file :i* includes ! num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cjbij-;h4htm or #cjbij-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cjbij_/pg#cjbij-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjbi j_/cjbij-;h4zip7 ,! ,homel& ,h&books--,no4 #ee4 ,,our ,,homel& ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,!m4 by ,,sidney ,,hea? 7,au?or ( ,"s ,dorset ,manor ,h\ses1 etc47 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or & ,e!l ,m4 ,hea? ,& by ,photographs4 ,publi%$ "u ! ,g5]al ,editor%ip ( ,prescott ,r[ & ,ar?ur ,h5ry ,&]son1 by ! ,homel& ,association = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,t\r+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\ndations ( a ,romano-,briti% ,*ur*4 ,uncov]$ at ,sil*e/]4 ,photograph ,s4 ,victor ,:ite ,co4 ,london3 ,! ,homel& ,association ,ltd41 #bb1 ,bride ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,fir/ ,edition4 #aijg4 ,,editorial ,,note4 ,) a view to mak+ future ,editions ( ?is ,h&book z accurate & compreh5sive z possible1 sugge/ions = its improvem5t are cordially invit$4 ,if s5t to ,,! ,,editors1 ,! ,homel& ,association1 ,association ,h\se1 #bb1 ,bride ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c41 !y w be gratefully ackn[l$g$4 ,,copyright4 ,?is ,book z a :ole1 ) its cont5ts1 bo? ,lit]>y & ,pictorial1 is ,copyright$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,adv]tis+4 ,,local4--,t]ms = ,adv]tis+ 9 future issues ( ?is ,h&book w be =w>d$ on application to ! ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,homel& ,association1 at ! above address4 ,,g5]al4--,contracts = ! ins]tion ( ,adv]tisem5ts ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( ,homel& ,h&books1 m ?an fifty volumes1 circulat+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 c be arrang$ on application to ! ,g5]al ,manag]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,au?or's ,preface #g ,d$ication #h ,introduction #i ,i4--,e>ly ,briti% ,*ur*es #ai ,,ii4--,e>ly ,*ur* ,ar*itecture #bf ,,iii4--,! ,saxon & ,norman ,/yles #ca ,,iv4--,! ,e>ly ,engli% ,/yle #dg ,v4--,! ,decorat$ ,/yle #eg ,,vi4--,! ,p]p5dicul> ,/yle #fd ,,vii4--,! ,r5aissance & ,lat] #gd ,,viii4--,*ur* ,furniture & ,ornam5ts #hj ,,ix4--,bells & ,belfries #ie ,x4--,! ,spire3 ,its ,orig9 & ,developm5t #ii ,,xi4--,/a9$ ,glass #ajd ,,xii4--,crypts #aji ,,xiii4--,h[ to describe an ,old ,*ur* #aaa ,app5dix--,a ,gloss>y ( ! ,pr9cipal ,t]ms us$ 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture #aae ,bibliography #abc ,index #abd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 #a ,f\ndations ( a ,romano-,briti% ,*ur* ,frontispiece #b ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,lynn #eb #c ,a ,f9e ,p]p5dicul> ,t[]1 ,/4 ,m>y1 ,taunton #gb #d ,s$ilia & ,*antry1 ,luton #hh 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,ar*es #aj ,plan ( a ,typical ,go?ic ,cruci=m ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,luton #ab ,examples ( ,go?ic ,w9d[s #ae ,examples ( ,buttresses #ag ,a ,rood ,scre51 ) a ,re/oration ( ! ,rood #bj ,! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>t91 ,cant]bury #bb ,w9d[ ,built ) ,roman ,brick1 ,swanscombe #bd ,a ,reput$ ,saxon ,doorway1 ,bi%op/one #cj ,t[] ( ,e>ls' ,b>ton ,*ur* #cc ,an ,example ( ,norman ,t[]1 ,bi%op/one #cd ,a ,norman ,pi] ,arcade1 ,abbots ,langley #cf ,examples ( ,norman ,m\ld+s #cg ,a ,late ,norman ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,ca/le ,ris+ #ch ,we/ ,doorway1 ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral #dj ,tympanum ( ,norman ,doorway1 ,=d+ton ,/4 ,george #da ,examples ( ,norman ,capitals #db ,a ,curi\s ,norman ,capital1 ,sea=d #dc ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% ,doorways1 ,dun/able ,priory ,*ur* #de ,w9d[s1 ,%[+ ! ,orig9 ( ,trac]y #dg ,an ,e>ly ,engli% ,ar*1 ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral #dh ,wall ,arcad+1 ,%[+ ,junction ( ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% ,masonry1 ,dun/able ,priory ,*ur* #ej ,an ,e>ly ,engli% ,doorway1 ,hunt+don #ea ,a ,gr\p ( ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,lancet ,w9d[s1 ,ockham #ec ,salisbury ,ca!dral #ee ,examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,capitals & ,ornam5t #ef ,a ,late ,decorat$ ,w9d[ 9 a ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,ea/ ,sutton #ei ,examples ( ,decorat$ ,ornam5t #fa ,examples ( ,p]p5dicul> ,ornam5t #fd ,e>ly ,p]p5dicul> ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,yeovil #fe ,a ,f9e ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,%[+ ,ri* ,p]p5dicul> ,"w1 ,t]r+ton ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,norfolk #fg ,a ,p]p5dicul> ,doorway1 ,m]ton ,college #fh ,a ,p]p5dicul> ,por*1 ,k+'s ,lynn #ga ,an ,engli% ,r5aissance ,*ur*1 ,s4 ,/eph51 ,walbrook #gh ,a ,typical ,corni% ,font #hj ,! ,sanctu>y ,knock]1 ,durham ,ca!dral #hb ,! ,bapti/]y 9 ,luton ,*ur* #hc ,an ,example ( a ,lead5 ,font ( ! ,late ,norman ,p]iod #he ,a ,reput$ ,saxon ,font1 ,%aldon #hf ,a ,deta*$ ,holy-,wat] ,/\p ( ,unusual ,design #hg ,a ,typical ,som]set ,b5*-,end1 ,spaxton #hi ,a ,ri*ly-,c>v$ ,pulpit & ,canopy1 ,edlesbor\gh #ia ,scre5 ) ,rood ,l(t1 ,k5ton #ic ,! ,c>v$ ,oak ,balu/rade 9 ,compton ,*ur* #id ,bell ,turret = ,?ree ,bells1 ,radipole #ih ,! ,be/ ,example ( a ,saxon ,spire or ,pyramidal ,ro(1 ,sompt+ #ajj ,leighton ,buzz>d ,*ur*1 ) ,e>ly ,engli% ,t[] & ,spire #ajb ,a ,p>i% ,*ur* ) a ,%+le ,broa* ,spire1 ,ed5bridge #aje ,int]ior ,elevation ( a ,bay ( a ,*ur* #aad ,,/yles ,,( ,,engli% ,,ar*itecture4 ,! foll[+ p]iods ( ar*itectural /yle may be ( use = ! purpose ( ref]5ce1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y are m or less approximate1 z ea* /yle m]g$ by sl[ degrees into ! next4 ,norman4--,william ,i4 to ,/eph54 #ajff-aaed4 ,transition ,norman4--,h5ry ,,ii4 #aaed-aahi4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4--,ri*>d ,i4 to ,h5ry ,,iii4 #aahi-abgb ,decorat$4--,edw>d ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 #abgb-acgg4 ,p]p5dicul>4--,ri*>d ,,ii4 to ,h5ry ,,vii4 #acgg-adhe4 ,tudor4--,h5ry ,,viii4 to ,elizabe?4 #adhe-afjj4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,%>pe gives sev5 p]iods ( ,engli% ar*itecture up to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 & dates !m z foll[s3-- ,,romanesque4 ,i4 ,saxon f ---- to #ajff ,,ii4 ,norman #ajff #aade #gi ye>s ,,iii4 ,transitional #aade #aaij #de ,,go?ic4 ,,iv4 ,lancet f #aaij to #abde #ee ye>s ,v4 ,geometrical #abde #acae #gj ,,vi4 ,curvil9e> #acae #acfj #de ,,vii4 ,rectil9e> #acfj #aeej #aij ,,preface4 ,x is a truism t ! hi/ory ( build+ is ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w1 = ( all ! arts practis$ by man1 !re is none :i* conveys to u a cle>] conception ( ! religion1 hi/ory1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 ideals & follies ( pa/ ages1 ?an ! art ( build+4 ,?is applies 9 a special s5se to ca!drals & *ur*es1 :i* glori\s relics reflect & p]petuate ! noble aim1 ! delicate ?\ght1 ! ref9$ & exquisite ta/e1 ! pati5t & pa9/ak+ toil :i* h be5 exp5d$ ^u !m by ! dev\t & e>ne/ craftsm5 ( ! pa/4 ,!re are v few ( our anci5t *ur*es 9 village1 t[n or city :i* d n (f] "s feature ( int]e/ to ! visitor1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ m important1 !re is sure to be "s door1 w9d[1 font1 scre51 or o!r detail :i* w amply repay him = ! small am\nt ( "t sp5t 9 see+ x4 ,! aim ( ! au?or ( ?is little volume has be5 to indicate ! symbolism & mean+ atta*+ to ! v>i\s portions ( our *ur*es & ca!drals1 & to endeav\r briefly to describe1 9 language z simple z ! subject w all[1 ! v>i\s /yles ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture ) _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics 9 su* a way z w enable ! read] to assign ea* portion & detail ( a *ur* to its respective p]iod ) an approximate degree ( accuracy4 ,he does n claim to be orig9al1 b endeav\rs to be useful & int]e/+4 ,! be/ au?orities h be5 consult$ & freely drawn ^u1 b ) ! object 9 view ( writ+ a book at once ?us useful & int]e/+1 no attempt has be5 made to deal ) ! subject 9 a /rictly ar*itectural1 or a purely sci5tific mann]4 ,weym\?1 #aijf4 ,,d$ication4 ,to all ^? :o love old build+s--ca!drals1 abbeys1 & village *ur*es1 :i* brea! ! _s ( an age ) :i* we h entirely brok5--& :o w\ld fa9 h& d[n to po/]ity1 unmutilat$1 ! great build+ a*ievem5ts ( our =efa!rs1 :i* we1 ) all our sci5ce1 weal?1 & means ( curtail+ lab\r1 c no m imitate ?an we c reproduce ! language ( a ,*auc] or a ,%akespe>e2 ?is book is respectfully d$icat$4 ,s4 ,h4 ,firm 0 _! fai?1 ! anci5t b&s1 ,! wise ( he>t 9 wood & /one1 ,:o re>$ ) /]n & tru/+ h&s ,^? d>k grey t[]s ( days unkn[n2 ,!y fill$ ! aisles ) _m a ?\ght1 ,!y bade ea* nook "s tru? recall ,! pill>$ ar* its leg5d br\ght1 ,a doctr9e came ) ro( & wall4 --,,hawk] ,,( ,,morw5/[4 ,,our ,,homel& ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,!m4 ,,introduction4 ,h[ev] mu* we may admire1 consid]$ purely z art1 ! ,pagan temples ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 we mu/ confess t !y are lack+ 9 ^? high ideals & ^? su/a9$ & inspir$ motives :i* seem to p5etrate & p]meate ! build+s & *ur*es ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,p]fect z is ,greek art )9 its some:at n>r[ limits1 x is1 nev]!less1 cold1 precise & lifeless4 ,! ,go?ic build+s on ! contr>y are pregnant ) ! v _s ( life4 ,prompt$ by a deep & f]v5t fai? 9 _! religion1 ! ,go?ic build]s & sculptors unconsci\sly wove into ! humble/ ( _! ar*itectural enri*m5ts "s portion ( _! daily life & p]sonality4 ,! slave-built temples ( ! ,greeks (f]$ no scope = ! ex]cise ( individual expression--su*1 9 fact1 w\ld h be5 /rongly res5t$--:]eas ! e>ly ,*ri/ian craftsman1 revell+ 9 8 fre$om1 seiz$ e opportunity ( express+ 9 8 "w 8 joy1 fe> & hope ( immortality4 ,?is is made app>5t 9 ! /udy ( an old *ur*1 :]e( e portion--door1 w9d[1 b5*-end1 c>v+1 g>goyle--has hidd5 ab\t x "s sugge/ion ( beautiful ?\ght1 or "s di/9ct & appropriate symbolism4 ,! fact t symbolism und]lies almo/ e su* indication ( m$ival ?\ght is made abundantly manife/ 9 ! /udy ( m$ival lit]ature4 ,op5 any #ab? c5tury treatise on morals1 sci5ce or hi/ory1 & y become aw>e ( ! fact at once4 ,! ma9-spr+ ( ?is symbolism1 ( all ,*ri/ian symbolism1 turns on ! p>abolic mean+ 9 ! s*eme ( ,creation4 ,! e>ly writ]s 7 f> less conc]n$ ) record+ ! pla9 objective facts ( hi/ory1 ?an 9 pursu+ ! allegory & ! love ( ! m>vell\s1 & %[+ all ^? *>act]i/ics ( :at we n[ t]m an unsci5tific attitude ( m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,ar*es4 ,norman4 ,/ilt$4 ,horse ,%oe4 ,equilat]al4 ,lancet4 ,drop4 ,trefoil4 ,trefoil4 ,c9quefoil4 ,ogee4 ,f\r ,c5t]$4 ,tudor4 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 symbolism means ! expression ( belief1 & if we w\ld int]pret hi/ory aright1 we mu/ grasp ! fact t ! key to ! "* & disposition ( peoples ( all ages lies 9 ! k ( _! beliefs2 = out ( ! beliefs ( "o age mo/ surely gr[ ! beliefs ( its successors1 & 9 no "w ( man's h& are ! beliefs held by v>i\s peoples 9 pa/ ages m cle>ly def9$ ?an 9 our ca!drals & *ur*es1 :i* noble build+s 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry indicate pr9ciples z well z facts1 influ5ces z well z results2 & :ile pres5t+ ! f9e/ mat]ials = /hetic /udy1 are no less useful z indicat+ ! psy*ological peculi>ities ( ^? build]s ( old to ^: condition !y be> witness4 ,9 our gr& specim5s ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 we may read ! _w's lat] hi/ory1 & to-day !y brea! ! sombre rev]5tial influ5ce ( a fai? :i* s\ght to satisfy itself ) ! visible symboliz+ ( ^? half-poetical1 half-sup]/iti\s conceptions ) :i* ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 s deeply imbu$4 ,an e>ly developm5t ( decorative symbolic art1 kn[n z ,celtic1 ( :i* we h examples on old ,iri% crosses1 & p>ticul>ly on illum9at$ ,,mss4 0 wr\ght by ! ,*ri/ian monks ( ! #g? & #h? c5turies1 b :at is g5]ally und]/ood z ,*ri/ian symbolic art _h its f9e/ developm5t ab\t ! #ac? c5tury4 ,go?ic art is ess5tially symbolic & 9 _m in/ances1 its individual =ms h specific significance4 ,?us ! common equilat]al triangle 0 us$ to symbolize ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 z are ! two entw9$ triangles4 ,o!r symbols employ$ at ?is p]iod sett+ =? ! my/]y ( ! ,unity ( ! ,tr9ity1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 are ?ree int]lac$ circles1 & a v curi\s "o is t 9 :i* ?ree faces are s comb9$ z to =m an ornam5tal figure4 ,baptism "u ! imm$iate sanction ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity 0 repres5t$ by ?ree fi%es plac$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a triangle4 ,s num]\s1 inde$ 7 su* ,*ri/ian symbols aft] ! #i? c5tury t a m]e enum]ation ( !m w\ld occupy consid]able space4 ,e trefoil symboliz$ ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 e quatrefoil ! f\r ,evangeli/s2 e cross ! ,crucifixion1 or ! m>tyrdom ( "s sa9t2 & 9 ,go?ic ornam5t & decoration1 we f9d ! ,*alice1 ! ,cr[n ( ,?orns1 ! ,dice1 ! ,sop1 ! ,hamm] & ,nails1 ! ,flagellum & o!r symbols ( our ,"l's ,passion4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( a ,typical ,go?ic ,cruci=m ,p>i% ,*ur*4 7,/4 ,m>y1 ,luton1 fully describ$ 9 ,no4 #dg ( ?is ,s]ies74 ,drawn by ,ed4 ,crav5 ,lee4 ,al?\gh pres5t+ ! same *>act]i/ics 9 _! ext]nal design1 our t[n & village *ur*es are v v>i\s4 ,! simple/ =m1 & ! "o mo/ commonly f\nd1 is t ( a nave & *ancel1 ) a t[] at ! we/ end2 to :i* plan may be add$ aisles & transepts1 ! latt] (t5 be+ wrongly call$ cross-aisles4 ,:5 ! walls ( ! nave above ! arcade rise above ^? ( ! aisles & are pi]c$ ) w9d[s1 ! upp] portion is call$ ! cl]e/ory1 ! mean+ ( :i* ^w is n free f obscurity2 x seems probable t x indicates ! cle> /ory--! /ory :i* rises cle> ( ! nave & aisles4 ,9 l>ge build+s1 !y are important bo? = utility & beauty1 b 9 small & e>ly *ur*es1 !y are ( less importance4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! *ancel & nave ( a *ur* g5]ally /& ea/ & we/4 ,?is arrangem5t1 call$ ! ori5tation1 is symbolic ( ! tea*+ t to ! ea/ we are to look = assi/ance & protection aga9/ ! p[] ( our enemy1 & t z we pray we may look = ! day-spr+1 symboliz$ to u 9 ! ris+ sun t %$s light & w>m? all ov] ! e>?4 ,! public entrance to a *ur* is g5]ally at ! we/ end 7! prie/ usually _h a door 9 ! *ancel = 8 own use74 ,?r\gh ?is door we ent] ! h\se ( pray]1 = z 9 ! ea/ we see ! emblem ( ! ,"l ( ,life & ,light1 s ! we/ repres5ts ! seat ( d>kness & ( ! p[]s ( evil4 ,! e>lie/ por*es 7 ^? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian basilica *ur*es2 !y 7 long & arcad$ & 7 call$ n>!x4 ,9 lat] times1 !y assum$ two =ms1 "o ! project+ erection1 cov]+ ! entrance & divid$ into ?ree or m doorways1 & ! o!r a k9d ( cov]$ *amb] op5 at ! end & hav+ small w9d[s at ! sides4 ,^! latt] are g5]ally f\nd on ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! nave4 ,=m]ly1 :5 *ur* gov]nm5t 0 m rigor\s 9 discipl9e ?an is n[ ! case1 ! por* 0 ! appo9t$ place = ^? :o 7 "u c5sure4 ,^? also :o 7 unbaptis$1 or :o _h n yet receiv$ ! sacram5t ( reg5]ation1 7 n all[$ beyond ! por*1 n q exclud$ f ! *ur* & yet n p]mitt$ to ent] fully4 ,! por* also s]v$ z a pa? ( admission = all ,*ri/ians into ! body ( ! *ur*1 s t !y pass$ ?r\gh ! assembly ( p5it5ts & cate*um5s1 :o 7 wont to ask ! pray]s ( ! m highly privileg$ = _! full re/oration or admission to ! communion ( ! fai?ful4 ,) ref]5ce to our ,"l's ^w1 ,i am ! ,door1 we frequ5tly f9d ! tympana ( *ur* doors1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,norman date1 adorn$ ) repres5tations ( ev5ts f 8 life1 b !y (t5 also depict ! mon/]s1 dragons & devils1 t =m$ s /rong an article 9 ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ^! tympana w be f\nd 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! por* we ent] ! nave1 :i* ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 navis1 a %ip4 ,its symbolic tea*+ is t ( ! ,*ur* rid+ triumphantly & buoyantly on ! tr\bl$ & d>k wat]s ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ ?+ notic$ on ent]+ ! nave is ! font1 :i* 0 =m]ly plac$ outside ! *ur*1 9 a sep>ate build+ call$ ! bapti/]y2 a few ( our *ur*es h reta9$ ^! little build+s :i* n[ =m "p ( ! *ur*es prop]4 ,! reason 9 e>ly days = plac+ ! font outside ! *ur* 0 t ! ,*ri/ian 0 n admitt$ into ! nave until he _h be5 baptis$ & confirm$1 ! latt] rite be+ adm9i/]$ imm$iately aft] baptism4 ,f ! we/]n door !re is a cle> passage ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! nave1 call$ ! aisle1 signify+ ! /raight & n>r[ way f ! seat ( d>kness to immortal life4 ,on ea* side ( ?is aisle are seats = ! laity1 ) room = /&+ & kneel+4 ,! nave 0 usually divid$ f ! *ancel by an op5 scre5 ( wood or /one1 signify+ t al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian might h "s insight into ! my/]ies ( ! prie/'s (fice1 at ! same "t ^! 7 to be p>tly conceal$ f 8 view4 ,! rood scre5 0 s call$ f ! fact t ! great ,rood1 or ,crucifix1 /ood above x1 n always on ! scre5 itself1 b on a sep>ate beam1 to :i* 0 (t5 atta*$ a rood l(t or *amb]4 ,9 e>ly days1 ! lessons 7 read f ! top ( ! rood scre51 & 9 _m ( our *ur*es ! /airways lead+ ?i!r h be5 reta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,go?ic ,w9d[s4 ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,decorat$4 ,p]p5dicul>4 ,see also page #ei4 ,9 *ur*es :]e ! scre5 has vani%$1 ! division ( ! nave f ! re/ ( ! *ur* is pla9ly m>k$ by ! *ancel ar*4 ,! *ancel is emblematic ( ! ,*ri/ian p]fection1 ( ! ,*ur* triumphant 9 heav54 ,9 an old *ur*1 a pisc9a is ne>ly always f\nd 9 ! *ancel1 & "h1 too1 7 ! s$ilia or seats = ! (ficiat+ cl]gy1 ! prior1 sub-prior1 & ! deacon1 ! la/-nam$ occupy+ ! l[e/ seat4 ,f\nd]s' tombs also ne>ly always occupy positions 9 ! *ancel1 & ^! tombs diff] f all o!rs 9 t !y =m an integral "p ( ! /ructure1 & c\ld n h be5 add$ aft] ! *ur* 0 complet$4 ,ano!r ?+ sometimes to be se5 is ! amb]y1 or aumbry1 a small cupbo>d let into ! *ancel wall1 9 :i* 7 kept ! communion vessels1 ! *alice1 pat51 etc4 ,! great object ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 9 ! *ancel1 is ! alt>1 :i* ,ar*bi%op ,laud direct$ %\ld be enclos$ by rails1 s t al?\gh ! p may draw ne>1 !y _c t\* ! holy table1 b mu/ accept f ! h&s ( ! prie/ ^? gifts ( :i* he is ! m9i/] f ,god4 ,alt>s are fully describ$ 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 b we may "h note t ! r]$os1 s univ]sally f\nd 9 our ca!drals1 abbeys1 & 9 _m ( our *ur*es1 =ms no "p ( ! alt>1 & ! ,c\rt ( ,ar*es has decid$ t !re are no alt>s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 b only communion tables4 ,prom95t among ! ext]nal enri*m5ts ( our *ur*es is ! g>goyle1 a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,fr5*1 g>g\ille1 :i* 9 its turn comes f ! ,lat9 gurgulio--a wat]-sp\t4 ,! e>lie/ g>goyles are m]ely orifices ) a lip to %oot ! wat] well away f ! fabric4 ,! true g>goyle1 h[ev]1 0 quickly evolv$ f ?is primitive =m1 & consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! l[] "o =m+ ! *annel1 ! upp] "o be+ ! cov]4 ,! full significance ( ! skill display$ by ! old masons 9 ! r>e opportunity ! g>goyle af=d$ !m ( repres5t+ ! dragons1 s]p5ts1 etc41 9 :i* _! fancy revell$1 is made app>5t :5 we view ! futile attempts ( mod]n ar*itects to introduce ?is feature 9 _! *ur*es1 = mod]n g>goyles are g5]ally grotesque c>icatures1 & any?+ b happy app5dages to ! build+s to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,buttresses4 ,norman ,decorat$ ,fly+ ,buttress ,e>ly ,engli% ,p]p5dicul> ,drawn by ,e4 ,m4 ,hea?4 ,! *ur*y>d1 s pleas+ an adjunct to ! ,h\se ( ,god plac$ )9 x1 is frequ5tly approa*$ ?r\gh a ly*-gate1 :i* ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,saxon li*1 a corpse4 ,^! gates 9 our c\ntry *ur*y>ds are (t5 v picturesque little /ructures1 & "u !m ! corpse at a fun]al await$ ! (ficiat+ prie/ be=e be+ tak5 into ! *ur*4 ,! *ur*y>d is commonly reg>d$ z a m]e dep5d5cy ( ! *ur*1 & z hav+ a hi/ory v inf]ior 9 int]e/ to t ( ! temple to :i* x is ! c\rt4 ,! tru? is t _m ( our *ur*y>ds h an antiquity f> great] ?an t ( ! *ur*es1 z _m ( !m con/itut$ ! op5-air meet+-places ( our ,saxon =efa!rs long be=e ! erection ( p>i% *ur*es4 ,9 ! common meet+-place a cross 0 set up1 ei!r ( wood or /one1 to m>k & hall[ ! spot1 & :5 a *ur* 0 subsequ5tly built x 0 usually 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! cross1 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t _m *ur*y>d crosses are ( old] date ?an ! *ur*es !mselves4 ,wells ( wat] are (t5 f\nd 9 old *ur*y>ds1 & z ! regulations ( ! ,saxon *ur* requir$ imm]sion & n spr9kl+1 x is possible t ^! 7 ! ,saxon fonts4 ,su* !n is ! necess>ily brief attempt to describe ! ma9 l9es on :i* our old *ur*es 7 plann$1 & ! motives & ideals :i* animat$ _! build]s1 :o1 be+ impress$ ) ! dignity & my/]y ( ! works ( ,god1 made _! *ur*es symbolical ( ! portions ( ! ,*ri/ian life2 ! por* signify+ baptism1 ! nave ! life militant on e>?1 & ! *ancel ! life et]nal2 :ile e little ornam5t1 piece ( sculpture & enri*m5t 0 design$ to rem9d ! wor%ipp]s ( _! fai?1 ( its hopes1 bless$ promises & rew>ds4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,*ur*es4 ,9 deal+ ) ! introduction ( *ur* ar*itecture into our own l&1 ! task w\ld be mu* simplifi$ if "o c\ld /ate ) c]ta9ty :5 ! fir/ *ur* 0 built on ,briti% soil4 ,"s hi/orians ass]t t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z x is con/itut$ to-day dates no fur!r back ?an ! mom5t :5 ,s4 ,augu/9e & 8 foll[]s l&$ on ! %ores ( ,k5t 9 ! ye> #eif1 yet "o is probably ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t a *ur* exi/$ 9 ^! isl&s = c5turies previ\s to ! arrival ( ! ,roman mission>ies4 ,un=tunately we h no records to guide u z to ! date ( ?is e>li] settlem5t1 & ! "n ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission>y to hea!n ,brita9 has /ill to be discov]$4 ,we see1 says ! qua9t old hi/orian1 ,?omas ,full]1 ! light ( ! ^w %9$ "h1 b see n :o k9dl$ x4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian build+ ( :i* we h any record 0 probably t erect$ at ,gla/onbury be=e ! ye> #cjj1 b t ?is 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian settlem5t _c be alleg$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,!re are _m traditions conc]n+ ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,brita91 "s ( :i* may probably h "s be>+ on ! tru?1 b ! :ole subject is involv$ 9 consid]able obscurity4 ,"o ( ^! num]\s traditions is to ! effect t ! ,briti% ,k+ ,c>adoc1 aft] be+ tak5 prison] to ,rome1 0 all[$ to return1 on condition t sev]al memb]s ( 8 family rema9$ z ho/ages2 & :il/ s]v+ 9 ?is capacity1 8 "m1 son1 & daught] are /at$ to h become conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 ! doctr9es ( :i* fai? !y spread 9 _! native l& on _! return !reto4 ,ano!r tradition is to ! effect t ,s4 ,paul himself visit$ ,brita9 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,we are also told by em95t *ur* hi/orians t ! fa!r & gr&fa!r ( ,s4 ,patrick 7 ,*ri/ians1 9 :i* case ,s4 ,patrick himself w\ld f a v e>ly age h be5 br\ght up 9 ! t5ets ( _! fai?4 ,he is said to h be5 seiz$ by pirates 9 ! ,clyde & tak5 to ! nor? ( ,irel&1 & ev5tually to ,gaul4 ,he 0 subsequ5tly re/or$ to 8 fri5ds1 :om he wi%$ to conv]t to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & = ?is purpose 8 fa!r s5t him to be taught 9 ! s*ools ( ,t\rs1 ,aux]re & ,l]9s4 ,ev5tually he 0 consecrat$ ,bi%op ( ! ,iri% & organiz$ an effici5t ecclesia/ical sy/em 9 ,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,rood ,scre5 ) a ,re/oration ( ! ,rood4 ,k5n1 ,devon4 ,photograph by ,*apman4 ,be=e ! com+ ( ! ,anglo-,saxons ! *ur* seems to h e/abli%$ a firm hold on ! p1 :o held t5aci\sly to _! possessions1 bo? secul> & religi\s1 :i* 7 only wre/$ f !m aft] a sev]e /ruggle4 ,_! en?usia/ic love ( ,*ri/ianity l$ !m to make a h]oic def5ce ( ! *ur*es1 r ?an see !m fall into ! h&s ( ! hea!n ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! hi/orian ,b$e tells u t all _! build+s 7 de/roy$1 ! prie/s' blood 0 spilt ^u ! alt>s1 prelates & p 7 sla9 ) ! sword1 & all ! cities & *ur*es 7 burnt to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 all 0 lo/ & !re 0 no long] a *ur* or home to def5d1 ! ,britons retir$ to ! c\ntry ( _! fell[-,*ri/ians1 ! seclud$ & almo/ imp5etrable hills & =e/s ( ! we/4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon love ( gold 0 quickly recognis$ by ! p ( ,we/ ,wales :o sav$ _! prop]ty & b\ght ! "r ( wor%ipp+ aft] ! mann] ( _! fa!rs by ! paym5t ( an annual tribute to _! conqu]ors4 ,side note3 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,piran1 ,p]ranpor?4 ,s ru?lessly inde$ did ! ,anglo-,saxons rase to ! gr\nd ! e>ly *ur*es1 t1 until a few ye>s ago1 b few traces ( ^! e>ly build+s 7 ?\ght to exi/4 ,an accid5tal discov]y1 h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ahce1 br\ght to light an und\bt$ relic ( an e>ly ,briti% *ur* 9 ! we/1 ?is be+ ! rema9s ( a little *ur* :i* _h be5 until ! date above m5tion$ completely buri$ 9 ! s& on ! sea coa/ ne> ,p]ranpor? 9 ,cornwall4 ,!y are ?\ght by ecclesiologi/s to be ! rema9s ( ! orig9al *ur* erect$ to ! memory ( ,s4 ,piran1 a ,corni% mission>y & a fri5d ( ,s4 ,patrick1 :o 0 buri$ )9 its walls be=e ! ye> #ejj ,a4,d4 ,on remov+ ! s&1 ! accumulat$ deposit ( c5turies1 ! *ur* 0 f\nd to h consi/$ ( a nave & *ancel conta9+ a /one alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>t91 ,cant]bury4 ,! build+ measur$ #bi feet 9 l5g?1 #af-a_/c feet 9 wid? & #ai feet f ! floor to ! ro(1 & probably %>es ) ,s4 ,m>y's ,*ur* 9 ,dov] ,ca/le1 & ,s4 ,m>t9's1 ,cant]bury1 ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ l9ks we possess ) ! anci5t ,briti% ,*ur*4 ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,dov]1 appe>s to h be5 built ( ,roman bricks & cem5t1 a comb9ation :i* antiqu>ies consid] is f\nd only 9 ^? build+s :i* 7 erect$ dur+ ! ,roman occupation4 ,side note3 ,s4 ,m>t9's ,cant]bury4 ,s4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury has _m claims to be consid]$ "o ( our mo/ int]e/+ *ur*es1 no less on acc\nt ( its associations ?an = its /ructural int]e/4 ,! date ( its build+ has be5 a s\rce ( endless controv]sy1 z x conta9s _m features attributable to ei!r ,roman or ,saxon ar*itecture4 ,x is ?\ght t x may possibly h be5 us$ = wor%ip by ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s ( ! ,roman army4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is e/abli%$ beyond d\bt t x 0 ! oratory ( ,que5 ,b]?a1 ! fir/ ,engli% ,*ri/ian que51 :o "h wor%ipp$1 ) h] *apla9 ,liudh>d1 long be=e ! adv5t ( ,s4 ,augu/9e1 :o himself 9 lat] times prea*$ "h2 & )9 ! walls ( ?is cradle ( ,engli% ,*ri/ianity1 ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 ! husb& ( ,que5 ,b]?a 0 baptiz$4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e1 writ+ )9 a hundr$ ye>s ( ! dea? ( ,s4 ,augu/9e /ates t !re 0 9 #eig ,a4,d4 9 ,cant]bury1 a *ur* d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( ,s4 ,m>t9 & built :ile ! ,romans /ill occupi$ ,brita94 ,on ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans x is probable t ! *ur* 0 /ill us$ by a small b& ( ,*ri/ian wor%ipp]s until ! hea!n ,jutes ov]ran ! ,isle ( ,?anet 9 #ddi4 ,little is kn[n ( ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity on ?is isl& f t date until ! l&+ ( ,s4 ,augu/9e 9 #eig1 & ! fir/ fruits ( 8 mission1 z we h se51 0 ! conv]sion & baptism ( ,k+ ,e!lb]t4 ,z "o w\ld naturally expect1 ! aspect ( ! /ructure to-day1 ?\gh sugge/ive ( antiquity1 is lack+ 9 uni=mity ( treatm5t4 ,! brick c\rses 9 ! nave are at irregul> int]vals1 v>y+ f n9e to tw5ty in*es ap>t1 ! spaces be+ fill$ ) ,k5ti% rag-/one & occasional blocks ( *alk4 ,! *ancel ext5ds eighte5 or tw5ty feet ea/ ( ! ar* & is compos$ ( ,roman bricks1 ev5ly laid & av]ag+ f\r bricks to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,anci5t ,w9d[ built ) ,roman ,brickwork4 ,swanscombe1 ,k5t4 ,photograph ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,! *ancel 0 l5g!n$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & aga9 at a m rec5t date1 s t its ar*itecture to-day is ( ?ree di/9ct p]iods4 ,outside may be se5 five flat pila/] buttresses & "o semi-circul> "o1 a squ>e-head$ ,roman doorway1 a ,saxon doorway & two ,e>ly ,engli% por*es2 & !re is also a ne>ly circul> panel on ! s\? side ( ! nave1 & a ,norman squ9t at ! we/ end4 ,!re are _m o!r features ( int]e/ :i* be> evid5ces ( a great antiquity1 & ! only "q :i* is s]i\sly disput$ is :e!r ! e>lie/ portion ( ! pres5t nave 0 built ab\t ! end ( ! ,roman occupation ( ,brita9 or dur+ ! mission ( ,s4 ,augu/9e4 ,! ,rev4 ,*>les ,f4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,hon4 ,canon ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 writes3 ,:atev] may f9ally be det]m9$ to be ! date ( ! *ur*'s f\ndation1 x c nev] lose its unique association ) ,s4 ,augu/9e1 ,k+ ,e!lb]t & ,que5 ,b]?a1 nor its undisput$ claim to be ! olde/ exi/+ *ur* 9 ,engl&4 ,f x fl[$ ! t9y spr+ ( ,engli% ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has s9ce wid5$ out into a mighty riv]1 & p5etrat$ ! remote/ p>ts ( ! civiliz$ & unciviliz$ _w4 ,side note3 ,o!r ,e>ly ,*ur*es4 ,among o!r *ur*es :i* %[ signs ( hav+ be5 built dur+ ! ,roman occupation are ^? ( ,reculv]1 ,ri*bor\gh & ,lym+e1 :ile ! f\ndations ( an und\bt$ e>ly *ur* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! old ,roman city ( ,sil*e/]1 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,see frontispiece4 ,! old *ur* at ,reculv] /ood orig9ally )9 ! ,roman ca/rum1 ! =tress :i* gu>d$ ! nor!rn m\? ( ! ,wantsume1 n[ a small /ream1 b once an arm ( ! sea divid+ ! ,isle ( ,?anet f ! ma9l&4 ,! great] "p ( ?is *ur* 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahji1 b ! we/]n t[]s1 kn[n z ! si/]s 7 repair$ by ,tr9ity ,h\se1 z !y con/itute a useful l&m>k = m>9]s1 be+ visible at a great di/ance4 ,reculv] *ur* 0 built ab\t ,a4,d4 #fgj1 & f ! exi/+ walls & f\ndations x is cle> t its plan 0 basilican4 ,! *ur* is n[ a ru91 b "s /one pill>s :i* support$ ! ar*es are pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,close at ,cant]bury4 ,z ,reculv] gu>d$ ! nor!rn m\? ( ! wat]c\rse1 s ,ri*bor\gh protect$ ! s\?1 & "h traces ( a *apel 9 ! =m ( a cross are pla9ly disc]nible among/ ru9s kn[n to be ( ,roman workman%ip4 ,! old *ur* at ,lym+e 9 ! same c\nty is ?us describ$ by ,canon ,j5kyns1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,lym+e3--,! ,roman f\ndations discov]able at ! s\?-ea/ angle ( ! *ancel1 toge!r ) ! rem>kable half-ar* t int]v5es1 m>k$ ! site ( ! aquilonalis porticus--! title ( basilica already giv5 to x 9 ! sev5? c5tury e/abli%es its claim to great antiquity4 ,we ?us see t al?\gh rema9s ( ! actual build+s 9 :i* ! ,briti% ,*ri/ians wor%ipp$ are few 9 numb]1 yet en\gh are left u to prove conclusively t !re 0 a v active & zeal\s ,*ri/ian community e/abli%$ 9 ^! isl&s dur+ at lea/ ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ t 9 :i* ,rome )drew h] legions f ,brita9 9 ord] to def5d ,italy aga9/ ! ,go?s1 & ab&on$ our isl& to ! m]cy ( h] foes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,ar*itecture4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :5 its memb]s became suffici5tly free f p]secution to erect build+s = ! purpose ( wor%ip1 !y 7 naturally anxi\s to avoid any ( ! =ms peculi> to ei!r hea!n or ,jewi% temples4 ,"s model1 h[ev]1 0 necess>y1 & _! *oice be+ limit$1 !y appe> to h adopt$ ! simple /yle ( ! ,roman basilica1 or c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,!re 0 an adaptability ab\t ! g5]al plan ( su* a build+ :i* r5d]$ its selection natural & n inappropriate1 :ile ! dignifi$ simplicity ( its con/ruction & ! object = :i* x 0 prim>ily f\nd$--! disp5sation ( ju/ice--comm5d$ x no d\bt 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a model = ! primitive ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,^! basilic 7 usually enclosures surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 sometimes ro($1 b m (t5 op5 to ! air1 & design$ly built = ! purpose ( be+ accessible to all memb]s ( ! community at all times ( ! day4 ,!y appe> occasionally to h be5 us$ = ! transaction ( ord9>y bus9ess 9 :i* !y w\ld closely resemble our ex*anges4 ,be ?is z x may1 ?is =m ( ar*itecture has left its impress on _m ,*ri/ian build+s1 & ! "n ( basilica1 = a *ur*1 is /ill us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! ,roman basilica 0 usually 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 ) a seat = ! judges at "o end1 & 9 _! adaptation ( ?is =m ( build+1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians devot$ ?is place to ! purposes ( an alt>4 ,?is1 by an easy & natural transition1 is ?\ght to h giv5 rise to ! =mation ( ! semi-circul> recess at "o end ( ! build+1 kn[n z ! apse 7f ! ,lat9 apsis1 a b[ or ar*71 :i* is /ill to be f\nd 9 "s ( our old] *ur*es4 ,be+ ?us ,roman 9 ! nature ( _! gr\nd plan1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t o!r portions ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian build+s %[ decid$ *>act]i/ics ( a ,roman /yle4 ,on ! de/ruction ( ! ,pagan temples by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ab\t ! ye> #ccj1 mu* ( _! mat]ial 0 built into ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & ! ,roman "* ( _! design be+ preval5t1 !y =m$ a /yle ( ar*itecture :i* has be5 designat$ ,romanesque1 ( :i* ! lat] /yles1 kn[n "h z ,saxon & ,norman 7 l>gely modifications4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 v unpret5ti\s 9 =m & t "s "t elaps$ be=e !re 0 any?+ :i* c\ld be call$ a def9ite *ur* ar*itecture1 beyond t to :i* we h allud$4 ,nev]!less1 z ! ,*ur* /r5g!n$ h] position & grew 9 security1 m att5tion 0 devot$ to ! subject ( its edifices1 & ! dep>ture 9 "t f ! orig9al gr\nd plan furni%$ an opportunity = ! introduction ( a m symbolical & appropriate design4 ,! plan ( ! old basilica 0 ab&on$ = "o 9 ! =m ( ! cross1 ! accept$ symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* dep>ture1 h[ev]1 did n involve any v great alt]ation f ! old gr\nd plan4 ,we come !n to ! "t :5 "o or o!r ( ! =ms kn[n z ! ,lat9 or ! ,greek cross--:i*ev] 0 mo/ conv5i5t--0 usually employ$ 9 a build+ design$ = ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & ^! =ms are univ]sally f\nd 9 ! mo/ elaborate /ructures ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* c boa/4 ,z "t pass$1 ^! cruci=m *ur*es 7 surm\nt$ ) a dome1 /eeple1 or t[] at ! po9t :]e ! memb]s ( ! cross int]sect$ ea* o!r4 ,at fir/ ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! ext]nal adornm5ts 0 ! dome2 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ar*itecture ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 :i* acquir$ ! "n ,byzant9e1 f its hav+ be5 c>ri$ to great p]fection 9 ,byzantium 7,con/ant9ople71 ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,sophia1 :i* 0 built1 mu* z x n[ exi/s1 e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury1 & 0 aft]w>ds conv]t$ into a mosque1 is an almo/ p]fect example ( ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,9 ?is build+ we f9d ! ,roman ar* us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 :ile ! dome itself is =m$ entirely ( ?is ar* us$ z ! cr[n+ "w ( ! edifice4 ,ea/]n *ur*es 9 ?is /yle usually took ! =m ( ! ,greek cross1 ?is =m be+ bett] calculat$ to support ! weight ( ! cupola4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe1 h[ev]1 :]e ! flat squat t[] aft]w>ds develop$ into ! /eeple1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 ! ,lat9 cross 0 mo/ly us$1 & ?is1 ) a few notable exceptions1 is ! plan ( mo/ we/]n *ur*es4 ,) writ]s ( ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 x 0 a fav\rite !ory t ! ,*ri/ians conv]t$ ! old basilic into *ur*es1 & t ! ,halls ( ,ju/ice erect$ by ! ,romans 9 ?is c\ntry 7 also conv]t$ into ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & "s au?orities po9t to ! walls & ar*es ( ,brixwor? *ur* 9 confirmation ( ?is !ory4 ,! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brew]1 h[ev]1 /at$ t un=tunately = ?is !ory1 no s+le example ( a basilica be+ conv]t$ into a *ur* has be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry & he himself held ! !ory t ! ^w basilica 0 us$ by ! ,romans to describe any build+ :i* 0 support$ by int]nal columns1 & 9 t way ! "n came to be appli$ to ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,z we h se51 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 aft] a %ort "t1 became dissatisfi$ ) ^! build+s adapt$ f ,pagan types1 & ! ,byzant9e =m ( *ur* arose1 ! fir/ p :o practis$ ?is /yle ( build+ be+ ! ,greeks4 ,! /yle spread ) rapidity all ov] ! ,ea/1 ! great *ur* ( ,s4 ,sophia be+ its l>ge/ example & ! small]1 b m p]fect1 *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>k at ,v5ice giv+ u ! be/ idea ( ?is =m ( *ur* ar*itecture4 ,l>gely modell$ on ?is /yle1 also1 are ! circul> bapti/]ies ( ,italy & ! r\nd *ur*es ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many1 ! mod]n ,russian *ur*es & all ! ,mohamm$an mosques4 ,! ,lat9 *ur*es did n greatly fav\r ?is /yle & _! use ( x 0 conf9$1 ) few exceptions1 to bapti/]ies1 monum5tal *apels & ! l1 b = p>o*ial1 ca!dral & mona/ic *ur*es1 ! oblong plan 0 reta9$ & ultimately develop$ into ! ,go?ic *ur* ) its nave1 transepts & *ancel4 ,! *anges :i* ! ,*ri/ian basilica at fir/ und]w5t 7 simple1 viz41 ! use ( ! ar* in/ead ( ! /raight l9tel1 or ! plac+ ( an entablature betwe5 ! columns2 a little lat]1 ab\t ! t5? c5tury1 ! old wood5 ro( ( ! basilica gave place to ! ar*$ ro( or vault+1 s call$ f its be+ compos$ ( a s]ies ( vaults4 ,! /yles call$ ,romanesque & ,lomb>dic are b geographical v>ieties ( ! same ar*itecture & f ^! ! ,saxon & ,norman /yles 7 soon to be develop$4 ,! vault$ basilica *ur* soon became common ov] ! nor? ( ,europe1 ! two mo/ important & practically unalt]$ examples be+ ! ca!drals ( ,spey] & ,worms1 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh our ,anglo-,saxon ca!drals ( ,pet]bor\gh1 ,ely & ,norwi* may1 s f> z reg>ds _! naves1 be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! (fspr+ ( ! vault$ basilica /yle ( build+4 ,:5 ! old basilica /yle ( *ur* ) its heavy beam ro( & its innum]able columns _h ceas$ to satisfy ! l(ty aspirations ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 & :5 ! ,greeks _h inaugurat$ a new /yle ( *ur* ar*itecture1 only two c\rses 7 left to ! ,lat9s1 ei!r to adopt ! ,greek /yle 9 its entirety1 or to improve ^u ! basilica type4 ,=tunately1 al?\gh aft] consid]able hesitation1 !y *ose ! latt] alt]native1 ! result be+ ! g5esis ( our glori\s ca!drals ) _! long naves & aisles1 deep transepts & beautiful v>iety ( =m & outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,reput$ ,saxon ,doorway4 ,bi%op/one1 ,sussex4 ,photograph ,mr4 ,w4 ,hodgson4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,saxon ,,& ,,norman ,,/yles4 ,z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! :ole subject ( pre-,saxon *ur* build+ is /ill v obscure1 & = "s consid]able "t aft] ! ,anglo-,saxon invasion little is kn[n conc]n+ *ur* ar*itecture1 nor has x yet be5 fully asc]ta9$ :e!r any build+s ( ?is p]iod exi/4 ,by ! ye> #ehh ! ,saxons 7 9 complete possession ( ! l&4 ,*ri/ianity 0 to all appe>ance wip$ out & ! ,*ur*1 to ! sup]ficial obs]v] 0 dead4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,*ur* ,ar*itecture1 ,scott expresses ! op9ion t ! olde/ ,engli% *ur*es may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps4 ,fir/1 ^? :i* prec$$ ! ,dani% invasion2 secondly1 ^? f ! above epo* to ! invasion ( ,sweyn2 & ?irdly1 ^? onw>d to ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,side note3 ,saxon ,ar*itecture4 ,:at exactly con/itut$ ,saxon ar*itecture has long be5 a controv]sial po9t & "o :i* w probably nev] be def9itely settl$4 ,p>k]1 9 8 ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itecture1 says3-- ,= a consid]able "t1 aft] !y 7! ,anglo-,saxons7 _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ?is c\ntry1 _! build+s 7 ( wood1 & ?is appe>s to h be5 ! prevail+ mat]ial employ$ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 al?\gh /one _h be5 occasionally us$ sev]al c5turies e>li]4444 ,no timb]-"w ( ,saxon date c be 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t "t1 b x is cont5d$ by "s antiqu>ies t sev]al ( our *ur*es exhibit specim5s ( ,saxon masonry2 ! tru? ( ?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is n fully e/abli%$1 nor has ! subject ( ,saxon ar*itecture be5 yet suffici5tly inve/igat$ to cle> away ! obscurity 9 :i* x is involv$4 ,probably few ( our s-call$ ,saxon *ur*es 7 built e>li] ?an ?irty or =ty ye>s be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 & x seems c]ta9 t = "s ye>s aft] !y _h settl$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,normans employ$ ,saxon masons to build 9 ! ,saxon mann]1 z is se5 by ! t[] ( ,s4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :i*1 al?\gh %[+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( reput$ ,saxon masonry 0 built _m ye>s aft] ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ^! pre-,norman build+s 9 ,engl& 7 s+ul>ly rude & r\gh & %[ h[ mu* our ,saxon ance/ors 71 at t p]iod1 beh9d ! ,italians1 ,fr5* & ,g]mans 9 ar*itectural skill4 ,side note3 ,saxon ,*ur*es4 ,our be/ examples conta9+ ,saxon "w are possibly ! *ur*es at ,sompt+ & ,bi%op/one1 ,sussex2 ,brad=d-on-,avon2 ,wootton ,waw5 7sub-/ructure ( t[]72 ,w+2 ,brixwor?1 & ,b>nack1 ,nor?ants2 ,gre5/ead 9 ,essex2 & ,s4 ,m>t9's at ,w>eham1 ,dorset4 ,( t[]s ( ?is date ! be/ are possibly ^? ( ,s4 ,m>y's & ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ,l9coln & ,s4 ,b5et's1 ,cambridge4 ,( crypts1 ! f9e/ examples are at ,ripon ,ca!dral1 ,york ,m9/] 7"p7 & ,s4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,york4 ,9 addition to ^!1 _m o!r *ur*es h *ancel ar*es1 doorways or "s o!r less important features :i* are consid]$ to be ( ,saxon orig94 ,^! e>ly build+s g5]ally %[ ! semi-circul> ar* on ! doorways1 b ! w9d[s usually h a triangul> head2 at ,sompt+ *ur*1 h[ev]1 ! w9d[s h ! semi-circul> ar*4 ,x is necess>y to say a few words 9 detail ab\t ! m important *ur*es ( ?is era4 ,side note3 ,s4 ,lawr5ce1 ,brad=d-on-,avon4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,lawr5ce at ,brad=d-on-,avon is "o ( ! olde/ unalt]$ *ur*es 9 ,engl&1 & x seems to be beyond "q t x is ! actual *ur* built by ,ealdhelm at ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury & d$icat$ by him to ,s4 ,lawr5ce4 ,x consi/s ( a *ancel1 nave & nor? por*1 & among its rem>kable features is its great height & ! extreme n>r[ness ( ! r\nd-head$ ar* betwe5 ! nave & ! *ancel1 a feature x has 9 common ) ! ,saxon *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>t9 at ,w>eham2 ! gr\nd-plan measurem5ts ( bo? ^! *ur*es are id5tical4 ,at ,s4 ,lawr5ce's *ur*1 an incis$ arcade is se5 outside ! walls1 & on ei!r side ( ! we/ aspect ( ! *ancel ar* are two sculptur$ figures ( angels1 :i* are ?\ght to repres5t ! e>lie/ extant fragm5ts ( *ur* c>v+ 9 ,engl&4 ,side note3 ,brixwor?1 ,e>ls' ,b>ton & ,b>nack4 ,brixwor? *ur* is possibly old] ?an ,s4 ,lawr5ce's & x is said to h be5 9 cont9u\s use = ,div9e ,s]vice ev] s9ce x 0 erect$4 ,! t[] appe>s to be ( r lat] date ?an ! nave & re/s ^u ! walls ( a n>!x or portico1 :i* may h ext5d$ along ! :ole bread? ( ! front1 z is /ill to be se5 9 *ur*es at ,rome & ,rav5na4 ,! curi\s pile ( masonry built up aga9/ ! t[] may h be5 add$ = def5ce1 z x c\ld h>dly h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al design4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] ( ,e>ls' ,b>ton ,*ur*4 ,g5]ally consid]$ to %[ *>act]i/ics ( ,saxon masonry4 ,e>ls' ,b>ton & ,b>nack *ur*es bo? h t[]s s cov]$ ) n>r[ project+ /rips ( /onework t ! surface ( ! walls appe>s divid$ into rudely =m$ panels4 ,! we/ doorways ( bo? %[ primitive imitations ( ,roman m\ld+s 9 ! impo/s & ar*itraves4 ,! t[] ( ,e>ls' ,b>ton consi/s ( f\r /ages1 ea* ( :i* is slightly small] ?an ! "o bel[4 ,9 t ( ,b>nack *ur*1 ! upp] /ages ( ! t[] repres5t ! p]iod ( transition f ,norman to ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,example ( a ,norman ,t[]4 ,bi%op/one1 ,sussex4 ,homel& ,copyright4 ,s4 ,mi*ael's1 ,ox=d1 has a massive t[] ( solid masonry1 unpi]c$ 9 its l[e/ /age by ei!r door or w9d[1 ! second /age %[s b "o w9d[ & ! highe/ is pi]c$ by sev]al w9d[s ( m elaborate con/ruction4 ,side note3 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,al?\gh g5]ally consi/+ ( rubble & /one1 ,saxon *ur*es 7 sometimes built ( wood z we see f ! exi/+ nave ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,gre5/ead1 ,essex4 ,side note3 ,gre5/ead ,*ur*1 ,essex4 ,a brick *ancel has be5 add$ at ! ea/ & a timb] belfry at ! we/ end1 b ! old ,saxon portion is compos$ ( l>ge *e/nut trees split asund] & set upright close to ea* o!r ) ! r\nd side outw>ds4 ,! ends are r\ghly hewn s z to fit into a sill at ! bottom1 & into a plate at ! top1 :]e !y are fa/5$ ) wood5 p9s4 ,!re are #af logs on ! s\? side :]e are two doorpo/s1 & on ! nor? side tw5ty-"o logs & two spaces n[ fill$ ) rubble4 ,!re is a tradition t ?is *ur* 0 erect$ to receive ! body ( ,s4 ,edmund1 on its return f ,london to ,bury1 9 #ajac4 ,! semi-circul> ar* has long be5 consid]$ to be "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive m>ks ( ,norman ar*itecture1 b ,mr4 ,rickman1 :o made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! e>ly *ur*es ( ,france & ,engl&1 says3-- ,9 v>i\s *ur*es x has happ5$ t a v pla9 ar* betwe5 nave & *ancel has be5 left z ! only ,norman feature1 :ile bo? nave & *ancel h be5 rebuilt at diff]5t times2 b ea* leav+ ! *ancel ar* /&+4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t "s ( ^! pla9 *ancel ar*es1 w1 on m9ute exam9ation1 turn out to be ( ,saxon orig94 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to ent] into any m m9ute acc\nt ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ecclesia/ical rema9s1 & ! read] ^: enquiries conduct him to ! m elaborate works on ! subject w be />tl$ by ! contr>y op9ions t he w surely enc\nt]4 ,9 conclud+ ^! brief rem>ks on e>ly build+s1 we mu/ aga9 quote f ,p>k]'s "w to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made3-- ,! class ( build+s ref]r$ to z be+ consid]$ to belong to ?is /yle conta9 "s r unusual features1 & !y require to be p>ticul>ly describ$1 bo? because !y are 9 !mselves rem>kable1 & because !re is a probability t "s ( !m may be ,saxon4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,norman ,pi] ,arcade4 ,abbots ,langley1 ,h]ts4 ,photograph ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,&]son4 ,! ,norman /yle ( *ur* ar*itecture ) its v>i$ =ms ( columns1 m\ld$ & recess$ ar*es & vault+1 may be r\ghly /at$ to h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! ,saxon masons d n appe> to h und]/ood vault+ suffici5tly well to h ro($ ov] any l>ge space ) /one1 & = ?is reason alone ! ,saxon =m ( build+ 0 b\nd to give way be=e ! ,norman1 :i* ( all ! e>li] /yles 0 ! mo/ advanc$ 9 ?is respect4 ,side note3 ,norman ,ar*itecture4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,norman ar*es 7 semi-circul>1 b !y 7 by no means univ]sally s1 = a =m frequ5tly f\nd is "o 9 :i* ! spr+ ( ! ar* does n take place f ! abacus1 or upp] memb] ( ! capital1 b at "s di/ance above x & :5 x assumes ?is =m x is call$ a /ilt$ ar*1 sugge/$ by "s au?orities to h be5 un9t5tional & ! result ( imp]fect con/ruction or plann+4 ,see page #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,norman ,m\ld+s4 ,*evron or ,zig-zag4 ,/>4 ,alt]nate ,billet4 ,squ>e ,billet4 ,d\ble ,cone4 ,loz5ge4 ,beak ,head4 ,bird ,head4 ,! ma9 features 9 ! ornam5tation ( ?is p]iod are ! sculptur$ b&s work$ r\nd ! ar*es1 :i*1 al?\gh g5]ally call$ m\ld+s1 are m 9 ! nature ( decoration1 & 9 "s in/ances !y appe> to be additions c>v$ on ! orig9ally unadorn$ surface ( ! masonry4 ,side note3 ,ornam5t4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ g5]al ornam5t is ! *evron or zig-zag1 :i* is frequ5tly f\nd d\bl$1 trebl$ & quadrupl$4 ,! next mo/ common =m is ! beak-head1 consi/+ ( a holl[ & l>ge r\nd4 ,9 ! holl[ are plac$ heads ( bea/s or birds ^: tongues or beaks encircle ! r\nd4 ,on ! we/ doorway ( ,iffley *ur*1 ,ox=d1 are _m ( ^! beak-heads ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! jamb d[n to ! base m\ld+4 ,!y also figure prom95tly among ! ornam5tations ( ! hospital *ur* ( ,s4 ,cross1 ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,! zig-zag m\ld+ is v common on ,norman *ur*es & is s easily recognis$ t no fur!r description is ne$$ "h4 ,! less prom95t decorations ( ,norman m\ld+s include ! alt]nate billet1 ! d\ble cone1 & ! loz5ge1 toge!r ) an imm5se numb] ( o!rs less commonly f\nd4 ,side note3 ,w9d[s4 ,! ,e>ly ,norman w9d[ 0 little bett] ?an a n>r[ slit f9i%$ ) a pla9 semi-circul> head1 & 0 g5]ally only a few in*es wide4 ,!y 71 x is believ$1 fill$ ) oil$ l95 & ! sides ( ! ap]ture 7 splay$ t[>ds ! int]ior4 ,lat] 9 ! p]iod1 ! w9d[s 7 enri*$ by ! zig-zag & o!r m\ld+s & at a /ill lat] p]iod an improvem5t 0 made by ins]t+ nook-%afts 9 ! jambs simil> to ^? 9 doorways4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,late ,norman ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,ca/le ,ris+1 ,norfolk4 ,drawn by ,gordon ,home4 ,! t[]s ( ,norman *ur*es (t5 %[ w9d[s ( two lights sep>at$ by a c5tral %aft1 all enclos$ "u a l>ge semi-circul> ar*1 ! sp&rel ( :i* is r>ely pi]c$4 ,pla9 circul> w9d[s ( small dim5sions are sometimes f\nd 9 o!r positions & 9 *ur*es ( lat] date1 & occasionally 9 gable walls4 ,l>g] w9d[s ( ! same =m1 ) small %afts radiat+ f ! c5tre & connect$ at ! circumf]5ce by semi-circul> or trefoil$ ar*es1 are also f\nd z at ,b>fre/on *ur*1 ,k5t1 :]e !re is a f9e example4 ,side note3 ,doorways4 ,norman doorways are f\nd 9 great numb]s & v>iety1 ev5 9 *ur*es :i* pres5t no o!r features 9 ?is /yle4 ,! mo/ usual =m consi/s ( a semi-circul>-head$ ap]ture ) a hood-m\ld spr++ f pla9 squ>e-edg$ jambs4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! doorways are recess$1 hav+ a nook-%aft 9 ! angle =m$ by a recession f ! capital1 9 :i* case x pres5ts two s(fits & two faces1 besides ! hood-m\lds4 ,! dep? ( ^! doorways is l>gely due to ! great ?ickness ( ! walls usual 9 build+s ( ?is p]iod1 b 9 _m cases t portion ( ! wall 9 :i* ! entrance is ins]t$ is made to project =w>d beyond ! g5]al face1 :i* projection is f9i%$ ei!r ) pla9 horizontal capp+1 or a high-pit*$ gable4 ,illu/ration3 ,we/ ,doorway ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral ,duncan ,m\l4 ,norman por*es ?us h g5]ally b little projection1 & are frequ5tly s flat z to be little m ?an out] m\ld+s to ! inn] door4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 (t5 ri*ly ornam5t$ & h rooms above1 :i* rooms are wrongly call$ p>vises4 ,! %all[ ap]ture (t5 foll[s ! =m ( ! ar*1 b is frequ5tly squ>e-head$1 hav+ a semi-circul> tympanum ( masonry fill+ ! space betwe5 ! l9tel ( ! door & ! intrados ( ! ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,tympanum ( ,norman ,doorway4 ,=d+ton ,s4 ,george1 ,dorset4 ,drawn by ,e4 ,m4 ,hea?4 ,^! tympana are usually sculptur$ 9 l[ relief ) a repres5tation ( "s scriptural or traditional ev5t1 :ile ! ass]tion ( ! ,apo/le t we mu/1 ?r\gh mu* tribulation1 ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god1 may acc\nt = ! fondness ( ! ,norman sculptors 9 repres5t+ diff]5t /ages ( m>tyrdom on ! tympana ( _! doors4 ,a v s+ul> tympanum is t on ! door ( ! *ur* ( ,=d+ton ,s4 ,george1 at ,dor*e/]1 :]eon is repres5t$ "s incid5t 9 ! life ( ,s4 ,george4 ,! pr9cipal figure is on horseback ) a discus r\nd 8 head4 ,! o!r figures are 9 haub]ks & *ausses1 & g5]ally be>1 9 po9t ( co/ume1 mu* resemblance to ! figures on ! fam\s ,bayeux tape/ry4 ,b>fre/on *ur*1 ,k5t1 has an int]e/+ tympanum1 z also has ,patrixb\rne *ur* 9 ! same c\nty1 :]e ! sculpture %[s ! ,savi\r ) dragons & at 8 feet a dog4 ,at ,alve/on *ur*1 ,w>wick%ire1 ! sculpture %[s two quadrup$s ) enorm\s tails1 fight+1 ) betwe5 !m a small bird1 possibly int5d$ = a dove4 ,our be/ example ( a ,norman doorway & tympanum is g5]ally consid]$ to be ! we/ doorway ( ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral1 :]e ! sculpture is ( a v advanc$ "* = its date1 :i* is probably ab\t #aacj-dj4 ,side note3 ,pi]s4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! ,norman /yle are ! massive pill>s1 usually circul>1 & ) capitals ei!r ( ! same =m1 or squ>e2 occasionally 9 pla9 build+s ! pill>s !mselves are squ>e ) v little or no ornam5tation4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod1 an octagonal pill> 0 (t5 us$1 hav+ a mu* light] appe>ance ?an ! e>li] =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,capitals4 ,norman4 ,transitional4 ,norman4 ,crypt1 ,w9*e/]4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,besides ^! pla9 /yles1 comp\nd or clu/]$ pi]s are v num]\s1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 plan2 ! simple/ consi/s ( a squ>e hav+ "o or m rectangul> recesses at ea* corn]1 b "o m frequ5tly met ) has a small circul> %aft 9 ea* ( ! recesses & a l>g] semi-circul> "o on ea* side ( ! squ>e4 ,side note3 ,capitals4 ,norman capitals are v v>i$1 hav+ _m diff]5t =ms ( ornam5tation2 ! commone/ is "o :i* resembles a b[l ) ! sides truncat$1 r$uc+ ! upp] "p to a squ>e2 sometimes ! l[] "p is cut into r\nd m\ld+s & ornam5t$1 b x is frequ5tly left pla94 ,! ,norman capital 9 its e>lie/ /yle 0 ( %ort proportions1 b aft]w>ds x became long]1 ) light] ornam5tation1 gradually m]g+ into ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,curi\s ,norman ,capital4 ,sea=d1 ,sussex4 ,! bi%ops & abbots ( ?is p]iod appe> to h possess$ consid]able skill 9 ar*itecture1 = no few] ?an fifte5 ( our ,engli% ca!drals conta9 "s important ,norman "w1 z ! old] portions ( ! ca!drals ( ,cant]bury1 ,durham1 ,w9*e/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,pet]bor\gh1 ,ely1 ,norwi*1 ,l9coln & ,ox=d4 ,side note3 ,norman ,buttresses4 ,! ,norman buttress1 bett] describ$ by ,mr4 ,%>pe z a pila/] /rip1 unlike ^? ( ! lat] p]iod1 projects b v little f ! wall1 & ?is is especially s 9 build+s ( ! e>li] "p ( ! p]iod4 ,!y are usually q pla9 & are m us$ = f9i% ?an actual support2 ! ,norman build] rely+ pr9cipally ^u ! ?ickness & weight ( 8 walls to su/a9 any ro( ?ru/ 7see page #ag74 ,side note3 ,! ,r\nd ,*ur*es4 ,!re are 9 ,engl& a few r\nd *ur*es :i* are ?\ght to h be5 built by ! ,knights ,templ>s1 a religi\s community b&$ toge!r = ! purpose ( wre/+ ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem f ! ,s>ac5s4 ,_! object 0 to def5d ! ,savi\r's tomb & to gu>d ,pale/9e1 = :i* purpose !y built num]\s mona/]ies ?r\gh\t ! ,holy ,l& & =tifi$ !m l ca/les4 ,ano!r fam\s ord] :i* comb9$ ! religi\s in/9cts ( ! cloi/] ) ! milit>y ard\r ( ! w>rior 0 t ( ! ,knights ( ,s4 ,john ,bapti/ or ,knights ,hospitall]s1 :o1 besides fight+1 7 to t5d ! sick & provide = ! welf>e ( all ,*ri/ian travell]s4 ,! *ur*es belong+ to ! ,templ>s 7 usually built 9 circul> =m 9 imitation ( ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem4 ,!y 7 capp$ ) vault$ concave ro(s said to be symbolical ( ! va/ circuit & concave ( ! heav5s4 ,our be/ example is ! ,temple ,*ur*1 ,london1 to :i* 0 add$ at a lat] p]iod1 a beautiful ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic ext5sion4 ,o!r r\nd *ur*es are ^? ( ,s4 ,sepul*re1 ,cambridge2 ,s4 ,sepul*re1 ,nor?ampton2 ,temple ,balsall1 ,w>wick%ire1 & ( ,little ,maple/ead1 ,essex1 :i* la/1 al?\gh ! smalle/1 is by no means ! lea/ int]e/+4 ,x is attribut$ to ! ,hospitall]s1 an ord] f\nd$ ab\t ! ye> #ajib1 & introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,at ,cl]k5well may /ill be se5 ! anci5t gateway lead+ to _! hospital4 ,! ord] 0 suppress$ 9 #aede4 ,! *ur* at ,little ,maple/ead 0 built e>ly 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 & 9 #aahf ! adjo9+ manor 0 giv5 by ,juliana ,doisnel to ?is ord]1 :i* gift 0 confirm$ by ,k+ ,john & ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,?is *ur* is ?\ght to reproduce ) m fidelity ?an ! o!rs ! orig9al *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,illu/ration3 ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% ,doorways4 ,%[+ ! transition f "o /yle to ano!r4 ,dun/able ,priory ,*ur*4 ,drawn by ,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?4 ,^! fam\s ,norman r\nd-*ancell$ *ur*es h mu* 9 common ) ! old basilica =m4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t ! arbitr>y divisions into :i* ar*itecture has be5 divid$--,norman1 ,go?ic1 etc41 are pure figures ( ! imag9ation1 z by a s]ies ( easy transitions1 "o /yle became gradually m]g$ into ! next )\t any h>d & fa/ divid+ l9es :atev]4 ,! p]iods dur+ :i* "o /yle became gradually bl5d$ into ano!r are call$ ! p]iods ( transition4 ,side note3 ,! ,transition4 ,ar*itecture be+ progressive1 x 0 only by ! gradual developm5t ( "o /yle f ano!r t ! art 0 enabl$ to advance ) social progress1 ! lit]ature & o!r arts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! transition f ! ,norman to ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle may be ascrib$ to a p]iod some:at e>li] ?an ! #ab? c5tury1 :5 a great *ange 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ar* began to manife/ itself4 ,alone1 h[ev]1 ! =m ( ! ar* is no real te/1 = _m pure ,norman works h po9t$ ar*es4 ,! squ>e abacus may be tak5 z ! be/ te/4 ,9 its incipi5t /ate ! po9t$ ar* exhibit$ a *ange ( =m only1 :il/ ! accessories & details rema9$ ! same z be=e2 & al?\gh ?is *ange gradually l$ to ! ,e>ly ,po9t$ /yle 9 a pure /ate1 ) m\ld+s & features altoge!r di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,norman1 & to ! g5]al disuse1 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 ( ! semi-circul> ar*1 x 0 = a :ile s int]mix$ z1 f its fir/ appe>ance to ! close ( ! #ab? c5tury1 to con/itute t /ate ( transition call$ ! semi-,norman4 ,illu/ration3 ,w9d[s %[+ ! ,orig9 ( ,trac]y4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,/yle4 ,! orig9 ( :at is loosely call$ ,go?ic ar*itecture--:i* is g5]ally consid]$ to include ! /yles1 ) _! transitions1 f ,e>ly ,engli% to late ,p]p5dicul>1 or ,tudor-,go?ic--is n free f obscurity1 b x is c]ta9 t x began to be employ$ 9 ecclesia/ical edifices ab\t ! "t t ! ,go?s settl$ 9 ,italy1 al?\gh all ! available evid5ce goes to prove t ! /yle orig9at$ & und]w5t its e>lie/ developm5ts 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 & p5etrat$ by sl[ degrees to ! s\? & ea/4 ,engl& 0 some:at lat] ?an ,france 9 introduc+ ?is /yle ( ar*itecture1 our e>lie/ purely ,go?ic build+ be+ ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 begun 9 #abbj1 al?\gh ! *oirs ( ,rievaulx & ,f\nta9s ,abbey 7 comm5c$ a few ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle 9 its e>lie/ developm5ts is n[h]e se5 to bett] advantage ?an 9 ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 & 9 its v late/ =ms at ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! p]iod ( "t be+ *ronologically measur$ by ! reigns ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john & ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,e>ly ,engli% ,ar*4 ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,photograph ,ea/mead4 ,mo/ ( our ,go?ic build+s 7 c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( a ma/]-mason1 b ! mo/ subord9ate workman 0 left pl5ty ( scope )9 reasonable limits = :atev] arti/ic individuality he possess$1 & ! enri*m5ts & ornam5ts ( ! ,go?ic era po9t out ! noble aim1 ! delicate & graceful ?\ght1 ! ref9$ & exquisite ta/e exp5d$ ^u e portion ( _! build+s by ^! ,go?ic masons4 ,side note3 ,! ,po9t$ ,ar*4 ,"o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 pure ,go?ic & ,norman ar*itecture is 9 ! use ( ! po9t$ =m ( ar*1 yet 9 ! /udy ( ! e>ly build+s ( ?is date x is curi\s to notice h[ ev5ly ! balance is held betwe5 ! po9t$ & ! r\nd ar*1 & h[ at "o "t x 0 q an op5 "q :e!r ! ,go?ic /yle w\ld be di/+ui%$ by a r\nd or a po9t$ ar*4 ,9 ,g]many & ,italy ! r\nd ar* held its own & cont9u$ to be us$ "r ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! po9t$ ar* soon ga9$ a decid$ victory ov] its rival4 ,_m !ories h be5 put =w>d conc]n+ ! introduction ( ! po9t$ ar*1 "o among/ !m be+ t x 0 ! result ( ! int]section ( two circul> ar*es su* z is v commonly f\nd 9 late ,norman "w2 ano!r !ory is ! poetical idea t x 0 copi$ f an av5ue ( trees4 ,:e!r or n ei!r ( ^! !ories holds good1 x is q c]ta9 t ?is =m ( ar* 0 kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ = c5turies be=e x rea*$ ,europe1 be+ f\nd 9 ci/]ns & tombs 9 ,egypt & ,arabia dat+ f long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t x 0 introduc$ f ! ,ea/ by ! ,crusad]s1 9 :i* case we %\ld h f\nd x mak+ its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 ,bohemia & ,russia1 b x s happ5s t ^! 7 ! v la/ c\ntries 9 ,europe to adopt ! po9t$ ar*4 ,side note3 ,! ,transitional ,p]iod4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! po9t$ ar*1 kn[n z ! ,e>ly ,engli%1 0 us$ f ab\t #aahj to #acjj1 includ+ "p ( ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john1 ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,edw>d ,i4 ,no?+1 says ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,hut*9son1 c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! *ange f ,norman to ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! two /yles 7 ! complete opposites ( ea* o!r2 ! r\nd ar* 0 replac$ by ! po9t$1 (t5 by ! acute1 lancet2 ! massive pi]s by graceful clu/]$ %afts2 ! grotesque & rudely-sculptur$ capitals by foliage ( ! mo/ exquisite "*2 & ! heavy cyl9drical m\ld+s by b&s ( deeply und]cut memb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,arcad+ %[+ ! junction ( ! ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% ,masonry4 ,dun/able ,priory ,*ur*4 ,photograph ,h4 ,a4 ,/range4 ,go?ic ar*itecture diff]s f all previ\s =ms 9 ! economical use ( mat]ial1 & ! small size ( ! /ones us$4 ,:]eas 9 bo? ,roman & ,norman build+s ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials dep5d$ ^u _! /r5g? 9 masses1 ! ,go?ic masons employ$ /ones ( small size 9 ! con/ruction ( edifices ( equal /r5g? & ( f> great] magnific5ce2 :ile 9 con/ructive prop]ties ! ,go?ic /yle 0 a great advance on any?+ t _h gone be=e1 z ! build+s 9 ?is /yle did n dep5d = _! /ability on ! v]tical pressure ( columns1 b on ! correct adju/m5t ( ! be>+s & ?ru/s ( diff]5t ar*es op]at+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,ow+ to ! fact1 !n1 t ea* portion ( a ,go?ic ,*ur* helps to support some?+ besides itself1 x is obvi\s t su* build+s c\ld be erect$ ) a f> small] quantity ( mat]ial ?an 0 previ\sly necess>y4 ,! v>i\s little %afts or columns are s dispos$ z to di/ribute ! weight ( ! sup]/ructure & ?us relieve ! great] columns or pi]s ( "s portion ( ! sup]9cumb5t weight2 ! aisles help to support ! nave2 ! walls ( ! side *apels act z abutm5ts aga9/ ! walls ( ! aisles1 :ile ! t[]s are g5]ally plac$ s z to resi/ ! accumulat$ ?ru/ ( all ! ar*es along ! sides ( ! nave4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,e>ly ,engli% ,doorway4 ,hunt+don4 ,! enri*m5ts & little ornam5ts atta*$ to m\ld+s1 & p>ticul>ly ^? plac$ 9 ! holl[s1 are mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! v>i\s /yles ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! zig-zag is peculi> to ! ,norman1 ! nail head to ! ,transitional or semi-,norman1 & ! dog too? to ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,ornam5t4 ,?is la/ ornam5t repres5ts a fl[]1 look+ l f\r sweet almonds arrang$ pyramidically1 & !re is no o!r ornam5t s di/9ctive ( ?is p]iod4 ,e>ly ,engli% foliage is kn[n by reason ( ! /alks always be+ %[n z gr[+ upw>ds f ! l[] r+ ( ! capital1 call$ ! a/rigal4 ,^! /alks are g5]ally gr\p$ toge!r & curve =w>d 9 a v graceful mann]4 ,! plants mo/ly repres5t$ are ! wild p>sley1 seakale & cel]y1 & ?is foliage1 call$ /iff-leav$ foliage1 is f\nd at no o!r p]iod ?an ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,m\ld+s4 ,e>ly ,engli% m\ld+s are v complicat$ & yet v beautiful1 & consi/ ( beads1 keel & scroll patt]ns1 sep>at$ by deep holl[s giv+ a ri* effect ( light & %ade r\nd ! ar*4 ,^! deeply-cut holl[s are also a di/9ctive m>k ( ! /yle4 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,w9d[s4 ,! e>lie/ w9d[s ( ?is p]iod are long & n>r[1 ) acutely po9t$ heads1 ! ext]ior angle be+ m]ely *amf]$ & ! int]ior widely splay$4 ,some:at lat] ! introduction ( trac]y gave a highly beautiful appe>ance to ! w9d[s & f ! "* ( ?is feature ! date ( ! w9d[ c be fairly accurately det]m9$4 ,:]e ! trac]y is =m$ by ornam5tal ap]tures pi]c$ ?r\gh a plate ( /one1 x is call$ plate trac]y1 & is c]ta9 to be ( n lat] date ?an ! e>li] "p ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,if x is b> trac]y1 ) ! b>s =m+ pla9 circles1 ! "w is also ,e>ly ,engli%1 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! b>s =m o!r %apes fill$ 9 ) patt]ns1 or consi/+ ( a s+le trefoil or quatrefoil1 !y are ( lat] date4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,lynn4 ,we/ ,front %[+ ! ,e>ly ,engli% "w 9 ! base ( ! ,t[]4 ,photograph ,dext] ,son4 ,illu/ration3 ,example ( ,gr\p ( ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,lancet ,w9d[s4 ,ockham1 ,surrey4 ,homel& ,copyright4 ,! trac]i$ w9d[ orig9at$ f ! plac+ ( a two-light n>r[ lancet w9d[ "u "o drip/one hav+ a pla9 head1 ! introduction ( trac]y betwe5 ! heads ( ! lancets & ! drip/one becom+ necess>y = beauty & lightness ( ! =m 7see page #dg74 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,por*es4 ,e>ly ,engli% por*es project mu* fur!r f ! ma9 walls ?an d ! ,norman doorways1 & 9 l>ge & important build+s !y frequ5tly h a room above4 ,! gables are usually bold & high pit*$1 & ! int]iors q z ri* 9 design z are ! ext]iors4 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,doorways4 ,! doorways ( ?is p]iod are usually po9t$1 ?\gh occasionally !y h a semi-circul> head4 ,! m\ld+s are boldly cut & (t5 enri*$ ) dog too? ornam5t4 ,! jambs frequ5tly conta9 a %aft or %afts ) pla9 or foliat$ capitals 7see page #ea74 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,capitals & ,pi]s4 ,e>ly ,engli% capitals are usually bell-%ap$1 & are1 9 ! small] examples1 q devoid ( ornam5t1 ) ! exception ( a neck+ & "o or two m\ld+s r\nd ! abacus4 ,! bell is g5]ally deeply und]cut1 :i*1 z 9 ! m\ld+s1 is a /rong *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle4 ,! nail head & dog too? ornam5ts sometimes appe> 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! m\ld+s4 ,9 ! l>ge examples ! bell is cov]$ ) foliage1 :i*1 spr++ direct f ! neck+1 curls ov] mo/ gracefully b5ea? ! abacus4 ,9 clu/]$ pi]s ! capitals foll[ ! =m ( ! pi]1 & !y also adopt ! same =m 9 ! s+le %aft1 ) ! exception t multiangul> %afts h (t5 circul> capitals4 ,! base consi/s ( a s]ies ( m\ld+s & frequ5tly /&s ^u a d\ble or s+le pl9?1 :i* 9 ! e>li] examples is squ>e1 b 9 lat] examples assumes ! =m ( ! base1 & is ei!r circul> or polygonal4 ,at ,/one *ur*1 ,k5t1 is a good example ( an ,e>ly ,engli% capital1 decorat$ ) /iff-leav$ foliage1 & ! dog too? ornam5t1 :i* 9 ?is case is se5 betwe5 ! m\ld+s ( ! ar*1 & is ( a p]=at$ "*4 ,side note3 ,e>ly ,engli% ,buttresses4 ,! buttresses 7see page #ag7 ( ?is p]iod are1 z a rule1 simple 9 =m1 & 9 small *ur*es consi/ ( two or m /ages1 ea* set-(f or division be+ slop$ at ! top to c>ry (f ! ra94 ,9 l>g] build+s ! buttress g5]ally f9i%es ) a triangul> head or gable1 & is frequ5tly c>ri$ above ! p>apet1 except :]e /one vault+ is us$1 9 :i* case x is cov]$ ) a p9nacle ei!r pla9 or ornam5t$4 ,! edges are (t5 *amf]$ or ! angles ornam5t$ ) sl5d] %afts4 ,a ni*e to conta9 a /atue is occasionally sunk 9 ! face ( ! buttress1 b ?is feature is m common 9 ! next or ,decorat$ p]iod1 al?\gh ! *ange f "o p]iod to ano!r 0 s gradual t ! exact date ( a ni*$ buttress w\ld be difficult to det]m9e 7 !re no o!r features to guide u4 ,illu/ration3 ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 ,begun 9 #abbj4 ,! spire 0 add$1 #acej4 ,drawn by ,sidney ,hea?4 ,fly+ buttresses 7 fir/ introduc$ at ?is p]iod1 & are common 9 all l>ge build+s ) vault$ ro(s4 ,!y are g5]ally ( simple design1 ) a pla9 capp+ & ar*ivolt1 & !y spr+ f ! wall buttress to ! cl]e/ory 7see page #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,capitals & ,ornam5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,decorat$ ,,/yle4 ,! be/ examples ( ,go?ic ar*itecture may be said to h be5 erect$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aahj & #acjj1 & f ! latt] ye> _m writ]s date ! comm5cem5t ( its decl9e4 ,9 ,engl& we owe ne>ly ! :ole ( su* magnific5t build+s z ! ca!drals ( ,l9coln1 ,salisbury1 ,worce/]1 & ! abbey ( ,we/m9/] to ! #ac? c5tury1 & !re is sc>cely a ca!dral or abbey t does n owe "s beautiful portion ( its /ructure to ! build]s ( ! same p]iod1 ! transepts & lady *apel ( ,h]e=d ,ca!dral1 ! ea/]n transepts ( ,durham1 ! nave & transepts ( ,wells1 ! transepts ( ,york1 ! *oir presbyt]y1 c5tral & ea/]n transepts ( ,ro*e/]1 ! ea/]n portion ( ! *oir ( ,ely1 ! we/ front ( ,pet]bor\gh1 ! *oir ( ,s\?well1 ! nave & transepts ( ,li*field1 & ! *oir ( ,s4 ,david's be+ a few ( our mo/ *>act]i/ic examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,! /yle :i* foll[$ ! ,e>ly ,engli% is kn[n z ! ,geometric or ,e>ly ,decorat$ /yle1 & x embraces r\ghly ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury & ! fir/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( ! #ad? c5tury1 & cont9u$ 9 its lat] or ,curvil9e> =m to ne> ! end ( t c5tury4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p]fect example ( ! ,geometric /yle 9 ! _w is ! ca!dral *ur* at ,ami5s1 :i* is usually call$ ! "m *ur* ( ?is /yle1 & al?\gh %e has _m daught]s1 none ( !m c be said to equal _! p>5t 9 beauty4 ,9 ,engl& ! mo/ p]fect examples are n to be look$ = 9 ca!drals & l>ge *ur*es1 b 9 _! *apels1 & ! mo/ sup]b specim5 we possess$1 ,s4 ,/eph5's ,*apel1 ,we/m9/]1 has be5 de/roy$ )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,^? left to u include ! *apel ( ! palace ( ! bi%ops ( ,ely1 9 ,ely ,place1 ,holborn1 n[ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,e!ldr$a1 a build+ almo/ id5tical 9 plan ) ! vani%$ *apel ( ,s4 ,/eph54 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,ely1 once ,our ,lady's ,*apel1 & ,prior ,crawd5's ,*apel1 9 ! same city1 are lovely examples ( ! late/ developm5t ( ! ,curvil9e> /yle1 :ile ! =m] is consid]$ ! mo/ highly-wr\ght build+ 9 ,engl&4 ,belong+ to ?is p]iod1 also1 is ! *oir ( ,m]ton ,college ,*apel1 ,ox=d1 & ,luton ,*ur*4 ,! ,decorat$ /yle may be divid$ z reg>ds its w9d[s into two classes--,geometric & ,curvil9e>4 ,! fir/ has trac]y evolv$ entirely f ! circle4 ,! ,curvil9e> /yle is di/+ui%$ by trac]ies =m$ by curv$ & fl[+ l9es4 ,see pages #ae & #ei4 ,side note3 ,decorat$ ,w9d[s4 ,decorat$ w9d[s are usually l>ge & conta9 f two to sev5 lights1 al?\gh "o sometimes f9ds a w9d[ ) a s+le light1 b ( less elongat$ =m ?an ^? ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 trac]y orig9at$ f ! necessity ( pi]c+ t portion ( ! wall :i* 0 left vacant :5 two lights 7 ga!r$ "u a s+le ar*$ drip/one1 & !re=e elem5t>y trac]y consi/$ m]ely ( ap]tures 9 a flat surface4 ,z ! possibilities ( ?is ornam5tal feature became bett] und]/ood1 ! mullions 7 recess$ f ! face ( ! wall & ! f9e effect ?us produc$ 01 z ! art progress$1 mu* enhanc$ by ! introduction ( v>i\s ord]s ( mullions1 & by recess+ c]ta9 portions ( ! trac]y f ! face ( ! mullions & _! correspond+ b>s4 ,! geometrical trac]y1 z we h se51 consi/s ( v>i\s comb9ations ( ! circle1 z ! trefoil1 bas$ on ! triangle1 ! quatrefoil on ! squ>e1 ! c9quefoil on ! p5tagon1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,late ,decorat$ ,w9d[ 9 a ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,ea/ ,sutton1 ,k5t4 ,photograph ,g>dn] ,wat]man4 ,9 ,curvil9e> w9d[s ! trac]y1 al?\gh bas$ on ! same =ms & figures1 is yet s bl5d$ into an intricate patt]n t ea* figure does n /& out ) ! same individuality z 9 ! ,geometric4 ,among our mo/ beautiful ,geometric w9d[s are ^? ( ! ,lady ,*apel at ,exet]1 ,ely ,*apel1 & ,m]ton ,*apel1 ,ox=d1 & ( ! ,curvil9e> our be/ example is probably ! ea/ w9d[ ( ,c>lisle ,ca!dral4 ,x mu/ be not$ t beautiful z are ,curvil9e> w9d[s1 yet !y m>k a c]ta9 decad5ce 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 9 t x is an irrational treatm5t ( /one1 & conveys ! idea t ! mat]ial 0 b5t & n cut into ! requir$ %ape1 x be+ a well-e/abli%$ canon 9 art t :5 /r5g? is sacrific$ to m]e elegance x m>ks a decl9e 9 t art4 ,side note3 ,decorat$ ,capitals & ,pi]s4 ,decorat$ capitals z a rule foll[ ! cont\r ( ! pi] 9 clu/]$ columns1 & are ei!r bell-%ap$ or octagonal4 ,!y are frequ5tly only m\ld$1 ?us pres5t+ r\nds1 ogees & holl[s1 on :i* ! prevail+ ornam5ts ( ! p]iod1 ! ball & ! squ>e fl[]1 are set4 ,! foliat$ sculpture is mo/ exquisite1 & is gracefully wrea!d ar\nd ! bell1 in/ead ( ris+ f ! a/rigal or upp] memb] ( ! capital1 z 9 ! e>li] /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,decorat$ ,ornam5t4 ,f9ial ,capital ,f9ial 7,wimborne ,m9/]74 7,york ,m9/]74 7,york ,m9/]74 ,squ>e ,fl[]4 ,ball ,fl[]4 ,crocket ,cornice ,crockets 7,h]e=d ,ca!dral74 7,gran?am74 7,york ,m9/]74 ,drawn by ,e4 ,m4 ,hea?4 ,almo/ e v>iety ( leaf & fl[] is repres5t$1 ! oak1 ! v9e & ! rose be+ p]haps ! mo/ common1 b ! leaves ( ! maple1 hazel1 ivy & /rawb]ry are all s beautifully r5d]$ z to evid5ce _! hav+ be5 directly /udi$ f nature4 ,pluck$ fl[]s too1 are n uncommon1 & sometimes ! little /alks & foliage are accompani$ by birds1 liz>ds1 squirrels & o!r creatures4 ,! columns ( ?is p]iod are mu* m elaborate ?an ^? ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 & 9 plan h curv$ pr(iles ) m\ld$ memb]s betwe5 ! %afts4 ,^! m\ld+s are v v>i$1 b ! holl[s n be+ s deeply und]cut1 ! g5]al effect is broad] & less l9ey ?an 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli%2 :ile ! ,decorat$ ar*es are less %>ply po9t$ ?an 9 ! previ\s /yle4 ,side note3 ,decorat$ ,doorways4 ,! doorways ( ?is /yle possess mu* ! same features z ! la/1 b ! m\ld+s1 jamb %afts1 etc41 are m sl5d]1 & g5]ally ( f9] proportions1 ! holl[s be+ (t5 fill$ ) ! ball fl[] & squ>e fl[] in/ead ( ! dog too?4 ,sometimes ! doorways h no pill>s1 be+ entirely compos$ ( m\ld+s :i* are cont9u\s ) ^? 9 ! ar*itrave4 ,! l>ge s+le doorways ( ?is p]iod are ne>ly z l>ge z ! d\ble ones ( ,e>ly ,engli% date1 & on ! sides small buttresses or ni*es are sometimes plac$1 & (t5 "o f9ds a s]ies ( ni*es c>ri$ up l a holl[ m\ld+1 & fill$ ) figures4 ,! figures ( ?is p]iod are n s good z 9 ! previ\s /yle1 ! heads seem too l>ge = ! bodies1 & 9 ! female figures ! brea/s are repres5t$ z q flat4 ,:]e !re are no figures d\ble foliat$ trac]y is (t5 f\nd hang+ f "o ( ! out] m\ld+s1 giv+ an effect ( great ri*ness4 ,side note3 ,decorat$ ,buttresses4 ,! buttresses 7see page #ag7 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle are ne>ly always work$ 9 /ages1 & a ni*e frequ5tly figures on ! face ( ! buttress4 ,crocket$ canopies & o!r c>v$ decorations are common1 & 9 l>ge build+s !y usually t]m9ate 9 p9nacles1 :i* are sometimes ( op5 "w4 ,a ,go?ic build+ atta9s its effect by ! comb9ation ( num]\s p>ts1 ea* possess+ an individual "* ( its own4 ,9 its l(t9ess1 graceful outl9es1 & ri* effect ( light & %ade1 x speaks ( noble aspirations1 ( fre$om1 ( intellectual ?\ght1 ( tal5t & skill1 all g5]\sly giv5 = a high purpose1 ! f\ndation ( :i* 0 a /rong religi\s en?usiasm1 comb9$ ) an int5se love ( ! "w itself4 ,side note3 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,hav+ n[ arriv$ at ! po9t :]e ,go?ic ar*itecture rea*$ its climax1 we may briefly sum up its lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x is ess5tially po9t$ or v]tical2 its details are mo/ly geometrical 9 its w9d[ trac]ies1 clu/]s ( %afts & bases1 b ?is geometric quality is only "o ( con/ruction & =m & n ( its inn] _s & motive1 = plants copi$ directly f nature 7 us$ 9 beautiful pr(usion4 ,if we comp>e a l>ge ,go?ic *ur* ) a comp>atively small "o1 we %all f9d ! columns1 w9d[s1 ornam5ts ( ! =m] are n s v mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! latt]1 b t !re are d\ble or ?ree times ! numb] ( !m4 ,?is is n ! case 9 a classical build+1 :]e ea* feature has to be enl>g$ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! build+4 ,x is ! con/ant sub-division ( a ,go?ic ,*ur* :i* adds s to its app>5t size4 ,ornam5tally1 ! ,go?ic is ! geometrical & po9t$ elem5ts repeat$ to _! utmo/ & aft]w>ds comb9$ ) ! elaboration ( natural objects1 plants1 fl[]s1 etc41 gr[+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! "w4 ,?is is a great feature1 b ! mo/ /rik+ po9t 9 all good ,go?ic "w is ! wond]ful elaboration ( geometric trac]y1 vesicas1 trefoils1 quatrefoils & an imm5se v>iety ( o!r ornam5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! sizes ( our great *ur*es x may be ( int]e/ to note t our longe/ ,engli% ca!dral is ,w9*e/]4 ,york & ,l9coln1 al?\gh n s long z ,w9*e/]1 are 9 sup]ficial area v mu* l>g]4 ,! l>ge/ ,engli% *ur* ( a non-ca!dral rank is ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :i* has1 moreov]1 ! di/9ction ( be+ ! l(tie/ int]nally2 ! nave be+ #ajd ft4 9 height4 ,! l>ge/ p>i% *ur* is t ( ,s4 ,ni*olas1 ,great ,y>m\?1 :i* exce$s 9 sup]ficial area no few] ?an eight ( our ca!drals4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( ,p]p5dicul> ,ornam5t4 ,panel4 ,crocket4 ,tudor ,rose4 ,portcullis4 ,fleur de ,lys4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,p]p5dicul> ,,/yle4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ,x,i,vth c5tury a great *ange came ov] ,engli% ,go?ic ar*itecture1 a *ange :i* 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t a return to classical ideas4 ,! curvil9e> trac]y gave place to a rigid v]tical & horizontal =m1 ) ! result t w9d[s & panels in/ead ( be+ fill$ ) curv$ b>s ( /one1 7 sub-divid$ by /raight p]p5dicul> b>s & transoms or cross-b>s4 ,?is /yle ( ar*itecture is popul>ly kn[n z ,p]p5dicul>1 b z ! horizontal l9es are q z di/9ct a feature z are ! v]tical1 x w\ld p]haps be m correct to speak ( x z ,rectil9e>4 ,?is *ange 9 ar*itectural =m made its appe>ance t[>ds ! close ( ! ,x,i,vth c5tury1 al?\gh x 0 by no means g5]ally introduc$ at t p]iod1 = ! old me?ods & /yles 7 c>ri$ on side by side ) ! new = _m ye>s4 ,= example1 ! ea/]n end ( ! *oir ( ,york ,m9/] 7#acfa-ii7 possesses a w9d[ ! trac]ies ( :i* conta9 bo? curvil9e> & rectil9e> l9es1 :ile ,%ottesbrook ,*ur* 9 ,b]k%ire 7#achg71 & ,wimm+ton ,*ur*1 ,b$=d%ire 7#acia7 are examples ( village *ur*es nei!r ( :i* has any feature ( ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,yeovil ,p>i% ,*ur* 7,a4,d4 #acgf74 ,e>ly ,p]p5dicul> 9 /yle1 )\t a cl]e/ory1 & call$1 = its l>ge w9d[ area1 ! ,lant]n ( ! ,we/4 ,9 its e>li] /ages ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle pres5t$ an effect at once good & bold2 ! m\ld+s1 ?\gh n equal to ! be/ ( ! ,decorat$ /yle1 7 well def9$1 ! enri*m5ts effective1 & ! details delicate )\t extravagant m9ut5ess4 ,subsequ5tly ! /yle und]w5t a gradual debasem5t2 ! ar*es became depress$2 ! m\ld+s impov]i%$1 ! details cr[d$ & co>sely execut$1 & ! :ole /yle became want+ 9 ! *a/e & elegant effects = :i* ! ,decorat$ /&s unapproa*$ & unapproa*able4 ,! fl[+ cont\rs & curv$ l9es ( ! previ\s /yle n[ gave place 9 ! w9d[s to mullions runn+ /raight up f ! bottom to ! top1 & cross$ by transoms4 ,z ! ar* became m & m depress$ ! m\ld+s became %all[] & less effective4 ,9 e>ly build+s ( ?is p]iod ! drop ar* is v preval5t1 b z ! p]iod advanc$ a =m kn[n z ! ,tudor ar* began to be us$4 ,x is an ar* 9 :i*1 z a rule1 ! c5tres ( ! upp] portion lie imm$iately bel[ ^? ( ! l[]1 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,sometimes ! :ole ( ! upp] portion unit+ ! arcs ( ! ends is /ruck f "o c5tre1 9 :i* case ! ar* becomes a ?ree-c5tr$ "o1 be+1 9 fact1 half an ellipse4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! /yle ! curvature ( ! upp] portion is s slight t x c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f a /raight l9e1 & z ! debasem5t progress$ x became really /raight4 ,ogee ar*es are also f\nd at ?is p]iod1 & foil$ ar*es are v frequ5t4 ,:5 ! ,tudor ar* 0 n us$1 we g5]ally f9d ! l[ drop ar*1 ^! ?ree la/ be+ mo/ly us$ = small op5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,f9e ,p>i% ,*ur* %[+ ,ri* ,p]p5dicul> ,"w4 ,t]r+ton ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,norfolk4 ,photograph ,dext] ,son4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! w9d[s--! p]p5dicul> mullions & horizontal transoms--we h already allud$ to4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,w9d[s4 ,! w9d[ heads1 in/ead ( be+ fill$ ) fl[+ trac]y1 h sl5d] mullions runn+ f ! heads ( ! lights betwe5 ea* mullion1 & ^! aga9 h small] transoms1 until ! :ole surface ( ! w9d[ becomes divid$ into a s]ies ( panels1 ! heads ( :i* be+ ar*$1 are trefoil$ or c9quefoil$4 ,9 ! lat] w9d[s ! transoms at ! top are (t5 furni%$ ) a small ornam5tal battlem5t1 caus+ ! mullions to pres5t a concave outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,p]p5dicul> ,doorway4 ,m]ton ,college ,*apel4 ,drawn by ,e4 ,m4 ,hea?4 ,! plans ( *ur*es 9 ?is /yle diff] f all o!rs 9 t !y are m spaci\s1 ! columns m sl5d] & wid] ap>t1 ! w9d[s mu* l>g]1 & ! walls l(ti] & ?9n]4 ,panell+ is us$ mo/ abundantly on walls1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 & also on vault+1 :ile "s build+s1 z ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel at ,we/m9/]1 are almo/ entirely cov]$ ) x4 ,fan trac]y vault+1 a feature peculi> to ?is /yle1 is almo/ inv>iably cov]$ ) panell+4 ,! m\ld+s ( ?is p]iod are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i* prec$$ !m4 ,z a g5]al rule !y are cut on a slant+ or *amf] plane1 ! gr\ps ( m\ld+s be+ sep>at$ by a %all[ oval-%ap$ holl[1 entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,doorways4 ,! doorways ( ! e>ly portion ( ?is p]iod _h two-c5tr$ ar*es1 b ! *>act]i/ic =m is ! f\r-c5tr$1 enclos$ 9 a squ>e head1 =m$ by ! out] m\ld+s ) a hood m\ld ( ! same %ape1 ! sp&rels be+ fill$ ) quatrefoils1 roses1 %ields1 etc4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,capitals4 ,p]p5dicul> capitals are ei!r circul> or octagonal1 b ! neck+ is usually ( ! =m] %ape1 & ! upp] memb]s ( ! abacus ( ! latt] =m4 ,! bell portion is mo/ly pla91 b is (t5 enri*$ ) foliage ( a v conv5tional "*1 %all[ & =mal1 )\t ei!r ! fre$om or ! boldness ( ! ,e>ly ,engli%1 or ! exquisite grace ( ! ,decorat$ p]iods4 ,a di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! ornam5tation ( ?is p]iod is t call$ panel-trac]y1 ) :i* ! walls & vault$ ceil+s are cov]$4 ,! patt]ns are f\nd 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 z circles1 squ>es1 quatrefoils1 etc4 ,side note3 ,fan ,vault+4 ,! ri* vault+ call$ fan vault+ previ\sly allud$ to1 is compos$ ( p5dant curv$ semi-cones1 cov]$ ) foliat$ panel-"w1 :i* be>s "s resemblance to a fan spread op54 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,ornam5t4 ,ano!r v *>act]i/ic ornam5t is ! ,tudor fl[]4 ,x is =m$ by a s]ies ( flat leaves plac$ upright aga9/ ! /alk4 ,x 0 mu* us$ 9 late build+s z a cre/ or ornam5tal f9i%+ to cornices1 etc41 to :i* x gave an embattl$ appe>ance4 ,cornices & brackets 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) bu/s ( w+$ angels call$ angel-brackets1 & angel-corbels4 ,! portcullis & ! ,tudor rose--bo? badges ( ! h\se ( ,tudor--also figure prom95tly among ! ornam5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,! crockets = ! mo/ "p p>take ( ! squ>5ess :i* p]vades all ! foliage ( ?is /yle4 ,see page #fd4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,buttresses4 ,! buttresses are v simil> to ^? prec$+ !m 9 _! pla9] =ms1 b1 9 ri*] examples ! faces are cov]$ ) panel "w & are f9i%$ ) squ>e p9nacles sometimes set diagonally & t]m9at$ ) a crocket$ spire1 or f9i%$ ) an animal or o!r ornam5t4 ,p>apets ) squ>e battlem5ts are v common at ?is p]iod1 b !y too are frequ5tly panell$ or pi]c$ ) trac]y1 or ) trefoils or quatrefoils ins]t$ 9 squ>e1 circul> or triangul> comp>tm5ts4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,ro(s4 ,! ro(s ( ?is p]iod1 bo? 9 ecclesia/ical & secul> build+s1 are v magnific5t1 & h ! :ole ( ! fram+ expos$ to view2 _m ( !m are ( high pit*1 ! spaces betwe5 ! timb]s be+ fill$ ) trac]y1 & ! beams ar*$1 m\ld$ & ornam5t$ 9 v>i\s ways2 & frequ5tly p5dants1 figures ( angels1 & o!r c>v+s are introduc$4 ,! flatt] ro(s are sometimes l9$ ) bo>ds & divid$ into panels by ribs1 or h ! timb]s op51 & all enri*$ ) m\ld+s & c>v+s1 z at ,cir5ce/] *ur*1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,! gradual decl9e ( ! ,go?ic /yle is v evid5t 9 late ,p]p5dicul> *ur*es1 especially 9 ^? erect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,! elem5ts ( ,go?ic ar*itecture became mu* degrad$ & l$ to t mixture ( features call$ ! ,debas$ ,go?ic 9 :i* e real pr9ciple ( art & ( beauty 0 lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,p]p5dicul> ,por*4 ,s4 ,ni*olas1 ,k+'s ,lynn4 ,photograph ,dext] ,son4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics1 !n1 ( ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle are ! v]tical mullions1 & ! g5]al flatt5+ ( ar*es1 m\ld+s & c>v+s4 ,%\ld !re be no o!r guide1 a ,p]p5dicul> *ur* c>ries its /yle & p]iod /amp$ ^u its c>v+s4 ,! plants repres5t$ are1 almo/ )\t exception1 ! v9e ) or )\t grapes1 & ! oak ) or )\t acorns4 ,! leaves are g5]ally full bl[n & crumpl$4 ,! e>lie/ build+ %[+ ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle is ! beautiful little priory *ur* ( ,ed+ton1 9 ,wilts1 erect$ by ,william ,ed+ton1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]4 ,! same /yle1 b m fully develop$1 is se5 9 ! nave ( ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 & at ,w9*e/] ,college4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a return to classical ideas1 = ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 its aspir+ grace & feel+ = motion 0 becom+ a little un/eady 9 con/ruction1 & al?\gh ! movem5t 0 />t$ by ,bi%op ,ed+ton1 x 0 left to ,william ( ,wykeham to save our ,engli% ,go?ic ar*itecture f develop+ into ! flamboyant#a /yle s *>act]i/ic ( ! late ,go?ic build+s ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,x is little less ?an a/\nd+ t ,william ( ,wykeham1 at once ,prime ,m9i/]1 diplomati/1 s*ol> & en]getic *ur*man1 %\ld h f\nd "t to introduce su* f>-rea*+ re=ms into ! art ( build+1 & :atev] 8 fame may be 9 o!r directions he w always be rememb]$ by po/]ity z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable g5iuses ( ! ,middle ,ages1 a man ( giant m9d & imm5se physical en]gy1 :o c>ri$ into all 8 "w a l>ge & dignifi$ "*1 /amp+ x ) ! unmi/akable p]sonality ( a ma/] m9d4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,t[]s4 ,z build]s & design]s ( *ur* t[]s ! masons ( ! ,p]p5dicul> era h nev] be5 approa*$1 & all our f9e/ ,engli% t[]s are ( ?is /yle & p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,f9e ,p]p5dicul> ,t[]4 ,/4 ,m>y1 ,taunton4 ,photograph ,h4 ,montague ,coop]4 ,consid]ations ( space w only all[ a few ( ^! t[]s to be m5tion$1 b among ! f9e/ are ^? at ,bo/on1 ,l9coln%ire2 ,wrexham1 ,d5bigh%ire2 ,wymondham1 ,heigham & ,s4 ,clem5t's 9 ,norfolk2 ,s\?wold ,*ur* 9 ,suffolk2 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral1 ,s4 ,ni*olas' ,*ur*1 ,newca/le1 & ,s4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,taunton4 ,( ,p]p5dicul> date & /yle1 also1 are ! great lant]n t[]s ( ,worce/]1 ,bri/ol1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,york & ,durham ,ca!drals1 9 addition to ! f9e bell-t[] ( ,eve%am ,abbey4 ,side note3 ,p]p5dicul> ,spires4 ,! spire1 al?\gh less commonly us$ ?an =m]ly1 0 by no means ab&on$1 & beautiful examples ( ,p]p5dicul> spires are ^? at ,s4 ,mi*ael's1 ,cov5try1 & ,ro!rham ,*ur*1 ,york%ire4 ,al?\gh ne>ly all our ca!drals h "s portion ( _! fabric 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 *antries1 *apels1 cloi/]s1 vault+1 scre5s1 etc41 x 0 9 our p>o*ial *ur*es t ,p]p5dicul> ar*itecture rea*$ its highe/ & f9e/ developm5t4 ,j z ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury 0 ! great age = ca!dral build+1 s ! latt] end ( ! ,x,i,vth & e>li] half ( ! ,x,vth c5turies 0 ! p]iod to :i* we owe "s ( ! mo/ beautiful ( our p>i% *ur*es1 z ,s4 ,mi*ael's1 ,cov5try 7f94 #acie72 ,s4 ,ni*olas1 ,lynn 7f94 #adjj72 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral 7=m]ly a collegiate *ur*71 7#adbb72 ,fo!r+ay ,*ur*1 ,nor?ants 7f94 #adce72 ,s\?wold ,*ur*1 ,suffolk 7#addj71 & ,s4 ,m>y ,r$cliffe1 ,bri/ol 7ab\t #addb74 ,a little lat] came1 among o!rs1 ,wakefield ,*ur*1 ,york%ire 7#adgj71 ,s4 ,/eph5's1 ,bri/ol 7#adgj71 ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,ox=d1 & its namesake at ,cambridge 7bo? 9 #adgh7 & ,long ,mel=d ,*ur*1 ,suffolk 7#adha74 ,ap>t f ! actual build+s ! ,p]p5dicul> ar*itects1 masons & sculptors h left u "s beautiful "w 9 ! =m ( timb] ro(s1 scre5s1 /alls & seats4 ,among ! m notable ro(s ( ?is p]iod are ^? at ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ,s4 ,&rew's & ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,norwi*1 ! "o at ,morton ,*ur* 9 ,som]set1 ^? at ,saffron ,wald5 & ,?axt$1 ,essex1 & a p>ticul>ly f9e "o at ,s4 ,david's ,ca!dral 9 ,wales4 ,among ! rem>kable dome/ic ro(s 9 ?is /yle are ^? at ,we/m9/] ,hall & ,el?am ,palace4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,lat]4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ,go?ic *ur*es1 b we n[ come to ! "t :51 f a v>iety ( causes1 ! ,italian ar*itects1 among !m ,palladio & ,vitruvius1 began to revive classical ar*itecture1 a movem5t :i* gradually spread ov] o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,side note3 ,! ,classic ,revival4 ,! v>i\s causes :i* l$ to ?is app>5tly retrograde movem5t are /ill involv$ 9 consid]able obscurity4 ,! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! age produc$ a class :o travell$ abroad & cultivat$ ! f9e arts1 ) ! result t !y desir$ to see erect$ 9 ,engl& build+s su* z !y _h se5 9 ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa & ,padua4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! ramifications ( ,go?ic ar*itecture _h rea*$ _! utmo/ limit1 & ! /yle 0 gett+ out ( h&1 z is se5 by ! flamboyant build+s on ! cont95t4 ,! revival ( classical lit]ature 9 we/]n ,europe gave an impetus to ! movem5t :i* 0 l>gely int5d$ to enfold art )9 ! %elt] ( an enlight5$ ta/e1 & protect x f ! lic5ce ( unord]$ en?usiasm4 ,h[ f> x succe$$ is n a "q t c be discuss$ at l5g? "h1 b1 h[ev] good _! int5tions may h be51 ! ar*itects us$ little discrim9ation 9 ! selection ( build+s :i* 7 to s]ve z models = ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & al?\gh subsequ5tly consid]able improvem5ts 7 made1 yet1 mo/ ( ! defects 9 ! pagan build+s ( ! anci5ts 7 reta9$ 9 su* z 7 int5d$ to be utiliz$ = ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & ev5 consid]$ purely z ex]cises 9 ar*itecture x 0 n until ! m *a/e rema9s ( antiquity began to be /udi$ t ! _s & h>mony ( ! good examples 7 atta9$4 ,a great] contra/ ?an ! me?ods employ$ by ! ,go?ic mason & ! ,r5aissance ar*itect c\ld n well be imag9$4 ,! =m] %ap$ 8 mat]ial ) 8 own h&s2 ! fo/] "m ( 8 art 0 tradition & its cradle ! craftsman's b5*2 :]eas ! latt]1 ) no build]'s tra9+1 work$ out 8 flawless & precise plans 9 ! exotic atmosph]e ( ! (fice & ! /udy4 ,! practice ( mak+ work+ draw+s = e detail ( ! build+ 0 ! cause ( ! decl9e ( ornam5tal sculpture1 ) ! result t all life & gr[? 9 ! build+ ceas$4 ,"s au?orities are v sev]e on ! ,r5aissance movem5t4 ,dr4 ,f]gusson1 9 8 ,mod]n ,/yles ( ,ar*itecture1 says3 ,dur+ ! ,go?ic era ! art ( build+ 0 evolv$ by ! simple ex]cise ( man's reason1 ) ! result t ! "w ( ?is p]iod is ! in/9ctive natural gr[? ( man's m9d4 ,! build+s1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* 7 design$ 9 ! imitative /yles1 & produc$ on a totally diff]5t pr9ciple1 pres5t u ) an entirely diff]5t result1 & "o :i* frequ5tly degrades ar*itecture f its high position ( a quasi-natural production to t ( a m]e imitative art4 ,side note3 ,inigo ,jones & ,wr54 ,be ?is z x may1 ! sev]e classical /yle introduc$ into ,engl& by ,inigo ,jones 7:o /udi$ 9 ,italy "u ,palladio71 & cont9u$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 soon swept ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,our mo/ rem>kable *ur* 9 ?is /yle is ,s4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :i* 9 /yle has two v adv]se circum/ances to /ruggle aga9/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x be>s s great a simil>ity to ! great *ur* ( ,s4 ,pet]1 at ,rome1 t "o _c help comp>+ x ) t f9e example1 & secondly1 x is ! only ,engli% ca!dral :i* is n 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ackn[l$g$ t ,s4 ,paul's falls f> %ort ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 especially 9 its light+1 b x does n des]ve ! condemnation ( a great ,g]man critic1 :o said1 ,x is a build+ m>k$ nei!r by elegance ( =m nor vig\r ( /yle4 ,al?\gh ! int]ior ( its dome & cl]e/ory ( ! nave & *oir are extremely gloomy :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ! *ur* is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be f> sup]ior to ! latt] 9 its ar*itectural details1 & few1 if any1 ,italian *ur*es c be said to surpass x1 ei!r 9 g5]al composition or ext]nal effect1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ev]y?+ hav+ be5 sacrific$ to atta9 ! latt] quality1 ,s4 ,paul's tak5 z a :ole1 is nei!r wor?y ( its f9e situation nor ( its great ar*itect4 ,o!r *ur*es :i* are excell5t examples ( ?is /yle are ,s4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook1 & ,s4 ,m>y ,ab*ur*1 ,london4 ,bo? %[ rem>kable skill4 ,! =m] is divid$ into a nave & f\r aisles1 transepts1 & a %all[ *ancel1 by f\r r[s ( ,cor9?ian columns1 ) a small dome ov] ! int]section4 ,! int]ior is v beautiful1 & ?is *ur* is g5]ally consid]$ to be ,wr5's ma/]piece4 ,s4 ,m>y ,ab*ur*1 is ne>ly squ>e 9 plan1 has no columns & is cov]$ ) a domical ceil+1 b s skilfully treat$ t ! effect is s+ul>ly pleas+4 ,side note3 ,hawkesmore4 ,( ! ,elizabe?an & ,jacobean build+s x is necess>y to say little1 z at be/ !y are b clumsy imitations ( ! ,flemi%1 ,fr5* & ,italian ,r5aissance1 :ile ! /yle :i* we n[ call ,que5 ,anne came 9 t[>ds ! close ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury1 & belongs ( "r to ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,hawkesmore1 a pupil & foll[] ( ,wr51 0 a /rong ar*itect :o has left u ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,spitalfields1 & ,s4 ,m>y ,woolno?4 ,he also design$ ! we/]n t[]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 (t5 wrongly ascrib$ to ,wr51 & ! second quadrangle ( ,all ,s\ls' ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,?is ar*itect1 l ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 misund]/ood & despis$ ! ,go?ic /yle1 ) :i* he _h little real sympa?y2 he drew out designs1 :i* /ill exi/1 = conv]t+ ,we/m9/] ,abbey into an ,italian *ur*1 j z ,inigo ,jones _h done ) ! ext]ior ( ! nave ( old ,s4 ,paul's1 b we _c be too ?ankful t ?is abom9able sugge/ion 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,engli% ,r5aissance ,*ur*4 ,s4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook1 ,london4 ,g5]ally consid]$ to be ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5's ma/]piece4 ,f an ,engrav+ dat$ #ahjf4 ,) ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 on ! ?rone our ance/ors cont5t$ !mselves ) dull1 b sub/antial1 build+s ( :i* "s h>d ?+s h be5 writt51 b !y 7 at lea/ respectable & free f %am1 :ile ! *ur*es1 al?\gh n elegant1 7 well-built & occasionally picturesque1 z we see by ! p]fect little build+ ( ?is date at ,billesley1 ,w>wick%ire4 ,! eighte5? c5tury pseudo-classical abom9ations & %am ,go?ic1 s fav\r$ by ,horace ,walpole & 8 admir]s1 c be briefly dismiss$4 ,a m rampant piece ( absurdity ?an t ( erect+ imitations ( portions ( ,greek temples & adapt+ !m = ,*ri/ian wor%ip x is difficult to imag9e1 & 9 ! ,pavilion at ,brighton1 ,m>ylebone ,*ur*1 & ! ,ext+ui%] ,*ur* 9 ,langham ,place we ev5 surpass$ 9 bad ta/e & vulg>ity all ! absurdities ( ! ,cont95tal ar*itecture produc$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,side note3 ,b>ry & ,pug94 ,two m5 n[ came on ! sc5e :o1 unit$1 7 de/9$ to br+ "s k9d ( ord] out ( ?is *aos4 ,b>ry & ,pug9 7 bo? s*ol>s & ar*itects1 = :ile ! =m] r fav\r$ ! classical /yle he ?or\ghly und]/ood ! ,go?ic1 :ile ,pug9 0 a ?or\gh m$ivali/1 a true arti/1 & a bold expon5t 9 8 ,contra/s ( a complete return to m$ival ar*itecture z ! only possible cure = ! evils :i* _h crept into ! art ( build+4 ,b>ry's idea1 :i* 0 p]haps ! m practical1 0 to correct by c>eful /udy ! errors into :i* ! lat] expon5ts ( bo? ,classic & ,go?ic ar*itecture _h fall51 & endeav\r by well ?\ght out modifications to evolve a /yle m suitable to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,pug91 h[ev]1 w\ld h none ( ! evil ?+1 & al?\gh he suppli$ 8 fri5d ) designs = ! details & woodwork ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t :i* ,b>ry 0 rebuild+1 !y did n collaborate 9 any fur!r way1 & bo? di$ be=e ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 complet$1 9 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,b>ry's designs 7 completely ignor$4 ,! ,re=m ,club is consid]$ to be ! be/ ( ,b>ry's classical build+s4 ,pug9's e>li] works 7 mo/ly ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & !y are ackn[l$g$ to be an imm5se advance on any ,go?ic "w :i* _h be5 se5 = c5turies4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral ( ,s4 ,*ad1 at ,birm+ham1 !re is a dignity1 l(t9ess & simplicity surpass$ by few ,go?ic build+s :5 t /yle 0 at its z5i?1 & f ! "t ,pug9 design$ ?is build+1 ar*itecture--not)/&+ our exhau/ive /udy ( ar*ology1 our imm5se res\rces ( capital & lab\r1 our sci5ce & lab\r-sav+ appliances1 & ! comp>ative accessibility ( ! f9e/ mat]ials--has nei!r develop$ nor advanc$4 ,! mo/ erudite ,go?ic mason c\ld h possess$ b little art k z comp>$ ) ! mod]n ar*itect1 & yet ) our le>n$ societies1 wond]ful libr>ies1 easily obta9$ photographs & plans ( ! be/ build+s 9 ! _w2 ) writ]s f> sup]ior 9 intellectual acquirem5ts to ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages1 our va/ weal?1 ) our tools su* z ! m$ival craftsman c\ld nev] h dream$ (1 & ) ! exp]i5ce ( tw5ty c5turies to guide u we h made no advance dur+ m ?an half a c5tury4 ,our be/ ar*itects ackn[l$ge t until we get a new me?od ( build+1 orig9ality 9 ar*itecture is an impossibility1 ma9ly because all ! exi/+ /yles ( ar*itecture h be5 work$ out to _! legitimate conclusion1 & h be5 p]fect$ "u circum/ances & conditions ) :i* we h entirely brok52 ! orig9ality 9 detail :i* p]vades & p]meates our ,go?ic build+s & gives !m ! great] "p ( _! *>m1 mu/1 ( necessity1 be out ( our rea* until we bl5d ! _s ( :at we are pleas$ to call our practical age1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( t _s ( poetry & romance1 religi\s f]v\r & dev\tness1 :i* animat$ ! build]s & craftsm5 ( ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical ,corni% ,font4 ,probably ( ! late ,norman p]iod4 ,n[ at ,mak]1 ne> ,plym\?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,*ur* ,,furniture ,,& ,,ornam5ts4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! int]nal furniture ( a *ur* is ! alt>1 a "n d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 alt>e1 a high place4 ,! alt> is a rais$ /ructure on :i* propitiatory (f]+s are plac$4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ! alt> is a table or slab on :i* ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,eu*>i/ are display$4 ,side note3 ,! ,alt>4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian alt>s 7 portable /ructures ( wood1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome /ill all[s ! use ( an alt> ( ?is description1 al?\gh a consecrat$ /one1 conta9+ an au!ntic relic & reg>d$ z ! true alt>1 mu/ be plac$ ^u ! wood5 table4 ,! slab =m+ ! alt> 0 sometimes support$ on pill>s1 b m frequ5tly on solid masonry1 & previ\s to ! ,re=mation x 0 m>k$ ) five crosses cut into ! top1 9 allusion to ! five w\nds ( ,*ri/4 ,f ! p]iod t /one alt>s 7 introduc$ x 0 usual to enclose )9 !m ! relics ( sa9ts1 s t 9 "s cases !y 7 ! actual tombs ( sa9ts4 ,9 ,engl& ! alt>s 7 g5]ally tak5 d[n ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 set up aga9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,m>y1 & aga9 remov$ 9 ! second ye> ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,porlock1 ,som]set1 ! orig9al high alt> has be5 pres]v$1 ?\gh n 9 use1 be+ plac$ aga9/ ! nor? wall ( ! *ancel4 ,9 ,dun/] ,*ur*1 9 ! same c\nty1 !re is a solid /one alt>1 said to h be5 ! orig9al high alt>1 & 9 ! ru9$ *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>y ,magdal5e at ,ripon1 ! high alt> has escap$ de/ruction4 ,( *antry alt>s we h sev]al left1 includ+ ^? at ,abbey ,dore1 ,h]e=d%ire2 ,grosmont1 ,monm\?%ire2 ,*ipp+ ,norton1 ,oxon42 ,w>m+ton1 ,w>wick2 ,s4 ,giles's1 ,ox=d2 ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 & _m o!rs2 & x is r>e to f9d a ,go?ic *ur* )\t "s traces ( alt>s 9 _! v>i\s *apels1 oratories or *antries4 ,! alt> is1 ( c\rse1 an adoption by ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( a pagan aid to wor%ip1 & at ,s4 ,m>y's *ur*1 ,w>eham1 :i* is ?\ght to /& on ! site ( a ,roman temple1 are "s pieces ( /one consid]$ by antiqu>ies to be portions ( a pagan alt>1 on :i* burnt (f]+s 7 plac$4 ,above _m ,*ri/ian alt>s 0 plac$ a piece ( sculpture or a pa9t+ repres5t+ "s religi\s subject4 ,^! alt> pieces sometimes consi/ ( two pictures1 :5 !y are call$ dipty*es1 & sometimes ( ?ree pictures1 :5 !y are call$ tripty*es1 & bo? =ms usually fold up or are provid$ ) %utt]s4 ,!y are (t5 r>e examples ( ! ,flemi% & o!r s*ools ( pa9t+1 & ( great value4 ,at ! ,re=mation ! /one alt> 0 displac$ by ! communion table1 :i* at fir/ occupi$ ! position vacat$ by ! alt>4 ,?is gave umbrage to ! ,puritan m9d1 & ! communion table 0 !n usually plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ancel1 ) seats all r\nd = ! communicants2 :i* arrangem5t is /ill 9 vogue 9 "s ( our ,engli% *ur*es & 9 ,j]sey1 al?\gh at ! ,re/oration ! communion table 01 z a g5]al rule1 replac$ at ! ea/]n wall ( ! ,*ancel4 ,illu/ration3 ,durham ,sanctu>y ,knock]4 ,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! alt> 0 reg>d$ z a place ( refuge = ^? flee+ f ju/ice or oppression1 & ?is cu/om or privilege ( sanctu>y 0 sanction$ by ! ,engli% bi%ops & 0 reta9$ = _m c5turies by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,_m ( our p>i% *ur*es claim to possess old sanctu>y r+s or knock]s1 b x is d\btful if any ( ^! 7 ev] us$ by fugitives1 = ! reason t al?\gh 9 e>ly days e p>i% *ur* _h ! "r to grant sanctu>y1 few possess$ ! means ( fe$+ & h\s+ a refugee1 save 9 ! *ur* itself1 :i* 0 expressly =bidd54 ,?is is :y we f9d records ( fugitives travell+ _m miles at ! risk ( _! lives & pass+ hundr$s ( p>i% *ur*es 9 _! endeav\r to rea* ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 ,hexham1 ,durham or "s o!r ( ! well-recognis$ sanctu>ies4 ,! only sanctu>y knock] rema9+ to-day1 :i* is above suspicion1 is t at ,durham ,ca!dral4 ,x is made ( bronze & repres5ts ! grotesque head ( a dragon1 ! r+ com+ f ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bapti/]y 9 ,luton ,*ur*4 ,photograph ,fr$k4 ,?ur/on1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,above ! door is a small room 9 :i* att5dants wat*$ by day & night1 & :5 a fugitive 0 admitt$ a bell 0 rung to ann\nce t someone _h tak5 sanctu>y4 ,side note3 ,! ,font4 ,! font1 z we h se51 0 orig9ally plac$ 9 a sep>ate build+ call$ ! bapti/]y4 ,! only kn[n example ( any?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,engl& is t 9 ,s4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,luton1 fully describ$ 9 ,! ,homel& ,h&book1 ,no4 #dg4 ,x is 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1 dates f ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 & is said to h be5 design$ by ,william ( ,wykeham = ,que5 ,philippa4 ,x is compos$ ( :ite /one ) op5 panels1 pi]c$ by c9quefoils & quatrefoils1 :ile ! apex ( ea* panel t]m9ates 9 a foliat$ f9ial4 ,! font inside is octagonal 9 =m & ( #ac? c5tury date1 b x has be5 some:at re/or$4 ,anci5t fonts 7 always l>ge en\gh to all[ = total imm]sion1 & our pres5t cu/om ( baptism by affusion1 or spr9kl+1 is only p]mitt$1 n enjo9$ by ! rubric4 ,9 e>ly days ! sacram5t ( baptism 0 only adm9i/]$ by ! bi%ops at ! great fe/ivals ( ,p5teco/ & ,ea/]1 = ! reason t ?is af=d$ ! great] conv5i5ce = imm$iate confirmation1 b ) ! increase 9 ! numb] ( *ur*es ! rite 0 adm9i/]$ by ! prie/s 9 e village4 ,! font 0 requir$ by ! canon to be ( /one1 b !re are a few ,norman fonts made ( lead1 among !m ^? at ,s4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,w>eham1 ,walton-on-!-,hill1 ,surrey1 & at ,edburton1 ,p>ham1 & ,pyecombe1 ,sussex4 ,a rem>kable font is t at ,dolton ,*ur*1 ,devon1 made up ( fragm5ts ( ! *ur*y>d cross1 & !re is also a some:at simil> "o at ,melbury ,bubb1 ,dorset4 ,by a con/itution ( ,edmund1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7#abcf71 fonts 7 requir$ to be cov]$ & lock$1 & at fir/ ^! cov]s 7 little m ?an pla9 lids1 b !y aft]w>ds became highly ornam5tal & 7 enri*$ ) buttresses1 p9nacles1 crockets1 etc4 ,x is d\btful if any fonts exi/ :i* c reasonably be suppos$ to be ,saxon1 al?\gh a few1 l t at ,little ,bill+1 ,nor?ants1 may possibly be ( t era4 ,( ,norman fonts we h l>ge numb]s4 ,!y are sometimes pla9 holl[ cyl9d]s2 o!rs are massive squ>es ) a l>ge pill> 9 ! c5tre1 & small %afts at ! corn]s4 ,^! fonts are g5]ally ornam5t$ ) rudely execut$ c>v+s1 consi/+ ( foliage & grotesque animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,example ( a ,lead5 ,font ( ! late ,norman p]iod4 ,walton-on-!-,hill1 ,surrey4 ,! "o 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral is a good example1 & !re are ?ree o!r v simil> ones 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,e>ly ,engli% fonts are v (t5 circul>1 & sometimes squ>e1 & !y are (t5 support$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! ,norman ones4 ,9 ! ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul> /yles !y are1 ) few exceptions1 octagonal1 & ! details g5]ally p>take ( ! "* ( ^? us$ 9 ! o!r ar*itectural features ( ! p]iod4 ,!re are hexagonal fonts ( ,decorat$ date at ,rolv5d51 ,k5t1 & ,heck+ton1 ,l9cs4 ,! font is usually plac$ close to a pill> ne> ! entrance1 g5]ally t ne>e/ b "o to ! t[] 9 ! s\? arcade1 or1 9 l>g] build+s1 9 ! middle ( ! nave4 ,side note3 ,/\ps4 ,! holy-wat] /\ps sometimes f\nd 9 our old *ur*es are g5]ally small ni*es ) /one bas9s =m$ 9 ! wall ei!r 9 or j outside ! por*1 or )9 ! *ur* close to ! door1 or 9 "o ( ! pill>s ne>e/ to ! door4 ,^! ni*es resemble pisc9as1 except t !y diff] 9 situation1 are small] & pla9]1 & r>ely h a dra94 ,a good example ( an outside /\p is t at ,broadmayne1 ,dorset1 :]e !re is also "o inside ! *ur*4 ,!y are r>ely f\nd unmutilat$1 b !re is "o 9 p]fect condition 9 ! nor? por* ( ,?ornham ,*ur*1 ,k5t2 & a r elaborate example at ,pylle ,*ur*1 ne> ,gla/onbury4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,reput$ ,saxon ,font4 ,%aldon1 ,devon4 ,! pisc9a is a wat]-dra9 =m]ly plac$ ne> ! alt> & consi/+ ( a %all[ /one bas91 or s9k1 ) a dra9 to c>ry (f :atev] is p\r$ into x4 ,side note3 ,pisc9as4 ,x 0 us$ to receive ! wat] 9 :i* ! prie/ wa%$ 8 h&s1 z well z = t ) :i* ! *alice 0 r9s$ at ! celebration ( ! mass4 ,x 0 usually plac$ )9 a ni*e1 al?\gh ! bas9 (t5 projects f ! face ( ! wall1 & is sometimes support$ on a %aft ris+ f ! floor4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$ p]iods !re are (t5 two bas9s & two dra9s1 & occasionally ?ree4 ,)9 ! ni*e a wood5 or /one %elf is (t5 f\nd1 call$ a cr$5ce-table1 on :i* ! sacr$ vessels 7 plac$ previ\s to _! be+ requir$ at ! alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,deta*$ ,holy-wat] ,/\p ( unusual design4 ,wooton ,c\rt5ay1 ,som4 ,pisc9as are unkn[n 9 ,engl& ( e>li] date ?an ! middle ( ! #ab? c5tury1 & ( t date !y are extremely r>e4 ,( ?irte5? & succe$+ c5turies we h _m examples1 m or less mutilat$4 ,_! =ms & decorations are v v>i\s1 b ! "* ( _! ar*itectural features w always decide _! approximate date4 ,side note3 ,s$ilia4 ,! ,s$ilia1 f ! ,lat9 s$ile1 a seat1 has come to be appli$ 9 mod]n times to ! seats us$ by ! celebrants dur+ ! pauses 9 ! mass4 ,!y 7 sometimes moveable1 b m usually 9 ?is c\ntry 7 =m$ ( masonry & recess$ 9 ! wall4 ,!y are g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]1 = ! prie/1 deacon & sub-deacon1 :ile 9 a few r>e in/ances !y numb] f\r seats1 z at ,ro?well ,*ur*1 ,nor?ants1 & ,furness ,abbey2 or ev5 five1 z at ,s\?well ,m9/]4 ,sometimes a long s+le seat "u "o ar* is f\nd1 & :5 ?ree seats are us$ ! two we/]n ones are (t5 on ! same level & ! ea/]n "o rais$ above !m4 ,num]\s examples rema9 9 our *ur*es1 "s be+ z e>ly z ! latt] "p ( ! #ab? c5tury1 b !y are mo/ly lat] & ext5d to ! end ( ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,"s ( !m are sep>at$ by %afts1 & pr(usely ornam5t$ ) panell+1 ni*es1 /atues1 p9nacles1 tab]nacle "w1 & cr[n$ ) canopies all m or less elaborately enri*$4 ,side note3 ,/alls4 ,/alls are fix$ seats 9 ! *oir1 ei!r :olly or p>tially enclos$ & us$ by ! cl]gy4 ,previ\s to ! ,re=mation all l>ge & _m small *ur*es _h a range ( wood5 /alls on ea* side & at ! we/ end ( ! *oir4 ,9 ca!drals !y 7 enclos$ at ! back ) panell+1 & surm\nt$ by ov]hang+ canopies ( tab]nacle "w1 g5]ally ( oak1 ( :i* ^? at ,w9*e/]1 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel at ,we/m9/]1 & ,man*e/] ,ca!dral are possibly our f9e/ examples4 ,:5 ! /alls occupi$ bo? sides ( ! *oir1 return seats 7 plac$ at ! ends = ! prior1 dean1 prec5tor1 & o!r ( ! (ficiat+ cl]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,s$ilia & ,*antry4 ,luton1 ,b$s4 ,photograph ,fr$k4 ,?ur/on1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,mr4 ,p>k]1 9 8 ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itecture1 gives ! foll[+ def9ition ( ! mis]]e1 pati5ce or pretella4 ,! project+ bracket on ! und]side ( ! seats ( /alls 9 *ur*es2 ^!1 :5 p]fect1 are fix$ ) h+es s !y may be turn$ up1 & :5 ?is is done ! projection ( ! mis]]e is suffici5t1 )\t actually =m+ a seat1 to af=d v consid]able re/ to anyone lean+ ^u x4 ,!y 7 all[$ z a relief to ! infirm dur+ ! long s]vices t 7 requir$ to be p]=m$ by ecclesia/ics 9 a /&+ po/ure4 ,x is 9 ! c>v+ ( ^! t "o is frequ5tly /ruck by ! curi\s mixture ( ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 ! ref9$ & ! vulg>1 = :i* x is difficult to f9d any adequate explanation4 ,( s co>se a nature are "s ( ^! c>v+s t x has be5 necess>y to entirely remove !m f ! /alls4 ,!y are usually attribut$ to ! m5dicant & w&]+ monks1 & !y und\bt$ly reflect ! lic5ti\sness :i* at "o "t p]vad$ ! mona/ic & conv5tual e/abli%m5ts4 ,among our be/ examples are ^? at ,*ri/*ur* ,priory1 ,hants1 & 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel4 ,!re is a rem>kably complete set 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical ,som]set ,b5*-,end4 ,%[+ a ,full] at "w ) ! implem5ts ( 8 trade4 ,spaxton4 ,photograph ,mr4 ,page4 ,( mod]n pews x is n necess>y to say any?+ "h1 b previ\s to ! ,re=mation ! nave ( a *ur* 0 usually fitt$ ) fix$ seats1 p>t$ f ea* o!r by wa9scot+1 & p>tially enclos$ at ! ends by fram$ panell+1 b m (t5 by solid pieces ( wood1 ei!r panell$ or c>v$ on ! front4 ,^! b5*-ends are v common 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 9 ,som]set & ,devon1 & !y are (t5 v beautiful pieces ( "w & 7 9 all probability execut$ by local craftsm54 ,!y embrace a v>iety ( subjects3 figures1 scrolls1 dragons1 s]p5ts1 etc41 & frequ5tly be> ! arms ( ! family :o own$ ! pew4 ,sometimes !y t]m9ate at ! top ) f9ials ei!r 9 ! =m ( heads1 bun*es ( foliage1 a *amf]$ fleur-de-lys & a v>iety ( o!r ornam5ts call$ ,poppy-heads1 f ! ,fr5* ,p\pe4 ,no examples are kn[n to exi/ e>li] ?an ! ,decorat$ /yle1 b ( ,p]p5dicul> date specim5s are v num]\s1 especially 9 our ca!drals & old abbey *ur*es4 ,side note3 ,pulpits4 ,pulpits 7 =m]ly plac$1 n only 9 *ur*es1 b 9 ! refectories & occasionally 9 ! cloi/]s ( mona/]ies1 & !re is "o 9 ! out] c\rt ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ano!r at ,%rewsbury4 ,9 =m] times pulpits 7 plac$ 9 ! nave atta*$ to a wall1 pill> or scre51 usually aga9/ ! second pi] f ! *ancel ar*4 ,"s are ( wood1 o!rs ( /one2 ! =m] are mo/ly polygonal1 ) ! panels enri*$ ) foliation or trac]y4 ,few exi/ ( e>li] date ?an ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 b /one pulpits ( ,decorat$ date are sometimes met ) z at ,beaulieu1 ,hants1 a v e>ly specim54 ,wood5 pulpits are usually hexagonal or octagonal2 "s /& on sl5d] wood5 /ems1 o!rs on /one bases4 ,a few h canopies or s\nd+ bo>ds1 & _! dates c be fix$ by ! "* ( _! ornam5tation4 ,at ,k5ton1 ,devon1 !re is an e>ly pulpit :i* has reta9$ its orig9al pa9t+s4 ,jacobean pulpits are v num]\s1 & are frequ5tly gild$ & pa9t$2 ! "o at ,s4 ,savi\r's ,*ur*1 ,d>tm\?1 be+ a mo/ elaborate example4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,ri*ly ,c>v$ ,pulpit & ,canopy4 ,edlesbor\gh1 ,bucks4 ,photograph ,h4 ,a4 ,/range4 ,op5-air prea*+ is any?+ b a mod]n inv5tion1 = long be=e ! erection ( p>i% *ur*es x 0 ! recognis$ me?od ( address+ ! p4 ,!re is a pr9t ( "s popul> bi%op prea*+ 9 a pulpit at ,paul's ,cross 9 ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & 9 m$ival days op5-air pulpits 7 erect$ ne> ! roads1 on bridges & (t5 on ! /eps ( ! m>ket crosses1 :i* are (t5 /ill kn[n z prea*+ crosses4 ,side note3 ,squ9ts4 ,9 "s ( our *ur*es is to be se5 a squ9t1 an op5+ 9 an oblique direction ?r\gh a wall or pi] = ! purpose ( enabl+ p]sons 9 ! aisles or transepts to see ! elevation ( ! ,ho/ at ! high alt>4 ,!y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 our *ur*es & are v num]\s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t5by1 ,s\? ,wales1 also 9 ,devon & ! ,we/ g5]ally4 ,!y are usually )\t any ornam5t1 b are sometimes ar*$ & enri*$ ) trac]y4 ,!y are mo/ly f\nd on "o or bo? sides ( ! *ancel ar*1 b !y sometimes occur 9 rooms above por*es1 9 side-*apels & ! l2 9 e in/ance !y 7 s situat$ t ! alt> c\ld be se54 ,:5 !y occur 9 por*es or ! rooms above !y are ?\ght to h be5 = ! use ( ! acolyte appo9t$ to r+ ! sanctus bell1 :o1 view+ ! p]=mance ( mass1 w\ld be ?us able to s\nd ! bell at ! prop] "t4 ,! "n hagioscope has be5 us$ to describe ^! oblique op5+s4 ,cruci=m m>ks are sometimes f\nd on our *ur*es1 (t5 on a /one 9 ! por*2 !y are usually incis$ crosses or five dots 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,!y 71 presumably1 cut by ! bi%op :5 ! build+ 0 consecrat$1 & are call$ consecration crosses4 ,side note3 ,scre5s4 ,! rood-scre5s1 sep>at+ ! *ancel or *oir ( a *ur* f ! nave1 usually support$ ! great ,rood or ,crucifix1 n actually on ! scre5 itself1 b on a beam call$ ! rood-beam1 or by a gall]y call$ ! rood-l(t1 :i* la/ 0 approa*$ f ! inside ( ! *ur*1 by a small /one /aircase 9 ! wall1 z c be se5 9 _m ( our *ur*es to-day4 ,al?\gh rood-l(ts h be5 g5]ally de/roy$ 9 ,engl&1 "s beautiful examples rema9 at ,long ,sutton1 ,b>nwell1 ,dun/] & ,m9ehead1 ,som]set2 ,kems+1 ,k5t2 ,new>k1 ,nott+ham2 ,uff5don1 ,collumpton1 ,d>tm\?1 ,k5ton1 ,plymtree & ,h>tl&1 ,devon4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( wood5 scre5s is close panell+ bel[1 f :i* rise tall sl5d] balu/]s1 or wood5 mullions support+ trac]y ri* ) cornices & cre/+s1 frequ5tly pa9t$ & gild$4 ,! l[] panels (t5 depict sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,f ! top ( ! scre5 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s]vices & ! lessons 7 read4 ,!y 7 occasionally close toge!r & glaz$1 z we see by a mo/ beautiful example at ,*>lton-on-,otmoor1 9 ,ox=d%ire4 ,^! scre5s1 _m ( :i* h be5 ov]-re/or$1 are v common1 & 9 addition to ^? above m5tion$1 are f\nd at ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,/am=d1 ,ott]y ,s4 ,m>y1 ,*udleigh1 ,bovey1 & 9 ne>ly all ! ,devon p>i% *ur*es4 ,at ,dun/able a scre5 ( ,que5 ,m>y's "t sep>ates ! ve/ry f ! *ancel4 ,illu/ration3 ,scre5 ) ,rood ,l(t4 ,k5ton1 ,devon4 ,photograph by ,*apman4 ,( /one scre5s space w p]mit ( only ! briefe/ m5tion4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 v>i\s situations1 to enclose tombs & to sep>ate *apels1 & occasionally ! rood-scre5 0 ( /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,c>v$ ,oak ,balu/rade 9 ,compton ,*ur*4 ,held to be ! olde/ exi/+ piece ( c>v$ woodwork 9 ,engl&4 ,! olde/ piece ( scre5 "w 9 ?is c\ntry is t at ,compton ,*ur*1 ,surrey2 x is ( wood & %[s ! transition f ! ,norman to ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yles4 ,/one scre5s are (t5 massive /ructures enri*$ ) ni*es1 /atues1 tab]nacles1 p9nacles1 cre/+s1 etc41 z ^? at ,cant]bury1 ,york & ,gl\ce/]4 ,side note3 ,! ,r]$os4 ,! r]$os =ms no "p ( ! alt>1 & is (t5 highly enri*$ ) ni*es1 buttresses1 p9nacles1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,n infrequ5tly x ext5ds across ! :ole bread? ( ! *ur*1 & is sometimes c>ri$ ne>ly up to ! ro(1 z at ,s4 ,alban's ,abbey1 ,durham & ,gl\ce/] ,ca!drals1 ,s4 ,savi\r's1 ,s\?w>k & 9 t rem>kably f9e example at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hants4 ,9 village *ur*es !y are mo/ly v simple1 & g5]ally h no ornam5ts =m$ 9 ! wall1 ?\gh ni*es & corbels are sometimes provid$ to c>ry images1 & t "p ( ! wall imm$iately ov] ! alt> is panell$1 z at ,s4 ,mi*ael's1 ,ox=d2 ,solihull1 ,w>wick%ire2 ,eu/on & ,hanwell1 ,ox=d%ire1 etc4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! op5 fire-he>?1 once us$ 9 dome/ic halls1 0 also call$ a r]$os4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,bells ,,& ,,belfries4 ,! hi/ory ( bells is lo/ 9 antiquity1 & little is kn[n ab\t !m previ\s to ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 us$ 9 ,india & ,*9a c5turies be=e !y rea*$ ,europe4 ,bells 7 us$ by ! ,romans = _m secul> purposes1 & al?\gh _! use 0 sanction$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ab\t #djj ,a4,d41 !y 7 n 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl& until #fej ,a4,d4 ,! e>lie/ bells 7 h& bells1 quadrangul> 9 %ape1 & made ( ?9 plates ( copp] or iron rivet$ toge!r1 & _! abom9able s\nd :5 /ruck mu/ h be5 "o ( _! *ief m]its1 z ! e>ly bells 7 mu* us$ = ! purpose ( fright5+ ! devil & o!r evil spirits4 ,our olde/ bells are h& bells1 ,s4 ,patrick's bell at ,belfa/ 7#ajia7 & ,s4 ,n9ian's bell at ,ed9burgh1 :i* is probably ( ev5 e>li] date4 ,f #aeej to #agej 0 ! gold5 age ( production = bells1 m especially s 9 ,belgium & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :]e ! bells ( ! t[]s & belfries 7 rung to ar\se ! c\ntry 9 times ( dang] & invasion4 ,x is q possible t ! bells us$ = secul> & religi\s purposes 7 kept di/9ct4 ,bells play$ a v important "p 9 m$ival life1 & next to cannon 7 reg>d$ z ! *ief city gu>dians1 = he :o held ! bells held ! t[n1 & ! fir/ ?+ done by ! invad] on tak+ a t[n 0 to melt ! bells & ?us de/roy ! means ( communicat+ an al>m4 ,9 ,engl& our old t[ns1 be+ almo/ entirely con/ruct$ ( wood1 7 liable to p]iodic & deva/at+ conflagrations1 :i* fact sugge/$ to t g5ius1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ! in/itution ( ,c\vre-feu1 or 9 its m popul> =m1 ,curfew1 :i* rang at eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 :5 all lights 7 to be ext+ui%$4 ,! r++ ( curfew has surviv$ 9 _m ( our t[ns & villages to ?is day1 b x is d\btful if ! cu/om has be5 cont9u\s f its fir/ in/itution4 ,! secul> use ( ! bell is1 h[ev]1 only incid5tal1 & x is 9 its connection ) religi\s life t we are n[ conc]n$1 = all *ur* hi/ory1 *ur* doctr9e & *ur* cu/om & obs]vances are set to bell music4 ,bells 9 fact may be said to sum up ! %ort span ( our mortal life1 = ! bir?day1 ! w$d+ & ! fun]al1 are all weld$ to religion by ! *ur* bell4 ,bells 7 us$ = ecclesia/ical purposes 9 ,engl& long be=e ! erection ( our p>i% *ur*es1 = ,b$e1 speak+ ( ! dea? ( ,s4 ,hilda1 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 says t "o ( ! si/]s 9 ! di/ant mona/]y ( ,hackness1 ?\ght %e he>d z %e slept1 ! s\nd ( ! bell :i* call$ !m to pray]s1 & ,turketul gave to ,croyl& ,abbey a great bell call$ ,gu?lac1 & aft]w>ds six o!rs :i* he call$ ,b>?olomew & ,betel91 ,turketul & ,tatw91 & ,pega & ,bega4 ,s4 ,dun/an gave bells to _m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,som]set1 & he also seems to h introduc$ bell r++ into ! mona/]ies4 ,a few words may be ( int]e/ conc]n+ ! numb] & purposes ( ^! mona/ic bells1 ) :i* ! life ( ! monks mu/ h be5 completely b\nd up4 ,! ,signum woke up ! :ole community at day-break4 ,! ,squilla ann\nc$ ! frugal meal 9 ! refectory2 b = ^? work+ 9 ! g>d5s1 ! cloi/]-bell1 or ,campanella1 0 rung4 ,! abbot's ,cordon1 or h&bell1 summon$ ! bro!rs & novices to _! ,sup]ior2 :il/ ! ,petasius 0 us$ to call 9 ^? work+ at a di/ance f ! ma9 build+4 ,at b$-"t ! ,t9iolum 0 s\nd$1 & ! ,noctula 0 rung at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! night to call ! monks to wat* & pray4 ,! ,corrigiumcula 0 ! sc\rg+ bell1 :ile ! sweet-ton$ ,nota1 a *oir bell1 0 rung at ! consecration ( ! elem5ts4 ,! use ( ! bell-t[] 0 recognis$ 9 ! anci5t ,saxon law1 :i* gave ! title ( ?ane to anyone :o _h a *ur* ) a bell-t[] on 8 e/ate1 & two ( our mo/ int]e/+ ,saxon *ur*es1 ,brixwor? & ,brig/ock1 bo? 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 h ea* a semi-circul> t[] ris+ toge!r ) ! bell-t[]1 & =m+ a /aircase to x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful campaniles or bell-t[]s /ill /&+ is t at ,eve%am1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 :i* is a good specim5 ( ,p]p5dicul> ar*itecture4 ,x 0 built by ,abbot ,li*field1 ! la/ abbot b "o ( ! abbey1 & took six ye>s 9 build+1 & 0 n q complet$ :5 ! fam\s abbey1 ( :i* x 0 a f9al ornam5t1 0 pull$ d[n4 ,9 addition to ?is example at ,eve%am1 deta*$ bell-t[]s exi/1 or once exi/$1 at ,*i*e/]1 ,ea/ ,d]eham1 ,gla/onbury ,abbey1 ,bruton1 9 ,som]set1 & 9 sev]al o!r places4 ,m>kl&1 9 8 ,rem>ks on ,*ur*es1 says3 ,! great bell-t[] :i* once =m$ "p ( ! abbey *ur* ( ,s4 ,edmundsbury 0 comm5c$ ab\t #adcf4 ,f ! ye> #adda to #aejj legacies 7 /ill be+ giv5 t[>ds ! build+4 ,9 #adfa an individual1 probably a b5efactor1 desir$ to be buri$ 9 magno o/io novi campanilis4 ,9 ,prote/ant use *ur* bells h be5 /ripp$ ( mu* ( ! =m] sup]/ition & symbolism4 ,!y are no long] rung to ann\nce ! miracle ( transub/antiation2 nei!r are !y call$ ^u z ( old = ! purpose ( sc>+ devils1 demons1 & o!r evil spirits :i* =m$ s prom95t a feature 9 ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities4 ,illu/ration3 ,bell ,turret = #c ,bells4 ,radipole1 ,dorset4 ,closely connect$ ) ! subject ( bells & belfries are ! bell-gables or bell-turrets1 s frequ5tly f\nd at ! we/ ends ( our small] *ur*es :i* h no t[]s4 ,!y usually conta9 b "o bell1 b are sometimes f\nd ) two1 & at ,radipole ,*ur*1 ne> ,weym\?1 ! bell-turret 0 orig9ally design$ to c>ry ?ree bells4 ,!y are g5]ally mo/ picturesque little features ( :i* a few may be ( ,norman date1 b by f> ! great] numb] ( !m are ,e>ly ,engli%1 a /yle 9 :i* !y are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,9 addition to ^! bell-turrets at ! we/]n ends ( our *ur*es "o sometimes f9ds a simil>1 b small]1 erection at ! ea/]n end ( ! ro( ( ! nave1 b us$ = a v diff]5t purpose1 = :ile ! bell at ! we/]n end 0 rung to summon ! p>i%ion]s to s]vice1 t at ! ea/]n end1 kn[n z ! ,sanctus or ,mass-bell1 0 rung on ! elevation ( ! ,ho/ dur+ ! celebration ( mass2 al?\gh usually plac$ on ! apex ( ! ro(1 ?is bell sometimes occupi$ a position 9 ! lant]n or t[]1 or 9 a turret ( l>g] dim5sions4 ,9 *ur*es :]e no turret exi/$ x 0 c>ri$ 9 ! h&1 & su* is n[ ! prevail+ practice on ! cont95t4 ,! turret = ! ,sanctus bell /ill exi/s at ,b>n/aple1 ,devon1 & ,/4 ,pet] ,port1 ,gu]nsey4 ,! ,sanctus bell 0 g5]ally made ( silv]1 & occasionally a numb] ( little bells 7 hung 9 ! middle ( ! *ur*1 & by means ( a :eel !y 7 all made to r+ at once4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,spire2 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t4 ,probably ! mo/ beautiful feature ( a ,go?ic *ur* is ! spire1 rais+ its tap]+ =m f> above ! t[n or village & =m+ a prom95t l&m>k1 d5ot+ ! location ( ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,al?\gh f\nd occasionally 9 o!r /yles1 ! spire is ess5tially ,go?ic1 & "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ?is p]iod4 ,spires are g5]ally ( two k9ds1 ^? con/ruct$ ( timb] & cov]$ ) slates1 lead1 tiles or %+les1 & ^? built ( /one or brick4 ,examples ( bo? k9ds are v num]\s on ! cont95t & 9 ,engl&1 :ile %+le spires are especially common 9 ,sussex4 ,! spire is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to h orig9at$ f ! small pyramidal ro( s frequ5tly f\nd on ,saxon & ,norman t[]s4 ,?is gradually became elongat$1 & ! t[]s 7 sometimes gabl$ on ea* side1 z is ! case ) ! rem>kable ,saxon *ur* at ,sompt+1 ,sussex4 ,?is %[s u v cle>ly ! angles ( ! spire re/+ ^u ! apex ( ea* gable1 s t ! spire itself is set obliquely to ! squ>e ( ! t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! be/ example ( a ,saxon ,spire or ,pyramidal ,ro(4 ,sompt+1 ,sussex4 ,drawn by ,george ,pe>l4 ,saxon & ,norman spires are v r>e 9 ,engl&1 ,sompt+ be+ our be/ example ( ! =m] & ^? on ! ea/]n transepts ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral ( ! latt]4 ,( ,e>ly ,engli% spires we h1 =tunately1 "s good examples1 among :i* are ^? at ,ox=d ,ca!dral1 ,wil=d & ,wan/$1 9 ! same c\nty1 & a v graceful "o at ,leighton ,buzz>d4 ,^! #ac? c5tury spires are v common 9 ,france1 z at ,*>tres & ,s4 ,pi]re1 ,ca54 ,illu/ration3 ,leighton ,buzz>d ,*ur*4 ,) ,e>ly ,engli% ,t[] & ,spire4 ,photograph ,h4 ,a4 ,/range4 ,( f\rte5? c5tury1 or ,decorat$1 spires1 we h _m examples1 ( :i* p]haps ! be/ is ! beautiful spire ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 al?\gh ! equally f9e "o at ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,ox=d1 runs x close = premi] position4 ,! triple gr\p at ,li*field ,ca!dral belong to ?is p]iod1 z d ! spires ( ,ross1 ,heck+ton1 ,gran?am1 ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,new>k1 ,k+'s ,sutton1 ,bloxham & ,snetti%am1 ,norfolk4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! ,salisbury spire is t x nev] =m$ "p ( ! orig9al design ( ! ca!dral1 be+ add$ sev5ty ye>s lat]4 ,x is ! l(tie/ spire 9 ,engl&--#djd feet--ab\t #dj ft4 high] ?an ! cross ( ,s4 ,paul's4 ,x speaks well = ! ,go?ic build]s t su* a va/ sup]/ructure z ?is t[] & spire c\ld be impos$ ^u walls & pi]s nev] int5d$ to be> x4 ,at an e>ly p]iod x 0 f\nd to h deflect$ tw5ty-?ree in*es f ! p]p5dicul>1 b !re has be5 no sign ( any fur!r movem5t4 ,b>nack ,*ur*1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 has a curi\s spire %[+ ! transition f ,norman to ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,x w be notic$ t ! sides ( a *ur* spire are slightly curv$1 s t !y swell out a little 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is is call$ ! entasis ( ! spire1 & belongs to ! /udy ( optics 9 ar*itecture4 ,:]e ! spire has no entasis ! same effect is produc$ by ! introduction ( small project+ gables1 b&s ( c>v+1 or a little coronal ( p9nacles4 ,"o ( ! mo/ cle>ly m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ,engli% & cont95tal spires is t ! latt] are mu* %ort] ?an ! t[]s :i* support !m1 ! t[]s1 z a rule1 be+ twice z high z ! spires4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! contr>y1 ! spire is g5]ally v mu* l(ti] ?an ! t[]4 ,at ,%ottesbrook1 ,b]ks1 & ,l$bury1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ! spires occupy z mu* z ?ree-fif?s ( ! total elevation1 & ! usual rule 9 ,engl& is = ! t[] to be a little less 9 height ?an ! spire4 ,! masons lavi%$ an extraord9>y am\nt ( c>e & skill on _! spires4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t !re is h>dly a m$ival spire 9 ! c\ntry :i* c be call$ ill-design$ or displeas+4 ,*ur* spires are v common 9 "s c\nties & v r>e 9 o!rs4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions1 b x is 9 ! flat c\nties t spires are mo/ frequ5t1 ! mo/ beautiful ones be+ f\nd 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire & ,ox=d%ire4 ,! top ( ! spire is usually capp$ ) a wea!r vane t]m9at+ 9 a cock4 ,! cu/om ( us+ a cock z ! flag ( ! vane is ( v e>ly date1 = ,wolf/an1 9 8 ,life ( ,s4 ,e!lwold1 writt5 t[>ds ! end ( ! #aj? c5tury1 speaks ( "o :i* surm\nt$ ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,9 ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry "o is %[n on ! gable ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & "o ( ! e>ly ,popes orda9$ t e *ur* "u ! papal jurisdiction %\ld be surm\nt$ by a cock z emblematical ( ! sov]eignty ( ! *ur* ov] ! :ole _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,/a9$ ,,glass4 ,! use ( col\r$ glass 9 ! w9d[s ( build+s devot$ to religi\s purposes appe>s to h be5 employ$ z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 b no examples rema9 ( any?+ l s old a date1 & we h only illum9at$ missals & primitive draw+s by memb]s ( ! conv5tual bodies to guide u 9 det]m9+ ! e>lie/ /yles ( col\r$ glaz+4 ,x appe>s to h consi/$ ( m or less primitive repres5tations ( ! human =m1 ) /rong black l9es to indicate ! features & folds ( ! drap]y4 ,! backgr\nds 7 g5]ally masses ( deep blue or r$1 & 9 ! r>e in/ances :]e l&scapes 7 introduc$ positive col\rs only appe> to h be5 us$4 ,our olde/ specim5s 9 ,engl& are ^? 9 ! *oir aisles ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 :i* appe> to be ( ! #ab? c5tury1 & x is ?\ght t !y are ! rema9s ( ! orig9al glaz+ t 0 put 9 :5 ?is "p ( ! build+ 0 rebuilt aft] a fire 9 #aagd4 ,! g5]al design is compos$ ( panels ( v>i\s =ms1 9 :i* are depict$ subjects f ,holy ,scripture1 ) backgr\nds ( deep blue or r$2 ! spaces betwe5 ! panels are fill$ ) mosaic patt]ns 9 :i* blue & r$ col\rs pr$om9ate1 & ! :ole design is fram$ 9 an elaborate bord] ( leaves & scroll-"w 9 brilliant col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,p>i% ,*ur* ) a ,%+le ,broa* ,spire4 7,see page #ii74 ,ed5bridge1 ,k5t4 ,homel& ,copyright4 ,( ?irte5? c5tury w9d[s we h "s magnific5t examples --un=tunately few unmutilat$--z at ,york1 :]e is ! five-light lancet w9d[ situat$ 9 ! nor? end ( ! transept1 kn[n z ! ,five ,si/]s ( ,york4 ,( ?is date1 also1 are ! l>ge circul> w9d[ ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 & ! w9d[s at ,*etwode1 ,bucks2 ,we/well1 ,k5t2 ,we/ ,horsley1 ,surrey2 & ,beckett's ,cr[n1 ,cant]bury4 ,a little lat]1 9 ! ,decorat$ p]iod1 we get ! great ea/ w9d[ ( ,york ,ca!dral1 #ge ft4 high & #cb ft4 broad2 ! ea/ w9d[ ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 #gb ft4 high & #ch ft4 broad2 & o!r f9e w9d[s at ,tewkesbury ,abbey2 ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,wroxhall ,abbey1 ,w>wick%ire2 & ! *ur*es ( ,*>?am1 ,k5t2 ,/an=d1 ,leice/]%ire2 ,a%*ur*1 ,gl\s42 ,cranley1 ,surrey2 ,norbury1 ,d]by%ire1 & o!rs4 ,salisbury ,ca!dral has reta9$ portions1 b v lovely portions1 ( ! glaz+ ( its we/ w9d[s1 & en\gh is left to %[ t x 0 little inf]ior to ! great w9d[s ( ,york & ,gl\ce/]4 ,c>lisle ,ca!dral1 too1 has pres]v$ fragm5ts ( ! orig9al glass 9 ! trac]y ( ! great ea/ w9d[1 b ! l[] "p ( ! glaz+ is mod]n4 ,w9d[s 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle cont9u$ to be arrang$ 9 panels1 ) ! spaces betwe5 !m fill$ ) fl[+ patt]ns ( foliage1 9 :i* ! v9e & ivy leaves pr$om9ate4 ,s+le figures are m common ?an 9 ! previ\s /yle1 & :5 us$ are g5]ally %[n b5ea? a simple p$im5t or canopy4 ,9 ! e>ly examples !y only occupy a portion ( ! w9d[ light1 b lat] !y are f\nd occupy+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! surface & are surm\nt$ by l>ge & elaborate canopies4 ,qu>ries are mu* us$ 9 ?is /yle1 sometimes q pla91 b m (t5 ) leaves or rosettes pa9t$ on !m 9 black l9es1 or pa9t$ ) ! v9e & ivy leaves s arrang$ t !y =m a repeat+ patt]n ov] ! :ole w9d[4 ,at ?is p]iod1 too1 h]aldry began to be employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ! w9d[s to :i* x is always an appropriate & arti/ic adjunct1 & _m au!ntic & valuable examples ( our national h]aldry h ?us be5 pres]v$ = po/]ity4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle ! glaz+ became m uni=m 9 "*1 ! glass 0 ?9n] & light]1 ! t9ts pal]1 & ! :ole effect m brilliant & transp>5t4 ,! pa9t+s = ! mo/ "p consi/ ( l>ge figures "u elaborate canopies1 frequ5tly occupy+ an entire light1 & 9 ! patt]ns & small] decorations !re is a great] fre$om ( design1 & ! :ole treatm5t is m h>moni\s & arti/ic ?an 9 any o!r p]iod4 ,! use ( h]aldry became v common1 & inscriptions on long n>r[ scrolls 7 frequ5tly employ$4 ,among ! be/ examples ( ?is p]iod are ! w9d[s at ,s4 ,m>g>et's ,*ur*1 ,we/m9/]2 ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 ,cambridge2 ,fair=d ,*ur*1 ,gl\ce/]%ire2 & ,morley ,*ur*1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! ,re=mation1 ) its va/ social & political upheaval1 0 n conducive to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! f9e arts1 & f ?is p]iod ! art ( glaz+ 9 ,engl& decl9$ beyond measure1 & 0 n ! only art t receiv$ its dea?-bl[ 9 ! triumph ( ,puritanism4 ,! art has1 h[ev]1 reviv$ greatly dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ?anks1 among o!r arti/s1 to ,william ,morris & ,burne-,jones4 ,a few words mu/ be said ab\t ! ,jesse w9d[ f\nd 9 "s ( our ca!drals & *ur*es4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is a repres5tation ( ! g5ealogy ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* ! diff]5t p]sons =m+ ! desc5t are plac$ on scrolls ( foliage bran*+ out ( ea* o!r1 int5d$ to repres5t a tree4 ,x 0 also wr\ght into a bran*$ c&le/ick1 !nce call$ a ,jesse1 a common piece ( furniture 9 anci5t *ur*es4 ,! subject is f\nd on a w9d[ at ,llanrhaiadr y ,k9m]*1 ,d5bigh%ire1 on ! /one "w ( "o ( ! *ancel w9d[s at ,dor*e/] ,*ur*1 ,ox=d%ire1 & 9 c>v$ /one on ! r]$os ( ,*ri/*ur* ,priory1 ,hants4 ,x is n p]haps g5]ally kn[n t ! actual col\rs us$ 9 e>ly /a9$ glass possess$ ea* ( !m _! own specific symbolism4 ,und]ly+ ! obvi\s /ory convey$ by ! human figures or decorat$ devices1 !re 0 an inn] /ory to be read ) pr(it by ^? :o und]/ood ! my/ic symbolism conc]n+ col\rs4 ,)\t ent]+ at l5g? into ?is int]e/+ subject1 x may yet be /at$ t gre5 0 ! symbol ( ,reg5]ation1 r$ ( ,div9e ,love1 :ite ( ,div9e ,wisdom1 yell[ ( ,fai?1 & grey1 or a mixture ( black & :ite1 ! emblem ( ,t]re/rial ,dea? & ,spiritual ,immortality4 ,^! col\rs at diff]5t times or 9 diff]5t c\ntries _h o!r mean+s z well1 & ecclesiologi/s tell u t ! col\rs *os5 = depict+ ! robes ( our ,"l diff] accord+ to ! p]iod ( ,8 life :i* x 0 int5d$ to repres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,crypts4 ,! crypts s g5]ally f\nd b5ea? our ca!drals & abbeys1 & s frequ5tly "u our *ur*es1 r>ely ext5d beyond ! *oir or *ancel & its aisles1 & are sometimes ( v small dim5sions4 ,!y are (t5 coeval ) ! upp] p>ts ( ! build+1 & al?\gh n s elaborate 9 ornam5tation z ! fabric !y support1 !y are almo/ )\t exception well con/ruct$ & well f9i%$ pieces ( build+4 ,9 "s cases ! crypt is ( mu* old] date ?an any portion ( ! sup]/ructure1 z is ! case at ,york1 ,worce/] & ,ro*e/] ca!drals4 ,dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ! ro(s 7 (t5 ri*ly gro9$1 & upheld by cyl9drical columns or clu/]$ pi]s1 & furni%$ ) h&some bases & decorat$ capitals4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t crypts 7 at "o "t furni%$ ) alt>s1 pisc9as1 & ! v>i\s fitt+s requisite = ! celebration ( ! mass1 & !y 7 us$ z sepul*res1 :]e9 ! %r9es ( relics & m>tyrs 7 c>efully pres]v$4 ,"s au?orities claim a purely ,saxon orig9 = ! crypts at ,ripon ,ca!dral1 ,hexham ,abbey1 & ,repton ,*ur*1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! ,ripon example is a pla9 b>rel-vault$ *amb]1 ab\t #aa ft4 long & #h ft4 wide1 ) no pill>s or ornam5t ( any k9d4 ,x is popul>ly kn[n z ,s4 ,wilfrid's ,ne$le1 b ! exact orig9 ( ! "n is lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,! ,hexham crypt is v simil> 9 "*1 b is some:at long]1 be+ m ?an #ac ft4 long & #h ft4 wide4 ,z at ,ripon1 !re are holl[s or %all[ ni*es 9 ! walls 9 :i* lamps may possibly h be5 plac$4 ,! ?ird reput$ ,saxon crypt is t at ,repton1 b x has little 9 common ) ! o!r two1 its sup]ficial area be+ ne>ly twice z great & ! ro( is support$ on f\r columns1 ) pla9 squ>e capitals rudely c>v$1 & be>+ mu* simil>ity to e>ly ,norman "w4 ,! position ( ! crypt v>ies4 ,at ,bev]ley ,m9/] x is on ! s\? side ( ! s\?-we/ t[]2 9 ,h]e=d ,ca!dral x is "u a side *apel1 :ile at ,la/+ham1 9 ,york%ire1 ! crypt ext5ds "u ! :ole ( ! *ur*1 includ+ ! apse4 ,at ,wells ! crypt is b5ea? ! *apt]-h\se1 & ,durham ,ca!dral has ?ree crypts1 "o "u :at 0 ! dormitory1 ano!r b5ea? ! refectory1 & ! ?ird "u ! prior's *apel4 ,( crypts ( ,norman date we h _m examples1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 our be/ are ^? at ,gl\ce/]1 ,worce/]1 ,cant]bury & ,w9*e/] ,ca!drals1 :ile ,cant]bury is probably ! l>ge/ ( !m all4 ,good crypts are also f\nd at ,wimborne ,m9/]1 ,*ri/*ur* ,priory1 & 9 our small] *ur*es at ,repton & ,s4 ,pet]'s-9-!-,ea/1 ,ox=d4 ,! ,wimborne crypt is light$ by f\r w9d[s4 ,! vault+ is support$ by two pairs ( pill>s :i* =m ?ree aisles1 ea* ( ?ree bays4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 9 8 book on ,wimborne ,m9/]1 says1 ,on ea* side ( ! place :]e ! alt> /ood !re are two op5+s into ! *oir aisles4 ,! ext]iors ( ^! are ( ! same =m & size z ! crypt w9d[s1 b !y are deeply splay$ inside1 & probably 7 us$ z hagioscopes or squ9ts1 to all[ ^? kneel+ 9 ! *oir aisles to see ! prie/ celebrat+ mass at ! crypt alt>4 ,! crypt at ,*ri/*ur* is ( ,norman date1 & n[ s]ves z a vault = ! ,malmesbury family4 ,! crypt ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral is claim$ & ju/ly claim$1 p]haps1 z ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful 9 ,engl&4 ,x is ?\ght to conta9 fragm5ts ( ,roman & ,saxon "w1 & mu* ( x dates f ! days ( ,s4 ,anselm 7#ajif-aajj74 ,x 0 "h t ! rema9s ( ,s4 ,?omas ,becket lay f #aagj to #abbj1 & "h t ,h5ry ,,ii41 fa/+ & discr[n$1 ) nak$ feet1 b>$ back1 & /ream+ te>s1 p]=m$ on ,july #ab?1 #aagd1 ! memorable p5ance = 8 %>e 9 ! murd] ( ! great ,ar*bi%op4 ,x 0 "h too1 9 lat] times t ! ,walloons 7 grant$1 by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! privilege ( c>ry+ on _! silk-weav+1 & x 0 also res]v$ z a place ( wor%ip = ,fr5* ,prote/ants4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,describe ,,an ,,old ,,*ur*4 ,hav+ c>efully read ! =ego+ *apt]s1 x %\ld be possible = anyone int]e/$ 9 ! subject to be able to write a fairly accurate description ( any old *ur*4 ,! record %\ld1 if possible1 be amplifi$ ) sket*es or photographs4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 decay1 neglect & re/oration w deprive our anci5t build+s ( e visible /one ( orig9al "w :i* !y possess1 & c>eful records ( ?is k9d1 writt51 photograph$ & sket*$1 may be ( ! highe/ possible value to future g5]ations ( hi/orians & ar*itects1 long aft] ! objects !mselves h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! "w 9 itself is ( absorb+ int]e/1 & ! m "o /udies ^! works ( pa/ ages ! /rong] becomes ! conviction t our old build+s1 :e!r ca!dral1 ca/le or simple village *ur*1 are ! l&m>ks ( ! nation's hi/ory1 & a priceless inh]itance ( beauty & art ! cons]vation ( :i* is ! duty ( all g5]ations4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts to be not$ are--#a4 ,! "n ( ! *ur*4 #b4 ,its situation4 #c4 ,its d$ication4 #d4 ,g5]al plan4 #e4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture to :i* ea* portion belongs4 #f4 ,any peculi>ity ( ! ar*itecture1 block$ up w9d[s1 etc4 #g4 ,any anci5t furniture1 scre5s1 b5*-ends1 glass4 #h4 ,any monum5ts1 tablets1 or mural pa9t+s4 #i4 ,*ur* plate1 bells1 regi/]s4 #aj4 ,any local traditions4 ,! record %\ld be made some:at 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! *ur* ( ---- is prettily situat$ on ris+ gr\nd "s qu>t] ( a mile nor? ( ! village1 & on ! ma9 road to ---- 4 ,x is approa*$ by a picturesque timb] ly*-gate1 & consi/s ( nave1 aisles & *ancel1 hav+ a side *apel to ! nor? & a s+le transept to ! s\?4 ,at ! we/ end is a ,decorat$ t[] & spire4 ,!re are two por*es1 "o on ! nor? side & ! o!r on ! we/1 :i* la/ has a ni*e = a figure ov] ! doorway & seats on ei!r side4 ,! nave is ,p]p5dicul>1 z is ! great] "p ( ! re/ ( ! fabric4 ,above ! nave rises a l(ty & noble cl]e/ory1 divid$ f ! aisles by five r obtusely-po9t$ ar*es support$ by ri*ly m\ld$ pi]s ) small m\ld$ capitals4 ,ea* bay ( ! cl]e/ory conta9s two ?ree-light w9d[s ( late ,p]p5dicul> date4 ,! ro( is flat pit*$ & is ( oak1 ! pr9cipals are adorn$ ) panell$ trac]y & %[ ve/iges ( anci5t col\r decoration4 ,! w9d[s ( ! aisles are late ,decorat$ 9 /yle2 !y are ( ?ree lights1 ! trac]ies elegant & ri*ly m\ld$4 ,! ea/ w9d[ is ,p]p5dicul> & is mu* sub-divid$ by mullions & transoms2 9 ! upp] portions are "s h]aldic coats ( arms1 :i* appe> to h =m$ "p ( a mu* e>li] w9d[4 ,! *ancel is divid$ f ! nave by a f9e op5 oak scre51 coeval ) ! l>g] "p ( ! build+4 ,x is ri*ly c>v$ & gild$1 & 9 ! "r-h& side ( ! *ancel ar* are ! /eps :i* =m]ly l$ up to ! top ( x4 ,! *ancel1 toge!r ) its *apel1 is vault$ 9 /one ) well m>k$ ribs & c>v$ bosses4 ,! transept1 late ,p]p5dicul>1 op5s into ! s\? side ( ! nave by a f\r-c5tr$ ar*1 & has a ri* flat ceil+4 ,9 ! *ancel is a pisc9a ( ,e>ly ,engli% date1 toge!r ) a s$ilia ( ! same p]iod4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! *ancel1 re/+ on ! floor1 is a cross-legg$ effigy1 9 *a9 mail1 surcoat1 etc41 & be>+ on 8 left arm a %ield1 b all mu* mutilat$4 ,!re is a local tradition t x repres5ts ,sir ----1 b !re is no evid5ce by :i* he c be id5tifi$4 ,features ( ! *ur* are ! _m highly c>v$ b5* ends1 all 9 oak1 repres5t+ a great v>iety ( subjects1 su* z dragons1 s]p5ts1 etc41 :ile a few be> ! arms ( local families :o probably bore ! co/ ( ! "w4 ,! pulpit is ,jacobean1 & has no special feature4 ,! font1 :i* /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! nave1 is squ>e 9 =m & is support$ by a mod]n r\nd pl9?4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( m>ble1 ! f\r sides be+ c>v$ 9 l[ relief ) int]sect+ patt]ns4 ,x is possibly ( ,norman date1 & is ! only exi/+ feature ( a mu* e>li] *ur*4 ,! t[] & spire are ,decorat$2 ! latt] is ( /one ) f\r p9nacles at ! base1 & has a little coronal ( p9nacles4 ,! belfry w9d[s are arrang$ 9 pairs on ea* side ( ! t[]4 ,! t[] or we/]n w9d[ is ( five lights1 ri*ly ,decorat$ 9 /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,to ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,elevation ,,( ,a ,,bay ,,( ,a ,,*ur*4 ,,cl]e/ory4 #bf ,boss4 #be ,vault+ ,rib4 #bd ,vault4 #bc ,vault+ ,rib4 #bb ,trac]y ( ,c4 ,w9d[4 #ba ,cl]e/ory ,w9d[4 #bj ,sill ( ,cl]e/ory ,w9d[4 #ai ,base ( ,jamb1 ,c4 ,ar*4 #ah ,jamb ( ,c4 ,ar*4 #ag ,cl]e/ory ,/r+4 ,,bl9d ,,/orey 7,,tri=ium74 #af ,capital ( ,vault+ ,%aft4 #ae ,trac]y ( ,tri=ium4 #ad ,tri=ium ,ar*4 #ac ,capital ( ,t4 ,pi]4 #ab ,pi] ( ,tri=ium4 #aa ,tri=ium ,/r+4 ,,gr\nd ,,/orey4 #aj ,trac]y ( ,aisle ,w9d[4 #i ,aisle ,w9d[4 #h ,sill ( ,aisle ,w9d[4 #g ,wall ,arcade4 #f ,vault+ ,%aft4 #e ,corbel4 #d ,pi] ,ar*4 #c ,capital ( ,pi]4 #b ,pi]4 #a ,base ( ,pi]4 ,,footnotes4 #a3 ,s call$ f its flame-l appe>ance1 produc+ =ms :i* resemble elongat$ tongues ( flame4 ,!re is great beauty 9 mu* ( ?is "w1 b x is con/ructionally weak4 ,! f9e/ example is ,*>tres ,ca!dral4 ,,app5dix4 ,a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ar*itecture4 ,,abacus ,d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,abax--a tray or flat bo>d1 an ess5tial feature ( ! ,grecian & ,roman ord]s1 b n[ us$ to describe ! slab =m+ ! upp] "p ( a column1 pi]1 etc4 ,,abbey ,a t]m = a union ( ecclesia/ical build+s1 = ! h\s+ ( ^? conv5tual bodies presid$ ov] by an abbot or abbess1 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ab1 fa!r4 ,,acan?us ,a plant1 ! leaves ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! capitals ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]s4 ,,aisle ,fr5* aile1 a w+1 ! lat]al division ( a *ur*4 ,,almonry ,a room :]e alms 7 di/ribut$4 ,,alt> ,an elevat$ table d$icat$ to ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 & usually call$ ! ,communion ,table4 ,,alm]y1 ,,aum]y1 & ,,aumbrey ,a recess or small cupbo>d 9 ! wall ( a *ur*1 us$ to conta9 ! *alices1 pat5s1 etc41 = ! use ( ! prie/4 ,!y are sometimes ne> ! pisc9a1 b are usually on ! opposite side ( ! *ancel4 ,,ante-,,*apel ,! out] "p ( a *apel4 ,,apse ,! semi-circul> or polygonal recess at ! ea/ end ( ! *oir or aisles ( a *ur*4 ,,arcade ,a s]ies ( ar*es1 op5 or clos$ ) masonry1 & support$ by columns or pi]s4 ,,ar* ,a con/ruction ( bricks or /ones s plac$ z by mutual pressure to support ea* o!r & a sup]9cumb5t weight4 ,!y may be semi-circul>1 segm5tal1 elliptical1 /ilt$1 horse-%oe1 po9t$1 trefoil$1 c9quefoil$1 or ogee4 ,,ar*itrave ,9 classical ar*itecture1 ! l[e/ division ( ! entablature re/+ imm$iately on ! abacus ( ! capital4 ,9 ,go?ic build+s ! ornam5tal m\ld+s r\nd ! op5+s ( doors1 w9d[s1 etc4 ,,ar*ivolt ,! "u surface ( ! curve ( an ar*1 f impo/ to impo/4 ,,a%l> ,%ap$ or squ>$ /one us$ 9 build+1 z di/+ui%$ f t 9 ! r\gh4 ,,a/ragal ,a small semi-circul> bead or m\ld+4 ,,ball ,,fl[] ,an ornam5t resembl+ a ball 9 a circul> fl[] ) ?ree enclos+ petals4 ,dec4 ,,base ,! l[] memb] ( a column1 pi]1 or wall4 ,,basilica ,a ,roman law-c\rt4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es :5 built on ! same l9es 7 call$ by ! same "n4 ,,billet ,an ornam5t mu* us$ 9 ,norman "w & =m$ by cutt+ a m\ld+ 9 not*es1 s t ! rema9+ p>ts resembl$ wood5 billets or pieces ( /ick4 ,,bl9d ,,/orey ,see ,tri=ium4 ,,bosses ,ornam5tal projections usually ( foliage & plac$ at ! int]section ( ! ribs ( vaults1 ceil+s1 etc4 ,,braces ,timb]s :i* brace or support ! ma9 raft]s4 ,also call$ /ruts4 ,,broa* ,a spire1 g5]ally octagonal & spr++ f ! squ>e top ( ! t[]1 )\t a p>apet4 7,see page #aje74 ,,buttress ,a projection f a wall1 giv+ x additional /r5g?4 ,,canopy ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture an ornam5tal hood or projection ov] doors1 w9d[s1 ni*es1 tombs1 etc41 & r>ely f\nd except 9 ! ,dec4 & ,p]p4 /yles4 ,,capital ,! head ( a column or pila/]1 f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( %apes4 ,,ca!dral ,a *ur* presid$ ov] by a ,bi%op4 ,! pr9cipal *ur* ( a diocese4 ,,*alice ,! cup us$ = ! w9e at ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,,*amf] ,! surface =m$ by cutt+ away ! rectangul> edge ( wood or /one "w4 ,,*ancel ,! *oir or ea/]n "p ( a *ur*1 appropriat$ to ! use ( ^? :o (ficiate 9 ! p]=mance ( ! s]vices4 ,,*antry ,a *apel (t5 conta9+ a tomb ( ! f\nd]1 & 9 :i* masses 7 said4 ,,*apel ,a small build+ atta*$ to ca!drals & l>ge *ur*es4 ,,*apt]-,,h\se ,! room :]e ! ,dean & ,preb5d>ies meet = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,,*evron ,an ornam5t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,norman p]iod & divid$ into sev]al equal portions *evron-wise or zig-zag4 ,,*oir ,t "p ( a *ur* to ! ea/ ( ! nave :]e ! s]vices are celebrat$1 also call$ *ancel1 & frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! nave by an op5 scre5 ( /one or wood4 ,,c9quefoil ,an ornam5tal foliation us$ 9 ar*es1 trac]y1 etc41 & compos$ ( project+ po9ts or cusps1 s arrang$ t ! op5+ resembles five leaves4 ,,cl]e/ory ,possibly ! cle> /orey4 ,an upp] /orey /&+ above or cle> ( ! adjac5t ro(s1 & pi]c$ by w9d[s to give increas$ light4 ,,cloi/] ,a cov]$ walk or ambulatory =m+ "p ( a ca!dral or college quadrangle4 ,,clu/]$ ,,column ,a pi] made up ( sev]al columns or %afts 9 a clu/]4 ,,colonnade ,a r[ or r[s ( columns support+ a ro( or build+4 ,,corbel ,usually a m\ld$ or c>v$ ornam5t project+ f ! walls1 act+ z a bracket & capable ( be>+ a sup]-incumb5t weight4 ,,cornice ,! horizontal t]m9ation ( a build+ 9 ! =m ( a m\ld$ projection4 ,,c\rse ,a cont9u\s & regul> l9e ( /ones or bricks 9 ! wall ( a build+4 ,,crockets ,project+ ornam5ts 9 ! =m ( leaves1 fl[]s1 etc41 us$ to embelli% ! angles ( p9nacles1 spires1 gables1 canopies1 etc4 ,,cross ,! accept$ symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & an ar*itectural *ur* ornam5t usually plac$ ^u ! apex ( ! gable4 ,a l>ge cross call$ a rood 0 at "o "t always plac$ ov] ! entrance to ! *ancel4 ,! cross 0 worn z a p]sonal ornam5t ages be=e ! ,*ri/ian era by ! ,assyrians1 & we are told t ! ,druids also us$ ?is symbol 9 v e>ly times4 ,,crypt ,sometimes call$ ! ,und]cr(t1 a vault$ *amb]1 usually und]gr\nd &1 9 *ur*es1 r>ely ext5d+ beyond ! area ( ! *oir or *ancel1 & (t5 ( less dim5sions4 ,,cusps ,project+ po9ts giv+ ! foliat$ appe>ance to trac]y1 ar*es1 panels1 etc4 ,,dorm] ,a gabl$ w9d[ pi]c$ ?r\gh a slop+ ro(4 ,,drip/one ,a project+ l$ge or n>r[ m\ld+ ov] ! heads ( doorways1 w9d[s1 etc41 to c>ry (f ! ra94 ,,fan-,,trac]y ,trac]y 9 :i* ! ribs =m a fan-l appe>ance & div]ge equally 9 e direction4 7,peculi> to ! late ,p]p47 ,,flamboyant ,trac]y :]e( ! curves assume flame-l waves & %apes4 ,,fly+ ,,buttress ,a buttress 9 ! =m ( a bridge1 usually transf]r+ ! ?ru/ ( ! ma9 ro( f ! cl]e/ory walls to ! ma9 or aisle buttresses4 ,,font ,! vessel = hold+ ! consecrat$ wat] us$ 9 baptism4 ,,g>goyle ,a project+ sp\t usually grotesquely c>v$ & us$ to ?r[ ! wat] f ! ro( well away f ! build+4 ,,gro9 ,! l9e ( int]section 9 vault$ ro(s4 ,,impo/ ,horizontal m\ld+s1 capp+ a column or pi]1 f :i* ! ar* spr+s4 ,,jamb ,! side ( a w9d[ or door4 ,,key/one ,! c5tral /one at ! top ( an ar*4 ,! bosses 9 vault$ ceil+s are frequ5tly call$ keys4 ,,lady ,,*apel ,a *apel d$icat$ to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 call$ ,our ,lady4 ,,lant]n ,a small /ructure or erection surm\nt+ a dome or t[] to admit light4 ,^! t[]s are kn[n z ,lant]n ,t[]s4 ,,loz5ge ,a "n giv5 9 mod]n times to ,norman m\ld+s :i* p>take ( a loz5ge =mation4 ,,ly*-,,gate ,f ! ,anglo-,saxon li*1 a corpse4 ,a small & (t5 picturesque %elt] at ! entrance to a *ur*y>d4 ,,m9/] ,! *ur* usually ( a mona/]y or abbey or "o to :i* su* has be5 an app5dant4 ,york & ,bev]ley1 h[ev]1 are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,,mis]]e ,a small bracket on ! und]sides ( ! seats ( /alls4 ,,m\ld+ ,a t]m g5]ally appli$ to ! cont\rs giv5 to angle projections or holl[s ( ar*es1 doors1 w9d[s1 etc4 ,,mullion ,! divid+ b>s ( /one or wood betwe5 ! lights ( w9d[s1 or ! op5+s ( scre5s4 ,m,,n/] has n[ lo/ its simple application4 7,,mona/]y7 ,,nave ,f navis1 a %ip1 ! ma9 body ( a *ur* we/ ( ! *ancel4 ,,ni*e ,an alcove or recess 9 a wall = hold+ a /atue or ornam5t4 ,,ogee ,a m\ld+ or ar* =m$ ( a curve or curves some:at l ! lett] ,s1 ! curve ( contra-flexure1 "p be+ concave & "p convex4 ,,ord]s ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ! rec$+ m\ld+s ( an ar*4 ,,p>close ,! scre5 or rail+s protect+ a monum5t or *antry4 ,,p>vise ,an op5 space or por* at ! entrance to a *ur*1 & (t5 wrongly appli$ to ! room ov] a *ur* por*4 ,,pat5 ,! small plate or salv] us$ to hold ! ,consecrat$ ,bread 9 ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,,p5dant ,ornam5ts :i* hang or dep5d f a ceil+ or ro(4 ,,p5?\se ,a cov]+ project+ ov] a door1 w9d[1 etc41 z a protection f ! wea!r4 ,,pi] ,! masses or clu/]s ( masonry betwe5 doors1 w9d[s1 etc42 ! supports f :i* ar*es spr+4 ,,pill> ,a t]m frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) column1 b diff]+ f x 9 n be+ subs]vi5t to ! rules ( classical ar*itecture1 & 9 n ( necessity consi/+ ( a s+le circul> %aft4 ,,p9nacle ,a small turret$ ornam5t tap]+ t[>ds ! top1 & us$ z a t]m9ation to _m p>ts ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,,pisc9a ,! /one bas9 or s9k 9 ! *ancel us$ = cleans+ ! communion vessels4 ,,pl9? ,! l[] division ( ! base ( a column1 pi] or wall4 ,,poppy-,,head ,an ornam5t boldly c>v$ on ! tops ( b5* ends1 etc4 ,,presbyt]y ,a t]m sometimes us$ to include ! :ole ( ! *oir1 b m (t5 meant to ref] to ! ea/]n end ( ! *oir f :i* x is g5]ally rais$ by sev]al /eps4 ,,qu>ries or ,,qu>rels ,! small diamond1 squ>e or o!r ! %ap$ panes us$ 9 pla9 glaz+4 ,,quatrefoil ,! %ape resembl+ f\r leaves =m$ 9 trac]y or panels by cusps4 ,,quo9 ,! ext]nal angle ( a build+1 g5]ally ( a%l>4 ,,r]$os ,! wall or scre5 at ! back ( an alt>1 (t5 enri*$ ) c>v+1 ni*es1 /atues1 etc4 ,,rood-,,beam or ,,rood-,,l(t ,! l(t or beam :i*1 previ\s to ! ,re=mation1 support$ ! ,great ,rood1 or ,crucifix4 ,,rose ,,w9d[ ,a t]m (t5 us$ to d5ote a circul> w9d[ ( sev]al lights4 ,,rotunda ,a t]m us$ to describe a *ur* or o!r build+ :i* is ( circul> =mation bo? )9 & )\t4 ,,sacri/ry ,a room us$ 9 *ur*es = /or+ ! plate & valuables4 ,,sanctu>y ,see ,presbyt]y4 ,,s$ilia ,a seat or seats1 g5]ally canopi$ & situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! *ancel & us$ 9 pre-,re=mation days by ! (ficiat+ cl]gy dur+ ! pauses 9 ! mass4 ,,%aft ,! "p ( a column or pill> betwe5 ! capital & ! base4 ,,%r9e ,(t5 call$ ! f]etory4 ,! place :]e relics 7 deposit$4 ,,s(fit ,! ^w means lit]ally a ceil+1 b is g5]ally us$ to describe ! flat "u-surface ( ar*es1 cornices1 /airways1 etc4 ,,sp&rels ,! spaces betwe5 ! ar* ( a doorway or w9d[ & ! rectangul> m\ld+s ov] x4 ,e>ly trac]y orig9at$ f ! pi]c+ ( ! sp&rels ( w9d[s4 ,,spire ,! acutely po9t$ t]m9ation ( t[]s1 etc41 orig9at+ by ! elongation ( ! e>ly pyramidal ro(s4 ,,splay ,! slant+ or slop$ surface ( a w9d[ op5+ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 also ( doorways1 etc42 ! t]m is also appli$ to bevels & o!r slop$ surfaces4 ,,spr+] ,see ,v\ssoir4 ,,squ9t ,an oblique op5+ or slit 9 ! wall ( a *ur*1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ p]sons 9 ! aisles or transepts to see ! elevation ( ! ,ho/ at ! ,high ,alt>4 ,!y are mo/ly f\nd on ! sides ( ! *ancel ar*1 & are frequ5tly call$ hagioscopes4 ,,/\p ,a vessel = consecrat$ wat]1 at or ne> ! entrance to a *ur*4 ,,/r+ or ,,/r+ ,,c\rse4 ,a horizontal project+ b& ( /one 9 ! wall ( a build+4 ,,/rut ,see ,brace4 ,,too? ,,ornam5t ,an ornam5t us$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,e4,e4 /yle1 resembl+ a squ>e f\r-leav$ fl[]1 & ?\ght to be bas$ on ! dog-too? violet4 ,,transom ,a horizontal cross-b> 9 a panel or w9d[4 ,,trac]y ,! ornam5tal /onework 9 ! upp] "p ( a w9d[2 :5 =m$ by ! mullions x is call$ b> trac]y & :5 ! sp&rel is pi]c$1 plate trac]y4 ,also us$ l>gely on tombs1 scre5s1 doorways1 etc4 ,,transepts ,! project+ arms ( a cruci=m *ur*1 (t5 wrongly call$ cross-aisles4 ,,transition ,a t]m us$ to describe ! process ( *ange f "o /yle ( ar*itecture to ano!r4 ,! ?ree great p]iods ( transition are f ! ,romanesque & ,norman to ! ,e>ly ,engli%2 ! ,e>ly ,engli% to ! ,decorat$1 & ! ,decorat$ to ! ,p]p5dicul>4 ,,trefoil ,an ornam5tal foliation 9 ! heads ( w9d[s1 panels1 etc41 9 :i* ! spaces =m$ by ! cusps resemble ?ree leaves4 ,,tri=ium or ,bl9d-,/orey4 ,an op5 gall]y or arcade )\t w9d[s imm$iately above ! pi] arcade & "u ! ro( ( ! aisle4 ,,tympanum ,! space betwe5 ! top ( a squ>e-head$ door & ! ar* above x2 frequ5tly sculptur$4 ,,vault ,ro(+ ( /one con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 ! int]sections ( :i* are t]m$ gro9s & are 9 ! po9t$ /yles usually ribb$4 ,,vault+ ,,%afts ,small %afts sometimes ris+ f ! floor1 sometimes f ! capital ( a pill> & sometimes f a corbel1 & int5d$ z supports = ! ribs ( a vault4 ,,vesica ,,piscis ,an oval %ape or figure =m$ by two equal circles cutt+ ea* o!r 9 _! c5tres4 ,v commonly f\nd on episcopal & mona/ic seals4 ,,v\ssoir ,! w$ge-%ap$ /ones =m+ an ar*1 ! c5tre "o ( :i* is ! key/one & ^? at ! impo/ or />t+ po9t ( ! curve are ! spr+]s4 ,,zig-,,zag ,see ,*evron4 ,a ,,%ort ,,bibliography ,,( ,,engli% ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ar*itecture4 ,adel9e1 ,j4 ,art ,diction>y ( ,t]ms4 ,bl&1 ,w4 ,ar*es1 ,pi]s1 ,buttresses1 etc4 ,blomfield1 ,r4 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture4 ,bond1 ,francis ,engli% ,ca!drals ,illu/rat$4 ,bond1 ,francis ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,bonney1 ,t4 ,g4 ,ca!drals1 ,abbeys1 & ,*ur*es ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,c>t]1 ,j4 ,! ,anci5t ,ar*itecture ( ,engl&4 ,coll+1 ,j4 ,k4 ,details ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,corroy]1 ,e4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,cram1 ,r4 ,adams ,*ur* ,build+4 ,davidson1 ,e4 ,a4 ,go?ic ,/onework4 ,f]gusson1 ,j4 ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture4 ,f]gusson1 ,j4 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,fairbairns1 ,a4 ,portfolio ( ,engli% ,ca!drals4 ,g>bett1 ,e4 ,l4 ,pr9ciples ( ,design 9 ,ar*itecture4 ,m>kl&1 ,j4 ,h4 ,rem>ks on ,*ur*es4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,h4 ,developm5t & ,"* ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,paley1 ,f4 ,a4 ,manual ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,paley1 ,f4 ,a4 ,manual ( ,go?ic ,m\ld+s4 ,p>k]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a4,b4,c4 ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,p>k]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,concise ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itecture4 ,p>k]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,p]k9s1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,h&book ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,prior1 ,ed4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ,go?ic ,art4 ,pug91 ,a4 ,w4 ,treatise on ,*ancel ,scre5s & ,rood ,l(ts4 ,rickman1 ,?os4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,rickman1 ,?os4 ,attempts to discrim9ate ! ,/yles ( ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,%>pe1 ,edmund ,! ,sev5 ,p]iods ( ,engli% ,ar*itecture4 ,%>pe1 ,edmund ,treatise on ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,w9d[ ,trac]y4 ,scott1 ,g4 ,hi/ory ( ,*ur* ,ar*itecture4 ,rusk91 ,john ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture4 ,rusk91 ,john ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 ,rusk91 ,john ,poetry ( ,ar*itecture4 ,rusk91 ,john ,lectures on ,ar*itecture4 ,wall1 ,j4 ,c4 ,%r9es ( ,briti% ,sa9ts4 ,w9kle ,briti% ,ca!drals4 ,wilson1 ,s4 ,romance ( our ,anci5t ,*ur*es4 ,bell's ,ca!dral ,s]ies4 ,! ,build] ,portfolio ( ,engli% ,ca!drals4 ,murray's ,h&books to ! ,ca!drals4 ,s4,p4,c4,k4 ,illu/rat$ ,notes on ,engli% ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 ,notes on ! ,ca!drals4 ,our ,engli% ,m9/]s4 ,edit$ by ,dean ,f>r>4 ,?is bibliography does n claim to be complete1 b is a selection ( ! v>i\s books on ! subject :i* %\ld be /udi$ by ! /ud5t4 ,index ,all ,s\ls' ,college1 ,ox=d1 #gf ,alt>s1 #hj ,alve/on ,*ur*1 ,w>wick%ire1 #da ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 #eg ,anne1 ,que51 #gf ,apse1 ,!1 #bg ,ar*es-- ,saxon1 #ce ,norman1 #cg ,e>ly ,engli%1 #di ,decorat$1 #fb ,p]p5dicul>1 #ff ,a%*ur*1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #ajf ,bapti/]y1 ,!1 #hd ,b>fre/on ,*ur*1 ,k5t1 #ci1 #da ,b>nack ,*ur*1 ,nor?ants #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #aja ,b>n/aple1 ,devon1 #ih ,b>nwell1 #ib ,b>ry1 ,sir ,c41 #gh1 #gi ,basilica1 ,!1 #bf ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 #da1 #ajc ,beaulieu1 ,hants1 #ij ,beckett's ,cr[n1 ,cant]bury1 #ajf ,b$e 7quot$71 #ba1 #bc1 #if ,bells & ,belfries1 #ie ,b5* ,ends1 #hi ,b]?a1 ,que51 #bc ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 #aji ,billesley ,*ur*1 ,w>wick%ire1 #gh ,bi%op/one1 ,sussex1 #cb ,bloxham ,*ur*1 #aja ,bo/on1 ,l9cs1 #gb ,bovey ,*ur*1 #ib ,brad=d-on-,avon1 #cb ,brew]1 ,j4 ,w4 7quot$71 #bh ,brighton ,pavilion1 #gh ,brig/ock ,*ur*1 ,nor?ants1 #ig ,bri/ol ,ca!dral1 #gj ,briti% ,*ur*es1 ,e>ly1 #ai ,brixwor? ,*ur*1 #bh1 #cb1 #cc1 #ig ,broadmayne ,*ur*1 #hf ,bruton1 ,som41 #ig ,burne-,jones1 ,sir ,e41 #ajg ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #hb ,buttresses-- ,norman1 #dc ,e>ly ,engli%1 #hd ,decorat$1 #fb ,p]p5dicul>1 #gj ,byzantium1 #bg ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 #dc1 #id1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aaj ,capitals-- ,norman1 #db ,e>ly ,engli%1 #ed ,decorat$1 #fj ,p]p5dicul>1 #fi ,c>adoc1 ,k+1 #ai ,c>lisle ,ca!dral1 #fj1 #ajf ,*>les ,,ii41 #gf ,*>lton-on-,otmoor1 #ib ,*>lton ,*ur*1 ,k5t1 #ajf ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 #aja ,*etwode1 ,bucks1 #ajf ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral1 #ig ,*ipp+ ,norton1 ,ox=d1 #ha ,*ri/*ur* ,priory1 #hh1 #id1 #ajg1 #aaj ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,spitalfields1 #gf ,*udleigh ,*ur*1 ,devon1 #ib ,*ur* ,furniture & ,ornam5ts1 #hj ,cir5ce/] ,*ur*1 ,glos41 #gj ,classic ,rev]se1 ,!1 #gj ,cl]k5well1 #dd ,collumpton1 ,devon1 #ib ,compton ,*ur*1 #id ,con/ant9e1 ,emp]or1 #bg ,con/ant9ople1 #bg ,cranley1 ,surrey1 #ajf ,crawd5's ,*apel1 #eh ,croyl& ,abbey1 #if ,crypts1 #aji ,curfew1 #if ,decorat$ ,/yle1 ,!1 #eg ,doisnel1 ,juliana1 #dd ,dolton ,*ur*1 #hd ,doorways-- ,saxon1 #cj1 #cb ,norman1 #ci ,e>ly ,engli%1 #ed ,decorat$1 #fb ,p]p5dicul>1 #fi ,dor*e/] ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 #ajg ,dore ,abbey1 #ha ,dun/able1 #ib ,dun/] ,*ur*1 #ha1 #ib ,durham ,ca!dral1 #dc1 #gc1 #hb1 #id1 #aab ,e>l's ,b>ton ,*ur*1 #cb1 #cc ,e>ly ,engli% ,/yle1 ,!1 #dg ,ea/ ,d]eham1 #ig 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,,) ,,_! ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,morris1 ,b4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #bi ,,taunton ,,& ,,taunton ,,deane4 ,by ,beatrix ,f4 ,cresswell4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/f #a_/- #cj ,,littlehampton1 ,,arundel1 ,,& ,,amb]ley4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,goodliffe1 ,m4,a4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #ca ,,! ,,we/]n ,,gate ,,( ,,d>tmoor3 ,,tavi/ock ,,& ,,! ,,di/rict4 ,by ,william ,cross+4 ,) ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #cb ,,plym\?3 ,,! ,,metropolis ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright4 ,) ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #cc ,,! ,,*alfont ,,c\ntry 7,,s\? ,,bucks74 ,by ,s4 ,graveson4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/f #a_/- #cd ,,dun/able1 ,,! ,,d[ns1 ,,& ,,! ,,di/rict4 ,by4 ,g4 ,wor?+ton ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s41 etc4 ,) ,maps #b_/- #a_/- #ce ,,! ,,quantock ,,hills1 ,,_! ,,combes ,,& ,,villages4 ,by ,beatrix ,f4 ,cresswell4 ,ordnance ,map4 7,clo? only7 #b_/f -- #cf ,,oxt$1 ,,limpsfield1 ,,& ,,ed5bridge4 ,by ,gordon ,home4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #cg ,,lynton1 ,,lynm\?1 ,,& ,,! ,,lorna ,,doone ,,c\ntry4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,morris1 ,b4,a4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #ch ,,hor%am ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,goodliffe1 ,m4,a4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #ci ,,sea=d ,,& ,,ne:av54 ,by ,geo4 ,day4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #dj ,,! ,,great ,,ouse4 ,,hunt+don1 ,,/4 ,,neots1 ,,& ,,/ ,,ives4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,jackson1 ,m4,a41 & ,g4 ,r4 ,holt ,%afto4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #da ,,k+',s ,,lynn ,,) ,,its ,,surr\nd+s1 ,,includ+ ,,s&r+ham4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,dutt4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #db ,,wok+ ,,& ,,ripley ,,) ,,_! ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,&]son4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #dc ,,h]t=d ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,w4 ,graveson4 ,ordnance ,map4 #b_/- #a_/- #dd ,,dork+ ,,& ,,lea!rhead4 ,by ,joseph ,e4 ,morris1 ,m4,a4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #de ,,wal?am ,,& ,,*e%unt4 ,by ,freeman ,bunt+4 ,ordnance ,map #a_/- #f;d4 #df ,,dor*e/] ,,) ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 & ,sidney ,hea?4 ) a ,=eword by ,?omas ,h>dy4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #dg ,,luton ,,*ur*4 ,by ,con/ance ,i%]wood4 ,) ,plan #a_/- #f;d4 #dh ,,read+ ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,&]son4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #di ,,sutton ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,f4 ,ri*>ds4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #ej ,,wat=d ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,walt] ,moore4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #ea ,,yeovil ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,frank ,hea?4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #eb ,,aylesbury ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,walt] ,moore4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #ec ,,graves5d ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,philip4 ,ordnance ,map #b_/- #a_/- #ed ,,high ,,wycombe ,,& ,,its ,,surr\nd+s4 ,by ,h5ry ,h>b\r -- -- #ee ,,our ,,homel& ,,*ur*es1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,!m4 ,by ,sidney ,hea? #b_/- -- ,,h&books ,,= ,,_m ,,o!r ,,t[ns ,,& ,,di/ricts ,,are ,,9 ,,active ,,prep>ation4