 9 ,greece1 ! temple hospitals devot$ to ! my?ical sculapius1 :i* 7 situat$ at ,epidaurus1 ,p]gamus1 ,cyr5e1 ,cor9?1 & _m o!r places1 s]v$ z colleges1 hospitals1 & places ( wor%ip4 ,suff]]s slept 9 ! temples 9 ! hopes ( receiv+ messages f ! gods1 & ! prie/s !mselves pr(ess$ to h ec/atic visions :i* enabl$ !m to prescribe = ^? afflict$4#ce ,great emphasis 0 plac$ on ba?+1 light1 air1 & food1 & x is pretty cle> t ! prie/s _h begun to mix bo? fai? & physic 9 a mo/ p]plex+ mann]4 ,! def9ite sep>ation ( m$ic9e f magic & religion beg9s ) ,hippocrates4 ,8 !ory ( disease 0 simple4 ,he did n d5y t !re might be a sup]natural side to disease2 he insi/$ t !re 0 always a natural "o1 & t ?is 0 ! side ) :i* we %\ld be conc]n$4 ,ea* disord]1 he said1 _h its own physical conditions1 & he laid d[n ! rule t we ought to /udy ! nature ( man1 :at he is ) ref]5ce to t :i* he eats & dr9ks1 & to all 8 o!r occupations & habits1 & to ! consequ5ces result+ f ea*4#cf ,9 ,egypt1 also1 v consid]able advance 0 made 9 ! same direction4 ,probably a good deal ( _! k result$ f ! practice ( embalm+1 9 spite ( ! prie/ly int]dict on dissection4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re is no d\bt t consid]able advance _h be5 made4 ,h]ophilus & ,erasi/ratus wrote ( ! /ructure ( ! he>t1 & describ$ its connection ) ! ve9s & art]ies4 ,! two k9ds ( n]ves1 motor & s5sory1 7 describ$1 & ! influ5ce ( foods1 etc41 z influ5c+ heal?1 dwelt on4 ,insanity 0 also dealt ) z due to natural & controllable causes1 & ! effects ( col\r & music 9 deal+ ) mania not$4#cg ,_h ?is advance be5 foll[$1 ! hi/ory ( ,european civilisation might h be5 diff]5t f :at x 04 ,plagues1 epidemics1 & diseases1 ) _! f>-rea*+ social & political consequ5ces1--consequ5ces t are too little not$1 or ev5 und]/ood1 by hi/orians1--might h met ) adequate resi/ance1 & "s w\ld nev] h occurr$4 ,! ,pagan s*ools ( m$ic9e came to an untimely1 al?\gh 9 "s cases a l+]+1 end4 ,! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 says a m$ical writ]1 _h an und\bt$ influ5ce on ! c\rse ( m$ical sci5ce2 = ! ,*ri/ian 0 taught to recognise1 9 e bodily infirmity1 ! disp5sation ( ! ,almighty1 & 9 ! calm1 ab/ract$ pursuits ( ^? holy m5 :o pass$ _! "t 9 pray] & m$itation1 a propitiation3 h5ce m$ic9e fell into ! h&s ( monks & an*orites1 :o assum$ to !mselves1 exclusively1 ! p[] ( int]pret+ all natural ph5om5a z indications ( ! ,div9e ,w1 & pret5d$ to possess "s occult & sup]natural means ( cur+ disease4#ch ,rev]s+ ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 ! physician 0 replac$ by ! prie/4 ,! sup]naturali/ic !ory 0 reviv$1 & held its own = well on a ?\s& ye>s4 ,= e compla9t ! ,*ur* provid$ a specific 9 ! %ape ( a *>m1 an incantation1 or a sa9t4 ,/4 ,apollonia = too?a*e1 ,/4 ,av]t9 = lunacy1 ,/4 ,b5$ict = /one1 ,/4 ,cl>a = sore eyes1 ,/4 ,h]b]t = hydrophobia1 ,/4 ,john = epilepsy1 ,/4 ,maur = g\t1 ,/4 ,p]nel = agues1 ,/4 ,g5evieve = fev]s1 ,/4 ,seba/ian = plague1 etc4#ci ,! height ( absurdity 0 rea*$ :51 9 spite ( ! monopoly ( ! treatm5t ( disease by ! prie/hood1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims 7#aaai7 actually =bade monks to /udy m$ic9e4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,bezi]s 7#abdf7 prohibit+ ,*ri/ians apply+ = relief to ,jewi% physicians1 at a "t :5 practically ! only doctors ( ability 9 ,*ri/5dom 7 ,jews4 ,9 #abdc ! ,dom9icans bani%$ all books on m$ic9e f _! mona/]ies4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 =bade physicians practis+ except "u ! sup]vision ( an ecclesia/ic4 ,honorius 7#abbb7 =bade prie/s ! /udy ( m$ic9e2 & at ! end ( ! ?irte5? ,c5tury ,boniface ,,viii4 int]dict$ surg]y z a!i/ical4 ,! ill-treatm5t & opposition exp]i5c$ by ! great ,vesalius at ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*1 on acc\nt ( 8 anatomical rese>*es1 is "o ( ! sadde/ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4#dj ,:5 ! sight ( bodily disease /r5g!n$ & confirm$ belief 9 ! sup]natural1 m5tal disease mu/ h (f]$ /ill m conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,among uncivilis$ p we "k t ?is is s4 ,to quote aga9 f ! indisp5sable ,tylor3-- ,! possess$ man 444 rationally f9ds a spiritual cause = 8 suff]+s4444 ,especially :5 ! my/]i\s unse5 p[] ?r[s him helpless on ! gr\nd1 j]ks & wri!s him 9 convulsions1 makes him leap ^u ! by/&]s ) a giant's /r5g? & a wild bea/'s f]ocity1 impels him ) di/ort$ face & frantic ge/ure1 & voice n 8 own nor seem+ly ev5 human1 to p\r =? wild incoh]5t rav+1 or ) ?\ght & eloqu5ce beyond 8 sob] faculties to comm&1 to c\nsel1 to =etell--su* a "o seems to ^? :o wat* him1 & ev5 to himself1 to h become ! m]e in/rum5t ( a _s :i* has seiz$ him or ent]$ into him1 a possess+ demon 9 ^: p]sonality ! pati5t believes s implicitly t he (t5 imag9es a p]sonal "n = x1 :i* x c decl>e :5 x speaks 9 its own voice & "* ?r\gh 8 organs ( spee*4#da ,x 0 ?is conception ( insanity1 univ]sally curr5t 9 ! uncivilis$ _w1 t 0 reviv$ ) fe>ful int5sity 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & :i* c]ta9ly s]v$ its purpose 9 int5sify+ ! g5u9e belief 9 sup]naturalism4 ,jesus _h giv5 ,8 foll[]s p[] to expel demons ,9 ,my "n1 & ?is p[] ( exorcism 0 "o ^u :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians specially prid$ !mselves4 ,x is ) unconsci\s s>casm t ,dean ,tr5* puts ! "q1 ,if "o ( ! disciples 7 to ent] a madh\se n[1 h[ _m ( ! suff]]s !re he might recognise z 'possess$'8#db ,"o may safely say t he w\ld reg>d all z "u ! dom9ion ( evil spirits4 ,no o!r cause ( insanity appe>s to h be5 recognis$1 & ! ,*ur* devis$ ! mo/ elaborate =mul = ca/+ out demons4 ,! assum$ demoniac 0 pray$ ov]1 inc5s$1 & evil-smell+ drugs burn$ "u 8 nose4 ,a set =m ( objurgation !n foll[$3-- ,?\ lu/ful & /upid "o4444 ,?\ lean s[1 fam9e-/rick5 & mo/ impure4444 ,?\ wr9kl$ bea/1 ( all bea/s ! mo/ bea/ly4444 ,?\ be/ial & fooli% drunk>d4444 ,?\ sooty _s f ,t>t>us4444 ,i ca/ !e d[n1 ,o ,t>t>ean boor1 into ! inf]nal kit*54444 ,loa?some cobbl] 444 fil?y s[ 444 envi\s crocodile4444 ,malodor\s drudge 444 swoll5 toad 444 l\sy sw9eh]d1 etc4 etc4#dc ,!n foll[$ ! exorcism prop]3-- ,by ! ,apocalypse ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god ha? giv5 to make kn[n unto ,8 s]vants ^? ?+s :i* are %ortly to be 444 ,i exorcise y1 ye angels ( untold p]v]sity4444 ,may all ! devils t are ?y foes ru% =? ^u !e & drag !e d[n to hell6444 ,may ! ,holy ,"o trample on !e & hang !e up 9 an inf]nal =k1 z 0 done to ! five k+s ( ! ,amorites6444 ,may ,god set a nail to y\r skull1 & p\nd x ) a hamm] z ,jael did to ,sis]a6444 ,may ,so!r break ?y head & cut (f ?y h&s1 z 0 done to ! curs$ ,dagon6444 ,may ,god hang !e 9 a helli% yoke1 z sev5 m5 7 hang$ by ! sons ( ,saul6#dd ,m>cus ,aurelius m5tions z "o ( 8 debts to ! philosoph] ,diognetus t he _h taught him n to give cr$it to vulg> tales ( prodigies & incantations1 & evil spirits ca/ out by magicians or pret5d]s to sorc]y1 & su* k9d ( impo/ors4#de ,:at w\ld h be5 ! ?\ghts ( ! great emp]or1 c\ld he h revisit$ ! e>? two c5turies aft] 8 dea? & se5 ! !n civilis$ _w envelop$ 9 a m5tal atmosph]e 9 :i* su* ideas z ^? above describ$ c\ld live8 ,all ov] ,europe = c5turies lunatics 7 :ipp$1 & o!rwise ill-treat$1 9 ! hopes ( expell+ ! demons t 7 tr\bl+ !m4 ,! sev5ty-second ,canon ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& /ill provides t no unlic5s$ p]son %all ca/ out any devil or devils "u pa9 ( p5alties prescrib$4 ,a ,bi%op ( ,beauvais1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 n only caus$ five devils to come out ( "o p]son1 b actually induc$ !m to sign a docum5t promis+ n to mole/ ?is p>ticul> suff]] aga94 ,trem5d\s1 aga91 7 ! lab\rs ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs ( ,vi5na1 :o boa/$ t !y _h ca/ out no less ?an #ab1feb 'liv+ devils4' ,su* ari?metical exactitude sil5ces all ho/ile comm5t4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 z late z #aghc1 lunatics 7 left all night 9 ! *ur*y>d1 ) a holy bell ov] _! heads4 ,9 ,cornwall1 ,/4 ,nun's pool 0 fam\s = ! cure ( lunatics4 ,! poor devils 7 ti$ h& & foot & d\s$ 9 ! wat] until !y 7 cur$--or kill$4 ,ev5 ! embraces ( pro/itutes1 = "s peculi> reason1 7 recomm5d$ z a cure = insanity4#df ,9 #aghh1 9 ,bri/ol1 a drunk5 epileptic1 "o ,george ,l>k9s1 0 br\ght into *ur*1 & sev5 cl]gym5 solemnly set !mselves to ! task ( exorcis+ ! possess+ demon4 ,:]eupon ,satan swore 'by 8 inf]nal d5'--an oa?1 says ! *ronicl]1 n[h]e to be f\nd b 9 ,bunyan4 ,"u date ( ,octob] #be1 #agci1 ,john ,wesley also relates h[ he 0 s5t = & assi/$ at ! expulsion ( a demon f ! body ( a "y girl4 ,( all n]v\s diseases t ( epilepsy appe>s to h be5 mo/ fav\rable to ! enc\ragem5t ( a belief 9 spiritual ag5cy4 ,"o m$ical au?ority ^: exp]i5ce enables him to speak ) a peculi> degree ( au?ority has po9t$ out t ) epilepsy !re is (t5 an exaltation ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts4#dg ,a m rec5t writ]1 ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,holl&]1 ass]ts t epileptics are highly religi\s4#dh ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on also po9ts out t /rong religi\s emotionalism (t5 accompanies epilepsy4#di ,ano!r em95t physician1 :ile po9t+ out t a high degree ( intellig5ce1 am\nt+ ev5 to g5ius1 has 9 "s cases be5 associat$ ) epilepsy1 obs]ves t ! epileptic is apt to be influ5c$ greatly by ! my/ical & awe-inspir+1 & he is dispos$ to morbid piety4#ej ,e m$ical man is acqua9t$ ) ! close relation t exi/s betwe5 epilepsy & all k9ds ( halluc9ations & delusions1 & x w\ld be m ?an surpris+ if 9 an environm5t :]e ! religi\s int]pretation ( ?+s is p>am\nt1 or ) a pati5t ( /rong religi\s convictions1 ^! delusions did n take a religi\s =m4 ,& ( all n]v\s disord]s epilepsy seems mo/ fav\rable = produc+ ?is4 ,"u its influ5ce halluc9ation attacks e "o ( ! s5ses ) a v>y+ degree ( int5sity4 ,! pati5t he>s voices1 & g5]ally words express+ def9ite ideas1 ?\gh he is (t5 unable to prop]ly ref] !m to any speak+ p]son4 ,sometimes in/ead ( ext]nal s\nds or voices1 ! pati5t has a consci\sness ( an int]nal voice t may be z real to him z any ext]nal auditory p]ception4 ,at fir/ ! voices may be indi/9ct1 b ^u con/ant repetition & evolution f sub-consci\s ?\ght !y acquire int5sity1 ev5tually dom9at+ ! life ( ! individual4#ea ,dr4 ,ball says3 ,"o pati5t p]ceives at ! beg9n+ ( ! attack a too!d :eel1 9 ! middle ( :i* !re appe>s a human face mak+ /range contortions2 ano!r sees a s]ies ( smil+ l&scapes4 ,9 "s cases x is ! s5se ( he>+ :i* is affect$2--! pati5t he>s voices or /range noises4 ,o!rs are w>n$ by ! s5se ( smell t ! fit is go+ to comm5ce4#eb ,sometimes ^! halluc9ations ( sight & he>+ are 9 curi\s contra/ ) ea* o!r4 ,n r>ely1 says ,dr4 ,conolly ,norman1 a pati5t has visual halluc9ations ( a *e]+ k9d--z ( ,god or angels2 yet 8 auditory halluc9ations are full ( blasphemy1 mock]y1 & insult4#ec ,dr4 ,maudsley ?us describes ! g5]al symptoms accompany+ an epileptic attack3-- ,! pati5t's s5ses are possess$ ) halluc9ations1 8 ganglionic c5tral cells be+ 9 a /ate ( :at may be call$ convulsive action2 be=e ! eyes are blood-r$ flames ( fire1 amid/ :i* :oev] happ5s to pres5t himself appe>s z a devil or o!rwise horribly trans=m$2 ! e>s are fill$ ) a t]ribly ro>+ noise1 or res\nd ) a voice imp]atively comm&+ him to save himself2 ! smell is "o ( sulphur\s /ifl+1 & ! desp]ate & viol5t actions are ! convulsive reaction to su* fe>ful halluc9ations4#ed ,if anyone w be> 9 m9d ! num]\s descriptions ( religi\s visions1 writt5 9 all good fai?1 & ! behavi\r ( _m an assum$ 'inspir$' "*1 he w h little difficulty 9 realis+ h[ easily1 to a p unacqua9t$ ) ! real "* ( su* ph5om5a1 epilepsy l5ds itself to a religi\s int]pretation4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! consequ5ces ( vivid halluc9ations exp]i5c$ dur+ epilepsy d n always disappe> ) ! attack to :i* !y 7 orig9ally due4 ,x is c]ta9 t f ! e>lie/ times cases ( :at are und\bt$ly epilepsy h be5 tak5 z positive indications ( sup]natural influ5ce4 ,!re is1 says ,emanuel ,deuts*1 a peculi> some?+ suppos$ to inh]e 9 epilepsy4 ,! ,greeks call$ x a div9e disease4 ,bac*antic & *orybantic furor 7 ,god-inspir$ /ages4 ,! ,py?ia utt]$ h] oracles "u ! mo/ di/ress+ signs4 ,symptoms ( convulsion 7 ev] ne$$ z a sign ( ! div9e4#ee ,mu* ( ! evid5ce = ! sup]natural 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t re/s ^u cases t are obvi\sly pa?ological 9 "*4 ,a man br+s 8 son to ,jesus & describes h[ (ttimes he falle? into ! fire1 & (t into ! wat] 7,matt4 xvii4 #ae71 & 9 ano!r place 7,m>k ix4 #ah7 ! same pati5t is describ$ z hav+ a dumb _s1 & :]esoev] he take? him1 he te>e? him2 & he foame?1 & gna%e? ) 8 tee?1 & p9e? away4 ,! response to ! fa!r's appeal = help is an exorcism ( ! possess+ _s su* z "o meets ) 9 all savage culture4 ,betwe5 possession by a malignant _s & dom9ation by a god1 ! diff]5ce is cle>ly "o ( t]m9ology alone4 ,& at ! side ( ! ,new ,te/am5t case j cit$ "o may place ?is acc\nt f ,polynesia1 writt5 by a v compet5t obs]v]1 & a mission>y3-- ,z soon z ! god 0 suppos$ to h ent]$ ! prie/1 ! latt] became viol5tly agitat$ & work$ himself up to ! highe/ pit* ( app>5t fr5zy2 ! muscles ( ! limbs seem$ convuls$1 ! body swell$1 ! c\nt5ance became t]rific1 ! features di/ort$1 ! eyes wild & /ra9$4 ,9 ?is /ate he (t5 roll$ on ! e>?1 foam+ at ! m\?1 z if lab\r+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9ity by :om he 0 possess$1 & 9 %rill cries1 & (t5 viol5t & indi/9ct s\nds1 reveal$ ! w ( ! god4#ef ,advanc+ to a high] culture /age ?an t indicat$ 9 ! la/ passage1 !re is mu* evid5ce t ,mohamm$ 0 subject to halluc9ations1 & _m au?orities h indicat$ epilepsy z _! s\rce4 ,!re is a tradition t someone :o saw ,mohamm$ :ile he 0 receiv+ "o ( 8 revelations obs]v$ t he seem$ unconsci\s & 0 r$ 9 ! face4 ,mohamm$ himself said3-- ,inspiration desc5de? ^u me 9 two ways4 ,sometimes ,gabriel come? & communicate? ! revelation unto me1 z "o man unto ano!r1 & ?is is easy2 at o!r times x affecte? me l ! r++ ( a bell1 p5etrat+ my v he>t1 & r5d+ me z x 7 9 pieces2 & ?is x is :i* griev\sly afflicte? me4 ,emanuel ,deuts*1 al?\gh1 9 a passage already cit$1 recognis+ ! religi\s significance atta*$ to epilepsy1 has ! foll[+ curi\s comm5t3-- ,mohamm$ 0 epileptic2 & va/ +5uity & m$ical k h be5 lavi%$ ^u ?is po9t z explanatory ( ,mohamm$'s mission & success4 ,we1 = our own "p1 d n ?9k t epilepsy ev] made a man appe> a prophet to himself or ev5 to ! p ( ! ,ea/2 or1 = ! matt] ( t1 inspir$ him ) ! l he>t-mov+ words & glori\s pictures4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,x 0 tak5 z a sign ( demons )9--demons1 ',devs1' devils to :om all mann] ( diseases 7 ascrib$ ?r\gh\t ! antique _w4 ,?is seems v l>gely to miss ! po9t at issue4 ,( c\rse1 no "o w\ld claim t ,mohamm$'s success 0 due to epilepsy1 or ev5 t ! v sev]e =ms ( epilepsy 7 fav\rable to induc+ a conviction ( revelation4 ,b ! disease assumes v>i\s =ms1 & 9 "s cases x is express$ 9 ! =m ( a p]iod ( m5tal excitem5t & g5]al irritability4 ,all t is claim$ is t1 giv5 ! compla9t 9 its less sev]e =ms 9 "o ) :om religi\s beliefs are /rong1 !re are pres5t all ! conditions = attribut+ ! result+ halluc9ations to p]sonal revelation or ec/atic vision4 ,& x is also true t :ile "s pati5ts aft] em]g+ f a fit ( epilepsy are 9 a daz$ or confus$ condition1 o!rs h a v cle> recollection ( all !y h se5 & he>d4 ,mohamm$ simply took ! curr5t explanation ( cases ( n]v\s d]angem5t1 & be+ a man ( /rong religi\s feel+1 naturally gave 8 visions a religi\s int]pretation4 ,all ! re/ has to be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! innate g5ius ( ! man & ( ! circum/ances ( 8 "t4 ,a simil> case to ! above is t ( ,emanuel ,sw$5borg4 ,8 foll[]s naturally res5t ! ascription ( 8 visions & voices to a pa?ologic orig91 & po9t to 8 pron\nc$ m5tal ability4 ,& c]ta9ly no "o :o is at all acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,sw$5borg w "q 8 great m5tal p[]1 am\nt+ at times to positive g5ius4 ,b "h1 aga91 we h /rong religi\s conviction 9 alliance ) pa?ological conditions4 ,sw$5borg's communications ) cele/ial be+s 7 ( a m frequ5t & m ord]$ "* ?an ,mohamm$'s1 b !re is ! same g5]al lik5ess betwe5 !m4 ,( 8 fir/ revelation he writes3-- ,at t5 o'clock ,i lay d[n 9 b$ & 0 some:at bett]2 half an h\r aft] ,i he>d a clam\r "u my head2 ,i ?\ght t !n ! tempt] w5t away2 imm$iately !re came ov] me a rigor s /rong f ! head & ! :ole body1 ) "s d91 & ?is sev]al times4 ,i f\nd t some?+ holy 0 ov] me4 ,i !reupon fell asleep1 & at ab\t twelve1 "o1 or two o'clock 9 ! night !re came ov] me s /rong a %iv]+ f head to foot1 z if _m w9ds ru%$ toge!r1 :i* %ook me1 0 indescribable1 & pro/rat$ me ^u my face4 ,!n1 :ile ,i 0 pro/rat$1 ,i 0 9 a mom5t q awake1 & saw t ,i 0 ca/ d[n1 & wond]$ :at x meant4 ,& ,i spoke z if ,i 0 awake1 b f\nd t ! ^w 0 put into my m\?1 & ,i said1 ',omnipot5t ,jesus ,*ri/1 z ( ,?y great grace ,?\ condesc5de/ to come to s great a s9n]1 make me wor?y ( ?is grace6' ,i held my h&s toge!r & pray$1 & !n came a h& :i* squeez$ my h&s h>d2 imm$iately !reupon ,i cont9u$ 9 pray]4#eg ,sw$5borg confess$ to repeat$ walks & talks ) cele/ial visitants1 &1 ( c\rse1 all ?\ght ( impo/ure mu/ be put on "o side4 ,:at "o has to consid] is :e!r we are to accept ^! exp]i5ces z halluc9ations or n4 ,on ! "o side no fur!r evid5ce seems possible ?an ! pr(\nd fai? ( ! man himself1 8 recognis$ m5tal ability1 & ! belief ( 8 foll[]s4 ,& aga9/ ?is x mu/ be urg$ t ! mo/ complete hone/y is no gu>antee aga9/ self-deception1 :ile ability & ev5 g5ius are n at all incompatible ) a pa?ologic /ra94 ,& 9 addition x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! halluc9ations are1 aft] all1 "p ( a v l>ge class4 ,m5 ( v little ability & influ5ce exp]i5ce sub/antially ! same visions2 !y occur all ov] ! _w1 "u all conditions ( culture1 & always express ! p]sonal idiosyncrasies ( ! subject & reflect ! "* ( 8 social environm5t4 ,"o may safely say t _h ,sw$5borg liv$ a c5tury lat]1 :ile he might /ill h gone ?r\gh ! same m5tal & physical exp]i5ces1 he himself w\ld h giv5 a v diff]5t int]pretation ( !m4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,pr(essor ,james po9ts out1 c]ta9ly _h once an epileptoid1 if n an epileptic seizure4 ,"o ne$s to add to ?is t ! seizure occurr$ at ! "o critical mom5t ( 8 life :i* ev5tuat$ 9 8 conv]sion f ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ! fir/ :o br\ght tid+s ( ! resurrection1 _h be5 deliv]$ ( sev5 devils4 ,lu!r's religi\s op9ions 71 ( c\rse1 q ap>t f 8 physical /ate1 s\nd or uns\nd4 ,/ill1 ev5 ) him ! reality ( sup]natural int]c\rse became int5sely vivid z a result ( n]v\s affections4 ,8 late/ biograph] po9ts out t z a y\? :ile 9 ! mona/]y he 0 seiz$ ) some?+ t might well h be5 an epileptic fit1 & t al?\gh !re is no record ( a return ( ?is1 he did suff] f ord9>y fits ( fa9t+4#eh ,he confesses to h be5 mu* tr\bl$1 at tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 ) gidd9ess & noises 9 ! e>1 :i* he attribut$ to ! devil4 ,& "r ?r\gh 8 life he attribut$ simil> exp]i5ces to ! same s\rce4 ,bunyan confesses t ev5 dur+ *ildhood ! ,"l did sc>e & affright me ) fe>ful dreams1 & did t]rify me ) dreadful visions4 ,george ,fox1 f\nd] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 describes h[1 9 ! middle ( w9t]1 :5 approa*+ ,li*field1 ! ,^w ( ! ,"l 0 l a fire 9 me1 & z he w5t ?r\gh ! t[n1 !re seem$ to me to be a *annel ( blood runn+ d[n ! /reets1 & ! m>ket-place appe>$ l a pool ( blood4 ,reflect+ on ! mean+ ( ! vision1 he rememb]$ t1 ,9 ! ,emp]or ,diocletian's "t a ?\s& ,*ri/ians 7 m>tyr$ at ,li*field4 ,s ,i 0 to g )\t my %oes ?r\gh ! *annel ( _! blood 9 ! m>ket-place1 t ,i might raise up ! blood ( ^! m>tyrs :i* _h be5 %$ above a ?\s& ye>s be=e4#ei ,9 none ( ^! cases c\ld x be fairly claim$ t ! religi\s conviction1 z su*1 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! halluc9ations exp]i5c$4 ,b x c sc>cely be que/ion$ t ^! s]v$ to /r5g!n x to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,^! trances1 ec/asies1 visions1 7 accept$ by ! subjects z pro(s ( _! 'div9e mission1' & 7 s accept$ by multitudes ( _! foll[]s4 ,9 _! abs5ce religion w\ld mo/ probably h fail$ to be ! fi]cely irruptive =ce 9 life t x has be54 ,! religi\s idea has1 s to speak giv5 halluc9ation a /&+ & an au?ority 9 life x w\ld n h possess$ 9 its abs5ce4 ,9 ! case ( m5 ( ord9>y capacity ^! visions possess little au?ority4 ,b 9 ! case ( m5 ( extraord9>y capacity1 m5 l ,lu!r1 ,mohamm$1 ,fox1 ,sw$5borg1--:o mu/ 9 any case h /ood sup]ior to _! fell[s1--^! halluc9ations are !n "u fav\r+ social conditions inve/$ ) enorm\s au?ority4 ,& !re is no d\bt ab\t ! fact t religi\s lead]s h be5 peculi>ly subject to ^! psy*ical v>iations4 ,?is is po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,james 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,ev5 m p]haps ?an o!r k9ds ( g5ius1 religi\s lead]s h be5 subject to abnormal psy*ical visitations4 ,inv>iably !y h be5 creatures ( exalt$ emotional s5sibility4 ,(t5 !y h l$ a discordant inn] life1 & _h melan*oly dur+ a "p ( _! c>e]4 ,!y h kn[n no measure1 be5 liable to obsessions & fix$ ideas2 & frequ5tly !y h fall5 into trances1 he>d voices1 se5 visions1 & pres5t$ all sorts ( peculi>ities :i* are ord9>ily class$ z pa?ological4 ,(t51 moreov]1 ^! pa?ological features 9 _! c>e] h help$ to give !m _! religi\s au?ority & influ5ce4#fj ,well1 9 :at way are we to discrim9ate betwe5 ! visions ( a religi\s p]son1 admitt$ly ( an abnormal disposition1 subject to fits ( melan*oly1 etc41 & pres5t+ all sorts ( peculi>ities ord9>ily class$ z pa?ological1 & ! halluc9ations ( an admitt$ly pa?ologic subject8 ,:y %\ld ! ord9>y classification break d[n at ?is po9t8 ,dr4 ,grang]1 deal+ ) ?is aspect ( ! "q1 says3 ,! religi\s g5ius is n prov$ to be morbid by ! ext5t to :i* he div]ges f ! av]age type4#fa ,q s1 g5ius mu/ dep>t f ! av]age type 9 ord] to be g5ius4 ,b ! /atem5t is q beside ! po9t at issue4 ,x is n a m]e div]g5ce f ! av]age type t w>rants "o 9 assum+ t mu* pass+ = div9e illum9ation owes its orig9 to pa?ological conditions1 b ! fact t x is possible to affiliate c]ta9 cases ( religi\s exaltation ) ^! conditions4 ,halluc9ations are common to all =ms ( ec/asy1 & ec/asy is n conf9$ to religion4 ,giv5 a "o-sid$ m5tal activity1 int5se conc5tration on "o or a few analog\s ideas1 comb9$ ) a l[]$ n]v\s s5sibility1 & we h all ! conditions pres5t fav\rable to halluc9ation4#fb ,^! halluc9ations may occur 9 connection ) any topic t engrosses ! subject's m9d4 ,9 e o!r direction _! true nature is recognis$ & admitt$4 ,9 connection ) religi\s belief alone1 x is held t !y br+ ! subject into t\* ) a sup]s5sual _w ( reality4 ,:at possible sci5tific w>ranty is !re = any su* di/9ction8 ,let u take1 z an example1 "o ( ,james's own cases1 :i* he admits is 'di/9ctly pa?ological1' b )\t all[+ ?is admission to di/urb 8 g5]al conclusion4 ,! case is t ( ,suso1 a fam\s f\rte5?-c5tury my/ic4 ,z a "y man he wore a hair %irt & an iron *a9 next ! sk94 ,lat] he _h made a lea!rn g>m5t /udd$ ) "o hundr$ & fifty nails1 po9ts inw>d4 ,! g>m5t 0 made v tight1 & he us$ x to sleep 94 ,to prev5t himself ?r[+ x (f dur+ sleep he procur$ a pair ( lea!r gloves /udd$ ) tacks1 s t if he attempt$ to get rid ( ! dress ! tacks w\ld p5etrate 8 fle%4 ,next he _h made a wood5 cross1 ) ?irty protrud+ nails1 to emulate ! suff]+s ( ,jesus4 ,he procur$ an old door to sleep on4 ,9 w9t] he suff]$ f ! fro/4 ,8 feet 7 full ( sores1 8 legs became dropsical1 8 knees bloody & se>$1 8 lo9s cov]$ ) sc>s1 8 h&s tremul\s4 ,dur+ tw5ty ye>s he f$ scantily ^u ! co>se/ food1 slept 9 ! mo/ uncom=table places1 & dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t nev] took a ba?4 ,no wond] t aft] 8 =tie? ye> he 0 fav\r$ ) a s]ies ( visions f ,god4 ,w\ld n "o be surpris$ if any o!r result ?an ?is _h be5 a*iev$8 ,& ,suso's case is only "o ( ?\s&s1 _m ( n s extreme a "*1 o!rs q z bad4 ,9 ! case ( ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na ! au/]ities began e>li] ?an ) ,suso4 ,z a *ild %e flogg$ h]self1 & 0 fav\r$ ) visions be=e %e rea*$ h] te5s4 ,santa ,t]esa1 z a "y woman1 pray$ to ,god to s5d h] an illness1 & describes h[ %e rema9$ = days 9 a trance1 dur+ :i* "t h] tongue 0 bitt5 9 _m places4 ,%e describes h[1 dur+ ^! trances1 h] body became to h] light1 & %e rema9$ rigid4 ,x 0 altoge!r impossible = me to h9d] x2 = my _w w\ld be c>ri$ absolutely away1 & ord9>ily ev5 my head1 z x 71 aft] x4#fc ,^! are typical examples f a v l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,! annals ( mona/icism are fill$ ) acc\nts ( self-inflict$ tortures1 ) ! "o end 9 view1 & 9 s]i\s belief t _! exp]i5ces br\ght !m into t\* ) a reality d5i$ !m "u normal conditions4 ,! practice n only quick5$ _! own s5se ( ! reality ( religion1 x s]v$ ! same purpose = ?\s&s ( o!rs pursu+ ! c\rse ( ord9>y social exi/5ce4 ,religi\s tea*]s1 says ,francis ,galton1 by en=c+ celibacy1 fa/+1 & solitude1 h done _! be/ t[>ds mak+ m5 mad1 & !y h always l>gely succe$$ 9 induc+ morbid m5tal conditions among _! foll[]s4#fd ,! ph5om5on is ?us cont9u\s &1 9 its ess5tials1 un*ang+4 ,f ! mo/ primitive times !re has be5 a close association betwe5 ! belief 9 div9e illum9ation & spiritual int]c\rse1 & m5tal /ates t are unque/ionably pa?ological4 ,foll[+ ?is !re has be5 a m or less delib]ate cultivation ( ^! /ates 9 ! desire to r5ew communion ) a spiritual _w hidd5 f man's normal s5ses4 ,9 ?is !re ne$ be no delib]ate impo/ure4 ,:5 impo/ure does occur1 x w\ld be at a lat] culture /age4 ,at ! beg9n+ !re is no?+ b misund]/&+4 ,fir/ 9 ord] ( "t comes ! crude animi/ic int]pretation ( almo/ e phase ( human activity4 ,s f> z primitive life is conc]n$1 ! evid5ce ( ?is is simply ov]:elm+4 ,next1 z ,tylor has po9t$ out1 f believ+ t ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 m5tal /ates provides ! conditions ( communication ) an unse5 _w to ! delib]ate creation ( ^? /ates is a natural & an easy /ep4 ,!re is ?us set on foot a delib]ate culture ( ! sup]natural4 ,?is cultivation ( abnormal /ates ( m9d once initiat$ p]si/s1 n[ 9 "o =m1 n[ 9 ano!r1 b is sub/antially ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,:e!r we are deal+ ) ! crude practices ( ! savage1 ! less crude1 b /ill obvi\s me?ods ( solit>y liv+ & bodily mac]ation ( ! m$ieval monk1 or ! morbid & unheal?y dwell+ ^u a s+le idea :i* rema9s "o ( ! conditions ( 'illum9ation' to-day1 we are confront$ ) ! same ?+4 ,9 e case ! object--unconsci\s1 maybe--is ! provision ( conditions t r5d] halluc9ation & illusion a practical c]ta9ty4 ,9 connection ) non-religi\s matt]s ! unheal?9ess ( m9d1 di/ortion ( vision1 & unreliability ( judgm5t induc$ by me?ods ak9 to ^? nam$ is n[ g5]ally recognis$4 ,we h yet to see ! same ?+ z g5]ally recognis$ 9 connection ) religi\s beliefs4 ,we see 9 addition t a great _m ( ^? exp]i5ces1 once accept$ z cle> evid5ce ( sup]natural communication1 are m prop]ly expla9able 9 t]ms ( n]v\s d]angem5t4 ,9 su* cases !re is nei!r cele/ial illum9ation nor diabolic communion1 nei!r--to use ,maudsley's phrase--!olepsy nor diabolepsy1 only psy*olepsy4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we h be5 /riv+ to apply ?is pr9ciple to a little wid] field ?an is usual4 ,we h be5 /udy+ ! mis9t]pretation1 9 t]ms ( religion1 ( abnormal or pa?ological /ates ( m9d1 & obs]v+ h[ f> ^! h contribut$ to build+ up & p]petuat+ a conviction ( ! possibility ( sup]natural int]c\rse4 ,we h yet to trace ! same pr9ciple ( mis9t]pretation 9 ! sexual & social life ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 p4 #bcd4 #ba ,primitive ,culture1 i4 p4 #eja4 #bb ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 p4 #daj4 #bc ,"s v curi\s in=mation conc]n+ ! use ( ?is & o!r fungi is giv5 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b\rke 9 8 ,scatologic ,rites1 pp4 #fi-ge4 #bd ,cit$ by ,b\rke1 p4 #ij4 #be ,tylor1 ii4 pp4 #dag-i4 #bf ,= a cle> acc\nt ( ! effects ( hemp prep>ations1 calculat$ to produce a feel+ ( religi\s ec/asy1 ! read] %\ld consult ,dr4 ,hale ,:ite's ,text-,book ( ,ph>macology1 #aija1 pp4 #cah-bb4 ,! effects ( opium are ?us describ$ by ano!r writ]3 ,opium1 9 ^? :o are capable ( /imulation by x1 gives rise to a pleasurable feel+1 some?+ l t :i* is produc$ by w9e 9 n excessive doses2 b ! excitem5t d]iv$ f x1 in/ead ( t5d+ to "s highe/ po9t1 rema9s /ation>y = h\rs1 & 9 place ( ! slight incoh]5ce ( ?\ght always pres5t 9 ^? :o are exhil>at$ ) w9e1 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony is e/abli%$ among all ! conceptions4 ,!re is an extraord9>y /imulation ( ! pure intellect1 & n m]ely ( ! p[] ( expression4 ,! opium-eat] seems to h _h ! eyes ( 8 _s op5$1 to h acquir$ a gift ( insight into ?+s t to m]e mortals are inexplicable4 ,! mo/ remote p>ts ( consci\sness come into cle> light2 ! f9] %ades ( p]sonality1 ^? t _h be5 unkn[n ev5 to ! opium-eat] himself1 are br\ght into view & become di/9ct2 ! smalle/ details ( ! ?+s ar\nd take new significance1 & are se5 to be pr(\ndly important2 _! analogies ) o!r ph5om5a ( nature are reveal$4 ,x is ! same ) ! moral z ) ! intellectual be+2 t also becomes indef9itely exalt$4 ,an absolute balance ( ! faculties seems to h be5 atta9$4 ,! :ole man is :at 9 8 ord9>y /ate he only t5ds to be2 he has realis$ ! highe/ p]fection ( :i* he is capable2 only 8 'be/ self' n[ rema9s2 8 l[] self has be5 left beh9d )\t ne$ ( ! purgatorial fire ( cont5tion ) ! environm5t to de/roy x4--,t4 ,:ittak]1 ,essays & ,notices1 ,psy*ological & ,philosophical1 p4 #cfg4 #bg ,an?ropology1 p4 #bif4 #bh ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( religi\s dances1 see ,major-,g5]al ,=long's ,fai?s ( ,man1 art4 ,danc+4 #bi ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 i4 p4 #cf4 #cj ,cit$ by ,fraz]1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #afa4 #ca ,turn]'s ,samoa1 p4 #cde-f4 #cb ,brady1 ,clavis ,cal5d>ia1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc4 #cc ,cit$ by ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 pp4 #dab-c4 #cd ,natural ,causes & ,sup]natural ,seem+s1 p4 #bgg4 #ce ,a v good acc\nt ( ! me?ods foll[$ 9 ^! places w be f\nd 9 ,miss ,hamilton's ,incubation1 or ! ,cure ( ,diseases 9 ,pagan ,temples & ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 #aijf4 #cf ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #cei & vol4 v4 p4 #bcb4 #cg ,! anci5t ,egyptians & ,greeks1 says ,dr4 ,maudsley1 us$ humane & rational me?ods ( treatm5t2 x 0 only aft] ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( possession by devils _h tak5 hold ( ! m9ds ( m5 t ! wor/ sort ( treatm5t1 ( :i* hi/ory gives acc\nt1 came into =ce 7,pa?ology ( ,m9d1 p4 #ebc74 ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( ,egyptian m$ic9e see ! *apt] on ,egypt 9 ,dr4 ,b]doe's ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,heal+ ,art4 #ch ,m]yon1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #fg4 #ci ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #ajd4 #dj ,see ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]'s ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,physiology1 *ap4 i4 #da ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #abd4 #db ,on ! ,miracles1 p4 #afh4 #dc ,cit$ by ,:ite1 :o gives orig9al au?orities1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 ii4 #ajg4 #dd ,:ite1 ii4 #ajh4 #de ,m$itations1 bk4 i4 #df ,=t's ,m$ical ,economy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cde4 #dg ,dr4 ,h[d51 ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,montrose ,lunatic ,asylum1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 #ahgc4 #dh ,fir/ ,signs ( ,insanity1 p4 #bic4 #di ,cl9ical ,lectures on ,m5tal ,diseases1 p4 #dbh4 ,! :ole ( *apt] xi4 is v p]t95t4 #ej ,dr4 ,r4 ,jones1 9 ,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cce #ea ,dr4 ,holl&]1 ,fir/ ,signs ( ,insanity1 pp4 #fd-e4 #eb ,cit$ by ,irel&1 ,! ,blot on ! ,bra91 p4 #ci4 #ec ,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e1 viii4 #cie4 #ed ,physiology ( ,m9d1 p4 #bea4 ,see also ,dr4 ,m]ci]'s ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ! ,m9d1 p4 #ee4 #ee ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #hc4 #ef ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ii4 #bce-f4 #eg ,dr4 ,h4 ,maudsley has gone fully into ! case ( ,sw$5borg 9 an article 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce = ,july & ,octob] #ahfi1 s9ce repr9t$ 9 8 ,body & ,m9d4 #eh ,see ,lu!r1 by ,h4 ,gris>1 #aiac1 vol4 i4 pp4 #af-g4 #ei ,= o!r cases1 & a g5]al acc\nt ( ! relations betwe5 pa?ologic /ates & religi\s delusion1 see ,lombroso1 ,man ( ,g5ius1 *ap4 iv4 pt4 iii4 #fj ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 pp4 #f-g4 #fa ,! ,s\l ( a ,*ri/ian1 p4 #ac4 #fb ,see ,p>i%'s ,halluc9ations & ,illusions1 pp4 #ch-i4 #fc ,sa9t ,t]esa1 by ,h4 ,joly1 pp4 #be1 #bf1 & #eh4 #fd ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 #ahhc1 p4 #fh4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,,sex ,,religion ,,9 ,,primitive ,,life ,! connection betwe5 sexual feel+ & religi\s belief is anci5t1 intimate1 & su/a9$4 ,x has impress$ itself on _m obs]v]s :o h approa*$ ! subject f widely diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,"s h treat$ ! connection z purely accid5tal1 & z hav+ no m ?an a m]e hi/orical int]e/4 ,o!rs h us$ x z illu/rat+ ! way 9 :i* s sacr$ a subject z religion may suff] degradation 9 deg5]ate h&s4 ,o!rs ( a m sci5tific temp] h dealt ) ! relations betwe5 sexualism & religion z illu/rations ( a m]e p]v]sion4 ,a deal may be said 9 fav\r ( ?is la/ po9t ( view4 ,we "k1 z a matt] ( fact1 t su* cases ( p]v]sion d exi/1 9 :at =m & to :at ext5t w be discuss$ lat]4 ,we are also aw>e t /rong feel+ :i* _c f9d v5t 9 "o direction w secure expression 9 ano!r4 ,! annals ( ,roman ,ca?olicism conta9 acc\nts ( num]\s p]sons :o h s\ght refuge 9 a mona/]y or a nunn]y z ! result ( disappo9tm5t 9 love1 & x w\ld be fooli% to conclude t /rong amor\s feel+s are annihilat$ because !re is a *ange 9 ! object to :i* !y are direct$4 ,paul 0 n a diff]5t man f ! ,saul ( pre-conv]sion days1 b ! same p]son ) 8 en]gies direct$ into a new *annel4 ,prote/antism is )\t ! obvi\s outlets = unsatisfi$ sexual feel+ su* z is provid$ by ,roman ,ca?olicism1 b x provides o!r outlets4 ,religi\s s]vice z a :ole rema9s1 & int5se religi\s devotion may v (t5 owe its orig9 to s\rces undreamt ( by ! devotee4 ,betwe5 religi\s beliefs & sexual feel+s ! connection is1 h[ev]1 wid] & deep]1 ?an ! relation express$ by m]e p]v]sion4 ,nei!r is ! relation "o ( m]e accid5t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! facts 9 ! light ( adequate sci5tific k1 comb9$ ) a due p]ception ( primitive human psy*ology & sociology1 h %[n t ! two ?+s are unit$ at _! s\rce4 ,"o em95t m$ical writ] ass]ts t 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! hi/ory ( religion c be reg>d$ z a peculi> mode ( manife/ation ( ! human sexual in/9ct4#fe ,ano!r writ] sub/antially endorses ?is by ! rem>k t 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! religi\s life is an irradiation ( ! reproductive in/9ct4#ff ,h[ easily "o glides into ! o!r v little obs]vation ( life or /udy ( hi/ory w %[4 ,! language ( devotion & ( amatory passion is (t5 id5tical1 & seems to s]ve equally well = ei!r purpose4 ,! significance ( ?is fact is (t5 obscur$ by our hav+ e!realis$ ! conception ( love1 & s los+ sight ( its physiological basis4 ,&1 hav+ hidd5 x f sight1 we1 n unnaturally1 fail to give x due consid]ation4 ,?is is1 9 its way1 a fatal blund]4 ,! sex life ( man & woman is too l>ge a fact & too p]vasive a =ce to be ignor$ ) safety4 ,ignorance comb9$ ) prud]y conspires to p]petuate :at ignorance alone began2 & ! sex life1 9 bo? its normal & abnormal manife/ations1 has be5 p]petually exploit$ 9 ! int]e/s ( sup]naturalism4 ,! evid5ce t may be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( :at has be5 said is va/1 & cov]s a wide range4 ,hi/orically x cov]s su* facts z ! relations betwe5 primitive religi\s beliefs & ! sexual life1 & ! multiplication ( sects ( a m>k$ly erotic "* dur+ p]iods ( religi\s en?usiasm4 ,ev5 ! mo/ casual /ud5ts ( religion1 says ,pr(essor ,g4 ,b4 ,cutt51 mu/ h obs]v$ an app>5tly intimate connection betwe5 religi\s & sexual emotions1 & n a few h read ) amazem5t ! abnormal cults :i* h _h ! sexual elem5t z a f\ndation = _! d5om9ational diss5t4#fg ,a ph5om5on s /rik+ z to =ce itself on ! notice ( ! mo/ 'casual /ud5ts' raises ! presumption t ! relation betwe5 ! two sets ( facts is r m ?an t ( 'app>5t' intimacy4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory two ?+s appe> toge!r ov] & ov] aga91 "o is surely ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !re is "s und]ly+ pr9ciple responsible = ! association4 ,! se>* = ?is pr9ciple leads to ! next class ( evid5ce--! psy*ological4 ,9 ?is we are conc]n$ ) ! relation betwe5 ! sexual feel+s & ! religi\s idea1 an association n always express$ ?r\gh ! comp>atively h>mless m$ium ( language4 ,&1 f9ally1 we h ! evid5ce d]iv$ f pa?ology1 :]e we are able to disc]n a p]v]t$ sexuality masqu]ad+ z religi\s f]v\r4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] !re has be5 po9t$ out ! k9d ( m5tal environm5t 9 :i* primitive man moves4 ,z "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( sy/ematis$ ?9k+1 religion dom9ates all o!r =ms ( m5tal activity4 ,9 savage culture !re is h>dly a s+le ev5t into :i* religi\s consid]ations d n ent]4 ,! savage does n m]ely believe 9 a sup]natural _w1 he lives 9 x2 x is z real to him z any?+ ar\nd him1 & f> m pot5t 9 its action4 ,above all1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t al?\gh "o is compell$ to speak ( ! natural & ! sup]natural :5 deal+ ) e>ly beliefs1 no su* sep>ation is pres5t to ! primitive intellig5ce4 ,! division betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural 9 ! ext]nal _w is ! reflection ( a correspond+ division 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 & ?is arises only at a subsequ5t /age4 ,:at is aft]w>ds recognis$ z ! sup]natural p]vades ev]y?+4 ,9 a s5se x is ev]y?+1 s9ce mo/ ( :at occurs is by ! ag5cy or connivance ( animi/ic =ces4 ,9 su* a _w1 :]e ev5 ! ord9>y ev5ts ( life h a sup]natural significance1 ! /range & sometimes t]rify+ ph5om5a ( sexual life c>ry peculi>ly /rong evid5ces ( sup]natural activity4 ,ev5ts :i* are to ! mod]n m9d ! mo/ obvi\s consequ5ces ( sex life are to ! primitive m9d pro(s ( sup]natural or gho/ly ag5cy4 ,no?+1 = example1 w\ld appe> less op5 to misconception ?an ! connection betwe5 sexual relations & ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,yet1 on ?is head1 ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& has produc$ a mass ( evid5ce1 ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & lead+ to ! conclusion t 9 ! mo/ primitive /ages ( human culture1 conception & bir? are ascrib$ to direct sup]natural influ5ce4 ,sett+ out f a /udy ( ! _w-wide vogue ( ! belief 9 sup]natural bir?--conta9$ 9 ! au?or's e>li] "w1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus--,mr4 ,h>tl& f9ds 9 ?is a survival ( a culture /age 9 :i* all bir? is believ$ to be sup]natural4 ,survivals ( ?is belief t bir? is a ph5om5on indep5d5t ( ! union ( ! sexes are f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( num]\s semi-magical devices to obta9 *ildr51 /ill practis$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 & :i* 7 practis$ on a mu* m ext5sive scale dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod2 9 ! ignorance ( man conc]n+ physiological functions 9 g5]al1 ! exi/5ce ( ,mo!rright :i* appe>s to h univ]sally ant$at$ ,fa!rright--! orig9 ( :i* he traces to economic causes1 & to ! animi/ic nature ( primitive beliefs 9 g5]al4#fh ,su* a conclusion is n )\t v]ification f ! beliefs ( exi/+ savages4 ,! ,bahau ( ,c5tral ,borneo h no notion ( ! real duration ( pregnancy1 & date its comm5cem5t only f ! "t ( its becom+ visible4 ,! ,niol-,niol ( ,dampi] ,l& 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,au/ralia hold bir? to be indep5d5t ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,x is eng5d]$ by a pre-exi/+ _s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a m$ic9e man4 ,! ,nor? ,que5sl&]s h a simil> belief4 ,!y believe a *ild to be s5t 9 answ] to ! husb&'s pray] z a puni%m5t to 8 wife :5 he is vex$ ) h]4 ,on ! ,pros]p9e ,riv] ! ,blacks believe t a *ild is ! gift ( a sup]natural be+ call$ ,kunya4 ,9 ,s\? ,que5sl& ! ,euahlayi believe t spirits congregate at c]ta9 spots & p\nce on pass+ wom51 & s are born4 ,on ! ,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa ! ,awunas say t a *ild d]ives ! l[] jaw f ! "m2 all ! re/ comes f ! spirits4 ,among ^! p & o!rs t might be nam$ pat]nity exi/s 9 "n1 b x implies some?+ entirely diff]5t to :at x aft]w>ds connotes4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& gives num]\s in/ances ( ?is curi\s fact1 & po9ts out t ! att5tion ( mank9d w\ld n be e>ly or easily fa/5$ ^u ! procreative process4 ,x is l5g?y1 ext5d+ ov] mon?s dur+ :i* ! obs]v]'s att5tion w\ld be inevitably div]t$ by a v>iety ( objects1 mo/ ( !m ( f> m press+ import4444 ,! sexual passion w\ld be gratifi$ in/9ctively )\t any ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces1 & 9 an ov]:elm+ proportion ( cases )\t ! consequ5ce ( pregnancy at all4 ,:5 t consequ5ce occurr$ x w\ld n be visible = weeks or mon?s aft] ! act :i* produc$ x4 ,a hundr$ o!r ev5ts might h tak5 place 9 ! int]val :i* w\ld be likely to be cr$it$ ) ! result by "o :olly ignorant ( natural laws4 ,!re seems1 !re=e1 fair gr\nds = ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s conclusion t3-- = g5]ations & ons ! tru? t a *ild is only born 9 consequ5ce ( an act ( sexual union1 t ! bir? ( a *ild is ! natural consequ5ce ( su* an act p]=m$ 9 fav\r+ circum/ances1 & t e *ild mu/ be ! result ( su* an act & ( no o!r cause1 0 n realis$ by mank9d1 t d[n to ! pres5t day x is imp]fectly realis$ by "s peoples1 & t !re are /ill o!rs among :om x is unkn[n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b "o ( ! ways 9 :i* sup]natural beliefs become associat$ ) sexual ph5om5a4 ,9 tru?1 !re is n a /age ( any importance 9 ! sexual life ( m5 & wom5 :]e ! same association does n transpire4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! important ph5om5on ( pub]ty--important f bo? a physiological & sociological po9t ( view4 ,pubic c]emonies ( "s k9d are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 & 9 all =ms1 f ^? curr5t among/ savages up to ! contempor>y practice ( confirmation 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,at all /ages ! p]iod ( pub]ty is ! "t ( initiation4 ,) uncivilis$ peoples a v g5]al rule is ! sep>ation ( ! sexes1 ) fa/+4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,hall 9 8 elaborate "w on ,adolesc5ce has dealt v exhau/ively ) ^! cu/oms1 ) :i* we %all be m closely conc]n$ :5 we come to deal ) ! subject ( conv]sion4 ,at pres5t x is only necess>y to po9t out t ! gov]n+ idea is t at pub]ty ! boy & ! girl are br\ght into special relation%ip ) ! tribal spirits1 ! pro( ( :i* relation%ip lies 9 ! sexual functions orig9at$4 ,) boys1 once pub]ty is atta9$1 ! sexual developm5t is ord]ly & unobtrusive4 ,9 ! case ( girls c]ta9 recurr+ ph5om5a make ! ess5tial fact ( sex mu* m impressive to ! primitive m9d1 ) f>-rea*+ sociological consequ5ces4 ,ignorance ( ! nature ( female p]iodicity1 says ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley1 leads man to consid] x z ! fl[ ( blood f a w\nd1 naturally1 or m usually1 sup]naturally produc$4#fi ,9 ,siam an evil _s is believ$ to be ! cause ( ! w\nd4 ,among/ ! ,*iriguanas ! girl fa/s1 :ile wom5 beat ! floor ) /icks 9 ord] to drive away ! snake t has w\nd$ ! girl4 ,simil> beliefs are f\nd v g5]ally among p 9 a l[ /age ( culture1 & cu/oms & beliefs /ill surviv+ among p m advanc$ po9t to ! conclusion t convictions ( ! same k9d 7 once fairly univ]sal4 ,x is ?is function1 comb9$ ) ! function ( *ildbir?1 t br+s woman into close contact ) ! sup]natural _w1 makes h] an object ( fe> & wond] to primitive man1 acc\nts = a numb] ( ! cu/oms & beliefs associat$ ) h]1 & f9ally helps to det]m9e h] social position4 ,x is because h] p]iodicity is tak5 z evid5ce ( h] communion ) spiritual =ces t special precautions h to be tak5 conc]n+ h]4 ,%e becomes spiritually contagi\s4 ,?us1 ! natives ( ,new ,brita91 :ile engag$ 9 mak+ fi%-traps1 c>efully avoid all wom54 ,!y believe t if a woman 7 ev5 to t\* a fi%-trap1 x w\ld cat* no?+4 ,among/ ! ,maoris1 if a man t\*$ a m5/ru\s woman1 he w\ld be taboo 'an in* ?ick4' ,an ,au/ralian black fell[1 :o discov]$ t 8 wife _h la9 on 8 blanket at h] m5/rual p]iod1 kill$ h]1 & di$ ( t]ror himself )9 a =tnight4 ,9 ,ug&a ! pots :i* a woman t\*es :ile ! impurity ( *ildbir? or m5/ruation is on h]1 are de/roy$4 ,) _m ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! use ( weapons t\*$ by wom5 dur+ ^! times w\ld br+ mis=tune4 ,a m5/ruat+ woman is ) !m ! object !y dread mo/4 ,9 ,tahiti wom5 are seclud$4 ,9 "s cases %e is too dang]\s to be ev5 t\*$ by o!rs1 & food is giv5 h] at ! end ( a /ick4 ,) ! ,pueblo ,indians contact ) a woman at ^! times exposes a man to attacks f an evil _s1 & he may pass on ! infection to o!rs4#gj ,x is ne$less to multiply in/ances2 ! same g5]al reason gov]ns all1 & ?is has be5 cle>ly express$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]3-- ,! object ( seclud+ wom5 at m5/ruation is to neutralise ! dang]\s influ5ce :i* is suppos$ to emanate f !m at su* times4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! rules is to keep ! wom5 susp5d$1 s to say1 betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,:e!r envelop$ 9 h] hammock & slung up to ! ro(1 z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or elevat$ above ! gr\nd 9 a d>k & n>r[ cage1 z 9 ,new ,zeal&1 %e may be consid]$ to be out ( ! way ( do+ mis*ief1 s9ce be+ %ut (f bo? f ! e>? & f ! sun1 %e c poison nei!r ( ^! great s\rces ( life by h] deadly contagion4 ,! precautions ?us tak5 to isolate & insulate ! girl are dictat$ by reg>d = h] own safety z well z = ! safety ( o!rs4444 ,9 %ort1 ! girl is view$ z *>g$ ) a p[]ful =ce :i*1 if n kept )9 b\nds1 may prove ! de/ruction bo? ( ! girl h]self & all ) :om %e comes 9 contact4 ,to repress ?is =ce )9 ! limits necess>y = ! safety ( all conc]n$ is ! object ( ! taboos 9 "q4 ,! savage is f> too logical 9 8 me?ods to all[ su* an idea to end "h4 ,if a woman is s highly *>g$ ) spiritual infection z to be dang]\s at c]ta9 frequ5tly recurr+ p]iods1 %e may be m or less dang]\s betwe5 ^! p]iods4 ,z ,havelock ,ellis says3 ,in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z a be+ :o at p]iodic int]vals becomes ! victim ( a spell ( impurity1 ! conception ( impurity becomes amalgamat$ ) ! conception ( woman2 %e is1 z ,t]tullian puts x1 ,janua diaboli2 & ?is is ! attitude :i* /ill p]si/$ 9 m$ieval days4#ga ,?is is to be expect$ f :at "o kn[s ( ! work+s ( ! primitive intellig5ce1 b x is surpris+ to f9d ,mr4 ,ellis cont9ue by say+1 on app>5tly good gr\nds1 t ! belief 9 ! p]iodically recurr+ impurity ( wom5 has by no means di$ out to-day4 ,among a v l>ge section ( ! wom5 ( ! middle & l[] classes ( ,engl& & o!r c\ntries x is firmly believ$ t ! t\* ( a m5/ruat+ woman w contam9ate2 only a few ye>s s9ce1 9 ! c\rse ( a correspond5ce on ?is subject 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal 7#ahgh71 ev5 m$ical m5 7 f\nd to /ate f p]sonal obs]vation t !y _h no d\bt :atev] on ?is po9t4 ,?us1 "o doctor1 :o express$ surprise t any d\bt c\ld be ?r[n on ! po9t1 wrote1 aft] quot+ cases ( spoil$ hams1 etc41 presum$ to be due to ?is cause1 :i* _h come "u 8 own p]sonal obs]vation3 ',= two ?\s& ye>s ! ,italians h _h ?is idea ( m5/ruat+ wom54 ,we ,engli% hold to x1 ! ,am]icans h x1 also ! ,au/ralians4 ,n[1 ,i %\ld l to "k ! c\ntry :]e ! evid5ce ( any su* obs]vation is unkn[n4' ,evid5tly animism is a m p]si/5t frame ( m9d ?an mo/ p are incl9$ to believe4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is conception ( woman's nature is dom9ant 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture4 ,%e is spiritually dang]\s1 & ! pr9ciple ( 'taboo' is made to cov] a great _m ( h] relations to man4 ,9 ,tahiti a woman 0 n all[$ to t\* ! weapons or fi%+ implem5ts ( m54 ,among/ ! ,todas wom5 are n p]mitt$ to t\* ! cattle4 ,if a wife t\*es ! food ( h] husb&1 among ! ,h9dus1 ! food is unfit to be eat54 ,an ,eskimo wife d>e n eat ) h] husb&4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& wives 7 n all[$ to eat ) ! males le/ _! taboo %\ld kill !m4 ,_m tribes are c>eful to refra9 f contact ) wom5 be=e go+ to fight4 ,!y believe t ?is w\ld rob !m & _! weapons ( /r5g?4 ,o!r practices foll[$ by savages be=e go+ to w> =bid "o assum+ t ?is ab/5tion is due to any rational fe> ( dissipat+ _! en]gies4 ,in/ead ( cons]v+ _! /r5g? !y weak5 !mselves by ! _m privations !y und]go be=e fight+1 9 ord] to ensure victory4 ,pr(essor ,fraz] well says3-- ,:5 we obs]ve :at pa9s ^! misguid$ savages took to unfit !mselves = ! bus9ess ( w> by ab/a9+ f food1 d5y+ !mselves re/1 & lac]at+ _! bodies1 we %all probably n be dispos$ to attribute _! practice ( cont95ce 9 w> to a rational fe> ( dissipat+ _! bodily en]gies by indulg5ce 9 ! lu/s ( ! fle%4#gb ,! conception ( woman z "o heavily *>g$ ) sup]natural pot5tialities1 &1 !re=e1 a s\rce ( dang] to ! community1 seems to lie at ! basis ( ! widespread belief 9 ! religi\s 'uncleanness' ( wom54 ,! real significance ( ! ^w 'unclean' 9 religi\s ritual has be5 obscur$ by our mod]n use ( x 9 a hygi5ic or e?ical s5se4 ,9 reality x is b an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( 'taboo1' & 'taboo' may ext5d to any?+1 good or bad1 useful or useless1 hygi5ically clean or unclean4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( 'taboo1' a ,polynesian ^w1 is some?+ t is set aside or =bidd54 ,! field cov]$ by ?is ^w among savage & semi-savage races is1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? po9ts out1 v wide1 = !re is no "p ( life 9 :i* ! savage does n feel himself surr\nd$ by my/]i\s ag5cies & recognise ! ne$ ( walk+ w>ily4#gc ,any?+ may ?us become ! object ( a 'taboo4' ,weapons1 food1 animals1 places1 special relations ( "o p]son to ano!r at c]ta9 times & "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is en\gh t "s special or p>ticul> degree ( sup]natural influ5ce is associat$ ) ! object 9 "q4 ,! anci5t ,jews1 = example1 9 prohibit+ ! eat+ ( sw9e's fle%1 7 z f> z possible remov$ 9 _! ?\ght f any connection ) dietetics4 ,!y 7 simply foll[+ ! well-kn[n savage cu/om t ! totem ( a tribe is sacr$4 ,! pig 0 a totem ) _m ( ! ,semitic tribes1 & mu/ n1 !re=e1 be eat54#gd ,x 0 n an unclean animal1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 x 0 a 'holy' animal4 ,) ! ,syrians ! dove 0 s holy t ev5 to t\* x made a man 'unclean' = a :ole day4 ,no ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian w eat ( ! fle% ( an animal t is a tribal totem1 except "u grave necessity1 & ev5 !n ) elaborate religi\s c]emonies4 ,s1 a prohibition to eat ! fle% ( an animal ( a c]ta9 species1 t has its gr\nd n 9 natural loa?+ b 9 religi\s horror & rev]5ce1 implies t some?+ div9e is ascrib$ to e animal ( ! species4 ,& :at seems to u to be a natural loa?+ (t5 turns out1 9 ! case ( primitive peoples1 to be bas$ on a religi\s taboo1 & to h its orig9 n 9 feel+s ( contemptu\s disgu/1 b ( rev]5tial dread4#ge ,! real significance ( 'unclean' 9 connection ) religi\s ritual is 'holy'1 some?+ t p>takes 9 a special mann] ( sup]natural influ5ce & !re=e involves a c]ta9 dang] 9 contact4 ,z ! writ] j cit$ obs]ves3-- ,! acts t cause uncleanness are exactly ! same :i* among savage nations place a man "u taboo4444 ,^! acts are (t5 involunt>y1 & (t5 innoc5t1 or ev5 necess>y to society4 ,! savage1 accord+ly1 imposes a taboo on a woman 9 *ildb$1 or dur+ h] c\rses 444 simply because bir? & ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! propagation ( ! species on ! "o1 & disease & dea? on ! o!r h&1 seem to involve ! action ( sup]natural ag5cies ( a dang]\s k9d4 ,if he attempts to expla91 he does s by suppos+ t on ^! occasions spirits ( deadly p[] are pres5t2 at all ev5ts ! p]sons involv$ seem to him to be s\rces ( my/]i\s dang]1 :i* has all ! *>act]s ( an infection1 & may ext5d to o!r p unless due precautions are obs]v$4444 ,x has no?+ to d ) respect = ! gods1 b spr+s f m]e t]ror ( ! sup]natural influ5ces associat$ ) ! woman's physical condition4#gf ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* ?is notion ( ! sacram5tally 'unclean' nature ( woman has affect$ h] religi\s /atus1 & by inf]5ce1 h] social /atus likewise4 ,among ! ,au/ralians wom5 are %ut out f any "p 9 ! religi\s c]emonies4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isles a woman's t\* made a sacrifice unclean4 ,if a ,h9du woman t\*es a sacr$ image ! div9ity is de/roy$4 ,9 ,fiji wom5 are exclud$ f ! temples4 ,! ,papuans h ! same cu/om4 ,! ,a9us ( ,japan all[ a woman to prep>e ! sacrifice1 b n to (f] x4 ,wom5 are exclud$ f _m ,mohamm$an mosques4 ,among ! ,jews wom5 h no "p 9 ! religi\s c]emonies4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* wom5 7 exclud$ f ! prie/ly (fice4 ,a ,c\ncil held at ,aux]re at ! end ( ! six? c5tury =bade wom5 t\*+ ! ,eu*>i/ ) _! b>e h&s1 & 9 v>i\s *ur*es !y 7 =bidd5 to approa* ! alt> dur+ ,mass4#gg ,9 ! gospels ,jesus =bids ! woman to t\* ,him1 aft] ! resurrection1 al?\gh ,?omas 0 all[$ to feel ,8 w\nds4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages did n hesitate to provide itself ) eunu*s 9 ord] to supply ca!dral *oirs ) ! soprano tones inh]+ by nature 9 wom5 alone4#gh ,! ',*ur*+' ( wom5 /ill 9 vogue has its orig9 9 ! same sup]/ition t *ildbir? end[s woman ) a sup]natural influ5ce :i* mu/ be remov$ 9 ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,?is c]emony 0 =m]ly call$ ,! ,ord] ( ! ,purification ( ,wom51 & 0 read at ! *ur* door be=e ! woman ent]$ ! build+4 ,its connection ) ! ideas indicat$ above is obvi\s4 ,! ,tahitian practice ( exclud+ wom5 f int]c\rse ) o!rs = two or ?ree weeks aft] *ildbir?1 ) simil> practices among/ uncivilis$ peoples all ov] ! _w1 l$ ) v>i\s modifications up to ! curr5t practice ( *ur*+4 ,!y %[ t 9 ! op9ion ( primitive peoples a woman at & aft] *ildbir? is p]vad$ by a c]ta9 dang]\s influ5ce :i* c infect any?+ & anybody %e t\*es2 s t 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community x becomes necess>y to seclude h] f society = a :ile1 until ! virul5ce ( ! infection has pass$ away1 :51 aft] submitt+ to c]ta9 rites ( purification1 %e is aga9 free to m+le ) h] fell[s4#gi ,! gradual *ange ( ?is c]emony1 f a gett+ rid ( a dang]\s sup]natural infection to return+ ?anks = a natural dang] pass$1 is on all f\rs ) :at takes place 9 o!r directions 9 relation to religi\s ideas & practices4 ,! important "p play$ by ?is conception ( woman's nature may be trac$ 9 ! fi]ce invective direct$ aga9/ h] 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,( c\rse1 by t "t society _h rea*$ a /age :5 ! primitive =m ( ?is belief _h be5 outgr[n1 b ideas & attitudes ( m9d p]si/ long aft] _! orig9at+ conditions h disappe>$4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case we h ! primitive idea express$ 9 a =m suitable to alt]$ circum/ances1 & ! primitive feel+ seek+ new w>ranty 9 e?ical or social consid]ations4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! old notion is !re4 ,woman is a creature ?reat5+ dang] to man's spiritual welf>e4#hj ,9 ?is connection we may note an obs]vation ( ,we/]m>ck's dur+ 8 resid5ce among ! c\ntry p ( ,morocco4 ,he 0 /ruck1 he says1 ) ! sup]/iti\s fe> ! m5 _h ( wom54 ,!y are suppos$ to be mu* bett] v]s$ 9 magic1 & !re=e "o ran great] dang] 9 (f5d+ !m4 ,! curses ( wom5 are1 g5]ally1 mu* m fe>$ ?an ^? ( m54 ,to ?is we h a p>allel 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* s (t5 reviv$ & /r5g!n$ ! l[] religi\s beliefs4 ,dur+ ! wit* mania an ov]:elm+ proportion ( ^? *>g$ ) & execut$ = sorc]y 7 wom54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 wom5 7 m prone ?an m5 to cr$it !mselves ) possess+ sup]natural p[]4 ,b ! !ological explanation 0 t ! devil _h m p[] ov] wom5 ?an m54 ,?is 01 obvi\sly1 a h]itage f ! primitive belief above describ$4#ha ,ano!r way 9 :i* religion becomes closely associat$ ) sexualism is ?r\gh ! widely diffus$ phallic wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip ( ! g5]ative p[] 9 ! =m ( /ones1 pill>s1 & c>v$ repres5tations ( ! male & female sexual organs plays an unque/ionably important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 h[ev] h>dly press$ x may h be5 by "s en?usia/ic !oris]s4 ,! f>!r back we g1 says ,mr4 ,h>grave ,j5n+s1 9 ! hi/ory ( e c\ntry1 ! deep] we explore into all religions1 anci5t z well z mod]n1 we /umble ! m frequ5tly ^u ! incessantly int5sify+ di/9ct traces ( ?is suppos$ly indec5t my/ic wor%ip4#hb ,on ! l[] ,congo1 says ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on3-- ,phallic wor%ip 9 v>i\s =ms prevails4 ,x is n associat$ ) any rites t might be call$ p>ticul>ly obsc5e2 & on ! coa/1 :]e mann]s & morals are p>ticul>ly corrupt1 ! phallus cult is no long] met )4 ,9 ! =e/s betwe5 ,manyanga & ,/anley ,pool x is n r>e to come ^u a little ru/ic temple1 made ( palm fronds & poles1 )9 :i* male & female figures1 ne>ly or q life size1 may be se51 ) disproportionate g5ital organs1 ! figures be+ int5d$ to repres5t ! male & female pr9ciple4 ,ar\nd ^! c>v$ & pa9t$ /atues are _m (f]+s1 plates1 knives1 & clo?1 & frequ5tly also ! phallic symbol may be se5 dangl+ f ! raft]s4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ suspicion ( obsc5ity 9 all ?is1 & anyone qualify+ ?is wor%ip ( ! g5]ative p[] z obsc5e does s ha/ily & ignorantly4 ,x is a solemn my/]y to ! ,congo native1 a =ce b dimly und]/ood1 &1 l all my/]i\s natural manife/ations1 x is a p[] t mu/ be propitiat$ & p]suad$ to 8 good4#hc ,! ,egyptian religion 0 p]meat$ ) phallicism4 ,9 ,india phallic wor%ip is widely scatt]$4 ,9 ,b5>es1 ! sacr$ city1 ev]y:]e1 9 ! temples1 9 ! little %r9es 9 ! /reet1 ! emblem ( ! ,creator is phallic4 ,symbols ( ! male & female sexual organs1 ! ,l+am & ! ,yoni1 h be5 objects ( wor%ip 9 ,india f ! e>lie/ times4 ,) ! ,sakti c]emonies1 ,h9du religion disp5ses ) symbols1 & devotion is paid to a nak$ woman select$ = ! occasion4#hd ,?is wor%ip ( a nude female is a v famili> ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian sects 7 said to h practis$ x1 & x is a feature ( "s ,russian religi\s sects to-day4 ,! subject w be dealt ) m fully h]eaft]4 ,9 anci5t ,rome1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 :5 ! f]tilis+ p[]s ( nature beg9 to op]ate1 & its p[]s to be visibly develop$1 a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,v5us took place2 9 x ! phallus 0 c>ri$ 9 a c>t1 & l$ 9 procession by ! ,roman ladies to ! temple ( ,v5us outside ! ,coll9e gate1 & !n pres5t$ by !m to ! sexual "p ( ! goddess4#he ,9 ! ,greek ,bac*ic religi\s processions huge phalli 7 c>ri$ 9 a *>iot drawn by bulls1 & surr\nd$ by wom5 & girls s++ songs ( praise4 ,phallic wor%ip 0 also associat$ ) ! cults ( ,dionysos & ,eleusis4 ,x is met ) among ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 & also among ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes4 ,! fam\s ,black ,/one ( ,mecca1 to :i* religi\s hon\rs are paid1 is also said by au?orities to be a phallic symbol4 ,! /one set up by ,jacob 7,g54 xxviii4 #ah-i7 falls into ! same category4 ,ref]5ces to phallic wor%ip may be f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,bible1 & au?oritative writ]s l ,mr4 ,h>grave ,j5n+s & ,major-,g5]al ,=long h n hesitat$ to ass]t t ! god ( ! ,jewi% ,ark 0 a sexual symbol4 ,see+ ! ext5t to :i* phallic wor%ip exi/s 9 o!r religions1 x w\ld be surpris+ did ?is n also exi/ 9 ! e>ly ,jewi% religion4 ,9 ,*ri/5dom we h evid5ce ( ! p]petuation ( ! phallic cult 9 ! decree ( ,mans1 #abdg1 & ( ! ,synod ( ,t\rs1 #acif1 aga9/ its practice4 ,q unsuccessfully1 h[ev]4 ,inde$1 ! ar*itecture ( m$ieval *ur*es be> 9 _! ornam5tation num]\s evid5ces ( ! failure at suppression4 ,( c\rse1 mu* ( ?is ornam5tation may h be5 due to m]e imitation1 b (t5 en\gh x 0 delib]ate4 ,! s*ol>1 says ,bonwick1 :o gaz$ to-day at ! ro( ( ,temple ,*ur*1 ,london1 _h ! illu/ration be=e him4 ,a symbol !re1 repeat$ly display$1 is ! popul> ,h9du "o to express sex wor%ip4#hf ,! belief f\nd expression 9 o!r ways ?an ornam5tation4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,hamilton visit$ ,naples 9 #agha he f\nd 9 ,is]nia a ,*ri/ian cu/om 9 vogue :i* he describ$ 9 a lett] to ,sir ,william ,banks1 & :i* admitt$ ( no d\bt z to its ,priapic "*4 ,e ,septemb] 0 celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,,ss4 ,cosmus & ,damianus4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! fe/ival v5dors p>ad$ ! /reets (f]+ small wax5 phalli1 :i* 7 b\ght by ! dev\t & plac$ 9 ! *ur*1 mu* z c&les are /ill pur*as$ & giv54 ,at ! same "t1 pray]s are (f]$ to ,/4 ,como by ^? :o desire *ildr54 ,9 ,midlo?ian1 9 #abfh1 ! cl]gy in/ruct$ _! flock to spr9kle wat] ) a dog's phallus 9 ord] to av]t a murra94 ,! same practice exi/$ 9 ,inv]kei?+1 & 9 ,ea/] week prie/ & p danc$ r\nd a wood5 phallus4#hg ,mr4 ,we/ropp1 quot+ an eighte5?-c5tury writ]1#hh says3 ,:5 ! ,hugu5ots took ,embrun1 !y f\nd among ! relics ( ! pr9cipal *ur* a ,priapus1 ( ?ree pieces 9 ! anci5t fa%ion1 ! top ( :i* 0 worn away f be+ con/antly wa%$ ) w9e4 ,! temple ( ,/4 ,eutropius1 de/roy$ by ! ,hugu5ots1 is said to h conta9$ a simil> figure4 ,f ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&'s collection ( practices = obta9+ *ildr5 ,i take ! foll[+3-- ,at ,b\rg-,dieu1 9 ! diocese ( ,b\rges1 a simil> sa9t 7simil> to ! priapean figure previ\sly describ$7 0 call$ ,gu]li*on or ,grelu*on4 ,!re aft] n9e days' devotions wom5 /ret*$ !mselves on ! horizontal figure ( ! sa9t1 & !n scrap$ ! phallus = mixture 9 wat] z a dr9k4 ,o!r sa9ts 7 wor%ipp$ else:]e 9 ,france ) equival5t rites4 ,d[n to ! ,revolution !re /ood at ,bre/ a *apel ( ,sa9t ,guignolet conta9+ a priapean /atue ( ! holy man4 ,wom5 :o 71 or fe>$ to be1 /]ile us$ to g & scrape a little ( ! prom95t memb]1 :i* !y put into a glass ( wat] f ! well & drank4 ,! same practice 0 foll[$ at ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,pi]re--,croquettes 9 ,brabant until #ahcg1 :5 ! ar*ologi/ ,s*ayes call$ att5tion to x1 & !reupon ! ecclesia/ical au?orities remov$ ! cause ( sc&al4 ,wom5 h1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ to make votive (f]+s ( p9s d[n almo/1 if n q1 to ! pres5t day4 ,at ,antw]p /ood at ! gateway to ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,walburga 9 ! ,rue des ,p*eurs a /atue1 ! sexual organ ( :i* _h be5 entirely scrap$ away by wom5 = ! same purpose4#hi ,f :at has be5 said1 x w n be difficult to und]/& ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om ( religi\s pro/itution4 ,consid]+ ! sexual impulse z specially connect$ ) a sup]natural =ce1 man pays x religi\s hon\r1 & comes to id5tify its manife/ations z an expression ( ! sup]natural & also z an act ( wor%ip t[>ds x4 ,9 ,india ! practice exi/$1 :5 mo/ temples _h _! 'bayadres4' ,9 anci5t ,*aldea e woman 0 compell$ to pro/itute h]self once 9 h] life 9 ! temple ( ! goddess ,mylitta--! ,*aldean ,v5us4 ,?is cu/om exi/$ else:]e1 & by x ! woman 0 compell$ to rema9 )9 ! temple enclosures until "s man *ose h]1 f :om %e receiv$ a piece ( money4 ,! money1 ( c\rse1 belong$ to ! temple4#ij ,9 ,greece1 ,c>?age1 ,syria1 etc41 we f9d ! same cu/om4 ,among ! ,jews1 s or?odox a comm5t>y z ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y admits t ! ',kade*im' atta*$ to ! temple 7 pro/itutes4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ces to ! s]vice ( ! 'groves' surr\nd+ ! temple irresi/ibly sugge/ _! lik5ess to ! groves ar\nd ! temples ( ,mylitta1 & _! use = ! same purpose4 ,!re is no necessity to prolong ! subject1#ia nor is x necess>y to my purpose to discuss ! orig9 ( phallic wor%ip4 ,x is en\gh to h %[n ! mann] 9 :i*1 f ! v e>lie/ times1 religi\s belief & sexual ph5om5a h be5 connect$ 9 ! close/ possible mann]4 ,9 ?is respect x is only on all f\rs ) ! relation ( religion to ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 b "h ! attitude ( m9d is acc5tuat$ & prolong$ by ! />tl+ facts ( sexual developm5t4 ,! connection becomes consequ5tly s close x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! association has p]si/$ d[n to ! pres5t "t1 & moods t h _! orig9 9 ! sexual life are frequ5tly attribut$ to religi\s influ5ces4 ,! primitive intellig5ce1 frankly see+ 9 ! ph5om5a ( sex a manife/ation ( ! sup]natural1 sees "h a cont9u\s endorsem5t ( religi\s life4 ,! m sophi/icat$ m9d rais$ above ?is po9t ( view cont9ues1 ) modifications1 ! primitive practices1 & 9 ignorance ( ! physiological causes ( its own /ates is only too ready to int]pret ebullitions ( sex feel+ z evid5ce ( ! div9e4 ,,note ,,to ,,page #ajd4 ,x is /range t s little att5tion has be5 paid to ^! primitive beliefs z important factors 9 det]m9+ ! social position ( wom54 ,x is too g5]ally assum$ t because woman is physically weak] ?an man x is h] weakness t has det]m9$ h] subord9ation4 ,bo? ! advocates & ! oppon5ts ( ',woman's ,rights' appe> to h rea*$ a common agreem5t on ?is po9t4 ,dur+ "s ( ! debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 = example1 x 0 op5ly /at$ by prom95t politicians1 z an axiom ( political philosophy1 t all laws re/ ^u a basis ( =ce1 & if m5 say !y w n obey woman-made laws !re is no p[] t c compel !m to d s4 ,on ! o!r side1 wom51 :ile appeal+ to :at !y prop]ly call high] consid]ations1 !mselves dwell ^u ! physical weakness ( woman z ! reason = h] subord9ation 9 ! pa/4 ,bo? p>ties are help$ 9 _! argum5ts by ! facile division ( social hi/ory into two p]iods1 an e>li] "o 9 :i* club law plays ! *ief "p1 & a lat] p]iod :5 m5tal & moral qualities assume a dom9at+ position4 ,! consequ5ce is1 runs ! argum5t1 t ea* sex has to battle ) ! dead weight ( tradition & cu/om4 ,! woman is oppress$ by ! tradition ( subord9ation to ! male2 ! man is inspir$ by t ( dom9ance ov] ! female4 ,x is :5 we ask = evid5ce ( ?is t we see h[ flimsy ! case is4 ,social ph5om5a 9 ei!r civilis$ or uncivilis$ society furni%es no pro( t in/itutions & cu/oms re/ ^u a basis ( physical =ce4 ,! rul]%ip ( a tribe (t5 re/s ) ! old m5 ( a tribe2 ) "s tribes ! wom5 are consult$1 & inv>iably cu/om & tradition plays a p[]ful "p4 ,! notion t ! primitive *ief is ! primitive /rong man ( ! tribe is z baseless z ! belief 9 an orig9al social contract1 & owes its exi/5ce to ! same k9d ( fanciful speculation4 ,z ,fraz] says1 x is "o ( ^? facile !ories :i* ! arm-*air philosoph] concocts ) 8 feet on ! f5d] )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to consult ! facts4 ,! primitive *ief may be a /rong man4 ,! tribal c\ncil or *ief may use =ce or rely ^u physical =ce to en=ce c]ta9 decrees1 j z ! mod]n k+ or p>liam5t may call on ! help ( policeman or soldi]1 b ?is no m proves t _! rule is bas$ ^u =ce ?an ,mr4 ,asqui?'s premi]%ip proves 8 physical sup]iority to ! re/ ( ! ,cab9et4 ,all political life1 & to a small] degree all social life1 involves ! direction ( =ce1 b nei!r appeal to =ce = an ultimate ju/ification1 nor d social in/itutions orig9ate 9 an act ( =ce4 ,x is "o ( ! commonplaces ( hi/orical /udy t :5 an in/itution is actually =c$ ^u a p x v quickly becomes inop]ative4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 "o gr\p ( p may ov]come ano!r gr\p because ( physical sup]iority1 b ! conque/ ov]1 ! "q z to :i* gr\p %all really rule1 or :i* set ( in/itutions %all survive1 is settl$ on q diff]5t gr\nds4 ,! hi/ory ( almo/ any c\ntry w give examples ( ! absorption ( ! conqu]or by ! conqu]$1 & ! br++ ( import$ in/itutions into l9e ) native life & feel+4 ,fundam5tally ! relations b9d+ p toge!r into a society are n physical1 b psy*ological4 ,society re/s ^u ! f\ndations ( a common m5tal life--^u sympa?y1 beliefs1 ! desire = companion%ip1 etc4 ,z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw9 puts x1 ! fundam5tal social facts are n ?+s1 b ?\ghts4#ib ,z a memb] ( a social gr\p man is born into an environm5t t is ess5tially psy*ological1 & 8 attitude n only t[>ds 8 fell[ human be+s1 b t[>ds nature 9 g5]al1 is det]m9$ by ! psy*ological cont5ts ( ! society to :i* he belongs4 ,n[ if ! relation ( "o man to ano!r is n det]m9$ by physical sup]iority & inf]iority1 if ! relations ( classes )9 a society are n det]m9$ 9 ?is mann]1 :y %\ld x be assum$ t z a sex woman's position is fix$ by ?is means8 ,x seems m reasonable to assume t "s o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( club law1 a pr9ciple set 9 op]ation v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 fix$ ! ma9 l9es ^u :i* ! relations ( ! sexes 7 to develop1 h[ev] mu* o!r =ces help$ its op]ation4 ,i believe ?is desir$ factor is to be f\nd 9 ! sup]/iti\s notions savages develop conc]n+ ! nature & function ( woman1 & :i* society only v sl[ly outgr[s4 ,=1 z ,fraz] says3 ,! cont9uity ( human developm5t has be5 su* t mo/1 if n all1 ( ! great in/itutions :i* /ill =m ! framework ( a civilis$ society h _! roots 9 savag]y1 & h be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ^! lat] days ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 assum+ new outw>d =ms 9 ! process ( transmission1 b rema9+ 9 _! inmo/ core sub/antially un*ang$4 ,9 consid]+ ! play ( primitive ideas z det]m9+ ! l9es ( human evolution sev]al ?+s mu/ be kept cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,"o is t ! c\rse ( biological developm5t has made woman1 z a sex1 dep5d5t ^u man1 z a sex1 = protection & support4 ,?is is true q ap>t f economic consid]ations or f ^? aris+ f ! relative physical /r5g? ( ! sexes4 ,! prime function ( woman1 biologically1 is t ( mo!rhood4 ,%e is1 s to speak1 "m 9 a mu* m important & m p]vasive s5se ?an man is fa!r4 ,9 ! case ( woman1 h] functions are ( necessity subord9at$ to ?is "o4 ,) man ?is is n ! case4 ,x is ) ! woman t ! nutrition ( ! *ild re/s be=e bir?1 & a l>ge portion ( h] /r5g? is exp5d$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is function4 ,! same is true = "s p]iod imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,aga9 to use a biological illu/ration1 dur+ ! p]iod ( *ild-be>+ & *ild-re>+ ! relation ( ! man to ! woman may be lik5$ to t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! g]m cells & ! somatic cells4 ,z ! latt] is ! m$ium ( protection & ! convey] ( nutrition 9 relation to ! =m]1 s x falls to ! male to protect & 9 "s degree to provide = ! woman z *ild-be>]4 ,x w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be impossible = woman to provide = h]self1 b x w\ld detract s consid]ably f social effici5cy t any gr\p 9 :i* x 0 done w\ld soon disappe>4 ,x is ! nature & supreme function ( woman t makes h] dep5d5t ^u man4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! dreams ( "s 7 realis$1 & society z a :ole c>$ = woman 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is function1 ! issue w\ld n be *ang$4 ,x w\ld mean t in/ead ( a woman be+ dep5d5t ^u "o man %e w\ld be dep5d5t ^u all m54 ,nor are ! sub/antial facts ( ! situation *ang$ by anyone po9t+ out t all wom5 d n & _c "u ord9>y circum/ances become wives & mo!rs4 ,human nature w always develop on ! l9es ( ! normal functions ( m5 & wom51 & !re c be no "q 9 ?is case z to :at ^! are4 ,i h us$ ! ^w 'dep5d5ce1' b ?is does n1 ( necessity1 involve ei!r subord9ation or subjection4 ,x may provide ! condition ( ei!r or ( bo?1 b ! dep5d5ce ( ! woman on ! man is1 z ,i h said1 biologically inescapable4 ,h] subjection is q ano!r "q4 ,dep5d5ce may be mutual4 ,"o class ( society may be dep5d5t ^u ano!r class1 b ! two may move on a p]fect level ( equality4 ,& ) uncivilis$ peoples ! evid5ce goes to prove t1 :ile ! sph]es ( ! sexes are m cle>ly diff]5tiat$ ?an ) u1 ?is diff]5ce is seldom if ev] express$ 9 t]ms ( sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,savages w\ld say1 z civilis$ p /ill say1 !re are _m ?+s t x is wrong = a woman to d1 & !y w\ld add !re are also ?+s t a man mu/ n d4 ,!y w\ld be z %ock$ at woman do+ c]ta9 ?+s z "s p among ourselves 7 :5 wom5 fir/ began to speak at public meet+s4 ,_! disapproval w\ld n re/ on ! gr\nd t ^! ?+s 7 'unwomanly'1 nor ^u any "q ( weakness or /r5g?1 ( inf]iority or sup]iority1 b = ano!r &1 to ! savage1 v urg5t reason4 ,"o c v easily exagg]ate ! ext5t ( ! subjection ( wom5 among uncivilis$ p4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x usually is exagg]at$4 ,n all travell]s are capable ( accurate obs]vation1 & v _m are l$ a/ray by :at are really sup]ficial aspects ( savage life4 ,!y are s impress$ by ! contemplation ( a /ate ( affairs diff]5t f our own t !y mi/ake m]e l9es ( dem>cation = a moral valuation4 ,_m travell]s1 = example1 obs]v+ t wom5 are /rictly =bidd5 to d ?is or t1 conclude t ! woman has no rights z aga9/ ! man4 ,z 9 ne>ly all ^! cases ! man is z /rictly =bidd5 to encroa* on ! woman's sph]e1 "o might z reasonably rev]se ! /atem5t & dwell ^u male subjection4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 bo? furni% examples ( ! all-p[]ful pr9ciple ( 'taboo4' ,"s ?+s are taboo to ! man1 o!rs to ! woman4 ,& ! key to ! problem lies 9 ! nature & orig9 ( ^! taboos4 ,b taboo does n ext+ui% rights2 x confirms !m4 ,"u its op]ation1 f> f its be+ ! tru? t wom5 are )\t /atus or rights or p[]1 h] position & rights are cle>ly m>k$1 g5]ally recognis$1 & quickly en=c$4 ,"s examples ( ?is may be not$4 ,a ,kaffir woman :5 ill-treat$ possesses ! "r ( asylum ) h] p>5ts1 & rema9s !re until ! husb& makes atonem5t4 ,! same ?+ holds ( ! ,we/ ,african ,fulahs4 ,9 ! ,m>quesas a woman is prohibit$ ! use ( canoes2 on ! o!r h&1 m5 are prohibit$ frequ5t+ c]ta9 places belong+ to ! wom54 ,9 ,nic>agua no man may ent] ! woman's m>ket-place "u p5alty ( a beat+4 ,) mo/ ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican tribes a woman has supreme p[] inside ! lodge4 ,! husb& possesses no p[] ( int]f]5ce4 ,9 mo/ cases ! husb& _c give away any?+ belong+ to ! lodge )\t fir/ gett+ ! cons5t ( 8 wife4 ,) ! ,nootkas1 wom5 are consult$ on all matt]s ( bus9ess4 ,liv+/one relates 8 surprise on f9d+ t a native w\ld n accompany him on a j\rney because he c\ld n get 8 wife's cons5t4 ,he f\nd ?is to be "o ( ! cu/oms ( ! tribe to :i* ! man belong$4 ,among ! ,k&hs ( ,india no?+ public is done )\t consult+ ! wom54 ,9 ! ,pellew ,isl&s ! head ( ! family c d no?+ ( importance )\t consult+ ! olde/ female relative4 ,among ! ,hott5tots wom5 h supreme rule 9 ! h\se4 ,if a man ov]/eps ! l9e1 8 female relatives inflict a f9e1 :i* is paid to ! wife4 ,) ! ,be*uanas ! "m ( ! *ief is pres5t at all c\ncils1 & he c h>dly decide any?+ )\t h] cons5t4 ,^! are only a few ( ! cases t might be cit$1 b !y are suffici5t to %[ t ! common view ( wom5 among savages z )\t recognis$ /atus1 or p[]1 ne$s v s]i\s qualification4 ,( c\rse1 ill-treatm5t ( wom5 does occur ) uncivilis$ z ) civilis$ p1 & %e may suff] f ! expression ( brutal passion or sup]ior /r5g?1 b an exam9ation ( ! facts ju/ifies ,/>cke's op9ion t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! savage feels a contempt = wom5 9 virtue ( h] sex4 ,9 primitive life1 9 %ort1 ! dom9ant idea is n t ( sup]iority 9 relation to woman1 b t ( diff]5ce4 ,%e is diff]5t f man1 & ?is diff]5ce involves consequ5ces ( ! grave/ "*1 & aga9/ :i* due precautions mu/ be tak54 ,sup]iority & inf]iority are mu* lat] conceptions2 !y belong to a comp>atively civilis$ p]iod1 & _! developm5t (f]s an admirable example ( ! way 9 :i* cu/oms bas$ on %e] sup]/itions become trans=m$ into a social prejudice1 ) ! consequ5t creation ( num]\s excuses = _! p]petuation4 ,:at t initial prejudice is--a prejudice s p[]ful t x l>gely det]m9es ! future /atus ( woman--has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,h] place 9 society is m>k$ out 9 uncivilis$ times by ! p[]ful sup]/itions connect$ ) sexual functions4 ,n t %e is weak]--al?\gh t is1 ( c\rse1 pla9--nor t %e is inf]ior1 a ?\ght :i* sc>cely exi/s ) uncivilis$ peoples1 b t %e is dang]\s1 p>ticul>ly s dur+ h] functional crises & 9 *ildbir?4 ,& be+ dang]\s1 because *>g$ ) a sup]natural influ5ce inimical to o!rs1 %e is exclud$ f c]ta9 occupations1 & contact ) h] has to be c>efully regulat$4 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang t 9 ! regulations conc]n+ wom5 among/ uncivilis$ p we h ano!r illu/ration ( ! f>-rea*+ pr9ciple ( taboo 7,social ,orig9s & ,primal ,law1 p4 #bci7 %e suff]s because ( h] sex1 & because ( ! sup]/iti\s dread to :i* h] sex nature gives bir?4 ,( c\rse1 at a lat] /age o!r consid]ations beg9 to op]ate4 ,:]e1 = example1 z among/ ! ,kaffirs1 wom5 are n p]mitt$ to t\* cattle because ( ?is assum$ spiritual infection1 & :]e a man's weal? is measur$ by ! cattle he possesses1 x is easy to see t ?is w\ld con/itute a =ce prev5t+ ! political & social equality ( ! sexes4 ,! pursuits f :i* wom5 7 prim>ily exclud$ = purely religi\s reasons w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t come to be look$ ^u z man's inali5able possessions4 ,& "h h] physical weakness w\ld play its "p2 = %e c\ld n take1 z man c\ld )hold1 by =ce4 ,ev5 :5 ! primitive po9t ( view is disc>d$1 ! social prejudices eng5d]$ by x long rema9s4 ,& social prejudices1 z we all "k1 are ! h>de/ ( all ?+s to de/roy4 ,a f9al consid]ation ne$s to be /at$4 ,?is is t ! cu/oms det]m9$ by ! views ( woman 7above outl9$7 fall into l9e1 9 a r\gh-&-ready fa%ion1 ) ! biological t5d5cy to consecrate ! female to ! function ( mo!rhood & cons]ve h] en]gies to t end1 leav+ o!r k9ds ( "w to ! male4 ,x w\ld be an obvi\s advantage to a tribe 9 :i* woman1 reliev$ f ! necessity ( physical /ruggle = food & def5ce1 0 able to att5d to *ildr5 & ! m peaceful side ( family life4 ,*ildr5 w\ld n only b5efit !reby1 b ! home ) all its civilis+1 humanis+ influ5ces w\ld develop m rapidly4 ,assum+ v>iations 9 tribal life 9 ?is direction1 !re is no "q z to :i* tribe t w\ld /& ! bett] *ance ( survival4 ,! developm5t ( life has proce$$ "h z else:]e by diff]5tiation & specialisation2 & :ile ! tasks dem&+ ! m su/a9$ physical ex]tions 7 left to man1 & to ! p]=mance ( :i* 8 sexual nature (f]$ no imp$im5t1 woman became m & m specialis$ = mat]nity & dome/ic occupations4 ,?is1 ,i ha/5 to add1 is n at all int5d$ z a plea = d5y+ to wom5 ! "r to p>ticipate 9 ! wid] social life ( ! species4 ,i am try+ to expla9 a social phase1 & nei!r ju/ify+ nor condemn+ its p]petuation4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,dr4 ,iwan ,blo*1 ,! ,sexual ,life ( ,our ,"t1 p4 #ig4 #ff ,e4 ,d4 ,/>buck1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 p4 #dja4 #fg ,! ,psy*ological ,ph5om5a ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dai4 #fh ,primitive ,pat]nity1 #b vols41 #aiji-aj4 #fi ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #aia4 #gj ,see ,fraz]'s ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #ade-fc1 & ,crawley's ,my/ic ,rose4 #ga ,man & ,woman1 p4 #ae4 #gb ,taboo1 pp4 #afc-d4 #gc ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #adb4 #gd ,a long li/ ( animals t 7 sacr$ to v>i\s ,semitic tribes has be5 compil$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #aid-bja4 #ge ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #cjf-g4 #gf ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #dbg-i4 ,= a full] discussion ( ! subject1 see ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 by ,havelock ,ellis1 #aija4 #gg ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 p4 #fff4 #gh ,we/]m>ck1 p4 #fff4 #gi ,fraz]1 ,taboo1 p4 #aej4 #hj ,see ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,donaldson's ,woman3 h] ,position & ,influ5ce 9 ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 & among ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 bk4 iii4 #ha ,= ! g5]al influ5ce ( ^! beliefs ab\t woman 9 det]m9+ h] social position1 see note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #hb ,! ,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 ,pref4 p4 #i4 #hc ,! ,riv] ,congo1 p4 #dje4 #hd ,a description ( ! ,sakti c]emony is giv5 by ,major-,g5]al ,=long1 ,fai?s ( ,man1 iii4 pp4 #bbh-i4 #he ,we/ropp1 ,primitive ,symbolism1 p4 #cj4 #hf ,egyptian ,belief & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #bef4 #hg ,=long1 ,fai?s ( ,man1 iii4 p4 #ff4 #hh ,primitive ,symbolism1 p4 #cf4 #hi ,primitive ,pat]nity1 i4 pp4 #fc-d4 #ij ,major-,g5]al ,=long agrees ) _m o!r au?orities 9 trac+ our cu/om ( kiss+ "u ! mi/letoe to ?is anci5t practice4 ,! mi/letoe1 he says1 m>ks 9 "o s5se ,v5us's temple1 = any girl may be kiss$ if caught "u its sprays--a practice1 ?\gh modifi$1 :i* recalls to u t horrid "o m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 :]e all wom5 7 = once at lea/ ! prop]ty ( ! man :o s\ght !m 9 ,mylitta's temple4--,riv]s ( ,life1 i4 p4 #ia4 #ia ,^? :o desire fur!r & m detail$ in=mation may consult ,=long's great "w1 ,! ,riv]s ( ,life1 ,payne ,knight's ,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 ,we/ropp & ,wake's ,phallicism 9 ,anci5t ,religion1 ,br[n's ,dionysiak ,my?1 ,we/ropp's ,primitive ,symbolism1 ,r4 ,a4 ,campbell's ,phallic ,wor%ip1 ,h>grave ,j5n+s's ,wor%ip ( ,priapus1 etc4 #ib ,a good discussion ( ! topic w be f\nd 9 ?is au?or's ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,five ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sexual ,,& ,,pa?ologic ,,/ates ,,on ,,religi\s ,,belief ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ph5om5a att5dant on ! sexual life ( man & woman become associat$ ) religi\s beliefs4 ,z a =ce t arises 9 ! life ( ea* individual1 & intrudes1 z x 71 into consci\sness1 ! ph5om5a ( sex fill primitive man ) an amazem5t t is n unmix$ ) t]ror4 ,9 /rict accord ) primitive psy*ology sexual ph5om5a are conceiv$ z m or less connect$ ) ! sup]natural _w1 & becom+ ?us entw9$ ) religi\s convictions are made ! nucleus ( a numb] ( sup]/iti\s c]emonies4 ,! connection is close & obvi\s s long z we re/rict our survey to uncivilis$ humanity4 ,! only room = d\bt or discussion is ! exact mean+ ( c]ta9 c]emonies1 or ! ord] ( c]ta9 phases ( developm5t4 ,x is :5 we take man 9 a m advanc$ /age t obscurity ga!rs & difficulties arise4 ,! sexual life is no long] liv$1 z x 71 op5ly4 ,symbolism & my/icism develop2 a m complex social life provides disguis$ outlets = primitive & inde/ructible feel+s4 ,sexualism1 in/ead ( be+ some?+ to be glorifi$1 &1 s to speak1 annotat$ by religi\s c]emonies1 becomes some?+ to be hidd5 or decri$4 ,ignor$ x may be4 ,decri$ x may be2 b x w n be d5i$4 ,t is a practical impossibility 9 ! case ( s p[]ful & s p]vasive a fact z sex4 ,we may disguise its expression1 b only too (t5 ! disguise is ! equival5t ( undesirable & unheal?y manife/ations4 ,! mod]n hi/ory ( religion (f]s a melan*oly illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! la/ s5t5ce1 & x is q cle>ly exhibit$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,f ! beg9n+ x /rove to suppress ! p[] ( sexual feel+4 ,x 0 an enemy aga9/ :om "o _h to be always on gu>d1 "o t _h to be cru%$1 or at lea/ kept 9 subjection 9 ! int]e/s ( spiritual developm5t4 ,& yet ! v int5sity ( ! ef=ts at suppression defeat$ ! object aim$ at4 ,) "s ( ! lead]s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity sex became an obsession4 ,long dwell+ ^u its p[] made !m unduly & unheal?ily consci\s ( its pres5ce4 ,in/ead ( sex tak+ its place z "o ( ! facts ( life1 :i* l mo/ o!r facts might be good or bad z circum/ances det]m9$1 x 0 s mu* dwelt ^u z to (t5 dw>f ev]y?+ else4 ,asceticism is1 aft] all1 ma9ly a rev]s$ s5sualism1 or at lea/ confesses ! exi/5ce ( a s5sualism t mu/ n be all[$ expression le/ its manife/ation becomes ov]p[]+4 ,mortification confesses ! supremacy ( s5se z surely z gratification4 ,moreov]1 mortification ( s5se z prea*$ by ! great ascetics does n prev5t t mo/ dang]\s ( all =ms ( gratification1 ! s5sualism ( ! imag9ation4 ,t rema9s1 & is apt to ga9 9 /r5g? s9ce ! fundam5tally heal?ful en]gies are d5i$ legitimate & natural modes ( expression4 ,?us x is t we f9d develop+ social life n always provid+ a heal?y outlet = ! sexual life1 & ?us x is t ! int5se /riv+ ( religi\s lead]s aga9/ ! p[] ( ! sexual impulse has (t5 =c$ x into /range & h>mful =ms ( expression4 ,s we f9d ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion1 n only t a deal ( :at has pass$ = sup]natural illum9ation to h und\bt$ly _h its orig9 9 p]v]t$ sexual feel+1 b ! con/ant em]g5ce ( curi\s religio-erotic sects ^: /range m+l+ ( eroticism & religion has sc&alis$ _m1 & (f]$ a lesson to all _h !y b possess$ ! wit to disc]n x4 ,al?\gh !re is an und]/&able dis9cl9ation1 am\nt+ ) "s to positive revulsion1 to recognise ! sexual orig9 ( mu* t passes = religi\s f]v\r1 ! fact is well kn[n to compet5t m$ical obs]v]s1 z ! foll[+ citations w %[4 ,m ?an a g5]ation s9ce a well-kn[n m$ical au?ority said3-- ,i "k ( no fact 9 pa?ology m /rik+ & m t]rify+ ?an ! way 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! ec/atic--:i* h (t5 be5 seiz$ ^u by s5tim5tal !oris]s z pro(s ( spiritual exaltation--may be pla9ly se5 to bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! innoc5t fool]y ( ord9>y hypnotic pati5ts & ! degrad$ & repulsive ph5om5a ( nymphomania & satyriasis4#ic ,dr4 ,c4 ,norman also obs]ves3-- ,ec/asy1 z we see 9 cases ( acute m5tal disease1 is probably always connect$ ) sexual excitem5t1 if n ) sexual depravity4 ,! same association is se5 9 less extreme cases1 & "o ( ! commone/ features 9 ! conv]sation ( acutely maniacal wom5 is ! int]m+l+ ( erotic & religi\s ideas4#id ,?is op9ion is fully endors$ by ,sir ,francis ,galton3-- ,x has be5 notic$ t among ! morbid organic conditions :i* accompany ! %[ ( excessive piety & religi\s rapture 9 ! insane1 none are s frequ5t z disord]s ( ! sexual organisation4 ,conv]sely1 ! fr5zies ( religi\s revivals h n infrequ5tly end$ 9 gross pr(ligacy4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( celibacy by ! f]v5t lead]s ( mo/ cre$s1 utilises 9 an unconsci\s way ! morbid connection betwe5 an ov]-re/ra9t ( ! sexual desires & impulses t[>ds extreme devotion4#ie ,dr4 ,augu/e ,=el1 ! em95t ,g]man speciali/1 po9ts out t-- ,:5 we /udy ! religi\s s5tim5t pr(\ndly1 especially 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ,ca?olicism 9 p>ticul>1 we f9d at ea* /ep its a/oni%+ connection ) eroticism4 ,we f9d x 9 ! exalt$ adoration ( holy wom51 su* z ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>ie de ,be?any1 = ,jesus1 9 ! holy leg5ds1 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & especially 9 art4 ,! ec/atic ,madonnas 9 our art gall]ies ca/ _! f]v5t reg>ds on ,jesus or on ! heav5s4 ,! expression 9 ,murillo's ',immaculate ,conception' may be int]pret$ by ! highe/ voluptu\s exaltation ( love z well z by holy transfiguration4 ,! 'sa9ts' ( ,correggio reg>d ! ,virg9 ) an amor\s ard\r :i* may be cele/ial1 b appe>s 9 reality extremely t]re/rial & human4#if ,ano!r ,g]man au?ority rem>ks3-- ,i v5ture to express my conviction t we %\ld r>ely err if1 9 a case ( religi\s melan*oly1 we assum$ ! sexual app>atus to be implicat$4#ig ,dr4 ,bevan ,lewis po9ts out h[ frequ5tly religi\s exaltation occurs ) wom5 at pub]ty1 & religi\s melan*olia at ! p]iod ( sexual decl9e4 ,& ,dr4 ,*>les ,m]ci] puts ! int]*angeability ( sexual & religi\s feel+s 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,religi\s obs]vances provide an alt]native1 into :i* ! amatory in/9ct c be easily & naturally div]t$4 ,! emotions & in/9ctive desires1 :i* f9ds expression 9 c\rt%ip1 is a va/ body ( vague feel+1 :i* is at fir/ undirect$4444 ,x is a volum9\s /ate ( exaltation t dem&s en?usia/ic action4 ,?is is ! /ate antec$5t to fall+ 9 love1 & if an object pres5ts himself or h]self1 ! torr5t ( emotion is direct$ into amatory passion4 ,b if no object appe>s1 or if ! select$ object is d5i$1 !n religi\s obs]vances yield a v passable sub/itute = ! expression ( ! emotion4 ,religi\s obs]vances provide ! s5su\s atmosph]e1 ! call = self-r5unciation1 ! means ( express+ p[]ful & volum9\s feel+1 t ! pot5tial or disappo9t$ lov] ne$s4 ,! madrigal is trans=m$ into ! hymn2 ! adornm5t ( ! p]son t %\ld h gone to allure ! belov$ n[ takes ! %ape ( ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts2 ! rev]5ce t %\ld h be5 paid to ! lov$ "o is trans=m$ to a high] object2 ! en?usiasm t w\ld h exp&$ 9 c\rt%ip is express$ 9 wor%ip2 ! gifts t w\ld h be5 made1 ! s]vices t w\ld h be5 r5d]$ to ! lov$ "o1 are transf]r$ to ! ,*ur*4#ih ,dr4 ,krafft-,eb+1 aft] dwell+ ^u ! sub/antial id5tity ( sexual love & religi\s emotion1 summ>ises 8 conclusions by say+3-- ,religi\s & sexual hyp]/hesia at ! acme ( developm5t %[ ! same volume ( int5sity & ! same quality ( excitem5t1 & may1 !re=e1 "u giv5 circum/ances int]*ange4 ,bo? w 9 c]ta9 pa?ologic /ates deg5]ate into cruelty4#ii ,ev5 s or?odox a writ] z ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld po9ts out t-- ,! exi/5ce ( t evil1 :i*1 kn[+ ! con/itution ( man1 we %\ld expect to f9d preval5t 9 my/icism1 ! exp]i5ce ( all ages has %[n foll[+1 dogg+ its /eps inevitably4 ,s slight is ! film t sep>ates religion f s5sual passion1 t uncontroll$ spiritual f]v\r ro>s readily into a blaze ( lic5ti\sness4#ajj ,no useful purpose w\ld be s]v$ by l5g!n+ ?is li/ ( citations4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! po9t ( view express$ is "o endors$ by _m sob]1 compet5t1 & responsible obs]v]s4 ,!re exi/s among !m a g5]al1 & "o may add a gr[+1 recognition ( ! important tru? t ! connection betwe5 religi\s & sexual feel+ is ( ! close/ "*1 & t "o is v (t5 mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,asceticism1 usually tak5 z evid5ce to ! rev]se1 is on ! contr>y1 confirmative4 ,! ascetic (t5 pres5ts u ) a flagrant case ( eroto-mania1 express+ itself 9 t]ms ( religion4 ,x is highly significant t ! biographies ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts %\ld furni% s _m cases ( m5 & wom5 ( /rong s5sual passions1 & ^: ascetic devotion 0 only ! reaction f almo/ unbridl$ s5sualism4 ,no wond] t 9 ! temptations exp]i5c$ by ! monks ! figures ( nude wom5 s (t5 appe>$ be=e _! heat$ imag9ations4 ,sexual feel+ suppress$ 9 "o direction broke out 9 ano!r4 ,feel+s1 9 !mselves p]fectly normal1 became1 z a consequ5ce ( repression & misdirection1 pa?ologic4 ,& "o consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s br\ght to ! consid]ation ( ! subject ( sex a conc5tration ( m9d t result$ 9 disquisitions ( su* a nature t x is impossible to d m ?an ref] to !m4 ,! sexual relation in/ead ( be+ ref9$ 0 co>s5$4 ,m>riage 0 view$ 9 its l[e/ =m1 m z a concession to ! weakness ( ! fle% ?an z a desirable /ate = all m5 & wom54 ,nor c x be said1 aft] _m c5turies1 t ^! ideas are q eradicat$ f pres5t-day life4 ,a field ( inve/igation t yields mu* illum9at+ in=mation is ! biographies ( ! sa9ts & ( o!r religi\s *>act]s4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases ! acceptance ( sexual feel+ = religi\s illum9ation is v cle>4 ,?us ( ,/4 ,g]trude1 a ,b5$ict9e nun ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we read3-- ,"o day at *apel %e he>d sup]naturally sung ! words1 ',sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus4' ,! ,son ( ,god1 lean+ t[>ds h] l a sweet lov]1 & giv+ to h] s\l ! s(te/ kiss1 said to h] at ! second ,sanctus1 ',9 ! ,sanctus address$ to ,my p]son1 receive ) ?is all ! sanctity ( ,my div9ity & ( ,my humanity4'444 ,& ! foll[+ ,sunday1 :ile %e 0 ?ank+ ,god = ?is fav\r1 behold ! ,son ( ,god1 m beaute\s ?an ?\s&s ( angels1 takes h] to ,8 arms z if ,he 7 pr\d ( h]1 & pres5ts h] to ,god ! ,fa!r1 & 9 t p]fection ( sanctity ) :i* ,he _h end[$ h]4#aja ,( ,juliana ( ,norwi*1 :o 0 grant$ a revelation 9 #acgc1 we are told t %e _h = long 'ard5tly desir$' a bodily sight ( ! ,"l ^u ! cross2 & t f9ally ,jesus appe>$ to h] & said1 ,i love !e & ?\ love/ ,me1 & our love %all nev] be disp>t$ 9 two4#ajb ,s1 aga91 9 ! case ( ,si/] ,jeanne des ,anges1 ,sup]ior ( ! ,conv5t ( ,ursul9es ( ,l\dun1 & ! pr9cipal "* 9 ! fam\s ,gr&i] wit*craft case1 we h a detail$ acc\nt1 9 h] own words1 ( ! lascivi\s dreams1 unclean sugge/ions1 etc4--all attribut$ to ,satan--& alt]nat+ ) impressions ( bodily union ) ,jesus4#ajc ,m>ie de ,l',inc>nation addresses ,jesus z foll[s3-- ,oh1 my love1 :5 %all ,i embrace y8 ,h y no pity on ! torm5ts t ,i suff]8 ,alas6 alas6 ,my love6 ,my beauty6 ,my life6 ,in/ead ( heal+ my pa91 y take pleasure 9 x4 ,come1 let me embrace y1 & die 9 y\r sacr$ arms4#ajd ,v]onica ,juliani1 beatifi$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 took a real lamb to b$ ) h]1 kiss$ x1 & suckl$ x at h] brea/s4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,g5oa ?rew h]self on ! gr\nd to cool h]self1 cry+ out1 ,love1 love1 ,i c be> x no long]4 ,%e also confess$ to a peculi> long+ t[>ds h] confessor4#aje ,! bless$ ,m>y ,alacoque1 f\ndress ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 0 subject f e>ly life to a numb] ( compla9ts--rheumatism1 palsy1 pa9s 9 ! side1 ulc]ation ( ! legs--& exp]i5c$ visions e>ly 9 h] c>e]4 ,z a *ild %e _h s vivid a s5se ( mode/y t ! m]e sight ( a man (f5d$ h]4 ,at sev5te5 %e took to we>+ a knott$ cord drawn s tightly t %e c\ld nei!r eat nor brea! )\t pa94 ,%e compress$ h] arms s tightly ) iron *a9s t %e c\ld n remove !m )\t angui%4 ,i made1 %e says1 a b$ ( pot%]ds1 on :i* ,i slept ) extreme pleasure4 ,%e fa/$ & tortur$ h]self 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & ! m h] physical disord]s increas$ ! m num]\s became h] visions4 ,be=e %e 0 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 9 #afga1 %e ent]$ a nunn]y4 ,f ! "t %e donn$ ! habit ( a novice %e 0 'bless$' ) visions4 ,our ,"l %[$ me t t day 0 ! day ( our spiritual w$d+2 ,he =?) gave me to und]/& t ,he wi%$ to make me ta/e all ! sweetness ( ! c>esses ( ,8 love4 ,9 reality1 ^? div9e c>esses 7 f t mom5t s excessive1 t !y (t5 put me out ( myself4 ,once1 says "o ( h] biograph]s1 hav+ retir$ into h] *amb]1 %e ?rew (f ! clo!s ) :i* %e _h b$eck$ h]self dur+ ! day1 :5 ! ,son ( ,god %[$ ,himself to h] 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,he 0 aft] ,8 cruel flagellation--t is1 ) ,8 body all w\nd$1 torn1 gory--& ,he said to h] t x 0 h] vanities t _h br\ght ,him into t condition4 ,9 "o ( ^! visions ,jesus took ! head ( ,m>y1 press$ x to ,8 bosom1 spoke to h] 9 passionate words1 op5$ h] side & took out h] he>t1 plung$ x into ,8 own1 & !n replac$ x4 ,he !n expla9$ ,8 design ( f\nd+ ! ,ord] ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t4 ,ev] aft]1 ,m>y 0 consci\s ( a pa9 9 h] side & a burn+ s5sation 9 h] *e/--two pla9 symptoms ( hy/]ia4#ajf ,santa ,t]esa1 :o di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-?ree1 & 9 ^: family m ?an "o case ( well-develop$ neura/h5ia c be trac$1 0 fav\r$ ) 'messages' at a v e>ly age4 ,%e believ$ "s ( ^! 7 temptations f ! devil sugge/+ an 'hon\rable alliance4' ,a n]v\s breakd[n foll[$ directly aft] entrance into a conv5t4 ,%e 0 !n tw5ty ye>s ( age1 0 subject to fa9t+ fits & long$ = illness z a sign ( div9e fav\r4 ,%e 0 subject to convulsions1 & soon aft] tak+ ! veil fell into a cataleptic trance1 :i* la/$ ?ree days4 ,%e 0 ?\ght to be dead1 b at ! end ( ! "t sat up & told ^? ar\nd t %e _h visit$ bo? heav5 & hell1 & se5 ! joys ( ! bless$ & ! torm5ts ( ! damn$4 ,x is at lea/ sugge/ive t1 9 spite ( ! long+ = p]sonal communion ) ,jesus1 h] fir/ exp]i5ce ( ! ec/asy ( div9e love 0 exp]i5c$ aft] discov]+ a 'v reali/ic' picture ( a m>tyr$ sa9t--,/4 ,joseph4 ,! significance ( ! int5se contemplation ( a tortur$ body--possibly made by "o ^: sexual nature 0 und]go+ a process ( suppression--is unmi/akable4#ajg ,on ^! & simil> cases ,pr(essor ,william ,james makes ! foll[+ comm5t3-- ,to ! m$ical m9d ^! ec/asies signify no?+ b sugge/$ hypnoid /ates1 on an intellectual basis ( sup]/ition1 & a corporeal "o ( deg5]ation & hy/]ia4 ,und\bt$ly ^! pa?ological conditions h exi/$ 9 _m & possibly 9 all ! cases1 b t fact tells u no?+ ab\t ! value = k ( ! consci\sness :i* !y induce4 ,to pass a spiritual judgm5t ^u ^! /ates1 we mu/ n cont5t ourselves ) sup]ficial m$ical talk1 b enquire into _! fruits = life4#ajh ,n[ ! "q is really n :at ^! ec/asies sugge/ to ! 'm$ical m9d1' z ?\gh t 7 a type ( m9d q unfitt$ to pass judgm5t4 ,x is a "q ( :at ! facts sugge/ to any m9d judg+ ! behavi\r ( a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( /rong religi\s emotion exactly z x w\ld judge anyone "u any o!r /rong emotional pressure4 ,& if x be possible to expla9 ^! /ates 9 t]ms ( kn[n physiological & m5tal action1 :at w>ranty h we = reject+ ?is & pref]r+ 9 its /ead an explanation t is bo? unprovable & unnecess>y8 ,& "o w\ld be excus$ = ?9k+ t cases :i* c]ta9ly involve "s sort ( abnormal n]v\s action are precisely ^? 9 :i* ! m$ical m9d %\ld be call$ on to express an op9ion4 ,:at is meant by pass+ 'a spiritual judgm5t' ^u ^! /ates is n exactly cle>1 unless x means judg+ !m 9 t]ms ( ! hi/oric sup]natural int]pretation4 ,b t is precisely ! int]pretation :i* is *all5g$ by ! 'm$ical m9d4' ,i d n see h[ any enquiry into _! fruits = life c affect a rational e/imate ( ! nature ( ^! my/ical /ates4 ,my/icism adds no?+ to ! native disposition ( a p]son4 ,x m]ely gives _! en]gies a new turn1 a new direction4 ,:at !y 7 be=e ! exp]i5ce !y rema91 sub/antially1 aft]w>ds4 ,t is :y we f9d religi\s my/ics ( e v>iety4 ,"s en]getically practical2 o!rs dreamily unpractical4 ,pr(essor ,james admits ?is 9 say+ t ! o!r-worldl9ess enc\rag$ by ! my/ical consci\sness makes ?is ov]-ab/raction f practical life peculi>ly liable to befall my/ics 9 :om ! "* is naturally passive & ! intellect feeble2 b 9 natively /rong m9ds & *>act]s we f9d q opposite results4#aji ,& :5 x is fur!r admitt$ t ! my/ical feel+ ( enl>gem5t1 union1 & emancipation has no specific intellectual cont5t :atev] ( its own1 b is capable ( =m+ matrimonial alliances ) mat]ial furni%$ by ! mo/ div]se philosophies & !ologies1 provid$ only !y c f9d a place 9 _! framework = its peculi> emotional mood1 my/icism seems r$uc$ to an emotional developm5t on all f\rs ) emotional developm5t 9 o!r directions4 ,x is n peculi> to religi\s m9ds because x has no specific intellectual cont5t4 ,x is amorph\s1 s to speak4 ,& x may =m div]se 'matrimonial alliances' precisely because x does n po9t to a hidd5 _w ( reality1 b is m]ely indicative ( t5se emotional moods4 ,9 ! face ( nature ! non-!i/ic ,ri*>d ,jeffries exp]i5ces all ! feel+s ( m5tal enl>gem5t & emotional transports t ,m>y ,alacoque or ,santa ,t]esa exp]i5c$ 9 _! visions ( ! ',ris5 ,*ri/4' ,x is idle1 !n1 to sne] at 'm$ical mat]ialism1' & /igmatise x z sup]ficial4 ,_m p are con/itutionally afraid ( words1 & !re is no?+ t ar\ses prejudice s quickly z a "n4 ,b x is really n a "q ( mat]ialism1 m$ical or non-m$ical4 ,x is a m]e matt] ( apply+ k & common s5se to ! cases be=e u4 ,are we to take ! subject's explanation ( 8 or h] m5tal /ates z au?oritative1 s f> z _! nature is conc]n$2 or are we to treat !m z symptoms dem&+ ! skill$ analysis ( ! speciali/8 ,if ! =m]1 h[ c we diff]5tiate betwe5 ! my/ic & ! admitt$ly hy/]ical pati5t8 ,if ! latt]1 :at gr\nd is !re = plac+ ! my/ic 9 a category ( 8 own8 ,rational & sci5tific analysis w c]ta9ly take f> m notice ( ! nature ( ! feel+s excit$ ?an ( ! object t[>ds :i* !y are direct$4 ,"h is ! case ( a "y lady1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,moreau1 9 8 ,morbid ,psy*ology3-- ,dur+ my long h\rs ( sleeplessness 9 ! night my belov$ ,savi\r began to make ,himself manife/ to me4 ,pond]+ ov] ! m$itations ( ,/4 ,franois de ,sales on ! ,song ( ,songs1 ,i seem$ to feel all my faculties susp5d$1 & cross+ my arms ^u my *e/1 ,i await$ 9 a sort ( dread :at might be reveal$ to me4444 ,i saw ! ,r$eem] v]itably 9 ! fle%4444 ,he ext5d$ ,himself beside me1 press$ me s closely t ,i c\ld feel ,8 cr[n ( ?orns1 & ! nails 9 ,8 feet & h&s1 :ile ,he press$ ,8 lips ov] m9e1 giv+ me ! mo/ ravi%+ kiss ( a div9e ,sp\se1 & s5d+ a delici\s ?rill ?r\gh my entire body4#aaj ,get rid ( ! n>cotis+ effect ( !ological associations by elim9at+ ! "n ( ,jesus & o!r religi\s t]ms f ?is case1 & f ! o!rs already cit$1 & no "o w\ld h ! lea/ d\bt z to _! real nature4 ,giv5 a condition ( physical heal? 9 ^! cases1 ) conditions t fav\r$ social activity1 heal?y int]c\rse ) ! opposite sex1 culm9at+ 9 m>riage & p>5?ood1 c !re be any d\bt t ?is species ( religi\s ec/asy w\ld h be5 non-exi/5t8 ,if1 z ,tylor says1 ! refectory door w\ld _m a "t h clos$ ! gates ( heav51 happy family life w\ld 9 a va/ numb] ( cases h prev5t$ ^? religio-erotic trances :i* h play$ s p[]ful a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( sup]naturalism4 ,mo/ p w agree ) ,dr4 ,maudsley3-- ,! ec/atic trances ( su* sa9tly wom5 z ,ca!r9e ,si5ne & ,/4 ,!resa1 9 :i* !y believ$ !mselves to be visit$ by _! ,savi\r & to be receiv$ z v]itable sp\ses into ,8 bosom1 71 ?\gh !y knew x n1 little bett] ?an vic>i\s sexual orgasm2 a condition ( ?+s :i* ! int5se contemplation ( ! nak$ male figure1 c>v$ or sculptur$ 9 all its proportions on a cross1 is m fitt$ to produce 9 "y wom5 ( susceptible n]v\s temp]am5t ?an p are apt to consid]4 ,e exp]i5c$ physician mu/ h met ) in/ances ( s+le & *ildless wom5 :o h devot$ !mselves ) extraord9>y zeal to habitual religi\s ex]cises1 & :o1 hav+ gone insane z a culm9ation ( _! emotional f]v\r1 h /raightway exhibit$ ! sadde/ mixture ( religi\s & erotic symptoms--a boil+ ov] ( lu/ 9 voice1 face1 ge/ures1 "u ! pitiful degradation ( disease4444 ,! fanatical religi\s sects1 su* z ! ,%ak]s & ! l1 :i* spr+ up f "t to "t 9 communities & disgu/ !m by ! (f5sive way 9 :i* !y m+le love & religion1 are inspir$ 9 great measure by sexual feel+2 on ! "o h&1 !re is probably ! cunn+ ( a hypocritical knave1 or ! self-deception ( a half-insane "o1 us+ ! weaknesses ( weak wom5 to m9i/] to 8 vanity or 8 lu/ "u a religi\s guise2 on ! o!r h&1 !re is an exagg]at$ self-feel+1 (t5 root$ 9 ! sexual passion1 :i* is unwitt+ly fo/]$ "u ! cloak ( religi\s emotion1 & :i* is apt to conduct to madness or to s94 ,9 su* cases ! holy kiss owes its w>m? to ! sexual impulse1 :i* inspires x1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 & ! my/ical religi\s union ( ! sexes is fitt$ to issue 9 a less spiritual union4#aaa ,_m manuals ( devotion w be f\nd to furni% ! same k9d ( evid5ce z biographical n>ratives conc]n+ ! intimate relations t exi/s betwe5 sexuality & religi\s feel+4 ,:at has j be5 said may be repeat$ "h1 namely1 t if ! religi\s associations 7 dispell$1 !re w\ld be no mi/ak+ ! nature ( feel+s t orig9at$ mu* ( ?is class ( writ+1 or ! feel+s to :i* !y appeal4 ,! s]i\s fact is t ! appeal is !re :e!r we recognise x or n1 & x is a "q wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation :e!r ! unw>y imag9ation ( ! "y may be n z surely debau*$ by c]ta9 books ( devotion z by a frankly erotic production4 ,x is n )\t reason t d',israeli ! eld]1 9 an essay omitt$ f all editions ( 8 book aft] ! fir/1 rem>k$ t poets are amor\s1 lov]s are poetical1 b sa9ts are bo?4#aab ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ f a collection ( old ,engli% homilies1 dat+ f ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies3-- ,jesus1 my holy love1 my sure sweetness6 ,jesus1 my he>t1 my joy1 my s\l-heal6 ,jesus1 sweet ,jesus1 my d>l+1 my life1 my light1 my balm1 my honey-drop6444 ,k9dle me ) ! blaze ( ,?y enlight5+ love4 ,let me be ,?y leman1 & tea* me to love ,!e4444 ,oh1 t ,i might behold h[ ,?\ /ret*$/ ,?yself = me on ! cross4 ,oh1 t ,i might ca/ myself betwe5 ^? same arms1 s v wide outspread4444 ,oh1 t ,i 7 9 ,?y arms1 9 ,?y arms s /ret*$/ & outspread on ! cross4 ,or ?is1 f ! same collection3-- ,sweet ,jesus1 my love1 my d>l+1 my ,"l1 my ,savi\r1 my balm1 sweet] is ! remembrance ( ,!e ?an honey 9 ! m\?4 ,:o is !re t may n love ,?y lovely face8 ,^: he>t is s h>d t may n melt at ! remembrance ( ,!e8 ,oh6 :o may n love ,!e1 lovely ,jesus8 ,jesus1 my preci\s d>l+1 my love1 my life1 my belov$1 my mo/ wor?y ( love1 my he>t's balm1 ,?\ art lovesome 9 c\nt5ance1 ,?\ art altoge!r bright4 ,all angels' life is to look ^u ,?y face1 = ,?y *e] is s m>vell\sly lovesome & pleasant to look ^u4444 ,?\ art s bright1 & s :ite t ! sun w\ld be pale if comp>$ to ,?y blissful c\nt5ance4 ,if ,i1 !n1 love any man = beauty1 ,i w love ,!e1 my de> life1 my "m's faire/ son4#aac ,! language ( erotic piety figures mu* m prom95tly 9 ,roman ,ca?olic m$ieval writ+s ?an 9 ,prote/ant lit]ature4 ,?is is n because an appeal to ! same feel+s is abs5t f ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,prote/antism1 x is ma9ly due to ! fact t m mod]n conditions leads to a less int5se religi\s appeal1 :ile ! broad5+ ( social life enc\rages a m natural outlet = all aspects ( human nature4 ,/ill1 ! foll[+ expression ( a "y lady conv]t ( ,wesley's (f]s a fair p>allel to ! specim5 giv5 above4 ,x is tak5 f ,s\!y's ,life ( ,wesley3-- ,oh1 mighty1 p[]ful1 happy *ange6 ,! love ( ,god 0 %$ abroad 9 my he>t1 & a flame k9dl$ !re ) pa9s s viol5t1 & yet s v ravi%+1 t my body 0 almo/ torn asund]4 ,i sweat$1 ,i trembl$1 ,i fa9t$1 ,i sang4 ,oh1 ,i ?\ght my head 0 a f\nta9 ( wat]4 ,i 0 dissolv$ 9 love4 ,my belov$ is m9e1 & ,i am ,84 ,he has all *>ms2 ,he has ravi%$ my he>t2 ,he is my com=t]1 my fri5d1 my all4 ,oh1 ,i am sick ( love4 ,he is altoge!r lovely1 ! *iefe/ among t5 ?\s&4 ,oh1 h[ ,jesus fills1 ,jesus ext5ds1 ,jesus ov]:elms ! s\l 9 :i* ,he lives4 ,! ,imitation ( ,*ri/ has be5 describ$ by m ?an "o writ] z a manual ( eroticism1 & c]ta9ly ! *apt]s ,! ,wond]ful ,effects ( ,div9e ,love1 & ,( ! ,pro( ( a ,true ,lov]1 might well be cit$ 9 def5ce ( ?is view4 ,9 ! foll[+ canticle ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi x does n seem possible to di/+ui% a sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 x & a frankly av[$ love poem3-- ,into love's furnace ,i am ca/1 ,into love's furnace ,i am ca/1 ,i burn1 ,i langui%1 p9e1 & wa/e4 ,oh1 love div9e1 h[ %>p ?y d>t6 ,h[ deep ! w\nd t galls my he>t6 ,z wax 9 heat1 s1 f above1 ,my smitt5 s\l dissolves 9 love4 ,i live1 yet langui%+ ,i die1 ,:ile 9 ?y furnace b\nd ,i lie4#aad ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be possible to furni% exact p>allels f volumes ( secul> v]se t w\ld be /rictly 'taboo' among ^? :o fail to see any?+ objectionable 9 v]ses l ! above :5 writt5 9 connection ) religion4 ,su* p fail to recognise t _! attractiv5ess lies 9 ! hidd5 appeal to amatory feel+1 & owe _! orig9 to ! suppress$ or p]v]t$ sexual passion ( _! au?or4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be bl9d$ by ! consid]ation z to :e!r ! object ( adoration be an e>?ly or a heav5ly "o4 ,m5 & wom5 h n di/9ct feel+s t are ar\s$ z _! objective diff]s1 b ! same feel+s direct$ n[ 9 "o direction1 n[ 9 ano!r4 ,! direction ( ^! feel+s1 _! excit+ cause1 are %e] environm5tal accid5ts4 ,h[ c "o resi/ ! implications ( ! foll[+1 f a devotional "w widely circulat$ among/ ! wom5 ( ,france3-- ,praise to ,jesus1 praise ,8 p[]1 ,praise ,8 sweet allurem5ts4 ,praise to ,jesus1 :5 ,8 goodness ,r$uces me to nak$ness2 ,praise to ,jesus :5 ,he says to me1 ,my si/]1 my dove1 my beautiful "o6 ,praise to ,jesus 9 all my /eps1 ,praise to ,8 amor\s *>ms4 ,praise to ,jesus :5 ,8 lov+ m\? ,t\*es m9e 9 a lov+ kiss4 ,praise to ,jesus :5 ,8 g5tle c>esses ,ov]:elm me ) *a/e joys4 ,praise to ,jesus :5 at ,8 leisure ,he all[s me to kiss ,him4#aae ,aga9/ ?is we may place ! foll[+ hymn1 sung at an ,am]ican camp meet+ ( "s ?\s&s ( p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & tw5ty-five3-- ,bless$ ,lily ( ! ,valley1 oh1 h[ fair is ,he2 ,he is m9e1 ,i am ,84 ,sweet] ?an ! angels' music is ,8 voice to me2 ,he is m9e1 ,i am ,84 ,:]e ! lilies fair are bloom+ by ! wat]s calm ,!re ,he leads me & upholds me by ,8 /rong "r arm4 ,all ! air is love ar\nd me--,i c feel no h>m2 ,he is m9e1 ,i am ,84#aaf ,special significance is giv5 to ?is ref]5ce by ! age ( ^? :o compos$ ! ga!r+4 ,?is p]iod embraces ! ye>s dur+ :i* sexual maturity is atta9$1 & ! organism exp]i5ces important physiological & psy*ological *anges4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! atmosph]e is1 s to say1 *>g$ ) unsuspect$ sex feel+1 & x is n surpris+ t _m compla9ts h be5 made ( immorality foll[+ su* ga!r+s4 ,! organism is !n peculi>ly liable to sugge/ion 9 all =ms4 ,along ) ! imitativ5ess ( e>ly ye>s !re is some?+ ( ! decisive initiative ( maturity4 ,^! qualities wisely guid$ might be turn$ to ! great advantage ( bo? ! individual & ( ! community4 ,m]e incitem5t by religi\s revivalism c result 9 little else ?an misdirection & injury4 ,x %\ld be ! mo/ obvi\s ( tru?s t ! attractiv5ess ( hymns su* z ! "o giv51 ) ! ke5 delight 9 ! sugge/$ pictures1 lies 9 _! yield+--all unkn[n1 p]haps1 to ^? p>ticipat+-- satisfaction to feel+s t are v frequ5tly imp]i\s 9 _! dem&s1 & are at all times a/oni%+ly p]vasive 9 _! influ5ce4 ,mu* valuable light is ?r[n ^u ?is aspect ( ! subject by a /udy ( human behavi\r "u ! influ5ce ( actual disease4 ,( late ye>s mu* useful "w has be5 done 9 ?is direction1 & our k ( normal psy*ology greatly help$ by a /udy ( abnormal m5tal /ates4#aag ,?is is ma9ly because 9 disease we are able to obs]ve ! op]ation ( t5d5cies t are unobscur$ by ! re/ra9ts & inhibitions creat$ by education & social conv5tion4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ /rik+1 & to _m />tl+1 ?+s obs]v$ is ! close relation exi/+ betwe5 erotic mania & religi\s delusion4 ,! p]son :o at "o "t feels himself "u direct religi\s inspiration1 or :o imag9es himself to be ! inc>nation ( a div9e p]sonage1 w at ano!r "t exhibit ! mo/ %ock+ obsc5ity 9 action & language4 ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on furni%es a v /rik+ case ( ?is "*1 :i* he cites 9 ord] to %[ ! common mixture ( religi\s & sexual emotion4#aah ,i d n reproduce x "h because ( its grossly obsc5e "*2 b1 save = co>s5ess ( language1 x does n diff] mat]ially f illu/rations already giv54 ,almo/ any ( ! text-books w supply cases illu/rat+ ! connection betwe5 sexualism & religion1 a connection g5]ally recognis$ z ! op9ions cit$ already cle>ly %[4 ,dr4 ,m]ci]1 9 deal+ ) ! connection betwe5 sexualism & religion1 :i* he says has long be5 recognis$1 b nev] acc\nt$ =1 traces x to a feel+ (1 or desire = self-sacrifice common to bo?4 ,c]ta9ly sacrifice 9 "s =m--( food1 weapons1 l&1 money1 or bodily inconv5i5ce--is a feature pres5t 9 e religion m or less4 ,& x is q c]ta9 t n m]ely ! fact1 b ! desire = "s am\nt ( sacrifice1 =ms an integral1 fundam5tal1 & prepond]at+ elem5t 9 ! sexual emotion4 ,dr4 ,m]ci] fur!r believes t ! b5evol5ce f\nd$ on religi\s emotion has its orig9 9 sexual emotion1 :i* is1 aga91 extremely likely4 ,?is community ( orig9 w\ld all[ = ! trans=mation ( "o into ! o!r1 & supplies a key to ! language ( lov]-l devotion & self-abnegation :i* is s prom95t 9 religi\s devotional lit]ature4 ,! importance atta*$ to dress is also v sugge/ive2 = "h1 aga91 ! elem5t ( sacrifice expresses itself 9 ! cultivation ( a /udi$ repulsiv5ess to ! normal attractiv5ess ( co/ume4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,m]ci]1 we f9d t ! self-sacrificial vag>ies ( ! reject$ lov] & ( ! religi\s devotee own a common orig9 & nature4 ,! hook & sp9y k5nel ( ! fakir1 ! pill> ( ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites1 ! flagellum ( ! monk1 ! sombre g>m5ts ( ! nun1 ! sil5ce ( ! ,trappi/s1 ! defiantly hide\s co/ume ( ! hallelujah lass1 & ! mortifi$ sobriety ( ! di/rict visitor1 h at bottom ! same orig9 z ! rags ( ,c>d5io1 ! cage ( ,don ,quixote de la ,man*a1 & ! yell[ /ock+s & cross$ g>t]s ( ,malvolio4#aai ,pr(essor ,grang]1 :o at times comes v ne> ! tru?1 says3-- ,!re is some?+ pr(\ndly philosophical 9 ! use ( ,! ,song ( ,songs to typify ! communion ( ! s\l ) its ideal4 ,! passion :i* is express$ by ! ,%ulamite = h] e>?ly lov] 9 su* gl[+ phrases becomes ! type ( ! love ( ! s\l t[>ds ,god4#abj ,"o fails to see ! pr(\ndly philosophic nature ( ! selection4 ,! ,song ( ,songs is a frankly erotic love poem1 writt5 ) no o!r aim ?an is common to su* poetry1 & its spiritualisation is due to ! same process ( re9t]pretation t is appli$ to o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible 9 ord] to make !m agreeable to mod]n ?\ght4 ,_h x n be5 9 ! ,bible1 ,*ri/ians w\ld h f\nd x nei!r pr(\ndly philosophical nor spiritually illum9at+2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 simil> effusions are select$ by ,*ri/ians f non-,*ri/ian writ+s z pro(s ( _! s5sual "*4 ,! real significance ( its use 9 religi\s wor%ip is t x gives a m>k$ expression to feel+s t crave an outlet4 ,& ! lesson is t sexual feel+ _c be elim9at$ f life2 x c only be div]t$ or disguis$4 ,"s expression x w f9d--"h 9 op5 p]v]sion result+ 9 positive vice1 !re 9 obsession t leads to a half-insane asceticism1 & else:]e ! creation ( ! unconsci\sly salaci\s ) an unheal?y fondness = dabbl+ 9 que/ions t ref] to ! illicit relations ( ! sexes4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y popul> religion 9 ,engl&1 says ,pr(essor ,grang]1 seems to be com+ to ! limits ( its p[]1 is t x has cont5t$ itself s l>gely ) ! commonplace motives :i*1 aft] all1 f9d suffici5t ex]cise 9 ! ord9>y duties ( life4 ,"h1 aga91 is a curi\s obtus5ess to a pla9 b important tru?4 ,) :at else %\ld a heal?y religion associate itself b ! ord9>y motives or feel+s ( human life8 ,) :at else has religion always associat$ itself8 ,f> f t be+ ! s\rce ( ! weakness ( mod]n religion1 x is its only g5u9e s\rce ( /r5g?4 ,if religion c s associate itself ) ! ord9>y facts & feel+s ( life t ^! are un9telligible or poor] )\t religion1 !n religi\s p h no?+ to fe>4 ,b if x be true1 z ,pr(essor ,grang] implies1 t life 9 its normal moods c receive complete gratification ap>t f religion1 !n ! outlook is v diff]5t4 ,f a m]ely hi/oric po9t ( view x is true t z m5 h f\nd explanations ( ph5om5a1 & gratifications ( feel+s ap>t f religion1 ! latt] has lo/ a deal ( its p[]4 ,?is is se5 9 ! gr[? ( ! physical sci5ces1 & also1 al?\gh 9 a small] measure1 9 sociology & morals4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 op5s up ! enquiry1 previ\sly indicat$1 z to h[ f> ! :ole range ( human life may be satisfactorily expla9$ 9 ! complete abs5ce ( religion or sup]naturalism4 ,& ) ?is we are n n[ directly conc]n$4 ,:at we are conc]n$ ) is to %[ t f "o direction at lea/ sup]naturalism has d]iv$ /r5g? f a mis9t]pretation ( ! facts4 ,^! facts1 once int]pret$ z cle> evid5ce = sup]naturalism1 are n[ se5 to be susceptible to a diff]5t explanation4 ,b !y h nev]!less play$ _! "p 9 creat+ z "p ( ! social h]itage a diffus$ s5se ( ! reality ( sup]natural int]c\rse4 ,x is n1 !n1 a "q ( religion los+ p[] because x has cont5t$ itself ) commonplace motives1 & because ^! h n[ f\nd satisfaction 9 ord9>y life4 ,x is r a "q ( ! adequacy ( sci5ce to deal ) facts t h be5 tak5 to lie outside ! sci5tific ord]4 ,has sci5ce ! k or ! ability to deal ) ! extraord9>y z well z ) ! ord9>y facts ( life8 ,i believe x has4 ,! facts we h pass$ 9 review are am5able to sci5tific treatm5t1 = ! reason t !y belong to a class ) :i* ! physician ( to-day f9ds himself 9 con/ant contact4 ,& x is too (t5 ov]look$ t ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce & influ5ce ( a sup]s5sible _w is itself only a !ory put =w>d 9 explanation ( c]ta9 classes ( facts1 & l all !ories x becomes sup]flu\s once a simpl] !ory is made possible4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,article 9 ,! ,lancet1 ,jan4 #aa1 #ahgc4 #id ,article 9 ,tuke's ,diction>y ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e4 #ie ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 pp4 #ff-g4 #if ,! ,sexual ,"q1 pp4 #ced-e4 #ig ,cit$ by ,havelock ,ellis1 ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 pp4 #bcc-d4 #ih ,conduct & its ,disord]s1 pp4 #cfh-i4 #ii ,psy*opa?ia-,sexualis1 pp4 #i-aa4 #ajj ,lo/ & ,ho/ile ,gospels1 ,preface4 #aja ,cit$ by ,james1 ,v>ieties1 pp4 #cde-f4 #ajb ,+e1 ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 pp4 #bja-i4 #ajc ,see ,ellis1 ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 pp4 #bdj-b4 #ajd ,p>kman's ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #age4 #aje ,krafft-,eb+1 ,psy*opa?ia-,sexualis1 p4 #h4 #ajf ,see ,l4 ,assel9e's ,m>y ,alacoque & ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,jesus4 #ajg ,see ,/4 ,t]esa ( ,spa91 by ,h4 ,h4 ,colvill1 & ,sa9t ,t]esa1 by ,h4 ,joly4 #ajh ,v>ieties1 p4 #dac4 #aji ,v>ieties1 p4 #dac4 #aaj ,cit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,nisbet1 ,! ,insanity ( ,g5ius1 p4 #bdh4 #aaa ,pa?ology ( ,m9d1 p4 #add4 ,also ,m]ci]1 ,sanity & ,insanity1 pp4 #bbc1 #bha4 #aab ,miscellanies1 #agif1 p4 #cfe4 ,f ! same essay ,i take ! foll[+3 ,ev5 ! c]emonies ( religion1 bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times1 h exhibit$ ! grosse/ indec5cies4 ,prie/s 9 all ages h be5 ! successful p&]s ( ! human he>t1 & h introduc$ 9 ! solemn wor%ip ( ! div9ity1 incitem5ts1 gratifications1 & repres5tations1 :i* ! p5 ( ! hi/orian mu/ refuse to describe4 ,(t5 has ! s5sible ,ca?olic blu%$ amid/ 8 devotions1 & ,i h se5 *apels surr\nd$ by pictures ( lascivi\s attitudes1 & ! obsolete am\rs ( sa9ts reviv$ by ! p5cil ( "s ,aret9e4444 ,_! homilies 7 manuals ( love1 & ! m religi\s !y became1 ! m deprav$ 7 _! imag9ations4 ,9 ! nunn]y ! love ( ,jesus 0 ! mo/ ab&on$ ( passions1 & ! ideal esp\sal 0 indulg$ at ! co/ ( ! feeble he>t ( _m a solit>y beauty 7pp4 #cfi-gj74 #aac ,f a collection publi%$ by ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society1 #ahfh1 pp4 #ahb-d1 #bfh4 #aad ,g4 ,a4 ,coe1 ,! ,spiritual ,life1 p4 #baj4 #aae ,les ,p]les de ,sa9t ,franois de ,sales1 #ahga4 ,cit$ by ,blo*1 p4 #aaa4 #aaf ,dav5port's ,primitive ,traits 9 ,religi\s ,revivals1 p4 #bi4 #aag ,see1 = example1 ,conduct & its ,disord]s1 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,m]ci]2 ,psy*o-,pa?ological ,rese>*es1 by ,dr4 ,boris ,sidis2 & ,abnormal ,psy*ology1 by ,i4 ,h4 ,coriat4 #aah ,cl9ical ,lectures on ,m5tal ,diseases1 p4 #ehd4 #aai ,sanity & ,insanity1 *ap4 viii4 #abj ,! ,s\l ( a ,*ri/ian1 p4 #agh4 ,,*apt] ,,six ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,t5d5cy ,x %\ld h>dly ne$ po9t+ out t ! facts pres5t$ 9 ! la/ *apt] are n (f]$ z an attempt at !--to use ,pr(essor ,william ,james's expression--re9t]pretation ( religion z p]v]t$ sexuality4 ,nor1 s f> z ! pres5t writ] is aw>e1 has anyone ev] s pres5t$ !m4 ,! expression1 inde$1 seems almo/ a delib]ate mis-/atem5t ( a position 9 ord] to make its rebuttal easi]4 ,obvi\sly ! idea ( religion mu/ be already 9 exi/5ce be=e x c\ld be utilis$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ any gr\p ( ph5om5a4 ,b if ! biographic & o!r facts describ$ h any value :atev]1 !y are at lea/ /rong presumptive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! position t 9 v _m cases a p]v]t$ or unsatisfi$ sexuality has be5 at ! root ( a great deal ( ! _w's emotional piety4 ,( c\rse1 ! /rong religi\s belief mu/ be 9 exi/5ce be=e-h&4 ,b giv5 ?is1 & add !reto a sexual nature imp]i\s 9 its dem&s & yet d5i$ legitimate outlet1 & we h ! conditions pres5t = its prompt+s be+ int]pret$ z ! fruits ( sup]natural influ5ce4 ,x is n a re9t]pretation ( religion t is attempt$1 b a re9t]pretation ( ph5om5a t h be5 errone\sly call$ religi\s4 ,& on all sides ! ne$ = ?is re9t]pretation is becom+ cle>4 ,ov] sixty ye>s ago ,r5an wrote1 ,a rigor\s psy*ological analysis w\ld class ! innate religi\s in/9ct ( wom5 9 ! same category ) ! sexual in/9ct1#aba & s9ce !n a v mu* m detail$ k ( bo? physiology & psy*ology has furni%$ a multitude ( data = an exhau/ive /udy ( ! :ole "q4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] our int]e/ is ma9ly hi/orical4 ,& = v>i\s reasons1 *ief among/ :i* is t int]e/$ read]s may ! m easily foll[ up ! /udy %\ld !y feel s incl9$1 ! survey has be5 re/rict$ to ! hi/ory ( t religion ) :i* we are be/ acqua9t$--,*ri/ianity4 ,moreov]1 if we are to =m a correct judgm5t ( ! "p play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( religions by ! mis9t]pretations already not$1 x is necess>y to trace ! ext5t to :i* !y h influ5c$ m5 & wom5 9 a collective capacity4 ,= ! /rik+ fact is t1 9 spite ( ! purification ( ! sexual relations be+ "o ( ! av[$ objects ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite1 too1 ( ! attempts ( ! (ficial *ur*es to suppress !m1 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 dogg$ by outbreaks ( sexual extravagance1 by ! cont9u\s em]g5ce ( erotico-religi\s sects1 claim+ ,*ri/ian tea*+s z ! au?ority = _! actions4 ,we ne$ n discuss ! legitimacy ( _! inf]5ces4 ,we are conc]n$ solely ) a *ronicle ( hi/oric facts s f> z !y c be asc]ta9$2 & ^! h a c]ta9 significance ( _! own1 z ev5ts1 q ap>t f _! reasonabl5ess or desirability4 ,a "p cause ( ! movem5ts we are ab\t to describe may h be5 a viol5t reaction aga9/ an extravagant asceticism4 ,some?+ may also be due to ! fact t ov]-conc5tration ( m9d ^u a p>ticul> evil is apt to defeat its end by ! m]e =ce ( unconsci\s sugge/ion 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,b 9 all probability mu* 0 due to ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 elem5ts inh]it$ by ,*ri/ianity f ! old] religions4 ,at any rate1 ^? ^: m9ds are fill$ ) ! idea t sexual extravagance on a collective scale & "u ! cloak ( religion is ei!r a mod]n ph5om5on1 or 0 unkn[n to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld d well to revise _! op9ions 9 ! light ( asc]ta9able facts4 ,no less a p]son ?an ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld has rem9d$ u t criticism discloses on ! %9+ face ( primitive ,*ri/ianity r5ts & crat]s undreamt ( 9 our old simplicity1 & also ass]ts t !re 0 9 ! brea/ ( ! newborn ,*ur* an elem5t ( ant9omianism1 n lat5t1 b 9 virul5t activity1 is a fact z capable ( demon/ration z any conclusion 9 a sci5ce :i* is n exact4#abb ,!re w\ld be little value 9 a /udy ( ^! erotico-religi\s movem5ts if !y involv$ only a detection ( individual lu/ consci\sly us+ religion z a cloak = its gratification4 ,su* a conclusion is a fatally easy "o1 b x does little ju/ice to ! *ief p conc]n$1 & x is q lack+ 9 hi/orical p]spective4 ,9 mo/ cases ! initiators ( ^! /range sects h put =w>d a philosophy ( religion z a ju/ification ( _! tea*+1 & only a slight k ( ?is is en\gh to prove t we are face to face ) a ph5om5on ( mu* great] significance ?an m]e immorality4 ,?is may be recognis$ ev5 9 ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself4 ,x is n a practice t is !re d5\nc$2 x is a tea*+ t is repudiat$4 ,& "o sees ! same ?+ at lat] p]iods4 ,! conviction on ! "o side t c]ta9 actions are unlawful1 is met on ! o!r side ) ! conviction t !y are p]fectly legitimate4 ,conviction is met ) conviction4 ,ea* side expresses itself 9 t]ms ( religion2 ! e?ical aspect is incid5tal or subord9ate4 ,x is a conte/ ( oppos+ religi\s beliefs & practices4 ,! real nature ( ! conflict is (t5 obscur$ by ! fact ( social op9ion & ! social =ces g5]ally be+ on ! side ( ! m normal expression ( sexual life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no m ?an a necessity ( ! situation4 ,! cont9uance ( a heal?ful social life is dep5d5t ^u ! ma9t5ance ( a c]ta9 balance 9 ! relations ( ! sexes1 & any?+ t /rikes at ?is /rikes at social life z a :ole4 ,9 su* cases we h1 !re=e1 to all[ = ! op]ation ( social selection1 :i* is always on ! side ( ! m normal type4 ,f ?is x foll[s t al?\gh a small body ( p may exemplify a v>iation t is 9 itself socially disa/r\s1 ! ma9 =ces ( social life w prev5t its ev] assum+ l>ge dim5sions4 ,moreov]1 a l>ge body ( p1 su* z is repres5t$ by a *ur* hold+ a comm&+ position 9 society1 w be =c$ to come to t]ms ) ! p]man5t t5d5cies ( social life1 & w ei!r suppress undesirable v>iations or expel !m4 ,x ?us happ5s t :ile ! l>g] & m dom9ant *ur*es h be5 on ! side ( normal1 regul>is$ expressions ( ! sexual life1 abnormal v>iations h con/antly aris5 & h be5 d5\nc$ by !m4 ,b ! significant feature is t !y h aris5 )9 ! *ur*es1 & mo/ commonly dur+ p]iods ( great religi\s /ress or excitem5t4 ,^! t5d5cies1 z ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld has po9t$ out1 exi/$ 9 ! v e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is q app>5t f ,paul's writ+s t z e>ly z ! date ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians "s ( ! m objectionable features ( ! old] ,pagan wor%ip _h %[n !mselves 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! doctr9e ( 'spiritual wifehood' appe>$ at a v e>ly date 9 ! ,*ur*1 & its tea*]s cit$ ev5 ,/4 ,paul himself z _! au?ority4 ,_! claim 0 bas$ ^u ,paul's decl>ation 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #e7 t he _h p[] to lead ab\t a si/]1 a wife1 z well z o!r apo/les1 & z ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l & ,cephas4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 comm5tators h nev] agre$ z to :at ,paul meant by ?is expression4 ,! ^w translat$ may mean ei!r wife1 or si/]1 or woman4 ,_h x be5 wife 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 x does n appe> t at t date !re w\ld h be5 any room = sc&al4 ,! cle> fact is1 h[ev]1 t o!rs claim$ a l privilege2 ! privilege 0 n always re/rict$ to "o woman1 & ! practice1 if n g5]al1 became n uncommon1 & furni%$ ! gr\nd = sc&al = a long p]iod4 ,two epi/les1 wrongly attribut$ to ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & dat+ f "s "t 9 ! second c5tury1 condemn ! practice ( "y p liv+ toge!r "u ! cloak ( religion1 & specially w>ns virg9s aga9/ cohabit+ ) ! cl]gy & s giv+ (f5ce4 ,t ! practice 0 difficult to suppress is %[n by its be+ condemn$ by sev]al *ur* c\ncils--,antio* 9 #baj1 ,nicea 9 #cbe1 & ,elvira 9 #cej4abc ,at a lat] date a mu* m elaborate !ory has be5 built on ,paul's claim4 ,! ,paul9e ,*ur* has f\nd sev]al expressions bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica )9 rec5t times4#abd ,^! sects h claim$ t bo? ,/4 ,paul & ! woman ) :om he travell$ 7 9 a /ate ( grace1 &1 !re=e1 above all law4 ,we d n mean ! ma9t5ance ( an ascetic relation%ip1 b ! normal relation ( husb& & wife4 ,x is really ! doctr9e ( ',free ,love' ) a spiritual w>ranty in/ead ( a secul> "o4 ,?is doctr9e ( religi\s ',free ,love' re/s ^u a tw(old basis4 ,fir/1 x 0 held t1 ap>t f a wife aft] ! fle%1 "o might also h a wife aft] ! _s1 & ?is spiritual union might exi/ side by side ) ! fle%ly "o1 & ) diff]5t p]sons4 ,a great impetus appe>s to h be5 giv5 to ?is !ory f ,g]many1 _m ( ! orig9ators ( ! ,am]ican sects ( ,free ,lov]s be+ ,g]mans4 ,secondly1 x 0 held t a ,*ri/ian 9 a /ate ( grace 0 absolv$ f laws t 7 b9d+ ^u o!r p4 ,8 actions 7 no long] subject to ! categories ( "r & wrong2 z x 0 said1 to "o 9 a /ate ( grace all ?+s 7 lawful1 ev5 ?\gh all ?+s might n be exp$i5t4 ,"s w5t ! l5g? ( tea*+ t n only 7 all ?+s lawful1 b all ?+s 7 desirable4 ,sep>at+ by a %>p division ?+s t influ5c$ ! s\l f ?+s t influ5c$ ! body1 x 0 op5ly taught by "s ( ! e>ly sects t no?+ done by ! body c\ld injure ! s\l1 & s c\ld n affect its salvation4 ,rev]s+ ! practice ( asceticism1 :i* s\ght to cru% bodily passions by a c\rse ( deprivation1 x 0 taught t all k9ds ( =bidd5 conduct might be practis$ 9 ord] to demon/rate ! s\l's sup]iority4 ,!re is no "q :atev] t ?is t5d5cy 0 v prom95t 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x 0 n !re z some?+ hidd51 some?+ ( :i* m5 ought to be a%am$2 x 0 an av[$ tea*+1 claim+ full religi\s sanction4 ,! ,*ur*1 says ,b>+-,g\ld1 trembl$ on ! v]ge ( becom+ an immoral sect4 ,! same writ] also says3-- ,?is tea*+ ( immorality 9 ! ,*ur* is a />tl+ feature1 & x seems to h be5 pursu$ by "s :o call$ !mselves apo/les z well z by ^? :o assum$ to be prophets4 ,9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* ev5 ! eld]s enc\rag$ ince/4 ,n[1 x is n possible to expla9 ?is ph5om5on except on ! gr\nd t ,paul's argum5t z to ! ,law be+ ov]ridd5 _h be5 laid hold ( & elevat$ into a pr9ciple4 ,^! tea*]s did n w9k at lapses into immorality1 b defiantly urg$ on ! conv]ts to ! ,gospel to commit adult]y1 =nication1 & all uncleanness 444 z a prote/ aga9/ ^? :o cont5d$ t ! moral law z giv5 on ! tables 0 /ill b9d+ ^u ! ,*ur*4#abe ,a c]ta9 deta*m5t f mod]n conditions1 & f mod]n frames ( m9d1 is ess5tial to an adequate appreciation ( :at has be5 said4 ,look+ at ^! ev5ts ?r\gh ! di/ort+ m$ium ( an altoge!r diff]5t social atmosph]e1 "o is apt to attribute !m to ! op]ation ( lawless desire1 & s h done ) x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to ov]look ! fact t we are deal+ ) a society 9 :i* sexual symbols 7 common 9 religi\s wor%ip1 & 9 :i* !ories ( ! religi\s life 7 prop\nd$ & accept$ :i* to-day w\ld be reg>d$ z little less ?an maniacal4 ,unque/ionably ev5 !n1 once ! situation _h e/abli%$ itself x w\ld be utilis$ by ^? ( a co>s] nature = m]e s5sual gratification4 ,b practices su* z we "k exi/$1 on ! scale we h e reason = believ+ !y 71 c\ld nev] h be5 _h !y n tak5 ! =m ( an int5se conviction4 ,to assume o!rwise is equal to argu+ t because m5 h ent]$ ! ,*ur* f m]e love ( p[] or lu/ = weal?1 ! ,*ur* ow$ its e/abli%m5t to ! play ( ^! motives4 ,x is true t ^? :o oppos$ ^! religio-erotic sects accus$ !m ( immorality1 b x is ! =m ^! tea*+s assum$ to ! memb]s ( ! impea*$ sects1 n h[ !y appe>$ to _! enemies1 t is important4 ,eroticism taught & practis$ z a religi\s conviction--t is ! ess5tial & significant feature ( ! situation4 ,n to grasp ?is is to fail to realise ! vital fact embodi$ 9 ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4 ,we are n deal+ ) m]e s5suali/s1 ev5 ?\gh we may be deal+ ) :at is l>gely an expression ( s5sualism4 ,x is s5sualism express$ z1 & sanction$ by1 religi\s conviction t is ! vital fact ( ! situation4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian in/itutions ar\nd :i* sc&als ga!r$ 0 t ( ! ,agap1 or love-fea/s4 ,f ! outset ! ,pagan writ]s ass]t$ t ^! love-fea/s 7 new v]sions ( v>i\s old orgia/ic practices1 "s ( :i* 7 /ill curr5t1 o!rs ( :i* _h be5 suppress$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y 7 ! gr\nds ( v s]i\s accusations aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 at ! outset at lea/1 ^! *>ges 7 indignantly reject$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,agap 7 call$ indiscrim9ately ,fea/s ( ,love & ,fea/s ( ,*>ity4 ,ea* memb]1 male & female1 greet$ ea* o!r ) a holy kiss1 & ! in/itution 0 describ$ by ,t]tullian z a support ( love1 a solace ( purity1 a *eck on ri*es1 a discipl9e ( weakness4 ,^! love-fea/s 7 held on important occasions1 su* z a m>riage1 a dea?1 or ! anniv]s>y ( a m>tyrdom4 ,"s *ur*es celebrat$ !m weekly4 ,f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les we le>n t ! fea/s began ab\t nightfall1 & cont9u$ till aft] midnight1 or ev5 till daybreak4 ,x 0 only natural t mix$ assemblies ( m5 & wom5 t ga!r$ 9 ?is mann]1 & :]e !re 0 eat+ & dr9k+1 %\ld create sc&al4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t "s ( ?is sc&al _h a basis 9 fact4 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld confesses t at ,cor9?1 & c]ta9ly else:]e1 among excitable p1 ! w9e1 ! heat1 ! exaltation ( emotion1 l$ to orgia/ic rav+s1 ! jabb]+ ( disconnect$1 un9telligible words1 to fits1 convulsions1 pi\s exclamations1 & incoh]5t rav+s4 ,& unless ,/4 ,paul 0 delib]ately sl&]+ 8 fell[-believ]s worse ?+s ?an ^! occurr$4 ,g5]ally1 ev5 by non-,*ri/ian writ]s1 x has be5 assum$ t ! ,agap comm5c$ z a p]fectly h>mless1 ev5 admirable in/itution1 & aft]w>ds deg5]at$1 & s gave g5u9e cause = sc&al4 ,x is n easy to see t ?is op9ion re/s on any?+ bett] ?an a m]e prejudice4 ,x is true t !re is no unmi/akable evid5ce to ! contr>y1 b no cle> evid5ce is to be f\nd 9 its behalf4 ,! ,agap 0 n1 aft] all1 an ess5tially ,*ri/ian in/itution4 ,simil> ga!r+s exi/$ among ! ,pagans1 m or less orgia/ic 9 "*4 ,& ev5 ?\gh at fir/ "s ( ! m extreme =ms 7 avoid$ among/ ! ,*ri/ians1 x is n improbable1 on ! face ( x1 t "s k9d ( sexual extravagance or symbolism 0 pres5t f ! outset4 ,at any rate1 z ,i h said1 ! *>ges 7 made1 fir/ by ,pagans1 aft]w>ds by ,*ri/ians aga9/ o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,! *>ges 7 p]si/5t1 & 7 made 9 di/ricts f> remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,says ,lecky3 ,:5 ! ,pagans accus$ ! ,*ri/ians ( indulg+ 9 orgies ( gross lic5ti\sness1 ! fir/ apologi/1 :ile repudiat+ ! *>ge1 0 c>eful to add1 ( ! h]etics1 ',:e!r or n ^! p commit ^? %ameful acts 444 ,i "k n4' ,9 a few ye>s ! language ( d\bt & ins9uation 0 ex*ang$ = t ( direct ass]tion2 & if we may believe ,/4 ,ir5u & ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! foll[]s ( ,c>pocrates1 ! ,m>cionites1 & "s o!r gno/ic sects habitually indulg$1 9 _! secret meet+s1 9 acts ( impurity & lic5ti\sness z hide\s & z mon/r\s z c be conceiv$1 & _! conduct 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! p]secution ( ! or?odox4#abf ,t]tullian accus$ "s ( ! sects ( practis+ ince/u\s int]c\rse at ! ,agap4 ,ambrose comp>$ ! in/itution to ! ,pagan ,p>5talia4 ,clem5t says1 probably ref]r+ to ! ,agap1 ! %ameless use ( ! rite occasions f\l suspicion & evil reports4 ,! fir/ epi/le on ,virg9ity by ! ,pseudo-,clem5t 7probably writt5 9 ! second c5tury7 admits ! exi/5ce ( immorality by say+1 ,o!rs eat & dr9k ) !m 7i4e4 ! virg9s7 at fea/s1 & indulge 9 loose behavi\r & mu* uncleanness1 su* z ought n to be among ^? :o h elect$ hol9ess = !mselves4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ref]r+ to c]ta9 sects1 says m cauti\sly3 ,:e!r or n ^! p commit ^! %ameful acts 7! putt+ out ( lights1 & indulg+ 9 promiscu\s int]c\rse7 ,i "k n4 ,o!rs are m precise 9 _! *>ges4 ,t ! ,agap became ! legitimate cause ( compla9t is admitt$ by all4 ,! only "q is :e!r x 0 ! in/itution itself or ! public m9d 9 relation to x t und]w5t a *ange4 ,ev5tually1 on ! av[$ gr\nd ( evil conduct1 ! ,agap 7 =bidd5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 #cia1 ( ,orleans1 #eda1 & ( ,con/ant9ople1 #fhj4 ,! :ole subject is obscure1 b ! "o c]ta9 & significant ?+ is t *>ges ( lic5ti\sness 7 connect$ ) ! ,agap f ! outset4 ,^! may at fir/ h be5 unf\nd$ or exagg]at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q probable t j z ,*ri/ianity cont9u$ ,pagan c]emonies 9 o!r directions1 s !re 0 also a c>ry+ ov] into ! ,*ur* ( "s ( ! sexual rites & c]emonies connect$ ) e>li] =ms ( wor%ip4 ,& we "k t ! pr9ciple ( ,ant9omianism1 a prolific cause ( evil at all times1 0 active among/ ! ,*ri/ians f ! outset4 ,x is almo/ impossible to say at ?is di/ance h[ _m sects exhibit+ m>k$ erotic t5d5cies appe>$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,_m mu/ h disappe>$ & left no trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b !re c be no "q t !y 7 fairly num]\s4 ,! ext5sive sect1 or sects1 ( ! gno/ics conta9$ 9 its tea*+s elem5ts t at lea/ pav$ ! way = ! conduct ) :i* o!r ,*ri/ians *>g$ !m1 al?\gh ! *>ges made may n h be5 true ( all4 ,to "s ( ! gno/ic sects belongs ! tea*+--q 9 accord ) ! doctr9e ( ! evil nature ( ! _w1 t lib]ation f ! ',law' 0 "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( spiritual fre$om4 ,f ?is came ! tea*+1 subsequ5tly held by num]\s o!r sects1 t ^? born ( ! ,_s c\ld n be defil$ by any acts ( ! fle%1 & t s-call$ vici\s actions 7 r to be enc\rag$ z provid+ exp]i5ce useful to spiritual welf>e4 ,"s bran*es ( ! gno/ics _h 'spiritual m>riages1' simil> to :at exi/$ 9 ,india 9 ! ,sakti rites already describ$4 ,?us ! ,adamites1 a r obscure gno/ic sect ( ! second c5tury1 attempt$ to imitate ! ,ed5ic /ate by condemn+ m>riage & ab&on+ clo?+4 ,_! assemblies 7 held und]gr\nd1 & on ent]+ ! place ( wor%ip bo? sexes /ripp$ !mselves nak$1 & 9 t /ate p]=m$ _! c]emonies4 ,!y call$ _! *ur* ,p>adise1 f :i* all diss5ti5ts 7 promptly expell$4 ,! ,adamites !mselves claim$ t _! object 0 to extirpate desire by famili>is+ ! s5ses to /rict control4 ,_! religi\s oppon5ts gave a v diff]5t acc\nt ( ! practice1 & x is n difficult to realise1 :atev] may h be5 ! motive ( ! f\nd]s1 ! consequ5ces ( su* a practice4 ,x is curi\s1 by ! way1 to obs]ve h[ /rong religi\s excitem5t seems to lead p to disc>d clo?+4 ,?us1 dur+ ! ,crusade ( #abjc-db ! wom5 crusad]s ru%$ ab\t ! /reets 9 a /ate ( nudity4#abg ,dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,league 9 ,france1 m5 & wom5 walk$ nak$ 9 procession head$ by ! cl]gy4#abh ,o!r examples ( ?is curi\s practice might be giv54 ,! ,nicolaitanes1 a second-c5tury sect ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,rev4 ii4 #ad71 7 accus$ ( practis+ religi\s pro/itution4 ,s also 7 ! ,mani*ans1 a v num]\s sect1 aga9/ :om ! *>ges 7 ( a mu* m detail$ "*4 ,) !m ! c]emonial violation ( a virg9 is said to h =m$ a "p ( _! regul> ritual1 & t _! meet+s frequ5tly end$ 9 an orgy ( promiscu\s int]c\rse4#abi ,z bo? ^! acts are f\nd 9 connection ) o!r religi\s c]emonies1 &1 z w be se5 lat]1 h p]si/$ until rec5t times1 ! /ory does n s\nd s incr$ible z o!rwise x might4 ,! difficulty ( decid+ def9itely is int5sifi$ by ! fact ( ! ,mani*ans be+ split into a numb] ( sects1 & /atem5ts true ( "s might be untrue ( o!rs4 ,s we f9d ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o _h be5 a ,mani*an1 decl>+ t if all did n practise lic5ti\s rites1 "o sect 7! ,ca?>i/s7 did1 believ+ t !y c\ld only mortify ! fle% by ! ex]cise ( bad in/9cts1 s9ce ! fle% proce$$ f demons4 ,/4 ,augu/9e himself confesses to h tak5 "p 9 v>i\s phallic c]emonies be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,i myself1 he says1 :5 a "y man us$ to g sometimes to ! sacrilegi\s ent]ta9m5ts & spectacles2 ,i saw ! prie/s rav+ 9 religi\s excitem5t1 & he>d ! *ori/]s2 ,i took pleasure 9 ! %ameful games :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( gods & goddesses1 ( ! ,virg9 ,coele/ia1 & ( ,b]ecyn?ia1 ! "m ( all gods4 ,& on ! day consecrat$ to h] purification1 !re 7 sung be=e h] c\* productions s obsc5e & fil?y to ! e>--,i d n say ( ! "m ( ! gods1 b ( ! "m ( any s5ator or hone/ man--nay1 s impure t n ev5 ! "m ( ! f\l-m\!d play]s !mselves c\ld h =m$ "o ( ! audi5ce4#acj ,! ,c>pocratians1 :o claim$ to be a bran* ( ! ,gno/ics1 taught t fai? & *>ity 7 alone necess>y virtues3 all o!rs 7 useless4 ,!re is no?+ evil 9 itself1 & life only becomes complete :5 all s-call$ blemi%es are fully display$ 9 conduct4 ,_! lead] n only all[$ 8 disciples a full lib]ty to s91 b recomm5d$ a vici\s c\rse ( life z a matt] ( obligation & necessity2 ass]t+ t et]nal salvation 0 only atta9able by ^? :o _h committ$ all sorts ( crimes4444 ,x 0 ! w ( ,god t all ?+s %\ld be possess$ 9 common1 ! female sex n except$4#aca ,a little lat] we h ! sect ( ! ,agapet4 ,!y reject$ m>riage z an in/itution1 & p]mitt$ unre/ra9$ int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 allud+ to ?is sect1 says3 ,x is a %ame ev5 to allude to ! true facts4 ,:5ce did ! pe/ ( ! ,agapet creep into ! ,*ur*8 ,:5ce is ?is new title ( wives )\t m>riage rites8 ,:5ce ?is new class ( concub9es8 ,i w inf] m4 ,:5ce ^! h>lots cleav+ to "o man8 ,!y occupy ! same h\se1 a s+le *amb]1 (t5 a s+le b$1 & call u suspici\s if we ?9k any?+ ( x4 ,! bro!r des]ts 8 virg9 si/]1 ! virg9 despises h] unm>ri$ bro!r1 & seeks a /rang]1 & s9ce !y pret5d to be aim+ at ! same object1 !y ask = ! spiritual consolation ( ea* o!r t !y may enjoy ! pleasures ( ! fle%4#acb ,?is =m ( extravagance does n appe> to h be5 limit$ to a s+le sect4 ,x 0 m or less g5]al dur+ ! asc5dancy ( asceticism4 ,t]tullian says t ! desire to enjoy ! reputation ( virg9ity l$ to mu* immorality1 ! effects ( :i* 7 conceal$ by infanticide4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,antio* lam5t$ ! practice ( unm>ri$ m5 & wom5 %>+ ! same room4 ,9 #dej1 ! ,an*orites ( ,pale/9e are describ$ z h]d+ toge!r )\t di/9ction ( sex1 & ) no g>m5ts b a bree*-cl\t4#acc ,! practice ( prie/s travell+ ab\t ) wom51 mo!rs & wives1 & ! sc&als creat$ !reby1 is ref]r$ to 9 regulation aft] regulation4 ,al?\gh legislat$ aga9/1 x nev] entirely disappe>$1 & ev5tually l$ to a recognis$ prie/ly concub9age--recognis$1 t is1 by public op9ion1 al?\gh condemn$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is no ne$ to g ov] ev5 ! names ( all ! num]\s sects t appe>$ dur+ ! e>ly c5turies manife/+ curi\s features conc]n+ sexual relations4 ,:5 suppress$ 9 "o =m !y reappe>$ 9 ano!r1 & 7 unusually prom95t dur+ seasons ( religi\s unre/4 ,_m ( ! tea*+s already not$ made _! appe>ance aga9 ) ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s 9 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,"s ( ^! sects took _! /& on ! ,paul9e tea*+1 ,! law ( ! _s ( life 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ha? made me free f ! law ( s9 & dea?1 & claim$ fre$om f s91 no matt] :at _! actions4 ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s c>ri$ wom5 ab\t ) !m1 held midnight assemblies1 &1 accord+ to ,mo%eim1 att5d$ ^! meet+s 9 a /ate ( nudity4 ,! ,rant]s1 ! ,spirituels ( ,g5eva1 ! ,b]gh>ds1 ! ,flagellants1 ! ,mol9i/s1 7 all accus$ ( sexual misconduct 9 _! assemblies4 ,"o ( ! specific tea*+s ( ! la/-nam$ body1 z condemn$ by ! ,inquisition1 ran z foll[s3 ,god1 to humble u1 p]mits 9 c]ta9 p]fect s\ls t ! devil %\ld make !m commit c]ta9 acts4 ,9 ?is case1 & 9 o!rs1 :i* )\t ! p]mission ( ,god1 w\ld be guilty1 !re is no s9 because !re is no cons5t4 ,x may happ51 t ?is viol5t movem5t1 :i* excites to c>nal acts1 may take place 9 two p]sons1 a man & a woman1 at ! same in/ant4#acd ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! dom9ant ,*ur* made cont9u\s ef=ts to suppress ^! sects1 b ! rem>kable ?+ is t !y %\ld s (t5 reappe>1 & always ) /rong claims to exi/5ce on ! basis ( religi\s conviction4 ,t a numb] ( m5 & wom5 %\ld seek gratification ( _! s5sual feel+s 9 ways n c\nt5anc$ by ! laws ( normal life ne$ n excite surprise4 ,!re always h be5 & always w be su*4 ,b to d ?is 9 ! "n ( religion1 & ) a p]si/5cy z great z t ( ! religi\s idea itself1 is a ph5om5on t surely des]ves m att5tion ?an x ord9>ily receives4 ,nor c x be said ) ju/ice t ^! sects began 9 m]e consci\s lu/4 ,!y end$ !re1 true2 m or less disguis$1 x may always h be5 pres5t1 b ^? :o initiat$ !m believ$ t !y 7 ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s by religi\s pr9ciples1 & appeal$ to ^? pr9ciples to ju/ify _! conduct4 ,:y %\ld ?is h be5 ! case8 ,:y %\ld conduct ( :i* m5 & wom5 are a%am$ 9 ! social sph]e1 & :i* _! social s5se promptly condemns1 9 ! religi\s sph]e be cr[n$ ) ! dignity ( l(ty pr9ciples & f\ght = ) ! f]v\r ( int5se conviction8 ,s long z !ologians leave t "q unansw]$1 _! argum5ts are simply wide ( ! real issue4 ,naturally1 ! clos] we get to our own day1 & to times :5 religi\s feel+ is m vigor\sly controll$ by purely social =ces1 ^! manife/ations ( sexuality become less frequ5t1 less widely spread1 & m transi5t 9 "*4 ,/ill !y d occur4 ,= reasons t d n conc]n u "h1 ,am]ica has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 a fav\rable gr\nd = ^! religio-sexual developm5ts4 ,a sympa!tic acc\nt ( _m ( ^! ,am]ican sects w be f\nd 9 ,hepwor? ,dixon's ,spiritual ,wives1 ) acc\nts ( simil> sects 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,9 "s cases _m ( ! features ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian sects 7 reproduc$1 ev5 to ! l5g? ( "y wom5 %>+ ! b$rooms ( _! spiritual guides4 ,all took ,paul z _! pr9cipal au?ority4 ,j4 ,h4 ,noyes1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ repres5tative ( ^! tea*]s1 laid d[n ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 tea*+s ?us3-- ,:5 ! w ( ,god is done on e>? z x is 9 heav51 !re w be no m>riage4 ,! m>riage supp] ( ! ,lamb is a fea/ at :i* e di% is free to e gue/4 ,exclusiv5ess1 jeal\sy1 qu>rell+1 h no place !re1 = ! same reason z t :i* =bids ! gue/s at a ?anksgiv+ d9n] to claim ea* 8 sep>ate di%1 & qu>rel ) ! re/ = 8 rights4 ,9 a holy community !re is no m reason :y sexual int]c\rse %\ld be re/ra9$ by law1 ?an :y eat+ & dr9k+ %\ld be2 & !re is z little occasion = %ame 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4444 ,! gue/s ( ! m>riage supp] may h ea* 8 fav\rite di%1 ea* a di% ( 8 own procur+1 & t )\t ! jeal\sy ( exclusiv5ess4 ,i call a c]ta9 woman my wife2 %e is y\rs2 %e is ,*ri/'s2 & 9 ,him %e is ! bride ( all sa9ts4 ,%e is de> 9 ! h&s ( a /rang]1 & accord+ to my promise to h] ,i rejoice4#ace ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,hepwor? ,dixon1 ,j4 ,h4 ,noyes claims ! "r ( religi\s inspiration to %ape society & dictate ! =m ( family life1 & ) probable accuracy says t ! orig9 ( ^! ,am]ican sects is to be f\nd 9 revivals3-- ,! philosophy ( ! matt] seems to be ?is3 ,revivals are !ocratic 9 _! v nature2 !y introduce ,god into human affairs4444 ,9 ! cons]vative !ory ( revivals1 ?is p[] is re/rict$ to ! conv]sion ( s\ls2 b 9 actual exp]i5ce x goes1 or t5ds to g1 into all ! affairs ( life4444 ,religi\s love is v ne> neighb\r to sexual love1 & !y always get mix$ 9 ! intimacies & social excitem5ts ( revivals4 ,! next ?+ a man wants1 aft] he has f\nd ! salvation ( 8 s\l1 is to f9d 8 ,eve & 8 ,p>adise4444 ,! c\rse ( ?+s may be re/at$ ?us3 ,revivals lead to religi\s love2 religi\s love excites ! passions2 ! conv]ts1 f9d+ !mselves 9 !ocratic lib]ty1 beg9 to look ab\t = _! mates & _! lib]ty4#acf ,) reg>d to ! beg9n+s ( ^! mod]n movem5ts ( ,spiritual ,wifehood1 all involv+ ! abrogation ( ! normal relations ( ! sexes1 ,hepwor? ,dixon writes3-- ,x has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 notic$ by any writ] t ?ree ( ! mo/ s+ul> movem5ts 9 ! *ur*es ( our g5]ation seem to h be5 connect$1 m or less closely1 ) ! /ate ( m9d produc$ by revivals2 "o 9 ,g]many1 "o 9 ,engl&1 & "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 movem5ts :i* result$1 among o!r ?+s1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree s+ul> societies--! congregation ( ,pieti/s1 vulg>ly call$ ! ,muck]1 at ,knigsb]g2 ! bro!rhood ( ,pr9ceites at ,spaxton2 & ! ,bible ,communi/s at ,oneida ,creek4444 ,!y _h ^! *ief ?+s 9 common3 !y began 9 colleges1 !y affect$ ! =m ( family life1 & !y 7 c>ri$ on by cl]gym52 ea* movem5t 9 a place ( le>n+ & ( !ological /udy3 t 9 ,g]many at ! ,lu!r-,kir* ( ,knigsb]g1 t 9 ,engl& at ,/4 ,david's ,college1 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,yale ,college4444 ,^! ?ree div9es1 "o ,lu!ran1 "o ,anglican1 "o ,congregational1 began _! "w 9 p]fect ignorance ( ea* o!r4444 ,ea* movem5t 0 reg>d$ by its vot>ies z ! mo/ p]fect fruit ( ! revival _s4 ,9 tru?1 ! *ange :i* came ^u ! sa9ts f _! close exp]i5ce ( revival passion1 0 reg>d$ by !mselves z 9 "s degree miracul\s1 equal 9 div9e significance to a new creation ( ! _w4#acg ,= an almo/ exact replica ( ! erotic extravagances ( "s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian sects1 "o may turn to ,russia4 ,! difficulties & dang]s ( political life 9 ,russia are d\btless responsible = hav+ made religion su* a p[] among ! mass ( ! p1 & ?is w also expla9 ! div]sion into religi\s *annels ( en]gy t "u m fav\rable conditions is exp5d$ 9 social agitation & activity4 ,_m ( ^! sects are1 ( c\rse1 ( a h>mless "*1 mo/ly orig9at+ 9 an ev5 great] love = ! pa/ & a m slavi% adh]5ce to anci5t =mulas ?an is display$ by ! or?odox ,*ur*4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 pres5t ! wilde/ excesses ( sexual !ory & practice4 ,no?+ seems too wild or too extravagant to become ! orig9at+ po9t ( a new sect4 ,!ories ( m>riage & sexual relations g5]ally are develop$ ) a logical fe>lessness peculi>ly ,russian4 ,among ! ,bezpopovtsi1 a num]\s sect split up into sev]al bran*es1 op9ions on m>riage v>y betwe5 reg>d+ x z a m]e conv5tional affair1 & d5\nc+ x z a h9drance to spiritual developm5t4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes1 says ,mr4 ,he>d1 !re is room = ! wilde/ & mo/ repulsive !ories4 ,c>nal s5suality is alli$ 9 mon/r\s union ) religi\s my/icism4 ,free love1 indep5d5ce ( ! sexes1 possession ( wom5 9 common1 h be5 prea*$ & practis$4 ,debau*]y1 z an incid5tal weakness ( human nature1 has be5 advocat$ z ! less] evil2 lib]t9ism z pref]able to concub9age1 & ! latt] z bett] ?an m>riage4 ,"o ( _! mo/ au/]e tea*]s cynically decl>es t 'x is wis] to live ) bea/s ?an to be jo9$ to a wife2 to frequ5t _m wom5 9 secret1 r ?an to live ) "o op5ly4'#ach ,ano!r sect call$ ',eunu*s' take _! /& on ,matt4 xix4 #ab3 ,!re are "s eunu*s1 :i* 7 s born f _! "m's womb3 & !re are "s eunu*s1 :i* 7 made eunu*s ( m53 & !re be eunu*s1 :i* h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake4 ,he t is able to receive x1 let him receive x4 ,?is sect believes 9 & practises emasculation z ! sure/ way ( atta9+ p]fection4 ,man1 !y say1 %\ld be l ! angels1 )\t sex & )\t desire4 ,?is practice rem9ds "o ( an e>ly ,*ri/ian sect1 ! ,valesians1 :i* n only emasculat$ memb]s ( _! own sect1 b p]=m$ ! same op]ation =cibly on ^? :o fell into _! h&s4#aci ,! ,khly/i1 a sect :i* d]ives its "n f ! practice ( flagellation1 d5\nce m>riage z unclean1 & "p ( _! religi\s ritual is1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 ! wor%ip ( a nak$ woman4 ,b>on ,von ,hax?aus51 writ+ 9 #ahef1 gives ! foll[+ description ( _! c]emonies on ,ea/] night3-- ,on ?is night ! ,khly/i all assemble = a great solemnity1 ! wor%ip ( ! "m ( ,god4 ,a virg91 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :om !y h induc$ to act ! "p by tempt+ promises1 is b\nd & plac$ 9 a tub ( w>m wat]2 "s old wom5 come1 & fir/ make a l>ge incision 9 ! left brea/1 !n cut x (f1 & /aun* ! blood 9 a wond]fully %ort "t4 ,dur+ ! op]ation a my/ical picture ( ! ,holy ,_s is put into ! victim's h&1 9 ord] t %e may be absorb$ 9 reg>d+ x4 ,! brea/ :i* has be5 remov$ is laid ^u a plate & cut into small pieces1 :i* are eat5 by all ! memb]s ( ! sect pres5t2 ! girl 9 ! tub is !n rais$ ^u an alt> :i* /&s ne>1 & ! :ole congregation dance wildly r\nd x1 s++ at ! same "t4 ,! jump+ !n gr[s madd] & wild]1 till ! lights are sudd5ly ext+ui%$ & horrible orgies comm5ce4#adj ,! ',jump]s1' an (f%oot ( ! ,khly/i1 are mu* m pron\nc$ 9 _! sexual extravagances4 ,!y op5ly pr(ess debau*]y1 = ! usual reason1 t ( conqu]+ ! fle% by exhau/ion & satiety4 ,!y meet usually by night1 & aft] pray]s are *ant$ & hymns sung1 ! lead] comm5ces a sl[ jump+ movem5t1 keep+ "t ) a song4 ,!n3-- ,! audi5ce1 arrang$ 9 c\ples1 engag$ to ea* o!r 9 advance1 imitate 8 example & jo9 ! /ra92 ! b\nds & ! s++ gr[ fa/] & l\d] z x spreads1 until1 at its height1 ! eld] %\ts t he he>s ! voices ( angels2 ! lights are ext+ui%$1 ! jump+ ceases1 & ! sc5e t foll[s 9 ! d>kness defies description4 ,ea* "o yields to 8 desires1 born ( inspiration1 & !re=e righte\s1 & to be gratifi$2 all are bre?r5 9 ,*ri/1 all prompt+s ( ! inn] _s are holy2 ince/1 ev51 is no s94 ,!y repudiate m>riage1 & ju/ify _! abom9ations by ! ,biblical leg5ds ( ,lot's daught]s1 ,solomon's h>em1 & ! l4#ada ,!re are _m o!r curi\s sects 9 ,russia1 _m ( :i* br+ u back to ! religi\s atmosph]e ( ! ,european d>k ages4 ,b )\t pursu+ a description ( ^! to any great] ext5t1 en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! p]si/5ce ( ! /ream ( sexualism 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,( c\rse1 ?is feature did n ent] religion ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h %[n t x 0 pres5t f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! association ( religion ) sexual ph5om5a does n comm5ce z a sexual ab]ration2 x only assumes t =m at a comp>atively late /age 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,! orig9 ( ! connection has to be f\nd 9 t atmosph]e ( ! sup]natural :i* envelops primitive life1 m\lds primitive conceptions1 & m or less fa%ions all primitive in/itutions4 ,! sexual side ( religi\s belief & religi\s symbolism only becomes abnormal1 & ev5 morbid1 :5 ! developm5t ( social life makes possible a tru] view ( sexuality4 ,9 ?is ! great *ur*es h1 p]haps1 unconsci\sly assi/$4 ,_! position ( social control has compell$ !m to set _! faces aga9/ ! sexual symbolism :i* is s closely associat$ ) e>ly religi\s hi/ory1 :ile at ! same "t c\nt5anc+ religi\s f]v\r 9 g5]al4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t small bodies ( m5 & wom51 fre$ f ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( social responsibility1 h develop$ to extravagant l5g? c]ta9 phases ( religi\s belief t h be5 g5]ally disc\nt5anc$ else:]e4 ,_! s do+ c]ta9ly helps ! pres5t-day /ud5t to make a m complete survey ( all ! factors t h play$ _! "p 9 religi\s hi/ory ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 possible4 ,repulsive z "s ( ^! features n[ are1 !y h help$ 9 _! "t to n\ri% ! g5]al belief 9 a sup]natural ord]1 & s to /r5g!n ! g5]al idea to :i* !y 7 affiliat$4 ,,footnotes3 #aba ,! ,future ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #dfe4 #abb ,lo/ & ,ho/ile ,gospels1 ,preface1 p4 #g4 #abc ,see ,b>+-,g\ld's ,/udy ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #dej-a4 #abd ,see ,hepwor? ,dixon's curi\s "w1 ,spiritual ,wives1 #ahhh1 #b vols4 #abe ,/udy ( ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #deh4 #abf ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 p4 #dag4 #abg ,cutt51 ,psy*ological ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aeg4 #abh ,sang]1 ,hi/ory ( ,pro/itution1 p4 #aaf4 #abi ,see ,blunt's ,diction>y ( ,sects1 art4 ,mani*ans4 #acj ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ii4 #d4 #aca ,mo%eim1 ,c5t4 #b1 *ap4 v4 sec4 #d4 #acb ,diction>y ( ,sects1 p4 #ac4 #acc ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy1 #ahhd1 p4 #db4 #acd ,cit$ by ,mi*elet1 ,prie/s1 ,wom51 & ,families1 p4 #acj4 #ace ,spiritual ,wives1 ii4 pp4 #ee-f4 #acf ,spiritual ,wives1 pp4 #agf-g1 #aha4 #acg ,ibid41 pp4 #hd-f4 #ach ,! ,russian ,*ur* & ,russian ,diss5t1 p4 #bja4 #aci ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy1 p4 #dj4 #adj ,visit to ! ,russian ,empire1 i4 p4 #bed4 ,m]ejk[ski1 9 8 hi/orical novel1 ,pet] & ,alexis1 gives a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! sexual c]emonies ( ?is sect4 ,see also ,he>d's description1 ,russian ,*ur*1 p4 #beh4 #ada ,russian ,*ur* & ,russian ,diss5t1 p4 #bfb4 ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,,conv]sion ,f :at has be5 already said1 x %\ld be cle> t a complete und]/&+ ( religi\s ph5om5a--:e!r legitimately or wrongly s call$--involves acqua9tance ) a numb] ( factors t are n usually call$ religi\s4 ,man's religi\s beliefs are usually a v composite product2 !y are built up f a numb] ( /ates ( feel+ & m5tal convictions1 "s ( :i* h only an accid5tal connection ) ! religi\s idea itself4 ,un=tunately1 ! tra9+ giv5 to pr(essional religi\s tea*]s r>ely equips !m = deal+ ) religion f ! sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,_! tra9+ gives !m a k ( sev]al anci5t languages1 makes !m acqua9t$ ) ! rise & fall ( c]ta9 doctr9es1 ! nature ( ,*ur* ritual & ! l1 all ( :i*1 :ile int]e/+ en\gh 9 !mselves1 give little m g5u9e enlight5m5t ?an a k ( ! dates ( ,engli% mon>*s provides ( ! "* ( g5u9e hi/oric processes4 ,"o writ] p]t95tly asks3-- ,:at does ! ord9>y sem9>y graduate "k ( ! hi/ology1 anatomy1 & physiology ( ! s\l8 ,absolutely no?+4 ,he mu/ /umble along ?r\gh ye>s ( try+ exp]i5ce & look back ov] c\ntless mi/akes be=e he und]/&s ^! ?+s ev5 9 a g5]al way4 ,:at does ! ord9>y graduate und]/& ab\t d\bt8 ,x is all class$ toge!r1 :e!r 9 adolesc5ts or 9 h>d5$ s9n]s1 & "o dose is appli$4 ,:at does ! graduate "k ab\t sexuality1 s closely alli$ ) c]ta9 =ms ( religi\s manife/ations8 ,:at ab\t ec/asy1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 ! num]\s me?ods ( fai? cure ?ru/ ^u an illit]ate b cr$ul\s p1 or ! significance or insignificance ( visions & dreams8#adb ,x is1 inde$1 n too mu* to say t a !ological tra9+ t5ds to prev5t a rational compreh5sion ( religion 9 bo? its normal & abnormal manife/ations4 ,religi\s ph5om5a are n affiliat$ to ph5om5a z a :ole2 !y are treat$ z q di/9ct f ! re/ ( life1 possess+ bo? an indep5d5t orig9 & ju/ification4 ,! consequ5ce is t :at are usually call$ /udies ( religion move r\nd & r\nd ! same circle ( ideas1 & a revolution is mi/ak5 = progress4 ,g5u9e enlight5m5t has come to u f m5 :o h attack$ ! subject f a q diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,!y recognis$ t :e!r ! religi\s idea 0 accept$ z true or reject$ z false1 x c\ld n be sep>at$ f t ho/ ( ideas & beliefs :i* make up ! psy*ological side ( ! social /ructure4 ,x 0 to be /udi$ z a piece ( natural hi/ory fir/ ( all4 ,:e!r x involv$ m ?an ?is !y left to be settl$ lat]4 ,x _c be said t !y belittl$ ! p[] ( religion2 on ! contr>y1 ! inve/igations %[$ x to be "o ( ! mo/ pot5t ( ! =ces t %ape social in/itutions4 ,b !y demon/rat$ ! absurdity ( plac+ religion 9 a category ( its own4 ,z an objective fact1 !y %[$ t religion 0 subject to ! same =ces t det]m9e ! =m ( o!r objective facts4 ,z a culture fact1 !y trac$ its connection ) correspond+ phases ( social developm5t2 & z a psy*ological fact1 !y demon/rat$ its work+s to be 9 h>mony ) work+s ( normal psy*ological laws4 ,five ?\s& ye>s ( !ological /udy _h left ! _w z ignorant ( ! nature ( religi\s ph5om5a z x 0 9 ! days ( anci5t ,*aldea4 ,fifty ye>s ( sci5tific /udy has s]v$ to make at lea/ a broad pa? ?r\gh :at 0 hi!rto an imp5etrable jungle4 ,:at has be5 said holds ) peculi> =ce ( ! subject ( conv]sion4 ,?is is n a ph5om5on peculi> to ,*ri/ianity1 = initiation & conv]sion accompanies religion 9 all its phases4 ,i d n ?9k t x is peculi> to religion ev5 z a :ole4 ,a sudd5 dis*>ge ( feel+ 9 a special direction lead+ to a *ang$ attitude1 m or less p]man5t t[>ds life1 may be se5 9 connection ) ! non-religi\s life1 al?\gh x fails to receive ! att5tion be/[$ on *anges t are connect$ ) religion4 ,b if conv]sion is n a peculi>ly ,*ri/ian ph5om5on1 "o s*ool ( !ologians1 at lea/1 has rais$ x to a position ( peculi> em95ce 9 connection ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y h tak5 x to be ! m>k ( a p]son :o has atta9$ spiritual manhood1 & h laid d[n elaborate rules = its a*ievem5t4 ,_m !ologians w agree t ?is has be5 almo/ :olly disa/r\s4 ,on ! "o side1 conv]sion has be5 dwelt ^u z a cataclysmal epo* 9 a p]son's life1 produc$1 negatively1 by an act ( self-surr5d]1 &1 positively1 by a sup]natural act ( grace4 ,?is has _h ! effect ( bl9d+ p to ! real nature ( ! process1 & has l$ to c]ta9 evil consequ5ces t mu/ always accompany attempts at :olesale conv]sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has giv5 rise to a class ( pr(essional evangeli/s :o c\nt _! trophies 9 's\ls' z a ,r$ ,indian might c\nt scalps1 & :o are ignorant ( ne>ly ev]y?+ except ! art ( work+ ^u ! emotions ( a cr[d ( m or less uncultur$ p4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is an acc\nt ( an ,am]ican evangeli/ & ex-prize fight]1 & evid5tly a great fav\rite ) c]ta9 sections ( ! religi\s public 9 ,am]ica4 ,! acc\nt is cit$ by ,dr4 ,cutt5 f a local pap]1 ,ill9ois3-- #ehdc conv]ts1 #fhc 9 a day4 ,total gift to ,mr4 ,sunday1 #aj1dca4 ,greate/ revival 9 hi/ory4 ,w attract ! att5tion ( ! religi\s _w4 ,s]mon on ',booze1' ! great ef=t ( ! revival6 ,^! are all headl9es to ! report ( ! meet+1 :i* cov]s six columns--evid5tly a response to ! int]e/ %[n 9 ',billy' ,sunday's meet+s4 ,! s]mon on ',booze' is giv5 9 full1 & ! physical ex]tions ( ! prea*] describ$ 9 detail4 ,he began ) 8 coat1 ve/1 tie1 & coll> (f4 ,9 a few mom5ts 8 %irt & und]%irt 7 gap+ op5 to ! wai/1 & ! muscles ( 8 neck & *e/ 7 se5 work+ l ^? 9 ! arm ( a blacksmi?1 :ile p]spiration p\r$ f e pore4 ,8 clo?+ 0 soak$1 z if a hose _h be5 turn$ on him4 ,he /ra9$1 & twi/$1 & rea*$ up & d[n4 ,once he 0 on ! floor = j a second1 9 ! attitude ( crawl+1 to %[ t all crime crawl$ out ( ! saloon2 !n he 0 on 8 feet z quickly z a cat c\ld jump4 ,at ! end ( =ty-five m9utes he m\nt$ a *air1 rea*$ high1 z he %\t$1 !n aga9 0 on ! floor1 & dropp$ pro/rate to illu/rate a /ory ( a drunk5 man1 b\nd$ to 8 feet aga9 z if /eel spr+s fill$ t li!1 sl5d]1 lightn+-l body4 ,he g5]ally breaks a common kit*5 *air 9 ?is s]mon1 & ?is came aft] a t]rible ef=t1 ) eyes fla%+1 face sc[l+1 ! picture ( hate4 ,he :irl$ ! *air ov] 8 head1 sma%$ ! *air to ! plat=m floor1 :irl$ ! %att]$ wreck 9 ! air aga91 & ?rew x to ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! pulpit4 ,9 two m9utes m5 f ! front r[ 7 te>+ ! wreck to pieces & divid+ x up--a r\nd "h1 a leg !re1 a piece ( ! back to ano!r1 & s on4 ,lat]1 m5 c>ri$ away 9 *e]+ c\ld be se5 9 ! audi5ce wav+ ^? *air fragm5ts 9 ! air4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an extreme case1 al?\gh x is b an exagg]ation ( me?ods 9 common use among ^! pr(essional revivali/s4 ,! :ole aim & purpose ( ^! m5 is to ar\se 9 ! audi5ce a high emotional t5sion1 & any means is acceptable t succe$s 9 do+ ?is4 ,on ! "p ( ! congregation a l>ge portion g = ! express purpose ( indulg+ 9 an emotional debau*4 ,_m att5d revival aft] revival1 liv+ ov] aga9 ! debau* ( ! la/1 & treasur+ lively expectations ( ! next4 ,betwe5 ^! & ! victim ( alcohol ta/+ aga9 8 la/ 'bur/1' & seek+ opportunities = ano!r1 !re is really little moral or psy*ological di/9ction4 ,! social consequ5ces ( ^! eng9e]$ revivals h nev] be5 fully work$ out1 b :5 x is done by "s compet5t p]son1 ! conclusions w be a revelation to _m4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 to expect really useful social results f su* me?ods is v]ily to look to ga!r grapes f ?i/les4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! ph5om5a ( religi\s conv]sion h be5 /udi$ 9 a m sci5tific _s4#adc ,/ati/ics h be5 compil$ & analys$1 ! frames ( m9d att5dant on conv]sion arrang$ & /udi$1 ) ! result t ! sali5t features are to be disc]n$ by all :o approa* ! /udy ( ! subject ) a little deta*m5t ( m9d4 ,"o out/&+ feature ( ?is m sci5tific enquiry into ! nature ( conv]sion has be5 to demon/rate t x is almo/ exclusively a ph5om5on ( pub]ty & adolesc5ce4 ,mr4 ,hall has compil$ a l5g?y li/ ( ! ages at :i* not$ religi\s *>act]s exp]i5c$ :at is kn[n z conv]sion4#add ,f ?is ,i take ! foll[+ examples4 ,religi\s conviction came to ,/4 ,!kla at ! age ( #ah1 to ,/4 ,agnes at #ac1 ,/4 ,antony at #ah1 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs at #ah1 ,euphrasia at #ab1 ,b5$ict at #ad1 ,cu?b]t at #ae1 ,/4 ,b]n>d at #ab1 ,/4 ,dom9ic at #ae1 ,/4 ,collette at #bj1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e at #g1 ,/4 ,t]esa at #ab1 ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales at #aa4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 ,keim also rem>ks t al?\gh "s ( ! disciples may h be5 m>ri$1 mo/ ( !m 7 probably ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age4#ade ,pr(essor ,/>buck1 plac+ on "o side bo? hi/orical & an?ropological aspects1 set himself ! task ( exam9+ cases ( ! pres5t day4 ,a pap] 0 s5t out ask+ v>i\s que/ions z to age1 /ate ( heal?1 frame ( m9d1 be=e1 dur+1 & foll[+ conv]sion4 ,! que/ions 7 s5t to male & female memb]s ( diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations4 ,9 reply1 #abfe pap]s 7 fill$ up & return$4 ,"o result ( a scrut9y ( ^! returns 0 to %[ t ! age at :i* religi\s conv]sion 0 exp]i5c$ began z e>ly z #g or #h ye>s1 x increas$ gradually till #aj or #aa1 !n a m rapid increase till #ah or #bj1 a decl9e increas+ 9 rapidity to ! age ( #be1 & its practical disappe>ance beyond ! age ( #cj4 ,9 girls1 ! p]iod ( conv]sion ant$ates t ( boys by ab\t two ye>s4#adf ,/>buck's conclusion is ! p]fectly valid "o t conv]sion belongs almo/ exclusively to ! ye>s betwe5 #aj & #be1 & is di/9ctly a ph5om5on ( adolesc5ce4 ,?is conclusion w\ld be borne out by a /udy ( almo/ any revival crusade4 ,?us a few ye>s ago--#aijd--;,engl& receiv$ a visit f ! ,am]ican evangeli/1 ,dr4 ,torrey4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 visit1 ,sir ,rob]tson ,nicol invit$ op9ions f m9i/]s 9 ! t[ns visit$ by ,torrey1 & publi%$ ! replies 9 8 pap]1 ,! ,briti% ,weekly1 on ,octob] #bg4 ,!re 0 no attempt :atev] to elicit ! ages ( ! report$ conv]ts2 ! enquiry 0 direct$ to ! po9t ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ^! eng9e]$ missions _h a b5eficial effect on *ur* life1 or ! rev]se4 ,b incid5tally ! ages ( ! conv]ts 7 giv5 9 "s cases1 & "o may safely assume t 9 ! reports :]e no age 0 m5tion$ ! facts1 if disclos$1 w\ld n run c\nt] to ! g5]alisation above giv54 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,t[]s1 ,birm+ham1 not$ t #af out ( #be report$ conv]ts 7 *ildr54 ,rev4 ,a4 ,le ,gros1 ,rugby1 report$3 ,a numb] ( our y\nge/ memb]s1 especially among/ ! "y girls1 7 among/ ^? :o pr(ess$ conv]sion4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,s+leton1 ,sme?wick1 says3 ,! bulk ( ! names s5t to me 7 ^? ( *ildr5 "u ?irte5 ye>s ( age4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,p]cival1 ,lozells ,congregational ,*ur*1 says ( ! 'inquiry' meet+ held aft] ! prea*+3 ,! de> little ?+s foll[$ "o ano!r = inquiry until ! place 0 a sc5e ( utt] confusion4 ,reports ( a simil> nature came f o!r places4 ,! ages 7 po9t$ out q incid5tally2 conv]sions ( y\?s ( #ag or #ah w\ld n excite comm5t ) ^!4 ,7 ! ages ( all giv51 we %\ld1 )\t d\bt1 f9d !m fall into l9e ) ,/>buck's & ,hall's figures4 ,pr(essor ,james q accepts ?is view ( conv]sion4 ,! conclusion1 he says1 w\ld seem to be ! only s\nd "o3 conv]sion is 9 its ess5ce a normal adolesc5t ph5om5on1 incid5tal to ! passage f ! *ild's small univ]se to ! wid] intellectual & spiritual life ( maturity4#adg ,conv]sion1 9 ! s5se ( a *ange f ! *ild's small univ]se to ! l>ge _w ( human society1 may be a normal fact 9 life1 b ! really ess5tial fact 9 ! enquiry is n ! fact ( gr[?1 b gr[? 9 a specific direction4 ,:y %\ld ?is normal *ange f *ildhood to maturity be ! p]iod dur+ :i* religi\s conv]sion is exp]i5c$8 ,?is "q is n only ignor$ by ,pr(essor ,james1 x is made m confus$ by 8 me?od ( /at+ x4 ,( c\rse1 if all p exp]i5c$ ?is religi\s conviction1 z all p und]go o!r *anges at adolesc5ce1 ! "q w\ld be simplifi$4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly n ! case4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p nev] exp]i5ce x s long z !y are only br\ght into contact ) ord9>y social =ces4 ,special circum/ances seem usually to be requir$ to r\se ?is s5se ( religi\s conviction4 ,ne>ly e /ory ( conv]sion turns ^u some?+ unusual1 unexpect$1 or dramatic occurr+ z ! excit+ cause4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 :y %\ld ! l9e ( gr[?1 g5]al ) all at adolesc5ce1 be1 9 ! case ( "s1 div]t$ into religi\s *annels8 ,a /udy ( ! subject f ?is po9t ( view w1 ,i ?9k1 %[ t conv]sion is only normal 9 ! s5se t 9 an environm5t :]e religi\s influ5ces are p[]ful ea* p]son is normally expos$ to x4 ,^? on :om ! religi\s influ5ce fails to op]ate exp]i5ce ! *ange f *ildhood to adolesc5ce1 on to complete maturity1 )\t _! nature ev9c+ any lack ( complet5ess4 ,?is is ! vital tru? ( :i* ,pr(essor ,james loses sight1 & x is ignor$ by ! va/ majority ( writ]s :o treat ( ! subject4 ,leav+1 = a :ile1 ! /ati/ical view ( conv]sion1 we may turn to its o!r aspects4 ,by ! m advanc$ ( religi\s tea*]s to-day ! developm5ts att5dant on adolesc5ce are tak5 z supply+ no m ?an a fav\rable occasion = direct+ m9d & emotion to def9ite religi\s conviction4 ,"h ! connection is admitt$ly m or less accid5tal4 ,b by ! great majority ( !ologians !re is assum$ a direct sup]natural influ5ce 9 ! /ates ( m9d develop$ dur+ adolesc5ce4 ,9 m primitive times ! connection is ( a yet clos] "*4 ,pub]ty does n at ?is /age repres5t :at a mod]n w\ld call an awak5+ ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 b a direct imp+em5t ( sup]natural influ5ce4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?is conception /ill rema9s "p ( all religi\s sy/ems1 h[ev] ov]laid x may be ) mod]n ideas conc]n+ sexual maturity4 ,& we h1 z a m]e matt] ( hi/oric fact1 a :ole s]ies ( cu/oms comm5c+ ) ! initiatory cu/oms ( savages & runn+ "r on to ! mod]n practice ( confirmation4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] x 0 po9t$ out :at is ! savage /ate ( m9d 9 relation to ! beg9n+s ( sex life z x is manife/$ 9 bo? boys & girls4 ,adolesc5ce does n1 to ! primitive m9d1 s]ve z an occasion = ! creation ( an int]e/ 9 ! religi\s life1 x is ! sign ( direct sup]natural influ5ce4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is is ! rise ( m or less elaborate c]emonials m>k+ ! initiation ( y\? into direct communion ) ! spiritual =ces t gov]n tribal life4#adh ,among ! ,polynesians tattoo+ =ms "p ( ! religi\s c]emony1 & dur+ ! "t ! m>ks are heal+ ! boy is taboo to ! re/ ( ! tribe1 ow+ to 8 hav+ be5 t\*$ by ! gods4 ,) ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! foll[+ c]emony seems *>act]i/ic3-- ,:5 a boy has atta9$ ! age ( f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s he abs5ts himself f 8 fa!r's lodge1 ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 "s remote or seclud$ spot1 cry+ to ! ,great ,_s1 & fa/+ ! :ole "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( p]il & ab/95ce1 :5 he falls asleep1 ! fir/ animal1 bird1 or reptile1 ( :i* he dreams1 he consid]s ! ,great ,_s has designat$ = 8 my/]i\s protector ?r\gh life4#adi ,simil> c]emonies are describ$ by ,liv+/one z exi/+ among ! ,s\? ,african tribes4 ,^! cu/oms are too widespread1 & be> too great a simil>ity to be describ$ ) ref]5ce to _m races4 ,! v>iations are unimportant1 & su* z !y are !y may be /udi$ 9 ! pages ( ,hall1 ,fraz]1 & num]\s o!r writ]s4 ,) girls ! measures adopt$ are ( a m elaborate "* ?an is ! case ) boys1 because1 = reasons already /at$1 ! occurr5ce ( pub]ty 9 girls gives ! sup]natural act a m />tl+ & significant "*4 ,h5ce ! /rict seclusion ( girls almo/ univ]sally practis$ among uncivilis$ peoples4 ,! precautions tak5 indicate1 z ,h>tl& po9ts out1 t !y are at ?is p]iod n m]ely *>g$ ) a malign influ5ce1 b are peculi>ly susceptible to ! onset ( p[]s o!r ?an human4 ,& ) a modification ( language ! same idea has p]si/$ d[n to our "t1 ev5 among/ ^? :o w\ld reject ) indignation ! /atem5t t savage ideas conc]n+ ! nature ( pub]ty =m ! real basis ( _! own m5tal attitude4 ,?is tru? _c be too /rongly emphasis$4 ,to ignore x is to miss ! :ole significance ( cont9uity 9 human in/itutions & ideas4 ,! c]emonies describ$ d1 ( c\rse1 ga!r r\nd ! fact ( sexual developm5t1 b !y are n conc]n$ ) ! sexual life1 z su*4 ,x is sex z a sup]natural manife/ation t is ! vital feature ( ! situation4 ,! gov]n+ idea is t pub]ty m>ks ! direct association ( ! individual ) a spiritual _w to ! influ5ce ( :i* ! functional *anges are due4 ,z m accurate conceptions are =m$1 ! old] & inaccurate "o is n altoge!r disc>d$4 ,x has become inc>nate 9 c]emonies1 x is "p ( ! traditional psy*ic life ( ! p1 & ! *ange is "o ( trans=mation r ?an ( eradication4 ,9 lat] cultural /ages ! physiological nature ( ! *anges are se51 b !y are express$ 9 t]ms ( religion4 ,su* expressions z ! s\l's aw>5ess ( ,god1 ! dawn+ consci\sness ( religion1 etc41 take ! place ( ! e>li] & m direct animi/ic int]pretation4 ,b ! ess5tial mis9t]pretation is reta9$1 disguis$ f c>eless or un9=m$ p by ! use ( a modifi$ t]m9ology4 ,b 9 sub/ance ! use made ( pub]ty by organis$ religi\s =ces rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,we h ! same abs5ce ( a rational explanation 9 bo? in/ances4 ,9 ! "o because ! /ate ( k makes any o!r impossible2 9 ! o!r because tradition1 self-int]e/1 & prejudice prev5t its use4 ,x is n only 9 8 physical /ructure t man c>ries rem9isc5ces ( a l[] =m ( life2 su* rem9d]s are q z pl5tiful 9 8 m5tal life1 & 9 social in/itutions4 ,ev5 ) _m :o p]ceive ! me*anism ( conv]sion its real significance is (t5 miss$4 ,= ! important ?+ is1 n t "s p express ! *anges incid5t to adolesc5ce 9 t]ms ( religion1 b t _m d n1 & also t ^! f9d complete satisfaction along l9es ( /hetic1 intellectual1 or social int]e/4 ,yet "o (t5 f9ds x assum$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes is expla9$ by assum+ a c]ta9 lack ( 'spiritual' developm5t 9 ! non-religi\s class4 ,z /at$1 ?is is (t5 p]il\sly ne> to imp]t95ce1 & 9 any case is little bett] ?an ! language ( a *>latan4 ,9 ! same way1 ! use ( amatory phraseology is (t5 treat$ z ! intrusion ( ! sex elem5t 9 a sph]e 9 :i* x has no prop] place4 ,en\gh has already be5 said to furni% good gr\nds = believ+ t !re is mu* m ?an ?is 9 ! ph5om5on1 & t "o is ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ x z symptomatic ( ! op]ation ( =ces ( ! nature ( :i* ! subject is q unaw>e4 ,! only explanation ( ! facts already cit$ is t a mis9t]pretation ( sexual /ates lies at ! he>t ( ! "q4 ,no o!r hypo!sis cov]s ! facts2 no o!r hypo!sis w expla9 :y ! l>g] numb] ( p %\ld f9d complete developm5t 9 activities t lie outside ! field ( religion4 ,h[ easy x is to see ! tru? & di/ort x 9 ! /at+ may be se5 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,pass+ ov] ! fact t ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce is noticeably a p]iod ( 'susceptibility1' we may take z an example ( ! intrusion or ! p]si/5ce ( ! sexual elem5ts 9 conditions ( a non-sexual k9d ! frequ5t association ( sexual ) religi\s excitem5t4 ,! appeal made dur+ a religi\s revival to an unconv]t$ p]son has psy*ologically "s resemblance to ! attempt ( ! male to ov]come ! hesitancy ( ! female4 ,9 ea* case ! w has to be set aside1 & /rong sugge/ive means are us$2 & 9 bo? cases ! appeal is n ( ! conflict type1 b ( an intimate1 sympa!tic1 & plead+ k9d4 ,9 ! ef=t to make a moral adju/m5t1 x consequ5tly turns out t a te*nique is us$ :i* 0 d]iv$ orig9ally f sexual life1 & ! use1 s to speak1 ( ! sexual ma*9]y = a moral adju/m5t involves1 9 "s cases1 ! c>ry+ ov] into ! g5]al process ( "s sexual manife/ations4#aej ,! important que/ions1 :y religion %\ld s p[]fully appeal to p at adolesc5ce1 :y its /r5g? %\ld reside s l>gely 9 ! appeal to feel+s associat$ ) sexual developm5t1 & :y conv]sion %\ld be s r>ely exp]i5c$ :5 ! p]iod ( sexual crisis is pa/1 are q ignor$ by ,mr4 ,?omas4 ,yet x is precisely ^! que/ions t call mo/ l\dly = answ]s1 & :i*1 ,i believe1 conta9 ! key ( ! situation4 ,f _m po9ts ( view adolesc5ce is p]haps ! mo/ important epo* 9 ! life ( e individual4 ,x is a "t ( great & significant organic gr[?1 ) ! developm5t ( new organs & functions1 & a correspond+ trans=mation ( bo? ! emotional & intellectual output4 ,s f> z ! bra91 ! mo/ important organ ( all1 is conc]n$1 "o may safely say t be=e pub]ty its ma9 function has be5 acquisition4 ,aft] pub]ty va/ tracts ( bra9 tissue become active1 & an era ( rapid developm5t sets 94 ,!re is a rapid gr[? ( new n]ve connections :i* occasions bo? physiological & psy*ological unre/4#aea ,an important po9t to be> 9 m9d1 also1 is t all p]iods ( rapid developm5t involve conditions ( relative in/ability--"o is1 9 fact1 only ! obv]se side ( ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,m]ci] says t ) girls m or less decid$ manife/ations ( hy/]ia are ! rule1 & ) bo? sexes ?is in/ability involves a peculi> susceptibility to sugge/ions & impressions4 ,accompany+ ! purely physical *anges ! m5tal & emotional nature und]goes :at is little less ?an a trans=mation4 ,!re is less direct conc]n ) self1 & a m consci\s conc]n ) o!rs4 ,!re is a crav+ = sympa?y1 = fell[%ip1 a t5d5cy to look at oneself f ! outside1 s to speak1 a susceptibility to sights & s\nds & impressions t =m]ly _h little influ5ce4 ,ea* "o is consci\s ( new desires1 new attractions1 express$ (t5 only 9 a vague feel+ ( unre/1 ) a desire1 half %y because half consci\s1 = ! company ( ! opposite sex4 ,! *ildi% desire = protection weak5s2 ! m mature desire to protect o!rs beg9s to express itself4 ,n[1 ! :ole significance ( ^! *anges1 physical & m5tal1 is fundam5tally sexual & social4 ,human life1 x may be said1 has a tw(old aspect4 ,z a m]e animal organism1 !re is ! p]petuation ( ! species1 :i* nature secures by ! m]e =ce ( ! sex impulse4 ,z a human be+1 he is "p ( a social /ructure1 cell 9 ! social tissue1 to use ,leslie ,/eph5's expressive phrase4 ,& 9 ?is direction nature secures :at is necess>y by ! pres5ce ( impulses & crav+s z imp]i\s z1 & ev5 m p]man5t ?an1 ^? ( m]e sex4 ,( c\rse1 9 practice ^! two ?+s op]ate toge!r4 ,by a process ( selection1 ! anti-social "* is we$$ out1 & ! two sets ( feel+s "w toge!r 9 h>mony = ! fur!rance & ! developm5t ( ! life ( ! species4 ,! species is p]petuat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( society2 society is p]petuat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! species4 ,fur!r1 x is "p ( ! natural 'plan' t !re %all be develop$ impulses & capacities suitable to ea* phase ( life z x em]ges4 ,?us x has be5 %[n t ! l5g!n+ ( infancy--t is1 ! prolongation ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! "y human be+ is dep5d5t ^u its p>5ts = support & protection--is nature's me?od ( develop+ to a great] degree ! capacity ( ! human animal = m complex adju/m5t4 ,in/ead ( be+ laun*$ on ! _w ) a numb] ( in/9cts practically fully develop$1 & s capable ( att5d+ to its own ne$s almo/ z soon z born1 man is born ) few in/9cts1 & a great capacity = education enabl+ him to adju/ 8 conduct to ! dem&s ( an environm5t con/antly increas+ 9 complexity4 ,9 ! same way x has be5 %[n t ! in/9ct = play1 practically univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! animal _w1 is nature's me?od ( prep>+ ! "y = ! m s]i\s bus9ess ( nature4#aeb ,x is1 !re=e1 only 9 l9e ) :at is f\nd to be true else:]e t ! *anges incid5t to pub]ty %\ld receive _! rational int]pretation 9 ! necessities ( social life4 ,t ^! necessities %\ld be met l>gely by ! play ( unreason+ impulse is1 aga91 q 9 l9e ) :at occurs 9 o!r directions4 ,! insi/5t pressure ( social life = ?\s&s ( g5]ations secures ! em]g5ce ( ne$s ( ! true nature ( :i* ! individual may be ignorant4 ,9 no o!r way1 9 fact1 c\ld ! p]si/5ce ( ! species & ( human society be secur$4 ,! :ole significance1 !n1 ( pub]ty & adolesc5ce is ! entry ( ! individual into ! l>g] life ( ! race4 ,x is1 too1 a /atem5t beyond reasonable dispute t if we elim9ate religion altoge!r f ! environm5t !re is n a s+le feel+ exp]i5c$ at adolesc5ce1 n a s+le intellectual crav+1 t w\ld n und]go full developm5t & receive complete satisfaction4 ,! pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is is t x occurs 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,sacrifice1 ! crav+ = ! ideal1 ) e o!r feel+ associat$ by _m ) religion1 exi/ 9 connection ) non-religi\s phases ( life4 ,x is idle to argue t "s p h a crav+ = religion1 & no?+ b religion w satisfy !m4 ,:]e an individual is 9 complete ignorance ( ! nature & significance ( 8 own developm5t1 & ^? ar\nd him no bett] in=m$2 :]e1 moreov]1 !re are o!rs 9 a position ( au?ority ready ) a special int]pretation1 x is n surpris+ if ! religi\s explanation is accept$ z ! g5u9e & only "o4 ,b 9 reality a s\nd judgm5t is =m$1 n on ! basis ( :at "s decl>e !y _c d )\t1 b on ! basis ( :at o!rs actually d )\t1 & suff] no obs]vable loss 9 consequ5ce4 ,we d n e/imate ! value ( alcohol on ! basis ( ^? :o decl>e !y _c d )\t x4 ,! true te/ is f\nd 9 ^? :o ab/a9 f its use4 ,s1 also1 9 ! case ( religion4 ,t "s1 ev5 ! majority1 decl>e t religi\s belief is ess5tial to _! welf>e1 proves little or no?+4 ,human nature be+ :at x is1 & ! hi/ory ( society be+ :at x is1 x w\ld be surpris+ 7 x o!rwise4 ,!re is mu* great] significance 9 s l>ge a numb] ( p f9d+ complete satisfaction 9 purely secul> activities4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ( ! mis9t]pretation ( m5tal & emotional /ates 9 t]ms ( religi\s belief1 x is n surpris+ to f9d a writ]1 a cl]gyman1 & "o ) exp]i5ce ( gr[+ boys1 express himself z foll[s3-- ,my exp]i5ce confirms ! op9ion ( ! psy*ologi/s t mo/ boys ( ! public s*ool age h a /rongly my/ical t5d5cy4 ,?is is to be expect$1 on acc\nt ( ! great emotional developm5t ( t p]iod ( life4 ,b x is obscur$ by ! fact t ! boy is bo? unwill+ & unable to give any v]bal expression to ?is t5d5cy4 ,he is unwill+ because x is some?+ v new & curi\s 9 8 exp]i5ce2 he is (t5 a little fright5$ ( x1 & he is exce$+ly fright5$ ( o!r p's contempt = x4 ,& he is unable1 because ! words he is accu/om$ to use are valueless 9 ?is connection1 & he feels priggi% if he tries to use o!rs4444 ,b1 ?\gh unexpla9$1 ! my/ical t5d5cy is !re1 & %\ld be appeal$ to & develop$4#aec ,n[1 cle>ly1 all t c be reasonably meant by say+ t a boy (1 app>5tly1 f #ab to #af has a my/ical t5d5cy1 is t ! physiological *anges incid5t to pub]ty are accompani$ by a mass ( feel+ ( a vague & =mless "*4 ,naturally1 8 boyi% exp]i5ce is unable to furni% him ) ! means ( giv+ adequate expression to 8 feel+s4 ,t c only come ) ! exp]i5ce ( maturity4 ,& ) equal inevitability he is at ! m]cy ( ! explanation furni%$ him by ^? :om he reg>ds z 8 tea*]s & guides4 ,:5 he is told t ?is elem5t ( 'my/icism' is ! awak5+ ( religion 9 8 s\l1 he accepts ! explanation precisely z he accepts explanations ( o!r ?+s4 ,t ?is 'my/ical t5d5cy' %\ld be appeal$ to & develop$ is a /atem5t op5 to v great d\bt4 ,x %\ld r be expla9$1 n p]haps 9 a brutally frank mann]1 b 9 a way t w\ld lead ! boy to see himself z an organic "p ( society1 ) def9ite duties & obligations4 ,if ?is 7 done1 adolesc5ce might provide u ) ! raw mat]ial = a mu* great] numb] ( useful & intellig5t citiz5s ?an x does at pres5t4 ,! true nature ( ! process1 s elaborately misund]/ood by ,dr4 ,temple1 is cle>ly outl9$ by ,dr4 ,m]ci]3-- ,9 connection ) normal developm5t1 a l>ge body ( vague & =mless feel+ arises1 &1 until exp]i5ce gives x %ape1 ! possessor rema9s ignorant ( ! s\rce & nature ( ! feel+4 ,if ! circum/ances are appropriate = ! natural outlet & expression ( ! activities1 !y are express$ 9 affection1 & are a s\rce ( heal? & /r5g? to ! possessor4 ,b if no su* outlet exi/s1 ! vague1 volum9\s1 =mless feel+s are ref]r$ to an occasion t is vague1 volum9\s1 & want+ 9 def9ite =m1 !y are ascrib$ to ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,deity1 & assume a place 9 religi\s emotion4#aed ,leav+ ?is aspect ( ! subject = a "t1 let u look m closely at ! process ( conv]sion4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t "o great feature ( adolesc5ce is susceptibility to impressions & sugge/ions4 ,"o is n surpris$ to f9d1 !re=e1 t 9 ,/>buck's collection ( cases #cd p] c5t4 ( ! females & #bi p] c5t4 ( ! males describ$ _! conv]sion z be+ directly due to imitation1 social pressure1 & example4 ,if we 7 to add to ^! ! cases :]e unconsci\s imitation & sugge/ion is at "w1 ! proportion w\ld be mu* great]4 ,religion1 l dress1 has its modes1 & imitation w occur 9 ! "o direction z readily z 9 ! o!r4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 ! records ( conv]sion ?an ! monotony ( ! language us$ to describe ! feel+s exp]i5c$4 ,x is exactly z ?\gh ! conv]ts _h be5 le>n+ a regul> cate*ism1 z 9 a way !y h be54 ,"y boys & girls w confess _! s9ful /ate 9 language id5tical ) t us$ by "o :o has actually liv$ a c>e] ( vice & crime4 ,o!rs ( an aggressively commonplace "* w use ! language ( exalt$ my/icism suitable to an ,augu/9e or a ,jacob ,boehme4 ,9 ^! cases we h n id5tity ( feel+ f9d+ expression 9 id5tity ( language2 x is pure imitation & sugge/ion )\t ! lea/ reg>d to ! fitness ( ! language employ$4 ,! full p[] ( sugge/ion w\ld be m fitly consid]$ 9 connection ) waves ( religi\s feel+ t h assum$ an epidemic =m2 b x w n be out ( place "h to call att5tion to ?is factor 9 su* a rec5t case z ! outbreaks 9 ,wales "u ! lead]%ip ( p]sons su* z ,evan ,rob]ts4 ,q ap>t f ! sugge/ion & imitation op]at+ 9 ! ga!r+s !mselves1 x is pla9 t _m w5t to ! meet+s q prep>$ to act 9 accordance ) :at _h gone be=e4 ,newspap]s _h publi%$ elaborate reports ( ! 'sc5es1' c]ta9 manife/ations 7 recognis$ z signs ( ! work+s ( ! ,_s1 ) ! result t all ^! op]at$ z p[]ful sugge/ions1 p>ticul>ly ) ^? ( a hy/]ical disposition4 ,& beh9d ?is p>ticul> revival !re 7 ! traditions ( o!r revivals1 all ( :i* _h creat$ a h]itage z co]cive z any purely social tradition4 ,a cr[d ( p 9 a /ate ( eag] expectancy1 expos$ to ! assaults ( a prea*] skill$ 9 r\s+ _! emotion to fev] pit*1 is naturally ready to see & he> ?+s t none w\ld see & he> 9 _! normal mom5ts4 ,no bett] field = ! /udy ( cr[d psy*ology1 p>ticul>ly at ! po9t at :i* x m]ges into ! abnormal1 c\ld be imag9$ ?an ! ord9>y revival4 ,9 ,am]ica ^! revival out breaks seem to assume a mu* m extravagant =m ?an ) u4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,hall1 = example1 ?us describes a ,k5tucky camp meet+ 9 :i* ! prevail+ t]m ( spiritual manife/ation 0 t ( 'j]k+4' ,quot+ f an eye-witness1 he says3-- ,! cr[d sw>m$ all night r\nd ! prea*]1 s++1 %\t+1 laugh+1 "s plung+ wildly ov] /umps & b5*es into ! =e/1 %\t+ ',lo/1 lo/6' o!rs leap+ & b\nd+ ab\t l live fi% out ( wat]2 o!rs roll+ ov] & ov] on ! gr\nd = h\rs2 o!rs ly+ on ! gr\nd & talk+ :5 !y c\ld n move2 & yet o!rs beat+ ! gr\nd ) _! heels4 ,z ! excitem5t increas$1 x grew m morbid & took ! =m ( 'j]k+s1' or 9 o!rs ! holy laugh4 ,! j]ks began ) ! head1 :i* 0 ?r[n viol5tly f side to side s rapidly t ! features 7 blurr$ & ! hair almo/ seem$ to snap1 & :5 ! suff]] /ruck an ob/acle & fell he w\ld b\nce ab\t l a ball4 ,sapl+s 7 sometimes cut brea/ high = ! p to j]k by4 ,9 "o place ! e>? ab\t ! roots ( "o ( !m 0 kick$ ab\t z ?\gh by ! feet ( a horse /amp+ flies4 ,"o suff]] m\nt$ 8 horse to ride away :5 ! j]ks ?rew him to ! e>?1 :5ce he rose a ,*ri/ian4 ,a lad1 :o feign$ illness to /ay away1 0 dragg$ !re by ! _s & 8 head da%$ aga9/ ! wall till he _h to pray4 ,a sceptic :o curs$ & swore 0 cru%$ by a fall+ tree4 ,m5 fanci$ !mselves dogs1 & ga!r$ r\nd a tree b>k+ & 'tree+ ! devil4' ,!y saw visions & dream$ dreams1 & z ! revival wan$1 x left a crop ( n]v\s & hy/]ical disord]s 9 its wake4#aee ,we h no?+ q s extreme z ?is 9 ,briti% revivals1 b ! home ph5om5a are n sub/antially diff]5t 9 nature4 ,a m$ical obs]v] ( "s ( ! e>lie/ ,me?odi/ revivals ?us describes ! symptoms ( ^? :o 7 subject to 'div9e' seizures "u ! influ5ce ( ,wesley & 8 imm$iate foll[]s3-- ,!re came on fir/ a feel+ ( fa9tness1 ) rigor & a s5se ( weight at ! pit ( ! /oma*2 soon aft] :i* ! pati5t cri$ out z ?\gh 9 ! agonies ( lab\r4 ,! convulsions !n began1 fir/ %[+ !mselves 9 ! muscles ( ! eyelids1 ?\gh ! eyes !mselves 7 fix$ & />+4 ,! mo/ frightful contortions ( ! c\nt5ance foll[$1 & ! convulsions n[ took _! c\rse d[nw>ds1 s t ! muscles ( ! trunk & neck 7 affect$1 caus+ a sobb+ respiration1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ) great ef=t4 ,tremors & agitations ensu$1 & ! pati5ts scream$ out viol5tly1 & toss$ _! heads f side to side4 ,z ! compla9t increas$1 x seiz$ ! arms1 & its victims beat _! brea/s1 clasp$ _! h&s1 & made all sorts ( /range noises4 ,to ! non-m$ical religi\s obs]v] ! sc5es produc$ a diff]5t impression1 ?us3-- ,:5 ! p[] ( religion began to be spok5 (1 ! pres5ce ( ,god really fill$ ! place4444 ,! greate/ numb] ( !m :o cri$ or fell 7 m52 b "s wom5 & sev]al *ildr5 felt ! p[] ( ! same ,almighty ,_s1 & seem$ j s9k+ into hell4 ,?is occasion$ a mixture ( s\nds1 "s %riek+1 "s ro>+ al\d4 ,! mo/ g5]al 0 a l\d brea?+1 l t ( p half /rangl$ & gasp+ = life2 &1 inde$1 almo/ all ! cries 7 l ^? ( human creatures dy+ 9 bitt] angui%4444 ,i /ood on a pew seat1 z did a "y man 9 ! opposite pew1 an able-bodi$1 fre%1 heal?y c\ntryman2 b 9 a mom5t1 :ile he seem$ to ?9k ( no?+ less1 d[n he dropt ) a viol5ce inconceivable4 ,! adjo9+ pews seem$ %ook ) 8 fall4 ,i he>d aft]w>ds ! /amp+ ( 8 feet ready to break ! bo>ds z he lay 9 /rong convulsions at ! bottom ( ! pew4444 ,among ! *ildr5 :o felt ! arr[s ( ! ,almighty1 ,i saw a /urdy boy1 ab\t eight ye>s old1 :o ro>$ above 8 fell[s1 & seem$1 9 8 agony1 to /ruggle ) ! /r5g? ( a gr[n man4 ,8 face 0 r$ z sc>let2 & almo/ all on :om ,god laid ,8 h& turn$ ei!r v r$ or almo/ black4#aef ,9 o!r in/ances connect$ ) ! same movem5t1 a girl is describ$ z ly+ on ! floor z "o dead4 ,"o woman tore up ! gr\nd ) h] h&s1 fill+ !m ) du/ & ) ! h>d-trodd5 grass2 ano!r ro>$ & scream$ 9 dreadful agony4 ,a *ild1 sev5 ye>s old1 saw visions1 & a/oni%$ ! neighb\rs ) h] awful mann] ( relat+ !m4 ,john ,wesley p]sonally int]view$ a numb] ( ! p seiz$ 9 ?is mann]1 & 0 q conv9c$ ( ! sup]natural nature ( ! attacks4 ,he said t he _h g5]ally obs]v$ m or less ( ^! outw>d symptoms to att5d ! beg9n+ ( a g5]al "w ( ,god1 al?\gh he admitt$ t 9 "s cases ,satan mimick$ ,god's "w 9 ord] to discr$it ! :ole "w4 ,b :e!r ( ,god or ,satan !re 0 no "q ( _! sup]natural "*4 ,moreov]1 :atev] may be "o's op9ion ( ^! outbreaks1 !re is "o fact t /&s out cle> & indisputable4 ,?is is t ! ,me?odi/ revival ow$ a great deal ( its vitality--z is also ! case ) o!r religi\s movem5ts--to ph5om5a ( a di/9ctly pa?ologic nature4 ,subtract f ^! movem5ts all ph5om5a ( ! class indicat$1 & su* phrases z '! revival fire' become mean+less4 ,"r ?r\gh hi/ory religi\s conviction has be5 ga9$ 9 innum]able cases by ! op]ation ( factors t a m accurate k f9ds c be expla9$ )\t any ref]5ce :atev] to sup]natural =ces4 ,le/ ! above examples be dismiss$ z belong+ to an old ord] ( ?+s1 ,i subjo9 ! foll[+ acc\nt--f a mission>y--( a rec5t revival sc5e 9 ,india3-- ,!re 7 p 444 on ! floor fairly wri?+ ov] ! realisation ( s9 z x came ov] !m4444 ,saturday we 7 fav\r$ ) a wond]ful manife/ation ( ! ,_s4 ,"o ( ! old] girls :o _h _h a rem>kable exp]i5ce1 w5t into a trance1 ) h] head ?r[n back1 h] arms fold$1 & motionless1 except = a slight movem5t ( h] foot4 ,%e seem$ to be see+ some?+ wond]ful1 = %e w\ld m>vel at x1 & !n laugh excit$ly4444 ,"o girl ru%$ to ! back ( ! ve/ibule &1 ly+ across a b5*1 ) h] head & h&s aga9/ ! wall1 %e fairly wri!d 9 agony = two h\rs be=e peace came to h]4#aeg ,i d n "k on :at gr\nds we are ju/ifi$ 9 call+ civilis$ p :o *ronicle ^! outbreaks z a wond]ful manife/ation ( ! ,_s4 ,civilis$ 9 o!r respects1 9 relation to o!r matt]s1 !y may be4 ,civilis$ 9 relation to ?is p>ticul> matt] !y c]ta9ly are n4 ,_! viewpo9t is precisely t ( ! l[e/ tribe ( savages4 ,savages1 inde$1 c\ld n d m2 our 'civilis$' mission>ies d no less4 ,tylor well says t su* descriptions c>ry u f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 %[+ mod]n m5 /ill 9 ignorant s9c]ity produc+ ! v fits & swoons to :i* = untold ages savage tribes h giv5 religi\s import4 ,^! manife/ations 9 mod]n ,europe inde$ =m "p ( a revival ( religion1 ! religion ( m5tal disease4#aeh ,! tru? is t ! appeals usually made to induce conv]sion1 & ! me?ods adopt$1 t5d to develop a morbid /ate ( m9d1 :i* v easily passes into ! pa?ological4 ,a too insi/5t habit ( introspection is always dang]\s1 & ! dang] is height5$ :5 x takes ! =m ( religi\s brood+4 ,9 ,dr4 ,/>buck's collection ( cases1 sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! males & sixty p] c5t4 ( ! females confess$ to feel+s ( depression1 anxiety1 & sadness be=e conv]sion4 ,?is may be attribut$ p>tly to ! h>p+ ^u a conviction ( s9fulness1 :i* 9 itself is :olly ( an unheal?y "*4 ,x does n indicate moral heal?1 & x is v f> f indicat+ physiological heal?4 ,! foll[+ confessions are p]t95t1 & w illu/rate bo? po9ts4 ,i give 9 brackets ! ages ( ! subjects :]e /at$3-- ,i felt ! wra? ( ,god re/+ on me4 ,i call$ on ,him = aid1 & felt my s9s =giv5 7#ac74 ,i c\ldn't eat1 & w\ld lie awake all night4 ,(t51 v (t51 ,i cri$ myself to sleep 7#ai74 ,hymns w\ld s\nd 9 my e>s z if sung 7#aj74 ,i _h visions ( ,*ri/ say+ to me1 ,come to ,me1 ,my *ild 7#ae74 ,j be=e conv]sion ,i 0 walk+ along a pa?way1 ?9k+ ( religi\s matt]s1 :5 sudd5ly ! ^w ,h-e-l-l 0 spell$ out five y>ds ahead ( me 7#ag74 ,i felt a t\* ( ! ,div9e ,"o1 & a voice said ',?y s9s are =giv5 !e2 arise & g 9 peace' 7#ab74 ,! ?\ghts ( my condition 7 t]rible 7#ac74 ,= ?ree mon?s x seem$ z if ,god's ,_s _h )drawn f me4 ,fe> took hold ( me4 ,= a week ,i 0 on ! bord] ( despair 7#af74 ,a s5se ( s9fulness & e/rangem5t f ,god grew daily 7#ae74 ,ev]y?+ w5t wrong ) me2 x felt l ,sunday all ! "t 7#ab74 ,i felt t some?+ t]rible 0 go+ to happ5 7#ad74 ,i fell on my face by a b5* & tri$ to pray4 ,e "t ,i w\ld call on ,god some?+ l a man's h& w\ld /rangle me by *ok+4 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld surely die if ,i c\ld n get help4 ,i made "o f9al ef=t to call on ,god = m]cy if ,i did /rangle & die1 & ! la/ ,i rememb] at t "t 0 fall+ back on ! gr\nd ) t unse5 h& on my ?roat4 ,:5 ,i came to myself !re 0 a cr[d ar\nd prais+ ,god4 ,a cr[d ar\nd prais+ ,god6 ,= all sub/antial purposes ?is la/ might be ! description ( a /ate ( affairs 9 ,c5tral ,africa in/ead ( an occurr5ce 9 a c\ntry t claims to be civilis$4 ,x is n surpris+ t s great an au?ority z ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on gives an emphatic w>n+ aga9/ revival s]vices & unusual religi\s meet+s1 :i* %\ld on no acc\nt be att5d$ by p]sons ) weak heads1 excitable dispositions1 & neurotic con/itutions4#aei ,un=tunately x is precisely ^! classes = :om !y possess ! greate/ attractions1 & f :om ! l>g] numb] ( *ronicl$ cases are drawn4 ,! excitem5t ( ! revival meet+ is z fatal an attraction to !m z ! dram is to ! confirm$ alcoholi/2 & if ! ill-consequ5ces are nei!r s imm$iately disc]nible nor z repulsive 9 "*1 !y are none ! less pres5t 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,! emotional /ra9 to :i* ! organism is subject$ occurs1 z ! ages ( ! conv]ts %[1 precisely at ! "t :5 x is lea/ able to be> x safely4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( adolesc5ce is in/ability1 physical1 emotional1 & intellectual4 ,x is a "t ( /ress & /ra91 ( ! =mation ( new feel+s & associations & desires t crave = expression & gratification4 ,! in/ability ( ! organic conditions is evid5c$ by ! l>ge proportion ( n]v\s disord]s t occur dur+ adolesc5ce4 ,adolesc5t insanity is a well-kn[n =m ( mania1 al?\gh x is usually ( brief duration4 ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on1 9 8 ,neuroses ( ,developm5t1 gives a long li/ ( compla9ts att5dant on adolesc5ce1 & ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,g[]s1 deal+ ) #adej cases ( epilepsy1 po9ts out t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! cases ( epilepsy beg9 "u tw5ty ye>s1 & ne>ly half 7#df p] c5t47 betwe5 t5 & tw5ty1 ! maximum be+ at f\rte51 fifte51 & sixte54 ,( hy/]ia1 ! same writ] po9ts out t ( ! total cases #ej p] c5t4 occurs f t5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age1 #bj p] c5t4 f tw5ty to ?irty1 & only #aj p] c5t4 f ?irty to =ty4#afj ,! peculi> dang]1 !n1 ( ! mod]n appeal = conv]sion is t x is c\*$ 9 a =m likely to d ! m9imum ( good & ! maximum ( h>m4 ,:]e religion exi/s z a normally op]ative factor ( ! environm5t--z 9 l[] /ages ( culture--! dang] is avoid$1 because no special ma*9]y is requir$ to br+ ab\t religi\s conviction4 ,! g5]al social life secures ?is4 ,b at a lat] /age1 :5 ! religi\s & secul> aspects ( life become sep>at$1 ) a gr[+ prepond]ance ( ! latt]1 religion mu/ be1 z x 71 specially & =cibly introduc$4 ,:e!r = good or ill1 x is a di/urb+ =ce4 ,x /rives to div]t ! develop+ organic en]gies into a new *annel4 ,to effect ?is1 x plays ^u ! emotions to an altoge!r dang]\s ext5t1 9 complete ignorance ( ! nature ( ! passions excit$4 ,9 ! old] =m ( ! religi\s appeal1 t 9 :i* fe> 0 ! *ief emotion ar\s$1 x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ! consequ5ces 7 :olly bad4 ,b "u any =m ! emotional appeal is fraught ) dang]1 s9ce ! t5d5cy is = x to br+ out unsuspect$ weaknesses 9 o!r directions4 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,g[]s wisely po9ts out t m5tal emotion--fright1 excitem5t1 anxiety--is ! mo/ pot5t cause ( epilepsy1 :i* is acc\nt$ = by be>+ 9 m9d ! pr(\ndly di/urb+ effect ( al>m on ! n]v\s sy/em1 d]ang+ z x does almo/ e function ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,p]sons ) pr$ispositions to n]v\s disord]s may pass ) safety ?r\gh ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce s long z _! circum/ances provide opportunities = heal?y occupation ) no undue emotional /ra94 ,b let ! =m] be lack+1 & ! latt] dang] is always pres5t4 ,! hidd5 weakness develops1 & injury m or less p]man5t foll[s4 ,!re is h>dly a qualifi$ m$ical au?ority 9 ! c\ntry :o w\ld d5y ! tru? ( :at has be5 said1 al?\gh _m d n c>e to speak out 9 relation to religi\s matt]s4 ,b all w\ld d\btless agree ) ,dr4 ,m]ci] t e revival is att5d$ by its crop ( cases ( insanity1 :i* are ! m num]\s z ! revival is m f]v5t & long cont9u$4#afa ,some?+ mu/ be said on ! moral "* ( conv]sions 9 g5]al4 ,?is is1 naturally1 greatly exagg]at$1 (t5 delib]ately s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 confessions ( 's9fulness' 9 a pre-conv]sion /ate1 :5 made by y\?s ( bo? sexes1 may be dismiss$ z q wor?less4 ,!y are m]ely us+ ! language plac$ 9 _! m\?s by pr(essional evangeli/s1 & ! simil>ity ( ! confessions c>ry _! own condemnation4 ,lead+ a s9ful1 or ev5 a vici\s life1 usually means no m ?an visit+ a !atre1 or a music hall1 or play+ c>ds1 or non-att5dance at *ur*1 or n tr\bl+ ab\t religi\s doctr9es4 ,v (t5 ! vague feel+ ( re/lessness incid5t to adolesc5ce is int]pret$ z due to s9 or e/rangem5t f ,god1 & aft] conv]sion ! conv]t is1 = purposes ( self-glorification1 giv5 to magnify ! b5efits & com=ts d]iv$ f 8 religi\s convictions4 ,! magnitude ( ! *ange increases ! value ( ! conv]t1 & ) well-kn[n *>act]s !re has be5 z great an exagg]ation ( vices be=e conv]sion z ( virtues subsequ5tly4 ,! way 9 :i* evangelical ,*ri/ianity has creat$ a life ( ! wilde/ dissipation = ! e>li] ye>s ( ,john ,bunyan is an in/ructive in/ance ( ?is proc$ure4 ,s f> z old] conv]ts are conc]n$1 ev]yone ( balanc$ judgm5t w reg>d /ories ( conv]sion f extreme vice to extreme virtue ) ! greate/ suspicion4 ,"* does n *ange sudd5ly1 al?\gh !re may be cases ( 'sports' 9 ! moral _w z else:]e4 ,:]e "s modification ( conduct1 b h>dly ( "*1 results1 ! ma*9]y is v obvi\s1 & does n 9 ! lea/ necessitate an appeal to ! intrusion ( a sup]natural influ5ce = an explanation4 ,! religi\s ga!r+ op5s--z any non-religi\s meet+ may op5--a new circle ( associates ) diff]5t ideals & /&>ds ( value4 ,s long z ! newcom] is desir\s ( reta9+ ! respect ( 8 fre% associates1 s long he w try to act z !y act & ?9k z !y ?9k4 ,!re w be a *ange ( conduct1 b n1 z ,i h said1 ( "*4 ,^? :o look closely w f9d ! same "* /ill active4 ,! mean "* rema9s mean1 ! untru?ful "o rema9s untru?ful4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ^! qualities w be express$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,moreov]1 ! same ?+ may be se5 occurr+ q ap>t f religion4 ,e association ( m5 & wom5 ex]ts precisely ! same influ5ce4 ,9 ! army1 a regim5t t has a reputation = /ead9ess & sobriety develops ^! qualities 9 all :o ent] x4 ,regim5ts ) a reputation = opposite qualities d n fail to conv]t newcom]s4 ,a work%op1 a club1 a pr(ession1 ex]ts a precisely simil> influ5ce4 ,"o man f9ds inspiration 9 ! ,bible & ano!r 9 ! ,newgate ,cal5d>4 ,a man w usually be guid$ by ! ideals ( 8 associates1 :e!r ^! ideals be ^? ( a ?ieves' kit*5 or ( a philan?ropic in/itution4 ,?is only means t ea* individual is subject to ! influ5ce ( ! gr\p _s4 ,= good & evil ?is is "o ( ! deepe/ & mo/ pregnant facts ( human nature4 ,! utilisation & di/ortion ( ?is fact 9 ! int]e/s ( religi\s organisations has s]v$ to prev5t its g5]al recognition & ! wise use ( x by ! community at l>ge4 ,f9ally1 x has to be borne 9 m9d1 9 view ( ! data giv5 above1 t conv]sion is exp]i5c$ by ! individual at t p]iod ( life :5 ! m social side ( human nature is beg9n+ to f9d expression4 ,9 ?is way ! natural gr[? f ! small _w ( *ildhood to ! l>g] _w ( adult humanity is tak5 advantage ( by religion1 & ! process ( inevitable gr[? is attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( religi\s belief4 ,9 itself ! ph5om5on is 9 no degree religi\s1 b :olly social4 ,! process is well en\gh describ$ by ,/>buck 9 ! foll[+ passage--al?\gh !re are c]ta9 q unnecess>y !ological implications3-- ,conv]sion is ! surr5d] ( ! p]sonal w to be guid$ by ! l>g] =ces ( :i* x is a "p4 ,^! two aspects are (t5 m+l$4 ,9 bo? !re is mu* 9 common4 ,!re is a sudd5 revelation & recognition ( a high] ord] ?an t ( ! p]sonal w4 ,! sympa?ies foll[ ! direction ( ! new insight1 & ! conv]t transf]s ! c5tre ( life & activity f ! "p to ! :ole4 ,) new insight comes new beauty4 ,beauty & wor? awak5 love--love = p>5ts1 k9dr$1 k9d1 society1 cosmic ord]1 tru?1 & spiritual life4 ,! individual le>ns to transf] himself f a c5tre ( self-activity into an organ ( revelation ( univ]sal be+1 & to live a life ( affection = & on5ess ) ! l>g] life outside4 ,z a necess>y condition ( ! spiritual awak5+ is ! bir? ( fre% activity & ( a l>g] self-consci\sness1 :i* (t5 ass]t !mselves z ! dom9ant elem5t 9 consci\sness4#afb ,adolesc5ce is ! gold5 p]iod ( life1 because x is ! age 9 :i* ! =mative influ5ces effect _! /ronge/ & mo/ p]man5t impressions4 ,b ?is susceptibility1 :ile pregnant ) promise1 is because ( ?is susceptibility likewise fraught ) ! possibilities ( dang]4 ,! develop+ qualities ( m9d ne$ to be wisely & c>efully guid$2 & x is little %ort ( crim9al t at ?is critical juncture s _m "y p %\ld be h&$ ov] to ! ignorant m9i/rations ( pr(essional evangelism4 ,! true sociological significance ( ! developm5t is ignor$1 & x is small wond] t1 hav+ wa/$ ?is impressionable p]iod1 s _m p %\ld g ?r\gh life ) a q rudim5t>y s5se ( social responsibility & duty4 ,an ,am]ican au?or1 speak+ ( ! connection betwe5 c]ta9 brutal manife/ations 9 social life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & religi\s tea*+1 says3-- ,x is well kn[n t lyn*+ 9 ! ,s\? is c>ri$ on l>gely by ! ignorant & bas] elem5ts ( ! :ite population4 ,x is also well kn[n t ! *ief me?od ( religi\s influ5ce & tra9+ ( ! black man & ! ignorant :ite man is impulsive & emotional revivalism4 ,x is a highly dang]\s situation1 & des]ves ! e>ne/ consid]ation ( ! ecclesia/ical /atesm5 ( all d5om9ations :i* "w 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x w be impossible to protect t "p ( ! nation1 or any o!r1 f ! epidemic madness ( ! lyn*+ mob if ! se$s ( x are s[n 9 ! sacr$ soil ( religion4444 ,_! prea*]s are great 's\l-sav]s1' b !y lack ! practical s5se to build up _! emotionalis$ conv]ts into any?+ t approa*es a high] life4#afc ,! tru? ( ?is passage has a v wide implication4 ,x is n alone true t s long z ! l[] k9d ( revivalism is enc\rag$1 we are unconsci\sly p]petuat+ c]ta9 v ugly manife/ations ( social life2 x is also true t :ile we give a sup]naturali/ic int]pretation ( ph5om5a t are :olly physiological & sociological 9 "*1 we c nev] make ! mo/ ( ! human mat]ial we possess4 ,on ! "o side we h a deplorable enc\ragem5t ( unheal?y emotionalism1 & on ! o!r a %e] misdirection & misuse ( human faculty4 ,! increase ( self-consci\sness1 ! crav+ = sympa?y & communion ) "o's fell[s1 ! impulse to s]vice 9 ! common life ( ! ,/ate1 h no g5u9e connection ) religion1 al?\gh all ^! qualities are classifi$ z religi\s1 & are utilis$ by religi\s organisations4 ,actually & fundam5tally !y belong to ! social side ( human nature4 ,z our h&s are develop$ = grasp+1 & ! v>i\s organs ( ! body = _! respective functions1 s m5tal & emotional qualities are develop$ 9 _! due c\rse = a rational social life4 ,biologically & psy*ologically1 male & female are at adolesc5ce ent]+ into a deep] & m endur+ relation%ip ) ! life ( ! race4 ,!re is no o!r mean+ to ! process4 ,naturally en\gh1 ! va/ majority ( p express _! develop+ nature 9 accordance ) ! fa%ion ( _! environm5t4 ,if ?is environm5tal influ5ce 7 rationally non-religi\s1 ! language w\ld be t ( a non-religi\s philosophy4 ,z1 h[ev]1 sup]naturalism1 9 "s =m or o!r1 is /ill a pot5t =ce we h a contr>y result4 ,x is only "h & !re t "o is f\nd ) ! incl9ation or ! wit to analyse 8 or h] impulses1 & few possess en\gh k to make ! analysis pr(itable4 ,!re is no wond] t conc]n+ _m ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( human life we are /ill little above ! level ( ! feti% wor%ipp]4 ,we may h a m elaborate phraseology1 b ! old ideas are /ill op]ative4 ,! consequ5ce is t ea* newcom] f9ds c]ta9 ideas & =ms ( spee* ready = 8 acceptance1 & is h&$ ov]1 b\nd h& & foot1 to influ5ces t are ! lea/ capable ( sane direction4 ,we d n m]ely sacrifice our fir/-born2 we immolate ! :ole ( our prog5y4 ,! ignorant pa/ plays into ! h&s ( ! design+ pres5t2 ! pres5t conspires ) ! pa/ to rob ! future ( ! good t might result f ! gr[? ( a wis] & a bett] race4 ,7 society really enlight5$ & g5u9ely civilis$1 ! tru? ( :at has be5 said w\ld be recognis$ z soon z /at$4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be unnecess>y to lab\r :at w\ld !n be a g5]ally recognis$ tru?4 ,b ! mass ( ! p are n g5u9ely enlight5$1 our civilisation is l>gely a v5e]1 & num]\s ag5cies prev5t our reap+ ! full b5efit ( our available k4 ,?us x happ5s t 9 place ( an explanation ( human qualities 9 t]ms ( biologic & social evolution1 we f9d curr5t an explanation t is bas$ ^u pre-sci5tific ideas4 ,because our less in/ruct$ ance/ors acc\nt$ = v>i\s manife/ations ( human qualities z due to a sup]natural influ5ce1 we cont9ue to p]petuate ! delusion4 ,we tea* y\? to express itself 9 t]ms ( sup]naturalism1 & !n treat ! language & ! fact z insep>able4 ,9 ?is respect1 sociology is pass+ ?r\gh a phase f :i* "s ( ! sci5ces h f9ally em]g$4 ,9 physics & a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 ! fact has be5 sep>at$ f ! sup]natural explanation1 & %[n to be indep5d5t ( x4 ,an exploitation ( social life 9 ! int]e/s ( sup]naturalism is /ill 9 active op]ation4 ,x is ?is t is really ! c5tral tru? ( ! situation4 ,& 9 ignor+ ?is tru? we expose a gr[+ g5]ation to ! wor/ possible ( educative influ5ces1 at a "t :5 a wis] control w\ld be prep>+ x = an intellig5t p>ticipation 9 ! s]i\s & endur+ "w ( social organisation4 ,,footnotes3 #adb ,dr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,cutt51 ,! ,psy*ological ,ph5om5a ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #g-h4 #adc ,! mo/ elaborate /udy ( ?is "* kn[n to ! pres5t writ] is ,mr4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall's ,adolesc5ce1 9 two volumes4 ,! bulk ( ! "w is1 h[ev]1 t]rify+ to "s1 & ! co/ prohibitive to _m4 ,= ! g5]al read] ( limit$ leisure & means1 ,pr(essor ,/>buck's small] volume1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 pres5ts ! sali5t facts 9 a brief & satisfactory mann]4 ,x is lack+1 h[ev]1 on ! an?ropological side1 a view t is well pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall4 #add ,see ,adolesc5ce1 i4 p4 #ebh4 #ade ,vol4 iii4 p4 #bgi4 #adf ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 *ap4 iii4 ,hall's figures are giv5 9 ! second volume ( 8 "w1 pp4 #bhh-ib4 #adg ,v>ieties1 p4 #aii4 #adh ,an elaborate li/ ( ^! c]emonies 9 bo? ! savage & civilis$ worlds has be5 compil$ by ,mr4 ,hall1 ii4 *ap4 xiii4 #adi ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 i4 p4 #cf2 see also ii4 p4 #cdg4 #aej ,w4 ,i4 ,?omas1 ,sex & ,society1 pp4 #aae-f4 #aea ,= a good summ>y1 see ,donaldson's ,gr[? ( ! ,bra91 pp4 #bda-dh4 #aeb ,see on ?is subject ! two f9e works by ,k>l ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 ,! ,play ( ,man4 #aec ,w4 ,temple1 ,repton ,s*ool ,s]mons4 #aed ,sanity & ,insanity1 p4 #bha4 #aee ,adolesc5ce1 ii4 pp4 #bhf-g4 #aef ,s\!y's ,life ( ,wesley1 *ap4 xxiv4 #aeg ,f ,! ,exam9] ( ,septemb] #f1 #aijf1 cit$ by ,cutt51 p4 #ahe4 #aeh ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 p4 #dbb4 #aei ,cl9ical ,lectures1 p4 #ci4 #afj ,manual ( ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #ahic1 pp4 #gcb & #ghe4 #afa ,sanity & ,insanity1 p4 #bhb4 #afb ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 pp4 #adf-g4 #afc ,primitive ,traits 9 ,religi\s ,revivals4 ,,*apt] ,,eight ,,religi\s ,,epidemics ,"u pressure ( sci5tific analysis ! old di/9ction betwe5 ! individual & society bids fair to break d[n1 or to ma9ta9 itself z no m ?an a conv5i5ce ( classification4 ,x is n[ be+ recognis$ t a society is some?+ m ?an a m]e aggregate ( self-conta9$ units1 & t ! individual is q inexplicable ap>t f ! social gr\p4 ,x is ! latt] :i* gives ! =m] 8 individuality4 ,8 e>lie/ impressions are d]iv$ f ! life ( ! gr\p1 & z he gr[s s he comes m & m "u ! influ5ce ( social =ces4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! key to a v l>ge "p ( ! ph5om5a ( human nature is to be f\nd 9 a /udy ( gr\p life4 ,we may ab/ract ! individual = purposes ( exam9ation1 mu* z a physiologi/ may /udy ! he>t or ! liv] ap>t f ! body f :i* x has be5 tak54 ,b ultimately x is 9 relation to ! :ole t ! true significance & value ( ! "p is to be disc]n$4 ,9 ?is corporate life imitation & sugge/ion play a p[]ful "p4 ,) *ildr51 by f> ! l>g] "p ( _! education consi/s ( %e] imitation1 nor d adults ev] develop beyond its influ5ce4 ,sugge/ion is a factor t is m op]ative 9 y\? & maturity ?an 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & is exhibit$ 9 a ?\s& & "o subtle & unexpect$ ways4 ,bo? ^! =ces are ess5tial to an ord]ly1 & to a progressive1 social life2 b !y may j z easily become ! cause ( movem5ts t are retrogressive1 & ev5 anti-social 9 "*4 ,an epidemic ( suicide or ( murd] is z easily initiat$ z an epidemic ( philan?ropy4 ,let a p]son commit suicide 9 a /rik+ & unusual mann]1 & !re w soon be o!rs foll[+ 8 example4 ,giv5 a fav\rable environm5t1 !re is no idea1 h[ev] unreal1 t w n f9d advocates2 no example1 h[ev] /range or disgu/+1 t w n f9d imitators4 ,! m uni=m ! society1 ! m p[]ful ! sugge/ion1 ! easi] ! imitation4 ,t is :y a cr[d1 act+ z a cr[d1 is ne>ly always made up ( p drawn f ! same social /ratum1 ea* unit already famili> ) c]ta9 ideals & belief4 ,"u su* conditions a cr[d w assume all ! *>act]i/ics ( a psy*ological entity4 ,z ,gu/ave ,le ,bon has po9t$ out1 a cr[d w d collectively :at none ( its con/itu5t units w\ld ev] dream ( do+ s+ly4#afd ,x becomes capable ( de$s ( h]oism or ( savage cruelty4 ,x w sacrifice itself or o!rs ) indiff]5ce4 ,above all1 ! m]e fact ( mov+ 9 a mass gives ! individual a s5se ( p[]1 a c]ta9ty ( be+ 9 ! "r t he c--save "u exceptional circum/ances--nev] acquire :ile alone4 ,! intellect is subdu$1 inhibition is inop]ative1 ! in/9cts are giv5 free play1 & _! movem5t is det]m9$ 9 turn by sugge/ions n unlike ^? ) :i* a tra9$ hypnoti/ influ5ces 8 subject4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( contagion words & symbols play a p[]ful "p4 ,!y are bo? a rally+-po9t & an outlet = ! emotions ( a cr[d4 ,^! words or symbols may be :olly incongru\s ) ! real ne$s ( a p1 b provid$ !y are suffici5tly famili> !y w s]ve _! purpose4 ,& ! m primitive ! type ( m9d repres5t$ by ! mass ( ! p ! m p[]fully ^! symbols op]ate4 ,%akespe>e's portrayal ( ! cr[d 9 ,julius ,cs> rema9s et]nally true4 ,! skill$ orator1 play+ on old feel+s1 us+ famili> t]ms1 & invok+ famili> ideas1 f9ds a cr[d q pla/ic to 8 h&s4 ,x is = ^! reasons t !re is s ke5 a /ruggle ) political & social p>ties = a monopoly ( good rally+ cries1 & a read9ess to fix objectionable titles on _! oppon5ts4 ,patriotism1 ,little ,engl&]1 ,j+o1 ,! ,*ur* 9 ,dang]1 ,godless ,education1 etc4 etc4 ,causes are mat]ially help$ or injur$ by ^! means4 ,!re is little or no consid]ation giv5 to _! ju/ice or reasonabl5ess2 x is ! image ar\s$ t does ! "w4 ,psy*ological epidemics may 9 "s cases be ju/ly call$ normal 9 "*4 ,t is1 !y dep5d ^u factors t are always 9 op]ation & :i* =m a "p ( e social /ructure4 ,a w> fev] or a comm]cial panic falls "u ?is head4 ,9 o!r in/ances !y dep5d ^u abnormal conditions1 ^u ! work+s1 p]haps1 ( "s obscure n]v\s disease1 & are ( a pa?ological description4 ,9 yet o!r cases !y repres5t a mixture ( bo?4 ,9 su* cases1 = example1 z t ( ! ,m$ieval ,flagellants or ( ! ,danc+ ,mania1 ! pres5ce ( pa?ological elem5ts is unmi/akable4 ,b nei!r ( ^! epidemics c\ld h occurr$ )\t a c]ta9 social prep>ation1 & unless !y _h call$ into op]ation ^? pr9ciples ( cr[d psy*ology to :i* sci5ce has )9 rec5t ye>s turn$ its att5tion1 & :i* are normal factors 9 e society4 ,^! ?ree classes ( epidemics may be f\nd 9 connection ) subjects o!r ?an religi\s1 b ,i am at pres5t conc]n$ ) !m only 9 t relation1 & to po9t out t1 9 spite ( _! undesirable or admitt$ly pa?ologic "*1 !y h yet s]v$ to keep sup]naturalism alive & active4 ,dur+ ! ,*ri/ian p]iod ( ,european hi/ory by f> ! mo/ important ( all epidemics1 z x 0 inde$ ! e>lie/1 0 mona/icism4 ,?is takes front rank because ( its ext5t1 ! degree to :i* x prep>$ ! gr\nd = subsequ5t outbreaks1 & because ( its indirect1 &1 ,i ?9k1 too little notic$1 social consequ5ces4 ,x may safely be said t no o!r movem5t has s p[]fully affect$ ,european society z has ! mona/icism ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 be urg$ t ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ mona/icism4 ,india & ,egypt _h its ascetic practices & celibate prie/hood long be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & inde$ gave ,*ri/ianity ! patt]n f :i* to "w4 ,b ! ma9 /ream ( social life rema9$ unaffect$ to any consid]able ext5t by ?is asceticism4 ,! social & dome/ic virtues receiv$ full recognition f ! uphold]s ( ! mona/ic life1 & !re is no evid5ce t asceticism ev] assum$ an epidemic =m4 ,x has (t5 be5 ! lot ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to give a m int5se expression to religi\s t5d5cies already exi/+1 & ?is 0 s 9 ! case be=e u4 ,at any rate1 x 0 left = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to give to mona/icism ! "* ( an epidemic1 to treat ! purely social & dome/ic virtues z a positive h9drance to ! religi\s life1 s]i\sly to di/urb national well-be+1 & to come p]il\sly ne> de/roy+ civilisation4 ,! orig9 ( ascetic practices has already be5 indicat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x has !re be5 po9t$ out t ! delib]ate torture ( m9d & body arose f ! belief t ! induc$ /ates br\ght man into direct communion ) sup]natural p[]s1 & t ?is elem5t has cont9u$ 9 almo/ e religion 9 ! _w4 ,says ,b>+-,g\ld3-- ,! ascetic in/9ct is intimately unit$ ) ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,!re is sc>cely a religion ( anci5t & mod]n times1 c]ta9 =ms ( ,prote/antism except$1 t does n recognise asceticism z an elem5t 9 its sy/em4444 ,brahmanism has its ord] ( ascetics4444 ,mohamm$anism has its fakirs1 subdu+ ! fle% by _! au/]ities1 & develop+ ! _s by _! contemplation & pray]s4 ,fa/+ & self-d5ial 7 obs]vances requir$ ( ! ,greeks1 :o desir$ initiation into ! my/]ies4444 ,! sc\rge 0 us$ be=e ! alt>s ( ,artemis & ov] ! tomb ( ,pelops4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s pass$ _! novitiate 9 ! des]ts1 & :5 n engag$ 9 _! religi\s functions 7 suppos$ to sp5d _! "t 9 caves4 ,!y r5\nc$ all comm]ce ) ! _w1 & liv$ 9 contemplation1 temp]ance1 & frugality1 & 9 absolute pov]ty4444 ,! ,p]uvians 7 requir$ to fa/ be=e sacrific+ to ! gods1 & to b9d !mselves by v[s ( *a/ity & ab/95ce f n\ri%+ food4444 ,!re 7 ascetic ord]s = old m5 & nunn]ies = wid[s among ! ,totomacs1 mona/ic ord]s among ,toltecs d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ,quetzalcoatl1 & o!rs among ! ,aztecs consecrat$ to ,tezcatlipoca4#afe ,x 0 argu$ by ,b+ham1 a le>n$ eighte5?-c5tury ecclesia/ical hi/orian1 t al?\gh asceticism 0 kn[n & practis$ 9 individual cases f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 x did n e/abli% itself )9 ! ,*ur* until ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is n a matt] ( great consequ5ce to ! subject "u discussion :e!r ?is be s or n4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ,*ri/ian tea*+ conta9$ )9 itself all ! elem5ts = su* a developm5t1 :i* 0 b\nd1 soon] or lat]1 to transpire4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s1 ! conception ( ! _w z giv5 ov] to ,satan1 ! ascetic tea*+ ( ,paul1 ) ! value plac$ ^u suff]+ & privation z spiritually discipl9>y =ces1 c\ld n b create 9 a society p]meat$ ) a special type ( sup]naturalism1 t asceticism :i* became s m>k$ a feature ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity4 ,& x is c]ta9 also t 9 no o!r in/ance has asceticism prov$ itself s grave a dang] to social ord] & security4 ,all[+ = :at ,lecky calls ! 'gl>+ m5dacity' ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 a description t applies m or less to all ! ecclesia/ical writ+s ( ! e>ly c5turies1 x is evid5t t ! numb] ( monks1 _! f]ocity1 & g5]al practices1 7 en\gh to con/itute a grave social dang]4 ,x is said t ,/4 ,pa*omius _h #gjjj monks "u 8 direct rule2 t 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome #ej1jjj monks ga!r$ toge!r at ! ,ea/] fe/ival2 t "o ,egyptian city mu/]$ #bj1jjj nuns & #aj1jjj monks1 & t ! mona/ic population ( ,egypt at "o "t equall$ 9 numb] ! re/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,at a lat] date1 )9 fifty ye>s ( its in/itution1 ! ,franciscan ,ord] possess$ #hjjj h\ses1 ) #bjj1jjj memb]s4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! ,cluniacs _h #bjjj mona/]ies 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl&1 z late z #aedf1 ,hoop]1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]1 decl>$ t !re 7 no less ?an #aj1jjj nuns 9 ,engl&4 ,e c\ntry 9 ,europe possess$ a l>g] or small] army ( m5 & wom5 ^: ideals 7 9 direct conflict ) ne>ly all t makes = a sane & progressive civilisation4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! monk dur+ ! full sw+ ( ! ascetic epidemic has be5 well sket*$ by ,lecky4 ,8 summ>y "h w save a m ext5d$ exposition3-- ,!re is p]haps no phase 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d ( a deep] & m pa9ful int]e/ ?an ?is ascetic epidemic4 ,a hide\s1 sordid1 & emaciat$ maniac1 )\t k1 )\t patriotism1 )\t natural affection1 pass+ 8 life 9 a long r\t9e ( useless & atroci\s self-torture1 & quail+ be=e ! gha/ly phantoms ( 8 deliri\s bra91 _h become ! ideal ( ! nations :i* _h kn[n ! writ+s ( ,plato & ,cic]o1 & ! lives ( ,socrates & ,cato4 ,= ab\t two c5turies1 ! hide\s mac]ation ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ pro( ( excell5ce4 ,/4 ,j]ome decl>es1 ) a ?rill ( admiration1 h[ he _h se5 a monk1 :o = ?irty ye>s _h liv$ exclusively on a small portion ( b>ley bread & ( m\ldy wat]2 ano!r :o liv$ 9 a hole & nev] ate m ?an five figs = 8 daily repa/2 a ?ird :o cut 8 hair only on ,ea/] ,sunday1 :o nev] wa%$ 8 clo!s1 :o nev] *ang$ 8 tunic till x fell to pieces1 :o />v$ himself till 8 eyes grew dim1 & 8 sk9 l a pumice /one4444 ,= six mon?s1 x is said1 ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,alex&ria slept 9 a m>%1 & expos$ 8 nak$ body to ! /+s ( v5om\s flies4444 ,8 disciple1 ,/4 ,eusebius1 c>ri$ "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( iron1 & liv$ = ?ree ye>s 9 a dri$-up well4444 ,/4 ,bes>ion sp5t =ty days & nights 9 ! middle ( ?orn bu%es1 & = =ty days & nights nev] lay d[n :5 he slept4444 ,"s sa9ts1 l ,/4 ,m>cian1 re/rict$ !mselves to "o meal a day1 s small t !y cont9ually suff]$ ! pangs ( hung]4444 ,"s ( ! h]mits liv$ 9 des]t$ d5s ( wild bea/s1 o!rs 9 dri$-up wells1 :ile o!rs f\nd a cong5ial re/+-place among ! tombs4 ,"s disda9$ all clo!s1 & crawl$ abroad l ! wild bea/s1 cov]$ only by _! matt$ hair4 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z a pollution ( ! s\l1 & ! sa9ts :o 7 mo/ admir$ _h become "o hide\s mass ( clott$ fil?4 ,/4 ,a?anasius relates ) en?usiasm h[ ,/4 ,antony1 ! patri>* ( mona*ism1 _h nev]1 to extreme old age1 be5 guilty ( wa%+ 8 feet4444 ,/4 ,abraham1 ! h]mit1 h[ev]1 :o liv$ = fifty ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 rigidly refus$ f t date to wa% ei!r 8 face or 8 feet4444 ,/4 ,ammon _h nev] se5 himself nak$4 ,a fam\s virg91 nam$ ,sylvia1 ?\gh %e 0 sixty ye>s old1 & ?\gh bodily sickness 0 a consequ5ce ( h] habits1 resolutely refus$1 on religi\s pr9ciples1 to wa% any "p ( h] body except h] f+]s4 ,/4 ,euphraxia jo9$ a conv5t ( "o hundr$ & ?irty nuns1 :o nev] wa%$ _! feet1 & :o %udd]$ at ! m5tion ( a ba?4#aff ,x is difficult to realise :at x is exactly t "s writ]s h 9 _! m9ds :5 !y praise ! purity ( ! ascetic ideal1 & lam5t its degradation z ?\gh society lo/ some?+ ( great value !reby4 ,! examples cit$ realis$ t ideal z well z x c\ld be realis$1 & its anti-social "* is unmi/akable4 ,if x is int5d$ to imply t an elem5t ( self-d5ial or self-discipl9e is ess5tial to heal?y developm5t1 t is admitt$1 b ?is is n ! ascetic ideal2 x is t ( temp]ance z taught by ! be/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,:at ! ascetic aim$ at 0 n self-developm5t1 b self-suppression4 ,! discipl9e ( ! monk 0 only ano!r "n = ! cultivation ( a frame ( m9d unheal?y & anti-social4 ,ev5tually1 ! rapidity ) :i* ?is mania spread1 ! fact t = sev]al c5turies x rag$ z a v]itable epidemic1 c>ri$ ) x ! g]ms ( a corrective4 ,! m num]\s monks & nuns became1 ! m c]ta9 x became t _m ( !m w\ld develop passions & prop5sities !y pr(ess$ to despise4 ,! love ( ease & weal?1 ! lu/ ( p[] & pride ( place1 0 sure to f9d expression1 & if by ! degradation ( ! ascetic ideal is meant ! fact t ! prea*]s ( pov]ty1 & humility1 & meekness1 became ! weal?ie/1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ corrupt1 & ! mo/ tyrannical ord] 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ! reason is t n ev5 mona/icism c\ld prev5t ord9>y human passions f f9d+ expression4 ,!y might be suppress$ 9 ! case ( a few2 x became impossible ) a multitude4 ,t !y f\nd expression 9 s disa/r\s a =m 0 due to ! fact t ! discipl9>y ag5t ( ^! passions1 a develop$ social consci\sness1 play$ s small a "p 9 ! life ( ! monk4 ,x is no "p ( my pres5t purpose to trace ! full consequ5ces ( ! ascetic epidemic4 ,"s ( ^! consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 h a m or less direct be>+ ^u ?is enquiry1 & x is necess>y to say some?+ ^u !m4 ,"o endur+ & inevitable consequ5ce ( mona/icism has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 adequately not$ by _m writ]s4 ,?is is its influ5ce on ! ideal ( m>riage1 on ! family1 & on ! dome/ic virtues4 ,9 ,india & ,egypt celibacy _h be5 closely associat$ ) ! religi\s life1 b ! ascetic 0 reg>d$ z a man peculi>ly ap>t f 8 fell[s1 & ! family cont9u$ to be held 9 great hon\r1 ev5 by religi\s writ]s4 ,*ri/ianity provid$ = ! fir/ "t a body ( writ]s :o made a direct attack ^u m>riage z ob/ruct+ ! supreme duty ( spiritual developm5t4 ,! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,donaldson1 9 8 g5]ally excell5t book on ,woman1 pr(esses to f9d "s difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! gr[? among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ! feel+ 9 fav\r ( celibacy4 ,he rem>ks t no "o ) ! ,new ,te/am5t z 8 guide c\ld v5ture to ass]t t m>riage 0 wrong4 ,n wrong1 c]ta9ly2 b anyone ) ! ,new ,te/am5t be=e him w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ m>riage to be inf]ior to celibacy4 ,x is at mo/ tak5 = grant$2 x is nei!r comm5d$ nor recomm5d$1 & ( its social value !re is nev] a glimpse4 ,& !re is mu* on ! o!r side4 ,paul's tea*+ is /rongly 9 fav\r ( celibacy1 & m>riage is only advis$ to avoid a great] evil4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,revelation !re is a ref]5ce to ! #add1jjj sa9ts :o wait on ! ,lamb1 & :o 7 n defil$ ) wom51 b 7 virg9s4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,new ,te/am5t does n condemn m>riage1 b x is idle to pret5d t ^? :o prea*$ ! celibate ideal fail$ to f9d !re9 a w>ranty = _! tea*+4 ,! hi/oric fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lead]s 71 9 ! ma91 ard5t advocates ( celibacy4 ,! social importance ( m>riage be+ ignor$1 its functions became ^? ( m9i/]+ to sexual passion & ! p]petuation ( ! race4 ,9 view ( ! suppos$ approa*+ end ( ! _w1 ! desirability ( ?is la/ 0 que/ion$1 & 9 ! "n ( purity ! =m] 0 /rongly d5\nc$4 ,x is f ^! po9ts ( view t ,t]tullian describes *ildr5 z burd5s :i* are to mo/ ( u p]il\s z be+ unsuitable to fai?1 & wives z wom5 ( ! second degree ( mode/y :o _h fall5 into w$lock4 ,j]ome said t m>riage 0 at be/ a s91 & all t c\ld be done 0 to excuse & purify x4 ,epiphanius said t ! ,*ur* 0 bas$ ^u virg9ity z ^u a corn]-/one4 ,augu/9e 0 ( op9ion t celibates w\ld %9e 9 heav5 l dazzl+ />s4 ,m>ri$ p 7 decl>$1 by ano!r au?ority1 to be incapable ( salvation4 ,! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ influ5tial ( writ]s concurr$ t ! sexual relation 0 an almo/ fatal ob/acle to religi\s salvation4 ,h>dly any movem5t ev] /ruck s h>d aga9/ social well-be+ z did ?is tea*+ ( celibacy4 ,wives 7 enc\rag$ to des]t _! husb&s1 husb&s to =sake _! wives1 *ildr5 _! p>5ts4 ,p>5ts1 9 turn1 7 exhort$ to devote _! *ildr5 to ! mona/ic life2 & al?\gh at fir/ *ildr5 :o _h be5 s condemn$ 7 all[$ to return to ! _w1 %\ld !y desire x1 on rea*+ maturity1 ?is lib]ty 0 tak5 f !m by ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 9 #fcc4afg ,"s few ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s prote/$ aga9/ *ildr5 be+ taught to =sake _! p>5ts 9 ?is mann]1 b ! g5]al _s ( ! "t 0 9 its fav\r4 ,*ildr5 7 nurs$ & tra9$ to expect at e in/ant m ?an human int]f]5ces2 _! "y en]gies _h ev] be=e !m examples ( asceticism1 to :i* x 0 ! glory1 ! true felicity ( life1 to aspire4 ,! ?\ghtful *ild _h all 8 m9d ?us preoccupi$ 444 :]ev] !re 0 g5tl5ess1 mode/y1 ! timidity ( "y passion1 repugnance to vice1 an imag9ative temp]am5t1 a consci\sness ( unfitness to wre/le ) ! r\gh realities ( life1 ! way lay invit+ly op54444 ,x lay ?r\gh p]ils1 b 0 made attractive by p]petual wond]s4 ,x 0 awful1 b 9 its awfulness lay its p[] ov] ! "y m9d4 ,x le>n$ to trample d[n t la/ bond :i* unit$ ! *ild to common humanity1 filial rev]5ce2 ! fond & my/]i\s atta*m5t ( ! *ild & ! "m1 ! inborn rev]5ce ( ! son to ! fa!r4 ,x is ! highe/ praise ( ,/4 ,fulg5tius t he ov]came 8 "m's t5d]ness by religi\s cruelty4#afh ,! full w>ranty = ,dean ,milman's /ricture is se5 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,/4 ,j]ome3-- ,?\gh y\r little nephew tw9e 8 arms ar\nd y\r neck2 ?\gh y\r "m1 ) di%evell$ hair1 & te>+ h] robe asund]1 po9t to ! brea/ ) :i* %e suckl$ y2 ?\gh y\r fa!r fall d[n on ! ?re%old be=e y1 pass on ov] y\r fa!r's body4 ,fly ) te>less eyes to ! bann] ( ! cross4 ,9 ?is matt] cruelty is ! only piety4444 ,y\r wid[$ si/] may ?r[ h] g5tle arms ar\nd y4444 ,y\r fa!r may implore y to wait b a %ort "t to bury ^? ne> to y1 :o w soon be no m2 y\r weep+ "m may recall y\r *ildi% days1 & may po9t to h] %runk5 brea/ & to h] wr9kl$ br[4 ,^? ar\nd y may tell y t all ! h\sehold re/s ^u y4 ,su* *a9s z ^! ! love ( ,god & ! fe> ( hell c easily break4 ,y say t ,scripture ord]s y to obey y\r p>5ts1 b he :o loves !m m ?an ,*ri/ loses 8 s\l4 ,! enemy br&i%es a sword to slay me4 ,%all ,i ?9k ( a "m's te>s8#afi ,gibbon said ( ! ascetic movem5t t ! ,pagan _w reg>d$ ) a/oni%m5t a society t p]petuat$ itself )\t m>riage4 ,un=tunately ?is p]petuation 0 secur$ by ! sacrifice ( "s ( ! de>e/ int]e/s ( ! race4 ,=1 9 g5]al1 "o may say t ideali/ic tea*+ ( any k9d appeals mo/ p[]fully to ^? :o are lea/ 9 ne$ ( x4 ,! _w w\ld at any "t lose little1 & might possibly ga9 mu*1 7 x possible to re/ra9 a c]ta9 class f p>5tage4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t mona/icism ev] _h its effect on t k9d ( p2 ! presumption is inde$ 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,! c>eless & brutal he> & are unaffect$4 ,! m ?\ghtful & desirable alone are influ5c$4 ,& !re c be little d\bt t ! ,*ur* 9 appeal+ to c]ta9 aspects ( human nature dissuad$ f p>5tage ^? :o 7 mo/ fitt$ = ! task4 ,!re 0 a practical survival ( ! unfitte/4 ,no?+ is m /rik+1 9 fact1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! comp>ative abs5ce ( home life & ( ! dome/ic ideals4 ,dean ,milman rem>k$ t 9 all ! discussion conc]n+ celibacy he c\ld n recall a s+le in/ance :]e ! social aspects appe> to h occurr$ to ! disputants4 ,! ,dean's rem>k applies to "s ext5t to a mu* lat] p]iod ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory ?an ! "o to :i* he ref]s4 ,t mu*-admir$ evangelical classic1 ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 = example1 %[s a curi\s oblivi\sness to ! value ( family & social life4 ,b neglect ( ! socialis+ & ref9+ influ5ce ( family life leads inevitably to a h>d5+ ( "* & a brutalis+ ( life 9 g5]al4 ,! f]oci\s nature ( ! !ological disputes ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod nev] fail to ar\se ! comm5ts ( hi/orians4 ,b !re 0 really no?+ to s(t5 or re/ra9 !m4 ,ev]y?+ 0 dom9at$ by ! !ological int]e/4 ,& we owe x 9 no small measure to ! vogue ( ! monk t ! tol]ance ( ,pagan times1 ) its widespread respect = tru?-seek+1 0 replac$ by ! n>r[ intol]ance ( ! m$ieval p]iod1 an intol]ance :i* has nev] really be5 eradicat$ f any "p ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,9 c\nt+ ?is z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*+ ( celibacy1 ,i am support$ by no less an au?ority ?an ! late ,sir ,francis ,galton4 ,9 8 epo*-m>k+ "w1 ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 ?is writ] says3-- ,! long p]iod ( ! ,d>k ,ages "u :i* ,europe has la9 is due1 ,i believe1 9 a v consid]able degree1 to ! celibacy enjo9$ by ! religi\s ord]s on _! vot>ies4 ,:5ev] a man or woman 0 possess$ ( a g5tle nature t fitt$ him or h] to de$s ( *>ity1 to m$itation1 to lit]ature1 or to art1 ! social condition ( ! "t 0 su* t !y _h no refuge else:]e ?an 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b %e *ose to prea* & exact celibacy4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ^! g5tle natures _h no cont9uance1 & ?us by a policy s s+ul>ly unwise & suicidal t ,i am h>dly able to speak ( x )\t impati5ce1 ! ,*ur* brutalis$ ! bre$ ( our =efa!rs4 ,%e act$ precisely z if %e _h aim$ at select+ ! rude/ portion ( ! community to be alone ! p>5ts ( future g5]ations4 ,%e practis$ ! arts t bre$]s w\ld use1 :o aim$ at creat+ f]oci\s1 curri%1 & /upid nature4 ,no wond] t club law prevail$ = c5turies ov] ,europe2 ! wond] r is t en\gh good rema9$ 9 ! ve9s ( ,europeans to enable _! race to rise to its v mod]ate level ( natural morality4#agj ,! consequ5ces ( asceticism on morals 7 almo/ :olly disa/r\s4 ,!re is no int5tion ( endors+ ! vulg> ,prote/ant prejudice ( e conv5t be+ a bro!l1 & all monks & nuns z giv5 ov] to a vici\s life1 b !re is no "q t a v widespread demoralisation exi/$ among/ ! religi\s ord]s1 t ?is exi/$ f ! v e>lie/ times1 & t x 0 an inevitable consequ5ce ( s l>ge a numb] ( p pr(ess+ ! ascetic life4 ,?is is n a hi/ory ( morals1 & x is ne$less to ent] into a detail$ acc\nt ( ! /ate ( morality dur+ ! preval5ce ( asceticism4 ,b ! abs5ce ( any fav\rable influ5ce ex]t$ by asceticism on conduct is well illu/rat$ 9 ! description ( ,salvianus1 ,bi%op ( ,m>seilles at ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 ( ! condition ( society 9 8 day4 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,africa are depict$ z sunk 9 an ov]ma/]+ s5suality4 ,rome is repres5t$ z ! sew] ( ! nations1 & 9 ! ,african ,*ur*1 he says1 ! mo/ dilig5t se>* c sc>ce discov] "o *a/e among ?\s&s4 ,& ?is1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 0 ! ,african ,*ur*1 :i* "u ! c>e ( ,augu/9e _h be5 specially nurtur$ 9 ! mo/ rigid asceticism4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s lat] ! /ate ( mona/ic morals is suffici5tly indicat$ by a regulation ( ,/4 ,!odore ,/udita prohibit+ ! entrance ( female animals into mona/]ies4#aga ,a regulation pass$ 9 ,p>is at a ,c\ncil held 9 #abab en=ces ! same lesson by =bidd+ monks or nuns sleep+ two 9 a b$4 ,! av[$ object ( ?is 0 to repress (f5ces ( ! mo/ disgu/+ description4#agb ,9 #abjh an ord] 0 issu$ prohibit+ mo!rs or o!r female relatives resid+ ) prie/s1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t sc&als aris+4 ,(f5ces became s num]\s & s op5 t x 0 ) relief t laym5 saw prie/s op5ly select concub9es4 ,t at lea/ gave a promise ( "s protection to dome/ic life4 ,9 "s ( ! ,swiss cantons x actually became ! practice to compel a new pa/or1 on tak+ up 8 *>ge1 to select a concub9e z a necess>y protection to ! females "u 8 c>e4 ,! same practice exi/$ 9 ,spa94#agc ,!re is1 z ,lea rightly says1 no inju/ice 9 hold+ ! ,*ur* ma9ly responsible = ! laxity ( morals :i* is *>act]i/ic ( m$ieval society4 ,x _h unb\nd$ & unque/ion$ p[]1 & ?is ) its weal? & privileges might h made m$ieval society ! pure/ 9 ! _w4 ,z x 01 ! p]iod ( its unque/ion$ dom9ation ov] ! consci5ce ( ,europe 0 ! v p]iod 9 :i* lic5ce among ! ,teutonic races 0 mo/ un*eck$4 ,a *ur* :i*1 ?\gh f\nd$ on ! ,gospel1 & wield+ ! illimitable p[] ( ! ,roman hi]>*y1 c\ld yet all[ ! feudal pr9ciple to ext5d to ! jus prim noctis or droit de m>quette1 & ^: m9i/]s 9 _! "* ( temporal seigneurs c\ld ev5 occasionally claim ! disgu/+ "r1 0 evid5tly ex]cis+ its influ5ce1 n = good1 b = evil4 ,on civic life & ! civic virtues ! influ5ce ( asceticism 0 equally disa/r\s4 ,a c&id exam9ation1 says ,lecky1 w %[ t ! ,*ri/ian civilisation has be5 z inf]ior to ! ,pagan ones 9 civic & intellectual virtues z x has be5 sup]ior to !m 9 ! virtues ( humanity & *a/ity4 ,"o may reasonably "q ! latt] "p ( ?is /atem5t1 be>+ 9 m9d ! facts j po9t$ out1 b ! fir/ "p admits ( ov]:elm+ pro(4 ,celibacy is n *a/ity1 & x is difficult to see h[ ! co>s5+ ( "* describ$ by ,lecky himself c be consi/5t ) a height5$ humanity4 ,b !re c be small d\bt t ! gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* spelt disa/] to ! civic life & in/itutions ( ! ,empire4 ,no?+ ! ,romans did 0 m admirable ?an _! organisation ( municipal life4 ,!y avoid$ ! common blund] ( impos+ on all a uni=m organisation1 & s gave free play to local feel+ & cu/om s f> z 0 consi/5t ) imp]ial ord] & peace4 ,civic life became1 z a consequ5ce1 well ord]$ & p]si/5t4 ,x 0 f> less corrupt ?an adm9i/ration 9 ! capital1 & fre$om p]si/$ 9 ! prov9cial t[ns = long aft] its practical disappe>ance 9 ,rome itself4 ,inde$1 b = ! antagonism ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is probable t ! urban municipalities might h provid$ ! impetus = ! rejuv5ation ( ! ,empire4#agd ,f ! outset1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian movem5t /ood z a :ole ap>t f ! civic life ( ! ,empire1 :ile ! ascetic wag$ a con/ant w>f>e aga9/ x4 ,accord+ to mona/ic view ( ,*ri/ianity1 says ,milman1 ! total ab&onm5t ( ! _w1 ) all its ties & duties1 z well z its treasures1 its enjoym5ts1 & objects ( ambition1 advanc$ r ?an dim9i%$ ! hopes ( salvation4 ,! object 0 individual salvation1 n social reg5]ation4 ,:5 p 7 prais$ = break+ ! close/ ( family ties 9 _! desire = salvation1 x w\ld be absurd to suppose t social duties & obligations w\ld rema9 exempt4 ,! ,*ri/ian ascetic 0 ready en\gh to risk 8 own life1 or to take ! life ( o!rs1 on acc\nt ( m9ute po9ts ( doctr9al diff]5ce1 b he 0 deaf to ! call ( patriotism or ! dem&s ( civic life4 ,!ology became ! "o absorb+ topic2 & z mona/icism assum$ m m5ac+ proportions1 ! monk became ! dom9at+ figure1 p>alys+ by 8 pres5ce ! heal?ful activities ( masses ( ! p4 ,speak+ ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 al?\gh 8 words apply ) almo/ equal tru? :]ev] ! ,*ur* 0 supreme1 ,milman says3-- ,t :i* is ! *>act]i/ic sign ( ! times z a social & political1 z well z a religi\s1 ph5om5on1 is ! complete dom9ion assum$ by ! monks 9 ! ,ea/ ov] ! public m9d4444 ,! monks1 9 fact1 ex]cise ! mo/ complete tyranny1 n m]ely ov] ! laity1 b ov] bi%ops & patri>*s1 ^: rule1 ?\gh nom9ally subject to x1 !y ?r[ (f :5ev] x suits _! purposes4444 ,monks 9 ,alex&ria1 monks 9 ,antio*1 monks 9 ,con/ant9ople1 decide p]emptorily on or?odoxy & het]odoxy4444 ,p]secution is univ]sal2 p]secution by e means ( viol5ce & cruelty2 ! only "q is 9 ^: h&s is ! p[] to p]secute4444 ,blood%$1 murd]1 trea*]y1 assass9ation1 ev5 dur+ ! public wor%ip ( ,god--^! are ! frightful means by :i* ea* p>ty /rives to ma9ta9 its op9ions & to defeat its adv]s>y4 ,ecclesia/ical & civil au?ority are alike p>alys$ by comb9ations ( fanatics ready to suff] or to inflict dea?1 utt]ly unapproa*able by reason4#age ,aga9/ su* comb9ations ( ignorance1 fanaticism1 & f]ocity1 ! few rema9+ lov]s ( secul> progress 7 p[]less4 ,patriotism became a m]e "n1 & organis$ civic life an almo/ =gott5 aspiration4 ,:at ! ,pagan _w _h und]/ood by a 'good man' 0 "o :o sp5t himself 9 ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! ,*ri/ian und]/ood by x "o :o succe$$ 9 sav+ 8 own s\l1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( family & fri5ds4 ,vampire-l1 mona/icism f$ ^u ! life-blood ( ! ,empire4 ,! civic life & patriotism ( old ,rome became a m]e tradition1 to inspire long aft] ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance & ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,f9ally1 asceticism ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on religion itself4 ,t x s]v$ to /r5g!n & p]petuate ! life ( religion !re c be little d\bt4 ,h[ev] /rongly "s p may h res5t$ ! mona/ic ideal1 x nev]!less gave increas$ /r5g? & vitality to ! religi\s idea4 ,to beg9 )1 x (f]$ = c5turies a v p[]ful ob/acle to ! developm5t ( ^? progressive & sci5tific ideas t h made su* advances 9 all c5tres ( civilisation dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,to ! common m9d x br\ght home ! supremacy ( religion 9 a way t no?+ else c\ld4 ,! m]e sight ( mon>* & noble yield+ homage to ! monk1 ackn[l$g+ 8 supremacy 9 :at 0 decl>$ to be ! *ief int]e/ 9 life1 ! int]f]5ce ( ! monk 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 saturat$ society ) sup]naturalism4 ,& al?\gh at a lat] p]iod ! rapacity1 dissolut5ess1 & tyranny ( ! monki% ord]s l$ to revolt1 by t "t ! imag9ation ( all _h be5 ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! value ( religion4 ,ev5 to-day curr5t !ology is p]meat$ ) ! monki% notions ( self-d5ial1 self-sacrifice1 & contempt ( ! _w's com=t & beauty z belong+ to ! ess5ce ( pure religion4 ,! lives ( ! sa9ts /ill rema9 ! /oreh\se ( ideals = ! religi\s prea*]4 ,9 spite ( _! absurd practices & disgu/+ p5ances1 lat] g5]ations h n fail$ to hold !m up z examples4 ,!y h be5 us$ to impress ! imag9ation ( _! successors1 z !y 7 us$ to impress ! m9ds ( _! contempor>ies4 ,! fact ( ,?omas ,beckett we>+ a hair %irt runn+ ) v]m9 has n prev5t$ 8 be+ held up z an example ( ! p[] ( religion4 ,p fe> gho/s long aft] !y cease to believe 9 !m2 !y pay unreason+ homage to a cr[n long aft] intellectual developm5t has robb$ ! k+ly (fice ( its primitive significance2 all ! rec5t developm5ts ( democracy h n aboli%$ ! ,engli%man's con/itutional crick 9 ! neck at ! sight ( a nobleman4 ,nor is sup]naturalism expung$ f a society because ! conditions t gave x bir? h pass$ away4 ,a religi\s epidemic is n analog\s to ^? physical disord]s :i* deposit an antitox9 & s protect aga9/ future attacks4 ,x resembles r ^? disord]s t p]man5tly weak51 & s invite repeat$ assaults4 ,! ascetic epidemic pass$ away2 b1 be=e do+ s1 x ?or\ghly saturat$ ) sup]naturalism ! social atmosph]e & impress$ its p[] ^u ! public m9d4 ,x gave sup]naturalism a new & long] lease ( life1 & pav$ ! way = o!r outbreaks1 ( a less g5]al1 b /ill ( a ?or\ghly epidemic "*4 ,,footnotes3 #afd ,see ,! ,psy*ology ( ,peoples & ,! ,cr[d4 #afe ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief1 i4 pp4 #cdc-h4 #aff ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 pp4 #ajg-aj4 ,= a c>eful description ( ! mona/ic discipl9e 9 its m normal aspects1 see ,b+ham's ,works1 vol4 ii4 bk4 vi4 ,gibbon gives 8 usual brilliant summ>y ( ! movem5t 9 *apt] xxxvii4 ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall4 ,a ho/ ( facts simil> to ^? cit$ by ,lecky w be f\nd 9 ,! ,book ( ,p>adise1 #b vols41 trans4 by ,wallis ,budge4 ,lea's ,hi/ory ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy gives ! classical & au?oritative acc\nt ( ! moral consequ5ces ( ! practice ( celibacy4 ,= a vivid picture ( ! psy*ology ( ! ascetic1 see ,flaub]t's great romance1 ,/4 ,antony4 #afg ,cit$ by ,lecky1 ii4 p4 #aca4 #afh ,dean ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 pp4 #ha-b4 #afi ,lecky1 ii4 pp4 #acd-e4 #agj ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 #ahfi1 p4 #ceg4 #aga ,lea1 p4 #aji4 #agb ,lea1 p4 #ccb4 #agc ,see ,lea1 pp4 #cec-d4 #agd ,= a f9e sket* ( ,roman municipal life1 see ,dill's ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 *ap4 ii4 #age ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 i4 pp4 #cag-h4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,,religi\s ,,epidemics--7,,conclud$7 ,x is n easy to ov]e/imate ! influ5ce ( mona/icism on subsequ5t religi\s hi/ory4 ,! lives ( its vot>ies provid$ examples ( almo/ e conceivable k9d ( self-torture or semi-maniacal behavi\r4 ,x _h made ! _w ?or\ghly famili> ) extravagance ( action z ! symptom ( int5se religi\s conviction4 ,& its influ5ce on social developm5t _h be5 su* t ! susceptibility ( ! public m9d to sugge/ions 0 z a raw w\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( a p[]ful irritant4 ,su* an in/itution z ! ,inquisition c\ld only h ma9ta9$ itself among a p ?or\ghly famili> ) sup]naturalism1 & to :om its pres]vation 0 ! fir/ & mo/ sacr$ ( duties4 ,a society habituat$ to ! comm&+ pres5ce ( ! monk1 f$ ^u /ories ( _! miracul\s enc\nt]s ) cele/ial & diabolic visitants1 & s accu/om$ to reg>d ! prie/hood z 9 a v peculi> s5se ! m\?piece ( div9ity1 0 well prep>$ = su* a s]ies ( ev5ts z ! crusades = ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,pilgrimages to ! burial-places ( sa9ts1 & to spots connect$1 by leg5d or o!rwise1 ) ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 _h long be5 9 vogue1 & =m$ a s\rce ( bo? rev5ue to ! ,*ur* & ( inspiration to ! fai?ful4 ,z e>ly z #hcc a guide-book _h be5 prep>$ call$ ! ,it9]>y f ,bordeaux to ,j]usalem1 & along ! r\te m>k$ conv5ts & %elt]s = ! pilgrims 7 e/abli%$4 ,a lucrative traffic 9 relics ( e description _h also be5 e/abli%$1 & any int]f]5ce ) ?is t\*$ ! ,*ur* 9 its t5d]e/ po9t4 ,add$ to :i* ! expect$ end ( ! _w 9 ! ye> #ajjj _h ! effect ( /ill fur!r increas+ ! cr[d ( pilgrims to ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e x 0 firmly believ$ ! second adv5t w\ld take place4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury a tax 0 impos$ on all ,*ri/ians visit+ ,j]usalem4 ,!re 7 also reports ( ,*ri/ian pilgrims be+ ill-treat$4 ,rec5t ev5ts 9 ,europe h %[n ) :at ease ,*ri/ian feel+ may be r\s$ aga9/ a ,mohamm$an p[]1 & x 0 consid]ably easi] to d ?is 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,betwe5 !m1 ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 & ,pet] ! ,h]mit--! =m] act+ ma9ly f political motives2 ! latt] f a _s ( %e] fanaticism-- succe$$ 9 r\s+ ,europe to a maniacal desire = ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,& = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ! _w saw a s]ies ( crusades on z absurd an err& z ev] engag$ ! en]gies ( mank9d4 ,e class ( society p>ticipat$1 & x is calculat$ t no less ?an two millions ( lives 7 sacrific$4 ,ord9>y hi/ories lean to repres5t+ ! crusades z a s]ies ( arm$ exp$itions1 l$ by pr9ces1 nobles1 & k+s4 ,b ?is gives a q inaccurate conception ( ! movem5t1 dur+ its e>ly /ages1 at all ev5ts4 ,9 reality x 0 a true psy*ological epidemic4 ,no cu/om1 h[ev] anci5t1 no duty1 no law1 0 all[$ to /& be=e ! crusad+ mania4 ,9 e village ! cl]gy f$ ! mania1 promis+ et]nal rew>ds to all :o took up ! burd5 ( ! cross4 ,old & "y1 ! /rong & ! sick1 ! ri* & ! poor 7 enroll$4 ,urban _h told !m t "u _! ,g5]al1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y w\ld m>* to c]ta9 victory4 ,absolution = all s9s 0 promis$ to all :o jo9$2 &1 z ,gibbon says1 at ! voice ( _! pa/or1 ! robb]1 ! inc5di>y1 ! homicide1 arose by ?\s&s to r$eem _! s\ls by repeat+ on ! infidels ! same de$s :i* !y _h ex]cis$ aga9/ _! ,*ri/ian bre?r54 ,until exp]i5ce _h taught !m bett]1 little precautions 7 tak5 to provide food or arms4 ,huge conc\rses ( p1#agf "s l$ by a goose & a goat1 into :i* x 0 believ$ ! ,holy ,gho/ _h ent]$1 set out = ! ,holy ,l&1 s ignorant t at e l>ge t[n or city !y enquir$1 ,is ?is ,zion8 ,al?\gh a religi\s exp$ition1 small reg>d 0 paid to dec5cy or humanity4 ,def5celess cities en r\te 7 sack$4 ,wom5 7 outrag$1 m5 & *ildr5 kill$4 ,! ,jews 7 murd]$ :olesale4 ,almo/ univ]sally ! slaught] ( ,jews at home 7 prep>atory to crusad+ abroad4 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 & ,bulg>ia1 al?\gh provid+ cont+5ts = ! crusad+ army1 suff]$ heavily by ! passage ( ^! undiscipl9$1 lawless cr[ds4 ,z "o writ] says3-- ,if !y _h devot$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god1 !y conv9c$ ! inhabitants on _! l9e ( m>* t !y _h ceas$ to reg>d ! laws ( man4 ,!y consid]$ !mselves privileg$ to gratify e wi% & e lu/ z x arose4 ,!y recognis$ no rights ( prop]ty1 !y felt no gratitude = hospitality1 & !y possess$ no s5se ( hon\r4 ,!y violat$ ! wives & daught]s ( _! ho/s :5 !y 7 k9dly treat$1 !y deva/at$ ! l&s ( fri5ds :om !y _h conv]t$ into enemies1 !y resort$ to wanton robb]y & de/ruction 9 rev5ge = calamities :i* !y _h br\ght ^u !mselves4 ,!y believ$ t !y prov$ _! sup]iority to ! ,mohamm$ans by tortur+ ! def5celess ,jews2 & ?is 0 ! only exploit 9 :i* ! fir/ divisions ( ! crusad]s c\ld boa/ ( success4444 ,to ! lead]s1 :o c\ld n write _! own names1 deception & trea*]y 7 z famili> z =ce2 to _! foll[]s rap9e & murd] 7 s cong5ial t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,s>ac5s1 ,jews1 or t[nsfolk1 x seem$ b a pr(essional pa/ime to kill or to rob a companion 9 arms4#agg ,& ( ! behavi\r ( ! crusad]s on ! fir/ capture ( ,j]usalem1 #ajii1 ,dean ,milman writes3-- ,no b>b>ian1 no infidel1 no ,s>ac51 ev] p]petrat$ su* wanton & cold-blood$ atrocities ( cruelty z ! we>]s ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ 7:o1 x is said1 _h fall5 on _! knees & bur/ into a pi\s hymn at ! fir/ view ( ! ,holy ,city7 on ! capture ( t city4 ,murd] 0 m]cy1 rape t5d]ness1 simple plund] ! m]e ass]tion ( ! conqu]or's "r4 ,*ildr5 7 seiz$ by _! legs1 "s ( !m pluck$ f _! "m's brea/s1 & da%$ aga9/ ! walls1 or :irl$ f ! battlem5ts4 ,o!rs 7 oblig$ to leap f ! walls2 "s tortur$1 roa/$ by sl[ fires4 ,!y ripp$ up prison]s to see if !y _h swall[$ gold4 ,( #gj1jjj ,s>ac5s !re 7 n left en\gh to bury ! dead2 poor ,*ri/ians 7 hir$ to p]=m ! (fice4 ,ev]yone surpris$ 9 ! ,temple 0 slaught]$1 till ! reek f ! dead drove away ! slay]s4 ,! ,jews 7 burn$ alive 9 _! synagogue4#agh ,! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! crusades1 & ! "o t be/ %[s ! "* ( ! epidemic1 0 ! *ildr5's crusade ( #abab4 ,x 0 said t ! s9s ( ! crusad]s _h caus$ _! failure1 & prie/s w5t ab\t ,france & ,g]many call+ ^u ! *ildr5 to d :at ! s9s ( _! fa!rs _h prev5t$ !m accompli%+4 ,! *ildr5 7 told t ! sea w\ld dry up to give !m passage1 & ! infidels be /rick5 by ! ,"l on _! approa*4 ,a peasant lad1 ,/eph5 ( ,cloyes1 receiv$ ! usual vision1 & 0 ord]$ to lead ! crusade4 ,comm5c+ ) ! *ildr5 ar\nd ,p>is1 he collect$ "s #cj1jjj foll[]s1 & )\t money or food comm5c$ ! m>*4 ,at ! same "t an army ( *ildr51 #dj1jjj /rong1 0 ga!r$ toge!r at ,cologne4 ,! result ( ! crusade may be told 9 a few words4 ,ab\t #fjjj ( ! ,fr5* cont+5t1 hav+ rea*$ ,m>seilles1 7 (f]$ a passage by "s %ip[n]s4 ,sev]al ( ! %ips f\nd]$1 o!rs rea*$ %ore1 & ! boys 7 sold into slav]y4 ,! girls 7 res]v$ = a m s9i/] fate4 ,?\s&s ( ! *ildr5 di$ 9 attempt+ a m>* ov] ! ,alps4 ,a m]e remnant succe$$ 9 rea*+ home1 ru9$ 9 bo? m9d & body4 ,well might ,full] say3 ,?is crusade 0 done by ! in/9ct ( ! devil1 :o1 z x 71 desir$ a cordial ( *ildr5's blood1 to com=t 8 weak /oma*1 long cloy$ ) murd]+ ( m54#agi ,on bo? ! social & ! religi\s side ! consequ5ces 7 important4 ,= ! fir/ "t l>ge bodies ( m51 taught to reg>d all ^? :o 7 outside ,*ri/5dom z b5ea? consid]ation1 came into contact ) a p possess+ an art1 an indu/ry1 a culture f> sup]ior to _! own4 ,z ,drap] says3 ,ev5 d[n to ! meane/ camp foll[]1 ev]yone mu/ h recognis$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at !y _h anticipat$ & :at !y _h f\nd4 ,!y _h se5 undaunt$ c\rage1 *ivalr\s be>+1 intellectual culture f> high] ?an _! own4 ,!y _h be5 9 l&s fill$ ) prodigies ( human skill4 ,!y did n melt d[n into ! populations to :om !y return$ )\t imp>t+ to !m a pr(\nd impression de/9$ to make itself felt 9 ! c\rse ( "t4#ahj ,hi!rto ,mohamm$an culture _h only influ5c$ ,*ri/5dom ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,spani% s*ools & univ]sities4 ,n[ ! influ5ce became m g5]al4 ,a ta/e = great] com=t develop$4 ,comm]ce grew2 lit]ature improv$4 ,we approa* ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 & to t new bir? ! crusades1 despite _! intol]ance & brutality1 (f]$ a contribution ( no small value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & = a "t1 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* grew great]4 ,! impetus giv5 to sup]/iti\s hopes & fe>s made on all h&s = ! weal? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mu* 0 made ov] to ! ,*ur* z a free gift4 ,mu* 0 pawn$ to x4 ,mu* also 0 entru/$ by ^? :o w5t to ! ,holy ,l&1 nev] to return1 9 :i* case ! ,*ur* became ! designat$ or undesignat$ heir4 ,9 e way ! all-absorb+ ,*ur* 0 /ill ga!r+ 9 weal?1 encircl+ new l& )9 h] hall[$ pale1 ! "o /eady m]*ant :o 9 ?is va/ traffic & sale ( p]sonal & ( l&$ prop]ty nev] made a los+ v5ture1 b w5t on accumulat+ & /ill accumulat+1 & = ! mo/ "p )draw+ ! l>ge/ portion ( ! l& 9 e k+dom into a sep>ate e/ate1 :i* claim$ exemption f all bur!ns ( ! realm1 until ! realm 0 compell$ into measures1 viol5t (t5 & iniquit\s 9 _! mode1 b /ill inevitable4#aha ,next1 ! crusades set _! seal ^u ! ju/ice ( religi\s w>s1 & e/abli%$ an endur+ alliance betwe5 milit>ism & religion4 ,! milit>y pr(ession became surr\nd$ ) all ! c]emonies & p>aph]nalia ( religion1 )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ humanis$ by ! alliance4 ,! knight receiv$ 8 arms bless$ by ! ,*ur*1 he 0 sworn to def5d ! ,*ur*1 & he 0 z ready to turn 8 weapons aga9/ h]etics 9 ,europe z aga9/ infidels 9 ,syria4 ,milit>y p]secutions ( h]etics assum$ ! =m ( a mania4 ,!re 7 crusades aga9/ ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 aga9/ ! ,albig5ses1 & aga9/ o!r h]etics4 ,z ,bryce rem>ks3 ,! religi\s feel+ :i* ! crusades evok$--a feel+ :i* became ! orig9 ( ! great ord]s ( *ivalry1 & some:at lat] ( ! two great ord]s ( m5dicant fri>s--turn$ :olly aga9/ ! oppon5ts ( ecclesia/ical claims1 & 0 made to "w ! w ( ! ,holy ,see1 :i* _h bless$ & organis$ ! project4#ahb ,! exp$ition aga9/ ,k+ ,john by ,philip ( ,france 0 und]tak5 at ! behe/ ( ! ,pope1 & 0 call$ a crusade4 ,! attempt ( ,spa9 to cru% ! ,ne!rl&s 0 call$ a crusade4 ,s 0 ! ,armada t 0 fitt$ out aga9/ ,engl&4 ,m ?an all1 a /amp ( p]man5cy 0 giv5 to popul> sup]/ition4 ,= two c5turies p _h se5 exp$ition aft] exp$ition fitt$ out to accompli% an av[$ly religi\s purpose4 ,!y _h be5 taught t to die 9 def5ce ( religion1 or 9 ! attempt to a*ieve a religi\s object1 0 ! noble/ ( dea?s4 ,!y _h se5 ! greate/ 9 ,europe sett+ =? at ! comm& ( ! ,*ur*4 ,signs & wond]s _h ab\nd$ to prove ! heav5-bless$ "* ( ! crusades4 ,!y _h se5 ! ,*ur* gr[+ /eadily 9 p[]1 & e possible means _h be5 utilis$ to increase ! flame ( religi\s fanaticism4 ,exp$itions might fail1 b failure did n cure fanaticism4 ,x f$ x2 ! crusad]s return$1 *a/5$ 9 "s respects1 b /ill suffici5tly full ( religi\s zeal to be ready to battle aga9/ ! unbeliev] & ! h]etic at ! behe/ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& x 0 n ! policy ( ! ,*ur* to all[ ?is fanaticism to rema9 unemploy$4 ,ev5 ?\gh x might ultimately lose1 ! ,*ur* & sup]/ition pr(it$ enorm\sly by ! crusad+ _s4 ,x /r5g!n$ ! g5]al s5se ( ! sup]natural1 ev5 :ile creat+ t5d5cies t 7 de/9$ to limit its sway4 ,above all1 x prep>$ ! way = o!r religi\s epidemics4 ,^! 7 m circumscrib$ 9 area1 & less l5g?y 9 _! duration2 b _! exi/5ce 0 made possible & easy by ! c5turies dur+ :i*1 fir/ mona/icism1 & lat] ! crusad+ mania1 _h dom9at$ ! public m9d4 ,! crusades _h h>dly be5 br\ght to a close be=e cont95tal ,europe witness$ an outbreak1 9 epidemic =m1 ( a practice t _h be5 long associat$ ) mona/ic discipl9e4 ,! use ( ! :ip z a =m ( religi\s discipl9e _h always play$ a "p 9 conv5tual & mona/ic life4 ,on ! "o h&1 x =m$ "p ( t ins5sate desire to torture ! body :i* w5t to make up ! ascetic ideal2 on ! o!r h&1 ! fondness = :ipp+ b>e fle% & = be+ :ipp$ has a di/9ctly pa?ologic "*4 ,! subject is r too unsav\ry to dwell ^u1 b x has long be5 e/abli%$ t !re is a close connection betwe5 ! :ipp+ ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body & ! production ( int5se sexual pleasure4#ahc ,& x is also cle> t ! life l$ by monks & nuns 0 su* z to enc\rage sexual ab]rations ( v>i\s =ms4 ,moreov]1 :5 once ! practice ( :ipp+ became a public spectacle1 & assum$ an epidemic =m1 imitation1 comb9$ ) int5se religi\s fai?1 w\ld op]ate v p[]fully4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,europe 0 visit$ by ! ,black ,plague4 ,9 c\ntries utt]ly devoid ( sanitation1 :]e ba?s 7 practically unkn[n & p]sonal habits ( ! fil?ie/1 ! plague f\nd a fruitful soil4 ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! population di$1 & corpses 7 s num]\s t huge pits 7 dug & hundr$s buri$ toge!r4 ,x 0 amid ! g5]al t]ror & demoralisation caus$ by ?is visitation t ! sect ( ! ,flagellants arose4 ,call+ !mselves ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,flagellants1 or ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,cross1 we>+ d>k g>m5ts ) r$ crosses front & back1 !y trav]s$ ! cities ( ! ,cont95t c>ry+ :ips to :i* small pieces ( iron 7 fix$4 ,engl& appe>s to h be5 ! only c\ntry 9 :i* !y fail$ to e/abli% !mselves4 ,else:]e _! numb]s grew ) =midable rapidity4 ,at ,spires two hundr$ boys1 "u twelve ye>s ( age1 influ5c$ probably by ! example ( ! *ildr5's crusade1 =m$ !mselves into a bro!rhood & m>*$ ?r\gh "s ( ! ,g]man cities4 ,9 ,italy ov] #bj1jjj p m>*$ f ,flor5ce 9 "o ( ^! processions2 f ,mod5a1 ov] #be1jjj4 ,"s ( !m pr(ess$ to "w miracles4 ,ev]y:]e1 :ile ! mania la/$1 !y 7 w>mly welcom$1 ! inhabitants ( t[ns & cities r++ ! bells & flock+ 9 cr[ds to he> ! prea*+ & witness ! :ipp+s4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,flagellants 9 all c\ntries 7 v simil>4 ,!y m>*$ f t[n to t[n1 m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 /ripp$ to ! wai/--sometimes entirely nak$--pray+ incessantly & :ipp+ ea* o!r4 ,n only dur+ ! day1 b ev5 by night1 & 9 ! sev]e/ w9t]1 !y trav]s$ ! cities ) tor*es & bann]s1 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 head$ by _! prie/s1 & pro/rat$ !mselves be=e ! alt>s4 ,at o!r times !y proce$$ to ! m>ket-place1 arrang$ !mselves on ! gr\nd 9 circles1 assum+ attitudes 9 accordance ) _! real or suppos$ crimes4 ,aft] ea* _h be5 :ipp$1 "o ( !m1 9 conclusion1 /ood up to read a lett]1 :i* x 0 pret5d$ an angel _h br\ght f heav5 to ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 at ,j]usalem1 /at+ t ,*ri/1 :o 0 sore displeas$ at ! s9s ( man1 _h grant$1 at ! int]cession ( ! ,holy ,virg9 & ( ! angels1 t all :o %\ld w&] ab\t = ?irty-f\r days & sc\rge !mselves %\ld be p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e grace4 ,9 ! end ! movem5t became s obnoxi\s to ! ,*ur*1 & s tr\blesome to ! civil au?orities1 t bo? comb9$ to secure its suppression4 ,equally significant 9 ! hi/ory ( religion is ! danc+ mania1 :i* broke out z ! mania = flagellation 0 subsid+4 ,! function ( danc+ 9 primitive religi\s c]emonial has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x is !re a common & obvi\s me?od ( bo? creat+ & express+ a high /ate ( n]v\s excitability4 ,9 lat] times religi\s danc+ becomes m purely hypnotic 9 "*1 & sugge/ion plays a p[]ful "p4 ,dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod ! conditions 7 peculi>ly fav\rable to ! preval5ce ( psy*ological epidemics4 ,plagues1 m or less sev]e1 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,betwe5 #aaai & #acdj1 ,italy alone _h no less ?an sixte5 su* visitations4 ,smallpox & leprosy 7 also common4 ,! public m9d 0 morbidly s5sitive to signs & port5ts & saturat$ to an almo/ incr$ible degree ) sup]/ition4 ,! public processions ( ! ,*ur*1 its p5ances1 & practices 7 all calculat$ to fire ! imag9ation1 & produce a mix$ & dang]\s condition ( fe> & expectancy4 ,moreov]1 danc+ mania1 on a small scale1 _h made its appe>ance on sev]al previ\s occasions1 & ! public m9d 0 ?us 9 a way prep>$ = a m s]i\s outbreak4 ,! great danc+ mania ( #acgd occurr$ imm$iately aft] ! revels connect$ ) ! semi-,pagan fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john4 ,bac*analian dances =m$ "o ( ! accompanim5ts ( ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john1 & made1 s to speak1 a natural />t+-po9t = ! epidemic4 ,heck]1 :o gives a v elaborate acc\nt ( ! danc+ mania z x appe>$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 ?us describes ! behavi\r ( ^? afflict$3-- ,!y =m$ circles1 h& 9 h&1 &1 appe>+ to h lo/ control ov] _! s5ses1 cont9u$ danc+1 reg>dless ( all by/&]s1 = h\rs toge!r1 9 wild delirium1 until at l5g? !y fell to ! gr\nd 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion4444 ,:ile danc+1 !y nei!r saw nor he>d1 be+ ins5sible to ext]nal impressions1 b 7 haunt$ by visions1 _! fancies conjur+ up spirits ^: names !y %riek$ out2 & "s ( !m aft]w>ds ass]t$ t !y felt z if !y _h be5 imm]s$ 9 a /ream ( blood1 :i* oblig$ !m to leap s high4 ,o!rs1 dur+ ! p>oxysm1 saw ! heav5s op5 & ! ,savi\r en?ron$ ) ! ,virg9 ,m>y4#ahd ,at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,cologne1 & ,metz1 says ! same writ]3-- ,peasants left _! pl\ghs1 me*anics _! work%ops1 h\sewives _! dome/ic duties1 to jo9 ! wild revels4 ,secret desires 7 excit$1 & b too (t5 f\nd opportunities = wild enjoym5t2 & num]\s begg>s1 /imulat$ by vice & mis]y1 avail$ !mselves ( ?is new compla9t to ga9 a tempor>y livelihood4 ,girls & boys quitt$ _! p>5ts1 & s]vants _! ma/]s1 to amuse !mselves at ! dances ( ^? possess$1 & gre$ily imbib$ ! poison ( m5tal infection4 ,above a hundr$ unm>ri$ wom5 7 se5 rav+ ab\t 9 consecrat$ & unconsecrat$ places1 & ! consequ5ces 7 soon p]ceiv$4#ahe ,once attack$1 ! hypnotic "* ( ! compla9t 0 %[n by its annual recurr5ce4 ,aga9 to quote ,heck]3-- ,mo/ ( ^? affect$ 7 only annually visit$ by attacks2 & ! occasion ( !m 0 s manife/ly ref]able to ! prevail+ notions ( t p]iod t1 if ! unqualifi$ belief 9 ! ag5cy ( sa9ts c\ld h be5 aboli%$1 !y w\ld n h _h any return ( ! compla9t4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,june1 prior to ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john1 pati5ts felt a disquietude & re/lessness :i* !y 7 unable to ov]come4 ,!y 7 deject$1 timid1 & anxi\s2 w&]$ ab\t 9 an unsettl$ /ate1 be+ torm5t$ ) twit*+ pa9s1 :i* seiz$ !m sudd5ly 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & eag]ly expect$ ! eve ( ,/4 ,john's ,day1 9 ! confid5t hope t by danc+ at ! alt>s ( ?is sa9t !y w\ld be fre$ f all _! suff]+s4 ,?is hope 0 n disappo9t$2 & !y rema9$1 = ! re/ ( ! ye>1 exempt f any fur!r attack4#ahf ,9 addition to ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! danc+ disease 0 also connect$ ) ano!r sa9t--,/4 ,vitus4 ,he is said to h be5 m>tyr$ ab\t #cjc1 & a body1 reput$ to be 81 0 transport$ to ,france 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,x is said t j be=e he 0 kill$ he pray$ t all :o w\ld commemorate ! day ( 8 dea? %\ld be protect$ f ! danc+ mania4 ,:]eupon a voice f heav5 0 he>d to say1 ,vitus1 ?y pray] is accept$4 ,! fact t ! pray] 0 (f]$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! danc+ mania appe>$ is a circum/ance t to ! eye ( fai? m]ely height5$ its value4 ,)9 rec5t times epidemics ( danc+ h be5 m local1 less p]si/5t1 & ( necessity n s public 9 _! display1 b ne>ly always _! appe>ance has be5 9 connection ) displays ( religi\s f]v\r4 ,9 mo/ cases ! danc+ has t5d$ m to a species ( 'jump+1' &--al?\gh ?is may be due to m c>eful obs]vation--has be5 accompani$ by actions ( a cle>ly epileptoid nature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! outbreaks 0 t ( ! ,fr5* ,convulsionnaires1 :i* la/$ f #agbg to ! ,revolution4 ,9 #agbg1 a popul>1 b half-crazy prie/1 ,franois de ,p>is1 di$4 ,dur+ 8 life ,p>is _h fa/$ & sc\rg$ himself1 liv$ 9 a hut t 0 seldom or nev] cleans$1 %[$ ! same lack ( cleanl9ess 9 8 p]son1 & (t5 w5t ab\t half nak$4 ,v %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 x 0 said t miracles began to take place at 8 grave 9 ! cemet]y ( ,/4 ,md>d4 ,p ga!r$ r\nd ! tomb day aft] day1 & "o "y girl 0 seiz$ ) convulsions4 7,%e is call$ a girl 9 ! n>rative1 b %e 0 a mature virg9 ( =ty-two ye>s ( age47 ,aft]w>ds o!r miracles foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,"s fell 9 fits1 o!rs swall[$ pieces ( coal or fl9t1 "s 7 cur$ ( diseases4 ,f ! description ( ! behavi\r ( "s ( ^! devotees !re seems to h be5 a consid]able am\nt ( sexual feel+ mix$ up ) ! display4 ,sometimes1 we are told1 ^? seiz$ b\nd$ f ! gr\nd l fi% out ( wat]2 ?is 0 s frequ5tly imitat$ at a lat] p]iod t ! wom5 & girls1 :5 !y expect$ su* viol5t contortions1 n wi%+ to appe> indec5t1 put on g[ns made l sacks1 clos$ at ! feet4 ,if !y receiv$ any bruises by fall+ d[n1 !y 7 heal$ ) e>? tak5 f ! grave ( ! uncanonis$ sa9t4 ,!y usually1 h[ev]1 %[$ great agility 9 ?is respect2 & x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ! female sex especially 0 di/+ui%$ by all k9ds ( leap+1 & almo/ inconceivable contortions ( body4 ,"s spun r\nd on _! feet ) incr$ible rapidity1 z is relat$ ( ! d]vi%es4 ,o!rs ran ) _! heads aga9/ walls1 or curv$ _! bodies l rope danc]s1 s t _! heels t\*$ _! %\ld]s4 ,wom5 figur$ v prom95tly among ! ,convulsionnaires1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! epidemic pass$ f convulsive danc+ to prophecy1 & !nce to v>i\s =ms ( self-torture4 ,wom5 /ret*$ !mselves on ! floor1 :ile o!r wom51 & ev5 m51 jump$ ^u _! bodies4 ,o!rs 7 beat5 ) clubs & b>s ( iron4 ,"s actually und]w5t crucifixion on repeat$ occasions4 ,!y 7 /ret*$ on wood5 crosses1 & nails ?ree in*es long driv5 ?r\gh h&s & feet4 ,"s ( ! occurr5ces rem9d "o ( :at is n[ se5 to take place "u hypnotic influ5ce4 ,p lab\r+ "u /rong excitem5t1 x is kn[n1 become ins5sible to pa94 ,outbreaks ( jump+ & danc+ foll[$ ! introduction ( ,me?odi/ prea*]s into c\ntry di/ricts 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,wales1 a sect ( ',jump]s' orig9at$ f ?is cause1 & _m ( ! ,am]ican ',jump]s' & ',danc]s' seem to h _h _! orig9 f ?is ,wel% outbreak4 ,9 all su* cases ! spread ( ! mania 0 help$1 if n made possible1 by ! prea*]s4 ,!y !mselves look$ ^u ^! exhibitions z manife/ations ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & s enc\rag$ _! he>]s 9 _! behavi\r4 ,n e m9i/] has ! common s5se ( ! ,%etl& prea*] cit$ by ,heck]4 ,an epileptic woman _h a fit 9 *ur*1 :i* a numb] ( o!rs hail$ z a manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,sunday aft] ,sunday ! same ?+ occurr$ ) o!r wom51 ! numb] ( ! suff]]s /eadily increas+4 ,! ?+ ?reat5$ to assume su* proportions1 & to become s great a nuisance1 he ann\nc$ t att5dants w\ld be at h& :o w\ld dip wom5 9 ! lake :o happ5$ to be seiz$4 ,?is ?reat prov$ a mo/ p[]ful =m ( exorcism4 ,n "o woman 0 affect$4 ,simil> conduct might h be5 q z efficaci\s 9 prev5t+ _m religi\s manife/ations t h assum$ epidemic proportions4 ,un=tunately1 ! influ5ce ( prea*]s & religi\s tea*]s 0 mo/ usually ca/ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,v (t51 ( c\rse1 !y 7 no bett] in=m$ ?an _! congregations2 at o!r times !y und\bt$ly enc\rag$ ! delusion = int]e/$ reasons4 ,! mo/ /rik+ rec5t illu/ration ( ?is latt] behavi\r 0 se5 9 ! ,wel% revival l$ by ,evan ,rob]ts4 ,( ?is man's m5tal condition !re c\ld be little d\bt4 ,j z little d\bt c\ld !re be t ! behavi\r ( ! congregations 0 :olly due to ! p[] ( sugge/ions ^u weak & excitable natures4 ,yet sc>cely a prea*] 9 ,brita9 said a ^w 9 disapproval4 ,hundr$s ( !m us$ ! outbreak to illu/rate ! p[] ( religion4 ,_m prom95t prea*]s travell$ d[n to ,wales & return$ tell+ ( ! great manife/ations ( 'spiritual p[]' !y _h witness$4 ,h[ little remov$ su* behavi\r is f t ( ! savage wat*+ ) awe ! actions ( "o suff]+ f epilepsy or insanity1 read]s ( ! =ego+ pages w be 9 a position to judge4 ,f ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury onw>d1 ,europe _h be5 subject to wave aft] wave ( religi\s fanaticism4 ,all along1 religi\s belief _h be5 v]ifi$ & /r5g!n$ by ! occurr5ce ( ph5om5a t n[ admitt$ly fall )9 ! purview ( ! pa?ologi/4 ,& f "o po9t ( view ! secul>isation ( life s]v$ b to emphasise ! dep5d5ce ( religion ^u ! occurr5ce ( ^! abnormal conditions4 ,= ! m surely ! ph5om5a ( nature & ( social life 7 br\ght )9 ! scope ( a sci5tific g5]alisation1 ! m p began to look = ! life ( religion 9 conditions t 7 remov$ f ! normal4 ,b1 above all1 ?is long succession ( waves ( fanaticism s]v$ to p]meate ! g5]al m9d ) sup]naturalism4 ,ea* "o cle>$ ! way = a successor4 ,& 9 ! next *apt] we h to deal ) "o t1 9 "s respects1 is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all1 viz41 t ( ! belief 9 wit*craft4 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,x is e/imat$ t #bge1jjj p =m$ ! van ( ! fir/ crusade4 #agg ,l4 ,o4 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 i4 pp4 #afd-i4 #agh ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 iv4 p4 #ahh4 #agi ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,w>1 bk4 iii4 #ahj ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 #ahgb1 p4 #dbe4 #aha ,milman1 iv4 p4 #aii4 #ahb ,holy ,roman ,empire1 p4 #afd4 #ahc ,see ,blo*1 ,sexual ,life ( our ,"t1 pp4 #efh-gd4 #ahd ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #hg-h4 #ahe ,heck]1 p4 #ia4 #ahf ,epidemics1 p4 #aje4 ,,*apt] ,,t5 ,,! ,,wit* ,,mania ,9 all /ages ( religi\s hi/ory ! wit* & ! wiz>d are famili> figures4 ,x is ( no importance to our pres5t enquiry :e!r magic prec$es religion or n4 ,x is at all ev5ts c]ta9 t !y are v closely connect$1 & t conditions :i* fo/] ! belief 9 magic likewise s]ve to /r5g!n religi\s belief4 ,wit*craft1 z ,tylor says1 is "p & p>cel ( savage life4 ,dea? is v frequ5tly attribut$ to ! magical action ( wiz>ds1 & ! savage lives 9 p]petual fe> le/ "s ( 8 belong+s1 or "s "p ( 8 p]son1 %\ld be bewit*$ by malevol5t sorc]]s4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton says t 9 ,ea/ ,africa 8 exp]i5ce taught him t among ! negroes1 :at ) slav]y & :at ) black magic1 no "o1 especially 9 old age1 is safe f be+ burnt at a day's notice4 ,:5 f savage life we m\nt to societies enjoy+ a high] culture1 we /ill f9d ! wit* & ! wiz>d 9 evid5ce4 ,bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome ! belief 9 wit*craft exi/$4 ,!re 7 made direct laws aga9/ its practice1 al?\gh nei!r ! ,greeks nor ! ,romans /a9$ _! civilisation ) ! judicial murd] ( ?\s&s ( victims su* z occurr$ lat] 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,b ! belief 9 wit*craft is cont9u\s4 ,s also are ! me?ods practis$1 & ! modes ( detection4 ,! pro(s (f]$ 9 support ( sorc]y 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury are precisely simil> to ^? cr$it$ by savages 9 ! l[e/ /age ( human culture4 ,! p[] ( trans=mation possess$ by ! accus$1 ! ability to bewit* ?r\gh ! possession ( hairs belong+ to ! afflict$ p]son1 ! mak+ ( little effigies & driv+ %>p in/rum5ts into !m1 & s affect+ ! correspond+ p>ts ( p1 transportation ?r\gh ! air1 etc41 all belong to ! belief 9 & practice ( wit*craft :]ev] f\nd4 ,_h a ,fijian be5 transport$ to a seat on ! judicial b5* by ! side ( ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 :5 t judge condemn$ two old wom5 to dea? = wit*craft1 he w\ld h f\nd himself 9 a q cong5ial atmosph]e4 ,all[+ = diff]5ce 9 language1 he w\ld h f\nd ! evid5ce simil> to t ) :i* he 0 famili>1 & he w\ld h be5 able to endorse ! judge's rem>ks ) tales ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! level ( culture atta9$ by savages1 & t ( ! inhabitants ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ,european c\ntries little m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 7 sub/antially ! same4 ,ev5 to-day cases are cont9ually occurr+ :i* prove t advances 9 k & civilisation h n left ?is anci5t sup]/ition )\t support]s4 ,9 subscrib+ to ! belief 9 wit*craft1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ?us fell into l9e ) e>li] =ms ( religi\s belief4 ,! peculi> feature x repres5ts is t x came into exi/5ce :5 ! belief 9 wit*craft 0 los+ its hold on ! m cultur$ classes4 ,_h x n alli$ itself ) ?is t5d5cy1 no su* ?+ z ! wit* mania ( ! m$ieval p]iod c\ld h exi/$4 ,9 sob] tru?1 x br\ght ab\t a v]itable r5aissance ( ! crud] !ories ( demonism1 :ile its intol]ance ( opposition succe$$ 9 /ifl+ ! voice ( criticism = c5turies4 ,! primitive !ory :i* holds t man is surr\nd$ by ho/s ( spiritual ag5cies1 mo/ly ( a malevol5t nature1 0 reviv$ & fully endors$ by all ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,9 ! commone/1 z well z 9 ! r>e/ ev5ts ( life1 ?is sup]natural activity 0 manife/4 ,9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t ! belief 9 demoniacal ag5cy 0 endors$4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t ,*ri/ianity 0 n a cre$ seek+ to live z "o ( _m o!rs1 b a religion /ruggl+ = complete ma/]y1 gave fur!r impetus to ! belief4 ,an easy explanation = ! miracles & m>vels t occurr$ 9 connection ) non-,*ri/ian beliefs 0 t !y 7 ! "w ( demons4 ,! ,*ri/ian felt himself to be fight+ n s mu* human antagoni/s z s _m embodim5ts ( satanic p[]4 ,& aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity x is probable t mu* t w5t on "u cov] ( wit* assemblies1 a m detail$ k ?an we possess w\ld prove to be really ! cl&e/9e ex]cise ( prescrib$ =ms ( fai?4 ,! old say+1 ,! s9 ( wit*craft is z ! s9 ( rebellion1 has m 9 x ?an meets ! eye4 ,!re is little real diff]5ce betwe5 ! magic t appe>s z piety & ! magic t is d5\nc$ z sorc]y1 except t "o is p]mitt$ & ! o!r is n4 ,& x is almo/ a law ( religi\s developm5t t ! gods ( "o religion become ! demons ( its successor4 ,b :ile wit*craft has exi/$ 9 all ages1 x exi/$ 9 a mu* mild] =m ?an t :i* we f9d 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is ! fact to :i* att5tion has already be5 direct$1 namely1 ! conc5tration ( ! public m9d ^u v>i\s =ms ( sup]naturalism4 ,e aspect ( life 0 m or less "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 & no tea*+ 0 tol]at$ t conflict$ ) h] doctr9es4 ,& x 0 to ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur* p]petually to emphasise ! reality ( ei!r angelic or diabolic activity4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ^? :o %[$ a t5d5cy to revolt aga9/ ,*ur* rule !re 0 no exception to ?is4 ,if any?+1 ! belief 0 m pron\nc$4 ,next1 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies saw a ris+ tide ( h]esy aga9/ :i* ! ,*ur* 0 compell$ to battle2 & to ascribe ?is alleg$ p]v]sion ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es to ! malevol5ce ( ,satan (f]$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance--j z ! h]etics attribut$ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* itself to ! same s\rce4 ,:atev] dim9ution ensu$ 9 ! g5]al flood ( sup]/ition1 z a consequ5ce ( ! qu>rel betwe5 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 01 s f> z ! disputants 7 conc]n$1 incid5tal & ev5 undesir$4 ,on ! "o po9t ( demonism !re exi/$ complete unanimity1 & ! sceptic f>$ equally h>d ) bo? p>ties4 ,9 su* an environm5t ! wilde/ tales ( sorc]y became cr$ible2 & no?+ illu/rates ?is m =cibly ?an ! fact t _m ( ^? tortur$ & condemn$ = sorc]y actually believ$ !mselves capable ( p]=m+ ! m>vels laid to _! *>ge4 ,add$ to ^! factors1 we h to note t social conditions 7 also extremely fav\rable4 ,moral ties 7 z loose z !y c\ld reasonably be2 & ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! sexual relation _h =c$ bo? ! religi\s & ! non-religi\s m9d into :olly unheal?y *annels4 ,?is la/ aspect ( ! subject has be5 little dealt )1 b x is unque/ionably a v real "o4 ,a ,g]man writ] says3-- ,:il/ 9 ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 z ^? well acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( morals dur+ ?is p]iod c all confirm1 a mo/ unb\nd$ fre$om 0 dom9ant 9 sexual relations1 ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur* 7 desir\s ( compell+ ! p to keep bett] ord] by ! use ( actual =ce1 & by religi\s compulsion4 ,s =c$ a trans=mation 9 s vital a matt] necess>ily result$ 9 a reaction ( ! wor/ k9d1 & =c$ into secret *annels ! impulse :i* x _h attempt$ to suppress4 ,?is reaction occurr$1 moreov]1 ) an elem5tal =ce4 ,!re result$ widespread sexual viol5ce & s$uction1 hesitat+ at no?+1 (t5 insanely d>+1 9 :i* ev]y:]e ! devil 0 suppos$ to help2 ev]yone's head 0 turn$ 9 ?is way2 ! uncontroll$ lu/ ( debau*ees f\nd v5t 9 secret bac*analian associations & orgies1 :]e9 _m1 ) or )\t masqu]ade1 play$ ! "p ( ,satan2 %ameful de$s 7 p]petrat$ by excit$ wom5 & by procuresses & pro/itutes ready = any k9d ( immoral abom9ation2 add to ^! sexual orgies ! mo/ widely diffus$ web ( a completely develop$ !ory ( wit*craft1 & ! sy/ematic /r5g!n+ ( ! widely preval5t belief 9 ! devil--all ^! ?+s1 wov5 9 a labyr9?9e connection1 made x possible = ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s to be murd]$ by a disord]$ ju/ice & to be sacrific$ to delusion4#ahg ,to ^? :o look closely into ! subject ( m$ieval wit*craft ! pres5ce ( a /rong sexual elem5t is und5iable4 ,:5 we exam9e contempor>y acc\nts ( ! ',sabba?1' "s ( :i* are s gross z to be unpr9table1 we f9d a portion ( ! proce$+s to be ( a m>k$ erotic "*4 ,! figure ( ,satan (t5 en\gh rem9ds "o ( ! pagan ,priapus1 & ! c]emonies be> a /rong resemblance to ! anci5t ones1 ) ! mixture ( ,*ri/ian language & symbolism inevitable "u su* circum/ances4 ,promiscu\s int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes 0 said to occur at ! wit*es' ga!r+s2 &1 inde$1 unless "s sort ( sexual extravagance occurr$1 x is h>d to acc\nt = bo? ! p]si/5cy ( ! ga!r+s & ( ! reports conc]n+ !m4 ,! mo/ probable !ory is1 z ,i h j said1 t ^! ga!r+s 7 cov]s = a cont9uance ( ! old] sex wor%ip4 ,_m cu/oms connect$ !re) l+]$ on 9 ! ,*ur* itself1 & x is n a wild assumption t !y exi/$ 9 a less adult]at$ & m extravagant =m outside4 ,univ]sal z ! belief 9 wit*craft has be51 x 0 n until ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury t x assum$ :at may be ju/ly call$ an epidemic =m4 ,! fam\s ,bull ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii4 0 n unconnect$ 9 its orig9 ) ! gr[? ( h]esy4 ,?is preci\s docum5t1 issu$ 9 #adhd1 decl>es3-- ,x has come to our e>s t v _m p]sons ( bo? sexes1 deviat+ f ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 abuse !mselves ) demons1 ,incubus & ,succubus2 & by incantations1 *>ms1 & conjurations1 & o!r wick$ sup]/itions1 by crim9al acts & (f5ces1 h caus$ ! (fspr+ ( wom5 & ( ! l[] animals1 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ! grape1 & ! products ( v>i\s plants1 m51 wom51 & o!r animals ( diff]5t k9ds1 v9ey>ds1 mead[s1 pa/ure l&1 corn & o!r vegetables ( ! e>?1 to p]i%1 be oppress$1 & utt]ly de/roy$2 t !y torture m5 & wom5 ) cruel pa9s & torm5ts1 int]nal z well z ext]nal2 t !y h9d] ! prop] int]c\rse ( ! sexes1 & ! propagation ( ! human species4 ,moreov]1 !y are 9 ! habit ( d5y+ ! v fai? itself4 ,we1 !re=e1 will+ to provide by opportune rem$ies1 accord+ z x falls to our (fice1 by our apo/olical au?ority1 by ! t5or ( ^! pres5ts1 d appo9t & decree t !y be convict$1 imprison$1 puni%$1 & mulct$ accord+ to _! (f5ces4 ,x 0 ?is ,pope :o commission$ ! inquisitor1 ,spr5g]1 to root out wit*es4 ,spr5g]1 ) two o!rs1 act+ on ! au?ority ( ! ,popes1 drew up ! fam\s "w1 ,! ,wit* ,hamm]1 :i* provid$ ! basis = all subsequ5t works on ! detection & puni%m5t ( wit*es4#ahh ,! folly & iniquity ( ! book is almo/ unbelievable1 al?\gh x is q mat*$ by subsequ5t productions4 ,x ev5 provides = ! sil5ce ( p "u torture4 ,if !y confess :5 tortur$1 ! case is complete4 ,b if !y d n confess1 ?is diabolic production lays x d[n t ?is is because wit*es :o h giv5 !mselves up to ! devil are ins5sible to pa94 ,ev5 ! evid5ce ( *ildr5 0 admitt$4 ,& al?\gh 9 ord9>y trials ! evid5ce ( crim9als 0 b>r$1 x 0 to be freely all[$ 9 trials = sorc]y4 ,ev]y?+ t +5uity c\ld sugge/ or brutality execute 0 provid$ =4 ,f ! issue ( ,! ,wit* ,hamm] until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a p]iod ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 an epidemic ( wit*craft rag$4 ,p ( all ages & ( all classes ( society became implicat$1 & = "s "t1 at lea/1 accusation meant conviction4 ,an almo/ unbelievably l>ge numb] 7 execut$4 ,says ,lecky3-- ,9 almo/ e prov9ce ( ,g]many1 b especially 9 ^? :]e cl]ical influ5ce pr$om9at$1 ! p]secution rag$ ) a fe>ful int5sity4 ,sev5 ?\s& wit*es are said to h be5 burn$ at ,trves1 six hundr$ by a s+le bi%op 9 ,bamb]g1 & n9e hundr$ 9 a s+le ye> 9 ! bi%opric ( ,wrzburg4444 ,at ,t\l\se1 ! seat ( ! ,inquisition1 f\r hundr$ p]sons p]i%$ = sorc]y at a s+le execution1 & fifty at ,d\ay 9 a s+le ye>4 ,remy1 a judge ( ,nancy1 boa/$ t he put to dea? eight hundr$ wit*es 9 sixte5 ye>s4444 ,9 ,italy1 a ?\s& p]sons 7 execut$ 9 a s+le ye> 9 ! prov9ce ( ,como2 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! sev]ity ( ! inquisitors at la/ creat$ an absolute rebellion4444 ,9 ,g5eva1 :i* 0 !n rul$ by a bi%op1 five hundr$ alleg$ wit*es 7 execut$ 9 ?ree mon?s2 =ty-eight 7 burn$ at ,con/ance or ,rav5sburg1 & eighty 9 ! little t[n ( ,val]y 9 ,saxony4 ,9 #afgj1 sev5ty p]sons 7 condemn$ 9 ,sw$51 & a l>ge proportion ( !m burnt4#ahi ,9 ,engl&1 f #afjc to #afhj1 x is e/imat$ t sev5ty ?\s& p]sons 7 put to dea? = sorc]y4#aij ,grey1 ! editor ( ,hudibras1 says t he _h himself se5 a li/ ( ?ree ?\s& :o 7 put to dea? dur+ ! ,long ,p>liam5t4 ,! celebrat$ wit*-f9d]1 ,ma!w ,hopk9s1 hung sixty 9 "o ye> 9 ! c\nty ( ,suffolk4 ,9 ,scotl&1 = ?irty-n9e ye>s1 ! numb] kill$ annually av]ag$ ab\t two hundr$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n take into acc\nt ! numb] :o 7 h\nd$ to dea? by p]secution ( a popul> k9d1 or ^: lives 7 made s we>isome t dea? mu/ h come z a release4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable1 & ! mo/ horrible1 ( wit*craft executions occurr$ 9 ,wrzburg 9 ,febru>y #afbi4 ,no less ?an "o hundr$ & sixty-two wit*es 7 burn$ 9 a succession ( autos-da-f4 ,among ^!1 ! reports disclose t !re 7 actually ?irty-f\r *ildr54 ,! foll[+ details give ! actual ages ( "s ( !m3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,burn+4 ,numb]4 ,*ildr54 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #g? #g #a ,girl1 ag$ #ab4 #ac? #d #a ,girl ( #aj & ano!r4 #ae? #b #a ,boy ( #ab4 #ah? #f #b ,boys ( #aj1 girl ( #ad4 #ai? #f #b ,boys1 #aj & #ab4 #bj? #f #b ,boys4 #bcrd #i #c ,boys1 #i1 #aj1 & #ad4 #bd? #g #b ,boys1 br\ght f hospital4 #bf? #h ,little boy & girl4 #bg? #g #b ,boys1 #h & #i4 #bh? #f ,bl9d girl & infant4#aia ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! va/ majority ( ^? execut$ = sorc]y 7 wom54 ,at all times wit*es h be5 m num]\s ?an wiz>ds1 ow+ to _! assum$ clos] connection ) ! _w ( sup]natural be+s4 ,x 0 said1 ,= "o sorc]]1 t5 ?\s& sorc]esses1 & ,*ri/ian writ]s 7 ready to expla9 :y4 ,woman _h a great] aff9ity ) ! devil f ! outset4 ,x 0 ?r\gh woman t ,satan _h s$uc$ ,adam1 & x 0 only to be expect$ t he w\ld employ ! same in/rum5t on subsequ5t occasions4 ,! ,wit* ,hamm] has a special *apt] devot$ to ! consid]ation ( :y wom5 are m giv5 to sorc]y ?an m51 & quotes freely f ! ,fa!rs to prove t ?is foll[s f h] nature4 ,james ,i4 9 8 ,demonologia foll[s ,spr5g] 9 acc\nt+ = ! numb] ( wit*es4 ,! reason is easy4 ,= z t sex is frail] ?an man is1 s x is easi] to be entrapp$ 9 ! gross sn>es ( ! devil1 z 0 ov]-well prov$ to be true by ! s]p5t's deceiv+ ( ,eve at ! beg9n+1 :i* makes him ! homeli] ) ! sex s5s9e4 ,to be old1 or ugly1 or unpopul>1 to h any peculi> de=mity or m>k1 0 to invite p]secution1 &1 9 an ov]:elm+ majority ( in/ances1 conviction foll[$ accusation4 ,x is a significant comm5t ^u ! popul> belief t ,prote/antism1 z a =m ( religi\s belief1 0 ! product ( an enlight5$ rational life1 t x 0 only ) ! advance ( ,prote/antism t ! belief 9 wit*craft assum$ an epidemic =m4 ,?is may be p>tly due to ! great] direct dep5d5ce ^u ! ,bible1 9 :i* satanic influ5ce--p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--plays s l>ge a "p4 ,9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 exorcism rema9$ a regul> "p ( ! functions ( ! prie/2 ! ,*ur* 0 fill$ ) acc\nts ( satanic conflicts1 b diabolic int]c\rse seems to h be5 ma9ly limit$ to sa9tly *>act]s & prie/s4 ,prote/antism :i*1 !oretically1 made e man 8 own prie/1 rais$ ! belief 9 satanic ag5cy to an obsession4 ,& :]ev] ,prote/antism e/abli%$ itself !re 0 an imm$iate & m>k$ increase 9 ! numb] ( cases ( wit*craft4 ,9 ,engl&1 if we omit a d\btful law ( ! t5? c5tury1 !re exi/$ no regul> law aga9/ wit*craft until #aeda4 ,x rema9$ a purely ecclesia/ical (f5ce4 ,sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ! ye> ( ,elizabe?'s accession1 ,bi%op ,jewell1 prea*+ be=e ! ,que51 drew att5tion to ! increase ( sorc]y4 ,x may please ,y\r ,grace1 he said1 to und]/& t wit*es & sorc]]s1 )9 ^! la/ few ye>s1 are m>vell\sly increas$ )9 ,y\r ,grace's realm4 ,y\r ,grace's subjects p9e away ev5 to ! dea?1 _! col\r fade?1 _! fle% rotte?1 _! s5ses are b]eft4 ,i pray ,god !y nev] practise fur!r ?an ^u ! subject4 ,& he add$1 ,^! eyes h se5 mo/ evid5t & manife/ m>ks ( _! wick$ness4 ,a measure 0 pass$ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t ! same ye>1 mak+ en*antm5ts & wit*craft felony4 ,! fir/ ye> ( ,james ,i4 saw ! pass+ ( ! ',wit* ,act1' "u :i* subsequ5t executions took place1 & :i* rema9$ 9 =ce until ne>ly ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,) sc>ce an exception1 ! lead]s ( ,prote/antism enc\rag$ ! belief 9 wit*es & urg$ _! ext]m9ation z a religi\s & civil duty4 ,) ,lu!r1 9 spite ( ! /urdy common s5se he manife/$ 9 "s directions1 belief 9 ! activity ( ,satan am\nt$ to an obsession4 ,he saw ,satan ev]y:]e 9 ev]y?+4 ,! devil appe>$ to him :ile writ+1 di/urb$ 8 re/ by ! rattl+ ( pans1 & prev5t$ 8 pursu+ 8 /udies by hamm]+ on 8 skull4 ,:5 a /orm arose1 ,lu!r decl>$1 ',tis ! devil :o has done ?is2 ! w9ds are no?+ else b good or bad spirits4 ,suicides1 he said1 7 (t5 ^? /rangl$ by ! devil4 ,moreov]1 ,! devil c s completely assume ! human =m :5 he wants to deceive u1 t we may v well lie ) :at seems to be a woman ( real fle% & blood1 & yet all ! :ile 'tis only ! devil 9 ! %ape ( a woman4 ,! devil c\ld also become ! fa!r ( *ildr54 ,lu!r says t he knew ( "o su* case1 & add$1 ,i w\ld h t *ild ?r[n into ! ,moldau at ! risk ( be+ held its murd]]4#aib ,9 ,am]ica1 ,prote/antism manife/$ ! same influ5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! settl]s took ! sup]/ition ( wit*craft ) !m1 b x und]w5t no dim9ution 9 a new l&4 ,increase ,ma!r & 8 celebrat$ son1 ,cotton ,ma!r1 7 ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 /irr+ up ! belief to fr5zy po9t1 & a commission 0 appo9t$ to r\t out wit*es & suppress _! practices4 ,!re 0 soon a pl5tiful supply ( victims4 ,"o woman 0 *>g$ ) giv+ a look t[>ds ! great meet+-h\se ( ,salem1 & imm$iately a demon ent]$ ! h\se & tore d[n "p ( x4 ,x seems t a bit ( ! wood5 wa9scott+ _h fall5 d[n4 ,9 ! case ( ,giles ,corey1 :o refus$ to plead guilty1 torture 0 us$4 ,he 0 press$ to dea?1 & :5 8 tongue protrud$ f 8 m\? ! %]iff ?ru/ x back ) 8 walk+-/ick4 ,_m p 7 execut$1 & ! m9i/]s ( ,bo/on & ,*>le/[n drew up an address w>mly ?ank+ ! commission = its zeal1 & express+ ! hope t x w\ld nev] be relax$4 ,c]ta9ly ! commission did :at x c\ld to e>n ! ?anks giv54 ,a %ipma/] mak+ = ,m>yl& ) emigrants enc\nt]$ unusually r\gh wea!r4 ,an old woman1 "o ,m>y ,lee1 0 accus$ ( rais+ ! /orm1 & dr[n$ z a wit*4 ,a woman walk$ a long di/ance ov] muddy roads )\t soil+ h] dress4 ,i scorn to be drabbl$1 %e said1 & 0 hang$ z a rew>d4 ,george ,burr\ghs c\ld lift a b>rel by ins]t+ 8 f+] 9 ! bunghole4 ,he 0 hang$ = a wiz>d4 ,bridget ,bi%op 0 *>g$ ) appe>+ be=e ,john ,l\d] at midnight & griev\sly oppress+ him4 ,l\d]'s evid5ce aga9/ ! woman also includ$ ! fact t he saw a black pig approa* 8 door1 & :5 he w5t to kick x ! pig vani%$4 ,he 0 also tempt$ by a black ?+ ) ! body ( a monkey1 ! feet ( a cock1 & ! face ( a man4 ,on go+ out ( 8 back door he saw ! said ,bridget ,bi%op go+ t[>ds h] h\se4 ,! evid5ce 0 deem$ q conclusive4 ,ano!r witness said t be+ 9 b$ on ! ,"l's ,day1 he saw a woman1 ,susanna ,m>t91 come 9 at ! w9d[ & jump d[n on ! floor4 ,%e took hold ( ! witness's foot1 & draw+ 8 body into a heap1 lay ^u him = ne>ly two h\rs1 s t he c\ld nei!r move nor he>4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases torture 0 appli$1 & confessions 7 obta9$4 ,^! confessions (t5 implicat$ o!rs1 b :5 ! wit*es took to accus+ ^? 9 high places1 & ev5 m9i/]s ( religion1 ! ne$ = discrim9ation 0 realis$4 ,once a critical judgm5t 0 ar\s$1 ! mania began to subside--,cotton ,ma!r fight+ manfully = ! belief to ! end4 ,! impetus giv5 by ,prote/antism to wit*-hunt+ 9 ,scotl& 0 mo/ m>k$4 ,scot* wit*craft1 says ,lecky1 0 ! (fspr+ ( ,scot* ,puritanism1 & fai?fully reflect$ ! "* ( its p>5t4 ,! cl]gy n[h]e possess$ great] p[]1 & n[h]e us$ x m assidu\sly to fan ! flame aga9/ wit*craft4 ,buckle says3-- ,( all ! means ( intimidation employ$ by ! ,scot* cl]gy1 none 0 m efficaci\s ?an ! doctr9es !y prop\nd$ respect+ evil spirits & future puni%m5ts4 ,on ^! subjects !y con/antly utt]$ ! mo/ appall+ ?reats4 ,! language :i* !y us$ 0 calculat$ to madd5 m5 ) fe>1 & to drive !m to ! dep?s ( despair4444 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! _w 0 ov]run by evil spirits1 :o n only w5t up & d[n ! e>?1 b also liv$ 9 ! air1 & ^: bus9ess x 0 to tempt mank9d4 ,_! numb] 0 inf9ite1 & !y 7 to be f\nd 9 all places1 & 9 all seasons4 ,at _! head 0 ,satan himself1 ^: delight x 0 to appe> 9 p]son1 ensn>+ or t]rify+ ev]yone he met4 ,) ?is object he assum$ v>i\s =ms4 ,"o day he w\ld visit ! e>? z a black dog2 ano!r day1 z a rav52 on ano!r1 he w\ld be he>d 9 ! di/ance ro>+ l a bull4 ,he appe>$ sometimes z a :ite man 9 black clo!s1 & sometimes he appe>$ z a black man 9 black clo!s1 :5 x 0 rem>k$ t 8 voice 0 gho/ly1 & t "o ( 8 feet 0 clov54 ,8 /ratagems 7 endless4 ,=1 9 ! op9ion ( div9es1 8 cunn+ increas$ ) 8 age1 &1 hav+ be5 /udy+ = m ?an #ejjj ye>s1 he _h n[ atta9$ to unexampl$ dext]ity4#aic ,wit*craft 0 decl>$ by ! ,scot* ,p>liam5t 9 #aefc to be puni%able by dea?4 ,&1 naturally1 ! m zeal\s & active ! se>* = wit*es1 ! m num]\s !y became4 ,9 ! se>* ! cl]gy & ! kirk-sessions l$ ! way4 ,9 #aehg ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 hav+ be=e !m a case ( wit*craft 9 :i* ! evid5ce 0 insuffici5t1 deput$ ,james ,melville to travel on ! coa/ side & collect evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! prosecution4 ,x also ord]$ t ! presbyt]ies %\ld proce$ 9 all sev]ity aga9/ su* magi/rates z lib]at$ convict$ wit*es4 ,z 9 ,engl& s "h1 a body ( m5 came into exi/5ce ^: bus9ess x 0 to travel ! c\ntry & detect wit*es4 ,anonym\s accusations 7 invit$1 ! cl]gy plac+ an empty box 9 *ur*1 to receive a billet ) ! sorc]]'s "n1 & ! date & description ( 8 de$s4#aid ,9 #afjc at ! ,college ( ,auld ,abird5e e m9i/] 0 ord]$ to make subtill & privie inquisition1 conc]n+ ! numb] ( wit*es 9 8 p>i%1 & report ! same =?)4 ,no?+ t c\ld :et ! appetite = ! hunt 0 neglect$4 ,william ,john/on1 b>on1 bailie ( ! regalitie & b>ronie ( ,br\ghton1 0 aw>d$ ! goods ( all :o %\ld be lawfullie convict be assyses ( notori\s & common wit*es1 haunt+ & resort+ devilles & wit*es4#aie ,! lives ( ?\s&s ( p 7 r5d]$ unbe>able1 & ! compla9t ( "o1 ,m>g>et ,miall1 t %e desyres n to live1 because nobody w conv]se ) h]1 see+ %e is "u ! reputation ( a wit*1 mu/ h repres5t$ ! feel+s ( _m4 ,x 0 n only = work+ ill t p 7 accus$ ( wit*craft & execut$2 ill or well made little diff]5ce4 ,9 ,ed9burgh 9 #afbc x 0 *>g$ aga9/ ,?omas ,grieve t he _h reliev$ _m sicknesses & griev\s diseases by sorc]y & wit*craft4 ,he took sickness (f a woman 9 ,fife1 & put x ^u a c[1 :i* !reaft] ran mad & di$4 ,he also cur$ a *ild ( a disease by /raik+ back ! hair ( 8 head1 & wrapp+ him 9 an ano9t$ clo?1 & by t means putt+ him asleep1 & ?us ?r\gh 8 devilry & wit*craft1 cur$ ! *ild4 ,o!r *>ges ( a simil> k9d 7 br\ght aga9/ ,grieve1 :o 0 f\nd guilty & hang$ on ! ,ca/le ,hill4#aif ,at ! same place1 a ye> previ\s1 ,m>g>et ,wallace 0 also s5t5c$ to be hang$ & burn$1 on ! same k9d ( *>ge1 & = practis+ devilry1 incantation1 & wit*craft1 especially =bidd5 by ! laws ( ,almighty ,god1 & ! municipal laws ( ?is realm4 ,! foll[+ bill ( co/s = burn+ two wom51 ,jane ,wis*]t & ,isabel ,cock]1 9 ,ab]de51 has a c]ta9 melan*oly int]e/3-- s4 d4 ,item = #bj loads ( ,peatts to burn !m #b #j #j = ane boll ( colles #a #d #j = f\r t> b>rells #j #f #h = fir & w9 b>rells #j #af #h = a /aick & ! dress+ ( x #j #af #j = f\r fa?oms ( t[is #d #j #j to ,jon ,ju/ice = _! execution #j #ac #d ,9 ,engl&1 no less ?an 9 ,scotl&1 ,am]ica1 & on ! ,cont95t1 mu* le>n$ te/imony might be cit$ 9 def5ce ( wit*craft4 ,! great ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne said 9 ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 writ+s3 ,= my "p ,i h ev] believ$1 & d n[ "k1 t !re are wit*es4 ,!y t d\bt ( ^! d n only d5y !m1 b spirits2 & are obliquely & ^u consequ5ce1 a sort1 n ( infidels1 b a!i/s4#aig ,h5ry ,m1 ! great ,platoni/1 ass]t$ t !y :o d5y ! ag5cy ( wit*es are puff$ up ) no?+ b ignorance1 vanity1 & /upid infidelity4 ,ralph ,cudwor?1 "o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s ( ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 said t !y :o d5i$ ! possibility ( satanic int]c\rse c h>dly escape ! suspicion ( "s hank]+ t[>ds a!ism4#aih ,writ+ ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 :5 ! ,engli% law m]ely prosecut$ z rogues & vagabonds ^? :o pret5d$ to wit*craft1 ,black/one ?\ght x necess>y to po9t out t ?is alt]ation did n d5y ! possibility ( ! (f5ce1 & add$3-- ,to d5y ?is w\ld be to contradict ! reveal$ ^w ( ,god 9 v>i\s passages bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 & ! ?+ itself is a tru? 9 :i* e nation 9 ! _w ha? 9 its turn borne te/imony2 ei!r by examples seem+ly well atte/$1 or by prohibitory laws :i* at lea/ suppose ! possibility ( a comm]ce ) evil spirits4#aii ,ab\t ! same "t ,wesley gave ! _w 8 fam\s decl>ation on ! subject3-- ,x is true likewise t ! ,engli% 9 g5]al1 & inde$ mo/ ( ! m5 ( le>n+ 9 ,europe1 h giv5 up all acc\nts ( wit*es & app>itions z m]e old wives' fables4 ,i am sorry = x1 & ,i will+ly take ?is opportunity ( ent]+ my solemn prote/ aga9/ ?is viol5t complim5t :i* s _m :o believe ! ,bible pay to ^? :o d n believe x4 ,i owe !m no su* s]vice4 ,i take k t ^! are at ! bottom ( ! outcry :i* has be5 rais$ & ) su* insol5ce spread ?r\gh ! l& 9 direct opposition1 n only to ! ,bible1 b to ! suffrage ( ! wise/ & be/ ( m5 9 all ages & nations4 ,!y well "k 7:e!r ,*ri/ians "k x or n7 t ! giv+ up ( wit*craft is 9 effect giv+ up ! ,bible4#bjj ,! evid5ce ^u :i* ! convictions = wit*craft re/$ 7 almo/ incr$ibly /upid1 z ! puni%m5ts 7 almo/ unbelievably brutal4 ,if ! crops fail$1 or ! milk turn$ s\r2 if ! head ( a local magnate a*$1 or a m9i/] ( ! gospel fell sick2 if a woman 0 *ildless1 or a *ild tak5 ) a fit2 if a c[ sick5$1 or %eep di$ sudd5ly1 "s poor woman 0 pretty c]ta9 to be seiz$1 & tortur$ until %e confess$ h] alleg$ crime4 ,a mole or w>t on any "p ( ! body 0 a sure sign ( comm]ce ) ! devil4 ,x 0 believ$ t on ! body ( e wit* 0 a spot ins5sible to pa94 ,to discov] ?is %e 0 /ripp$1 p9s 7 run into ! body1 & :5 excess ( pa9 _h produc$ numbness1 "s su* spot 0 pretty c]ta9 to be f\nd4 ,m5 regul>ly took up ) ?is "w 9 bo? ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & _! fame z 'prick]s' dep5d$ ^u ! numb] ( wit*es !y une>!d4 ,if a suspect$ wit* kept a black cat1 did n %$ te>s1 or c\ld n repeat ! ,"l's ,pray] correctly1 ^! 7 pretty sure signs ( guilt4 ,a m s]i\s te/ 0 ! ordeal by wat]4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite & g5]al te/1 & 0 highly recomm5d$ by t le>n$ fool1 ,james ! ,fir/4 ,9 ?is ! "r h& 0 ti$ to ! left foot1 ! left h& to ! "r foot4 ,%e 0 !n ?r[n into a pond4 ,if %e float$ %e 0 a wit*1 & 0 ei!r hang$ or burn$4 ,if %e sank1 %e 0 innoc5t--& 0 dr[n$4 ,ano!r te/ 0 to tie a woman's legs across1 & %e 0 s seat$ on !m t !y bore ! entire weight ( h] body4 ,9 ?is position %e 0 kept = h\rs1 & on ! fir/ sign ( pa9 condemn$ z a wit*4 ,if none ( ^! te/s 7 adopt$1 torture 0 us$4 ,!re 0 ! boot--a frame ( iron or wood 9 :i* ! leg 0 plac$ & w$ges driv5 9 until ! limb 0 sma%$4 ,a v>iation ( ?is 0 to place ! leg 9 an iron boot & sl[ly heat x ov] a fire4 ,!re 0 ! ?umbscrew1 an in/rum5t :i* sma%$ ! ?umb to pulp by ! turn+ ( a screw4 ,m b>b>\s /ill 0 ! bridle4 ,?is 0 an iron hoop pass+ ov] ! head1 ) f\r prongs1 two po9t+ to ! tongue & palate1 & "o to ei!r *eek4 ,! suspect$ wit* 0 !n *a9$ to ! wall1 & wat*]s appo9t$ to prev5t h] sleep+4 ,! slighte/ movem5t caus$ ! greate/ torture1 & 9 ! va/ majority ( cases a confession 0 secur$4 ,9 ob/9ate cases press+ betwe5 heavy /ones 0 adopt$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! wit*-f9d]s 0 ! celebrat$ ,ma!w ,hopk9s be=e ref]r$ to4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to ! "w by ,p>liam5t dur+ ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 & /yl$ himself 'wit*-f9d] g5]al4' ,hopk9s travell$ r\nd ! c\ntry1 mu* l an assize judge1 putt+ up at ! pr9cipal inns1 & at ! exp5se ( ! local au?orities4 ,8 *>ge 0 tw5ty %ill+s a visit1 :e!r he f\nd wit*es or n4 ,if he discov]$ any1 !re 0 a fur!r *>ge ( tw5ty %ill+s = e wit* br\ght to execution4 ,8 fav\rite me?od ( detection 0 t ( float+4 ,b ano!r ( ,hopk9s's te/s 0 ! foll[+3 ,! suspect$ wit* 0 plac$ cross-legg$ on a /ool 9 ! c5tre ( ! room4 ,%e 0 closely wat*$ & kept )\t food = f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs4 ,doors & w9d[s rema9$ op5 to wat* = ! entrance ( "s ( ! devil's imps4 ,^! might come 9 ! =m ( a fly1 a wasp1 a mo?1 or "s o!r insect4 ,! "w ( ! wat*]s 0 to kill e insect t came into ! room4 ,b if "o escap$1 x 0 cle> pro( t ?is 0 "o ( ! wit*'s famili>s4 ,:]ev] ,hopk9s travell$ num]\s convictions foll[$4 ,^! 7 s num]\s t suspicion 0 ar\s$1 n ( ! g5u95ess ( ! convictions1 b ( ,hopk9s's k conc]n+ ! locality ( ! wit*es4 ,9 def5ce he publi%$ 9 #afdg a tract entitl$ ,! ,discov]y ( ,wit*es2 9 answ] to sev]al ,qu]ies lately deliv]$ to ! ,judge ( ,assize = ! ,c\nty ( ,norfolk2 & n[ publi%$ by ,ma!w ,hopk9s1 ,wit*f9d]1 = ! b5efit ( ! :ole ,k+dom4 ,! *>ge aga9/ ,hopk9s 0 t he _h be5 suppli$ by ! devil ) a memor&um ( all ! wit*es1 & s 0 able to f9d !m :]e o!rs fail$4 ,absurd z ! *>ge 01 x f\nd cr$5ce1 & al?\gh 8 end is wrapp$ 9 obscurity1 x is said t he 0 f9ally seiz$ himself on a *>ge ( sorc]y1 tri$ by 8 own fav\rite wat] te/--& float$4 ,"o _c b hope t tradition is 9 ?is case tru/wor?y4 ,x is difficult1 n[adays1 to realise ! gravity ) :i* ^! trials 7 und]tak54 ,an outl9e ( a v fam\s wit* trial1 be=e an em95t judge 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 w be/ s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,be=e me !re lies a little tract ( "s sixty pages1 pr9t$ = ,william ,%rewsbury at ! ,bible 9 ,duck ,lane1 & be>+ on ! title page ! foll[+ description3-- ,at ! ,assizes & g5]al gaol deliv]y1 held at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds = ! ,c\nty ( ,suffolk1 ! ,t5? day ( ,m>*1 9 ! ,sixte5? ,ye> ( ! ,reign ( our ,sov]eign1 ,"l ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 be=e ,ma!w ,hale1 ,knight1 ,"l ,*ief ,b>on ( ,8 ,maje/ies ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]2 ,rose ,call5d] & ,amy ,duny1 ,wid[s1 bo? ( ,ley/(f1 9 ! c\nty a=esaid1 7 sev]ally indict$ = bewit*+ ,elizabe? & ,anne ,dur5t1 ,jane ,bock+1 ,susan ,*&l]1 ,william ,dur5t1 ,elizabe? & ,deborah ,pacy & ! said ,call5d] & ,duny1 be+ arra+$ ^u ! same indictm5ts1 plead$ n guilty2 & aft]w>ds ^u a long evid5ce1 7 f\nd guilty1 & !reupon _h judgm5t to dye = ! same4 ,bo? ! wom5 *>g$ 7 old4 ,! *>ges 7 z foll[s3 ,! "m ( ! infant1 ,william ,dur5t1 sworn & exam9$ 9 op5 c\rt1 depos$ t ab\t ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 hav+ special occasion to g f home1 left h] *ild 9 ! c>e ( ,amy ,duny1 giv+ h] special occasion n to give h] *ild ! brea/4 ,nev]!less1 ,amy ,duny did acqua9t h] "m on h] return t %e _h giv5 ! *ild ! brea/1 & on be+ reprim&$ us$ _m high expressions & ?reat5+ spee*es t[>ds h]2 tell+ h] t %e _h z good h done o!rwise ?an to h f\nd fault ) h] 444 & t v night h] son fell into /range fits ( sw\nd+ 444 & s cont9u$ = sev]al weeks4 ,mu* tr\bl$1 ! "m consult$ a ,dr4 ,jacob1 ( ,y>m\?1 :o advis$ h] to hang up ! *ild's blanket1 at night to wrap ! *ild 9 x1 & if %e f\nd any?+ !re9 to ?r[ x 9 ! fire4 ,a v l>ge toad 0 f\nd1 :i* on be+ put 9 ! fire made a great & horrible noise1 & aft] a space !re 0 a fla%+ 9 ! fire l gunp[d] 444 & !reupon ! toad 0 no m se5 or he>d4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 ! next day !re came a "y woman & told ?is deponn5t t h] aunt 7mean+ ! said ,amy7 0 9 a mo/ lam5table condition1 hav+ h] face all scor*$ ) fire4 ,& on ! "m enquir+ ( ,amy ,duny h[ ?is _h happ5$1 ,amy repli$1 %e might ?ank h] = x1 = t %e 0 ! cause !re(1 b t %e %\ld live to see "s ( h] *ildr5 dead1 or else ^u crut*es4 ,x 0 fur!r alleg$ t n long aft] ?is deponn5t 0 tak5 ) lam5ess 9 bo? h] legges1 f ! knees d[nw>ds1 & t %e 0 fa9 to g ^u crut*es 444 & s cont9u$ till ! "t ( ! ,assizes1 t ! wit* came to be tri$4 ,conc]n+ ! bewit*+ ( ,elizabe? & ,deborah ,pacy1 ag$ elev5 & n9e1 _! fa!r decl>$ t ,deborah 0 sudd5ly tak5 ) lam5ess4 ,"o day :ile ! girl 0 re/+ outside ! h\se1 ,amy ,duny came to ! deponn5t's h\se to buy "s h]r+s2 b1 be+ d5i$1 %e w5t away discont5t$4444 ,b at ! v same in/ant ( "t1 ! said *ild 0 tak5 ) mo/ viol5t fits1 feel+ extreme pa9 9 h] /oma*1 l ! prick+ ( p9s1 & %riek+ out 9 a dreadful mann] l unto a :elp4 ,z ! result ( ?is & o!r ailm5ts f :i* ! *ild suff]$1 ! fa!r accus$ ,amy ,duny ( be+ a wit*1 & %e 0 plac$ 9 ! /ocks4 ,be+ plac$ 9 ! /ocks1 fur!r ?reats 7 utt]$1 & bo? *ildr5 7 afflict$ ) fits4 ,^u recov]y !y w\ld c\gh extremely1 & br+ up mu* phlegm & crook$ p9s1 & "o "t a twop5ny nail ) a v broad head2 :i* p9s 7am\nt+ to =ty or m71 toge!r ) ! twop5ny nail1 7 produc$ 9 c\rt1 ) ! affirmation ( ! said deponn5t t he 0 pres5t :5 ! said nail 0 vomit$ up1 & also mo/ ( ! p9s4444 ,9 ?is mann] ! said *ildr5 cont9u$ = ! space ( two mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t1 9 _! int]vals1 ?is deponn5t w\ld cause !m to read "s *apt]s f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:]eupon he obs]v$ t !y w\ld read till !y came to ! "n ( ,"l or ,jesus or ,*ri/1 & !n1 be=e !y c\ld pron\nce ei!r ( ! said words1 !y w\ld sudd5ly fall into _! fits4 ,b :5 !y came to ! "n ( ,satan or ,devil1 !y w\ld clap _! f+]s ^u ! book1 cry+ out1 ',?is bites1 b makes me speak "r well6' ,mu* m evid5ce ( a simil> k9d 0 (f]$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! trial1 ) details ( a too indelicate "* = reproduction conc]n+ ! se>* made on ! wom5's bodies = devil's m>ks4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! trial !re 7 pres5t 9 c\rt a numb] ( di/+ui%$ p1 among/ !m ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne4 ,! latt]1 be+ desir$ to give 8 op9ion1 :at he did conceive ( him2 0 cle>ly ( op9ion t ! p]sons 7 bewit*$1 & said t 9 ,d5m>k !re _h lately be5 a great discov]y ( wit*es1 :o us$ ! v same way ( afflict+ p]sons1 by convey+ p9s into !m1 & crook$ z ^! p9s 71 ) ne$les & nails4 ,& 8 op9ion 0 t ! devil 9 su* cases did "w ^u ! bodies ( m5 & wom5 z on a natural f\ndation1 to /ir up & excite su* hum\rs sup]ab\nd+ 9 _! bodies to a great excess1 :]eby he did 9 an extraord9>y mann] afflict !m ) su* di/emp]s z _! bodies 7 mo/ subject to1 z p>ticul>ly appe>$ 9 ^! *ildr54 ,sir ,ma!w ,hale1 "o ( ! greate/ lawy]s ( 8 day1 9 direct+ ! jury1 told !m he w\ld n repeat ! evid5ce unto !m1 le/ by s do+ he %\ld wrong ! evid5ce "o way or ! o!r4 ,only ?is acqua9t$ !m4 ,fir/1 :e!r or no ^! *ildr5 7 bewit*$8 ,secondly1 :e!r ! prison]s at ! b> 7 guilty ( x8 ,t !re 7 su* creatures he made no d\bt at all4 ,=1 fir/1 ! ,scriptures _h affirm$ z mu*4 ,secondly1 ! wisdom ( all nations _h provid$ laws aga9/ su* p]sons1 :i* is an argum5t ( _! confid5ce ( su* a crime4 ,& su* _h be5 ! judgm5t ( ?is k+dom1 z appe>s by t ,act ( ,p>liam5t :i* _h provid$ puni%m5ts proportionable to ! quality ( ! (f5ce4 ,& desir$ !m /rictly to obs]ve _! evid5ce1 & desir$ ! great ,god ( ,heav5 to direct _! he>ts 9 ?is weighty ?+ !y _h 9 h&2 = to condemn ! innoc5t & let ! guilty g free 7 bo? an abom9ation be=e ! ,"l4 ,! jury took no m ?an half an h\r to consid] _! v]dict1 & br\ght 9 bo? wom5 guilty ^u all c\nts4 ,! judge express$ 8 complete satisfaction ) ! v]dict1 & s5t5c$ !m to be hang$--a s5t5ce duly c>ri$ out a =tnight lat]4 ,?is is ! la/ notable trial 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,a wit* 0 burn$ lat] ?an ! date ( ?is trial1 & ! la/ "o actually condemn$ 0 9 #agab4 ,b 9 ?is case1 on ! repres5tation ( ! judge :o tri$ ! issue1 ! v]dict 0 =mally set aside4 ,by t "t p 7 beg9n+ to realise ! wisdom ( ,montaigne's c\nsel1 writt5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! wit* epidemic3-- ,h[ mu* m natural & m likely d ,i f9d x t two m5 %\ld lie ?an "o 9 twelve h\rs %\ld pass ) ! w9ds f ea/ to we/8 ,h[ mu* m natural t our und]/&+ may1 by ! volubility ( our loose1 cap]+ m9d1 be transport$ f its place ?an "o ( u %\ld1 fle% & bones z we are1 by a /range _s be c>ri$ ^u a broom ?r\gh a tunnel or a *imney4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,wit* ,act ( #afjd 0 n =mally repeal$ until #agcf4 ,9 ,scotl& ! la/ wit* legally execut$ 0 9 #agbb4 ,capta9 ,ross1 ,%]iff ( ,su!rl&1 has ! d\btful hon\r ( hav+ condemn$ h] to ! /ake4 ,b fifty ye>s lat] ?an ?is--#aggc--! ,associat$ ,presbyt]y pass$ a resolution deplor+ ! fact t wit*craft 0 fall+ into disrepute4 ,9 ,g]many ! la/ wit* 0 execut$ 9 #agdi1 by decapitation4 ,! la/ trial = wit*craft 9 ,massa*usetts 0 z late z #agic4 ,^! dates ref]1 ( c\rse1 to legal proce$+s4 ,examples ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is belief are cont9ually be+ record$ 9 newspap]s1 al?\gh !y n[ only rank z solit>y rem9isc5ces ( "o ( ! mo/ degrad+ & brutalis+ beliefs t ,european hi/ory records4 ,i h n aim$ at giv+ a hi/ory ( ! wit* mania--inde$1 a sci5tific hi/ory ( wit*craft1 "o t w make pla9 ! nature ( ! v>i\s factors involv$1 has yet to be writt54 ,i h only dwelt ^u x = ! purpose ( en=c+ ! lesson ( h[ mat]ially su* an epidemic mu/ h contribut$ to give p]man5ce to religi\s belief 9 g5]al4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* an epidemic c\ld n occur save 9 a society saturat$ ) sup]naturalism4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t once su* an epidemic occurs x mu/ 9 turn /r5g!n ! t5d5cy t[>ds sup]naturali/ic beliefs4 ,?anks to ! long reign ( ! religi\s idea1 & to ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ! p ( ,europe 7 prep>$ = su* an outbreak4 ,& x %\ld be cle> t ! preval5ce ( su* beliefs1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be aft]w>ds disc>d$1 fav\rs ! p]petuation ( religi\s belief z a :ole4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( a belief t is preval5t = a "t may disappe>1 b ! temp] ( m9d induc$ by its reign rema9s4 ,& absurd z ! belief 9 wit*es cap]+ ?r\gh ! air on broom/icks1 *ang+ !mselves into black cats1 rais+ /orms1 & caus+ sickness--absurd ?\gh all ?is may be1 x yet s]ves to keep alive ! temp] ( m9d on :i* sup]naturalism lives4 ,,footnotes3 #ahg ,cit$ by ,blo*1 ,sexual ,life ( our ,"t1 p4 #abj4 ,mi*elet has also dealt ) ?is matt] 9 8 vivid & picturesque "w1 ,! ,sorc]ess4 #ahh ,a l5g?y acc\nt ( ?is "w is giv5 by ,ennemos] 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,magic1 vol4 ii4 #ahi ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ,rationalism1 i4 pp4 #c-f4 #aij ,h4 ,williams1 ,! ,sup]/itions ( ,wit*craft1 p4 #bad4 #aia ,t4 ,wright1 ,n>ratives ( ,sorc]y & ,magic4 #aib ,mi*elet1 ,life ( ,lu!r1 *ap4 vi4 #aic ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 *ap4 xix4 #aid ,dalyell1 ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl&1 p4 #fbc4 #aie ,dalyell1 p4 #fbh4 #aif ,pitcairn's ,crim9al ,trials1 vol4 iii4 #aig ,religio ,m$ici1 pt4 i4 sec4 #cj4 #aih ,true ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ii4 p4 #fej4 #aii ,comm5t>ies1 ,/eph5's ,edition1 i4 p4 #bch4 #bjj ,j\rnal1 #agfh4 ,,*apt] ,,elev5 ,,summ>y ,,conclusion ,! /udy ( religion falls naturally & easily into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ is a "q ( orig94 ,"u :at conditions did ! hypo!sis t sup]natural be+s control ! life ( man come into exi/5ce8 ,we "k t 9 civilis$ times religi\s beliefs are 9 ! nature ( an inh]itance4 ,a memb] ( any civilis$ society f9ds !m "h :5 he is born1 he gr[s up ) !m1 g5]ally accept+ !m )\t "q1 or effect+ c]ta9 modifications 9 ! =m 9 :i* he cont9ues to hold !m4 ,if we treat religion z a hypo!sis1 advanc$ z o!r hypo!ses are advanc$1 to acc\nt = a c]ta9 class ( facts1 !n we c safely say t religion is "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,& its antiquity & univ]sality preclude u f seek+ an explanation ( its orig9 9 ! m5tal life ( civilis$ humanity4 ,:e!r ! religi\s hypo!sis c or _c be ju/ifi$ by an appeal to civilis$ intellig5ce1 x is pla9 x did n beg9 !re4 ,its beg9n+s are e>li] ?an any exi/+ civilisation2 & 9 its mo/ g5]al =m may be said to be z old z mank9d itself4 ,consequ5tly1 if any satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! religi\s idea is to be f\nd1 x mu/ be s\ght amid ! v e>lie/ conditions ( human society4 ,n[ :atev] ! diff]5ces ( op9ion conc]n+ matt]s ( detail1 !re is sub/antial agreem5t among/ ,european an?ropologi/s ^u "o important po9t4 ,!y all agree t ! conception ( sup]natural1 or 'spiritual1' be+s owes its beg9n+ to ! ignorance ( primitive man conc]n+ bo? 8 own nature & ! nature ( ! _w ar\nd him4 ,! beg9n+s ( human exp]i5ce sugge/ que/ions t c only be satisfactorily answ]$ by ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( _m g5]ations4 ,^! que/ions d n mat]ially diff] f ^? t face m5 to-day4 ,! :y & :]e=e ( ?+s are always ) u2 life prop\nds ! same problem to all2 x is ! replies alone t v>y1 & ! nature ( ^! replies is det]m9$ by ! k at our disposal4 ,! diff]5ce is n 9 nature b 9 man4 ,! answ]s giv5 by primitive man to ^! et]nal que/ions are a complete inv]sion ( ^? ( 8 bett] in=m$ desc5dants4 ,! conception ( natural =ce1 ( me*anical necessity1 is z yet unborn1 & ! primitive ?9k] ev]y:]e assumes ! op]ation ( p]sonal be+s z responsible = all t occurs4 ,?is is n s mu* ! product ( c>eful & elaborate philosophis+1 x is clos] ak9 to ! naive ?9k+ ( a *ild conc]n+ a ?und]/orm4 ,primitive ?\ght accepts ! univ]sal op]ation ( liv+ & intellig5t =ces z an unque/ionable fact4 ,mod]n ?\ght t5ds m & m surely 9 ! direction ( reg>d+ ! univ]se z a complex ( self-adju/+1 non-consci\s =ces4 ,primitive ?\ght assumes a sup]natural ag5cy z ! cause ( disease1 & seeks1 logically1 to placate x by pray] or co]ce x by magic4 ,mod]n ?\ght turns to te/-tube & microscope1 se>*es = ! malignant g]m1 & manufactures an antitox94 ,! hi/ory ( human ?\ght is1 z ,huxley said1 a record ( ! sub/itution ( me*anical = vitali/ic processes4 ,! beg9n+ ( religion is f\nd 9 connection ) ! latt]4 ,a g5u9e sci5ce comm5ces ) ! em]g5ce ( ! =m]4 ,) ?is aspect ( ! matt] ,i h n1 h[ev]1 be5 specially conc]n$4 ,x has be5 left on "o side 9 ord] to conc5trate att5tion ^u ano!r & a m neglect$ aspect ( ! subject--t ( ! conditions t h s]v$ to p]petuate ! religi\s idea4 ,grant1 :at _c be well d5i$ 9 ! face ( mod]n inve/igation1 t ideas ( ! sup]natural began 9 primitive delusion4 ,h[ comes x t ?is idea has n by n[ disappe>$ f civilis$ society8 ,:at are ! causes t h giv5 x su* a l5g?y lease ( life8 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t all really v]ifiable k c\nts z an asset ( naturalism1 & is s f> oppos$ to sup]naturalism4 ,moreov]1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce has be5 su* t "o feels ju/ifi$ 9 ! assumption t1 giv5 "t & indu/ry1 !re are no ph5om5a t are n susceptible to a naturali/ic explanation4 ,:y1 !n1 has n sup]naturalism di$ out8 ,ev5 ! religi\s idea _c p]si/ )\t evid5ce ( "s k9d be+ (f]$ 9 its behalf4 ,?is evid5ce may be to a bett] in/ruct$ m9d inconclusive or irrelevant1 b evid5ce ( "s sort !re mu/ h be5 all along1 & mu/ /ill be4 ,grant$ t ! religi\s idea began ) primitive mank9d1 grant$ also t x 0 bas$ on a mi/ak5 int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a1 ^! reasons are q insuffici5t to expla9 :y ?\s&s ( g5]ations lat] t idea is /ill ) u4 ,our fa!rs h told u (f]s to ! av]age m9d a /rong appeal1 b surely ! *ildr5 w require "s fur!r pro( ?an ?is4 ,:at k9d ( evid5ce is x t ?r\gh\t ! ages religi\s p h accept$ z conclusive8 ,a /udy ( primitive psy*ology %[s cle>ly en\gh h[ ! religi\s idea vitalis$ ! facts4 ,:at we next h to disc]n is ! class ( facts t h kept ! religi\s idea alive4 ,! =ego+ pages con/itute an attempt to answ] ?is "q4 ,! ne$ = "s su* inve/igation 0 cle>ly %[n by ! publication ( ! late ,pr(essor ,william ,james's ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce & its reception by ! religi\s press ( ! c\ntry z an epo*-m>k+ "w4 ,z a m]e collection ( docum5ts1 ! "w is int]e/+ en\gh4 ,b its critical value is extremely small4 ,h[ religi\s vision>ies h felt1 or :at has be5 _! exp]i5ces1 c only furni% ! m]e data ( an enquiry1 & _! explanation ( ! cause ( _! exp]i5ces is a "p ( ! data4 ,?is1 app>5tly1 ,pr(essor ,james ov]look$2 & x w be not$ by critical read]s ( 8 book t x proce$s on ! assumption t ! /atem5ts ( religi\s vision>ies are to be tak51 n only z true conc]n+ _! subjective exp]i5ces at a giv5 "t1 b also z approximately true z to ! causes ( _! m5tal /ates4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 by no means foll[s4 ,a sci5tific enquiry _c sep>ate m5tal conditions f ! subject's int]pretation ( _! causation4 ,:e!r ?is int]pretation is g5u9e or n mu/ be decid$ f9ally by an appeal to :at is kn[n ( ! laws ( m5tal life1 "u bo? normal & abnormal conditions4 ,if ^! are adequate to expla9 ! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 !re is no ne$ :atev] to assume ! op]ation ( a sup]natural ag5cy4 ,nor does call+ ?is ag5cy 'transc5d5t' or 'sup]mundane' make any sub/antial diff]5ce4 ,=1 9 ?is connection1 ^! are only names t s]ve to disguise a visitant ( a highly undesirable "*4 ,! evid5ce on behalf ( a naturali/ic explanation ( religi\s ph5om5a has be5 purposely /at$ 9 a sugge/ive r ?an 9 an exhau/ive mann]4 ,! ma9 l9es ( evid5ce are ?reefold4 ,fir/1 !re is ! indisputable fact t 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture all m5tal & bodily diseases are univ]sally attribut$ to spiritual ag5cy4 ,?is explanation holds ! field2 x is ! only "o possible at ! "t1 & x is n replac$ until a comp>atively late /age ( human hi/ory4 ,b ( special importance is ! fact t a belief does n die out sudd5ly4 ,x is only de/roy$ v sl[ly1 & ev5 aft] ! facts ^u :i* ! belief 0 orig9ally bas$ h be5 o!rwise int]pret$1 ! attitude ( m9d eng5d]$ by ! long reign ( a belief rema9s4 ,x has by t "t become "p ( ! intellectual environm5t4 ,!ories ( a quasi-philosophic or quasi-sci5tific "* are elaborat$1 & give to ! orig9al belief some?+ ( a rational air4 ,ev5 to-day ! ext5t to :i* sup]/iti\s practices /ill ga!r r\nd ! subject ( disease is kn[n only to ! curi\s 9 su* matt]s4 ,n t ! orig9al reason is giv5 = ! practice4 ,9 ne>ly e case a diff]5t "o is inv5t$4 ,to take only a s+le example4 ,we /ill f9d saffron tea l>gely us$ 9 cases ( measles4 ,all m$ical m5 are aw>e t x possesses n ! slighte/ curative value4 ,/ud5ts ( folklore are aw>e t x has its orig9 9 ! !ory ( sympa!tic cures4 ,its r$eem+ feature is t x is h>mless2 s we f9d x /ill 9 common use1 & ! recov]y ( a *ild f measles is (t5 en\gh attribut$ to ! pot5cy ( ! concoction4 ,s ) ! relation ( disease to ! p]si/5ce ( ! belief 9 ! sup]natural4 ,! conclusion t disease--:e!r bodily or m5tal--is due to ! ag5cy ( spirits is "o t foll[s f ! exi/5ce ( ! religi\s idea2 b 9 turn ! obs]v$ facts react & /r5g!n ! religi\s belief4 ,e case ( disease becomes to ! primitive m9d an unansw]able pro( 9 fav\r ( ! orig9al hypo!sis4 ,! disease is !re1 & ! only explanation possible is 9 t]ms ( ! animi/ic idea4 ,& all ! "t ! religi\s idea is becom+ m deeply emb$d$ 9 ! social consci\sness1 m firmly e/abli%$ z a social fact4 ,! next l9e ( evid5ce is t furni%$ by :at ,i h call$ ! culture ( ! sup]natural4 ,by "s means or o!r--probably by accid5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance--x is discov]$ t c]ta9 h]bs & vegetable drugs h a peculi> effect on "o's m5tal /ate4 ,^? :o use !m see or he> ?+s o!r p d n normally he> or see4 ,ab/5tion f food & o!r bodily privations produce simil> results4 ,:at is ! inevitable conclusion8 ,! only "o possible "u ! exi/+ conditions is t communication has be5 set up ) an invisible _w f :i* "o is %ut (f "u normal conditions4 ,f ?is to ! next /ep is obvi\s & easy4 ,if a drug1 or a fa/1 br+s "o into communication ) ! sup]natural _w1 "o has only to repeat ! conditions 9 ord] to repeat ! exp]i5ce4 ,& repeat$ !y are 9 all religions1 )1 at mo/1 ^? modifications induc$ by *ang$ times & circum/ances4 ,?is is :y fa/+ & o!r =ms ( 'fle%ly mortification' play s l>ge a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! savage m$ic9e man1 ! ,h9du fakir1 ! m$ieval sa9t1 all create _! ec/asies by ! simple plan ( di/urb+ ! normal op]ations ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 impli$ t ?is is done ) a full consci\sness ( all t is involv$ 9 ! practice4 ,! d]angem5t is to !m ! condition ( ! sup]natural manife/ation1 n ! physiological & psy*ological cause ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,! ?ird ma9 l9e ( evid5ce is connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( sexuality4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 e>ly /ages ( culture man ev]y:]e connects ! ph5om5a ( ! sexual life ) ! activity ( sup]natural =ces4 ,foll[+ ! l9es ( inve/igation indicat$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&1 we saw reason to believe t ! primitive conception ( procreation is n t aft]w>ds preval5t1 b t ( assum+ ! bir? ( a *ild to be due to ! direct action ( spiritual be+s on ! "m4 ,pro(s ( ?is are f\nd 9 exi/+ beliefs among primitive peoples1 9 ! magical practices s widely curr5t to obta9 *ildr51 & 9 num]\s o!r cu/oms connect$ ) *ildbir?4 ,! ph5om5on ( pub]ty 9 ! male & ( m5/ruation 9 ! female gives a t]rify+ reality to ?is belief4 ,b /ill m important is ! fact t a great deal ( assum$ religi\s feel+ is f\nd on analysis to be little m ?an mask$ sexuality4 ,! connection betwe5 eroticism & piety has be5 not$ ov] & ov] aga9 by m$ical obs]v]s 9 ! cases t h be5 br\ght pr(essionally "u _! notice4 ,& x is h>dly less m>k$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances t are usually class$ z normal4 ,?us great religi\s tea*]s h (t5 emphasis$ ! value ( a celibate life z a means ( fur!r+ religi\s devotion1 & ne>ly all h treat$ x ) m>k$ respect4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is is t m>riage involves a great] absorption 9 mat]ial or worldly c>es1 :ile celibacy leaves "o free to full devotion to ! spiritual4 ,b ! bottom reason = x is t sexual & dome/ic feel+s1 lack+ _! prop] outlet 9 m>riage & family life1 run ) great] =ce 9 ! outlet provid$ by religion4 ,s x happ5s t we f9d unm>ri$ m5 & wom51 devot$ to ! religi\s life1 express+ !mselves t[>ds ,jesus or ! ,virg9 9 language :i*1 sep>at$ f its religi\s associations1 leaves no d\bt z to its orig9 9 unsatisfi$ sexual feel+4 ,9 ^! cases we are deal+ ) a p]v]sion ( "o ( ! deepe/ ( human in/9cts4 ,& x is "o ( ! commone/ ( obs]vations 9 psy*ology t :5 a feel+ is d5i$ outlet ?r\gh its prop] *annel x f9ds v5t 9 "s o!r direction1 & is to t ext5t mask$ or disguis$4 ,alli$ to ! fact ( p]v]sion is t ( mis9t]pretation4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,conv]sion we h se5 h[ l>gely ?is occurs at ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce4 ,! significant features ( adolesc5ce are a developm5t ( ! sexual nature & an awak5+ ( a consci\sness ( race k9%ip4 ,connect$ ) ^!1 & fl[+ f !m1 is a m or less rapid developm5t ( :at are call$ ! altrui/ic feel+s1 ! individual becom+ less self-c5tr$ & m conc]n$ = ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,f an evolution>y po9t x is easy to read ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ^! trans=mations1 al?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( social developm5t !y h become ov]laid ) a numb] ( second>y *>act]i/ics4 ,/ill1 9 a completely rationalis$ social life1 ) adequate k conc]n+ ! nature ( adolesc5ce1 e c>e w\ld be tak5 to direct ^! develop+ en]gies into purely social *annels4 ,adolesc5ce is ! great =mative p]iod2 x is !n t imitation & sugge/ion play _! mo/ important p>ts1 & x is !n t ! f\ndations may be laid ( a really good & useful citiz5%ip4 ,if we fail !n1 we fail completely4 ,9 a society :]e sup]naturalism /ill ex]ts consid]able p[] ano!r1 & a m disa/r\s1 policy is pursu$4 ,e endeav\r is made by religi\s organisations to exploit adolesc5ce 9 _! own int]e/4 ,?\s&s ( prie/s1 (t51 no d\bt1 ) ! be/ ( motives1 are engag$ 9 impress+ ^u ! y\?ful m9d an entirely errone\s notion ( ! "* & ! direction ( ! feel+s exp]i5c$4 ,! s5se ( re/lessness1 consequ5t ^u a p]iod ( great physiological di/urbance1 is utilis$ to create an unheal?y 'conviction ( s91' or ! ne$ ( 'gett+ "r ) ,god4' ,social duties & obligations are made incid5tal r ?an fundam5tal4 ,activities t %\ld be consci\sly direct$ to a social end are div]t$ into religi\s *annels1 & "o consequ5ce ( ?is1 z we h se51 is a l>ge crop ( n]v\s disord]s t might be avoid$ 7 a heal?i] outlet provid$4 ,9 ?is ! mod]n prie/ is act+ precisely z 8 savage =]unn] act$4 ,z ! savage m$ic9e man associates sexual ph5om5a ) ! activity ( ! tribal gho/s1 s ! mod]n prie/ (t5 associates ! psy*ological conditions t accompany adolesc5ce ) a sup]natural influ5ce4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is a purely v]bal "o4 ,9 nei!r case is !re a recognition ( ! nature ( ! processes actually at "w2 9 bo? cases ! ph5om5a are us$ to emphasise ! reality & activity ( ! sup]natural4 ,9 bo? cases ! social feel+s are disguis$ by ! religi\s int]pretation giv51 ) ! result t in/ead ( adolesc5ce be+1 z x %\ld be1 ! p]iod ( a consci\s entry into ! l>g] social life1 x only too (t5 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a lifelong s]vitude to retrogressive =ces4 ,^! are ! ma9 l9es along :i*1 ,i conceive1 ! /udy ( ! pa?ologic elem5ts t ent] into ! hi/ory ( religion mu/ be /udi$4 ,& s long z we re/rict our /udy to ! l[] culture /ages ! evid5ce is cle> & unmi/akable4 ,x is :5 we rea* ! high] /ages ( civilisation t ! problem becomes m difficult4 ,= al?\gh x is possible to detect ! same factors at "w !y are express$ 9 a diff]5t way1 & affiliat$ to curr5t philosophic & ev5 sci5tific ideas4 ,?us1 x w\ld be readily admitt$ by mo/ p n[adays t visions se5 by a fa/+ man1 or by a tak] ( drugs1 or by "o suff]+ f "s n]v\s disord]1 7 :olly inadmissible z evid5ce4 ,s f> we h advanc$ beyond ! po9t ( view ( primitive races4 ,b ! te/imony ( "o :o by con/antly dwell+ ^u a s+le idea1 & by exclud+ rational & corrective influ5ces1 has br\ght ab\t a q abnormal /ate ( m9d1 is /ill c\nt$ ( value by !ologians4 ,mu* ( ! curr5t cant conc]n+ 'my/icism' may be cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is4 ,exactly :at my/icism is no "o appe>s to "k4 ,def9itions are num]\s & v>i$4 ,s f> z mo/ my/ics are conc]n$ ! def9ition ( ,h>nack--,my/icism is rationalism appli$ to a sph]e beyond reason--appe>s to hit ! m>k1 al?\gh h[ reason c be us$ 9 a sph]e to :i* x does n apply is precisely "o ( ^? un9telligible /atem5ts t s delights ^? ) ye>n+s aft] ! ineffable4 ,! normal m9d w probably f9d m satisfaction 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's description ( my/icism z be+ nei!r m nor less ?an ascrib+ objective exi/5ce to ! subjective creations ( ! m9d1 & believ+ t by wat*+ & contemplat+ ^! ideas ( its own mak+1 x c read :at takes place 9 ! _w )\t4 ,b ! g5]al claim ( 'my/ics1' &1 inde$1 ( sup]naturali/s g5]ally1 is t !y are1 9 virtue ( ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 qualities or 'faculties1' ei!r inop]ative at c]ta9 times1 or abs5t 9 ! case ( normal folk1 able to p]ceive a tru? n p]ceptible to p less =tunately end[$4 ,& ^! claims1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 are :olly false4 ,!re are all degrees ( developm5t ( human faculty1 b x is sub/antially ! same ) all4 ,!re is no royal road to tru? 9 ?is direction m ?an 9 o!rs4 ,tru? is rea*$ 9 ! same way by all1 & al?\gh an induction may 9 ! case ( c]ta9 well-d[]$ individuals be s rapid z to rank z an 'intuition1' a c>eful analysis de/roys ! illusion4 ,:5 we cle> away f ! claims ( ! 'my/ic' all ! sup]fluities ( language t are !re1 & s r$uce ^! claims to _! l[e/ & pla9e/ t]ms1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) ! claim ( ! sup]naturali/ z x has exi/$ f savage times onw>d4 ,! me?od rema9s true to itself4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we h ! claim to illum9ation bas$ ^u direct int]f]5ce ) ! normal work+s ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! next /age1 we f9d ?is int]f]5ce /ill m>k$1 b less direct4 ,f9ally1 we h ! unheal?y op]ation ( fix$ ideas1 & ! exclusion ( all conditions t w\ld prev5t ! op]ation ( halluc9ation or illusion4 ,b ! me?od rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t1 & x is equally /]ile ?r\gh\t4 ,9 all hi/ory ^! my/ical /ates ( illum9ation h discov]$ no v]ifiable tru?2 !y h nev] at any "t advanc$ human k 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,& ! reason = ?is is pla93 ,! bra9 ( ! my/ic1 l t ( ! non-my/ic1 c only "w on ! basis ( its acquir$ k or exp]i5ce4 ,x c create no?+ new2 x c decl>e no tru? t is n 9 ! nature ( an induction f exi/+ k4 ,all t ! religi\s my/ic c accompli% aft] brood+ ^u inh]it$ religi\s beliefs is to create new comb9ations1 or effect c]ta9 modifications or developm5ts ( !m1 & by cont9u$ contemplation end[ 8 subjective creations ) an objective exi/5ce4 ,t is :y ! ,*ri/ian my/ic rema9s a ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,mohamm$an my/ic rema9s a ,mohamm$an4 ,! 'sup]s5sible reality' is always ( ! k9d consonant ) _! inh]it$ beliefs & _! social environm5t4 ,t is also :y my/icism has its fa%ions l all o!r =ms ( religi\s extravagance4 ,& z he is apply+ rationalism to a sph]e above reason1 ! my/ic may give full v5t to 8 imag9ative p[]s4 ,t :i* is above reason may defy reasonable dispro(4 ,to "s1 h[ev]1 x has ! disadvantage ( n admitt+ ( reasonable v]ification4 ,!re is no?+ "h b ! primitive delusion op]at+ "u *ang$ conditions4 ,9 addition1 to ! l9es ( inve/igation foll[$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 a great deal might be said z to h[ f> ! religi\s idea has be5 p]petuat$ by an exploitation ( purely social qualities4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to ev5 ! cursory /ud5t t a great deal ( :at is n[ be+ put =w>d z religi\s is really no m ?an a sociology ) a religi\s label4 ,! feel+ = tru?1 beauty1 ju/ice1 ! desire = social int]c\rse1 are all treat$ z expressions ( religi\s conviction4 ,all sorts ( social re=ms are urg$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 & ! degree ( success a*iev$ dwelt ^u z fruits ( ! religi\s _s4 ,b 9 no legitimate s5se ( ! ^w c ^! ?+s be call$ religi\s4 ,!y may or may n be consonant ) ! exi/+ religion1 b 9 !mselves !y are v cle>ly ! outcome ( man's social nature1 & w\ld exi/ ev5 ?\gh religion disappe>$ entirely4 ,! appeals made to man's moral s5se1 to 8 s5se ( ju/ice1 to 8 sympa?ies1 are ?us fundam5tally appeals made to 8 social nature1 & s f> z ! religi\s appeal is plac$ ^u ?is basis x becomes an exploitation ( ! social consci\sness4 ,un=tunately1 ! long association ( religi\s =ms ) social life & in/itutions1 due ultimately to ! imm5se p[] ( sup]naturalism 9 e>ly society1 ?is1 comb9$ ) e>ly education1 makes x a matt] ( no small difficulty = ! av]age man or woman to sep>ate ! two ?+s4 ,f9ally1 let u imag9e = a mom5t t ! c\rse ( human hi/ory _h be5 diff]5t to :at x actually has be54 ,suppose t by "s miracle humanity _h />t$ its c>e] 9 full possession ( t k ( nature :i* has be5 s labori\sly accumulat$4 ,9 t case1 w\ld ! belief 9 ! sup]natural h ev] exi/$8 ,w\ld ! ?\s& & "o 'spiritual be+s' ( primitive society h ev] _h be+8 ,& if n call$ into be+ !n1 f :at o!r s\rce c\ld !y h be5 d]iv$8 ,is !re any?+ 9 lat] sci5tific k t w\ld ev] h sugge/$ ! sup]natural8 ,we "k !re is n2 we "k t ! :ole ( mod]n sci5ce is an emphatic prote/ aga9/ its exi/5ce4 ,un=tunately ! sci5ti/ does n come fir/1 b la/2 & by ! "t he appe>s1 ! sup]natural has made good its foo?old2 x has p]meat$ human in/itutions1 & has bitt5 s deeply into habits ( ?\ght z to make its eradication ! mo/ difficult ( all tasks4 ,let u c>ry our imag9+ yet a /ep fur!r4 ,imag9e t ev5 aft] primitive ignorance _h creat$ ! sup]natural1 x _h come to an abrupt /op :5 man _h em]g$ f ! purely savage /age4 ,suppose a g5]ation born1 n )\t k ( :at _! prog5itors believ$1 b ) a suffici5t k ( _! own to correct _! ance/or's errors4 ,suppose t g5]ation 9 a position to recognise disease1 insanity1 delusion1 hy/]ia1 halluc9ation = :at !y are4 ,assume !m to be "u no delusion conc]n+ ! nature ( man1 physically or m5tally4 ,w\ld ! religi\s idea h p]si/$ 9 ! way t x has done8 ,grant$ religion w\ld /ill h cont9u$ to exi/ z an ultimate philosophy ( nature t appeal$ to "s m9ds1 z o!r sy/ems ( philosophy numb] _! disciples1 w\ld x h be5 ! dom9at+ p[] x has be58 ,:at "u su* conditions w\ld h become ( t evid5ce = ! sup]natural1 accept$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 b :i* is n[ reject$ by all educat$ m9ds8 ,:]e w\ld h be5 t long array ( se]s1 prophets1 illum9ants1 ^: cr$5tials h be5 f\nd 9 /ates ( m9d t are n[ se5 to h be5 pa?ological 9 "*8 ,= rememb] x 0 n always--v seldom1 9 fact--! ju/ice1 or ! reasonabl5ess ( ! tea*+s set =?1 t won support1 b g5]ally ! 'signs & wond]s' t 7 po9t$ to z evid5ce ( ! div9e commission ( ! tea*]s4 ,assume1 !n1 t ^! 'signs & wond]s' _h be5 want+1 & t = ?\s&s ( ye>s p _h look$ at natural ph5om5a f ! po9t ( view ( ! educat$ m9d ( to-day1 :at w\ld h be5 ! pres5t position ( ! religi\s idea8 ,w\ld x n h be5 l a tree divorc$ f ! soil8 ,well1 we "k t ! c\rse ( hi/ory has be5 f> diff]5t f :at ,i h assum$ to be ! case4 ,we "k t ! savage dies out v sl[ly1 & t ev5 9 civilis$ ,/ates to-day he is hon\r$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a :ole army ( repres5tatives4 ,ea* g5]ation moves along ! road m>k$ out by its pr$ecessors1 & broad5s or l5g!ns x to b a small ext5t4 ,= _m1 _m g5]ations p w5t on adopt+ ! conclusions ( ! savage conc]n+ man & ! univ]se1 & f9d+ pro(s ( ! s\ndness ( ^? conclusions 9 exactly ! same k9d ( exp]i5ces4 ,! beliefs ?us eng5d]$ 7 wild & absurd--admitt$ly s1 & _m ( su* a nature t educat$ p are n[ a%am$ ( !m4 ,b su* z !y 71 !y s]v$ ! purpose ( p]petuat+ ! belief 9 ! sup]natural1 & s s]v$ to /r5g!n ! g5]al religi\s idea4 ,( t !re c be no reasonable d\bt4 ,= ! influ5ce ( beliefs t h be5 long held does n end ) ! intellectual p]ception ( _! falsity4 ,a belief su* z wit*craft dies out1 b by t "t x has done its "w 9 famili>is+ ! g5]al m9d ) ! reality ( ! sup]natural1 & s prep>es ! gr\nd = o!r h>ve/s4 ,^! long c5turies ( sup]/iti\s beliefs h left beh9d 9 society a psy*ological residuum t is at all times an ob/acle & is sometimes fatal to sci5tific ?9k+4 ,we are l m5 :o h obta9$ fre$om aft] almo/ a lifetime ( slav]y4 ,we may be no long] 9 any real dang] ( ! la%1 b fe> ( ! :ip has become "p ( our nature1 & we %r9k )\t cause4 ,s ) all ^? n[ admitt$ delusions t h be5 describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & :i* = g5]ations 7 ass]t$ )\t "q4 ,!y bit deeply 9 to social in/itutions2 ! temp] ( m9d !y induc$ became "p ( our social h]itage4 ,!y p]petuat$ ! long reign ( sup]naturalism1 & /ill int]pose a s]i\s ob/acle to sane & helpful conceptions ( man & ! univ]se4 ,,index ,adolesc5ce & ,religion1 #agg-h1 #aha1 #bgf-g4 ,adolesc5ce & ,primitive ,cu/oms1 #agh4 ,adolesc5ce & ,n]v\s ,disord]s1 #aif-g4 ,adolesc5ce1 ,social ,significance (1 #ahc-e4 ,agap1 #aeb4 ,asceticism1 #aba1 #abe1 #adf1 #bjh-ac4 ,asceticism & ,purity1 #bac4 ,asceticism1 ,influ5ce on ,religion1 #bbd-e4 ,augu/9e1 #aeg4 ,au?ority1 ,conflict ) ,sci5ce1 viii4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,s41 #adg1 #aec1 #bji4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,s41 on ,my/icism & ,sexualism1 #abe1 #aea4 ,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 on ,orig9 ( ,religion1 #ad4 ,bryce1 ,j41 #bcb4 ,buckle1 ,t4 ,h41 #bef4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na1 #he1 #abi4 ,celibacy1 #bad-e4 ,celibacy1 ,results on ,morals1 #bbj-c4 ,celibacy1 ,social ,consequ5ces (1 #baf-i1 #bbj-c4 ,cl\/on1 ,sir ,t4 ,s41 on ,revivals1 #aie4 ,cl\/on1 ,sir ,t4 ,s41 on ! ,connection betwe5 ,sexualism & ,religion1 #adj4 ,conv]sion1 ,pa?ological ,nature (1 #aid4 ,conv]sion & ,adolesc5ce1 #cb1 #agf-g1 #bgf4 ,conv]sion1 ,!ological ,notions (1 #afi-ga4 ,conv]sion1 ,ages ( ,conv]ts1 #agd-e1 #aid-e4 ,conv]sion1 ,/ati/ics (1 #agc-e4 ,conv]sion & ,imitation1 #ahh4 ,conv]sion1 ,social ,aspects (1 #bjj4 ,convulsionnaires 7,!71 #bci4 ,cr[d ,psy*ology1 #bjf4 ,crusades1 ,"* (1 #bbg-i4 ,crusades1 ,*ildr5's1 #bcj4 ,crusades1 ,consequ5ces (1 #bcb-c4 ,cudwor?1 ,r41 #bei4 ,dalyell1 ,j4 ,g41 #beg4 ,danc+ & ,religi\s ,ec/asy1 #fj-a4 ,danc+ ,epidemics1 #bcf-dj4 ,dea?1 ,savage ,ideas (1 #dd4 ,demoniacs1 #gg4 ,disease1 ,!ory (1 among/ ,primitive ,peoples1 #df4 ,disease1 ,!ory (1 among/ ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 #dg4 ,d',israeli1 ,i41 on ,sexualism & ,religion1 #ag1 #ace4 ,drap]1 ,j4 ,w41 #bca4 ,drugs1 _! use 9 ! hi/ory ( ,religion1 #eg4 ,environm5t1 #cf1 #ch4 ,environm5t1 ,nature ( ,primitive1 #ci4 ,epilepsy1 ,influ5ce (1 9 fo/]+ ,sup]naturalism1 #gd-i4 ,epilepsy1 ,op9ion ( ,dr4 ,holl&]1 #ge4 ,epilepsy1 ,op9ion ( ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on1 #ge4 ,epilepsy1 ,op9ion ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,norman1 #gf4 ,epilepsy1 ,op9ion ( ,emanuel ,deuts*1 #gg1 #gi4 ,epilepsy 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #gg4 ,erotic ,sects1 #aee-fj1 #afe4 ,eroticism & ,sup]naturalism1 #abf-h1 #acb1 #acf-i4 ,evid5ce = ! ,sup]natural1 #b1 #bga4 ,fa/+1 #fa-e4 ,flagellation1 #bcd-e4 ,=long1 ,maj4-,g541 #aji n4 ,fox1 ,george1 ,acc\nt ( ,visions1 #hb4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 #ci1 #df1 #ig1 #ii1 #aaa4 ,free ,love--,religi\s1 #aej1 #afa-d4 ,galton1 ,francis1 on ,religi\s & ,morbid ,/ates1 #hf4 ,galton1 ,francis1 #bai4 ,gibbon1 ,e41 #bbg4 ,g[]s1 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 #aig4 ,grang]1 ,pr(41 #hd1 #ada-c4 ,halluc9ations1 #bc-d-e1 #fb1 #hd4 ,heck]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c41 #bcf-g4 ,hopk9s1 ,ma!w1 #bfa-b4 ,human ,qualities1 ,id5tity (1 #f4 ,int]pretation1 ,gr[? 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