,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,italic text is rendered with underscores like this1 and bold with equal signs like this4 #b4 ,misprints and punctuation errors were corrected4 ,a list of corrections can be found at the end of the text4 ,,the ,,century ,,handbook ,,of ,,writing ,,by ,,garland ,,greever ,,and ,,easley ,s4 ,,jones ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,century ,,co4 #aibg ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,,the ,,century ,,co4 ,,printed ,,in ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,this handbook treats essential matters of grammar1 diction1 spelling1 mechanics2 and develops with thoroughness the principles of sentence structure4 ,larger units of composition it leaves to the texts in formal rhetoric4 ,the book is built on a decimal plan1 the material being simplified and reduced to one hundred articles4 ,headings of these articles are summarized on two opposite pages by a chart4 ,here the student can see at a glance the resources of the volume1 and the instructor can find immediately the number he wishes to write in the margin of a theme4 ,the chart and the decimal scheme together make the rules accessible for instant reference4 ,by a device equally efficient1 the book throws upon the student the responsibility of teaching himself4 ,each article begins with a concise rule1 which is illustrated by examples2 then follows a short parallel exercise which the instructor may assign by adding an x to the number he writes in the margin of a theme4 ,while correcting this exercise1 the student will give attention to the rule1 and will acquire theory and practice at the same time4 ,moreover1 every group of ten articles is followed by mixed exercises2 these may be used for review1 or imposed in the margin of a theme as a penalty for flagrant or repeated error4 ,thus friendly counsel is backed by discipline1 and the instructor has the means of compelling the student to make rapid progress toward good ,english4 ,although a handbook of this nature is in some ways arbitrary1 the arbitrariness is always in the interest of simplicity4 ,the book does have simplicity1 permits instant reference1 and provides an adequate drill which may be assigned at the stroke of a pen4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,sentence ,,structure ,,completeness ,,of ,,thought #a4 ,fragments wrongly used as sentences #b4 ,incomplete constructions #c4 ,necessary words omitted #d4 ,comparisons not logically completed #e4 ,cause and reason #f4 ,is when and is where clauses #g4 ,undeveloped thought #h4 ,transitions #i4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,incomplete sentences ,b4 ,incomplete constructions ,c4 ,incomplete logic ,d4 ,undeveloped thought and transitions ,,unity ,,of ,,thought #aj4 ,unrelated ideas in one sentence #aa4 ,excessive detail #ab4 ,stringy sentences to be broken up #ac4 ,choppy sentences to be combined #ad4 ,excessive cordination #ae4 ,faulty subordination of the main thought #af4 ,subordination thwarted by and #ag4 ,the and which construction #ah4 ,the comma splice #ai4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,the comma splice ,b4 ,one thought in a sentence ,c4 ,excessive cordination ,d4 ,upside-down subordination ,,clearness ,,of ,,thought ,,reference #bj4 ,divided reference #ba4 ,weak reference #bb4 ,broad reference #bc4 ,dangling participle or gerund ,,coherence #bd4 ,general incoherence #be4 ,logical sequence #bf4 ,squinting modifier #bg4 ,misplaced word #bh4 ,split construction #bi4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,reference of pronouns ,b4 ,dangling modifiers ,c4 ,coherence ,,parallel ,,structure #cj4 ,parallel structure for parallel thoughts #ca4 ,correlatives ,,consistency #cb4 ,shift in subject or voice #cc4 ,shift in number1 person1 or tense #cd4 ,mixed constructions #ce4 ,mixed imagery ,,use ,,of ,,connectives #cf4 ,the exact connective #cg4 ,repetition of connective with gain in clearness #ch4 ,repetition of connective with loss in clearness #ci4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,parallel structure ,b4 ,shift in subject or voice ,c4 ,shift in number1 person1 or tense ,d4 ,the exact connective ,e4 ,repetition of connectives ,,emphasis #dj4 ,emphasis by position #da4 ,emphasis by separation #db4 ,emphasis by subordination #dc4 ,the periodic sentence #dd4 ,order of climax #de4 ,the balanced sentence #df4 ,weak effect of the passive voice #dg4 ,repetition effective3 a ,words2 b ,structure #dh4 ,repetition offensive3 a ,words2 b ,structure #di4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,lack of emphasis in general ,b4 ,loose structure ,c4 ,repetition ,,grammar #ej4 ,case3 a ,nominative1 especially after than or as2 b ,nominative who and whoever2 c ,predicate nominative2 d ,objective2 e ,objective with infinitive2 f ,possessive2 g ,possessive with gerund2 h ,possession by inanimate objects2 i ,agreement of pronouns #ea4 ,number3 a ,each1 every one1 etc42 b ,those kind1 etc42 c ,collective nouns2 d ,don't #eb4 ,agreement--not to be thwarted by3 a ,intervening nouns2 b ,together with phrases2 c ,or or nor after subject2 d ,and in the subject2 e ,a predicate noun2 f ,an introductory there #ec4 ,shall and will #ed4 ,principal parts4 ,list #ee4 ,tense1 mode1 auxiliaries3 a ,tense in dependent clauses or infinitives2 b ,the past perfect2 c ,present tense for a general statement2 d ,mode2 e ,auxiliaries #ef4 ,adjective and adverb3 a ,adjective misused for adverb2 b ,ambiguous cases2 c ,after verbs pertaining to the senses #eg4 ,a word in a double capacity #eh4 ,list of the terms of grammar #ei4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,case of pronouns ,b4 ,agreement ,c4 ,shall and will ,d4 ,lie1 lay2 sit1 set2 rise1 raise ,e4 ,principal parts of verbs ,f4 ,general ,,diction #fj4 ,wordiness #fa4 ,triteness #fb4 ,the exact word #fc4 ,concreteness #fd4 ,sound #fe4 ,subtle violations of good use3 a ,faulty idiom2 b ,colloquialism #ff4 ,gross violations of good use3 a ,barbarisms2 b ,improprieties2 c ,slang #fg4 ,words often confused in meaning4 ,list #fh4 ,glossary of faulty diction #fi4 ,,exercise ,a4 ,wordiness ,b4 ,the exact word ,c4 ,words sometimes confused in meaning ,d4 ,colloquialisms1 slang1 faulty idioms ,,spelling #gj4 ,recording errors #ga4 ,pronouncing accurately #gb4 ,logical kinship in words #gc4 ,superficial resemblances4 ,list #gd4 ,words in ei and ie #ge4 ,doubling a final consonant #gf4 ,dropping final e #gg4 ,plurals3 a ,plurals in s or es2 b ,nouns ending in y2 c ,compound nouns2 d ,letters1 figures1 and signs2 e ,old plurals2 f ,foreign plurals #gh4 ,compounds3 a ,compound adjectives2 b ,compound nouns2 c ,numbers2 d ,words written solid2 e ,general principle #gi4 ,,spelling ,,list 7#ejj words1 #bjj in bold-face type7 ,,miscellaneous #hj4 ,manuscript3 a ,titles2 b ,spacing2 c ,handwriting #ha4 ,capitals3 a ,to begin a sentence or a quotation2 b ,proper names2 c ,proper adjectives2 d ,in titles of books or themes2 e ,miscellaneous uses #hb4 ,italics3 a ,titles of books2 b ,foreign words2 c ,names of ships2 d ,words taken out of context2 e ,for emphasis #hc4 ,abbreviations3 a ,in ordinary writing2 b ,in business writing #hd4 ,numbers3 a ,dates and street numbers2 b ,long figures2 ,sums of money1 etc4 #he4 ,syllabication3 a ,position of hyphen2 b ,division between syllables2 c ,monosyllabic words not divided2 d ,one consonant between syllables2 e ,two consonants between syllables2 f ,prefixes and suffixes2 g ,short words2 h ,misleading division #hf4 ,outlines3 a ,topic ,outline2 b ,sentence ,outline2 c ,paragraph ,outline2 d ,indention2 e ,parallel form2 f ,faulty cordination2 g ,too detailed subordination #hg4 ,letters3 a ,heading2 b ,inside address and greeting2 c ,body1 ,language2 d ,close2 e ,outside address2 f ,miscellaneous directions2 g ,model business letter2 h ,formal notes #hh4 ,paragraphs3 a ,indention2 b ,length2 c ,dialogue #hi4 ,,exercise ,capitals1 numbers1 abbreviations1 etc4 ,,punctuation #ij4 ,the ,period3 a ,after sentences2 b ,but not after fragments of sentences2 c ,after abbreviations #ia4 ,the ,comma3 a ,between clauses joined by but1 for1 and2 b ,but ,,not to splice clauses not joined by a conjunction2 c ,after a subordinate clause preceding a main clause2 d ,to set off non-restrictive clauses and phrases2 e ,to set off parenthetical elements2 f ,between adjectives2 g ,between words in a series2 h ,before a quotation2 i ,to compel a pause for clearness2 j ,superfluous uses #ib4 ,the ,semicolon3 a ,between cordinate clauses not joined by a conjunction2 b ,between long cordinate clauses2 c ,before a formal conjunctive adverb2 d ,but not before a quotation #ic4 ,the ,colon3 a ,to introduce a formal series or quotation2 b ,before concrete illustrations of a previous general statement #id4 ,the ,dash3 a ,to enclose a parenthetical statement2 b ,to mark a breaking-off in thought2 c ,before a summarizing statement2 d ,but not to be used in place of a period2 e ,not to be confused with the hyphen #ie4 ,parenthesis ,marks3 a ,uses2 b ,with other marks2 c ,confirmatory symbols2 d ,not used to cancel words2 e ,brackets #if4 ,quotation ,marks3 a ,with quotations2 b ,with paragraphs2 c ,in dialogue2 d ,with slang1 etc42 e ,with words set apart2 f ,quotation within a quotation2 g ,together with other marks2 h ,quotation interrupted by he said2 i ,omission from a quotation2 j ,unnecessary in the title of a theme1 or as a label for humor or irony #ig4 ,the ,apostrophe3 a ,in contractions2 b ,to form the possessive2 c ,to form the possessive of nouns ending in s2 d ,not used with personal possessive pronouns2 e ,to form the plural of certain signs and letters #ih4 ,the ,question ,mark3 a ,after a direct question2 b ,not followed by a comma within a sentence2 c ,in parentheses to express uncertainty2 d ,not used to label irony2 e ,the ,exclamation ,point #ii4 ,,exercise #ajj4 ,,general ,,exercise ,,to ,,the ,,student ,when a number is written in the margin of your theme1 you are to turn to the article which corresponds to the number4 ,read the rule 7printed in bold-face type71 and study the examples4 ,when an r follows the number on your theme1 you are1 in addition1 to copy the rule4 ,when an x follows the number1 you are1 besides acquainting yourself with the rule1 to write the exercise of five sentences1 to correct your own faulty sentence1 and to hand in the six on theme paper4 ,if the number ends in #i 7#i1 #ai1 #bi1 etc471 you will find1 not a rule1 but a long exercise which you are to write and hand in on theme paper4 ,in the absence of special instructions from your teacher1 you are invariably to proceed as this paragraph requires4 ,try to grasp the principle which underlies the rule4 ,in many places in this book the reason for the existence of the rule is clearly stated4 ,thus under #bj1 the reason for the rule on parallel structure is explained in a prologue4 ,in other instances1 as in the rule on divided reference 7#bj71 the reason becomes clear the moment you read the examples4 ,in certain other instances the rule may appear arbitrary and without a basis in reason4 ,but there is a basis in reason1 as you will observe in the following illustration4 ,suppose you write1 ,he is twenty one years old4 ,the instructor asks you to put a hyphen in twenty-one1 and refers you to #gh4 ,you cannot see why a hyphen is necessary1 since the meaning is clear without it4 ,but tomorrow you may write4 ,i will send you twenty five dollar bills4 ,the reader cannot tell whether you mean twenty five-dollar bills or twenty-five dollar bills4 ,in the first sentence the use of the hyphen in twenty-one did not make much difference4 ,in the second sentence the hyphen makes seventy-five dollars' worth of difference4 ,thus the instructor1 in asking you to write1 ,he is twenty-one years old1 is helping you to form a habit that will save you from serious error in other sentences4 ,whenever you cannot understand the reason for a rule1 ask yourself whether the usage of many clear-thinking men for long years past may not be protecting you from difficulties which you do not foresee4 ,instructors and writers of text books 7impressive as is the evidence to the contrary7 are human1 and do not invent rules to puzzle you4 ,they do not1 in fact1 invent rules at all1 but only make convenient applications of principles which generations of writers have found to be wisest and best4 ,,the ,,century ,,handbook ,,of ,,writing ,,sentence ,,structure ,,completeness ,,of ,,thought ,the first thing to make certain is that the thought of a sentence is complete4 ,a fragment which has no meaning when read alone1 or a sentence from which is omitted a necessary word1 phrase1 or idea1 violates an elementary principle of writing4 ,fragments ,wrongly ,used as ,sentences #a4 ,do not write a subordinate part of a sentence as if it were a complete sentence4 ,wrong3 ,he stopped short4 ,hearing some one approach4 ,right3 ,he stopped short1 hearing some one approach4 ,or ,hearing some one approach1 he stopped short4 ,wrong3 ,the winters are cold4 ,although the summers are pleasant4 ,right3 ,although the summers are pleasant1 the winters are cold4 ,wrong3 ,the hunter tried to move the stone4 ,which he found very heavy4 ,right3 ,the hunter tried to move the stone1 which he found very heavy4 ,or ,the hunter tried to move the stone4 ,he found it very heavy4 ,note4--,a sentence must in itself express a complete thought4 ,phrases or subordinate clauses1 if used alone1 carry only an incomplete meaning4 ,they must therefore be attached to a sentence1 or restated in independent form4 ,elliptical expressions used in conversation may be regarded as exceptions3 ,where8 ,at what time8 ,ten o'clock4 ,by no means4 ,certainly4 ,go4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,my next experience was in a grain elevator4 ,where ,i worked for two summers4 #b4 ,the parts of a fountain pen are3 first1 the point4 ,this is gold4 ,second1 the body4 #c4 ,the form is set rigidly4 ,so that it will not be displaced when the concrete is thrown in4 #d4 ,there are several reasons to account for the swarming of bees4 ,one of these having already been mentioned4 #e4 ,since ,june the company has increased its trade three per cent4 ,since ,august1 five per cent4 ,incomplete ,constructions #b4 ,do not leave uncompleted a construction which you have begun4 ,wrong3 ,you remember that in his speech in which he said he would oppose the bill4 ,right3 ,you remember that in his speech he said he would oppose the bill4 ,or ,you remember the speech in which he said he would oppose the bill4 ,wrong3 ,he was a young man who1 coming from the country1 with ignorance of city ways1 but with plenty of determination to succeed4 ,right3 ,he was a young man who1 coming from the country1 was ignorant of city ways1 but had plenty of determination to succeed4 ,wrong3 ,from the window of the train ,i perceived one of those unsightly structures4 ,right3 ,from the window of the train ,i perceived one of those unsightly structures which are always to be seen near a station4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,as far as his having been deceived1 there is a difference of opinion on that matter4 #b4 ,the fact that he was always in trouble1 his parents wondered whether he should remain in school or not4 #c4 ,people who go back to the scenes of their childhood everything looks strangely small4 #d4 ,it was the custom that whenever a political party came into office1 for the incoming men to discharge all employees of the opposite party4 #e4 ,although the average man1 if asked whether he could shoot a rabbit1 would answer in the affirmative1 even though he had never hunted rabbits1 would find himself badly mistaken4 ,necessary ,words ,omitted #c4 ,do not omit a word or a phrase which is necessary to an immediate understanding of a sentence4 ,ambiguous3 ,i consulted the secretary and president4 ,did the speaker consult one man or two8 ,right3 ,i consulted the secretary and the president4 ,or ,i consulted the man who was president and secretary4 ,ambiguous3 ,water passes through the cement as well as the bricks4 ,right3 ,water passes through the cement as well as through the bricks4 ,wrong3 ,i have had experience in every phase of the automobile4 ,right3 ,i have had experience in every phase of automobile driving and repairing4 ,wrong3 ,about him were men whom he could not tell whether they were friends or foes4 ,right3 ,about him were men regarding whom he could not tell whether they were friends or foes4 ,or1 better ,about him were men who might have been either friends or foes4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,when still a small boy1 my family moved to ,centerville4 #b4 ,constantly in conversation with some one broadens our ideas and our vocabulary4 #c4 ,it was a trick which opposing teams were sure to be baffled4 #d4 ,they departed for the battle front with the knowledge they might never return4 #e4 ,at the banquet were all classes of people2 ,i met a banker and plumber4 ,comparisons #d4 ,comparisons must be completed logically4 ,wrong3 ,his speed was equal to a racehorse4 ,wrong3 ,of course my opinion is worth less than a lawyer4 ,wrong3 ,the shells which are used in quail hunting are different than in rabbit hunting4 ,compare a thing with another thing1 an abstraction with another abstraction4 ,do not carelessly compare a thing with a part or quality of another thing4 ,always ask yourself3 ,what is compared with what8 ,right3 ,his speed was equal to that of a racehorse4 ,right3 ,of course my opinion is worth less than a lawyer's4 ,right3 ,the shells used in quail hunting are different from those used in rabbit hunting4 ,self-contradictory3 ,chicago is larger than any city in ,illinois4 ,right3 ,chicago is larger than any other city in ,illinois4 ,impossible3 ,chicago is the largest of any other city in ,illinois4 ,right3 ,chicago is the largest of all the cities in ,illinois4 ,or ,chicago is the largest city in ,illinois4 ,note4--,after a comparative1 the subject of the comparison should be excluded from the class with which it is compared2 after a superlative1 the subject of the comparison should be included within the class4 ,wrong3 taller of all the girls4 tallest of any girl4 ,right3 taller than any other girl comparative4 tallest of all the girls superlative4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the climate of ,america helps her athletes to become superior to other countries4 #b4 ,this tobacco is the best of any other on the market4 #c4 ,you men are paid three dollars more than any other factory in the city4 #d4 ,i thought ,i was best fitted for an engineering course than any other4 #e4 ,care should be taken not to turn in more cattle than the grass in the pasture4 ,cause and ,reason #e4 ,a simple statement of fact may be completed by a because clause4 ,right3 ,i am late because ,i was sick4 ,but a statement containing the reason is must be completed by a that clause4 ,wrong3 ,the reason ,i am late is because ,i was sick4 ,the reason is not a because2 the reason is the fact of sickness4 ,right3 ,the reason ,i am late is that ,i was sick4 ,because1 the conjunction1 may introduce an adverbial clause only4 ,wrong3 ,because a man wears old clothes is no proof that he is poor4 ,a because clause cannot be the subject of is4 ,right3 ,the fact that a man wears old clothes is no proof that he is poor4 ,or ,the wearing of old clothes is not proof that a man is poor4 ,note4--,because of1 owing to1 on account of1 introduce adverbial phrases only4 ,due to and caused by introduce adjectival phrases only4 ,wrong3 ,he failed1 due to weak eyes4 ,due is an adjective2 it cannot modify a verb4 ,right3 ,his failure was due to weak eyes caused by because of ,right3 ,he failed owing to weak eyes4 on account of ,exercise3 #a4 ,the reason why ,i would not buy a ,ford car is because it is too light4 #b4 ,my second reason for coming here is because of social advantages4 #c4 ,because ,john is rich does not make him happier than ,i4 #d4 ,because ,i like farming is the reason ,i chose it4 #e4 ,the only reason why vegetation does not grow here is because of the lack of water4 is when or is where ,clauses #f4 ,do not use a when or where clause as a predicate noun4 ,do not define a word by saying it is a when or a where4 ,define a noun by another noun1 a verb by another verb1 etc4 ,wrong3 ,the great event is when the train arrives4 ,right3 ,the great event is the arrival of the train4 ,wrong3 ,immigration is where foreigners come into a country4 ,right3 ,immigration is the entering of foreigners into a country4 ,wrong3 ,a simile is when one object is compared with another4 ,right3 ,a simile is a figure of speech in which one object is compared with another4 ,note4--,a definition of a term is a statement which 7#a7 names the class to which the term belongs1 and 7#b7 distinguishes it from other members of the class4 ,example4 ,a quadrilateral is a plane figure having four sides and four angles4 ,to test a definition ask whether it separates the term defined from all other things4 ,if the definition does not do this1 it is incomplete4 ,define ,california 7so as to exclude other states71 window 7so as to exclude door71 star 7exclude moon71 night1 rain1 circle1 ,bible1 metal1 mile1 rectangle4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the pistol shot is when the race begins4 #b4 ,a snob is when a man treats others as inferior socially4 #c4 ,the wireless telegraph is where messages are sent a long distance through the air4 #d4 ,the definition of usury is where one charges interest higher than the legal rate4 #e4 ,biology is when one studies plant and animal life4 ,undeveloped ,thought #g4 ,do not halfway express an idea4 ,if the idea is important1 develop it4 ,if it is not important1 omit it4 ,incomplete3 ,we were now quite sure that we had lost our way1 and ,jack said he had a business engagement that night4 ,better3 ,we were now quite sure that we had lost our way1 a fact which was all the more annoying as ,jack said he had a business engagement that night4 ,puzzling3 ,since ,mc,andrew had inherited money1 his suitcase was plastered with labels4 ,right3 ,since ,mc,andrew had inherited money1 he had traveled extensively4 ,his suitcase was plastered with the labels of foreign hotels4 ,careless3 ,in looking for gasoline troubles1 we forgot to see whether the tank was supplied4 ,right3 ,in looking for the cause of the trouble1 we forgot to see whether the tank was supplied with gasoline4 ,note4--,in giving information about books1 do not confuse the title with the contents or some part of the contents4 ,be accurate in referring to the time1 scene1 action1 plot1 or characters4 ,loose thinking3 ,shakespeare's ,hamlet occurs in ,denmark ,the scene is laid84 ,many passages are powerful1 especially the grave-digging ,is grave-digging a passage84 ,the character of ,horatio is a noble fellow conception1 and the same is true of ,ophelia ,ophelia a fellow84 ,the drama takes place over several weeks4 ,the action covers a period of several weeks4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the victrola brings to the home the world's musical ability4 #b4 ,the user of ,dietzgen instruments is not vexed by numerous troubles that accompany the inferior makes4 #c4 ,to the picnicker rainy weather is bad weather1 while the farmer raises a big crop4 #d4 ,some diseases can be checked by preventives1 and in many cases can be of great use to an army4 #e4 ,this idea of breaking all records held for eating is naturally harmful to the digestion1 and these important organs may thank their stars that ,christmas does not come very often4 ,transitions ,the state of mind of a writer is not the state of mind of his reader4 ,the writer knows his ideas1 and has spent much time with them4 ,the reader meets these ideas for the first time1 and must gather them in at a glance4 ,the relation between two ideas may be clear to the writer1 and not at all clear to the reader4 ,therefore1 #h4 ,in passing from one thought to another1 make the connection clear4 ,if necessary1 insert a word1 a phrase1 or even a sentence1 to carry the reader safely across4 ,space transition needed3 ,we were surprised to see a house in the distance1 but we went to the door and knocked4 ,this sentence does not give a reader the effect of distance4 ,better3 ,we were surprised to see a house in the distance4 ,but we hastened toward it with thoughts of a warm meal and a good lodging4 ,we entered the yard1 and went up to the door1 and knocked4 ,exterior-interior transition needed3 ,we noticed that the house was built of cobblestones4 ,there was a broad window from which we could look out upon the small stream that dashed down the rocky hillside4 ,better3 ,we noticed that the house was built of cobblestones4 ,we went inside1 and found that the living room was large and airy4 ,there was a broad window from which we could look out upon the small stream that dashed down the rocky hillside4 ,cause transition lacking3 ,the ,romans were great road-builders4 ,they wished to maintain their empire4 ,better3 ,the ,romans were great road-builders1 because means of moving troops quickly were necessary to the maintenance of their empire4 ,general-to-particular transition needed3 ,modern machinery often makes men its slaves4 ,last summer ,i worked for the ,chandler ,company4 ,this gap in thought occurs oftenest between the first two sentences of a paragraph or theme4 ,better3 ,modern machinery often makes men its slaves4 ,this truth is well illustrated by my own experience4 ,last summer ,i worked for the ,chandler ,company4 ,transition to be improved by changing order3 ,a careless trainer may spoil a good colt4 ,a good horse can never be made of a vicious colt4 ,here the order of ideas is3 ,trainer 444 colt4 ,horse 444 colt4 ,turn the last sentence end for end4 ,better3 ,a careless trainer may spoil a good colt4 ,and a vicious colt can never be made a good horse4 ,now the order of ideas is ,trainer 444 colt4 ,colt 444 horse4 ,transition to be improved by removal of a disturbing element3 ,our class in physics last week visited a pumping station in which the ,corliss type of steam engine is used4 ,the engines are manufactured by the ,allis-,chalmers ,company of ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,this type of engine is used because it has several advantages4 ,the italicized sentence should be omitted here1 and used later in the theme4 ,note4--,the divisions of thought within a paragraph may likewise be indicated by connectives3 however1 on the other hand1 equally important1 another interesting problem is1 for this reason1 the remedy for this1 so much for1 it remains to mention1 of course ,i admit1 finally4 7,for a longer list see #cf47 ,such phrases are also useful in linking one paragraph to another4 ,when a student first learns the art1 he is likely to use transition phrases in excess1 and produce something like the following3 ,when ,i have to write a theme1 ,i first think of my subject4 ,as soon as ,i have my subject1 ,i take out my paper4 ,on the paper ,i then make a rough outline4 ,this abuse of transition causes an overlapping of thought1 like shingles laid three inches to the weather4 ,an abrupt transition is better than wordiness4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the shore looked far off4 ,then we reached it4 #b4 ,a light snow was falling last night4 ,this is a good day for hunting rabbits4 #c4 ,a dollar is often a large sum4 ,i sold newspapers when ,i was a boy4 #d4 ,many ,english words still preserve their old meanings4 ,there is the teller in the bank4 #e4 ,we had to walk half a mile across the pastures in the fresh morning air4 ,exercise indoors does not arouse much zest or enthusiasm4 #i4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,completeness ,,of ,,thought ,a4 ,fragments ,misused as ,sentences ,rewrite the following statements in sentences each of which expresses a complete thought4 #a4 ,he gave me a flower4 ,which was wilted4 #b4 ,the gasoline flows through the supply tube to the carburetor4 ,where it should vaporize and enter the cylinders4 #c4 ,people of all ages were there4 ,old men1 young women1 and even children4 #d4 ,he told us that you had a good standing among business men4 ,that you always met your bills promptly4 #e4 ,excuse ,everett ,smith from school this morning4 ,he having the measles4 #f4 ,the internal combustion engine may be either one of two types4 ,the two cycle or the four cycle4 #g4 ,the young men and women acted like children4 ,who should have known better4 #h4 ,there was a cross cow in the pasture4 ,which had long horns4 #i4 ,bacteria are microscopic organisms4 ,especially found where milk or some other substance decomposes4 #aj4 ,we pass on down the street4 ,the buildings rising two or three stories high on either side4 #aa4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 enables you to keep your religious interests alive4 ,as well as to associate with clean young men4 #ab4 ,she wasted her time on foolish clothes4 ,while her mother took in washing4 #ac4 ,he was dressed in a ridiculous fashion4 ,wearing1 for instance1 an orange necktie4 #ad4 ,the point is similar to that of the ordinary steel pen1 except that it is made of gold4 ,gold being used on account of its greater smoothness and durability4 #ae4 ,tire troubles have been made less formidable by the invention of a compact1 efficient little vulcanizer4 ,a factory for making which is now being built4 ,b4 ,incomplete ,constructions ,improve the following statements4 ,supply missing words4 ,make sure that each construction and each sentence is complete4 #a4 ,when one year old1 my mother died4 #b4 ,yours received1 and in reply would say your order has been filled4 #c4 ,while in there a man came in and bought a quarter's worth of soap4 #d4 ,war is largely dependent upon the engineers to design new machinery4 #e4 ,when you talk to a man look at him1 not the floor or ceiling4 #f4 ,in writing a book1 an author's first one is usually not very good4 #g4 ,every summer while in high school1 our family has gone to our cottage on ,lake ,michigan4 #h4 ,when a boy1 ,mary was my best friend4 #i4 ,there is1 however1 another reason a person should know how to swim4 #aj4 ,i think more of her than anyone else4 #aa4 ,corrupt laws are often the means rich people obtain the earnings of others4 #ab4 ,a hundred dollars invested in a warning signal1 future accidents would be prevented4 #ac4 ,electric transmission is sometimes used on automobiles more of an experiment than anything else4 #ad4 ,was delighted to hear from you4 ,glad to hear you entered the wholesale business4 ,wish you success4 #ae4 ,as a rule people eat too much4 ,this point should be noticed1 and not overwork the digestive organs4 ,c4 ,incomplete ,logic ,the following sentences are inadequate statements of cause1 comparison1 etc4 ,complete the thought4 #a4 ,his neck is as long as a giraffe4 #b4 ,his name was ,david ,meek1 from ,new ,hampshire4 #c4 ,the ,pacific ,ocean is larger than any ocean4 #d4 ,because he never worked led to his failure4 #e4 ,a monitor is where a heavily armored boat of light draft can go near the shore4 #f4 ,democracy is when people1 through representatives1 govern themselves4 #g4 ,the story of ,huckleberry ,finn is in reality ,mark ,twain himself4 #h4 ,because a man has money is no reason why he should be lazy4 #i4 ,the character of ,sydney ,carton is the real hero of this novel4 #aj4 ,a forester leads an interesting life is the reason ,i want to be one4 #aa4 ,tact is where a man anticipates the criticism of others1 and acts with discretion4 #ab4 ,the comfort of a modern house is much greater than the old-time house4 #ac4 ,free trade is when no revenue is collected on imports1 beyond enough to run the government4 #ad4 ,the cost of room1 board1 and tuition is low at this school1 compared to the more fashionable schools4 #ae4 ,the theme of this novel tells how a peasant1 ,jean ,valjean1 from a convict comes to be a respected citizen4 ,d4 ,undeveloped ,thought and ,transitions ,complete the thought of the following sentences1 and secure a smooth transition between parts4 #a4 ,as you enter this room1 to the left is an interesting painting of the ,canterbury ,pilgrims4 #b4 ,poe delights in fantastic plots4 ,a pirate's treasure chest was discovered in ,the ,gold ,bug4 #c4 ,i got up and ate a bite of breakfast4 ,a few of my friends came over4 ,we went to play golf4 #d4 ,all the loose material on the trail is carried off by the rush of the water4 ,the last time ,i was on it was in early summer1 and ,i found it in this rough condition4 #e4 ,i managed to find the softest board in the floor and went to sleep4 ,some of the boys found pleasure in arousing me with a shower of cold water4 #f4 ,under guise of friendly escort the ,indians accompanied the inhabitants of the fort a few miles4 ,only three escaped the massacre4 #g4 ,many people say that in civil engineering it depends on the prosperity of the country2 in hard times they do not build and in good times they do build4 #h4 ,canada has more forests than minerals4 ,canada has made only a start in the lumber industry4 ,the minerals are found1 for the most part1 in the mountain district near ,lake ,superior4 #i4 ,thanksgiving day1 as we are told1 is a day on which our ,puritan forefathers gathered round the roast turkey and gave thanks to ,god for his goodness4 ,last ,thanksgiving ,i was at home4 #aj4 ,the old method was to dig the holes by hand1 and drop two or three kernels in each hole4 ,corn has become a staple crop4 ,machinery is used4 ,the preparing of a field for corn has become a science4 ,,unity ,,of ,,thought ,unity means oneness4 ,a sentence should contain one thought4 ,it may contain two or more statements only when these are closely related parts of a larger thought or impression4 ,a writer should make certain1 first1 that his thought has unity2 and second1 that this unity will be obvious to the reader4 ,unrelated ,ideas in ,one ,sentence #aj4 ,do not combine ideas which have no obvious relation to each other4 ,place the ideas in separate sentences4 ,or1 write the ideas as one sentence1 making their relation obvious4 ,wrong3 ,the ,spartans did not care for literature1 and lived in the southern part of ,greece4 ,wrong3 ,the coffee business is not difficult to learn1 and the most important work in preparing coffee for the market is the roasting of the green berries4 ,the simplest method of correction is to divide the sentence4 ,right3 ,the ,spartans lived in the southern part of ,greece4 ,they did not care for literature4 ,right3 ,the coffee business is not difficult to learn4 ,the most important work in preparing the coffee for the market is the roasting of the green berries4 ,another method of correction is to subordinate one idea to the other1 or to change the wording until the relation between the ideas is obvious4 ,right3 ,the ,spartans1 who lived in the southern part of ,greece1 did not care for literature4 ,right3 ,the coffee business is not difficult to learn1 since the only important work in preparing the coffee for the market is the roasting of the green berries4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,franklin is often regarded as the typical ,american1 and wrote an interesting autobiography4 #b4 ,coal miners wear little oil lamps in their caps1 and they seldom receive very good wages4 #c4 ,my neighbor1 ,mr4 ,houghton1 was always a very good friend of mine1 and died last night4 #d4 ,i dropped the clock and injured the works1 but the jeweler told me it would be cheaper for me to buy a new clock4 #e4 ,the next thing the camper should do is to make a bed1 and the branches of the spruce are the best4 ,excessive ,detail #aa4 ,do not encumber the main idea of a sentence with superfluous details4 ,place some of the details in another sentence1 or omit them4 ,faulty3 ,in the town in which ,i live there are several large churches1 and about six o'clock one morning1 in a violent storm1 one of these churches was struck by lightning4 ,right3 ,in my home town there are several large churches4 ,one morning about six o'clock1 in a violent storm1 one of these churches was struck by lightning4 ,wrong3 ,in #ahcf1 in ,baltimore1 ,poe married ,virginia ,clemm1 his cousin1 who was hardly more than a child1 being then fourteen years old1 while ,poe himself was twenty-eight1 and to her he wrote much of his best verse4 ,right3 ,in #ahcf ,poe married ,virginia ,clemm4 ,poe was then twenty-eight1 and ,virginia was only fourteen4 ,to this girl ,poe wrote much of his best verse4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the house with the red tile roof is the finest in the city1 and is owned by ,mr4 ,saunders1 who made his money speculating in land4 #b4 ,then the engine tilted and fell over on one side1 and the boiler exploded and added to the frightful scene4 #c4 ,the deer whose antlers you see over the fireplace as you enter the room was shot by my ,uncle ,will1 who is now in ,south ,america on a hunting expedition4 #d4 ,the seeds1 which have previously been soaked in water over night1 are now planted carefully1 not too deep1 in straight rows sixteen inches apart1 the best time being in ,april1 when the ground is soft and has been thoroughly spaded4 #e4 ,one day last week my employer1 ,mr4 ,conway1 a jolly1 peculiar man1 raised my salary1 first telling me ,i was about to be discharged1 and laughing at me when ,i looked so surprised4 ,stringy ,sentences to be ,broken up #ab4 ,avoid stringy compound sentences4 ,the crude1 rambling style which results from their use may be corrected by separating the material into shorter sentences1 or by subordinating lesser ideas to the main thought4 ,faulty3 ,the second speaker had sat quietly waiting1 and he was a man of a different type1 and he began calmly1 yet from the very first words he showed great earnestness4 ,right3 ,the second speaker1 who had sat quietly waiting1 was a man of a different type4 ,he began calmly1 yet from his very first words he showed great earnestness4 ,faulty3 ,there are many stops on the organ which control the tones of the different pipes and one has to learn how and when to use these and this takes time and practice4 ,right3 ,on the organ are many stops which control the tones of the different pipes4 ,to learn how and when to use these takes time and practice4 ,faulty3 ,he published prose fiction1 and this was then the accepted literary form1 and the drama was neglected4 ,better3 ,he published prose fiction1 which was then the accepted literary form1 the drama being neglected4 ,this sentence makes three statements in a diminishing series4 ,the important idea is expressed in a main clause2 a less important explanation is fitted into a relative clause2 and a still less important comment takes a parenthetical phrase at the end4 ,note4--,one of the crying faults of the immature writer is that by excessive cordination he obscures the fine shades of meaning4 ,when two clauses are joined1 the meaning will very often be more exact if one is subordinated to the other4 ,for a list of subordinating connectives1 see #cf4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he went down town1 and it began to rain1 and so he decided to go to the city library4 #b4 ,there is an old saying which ,i have often heard and ,i believe in it to a certain extent1 and it runs as follows3 ,the more you live at your wit's end1 the more the wit's end grows4 #c4 ,our salesman1 ,mr4 ,powers1 has spoken very favorably of your firm1 and we feel that our relations will be most pleasant1 and the report of the commercial agencies is sufficient evidence of your good financial standing4 #d4 ,there was no escaping from this churn1 so one of the frogs1 after a brief struggle thought that he might just as well die one time as another1 and so he gave up and sank to the bottom4 #e4 ,socrates did no writing himself1 and the only information we have of him we get from the writings of his pupils and from later writers1 and our most reliable knowledge comes from two of these writers1 ,plato and ,xenophon4 ,choppy ,sentences to be ,combined #ac4 ,do not use two or three short sentences to express ideas which will make a more unified impression in one sentence4 ,place subordinate ideas in subordinate grammatical constructions4 ,excessive predication3 ,excavating is the first operation in street paving4 ,the excavating is usually done by means of a steam shovel4 ,the shovel scoops up the dirt and loads it directly into wagons4 ,right3 ,excavating1 the first operation in street paving1 is usually done by a steam shovel which loads the dirt directly into wagons4 ,monotonous3 ,the doe is wading along the shore4 ,she is nibbling the lily pads as she goes4 ,now she moves slowly around the point4 ,she has a little spotted fawn with her4 ,the fawn frolics along at the heels of his mother4 ,better3 ,wading along the shore1 the doe nibbles the lily pads by the way1 and moves slowly around the point4 ,a spotted fawn frolics at her heels4 ,primer style3 ,rooms are marked on the floor4 ,these rooms are about fourteen feet square4 ,better3 ,the floor is marked off into rooms about fourteen feet square4 ,note4--,an occasional short sentence is permissible1 even desirable4 ,successive short sentences may be used to express rapid action1 or emphatic assertion1 or deliberate simplicity4 ,otherwise1 avoid them4 ,exercise4 #a4 ,decatur has wide streets4 ,the streets are paved with brick1 asphalt1 and creosote blocks4 #b4 ,sixteen posts are set in a row4 ,all of these are at equal intervals4 #c4 ,the boat approaches the leeward side of the ship4 ,this side is the side protected from the wind4 #d4 ,the ,scientific ,american reports the progress of science4 ,it explains new inventions4 ,it makes practical applications of scientific principles4 #e4 ,the beans are usually harvested about the middle of ,september4 ,they are cut when the plants turn color at the roots and the beans turn white4 ,they are cut by a bean-cutter which takes two rows at a time4 ,excessive ,cordination ,in structure a sentence may be ,a4 ,simple3 ,the rain fell4 ,b4 ,compound3 ,the rain continued and the stream rose4 ,c4 ,complex3 ,when the rain ceased1 the flood came4 ,in ,b1 the clauses are of almost equal importance1 and the first is cordinated with the second4 ,in ,c1 the clauses are not of equal importance1 and the first is subordinated to the second4 ,and is a cordinating conjunction4 ,when is a subordinating conjunction4 ,for a list of connectives see #cf4 #ad4 ,do not use cordination when subordination will secure a more clear and emphatic unit of thought4 ,especially do not cordinate a main idea with an explanatory detail4 ,the speech of children connects all ideas1 important and unimportant1 with and4 ,discriminating writers place minor ideas in subordinate clauses1 consign still less important ideas to participial or prepositional phrases1 and omit trivial details altogether4 ,childish3 ,i went down town and saw a crowd standing in the street1 and wanted to know what was the matter1 and so ,i went up and asked a man4 ,right3 ,when ,i went down town1 ,i saw a crowd standing in the street1 and since ,i wanted to know what was the matter1 ,i asked a man4 ,two clauses are subordinated by the use of when and since4 ,this change abolishes two ands4 ,the words went up and are struck out4 ,one and remains1 and deserves to remain1 for it joins two ideas which are truly cordinate4 ,main idea not emphasized3 ,i talked with an old man and his name was ,ned4 ,better3 ,i talked with an old man named ,ned4 ,a participial phrase replaces a clause4 ,the name is now subordinated4 ,main idea not emphasized3 ,developing is the next step in preparing the film1 and it is very important4 ,better3 ,developing1 the next step in preparing the film1 is very important4 ,an appositional phrase replaces the first predicate4 ,main idea not emphasized3 ,they began their perilous journey1 and they had four horses4 ,right emphasizing perilous journey3 ,with four horses they began their perilous journey4 ,a prepositional phrase replaces a clause4 ,right emphasizing having the horses3 ,when they began their perilous journey1 they had four horses4 ,a subordinate clause replaces a main clause4 ,capable of greater unity3 ,the frog is a stupid animal1 and may be caught with a hook baited with red flannel4 ,is the writer trying to tell us how to catch frogs1 or merely that frogs are stupid8 ,cordination makes the two ideas appear equally important4 ,right emphasizing frogs are stupid3 ,the fact that the frog can be caught with a hook baited with red flannel proves his stupidity4 ,right emphasizing how to catch frogs3 ,the frog1 being stupid1 will bite at a piece of red flannel4 ,exercise4 #a4 ,men were sent to ,panama and could not live in such unsanitary conditions4 #b4 ,when a letter came and it bore a familiar handwriting1 ,i always opened it eagerly4 #c4 ,west ,hickory is the name of the place where the tannery is situated1 and it is a laboring man's town4 #d4 ,she wore a dress and it was silk1 and cost her father a lot of money4 #e4 ,every race horse has a care taker or groom1 and this man spends all his time and makes the horse comfortable4 ,faulty ,subordination of the ,main ,thought #ae4 ,do not put the principal statement of a sentence in a subordinate clause or phrase4 ,this violation of unity is sometimes called upside-down subordination4 ,faulty3 ,i was going down the street1 when ,i heard an explosion4 ,if hearing the explosion is the main thought1 it should be placed in the main clause4 ,right3 ,when ,i was going down the street1 ,i heard an explosion4 ,faulty3 ,longstreet received orders to attack the ,federal right wing1 which he did immediately4 ,right3 ,as soon as ,longstreet received orders1 he attacked the ,federal right wing4 ,faulty3 ,i suspected that it would rain1 although ,i did not take an umbrella4 ,right3 ,although ,i suspected that it would rain1 ,i did not take an umbrella4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,an old man used to work for us1 who died yesterday4 #b4 ,he became angry1 saying he positively refused to go4 #c4 ,he is a bright boy1 although ,i should not want to trust him with my pocketbook4 #d4 ,he had an ambition which was to become the best lawyer in the state by the time he was forty years old4 #e4 ,the cable breaks and the elevator starts to drop1 when the safety device always operates at once to prevent an accident4 ,subordination ,thwarted by and #af4 ,do not attach to a main clause by means of and1 a word1 phrase1 or clause which you intend shall be subordinate4 ,the presence of and thwarts subordination4 ,wrong3 ,major went to bed1 and leaving the work unfinished4 ,right3 ,major went to bed1 leaving the work unfinished4 ,wrong3 ,he ran home and with coat tails flying4 ,right3 ,he ran home with coat tails flying4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,they denied my request1 and giving no reason for the refusal4 #b4 ,he gave me his answer and in few words4 #c4 ,the girl stood on the edge of the cliff1 and thus showing that she was not afraid4 #d4 ,a telegraph line is leased by the ,associated ,press1 and thus giving the newspapers quick service4 #e4 ,when the summer passed1 the fisherman returned home for the winter1 and where he renewed his acquaintance with the villagers4 ,the and which construction #ag4 ,use and which 7or but which71 and who 7or but who7 only between relative clauses similar in form4 ,between a main clause and a relative clause1 and or but thwarts subordination4 ,wrong3 ,this is an important problem1 and which we shall not find easy to solve4 ,right3 ,this problem is an important problem1 which we shall not find easy to solve4 ,right3 ,this problem is one which is important1 and which we cannot easily solve4 ,wrong3 ,les ,miserables is a novel of great interest and which everybody should read4 ,right3 ,les ,miserables is a novel of great interest1 and one which everybody should read4 ,wrong3 ,their chief opponent was ,winter1 a shrewd politician1 but who is now less popular than he was4 ,right3 ,their chief opponent was ,winter1 a shrewd politician1 who is now less popular than he was4 ,note4--,rule #ag is sometimes briefly stated3 ,do not use and which unless you have already used which in the sentence4 ,this statement is generally true1 but an exception must be made for sentences like the following3 ,right3 ,he told me what countries he had visited1 and which ones he liked most4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,just outside is a small porch looking out over the street1 and which can be used for sleeping purposes4 #b4 ,she is a woman of pleasing personality1 and who can converse intelligently4 #c4 ,it is a difficult task1 but which can be accomplished in time4 #d4 ,he is a good-looking man1 but who is very snobbish4 #e4 ,the rule made by the conference of college professors in #ahif1 and which has been followed ever since1 applies to the case we are considering4 ,unity ,thwarted by ,punctuation ,the ,comma ,splice #ah4 ,do not splice two independent statements by means of a comma4 ,write two sentences4 ,or1 if the two statements together form a unit of thought1 combine them 7#a7 by a comma plus a conjunction1 7#b7 by a semicolon1 or 7#c7 by reducing one of the statements to a phrase or a subordinate clause4 ,wrong3 ,the town has two railroads1 it was founded when oil was discovered4 ,right3 ,the town has two railroads4 ,it was founded when oil was discovered4 ,wrong3 ,the speed of the car seemed slower than it really was1 this was due1 no doubt1 to the absence of all noise4 ,here are three commas4 ,the reader cannot quickly discover which one marks the great division of thought4 ,right3 ,the speed of the car seemed slower than it really was4 ,this was due1 no doubt1 to the absence of all noise4 ,wrong3 ,the winters were long and cold1 nothing could live without shelter4 ,right3 ,the winters were long and cold4 ,nothing could live without shelter4 ,right3 ,the winters were long and cold1 and nothing could live without shelter ,for the use of the comma1 see #ia;a4 ,right3 ,the winters were long and cold2 nothing could live without shelter ,for the use of the semicolon see #ib4 ,right3 ,the winters were so long and cold that nothing could live without shelter4 ,exception4--,short cordinate clauses which are parallel in structure and leave a unified impression1 may be joined by commas1 even though the conjunctions be omitted4 ,right3 ,all was excitement4 ,the ducks quacked1 the pigs squealed1 the dogs barked4 ,the general idea excitement gives the three clauses a certain unity4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the key is turned to the right1 this unlocks the door4 #b4 ,the author keeps one guessing1 there is no hint how the story will end4 #c4 ,the farmer is independent1 he has no task-master4 #d4 ,there has been a change of government1 in fact there has been a revolution4 #e4 ,lamb had failed in poetry1 in the drama1 and in the novel1 in the essay1 at last1 he succeeded4 #ai4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,unity ,,of ,,thought ,a4 ,the ,comma ,splice ,rewrite the following material in sentences each of which is a unit of thought4 ,most of the statements should be summarily cut apart4 ,if you decide that others taken together have unity of thought1 combine them 7#a7 by a comma plus a conjunction1 7#b7 by a semicolon1 or 7#c7 by reducing one of the statements to a phrase or a subordinate clause4 #a4 ,the canoe is long and narrow1 it is made of birch bark4 #b4 ,i decided to serve tea1 of course cream and sugar would be needed4 #c4 ,some men hunt rabbits for market purposes only1 they are the sportsman's enemies4 #d4 ,this city furnished many boats for the siege of ,calais1 when these boats returned they brought the plague with them4 #e4 ,the bottom of the box is then put in1 it is nailed to the sides4 #f4 ,it is not easy to become a good musician1 one must practice continually4 #g4 ,the ,northern and ,southern states could not be separate nations1 there was no natural boundary between them4 #h4 ,the telephone is a great invention1 it is very useful to the farmer4 #i4 ,why would no one come to help me1 my feet ached and ,i was thirsty4 #aj4 ,i know a girl who has a cynical disposition1 she is always criticizing4 #aa4 ,i went into the office hopeless1 a dime stood between me and starvation4 #ab4 ,the construction of the bridge has much to do with the tone of a violin1 it should be lower on the side nearest the ,e string4 #ac4 ,a private expense account does not require much labor or time1 just one hour a week will suffice to keep tract of all expenditures4 #ad4 ,we offer you sixty dollars a month to start1 this is all we can afford to pay at present4 #ae4 ,he wanted personal success but would not shirk a duty or harm any one in any way to gain that success1 at all times he forgot his own personal importance and was ready to do any task set before him4 ,b4 ,one ,thought in a ,sentence ,by dividing1 subordinating1 or logically combining the following statements1 secure unity of thought4 #a4 ,she was born in ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 on ,september #cj1 #aijb1 where she has lived ever since and is now well known4 #b4 ,franklin was kindly1 shrewd1 and capable1 and was the representative of the ,united ,states in ,france4 #c4 ,she said that ,mrs4 ,brown was ill and that she was just caring for the baby1 she loved babies anyway1 she said4 #d4 ,one ,sunday afternoon there was an excursion to ,beaver and several of us decided to go and take our lunches and return on the eight o'clock car4 #e4 ,he gave me the dimensions of the room4 ,the dimensions were ten by twelve feet4 #f4 ,good grades may be obtained in two ways3 by honest work1 and by cheating2 however any one who cheats is doing himself more harm than good4 #g4 ,the wall studding is made of two-by-fours4 ,these two-by-fours are placed sixteen inches apart4 #h4 ,the returning ,crusaders brought with them oriental learning1 and found the peasantry impoverished4 #i4 ,the articles in this magazine are of high quality4 ,the articles are well written and attractively illustrated4 #aj4 ,a ,japanese woman going abroad at night must carry a lighted lamp and must not speak to any one1 women do not have much freedom in ,japan4 #aa4 ,the sugar beets are irrigated by river water4 ,they are irrigated by means of furrows4 ,the furrows run between the rows of beets4 ,the beets are irrigated once a week4 #ab4 ,the referee asked each captain if his men were ready1 after which he blew the whistle1 and the game was on1 and within five minutes our team scored a touchdown4 #ac4 ,the ground should be harrowed as soon as possible after it is plowed4 ,it is a good plan to harrow the ground on the same day that it is plowed1 or on the day following4 #ad4 ,choose the middle of the prepared ground1 which is about eighty-five by fifty feet1 as your starting point1 measure twenty-four feet east and west and set the net posts2 then1 after marking off the different courts with tape1 you are ready for a good game of tennis4 #ae4 ,there are two places on the island suitable for plays3 one in the bungalow and the other down on the sandy point2 the latter lends itself to the purpose readily1 there are two trees which make a splendid support for wires on which to hang the curtain1 and just east of these the ground slopes enough to make a natural amphitheater4 ,c4 ,excessive ,cordination ,the ideas in the following sentences are loosely strung together with cordinating conjunctions4 ,place the important idea in the main clause4 ,subordinate other ideas by reducing each to a dependent clause1 or a phrase1 or a word4 #a4 ,chris has a new coat and it is double-breasted4 #b4 ,i had a dog1 and his name was ,scratcher4 #c4 ,he gave a laugh but it was forced4 #d4 ,the woodcock is so foolish and deliberately walks into a trap4 #e4 ,the engineers fastened rafts to the piles1 and which were pulled up when the tide rose4 #f4 ,students often sit all doubled up1 and raising their feet high on the table4 #g4 ,dunlap is carrying a palette1 but without any paint on it4 #h4 ,the government has been successful in its suit1 and the tobacco trust was dissolved4 #i4 ,the ,british troops had no protection against poisonous gas and the use of gas by the enemy was unexpected4 #aj4 ,i make it a rule to study one thing at least an hour and no long rest between4 #aa4 ,the concrete is spread in a layer1 and this is about nine inches thick1 and the width being ten feet4 #ab4 ,rockwell is our postmaster1 and is accommodating1 but he has a disposition to be curious4 #ac4 ,at the ,gatun ,dam there are concrete locks1 and the purpose of these is to lift vessels into the lake4 #ad4 ,they say to tourists that objects are historic but which are not historic at all4 #ae4 ,i was lying quietly in the hammock1 and ,i happened to look up in the tree1 and there was a green bird and eating a cherry4 #af4 ,they disputed for a time1 and afterward the officer became angry1 and whipped out his sword4 #ag4 ,a mirage is an illusion and the traveler thinks he sees water when there really is none4 ,d4 ,upside-down ,subordination ,in the following sentences the important idea is buried in a subordinate clause or phrase4 ,rescue this main idea1 express it in the main clause1 and if possible subordinate the rest of the sentence to it4 #a4 ,i spoke to her on the street1 when she did not answer4 #b4 ,she thanked me for my assistance1 also asking me to come and visit her the following ,sunday4 #c4 ,the water froze in the buckets1 although they did not burst4 #d4 ,the crows cawed angrily and circling around in one place4 #e4 ,he is threatened with tuberculosis1 although he will not sleep in the open air4 #f4 ,we had hacked the bark1 the tree dying after a few months4 #g4 ,one of the contestants was from ,wendover ,college1 who received the prize4 #h4 ,you ask a person what a spiral staircase is1 when he will go to showing you by motions of his hand4 #i4 ,it was about three o'clock1 and we decided to return home1 which we did4 #aj4 ,the plumber came1 stopping the leak as soon as he arrived4 #aa4 ,benton sold stamps1 in which business he grew rich4 #ab4 ,the sun's heat beats down upon the brick tenements1 which is terrible4 #ac4 ,the chemist tested the purity of the water1 but which he found unfit to drink4 #ad4 ,montaigne wrote an essay on ,solitude1 where he pointed out the disadvantages of travel4 #ae4 ,the house is set close to the edge of the bluff1 overlooking a wide bend of the ,alleghany ,river4 #af4 ,things had been going from bad to worse among the ,indians1 and some ,sioux were entertaining a few ,chippewas1 and murdered them1 when the government took a hand in the affair4 #ag4 ,the slight knowledge of metals and wide-awake observation of an inexperienced miner discovered gold in ,arizona4 ,,clearness ,,of ,,thought ,clearness is fundamental4 ,the writer should be content1 not when his meaning may be understood1 but only when his meaning cannot be misunderstood4 ,he may attain this entire clearness by giving attention to five matters3 ,reference 7#bj-bc7 ,coherence 7#bd-bh7 ,parallel ,structure 7#cj-ca7 ,consistency 7#cb-ce7 ,use of ,connectives 7#cf-ch7 ,,reference ,by the use of pronouns1 participles1 and other dependent words1 language becomes flexible and free4 ,but each dependent part must refer without confusion to a word which is reasonably near1 and properly expressed4 ,ordinarily a reader expects a pronoun or a participle to refer to the nearest noun 7or pronoun7 or to an emphatic noun4 ,divided ,reference #bj4 ,a pronoun should be placed near the word to which it refers1 and separated from words to which it might falsely seem to refer4 ,if this method does not secure clearness1 discard the pronoun and change the sentence structure4 ,uncertain reference of which3 ,he dropped the bundle in the mud which he was carrying to his mother4 ,the reader for a moment refers the pronoun to the wrong noun4 ,bring which nearer to its proper antecedent bundle4 ,right3 ,he dropped in the mud the bundle which he was carrying to his mother4 ,vague reference of this3 ,my failure in mathematics was serious4 ,my grades in ,english1 history1 and ,latin were good enough4 ,but this brought down my average4 ,this8 ,what this8 ,five nouns intrude between the pronoun this and its proper antecedent failure4 ,right3 ,in ,english1 history1 and ,latin ,i received fairly good grades4 ,but in mathematics ,i received a failure4 ,this brought down my average4 ,remote reference of it3 ,if you want to make a good speech1 take your hands out of your pockets1 open your mouth wide1 and throw yourself into it4 ,right3 ,if you want to make a good speech1 take your hands out of your pockets1 open your mouth wide1 and throw yourself into what you are saying4 ,or1 better ,take your hands out of your pockets1 open your mouth wide1 and throw yourself into the speech4 ,ambiguous reference of he3 ,john spoke to the stranger1 and he was very surly4 ,right3 ,john spoke to the stranger1 who was very surly4 ,or ,john spoke in a surly manner to the stranger4 ,note4--,the reference of relative and demonstrative pronouns is largely dependent upon their position4 ,the reference of a personal pronoun 7he1 she1 they1 etc47 is not so much dependent upon its position1 the main consideration being that the antecedent shall be emphatic 7,see the next article47 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he was driving an old mule attached to a cart that was blind in one eye4 #b4 ,there is a grimy streak on the wall over the radiator which can be removed only with great difficulty4 #c4 ,the feet of ,chinese girls were bandaged so tightly when they were babies that they could not grow4 #d4 ,he gave me a receipt for the money which he told me to keep4 #e4 ,after the pictures have been taken and the film has been removed1 they are sent to the developing room where it is developed and dried4 ,weak ,reference #ba4 ,do not allow a pronoun to refer to a word not likely to be central in the reader's thought2 a word1 for example1 in the possessive case1 or in a parenthetical expression1 or in a compound1 or not expressed at all4 ,make the pronoun refer to an emphatic word4 ,wrong3 ,when a poor woman came to ,jane ,addams' famous ,hull ,house1 she always gave help4 ,poor woman and ,hull ,house are the emphatic words1 to which any pronoun used later is instinctively referred by the reader4 ,right3 ,when a poor woman came to ,jane ,addams' famous ,hull ,house1 she always received help4 ,or ,when a poor woman came to ,hull ,house1 ,jane ,addams always gave help4 ,wrong3 ,in biology1 which is the study of plants and animals we find that they are made up of unitary structures called cells4 ,since the words plants and animals occur only in a parenthetical clause1 the reader is surprised to find them used as an antecedent4 ,right3 ,in the study of biology we find that plants and animals are made up of unitary structures called cells4 ,wrong3 ,this old scissors-grinder sharpens them for the whole neighborhood4 ,the center of interest in the reader's mind is a man1 not scissors4 ,right3 ,this old scissors-grinder sharpens scissors for the whole neighborhood4 ,wrong3 ,i always liked engineers1 and ,i have chosen that as my profession4 ,right3 ,i always liked engineering1 and ,i have chosen it as my profession4 ,absurd3 ,when the baby is through drinking milk1 it should be disconnected and put in boiling water4 ,the central idea in the reader's mind is baby1 not milk-bottle4 ,the writer may have been thinking about the bottle1 but he did not make the word emphatic2 in fact1 he did not express it at all4 ,right3 ,when the baby is through drinking milk1 the bottle should be taken apart and put in boiling water4 ,note4--,ordinarily1 do not refer to the title in the first line of a theme4 ,the reader expects you to assert something1 and face forward1 not to turn back to what you have said in the title4 ,faulty3 ,color ,photography ,i am interested in this new development of science4 ,for a long time ,i 444 ,right3 ,color ,photography ,taking pictures in color has long appealed to me as an interesting possibility 444 ,exercise3 #a4 ,in ,shakespeare's play ,othello he makes ,iago a fiend4 #b4 ,the noodle-cutter is a kitchen device which saves time in making this troublesome dish4 #c4 ,the life of a forester is interesting1 and ,i intend to follow that profession4 #d4 ,he took down his great-grandfather's old sword1 who had carried it at ,bunker ,hill4 #e4 ,i was always making experiments in science1 and ,i naturally acquired a liking for periodicals of that nature4 ,broad ,reference #bb4 ,do not use a pronoun to refer broadly to a general idea4 ,supply a definite antecedent or abandon the pronoun4 ,wrong3 ,the tapper strikes the gong1 which continues as long as the push button is pressed4 ,the writer intends that which shall refer to the entire preceding clause1 but the reference is intercepted by the word gong4 ,right supplying a definite antecedent3 ,the tapper strikes the gong1 a process which continues as long as the push button is pressed4 ,or1 abandoning the pronoun ,the tapper strikes the gong as long as the push button is pressed4 ,wrong3 ,read the directions which are printed on the bottle and it may save you from making a mistake4 ,right supplying a definite antecedent3 ,read the directions which are printed on the bottle4 ,this precaution may save you from making a mistake4 ,or1 abandoning the pronoun ,reading the directions on the bottle may prevent a mistake4 ,wrong3 ,the managers told him they would increase his salary if he would represent them in ,south ,america4 ,he refused that4 ,right3 ,the managers told him they would increase his salary if he would represent them in ,south ,america4 ,he refused the offer4 ,exception4--,it cannot be maintained that a pronoun must always have one definite word for its antecedent4 ,many of the best ,english authors occasionally use a pronoun to refer to a clause4 ,but the reference must always be clear4 ,note4--,impersonal constructions must be used with caution4 ,it is raining is correct1 although it has no antecedent4 ,we desire that the antecedent shall be vague1 impersonal4 ,but unnecessary use of the indefinite it1 you1 or they should be avoided4 ,faulty3 ,it says in our history that ,columbus was an ,italian4 ,right3 ,our history says that ,columbus was an ,italian4 ,not complimentary to the reader3 ,you aren't hanged nowadays for stealing4 ,right3 ,no one is hanged nowadays for stealing4 ,faulty3 ,they are noted for their tact in ,france4 ,right3 ,the ,french are noted for their tact4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,you use little slang in your paper which is commendable4 #b4 ,they had no reinforcements which caused them to lose the battle4 #c4 ,the carbon must be removed from pig iron to make pure steel1 and that is done by terrific heat4 #d4 ,our stenographer spends most of her spare time at a cheap movie theater1 which is in itself an index of her character4 #e4 ,it says in the new rules that you aren't allowed in the building on ,sunday4 ,dangling ,participle or ,gerund #bc4 ,a participle1 being dependent1 must refer to a noun or pronoun4 ,the noun or pronoun should be within the sentence which contains the participle1 and should be so conspicuous that the participle will be associated with it instantly and without confusion4 ,wrong3 ,coming in on the train1 the high school building is seen4 ,is the building coming in8 ,if not1 who is8 ,right3 ,coming in on the train1 one sees the high school building4 ,a sentence containing a dangling participle may be corrected 7#a7 by giving the word to which the participle refers a conspicuous position in the sentence1 or 7#b7 by replacing the participial phrase by some other construction4 ,wrong3 ,having taken our seats1 the umpire announced the batteries4 ,right3 ,having taken our seats1 we heard the umpire announce the batteries4 ,or ,when we had taken our seats1 the umpire announced the batteries4 ,wrong3 ,she was for a long time sick1 caused by overwork4 ,the participle caused should not modify sick4 ,a participle is used as an adjective1 and should therefore modify a noun4 ,right--using an adjectival modifier3 ,she had a long sickness1 caused by overwork4 due to ,right--using an adverbial modifier3 because of ,she was for a long time sick owing to overwork4 on account of ,when a gerund phrase 7in passing1 while speaking etc47 implies the action of a special agent1 indicate what the agent is4 ,otherwise the phrase will be dangling4 ,faulty3 ,in talking to ,mr4 ,brown the other day1 he told me that you intend to buy a car4 ,better3 ,in talking to ,mr4 ,brown the other day1 ,i learned that you intend to buy a car4 ,faulty3 ,the address was concluded by reciting a passage from ,wordsworth4 ,better3 ,the speaker concluded his address by reciting a passage from ,wordsworth4 ,or ,the address was concluded by the recitation of a passage from ,wordsworth4 ,note4--,two other kinds of dangling modifier1 treated elsewhere in this book1 may be briefly mentioned here4 ,a phrase beginning with the adjective due should refer to a noun2 otherwise the phrase is left dangling 7,see #e ,note74 ,an elliptical sentence 7one from which words are omitted7 is faulty when one of the elements is left dangling 7,see #c74 ,faulty3 ,i was late due to carelessness ,use because of4 ,ludicrous3 ,my shoestring always breaks when hurrying to the office at eight o'clock ,say when ,i am hurrying4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,coming out of the house1 a street car is seen4 #b4 ,while engaged in conversation with my host and hostess1 my maid placed upon the table a steaming leg of lamb4 #c4 ,a small quantity of gold is thoroughly mixed with a few drops of turpentine1 using the spatula to work it smooth4 #d4 ,after being in the oven twenty minutes1 open the door4 ,when fully baked1 you are ready to put the sauce on the pudding4 #e4 ,entering the store1 a soda fountain is observed4 ,passing down the aisle1 a candy counter comes into view4 ,the rear of the store is bright and pleasant1 caused by a skylight4 ,,coherence ,the verb cohere means to stick or hold firmly together4 ,and the noun coherence as applied to writing means a close and natural sequence of parts4 ,order is essential to clearness4 ,general ,incoherence #bd4 ,every part of a sentence must have a clear and natural connection with the adjoining part4 ,like or related parts should normally be placed together4 ,bring related ideas together3 ,little ,helen stood beside the horse wearing white stockings and slippers4 ,right3 ,little ,helen1 in white stockings and slippers1 stood beside the horse4 ,keep unlike ideas apart3 ,the colors of purple and green are pleasing to the eye as found in the thistle4 ,right3 ,the purple and green colors of the thistle are pleasing4 ,distribute unrelated modifiers1 instead of bunching them3 ,i found a heap of snow on my bed in the morning which had drifted in through the window4 ,subject verb--object--place--time--explanation4 ,right3 ,in the morning ,i found on my bed a heap of snow which had drifted in through the window4 ,time--subject verb--place--object--explanation4 ,bring related modifiers together3 ,when he has prepared his lessons1 he will come1 as soon as he can put on his old clothes4 ,condition--main clause--condition4 ,right3 ,when he has prepared his lessons and put on his old clothes1 he will come4 ,condition and condition--main clause4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he was gazing at the landscape which he had painted with a smiling face4 #b4 ,she turned the steak with a fork which she was cooking for dinner every few minutes4 #c4 ,dickens puts the various experiences he had in the form of a novel when he was a boy4 #d4 ,if the roads are made of dirt1 the farmer has to wait1 if the weather is rainy1 till they dry4 #e4 ,we received practically very little or none at all experience in writing themes4 ,logical ,sequence #be4 ,place first in the sentence the idea which naturally comes first in thought or in the order of time4 ,faulty3 ,we went to the station from the house after bidding all goodby4 ,right3 ,we said goodby to all1 and went from the house to the station4 ,do not begin one idea1 abandon it for a second1 and then return to the first4 ,complete one idea at a time4 ,faulty3 ,she looked up as he approached and smoothed her hair4 ,the writer begins a main clause1 changes to a subordinate clause1 and then attempts to add more to the main clause4 ,unfortunately the last two verbs appear to be cordinate4 ,right3 ,she looked up and smoothed her hair as he approached4 ,or ,as he approached she looked up1 and smoothed her hair4 ,ordinarily1 let a second thought begin where the first leaves off4 ,faulty3 ,an orange grove requires plenty of water4 ,the young trees will die if they do not have plenty of water4 ,the order of ideas is3 ,grove 444 water4 ,trees 444 water4 ,reverse the order of the second sentence4 ,right3 ,an orange grove requires plenty of water4 ,for without water the young trees will die4 ,now the order of ideas is3 ,grove 444 water4 ,water 444 trees4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i boarded the train1 after buying a ticket4 #b4 ,i dropped my pen when the whistle blew and sighed4 #c4 ,unless the bank clerk has ability he will never be successful unless he works faithfully and hard4 #d4 ,i remember the days when ,rover was a pup4 ,now he is not half so interesting as he was then4 #e4 ,a chessboard is divided into sixty-four squares1 and there is plenty of room between the opposing armies for a terrific battle1 since each army occupies only sixteen squares4 ,squinting ,modifier #bf4 ,avoid the squinting construction4 ,that is1 do not place between two parts of a sentence a modifier that may attach itself to either4 ,place the modifier where it cannot be misunderstood4 ,confusing3 ,i told him when the time came ,i would do it4 ,when the time came is said to squint because the reader cannot tell whether it looks forward to the end of the sentence1 or backward to the beginning4 ,right3 ,when the time came1 ,i told him ,i would do it4 ,or ,i told him ,i would do it when the time came4 ,confusing3 ,some friends ,i knew would enjoy the play4 ,i knew squints4 ,right3 ,some friends would enjoy the play1 ,i knew4 ,confusing3 ,the orator whom every one was calling for enthusiastically hurried to the platform4 ,enthusiastically squints4 ,clear3 ,the orator whom every one was enthusiastically calling for hurried to the platform4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the man who laughs half the time does not understand the joke4 #b4 ,playing football in many ways improves the mind4 #c4 ,when she reached home much to her disgust the door was locked4 #d4 ,when the lightning struck for the first time in my life ,i was afraid4 #e4 ,the landlord wrote that he would if the rent were not paid in thirty days eject the tenant4 ,misplaced ,word #bg4 ,such an adverb as only1 ever1 almost1 should be placed near the word it modifies1 and separated from words which it might falsely seem to modify4 ,such a conjunction as nevertheless1 if required with a clause1 should usually be placed near the beginning4 ,illogical3 ,i only need a few dollars4 ,right3 ,i need only a few dollars4 ,illogical3 ,i don't ever intend to go there again4 ,right3 ,i don't intend ever to go there again4 ,or ,i intend never to go there again4 ,illogical3 ,she has the sweetest voice ,i nearly ever heard4 ,right3 ,she has nearly or almost the sweetest voice ,i ever heard4 ,tardy use of conjunction3 ,i intend to try4 ,i do not expect to accomplish much1 however4 ,right3 ,i intend to try4 ,i do not1 however1 expect to accomplish much4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,students are only admitted to one lecture4 #b4 ,this is the smallest book ,i almost ever saw4 #c4 ,he is so poor he hasn't any food1 scarcely4 #d4 ,she had one dress that she never expected to wear4 #e4 ,the difficulties were tremendous4 ,he said that he would do his best1 nevertheless4 ,split ,construction #bh4 ,elements that have a close grammatical connection should not be separated awkwardly or carelessly4 ,these elements are3 7a7 subject and verb1 or verb and object2 7b7 the parts of a compound verb2 and 7c7 the parts of an infinitive4 ,awkward3 ,one in the struggle for efficiency should not become a machine4 ,better3 ,in the struggle for efficiency one should not become a machine4 ,awkward3 ,what use of an education could a girl who married a penniless rogue and afterwards knew nothing but hard labor1 make8 ,better3 ,what use of an education could a girl make who married a penniless rogue and afterward knew nothing but hard labor8 ,crude3 ,he was unable to even so much as stir a foot4 ,better3 ,he was unable even to stir a foot4 ,note4--,it is often desirable to separate the forms enumerated under 7a7 and 7b7 above1 either for emphasis 7,see #dj7 or to avoid a bunching of modifiers at the end of a sentence 7,see #bd74 ,the whole point of rule #bh is not to depart from a natural order needlessly4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,one thing the beginner must remember is to not get excited4 #b4 ,ralph1 when he heard the news1 came flying out of the house4 #c4 ,the president called together1 for the need was urgent1 his cabinet4 #d4 ,bryce said that it is more patriotic to judiciously vote than to frantically wave the ,american flag4 #e4 ,about the time ,florence ,nightingale had to give up her plans1 a war between ,turkey1 ,england1 and ,france on one side and ,russia on the other1 broke out4 #bi4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,clearness ,,of ,,thought ,a4 ,reference of ,pronouns ,in the following sentences make the reference of pronouns exact and unmistakable4 #a4 ,brown wrote to ,roberts that he had made a mistake4 #b4 ,we heard a voice through the door which told us to enter4 #c4 ,there is a walk leading from the street to the house which is made of thin slabs of stone4 #d4 ,a milking stool was beside the cow on which he was accustomed to sit4 #e4 ,should a community1 such as a small village1 spend the money they do on roads8 #f4 ,this magazine prints many special articles on politics and social reforms that are always instructive4 #g4 ,i wish ,i could do something for the protection of birds in our country which is neglected4 #h4 ,after a man has failed in one business1 it is no sign he will fail in every other4 #i4 ,sometimes cane syrup is mixed with the maple syrup1 which reduces the value of the product4 #aj4 ,it means hard and diligent work to study ,latin1 but it strengthens our brain or at least it gives it good exercise4 #aa4 ,in the class room the students become acquainted1 which may develop into lifelong friendships4 #ab4 ,he was delighted with a ride on horseback1 which animal he had been familiar with in his childhood on the farm4 #ac4 ,it says in our history that the battle of ,new ,orleans was fought after the treaty of peace had been signed4 #ad4 ,sparks flew about in the air1 and it reminded me of a huge ,fourth of ,july celebration4 #ae4 ,the doctor gave me medicine to stop the dull pain in my head4 ,this made me feel much better4 ,b4 ,dangling ,modifiers ,remembering that a participle is used as an adjective and must therefore refer to a noun or pronoun1 correct the following sentences4 ,gerund phrases and a few elliptical sentences are included in the list4 #a4 ,having planned the basement1 the next thing considered was the first floor4 #b4 ,glancing around the room1 the ugly wall paper at once confronted me4 #c4 ,after ringing the bell1 and waiting a few moments1 a maid came to the door4 #d4 ,when selecting a site for an orchard1 it should be well drained4 #e4 ,not being a skilled dancer1 my feet moved awkwardly4 #f4 ,having no watch1 the clock must be consulted4 #g4 ,he was sick1 caused by eating too much dessert4 #h4 ,radium is very difficult to get1 making it the most valuable metal4 #i4 ,one man goes home and beats his wife1 resulting in internal injuries4 #aj4 ,over the paper and kindling a few small chunks of coal are scattered1 taking care not to choke the draft4 #aa4 ,in speaking of character1 it does not mean to be a governor or a general4 #ab4 ,this town draws trade for a radius of twenty miles1 thus accounting for the large volume of business4 #ac4 ,while talking to ,ralph yesterday1 he spoke about his recent success in the hardware business4 #ad4 ,the bus holds fifteen people1 and when full1 the bus man shuts the door4 #ae4 ,if bright and pleasant1 the rabbit will be found sitting at the entrance of his burrow4 ,c4 ,coherence ,secure a clear1 smooth1 natural order for the following sentences4 #a4 ,i have a lot for sale near the city limits4 #b4 ,many men can only speak their native tongue4 #c4 ,i saw yesterday1 crossing the street1 a beautiful woman4 #d4 ,they entered the room1 and sitting on the floor they saw a baby4 #e4 ,i put down my book when the clock struck and yawned4 #f4 ,she dropped the money on the sidewalk which she was carrying home4 #g4 ,the horse did not notice that the gate was open for several minutes4 #h4 ,it was worth the trouble4 ,i do not wish to have the experience again1 however4 #i4 ,my first trip away from home1 of any distance1 was made on a steamboat from ,st4 ,louis to ,new ,orleans4 #aj4 ,he gazed at a young man who was waving his hands violently1 called a cheer leader4 #aa4 ,any soil will grow some variety of strawberry1 except sand and clay4 #ab4 ,i turned triumphantly to ,will1 who was still gazing at the place where the muskrat sank with a beaming face4 #ac4 ,only the interest1 the principal being kept intact1 is spent4 #ad4 ,a student should see that external conditions are favorable for study1 such as light1 temperature1 and clothing4 #ae4 ,draw a heavy line using a ruler to connect ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco across the map4 ,,parallel ,,structure ,when the structure of a sentence is simple and uniform1 the important words strike the eye at once4 ,compare the following3 ,parallel3 ,beggars must not be choosers4 ,confusing3 ,beggars must not be the one who choose4 ,a reader gives attention partly to the structure of a sentence1 and partly to the thought4 ,the less we puzzle him with our structure1 the more we shall impress him with our thought4 ,parallel3 ,seeing is believing4 ,attention goes to the thought4 ,confusing3 ,seeing is to believe4 ,attention is diverted to structure4 ,the reader's expectation is that uniform structure shall accompany uniform ideas1 and that a departure from uniformity shall indicate a change of thought4 ,parallel ,structure for ,parallel ,thoughts #cj4 ,give parallel structure to those parts of a sentence which are parallel in thought4 ,do not needlessly interchange an infinitive with a participle1 a phrase with a clause1 a single word with a phrase or clause1 a main clause with a dependent clause1 one voice or mode of the verb with another1 etc4 ,faulty3 ,riding is sometimes better exercise than to walk4 ,right3 ,riding is sometimes better exercise than walking4 ,or ,to ride is sometimes better exercise than to walk4 ,faulty3 ,he had two desires1 of which the first was for money2 in the second place1 he wanted fame4 ,right3 ,he had two desires1 of which the first was for money and the second for fame4 ,or ,he had two desires3 in the first place1 he wanted money2 in the second1 fame4 ,faulty3 ,his rival handled cigars of better quality and having a higher selling price4 ,right3 ,his rival handled cigars of better quality and higher price4 ,faulty3 ,when you have mastered the operation of shifting gears1 and after a little practice you will be a good driver4 ,right3 ,when you have mastered the operation of shifting gears1 and had a little practice1 you will be a good driver4 ,or ,after you master the gears and have a little practice1 you will be a good driver4 ,faulty4 ,these are the duties of the president of a literary society3 7a7 ,to preside at regular meetings1 7b7 ,he calls special meetings1 7c7 ,appointment of committees4 ,right3 ,these are the duties of the president of a literary society3 7a7 ,to preside at regular meetings1 7b7 ,to call special meetings1 7c7 ,to appoint committees4 ,faulty3 ,she was actively connected with the club1 church1 and with several organized charities4 ,here parallelism is obscured by the omission from the second phrase of both the preposition and the article4 ,right3 ,she was actively connected with the club1 with the church1 and with several organized charities4 ,faulty3 ,he was red-faced1 awkward1 and had a disposition to eat everything on the table4 ,the third element is like the others in thought1 and should have similar form4 ,right3 ,he had a red face1 an awkward manner1 and a disposition to eat everything on the table4 ,or ,he was red-faced1 awkward1 and voracious4 ,note4--,avoid misleading parallelism4 ,for ideas different in kind1 do not use parallel structure4 ,wrong3 ,he was hot1 puffing1 and evidently had run very hard4 ,the third element is unlike the others in thought2 hence the and is misleading4 ,right3 ,he was hot and puffing2 evidently he had run very hard4 ,confusing3 ,he was admired for his knowledge of science1 and for his taste for art1 and for this ,i too honor him4 ,the last for gives a false parallelism to unlike thoughts4 ,better3 ,he was admired for his scientific knowledge and for his artistic taste4 ,i honor him for both these qualities4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the duties of the secretary are to answer correspondence1 and keeping the minutes of the meetings4 #b4 ,this process is the most difficult2 it costs the most2 and is most important4 #c4 ,i make it a rule to be orderly1 spend no money foolishly1 and keep still when ,i have nothing to say4 #d4 ,the cotton is put up in bales about five feet in length and three feet wide and four thick1 and one of them weighing about five hundred pounds4 #e4 ,considerations of economy that one should bear in mind when planning a house are3 first1 a rectangular ground-plan2 second1 a one-chimney plan2 third1 to have only one stairway2 fourth1 eliminate as many doors as possible2 fifth1 the bathroom should be above the kitchen so as to reduce the cost of plumbing2 and lastly1 the rooms should be few and large rather than small and many of them4 ,correlatives ,conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlatives2 for example1 not only 444 but also 4441 both 444 and 4441 either 444 or 4441 neither 444 nor 4441 not 444 or 4441 whether 444 or 4444 #ca4 ,correlatives should usually be followed by elements parallel in form2 if a predicate follows one1 a predicate should follow the other2 if a prepositional phrase follows one1 a prepositional phrase should follow the other2 and so on4 ,faulty3 ,he was not only courteous to rich customers but also to poor ones4 ,here the phrases intended to be balanced against each other are to rich customer's and to poor ones4 ,as the sentence stands1 it is the word courteous that is balanced against to poor ones4 ,right3 ,he was courteous not only to rich customers but also to poor ones4 ,faulty3 ,she could neither make up her mind to go nor could she decide to stay4 ,right3 ,she could neither make up her mind to go nor decide to stay4 ,or ,she could not make up her mind either to go or to stay4 ,faulty3 ,i talked both with ,brown and ,miller4 ,here one conjunction is followed by a preposition and the other by a noun4 ,right3 ,i talked with both ,brown and ,miller4 ,or ,i talked both with ,brown and with ,miller4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he was courteous to both friends and his enemies4 #b4 ,such conduct is not only dangerous to society but becomes a national disgrace as well4 #c4 ,she had neither affectation of manners nor was she sharp-tongued4 #d4 ,after reading ,thoreau's ,walden ,i appreciate not only the style but also ,i am inclined to believe in his ideas4 #e4 ,the good that the delegates derive from the convention not only helps them1 but they tell others what happened4 ,,consistency ,shift in ,subject or ,voice #cb4 ,do not needlessly shift the subject1 voice1 or mode in the middle of a sentence4 ,keep one point of view1 until there is a reason for changing4 ,faulty3 ,in the stream which the road led over1 fish were plentiful4 ,here the first mental picture is of a stream4 ,then the thought is jerked away to the road above4 ,then it returns to the fish in the stream4 ,right3 ,in the stream which flowed under the roadway1 fish were plentiful4 ,faulty3 ,mark ,twain was born in the ,west1 but the ,east was his home in later years4 ,the change of subject is uncalled for4 ,right3 ,mark ,twain was born in the ,west1 but lived in the ,east in his later years4 ,or ,the ,west was the birthplace of ,mark ,twain1 and the ,east was his home in his later years4 ,faulty3 ,a careful driver can go fifteen miles on a gallon of gasoline1 and at the same time very little lubricating oil is used4 ,the shift from active to passive voice is awkward and confusing4 ,right3 ,a careful driver can go fifteen miles on a gallon of gasoline1 and at the same time use very little lubricating oil4 ,faulty3 ,when a problem in chemistry is given1 or when we wish to calculate certain formulas1 we find that a knowledge of mathematics is indispensable4 ,right3 ,when a problem in chemistry is given1 or when certain formulas are to be calculated1 a knowledge of mathematics is indispensable4 ,or ,when we face a problem in chemistry1 or wish to calculate certain formulas1 we find that a knowledge of mathematics is indispensable4 ,faulty3 ,next the ground should be harrowed4 ,then you sow the wheat4 ,the subject changes from ground to you4 ,one verb explains what should be done1 the other what somebody does4 is ,right3 ,next the ground harrowed4 ,then it should be is sown to wheat4 ,or ,next you should harrow should be the ground4 ,then you should sow the wheat4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,one end of a camera carries the film1 and the lens and shutter are in the other end4 #b4 ,when an athlete is in training1 good healthful food should be eaten4 #c4 ,an engineer's time is not devoted to one branch of science1 but should include many4 #d4 ,by having only five men in charge of our city government1 they would have more power1 and we could then fix responsibility4 #e4 ,there are two main classes of cake1 sponge and butter4 ,we are taught to make both in cooking school4 ,i like the sponge cake4 ,the butter cake is preferred by most persons4 ,shift in ,number1 ,person1 or ,tense #cc4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in number1 person1 or tense4 ,faulty change in number3 ,one should save their money4 ,right3 ,people should save their money4 ,or ,a man should save his money4 ,faulty change in person3 ,place the seeds in water1 and in a few days a person can see that they have started to grow4 ,right3 ,place the seeds in water1 and in a few days you will see that they have started to grow4 ,faulty change in number3 ,take your umbrella with you4 ,they will be needed today4 ,right3 ,take your umbrella with you4 ,you will need it today4 ,faulty change in tense3 ,freedom means that a man may conduct his affairs as he pleases so long as he did not injure anybody else4 ,right3 ,freedom means that a man may conduct his affairs as he pleases so long as he does not injure anybody else4 ,faulty change in tense3 ,when he heard the news1 he hurries down town and buys a paper4 ,right3 ,when he heard the news1 he hurried down town and bought a paper4 ,note4--,a change of tense within a sentence is desirable and necessary in certain instances1 for which see #ee4 ,sometimes1 for the sake of vividness1 past events are described in the present tense1 as if they were taking place before our eyes4 ,this usage is called the historical present4 ,a shift to the historical present should not be made abruptly1 or frequently1 or for any subject except an important crisis4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,a person should be careful of their conduct4 #b4 ,sentences should be so formed that the reader feels it to be a unit4 #c4 ,one should make the best of their surroundings and their possessions1 provided they cannot better them4 #d4 ,when he sees me coming1 he looked the other way4 #e4 ,silas ,marner lost many of his habits of solitude1 and goes out among his neighbors4 ,mixed ,constructions #cd4 ,do not make a compromise between two constructions4 ,faulty3 ,i cannot help but go4 ,right3 ,i cannot help going4 ,or ,i cannot but go4 ,or ,i can but go4 ,faulty3 ,they are as following3 ,right3 ,they are as follows3 ,or ,they are the following3 ,faulty3 ,he tried1 but of no avail4 ,right3 ,he tried1 but to no avail4 ,or ,he tried1 but his effort was of no avail4 ,faulty3 ,there is no honor to be on this committee4 ,right3 ,it is no honor to be on this committee4 ,or ,there is no honor in being on this committee4 ,faulty3 ,sparks from the chimney caught the house on fire4 ,right3 ,sparks from the chimney set the house on fire4 ,or ,the house caught fire from the sparks from the chimney4 ,note4--,the double negative and kindred expressions 7not hardly1 not scarcely1 etc47 are an especially gross form of mixed construction4 ,wrong3 ,he isn't no better now than he was then4 ,logically1 not no better means better4 ,the two negatives cancel each other and leave an affirmative4 ,right3 ,he isn't any better now than he was then4 ,or ,he is no better now than he was then4 ,wrong3 ,she couldn't see her friend nowhere4 ,right3 ,she couldn't see her friend anywhere4 ,or ,she could see her friend nowhere4 ,wrong3 ,we couldn't hardly see through the mist4 ,right3 ,we could hardly see through the mist4 ,or ,we couldn't see well through the mist4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he doesn't come here no more4 #b4 ,i cannot help but make this error4 #c4 ,i remember scarcely nothing of the occurrence4 #d4 ,i would not remain there only a few days4 #e4 ,john would not do this under no circumstances4 ,mixed ,imagery #ce4 ,avoid phrases which may call up conflicting mental images4 ,when using metaphor1 simile1 etc41 carry one figure of speech through1 instead of shifting to another1 or dropping suddenly back into literal speech4 ,crude3 ,the ,republicans have gained a foothold in the heart of the cotton belt4 ,right3 ,the ,republicans have gained a foothold in the ,south4 ,crude3 ,he traveled a rough road and climbed with his burden the ladder of success1 where he is a glowing example and guide to other men4 ,the suggestion which a reader with a sense of humor may get is1 that a man starts out as a traveler1 suddenly becomes a hod-carrier1 and is then transformed into a bonfire or a lighthouse4 ,right3 ,he traveled a rough road1 but found success4 ,other men followed in his steps4 ,incongruous3 ,spring came scattering flowers1 and there was rain a great per cent of the time4 ,this sentence mingles the language of poetry with the language of science4 ,it should be fanciful1 or else literal1 throughout4 ,right3 ,spring came scattering flowers and rain4 ,or ,spring came with much rain and many flowers4 ,inconsistent use of irony3 ,the phonograph was shrieking1 ,waltz me around again1 ,willie4 ,i am sure ,i love that beautiful song4 ,the taste of the people who attend these cheap theaters is deplorable4 ,the three sentences should be ironical throughout1 or not ironical at all4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,we should meet the future from the optimistic point of view4 #b4 ,general ,wolfe put every ounce of his life into the capture of ,quebec4 #c4 ,a key-note of sincerity should be the mainspring of a well-built speech4 #d4 ,he went drifting down the sands of time on flowery beds of ease4 #e4 ,the blank in my mind crystallized into action4 ,,use ,,of ,,connectives ,the ,exact ,connective #cf4 ,use a connective which expresses the exact relation between two clauses4 ,distinguish between time and cause1 concession and condition1 etc4 ,do not overwork and1 so1 or while4 ,misleading3 ,while he is sick1 he is able to walk4 ,use though4 ,misleading3 ,miss ,brown sang1 while her sister spoke a piece4 ,use but4 ,faulty4 ,work hard when you want to succeed4 ,use if4 ,faulty3 ,they will be sorry without they do this4 ,use unless4 ,faulty3 ,little poetry is read1 only at times when it is compulsory4 ,use except4 ,faulty4 ,the early morning and evening are the best times to find ducks1 and we did not see many flying4 ,use and for that reason4 ,faulty3 ,corbin says3 ,in ,america sportsmanship is almost a passion1 and in ,england the player very seldom forgets that he is a man first and an athlete afterward4 ,use whereas4 ,note4--,so is an elastic word that covers a multitude of vague meanings4 ,language has need of such a word1 and in many instances 7especially when the relation between clauses is obvious and does not need to be pointed out7 so serves well enough4 ,use it1 but not as a substitute for more exact connectives4 ,beware of falling into the so-habit4 ,abuse of so as a vague cordinating connective3 ,so ,i went to call on ,mrs4 ,woods1 and so she told me about ,mrs4 ,white's new gown2 so then ,i missed the car1 and so of course our supper is late4 ,strike out every so4 ,abuse of so as a subordinating connective3 ,you may go1 so you keep still4 ,use provided4 ,so you do only that1 ,i shall be satisfied4 ,use though4 ,permissible3 ,i was excited1 so ,i missed the target4 ,so may sometimes be used to express result4 ,but when a clause of result is important and needs emphasis1 it is perhaps better to strike out so and subordinate the preceding clause4 ,right3 ,in my excitement ,i missed the target4 ,right3 ,because ,i was excited1 ,i missed the target4 ,right3 ,being excited1 ,i missed the target4 ,list of ,connectives ,a4 ,with ,cordinate ,clauses1 expressing #a4 ,addition3 and1 besides1 furthermore1 again1 in addition1 in like manner1 likewise1 moreover1 then too1 and finally4 #b4 ,contrast3 but1 and yet1 however1 in spite of1 in contrast to this1 nevertheless1 notwithstanding1 nor1 on the contrary1 for all that1 rather still1 but unhappily1 yet unfortunately1 whereas4 #c4 ,alternative3 or1 nor1 else1 otherwise1 neither1 nor1 or on the other hand4 #d4 ,consequence3 therefore1 hence1 consequently1 accordingly1 in this way1 it follows that1 the consequence is1 and under such circumstances1 wherefore1 thus1 as a result1 as a consequence4 #e4 ,explanation3 for example1 for instance1 in particular1 more specifically1 for1 because4 #f4 ,repetition for emphasis3 in other words1 that is to say1 and assuredly1 certainly1 in fact1 and in truth1 indeed it is certain1 undoubtedly1 for example1 in the same way1 as ,i have said4 ,b4 ,with ,subordinate ,adverb ,clauses1 expressing #a4 ,time3 when1 then1 before1 while1 after1 until at last1 as long as1 now that1 upon which1 until1 whenever1 whereupon1 meanwhile4 #b4 ,place3 where1 whence1 whither1 wherever4 #c4 ,degree or ,comparison3 as1 more than1 rather than1 than1 to the degree in which4 #d4 ,manner3 as1 as if1 as though4 #e4 ,cause3 because1 for1 as1 inasmuch as1 since1 owing to the fact that1 seeing that1 in that4 #f4 ,purpose3 that1 so that1 in order that1 lest4 #g4 ,result3 that is1 so that1 but that4 #h4 ,condition3 if1 provided that1 in case that1 on condition that1 supposing that1 unless4 #i4 ,concession3 though1 although1 assuming that1 admitting that1 granting that1 even if1 no matter how1 notwithstanding1 of course4 ,c4 ,with ,adjective ,clauses4 ,adjective or relative clauses are introduced by who1 which1 that1 or an equivalent compound4 ,exercise3 ,insert within the parentheses all the connectives that might conceivably be used1 and underscore the one which you consider to be most exact3 #a4 ,he is not a broad-minded man2 7 7 he has many prejudices4 #b4 ,a number of friends came in1 bringing refreshments1 7 7 we spent a delightful evening4 #c4 ,we ought to return now1 for it is growing dark2 7 7 ,i told ,mary we would be home at six o'clock4 #d4 ,i do not believe that climate is responsible for many of the differences between races1 7 7 ,taine says that it is4 #e4 ,she took the letter from me and read it slowly1 7 7 her eyes filled with tears4 ,repetition of ,connective with a ,gain in ,clearness #cg4 ,connectives that accompany a parallel series should be repeated when clearness requires4 ,preposition to be repeated3 ,he was regarded as a hero by all who had known him at school1 and especially his old school mates4 ,right3 ,he was regarded as a hero by all who had known him at school1 and especially by his old school mates4 ,sign of the infinitive to be repeated3 ,he wishes to join with those who love freedom and justice1 and end needless suffering4 ,right3 ,he wishes to join with those who love freedom and justice1 and to end needless suffering4 ,conjunction to be repeated3 ,since he was known to have succeeded in earlier enterprises1 though confronted by difficulties that would have taxed the ability of older men1 and his powers were now acknowledged to be mature1 he was put in charge of the undertaking4 ,right3 ,since he was known to have succeeded in earlier enterprises1 though confronted by difficulties that would have taxed the ability of older men1 and since his powers were now acknowledged to be mature1 he was put in charge of the undertaking4 ,conjunction to be repeated3 ,he explained that the strikers asked only a fair hearing1 since their contentions were misunderstood2 were by no means in favor of the violent measures to which the public had grown accustomed2 and had no desire to resort to bloodshed and the destruction of property4 ,right3 ,he explained that the strikers asked only a fair hearing1 since their contentions were misunderstood2 that they were by no means in favor of the violent measures to which the public had grown accustomed2 and that they had no desire to resort to bloodshed and the destruction of property4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the place is often visited by fishermen who catch some strange varieties of fish and especially summer tourists4 #b4 ,the worth of a man depends upon his character1 not his possessions4 #c4 ,he was delighted with that part of the city which overlooked the harbor and bay1 and especially the citadel on the highest point4 #d4 ,although he was so youthful in appearance that the recruiting officer must have known he was under twenty-one1 and had not yet become a fully naturalized citizen1 his effort to enlist met with immediate success4 #e4 ,in the course of his speech he said that he was a foreigner1 he came to this country when he was fourteen years old1 landing in ,new ,york with his only possessions tied in a handkerchief1 went to work in an iron foundry1 and after many years of toil he found himself at the head of a great industry4 ,repetition of ,connective with a ,loss in ,clearness #ch4 ,do not complicate thought by persistent repetition of elements beginning with that1 which1 of1 for1 or but1 and ,,not parallel in structure4 ,complicated repetition of that3 ,he gave a quarter to the boy that brought the paper that printed the news that the war was ended4 ,that1 which1 and who are often used carelessly to form a chain of subordinate clauses4 ,three successive subordinations are all that a reader can possibly keep straight2 ordinarily a writer should not exceed two4 ,but in parallel structure 7,see #cj and #cg7 the number of that1 which1 or who clauses does not matter2 a writer may fill a page with them and not confuse the reader at all4 ,right3 ,he gave the boy a quarter for bringing him the paper with the news that the war was ended4 ,complicated repetition of of3 ,the ,east ,side ,civics ,club is an organization of helpers of the helpless of the lower classes of the city4 ,right3 ,the ,east ,side ,civics ,club is organized to help the helpless poor of the city4 ,complicated repetition of for3 ,the general was dismayed1 for he had not expected resistance1 for he had thought the power of the enemy was shattered4 ,right3 ,the general was dismayed2 he had not expected resistance1 for he had thought the power of the enemy was shattered4 ,complicated repetition of but3 ,he was undoubtedly a brave man1 but now he was somewhat alarmed1 but he would not turn back4 ,right3 ,he was undoubtedly a brave man2 though now somewhat alarmed1 he would not turn back4 ,or ,he was undoubtedly a brave man4 ,he was now somewhat alarmed1 but he would not turn back4 ,note4--,guard against the but-habit4 ,frequent recurrence of but makes the reader's thought tack or change its course too often4 ,there are ways to avoid an excessive use of but and however4 ,when one wishes to write about two things1 ,a and ,b1 which are opposed1 he need not rush back and forth from one idea to the other4 ,let him first say all he wants to say about ,a4 ,then let him deliberately use the adversative but1 and proceed to the discussion of ,b4 ,in the following paragraph on ,whipping ,children the writer tries to be on both sides of the fence at once4 ,confusing3 ,it is easier to punish a child for a misdeed1 than to explain and argue4 ,but the gentler method is better4 ,yet we all admit that the birch must be used sometimes4 ,however1 if it is used only for serious trangressions1 the child will have a sense of proportion regarding what offenses are grave4 ,but for ordinary small misdemeanors ,i think we need a new motto3 ,spoil the rod and spare the child4 ,right3 ,it is easier to punish a child for a misdeed than to explain and argue4 ,and of course we all admit that the birch must be used sometimes4 ,but if it is used only for serious transgressions1 the child will have a sense of proportion regarding what offenses are grave4 ,for ordinary small misdemeanors ,i think we need a new motto3 ,spoil the rod and spare the child4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he did not agree at first1 but hesitated for a time1 but finally said that he would go along4 #b4 ,push down on the foot lever1 which closes a switch which starts an electric motor which turns the flywheel so that the gasoline engine starts4 #c4 ,apple dumplings are good1 but they must be properly baked1 but fortunately this is not difficult to do4 #d4 ,the work of the course consists partly of the study of the principles of grammar and of rhetoric1 partly of the writing of themes1 partly of oral composition1 and partly of the reading and study of models of ,english prose4 #e4 ,the landscape which lay before me was one which was different from any which ,i had ever seen before4 ,there was one thing which impressed me1 and that was the miles and miles of grass which stretched and undulated away from the hill on which ,i stood4 #ci4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,clearness ,,of ,,thought ,a4 ,parallel ,structure ,give parallel structure to elements which are parallel in thought4 #a4 ,baskets are of practical value as well as being used for ornaments4 #b4 ,the ,book of ,job ought to be interesting to a student1 or for anybody4 #c4 ,the important considerations are whether the soil is sandy1 and if it is well drained1 and that it shall be easily cultivated4 #d4 ,a flower garden is a source of profit--profit not measured in money but in pleasure4 #e4 ,he was successful in business1 and also attained success in the political world4 #f4 ,whether his object was writing for pastime1 or to please a friend1 or money1 we do not know4 #g4 ,always praise your enemy1 because if you whip him your glory is increased1 and if he whips you it lets you down easy4 #h4 ,either the ship will sink in the rough sea or go to pieces on the shore4 #i4 ,an athlete must possess strength1 nerve1 and be able to think quickly4 #aj4 ,we were interested in buying some dry-goods1 and at the same time see the sights of the great city4 #aa4 ,some people talk foolishness1 and others on serious subjects1 and some keep still4 #ab4 ,not only she noticed my condition1 but commented on it4 #ac4 ,he abides by neither the laws of ,god nor man4 ,he spoke both to ,harry and ,tom4 #ad4 ,it is good for the health of one's mind to get new ideas every day1 and expressing them clearly in writing4 #ae4 ,everyone who is capable of understanding the tax laws should know them and how they are abused4 #af4 ,i began by making applications at federal1 state1 and city employment bureaus for a position as cost accountant1 salesman1 or clerical work4 #ag4 ,the damage to the trunk was caused by rough handling and not from faults in construction4 #ah4 ,pope1 ,swift1 ,addison1 and ,defoe were four satirists1 but differing greatly in their work4 #ai4 ,the occupants of these buildings are engaged in various kinds of business1 namely3 shoe-shining1 shoe repair shops1 cleaning and pressing clothes1 confectionery stores1 and restaurants4 #bj4 ,i sing of geese3 of the ,biblical goose1 that blew his bugle from the roof of ,noah's ,ark2 the classical goose that picked his livelihood along the shores of the gean2 of the historical goose1 that squawked to save old ,rome2 the mercenary goose1 laying the golden egg2 and1 finally1 of the roast goose4 ,b4 ,shift in ,subject or ,voice ,rewrite the following sentences1 avoiding all unnecessary shift in construction4 #a4 ,after you decide on the plan of the house1 your attention is turned to the materials of construction4 #b4 ,editors are careful to use words that are exact1 yet simple1 and the use of technical terms is not generally considered to be good4 #c4 ,bank accounts should be balanced once a month in order that you may know your exact standing4 #d4 ,we should have our athletic contest between the weakest students1 and in that way they will become physically strong4 #e4 ,when one is making a long-distance run1 several cautions should be borne in mind by him4 #f4 ,in melody the poem is good1 but the author's ideas are eccentric4 #g4 ,lincoln's sentences are plain1 blunt1 and to the point4 ,he lacks the ornate eloquence of ,jefferson4 #h4 ,the operator places a large shovelful of concrete in the mold1 and the mixture is made solid by tamping4 #i4 ,he might become angry1 but it was over in a few minutes4 #aj4 ,the pauper chanced to gain entrance to the royal palace1 and while there the young prince is met by him4 #aa4 ,when the weather is hot1 plowing is accomplished very slowly with horses1 while on the tractor the heat has no effect4 #ab4 ,first1 one should mix one-half cup of corn syrup and one cup of brown sugar2 then one cup of cream and the flavoring are added4 #ac4 ,in the college situated in a small town there are dormitories for the student1 but in the cities they usually room where they please4 #ad4 ,an education should enable us to tell the valuable from the cheap book1 and by it we should be able to tell the true from the counterfeit man4 #ae4 ,moisten the sand thoroughly and set the box in a warm place1 and in about a week's time it can readily be seen by the way the grains have sprouted which ears of seed corn have greatest vitality4 ,c4 ,shift in ,number1 ,person1 or ,tense ,rewrite the following sentences1 removing all inconsistency in grammatical form4 #a4 ,every one has a right to their own opinion4 #b4 ,bryant rushed to the window and shouts at the postman4 #c4 ,the life of the honey bee has been studied1 and their activities found to be remarkable4 #d4 ,he says to me1 ,are you ready8 ,and ,i answered1 ,no4 #e4 ,when a person keeps a store1 you should remember the names and faces of your customers4 #f4 ,an automobile is expensive1 and they are liable to become an elephant on your hands4 #g4 ,if one studies the market1 he would find that prices rise every year4 #h4 ,if one went to ,europe1 he will find everything different4 #i4 ,since these tires were different in construction1 the method of repairing will vary4 #aj4 ,contentment is a state of mind in which one is satisfied with themselves and their surroundings4 #aa4 ,it is easy to catch 'possums if you can find the rascal4 #ab4 ,the writer of a theme should not waste time on a long introduction1 and get to the facts of your subject as quickly as possible4 #ac4 ,shakespeare's comedies are great fun4 ,i prefer it to tragedy4 #ad4 ,often a man will knock at the door1 and finds no one at home4 #ae4 ,too much attention will spoil a child4 ,they should not be entertained every minute4 ,d4 ,the ,exact ,connective ,each of the following sentences contains an idea which is1 or may be1 subordinate to another idea4 7#a7 ,decide what kind of subordinate relation should exist between the ideas4 7#b7 ,determine what connective best expresses this relation4 7,consult #cf for a list of connectives47 7#c7 ,write the sentence as it should be4 #a4 ,wealth is a good thing1 while honest wealth is better4 #b4 ,spend an hour in the open air every day when you want to keep your health4 #c4 ,the rattlesnake gives warning and it is only afterward that he strikes4 #d4 ,south ,americans are our national neighbors1 and we as a nation should understand them4 #e4 ,the city man knows nothing about a cow1 only that it has horns4 #f4 ,he got up early in order that he might be able to see the sunrise4 #g4 ,the tenderfoot saw the funnel-shaped cloud when he made for a cyclone cellar4 #h4 ,men fear what they do not understand1 and a coward is one who is ignorant4 #i4 ,hinting did not influence her2 then he tried scolding4 #aj4 ,the valet spilled the wine1 and the duke started up with an oath4 #aa4 ,while he writhed on the ground1 he was not really hurt4 #ab4 ,he will not cash the check without you indorse it4 #ac4 ,we want this work done by the first of ,april1 so please send an estimate soon4 #ad4 ,he had traveled everywhere1 and he had a vivid recollection of only three scenes3 ,niagara ,falls1 the ,jungfrau1 and ,lake ,como4 #ae4 ,i never hear him talk but he makes me angry4 #af4 ,animals have some of the same feelings as human beings have4 #ag4 ,it was four o'clock and we decided to return and be home for supper4 ,e4 ,repetition of ,connectives ,in the following sentences determine whether repetition is desirable or undesirable1 and change the sentences accordingly4 #a4 ,with the coming of meal time1 the potatoes are removed from the fire with a fork with a long handle4 #b4 ,his clothes were brushed and neat1 but patched and repatched4 ,but still he could be bright and cheery4 #c4 ,to no other magazine do ,i look forward to the arrival of its new issue1 more than ,i do to the ,world's ,work4 #d4 ,at the time the book was written1 ,i believe ,forster was considered to be almost the best biographer living at that time4 #e4 ,the freshman has no spirit until the sophomores have provoked him until he resists until he finds that he has spirit4 #f4 ,some socialists are against the present system of initiative1 referendum1 and recall1 but advocate a system much like it but applied in a different way4 #g4 ,the gun with which the ,germans bombarded ,paris with had a range of seventy-five miles4 #h4 ,basketball is a game that ,i have played for years1 and ,i am greatly interested in4 #i4 ,this is the lever which throws the switch which directs the train that takes the track that goes to ,boston4 #aj4 ,short talks were made by the captain1 the coach1 and by the faculty4 #aa4 ,at this school one can study to be a doctor1 dentist1 farmer1 a lawyer1 or an engineer4 #ab4 ,i like to cross the harbor on the ferry1 to dodge in and out among the ships1 see the gulls dart among the waves1 smell the sharp tang of salty air1 and to feel the rocking motion of the boat4 #ac4 ,in the sultry autumn1 and when the winter's storms came1 and when in spring the winds whistled1 and in the summer's heat1 he always wore the same old coat4 #ad4 ,he knew that if he did not ignite the piece of wet bark this time1 that he could not dry his clothing or broil the bacon4 #ae4 ,the next speaker said that the need was critical1 the schools must be enlarged1 and that the paving now begun must be completed1 and a new board of health should be created1 that the interest on past debts had to be paid1 and the city treasury was at this moment out of funds4 ,,emphasis ,emphasis by ,position #dj4 ,reserve the emphatic positions in a sentence for important words or ideas4 7,the emphatic positions are the beginning and the end--especially the end47 ,weak ending3 ,then like a flash a vivid memory of my uncle's death came to me4 ,weak3 ,i demand the release of the prisoners1 in the first place4 ,weak3 ,this principle is one we cannot afford to accept1 if my understanding of the question is correct4 ,place the important idea at the end4 ,secure1 if possible1 an emphatic beginning4 ,tuck in unimportant modifiers4 ,emphatic3 ,like a flash came to me a vivid memory of my uncle's death4 ,emphatic3 ,i demand1 in the first place1 the release of the prisoners4 ,emphatic3 ,this principle1 if my understanding of the question is correct1 is one we cannot afford to accept4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,war is inevitable1 he said4 #b4 ,the cat had been poisoned to all appearances4 #c4 ,there are several methods of learning to swim1 as everyone knows4 #d4 ,a liar is as bad as a thief1 in my estimation4 #e4 ,he saw a fight below him in the street1 happening to look out of the window4 ,emphasis by ,separation #da4 ,an idea which needs much emphasis may be detached1 and allowed to stand in a sentence by itself4 ,faulty3 ,the flames were by this time beyond control1 and the walls collapsed1 and several firemen were hurt4 ,the ideas here are too important to be run together in one sentence4 ,right3 ,by this time the flames were beyond control1 and the walls collapsed4 ,several firemen were hurt4 ,a quotation gains emphasis when it is separated from what follows4 ,faulty3 ,the best laid schemes o' mice an' men ,gang aft a-gley1 are some lines from ,burns which ,mc,donald was always quoting4 ,right3 ,the best laid schemes o' mice an' men ,gang aft a-gley4 ,mc,donald was always quoting these lines from ,burns4 ,direct discourse is more emphatic when it is separated from explanatory phrases1 particularly from those which follow4 ,faulty3 ,mosher leaped to the stage and shouted defiantly1 ,i will never consent to that6 and he looked as if he meant what he said4 ,right3 ,mosher leaped to the stage and shouted his defiance3 ,i will never agree to that6 ,and he looked as if he meant what he said4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,after the tents are pitched1 the beds made1 and the fires started1 the first meal is cooked and served1 and this meal is the beginning of camp-life joy4 #b4 ,he tried to make his wife vote for his own1 the ,citizen's ,party1 but she firmly refused4 #c4 ,at the word of command the dog rushed forward2 the covey rose with a mighty whir1 and the hunter fired both barrels1 and the dog looked in vain for a dead bird1 and then returned disconsolate4 #d4 ,i sat and gazed at the motto1 ,aim high1 and believe yourself capable of great things1 which my mother had placed there for me4 #e4 ,a ,book of ,verses underneath the ,bough1 ,a ,jug of ,wine1 a ,loaf of ,bread1 and ,thou ,beside me singing in the ,wilderness4 were the four things ,omar ,khayyam wanted to make him happy4 ,emphasis by ,subordination #db4 ,do not place the important idea of a sentence in a subordinate clause or phrase4 ,make the important idea grammatically independent4 ,if possible1 subordinate the rest of the sentence to it4 ,faulty3 ,he had a manner which made me angry4 ,faulty3 ,the fire spread to the third story1 when the house was doomed4 ,faulty3 ,for years the ,indians molested the white people1 thereby causing the settlers to want revenge4 ,the important idea should not be placed in a which clause1 or a when clause1 or a participial phrase4 ,right3 ,his manner made me angry4 ,right3 ,when the fire spread to the third story1 the house was doomed4 ,right3 ,years of molestation by the ,indians made the white men want revenge4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i was riding on the train1 when suddenly there was an accident4 #b4 ,there are two windows in each bedroom1 thus insuring good ventilation4 #c4 ,yonder is the house which is my home4 #d4 ,he saw that argument was useless1 so he let her talk4 #e4 ,his clothes were very old1 making him look like a tramp4 ,the ,periodic ,sentence ,a sentence is periodic when the completion of the main thought is delayed until the end4 ,this delay creates a feeling of suspense4 ,a periodic sentence is doubly emphatic3 it has emphasis by position because the important idea comes at the end2 it has emphasis by subordination because all ideas except the last one are grammatically dependent4 #dc4 ,to give emphasis to a loosely constructed sentence1 turn it into periodic form4 ,loose3 ,i saw two men fight a duel1 many years ago1 on a moonlit summer night1 in a little village in northern ,france4 ,what is most important1 the time8 the place8 or the actual duel8 ,place the important idea last4 ,periodic3 ,many years ago1 on a moonlit summer night1 in a little village in northern ,france1 ,i saw two men fight a duel4 ,loose3 ,we left ,yellowstone ,gateway for the ride of our lives in a six-horse tally-ho4 ,place the important idea last1 and make all other ideas grammatically subordinate4 ,periodic3 ,leaving ,yellowstone ,gateway in a six-horse tally-ho1 we had the ride of our lives4 ,loose3 ,the river was swollen with incessant rain1 and it swept away the dam4 ,which is the important idea8 ,why not make it appear more important by subordinating everything to it8 ,periodic3 ,the river1 swollen with incessant rain1 swept away the dam4 ,loose3 ,war means to have our pursuit of knowledge and happiness rudely broken off1 to feel the sting of death and bereavement1 to saddle future generations with a burden of debt and national hatred4 ,periodic3 ,to have our pursuit of knowledge and happiness rudely broken off1 to feel the sting of death and bereavement1 to saddle future generations with a burden of debt and national hatred--this is war4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i am happy when the spring comes1 when the sun is warm1 when the fields revive4 #b4 ,he cares nothing for culture1 for justice1 for progress4 #c4 ,as the boat gathered speed1 the golden sun was setting far across the harbor4 #d4 ,he amassed a great fortune1 standing there behind his dingy counter1 discounting bills1 pinching coins1 buying cheap and selling dear4 #e4 ,the shattered aqueducts1 pier beyond pier1 melt into the darkness1 from the plains to the mountains4 ,order of ,climax #dd4 ,in a series of words1 phrases1 or clauses of noticeable difference in strength1 use the order of climax4 ,wrong order3 ,he was insolent and lazy4 ,weak ending3 ,literature has expanded into a sea1 where before it was only a small stream4 ,weak ending3 ,as we listened to his story we felt the sordid misery and the peril and fear of war4 ,emphatic3 ,he was lazy and insolent4 ,emphatic3 ,the stream of literature has swollen into a torrent1 expanded into a sea4 ,emphatic3 ,as we listened to his story we felt the fear1 the peril1 the sordid misery of war4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,we boarded the train1 after having bought our tickets and checked our baggage4 #b4 ,war brings famine1 death1 disease after it4 #c4 ,they have broken up our homes1 enslaved our children1 and stolen our property4 #d4 ,in the old story1 the drunken man1 carried into the duke's palace1 sees himself surrounded with luxury1 and imagines himself a true prince1 after waking up4 #e4 ,the becalmed mariners were famished1 hungry4 ,the ,balanced ,sentence #de4 ,two ideas similar or opposite in thought gain in emphasis when set off1 one against the other1 in similar constructions4 ,weak and straggling3 ,this paper1 like many others1 has many bad features1 but in some ways it is very good4 ,the news articles are far better than the editorials1 which are feeble4 ,balanced structure3 ,this paper is in some respects good2 in other respects very poor4 ,the news articles are impressive1 the editorials are feeble4 ,weak and complicated3 ,from the ,east a man who lives in the ,west can learn a great deal1 and an ,easterner ought to be able to understand the ,west4 ,balanced3 ,a ,westerner can learn much from the ,east1 and an ,easterner needs to understand the ,west4 ,weak3 ,both ,mill and ,macaulay influenced the younger writers4 ,mill taught some of them to reason1 but many more of them learned from ,macaulay only a superficial eloquence4 ,balanced3 ,both ,mill and ,macaulay influenced the younger writers4 ,if ,mill taught some of them to reason1 ,macaulay tempted many more of them to declaim4 ,note4--,although excessive use of balance is artificial1 occasional use of it is powerful4 ,it can give to writing either dignity 7as in an oration7 or point 7as in an epigram74 ,observe how many proverbs are in balanced structure4 ,seeing is believing4--,nothing venture1 nothing have4--,for every grain of wit there is a grain of folly4--,you cannot do wrong without suffering wrong4--,an eye for an eye1 a tooth for a tooth4 ,note the effective use of balance in ,emerson's ,essays1 particularly in ,compensation2 and in the ,old ,testament1 particularly in ,psalms and ,proverbs4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,machinery is of course labor-saving1 but countless men are thrown out of work4 #b4 ,there is a difference between success in business and in acquiring culture4 #c4 ,i attend concerts for the pleasure of it1 and to get an understanding of music4 #d4 ,the stag in the fable admired his horns and blamed his feet2 but when the hunter came1 his feet saved him1 and afterward1 caught in the thicket1 he was destroyed by his horns4 #e4 ,we do not see the stars at evening1 sometimes because there are clouds intervening1 but oftener because there are glimmerings of light2 thus many truths escape us from the obscurity we stand in1 and many more from the state of mind which induces us to sit down satisfied with our imaginations and of our knowledge unsuspicious4 ,this sentence is correctly balanced1 except at the end4 ,the ,weak ,effect of the ,passive ,voice #df4 ,use the active voice unless there is a reason for doing otherwise4 ,the passive voice is1 as the name implies1 not emphatic4 ,weak3 ,your gift is appreciated by me4 ,better3 ,i appreciate your gift4 ,weak and vague3 ,his step on the porch was heard4 ,better3 ,his step sounded on the porch4 ,or ,i heard his step on the porch4 ,the passive voice is especially objectionable when by failing to indicate the agent of the verb it unnecessarily mystifies the reader4 ,vague3 ,the train was seen speeding toward us4 ,better3 ,we saw the train speeding toward us4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,their minds were changed frequently as to what profession should be taken up by them4 #b4 ,a gun should be examined and oiled well before a hunter starts4 #c4 ,finally the serenaders were recognized4 #d4 ,in athletics a man is developed physically4 #e4 ,if a man uses slang constantly1 a good impression is not made4 ,effective ,repetition #dg;a4 ,the simplest and most natural way to emphasize a word or an idea is to repeat it4 ,the ,bible is the best standard of simplicity and dignity in our language1 and the ,bible uses repetition constantly4 ,a word or idea that is repeated must1 of course1 be important enough to deserve emphasis4 ,fairly emphatic3 ,he works and toils and labors1 but he seems never to get anywhere4 ,very emphatic3 ,work1 work1 work1 all he does is work1 and still he seems never to get anywhere4 ,fairly emphatic3 ,how did the general meet this new menace8 ,he withdrew before it6 ,very emphatic3 ,how did the general meet this new menace8 ,he withdrew6 ,he retreated6 ,he ran away6 ,homely but emphatic3 ,i went under1 said the old salt2 bows1 gunnels1 and starn--all under4 ,deliberately too emphatic3 ,everywhere we hear of efficiency--efficiency experts1 efficiency bureaus1 efficiency methods1 in the office1 in the school1 in the home--until one longs to fly to some savage island beyond the reach of inhuman modern science4 b4 ,not only words1 but an entire grammatical structure may be repeated on a large scale for emphasis4 ,weak3 ,we hope that this shipment will reach you in good condition1 and that you will favor us with other orders in the future1 which will be given prompt and courteous attention4 ,this sentence is flimsy and spineless because the writer had a timid reluctance to repeat4 ,strong3 ,we hope that this shipment will reach you in good condition4 ,we believe that the quality of our goods will induce you to send us a second order4 ,we assure you that such an order will receive prompt and courteous attention4 ,note the emphasis derived from the resolute march of the expressions ,we hope1 ,we believe1 ,we assure4 ,emphatic3 ,through the patience1 the courage1 the high character of ,alfred the country was saved--saved from the rapacities of fortune1 saved from the malignancy of its enemies1 saved from the sluggish despair of the people of ,england themselves4 ,emphatic and natural3 ,this corner of the garden was my first playground4 ,here ,i made my first toddling effort to walk4 ,here on the soft grass ,i learned the delight of out-of-doors4 ,here ,i became acquainted with the bull-frog1 and the bumble-bee1 and the neighbor's dog4 ,emphatic and delightful3 ,he maketh me to lie down in green pastures2 he leadeth me beside the still waters4 ,he restoreth my soul2 he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he kept digging away for gold through long years4 #b4 ,breaking against the shore1 came innumerable waves4 #c4 ,sand1 sagebrush1 shimmering flat horizon4 ,i could not endure the barren monotony of the desert4 #d4 ,we want you to come and visit us1 and bring along a good appetite and your customary high spirits4 ,plan to stay a long time4 #e4 ',twas bitter cold outside4 ,the cat meowed until ,i had to let her in4 ,offensive ,repetition ,careless repetition attracts attention to words that do not need emphasis4 ,it is extremely annoying to the reader4 #dh;a4 ,unless a word or phrase is repeated deliberately to gain force or clearness1 its repetition is a blunder4 ,get rid of recurring expressions in one of three ways3 7#a7 by substituting equivalent expressions1 7#b7 by using pronouns more liberally1 7#c7 by rearranging the sentence so as to say once what has awkwardly been said twice4 ,each of these schemes is illustrated below4 #a4 ,repetition cured by the use of equivalent expressions 7synonyms74 ,bad3 ,just as we were half way down the lake1 just off ,milwaukee1 we began to feel a slight motion of the ship and the wind began to freshen4 ,the wind began to blow more fiercely from the south and the waves began to leap high4 ,the boat began to pitch and roll4 ,right3 ,just as we were half way down the lake1 opposite ,milwaukee1 we began to feel a slight motion of the ship1 for the wind had freshened4 ,before long a gale1 blowing from the south1 kicked up a heavy sea and caused the boat to pitch and roll4 ,notice how combining the last two sentences helps to solve the problem of the last began1 besides giving firmer texture to the construction4 #b4 ,repetition cured by the use of pronouns4 7,in using this method1 one should take care that the reference of the pronouns is clear47 ,bad3 ,the ,law ,building1 the ,commerce ,building1 and the ,science ,building are close together4 ,the ,commerce ,building is south of the ,law ,building1 and the ,science ,building is south of the ,commerce ,building4 ,the ,law ,building is old and dilapidated4 ,the ,commerce ,building is a red brick building1 trimmed in terra-cotta4 ,the ,science ,building resembles the ,commerce ,building4 ,right3 ,the ,law1 ,commerce1 and ,science ,buildings are close together in a row4 ,the first of these is old and dilapidated4 ,south of it stands the ,commerce ,building1 which1 because of its red brick and terra-cotta trimmings1 somewhat resembles the ,science ,building4 #c4 ,repetition cured by rearranging and condensing4 ,bad3 ,the autumn is my favorite of all the seasons4 ,while autumn in the city is not such a pleasant season as autumn in the country1 yet even in the city my preference will always be for the autumn4 ,right3 ,my favorite season is autumn4 ,i like it best in the country1 but even in the city it is the best time of the year4 b4 ,avoid a monotonous repetition of sentence structure4 ,to give variety to successive sentences3 7#a7 vary the length1 7#b7 vary the beginnings1 7#c7 avoid a series of similar compound sentences1 7#d7 interchange loose with periodic structure1 7#e7 use rhetorical question1 exclamation1 direct discourse1 7#f7 avoid an excessive use of participles or adjectives4 #a4 ,vary the length of sentences4 ,bad3 ,walter came up the path carrying ,betty in his arms4 ,she was wet from head to toe4 ,damp curls clung to her pale face4 ,water dripped from her clothes4 ,one hand hung loosely over ,walter's arm4 ,the other held a live duckling4 ,she had saved the little duck from drowning4 ,this was ,betty's first day in the country4 ,right3 ,walter came up the path carrying ,betty in his arms--little ,betty who was spending her first day in the country4 ,she was wet from head to toe2 damp curls clung to her pale face1 and water dripped from her clothes4 ,in one hand she held a live duckling4 ,her face lighted with courage as she told how she jumped into the pond and saved the little duck from drowning4 #b4 ,vary the beginnings of sentences4 ,do not allow too many sentences to begin with the subject1 or with a time clause1 or with a participle1 or with so4 ,when you have finished a composition1 rapidly read over the opening words of each sentence1 to see if there is sufficient variety4 ,bad too many sentences begin directly with the subject3 ,our way is circuitous4 ,a sharp turn brings us round a rocky point4 ,the road drops suddenly into a little valley4 ,the roof of a house appears in a grove of trees below4 ,a cottage is there and a flower garden4 ,an old-fashioned well is near the door4 ,right3 ,presently1 on our circuitous way1 we make a sharp turn round a rocky point4 ,before us the road drops suddenly into a little valley4 ,in a grove of trees below appears the roof of a house1 and as we draw nearer we see a cottage surrounded by flowers4 ,nothing could be more attractive to a weary traveler than the old-fashioned well near the door4 #c4 ,avoid a series of similar compound sentences1 especially those of two parts of equal length1 joined by and or but4 ,bad3 ,ring was a sheep dog1 and tended the flock with his master4 ,one day there came a deep snow1 and the flock did not return4 ,they found the herder frozen stiff1 and the dog shivering beside him4 ,right3 ,ring was a sheep dog1 and tended the flock with his master4 ,one day there came a deep snow4 ,when the flock failed to return1 the men became uneasy1 and began to search4 ,they found the herder frozen stiff1 with the dog shivering beside him4 #d4 ,change occasionally from loose to periodic or balanced structure 7,see #dc and #de74 ,monotonous3 ,i stood at the foot of ,tunbridge hill4 ,i saw on the horizon a dense wood1 which1 in the evening sunlight1 was veiled in purple haze ,loose4 ,on the left was the village1 the houses appearing like specks in the distance ,loose4 ,nearer on the right was the creek1 winding through the willows ,loose4 ,the creek approached nearer until it reached the dam1 over which it rushed tumultuously ,loose4 ,near by was a thicket of tall trees1 through which ,i could see the white tents of my fellow campers1 and their glowing camp fires ,loose4 ,right3 ,far south from ,tunbridge hill1 on the dim horizon1 ,i saw1 veiled in the evening haze1 a dense wood ,periodic1 long1 conveying the idea of distance better than a loose sentence4 ,on my left stood the village1 the houses like specks2 on my right wound the creek1 nearer and nearer through the willows ,balanced4 ,the creek advanced by slow sinuous turns1 until1 reaching the dam1 it plunged over tumultuously ,loose4 ,through a thicket of tall trees1 near at hand1 ,i could see the white tents of my fellow campers1 and their glowing camp fires ,periodic through the middle of the sentence2 then loose4 #e4 ,use question1 exclamation1 direct quotation4 ,somewhat flat3 ,he asked me the road to ,camden4 ,i did not know4 ,i told him to ask ,thurber1 who knew the country well4 ,better3 ,he asked me the road to ,camden4 ,the road to ,camden8 ,how should ,i know8 ,ask ,thurber1 ,i said impatiently2 he knows this country4 ,i'm a stranger4 #f4 ,avoid an excessive use of participles4 ,do not pile adjectives around every noun4 ,above all1 do not form a habit of using adjectives in pairs or triplets4 ,bad3 ,sitting by the window1 ,i saw a sharp1 dazzling flash of lightning1 and heard a loud rumbling crash of heavy thunder1 warning me of the coming of the storm4 ,darting across the gray1 leaden sky1 the quick1 jagged lightning flashed incessantly4 ,the tall stately poplar trees thrashed around in the boisterous wind4 ,then across the window1 like a great white curtain1 swept the streaming1 blinding rain4 ,right3 ,i sat by the window4 ,suddenly a sharp flash of lightning and a roll of thunder gave warning of the approach of a storm4 ,soon lightning zig-zagged across the sky incessantly4 ,the wind huddled the poplar trees4 ,then like a white curtain across the window streamed the rain4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the parts of the tables are not put together at the factory1 but the different parts are shipped in different shipments4 #b4 ,in order to convince the reader that the present management of farms is inefficient1 ,i shall give some examples of efficiency in the farm management on some farms with which ,i am acquainted4 #c4 ,when one wishes to learn how to swim one must first become accustomed to the water4 ,the best way to become accustomed to the water is to go into it frequently4 ,after one has become accustomed to the water he may begin to learn the strokes4 #d4 ,the ,life of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 written by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockhart1 is an interesting biography of this great writer4 ,it consists of a short biography by ,scott himself1 and also consists of a continuation of this biography by his son-in-law1 ,j4 ,g4 ,lockhart4 #e4 ,if a piece of steel is kept hot for several seconds1 it will lose some of its hardness4 ,if kept hot longer1 it will lose more of its hardness4 ,along with losing its hardness it will lose its brittleness4 ,if the piece of steel is heated continually it will lose nearly all its hardness and brittleness4 ,in other words1 it will lose its temper4 #di4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,emphasis ,a4 ,lack of ,emphasis in ,general ,make the following sentences emphatic4 #a4 ,the man is a thief who fails in business but continues to live in luxury4 #b4 ,the plant was withered and dry1 not having been watered for over a week4 #c4 ,much time is saved in ,chicago by taking the elevated cars1 if you have a great distance to travel4 #d4 ,the clock struck eleven1 when he immediately seized his hat and left4 #e4 ,these liberal terms should be taken advantage of by us4 #f4 ,the study of biology has proved very interesting1 as far as ,i have gone4 #g4 ,who is this that comes to the foot of the guillotine1 crouching1 trembling8 #h4 ,they must pay the penalty4 ,their death is necessary4 ,they have caused harm enough4 #i4 ,i intend to get up fifteen minutes earlier1 thereby giving myself time to eat a good breakfast4 #aj4 ,the book was reread several times1 for ,i never grew tired of it4 #aa4 ,what is the aim of a university education8 the speaker asked4 #ab4 ,a bicycle is sometimes ridden when a tire contains no air1 total ruin resulting from the weight of the rim upon the flat tire4 #ac4 ,he sprang forward the instant the pistol cracked1 since the start of a sprint is very important1 and one cannot overdo the practicing of it4 #ad4 ,sometimes the fuses fail to burn1 or burn too fast1 causing an explosion before the workmen are prepared for it4 #ae4 ,how father made soap was always a mystery to me4 ,cracklings saved from butchering time1 lye1 and water went into the kettle on a warm spring day and came out in the form of soap a few hours later1 to my great astonishment4 ,b4 ,loose or ,unemphatic ,structure ,make the following sentences more emphatic by throwing them into periodic form4 #a4 ,it was ,tom1 as ,i had expected4 #b4 ,i will not tell1 no matter how you beg4 #c4 ,the supremacy of the old river steamboat is gone forever1 unless conditions should be utterly changed4 #d4 ,across the desert he traveled alone1 and over strange seas1 and through quaint foreign villages4 #e4 ,the hot water dissolves the glue in the muresco1 making the mixture more easily applied4 #f4 ,visions of rich meadows and harvest-laden fields now pass before my eyes1 as ,i sit by the fire4 #g4 ,some of the women were weeping bitterly1 thinking they would never see their homes again4 #h4 ,i splashed along on foot for three miles after night in a driving rain4 #i4 ,very high rent is demanded1 thus keeping the peasants constantly in debt4 #aj4 ,roderigo was in despair because he had been rejected by ,desdemona1 and was ready to end his life1 by the time ,iago entered4 #aa4 ,through storm and cold the open boat was brought to the shore at last1 after toil and suffering1 with great difficulty4 #ab4 ,the car came to a violent stop against a rock pile1 after it demolished two fences1 upset a hen-house1 and scared a pig out of his wits4 #ac4 ,the ,panama ,canal is the fulfilment of the dreams of old ,spanish adventurers1 the desires of later merchant princes1 and the demand of modern nations for free traffic on the seas4 #ad4 ,the fiddle yelled1 and the feet of the dancers beat the floor1 and the spectators applauded1 and the room fairly rang4 #ae4 ,the man with the best character1 not the man with most money1 will come out on top in the end4 ,c4 ,faulty ,repetition ,repetition in the following sentences is objectionable1 because it attracts attention to words or constructions that do not need to be emphasized4 ,improve the sentences1 avoiding unnecessary repetition4 #a4 ,he is a great friend of boys1 and views things from the boys' point of view4 #b4 ,in the case of the strike at ,lawrence1 ,massachusetts1 the real cause was low wages caused by immigration and child labor4 #c4 ,first1 a subject must be chosen1 and in choosing a subject1 choose one that you know something about4 #d4 ,there are great opportunities in the field of science1 and a scientist who makes a mark in the world of science makes a mark for himself everywhere4 #e4 ,while the practical man is learning skill in the practical world1 the college man is attaining a development of mentality that will surpass that of the practical man when the college man learns the skill of the practical man4 #f4 ,the field is dragged and rolled4 ,dragging and rolling leaves the ground smooth and ready for planting4 #g4 ,a great number and variety of articles appears in every issue4 ,there is a complete review of each subject4 ,it is treated in a short1 but thorough manner4 #h4 ,they gave me a hearty welcome4 ,they stood back and looked at me4 ,they wanted to see if three months in the city had made any changes in me4 ,but they said it had not4 #i4 ,engineering is looked upon by many students as an easy and uninteresting study1 but to my knowledge it is not uninteresting and easy4 ,engineering is probably one of the hardest courses in college4 ,to me it is also the most interesting4 #aj4 ,a duck hunter should have a place to hunt where ducks are frequently found in duck season4 ,ducks often light in the backwater along a river1 and in ponds4 ,they are often found in small lakes4 ,corn fields are common feeding places for ducks4 ,ducks make regular trips to cornfields within reach of a body of water such as a river or lake4 ,it is their nature to spend the night in the water1 and in the morning and in the evening they go out to the fields to feed4 ,,grammar ,case #ej;a4 ,the subject of a verb is in the nominative case1 even when the verb is remote1 or understood 7not expressed74 ,wrong3 ,they are as old as us4 ,right3 ,they are as old as we are4 ,wrong3 ,he is taller than her4 ,right3 ,he is taller than she is4 ,note4--,than and as are conjunctions1 not prepositions4 ,when they are followed by a pronoun merely1 this pronoun is not their object1 but part of a clause the rest of which may be understood4 ,the case of this pronoun is determined by its relation to the rest of the unexpressed clause4 ,sometimes the understood clause calls for the objective3 ,i like his brother better than ,i like him4 ,than whom1 though ungrammatical1 is sanctioned by usage4 b4 ,guard against the improper attraction of who into the objective case by intervening expressions like he says4 ,wrong3 ,the man whom they believed was the cause of the trouble left the country4 ,they believed is parenthetical1 and the subject of was is who4 ,right3 ,the man who they believed was the cause of the trouble left the country4 ,wrong3 ,whom do you suppose made us a visit8 ,right3 ,who do you suppose made us a visit8 ,guard against the improper attraction of who or whoever into the objective case by a preceding verb or preposition4 ,wrong3 ,punish whomever is guilty4 ,the pronoun is the subject of is4 ,the object of punish is the entire clause whoever is guilty4 ,right3 ,punish whoever is guilty4 ,wrong3 ,the mystery as to whom had rendered him this service remained4 ,the pronoun is the subject of had rendered4 ,the object of the preposition is the entire clause who had rendered him this service4 ,right3 ,the mystery as to who had rendered him this service remained4 c4 ,the predicate complement of the verb to be 7in any of its forms1 is1 was1 were1 be1 etc47 is in the nominative case4 ,to be never takes an object1 because it does not express action4 ,wrong3 ,was it her8 ,was it them8 ,it is me4 ,right3 ,was it she8 ,was it they8 ,is it ,i4 ,wrong3 ,the happiest people there were him and his mother4 ,right3 ,the happiest people there were he and his mother4 d4 ,the object of a preposition or a verb is in the objective case4 ,wrong3 ,some of we fellows went fishing4 ,right3 ,some of us fellows went fishing4 ,wrong3 ,that seems incredible to you and ,i4 ,right3 ,that seems incredible to you and me4 ,wrong3 ,who did they detect8 ,right3 ,whom did they detect8 e4 ,the assumed subject of an infinitive is in the objective case4 ,right3 ,i wanted him to go4 ,him to go is the group object of the verb wanted4 ,to go1 being an infinitive1 cannot assert an action1 and consequently cannot take a subject4 ,but to go implies that something is at least capable of action4 ,him is the latent or assumed subject of the action implied in to go4 ,right3 ,whom do you wish to be your leader8 ,whom is the assumed subject of the infinitive to be4 f4 ,a noun or pronoun used to express possession is in the possessive case4 ,do not omit the apostrophe 7,see #ig7 from nouns1 or from the pronouns one's and other's4 ,most of the other possessive pronouns do not require an apostrophe4 ,right3 ,the man's hair is gray4 ,right3 ,the machine does its work well4 ,it's would mean it is4 ,right3 ,one should do one's duty4 g4 ,a noun or pronoun linked with a gerund should be in the possessive case whenever the use of the objective case might cause confusion4 ,faulty3 ,is there any criticism of ,arthur going8 ,right3 ,is there any criticism of ,arthur's going8 ,right3 ,i had not heard of his being sick4 ,right1 but slightly less desirable3 ,i had not heard of him being sick4 ,note4--,in other instances than those in which clearness is involved many good writers use the objective case with the gerund4 ,but even in these instances most writers prefer the possessive case4 h4 ,it is usually awkward and slightly illogical to attribute possession to inanimate objects4 ,awkward3 ,the farm's management4 ,better3 ,the management of the farm4 ,awkward3 ,the stomach's lining4 ,better3 ,the lining of the stomach4 ,note4--,usage justifies many exceptions1 particularly 7#a7 expressions that involve time or measure1 a day's work1 a hair's breadth1 a year's salary1 a week's vacation1 a cable's length2 and 7#b7 expressions that involve personification1 explicit or implied1 ,reason's voice1 the law's delay1 for mercy's sake1 the heart's desire1 the tempest's breath4 i4 ,a pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person1 gender1 and number1 but not in case4 ,right3 ,i1 who am older1 know better4 ,right3 ,tell me1 who am older1 your trouble4 ,right3 ,many a man has saved himself by counsel4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i am as old as 7he1 him74 ,they may be pluckier than 7we1 us74 ,nobody is less conceited than 7she1 her74 #b4 ,he gave help to 7whoever1 whomever7 wanted it4 ,the girls 7who1 whom7 they say have the worst taste are on a committee to select the class pin4 #c4 ,four of 7we1 us7 boys were left without a cent4 ,that is a good investment for her cousin and 7she1 her74 #d4 ,it was 7he1 him74 ,it is 7they1 them74 ,the sole occupants of the car were his chum and 7he1 him74 #e4 ,i had not heard of 7his1 him7 being sick4 ,she does not approve of 7our1 us7 being late to dinner4 7,they1 them7 who labor now the ,master will reward4 ,number #ea;a4 ,each1 every1 every one1 everybody1 anybody1 either1 neither1 no one1 nobody1 and similar words are singular4 ,wrong3 ,everybody did their best4 ,right3 ,everybody did his best4 ,wrong3 ,each of my three friends were there4 ,right3 ,each of my three friends was there4 ,wrong3 ,either of the candidates are capable of making a good officer4 ,right3 ,either of the candidates is capable of making a good officer4 b4 ,do not let this or that when modifying kind or sort be attracted into the plural by a following noun4 ,wrong3 ,he knew nothing of those kind of activities4 ,right3 ,he knew nothing of that kind of activities4 ,wrong3 ,i never did like these sort of post cards4 ,right3 ,i never did like this sort of post cards4 c4 ,collective nouns may be regarded as singular or plural1 according to the meaning intended4 ,right3 ,the crowd is waiting4 ,right3 ,the crowd are not agreed4 ,right3 ,webster maintained that the ,united ,states is an inseparable union2 ,hayne that the ,united ,states are a separable union4 ,english usage3 ,the government were considering a new bill regarding labor4 ,american usage3 ,the government was glad to place our troops at the disposal of ,general ,foch4 d4 ,do not use don't in the third person singular4 ,use doesn't4 ,don't is contraction of do not4 ,wrong3 ,he don't get up early on ,sunday morning4 ,right3 ,he doesn't get up early on ,sunday morning4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,she said not to buy those sort of carpet tacks4 ,these kind of apples won't keep4 ,i don't care for these boasting kind of travelers4 #b4 ,neither of us were in condition to run the race4 ,every one assured ,mrs4 ,merton they had spent a pleasant evening4 #c4 ,he don't suffer much now4 ,i don't care if she don't come today4 #d4 ,each of us in that dismal waiting room were angry with the agent for telling us the train was not late4 #e4 ,no one of the girls will tell their age4 ,it don't matter4 ,agreement #eb;a4 ,a verb agrees in number with the subject1 not with a noun which intervenes between it and the subject4 ,wrong3 ,the size of the plantations vary4 ,right3 ,the size of the plantations varies4 ,wrong3 ,the increasing use of luxuries are a menace to the country4 ,right3 ,the increasing use of luxuries is a menace to the country4 ,wrong3 ,the prices of grain fluctuates in response to the demand4 ,right3 ,the prices of grain fluctuate in response to the demand4 ,or ,the price of grain fluctuates in response to the demand4 b4 ,the number of the verb is not affected by the addition to the subject of words introduced by with1 together with1 no less than1 as well as1 and the like4 ,wrong3 ,the mayor of the city1 as well as several aldermen1 have investigated the charges4 ,right3 ,the mayor of the city1 as well as several aldermen1 has investigated the charges4 c4 ,singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb4 ,wrong3 ,either the second or the third of the plans they have devised are acceptable4 ,right3 ,either the second or the third of the plans they have devised is acceptable4 d4 ,a subject consisting of two or more nouns joined by and takes a plural verb4 ,right3 ,the hunting and fishing are good4 e4 ,a verb should agree in number with the subject1 not with a predicate noun4 ,wrong3 ,the weak point in the team were the fielders4 ,right3 ,the weak point in the team was the fielders4 ,wrong3 ,laziness and dissipation is the cause of his failure4 ,right3 ,laziness and dissipation are the cause of his failure4 f4 ,in ,there is and ,there are sentences the verb should agree in number with the noun that follows it4 ,wrong3 ,there is very good grounds for such a decision4 ,right3 ,there are very good grounds for such a decision4 ,wrong3 ,there was present a man1 two women1 and a child4 ,right3 ,there were present a man1 two women1 and a child4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the sound of falling acorns 7is1 are7 one of the delights of an autumn evening4 ,eye strain through ill-fit glasses 7is1 are7 injurious to the general health1 but reading without glasses 7is1 are7 often more harmful still4 #b4 ,neither the baritone nor the tenor 7has1 have7 as good a voice as the soprano4 ,the guitar or the mandolin 7is1 are7 always out of tune4 #c4 ,the ,amazon with its tributaries 7affords1 afford7 access to sea4 ,the conductor of the freight train1 along with the engineer and fireman of the passenger1 7was1 were7 injured4 #d4 ,ghost stories late at night 7is1 are7 a crime against children4 ,my reason for knowing that it is six o'clock 7is1 are7 the factory whistles4 #e4 ,there 7was1 were7 in the same coach a dozen singing freshmen4 ,years of experience in buying clothes 7gives1 give7 me confidence in my judgment4 ,shall and ,will1 ,should and ,would ,although there is a tendency to disregard subtle distinctions between shall and will in ordinary speech1 it is desirable to preserve the more important distinctions in written discourse4 #ec4 ,to express simple futurity or mere expectation1 use shall with the first person 7both singular and plural7 and will with the second and third4 ,i shall go4 ,we shall walk4 ,you will play4 ,you will hear4 ,he will sing4 ,they will reply4 ,to express resolution or emphatic assurance1 reverse the usage2 that is1 use will with the first person 7both singular and plural71 and shall with the second and third4 ,i will2 ,i tell you1 ,i will4 ,we will not be excluded4 ,you shall do what ,i bid4 ,you shall not delay us4 ,he shall obey me4 ,they shall pay the tribute4 ,in asking questions1 use the form expected in the answer4 ,shall ,i go8 ,i asked myself musingly4 ,shall we take a walk8 ,you promise4 ,but will you pay8 ,will it rain tomorrow8 ,should and would follow the rules given for shall and will4 ,mere statement of a fact3 ,i or ,we should like to go4 ,you or ,he or ,they would of course accept the offer4 ,resolution or emphatic assurance3 ,i or ,we would never go under terms so degrading4 ,you or ,he or ,they should decline2 honor demands it4 ,should has also a special use in the subjunctive 7in all persons7 to express a condition2 and would has a special use 7in all persons7 to express a wish1 or customary action4 ,if it should rain1 ,i shall not go4 ,if ,i should remain1 it would probably clear off4 ,would that ,i could swim6 ,he ,i1 ,we1 ,you1 ,they would often sit there by the hour4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i 7shall1 will7 probably do as he says4 ,i'm determined2 ,i 7shall1 will7 go6 ,we 7shall1 will7 see what tomorrow 7shall1 will7 bring forth4 #b4 ,the train 7shall1 will7 whistle at this crossing1 ,i suppose4 ,when the log is nearly severed1 it 7shall1 will7 begin to pinch the saw4 ,the weather 7shall1 will7 be warmer tomorrow4 #c4 ,johnny1 you 7shall1 will7 not go near those strawberries6 ,he 7shall1 will7 not leave us in this predicament4 ,i repeat it1 he 7shall1 will7 not6 ,we 7shall1 will7 never sell this good old horse4 #d4 7,shall1 will7 this calico fade8 7,shall1 will7 you give the organ grinder some money8 7,shall1 will7 ,i raise the window8 7,should1 would7 ,i ask his permission8 #e4 ,if you 7should1 would7 visit his laboratory1 you 7should1 would7 learn how a starfish preserved in alcohol smells4 ,you 7shall1 will7 all die some day1 my friends4 7,shall1 will7 ,i ever forget this8 ,time 7shall1 will7 tell4 ,principal ,parts #ed4 ,use the correct form of the past tense and past participle4 ,avoid come1 done1 bursted1 knowed1 says for the past tense2 and had eat1 had froze1 have ran1 has went1 has wrote1 are suppose for the past participle4 ,memorize the principal parts of difficult verbs4 ,the principal parts are the present tense1 the past tense1 and the past participle4 ,a good way to recall these is to repeat the formula3 ,today ,i sing2 yesterday ,i sang2 often in the past ,i have sung4 ,the principal parts of sing are sing1 sang1 sung4 ,a list of difficult verbs is given below4 bear bore borne born begin began begun bend bent bent bid bid bid bade bidden bite bit bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken burn burnt burnt burned burned burst burst burst catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come deal dealt dealt dive dived dived do did done drag dragged dragged draw drew drawn dream dreamt dreamt dreamed dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven drown drowned drowned dwell dwelt dwelt dwelled dwelled eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fight fought fought flee fled fled fly flew flown flow flowed flowed freeze froze frozen get got got go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung hang hanged hanged hold held held kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lend lent lent lie lay lain lie lied lied loose loosed loosed lose lost lost mean meant meant pay paid paid prove proved proved read read read rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen set set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk sing sang sung sit sat sat slink slunk slunk speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spit spit spit spat spat steal stole stolen swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trod trodden wake woke waked waked wear wore worn weave wove woven weep wept wept write wrote written ,exercise3 #a4 ,adams ---- 7past tense of draw7 another glass of cider and ---- 7past tense of drink7 it4 ,when those squashes once ---- 7past tense of begin71 they ---- 7past tense of grow7 like mad4 #b4 ,the thermometer had ---- 7past participle of fall7 twenty degrees1 and three water pipes had ---- 7past participle of freeze74 ,afterward one ---- 7past tense of burst74 #c4 ,annie had ---- 7past participle of speak7 a piece1 and ,nancy had ---- 7past participle of write7 a poem1 and ,isabel had nearly ---- 7past participle of burst7 with envy4 #d4 ,he ---- 7past tense of do7 a brave deed2 he ---- 7past tense of swim7 straight for the whirlpool4 ,i had ---- 7past participle of know7 him before1 and had ---- 7past participle of shake7 hands with him4 #e4 ,he ---- 7past tense of come7 home late1 and has ---- 7past participle of eat7 his dinner4 ,now he has ---- 7past participle of go7 down town4 ,he has ---- 7past participle of ride7 before4 ,i ---- 7past tense of see7 him4 ,he ---- 7past tense of run7 swiftly4 ,tense1 ,mode1 ,auxiliaries #ee;a4 ,in dependent clauses and infinitives1 the tense is to be considered in relation to the time expressed in the principal verb4 ,wrong3 ,i intended to have gone4 ,the principal verb intended indicates a past time4 ,in that past time ,i intended to do something4 ,what8 ,did ,i intend to go1 or to have gone8 ,right3 ,i intended to go4 ,wrong3 ,we hoped that you would have come to the party4 ,the principal verb hoped indicates a past time4 ,in that past time our hope was that you would come1 not that you would have come4 ,right3 ,we hoped that you would come4 b4 ,when narration in the past tense is interrupted for reference to a preceding occurrence1 the past perfect tense is used4 ,wrong3 ,in the parlor my cousin kept a collection of animals which he shot4 ,right3 ,in the parlor my cousin kept a collection of animals which he had shot4 c4 ,general statements equally true in the past and in the present are usually expressed in the present tense4 ,faulty3 ,he said that ,venus was a planet4 ,right3 ,he said that ,venus is a planet4 d4 ,the subjunctive mode of the verb to be is used to express a condition contrary to fact1 or a wish4 ,faulty3 ,if he was here1 ,i should be happy4 ,right3 ,if he were here1 ,i should be happy4 ,faulty3 ,i wish that ,i was a man4 ,right3 ,i wish that ,i were a man4 e4 ,use the correct auxiliary4 ,make sure that the tense1 mode1 or aspect of successive verbs is not altered without reason4 ,wrong3 ,by giving strict obedience to commands1 a soldier learns discipline1 and consequently would have steady nerves in time of war4 ,learns should be followed by will have4 ,wrong3 ,an automobile should be kept in good working order so that its life is lengthened4 ,should be is properly followed by may be4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,every one hoped that you would have spoken4 #b4 ,i saw it in the window4 ,it was the very book ,i wanted so long4 #c4 ,if ,i was sick1 ,i should go home4 #d4 ,they expected to have won the game4 #e4 ,the ,masons never invite men to join their lodge1 but if a person expresses a desire to join1 his friends would probably be able to secure membership for him4 ,adjective and ,adverb #ef;a4 ,do not use an adjective to modify a verb4 ,crude3 ,he spoke slow and careful4 ,right3 ,he spoke slowly and carefully4 ,crude3 ,he sure did good in his classes4 ,right3 ,he surely did well in his classes4 b4 ,in such sentences as ,he stood firm and ,the cry rang clear the modifier should be an adjective if it refers to the subject1 an adverb if it refers to the verb4 ,right3 ,the sun shines bright on my old ,kentucky home4 ,here the thought is that the sun which shines is bright4 ,right3 ,he worked diligently4 ,here the modifier refers to the manner of working rather than to the person who works4 ,it should therefore be an adverb4 ,right3 ,it stood immovable4 ,the shot rang loud4 ,he becomes angry4 ,the weeds grow thick4 ,they remain obstinate4 ,he seems intelligent4 c4 ,after a verb pertaining to the senses1 look1 sound1 taste1 smell1 feel1 an adjective is used to denote a quality pertaining to the subject4 7,an adverb is used only when the reference is clearly to the verb47 ,she looks beautiful4 ,not beautifully4 ,the dinner bell sounds good4 ,not well4 ,my food tastes bad4 ,not badly4 ,that flower smells bad4 ,not badly4 ,i feel good in good spirits4 ,i feel well in good health4 ,an adjectival use of well4 ,i feel bad in bad health or spirits4 ,i feel badly would mean ,my sense of touch is impaired4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,they fought ---- 7heroic1 heroically74 ,dave stumbled ----7awkward1 awkwardly74 #b4 ,margaret ---- 7sure1 surely7 worked ---- 7faithful1 faithfully7 in economics4 #c4 ,at this reply the teacher grew ---- 7wrathful1 wrathfully74 ,i hear you ---- 7plain1 plainly74 #d4 ,i feel ---- 7giddy1 giddily74 ,your rose looks ---- 7sweet1 sweetly74 ,no perfume smells so ---- 7dainty1 daintily74 #e4 ,that salad tastes ---- 7good1 well74 ,i feel ---- 7bad1 badly7 today4 ,your voice sounds ---- 7good1 well7 and ----7familiar1 familiarly74 ,a ,word in a ,double ,capacity #eg4 ,do not use a verb1 conjunction1 preposition1 or noun in a double capacity when one of the uses is ungrammatical4 ,wrong verb3 ,an opera house was built in one part of town1 and two churches in another4 ,right3 ,an opera house was built in one part of town1 and two churches were built in another4 ,wrong verb3 ,he always has and will do it4 ,right3 ,he always has done it1 and always will do it4 ,wrong conjunction3 ,he was as old1 if not older1 than any other man in the community4 ,right3 ,he was as old as any other man in the community1 if not older4 ,wrong preposition3 ,he was fond and diligent in work4 ,right3 ,he was fond of work and diligent in it4 ,wrong noun3 ,he is one of the most skilful1 if not the most skilful1 tennis players in the state4 ,right3 ,he is one of the most skilful tennis players in the state1 if not the most skilful4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he is as old1 if not older1 than she is4 #b4 ,two boats were in the water1 and one on the shore4 #c4 ,from childhood he has1 and to old age he will1 have many hobbies4 #d4 ,a visit to a ten cent store is better1 or at least as good1 as a visit to a circus4 ,you see as many or more queer things than in any show4 #e4 ,one of the greatest1 if not the greatest1 secrets in keeping our health1 is to keep our teeth in good condition4 ,a famous physician said that one of the next1 if not the very next1 marked advance in medical science will be through discoveries in the realm of dentistry4 ,parts of ,speech1 ,other ,grammatical ,terms1 ,conjugation ,the ,parts of ,speech and ,their ,uses ,noun4 ,a noun is a name4 ,it may be proper 7,philip ,watkins71 or common4 ,common nouns may be concrete 7man1 windmill71 or abstract 7gratitude1 nearness74 ,a noun applied to a group is said to be collective 7family1 race74 ,the uses of a noun are3 to serve as the subject of a verb1 to serve as the object of a verb or a preposition1 to be in apposition with another noun 7,jenkins1 our coach71 to indicate possession 7,joseph's coat of many colors72 and less frequently1 to serve as an adjective 7the brick sidewalk7 or adverb 7,john went home71 and to indicate direct address 7,jehovah1 help us674 ,pronoun4 ,a pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun4 ,it may be personal 7,i1 thou1 you1 he1 she1 it1 we1 they71 relative 7who1 which1 what1 that1 as1 and compounds whoever1 whichsoever1 etc471 interrogative 7who1 which1 what71 demonstrative 7this1 that1 these1 those71 or indefinite 7some1 any1 one1 each1 either1 neither1 none1 few1 all1 both1 etc474 ,strictly speaking1 the last two groups1 demonstratives and indefinites1 are adjectives used as pronouns4 ,certain pronouns are also used as adjectives1 notably the possessives 7my1 his1 their1 etc47 and the relative or interrogative which and what4 ,the addition of -self to a personal pronoun forms a reflexive pronoun or intensive 7,i blamed myself4 ,you yourself are at fault74 ,a noun for which the pronoun stands is called the antecedent4 ,the uses of pronouns are in general the same as those of nouns4 ,in addition1 relatives serve as connectives 7the man who spoke71 interrogatives ask questions 7what man871 and demonstratives point out 7that man74 ,verb4 ,a verb is a word or word-group which makes an assertion about the subject4 ,it may express either action or mere existence4 ,it may be transitive 7trans meaning across2 hence action carried across1 requiring a receiver of the act2 ,brutus stabbed ,csar2 ,csar is stabbed7 or intransitive 7not requiring a receiver of the act3 ,montgomery fell74 ,its meaning is dependent upon its voice1 mode1 and tense4 ,voice shows the relationship between the subject and the assertion made by the verb4 ,the active voice shows the subject as actor 7,they elected ,washington72 the passive voice1 as acted upon 7,washington was elected74 7,a transitive verb may be active or passive1 but an intransitive verb has no voice47 ,mode indicates the manner of predicating an action1 whether as assertion1 condition1 command1 etc4 ,there are three modes in ,english4 ,the indicative mode affirms or denies 7,he went4 ,she did not dance47 ,the subjunctive expresses condition or wish 7,if he were older1 he would be wiser4 ,would that ,i were there674 ,the imperative expresses command or exhortation 7,remain there4 ,go6 ,let us pray74 ,modal auxiliaries with these three modes form modal aspects of the verb4 ,there are as many different aspects as there are auxiliaries4 ,aspects are sometimes spoken of as separate modes or called collectively the potential mode4 ,tense expresses the time of the action or existence4 ,the tenses are the present1 the past1 the future 7employing the auxiliaries shall and will71 the perfect 7employing have71 the past perfect 7employing had71 and the future perfect 7employing shall have and will have74 ,verbals are certain forms of the verb used as other parts of speech 7noun1 adjective1 adverb74 ,for the verbal forms1 infinitive1 gerund1 and participle1 see the separate headings4 ,adjective4 ,an adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun4 ,an adjective may be attributive 7bright sun1 cool-headed adventurers7 or predicate 7,the field is broad4 ,the meat tastes bad4 ,i want this ready by ,christmas74 ,adjectives assume three forms known as degrees of comparison4 ,the positive degree indicates the simple quality of the object without reference to any other4 ,the comparative degree indicates that two objects are compared 7,stanley is the older brother74 ,the superlative degree indicates that three or more objects are compared 7,stanley is the oldest child in the family7 or that the speaker feels great interest or emotion 7,a most excellent record74 ,ordinarily er or r is added to the positive to form the comparative1 and est or st to the positive to form the superlative 7brave1 braver1 bravest74 ,but some adjectives 7sometimes those of two1 and always those of more than two1 syllables7 prefix more 7or less7 to the positive to form the comparative1 and most 7or least7 to the positive to form the superlative 7beautiful1 more beautiful1 most beautiful74 ,some adjectives express qualities that do not permit comparison 7dead1 four-sided1 unique74 ,adverb4 ,an adverb is a word used to modify a verb1 an adjective1 another adverb 7,she played well2 unusually handsome2 very sternly72 or1 more rarely1 a verbal noun 7,walking fast is good for the health71 a preposition 7,the ship drifted almost upon the breakers71 or a conjunction 7,it came just when we wished74 ,certain adverbs 7fatally1 entirely7 do not logically admit of comparison4 ,those that do are compared like adjectives of more than two syllables 7slowly1 more or less slowly1 most or least slowly74 ,preposition4 ,a preposition is a connective placed before a substantive 7called its object7 in order to subordinate the substantive to some other word in a sentence 7,the boast of heraldry1 the pomp of power4 ,he ran toward the enemy without fear74 ,conjunction4 ,a conjunction is a word used to join together words1 phrases1 clauses1 or sentences4 ,a cordinate conjunction connects elements of equal rank 7,see #cf74 ,correlative conjunctions are conjunctions used in pairs 7,see #ca74 ,a subordinate conjunction is one that connects elements unequal in rank 7,see #cf74 ,when a conjunction1 in addition to its function as a connective1 indicates a relation of time1 place1 or cause1 it is often called a conjunctive adverb or relative adverb4 ,interjection4 ,an interjection is a word thrown into speech to express emotion4 ,it has no grammatical connection with other words4 7,oh1 is that it8 ,well1 ,i'll do it4 ,hark67 ,other ,grammatical ,terms ,absolute expression4 ,an expression 7usually composed of a substantive and a participle1 perhaps with modifiers7 which1 though not formally and grammatically joined1 is in thought related to the remainder of the sentence4 7,the relief party having arrived1 we went home4 ,this disposed of1 the council proceeded to other matters4 ,defeated1 he was not dismayed47 ,antecedent4 ,a substantive to which a pronoun or participle refers4 ,literally1 antecedent means that which goes before2 but sometimes the antecedent follows the dependent word4 7,the man who hesitates is lost4 ,entering the store1 we saw a barrel of apples47 ,man is the antecedent of the pronoun who1 and we is the antecedent of the participle entering4 ,auxiliary4 ,be1 have1 do1 shall1 will1 ought1 may1 can1 must1 might1 could1 would1 should1 etc41 when used with participles and infinitives of other verbs1 are called auxiliary verbs4 ,case4 ,the relation of a substantive to other words in the sentence as shown by inflectional form or position4 ,the subject of a verb1 or the predicate of the verb to be1 is in the nominative case4 ,the object of a verb or preposition1 or the assumed subject of an infinitive1 is in the objective case4 ,a noun or pronoun which denotes possession is in the possessive case4 ,clause4 ,a portion of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb1 perhaps with modifiers4 ,the following sentence contains one dependent 7subordinate7 and one independent 7principal7 clause3 ,when the storm ceased1 the grove was a ruin4 ,conjugation4 ,the inflectional changes in the verb to indicate person1 number1 tense1 voice1 mode1 and modal aspect4 ,declension4 ,the changes in a noun1 pronoun1 or adjective to indicate person1 number1 or case4 ,ellipsis1 elliptical expression4 ,an expression partially incomplete1 so that words have to be understood to complete the meaning4 ,an idea or relation corresponding to the omitted words is present1 at least vaguely1 in the mind of the speaker4 ,elliptical sentences are usually justifiable except when the reader cannot instantly supply the understood words4 ,examples of proper ellipses3 ,you are as tall as ,i am tall4 ,is your sister coming8 ,i think my sister is not coming4 ,i will go if you will go4 ,i give you ,thanks for your advice4 ,gerund4 ,a verbal in -ing used as a noun4 7,i do not object to your telling4 ,his having deserted us makes little difference47 ,the gerund may be regarded as a special form of the infinitive4 ,infinitive4 ,a verbal ordinarily introduced by to and used as a noun 7,to err is human74 ,in such sentences as ,the road to follow is the river road1 follow may be regarded as the noun of a phrase 7compare the road to ,mandalay71 or the entire phrase may be regarded as an adjective4 ,similarly1 in ,he hastened to comply1 comply may be regarded as a noun or to comply as an adverb4 ,after certain verbs 7bid1 dare1 help1 make1 need1 etc47 the to is omitted from the infinitive group4 7,he bids me go4 ,i need not hesitate47 ,inflection4 ,change in the form of a word to show a modification or shade of meaning4 ,at a very early period in our language there was a separate form for practically every modification4 ,although separate forms are now less numerous1 inflection is still a convenient term in grammar4 ,its scope is general3 it includes the declension of nouns1 the comparison of adjectives and adverbs1 and the conjugation of verbs4 ,modify4 ,to be grammatically dependent upon and to limit or alter the quality of4 ,in the expression ,the very old man1 the and old modify man1 and very modifies old4 ,participle4 ,a verbal used as an adjective1 or as an adjective with adverbial qualities4 ,in the sentence ,mary1 being oldest1 is also the best liked1 being oldest refers exclusively1 or almost exclusively1 to the subject and is therefore adjectival4 ,in such sentences as ,he fell back1 exhausted and ,running down the street1 ,i collided with a baby carriage1 the participle refers in part to the verb and is therefore adverbial as well as adjectival4 ,phrase4 ,a group of words forming a subordinate part of a sentence and not containing a subject and its verb4 ,examples3 ,with a whistle and a roar the train arrived prepositional phrase4 ,bowing his head1 the prisoner listened to the verdict of the jury participial phrase4 ,in a loose1 untechnical sense phrase may refer to any short group of words1 even if the group includes a subject and its verb4 ,predicate4 ,the word or word-group in a sentence which makes an assertion about the subject4 ,it consists of a finite verb with or without objects or modifiers4 ,predicate adjective4 ,an adjective in the predicate1 usually linked with the subject by some form of the verb to be 7is1 was1 were1 etc474 7,john is lazy4 ,the soldiers were very eager47 ,predicate noun4 ,a noun linked with the subject by some form of the verb to be4 7,john is halfback4 ,they were our neighbors47 ,sentence4 ,a sentence is a group of words containing 7#a7 a subject 7with or without modifiers7 and a predicate 7with or without modifiers7 and not grammatically dependent on any words outside of itself2 or 7#b7 two or more such expressions related in thought4 ,sentences of type #a are simple or complex2 sentences of type #b are compound4 ,a simple sentence contains one independent clause 7,the dog barks angrily74 ,a complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses 7,the dog barks when the thief appears74 ,a compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses 7,the dog barks1 and the thief runs74 ,substantive4 ,a noun or a word standing in place of a noun4 7,the king summoned parliament4 ,the bravest are the tenderest4 ,she was inconsolable47 ,a substantive phrase is a phrase used as a noun4 7,from ,dan to ,beersheba is a term for the whole of ,israel47 ,a substantive clause is a clause used as a noun4 7,that he owed the money is certain47 ,syntax4 ,construction2 the grammatical relation between the words1 phrases1 and clauses in a sentence4 ,verbal4 ,any form of the verb used as another part of speech4 ,infinitives1 gerunds1 and participles are verbals4 ,they are used to express action without asserting it1 and cannot1 therefore1 have subjects or be used as predicate verbs4 ,abridged ,conjugation of the verb to take ,tense ,active ,voice ,passive ,voice ,indicative ,mode ,present ,i take ,i am taken ,past ,i took ,i was taken ,future ,i shall 7will7 take ,i shall 7will7 be taken ,perfect ,i have taken ,i have been taken ,past ,perfect ,i had taken ,i had been taken ,future ,perfect ,i shall 7will7 have taken ,i shall 7will7 have been taken ,subjunctive ,mode ,present ,if ,i take ,if ,i be taken ,past ,if ,i took ,if ,i were taken ,perfect ,if ,i have taken ,if ,i have been taken ,past ,perfect ,if ,i had taken ,if ,i had been taken ,imperative ,mode ,present ,take ,modal ,aspects 7,modal aspects1 formed by combining auxiliaries with the main verb1 give special meanings--emphatic1 progressive1 etc4--to the primary modes4 ,since there are almost as many aspects as there are auxiliaries1 only a few can be enumerated here47 ,tense ,active ,voice ,passive ,voice ,emphatic3 ,i do take ,progressive3 ,i am taking ,i am being taken ,present ,contingent3 ,i may take ,i may be taken ,indicative ,potential3 ,i can take ,i can be taken ,obligative3 ,i must take ,i must be taken ,etc4 ,emphatic3 ,i did take ,progressive3 ,i was taking ,i was being taken ,past ,contingent3 ,i might take ,i might be taken ,indicative ,potential3 ,i could take ,i could be taken ,obligative3 ,i must take ,i must be taken ,etc4 ,emphatic3 ,if ,i do take ,progressive3 ,if ,i be taking ,present ,contingent3 ,if ,i might take ,subjunctive ,potential3 ,if ,i could take ,obligative3 ,if ,i must take ,etc4 ,present ,emphatic3 ,do take ,imperative ,progressive3 ,be taking ,verbals ,infinitive ,active ,voice ,passive ,voice ,present3 ,to take ,to be taken ,perfect3 ,to have taken ,to have been taken ,gerund ,present3 ,taking ,being taken ,perfect3 ,having taken ,having been taken ,participle ,present3 ,taking ,being taken ,past3 ,taken ,perfect3 ,having taken ,having been taken ,exercise3 ,copy a page of good prose from any book1 leaving wide spaces between the lines4 ,indicate the part of speech of every word4 ,this may be done by abbreviations placed beneath the words4 ,for example3 ,von ,arden1 having fallen into a very unquiet noun part4 prep4 art4 adv4 adj4 slumber1 dreamed that he was an aged man noun verb conj4 pers pro4 verb art4 adj4 noun who stood beside a window4 rel4 pro4 verb prep4 art4 noun #ei4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,grammar ,a4 ,case of ,pronouns ,determine the correct form of the pronoun4 #a4 ,it is 7,i1 me74 #b4 ,no one knows better than 7she1 her74 #c4 ,then came the whistle for ,gerald and 7,i1 me74 #d4 ,it was 7they1 them74 #e4 ,alice can drive a car as well as 7he1 him74 #f4 ,it was 7she1 her7 7who1 whom7 you saw on the car4 #g4 ,john1 you may go with ,dan and 7,i1 me74 #h4 ,if ,i were 7she1 her71 ,i could not think of accepting the questionable honor4 #i4 ,one evening four of 7we1 us7 girls decided to go to the theater4 #aj4 ,others are older than 7we1 us74 #aa4 7,who1 ,whom7 do you imagine will be our next president8 #ab4 ,he does not approve of 7our1 us7 walking on the grass4 #ac4 ,counsel will be given to 7they1 them7 who ask for it4 #ad4 ,that seems strange to you and 7,i1 me74 #ae4 ,her mother has more regular features than 7she1 her74 #af4 ,women 7who1 whom7 some people would call quiet are often the wisest4 #ag4 ,between you and 7,i1 me71 ,i'm hungry4 #ah4 ,the thought of 7it1 its7 coming by parcel post never entered my mind4 #ai4 ,he never discovered 7who1 whom7 his enemy was4 #bj4 ,in case of a fumble1 the ball is given to 7whoever1 whomever7 recovers it4 ,b4 ,agreement ,determine the correct form of the verb4 #a4 ,he 7don't1 doesn't7 care for music4 #b4 ,the swimming1 boating1 and fishing 7is1 are7 good4 #c4 ,each one of the two hands of the clock 7is1 are7 made of gold4 #d4 ,the ore is sorted and the cars having good ore 7is1 are7 hauled to the smelter4 #e4 ,a deck of ordinary playing cards consisting of fifty-two cards 7is1 are7 used4 #f4 ,it is safe to say that only one out of every ten of the great number of students 7realizes1 realize7 the value of economy4 #g4 ,in spite of all obstacles1 the construction of the three hundred trestles and the twenty scaffolds 7was1 were7 completed4 #h4 ,some nights may seem still1 yet there 7is1 are7 always noises4 #i4 ,the exact meaning of such words as inspiration1 prophecy1 and orthodox 7puzzles1 puzzle7 laymen4 #aj4 ,hard roads 7is1 are7 an important matter to all country people4 #aa4 ,there 7has1 have7 been many lives lost in ,arctic exploration4 #ab4 ,personal gifts inspired by good will and directed by careful thought 7is1 are7 the very best kind of charity4 #ac4 ,in ,lincoln's replies to ,douglas there 7is1 are7 no flights or oratory4 #ad4 ,the conciseness of these lines 7is1 are7 to be admired4 #ae4 ,a constant stream of wagons and horses 7was1 were7 passing as the circus was unloaded4 #af4 ,nevertheless there 7exists1 exist7 a certain class of students who are socially submerged4 #ag4 ,she 7doesn't1 don't7 care for olives4 #ah4 ,current ,events 7is1 are7 a very useful department of this magazine4 #ai4 ,no people 7lives1 live7 in that house4 #bj4 ,the corporal1 together with two other members of the patrol1 7was1 were7 captured by the enemy4 ,c4 ,shall and ,will1 ,should and ,would ,determine the correct form of the verb4 #a4 ,perhaps ,i 7shall1 will7 be able to go4 #b4 ,i tell you1 ,i 7shall will7 not allow that dog in the car4 #c4 ,it is odd what a person 7shall1 will7 do in a time of excitement4 #d4 ,they have never seen anything like it1 and probably they never 7shall1 will74 #e4 ,johnny1 you 7shall1 will7 not go6 ,johnny knew that further begging was useless4 #f4 ,as we 7shall1 will7 find by investigation1 our coast fortifications are few4 #g4 ,i 7shouldn't1 wouldn't7 do that for anything4 #h4 ,i 7should1 would7 think you 7should1 would7 enjoy your bicycle4 #i4 7,shall1 will7 you go driving with us8 #aj4 ,do you think it 7shall1 will7 rain8 #aa4 ,where 7shall1 will7 ,i hang my hat8 #ab4 7,should1 would7 you go if ,i 7should1 would7 ask you8 #ac4 ,rover 7should1 would7 stay in the house all the time1 if we 7should1 would7 let him4 #ad4 ,i promised that ,i 7should1 would7 be at the station early1 lest we 7should1 would7 miss the train4 #ae4 ,you 7shall1 will7 have much trouble with that cold1 ,i'm afraid4 ,d4 ,lie1 lay2 sit1 set2 rise1 raise ,fix in mind the following principal parts3 ,i lie ,i lay ,i have lain ,i lay ,i laid ,i have laid ,i sit ,i sat ,i have sat ,i set ,i set ,i have set ,i rise ,i rose ,i have risen ,i raise ,i raised ,i have raised ,lie1 sit1 rise are used intransitively2 lay1 set1 raise are used transitively4 ,lay1 set1 raise are causatives2 that is1 to lay means to cause to lie1 etc4 ,insert a correct form of the verb lie or lay3 #a4 ,i ---- here and watch the clouds4 ,my dog is ----ing at my feet4 #b4 ,in the evening ,i ---- aside all cares4 ,i ---- down on the couch and read4 ,yesterday ,i ---- there an hour4 #c4 ,the children have ---- in bed until seven o'clock4 ,john has ---- his coat on a chair4 ,he ---- there asleep now4 #d4 ---- the shovel down4 ,the garden is now ---- out in rows4 ---- down and take a little rest4 #e4 ,smoke ---- along the horizon4 ,snow was ----ing here yesterday4 ,he is ----ing plans for the future4 ,insert a correct form of the verb sit or set3 #f4 ,jerome ---- the box on the floor4 ,then he ---- on the box4 #g4 ,four people are ----ing at the table4 ,who ---- the lamp there8 #h4 ,i had ---- there an hour4 ,they had ---- the pitcher outside the door4 #i4 ,i often ---- up late4 ,last night ,i ---- up late4 ,i must ----the alarm clock4 #aj4 ---- the package down4 ---- down and rest4 ,while we are ----ing there the gardener is ----ing out the plants4 ,insert a correct form of the verb rise or raise3 #aa4 ---- up and speak6 ---- the window4 #ab4 ,he quickly ---- his head4 ,the cork had gone under1 but now it ---- again to the surface4 #ac4 ,during the night the bread ---- to the top of the pan4 #ad4 ,the invalid slowly ---- himself in his bed4 #ae4 ,the river has already ---- and overflowed its banks4 ,e4 ,principal ,parts of ,verbs ,in the following sentences supply the correct form of the verb4 #a4 ,he ---- 7past tense of come7 to this country in #ahhg4 #b4 ,he has ---- 7past participle of eat7 breakfast and ---- 7past participle of go7 to the office4 #c4 ,have you ---- 7past participle of ride7 far8 ,i have ----7past participle of drive7 ten miles4 #d4 ,i am sure it was ,henry who ---- 7past tense of do7 it1 for ,i ---- 7past tense of see7 him running away as fast as he could go4 #e4 ,the wind has ---- 7past participle of tear7 down the chimney and ---- 7past participle of blow7 down the tree4 #f4 ,after he ---- 7past tense of lie7 down1 he remembered he had left his books ---- 7present participle of lie7 in the orchard4 #g4 ,he ---- 7past tense of throw7 the ball so hard that the window was ---- 7past participle of break7 into a hundred pieces4 #h4 ,the man ---- 7past tense of give7 warning before we had ---- 7past participle of go7 too far4 #i4 ,after we had ---- 7past participle of ride7 about ten miles we ---- 7past tense of come7 upon a stretch of hard road4 #aj4 ,where ---- 7past tense of be7 you8 ,you ----n't 7past tense of be7 at home when ,i ---- 7past tense of ring7 the bell4 #aa4 ,the harness was ---- 7past participle of break or burst7 beyond repair4 ,who ---- 7past tense of break7 it8 #ab4 ,i ---- 7past tense of take7 four shots at the rabbit1 but every shot ---- 7past tense of go7 wild4 #ac4 ,he has ---- 7past participle of swim7 across the harbor1 and has ---- 7past participle of break7 the record4 #ad4 ,i had ---- 7past participle of drink7 buttermilk for several weeks4 ,i ---- 7past tense of begin7 to gain weight4 #ae4 ,when we had ---- 7past participle of sit7 there an hour and ---- 7past participle of eat7 all we wanted1 ,jim ---- 7past tense of draw7 out his purse and ---- 7past tense of give7 the waiter a dollar4 ,f4 ,general ,improve the grammar of the following sentences4 #a4 ,those kind of lamps are ugly4 #b4 ,it don't interest me any more4 #c4 ,nobody may enter the hall tonight without their admittance cards4 #d4 ,one does not need to strain their ears while at the movies4 #e4 ,nearly all people eat too much1 too fast1 and too irregular4 #f4 ,don't take this letter too serious4 #g4 ,he done the best he could with these kind of tools4 #h4 ,every person with a cold was blowing their nose4 #i4 ,it would help considerable if you would speak to the manager about existing conditions4 #aj4 ,if ,i were the mayor1 ,i could not do as good as he does4 #aa4 ,talk polite to your customers4 #ab4 ,it is important that a salesman has a good memory4 #ac4 ,each tube must be capable of withstanding a pressure of five hundred pounds per square inch before they are lowered into place4 #ad4 ,she is as tall1 if not taller1 than he is4 #ae4 ,he always has and always will say that4 #af4 ,he is one of the worst1 if not the very worst1 player on the team4 #ag4 ,final examinations require time and study that would not otherwise be done4 #ah4 ,i feel badly4 ,he talks rude4 ,it smells fragrantly4 ,,diction ,wordiness #fj4 ,avoid wordiness4 ,strike out words not essential to the thought4 ,roundabout impersonal construction3 ,there are many interesting things which may be seen in ,new ,york4 #ab words4 ,better3 ,many interesting things may be seen in ,new ,york4 #i words4 ,clause to be reduced to a phrase3 ,the skeleton which stood in the office of ,dr4 ,willard was terrifying to little ,cecil4 #ae words4 ,right3 ,the skeleton in ,dr4 ,willard's office was terrifying to little ,cecil4 #aa words4 ,clause and phrase each to be reduced to a word3 ,men who cared only for their individual interests were now in a state of discouragement4 #ae words4 ,right3 ,selfish men were now discouraged4 #e words4 ,separate predication in excess3 ,that day ,i was shocking wheat behind the binder4 ,shocking wheat behind the binder was my usual job in harvest4 ,that day while ,i was working at this job1 ,i found a nest full of partridge eggs4 #cg words4 ,right3 ,that day1 while shocking wheat behind the binder1 my usual job in harvest1 ,i found a nest full of partridge eggs4 #ba words4 ,ponderous scientific terms for simple ideas3 ,since1 according to the physicists1 the per cent of efficiency of a machine is equal to the amount of energy put in1 divided by the amount of useful work performed1 it naturally follows that in all human activities1 unnecessary friction1 since it lowers the amount of nervous energy1 is going to lower the per cent of efficiency4 ,while we may never reach an astonishing degree of efficiency by economizing nervous energy1 nevertheless1 if we consistently and perseveringly try to spare ourselves all unnecessary labor and exertion1 we shall have an abundant supply of energy to direct into channels of usefulness4 #ajj words4 ,right3 ,if we economize our strength1 we can make our actions more efficient and useful4 #ad words4 ,inflated writing3 ,she was supreme in beauty among the daughters of ,eve whom his ravished eyes had hitherto beheld4 #ag words4 ,right3 ,she was the most beautiful woman he had ever seen4 #aj words4 ,note4--,a special form of wordiness is tautology--the useless repetition of an idea in different words4 ,gross tautology3 ,he had an entire monopoly of the whole fruit trade4 ,this is like saying black blackbird4 ,right3 ,he had a monopoly of the fruit trade4 ,tautological expressions3 this here where at return back ascend up repeat again biography of his life good benefits fellow playmates ,hallowe'en evening important essentials indorse on the back connect up meet up with combined together perfectly all right utter absence of quite round absolutely annihilated still continue to absolutely new creation necessary requisite total effect of all this ,exercise3 #a4 ,the people who act the parts in a play want the people who witness the performance to applaud them4 #b4 ,there is an oily grass which is found on the prairie1 and which is called mesquite grass1 and it covers the prairie4 #c4 ,you wish to call the operator4 ,you take the receiver from the hook4 ,by taking the receiver from the hook you call the operator4 #d4 ,at last the employer of the men1 and those who were employed by him1 having compromised their difficulties1 effected a settlement1 and reached an amicable understanding agreeable to both parties4 #e4 ,the two merchants joined up their forces together in order to secure a monopoly of the entire trade of the village4 ,there was one absolutely essential preliminary which they thought must necessarily precede everything else4 ,it was that they should take all the old shop-worn articles and dispose of them by selling them as bargains at a reduced rate4 ,triteness #fa4 ,avoid trite or hackneyed expressions4 ,such expressions may be tags from everyday speech 7the worse for wear1 had the time of my life72 or stale phrases from newspapers 7taken into custody1 the officiating clergyman72 or humorous substitutions 7ferocious canine1 paternal ancestor72 or forced synonyms 7gridiron heroes1 the ,hoosier metropolis72 or conventional fine writing 7reigns supreme1 wind kissed the tree-tops72 or oft-repeated euphemisms 7limb for leg1 pass away for die72 or overworked quotations from literature 7monarch of all ,i survey1 footprints on the sands of time74 ,list of trite expressions3 along these lines meets the eye feathered songsters a long-felt want the last sad rites launched into eternity last but not least doomed to disappointment at one fell swoop sadder but wiser did justice to a dinner a goodly number budding genius beggars description a dull thud silence broken only by wended their way abreast of the times trees stood like sentinels method in his madness sun-kissed meadows tired but happy hoping you are the same nipped in the bud the happy pair seething mass of humanity specimen of humanity with bated breath green with envy the proud possessor too full for utterance a pugilistic encounter conspicuous by its absence with whom they come in contact exception proves the rule favor with a selection as luck would have it more easily imagined than described where ignorance is bliss ,exercise3 #a4 ,halleck returned from his trip considerably the worse for wear4 #b4 ,the baby whom she had promised to keep quiet proved to be a foeman worthy of her steel4 #c4 ,i first saw the light of day in ,new ,orleans4 ,it was in the ,crescent ,city also that my dear mother passed away4 #d4 ,americans come off second best in a vocalizing encounter with umlauted u1 while ,germans and ,frenchmen wage sanguinary battles with our th4 #e4 ,the daily scramble for dear life to get aboard a trolley was like taking arms against a sea of troubles4 ,even standing room was conspicuous by its absence4 ,sheridan began to think along the line of getting to the office in some other way4 ,the ,exact ,word #fb4 ,find the exact word4 ,do not be content with a loose meaning4 ,seek the verb1 the noun1 the adjective1 the adverb1 or the phrase which expresses your thought with precision4 ,such words as said1 proposition1 and nice are often used too loosely4 ,observe the possible gain in definiteness by substitution4 ,for said 7verb73 declared1 related1 insisted1 exclaimed1 added1 repeated1 replied1 admitted1 commented1 corrected1 protested1 explained1 besought1 interrupted1 inquired1 stammered1 sighed1 murmured1 or thundered4 ,for proposition 7noun73 transaction1 undertaking1 venture1 recourse1 suggestion1 overture1 proposal1 proffer1 convenience1 difficulty1 thesis1 or doctrine4 ,for nice 7adjective73 discriminating1 precise1 fastidious1 dainty1 neat1 pretty1 pleasant1 fragrant1 delicious1 well-behaved1 good1 or moral4 ,inexact verb3 ,he had not sufficiently regarded the difficulties of the task ,use considered4 ,inexact noun3 ,promptness is an item which a manager should possess ,use quality4 ,inexact adjective3 ,he looked awfully funny when ,i told him he had made a mistake ,use surprised4 ,inexact phrasing throughout3 ,health is first in every line of activity4 ,a man who has it does not hold it with enough respect1 and make efforts enough to keep it4 ,right3 ,health is indispensable to success in any work4 ,even those who have it do not realize its value4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he was proud of the honorable record he had gained4 #b4 ,he resolved that some day he would be a banker1 and ,i shall tell you how he tried to do so4 #c4 ,isn't the sunset grand8 ,isn't it nice to be out of doors8 #d4 ,the mystery as to which ones of the piano keys to play was hard for him to acquire4 #e4 ,if the package comes by freight1 you must negotiate the proposition of getting it home2 but if it comes by express1 the delivery is done free4 ,concreteness #fc4 ,concrete words are often more effective than vague1 general1 or abstract words4 ,not specific3 ,she held herself aloof from her brothers' games and amusements4 ,concrete3 ,she never played soldier or sailed paper boats with her brothers4 ,no appeal to the senses3 ,i liked to watch the servant girl as she moved about the kitchen1 preparing our morning repast4 ,concrete3 ,i liked to watch ,norah as she fried our crisp breakfast bacon and browned our buckwheat cakes4 ,flat1 not readily visualized3 ,the first inhabitants overcame the barriers to settlement about a century ago4 ,concrete3 ,rough backwoodsmen broke through the underbrush and swamp-land a century ago4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the scientist discovered a bird in a tree4 #b4 ,our hostess set before us many good things to eat4 #c4 ,the sailor was carving queer figures on a piece of soft wood4 #d4 ,the night watchman heard something that made him suspicious4 #e4 ,i stood at the door of the shop to watch the astonishing things the blacksmith was doing4 ,sound #fd4 ,avoid the frequent repetition of a sound1 especially if it be harsh or unpleasant4 ,bad3 ,he is an exceedingly orderly secretary4 ,better3 ,as a secretary he is very systematic4 ,or ,the secretary is very systematic4 ,bad3 ,immediately the squirrel hid himself behind the hickory tree4 ,better3 ,immediately the squirrel dodged behind the hickory tree4 ,unfortunate rime3 ,bert did not dare to go home with wet hair4 ,better3 ,bert did not dare to go home with his hair wet4 ,or ,bert was afraid to go home with wet hair4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,that ,christmas happened to be unusually happy4 #b4 ,i fear we must sit near the rear of the room4 #c4 ,the ,jackies went clambering and scurrying up the rigging4 #d4 ,the ship slips anchor while the idlers sip tea on the deck4 #e4 ,the third treasure-seeker heard a thud4 ,his pick had struck an obstruction4 ,subtle ,violations of ,good ,use3 ,faulty ,idioms1 ,colloquialisms #fe4 ,avoid subtle violations of good use1 particularly 7a7 faulty idioms and 7b7 colloquialisms4 a4 ,make your expression conform to ,english idiom4 ,a faulty idiom is an expression which1 though correct in grammar and general meaning1 combines words in a manner contrary to usage4 ,idioms are established by custom1 and cannot be explained by logical rules4 ,i enjoy to read is wrong1 not because the words offend logic or grammar1 but merely because people do not instinctively make that combination of words4 ,i like to read and ,i enjoy reading are good idioms4 ,faulty ,idioms ,correct ,idioms in the city ,toledo in the city of ,toledo in the year of #aibj in the year #aibj ,i hope you a good time ,i wish you a good time the ,rev4 ,hopkins the ,reverend ,mr4 ,hopkins possessed with ability possessed of ability stay to home stay at home different than different from independent from independent of in search for in search of ,observe that many idioms are concerned with prepositions4 ,make sure that a verb or adjective is accompanied by the right preposition4 ,study the following list of correct idioms3 accused of 7a theft7 accused by 7a person7 accord with 7a person7 agree with 7a person7 agree to 7a proposal7 agreeable to angry at 7things or persons7 angry with 7a person7 careful about 7an affair7 careful of 7one's money7 comply with convenient to 7a person7 convenient for 7a purpose7 correspond to 7things7 correspond with 7persons7 dissent from enamored of entrust to free from listen to part from 7a person7 part with 7a thing7 pleased with resolve on sympathize with take exception to b4 ,do not carry the standards of conversation into formal writing4 ,colloquial usage is more free than literary usage4 ,the colloquial sentence ,that's the man ,i talked with becomes in writing ,that is the man with whom ,i talked4 ,the colloquial sentence ,it was a cold day but there wasn't any wind blowing is a loose string of words4 ,written discourse requires greater tension and more care in subordinating minor ideas3 ,the day1 though cold1 was still4 ,contractions are proper in conversation1 and in personal or informal writing4 ,in formal writing they are not appropriate4 ,and do not let such expressions as ,he doesn't1 ,we aren't1 ,it's proved1 used in talk by careful speakers1 mislead you into expressions like ,he don't1 ,we ain't1 ,it's proven1 which violate even colloquial good use4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,he confessed of his inability to comply to the demand4 #b4 ,is he from ,irish descent8 ,is humor characteristic with the ,irish8 #c4 ,she was not to home1 but ,i was reluctant against leaving4 #d4 ,he dissented to the opinion of the committee's majority1 for his ideas were utterly different than theirs4 #e4 ,he got a few jobs as a carpenter that summer1 but they didn't pay him much1 and so he went to loafing around1 and he's been at it ever since4 ,gross ,violations of ,good ,use3 ,barbarisms1 ,improprieties1 ,slang #ff4 ,avoid gross violations of good use1 particularly 7a7 barbarisms1 7b7 improprieties1 and 7c7 slang4 a4 ,barbarisms are distortions of words in good use1 or coinages for which there is no need4 ,examples3 to concertize1 to burgle or burglarize1 to jell1 alright1 a-plenty1 most 7for almost71 performess1 fake1 pep1 tasty1 illy1 complected1 undoubtably1 nowheres1 soph1 lab1 gents4 b4 ,improprieties are words wrenched from one part of speech to another1 or made to perform an unnatural service4 ,examples3 to suspicion1 to gesture1 to suicide1 a steal1 a try1 a go1 an invite1 the eats1 humans1 some or real or swell 7as adverbs71 like 7as a conjunction74 c4 ,slang is speech consisting either of uncouth expressions of illiterate origin1 or of legitimate expressions used in grotesque or irregular senses4 ,though sometimes 7witness eighteenth century mob1 and nineteenth century buncombe7 it satisfies a real need and becomes established in the language1 in most instances it is short-lived 7witness the thieves' talk in ,oliver ,twist1 or passages from any comic opera song popular five years ago74 ,vicious types of slang are3 ,expressions of vulgar origin 7from criminal classes1 the prize ring1 the vaudeville circuit1 etc473 get pinched1 down and out1 took the count1 bum hunch1 nix on the comedy stuff1 get across4 ,language strained or distorted for novel effect3 performed the feed act at a bang-up gastronomic emporium1 bingled a tall drive that made the horsehide ramble out into center garden4 ,blanket expressions used as substitutes for thinking3 corking1 stunning1 ain't it fierce81 can you beat it81 going some1 just so ,i get by with it4 ,the use of the last-named type is most to be regretted4 ,it leads to a mental habit of phonographic repetition1 with no resort to independent thinking4 ,if a man really desires to use slang1 let him invent new expressions every day1 and make them fit the specific occasion4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,i disremember what sort of an outfit he wore4 #b4 ,helen's as light-complected a girl as you'll run across1 ,i calculate4 #c4 ,his ad brought a first-rate gent to hold down the job4 #d4 ,thompson hasn't stability1 or it seems like it4 ,he ain't got no gumption4 ,he's too easy enthused4 #e4 ,the grub was to of cost us two bits1 but we didn't have the dough4 ,we gets outside the food1 and when the cashier ain't lookin'1 we runs out the door and beats it4 ,words ,often ,confused in ,meaning #fg4 ,do not confuse or interchange the meanings of the following words3 ,accept and except4 ,accept means to receive2 except as a verb means to exclude and as a preposition means with the exception of4 ,affect and effect4 ,affect is not used as a noun2 effect as a noun means result4 ,as verbs1 affect means to influence in part2 effect means to accomplish totally4 ,his story affected me deeply4 ,the ,russians effected a revolution4 ,affect also has a special meaning to feign4 ,she had an affected manner4 ,allusion and illusion4 ,allusion means a reference2 illusion means a deceptive appearance4 ,a ,biblical allusion4 ,an optical illusion4 ,already and all ready4 ,already means by this time or beforehand2 all ready means wholly ready4 ,i have already invited him4 ,dinner is all ready4 ,we are all ready for dinner4 ,altogether and all together4 ,altogether means wholly1 entirely2 all together means collectively1 in a group4 ,he is altogether honest4 ,the ,king sent the people all together into exile4 ,can and may4 ,can means to be able2 may means to have permission4 ,can for may has a certain colloquial standing1 but is condemned by literary usage4 ,emigrate and immigrate4 ,emigrate means to go out from a country2 immigrate means to enter into a country4 ,the same man may be an emigrant when he leaves ,europe1 and an immigrant when he enters ,america4 ,healthy and healthful4 ,healthy means having health2 healthful means giving health4 ,milk is healthful4 ,the climate of ,colorado is healthful4 ,the boy is healthy4 ,hanged and hung4 ,hanged is the correct past tense of hang in the sense put to death1 hanged on the gallows2 hung is the correct past tense for the general meaning suspended4 ,hygienic and sanitary4 ,both words mean pertaining to health4 ,hygienic is used when the condition is a matter of personal habits or rules2 sanitary is used when the condition is a matter of surroundings 7water supply1 food supply1 sewage disposal1 etc47 or the relations of numbers of people4 ,instants and instance4 ,instants means small portions of time2 instance means an example4 ,later and latter4 ,later means more late2 latter means the second in a series of two4 ,the latter is used in conjunction with the phrase the former4 ,lead and led4 ,led is the past tense of the verb to lead4 ,lead is the present tense4 ,learn and teach4 ,learn means to get knowledge of2 teach means to give knowledge of or to4 ,the instructor teaches 7not learns7 me physics4 ,he learns his lessons easily4 ,leave and let4 ,leave means to abandon2 let means to permit4 ,less and fewer4 ,less refers to quantity2 fewer refers to number4 ,he has fewer 7not less7 horses than he needs4 ,liable1 likely1 and apt4 ,likely merely predicts2 liable conveys the additional idea of harm or responsibility4 ,apt applies usually to persons1 in the sense of having natural capability1 and sometimes to things1 in the sense of fitting1 appropriate4 ,it is likely to be a pleasant day4 ,i fear it is liable to rain4 ,he is liable for damages4 ,he is an apt lad at his books4 ,that is an apt phrase4 ,lie and lay4 ,lay1 a transitive verb1 means to cause to lie4 ,i lay the book on the table and it lies there4 ,now ,i lay me down to sleep4 ,a source of confusion between the two words is that the past tense of lie is lay3 ,i lie down to sleep4 ,i lay the book on the table4 ,i lay there yesterday4 ,i laid it there yesterday4 ,i have lain here for hours4 ,i have laid it there many times4 ,like and as or as if4 ,like is in good use as a preposition1 and may be followed by a noun2 as is in good use as a conjunction1 and may be followed by a clause4 ,he is tall like his father4 ,he is tall1 as his father is4 ,it looks as if 7not like7 it were going to rain4 ,lose and loose4 ,lose means to cease having2 loose as a verb means to set free1 and as an adjective1 free1 not bound4 ,majority and plurality4 ,in a loose sense1 majority means the greater part4 ,more strictly1 it means the number by which votes cast for one candidate exceed those of the opposition4 ,a plurality is the excess of votes received by one candidate over his nearest competitor4 ,in an election ,a receives #ejj votes2 ,b1 #djj votes2 and ,c1 #cjj votes4 ,a has a plurality of #ajj1 but no majority4 ,practical and practicable4 ,practical means not theoretical2 practicable means capable of being put into practice4 ,a practical man4 ,the arrangement is practicable4 ,principal and principle4 ,principal as an adjective means chief or leading2 principle as a noun means a general truth4 ,principal as a noun means a sum of money1 or the chief official of a school4 ,proof and evidence4 ,in a law court1 proof is evidence sufficient to establish a fact2 evidence is whatever is brought forward in an attempt to establish a fact4 ,the evidence against the prisoner was extensive1 but hardly proof of his guilt4 ,in ordinary speech1 proof is sometimes loosely used as a synonym for evidence4 ,pseudo- and quasi-4 ,as a prefix1 pseudo- means false2 quasi- means literally as if1 hence seeming1 so-called4 ,phrenology is a pseudo-science4 ,a quasi-evolutionary doctrine4 ,quiet and quite4 ,quiet is an adjective meaning calm1 not noisy2 quite is an adverb meaning entirely4 ,respectfully and respectively4 ,respectfully means in a courteous manner2 respectively means in a way proper to each4 ,yours respectfully 7not respectively74 ,he handed the commissions to ,gray and ,hodgins respectively4 ,rise and raise4 ,rise is an intransitive verb2 raise is a transitive verb4 ,i rise to go home4 ,i raise vegetables4 ,i raise the stone from the ground4 ,sit and set4 ,set1 a transitive verb1 means to cause to sit4 ,he sets it in the corner and it sits there4 ,the past tense of sit is sat4 ,i sit down4 ,i always set it in its place4 ,he sat in this very chair4 ,i set it in its place yesterday4 ,he has sat there an hour4 ,i have always set it just here4 ,stationary and stationery4 ,stationary is an adjective meaning fixed2 stationery is a noun meaning writing material4 ,statue1 stature1 and statute4 ,statue means a carved or moulded figure2 stature means height2 statute means a law4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,insert affect or effect3 ,noise does not ---- my studying4 ,it has little ---- on me4 ,by the exercise of will power ,i was able to ---- a change4 #b4 ,insert healthy or healthful3 ,new ,mexico has a ---- climate1 ,graham bread is ----4 ,you will be ---- if you take exercise4 #c4 ,insert later or latter3 ,i will see you ----4 ,here are two plans3 the former is complex2 the ---- is simple4 ,sooner or ---- you will learn the rule4 #d4 ,insert less or fewer3 ,they have ---- money than we2 we have ---- pleasures than they4 ,it seems to me there are ---- accidents4 #e4 ,insert principal or principle3 ,the ---- part of a clock is the pendulum1 which swings regularly1 according to a ---- of science4 ,my ---- reason for trusting him is that he is a man of ----4 ,he is the ---- of the high school4 ,the widow spends the interest on the money1 but keeps the ---- intact4 ,glossary of ,faulty ,diction #fh4 ,avoid faulty diction4 ,ad 7for advertisement74 ,avoid in formal writing and speaking4 ,ain't4 ,never correct4 ,say ,i'm not1 you we1 they aren't1 he she1 it isn't4 ,all the farther1 all the faster4 ,crude4 ,use as far as1 as fast as1 in such sentences as ,this is all the farther ,i can go4 ,as4 7a7 ,incorrect in the sense of that or whether4 ,i don't know whether 7not as7 ,i can tell you4 ,not that 7not as7 ,i know4 7b7 ,as 444 as are correlatives4 ,than must not replace the second as4 ,right3 ,as good as or better than his neighbors4 ,as good as his neighbors1 or better than they4 ,see #eg4 ,auto4 ,an abbreviation not desirable in formal writing4 ,awful4 ,means filling with awe or filled with awe4 ,do not use in the sense of uncivil1 serious1 or ludicrous1 or 7in the adverbial form7 in the sense of very1 extremely4 ,balance4 ,incorrect when used in the sense of remainder4 ,because4 ,not to be used for the fact that4 ,the fact that 7not because7 he is absent is no reason why we should not proceed4 ,see #e4 ,between4 ,used of two persons or things4 ,not to be confused with among1 which is used of more than two4 ,blame on4 ,a crudity for put the blame on or blame4 ,faulty3 ,don't blame it on me4 ,better3 ,don't blame me4 ,borned4 ,a monstrosity for born4 ,i was born 7not borned7 in #ahii4 ,bursted4 ,the past tense of burst is the same as the present4 ,bust or busted4 ,vulgar for burst4 ,right3 ,the balloon burst4 ,the bank failed4 ,but what4 ,that is often preferable4 ,i do not doubt that 7not but what7 he is honest4 ,canine4 ,an adjective4 ,not in good use as a noun4 ,cannot help but4 ,a confusion of can but and cannot help4 ,i can but believe you2 or ,i cannot help believing you2 not ,i cannot help but believe you4 ,see #cd4 ,caused by4 ,to be used only when it refers definitely to a noun4 ,wrong3 ,he was disappointed1 caused by the lateness of the train4 ,the noun disappointment should be used instead of the verb disappointed4 ,then caused will have a definite reference4 ,right3 ,his disappointment was caused by the lateness of the train4 ,see #bc4 ,claim4 ,means to demand as a right4 ,incorrect for maintain or assert4 ,considerable4 ,an adjective1 not an adverb4 ,he talked considerably 7not considerable7 about it4 ,could of4 ,an illiterate form arising from slovenly pronunciation4 ,use could have4 ,avoid also may of1 must of1 would of1 etc4 ,data4 ,plural4 ,the singular 7seldom used7 is datum4 ,compare stratum1 strata2 erratum1 errata4 ,demean4 ,means to conduct oneself1 not to lower or to degrade4 ,different than4 ,different from is to be preferred4 ,than is a conjunction4 ,the idea of separation implied in different calls for a preposition1 rather than a word of comparison4 ,disremember4 ,not in good use4 ,done4 ,a gross error when used as the past tense of do1 or as an adverb meaning already4 ,i did it 7not ,i done it74 ,i've already 7not done7 got my lessons4 ,don't4 ,a contraction for do not2 never to be used for does not4 ,the contraction of does not is doesn't4 ,see #ea;d4 ,drownded4 ,vulgar for drowned4 ,due to4 ,to be used only when it refers definitely to a noun4 ,faulty3 ,he refused the offer1 due to his father's opposition4 ,right3 ,his refusal of the offer was due to his father's opposition4 ,the noun refusal should be used instead of the verb refused4 ,then due will have a definite reference4 ,see #e4 ,enthuse4 ,not in good use4 ,etc4 ,an abbreviation for the ,latin et cetera1 meaning and other things4 ,et means and4 ,and etc4 is therefore grossly incorrect4 ,do not write ect4 ,expect4 ,means to look forward to4 ,hardly correct in the sense of suppose4 ,fine4 ,use cautiously as an adjective1 and not at all as an adverb4 ,seek the exact word4 ,see #fb4 ,former4 ,means the first or first named of two4 ,not to be used when more than two have been named4 ,the corresponding word is latter4 ,for to4 ,incorrect for to4 ,i want you 7not for you7 to listen carefully4 ,he made up his mind to 7not for to7 accept4 ,gent4 ,a vulgar abbreviation of gentleman4 ,good4 ,an adjective1 not an adverb4 ,wrong3 ,he did good in mathematics4 ,right3 ,he did well in mathematics4 ,he did good work in mathematics4 ,gotten4 ,an old form now usually replaced by got except in such expressions as ill-gotten gains4 ,guess4 ,expresses conjecture4 ,not to be used in formal composition for think1 suppose1 or expect4 ,had of4 ,illiterate4 ,i wish ,i had known 7not had of known7 about it4 ,had ought4 ,a vulgarism4 ,he ought 7not had ought7 to have resigned4 ,we oughtn't 7not hadn't ought7 to make this error4 ,hardly4 ,not to be used with a negative4 ,see #cd4 ,home4 ,do not use when you mean simply house4 ,human or humans4 ,not in good use as a noun4 ,say human being4 ,right3 ,the house was not fit for human beings 7not humans7 to live in4 ,if4 ,do not use for whether4 ,i can't say whether 7not if7 the laundry will be finished today4 ,in4 ,often misused for into4 ,he jumped into 7not in7 the pond4 ,it's4 ,means it is2 not to be written for the possessive its4 ,kind of4 7a7 ,should not modify adjectives or verbs4 ,he was somewhat 7not kind of7 lean4 ,she partly suspected 7not ,she kind of suspected7 what was going on4 7b7 ,when using with a noun1 do not follow by a4 ,that kind of man2 not ,that kind of a man4 ,like4 ,to be followed by a substantive2 never by a substantive and a verb4 ,he ran like a deer4 ,do as 7not like7 ,i do4 ,she felt as if 7not like7 she was going to faint4 ,like is a preposition2 as is a conjunction4 ,literally4 ,do not use where you plainly do not mean it1 as in the sentence1 ,i was literally tickled to death4 ,loan4 ,lend is in better use as a verb4 ,locate4 ,do not use for settle or establish oneself4 ,lose out4 ,not used in formal writing4 ,say lose4 ,lots of4 ,a mercantile term which has a dubious colloquial standing4 ,not in good literary use for many or much4 ,might of4 ,a vulgarism for might have4 ,most4 ,do not use for almost4 ,almost 7not most7 all4 ,myself4 ,intensive or reflexive2 do not use when the simple personal pronoun would suffice4 ,i saw them myself4 ,some friends and ,i 7not myself7 went walking4 ,neither4 ,used with nor1 and not with or4 ,neither the man whom his associates had suspected nor 7not or7 the one whom the police had arrested was the criminal4 ,she could neither paint a good picture nor 7not or7 play the violin well4 ,nice4 ,means delicate or precise4 ,nice is used in a loose colloquial way to indicate general approval1 but should not be so used in formal writing4 ,right3 ,he displayed nice judgment4 ,we had a pleasant 7not nice7 time4 ,see #fb4 ,nowhere near4 ,vulgar for not nearly4 ,nowheres4 ,vulgar4 ,o and ,oh4 ,o is used with a noun in direct address2 it is not separated from the noun by any marks of punctuation4 ,oh is used as an interjection2 it is followed by a comma or an exclamation point4 ,hear1 ,o king1 what thy servants would say4 ,oh1 dear6 ,of4 ,do not use for have in such combinations as should have1 may have1 ought to have4 ,off of4 ,on1 upon1 or some equivalent expression is usually preferable4 ,ought to of4 ,a vulgarism for ought to have4 ,over with4 ,crude for over4 ,pants4 ,trousers is the approved term in literary usage4 ,pants 7from pantaloons7 has found some degree of colloquial and commercial acceptance4 ,party4 ,not to be used for person1 except in legal phrases4 ,phone4 ,a contraction not employed in formal writing4 ,say telephone4 ,plenty4 ,a noun2 not in good use as an adjective or an adverb4 ,he had plenty of 7not plenty7 resources4 ,he had resources in plenty 7not resources plenty74 ,proposition4 ,means a thing proposed4 ,do not use loosely1 as in the sentence3 ,a berth on a ,pullman is a good proposition during a railway journey at night4 ,see #fb4 ,proven4 ,prefer proved4 ,providing4 ,prefer provided in such expressions as ,i will vote for him provided 7not providing7 he is a candidate4 ,quite a4 ,colloquial in such expressions as quite a while1 quite a few1 quite a number4 ,raise4 ,rear or bring up is preferable in speaking of children4 ,she reared 7not raised7 seven children4 ,rarely ever4 ,crude for rarely1 hardly ever4 ,real4 ,crude for very or really4 ,she was very 7not real7 intelligent4 ,he was really 7not real7 brave4 ,remember of4 ,not to be used for remember4 ,right smart and ,right smart of4 ,extremely vulgar4 ,same4 ,no longer used as a pronoun except in legal documents4 ,he saw her drop the purse and restored it 7not the same7 to her4 ,scarcely4 ,not to be used with a negative4 ,see #cd4 ,seldom ever4 ,crude for seldom1 hardly ever4 ,shall4 ,do not confuse with will4 ,see #ec4 ,sight4 ,a sight or a sight of is very crude for many1 much1 a great deal of4 ,a great many 7not a sight7 of them4 ,so4 ,not incorrect1 but loose1 vague1 and often unnecessary4 7a7 ,as an intensive1 the frequent use of so has been christened the feminine demonstrative4 ,hackneyed3 ,i was so surprised4 ,better3 ,i was much surprised4 ,or1 ,i was surprised4 7b7 ,as a connective1 the frequent use of so is a mark of amateurishness4 ,see #cf ,note4 ,some4 ,not to be used as an adverb4 ,she was somewhat 7not some7 better the next day4 ,wrong3 ,he studied some that night4 ,right3 ,he did some studying that night4 ,somewheres4 ,very crude4 ,use somewhere4 ,species4 ,has the same form in singular and plural4 ,he discovered a new species 7not specie7 of sunflower4 ,such4 7a7 ,to be completed by that1 rather than by so that1 when a result clause follows4 ,there was such a crowd that 7not so that7 he did not find his friends4 7b7 ,to be completed by as1 rather than by that1 who1 or which1 when a relative clause follows4 ,i will accept such arrangements as 7not that7 may be made4 ,he called upon such soldiers as 7not who7 would volunteer for this service to step forward4 ,superior than4 ,not in good use for superior to4 ,sure4 ,avoid the crude adverbial use4 ,it surely 7not sure7 was pleasant4 ,in answer to the question1 ,will you go8 either sure or surely is correct1 though surely is preferred4 ,to be sure4 ,you may be sure4 ,i will surely go4 ,suspicion4 ,a noun4 ,never to be used as a verb4 ,take and4 ,often unnecessary1 sometimes crude4 ,redundant3 ,he took the ax and sharpened it4 ,better3 ,he sharpened the ax4 ,crude3 ,he took and nailed up the box4 ,better3 ,he nailed up the box4 ,tend4 ,in the sense to look after1 takes a direct object without an interposed to4 ,attend1 however1 is followed by to4 ,the milliner's assistant tends 7not tends to7 the shop4 ,i shall attend to your wants in a moment4 ,that there4 ,do not use for that4 ,i want that 7not that there7 box of berries4 ,them4 ,not to be used as an adjective4 ,those 7not them7 boys4 ,there were or ,there was4 ,avoid the unnecessary use4 ,crude3 ,there were seventeen senators voted for the bill4 ,better3 ,seventeen senators voted for the bill4 ,these sort1 ,these kind4 ,ungrammatical4 ,see #ea;b4 ,this here4 ,do not use for this4 ,those4 ,do not carelessly omit a relative clause after those4 ,faulty3 ,he is one of those talebearers4 ,better3 ,he is a talebearer4 ,or ,he is one of those talebearers whom everybody dislikes4 ,those kind1 those sort4 ,ungrammatical4 ,see #ea;b4 ,till4 ,do not carelessly misuse for when3 ,i had scarcely strapped on my skates when 7not till7 ,henry fell through an air hole4 ,transpire4 ,means to give forth or to become known1 not to occur4 ,the secret transpired4 ,the sale of the property occurred 7not transpired7 last ,thursday4 ,try4 ,a verb1 not a noun4 ,unique4 ,means alone of its kind1 not odd or unusual4 ,united ,states4 ,ordinarily preceded by the4 ,the ,united ,states raised a large army4 7,not ,united ,states raised a large army47 ,up4 ,do not needlessly insert after such verbs as end1 rest1 settle4 ,used to could4 ,very crude4 ,say used to be able or once could4 ,very4 ,accompanied by much when used with the past participle4 ,he was very much 7not very7 pleased with his reception4 ,want to4 ,not to be used in the sense of should1 had better4 ,you should 7not ,you want to7 keep in good physical condition4 ,way4 ,not to be used for away4 ,away 7not way7 down the street4 ,ways4 ,not to be used for way in referring to distance4 ,a little way 7not ways74 ,when4 7a7 ,not to be used for that in such a sentence as ,it was in the afternoon that the races began4 7b7 ,a when clause is not to be used as a predicate noun4 ,see #f4 ,where4 7a7 ,not to be used for that in such a sentence as ,i see in the paper that our team lost the game4 7b7 ,a where clause is not to be used as a predicate noun4 ,see #f4 ,where at4 ,vulgar4 ,where is he8 7not ,where is he at87 ,which4 ,do not use for who or that in referring to persons4 ,the friends who 7not which7 had loved him in his boyhood were still faithful to him4 ,who4 ,do not use unnecessarily for which or that in referring to animals4 ,do not use the possessive form whose for of which unless the sentence is so turned as practically to require the substitution4 ,will4 ,do not confuse with shall4 ,see #ec4 ,win out4 ,not used in formal writing or speaking4 ,woods4 ,not ordinarily to be used as singular4 ,a wood 7not ,a woods74 ,would have4 ,do not use for had in if clauses4 ,if you had 7not would have7 spoken boldly1 he would have granted your request4 ,would of4 ,a vulgarism for would have4 ,you was4 ,use ,you were in both singular and plural4 ,yourself4 ,intensive or reflexive2 do not use when the personal pronoun would suffice4 ,you 7not ,yourself7 and your family must come4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,be sure the gun works alright4 ,i was already when you came4 #b4 ,he talked considerable1 but ,i couldn't scarcely remember what all he said4 #c4 ,i never suspicioned that ,john could of been guilty of forging his father's note4 ,it don't seem hardly possible4 #d4 ,the island was not inhabited by humans4 ,it was different than any place ,i ever remember of4 ,one sailor and myself climbed a sand hill1 but we couldn't see any signs of life anywheres4 #e4 ,hawkeye walked a ways into a woods4 ,he was a right smart at ease1 for he had ,kildeer with him4 #fi4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,diction ,a4 ,wordiness ,strike out all that is superfluous1 and make the following sentences simple and exact4 #a4 ,some students lack the ability of being able to spell4 #b4 ,he seems to enjoy the universal esteem of all men4 #c4 ,the mind rebels against the enforced discipline imposed upon it by others4 #d4 ,this is the house that was constructed and erected by a young fellow who went by the common name of ,jack4 #e4 ,there are invariably people in the world who always want to get something for nothing4 ,i saw some today crowding round a soap man who was giving away free samples gratis4 #f4 ,strawberries which grow in the woods or anywhere like that have a flavor that is better than that of those which grow in gardens4 #g4 ,the people showed ,jackson the greatest honor it is within their power to bestow by electing him president4 #h4 ,it was an old man of about sixty years1 and he carried a cane to support himself with when he took a walk4 ,he pulled out his watch to see what time it was every few minutes4 #i4 ,my favorite magazine is the one called ,popular ,mechanics4 ,i like it because it appeals to me4 #aj4 ,there is a bird1 and that bird is the cuckoo1 that seems to think it unnecessary to build its own nest1 and so it occupies any nest that it happens to find4 #aa4 ,it is a good plan to follow if one would like to be able to develop his memory to make it a rule to learn at least a few lines of poetry every night before going to bed4 #ab4 ,in the annals of history there is no historical character more unselfish than the character of ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 #ac4 ,there are quite a few hotels in ,estes ,park1 which is in ,colorado1 but the one that is the most picturesque and striking so that you remember it a long time on account of its unusual surroundings is ,long's ,peak ,inn4 #ad4 ,it is often1 but not always1 a good sign that when one person is quick to suspect another person of disloyalty or dishonesty that he himself is disloyal or dishonest4 #ae4 ,the canine quadruped was under suspicion of having obliterated by a process of mastication that article of sustenance which the butcher deposits at our posterior portal4 ,b4 ,the ,exact ,word ,substitute1 for inaccurate words and phrases1 expressions which carry an exact and reasonable meaning4 #a4 ,ostrich eggs made into omelets are a funny experience4 #b4 ,a small back porch can be built which will enter directly into the kitchen4 #c4 ,ruskin uses a great deal of unfamiliar words4 #d4 ,reading will broaden the point of view of a student4 #e4 ,to visit the plant in operation is indeed a spectacular sight4 #f4 ,my plants grew and looked nicer than any ,i ever saw4 #g4 ,i place little truth in that article1 since it appeared in a strong partisan paper4 #h4 ,the manufacturing of automobiles has gained to quite an extent4 #i4 ,emerson has some real clever thoughts in his essays4 #aj4 ,i do not mean to degrade our local street car system1 for indeed1 it is good along some lines4 #aa4 ,i want to attain a greater per cent of efficiency in my study4 #ab4 ,imagination is an important part in the successful writing of themes4 #ac4 ,his employer praised him for the preparation he had done4 #ad4 ,i used water-wings as a sort of a safety first until ,i learned how to swim4 #ae4 ,in order to prevent infection from disease1 two big things are necessary4 #af4 ,the pastor delivered the announcements and after the collection had been obtained1 he presented the sermon of the morning4 #ag4 ,another factor in my career that winter was that ,i became a part of the orchestra4 #ah4 ,it was a mighty nice party that ,mrs4 ,jones gave and everybody seemed to have an awfully nice time4 #ai4 ,the more general word socialism might be divided into three distinct classes1 namely3 the political party1 the theoretical socialist1 and last what might be called a general tendency4 #bj4 ,starting with the pioneer days and up to the present time every energy was set forth to lay low the forests and to get homes from the wilderness4 ,c4 ,words ,sometimes ,confused in ,meaning ,use the word which accurately expresses the thought4 #a4 ,the climate of ,california is very 7healthful1 healthy74 #b4 7,leave1 let7 me have the book4 #c4 ,he is afraid that he will 7loose1 lose7 his position4 #d4 ,the 7principal1 principle7 speaker of the day was ,colonel ,walker4 #e4 ,i cannot run 7as1 like7 he can4 #f4 ,an hour ago he 7laid1 lay7 down to sleep4 #g4 ,i fear we are 7liable1 likely7 to be punished4 #h4 ,the scolding did not much 7affect1 effect7 him4 #i4 ,the light roller presses down the bricks so that the steam roller will break 7fewer1 less7 of them4 #aj4 ,whittier makes many 7allusions1 illusions7 to the ,bible4 #aa4 ,bread will 7raise1 rise7 much more quickly in a warm place than in a place where there is a draft4 #ab4 ,it hardly seems 7credible1 creditable7 that a small child could walk ten miles4 #ac4 ,i can't write a letter on this 7stationary1 stationery74 #ad4 ,he 7sets1 sits7 at the head of the table4 #ae4 ,he spoke to the stranger 7respectfully1 respectively74 #af4 ,did the president 7affect1 effect7 a settlement of the strike8 #ag4 ,i cannot 7accept1 except7 help from anyone4 #ah4 ,are the guests 7already1 all ready7 for dinner8 #ai4 ,is the train moving or 7stationary1 stationery78 #bj4 ,it is 7apt1 likely1 liable7 to be pleasant tomorrow4 ,d4 ,colloquialism1 ,slang1 ,faulty ,idiom1 etc4 ,the diction of the following sentences is incorrect or inappropriate for written discourse4 ,improve the sentences4 #a4 ,i was kind of tired this morning1 but now ,i feel alright4 #b4 ,i should of known better4 #c4 ,a young lady and myself went walking4 #d4 ,he is out of town for a couple days4 #e4 ,i feel some better now4 #f4 ,he will benefit greatly from the results4 #g4 ,the ,puritans were a very odd acting people4 #h4 ,i like camping because of many reasons4 #i4 ,cook your meal1 and after you are finished eating1 wash the dishes4 #aj4 ,he is a regular genius of a bookkeeper4 #aa4 ,it is hard to see how humans can live in such tenements4 #ab4 ,the soldiers destroyed property without the least regard of who owned it4 #ac4 ,she was crazy for an invite to the hop4 #ad4 ,it was up to me to get out before there was something doing4 #ae4 ,the ,gettysburg ,address is very simple of understanding though very strong of meaning4 #af4 ,when we become located in a desirable locality1 we intend to pay off some of our social indebtedness4 #ag4 ,have some local glass dealer to mend the broken door1 and send us the bill for the same4 #ah4 ,the first part of ,franklin's ,autobiography is different than the latter part1 which he wrote after the ,revolutionary ,war4 #ai4 ,in #agga a fellow by the name of ,arkwright established a mill in which spinning machines were run by water power4 #bj4 ,each day has brought closer to home the truth that the condition of mankind in one part of the world is certain to effect the equilibrium of mankind in most all other parts of the world4 ,,spelling ,no one is able to spell all unusual words on demand4 ,but every one must spell correctly even unusual words in formal writing4 ,the writer has time or must take time to consult a dictionary4 ,the best dictionaries are ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary1 the ,standard ,dictionary 7less conservative than ,webster's71 the ,century ,dictionary and ,cyclopedia 7,volume #b of the ,century is the best place to look for proper names71 and ,murray's ,new ,english ,dictionary 7very thorough1 each word being illustrated with numerous quotations to show historical development74 ,an abridged edition of one of these 7the price is one to three dollars7 should be accessible to each student who cannot buy the larger volumes4 ,the best are3 ,webster's ,secondary ,school ,dictionary1 ,funk and ,wagnalls ,desk ,standard ,dictionary1 the ,oxford ,concise ,dictionary1 and ,webster's ,collegiate ,dictionary4 ,but the student will be spared constant recourse to the dictionary1 and will save himself much time and many humiliations1 if he will employ the rules and principles which follow4 ,recording ,errors #gj4 ,keep a list of all the words you misspell1 copying them several times in correct form4 ,concentrate your effort upon a few words at a time--upon those words which you yourself actually misspell4 ,the list will be shorter than you think4 ,it may comprise not more than twenty or thirty words4 ,unless you are extraordinarily deficient1 it will certainly not comprise more than a hundred or a hundred and fifty4 ,find where your weakness lies2 then master it4 ,you can accomplish the difficult part of the task in a single afternoon4 ,an occasional review1 and constant care when you write1 will make your mastery permanent4 ,after this1 and only after this1 begin slowly to learn the spelling of words which you do not yourself use often1 but which are a desirable equipment for all educated men4 ,see the list under #gi4 ,concentrate your efforts upon a few words at a time4 ,it is better to know a few exactly than a large number hazily4 ,form the mental habit of being always right with a small group of words1 and extend this group gradually4 ,exercise3 ,prepare for your instructor a corrected list of words which you have misspelled in your papers to the present time4 ,pronouncing ,accurately #ga4 ,avoid slovenly pronunciation4 ,careful articulation makes for correctness in spelling4 ,watch the vowels of unaccented syllables2 give them distinct 7not exaggerated7 utterance1 at least until you are familiar with the spelling4 ,examples3 separate1 opportunity1 everybody1 sophomore1 divine4 ,sound accurately all the consonants between syllables1 and do not sound a single consonant twice4 ,examples3 candidate1 government1 surprise 7not supprise71 omission 7compare occasion71 defer 7compare differ74 ,sound the g in final -ing4 ,examples3 eating1 running4 ,pronounce the -al of adverbs derived from adjectives in -ic or -al4 ,examples3 tragically1 occasionally1 generally1 ungrammatically4 ,do not transpose letters2 place each letter where it belongs4 ,examples3 perspiration 7not prespiration71 tragedy 7not tradegy74 ,note4--,the principle of phonetic spelling as stated above applies to many words1 but by no means to all4 ,the ,simplified ,spelling ,board would extend this principle by changing the spelling of words to correspond with their actual sounds4 ,it recommends such forms as tho1 thru1 enuf1 quartet1 catalog1 program4 ,if the student employs these forms1 he must use them consistently4 ,many writers oppose simplified spelling2 many advocate it2 many compromise4 ,others desire to supplant our present alphabet with one more nearly phonetic1 and prefer1 until this fundamental reform takes place1 to preserve our present spelling as it is4 ,exercise3 ,copy the following words slowly1 pronouncing the syllables as you write3 accidentally1 accommodate1 accurately1 artistically1 athletics 7not atheletics71 boundary1 candidate1 cavalry1 commission1 curiosity1 defer1 definite1 description1 despair1 different1 dining room1 dinned1 disappoint1 divide1 divine1 emphatically1 eighth1 everybody1 ,february1 finally1 goddess1 government1 hundred1 hurrying1 instinct1 laboratory1 library1 lightning1 might have 7not might of71 naturally1 necessary1 occasionally1 omission1 opinion1 opportunity1 optimist1 partner1 perform1 perhaps1 perspiration1 prescription1 primitive1 privilege1 probably1 quantity1 really1 recognise1 recommend1 reverence1 separate1 should have 7not should of71 sophomore1 strictly1 superintendent1 surprise1 temperance1 tragedy1 usually1 whether4 ,logical ,kinship in ,words #gb4 ,get help in spelling a difficult word by thinking of related words4 ,to think of ridiculous will prevent your writing a for the second i of ridicule2 to think of ridicule will prevent your writing rediculous4 ,to think of prepare will prevent your writing preperation2 to think of preparation will forestall preparitory4 ,to think of busy will save you from the monstrosity buisness4 ,to think of the prefixes re- 7meaning again7 and dis- 7meaning not71 and the verbs commend and appoint1 will prevent your writing recommend or disappoint with a double c or s4 ,note4--,the relationship between words is not always a safe guide to spelling4 ,observe four1 forty2 nine1 ninth2 maintain1 maintenance2 please1 pleasant2 speak1 speech2 prevail1 prevalent4 ,do not confuse the following prefixes1 which have no logical connection3 ante- 7before7 anti- 7against1 opposite7 de- 7from1 about7 dis- 7apart1 away1 not7 per- 7through1 entirely7 pre- 7before7 ,exercise3 #a4 ,write the nouns corresponding to the following verbs3 prepare1 allude1 govern1 represent1 degrade4 #b4 ,write the adjectives corresponding to the following nouns and the nouns corresponding to the following adjectives3 desperation1 academy1 origin1 ridiculous1 miraculous1 grammatical1 arithmetical1 busy4 #c4 ,write the adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives3 real1 sure1 actual1 hurried1 accidental1 incidental1 grammatical4 #d4 ,copy the following pairs of related words or related forms of words3 labor1 laboratory2 debate1 debater2 base1 based2 deal1 dealt2 chose1 chosen2 mean1 meant4 #e4 ,write each of the following words with a hyphen between the prefix and the body of the word3 describe1 description1 disappoint1 disappear1 disease1 dissatisfy1 dissever1 permit1 perspire1 prescription1 preconceive1 recommend1 recollect1 reconsider1 antedate1 antecedent1 anticlimax1 antitoxin4 ,superficial ,resemblances between ,words #gc4 ,guard against misspelling a word because it bears a superficial resemblance1 in sound or appearance1 to some other word4 ,most of the words in the following list have no logical connection2 the resemblance is one of form only 7angel1 angle74 ,but a few words are included which are different in spelling in spite of a logical relation 7breath1 breathe74 accept 7to receive7 except 7to exclude1 with exclusion of7 advice 7noun7 advise 7verb7 affect 7to influence in part7 effect 7to bring to pass totally7 allusion 7a reference7 illusion 7a deceiving appearance7 all right almost already altogether always alley 7a back street7 ally 7a confederate7 altar 7a structure used in worship7 alter 7to make otherwise7 angel 7a celestial being7 angle 7the meeting place of two lines7 baring 7making bare7 barring 7obstructing7 bearing 7carrying7 born 7brought into being7 borne 7carried7 breath 7noun7 breathe 7verb7 capital 7a city7 capitol 7a building7 canvas 7a cloth7 canvass 7to solicit7 clothes 7garments7 cloths 7pieces of cloth7 coarse 7not fine7 course 7route1 method of behavior7 conscious 7aware7 conscience 7an inner moral sense7 dairy diary device 7noun7 devise 7verb7 desert 7a barren country7 dessert 7food7 dining room dinning disappear disappoint disavowal dissatisfaction dissimilar dissipate dissuade decent 7adjective7 descent 7downward slope or motion7 dissent 7a disagreement7 dual 7adjective7 duel 7noun7 formally 7in a formal way7 formerly 7in time past7 forth forty four fourth freshman freshmen 7not used as adjective7 gambling 7wagering money on games of chance7 gamboling 7frisking or leaping with joy7 guard regard hear here hinder hindrance holly 7a tree7 holy 7hallowed1 sacred7 wholly 7altogether7 hoping 7from hope7 hopping instance 7an example7 instants 7periods of time7 isle 7an island7 aisle 7a narrow passage7 its 7possessive pronoun7 it's 7contraction of it is7 ,johnson1 ,samuel ,jonson1 ,ben later 7comparative of late7 latter 7the second7 lead 7present tense7 led 7past tense7 lessen 7verb7 lesson 7noun7 liable 7expresses responsibility or disagreeable probability7 likely 7expresses probability7 loose 7free1 not bound7 lose 7to suffer the loss of7 maintain maintenance nineteenth ninetieth ninety ninth past 7adjective1 adverb1 preposition7 passed 7verb1 past tense7 peace 7a state of calm7 piece 7a fragment7 perceive perform persevere persuade purchase pursue personal 7private1 individual7 personnel 7the body of persons engaged in some activity7 ,philippines ,filipino plain 7clear2 adjective7 plain 7flat region2 noun7 plane 7flat2 adjective7 plane 7geometrical term2 noun7 planed 7past tense of plane7 planned 7past tense of plan7 pleasant please precede proceed succeed these three are the exceed double e group concede intercede recede supersede pre c dence 7act or right of preceding7 prc e dents 7things said or done before1 now used as authority or model7 presence 7state of being present7 presents 7gifts7 prevail prevalent principal 7chief1 leading1 the leading official of a school1 a sum of money7 principle 7a general truth7 quiet 7still7 quite 7completely7 rain reign 7rule of a monarch7 rein 7part of a harness7 respectfully 7,yours respectfully7 respectively 7in a way proper to each--should never be used to close a letter7 right rite 7ceremony7 write shone 7past tense of shine7 shown 7past tense of show7 seize siege sight 7view1 spectacle7 site 7situation1 a plot of ground reserved for some use7 cite 7to bring forward as evidence7 speak speech ,spencer1 ,herbert 7scientist7 ,spenser1 ,edmund 7poet7 stationary 7not moving7 stationery 7writing materials7 statue 7a sculptured likeness7 stature 7height1 figure7 statute 7a law7 steal 7to take by theft7 steel 7a variety of iron7 than then their 7belonging to them7 there 7in that place7 they're 7they are7 therefor 7to that end1 for that thing7 therefore 7for that reason7 till until to too two track 7an imprint1 or a road7 tract 7an area of land7 tract 7a treatise on religion7 village villain wandering wondering weak 7not strong7 week 7seven days7 weather whether whole 7entire7 hole 7an opening7 who's 7who is7 whose 7the possessive of who7 your 7indicates possession7 you're 7contraction of you are7 ,exercise3 #a4 ,insert to1 too1 or two3 ,he is ---- tired ---- walk the ----miles ---- the town4 ,then ----1 it is ---- late ---- catch a car4 ,it is ---- minutes of ----4 ,it is ---- bad4 #b4 ,insert lose or loose3 ,you will ---- your money if you carry it ---- in your pocket4 ,we are ----ing time4 ,the sailor ----ens the rope4 ,did you ---- your ticket8 #c4 ,insert speak or speech3 ,i was ----ing with our congressman about his recent ----4 ,i ---- from experience4 #d4 ,insert plan or plane3 ,the architect's ---- was accepted4 ,the carpenter's ---- cuts a long shaving4 ,the carpenter does not ---- the house4 #e4 ,insert quite or quiet3 ,the baby is ----ly sleeping4 ,she is ---- well now1 but last night she was ---- sick4 ,be ----4 ,walk ----ly when you go4 ,words in ei or ie #gd4 ,write i before e ,when sounded as ee ,except after c4 ,examples3 believe1 grief1 chief2 but receive1 deceive1 ceiling4 ,exceptions3 ,neither financier seized either species of weird leisure4 7,also a few uncommon words1 like seignior1 inveigle1 plebeian47 ,rules based on a key-word1 lice1 ,alice1 ,celia 7i follows l and e follows c7 apply after two consonants only1 and do not help one to spell a word like grief4 ,rule #gd applies after all consonants4 ,note4--,the words in which the sound is ee are the words really difficult to spell4 ,when the sound is any other than ee 7especially when it is a71 i usually follows e4 ,examples3 veil1 weigh1 freight1 neighbor1 height1 sleight1 heir1 heifer1 counterfeit1 foreign1 etc4 ,exceptions3 ancient1 friend1 sieve1 mischief1 fiery1 tries1 etc4 ,exercise3 ,write the following words1 supplying ei or ie3 conc--t1 retr--ve1 dec--tful1 n--ce1 y--ld1 p--ce1 s--ge1 s--ze1 rec--pt1 n--ther1 w--rd1 rel--ve1 l--sure1 f--ld1 v--n1 r--gn1 sover--gn1 sl--gh1 br--f1 dec--ve1 r--n1 f--nt1 perc--ve1 w--ld1 gr--vous1 --ther4 ,doubling a ,final ,consonant #ge4 ,monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable1 if they end in one consonant preceded by a single vowel1 double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,examples3 7a7 ,words derived from monosyllables3 plan-ned1 clan-nish1 get-ting1 hot-test1 bag-gage1 7b7 ,words derived from words accented on the final syllable3 begin-ning1 repel-lent1 unregret-ted4 ,note #a4--,there are four distinct steps in the application of this rule4 7#a7 ,the primary word must be found4 ,to decide whether begging contains two g's1 we must first think of beg4 7#b7 ,the primary word must be a monosyllable or a word accented on the final syllable4 ,hit and allot meet this test2 open does not4 ,deferred and differed1 preferred and proffered1 committed 7or committee7 and prohibited double or refrain from doubling the final consonant of the primary word according to the position of the accent4 ,the seeming discrepancy between preferred and preferable1 between conferred and conference1 is due to a shifting of the accent to the first syllable in the case of preferable and conference4 7#c7 ,the primary word must end in one consonant4 ,trace1 oppose1 interfere1 help1 reach1 and perform fail to meet this test1 and therefore in derivatives do not double the last consonant4 ,assurance has one r1 as it should have2 occurrence has two r's1 as it should have4 7#d7 ,the final consonant of the primary word must be preceded by a single vowel4 ,this principle excludes the extra consonant from needy1 daubed1 and proceeding1 and gives it to running4 ,note #b4--;,after q1 u has the force of w4 ,hence quitting1 quizzes1 squatter1 acquitted1 equipped1 and similar words are not really exceptions to the rule4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,write the present participle 7in -ing7 of din 7not dine71 begin1 sin 7compare shine71 stop1 prefer1 rob1 drop1 occur1 omit1 swim1 get1 commit4 #b4 ,write the past tense 7in -ed7 of plan 7not plane71 star 7compare stare71 stop 7compare slope71 lop 7not lope71 hop 7not hope71 fit1 benefit1 occur 7compare cure71 offer1 confer1 bat 7compare abate74 ,final e before a ,suffix ,beginning with a ,vowel #gf4 ,words that end in silent e usually drop the e in derivatives or before a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,examples3 bride1 bridal2 guide1 guidance2 please1 pleasure2 fleece1 fleecy2 force1 forcible2 argue1 arguing2 arrive1 arrival2 conceive1 conceivable2 college1 collegiate2 write1 writing2 use1 using2 change1 changing2 judge1 judging2 believe1 believing4 ,note #a4--,of the exceptions some retain the e to prevent confusion with other words4 ,exceptions3 dyeing1 singeing1 mileage1 acreage1 hoeing1 shoeing1 agreeing1 eyeing4 ,the exceptions cause comparatively little trouble4 ,one rarely sees hoing or shoing2 he often sees hopeing and inviteing4 ,note #b4--;,after c or g and before a suffix beginning with a or o the e is retained4 ,the purpose of this retention is to preserve the soft sound of the c or g4 7,observe that c and g have the hard sound in cable1 gable1 cold1 go47 ,examples3 peaceable1 changeable1 noticeable1 serviceable1 outrageous1 courageous1 advantageous4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,write the present participle of the following words3 use1 love1 change1 judge1 shake1 hope1 shine1 have1 seize1 slope1 strike1 dine1 come1 place1 argue1 achieve1 emerge1 arrange1 abide1 oblige1 subdue4 #b4 ,write the present participle of the following words3 singe1 tinge1 dye1 agree1 eye4 #c4 ,write the -ous or -able form of the following words3 trace1 love1 blame1 move1 conceive1 courage1 service1 advantage1 umbrage4 #d4 ,write the adjectives which correspond to the following nouns3 force1 sphere1 vice1 sense1 fleece1 college1 hygiene4 #e4 ,write the nouns which correspond to the following verbs3 please1 guide1 grieve1 arrive1 oblige1 prepare1 inspire4 ,plurals #gg;a4 ,most nouns add s or es to form the plural4 ,examples3 word1 words2 fire1 fires1 negro1 negroes2 ,eskimo1 ,eskimos2 leaf1 leaves 7f changes to v for the sake of euphony72 knife1 knives4 b4 ,nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 7or by u as w7 change the y to i and add es to form the plural4 ,examples3 sky1 skies2 lady1 ladies2 colloquy1 colloquies2 soliloquy1 soliloquies4 ,other nouns ending in y form the plural in the usual way4 ,examples3 day1 days2 boy1 boys2 monkey1 monkeys2 valley1 valleys4 c4 ,compound nouns usually form the plural by adding s or es to the principal word4 ,examples3 sons-in-law1 passers-by2 but stand-bys1 hat-boxes1 writing-desks4 d4 ,letters1 signs1 and sometimes figures1 add 's to form the plural4 ,examples3 ,cross your t's and dot your i's2 8's2 's2 #c's or #cs4 e4 ,a few nouns adhere to old declensions4 ,examples3 ox1 oxen2 child1 children2 goose1 geese2 foot1 feet2 mouse1 mice2 man1 men2 woman1 women2 sheep1 sheep2 deer1 deer2 swine1 swine4 f4 ,words adopted from foreign languages sometimes retain the foreign plural4 ,examples3 alumnus1 alumni2 alumna1 alumn2 fungus1 fungi2 focus1 foci2 radius1 radii2 datum1 data2 medium1 media2 phenomenon1 phenomena2 stratum1 strata2 analysis1 analyses2 antithesis1 antitheses2 basis1 bases2 crisis1 crises2 oasis1 oases2 hypothesis1 hypotheses2 parenthesis1 parentheses2 thesis1 theses2 beau1 beaux2 tableau1 tableaux2 ,mr41 ,messrs4 7,messieurs72 ,mrs41 ,mmes4 7,mesdames74 ,exercise3 ,write the singular and plural of the following words3 day1 sky1 lady1 wife1 leaf1 loaf1 negro1 potato1 tomato1 pass1 glass1 boat1 beet1 flash1 crash1 bead1 box1 passenger1 messenger1 son-in-law1 ,smith1 ,jones1 jack-o'-lantern1 hanger-on1 stratum1 datum1 phenomenon1 crisis1 basis1 thesis1 analysis4 ,compounds #gh;a4 ,use a hyphen between two or more words which serve as a single adjective before a noun3 iron-bound bucket1 well-kept lawn1 twelve-inch main1 normal-school teacher1 up-to-date methods1 twentieth-century ideas1 devil-may-care expression1 a twenty-dollar-a-week clerk4 ,but when the words follow the noun1 the hyphen is omitted4 ,the lawn is well kept4 ,methods up to date in every way4 ,also adverbs ending in -ly are not ordinarily made into compound modifiers3 nicely kept lawn1 securely guarded treasure4 b4 ,use a hyphen between members of a compound noun when the second member is a preposition1 or when the writing of two nouns solid or separately might confuse the meaning3 runner-up1 kick-off2 letting-down of effort1 son-in-law1 jack-o'-lantern1 ,pedro was a bull-fighter1 a woman-hater1 ,did you ever see a shoe-polish like this8 c4 ,use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine1 and in fractions according to the following examples3 ,twenty-three1 eighty-nine2 but one hundred and one4 ,twenty-third1 one-hundred-and-first man4 ,three-fourths1 four and two-thirds1 thirty-hundredths1 thirty-one hundredths4 ,but omit the hyphen in simple fractions when loosely used3 ,three quarters of my life are spent4 ,one third of his fortune4 d4 ,a hyphen is not used in the following common words3 airship1 altogether1 anybody1 baseball1 basketball1 everybody1 football1 goodby1 herself1 handbook1 himself1 inasmuch1 itself1 midnight1 myself1 nevertheless1 nobody1 nothing 7but no one71 nowadays1 railroad1 themselves1 together1 typewritten1 wherever1 without1 workshop1 yourself1 newspaper1 sunset4 e4 ,for words that do not come within the scope of rules1 consult an up-to-date dictionary4 ,compounds tend1 with the passing of time1 to grow together4 ,once men wrote steam boat1 later steam-boat1 and finally steamboat4 ,new-coined words are usually hyphenated2 old words are often written solid4 ,the degree of intimacy between the parts of a compound word affects usage2 thus we write sun-motor1 but sunbeam2 birth-rate1 but birthday2 cooling-room1 but bedroom2 non-conductor1 but nonsense4 ,the ease with which a vowel blends with the consonant of a syllable adjoining it affects usage2 thus self-evident1 but selfsame2 non-existent1 but nondescript2 un-,american1 but unwise4 ,many compounds1 however1 are still uncontrolled by usage2 whether they should be written as two words or one1 whether with or without the hyphen1 the dictionaries themselves do not agree4 ,exercise3 ,copy the following expressions1 inserting hyphens where they are necessary3 twenty two years old1 twenty two dollar bills make forty dollars1 twenty seven eighths inch boards1 a normal school graduate1 two handled boxes1 a cloth covered basket1 blood red sun1 water tight compartment1 sixty horse power motor1 seven dollar bathing suits1 a happy go lucky fellow1 germ destroying powder1 he had a son in law1 passers by on the street1 the kick off is at three o'clock1 dark complexioned woman1 silver tongued orator1 a dish like valley1 a rope like tail1 a fish shaped cloud1 a touch me not expression1 will o' the wisp1 well to do merchant1 rough and tumble existence4 #gi4 ,,spelling ,,list ,the ,english language comprises about #dej1jjj words4 ,of these a student uses about #djjj 7although he may understand more than twice that number when he encounters them in sentences74 ,of these1 in turn1 not more than four or five hundred are frequently misspelled4 ,the following list includes nearly all of the words which give serious trouble4 ,certain ,american colleges using this list require of freshmen an accuracy of ninety per cent4 absurd academy accept accidentally accommodate accumulate accustom acquainted acquitted across addressed adviser aeroplane affects aggravate alley allotted all right ally already altar alter altogether alumnus always amateur among analogous analysis angel angle annual anxiety apparatus appearance appropriate arctic argument arising arithmetic arrange arrival ascend asks athletic audience auxiliary awkward balance barbarous baring barring baseball based bearing becoming before beggar begging beginning believing benefited biscuit boundaries brilliant ,britain ,britannica buoyant bureau business busy calendar candidate can't cemetery certain changeable changing characteristic chauffeur choose chose chosen clothes coarse column coming commission committee comparative compel compelled competent concede conceivable conferred conquer conqueror conscience conscientious considered continuous control controlled coperate country course courteous courtesy cruelty cylinder dealt debater deceitful decide decision deferred definite descend describe description derived despair desperate destroy device devise dictionary difference digging dilemma dining room dinning disappear disappoint disavowal discipline disease dissatisfied dissipate distinction distribute divide divine doctor don't dormitories drudgery dying ecstasy effects eighth eliminate embarrass eminent encouraging enemy equipped especially etc4 everybody exaggerate exceed excellent except exceptional exhaust exhilarate existence expense experience explanation familiar fascinate ,february fiery fifth finally financier forfeit formally formerly forth forty fourth frantically fraternity freshman 7adj47 friend fulfil furniture gallant gambling generally goddess government governor grammar grandeur grievous guard guess guidance harass haul having height hesitancy holy hoping huge humorous hurriedly hundredths hygienic imaginary imitative immediately immigration impromptu imminent incidentally incidents incredulous independence indispensable induce influence infinite instance instant intellectual intelligence intentionally intercede irresistible its it's itself invitation judgment knowledge laboratory ladies laid later latter lead led liable library lightning likely literature loneliness loose lose losing lying maintain maintenance manual manufacturer many marriage ,massachusetts material mathematics mattress meant messenger miniature minutes mischievous ,mississippi misspelled momentous month murmur muscle mysterious necessary negroes neither nickel nineteenth ninetieth ninety ninth noticeable nowadays oblige obstacle occasion occasionally occur occurred occurrence occurring o'clock officers omitted omission opinion opportunity optimistic original outrageous overrun paid pantomime parallel parliament particularly partner pastime peaceable perceive perception peremptory perform perhaps permissible perseverance prsonal personnl perspiration persuade pertain pervade physical picnic picnicking planned pleasant politics politician possession possible practically prairie precede precdent prcedents preference preferred prejudice preparation primitive principal principle prisoner privilege probably proceed prodigy profession professor proffered prohibition promissory prove purchase pursue putting quantity quiet quite quizzes rapid ready really recede receive recognize recommend reference referred regard region religion religious repetition replies representative restaurant rheumatism ridiculous sacrilegious safety sandwich schedule science scream screech seems seize sense sentence separate sergeant several shiftless shining shone shown shriek siege similar since smooth soliloquy sophomore speak specimen speech statement stationary stationery statue stature statute steal steel stops stopped stopping stories stretch strictly succeeds successful summarize superintendent supersede sure surprise syllable symmetrical temperament tendency than their there therefore they're thorough thousandths till to too together tragedy track tract transferred tranquillity translate treacherous treasurer tries trouble truly ,tuesday two typical tyranny universally until using usually vacancy vengeance vigilance village villain weak wear weather ,wednesday week weird welfare where wherever whether which whole wholly who's whose wintry wiry within without women world writing written your you're ,note #a4--,the following words have more than one correct form1 the one given here being preferred4 abridgement acknowledgment analyze ax boulder caliber catalog center check criticize develop development dulness endorse envelop esthetic gaiety gild gipsy glamor goodby gray inquire medieval meter mold mustache odor program prolog skilful theater ,note #b4--;,in a few groups of words ,american spelling and ,english spelling differ4 ,american spelling gives preference to favor1 honor1 labor1 rumor2 ,english spelling gives preference to favour1 honour1 labour1 rumour4 ,american spelling gives preference to civilize1 apprize2 defense1 pretense2 traveler1 woolen2 etc4 ,english spelling gives preference to civilise1 apprise2 defence1 pretence2 traveller1 woollen2 etc4 ,,miscellaneous ,manuscript #hj;a4 ,titles4 ,center a title on the page4 ,capitalize important words4 ,it is unnecessary to place a period after a title1 but a question mark or exclamation point should be used when one is appropriate4 ,do not underscore the title1 or unnecessarily place it in quotation marks4 ,leave a blank line under the title1 before beginning the body of the writing4 b4 ,spacing4 ,careful spacing is as necessary as punctuation4 ,place writing on a page as you would frame a picture1 crowding it toward neither the top nor the bottom4 ,leave liberal margins4 ,write verse as verse2 do not give it equal indention or length of line with prose4 ,connect all the letters of a word4 ,leave a space after a word1 and a double space after a sentence4 ,leave room between successive lines1 and do not let the loops of letters run into the lines above or below4 c4 ,handwriting4 ,write a clear1 legible hand4 ,form a1 o1 u1 n1 e1 i1 properly4 ,write out and horizontally4 ,avoid unnecessary flourishes in capitals1 and curlicues at the end of words4 ,dot your i's and cross your t's2 not with circles or long eccentric strokes1 but simply and accurately4 ,let your originality express itself not in ornate penmanship1 or unusual stationery1 or literary affectations1 but in the force and keenness of your ideas4 ,capitals #ha;a4 ,begin with a capital a sentence1 a line of poetry1 or a quoted sentence4 ,but if only a fragment of a sentence is quoted1 the capital should be omitted4 ,right3 ,he said1 ,the time has come4 ,right3 ,the question is1 ,shall the bill pass8 ,right3 ,they said they would not take no for an answer4 ,right3 ,the good die first1 ,and they whose hearts are dry as summer dust ,burn to the socket4--,wordsworth4 b4 ,begin proper names1 and all important words used as or in proper names1 with capitals4 ,words not so used should not begin with capitals4 ,right3 ,mr4 ,george ,k4 ,rogers1 the ,principal of the ,urbana ,high ,school1 a college president1 the ,president of the ,senior ,class1 a senior1 the ,second ,corps of the ,army of ,northern ,virginia1 three battalions of infantry1 the ,fourth of ,july1 on the tenth of ,june1 the ,house of ,representatives1 an assembly of delegates1 a ,presbyterian church1 the separation of church and state1 the ,baptist ,church1 the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 a creek known as ,black ,oak ,creek1 the ,republican ,party1 a party that advocates high tariff1 ,rocky ,mountains1 ,the ,bible1 ,god1 ,the ,christian ,era1 ,wednesday1 in the summer1 living in the ,south1 turning south after taking a few steps to the east1 one morning1 ,o dark-haired ,evening6 italic type1 watt1 pasteurize1 herculean effort4 c4 ,begin an adjective which designates a language or a race with a capital4 ,right3 ,a ,norwegian peasant1 ,indian arrowheads1 ,english literature1 the study of ,french4 d4 ,in the titles of books or themes capitalize the first word and all other important words4 ,prepositions1 conjunctions1 and articles are usually not important4 ,right3 ,the ,english ,novel in the ,time of ,scott1 ,war and ,peace1 ,travels with a ,donkey1 ,when ,i ,slept under the ,stars4 e4 ,miscellaneous uses4 ,capitalize the pronoun ,i1 the interjection ,o1 titles that accompany a name1 and abbreviations of proper names4 ,right3 ,battery ,f1 #aej ,f4 ,a42 ,mobile1 ,ala42 ,dr4 ,stebbins4 ,exercise3 #a4 the teacher said1 let me read you a famous soliloquy4 he began3 to be1 or not to be3 that is the question4 #b4 the chinese laundry man does not write out his lists in english4 #c4 the la fayette tribune says that a ,principal of a ,school has been elected to congress4 #d4 mr4 woodson1 the lecturer1 said that the title of a book may be a poem4 he mentioned christmas eve on lonesome by john fox1 jr4 #e4 i like architecture4 as i approached the british museum1 i noticed the ionic colonnade that runs along the front4 the first room i visited was the one filled with marbles which lord elgin brought from the parthenon at athens4 ,italics ,in manuscript1 a horizontal line drawn under a letter or word is a sign for the printer to use italic type4 #hb;a4 ,quoted titles of books1 periodicals1 and manuscripts are usually italicized4 ,right3 ,i admire ,shakespeare's ,hamlet4 ,the italics make the reader know that the writer means1 ,hamlet the play1 not ,hamlet the man4 ,right3 ,john ,galsworthy's novel1 ,the ,patrician1 appeared in serial form in the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ,note #a4--,when the title of a book begins with an article 7a1 an1 or the71 the article is italicized4 ,but the before the title of a periodical is usually not italicized4 ,note #b4--;,it is correct1 but not the best practice1 to indicate the titles of books by quotation marks4 ,the best method is to use italics for the title of a book1 and quotation marks for chapters or subdivisions of the same book4 ,example3 ,see ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dbg1 ,modern ,architecture4 b4 ,words from a foreign language1 unless they have been anglicized by frequent use1 are italicized4 ,right3 ,a great noise announced the coming of the enfant terrible4 ,right3 ,a play always begins in medias res4 c4 ,the names of ships are usually italicized4 ,right3 ,the ,saxonia will sail at four o'clock4 d4 ,words taken out of their context and made the subject of discussion are italicized or placed in quotation marks4 ,right3 ,so is a word faded and colorless from constant use4 ,right3 ,the t in the word often is not pronounced4 e4 ,a word or passage requiring great emphasis is italicized4 ,this device should not be used to excess4 ,the proper way to secure emphasis is to have good ideas1 and to use emphatic sentence structure in expressing them4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,in ,vanity ,fair ,thackeray heads one chapter ,how to ,live ,well on ,nothing a ,year4 #b4 ,auf wiedersehen was his parting word4 ,he had informed me1 sub rosa of course1 that he was going to ,bremen4 #c4 ,the battle between the ,monitor and the ,merrimac revolutionized naval warfare4 ,how far back it seems to the days when ,decatur set fire to the old ,philadelphia6 #d4 ,her ,they say's are as plenteous as rabbits in ,australia4 #e4 ,a writer in the ,century ,magazine says the public may know better than an author what the title of his book should be4 ,dickens1 for example1 called one of his works ,the ,posthumous ,papers of the ,pickwick ,club4 ,abbreviations #hc;a4 ,in ordinary writing avoid abbreviations4 ,the following1 however1 are always correct3 ,mr41 ,messrs41 ,dr41 or ,st4 7,saint71 before proper names2 ,b4 ,c4 or ,a4 ,d41 when necessary to avoid confusion1 after a date2 and ,no4 or when followed by numerals4 ,in ordinary writing spell out ,all titles1 except those listed above4 ,names of months1 states1 countries4 ,christian names1 unless initials are used instead4 ,names of weights and measures1 except in statistics4 ,street1 ,avenue1 ,road1 ,railroad1 ,park1 ,fort1 ,mountain1 ,company1 ,brothers1 ,manufacturing1 etc4 ,in ordinary writing1 instead of write and2 for viz4 write namely2 for i4 e41 write that is2 for e4 g4 write for example2 for a4 m4 and p4 m4 write in the morning1 this afternoon1 tomorrow evening1 ,saturday night4 ,do not use etc4 7et cetera7 when it can be avoided4 b4 ,in business correspondence1 technical writing1 tabulations1 footnotes1 and bibliographies1 or wherever brevity is essential1 other abbreviations may be used4 ,even here1 short words should not be abbreviated3 ,alaska1 ,hawaii1 ,idaho1 ,iowa1 ,maine1 ,ohio1 ,samoa1 ,utah1 ,march1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,mr4 ,gregg ,dr4 ,appleton were rivals4 #b4 ,harris lacked but one of having a grade of one hundred2 i4 e41 he had the two ,o's already4 #c4 ,his inheritance tax was three thousand 4 ,in ,apr4 he moved from ,portland1 ,me41 to ,sandusky1 ,o4 #d4 ,prof4 ,kellogg came down ,beech ,st4 at a quarter before eight every a4 m4 #e4 ,a ,no4 of old friends visited them on special occasions2 e4 g41 on their wedding anniversaries4 ,numbers #hd;a4 ,it is customary to use figures for dates1 for the street numbers in addresses1 for reference to the pages of a book1 and for statistics4 ,right3 ,june #af1 #aibj4 #hjd ,chalmers ,street4 ,see ,chapter #d1 especially page #gi4 ,note4--,it is desirable not to write st1 nd1 or th after the day of the month if the year is designated also4 ,right3 ,march #c1 #aiai 7not ,march #crd1 #aiai74 b4 ,figures are used for numbers which cannot be expressed in a few words4 ,the dollar sign and figures are used with complicated sums of money4 ,right3 ,the farm comprised #cbfj acres4 ,the population of ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri1 was #bdh1cha in #aiaj4 ,he earned #dcg while attending school4 ,the cost of the improvement was #a1idj4be4 c4 ,in other instances than those specified in a and b numbers as a rule should be written out4 7,this rule applies to numbers and to sums of money which can be expressed in a few words1 to sums of money less than one dollar1 and to ages and time of day47 ,right3 ,the box weighs two hundred pounds4 ,xerxes had an army of three million men4 ,i enclose seventy-five cents4 ,he owed twelve hundred dollars4 ,grandfather ,toland is eighty-seven years old4 ,the train is due at a quarter past three4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,for #gj pounds of excess baggage ,i had to pay #a4jj4 #b4 ,at #b o'clock ,rice gave him the #bnd capsule4 #c4 ,the letter was sent from twenty-one ,warner ,st4 ,november the eleventh1 nineteen hundred and eighteen4 #d4 ,knox earned #e a day he said2 but they paid him only #j4ge4 #e4 ,at #dj he owned a #b1jjj acre farm and had an income of #aj1jjj a year4 ,syllabication #he;a4 ,when a word is broken at the end of a line1 use a hyphen there4 ,do not place a hyphen at the beginning of the second line4 b4 ,words are divided only between syllables3 depart-ment1 dis-charge1 ab-surd1 univer-sity1 pro-fessor 7not depa-rtment1 disc-harge1 abs-urd1 unive-rsity1 prof-essor74 c4 ,monosyllabic words are never divided3 which1 through1 dipped1 speak 7not wh-ich1 thr-ough1 dip-ped1 spe-ak74 d4 ,a consonant at the junction of two syllables usually goes with the second3 recipro-cate1 ordi-nance1 inti-mate 7not reciproc-ate1 ordin-ance1 intim-ate74 ,sometimes two consonants are equivalent to a single letter3 falli-ble1 photo-graph 7not fallib-le1 photog-raph74 e4 ,two or more consonants at the junction of syllables are themselves divided3 en-ter-prise1 com-mis-sary1 in-car-nate 7not ent-erpr-ise1 comm-iss-ary1 inc-arn-ate74 f4 ,a prefix or a suffix is usually set off from the rest of the word regardless of the rule for consonants between syllables3 ex-empt1 dis-appoint1 sing-ing1 pro-gress-ive4 ,but when a final consonant is doubled before a suffix the additional consonant goes with the suffix3 trip-ping1 permit-ted1 omis-sion4 g4 ,the best usage avoids separating one or two letters 7unless in prefixes like un or suffixes like ly7 from the rest of the word3 achieve-ment1 enor-mous1 remem-bered1 dyspep-sia 7not a-chievement1 e-normous1 remember-ed1 dyspepsi-a74 h4 ,the first part of a divided word should not be ludicrous or misleading3 dogma-tize1 croco-dile1 de-cadence1 metri-cal1 goril-la 7not dog-matize1 croc-odile1 deca-dence1 met-rical1 go-rilla74 ,exercise3 ,place a hyphen between each pair of syllables in each word of more than one syllable3 thoughtful1 burrowing1 thorough1 chimney1 brought1 helped1 harshnesses1 which1 murmur1 superstition1 ground1 symmetry1 ripped1 compartment1 disallow1 obey1 opinion1 opportune1 aggressive1 intellectually1 complicated1 encyclopedia1 wrought1 electricity1 abstraction1 syllabication1 punctuation1 frustrate1 except1 substituting1 distressful4 ,outlines ,three kinds of outlines are illustrated in this article3 7a7 the ,topic ,outline1 7b7 the ,sentence ,outline1 and 7c7 the ,paragraph ,outline4 #hf;a4 ,a topic outline consists of headings 7nouns or phrases containing nouns7 which indicate the important ideas in a composition1 and their relation to each other4 ,conform to the following model3 ,the ,lumber ,problem ,theme3 ,the decline of our lumber supply requires that we shall take steps toward reforesting1 conservation1 and the use of substitutes for wood4 ,i ,the ,depletion of our forests ,a ,former abundance ,b ,present scarcity 7especially walnut1 white pine1 oak7 ,,ii ,the ,causes of the depletion ,a ,great demand #a ,for building #b ,for industrial expansion 7ties1 posts1 etc47 #c ,for fuel1 and other minor uses ,b ,wasteful methods of forestry ,,iii ,the ,remedy ,a ,reforestation #a ,planting by individuals #b ,planting by the states #c ,extension of the present ,national ,forest ,reserves ,b ,the prevention of waste #a ,in fires1 by insects1 etc4 #b ,in cutting and sawing #c ,in by-products 7sawing1 odd lengths1 etc47 ,c ,the use of substitutes for wood 7concrete1 steel1 brick1 stone1 etc47 b4 ,a sentence outline is expressed in complete sentences4 ,conform to the following model3 ,the ,lumber ,problem ,i ,the depletion of our forests is evident when one compares ,a the former abundance1 with ,b the present scarcity 7of walnut1 white pine1 and oak1 especially74 ,,ii ,the causes of the depletion are3 ,a the great demand #a for building1 #b for industrial expansion 7ties1 posts1 etc471 #c for fuel and other minor uses2 and ,b wasteful methods of forestry4 ,,iii ,the remedies for the depletion are3 ,a reforestation #a by individuals1 #b by the states1 #c by extension of the present ,national ,forest ,reserves2 ,b the prevention of waste #a in fires1 by insects1 etc41 #b in cutting and sawing1 #c in by-products 7sawdust1 odd lengths1 etc472 and ,c the use of substitutes1 for wood 7concrete1 steel1 brick1 stone1 etc47 c4 ,a paragraph outline is a series of sentences summarizing the thought of successive paragraphs in a composition4 ,conform to the following model3 ,the ,disagreeable ,optimist #a4 ,the present age may be called an era of efficiency1 prosperity1 and optimism1 since efficiency has produced prosperity1 and this in turn has produced optimism--a word recurrent in common literature and conversation4 #b4 ,the optimist is often not natural or sincere1 because his thoughts are centered on keeping up an appearance of being happy4 #c4 ,he is intrusive1 for he thrusts comfort upon those who wish to mourn1 and repeats irritating epigrams and poems about cheer4 #d4 ,he is undiscriminating1 in that he prescribes the same remedy1 good cheer1 for everybody and for every condition4 #e4 ,he is sometimes harmful1 because he tells us that the world is going well1 when conditions need changing1 and need changing badly4 d4 ,mechanical details4 ,indent headings that are cordinate 7that is1 of equal value7 an equal distance from the margin4 ,one inch to the right is a good distance for successive subordinate headings4 ,use ,roman numerals1 capital letters1 ,arabic numerals1 and small letters to indicate the comparative rank of ideas4 ,when a heading runs over one line1 use hanging indention2 that is1 do not allow the second line to run back to the left-hand margin1 but indent it4 ,make the numerals and letters 7#a1 ,a1 etc47 stand out prominently4 ,the title of a theme should not be given a numeral or letter4 ,faulty indention3 ,sources of energy which may be utilized when the coal supply is exhausted are ,i ,rivers and streams1 especially in mountain districts ,,ii ,the tides ,,iii ,the heat of the sun ,correct hanging indention3 ,sources of energy which may be utilized when the coal supply is exhausted are ,i ,rivers and streams1 especially in mountain districts ,,ii ,the tides ,,iii ,the heat of the sun e4 ,ideas parallel in thought should be expressed in parallel form4 ,nouns and phrases including nouns are ordinarily used4 ,faulty parallelism3 ,advantages of a garden3 #a ,profitable #b ,it affords good exercise #c ,gives pleasure ,right3 ,advantages of a garden3 #a ,profit #b ,exercise #c ,pleasure f4 ,avoid faulty cordination 7giving two ideas equal rank1 when one should be subordinated to the other7 and vice versa1 avoid faulty subordination4 ,faulty cordination3 ,how ,seeds ,scatter ,i ,by ,wind ,,ii ,some ,seeds provided with parachutes ,,iii ,others light1 and easily blown about ,,iv ,by ,water ,v ,by ,animals ,right3 ,how ,seeds ,scatter ,i ,by ,wind ,a ,some seeds provided with parachutes ,b ,others light1 and easily blown about ,,ii ,by ,water ,,iii ,by ,animals g4 ,avoid detailed subordination4 ,especially avoid a single subheading when it can be joined to the preceding line1 or omitted4 ,too detailed3 ,a ,the ,mc,clellan ,orchard #a ,situation a ,on a northern slope #b ,nature of soil a ,sandy #c ,kind of fruit a ,apple b ,cherry ,right3 ,a ,the ,mc,clellan ,orchard #a4 ,situation3 a northern slope #b4 ,nature of soil3 sandy #c4 ,kind of fruit3 apple and cherry ,exercise3 #a4 ,give a title to an outline which shall include the following topics4 ,group the topics under two main headings1 and give the headings names4 ,uses of the grape ,the ,vine ,the ,fruit ,itself ,how ,marketed ,how ,cultivated #b4 ,place in order the sentences of the following outline on ,why ,keep a ,diary8 ,subordinate some of the headings to others4 ,a diary affords great satisfaction in future years4 ,we sometimes record in a diary information which proves useful4 ,a few lines a day will suffice4 ,a diary is not hard to keep4 ,we may find time for writing in our diary if we do not waste time at the table or on newspapers4 ,we may write in our diary just before we go to bed4 ,a diary will bring back the past4 ,we all have some moments to kill4 ,a diary gives us pleasure even in the present4 #c4 ,place in order the headings of the following outline on ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant4 ,subordinate some of the headings to others4 ,obscurity in #ahfa ,prominence in #ahfe ,patience ,president ,general ,perseverance and ,resolution ,character ,the ,turning ,point in ,his ,career ,letters ,the parts of a letter are the heading1 the inside address1 the greeting1 the body1 the close1 and the signature4 ,for these parts good use prescribes definite forms1 which we may sometimes ignore in personal letters1 but must rigidly observe in formal or business letters4 #hg;a4 ,the heading of a letter should give the full address of the writer and the date of writing4 ,do not abbreviate short words1 or omit ,street or ,avenue4 ,objectionable3 #ae ,hickory1 ,omaha4 ,right3 #ae ,hickory ,street1 ,omaha1 ,nebraska4 ,objectionable3 #d_/ab_/ai2 #aj-bh-'af2 ,may #bnd1 #aiaj4 ,right3 ,april #ab1 #aiai2 ,october #bh1 #aiaf2 ,may #b1 #aiaj4 ,the following headings are correct3 #ajf ,east ,race ,street1 ,red ,oak1 ,iowa1 ,august #d1 #aiaf4 #dbc ,michigan ,avenue ,chicago1 ,illinois ,may #bj1 #aiah ,prescott1 ,arizona1 ,june #a1 #aibj4 ,note4--,in personal letters the heading may be transferred to the end1 below the signature1 at the left-hand side4 ,but it must not be so divided that the street address will appear in one place and the town and state in another4 ,the closed form of punctuation 7the use of punctuation at the ends of the lines7 is best until the student learns what is correct4 ,afterward1 the adoption of the open form becomes purely a matter of individual taste and not a matter of carelessness or ignorance4 b4 ,an inside address and a greeting are required in business letters4 ,personal letters contain the greeting1 but may omit the inside address1 or may supply it at the end of the letter4 ,the ,jeffrey ,chemical ,works1 #eaj ,marion ,street1 ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,gentlemen3 ,mr4 ,joseph ,n4 ,kellogg #adaa ,lake ,street ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,dear ,mr4 ,kellogg3 ,secretary of ,rice ,institute1 ,houston1 ,texas4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,greetings used in business letters are3 ,my dear ,sir3 ,my dear ,madam3 ,my dear ,mr4 ,fisher3 ,dear ,sir3 ,sir3 ,sirs3 ,gentlemen3 ,ladies3 ,greetings used in personal letters are3 ,my dear ,miss ,brown3 ,dear ,professor ,ward3 ,dear ,jones1 ,dear ,mrs4 ,vincent1 ,dear ,robert1 ,dear ,olive1 ,my dear ,miss ,brown is more ceremonious than ,dear ,miss ,brown4 ,as a rule1 the more familiar the letter1 the shorter the greeting4 ,a colon follows the greeting if the letter is formal or long2 a comma1 if the letter is familiar or in the nature of a note4 ,both inside address and greeting begin at the left-hand margin4 ,the body of the letter begins on the line below the greeting1 and is indented as much as an ordinary paragraph 7about an inch74 c4 ,the body of a letter should be written in correct style4 #a4 ,do not omit pronouns1 or write a telegraphic style4 ,wrong3 ,just received yours of the #bast1 and in reply would say your order has been filled and shipped4 ,right3 ,i have your letter of ,march twenty-first4 ,your order was promptly filled and shipped4 #b4 ,the idea that it is immodest to use ,i is a superstition4 ,undue repetition of ,i is of course awkward2 but entire avoidance of it is silly4 #c4 ,use simple language4 ,say your letter2 not your kind favor1 or yours duly received1 or yours of the #bast is at hand4 #d4 ,avoid begging expressions which you obviously do not mean1 especially the hackneyed beg to advise4 ,wrong3 ,received yours of the #crd instant1 and beg to advise we are out of stock4 ,right3 ,we received your order of ,march #c4 ,we find that we have no more dining-room chairs ,b #b-d-f in stock4 ,wrong3 ,i beg to enclose a booklet4 ,right3 ,i enclose a booklet4 ,wrong3 ,permit us to say that prices have been advanced4 ,right3 ,the prices on our goods have been advanced4 #e4 ,avoid the formula please find enclosed4 ,the reader will find what is enclosed2 if you use please1 let it refer to what the reader shall do with what is enclosed4 ,wrong3 ,enclosed please find #aj cents1 for which send me ,bulletin #eh4 ,right3 ,i enclose ten cents1 for which please send me ,bulletin #eh4 #f4 ,avoid unnecessary commercial slang3 ,on the job1 ,a-#a service1 ,o4,k41 your ad1 popular-priced line1 this party1 as per schedule4 #g4 ,get to the important idea quickly4 ,in applying for a position1 do not beat around the bush1 or say you wish to apply or would apply4 ,begin1 ,i make application for 4441 kindly consider my application for 4441 or ,i apply 444 #h4 ,group your ideas logically4 ,do not scatter information4 ,a letter applying for a position might consist of three paragraphs3 ,personal qualifications 7age1 health1 education1 etc472 ,experience 7nature of positions1 dates1 etc472 ,references 7names1 business or profession1 exact street address74 ,finish one group of ideas before passing to the next4 #i4 ,do not monotonously close all letters with a sentence beginning with a participle3 ,hoping to hear from you 4441 ,asking your coperation 4441 ,awaiting your further favors 4441 ,trusting this will be satisfactory 4441 ,wishing you 4441 ,thanking you 4444 ,the independent form of the verb is more emphatic 7see #db72 ,i hope to hear from you 4441 ,we await further orders 4441 ,we ask coperation 4444 d4 ,the close should be consistent in tone with the greeting4 ,it is written on a separate line1 beginning near the middle of the page1 and is followed by a comma4 ,only the first word is capitalized4 ,preceding expressions like ,i am1 ,i remain1 ,as ever1 7if they are used at all7 belong in the body of the letter4 ,right3 ,i thank you for your courtesy1 and remain ,yours sincerely1 ,robert ,blair ,right3 ,i shall be grateful for any further information you can give me4 ,yours truly1 ,florence ,mitchell ,in business letters the following forms are used3 ,yours truly1 ,very truly yours1 ,yours respectfully1 ,in personal letters the following are used3 ,yours truly1 ,yours sincerely1 ,sincerely yours1 ,cordially yours1 e4 ,the outside address should follow one of the forms given below3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,r4 ,e4 ,stearns #eab ,chapel ,hill ,st4 ,durham1 ,n4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,donald ,kemp #ccad ,salem ,street ,baltimore ,maryland ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,bentley ,davis #ijf ,park ,street ,ogden1 ,utah ,rogers1 ,mead1 and ,company #bdja ,eighth ,avenue ,los ,angeles ,california ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,note4--,an abbreviation in an address is followed by a period4 ,punctuation is also correct1 but not necessary1 after every line 7a period after the last line1 and a comma after the others74 ,a married woman is ordinarily addressed thus3 ,mrs4 ,george ,h4 ,turner4 ,but a title belonging to the husband should not be transferred to the wife4 ,wrong3 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,jenkins1 ,mrs4 ,professor ,ward4 ,right3 ,mrs4 ,jenkins1 ,mrs4 ,ward4 ,reverend ,mr4 ,beecher is a correct address for a minister2 not ,rev4 ,beecher4 ,if a title of respect is placed before a name 7,professor1 ,dr41 ,honorable71 it is undesirable to place another title after the name 7,secretary1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,principal1 ,esq474 f4 ,miscellaneous directions4 ,writing should be centered on the page1 not crowded against the top1 or against one side4 ,letter paper so folded that each sheet is a little book of four pages is best for personal correspondence4 ,both sides of such paper may be written on4 ,the pages may be written on in any order which will be convenient to the reader4 ,an order like that of the pages in a printed book 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d7 is best4 ,business letters are usually written on one side only of flat sheets #h-a_/b by #aa inches in size4 ,the sheet is folded once horizontally in the middle1 and twice in the other direction1 for insertion in the envelope4 g4 ,a business letter should have1 in general1 the following form3 #aeaf ,south ,garrison ,avenue4 ,carthage1 ,missouri1 ,may #ad1 #aiah4 ,j4 ,e4 ,pratt1 ,general ,superintendent1 ,the ,southwest ,missouri ,railroad ,company1 #ajab ,north ,madison ,street1 ,webb ,city1 ,missouri4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i apply for a position as mechanic's assistant in the electrical department of your shops4 ,i am nineteen years old1 and in good physical condition4 ,on ,june #f ,i shall graduate from ,carthage ,high ,school1 and after that date ,i can begin work immediately4 ,i have had no practical experience in electrical work4 ,but ,i have for two years made a special study of physics1 in and out of school4 ,i worked last summer in the local garage of ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,bryant4 ,in addition1 ,i have become familiar with tools in my workshop at home1 so that ,i both know and like machinery4 ,for statements as to my character and ability1 ,i refer you to ,r4 ,s4 ,bryant1 ,manager ,bryant's ,garage2 ,mr4 ,frank ,darrow 7lawyer71 #fjb ,ninth ,street2 ,w4 ,c4 ,barnes1 ,superintendent of ,schools2 and ,c4 ,w4 ,oldham1 ,principal of the ,high ,school--all of this city4 ,respectfully yours1 ,howard ,rolfe h4 ,formal notes and replies are written in the third person 7avoiding ,i1 my1 me1 you1 your7 and permit no abbreviations except ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,clarence ,king requests the company of ,mr4 ,charles ,eliot at dinner on ,friday1 ,april the twenty-fourth1 at six o'clock4 #ajb ,pearl ,street1 ,april the seventeenth4 ,in accepting an invitation1 the writer should repeat the day and hour mentioned1 in order to avoid a misunderstanding2 in declining an invitation1 only the day need be mentioned4 ,the verb used in the reply should be in the present tense2 not will be pleased to accept1 or regrets that he will be unable to accept2 but is pleased to accept1 or regrets that circumstances prevent his accepting4 ,mr4 ,charles ,eliot gladly accepts the invitation of ,mrs4 ,king to dinner on ,friday1 ,april the twenty-fourth1 at six o'clock4 #ead ,poplar ,avenue1 ,april the eighteenth4 ,paragraphs #hh;a4 ,the first lines of paragraphs are uniformly indented1 in manuscript1 about an inch2 in print1 somewhat less4 ,after a sentence1 the remainder of a line should not be left blank1 except at the end of a paragraph4 b4 ,the length of a paragraph is ordinarily from fifty to three hundred words1 depending on the importance or complexity of the thought4 ,in exposition1 the paragraphs should be long enough to develop every idea thoroughly4 ,scrappy expository paragraphs arouse the suspicion that the writer is incoherent1 or that he has not given sufficient thought to the subject4 ,short paragraphs are permissible1 and even desirable1 in the following cases3 #a4 ,in a formal introduction to the main body of a discourse1 or in the formal conclusion4 7,in some instances the paragraph may consist of a single sentence47 #b4 ,in the body of a composition1 when a brief logical transition between two longer paragraphs is necessary4 #c4 ,in short compositions on complex subjects1 where space forbids the development of each thought on a proper scale4 7,but1 as a rule1 the student should limit his subject to a few simple ideas1 each of which can be developed fully47 #d4 ,in newspapers1 where brevity and emphasis are required4 7,but the student should not take the journalistic style as a model47 #e4 ,in description or narration meant to be vivid1 vigorous1 or rapid4 #f4 ,in dialogue4 c4 ,in representing dialogue1 each speech1 no matter how short1 is placed in a separate paragraph4 ,right3 ,listen6 he said4 ,there was a noise outside4 ,didn't you hear it8 ,no1 ,i whispered4 ,it was dark in the room1 except for a faint light at the window1 and ,i felt my way cautiously to his side4 ,what is it8 ,burglars8 ,i believe it is4 ,i can't hear anything4 ,listen6 ,there it is again4 ,pshaw6 ,i had to laugh aloud4 ,thompson's cow has got into the garden again4 ,note that a slight amount of descriptive matter may be included in a paragraph with the direct discourse1 the only requirement being that a change of speaker shall be indicated by a new paragraph4 ,when special emphasis is desired1 a quotation may be detached from a preceding introductory statement4 ,right3 ,the speaker turned gravely about1 and facing the front row1 he said slowly and solemnly3 ,small boys should be seen and not heard4 ,in exceptional cases a long1 rapid-fire dialogue may1 for purposes of compression1 be placed in one paragraph4 ,dashes should then be used before successive quotations to indicate a change of speaker4 ,omissions from a dialogue 7as when only one side of a telephone conversation is reported71 long pauses1 and the unfinished part of interrupted statements1 may be represented by a short row of dots4 ,exercise3 ,arrange in paragraphs1 and insert quotation marks3 #a4 ,help6 ,i cried1 rolling over in the narrow crevasse1 and wondering dazedly how far ,i had fallen through the snow4 ,a muffled voice came from above3 ,we'll have a rope down to you in a minute4 ,tie that bottle of brandy on the end of it1 ,i suggested1 and it'll come faster4 ,the student will here insert a sentence of his own to complete the dialogue4 #b4 ,good morning1 ,james1 said the deacon1 suspiciously4 ,how are you8 and where are you going8 ,i'm all right1 answered the boy1 and ,i'm goin' down to the creek4 ,as he spoke1 he tried to hide something bulky underneath his coat4 ,you oughtn't to go fishing on ,sunday4 ,add another sentence to finish the dialogue4 #hi4 ,,miscellaneous ,,exercise ,the following sentences illustrate errors in the use of capitals1 italics1 numbers1 abbreviations1 etc4 ,make necessary changes4 #a4 ,i met him at kansas city at a dinner of the commercial club4 #b4 ,the senate and the house of representatives are the two branches of congress4 #c4 ,in today's chicago herald the union pacific railroad advertises reduced rates to yellowstone park and the northwest4 #d4 ,there are #cj men in each section in chemistry1 but only #be in each section in french4 #e4 ,early in pres4 wilson's administration troops crossed the rio grande river4 ,pres4 ,carranza protested4 #f4 ,in nineteen ten the population of new york city 7including suburbs7 was #d1gff1hhc4 #g4 ,send the moving van to thirty walnut street at eight o'clock4 #h4 ,i like ,jane ,austen's ,pride and ,prejudice better than ,george ,eliot's ,adam ,bede4 #i4 ,may ,i call for you about #g3cj p4 m41 ,miss ,reynolds8 #aj4 ,the note draws #f per cent interest1 and is payable ,jan4 #ast1 #aiba4 #aa4 ,he will remain in town until ,apr4 #bjth1 and will then go away for the ,summer4 ,he is going abroad to study the spanish and italian languages4 #ab4 ,grays elegy in a country churchyard is perhaps the best known poem in english literature4 #ac4 ,enclosed please find #d1 for which send me the ,new ,republic for one year4 #ad4 ,in reply to yours of #c-g-ah wish to advise that we are out of stock4 #ae4 ,i enclose #j4aj for a copy of bulletin #cad of the dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,thanking you1 ,i remain 444 yours ,respectively4444 ,,punctuation ,punctuation is not used for its own sake4 ,it is used in writing as gestures1 pauses1 and changes of voice are used in speaking--to add force or to reveal the precise relationship of thoughts4 ,the tendency at present is against the lavish use of punctuation4 ,this does not mean1 however1 that one may do as he pleases4 ,in minor details of punctuation there is room for individual preference1 but in essential principles all trustworthy writers agree4 ,the ,period #ij;a4 ,place a period after a complete declarative or imperative sentence4 b4 ,do not separate part of a sentence from the rest of the sentence by means of a period4 7,see #a47 ,wrong3 ,he denied the accusation4 ,as every one expected him to do4 ,right3 ,he denied the accusation1 as every one expected him to do4 ,wrong3 ,anderson wrote good editorials4 ,the best that appeared in any paper in the city4 ,right3 ,anderson wrote good editorials1 the best that appeared in any paper in the city4 ,or ,anderson wrote good editorials--the best that appeared in any paper in the city4 ,exception4--,condensed or elliptical phrases established by long and frequent use may be written as separate sentences4 ,they should be followed by appropriate punctuation--usually by a period4 ,examples3 ,yes4 ,of course4 ,really8 ,by all means6 ,note4--,the student should distinguish clearly between a subordinate clause and a main clause4 ,a subordinate clause is introduced by a subordinate conjunction 7when1 while1 if1 as1 since1 although1 that1 lest1 because1 in order that1 etc471 or by a relative pronoun 7who1 which1 that1 etc474 ,since a subordinate clause does not express a complete thought1 it cannot stand alone1 but must be joined to a main clause to form a sentence4 c4 ,place a period after an abbreviation4 ,bros4 ,mr4 e4 g4 ,ph4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 etc4 ,if an abbreviation falls at the end of a sentence1 one period may serve two functions4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the hen clucks to her chickens4 ,when she scratches up a worm4 #b4 ,before my brother could forewarn me4 ,i had touched my tongue against the cold iron4 ,on which it stuck4 #c4 ,the commission had the services of two men of international reputation4 ,charles ,newman1 ,esq4 and ,gifford ,bailey1 ,ph ,d4 #d4 ,since ,hugh had fished only in creeks4 ,he was surprised that the lines were let down a hundred feet or more4 ,the right distance for codfish4 #e4 ,between #agge and #ahbe ,virginia furnished the nation its leaders4 ,such as the author of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the orator of the ,revolution4 ,the leader of the ,revolutionary army4 ,the chief maker of the ,constitution4 ,four of our first five ,presidents4 ,and our greatest ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court4 ,the ,comma ,there are five principal uses of the comma3 to separate clauses 7a-d7 to set off a parenthetical element 7e7 to mark a series 7f-g7 to introduce a quotation 7h7 to compel a pause for the sake of clearness 7i7 #ia;a4 ,a comma is used between clauses joined by but1 for1 and1 or any other cordinating conjunction4 ,right3 ,the hour arrived1 but ,forbes did not appear4 ,the comma emphasizes the contrast4 ,right3 ,she was glad she had looked1 for a man was approaching the house4 ,the comma prevents the combination looked for a man4 ,right3 ,he gave the money to ,burke1 and ,reynolds received nothing4 ,the comma prevents confusion4 ,exception4--,if the clauses are short and closely linked in thought1 the comma may be omitted 7,she came and she was gone in a moment4 ,mc,coy talked and the rest of us listened47 ,if the clauses are long and complicated1 a semicolon may be used 7,see #ib;b74 ,note4--,no comma should follow the conjunction4 ,wrong3 ,he was enthusiastic but1 inexperienced4 ,wrong3 ,they went before the committee but1 not one of them would answer a question4 b4 ,do not use a comma between independent clauses which are not joined by a conjunction4 ,use a period or a semicolon4 7,this error1 the comma splice1 betrays ignorance of what constitutes a unified sentence4 ,see #ah47 ,wrong3 ,the circus had just come to town1 every one wanted to see it4 ,right3 ,the circus had just come to town4 ,every one wanted to see it4 ,wrong3 ,the story deals with the life of a youth1 ,don ,juan1 his mother desired to make an angel of him4 ,right3 ,the story deals with the life of a youth1 ,don ,juan4 ,his mother desired to make an angel of him4 ,wrong3 ,my courses required very hard study1 did yours8 ,right3 ,my courses required very hard study4 ,did yours8 ,or ,my courses required very hard study2 did yours8 ,wrong3 ,he will assist you without the slightest hesitation1 indeed he will do so with alacrity4 ,right3 ,he will assist you without the slightest hesitation4 ,indeed he will do so with alacrity4 ,or ,he will assist you without the slightest hesitation2 indeed he will do so with alacrity4 ,exception4--,short cordinate clauses which are not joined by conjunctions1 but which are parallel in structure and leave a unified impression1 may be joined by commas4 ,right3 ,he sowed1 he reaped1 he repented4 c4 ,an adverbial clause which precedes a main clause is usually set off by a comma4 ,when long3 ,right3 ,while ,i have much confidence in his sincerity1 ,i cannot approve his decision4 ,the comma marks the meeting point of clauses too long to be easily read together4 ,brief clauses do not require the comma4 ,right3 ,where thou goest ,i will go4 ,when ending in words that link themselves with words in the main clause3 ,right3 ,if ,jacob finds time to plow1 the garden can be planted tomorrow4 ,the comma prevents plow the garden from being read as verb and object4 ,when not closely connected with the main clause in meaning3 ,right3 ,although they were few1 they were resolute4 ,here the comma reveals the distinctness of the two stages of thought4 ,in the sentence ,if it freezes the skating will be good the distinctness of the two thoughts is less emphatic1 and the comma may be omitted4 ,note4--,the comma is usually omitted when the adverbial clause follows the main clause4 ,right3 ,the score stood twelve to twelve when the first half ended4 ,the adverbial clause is linked closely with the element it modifies1 the predicate2 punctuation is unnecessary4 ,if the when clause were placed before the element it does not modify1 the subject1 a comma should be inserted4 d4 ,restrictive clauses should not be set off by commas2 non-restrictive clauses should be set off by commas4 7,a restrictive clause is one inseparably connected with the noun or pronoun it modifies2 to omit it would change the thought of the main clause4 ,a non-restrictive clause is less vitally connected with the noun or pronoun2 to omit it would not affect the thought of the main clause47 ,right3 ,men who are industrious will succeed4 ,the relative clause restricts the meaning2 it is inseparably connected with the noun it modifies1 and to omit it would change the thought of the main clause4 ,right3 ,thomas ,carlyle1 who wrote forty volumes1 was of peasant origin4 ,the relative clause is non-restrictive2 it is not inseparably connected with the noun it modifies1 and to omit it would not change the thought of the main clause4 ,thus3 ,thomas ,carlyle was of peasant origin4 ,right3 ,where is the house that ,jack built8 ,restrictive4 ,right3 ,i went to ,jack's house1 which is across the street4 ,non-restrictive4 ,wrong3 ,students1 who are lazy1 do not deserve to pass4 ,the sentence as it stands says that all students are lazy1 and that none of them deserve to pass4 ,without the commas1 the sentence would mean that such students as are lazy do not deserve to pass4 ,right3 ,students who are lazy do not deserve to pass4 ,the rule stated above for clauses applies also to phrases4 ,right4 ,she1 hearing the voice1 turned quickly4 ,hearing the voice is non-restrictive4 ,it does not identify she1 and the thought of the main clause is complete without it4 ,right3 ,books pertaining to aeronautics are in demand4 ,pertaining to aeronautics is restrictive4 ,it explains what books are referred to1 and without it the meaning of the main thought is changed4 ,right3 ,our country1 made up as it is of democratic people1 lacks the centralized power of a monarchy4 ,non-restrictive4 ,right3 ,a country made up of democratic people must be lacking in centralized power4 ,restrictive4 ,made up of democratic people explains country and is essential to the thought of the sentence4 e4 ,slightly parenthetical elements are set off by commas3 ,direct address or explanation3 ,write soon1 ,henry1 and tell all the news4 ,they intend1 as you know1 to build a great dam across the river4 ,his father1 they say1 was frugal and industrious4 ,i1 on my part1 however1 am unalterably opposed to the expenditure4 ,he was1 according to such reports as have reached me1 altogether in the right4 ,mild interjections3 ,well1 we shall see4 ,come now1 let's talk it over4 ,but alas1 the cupboard was bare4 ,the custom is1 oh1 very old4 ,absolute phrases3 ,this being admitted1 ,i shall proceed to my other evidence4 ,geographical names which explain other names and dates which explain other dates3 ,the convention met at ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 on ,march #bd1 #aiaf4 ,words in apposition3 ,we arrived at ,austin1 the capital of ,texas4 ,it was ,archie1 my best friend in boyhood4 ,exception4--,the comma is omitted 7#a7 ,when the appositive is part of a proper name4 ,right3 ,william the ,silent1 ,alexander the ,great4 7#b7 ,when there is unusually close connection between the appositive and the noun it modifies4 ,right3 ,my one confidant was my brother ,robert4 7#c7 ,when the appositive is a word or phrase to which attention is called by italics or some other device which sets it apart4 ,right3 ,the word sequent is derived from ,latin4 ,right3 ,the expression ,that's fine is one which ,i use indiscriminately4 ,note4--,when the parenthetical element occurs in the middle of a sentence1 set off by commas means punctuate before and after4 ,wrong3 ,i was1 madam at home yesterday4 ,right3 ,i was1 madam1 at home yesterday4 ,wrong3 ,i am to say the least1 provoked4 ,right3 ,i am1 to say the least1 provoked4 f4 ,consecutive adjectives that modify the same noun are separated from each other by commas4 ,if1 however1 the last adjective is closely linked in meaning with the noun1 no comma is used before it4 ,right3 ,a short1 slight1 pitiable figure4 ,right3 ,a shrewd professional man4 ,shrewd modifies1 not man alone1 but professional man4 ,right3 ,a bedraggled old rooster4 ,old rooster has almost the force of a compound word4 ,bedraggled modifies the general idea old rooster4 ,note4--,the commas in a series of adjectives are used to separate the adjectives from each other4 ,no comma should intervene between the final adjective and the noun4 ,wrong3 ,he was only a frail1 unarmed1 frightened1 youngster4 ,right3 ,he was only a frail1 unarmed1 frightened youngster4 g4 ,words or phrases in series are separated by commas4 ,when the series takes the form a1 b1 and c1 a comma precedes the and4 ,confusing3 ,the railroads in question are the ,new ,york ,central1 ,pennsylvania and ,chesapeake and ,ohio4 ,the reader might surmise that the words ,pennsylvania and ,chesapeake and ,ohio represent a single line or even three different lines4 ,right3 ,the railroads in question are the ,new ,york ,central1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,chesapeake and ,ohio4 ,confusing3 ,for breakfast we had oatmeal1 bacon1 eggs and honey4 ,omission of the comma after eggs suggests a mixture4 ,right3 ,for breakfast we had oatmeal1 bacon1 eggs1 and honey4 h4 ,a comma should follow an expression like he said which introduces a short quotation4 7,for longer or more formal quotations use a colon47 ,right3 ,he shouted1 ,come on6 ,i dare you6 ,right3 ,our captain replied1 ,we're ready4 ,but for indirect quotations1 a caution is necessary4 ,do not place a comma between a verb and a that or how clause which the verb introduces4 ,wrong3 ,he explained1 how the accident occurred4 ,right3 ,he explained how the accident occurred4 ,wrong3 ,the chauffeur told us1 that the gasoline tank was empty4 ,right3 ,the chauffeur told us that the gasoline tank was empty4 i4 ,a comma is used to separate parts of a sentence which might erroneously be read together4 ,confusing3 ,long before she had received a letter4 ,better3 ,long before1 she had received a letter4 ,confusing3 ,we turned the corner and the horse stopped throwing us off4 ,better3 ,we turned the corner and the horse stopped1 throwing us off4 ,confusing3 ,through the alumni gathered there went a thrill of dismay4 ,better3 ,through the alumni gathered there1 went a thrill of dismay4 ,wrong3 ,for a dime you can buy two pieces of pie or cake and ice cream4 ,right3 ,for a dime you can buy two pieces of pie1 or cake and ice cream4 ,right3 ,the man whom everybody had for years regarded as a crank and a weakling1 is now praised for his sagacity and his strength4 ,right3 ,in a situation so critical as to require the utmost coolness of mind1 he lost his wits completely4 ,here the confusion might not be serious if the comma were omitted1 but separation of the long introduction from the main clause is desirable4 j4 ,do not use superfluous commas3 #a4 ,to mark a trivial pause3 ,needless use of comma3 ,in the road1 stood a wagon4 ,needless use of commas3 ,the taking of notes1 is a guarantee1 against inattention1 in class4 ,slight pauses in a sentence are taken care of by the good sense of the reader4 ,do not sprinkle commas when the sentence is moving along freely with no complication in the thought4 ,right3 ,in the road stood a wagon4 ,right3 ,the taking of notes is a guarantee against inattention in class4 #b4 ,to separate an adjective from its noun3 ,wrong3 ,a tall1 solemn1 antique1 clock stood in the hallway4 ,the first two commas separate the adjectives from each other4 ,there is no reason why antique should be separated from the noun4 ,right3 ,a tall1 solemn1 antique clock stood in the hallway4 #c4 ,before the first word or phrase in a series unless the comma would be employed if the word or phrase stood alone3 ,wrong3 ,he made a study of1 gymnastics1 medicine1 and surgery4 ,right3 ,he made a study of gymnastics1 medicine1 and surgery4 ,wrong3 ,he had learned1 to be prompt1 to think clearly1 and to write correctly4 ,right3 ,he had learned to be prompt1 to think clearly1 and to write correctly4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,before the workmen finished eating the tunnel caved in4 ,three ,italian laborers were crushed1 the others with the foreman escaped4 #b4 ,sneed the new chairman proposed that the convention should meet at ,cheyenne ,wyoming4 ,the suggestion however was according to reports not adopted4 #c4 ,he had a pen and an ink bottle was in the cupboard4 ,by washing poor widows can earn but scant living4 #d4 ,saunders asked1 how ,i liked the ,overland car as compared with the ,chalmers1 the ,hudson and the ,buick4 ,i started to reply but at that moment we were interrupted4 #e4 ,people1 who steal watermelons1 say the stolen melons are sweetest4 ,farragut who was born in ,tennessee was the ,north's ablest naval commander4 ,the developer is a chemical1 which reduces the silver salt4 ,the ,semicolon ,the semicolon represents a division in thought somewhat greater than that represented by a comma1 and somewhat smaller than that represented by a period4 ,it may represent grammatical separation and logical connection at the same time2 that is1 it may indicate that two statements are separate units in grammar1 and are yet to be taken together to form a larger unit of logic or thought4 #ib;a4 ,the semicolon is used between cordinate clauses which are not joined by a conjunction4 7,for a possible exception see #ia;b474 ,wrong3 ,he was alarmed in fact he was terrified4 ,right3 ,he was alarmed2 in fact he was terrified4 ,right3 ,he drew up at the curb2 he leaped from the car4 ,note4--,very often the writer may choose freely between the semicolon and the period2 in such instances the use of the semicolon implies greater logical unity between the clauses than the use of the period would show4 ,unless this logical unity is distinct1 the period is to be preferred4 b4 ,the semicolon is sometimes used between cordinate clauses which are joined by a conjunction if the clauses are long1 or if the clauses have commas within themselves1 or if obscurity would result were the semicolon not used4 7,otherwise1 see #ia;a47 ,right3 ,very slowly the glow in the heavens deepened and extended itself along the eastern horizon2 but at last the bright-red rim of the sun showed above the crest of the hill4 ,right3 ,he arrived1 so they tell me1 after nightfall2 and immediately going to a hotel1 called for a room4 ,confusing3 ,she enjoyed the dinners1 and the dancing1 and the music1 and the whole gay round of fashionable life was a delight to her4 ,better4 ,she enjoyed the dinners1 and the dancing1 and the music2 and the whole gay round of fashionable life was a delight to her4 c4 ,the semicolon is used between cordinate clauses which are joined by a formal conjunctive adverb 7hence1 thus1 then1 therefore1 accordingly1 consequently1 besides1 still1 nevertheless1 or the like74 ,wrong3 ,we have failed in this therefore let us try something else4 ,right3 ,we have failed in this2 therefore let us try something else4 ,wrong3 ,he was tattered and muddy1 besides he ate like a cormorant4 ,right3 ,he was tattered and muddy2 besides he ate like a cormorant4 ,note #a4--;,if a simple conjunction like and is used in the sentences above1 a comma will suffice4 ,but a comma is not sufficient before a conjunctive adverb like therefore4 ,conjunctive adverbs may be clearly distinguished from simple conjunctions 7,see #ia;a74 ,they cannot always be easily distinguished from subordinating conjunctions 7see #ij;b1 ,note71 but the distinction1 when it can be made with certainty1 is an aid to clear thinking4 ,note #b4--;,good usage sometimes permits a comma to be used before a conjunctive adverb in short sentences where the break in the thought is not formal or emphatic4 ,for instance1 when the conjunctive adverb so is used as a formal or emphatic connective1 a semicolon is desirable 7,i won't go2 so that's settled74 ,but in the sentence1 ,i was excited1 so ,i missed the target1 a comma is sufficient4 ,for the use of so is here informal1 and probably expresses degree as well as result4 7,compare ,i was so excited that ,i missed the target74 d4 ,the semicolon is not used before quotations1 or after the ,dear ,sir in letters4 ,use a comma or a colon4 7,see #ia;h1 #ic;a1 and #hg;b47 ,wrong3 ,mother said2 ,let me get my needle4 ,right3 ,mother said1 ,let me get my needle4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the eggs tasted musty1 they were cold storage eggs4 #b4 ,you should have seen that old1 formally kept house1 you should have sat in that stuffy and immaculate parlor4 #c4 ,i objected to the plan however since he insisted upon it ,i yielded4 #d4 ,i suppose ,i must go if ,i don't he will be anxious4 #e4 ,although the note is due on ,march #ai1 you have three days of grace1 consequently you may pay it on ,march #bb4 ,the ,colon #ic;a4 ,the colon is used to introduce formally a word1 a list1 a statement or question1 a series of statements or questions1 or a long quotation4 ,right3 ,only one man stood between ,burr and the presidency3 ,jefferson4 ,right3 ,my favorite novels are the following3 ,ivanhoe1 ,henry ,esmond1 and ,the ,mill on the ,floss4 ,right3 ,the difficulty is this3 ,where is the money to come from8 ,right3 ,the measure must be considered from several standpoints3 ,is it timely8 ,is it expedient8 ,is it just8 ,is it superior to the other measures proposed8 ,right3 ,i shall do three things next year3 study hard1 take care of my health1 and enter into various student activities4 ,right3 ,webster concluded with the following peroration3 ,when my eyes shall be turned for the last time to behold the sun in heaven1 etc41 etc4 b4 ,the colon may be used before concrete illustrations of a general statement4 ,right3 ,the colors were various3 blue1 purple1 emerald1 and orange4 ,right3 ,the day was propitious3 the sun shone1 the birds sang1 the flowers sent forth their fragrance4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the city must have these improvements paved streets more schools better sanitation and a park4 #b4 ,a guild comprised men of a single class tailors1 fishmongers1 or goldsmiths4 #c4 ,everything was favorable1 it was a wheat-raising district1 there were no rival mills1 the means of transportation were excellent4 #d4 ,the personal adornments of the eighteenth century blood were elaborate1 wigs1 cocked hat1 colored breeches1 red-heeled shoes1 cane1 and muff4 #e4 ,the chief of the engineers reported ,the route1 taken as a whole1 is practicable enough1 but near ,clifton1 where the yards must be placed1 it leads through a rocky defile4 ,the ,dash #id;a4 ,the dash may be used instead of the marks of parenthesis1 especially where informality is desired4 ,right3 ,she fell asleep--would you believe it8--in the middle of the lecture4 ,right3 ,that fellow actually--of course this is between you and me--stole money from his father4 b4 ,insert a dash when a sentence is broken off abruptly4 ,right3 ,the next morning--let's see1 what happened the next morning8 c4 ,the dash may be used near the end of a sentence1 before a summarizing statement or an afterthought4 ,right3 ,when you have carried in the wood and the water1 and milked the cows1 and fed all the stock and the poultry1 and mended the harness--when you have done these things1 you may consider the rest of the evening your own4 ,right3 ,barnes played a mischievous trick one day--in fact1 ,barnes was always into mischief4 d4 ,the use of the dash to end sentences is childish4 ,childish3 ,at dawn ,i went on deck--far off to the left was a cloud1 ,i thought1 on the edge of the water--it grew more distinct as we angled toward it--it was land--before noon we had sailed into harbor4 ,right3 ,at dawn ,i went on deck4 ,far off to the left was a cloud1 ,i thought1 on the edge of the water4 ,it grew more distinct as we angled toward it4 ,it was land4 ,before noon we had sailed into harbor4 e4 ,a dash should be made about three times as long as a hyphen2 otherwise it may be mistaken as the sign of a compound word4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the boy left the package on the where did that boy leave the package8 #b4 ,she was haughty independent as a queen in fact and she told him no4 #c4 ,the clatter of the other typewriters1 the relentless movement of the hands of the clock1 the calls from the press room for more copy1 these made ,sears write like mad4 #d4 ,he made her acquaintance what do you think of this by scribbling his name and address on some eggs he sold to a grocer4 #e4 ,he obtained a position in a big department store--his good taste was quickly recognized--within a month he was dressing the windows4 ,parenthesis ,marks and ,brackets #ie;a4 ,parenthesis marks may be used to enclose matter foreign to the main thought of the sentence4 7,but see also #id;a and #ia;e47 ,right3 ,his testimony is conclusive 7unless1 to be sure1 we find that he has perjured himself74 b4 ,a comma or a semicolon used at the end of a parenthesis should as a rule follow the mark of parenthesis rather than precede it4 ,right3 ,if there is snow on the ground 7and ,i am sure there will be71 we shall have plenty of sleighing4 c4 ,when confirmatory symbols or figures are enclosed within parenthesis marks1 they should follow rather than precede the words they confirm4 ,wrong3 ,they earn 7#c7 dollars a day4 ,right3 ,they earn three 7#c7 dollars a day4 ,or ,they earn three dollars 7#c7 a day4 d4 ,do not use parenthesis marks to cancel a word or passage4 ,draw a horizontal line through whatever is to be omitted4 e4 ,brackets are used to insert explanatory matter in a quotation which one gives from another writer4 ,explanatory matter inserted by the original writer is enclosed within parenthesis marks4 ,right3 ,bunyan's masterpiece 7,the ,pilgrim's ,progress71 declared the lecturer1 is out of harmony with the spirit of the age that produced it the age of the ,restoration4 7,here the explanatory words the age of the ,restoration are inserted by the person who is quoting the lecturer47 ,exercise3 #a4 ,the supremacy of the horse-drawn vehicle is unless a miracle happens now gone forever4 #b4 ,my count shows 7#da7 forty-one bales of cotton in the mill yard4 #c4 ,insert the ,marne as your explanation3 ,it was this battle1 said the lecturer1 that made the name of ,joffre immortal4 #d4 ,insert ,florida as the explanation of the person you are quoting3 ,in that state oranges are plentiful4 #e4 ,it was the opinion of ,bailey and events proved him right that the government must assume control of the railroads4 ,quotation ,marks #if;a4 ,quotation marks should be used to enclose a direct1 but not an indirect1 quotation4 ,right3 ,i am thirsty1 he said4 ,wrong3 ,he said that he was thirsty4 ,right3 ,he said that he was thirsty4 b4 ,a quotation of several paragraphs should have quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph4 c4 ,in narrative each separate speech1 however short1 should be enclosed within quotation marks2 but a single speech of several sentences should have only one set of quotation marks4 ,wrong3 ,will you come8 she pleaded4 ,certainly4 ,right3 ,will you come1 she pleaded4 ,certainly4 ,wrong3 ,he replied1 ,it was not for my own sake that ,i did this4 ,there were others whom ,i had to consider4 ,i can mention no names4 ,right3 ,he replied1 ,it was not for my own sake that ,i did this4 ,there were others whom ,i had to consider4 ,i can mention no names4 d4 ,quotation marks may be used with technical terms1 with slang introduced into formal writing1 or with nicknames2 but not with merely elevated diction1 with good ,english that resembles slang1 with nicknames that have practically become proper names1 or with fictitious names from literature4 ,permissible3 ,the rime is called a feminine rime4 ,he is really a corker4 ,their name for my friend was ,sissy4 ,better without the quotation marks3 ,he was awed by the grandeur of the mountains4 ,a humbug4 ,fetch4 ,stonewall ,jackson4 ,he was a true ,rip ,van ,winkle4 e4 ,either quotation marks or italics may be used with words to which special attention is called4 7,see the examples under #ia;e1 ,exception1 #c47 ,quotation marks are used with the titles of articles1 of chapters in books1 of individual short poems1 and the like4 ,italics are used with the titles of books or of periodicals1 with the names of ships1 and with foreign words which are still felt to be emphatically foreign4 f4 ,a quotation within a quotation should be enclosed in single quotation marks2 a quotation within that1 in double marks4 ,right3 ,it required courage1 the speaker said1 for a man to affirm in those days3 ',i endorse every word of ,patrick ,henry's sentiment1 ,give me liberty1 or give me death6' g4 ,when a word is followed by both a quotation mark and a question mark or an exclamation point1 the question mark or the exclamation point should come first if it applies to the quotation2 last1 if it applies to the main sentence4 ,wrong3 ,he shouted but one command1 ,give them the bayonet6 ,right3 ,he shouted but one command1 ,give them the bayonet6 ,wrong3 ,did ,savonarola say1 ,i recant8 ,right3 ,did ,savonarola say1 ,i recant8 ,note4--,regarding the position of a comma1 semicolon1 or period at the end of a quotation1 usage differs4 ,printers ordinarily place commas and periods inside the quotation marks1 and semicolons outside1 from considerations of spacing4 ,but logic1 not spacing1 should determine the order1 and all three marks should be treated alike4 ,they should be placed within the quotation marks if they were a part of the original quotation2 otherwise outside4 ,in quoting manuscript1 the quotation marks should enclose exactly what is in the original4 ,in quoting oral discourse1 a certain liberty is necessarily allowed4 ,correct3 ,he said calmly1 ,it is ,i4 ,also correct1 but not commonly used3 ,he said calmly1 ,it is ,i4 ,correct1 and in common use1 but slightly illogical3 ,he began1 ,our ,father which art in heaven4 ,the period should follow the quotation mark1 since there is no period in the original quotation4 ,correct1 and in common use1 but slightly illogical3 ,can you tell me the difference between apt1 likely1 and liable2 between noted and notorious8 ,also correct3 ,can you tell me the difference between apt1 likely1 and liable2 between noted and notorious8 h4 ,when a quotation is interrupted by such an expression as he said1 #a4 ,an extra set of quotation marks is employed1 and the interpolated words are normally set off by commas4 ,wrong3 ,i rise said he to second the motion4 ,right3 ,i rise1 said he1 to second the motion4 #b4 ,a question mark or exclamation point should precede the interpolated expression if it would be used were the expression omitted4 ,right3 ',may ,i go8' complained father1 is all that boy can ask4 ,right3 ,merciful heavens6 he cried1 we are lost4 #c4 ,the expression should be followed by a semicolon if the semicolon would follow the preceding words in case the expression were omitted4 ,right3 ,i admit it1 he said2 it is true4 #d4 ,neither the expression nor the words following it should begin with a capital4 ,wrong3 ,we must be quiet1 ,said the old man1 ,if we expect to catch sight of a squirrel4 ,right3 ,we must be quiet1 said the old man1 if we expect to catch sight of a squirrel4 i4 ,an omission from a quotation is indicated by dots4 ,right3 ,when a word is followed by both a quotation mark and 444 an exclamation point1 444 the exclamation point should come 444 last1 if it applies to the main sentence4 ,abridged citation of g above4 j4 ,do not use superfluous quotation marks3 #a4 ,around the title at the head of a theme 7unless it is a quoted title72 #b4 ,as a label for humor or irony4 ,superfluous3 ,the abstemious ,mr4 ,crew ate an enormous dinner4 ,better3 ,the abstemious ,mr4 ,crew ate an enormous dinner4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,carew says1 that the profit comes from selling knickknacks4 #b4 ,what's the matter with that horse8 asked ,williams4 ,he's as frisky as if he had been shut up a week4 #c4 ,who's your favorite character in the play81 persisted ,laura4 ,is it ,brutus8 ,no1 answered ,howard2 ,i admire his wife ,portia4 #d4 ,it's amazing1 said ,mrs4 ,phelps1 how children love playthings4 ,helen ,locke said yesterday1 ,hughie always tells me when ,i am putting him to bed1 ,i want my ,teddy bear4 #e4 ,you see1 said ,daugherty1 the two offices across the corridor from each ether4 ,one is the county clerk's4 ,the other is the county collector's4 ,the ,apostrophe #ig;a4 ,in contracted words place the apostrophe where letters are omitted1 and do not place it elsewhere4 ,wrong3 does'nt1 theyr'e1 oclock4 ,right3 doesn't1 they're1 o'clock4 b4 ,to form the possessive of a noun1 singular or plural1 that does not end in s1 add 's4 ,right3 ,a hunter's gun1 children's games1 the cannon's mouth4 c4 ,to form the possessive of a noun1 singular or plural1 that ends in s1 place an apostrophe after 7not before7 the s if there is no new syllable in pronunciation4 ,if there is a new syllable in pronunciation1 add 's4 ,wrong3 ,moses's mandates1 ,keat's poems1 ,dicken's novels1 those hunter's guns4 ,right3 ,moses' mandates1 ,keats's poems 7or ,keats' poems71 ,dickens' 7or ,dickens's7 novels1 those hunters' guns4 d4 ,do not use an apostrophe with the possessive adjectives its1 his1 hers1 ours1 yours1 and theirs4 ,but one's1 other's1 either's take the apostrophe4 e4 ,add 's to form the plural of letters of the alphabet1 of words spoken of as words1 and sometimes numbers4 ,but do not form the regular plural of a word by adding 's 7,see #gg74 ,right3 ,his ,b's1 #h's 7or #hs71 and it's look much alike4 ,wrong3 ,the ,jones's1 the ,smith's1 and the ,brown's4 ,right3 ,the ,joneses1 the ,smiths1 and the ,browns4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,we don't know theyr'e dishonest4 #b4 ,the soldier's heads showed above the trenches4 #c4 ,five #h;es1 three #g;es1 and two #ab;es make #he4 #d4 ,pierce told the ,keslers that ,jones hogs were fatter than their's4 #e4 ,its three oclock by his watch2 five minutes past three by her's4 ,the ,question ,mark and the ,exclamation ,point #ih;a4 ,place a question mark after a direct question1 but not after an indirect question4 ,wrong3 ,what of it4 ,what does it matter4 ,right3 ,what of it8 ,what does it matter8 ,wrong3 ,he asked whether ,i belonged to the glee club8 ,right3 ,he asked whether ,i belonged to the glee club4 ,note4--,when the main sentence which introduces an indirect question is itself interrogatory1 a question mark follows4 ,right3 ,did she inquire whether you had met her aunt8 b4 ,a question mark is often used within a sentence1 but should not be followed by a comma1 semicolon1 or period4 ,wrong3 ,what shall ,i do81 he asked4 ,right3 ,what shall ,i do8 he asked4 ,wrong3 ,but where are the stocks81 the bonds81 the evidences of prosperity8 ,right3 ,but where are the stocks8 the bonds8 the evidences of prosperity8 c4 ,a question mark within parentheses may be used to express uncertainty as to the correctness of an assertion4 ,right3 ,shakespeare was born ,april #bc 7871 #aefd4 ,right3 ,in #acdj 787 was born ,geoffrey ,chaucer4 d4 ,the use of a question mark as a label for humor or irony is childish4 ,superfluous3 ,immediately the social lion 787 rose to his feet4 ,better3 ,immediately the social lion rose to his feet4 e4 ,the exclamation point is used after words1 expressions1 or sentences to show strong emotion4 ,right3 ,hark6 ,i hear horses4 ,give us a light there1 ho6 ,note4--,the lavish use of the exclamation point is not in good taste4 ,unless the emotion to be conveyed is strong1 a comma will suffice4 ,see #ia;e4 ,exercise3 #a4 ,what is my temperature1 doctor4 #b4 ,shall we go by the old mill81 asked ,newcomb8 #c4 ,did ,wu ,ting ,fang say1 ,the ,chinese ,republic will survive4 #d4 ,he inquired whether ,lorado ,taft is the greatest living ,american sculptor4 #e4 ,farewell4 ,othello's occupation's gone4 #ii4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,punctuation ,a4 ,punctuate the following sentences3 #a4 ,why its ten oclock #b4 ,it was a rainy foggy morning #c4 ,arthurs cousin said ,lets go #d4 ,i begged her to stay but she refused #e4 ,his parents you know were wealthy #f4 ,near by the children were playing house #g4 ,ever since ,john has driven carefully #h4 ,i smell something burning ,etta #i4 ,well ,harry are you ready for a tramp #aj4 ,i well remember a trip which ,i once took #aa4 ,when the day has ended the twilight comes #ab4 ,she was a poor lonely defenseless old woman #ac4 ,trout bass and pickerel are often caught there #ad4 ,lees army was defeated at ,gettysburg ,pennsylvania on ,july #c #ahfc #ae4 ,students who are poor appreciate the value of an education #af4 ,clem ,rogers who is poor as ,jobs turkey has bought a phonograph #ag4 ,he had no resentment against the man who had injured him #ah4 ,he spoke to his father who sat on the veranda #ai4 ,the rifle which he used on this trip was the best he had #bj4 ,his long beard sticking out at an angle from his chin and his tall silk hat looked ridiculous ,b4 ,punctuate the following sentences3 #a4 ,i found the work difficult did you find it so #b4 ,if they had agreed to buy things would have been different but they didn't #c4 ,i could satisfy myself if need be with dreams and imaginary delights she must have realities #d4 ,well ,im not disappointed its just what ,i expected #e4 ,hard roads are not only an advantage they are almost indispensable #f4 ,the man who hesitates is lost the woman who hesitates is won #g4 ,the nihilists accept no principle or creed they reject government and religion and all institutions which cramp the individuals desires #h4 ,no longer are women considered weaklings although not so strong as man physically they are now assumed to have will and courage of their own #i4 ,the ,pilgrims wished to thank ,god so they prepared a feast #aj4 ,our country roads are full of chuck holes consequently one must drive with caution #aa4 ,the first player advances ten paces the second eight the third six and so on #ab4 ,i told her it was her own fault she was too reticent and held herself aloof #ac4 ,he had complained of weariness therefore we left him in camp #ad4 ,the ,panama ,canal consists of four sections the ,atlantic ,level the ,lake the ,cut and the ,pacific ,level #ae4 ,there are three reasons why ,i do not like ,ford cars first they rattle second they bump and third they never wear out #af4 ,protoplasm has been found to contain four elements carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen but by no artificial combination can these be made into the living substance #ag4 ,phlox mignonette sweet peas cannas all these yield flowers until late in the fall4 #ah4 ,he asked for hot water the mollycoddle as if this were a hotel #ai4 ,is this seat occupied sir asked ,brown who stood in the aisle #bj4 ,there are two types of democracy #a a pure democracy and #b a representative democracy ,c4 ,punctuate the following sentences3 #a4 ,and ,harvey waiting all this time mind you sprang for the door #b4 ,i want to go to ,memphis ,tennessee to the old house if it is still standing where ,i was born #c4 ,my bill amounted to exactly counting the car fare nine dollars and ninety five cents #d4 ,i do not believe it he cried then turning to the others in the group he asked nervously do you #e4 ,which is better to borrow money for ones school expenses or to work ones way #f4 ,he swore swore like a pirate and lashed the horses #g4 ,dickens novel ,martin ,chuzzlewit is satirical #h4 ,but what of the ,dakotas of ,minnesota of ,wisconsin are they to give us no political support #i4 ,the grain is then run into a bin called the weighing bin from this it is let down on to the scales #aj4 ,lincoln showed very plainly what the phrase ,all men are created equal means and what its application was to the anti-slavery movement4 #aa4 ,his name was lets see what was the fellows name4 #ab4 ,he looks sharply for little points passed over by the average person are important to him #ac4 ,how uncomfortable ,i feel in a room whose windows are not covered by curtains ,i cannot describe #ad4 ,some time ago he moved away ,i was sorry because he was a fine young man #ae4 ,i went to the lawyers office to hear the reading of my uncles will #af4 ,well well ,i havent seen you for years ,but youre the same stub nosed freckle faced good natured ,tom #ag4 ,i did not stop long to consider the football togs were nearest at hand so in they went cleated shoes trousers sweater pads headgear and the rest #ah4 ,today ,i shall outline explain and argue the subject which has already been announced to you namely ,the ,distribution of ,taxes in ,illinois #ai4 ,his piping voice his long crooked nose his white hair falling over the shoulders of his faded blue coat his shuffling shambling gait as he hobbled up to ,carletons ,grocery with his basket all this ,i shall remember as long as ,i live #bj4 ,we hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable rights that among these rights are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness #ajj4 ,,general ,,exercise ,improve the following sentences1 making as many changes as are necessary to express the thought clearly and accurately4 ,a4 #a4 ,it don't sound right4 #b4 ,us fellows hadn't ought to complain4 #c4 ,the decision effects my brother and ,i alike4 #d4 ,following his breakfast he went up to the office4 #e4 ,one finds that beginning on a pipe organ is much more complicated than the piano4 #f4 ,she married before she was eighteen1 she had never taken much interest in school work #g4 ,new ,year's ,eve1 a young lady who ,i was calling upon1 and myself decided to fool the old folks4 #h4 ,williams drove across town at full speed1 this was against the ordinances4 #i4 ,mr4 ,black1 who had been laying on the sofa1 rose and set down by myself4 #aj4 ,the agricultural course is a study which every person should have a great deal of knowledge along that line4 #aa4 ,swinging around the curve1 the open switch was seen in time1 and directly the train stopped we rushed off of the cars4 #ab4 ,i can say a little in regard to my expectations in connection with the next four years of my life1 however4 ,expectations of work1 pleasure1 and perhaps a little sorrow4 #ac4 ,an interesting experience of mine was a collection of insects made when ,i studied biology4 #ad4 ,a man can talk to an animal1 and he learns to obey him by repeating certain commands4 #ae4 ,the life of a princess as well as a hermit are made happy by a little child1 as illustrated in the stories of ,pharaoh's daughter and ,silas ,marner4 ,b4 #a4 ,every one in the office were busy invoicing4 #b4 ,their unconscious pranks and laughter is very amusing4 #c4 ,the tiger is a beautiful animal1 it is also very ferocious4 #d4 ,either he or she are good companions for you4 #e4 ,again1 take a student who has been forced to make his own way1 the question may be harder to decide4 #f4 ,as for the proposition which is before you1 if it was me1 ,i would not even consider it4 #g4 ,the fly is the insect that causes more fatal deaths in a year than any other insect4 #h4 ,the success of a sponge cake depends upon two things4 ,the beating of the eggs and the mixing of the flour in lightly4 #i4 ,james1 a youth of such energy1 and who is attractive in many ways1 failed in his exams4 #aj4 ,fish are only found in the deep holes1 and they are hard to get at4 #aa4 ,besides cigarettes1 there are other forms of using tobacco1 such as cigars1 and in pipes1 and chewing tobacco1 making the total consumption very great4 #ab4 ,i am endeavoring to secure for this position a man not only with ability as a manager1 but one who is capable of understanding and sympathizing with rural community conditions4 #ac4 ,any one having any question to ask or who has trouble with their camera1 may write to this department4 #ad4 ,when ,i hear oatmeal it nauseates me4 ,i can see a mental picture of the breakfast table where ,i sat nearly all last summer4 #ae4 ,in ones second year in high school the books to be read are ,burns poems1 ,miltons paradise ,lost2 ,bunyans ,pilgrims ,progress1 and several of ,shakespeares plays4 ,c4 #a4 ,he promised to on no consideration delay4 #b4 ,i heard a voice at the door which was familiar4 #c4 ,the most important part of a book is often to read the preface4 #d4 ,observing carefully1 a number of errors are seen to exist4 #e4 ,unless one is very wealthy they cannot afford to own a car4 #f4 ,these kind of fellows usually make good athletes4 #g4 ,it was the custom of we campers to ride into town and back on freight cars1 when in need of supplies4 #h4 ,as ,i was sitting near a radiator so ,i moved as ,i decided it was too warm there4 #i4 ,to thine own self be true is the advice ,polonius gave to his son4 #aj4 ,in order that ,otto should not regain his political power back again1 ,sarphina put him in jail4 #aa4 ,for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction is the idea which ,emerson's essay on compensation begins4 #ab4 ,to consult a ,bible encyclopedia and read it concerning ,easter1 one learns quite a little about that religious holiday4 #ac4 ,never try to shoot a rabbit or any animal when they are not moving1 for among hunters it is very poor sportsmanship to kill any animal before they have had a chance to get away4 #ad4 ,we find that many of ,whittier's poems were concerned with slavery1 which he considered a very great moral wrong1 and determined to do all in his power to eradicate this evil4 #ae4 ,rhetoric is required in order that a person may learn how to express their thoughts so as to be readily understood1 and the ability to do this greatly increases the value of your knowledge4 ,d4 #a4 ,socialism is different than anarchy4 #b4 ,he ate the lunch instead of his sister4 #c4 ,the ,volga is the longest of any river in ,europe4 #d4 ,i come over to see if you will leave ,tilly go on a picnic with us tomorrow4 #e4 ,the value of the birds are studied and the good results taught to the older children4 #f4 ,despotism is where a ruler is not responsible to those under his authority4 #g4 ,when a boy or girl enters a high school they think they are very important4 #h4 ,i was anxious to begin eating1 so no time was wasted by me4 #i4 ,they run out of ammunition1 which caused them to loose the battle4 #aj4 ,the mind is not only developed1 but also the body4 #aa4 ,he built a reservoir varying from #ge to #aej ft4 in diameter and from #h to #ae ft4 high4 #ab4 ,the most principal reason for going to college is so as to prepare myself for teaching4 #ac4 ,while the room was not very large1 yet it had a good-sized closet in which to put a trunk would be easy and lighted by a small window4 #ad4 ,a college education is supposed to be general and thorough by training a man not only into something definite1 but give him a wider scope from which to choose from4 #ae4 ,motion pictures give actual battle scenes showing just how the different countries carry on warfare1 in taking care of the wounded1 making ammunition1 and how they discharge the artillery1 and advance or retreat4 ,e4 #a4 ,he acted like the rest did4 #b4 ,he don't see anything attractive about her4 #c4 ,neither ,admiral ,beatty nor ,admiral ,sims are afraid to take chances4 #d4 ,the ,girl's ,campfire ,organization was organized when the ,boy ,scouts organization was proved such a success4 #e4 ,coal is found likely #ae ft4 from the waters edge1 extending horizontally under the cliff4 #f4 ,it is no sure sign that just because a student has took a course in literature1 that he really enjoys the best reading4 #g4 ,one of the most noticeable characteristics about ,lowell's letters were that they are brief1 to the point1 and emphatic4 #h4 ,on the license there will be found the laws regarding hunting and on the back of it tells when the different seasons are open4 #i4 ,the ,st4 ,louis ,republic is a partisan democratic newspaper and thus it can be guessed as to what their editorials are like concerning political questions4 #aj4 ,if the public in general is well posted on the subject and finds that the charity workers are in earnest1 they are much more apt to donate4 #aa4 ,some were laughing1 some acted serious1 others like myself were merely looking on4 #ab4 ,entering the campus1 the ,library is seen1 which is a building nicer than all the others4 #ac4 ,the ,ideal ,starter starts the engine perfectly without leaving the driver's seat4 #ad4 ,the fly feeds on decayed vegetable matter1 and also the decayed animal4 #ae4 ,it is true that some people keep a fire extinguisher4 ,it is of minor importance when considering organized fire protection4 ,it is organized fire protection with which we are chiefly concerned1 so let us dismiss the former and proceed to the latter subject4 ,f4 #a4 ,in olden days the curfew rung everywheres at #i o'clock4 #b4 ,if a person was to become a charity worker1 it would necessitate him giving time and effort4 #c4 ,i think most any person can appreciate a good joke when it is not on them4 #d4 ,your clothing for the hunt should be warm and of goods that will not tear easy4 #e4 ,life can be classified in four general stages4 ,infancy1 ,youth1 ,maturity1 and ,old ,age4 #f4 ,at the sound of the summons ,i had to arise from my downy cot and hurry to the morning repast4 #g4 ,he was surprised at the way people lived in the city4 ,especially the dirt and misery of the slums4 #h4 ,the house is battered and dingy1 being built twenty years ago by ,mr4 ,robinson1 and needs paint badly4 #i4 ,we hadn't scarcely more than begun the work when one of the engines got broke and we had to stop until it could be fixed4 #aj4 ,neither self-denial nor self-sacrifice are to be admired1 or even pardoned1 at the cost of happiness1 ,stevenson says4 #aa4 ,the thing that took my eye most of all were the walls4 ,pennants1 pictures1 and souvenirs were hanging everywhere4 #ab4 ,grandmother had put the spectacles in the ,bible which she had lost4 #ac4 ,in the summer time the weather is warm but some people are complaining of the hot weather and who wish the weather would turn cooler but is it not this kind of weather that makes the plants grow1 which in turn furnish us food8 #ad4 ,until athletics are demanded from the weaker students1 the training will go to the one who does not need it1 and the ones who do need it are sitting up on the bleachers exercising their lungs4 #ae4 ,the people of olden times used pumps1 but did not know why they worked1 they thought it worked because nature abhors a vacuum4 ,g4 #a4 ,each one of these three books are interesting4 #b4 ,you may put this hat in any desired shape you like4 #c4 ,we motored over to ,bloomington which was much more pleasant than the train4 #d4 ,every one of his statements are so clear that they cannot be misconstrued what they mean4 #e4 ,analysis is when things are resolved into elements or parts4 #f4 ,she dropped the doll on the pavement1 of which she was very fond4 #g4 ,he was offered money to keep still1 but would not1 thus showing his good character4 #h4 ,the first training center for training police dogs was in ,hildesheim1 ,prussia1 and was in the year #ahif4 #i4 ,the draining of land not only increases the yield1 and it greatly lengthens the season that the land may be worked4 #aj4 ,he next stated the number of the founders of the ,constitution1 which were #ci in no4 #aa4 ,the life of ,doctor ,kingsley is a good example of a man who has succeeded4 #ab4 ,the fortunes of our country are now standing at the cannon's mouth1 and one vote may stem the tide of disaster4 #ac4 ,there was little scenery on an ,elizabethan stage4 ,while the parts intended for women were performed by men4 #ad4 ,the cave which ,tom ,sawyer was lost in really existed4 ,it was the cave just outside ,hannibal1 ,missouri1 it was near the ,mississippi4 ,here was the place where ,mark ,twain was a boy4 #ae4 ,yes1 and the buildings werent what they are now1 do you remember how we used to go to the old log meeting house1 that was up on stilts1 and the pigs crawled under the floor and raised such a disturbance that the preacher had to stop and have the pigs chased out before he could continue the sermon8 ,,index ,the numbers refer to articles4 ,abbreviations1 #hc1 #ij;c ,absolute expressions ,defined1 #eh ,punctuation of1 #ia;e ,accept and except1 #fg ,ad1 #fh ,addresses1 #hg;b1 #hg;e ,adjectives ,classes of1 #eh ,comparison of1 #eh ,distinguished from adverbs1 #ef ,in a series1 #ia;f1 #ia;j#b ,adverbs1 ,classes of1 #eh ,comparison of1 #eh ,distinguished from adjectives1 #ef ,affect and effect1 #fg ,aggravate1 #fh ,agreement ,of verbs1 #eb ,of pronouns1 #ea1 #ej;i ,ain't1 #fh ,all right1 #fh ,almost1 ,position of1 #bg ,allusion and illusion1 #fg ,already and all ready1 #fg ,and before a subordinate phrase or clause1 #af1 #ag ,and used to excess1 #ad ,and which construction1 #ag ,antecedent ,defined1 #eh ,faulty reference to1 #bj-bc ,anybody1 ,number of1 #ea;a ,apostrophe ,in contractions1 #ig ,with possessive1 #ig1 #ej;f ,application for a position1 #hg;g ,articles1 ,omission of1 #c ,as1 ,incorrect use of1 #ej;a1 #fh ,aspect of the verb1 #eh ,auxiliary ,defined1 #eh ,use of1 #ee;e ,awful1 ,abuse of1 #fh ,balanced sentence1 #de ,balanced structure1 #cj1 #de ,barbarisms1 #ff ,because clauses1 #e ,because of phrases1 #e ,note ,be1 ,nominative with1 #ej;c ,both 444 and1 #ca ,brackets1 #ie;e ,brevity for emphasis1 #da1 #fj ,business letters1 #hg;c ,bust or busted1 #fh ,but used to excess1 #ch ,note ,can and may1 #fg ,cannot help but1 #cd ,capitals1 #ha ,case ,defined1 #eh ,use of1 #ej ,cause1 ,inaccurate statement of1 #e ,caused by1 #e ,note1 #bc1 #fh ,change in number or person1 #cc ,change in subject or voice1 #cb ,change in tense1 #cc1 #ee ,choppy sentences1 #ac ,claim1 #fh ,clauses ,cause1 #e ,cordinated loosely1 #ad1 #ab ,defined1 #eh ,house-that-,jack-built1 #ch ,misplaced1 #bd ,misused as sentences1 #a1 #ij;b ,restrictive and non-r41 #ia;d ,subordinate4 ,not to be used as complete sentences1 #a ,subordination faulty1 #ae ,to be reduced to phrases1 #fj ,when or where clauses1 #f ,clearness1 #bj-ci ,climax1 #dd ,coherence1 #bd-bi ,colon1 #ic ,collective nouns1 ,number of1 #ea;c ,colloquialisms1 #fe ,comma1 #ia1 #ib;c ,notes #a and #b1 #ie;b ,after quotation1 #if ,note ,comma splice or comma fault1 #ah ,not used after question mark1 #ih;b ,comparison of adjectives and adverbs1 #eh ,comparisons1 ,inaccurate1 #d ,compound sentence structure in excess1 #ab1 #ad ,compound words1 #gh ,concreteness1 #fc ,conjugation1 #eh ,conjunctions ,defined1 #eh ,list of1 #cf ,omitted1 #cg ,repeated carelessly1 #ch ,conjunctive adverbs ,defined1 #eh ,punctuation with1 #ib;c ,connectives1 #h1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch ,consonants ,between syllables1 #ga1 #he ,final 7in spelling71 #ge ,construction ,incomplete1 #b ,mixed1 #cd ,split1 #bh ,contractions ,apostrophe with1 #ig ,when proper1 #fe;b ,cordination1 ,excessive1 #ab1 #ad ,correlatives1 #ca ,could of1 #fh ,dangling gerund1 #bc ,dangling participle1 #bc ,dash1 #id ,dates1 ,writing of1 #hd1 #ia;e ,declension1 #eh ,definition1 #f ,note ,dialogue ,paragraphing1 #hh;c ,punctuation before1 #ia;h1 #ic;a ,punctuation in1 #if ,diction1 ,faulty 7list71 #fh ,different than1 #fh ,divided reference1 #bj ,don't1 #ea;d ,double capacity1 ,words in1 #eg ,double negative1 #cd ,note ,drownded1 #fh ,due to1 ,proper use of1 #e ,note1 #bc ,note1 #fh ,each1 ,number of1 #ea;a ei or ie1 #gd ,either1 ,number of1 #ea;a ,either 444 or1 #ca ,ellipsis ,defined1 #eh ,misuse of1 #c1 #bc ,note ,emigrate and immigrate1 #fg ,emphasis ,by brevity1 #da ,by position1 #dj ,by repetition1 #dg ,by separation1 #da ,by subordination1 #db1 #ad ,by variety1 #dh ,enthuse1 #fh ,etc41 ,use of1 #fh ,euphemism1 #fa ,ever1 ,position of1 #bg ,every1 every one1 everybody1 ,number of1 #ea;a ,exclamation point1 #ih;e ,exact connective1 #cf ,exact word1 #fb ,figures1 ,use of1 #hd ,figures of speech1 ,mixed1 #ce ,final consonant 7in spelling71 #ge ,final e before a suffix1 #gf ,fine1 ,abuse of1 #fh ,fine writing1 #fa ,flowery language1 #fa ,formal invitations1 #hg;h ,former1 #fh ,gent1 #fh ,geographical names1 #ia;e ,gerund ,dangling1 #bc ,defined1 #eh ,with possessive1 #ej;g ,good use1 #fe1 #ff ,gotten1 #fh ,grammar1 #ej-ei ,grammatical terms1 #eh ,guess1 #fh ,hackneyed expressions1 #fa ,had ought1 #fh ,handwriting1 #hj;c ,hanged and hung1 #fg ,healthy and healthful1 #fg ,historical present1 #cc ,note ,however1 ,position of1 #bg ,human1 humans1 #fh ,hygienic and sanitary1 #fg ,hyphen ,between syllables1 #he ,in compound words1 #gh ,idioms1 #fe ,illogical thought1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g ,imagery mixed1 #ce ,impersonal construction1 ,needless use of1 #fj ,improprieties1 #ff ,incomplete construction1 #b ,indefinite it1 you1 they1 #bb ,note ,indention of paragraphs1 #hh ,inflection1 #eh ,infinitive ,case with1 #ej;e ,defined1 #eh ,sign of1 to be repeated1 #cg ,split1 #bh ,tense of1 #ee ,instants and instance1 #fg ,interjections ,defined1 #eh ,punctuation of1 #ia;c1 #ih;e ,invitations1 ,formal1 #hg;h ,is when clauses1 #f ,is where clauses1 #f ,italics1 #hb1 #if;e ,its 7possessive adjective71 without apostrophe1 #ej;f1 #ig;d ,kind of1 #fh ,later and latter1 #fg ,lead and led1 #fg ,learn and teach1 #fg ,leave and let1 #fg ,length of paragraph1 #hh;b ,length of sentences1 #ab1 #ac1 #dh;b ,less and fewer1 #fg ,letters1 #hg ,liable and likely1 #fg ,lie and lay1 #ei;,d1 #fg ,like 7for as71 #fg1 #fh ,list ,of connectives1 #cf ,of principal parts1 #ed ,of grammatical terms1 #eh ,of words confused in meaning1 #fg ,of words incorrectly used1 #fh ,of words logically akin1 #gb ,of words confused in spelling1 #gc ,for spelling1 #gi ,loan1 #fh ,locate1 #fh ,logic1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g ,logical ,agreement1 #d1 #e1 #f ,logical ,sequence1 #be ,lose and loose1 #fg ,lots of1 #fh ,majority and plurality1 #fg ,manuscript1 #hj ,might of1 #fh ,misplaced word1 #bg ,mixed constructions1 #cd ,mixed imagery1 #ce ,modal aspects1 #eh ,mode ,definition of1 #eh ,use of subjunctive1 #ee;d ,modifiers ,grouping of1 #bd1 #be ,needless separation of1 #bd1 #bg ,squinting1 #bf ,wrongly used as sentences1 #a1 #ij;b ,money1 #hd;c ,most 7for almost71 #ff1 #fh ,myself1 ,needlessly used for ,i or me1 #fh ,negative1 ,double1 #cd ,note ,neither1 ,number of1 #ea;a ,neither 444 nor1 #ca ,nice1 ,inaccurate use of1 #fb1 #fh ,nicknames1 ,quotations with1 #if;d ,not only 444 but also1 #ca ,nouns1 ,classes of1 #eh ,number ,shift in1 #cc ,these kind1 etc41 #ea;b ,each1 ,every1 etc41 #ea;a ,collective nouns1 #ea;c ,of verbs1 #eb ,numbers1 ,use of1 #hd ,formation of plural1 #gg;d1 #ig;e ,o and ,oh1 #fh ,objective case1 #ej;d1 #ej;e ,off of1 #fh ,omission ,of words1 #c ,from quotations1 #if;i ,only1 ,position of1 #bg ,outlines1 #hf ,overlapping thought1 #h ,note ,owing to1 ,proper use of1 #e ,note ,paragraphs1 #hh ,parallel structure1 #cj1 #ca1 #de ,parenthesis and parenthetical elements1 #ia;e1 #id;a1 #ie ,participle ,dangling1 #bc ,definition of1 #eh ,parts of speech1 #eh ,party1 ,abuse of1 #fh ,passive voice1 not emphatic1 #df ,past tense1 ,wrong forms of1 #ed ,past perfect tense1 #ee ,period1 #ij1 #ia;b1 #ib;a ,note ,after quotation1 #if;g ,note ,not used after question mark1 #ih;b ,period blunder1 #a1 #ij;b ,periodic sentence1 #dc ,person1 ,change in1 #cc ,phonetic spelling1 #ga ,note ,phrases ,defined1 #eh ,not to be used as sentences1 #a ,note ,absolute1 #ia;e ,plurals1 ,spelling of1 #gg ,poetry to be separated from prose1 #da1 #hj;b ,point of view1 ,shift in1 #cb ,ponderous language1 #fj ,possessive ,with gerund1 #ej;g ,apostrophe with1 #ej;f1 #ig ,inanimate objects in1 #ej;h ,practical and practicable1 #fg ,predicate adjective1 #eh ,predicate noun1 #eh ,prefixes1 #gb ,prepositions ,defined1 #eh ,omitted1 #c1 #cg ,repeated carelessly1 #ch ,principal parts1 #ed ,principal and principle1 #fg ,pronouns ,agreement with antecedent1 #ej;i ,case of1 #ej ,kinds of1 #eh ,reference of1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb ,wrong use of myself1 yourself1 for ,i1 me1 you1 #fh ,pronunciation as a guide to spelling1 #ga ,proof and evidence1 #fg ,proposition1 ,synonyms for1 #fb ,proven1 #fh ,pseudo- and quasi-1 #fg ,quiet and quite1 #fg ,question mark1 #ih ,quotation marks vs4 italics1 #hb;a ,note #b1 #if;e ,quotations ,punctuation before1 #ia;h1 #ib;d1 #ic;a ,punctuation of1 #if ,reason1 ,statement of1 to be completed by a that clause1 #e ,redundance1 #fj ,reference ,ambiguous1 #bj ,broad1 #bb ,divided1 #bj ,impersonal1 #bb ,note ,remote1 #bj ,to a clause1 #bb ,to a title1 #ba ,note ,to an unemphatic word1 #ba ,weak1 #ba ,reflexive wrongly used for the simple pronoun1 #fh ,repetition ,of connectives1 good1 #cg2 bad1 #ch ,of structure1 good #dg;b2 bad #dh;b ,of words1 good1 #dg;a2 bad1 #dh;a ,respectfully and respectively1 #fg ,restrictive and non-restrictive clauses1 #ia;d ,right smart1 #fh ,rise and raise1 #ei;,d1 #fg ,said1 ,synonyms for1 #fb ,same1 ,abuse of1 #fh ,scrappy sentences1 #ac ,semicolon1 #ia;b1 #ib1 #ie;b ,after quotation1 #if;g ,note ,not used after question mark1 #ih;b ,sequence of tense1 #ee ,sequence of thought1 #be ,series1 ,punctuation of1 #ia;f1 #ia;g1 #ia;j #c ,shall and will1 #ec ,shift in number1 person1 or tense1 #cc ,shift in subject or voice1 #cb ,should and would1 #ec ,sit and set1 #ei;,d1 #fg ,slang1 #ff ,quotations with1 #if;d ,so1 #cf ,note1 #fh ,some1 ,abuse of1 #fh ,somewheres1 #fh ,sound1 #fd ,spacing1 #hj;b ,specific words1 #fc ,spelling1 #gj-gi ,split construction1 #bh ,split infinitive1 #bh ,squinting1 #bf ,stationary and stationery1 #fg ,statue1 stature1 and statute1 #fg ,stringy sentences1 #ab1 #ad ,subject in nominative case1 #ej;a ,subjunctive mode ,defined1 #eh ,use of1 #ee;d ,subordinating conjunctions ,defined1 #eh ,enumerated1 #cf ,subordination ,necessary1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad ,faulty1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #db ,and which1 #ag ,substantive defined1 #eh ,such1 #fh ,suffixes1 #ge1 #gf ,superlative degree in comparisons1 #d1 #eh ,sure and surely1 #fh ,suspicion1 #fh ,syllabication1 #he ,syntax defined1 #eh ,tautology1 #fj ,note ,technical terms1 ,quotations with1 #if;d ,tense ,in dependent clauses1 #ee;a ,in general statements1 #ee;c ,past ,perfect1 #ee;b ,sequence of1 #ee ,shift in1 #cc ,than or as1 ,case of pronouns after1 #ej;a ,that there1 #fh ,them 7misused as adjective71 #fh ,these kind1 #ea;b ,those1 ,omission of relative clause after1 #b1 #fh ,thought undeveloped1 #g ,title ,capitals in1 #ha ,reference to1 #ba ,note ,spacing1 etc41 #hj;a1 #if;j ,quoted 7books1 periodicals1 etc471 #hb;a1 #if;e ,transitions1 #h1 #cf ,transpire1 #fh ,triteness1 #fa ,undeveloped thought1 #g ,unity1 #aj-ai ,upside-down subordination1 #ae ,usage1 ,good1 #fe1 #ff ,verbals1 #eh ,verb1 ,forms of the1 #eh ,ways1 #fh ,weak reference1 #ba ,where at1 #fh ,while1 ,abuse of1 #cf ,win out1 #fh ,who1 whoever1 #ej;b ,woods1 #fh ,would of1 #fh ,wordiness1 #fj ,words ,confused in meaning1 #fg ,confused in spelling1 #gc ,double capacity of1 #eg ,misused1 #fh ,omission of1 #c ,yourself wrongly used for you1 #fh ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,article #g1 ,missing period added 7,many passages are powerful1 especially the grave-digging ,is grave-digging a passage847 ,article #ac1 ,changed period to colon 7,exercise37 ,article #ad1 ,changed period to colon 7,exercise37 ,article #bd1 ,added missing article a 7,in the morning ,i found on my bed a heap of snow4447 ,article #be1 ,changed them to then 7,do not begin one idea1 abandon it for a second1 and then return to the first47 ,article #ca1 ,added missing comma 7not only 444 but also 4441 both 444 and 4447 ,article #ch1 ,changed men to man 7,he was undoubtedly a brave man4447 ,article #ch1 ,changed trangressions to transgressions 7,however1 if it is used only for serious transgressions4447 ,article #ci1 ,added missing parenthesis 77,consult #cf for a list of connectives477 ,article #ed1 ,changed period to colon 7,exercise37 ,article #eh1 ,changed ,i was being taken to ,i must be taken in the conjugation table for the verb to take as ,present ,indicative ,obligative in ,passive voice ,article #fe1 ,changed idoms to idioms 7,study the following list of correct idioms7 ,article #fe1 ,added missing commas 7ain't it fierce81 can you beat it81 going some7 ,article #fh1 ,added missing quotation mark 7,we oughtn't 7not hadn't ought7 to make this error47 ,article #fh1 ,changed ,verb to ,very 7,very4 ,accompanied by much when used with the past participle47 ,article #ga1 ,removed italic style for the word compare 7compare occasion7 ,article #hf1 ,corrected numbering in a list changing #b4 to #c4 7#c4 ,place in order the headings of the following outline7 ,article #hh1 ,added missing parenthesis 77,in some instances the paragraph may consist of a single sentence477 ,article #hh1 ,changed comma to period 7,we'll have a rope down to you in a minute47 ,article #ia1 ,added missing parenthesis 77,she came and she was gone in a moment4 ,mc,coy talked and the rest of us listened477 ,article #ia1 ,changed period to colon 7,right3 ,for breakfast we had oatmeal1 bacon1 eggs1 and honey47 ,article #ib1 ,changed period to colon 7,better3 ,she enjoyed the dinners1 and the dancing1 and the music7 ,article #id1 ,changed d4 to b41 and b4 to d4 7b4 ,insert a dash when a sentence is broken off abruptly42 d4 ,the use of the dash to end sentences is childish47 ,article #ie1 ,changed dedeclared to declared 7,bunyan's masterpiece 7,the ,pilgrim's ,progress71 declared the lecturer7 ,,index1 ,changed period to comma 7,impersonal construction1 ,needless use of7