,,modern ,,americans ,a ,biographical ,school ,reader for the ,upper ,grades ,by ,,chester ,m4 ,,sanford ,head of the ,department of ,expression ,illinois ,state ,normal ,university ,,grace ,a4 ,,owen ,teacher of ,reading ,illinois ,state ,normal ,university ,,laurel ,,book ,,company ,new ,york--,,chicago--,philadelphia ,copyright1 #aiah1 #aiba by ,laurel ,book ,company ,,introduction ,tell us about real folks4 ,this is the request that comes to us again and again from children in the upper grades4 ,in response to this appeal1 the authors1 in preparing ,modern ,americans1 have attempted to give the pupils the worth-while things they like to read rather than the things adults think they ought to like4 ,those who have taught reading very long agree that the old-time hero stories have always had a peculiar charm for pupils4 ,but all the heroes did not live in olden times2 they are with us today4 ,why1 then1 isn't it well to acquaint the children with present-day heroes8 ,young people in the upper grades are especially interested in the men and women who are actually doing things4 ,they desire to study in school the persons they read about in the daily papers4 ,elihu ,root recently said3 ,it seems sometimes as if our people were interested in nothing but personalities4 ,to bridge the gap between our schools and practical everyday life has become one of the chief concerns of the wide-awake teacher4 ,accordingly1 in geography we are studying the industries about us4 ,in ,english1 civics1 and history we are devoting an increasing amount of time to a consideration of ,current ,events4 ,all this is in the right direction2 for1 to create an interest in the men and women of the hour and the social activities of the day makes for an intelligent citizenship4 ,acquaint the people with the great men of any period and you have taught them the history of the period1 says ,carlyle4 ,know the past1 if possible2 know the present by all means4 ,at first thought the reader may disagree with the authors in the list of characters chosen4 ,he may think that many of ,america's greatest men and women have been omitted while others of less importance have been given a place4 ,in reply permit us to say that greatness of achievement has not been the only consideration in choosing the character studies4 ,not all great men and women have life stories that appeal to children1 and unless the stories do appeal1 it is better to omit them until the children are older4 ,then1 too1 it seemed desirable to select persons in various fields of human activity1 thus broadening the scope of the child's knowledge4 ,the reader will observe that we have placed much stress upon the childhood experiences of the men and women studied1 for the reason that children are to read the stories2 and since they are sure to interpret what they read in terms of their own experiences1 we must1 as far as possible1 record experiences that are common to all1 namely1 childhood experiences4 ,it is hoped that these stories have been so brought within the experiences of the pupils that they will be led to discuss them4 ,many of the stories were tried out with children in the ,university ,training ,school and the enthusiastic discussions that followed were both interesting and helpful4 ,lastly1 and most important1 the authors have attempted to inspire the pupils with a purpose to make the most of themselves4 ,the lives of great men and women are sure to be an inspiration to the young4 ,since great men stand for great things they are sure to embody the latest and best in science1 art1 government1 religion1 and education4 ,by studying the lives of these representative men and women it is hoped that the pupils will be stimulated to lofty purposes4 ,acknowledgement is hereby made to ,the ,bobbs-,merrill ,co41 publishers of ,mr4 ,riley's poems1 for kind permission to republish ,the ,old ,swimmin'-,hole2 and also1 to the publishers of ,the ,story of a ,pioneer--,jordan2 ,the ,story of ,my ,life--,keller2 and the magazine ,success for additional source material4 ,,chester ,m4 ,,sanford ,,grace ,a4 ,,owen ,,contents #a4 ,calvin ,coolidge #i #b4 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison #ag #c4 ,alexander ,graham ,bell #bi #d4 ,theodore ,roosevelt #cg #e4 ,john ,pershing #dd #f4 ,william ,howard ,taft #ea #g4 ,luther ,burbank #eg #h4 ,clara ,barton #fe #ai4 ,george ,w4 ,goethals #gc #aj4 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley #ha #aa4 ,helen ,keller #ia #ab4 ,wilbur and ,orville ,wright #ii #ac4 ,robert ,e4 ,peary #aji #ad4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan #aag #ae4 ,henry ,ford #abe #af4 ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey #aca #ag4 ,frances ,willard #aci #ah4 ,jane ,addams #adg #ai4 ,john ,mitchell #aee #bj4 ,maude ,ballington ,booth #afa #ba4 ,andrew ,carnegie #afi #bb4 ,anna ,shaw #agg #bc4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton #ahg #bd4 ,john ,wanamaker #aie #be4 ,woodrow ,wilson #bje #bf4 ,mark ,twain #bac #bg4 ,warren ,g4 ,harding #bba ,illustration3 ,,president ,,coolidge1 ,,mrs4 ,,coolidge1 ,,and ,,son1 ,,john ,,calvin ,,coolidge ,as ,i begin this story1 ,i am seated in an old-fashioned hotel in a small village nestled amid the hills of ,vermont4 ,i have come all the way from the broad prairies of ,illinois that ,i might catch a little of the spirit of ,calvin ,coolidge4 ,in his autobiography1 ,mr4 ,coolidge wrote3 ,vermont is my birthright4 ,here one gets close to ,nature1 in the mountains and in the brooks1 the waters of which hurry to the sea2 in the lakes that shine like silver in their green setting2 in the fields tilled1 not by machinery1 but by the brain and hand of man4 ,my folks are happy and contented4 ,they belong to themselves1 live within their income1 and fear no man4 ,yes1 and ,i have met the folks of whom he boasts1 and in conversing with them it seems easy for my mind to go back to the time when ,mr4 ,coolidge was a barefoot boy1 roaming amid these beautiful hills4 ,in fact1 everything about this rugged ,new ,england state1 with its farmhouses and barns that were built so many years ago1 seems to carry one back to the early history of our country4 ,as ,i looked upon the little country schoolhouse to which ,mr4 ,coolidge used to go1 ,i thought of this story4 ,one time1 many years ago1 there lived a schoolmaster who had this unique custom4 ,every time he met a boy who attended his school1 he would lift his hat4 ,when asked why he did this1 he replied1 ,who can tell but that one of these boys will some day become the chief ruler of the land2 and inasmuch as ,i cannot tell which one it will be1 ,i must lift my hat to them all4 ,surely if a teacher were to slight any of the boys1 it would be the one with freckles and red hair1 for never before in the history of our great country have we had a red-headed president4 ,let us go back then in our imagination forty-four years and visit the little red schoolhouse at ,plymouth1 ,vermont1 that was then better known as the ,notch4 ,to reach ,plymouth is not easy1 for it is eleven miles from ,ludlow1 which is the nearest railroad station1 and the road from ,ludlow is rough and hilly4 ,when we reach ,plymouth1 we are likely to drive by1 for the town is so small it doesn't seem possible that a future ,president could have been born in such an out-of-the-way place4 ,the first man we meet in ,plymouth is ,john ,calvin ,coolidge1 the father of our ,president4 ,we soon learn that he keeps the village store1 shoes horses1 collects insurance premiums1 and runs a small farm4 ,in conversing with him1 we discover that he is of staunch ,american stock--in fact1 he reminds us that his ancestors came to ,america in #afcj1 just ten years after the ,pilgrims landed4 ,in #ahhj1 his grandfather moved to the hill country that is now known as ,vermont1 and for four generations the ,coolidges have lived on the same farm4 ,but1 we are not so much interested in the father as in the son1 who1 we are told1 is at school4 ,as we approach the little country school1 we observe that it is recess1 and the children are playing4 ,soon young ,calvin is pointed out and we try to get acquainted with him1 but he is silent and bashful4 ,from his teacher we learn that he has few friends and no enemies4 ,unlike the average freckled1 red-headed boy1 he is rarely teased and never gets into a fight4 ,he is so modest and minds his own business so well1 that the other pupils are inclined to leave him by himself4 ,rarely does he play any games--not even marbles or baseball4 ,later in life he bought a pair of skates1 but was never known to wear them but once4 ,young ,calvin had no brothers and only one sister1 ,abigail1 who died when she was fifteen4 ,his mother also died when he was a lad of twelve1 but his stepmother was always very kind to him4 ,his own mother1 however1 was his idol and even to this day1 ,president ,coolidge carries in one of his pockets a gun metal case that holds a picture of his mother4 ,calvin's father1 in speaking of his son1 says that he was always a great hand to work4 ,he continues1 ,when ,calvin was a boy on the farm1 if ,i was going away and there was anything ,i wanted him to do1 ,i would tell him2 but when ,i came back1 ,i never thought of going to see whether it had been done4 ,i knew it was done4 ,the following incident shows that he could not bear to leave his work undone4 ,one night an aunt who was sleeping in the house heard a strange noise in the kitchen4 ,hurriedly she put on her kimona1 and went downstairs to see what the commotion might be4 ,there she found little ,calvin filling the wood box1 for he had forgotten to do so the night before4 ,she tried to persuade him to wait until morning1 but he would not return to bed until the job was finished1 declaring that he could sleep better if the wood box were filled4 ,no doubt1 were we to ask ,president ,coolidge to recall some of his boyhood experiences on the farm1 he would tell us how he slid off the old1 white mare and broke his arm so badly that the bone stuck out through the flesh1 and how long it took to bring the doctor eleven miles over the rough road from ,ludlow to set it4 ,or1 he might tell us about the wall-eyed cow that the hired man hit with a milking stool and so frightened her that he could never milk her again4 ,alas1 for ,calvin2 this meant that he had to get up at five o'clock each morning to help with the milking4 ,after completing his work in the country school1 ,calvin attended the ,black ,river ,academy in ,ludlow where he graduated at the age of eighteen4 ,one ,september morning1 the next fall1 ,calvin's father hitched up the old1 bay mare and drove his son to ,ludlow where the boy took the train for ,amherst ,college4 ,at that time1 the college had an enrollment of only about four hundred students4 ,while in college1 young ,coolidge lived very modestly1 paying only #b4ej a week for room and board4 ,his nickname in college was ,cooley4 ,we were able to learn very little about his college days4 ,from one of his professors1 we learned that he never took part in athletic sports1 never danced1 and attended but few of the social functions of the school4 ,we were able1 however1 to find the following in the ,amherst ,olio1 the school paper3 ,the class in ,greek was going on1 ,old ,ty a lecture read1 ,and in the row in front there shown ,fair ',cooley's' golden head4 ,his pate was bent upon the seat ,in front of him3 his hair ,old ,tyler's feeble gaze did meet1 ,with fierce and ruddy glare4 ,o'ercome by mystic sense of dread ,old ,ty his talk did lull1-- ',coolidge1 ,i wish you'd raise your head1 ,i can't talk through your skull4' ,while in college1 his favorite studies were debating1 philosophy1 history and the political sciences4 ,his greatest achievement came when he was a ,senior4 ,the ,sons of the ,american ,revolution had offered a prize for the best essay on ,the ,principles of the ,american ,revolution4 ,the contest was open to all college students of ,america4 ,coolidge won first place4 ,after graduating from college1 young ,coolidge returned to the farm and worked all summer4 ,that fall he went to ,northampton1 a mill town in ,massachusetts1 where he entered the law office of ,hammond ,field4 ,here1 under the guidance of two able lawyers1 he studied so hard that within less than two years he was admitted to the ,bar4 ,as soon as he became a full-fledged lawyer1 he organized the law firm of ,coolidge ,hemenway4 ,from this point his advancement was steady and rapid4 ,there were no jumps in his career4 ,in #aijj1 we see him ,city ,solicitor2 in #aijd1 ,clerk of ,courts2 in #aijg-aijh1 a member of the ,state ,legislature2 and in #aiaj1 ,mayor of ,northampton4 ,in #aiab1 he was elected a member of the ,state ,senate1 and in #aiad was chosen ,president of the ,senate4 ,in #aiaf-aiag-aiah1 he was ,lieutenant ,governor of ,massachusetts1 and in #aiai was chosen ,governor4 ,he has been elected to every office for which he ever ran4 ,this seems strange when we study him1 for he is not considered a good speaker1 does not resort to flattery1 is a poor mixer1 and is not attractive in appearance4 ,but1 possibly we are tired of the show-window type of politician1 who does entirely too much talking4 ,those who know him best1 admit that ,coolidge has earned every promotion by attending strictly to the work he had in hand4 ,an event in #aiai made ,governor ,coolidge a ,national character4 ,the ,boston police force had organized a union and had planned to enter the ,american ,federation of ,labor4 ,edwin ,e4 ,curtis1 ,boston's ,chief of ,police1 declared they had no right to do this4 ,three-fourths of the policemen immediately went on a strike4 ,the forces of lawlessness broke loose and mob rule prevailed4 ,mr4 ,coolidge at once had nineteen leaders of the police force brought before him for trial4 ,he held that the best interests of all the people could not tolerate any such conduct on the part of the policemen4 ,his attitude was so sound and so firmly taken that he won the support of all law-abiding citizens4 ,his position also met the approval of the ,nation and at once he became a ,national figure4 ,while ,mr4 ,coolidge was in ,northampton1 he married ,grace ,anna ,goodhue1 a teacher in the ,clark ,school for the ,deaf1 at ,northampton4 ,she is a graduate of the ,university of ,vermont4 ,in many ways she is the exact opposite of the ,president2 she is vivacious1 attractive1 tactful1 and richly endowed socially4 ,to this union have been born two sons1 ,john and ,calvin ,coolidge1 ,jr4 ,when ,mr4 ,harding was chosen ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,calvin ,coolidge was elected ,vice ,president4 ,upon the death of ,president ,harding1 ,mr4 ,coolidge became ,president1 and so faithfully did he discharge the duties of his office1 that in #aibd he was chosen ,president by an overwhelming majority of the voters of the ,nation4 ,the ,american people like ,president ,coolidge because1 like ,lincoln1 he belongs to the plain people4 ,he understands and loves them2 he is modest1 sincere1 and honorable4 ,even as a boy1 he had a purpose1 and willpower enough to carry it out4 ,he works hard and speaks little1 but when he does1 the public listens to his wise counsel4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison 7,on left7 ,the ,greatest ,inventor of ,all ,time ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison ,suppose the ,pilgrim fathers that landed at ,plymouth ,rock so many1 many years ago should come back to earth1 how many strange sights would greet them6 ,no longer would they be permitted to ride in a slow1 clumsy wagon1 but1 instead1 would ride in an electric car4 ,furthermore1 when night came1 instead of the tallow candle1 they would marvel at the brilliant electric lights4 ,wouldn't it be fun to start the phonograph and watch them stare in astonishment as the wooden box talked to them8 ,but the most fun would be to take them to the moving picture show and hear what they would say4 ,odd as it seems at first1 all these marvelous inventions1 and many others1 are the result of one man's work2 in fact1 this man has thought out so many marvelous inventions that the whole world agrees that he is the greatest inventor that has ever lived4 ,should you like to hear the life story of one who is so truly great8 ,i am sure you would1 for in the best sense he is a self-made ,american4 ,but1 you ask1 what is a self-made ,american8 ,he is one born in poverty who has had to struggle hard for everything he has ever had2 one who has had to force his way to success through all sorts of obstacles4 ,this great inventor first saw the light of day in the humble home of a poor laboring man who lived in ,milan1 a small canal town in the state of ,ohio4 ,in #ahed when ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 for that is his name1 was seven years of age1 his parents moved to ,port ,huron1 ,michigan1 where most of his boyhood days were spent4 ,as we should naturally expect1 ,thomas was sent to school1 but his teachers did not understand him and his progress was very poor4 ,finally his mother took him out of school and taught him herself4 ,this she was able to do1 for1 before she married1 she was a successful school teacher in ,canada4 ,later in life1 in speaking of his mother1 he said3 ,i was always a careless boy1 and with a mother of different mental caliber ,i should have probably turned out badly4 ,but her firmness1 her sweetness1 her goodness1 were potent powers to keep me in the right path4 ,i remember ,i never used to be able to get along at school4 ,i don't know why it was1 but ,i was always at the foot of the class4 ,i used to feel that my teachers never sympathized with me1 and that my father thought that ,i was stupid1 and at last ,i almost decided that ,i must really be a dunce4 ,my mother was always kind1 always sympathetic1 and she never misunderstood or misjudged me4 ,my mother was the making of me4 ,she was so true1 so sure of me2 and ,i felt ,i had someone to live for1 some one ,i must not disappoint4 ,the memory of her will always be a blessing to me4 ,when young ,edison was twelve years of age1 he became a newsboy on the ,grand ,trunk ,railroad4 ,that he was a wide-awake1 energetic lad is shown by the following experience as told by himself4 ,at the beginning of the ,civil ,war ,i was slaving late and early at selling papers2 but to tell the truth ,i was not making a fortune4 ,i worked on so small a margin that ,i had to be mighty careful not to overload myself with papers that ,i could not sell4 ,on the other hand1 ,i could not afford to carry so few that ,i found myself sold out long before the end of the trip4 ,to enable myself to hit the happy mean1 ,i found a plan which turned out admirably4 ,i made a friend of one of the compositors of the ,free ,press office1 and persuaded him to show me every day a galley-proof of the most important news articles4 ,from a study of its head-lines1 ,i soon learned to gauge the value of the day's news and its selling capacity1 so that ,i could form a tolerably correct estimate of the number of papers ,i should need4 ,as a rule ,i could dispose of about two hundred2 but if there was any special news from the seat of war1 the sale ran up to three hundred or over4 ,well1 one day my compositor brought me a proof-slip of which nearly the whole was taken up with a gigantic display head4 ,it was the first report of the battle of ,pittsburgh ,landing--afterward called ,shiloh1 you know1 and it gave the number of killed and wounded as sixty thousand men4 ,i grasped the situation at once4 ,here was a chance for enormous sales1 if only the people along the line could know what had happened6 ,if only they could see the proof-slip ,i was then reading6 ,suddenly an idea occurred to me4 ,i rushed off to the telegraph operator and gravely made a proposition to him which he received just as gravely4 ,he1 on his part1 was to wire to each of the principal stations on our route1 asking the station-master to chalk up on the bulletin-board1 used for announcing the time of arrival and departure of trains1 the news of the great battle1 with its accompanying slaughter4 ,this he was to do at once1 while ,i1 in return1 agreed to supply him with current literature for nothing during the next six months from that date4 ,this bargain struck1 ,i began to bethink me how ,i was to get enough papers to make the grand coup ,i intended4 ,i had very little cash1 and1 ,i feared1 still less credit4 ,i went to the superintendent of the delivery department1 and preferred a modest request for one thousand copies of the ,free ,press on trust4 ,i was not much surprised when my request was curtly and gruffly refused4 ,in those days1 though1 ,i was a pretty cheeky boy and ,i felt desperate1 for ,i saw a small fortune in prospect if my telegraph operator had kept his word1 a point on which ,i was still a trifle doubtful4 ,nerving myself for a great stroke1 ,i marched up stairs into the office of ,wilbur ,f4 ,story himself and asked to see him4 ,i told him who ,i was and that ,i wanted fifteen hundred copies of the paper on credit4 ,the tall1 thin1 dark-eyed man stared at me for a moment and then scratched a few words on a slip of paper4 ',take that down stairs1' said he1 'and you will get what you want4' ,and so ,i did4 ,then ,i felt happier than ,i have ever felt since4 ,i took my fifteen hundred papers1 got three boys to help me fold them1 and mounted the train all agog to find out whether the telegraph operator had kept his word4 ,at the town where our first stop was made ,i usually sold two papers4 ,as the train swung into that station ,i looked ahead and thought there must be a riot going on4 ,a big crowd filled the platform and as the train drew up ,i began to realize that they wanted my papers4 ,before we left1 ,i had sold a hundred or two at five cents each4 ,at the next station the place was fairly black with people4 ,i raised the 'ante' and sold three hundred papers at ten cents each4 ,so it went on until ,port ,huron was reached4 ,then ,i transferred my remaining stock to the wagon1 which always waited for me there1 hired a small boy to sit on the pile of papers in the back1 so as to prevent any pilfering1 and sold out every paper ,i had at a quarter of a dollar or more per copy4 ,i remember ,i passed a church full of worshippers1 and stopped to yell out my news4 ,in ten seconds there was not a soul left in the meeting1 all of the audience1 including the parson1 were clustered around me1 bidding against each other for copies of the precious paper4 ,though1 as you will admit1 ,mr4 ,edison was a very successful newsboy1 he was not satisfied merely to sell papers1 so at the age of fifteen he began editing and publishing a paper of his own4 ,to do this he purchased a small hand printing press and fitted out1 as best he could1 a printing office in an old freight car4 ,the ,grand ,trunk ,herald1 as the paper was called1 consisted of a single sheet printed on both sides1 and sold for eight cents a month4 ,when the paper was at the height of its popularity he sold five hundred copies each week1 and realized a profit of forty-five dollars a month4 ,he might have continued in editorial work had not a sad mishap overtaken him4 ,in addition to his editorial work he performed many experiments1 for his was the soul of the inventor4 ,these experiments were performed in the baggage car of the train4 ,one day1 as he was in the midst of one of these experiments1 a sudden lurch of the train upset his bottle of phosphorous1 setting the baggage car on fire4 ,the conductor1 a quick-tempered man1 after putting out the fire1 dumped young ,edison's precious printing press and apparatus out of the car and went on4 ,this was a very sad experience for the lad1 but the saddest part was the fact that1 as the conductor threw ,edison out he boxed his ears so severely that he was partially deaf ever after4 ,now that young ,edison had lost his job as newsboy1 and could no longer print the ,grand ,trunk ,herald1 what was he to do8 ,he decided1 if possible1 to get a position as telegraph operator4 ,but1 you ask1 how did he learn to be a telegraph operator8 ,while yet a newsboy1 he had saved the life of a child by snatching it from before a moving train4 ,the father1 a telegraph operator1 was so grateful to young ,edison for saving his child that he offered to teach him telegraphy4 ,this offer the lad eagerly accepted1 and devoted every spare minute to his new task4 ,from the first his progress was rapid1 and when he lost his job as newsboy he applied for a position as telegraph operator and was given a job as night operator at ,stratford ,junction1 ,canada1 at a salary of twenty-five dollars a month4 ,he was now sixteen years of age4 ,within a very few years ,edison became a swift and competent operator1 as the following incident will show4 ,edison had been promised employment in the ,boston office4 ,the weather was quite cold1 and his peculiar dress1 topped with a slouchy broad-brimmed hat1 made something of a sensation4 ,but ,edison then cared as little for dress as he does today4 ,so one raw1 wet day a tall man with a limp1 wet duster clinging to his legs1 stalked into the superintendent's room and said3 ',here ,i am'4 ,the superintendent eyed him from head to foot1 and said3 ',who are you8' ',tom ,edison4' ',and who on earth might ,tom ,edison be8' ,the young man explained that he had been ordered to report at the ,boston office1 and was finally told to sit down in the operating room1 where his advent created much merriment4 ,the operators made fun of him loudly enough for him to hear4 ,he didn't care4 ,a few minutes later a ,new ,york operator1 noted for his swiftness1 called up the ,boston office4 ,there was no one at liberty4 ',well1' said the office chief1 'let the new man try him4' ,edison sat down and for four hours and a half wrote out messages in his clear round hand1 stuck a date and number on them1 and threw them on the floor for the office boy to pick up4 ,the time he took in numbering and dating the sheets were the only seconds he was not writing out transmitted words4 ,faster and faster ticked the instrument1 and faster and faster went ,edison's fingers1 until the rapidity with which the messages came tumbling on the floor attracted the attention of the other operators1 who1 when their work was done1 gathered around to witness the spectacle4 ,at the close of the four and a half hours' work there flashed from ,new ,york the salutation3 ',hello6' ',hello yourself6' ticked ,edison4 ',who are you8' rattled into the ,boston office4 ',tom ,edison4' ',you are the first man in the country'1 ticked in the instrument1 'that could ever take me at my fastest1 and the only one who could ever sit at the other end of my wire for more than two hours and a half4 ,i'm proud to know you4' ,while employed as telegraph operator ,edison's inventive mind was hard at work4 ,accordingly1 when but seventeen years of age he invented the ,duplex telegraph which made it possible to send two messages in opposite directions on the same wire at the same time1 without causing any confusion4 ,though a brilliant operator1 young ,edison found it difficult to hold a job1 as he was always neglecting his regular work to fool with experiments1 as his employers put it4 ,accordingly1 when twenty-one years of age1 he found himself in ,new ,york ,city seeking work4 ,suppose we invite ,mr4 ,edison to tell us of this dramatic period of his life4 ,on the third day after my arrival1 while sitting in the office of the ,laws ,gold ,repeating ,telegraph ,company1 the complicated general instrument for sending messages on all the lines suddenly came to a stop with a crash4 ,within two minutes over three hundred boys1--a boy from every broker in the street1 rushed upstairs and crowded the long aisle and office that hardly had room for one hundred1 all yelling that such and such a broker's wire was out of order and to fix it at once4 ,it was pandemonium1 and the man in charge became so excited that he lost control of all the knowledge he ever had4 ,i went to the indicator and1 having studied it thoroughly1 knew where the trouble ought to be1 and found it4 ,one of the innumerable contact springs had broken off and had fallen down between the two gear wheels and stopped the instrument2 but it was not very noticeable4 ,as ,i went out to tell the man in charge what the matter was1 ,george ,laws1 the inventor of the system1 appeared on the scene1 the most excited person ,i had seen4 ,he demanded of the man the cause of the trouble1 but the man was speechless4 ,i ventured to say that ,i knew what the trouble was1 and he said1 ',fix it6 ,fix it6 ,be quick6' ,i removed the spring and set the contact wheels at zero2 and the line1 battery1 and inspecting men scattered through the financial district to set the instruments4 ,in about two hours1 things were working again4 ,mr4 ,laws came to ask my name and what ,i was doing4 ,i told him and he asked me to come to his private office the following day4 ,he asked me a great many questions about the instruments and his system1 and ,i showed him how he could simplify things generally4 ,he then requested that ,i should come next day4 ,on arrival1 he stated at once that he had decided to put me in charge of the whole plant1 and that my salary would be three hundred dollars a month4 ,this was such a violent jump from anything ,i had ever seen before1 that it rather paralyzed me for a while4 ,i thought it was too much to be lasting2 but ,i determined to try and live up to that salary if twenty hours a day of hard work would do it4 ,it is needless to say that he made good in the biggest and best sense of the word4 ,it was at this time that ,mr4 ,edison1 now twenty-one years of age1 invented an electric stock ticker for which he received forty thousand dollars4 ,always desiring to devote his entire time to inventive work1 he now saw that with the aid of his forty thousand dollars it was possible to do so4 ,accordingly1 a little later we see him constructing a laboratory one hundred feet long at ,menlo ,park1 a little station twenty-five miles from ,newark1 ,new ,jersey4 ,here for years1 in company with his assistants1 he has made inventions that have revolutionized the world4 ,finally1 in #ahhf1 his business had so seriously outgrown his quarters that he built his present laboratories at ,orange1 ,new ,jersey4 ,these laboratories are now housed in two beautiful1 four story brick buildings each sixty feet wide by one hundred feet long4 ,in addition to these laboratories there are ,edison factories located in various sections of the country4 ,though now seventy years of age1 he is devoting all his time and the time of his laboratory force in solving the great problems connected with the present war4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a tool is but the extension of a man's hand1 and a machine is but a complete tool4 ,and he that invents a machine augments the power of a man and the well being of mankind4 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,illustration3 ,,alexander ,,graham ,,bell ,inventor of the ,telephone ,,alexander ,,graham ,,bell ,there is in ,new ,york ,city a great building seven hundred and fifty feet high4 ,it has fifty-three stories1 and provides business homes for ten thousand persons4 ,if you had watched it rise from story to story1 you would have been amazed at the tons of cable running from the basement towards the roof4 ,you would have exclaimed in wonder over the miles upon miles of wire that extended from room to room4 ,suppose you had asked the purpose of these wires and cables4 ,do you know what the answer would have been8 ,you would have been told that they were placed there so a person in any room of the building could talk to some one in any other room within the towering walls2 to any one outside in the great city1 and even to persons far away in ,chicago and ,st4 ,louis4 ,then you would have said1 ,of course1 they are telephone wires4 ,you use the telephone often1 do you not8 ,probably if you were asked to say how many times you had talked over the telephone in your life1 you would have to reply1 ,more than ,i can remember4 ,let us think about the messages we send along the telephone wires from day to day4 ,they are for the most part of two kinds4 ,we have friendly talks with persons we know well1 and we give brief business orders at office and shop4 ,but if we were gunners in the army of our country we should be told by telephone just when1 where1 and how we were to fire our guns4 ,we would not see our target1 but would shoot according to the directions of a commanding officer who knows what must be done and telephones his orders to us4 ,if we were acting with hundreds of persons in a great scene for a motion picture film1 we should be told what to do by a man called the director4 ,he could not make us all hear if we were out of doors and scattered about in groups1 but he would telephone orders to his helpers4 ,one of these would be with each large crowd of actors4 ,perhaps the telephones would be hanging on the side of a tree or set up in rude fashion on a box4 ,nevertheless1 that would not interfere with their use and we should receive directions over them to do our part in the scene then being photographed4 ,these uses seem wonderful to us1 but each year sees the telephone helping man more and more in strange and powerful ways4 ,it is likely that we have just begun to know a little of what this great invention can do for us4 ,however1 if we had been boys and girls in #ahge we should have known nothing about talking over a telephone1 for that was the year when the public first heard that it was possible to send sounds of the human voice along a wire from one place to another4 ,there was a great fair in #ahgf4 ,it was held in ,philadelphia and was called the ,centennial because it celebrated the one-hundredth birthday of our land4 ,persons came from foreign countries to attend the fair4 ,among these visitors was a famous ,brazilian gentleman4 ,he was a man of great knowledge and was interested in inventions4 ,his name was ,don ,pedro1 and at that time he was ,emperor of ,brazil4 ,because he was the ruler of a country1 the officers of the ,centennial showed him every attention1 and tried to make his visit alive with interest4 ,late one afternoon they took him to the room where the judges were examining objects entered for exhibits4 ,the judges were tired and wanted to go home4 ,they did not care to listen to a young man standing before them4 ,this young man was telling them that he had a new invention2 it was a telephone1 and would carry the sounds of the human voice by electricity4 ,the judges did not believe this1 and were about to dismiss the young man without even putting the receiver to their ears and seeing if he spoke the truth4 ,don ,pedro stood in the doorway listening4 ,he looked at the judges2 he looked at the young man1 and was disgusted and angered that an invention should not receive a fair trial4 ,he stepped forward and as he did so looked squarely at the young man4 ,to his surprise he recognized in him an acquaintance made while visiting in ,boston4 ,at once ,don ,pedro examined the new instrument and then turning to the judges asked permission to make a trial of it himself4 ,the young inventor went to the other end of the wire1 which was in another room1 and spoke into the transmitter some lines from a great poem4 ,don ,pedro heard perfectly1 and his praise changed the mind of the judges4 ,they decided to enter the invention as a toy that might amuse the public4 ,this toy was the ,bell telephone1 the young inventor was ,alexander ,graham ,bell1 and he had the satisfaction of seeing the toy become the greatest attraction to visitors at the ,centennial4 ,this must have brought comfort to his heart1 for ,mr4 ,bell had been trying for some time to have people see what a convenience his invention would be4 ,he had first thought of the telephone while searching for some way to help deaf mutes to talk4 ,his father and grandfather had both been voice teachers in ,edinburgh and ,london1 so when young ,alexander came to ,america to seek his fortune it was natural he should teach methods of using the voice4 ,but his pupils were unfortunate persons who could not talk because they were unable to hear the sounds of the voice4 ,his father had worked out a plan for teaching the deaf1 that the young man improved4 ,it was based on observation of the position of the lips and other vocal organs1 while uttering each sound4 ,one by one the pupil learned the sounds by sight4 ,then he learned combinations of sounds and at last came to where he could read the lips and tell what a person was saying by looking at his moving lips4 ,so you see ,alexander ,graham ,bell knew a great deal about the way we talk4 ,he kept studying and working in his efforts to help his pupils1 and his knowledge of the human ear gave him the first idea of his remarkable invention4 ,he thought if the small and thin ear drum could send thrills and vibrations through heavy bones1 then it should be possible for a small piece of electrified iron to make an iron ear drum vibrate4 ,in his imagination he saw two iron ear drums far apart but connected by an electrified wire4 ,one end of the wire was to catch the vibrations of the sound1 and the other was to reproduce them4 ,he was sure he could make an instrument of this kind1 for he said1 ,if ,i can make deaf mutes talk1 ,i can make iron talk4 ,one of his pupils helped him to do this by her words of sympathy and interest4 ,she was a young girl named ,mabel ,hubbard4 ,while still a baby she had lost her hearing1 and consequently her speech1 through an attack of scarlet fever4 ,she was a bright1 lovable girl1 and had learned to talk through the teaching of ,alexander ,graham ,bell4 ,her father was a man of great public spirit and the best friend ,mr4 ,bell had in bringing the telephone before the public4 ,mabel ,hubbard became the wife of her teacher1 and encouraged him constantly to try and try again until his telephone would work4 ,professor ,bell made his first instrument in odd hours after he had finished teaching for the day4 ,you may smile when you hear he used in making it an old cigar box1 two hundred feet of wire1 and two magnets taken from a toy fish pond4 ,but this was because he was very poor and had scarcely any money to spend on materials for his experiments4 ,but he kept on working1 and after the ,centennial he was able to found a company and put his new invention on the market4 ,the company had little money1 so ,mr4 ,bell lectured and explained his work4 ,by this means he not only raised money1 but established his name as the inventor of the telephone4 ,there were a number of other students who had been thinking along the same lines as ,mr4 ,bell1 but he went farther than any one else and was the first to carry the sounds of the human voice by electricity4 ,in the year #ahgg1 the telephone was put into practical use for the public4 ,it grew slowly4 ,people did not realize how it could help them and they looked upon having a telephone as a luxury rather than a necessity4 ,it was in the same year that the first long distance line was established4 ,today1 when we can talk from ,boston to ,san ,francisco1 it seems strange to read that the first long distance telephone reached only from ,boston to ,salem1 a distance of sixteen miles4 ,but then ,mr4 ,bell thought twenty miles would be the limit at which it would be possible to send messages4 ,so you see the ,salem line was really quite long enough to satisfy the inventor1 whose first instrument could convey sound only from the basement to the second story of a single building4 ,before long the reward that follows struggles and trials came to ,alexander ,graham ,bell4 ,the telephone went around the world because so many countries adopted it4 ,japan was the first1 but she was followed quickly by others4 ,it went to far off ,abyssinia1 where it is said the monkeys use the cables for swings and the elephants use the poles for scratching posts4 ,mr4 ,bell saw his invention enter every field of activity4 ,it brought him riches and honor1 but1 more than all1 it became a servant of mankind1 and he could feel he had given a blessing to every class of people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,country6 ,and for your ,country1 boy1 and for that ,flag1 never dream a dream but of serving her as she bids you1 even though the service carry you through a thousand hells4 ,no matter what happens to you1 no matter who flatters you or who abuses you1 never look at another flag1 never let a night pass but you pray ,god to bless that ,flag4 ,remember1 boy1 that behind officers and government1 and people even1 there is the ,country ,herself2 your ,country1 and you belong to ,her as you belong to your own mother4 ,stand by ,her1 boy1 as you would stand by your mother4 --,,edward ,,everett ,,hale4 ,illustration3 ,,ex-,,president ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,addressing the ,home ,defense ,league ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,a little boy lived in the greatest city of the ,united ,states4 ,he looked out from the windows of his home and saw tall buildings rising1 story upon story1 until they seemed to meet the sky4 ,he saw narrow streets that twisted and turned in the queerest manner4 ,through these streets crowds of people were forever hurrying4 ,there was no chance for this boy to run races1 to play ball1 to ride a horse1 to row1 or swim4 ,he could not have a garden because the city lot on which his home stood was1 like all the lots around it1 just large enough for the house1 so he had no yard4 ,where could he play and exercise8 ,he was not strong1 and his loving parents wanted him to grow into a healthy1 hearty boy4 ,can you guess what they did for him8 ,they turned their back porch into a gymnasium4 ,here he could have great sport and some hard work too4 ,hard1 because at first he was so delicate he could not do what other boys did4 ,he tried to climb the long pole that hung from the ceiling1 but would slip back and have to begin all over again4 ,however1 he did not give up1 but kept on trying until one day he reached the top4 ,how proud he was6 ,he grew so daring that the neighbors were frightened1 but his mother only said1 ,if the ,lord hadn't taken care of ,theodore ,roosevelt he would have been killed long ago4 ,fortunately not all his life was to be spent in the crowded city1 for his parents bought a country home on ,long ,island overlooking ,oyster ,bay4 ,theodore went there in the summer and had a chance to live out of doors4 ,he tramped the woods1 knew all the birds1 hunted coon1 gathered walnuts1 and fished in pools for minnows4 ,but even with all these outdoor pastimes he was far from well4 ,often he had choking spells of asthma at night4 ,then his father would hitch a team of horses1 wrap his little invalid boy up warmly1 and1 taking him in his arms1 drive fifteen or twenty miles in the darkness4 ,this was the only way he could get his breath4 ,twice his father and mother took him to ,europe in the hope of improving his health4 ,a playmate remembers him as a tall1 thin lad with bright eyes1 and legs like pipe-stems4 ,he was not able to go to school regularly1 so missed the fun of being with other boys4 ,most of his studying was done at home under private teachers1 and in this way he prepared for college4 ,theodore ,roosevelt spent four years at ,harvard ,university and was graduated in #ahhj4 ,it had been his aim to develop good health and a strong body1 as well as to succeed in his studies4 ,this was a struggle1 but he won the fight1 and1 in speaking of himself at the time of his leaving college1 he says3 ,i determined to be strong and well and did everything to make myself so4 ,by the time ,i entered ,harvard1 ,i was able to take part in whatever sports ,i liked4 ,i wrestled and sparred1 and ,i ran a great deal1 and1 although ,i never came in first1 ,i got more out of the exercise than those who did1 because ,i immensely enjoyed it and never injured myself4 ,some time after leaving college1 the frontier life of the ,wild ,west called him4 ,the lonely and pathless plains thrilled him1 and he became a ranchman4 ,his new home was a log house called ,elkhorn ,ranch in ,north ,dakota4 ,here he raised his own chickens1 grew his own vegetables1 and got fresh meat with his gun4 ,he bought cattle until he had thousands of head1 all bearing the brand of a ,maltese ,cross4 ,no fences confined these cattle1 and sometimes they would wander for hundreds of miles4 ,twice a year it was the custom to round up all the ,maltese herds for the purpose of branding the calves and cutting out the cattle which were fat enough to be shipped to market4 ,on these round-ups1 ,theodore ,roosevelt did his share of the work4 ,often this meant he rode fifty miles in the morning before finding the cattle4 ,by noon he and his cowboys would have driven many herds into one big herd moving towards a wagon that had come out from the ranch4 ,this wagon brought food for the men1 and ,mr4 ,roosevelt has remarked1 ,no meals ever tasted better than those eaten out on the prairie4 ,dinner over1 the work of branding and selecting could be done4 ,sometimes ,mr4 ,roosevelt spent twenty-four hours at a stretch in the saddle1 dismounting only to get a fresh pony4 ,he did everything that his men did1 and endured the hardship as well as the pleasure of ranch life4 ,often during the round-up he slept in the snow1 wrapped in blankets1 with no tent to shield him from the freezing cold4 ,although he kept ,elkhorn ,ranch for twelve years he gradually quit the cattle business and spent more and more time in ,new ,york ,city where he entered political life4 ,but his vacations always found him in the ,west where his greatest pleasure was hunting4 ,he hunted all over his ranch and through the ,rocky ,mountains beyond4 ,frequently he would go off alone with only a slicker1 some hardtack1 and salt behind his saddle1 and his horse and rifle as his only companions4 ,once he had no water to drink for twenty-four hours and then had to use some from a muddy pool4 ,but such adventures were sport for him1 and he liked to see how much exposure he could stand4 ,then he would return to the ,east1 rested and refreshed4 ,when war between ,spain and the ,united ,states was declared in #ahih1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt was ,assistant ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,he resigned this office1 saying1 ,i must get into the fight myself4 ,it is a just war and the sooner we meet it1 the better4 ,now that it has come ,i have no right to ask others to do the fighting while ,i stay at home4 ,he decided to raise a regiment made up of men he had known in the ,west1 together with adventure loving ,easterners1 and call them his ,rough ,riders4 ,he borrowed the name from the circus4 ,the idea set the country aflame1 and within a month the regiment was raised1 equipped1 and on ,cuban soil4 ,there was never a stranger group of men gathered together4 ,cowboys and ,indians rode with eastern college boys and ,new ,york policemen4 ,they were all ready to follow their leader1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,roosevelt4 ,they were full-blooded ,americans4 ,they believed in their country1 and they obeyed their leader1 not because they had to do so but because it was right that they should obey4 ,the most important battle in which the ,rough ,riders engaged was that of ,san ,juan ,hill1 ,july #a and #b1 #ahih4 ,this helped to decide the war4 ,roosevelt led the charge4 ,his horse became entangled in a barb wire fence1 but he jumped off1 ran ahead1 and still kept in front of his men4 ,he lived up to his advice1 ,when in doubt1 go ahead4 ,at the close of the war1 when the ,rough ,riders returned to the ,united ,states1 they landed on ,long ,island and the country rang with applause4 ,the men could talk of no one but their commander1 ,colonel ,roosevelt4 ,the last night in camp was given over to a great celebration1 and when goodbyes were said1 he told them1 ,outside of my own family ,i shall always feel stronger ties exist between you and me than exist between me and anyone else on earth4 ,after his bravery in the war1 every one in the ,united ,states admired ,theodore ,roosevelt1 and was glad to honor him4 ,he was elected ,governor of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,two years later1 when ,william ,mc,kinley was made president1 ,roosevelt was chosen as vice-president4 ,he had held this office but three months when ,president ,mc,kinley was killed1 and ,theodore ,roosevelt became president of the country he loved to serve4 ,in #aijd he was elected president to succeed himself1 and so for seven and one-half years he gave his energies to the greatest office in our country4 ,when his duties in the ,white ,house ended1 he went on a long hunting trip to ,south ,africa4 ,there he killed many strange and savage animals4 ,these he had mounted and sent home to government museums so they could be observed and studied4 ,returning to the ,united ,states as a private citizen1 he spent much time in writing1 for he had always liked to set down his ideas and experiences4 ,if you look in a library catalogue1 you will find ,theodore ,roosevelt wrote more than twenty books during his life4 ,he died at his ,sagamore ,hill home in #aibj1 after a life of vigorous activity to the last4 ,so we see he was a cowboy1 a hunter1 an author1 a soldier1 and president1 but it was not for any of these achievements alone that we honor ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,it is because he was first1 last1 and always1 an ,american1 eager to serve our country and follow its free flag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,speak softly and carry a big stick4 ,,roosevelt',s ,,favorite ,,proverb4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,john ,j4 ,,pershing ,,on ,a ,,favorite ,,mount ,,john ,,pershing ,for two long years we in ,america watched the progress of the great ,european ,war4 ,again and again1 as we read the accounts of battles in which thousands of the brightest1 best educated young men in ,europe were cut down1 we ardently prayed that we in ,america might escape the scourge of war4 ,protected by the broad ,atlantic1 we hoped that we might not be drawn into this vortex of destruction4 ,finally1 all our hopes were blasted when ,germany1 with her sly submarines1 began sinking our ships and drowning our citizens4 ,as this was more than any honorable nation could endure1 we1 too1 took up arms against ,germany4 ,no sooner had we entered the war than the task of raising a large army was earnestly begun1 and within a few weeks training camps were established in every part of our country4 ,after raising the army the next most important task was to find a general big enough to lead it4 ,in this hour of need the nation turned to ,general ,john ,pershing1 and asked him to lead our boys on the bloody battle fields of ,europe4 ,as soon as he was chosen1 ,general ,pershing1 better known as ,jack ,pershing1 sailed for ,europe4 ,days before he arrived the eyes of all ,europe were turned in eager expectation1 and as soon as he reached there1 the people gave him a joyous welcome and extended to him every possible courtesy4 ,from the first1 ,europe liked ,general ,pershing4 ,tall1 broad shouldered1 deep-chested1 with frank1 clear eyes1 he impressed all with the fact that he was indeed a soldier4 ,the social life of ,london and ,paris had small attraction for ,general ,pershing2 he was restless for the battle front that he might thoroughly learn the war game1 so that he could better teach it to our ,american boys4 ,for weeks1 associating with ,french and ,english officers1 he studied methods of modern warfare4 ,as he was doing this a vast army of ,american boys landed in ,france1 and it has now fallen to the lot of ,general ,jack ,pershing to lead these brave lads into the midst of the most deadly war of all time4 ,who then is ,jack ,pershing8 ,where did he come from1 and what has he done that should merit the confidence thus placed in him8 ,general ,pershing was born in ,linn ,county1 ,missouri1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahfj4 ,as his parents were poor1 young ,jack1 from very early in life1 had to work hard4 ,able to attend school for only a few months each winter1 the lad often longed for a better opportunity to get an education4 ,finally he was able to go for a term to the ,normal ,school at ,kirksville1 ,missouri4 ,this was a proud day for him4 ,but soon he had to quit school as his money had given out4 ,fortunately1 he was able to pass the teacher's examination1 and soon began teaching a country school4 ,now that he had a taste of knowledge1 he resolved not to stop until he had secured a good education4 ,accordingly1 he was soon back in the ,normal ,school1 where he was graduated at the age of twenty4 ,in less than a month after his graduation1 he learned of a competitive examination for entrance into ,west ,point ,military ,academy4 ,with no rich or influential friends to help him1 the young normal graduate had little hope of getting into ,west ,point4 ,so excellent1 however1 were his examination papers that the poor ,missouri boy was readily accepted and soon became a student in this great ,military ,academy4 ,how fortunate that he was a hard working student and passed that examination1 otherwise ,america today would be without ,general ,pershing4 ,relieved of all financial burden1 for the government paid all his expenses in ,west ,point1 he settled down to four years of hard work4 ,so successful was he in this work that upon his graduation he was made senior cadet captain--the highest honor ,west ,point can give to any student4 ,immediately after graduation he was sent into ,new ,mexico and ,arizona to help settle ,indian difficulties4 ,life among the cowboys and ,indians was indeed exciting1 but perhaps his most exciting experience was with an ,apache ,chief by the name of ,geronimo4 ,this old chief1 with his group of warriors1 had defied the entire ,united ,states for two years4 ,finally he fled into ,mexico and young ,pershing with his army was sent in pursuit4 ,odd as it may seem1 the old ,indian chief took almost the same route through ,mexico that ,villa followed some thirty years later4 ,no doubt ,general ,pershing in his pursuit of ,villa often thought of his experiences years before when after ,geronimo and his warriors4 ,after spending several years in the ,southwest1 at the age of thirty1 he was made ,professor of ,military ,tactics in the ,university of ,nebraska4 ,here he remained four years during which time1 in addition to his work as teacher1 he completed the law course in the ,university4 ,his next promotion pleased him greatly1 for he was chosen a professor in his old school1 ,west ,point1 where he remained but one year when the ,cuban ,war broke out4 ,immediately he felt his country's call1 and with the ,tenth ,united ,states ,cavalry sailed for ,cuba4 ,no sooner did he land than he found himself in the thick of the war4 ,among the hardest battles he was in were those at ,san ,juan ,hill and ,santiago de ,cuba4 ,twice during this war he was recommended for brevet commissions for personal gallantry1 untiring energy1 and faithfulness4 ,general ,baldwin1 under whom he served1 had this to say of him1 ,i have been in many fights1 through the ,civil ,war1 but ,captain ,pershing is the coolest man under fire ,i ever saw4 ,at the close of the ,cuban ,war he was made ,commissioner of ,insular ,affairs with headquarters in ,washington4 ,here he remained but a short time when again he heard his country's call and was sent to the far distant ,philippine ,islands4 ,the task assigned him was by no means easy4 ,on ,mindanao1 one of the larger islands in the group1 lived the ,moros4 ,so cruel and fierce were they that during all the years ,spain held the ,islands she had never attempted to civilize them4 ,to ,pershing was given the task of going back into the mountains and capturing these ,moros4 ,to him was assigned the most stubborn problem the ,islands presented4 ,the best description of this ,moro campaign is written by ,rowland ,thompson who says3 ,up in the hills of western ,mindanao some thirty miles from the sea1 lies ,lake ,linao1 and around it live one hundred thousand fierce1 proud1 uncivilized ,mohammedans1 a set of murderous farmers who loved a fight so well that they were willing at any time to die for the joy of combat1 whose simple creed makes the killing of ,christians a virtue4 ,pershing warned the hot-head of them all1 the ,sultan1 if there were any further trouble he would destroy their stronghold4 ,the ,sultan in his fortress1 with walls of earth and living bamboo forty feet thick1 laughed at the warning4 ,in two days his fortress was in ruins4 ,so skillful was ,pershing's attack that he captured the stronghold with the loss of but two men4 ,in a similar manner he later took stronghold after stronghold until finally all the ,moros were conquered4 ,having subdued the ,moros he was then made ,governor of the ,island1 holding the office until he was sent to help settle the bandit difficulty on the ,mexican border4 ,in his journey from the ,philippine ,islands to the ,mexican border1 ,general ,pershing was called upon to fight the hardest battle of his entire life4 ,leaving his wife and four children at the ,presidio ,hotel in ,san ,francisco1 he went to ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 to rent a house4 ,while in ,el ,paso he was shocked to get a telegram stating that the ,presidio had burned and that his wife and three daughters had perished in the flames4 ,surely this was enough to crush an ordinary man1 but again he showed the superior qualities of his manhood by bearing up bravely1 and continuing faithfully to perform the responsible tasks assigned him4 ,though the ,mexican trouble did not give ,general ,pershing a chance to show his ability to lead men under fire1 it did give him ample opportunity to convince his countrymen that he possessed remarkable skill in rounding up and developing a large army4 ,during the ,world ,war1 ,general ,pershing was placed in command of the entire ,american ,army in ,europe and1 through his wise council and able handling of his forces1 was proclaimed one of the greatest officers who took part in this great war4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lafayette1 we are here6 --,,general ,,pershing ,,at ,,lafayette',s ,,tomb4 ,illustration3 ,,ex-,,president ,,william ,h4 ,,taft ,at ,his ,son's ,wedding ,,william ,,howard ,,taft ,most great men have been born poor4 ,for one in early life to struggle with poverty seems to prepare him in later years to struggle with the big problems that make men great4 ,to be born amid wealth too often has a softening effect4 ,pampered with all that money can buy1 the rich lad looks to others rather than to his own efforts4 ,not so with ,william ,howard ,taft4 ,though he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth1 as we sometimes say1 and fortune smiled upon him1 he was never spoiled2 but on the contrary he early developed a capacity for hard work1 and a willingness to take rather than avoid hard knocks4 ,these1 as we shall see1 insured his success in later life4 ,born as he was in a beautiful home in the aristocratic section of ,cincinnati1 his boyhood surroundings were almost ideal4 ,not only was his home provided with every comfort1 but it also was one in which culture and refinement reigned4 ,when you are told that young ,william's father held the following positions1 ,judge of the ,superior ,court of ,cincinnati1 ,secretary of ,war under ,president ,grant1 ,attorney ,general1 ,minister to ,austria and to ,russia1 you will readily see that the lad's home life was truly stimulating4 ,as you study the picture of ,mr4 ,taft1 you will observe that he is an extremely large man1 weighing nearly three hundred pounds4 ,unlike many men1 he did not become fleshy in his maturer years1 but from his boyhood has been large and1 as the boys say1 fat4 ,when a mere lad he was a plump1 chubby1 roly-poly chap who was always liked because he was so good-natured4 ,can you guess the nicknames the other boys gave him8 ,sometimes they called him ,lubber1 but most of the time he was hailed simply as ,lub4 ,big1 over-grown boys are sure to be awkward1 and ,lub was no exception4 ,if he started to run across a field with the other boys1 he was sure to fall4 ,when they turned to gather him up1 they would fairly roll with laughter1 declaring that he was too fat to see where he was stepping4 ,the fact that when he fell he was sure to land on his head1 caused the boys to call him ,lead-,head and ,cotton-,body4 ,when he entered the ,woodward ,high ,school1 the boys changed his nickname from ,lub to ,old ,bill and later to plain ,bill4 ,in high school he was too fat to run1 too slow for baseball1 and didn't care for football4 ,at seventeen he had graduated from high school and was about to enter ,yale4 ,can you imagine him as he enters that great ,university8 ,with beardless cheeks that were as red as an apple1 and able to tip the scales at two hundred thirty pounds1 he seemed indeed a giant4 ,no longer was he chubby and awkward2 he was now broad shouldered1 tall and sure of step4 ,his muscles were so firm that he was a hard antagonist for anyone4 ,hardly had he entered school before he got mixed up in one of the many college rushes of those days4 ,in that particular rush ,taft went crashing through the sophomores like a catapult4 ,one1 a man of his own weight1 leaped in front of him4 ,then ,taft let forth a joyous roar and charged6 ,he grappled with the other ,ajax1 lifted him bodily1 and heaved him over his head4 ,no wonder he got the nickname of ,bull ,taft4 ,of course a chap capable of such a feat must join the football squad1 said the fellows of the ,university4 ,but ,bill's father back in ,cincinnati had entirely different plans for the giant freshman4 ,he was eager to have his son win his laurels in the classroom rather than on the gridiron4 ,the father1 while in ,yale1 had won honors1 and why shouldn't his son8 ,furthermore1 ,bill had some pride1 for already his brother had carried away from ,yale high honors in scholarship1 and1 if possible1 ,bill was not to be outdone by his brother4 ,accordingly1 he settled down to four years of downright hard work1 and from day to day1 lesson by lesson1 he slowly made his way close to the head of the class4 ,that he acquired1 while in college1 a relish for hard work is shown by the fact that as soon as he had graduated he undertook three jobs at the same time3 he studied law in his father's law office1 carried the regular work of the ,cincinnati ,law ,school1 and was court reporter for ,the ,times ,star of ,cincinnati4 ,so rapid was his achievement that at the age of twenty-four he was made ,internal ,revenue ,collector at a salary of #dejj a year4 ,surely this was a good salary for a man so young4 ,but other promotions were destined to come in close succession2 for1 at the age of twenty-nine he was made ,judge of the ,superior ,court of ,ohio1 and a year later was appointed by ,president ,harrison ,solicitor-,general of the ,united ,states at a salary of #gjjj a year4 ,after three years of service as a ,solicitor-,general1 ,president ,harrison made him ,judge of the ,federal ,court of the ,sixth ,circuit that included ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee4 ,as judge of this court1 several of the most famous cases in our history came before him1 and in every case his power of analysis was so manifest1 and his decision so just that the entire nation learned to look to him with confidence4 ,into his court came1 on the one hand employers who were eager for every possible advantage1 and were willing to crush labor in order to gain it2 and on the other hand laborers who distrusted their employers and were morbid and resentful4 ,to preside over a court where force was thus meeting force1 where battle lines were distinctly drawn was no small task4 ,mr4 ,taft1 however1 since he was always fair and kind1 since he possessed largeness of vision and pureness of soul1 was big enough for the task4 ,at this time in ,judge ,taft's life he seems to have had but one ambition--he desired to become a ,judge of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states4 ,but while he was eagerly looking in that direction1 his nation was preparing other and greater tasks for him4 ,far across the broad ,pacific lie the ,philippine ,islands--more than three thousand of them4 ,on these islands live eight million people4 ,as a result of our war with ,spain these islands came into our possession2 but what were we to do with them8 ,representing as they did every stage of development from ,university graduates to ,moro headhunters1 the task of governing them was indeed difficult4 ,who should be assigned this task8 ,where was a man big enough to bring order out of confusion and mould these widely divergent tribes into a unified colony8 ,president ,mc,kinley and those in authority with him finally decided that ,judge ,taft was the man for the place4 ,accordingly1 he was soon seen on the broad ,pacific hurrying to the task that awaited him4 ,from island to island he and his commissioners journeyed studying conditions4 ,everywhere he found the people suspicious and eager to state their grievances4 ,naturally kind1 frank and fair1 he so won their confidence that he was soon able to direct their efforts4 ,it is impossible here to tell of his remarkable work in the ,islands4 ,as ,governor-,general he greatly reduced the death rate by introducing sanitary conditions2 he established and developed a free public school system1 and1 most important of all1 he trained the ,filipinos in the art of self government4 ,from ,governor-,general of the ,philippines ,mr4 ,taft was made ,secretary of ,war4 ,fortunately1 his experiences in the ,islands1 in a peculiar manner1 fitted him for this new responsibility2 for1 during his entire sojourn in the ,philippines he had come in closest contact with the soldiers4 ,as they at all times were his closest companions1 he learned to understand them perfectly4 ,able to get their viewpoint on all matters pertaining to war1 he was able to secure from the start the highest possible cooperation4 ,his greatest single task as ,secretary of ,war was to finish building the ,panama ,canal1 and indeed this was a task2 but the ,big ,man kept at the big job until finally it was completed4 ,but the crowning event in the life of this great man was his election to the presidency of the ,united ,states4 ,here he was the same frank1 genuine man he had always been4 ,had he been more of a politician he1 no doubt1 would have gained greater popular favor1 but1 after all1 the approval of the multitudes is not the highest goal to be sought4 ,above this is fidelity to duty1 and this ,mr4 ,taft always possessed in an unusual degree4 ,with the completion of his term in the ,white ,house he did not withdraw from active life as so many ex-presidents have done2 on the contrary1 he became at once a member of the faculty of his beloved ,yale ,university4 ,during the great ,world ,war1 ,mr4 ,taft was made director of the ,american ,red ,cross ,association1 and in #aibj he became the ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court4 ,,luther ,,burbank ,to whom does ,luther ,burbank belong8 ,massachusetts1 in old ,new ,england1 claims him as her son4 ,but far to the west1 proud ,california1 kissed by the majestic ,pacific1 declares that he more truly belongs to her4 ,but why argue8 ,a man whose life has so materially blessed mankind everywhere belongs to the whole world4 ,recently1 in far way ,france1 when the name of ,mr4 ,burbank was spoken in the ,chamber of ,deputies in ,paris1 every member arose to his feet as a tribute of honor4 ,but why do we all claim ,luther ,burbank8 ,why is his name a household word in every country8 ,because1 without him1 the world today would no doubt be hungry4 ,mr4 ,burbank was born almost beneath the shadow of ,bunker ,hill ,monument on the seventh day of ,march1 #ahdi4 ,when able to toddle about1 his playmates were plants rather than animals4 ,oddly enough his first doll was a cactus plant that he carried about proudly until one day he fell and broke it4 ,as a boy he was not strong1 and did not like the rougher sports4 ,in school he was bashful1 retiring1 and serious4 ,though a good student he could neither recite well nor speak pieces1 as he was afraid even of his own voice4 ,illustration3 ,,luther ,,burbank ,world ,famous ,plant ,wizard ,when he was just a lad he was taken out of school and put to work in a plow factory that belonged to his uncle4 ,but he did not like the factory4 ,often he longed for the out of doors with its plants and flowers4 ,so strong was this desire for the out of doors that he left the factory and began truck gardening on a small scale2 and it was while caring for this truck garden that he developed the ,burbank potato1 thus achieving his first success4 ,so valuable was this discovery that the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture declares that the ,burbank potato has added to the wealth of this country seventeen million dollars each year since this variety was developed4 ,when twenty-six years of age1 ,mr4 ,burbank decided that the climate and soil of far-away ,california were best suited to his work4 ,accordingly1 with ten of his best potatoes1 and his small savings1 he started across the continent4 ,when his journey was ended he found himself in a fertile but unimproved valley about fifty miles north of ,san ,francisco4 ,on either side of this beautiful valley were spurs of the ,coast ,range ,mountains4 ,his first task was to find work1 but as few people at that time lived in the region1 jobs were hard to get4 ,in speaking of this period of his life1 ,mr4 ,burbank says3 ,one day ,i heard that a man was building a house4 ,i went to him and asked him for the job of shingling it4 ,he asked me what ,i would do it for4 ,the regular price was two dollars and a half a thousand1 but ,i was so anxious for the work that ,i offered to do it for one dollar and seventy-five cents4 ',all right1' he said1 'come and begin tomorrow4' ,but ,i had no shingling hammer and all the cash ,i had in the world was seventy-five cents1 which ,i at once expended in purchasing the necessary hammer4 ,next morning when ,i reached the job1 my new hammer in hand1 all ready to go to work1 ,i was surprised and--what shall ,i say--dismayed1 to find another man already at work1 while the owner calmly came to me and said1 ',i guess you'll have to let that job go1 as this man here has undertaken to do it for one dollar a thousand4' ,how disappointed ,i was6 ,i had spent my last cent1 had a hammer that was no use to me now1 and no job4 ,but ,i kept a stiff upper lip and work soon came1 and ,i've never been so hard up since4 ,mr4 ,harwood in describing this period in the life of ,mr4 ,burbank says3 ,the man who was to become the foremost figure in the world in his line of work1 and who was to pave the way by his own discoveries and creations for others of all lands to follow his footsteps1 was a stranger in a strange land1 close to starvation1 penniless1 beset by disease1 hard by the gates of death4 ,but never for an instant did this heroic figure lose hope1 never did he abandon confidence in himself nor did he swerve from the path he had marked out4 ,in the midst of all he kept an unshaken faith4 ,he accepted the trials that came1 not as a matter of course1 not tamely1 nor with any mock heroism1 but as a passing necessity4 ,his resolution was of iron1 his will of steel1 his heart of gold2 he was fighting in the splendid armor of a clean life4 ,as a result of his industry1 in a few years1 ,mr4 ,burbank was able to buy four acres of land where he started a nursery4 ,from the first this enterprise was successful4 ,upon this plot he built a modest home where he still resides4 ,here1 and on a larger plot a few miles distant1 all his remarkable experiments have been made4 ,before we learn more about his achievements ,i am sure we should like to become better acquainted with the man4 ,suppose1 then1 we invite ,professor ,edward ,wickson of the ,university of ,california1 who knows him well1 to tell us about him4 ,mr4 ,burbank is of medium stature and rather slender form2 light eyes and dark hair1 now rapidly running to silver4 ,his countenance is very mobile1 lighting up quickly and as quickly receding to the seriousness of earnest attention1 only to rekindle with a smile or relax into a laugh1 if the subject be in the lighter vein4 ,he is exceedingly quick in apprehension1 seeming to anticipate the speaker1 but never intruding upon his speech4 ,there is always a suggestion of shyness in his manner1 and there is ever present a deep respectfulness4 ,he is frank1 open-hearted1 and out-spoken4 ,all his actions are artless and quiet2 even the modulations of his voice follow the lower keys4 ,but1 you ask1 what marvelous things has this modest man done that should make his name a household word the world over8 ,all truly great people have high ideals that guide them in their work4 ,the one ideal that guides ,mr4 ,burbank is his love for humanity4 ,naturally sympathetic1 he cannot endure the thought of human suffering4 ,since so much human misery is due to lack of food1 to hunger1 he has resolved if possible to make the world produce more bread4 ,but how can he do this8 ,if only he can get each head of wheat to produce just one additional grain then the problem will be solved--for then the wheat crop of this country will be increased five million two hundred thousand bushels4 ,year after year he worked at this task until finally each head of wheat actually did produce more grains4 ,now that he has succeeded in increasing the yield of wheat1 he has resolved not to stop until the yield of all the cereals is increased in a like manner4 ,by what principle1 then1 does he accomplish these marvelous feats8 ,what are his methods8 ,eager as we are to understand them1 doubtless most of us must wait until we have learned a great deal about science1 for his methods are extremely scientific4 ,though unable to comprehend his methods1 we are able to appreciate the results of his work4 ,so marvelous are these results that they seem like fairy tales4 ,for example1 he has developed a white blackberry2 but this is not all1 he has developed blackberry plants so large that a single plant produces more than a bushel of berries4 ,i am sure that we all like strawberries so well that sometimes we have wished that the strawberry season were not so short2 and in the future it will not be1 for he has produced plants that bear strawberries all summer4 ,mr4 ,burbank1 knowing that boys and girls are likely to hit their fingers cracking walnuts1 has developed a walnut with a very thin shell1 so thin in fact that the birds can break through it and help themselves to the meat4 ,now he has to thicken the shell again4 ,how should you like to eat a peach that had1 instead of the ordinary stone1 a fine almond in the center8 ,in the future you may eat just such peaches1 for ,mr4 ,burbank has developed them4 ,most of us have seen the ordinary cactus4 ,we have been very careful1 however1 not to touch it as the spines are sure to prick us4 ,it is interesting to know that the cactus is a desert plant--that1 though millions of acres of arid land in the ,west can produce little else1 they can produce enormous quantities of cactus4 ,unfortunately1 these plants have always been useless as neither man nor beast would eat them4 ,true1 cattle liked them1 but the cruel spines made the eating of them impossible4 ,as good pasture lands are so scarce in the ,west1 ,mr4 ,burbank wondered why a cactus could not be developed that had no spines4 ,accordingly1 he began his work1 and already has accomplished results far greater than he had expected4 ,not only has he developed spineless cactus1 thus redeeming millions of acres of desert land for the use of animals1 but he has also developed scores of varieties that are pleasing to the taste of man4 ,some taste like the cantaloupe1 others like the peach1 and still others like the plum or pomegranate4 ,fortunately1 they ripen at all times during the year and can be carried to every part of the country without decaying en route4 ,through the efforts of ,mr4 ,burbank the hitherto worthless cactus has become the most promising fruit of the desert4 ,just as ,mr4 ,burbank has improved the wheat1 the blackberry1 the strawberry1 the peach1 and the cactus1 so he has increased the yield and improved the quality of practically every cereal1 fruit1 and vegetable4 ,true1 he has not made a great fortune for himself1 but a knowledge that tens of thousands who otherwise might go hungry are1 because of his efforts1 fed1 must give him a satisfaction that is far greater than money could give4 ,and1 after all1 doesn't true greatness lie in giving to others rather than in gathering to one's self8 99 99 99 99 99 ,and he gave it as his opinion1 that whoever could make two ears of corn1 or two blades of grass1 to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before1 would deserve better of mankind and do more essential service to his country1 than the whole race of politicians put together4 --,,dean ,,swift4 ,,clara ,,barton ,in the little ,maryland village of ,glen ,echo1 a frail1 gentle old lady was taking leave of this world one ,april day1 in the year #aiab4 ,she was greatly beloved and many friends from every state in the ,union sent her words of comfort and cheer4 ,they praised her noble work and called her ,the ,guardian ,angel of the suffering1 but the little old lady looked into the faces of those about her and said1 ,i know of nothing remarkable that ,i have done4 ,she was ,clara ,barton1 the woman who brought the ,red ,cross to our country2 but1 being accustomed to working always for others1 her labors did not seem great or unusual to her4 ,today we know she is one of the heroines of the world1 for she believed in the brotherhood of man1 and her aim was to relieve suffering humanity1 irrespective of nationality or creed4 ,her childhood was a happy1 joyous one spent in the little village of ,north ,oxford1 ,massachusetts4 ,she was the youngest child of a large family1 and her brothers and sisters were very proud of her because she learned so rapidly and because she was never afraid of anything4 ,she would follow her oldest brother about the house with a slate1 begging him to give her hard sums to do4 ,out of doors she was eager for adventure2 her brother ,david often said1 ,clara is never afraid1 she can ride any colt on the farm1 and often he would throw her on the bare back of a young horse and cry1 ,hold fast to the mane1 and away she would gallop over the fields4 ,illustration3 ,,clara ,,barton ,founder of the ,american ,red ,cross ,winter evenings the family would gather about the great fireplace in the living room and listen to the father tell of his experiences on the battle fields of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,he had been a soldier under the dashing ,general ,anthony ,wayne1 called ,mad ,anthony ,wayne1 because of his reckless daring4 ,clara was thrilled by these stories of army life1 and never tired of hearing her father recount them4 ,when ,clara was eleven years of age1 her brother ,david had a terrible fall1 and for more than two years he was a helpless invalid4 ,at once she became his nurse and he relied upon her for all manner of service1 preferring her to his older sister or even his mother4 ,clara is a born nurse1 said the family1 as they saw the care she was giving the boy1 and indeed she was4 ,it was a joy to her to wait upon the sick1 and she considered it no hardship to sacrifice herself4 ,when ,david was well1 ,clara went to school and prepared herself to teach4 ,her scholars found her an able teacher and liked her ways of instructing them4 ,we know this to be true1 because when she opened her first school she had only six pupils1 but her fame spread so rapidly that when ,june came six hundred children had entered her classes and were much disappointed when they found she could not teach them all but had to have assistant teachers4 ,the strain of planning for so many pupils was too heavy for her1 so she gave up teaching and took a position in the pension office at ,washington4 ,she was there at the beginning of the great war between the ,north and ,south1 and at once felt it to be her duty to leave her work and minister to the wounded soldiers4 ,at first she busied herself in the hospitals at ,washington1 but she longed to go to the front and help on the battle fields4 ,she told her father of her strong desire1 and he said to her1 ,go1 if you feel it your duty to go6 ,i know what soldiers are1 and ,i know that every true soldier will respect you and your errand4 ,at last our government gave her permission1 and she went to the front as fearless as any officer in the army4 ,amid the rain of shot and shell she went about on errands of mercy4 ,then there was no organized relief for the soldiers1 no ,red ,cross1 no ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 no help of any kind except what kind persons here and there over the country tried to give4 ,this was very little1 when compared to the vast amount of suffering1 but ,clara ,barton managed to gather supplies and money so that she was able to give assistance to both the boys in blue and the boys in gray4 ,she saved many lives1 she wrote countless letters home for wounded soldiers1 and she stood alone by the death-bed of many a brave fellow1 speaking words of comfort and cheer4 ,whenever anyone suggested that she was working beyond her strength1 she would say1 ,it is my duty1 and go on regardless of her personal welfare4 ,one of her best friends1 ,miss ,lucy ,larcom1 wrote of her as follows3 ,we may catch a glimpse of her at ,chantilly in the darkness of the rainy midnight1 bending over a dying boy who took her supporting arm and soothing voice for his sister's--or falling into a brief sleep on the wet ground in her tent1 almost under the feet of flying cavalry2 or riding in one of her trains of army-wagons towards another field1 subduing by the way a band of mutinous teamsters into her firm friends and allies2 or at the terrible battle at ,antietam1 where the regular army supplies did not arrive till three days afterward1 furnishing from her wagons cordials and bandages for the wounded1 making gruel for the fainting men from the meal in which her medicines had been packed1 extracting with her own hand a bullet from the cheek of a wounded soldier1 tending the fallen all day1 with her throat parched and her face blackened by sulphurous smoke1 and at night1 when the surgeons were dismayed at finding themselves left with only one half-burnt candle1 amid thousands of bleeding1 dying men1 illuming the field with candles and lanterns her forethought had supplied4 ,no wonder they called her ',the ,angel of the ,battle ,field'4 ,after the war1 ,president ,lincoln asked her to search for the thousands of men who were missing4 ,she at once visited the prisons1 helped the prisoners to regain their health1 and get in touch with their families4 ,besides this1 she searched the ,national ,cemeteries and had grave stones put over many of the graves telling who were buried there4 ,this work took four years1 and at the end of it she was so broken in health that she went abroad for a long rest4 ,while she was in ,switzerland she heard first of the ,red ,cross ,society and attended a meeting called to establish an ,international ,society4 ,twenty-four nations were represented at the meeting1 but the ,united ,states was not among that number4 ,for some years it refused to join4 ,miss ,barton devoted herself to showing our government that in joining the ,international ,red ,cross we would not be entangling ourselves in ,european affairs but would be working for the good of all men4 ,at last1 in #ahhg1 she won her victory1 and the ,united ,states signed the agreement of the ,red ,cross ,society4 ,this is called the ,treaty of ,geneva4 ,when the first meeting was held in ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 there were persons present who found fault with the plan4 ,they said the world should do away with warfare instead of caring for those it injured4 ,but the ,swiss ,president said it would take a long time for the world to learn to do without warfare4 ,he believed the ,red ,cross would help to bring about the era of peace by caring for the afflicted and relieving the horror of war4 ,the terrible struggle in ,europe is showing us the truth of his words1 for1 when we hear about the frightful happenings1 all the glory and grandeur of warfare fade away4 ,a man who sees far into the future1 has written1 ,some day the ,red ,cross will triumph over the cannon4 ,the future belongs to all helpful powers1 however humble1 for two allies are theirs1 suffering humanity and merciful ,god4 ,clara ,barton1 who also could look beyond her day1 saw another use for the ,red ,cross besides war service4 ,she said3 ,it need not apply to the battle field alone1 but we should help all those who need our help4 ,so the ,american ,red ,cross passed an amendment to the effect that its work should apply to all suffering from fires1 floods1 famine1 earthquake1 and other forms of disaster4 ,this amendment was finally adopted by all nations4 ,at the time of the ,spanish ,war1 ,miss ,barton was seventy years old1 but she went to ,cuba and did heroic work4 ,when the ,galveston flood occurred she was eighty1 but she went to the stricken community and helped in every way4 ,after giving up her active work1 she retired to ,glen ,echo and spent the remainder of her days quietly1 always interested in the great cause to which she had given her life4 ,we know what the ,american ,red ,cross does for our soldiers1 and whenever we see its emblem we should think of ,clara ,barton1 as a ,noble type of good1 heroic womanhood2 one who was kind1 humane1 and helpful to all peoples1 one who longed for the time when suffering and horror should pass away4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,w4 ,,goethals ,builder of the ,panama ,canal ,,george ,w4 ,,goethals ,the men who worked on the ,panama ,canal used to sing this little song of their own composing3 ,see ,colonel ,goethals1 ,tell ,colonel ,goethals1 ,it's the only right and proper thing to do4 ,just write a letter1 or even better1 ,arrange a little ,sunday interview4 ,colonel ,george ,w4 ,goethals was the chief engineer of the canal1 and when he arrived in ,panama he found that many of the men were discontented4 ,they felt they were not treated fairly4 ,now there were sixty-five thousand persons employed there1 and ,colonel ,goethals knew that if they were not kept well and in good spirits the great work would never be completed4 ,so he said he would be in his office every ,sunday morning at seven o'clock4 ,then1 any man or woman who had a complaint could come and tell him about it4 ,he was so wise1 and decided the cases with such fairness that the men came to believe in their new chief and were anxious to serve him4 ,it was when ,theodore ,roosevelt was ,president of the ,united ,states that ,colonel ,goethals was sent to ,panama4 ,president ,roosevelt was anxious to have our dream of a canal across the ,isthmus of ,panama come true1 but many persons in our country as well as in other parts of the world told him it was foolish to spend money on such an uncertain undertaking4 ,they said the great slides of gravel and sand along the sides of the canal could never be stopped4 ,they said the locks would never work4 ,president ,roosevelt paid no attention to these comments1 but selected ,colonel ,goethals because he was sure he could build the canal4 ,colonel ,goethals cared as little as ,president ,roosevelt for the opinion that the task was impossible4 ,in fact1 he told the ,president3 ,say nothing to such doubting persons4 ,by and by we will answer them with the canal4 ,we know that he did give such an answer4 ,he built the canal right through the red shifting hills of sand that threatened to slide down and choke his work4 ,he cut away a jungle so the banks of the canal could be kept free and open4 ,but best of all1 he taught order to the men who worked under him1 and they found out that he believed in them1 he believed in the work that he was doing1 and he believed in the ,government of the ,united ,states4 ,no wonder they made a song about him and praised his splendid leadership4 ,as his title tells us1 ,colonel ,goethals belongs to the regular army4 ,until he was appointed as the chief engineer of the ,panama ,canal1 no military man had been in charge there4 ,the men working on the canal were performing civil duties1 and in no way resembled soldiers4 ,when they heard a regular army officer was coming down1 they did not like the idea of having to obey just as if they were soldiers4 ,many of the foremen and officials told their men they would have to spend their time saluting ,colonel ,goethals and standing at attention with their little fingers against the seams of their trousers4 ,during the first days of his stay in ,panama1 a banquet was given in honor of ,colonel ,goethals1 for the men felt they must entertain their new chief1 though they were not friendly to him4 ,at this banquet1 they cheered the former engineer1 ,john ,g4 ,stevens1 and did not applaud ,colonel ,goethals when he appeared4 ,however he was exceedingly polite and did not notice their bad manners4 ,the men had expected to see him wear a full dress uniform1 and you can imagine how surprised they were when they saw him dressed in citizens' clothes4 ,never once while he was in ,panama did ,colonel ,goethals appear in uniform4 ,after the banquet there was a program of speeches4 ,each speaker made cutting remarks about the new military control1 but the ,colonel did not seem to notice their insults4 ,at last it was his time to speak4 ,he said only a few words1 but they changed the minds of his hearers4 ,he told them they were all there to build the canal4 ,they were working for their government1 the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,he wanted no salutes1 but he wanted work4 ,this pleased the men and they were ashamed of their impoliteness4 ,the ,colonel's first act was to organize the workmen into three divisions1 the ,atlantic1 the ,central1 and the ,pacific4 ,he put each under a superintendent4 ,then he stirred up contests between these divisions4 ,he would tell the men on the ,pacific division how rapidly the men on the ,atlantic division were digging or putting in concrete4 ,of course1 each division wanted to make the best showing1 and the men were always eager to get the ,canal ,record1 a small weekly newspaper1 so they could read the scores of the different divisions4 ,these scores grew to be more exciting than those of ball games1 and the men worked hard and well4 ,they liked ,colonel ,goethals and whenever he went by they saluted him2 not with the army salute which they had scorned1 but by waving their hands1 lifting their caps1 and greeting him with a smile on their lips and in their eyes4 ,they felt free to talk to him because they knew he was their friend4 ,shortly after he started his ,sunday morning office hours1 some of the lowest paid men told him that their bosses swore at them all day and used the worst kind of language4 ,at once he sent the following order out all over the ,canal ,zone4 ,,profane ,,language ,culebra1 ,c4 ,z4 ,aug4 #d1 #aiaa ,circular ,no4 #djj3 ,the use of profane or abusive language by foremen or others in authority1 when addressing subordinates1 will not be tolerated4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,goethals1 ,chairman and ,chief ,engineer4 ,some of the foreman did not talk much for a while1 they had been so used to swearing1 but the ,colonel's orders were obeyed4 ,the work then moved along smoothly and ,colonel ,goethals was looking forward to the end of his labors1 when one day an engineer on the ,panama ,railroad paid no attention to the signals and let his train run into the rear coaches of another train1 killing the conductor4 ,this engineer was drunk1 and it is against the rules of any railroad for an intoxicated person to be in its employ4 ,colonel ,goethals had the engineer arrested and put in jail4 ,however1 the man belonged to a labor union1 and this union sent a committee demanding that he release the engineer by seven o'clock that evening4 ,if he did not1 they would order all the men working along the canal to strike4 ,this meant that the work on the canal would stop1 and it might be weeks before it would be resumed4 ,they would wait1 they said1 for his answer until seven o'clock that evening4 ,colonel ,goethals listened to the committee1 then shook hands with them and went to his home4 ,seven o'clock came1 then eight4 ,the committee was worried4 ,they telephoned ,colonel ,goethals and asked for his answer4 ,he replied in surprise that they had it4 ,they said it had not reached them4 ,he reminded them that they intended to strike at seven o'clock if the man was not released1 and then said1 ,it is now eight o'clock2 if you call the penitentiary1 you will find the man is still there4 ,the leaders did not want to strike4 ,they had expected to make ,colonel ,goethals do what they wanted4 ,then they said1 ,do you want to tie up the work down here1 ,colonel8 ,i am not tying it up1 he told them4 ,you are4 ,you forget that this is not a private enterprise1 but a government job4 ,when asked what he was going to do1 his answer was3 ,any man not at work tomorrow morning will be given his transportation to the ,united ,states4 ,he will go out on the first steamer and he will never come back4 ,there was only one man who had failed to report1 and he sent a doctor's certificate saying he was too sick to work4 ,there were no more strikes4 ,in ,may1 #aiac1 a ,congressman introduced a bill into the ,house of ,representatives providing for the promotion of ,colonel ,goethals from ,colonel to ,major-,general as a reward for his services in building the canal4 ,at once ,colonel ,goethals wrote the gentleman saying he appreciated his kindness but he did not believe he should be singled out for such an honor4 ,there were many men1 he said1 who had done great work in ,panama1 and they1 as well as himself1 felt repaid for their services not only by their salary but by the honor of being connected with such a wonderful task4 ,he said also that the ,united ,states ,government had educated and trained him so it was but right that it should have his services4 ,the bill was withdrawn and ,colonel ,goethals was satisfied4 ,when we look at the life of this successful man it seems as if all the years before his going to the ,canal ,zone were but a preparation for the great feat that awaited him there4 ,he was always eager to work1 and when he was a little boy in ,new ,york ,city he earned his first money by doing errands4 ,at that time he was eleven years of age1 but by the time he was fifteen he was the cashier and bookkeeper in a market4 ,other boys spent their time playing ball1 but he worked after school and every ,saturday4 ,he was paid five dollars a week4 ,his first hope was to be a physician1 but the steady indoor work had weakened his health and he decided to become a soldier4 ,he thought the excellent military training would make him well and strong1 so he passed the examinations for ,west ,point ,military ,academy4 ,as he knew no one there1 ,george ,goethals' entry into the famous school was but little noticed4 ,however1 as the months and years passed1 every one there was proud to claim him as a pupil or classmate4 ,there are three great honors to be won at ,west ,point4 ,any man who wins one of these is called an honor man1 and the entire school looks up to him4 ,the first honor is to have the highest grade as a student4 ,the second is to be named a leader and an officer over all the rest of the class4 ,the third is to be chosen for an office by one's classmates because they like him4 ,george ,w4 ,goethals won all three of these4 ,he was an honor man in his studies2 his teachers chose him as one of the four captains taken from his class2 and this same class elected him president in his senior year4 ,with such a school record it is not at all surprising that ,colonel ,goethals made steady progress in the army and so was considered by ,president ,roosevelt to be the one person who could build the canal4 ,since its completion1 this able soldier has continued to serve his country1 and when ,president ,wilson declared we were in a state of war with ,germany1 ,colonel ,goethals was among the first persons summoned to help plan and supervise the great war program2 for at the root of his success lies loyalty1--loyalty to his work1 to his fellow men1 and to the ,government of the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,children',s ,,pledge ,i pledge allegiance to my ,flag ,and to the ,republic for which it stands2 ,one ,nation indivisible1 ,with liberty and justice for all4 ,,james ,,whitcomb ,,riley ,on one of the more modest streets of ,indianapolis there lived1 in #aiaf1 an invalid4 ,he was a man sixty-two years of age1 with a genial face that had not been hardened by his years of suffering4 ,this man1 though living in a modest home and a confirmed invalid1 had the rare distinction of being the most beloved man in ,america4 ,while all classes loved him1 the children loved him most2 and fortunately they did not wait until he was dead to show their love4 ,one of the nice things they used to do was to send him post cards on his birthdays4 ,sometimes he would get1 on a single birthday1 as many as a thousand cards from school children in all parts of the country4 ,while he could not answer all these cards1 he did his best to let them know that he appreciated their kindly attention1 as the following letter shows3 ,to the ,school ,children of ,indianapolis3 ,you are conspirators--every one of you1 that's what you are6 ,you have conspired to inform the general public of my birthday1 and ,i am already so old that ,i want to forget all about it4 ,but ,i will be magnanimous and forgive you1 for ,i know that your intent is really friendly1 and to have such friends as you are makes me--don't care how old ,i am6 ,in fact it makes me so glad and happy that ,i feel as absolutely young and spry as a very schoolboy--even as one of you--and so to all intents ,i am4 ,therefore let me be with you throughout the long1 lovely day1 and share your mingled joys and blessings with your parents and your teachers1 and1 in the words of little ,tim ,cratchit3 ',god bless us1 every one4' ,ever gratefully and faithfully ,your old friend1 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,whitcomb ,,riley ,the ,hoosier ,poet ,on one of his birthdays the school children of ,indianapolis decided to march in a great throng by his house and greet him as he sat by his window in an invalid's chair4 ,to their sorrow1 when this birthday came it rained hard all day--so hard that they could not think of going out in the storm4 ,but in the high school was a group of pupils who decided that no storm could keep them from showing their love4 ,accordingly1 early in the evening1 in the pouring rain1 they gathered about his home and in clear1 ringing tones sang several of his beautiful poems that had been set to music4 ,so delighted was the great poet that he invited them in and they packed his large sitting room4 ,and what an hour they had together6 ,as they sang he forgot his suffering and was young again4 ,before they left he recited several of his poems in such a pleasing and impressive manner that ,i am sure those present will never forget it4 ,one of these1 and one which is a great favorite1 is entitled ,the ,old ,swimmin'-,hole4 ,,the ,,old ,,swimmin'-,,hole ,oh6 the old swimmin'-hole6 ,whare the crick so still and deep ,looked like a baby-river that was laying half asleep1 ,and the gurgle of the worter round the drift jest below ,sounded like the laugh of something we onc't ust to know ,before we could remember anything but the eyes ,of the angels lookin' out as we left ,paradise2 ,but the merry days of ,youth is beyond our controle1 ,and it's hard to part ferever with the old swimmin'-hole4 ,oh6 the old swimmin'-hole6 ,in the happy days of yore1 ,when ,i ust to lean above it on the old sickamore1 ,oh6 it showed me a face in its warm sunny tide ,that gazed back at me so gay and glorified1 ,it made me love myself1 as ,i leaped to caress ,my shadder smilin' up at me with sich tenderness4 ,but them days is past and gone1 and old ,time's tuck his toll ,from the old man come back to the old swimmin'-hole4 ,oh6 the old swimmin'-hole6 ,in the long1 lazy days ,when the hum-drum of school made so many run-a-ways1 ,how pleasant was the jurney down the old dusty lane1 ,whare the tracks of our bare feet was all printed so plane ,you could tell by the dent of the heel and the sole ,they was lots o' fun on hands at the old swimmin'-hole ,but the lost joys is past6 ,let your tears in sorrow roll ,like the rain that ust to dapple up the old swimmin'-hole4 ,oh6 the old swimmin'-hole6 ,when ,i last saw the place1 ,the scenes was all changed1 like the change in my face2 ,the bridge of the railroad now crosses the spot ,whare the old divin'-log lays sunk and fergot4 ,and ,i stray down the banks whare the trees ust to be-- ,but never again will theyr shade shelter me6 ,and ,i wish in my sorrow ,i could strip to the soul1 ,and dive off in my grave like1 the old swimmin'-hole4 ,though ,mr4 ,riley is no longer with us1 he still has the same big place in our hearts4 ,why do we love him so8 ,is it not because he was able to reach our hearts as few have done2 because he was able in all his poems to speak the word that we needed most8 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley was born at ,greenfield1 ,indiana1 in #ahec4 ,his father was a lawyer and farmer combined4 ,while he did the legal work of the village1 he also owned a farm at the edge of town4 ,as he was a good speaker he was in constant demand in that part of the state to speak on all kinds of occasions4 ,generally1 on these trips1 he took young ,james along2 thus it was that the lad acquired a desire to travel that it took years of his after life to satisfy4 ,it was from his mother that ,james received his talent for writing poetry4 ,though never a poet1 she was exceedingly apt1 as were all her people1 in writing rhymes4 ,the beautiful tributes that ,riley1 later in life1 paid his mother show that she always understood and helped him4 ,greenfield1 during the boyhood days of ,riley1 was not the kind of town we think of as producing poets4 ,there were no mountains to kindle the imagination1 and no babbling brooks to encourage meditation4 ,in every direction were broad stretches of level land largely covered with forests that still remained untouched4 ,between these forest stretches were patches of land that were cultivated by hand2 for at that time there was but little farm machinery4 ,the greatest single task of the people was to clear the forests and bring the soil under cultivation4 ,greenfield was1 therefore1 in part an agricultural town and in part a lumber town4 ,like most small towns1 it was slow-moving and uninteresting4 ,the scenes most frequented were the loafing places4 ,as there was very little in ,greenfield for a lad to do1 ,james' father very often pressed him into service planting and cultivating corn1 but he never liked it4 ,while at first we are inclined to regret this1 we wonder1 had farm life appealed to him1 whether he would have made a great poet4 ,years later in speaking of his lack of experience in real farm life ,mr4 ,riley says3 ,sometimes some real country boy gives me the round turn on some farm points4 ,for instance1 here comes one slipping up to me1 ',you never lived on a farm1' he says4 ',why not'8 says ,i4 ',well1' he says1 'a turkey-cock gobbles1 but he doesn't ky-ouck as your poetry says4' ,he has me right there4 ,it's the turkey-hen that ky-oucks4 ',well1 you'll never hear another turkey-cock of mine ky-ouckin1' says ,i4 ,but generally ,i hit on the right symbols4 ,i get the frost on the pumpkin and the fodder in the shock2 and ,i see the frost on the old axe they split the pumpkins with for feed1 and ,i get the smell of the fodder and the cattle1 so that it brings up the right picture in the mind of the reader4 ,james never enjoyed his earlier experiences in school4 ,when he should have been studying his history and arithmetic lessons he busied himself with writing rhymes4 ,later in life he was very sorry that he had not persevered in his regular school work4 ,there were some things in school1 however1 that he did exceptionally well4 ,few boys in that part of the state could recite poetry as well as he1 and he was always called on to speak pieces at the school entertainments4 ,though some of his teachers were inclined to neglect him1 he had one teacher who understood him and took a great interest in him4 ,the name of this teacher was ,mr4 ,lee ,o4 ,harris1 and ,mr4 ,riley never tired of saying good things about him4 ,the fact that ,mr4 ,harris loved literature and had some poetic ability of his own made it possible for him to see in ,james powers that others did not see1 and to encourage him when others discouraged him4 ,after leaving school ,james had some experiences that were so unusual and yet so very interesting that ,i am sure we should be delighted to have him1 in his own delightful manner1 tell us about them4 ,i tried to read law with my father1 but ,i didn't seem to get anywhere4 ,forgot as diligently as ,i read2 so what was the use4 ,i had learned the sign-painter's trade1 but it was hardly what ,i wanted to do always1 and my health was bad--very bad4 ,a doctor here in ,greenfield advised me to travel4 ,but how in the world was ,i to travel without money4 ,it was just at this time that the patent-medicine man came along4 ,he needed a man1 and ,i argued this way3 ',this man is a doctor1 and if ,i must travel1 better travel with a doctor4' ,he had a fine team and a nice looking lot of fellows with him2 so ,i plucked up courage to ask if ,i couldn't go along and paint his advertisements for him4 ,i rode out of town without saying goodbye to anyone1 and though my patron wasn't a doctor with a diploma1 as ,i found out1 he was a mighty fine man1 and kind to his horses1 which was a recommendation4 ,he was a man of good habits1 and the whole company was made up of good straight boys4 ,my experience with him put an idea into my head-- a business idea1 for a wonder--and the next year ,i went down to ,anderson and went into partnership with a young fellow to travel4 ,we organized a scheme of advertising with paint1 and we called our business ',the ,graphic ,company4' ,we had five or six young fellows1 all musicians1 as well as handy painters1 and we used to capture the towns with our music4 ,one fellow could whistle like a nightingale1 another sang like an angel1 and another played the banjo4 ,i scuffled with the violin and guitar4 ,our only dissipation was clothes4 ,we dressed loud4 ,you could hear our clothes an incalculable distance4 ,we had an idea it helped business4 ,our plan was to take one firm of each business in town1 painting its advertisement on every road leading to town4 ,you've heard the story about my traveling all over the state as a blind sign-painter8 ,well1 that started this way3 ,one day we were in a small town1 and a great crowd was watching us in breathless wonder and curiosity2 and one of our party said2 ',riley1 let me introduce you as a blind sign-painter4' ,so just for the mischief ,i put on a crazy look in the eyes1 and pretended to be blind4 ,they led me carefully to the ladder1 and handed me my brush and paints4 ,it was great fun4 ,i'd hear them saying as ,i worked1 ',that feller ain't blind4' ',yes he is2 see his eyes4' ',no1 he ain't1 ,i tell you2 he's playin' off4' ',i tell you he is blind4 ,didn't you see him fall over a box and spill all his paints8' ,now1 that's all there was to it4 ,i was a blind sign-painter one day and forgot it the next4 ,we were all boys1 and jokers1 naturally enough1 but not lawless4 ,all were good fellows1 all had nice homes and good people4 ,when he had spent four years with ,the ,graphic ,company he accepted a position as reporter for a paper published at ,anderson1 ,indiana4 ,in addition to his reporting work he wrote many short poems in the ,hoosier dialect that took well4 ,so successful was his work on this paper that ,judge ,martindale of the ,indianapolis ,journal offered him a position on that paper4 ,about the first thing he now did was to write a series of ,benjamin ,f4 ,johnson poems4 ,in speaking of this series ,mr4 ,riley said1 ,these all appeared with editorial comment1 as if they came from an old ,hoosier farmer of ,boone ,county4 ,they were so well received that ,i gathered them together in a little parchment volume1 which ,i called1 ',the ,old ,swimmin'-,hole and ',leven ,more ,poems'1 my first book4 ,this book met with immediate favor4 ,speakers from east to west quoted from it4 ,all wanted to know who the author really was4 ,modest as ,mr4 ,riley was1 he had to confess that he had written the book4 ,other books followed in close succession until when he died he had written forty-two volumes4 ,but people were not satisfied with reading his books merely1 they wanted to see and hear him4 ,he1 therefore1 began in a modest way to read his poems before audiences in his native state4 ,so delighted were these audiences1 for he was a charming reader as well as a capable writer1 that urgent calls came from every state in the ,union to come and read for them4 ,for a number of years he traveled widely and appeared before thousands of audiences1 but this kind of life never appealed to him4 ,though he never married1 ,mr4 ,riley was always fond of the quiet of a modest home4 ,accordingly1 the closing years of his life were spent in semi-retirement in his cozy home on ,lockerbie ,street1 ,indianapolis4 ,,helen ,,keller ,a little girl was traveling with her father and mother4 ,they were going from a little town in ,alabama to the city of ,baltimore4 ,the journey was long and1 as the little girl was only six years old1 she wanted toys and playthings with which to pass the time4 ,the kind conductor let her have his punch when he was not using it4 ,she found that it was great fun to punch dozens of little holes in a piece of cardboard and she would touch each hole with one of her little fingers1 but she did not count them because she had not learned how4 ,by and by a pleasant lady thought she would make a rag doll for the little traveler4 ,she rolled two towels up in such a way that they looked very much like a doll1 and the little girl eagerly took the new plaything in her arms4 ,she rocked it and loved it2 but something troubled her1 for she kept feeling the doll's face and holding it out to the friends who sat near her4 ,they did not understand what was the matter4 ,suddenly she jumped down and ran over to where her mother's cape had been placed4 ,this cape was trimmed with large beads4 ,the little girl pulled off two beads and turning to her mother pointed once more to the doll's face4 ,then her mother understood that her daughter wanted the doll to have eyes2 so she sewed the beads firmly to the towel and the little girl was happy4 ,illustration3 ,,helen ,,keller ,hearing ,caruso ,sing ,are you wondering why the little girl did not talk and tell what she wanted8 ,she could not4 ,just think1 she was six years old and could not speak a word6 ,all she could do was to make a few queer sounds4 ,perhaps1 too1 you wonder why she was so anxious for the towel doll to have eyes4 ,i think it was because although she herself was blind1 she liked to fancy her doll had eyes that could see the beauties of the world4 ,to be blind and speechless seems hard indeed1 but besides lacking these two great gifts1 this little girl was deaf4 ,think of it6 ,she could not hear1 she could not see1 and she could not talk4 ,yet this same little girl learned to talk4 ,she learned to read1 with her fingers1 books printed for the blind in raised letters4 ,she studied the same lessons that other children had in school1 and she worked so hard that she was able to go to college4 ,should you not like to hear ,helen ,keller1 for that is the name of the little girl1 tell about herself8 ,she says3 ,i was born on ,june #bg1 #ahhj1 in ,tuscumbia1 a little town of ,northern ,alabama4 ,i am told that while ,i was still in long dresses ,i showed many signs of an eager1 self-asserting disposition4 ,they say ,i walked the day ,i was a year old4 ,my mother had just taken me out of the bath-tub and was holding me in her lap1 when ,i was suddenly attracted by the flickering shadows of leaves that danced in the sunlight on the smooth floor4 ,i slipped from my mother's lap and almost ran toward them4 ,the impulse gone1 ,i fell down1 and cried for her to take me in her arms4 ,these happy days did not last long1 for an illness came which closed my eyes and ears and plunged me into the unconsciousness of a new born baby4 ,the doctor thought ,i could not live4 ,early one morning1 however1 the fever left me1 but ,i was never to see or hear again4 ,from the time of her recovery until the journey of which we have been reading1 ,helen ,keller lived in silence and darkness4 ,this journey was undertaken in order to consult a famous physician who had cured many cases of blindness4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,keller hoped this gentleman could help their child1 and you can imagine how sad they were when he said he could do nothing4 ,however1 he sent them to consult ,dr4 ,alexander ,graham ,bell1 who had taught many deaf children to speak4 ,dr4 ,bell played with ,helen and she sat on his knee and fingered curiously his heavy gold watch4 ,he not only advised her parents to get a special teacher for her1 but told them of a school in ,boston in which he thought they could find some one able to unlock the doors of knowledge for the little girl4 ,this was in the summer1 and the next ,march ,miss ,sullivan went to ,alabama to be ,helen ,keller's friend and teacher4 ,let us read how the little girl felt when this kind1 loving woman came4 ,on the afternoon of that eventful day ,i stood on the porch1 dumb1 expectant4 ,i felt approaching footsteps4 ,i stretched out my hand1 as ,i supposed1 to my mother4 ,some one took it and ,i was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me4 ,the next morning my teacher gave me a doll4 ,when ,i had played with it a little while1 ,miss ,sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word d-o-l-l4 ,i was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it4 ,when ,i at last succeeded ,i was flushed with pleasure and pride4 ,in the days that followed ,i learned to spell a great many words with my fingers1 among them were pin1 hat1 cup1 sit1 stand1 and walk4 ,but my teacher had been with me several weeks before ,i understood that everything has a name4 ,months and years of happy companionship now came to pass for ,helen ,keller4 ,every winter she and her teacher went to ,boston where they had greater chances for study than in the little southern town4 ,here ,helen learned about snow for the first time and all her memories of her studies in these years are joined with remembrances of the merry times she had after school riding on a sled or toboggan and playing in the snow4 ,it was when ,helen was ten years old that she learned to speak4 ,this was a great and wonderful experience4 ,her teacher took her to a lady who had offered to teach her4 ,it was not easy for a deaf child to learn to talk1 and ,miss ,keller says3 ,the lady passed my hands lightly over her face and let me feel the position of her tongue and lips when she made a sound4 ,i was eager to imitate every motion1 and in an hour had learned to make the sounds of ,m1 ,p1 ,a1 ,s1 ,t1 ,i4 ,in all ,i had eleven lessons4 ,i shall never forget the surprise and delight ,i felt when ,i uttered my first connected sentence1 ',it is warm4' ,after that my work was practise1 practise1 practise4 ,discouragement and weariness cast me down frequently2 but the next moment the thought that ,i should soon be at home and show my loved ones what ,i could do spurred me on and ,i thought1 ',my little sister will understand me now4' ,when ,i had made speech my own1 ,i could not wait to go home4 ,my eyes fill now as ,i think how my mother pressed me close to her1 taking in every word ,i spoke1 while little ,mildred kissed my hand and danced4 ,now a new world was indeed open to the bright girl who was so anxious to learn4 ,she finished studies similar to those taught in the eight grades of our schools and began to prepare for college4 ,miss ,sullivan was still with her and1 although she had for a tutor a kind1 patient man who taught her algebra1 geometry1 and ,greek1 it was ,miss ,sullivan who sat beside her and talked into the girl's hands the tutor's explanations and made it possible for her to enter ,radcliffe ,college in ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,while at college ,miss ,keller1 with ,miss ,sullivan1 attended classes and followed the lessons through the help of this noble teacher who gave some of her best years to training her pupil4 ,college life brought many pleasures and interests into ,helen ,keller's life1 and when she finished her work there1 it scarcely seemed possible that the bright1 informed young woman had ever been kept a prisoner by darkness and silence4 ,today ,miss ,keller often appears in public and tells to large audiences some of her thoughts and opinions4 ,she is a pleasant-faced1 rather serious woman and1 while her voice has a hoarse sound1 quite different from the usual tones of the human voice1 it is possible to understand her very well indeed4 ,her teacher is still with her as a companion and it would be hard to say who has worked the harder in the past years of study1 ,miss ,keller or her devoted friend4 ,upon being asked what were her greatest pleasures ,helen ,keller named reading1 outdoor sports1 playing with her pet dogs1 and meeting people4 ,what she says about each of these pleasures is so interesting that you will surely be glad to read it and see1 perhaps1 if you and she1 by any chance1 think alike4 ,she says1 ,books have meant so much more to me than to many others who can get knowledge through their eyes and ears4 ,my book friends talk to me with no awkwardness1 and ,i am never shut away from them2 but reading is not my only amusement4 ,i also enjoy canoeing and sailing4 ,i like to walk on country roads4 ,whenever it is possible my dog accompanies me on a sail or a walk4 ,i have had many dog friends4 ,they seem to understand me1 and always keep close beside me when ,i am alone4 ,i love their friendly ways1 and the eloquent wag of their tails4 ,i have often been asked1 ',do not people bore you8' ,i do not understand what that means4 ,a hearty handshake or a friendly letter gives me genuine pleasure4 ,but it has not always been easy for her to be cheerful and contented4 ,she has had many struggles with sad thoughts when she thinks how she sits outside life's gate and cannot enter into the light2 cannot hear the music or enjoy the friendly speech of the world4 ,when these gloomy ideas come to her mind she remembers1 ,there is joy in self-forgetfulness1 and tries to find her happiness in the lives of others4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one flag1 one land2 ,one heart1 one hand3 ,one ,nation over all4 --,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4 ,,wilbur ,,and ,,orville ,,wright ,there is a poem called ,darius ,green and ,his ,flying ,machine4 ,in this poem ,darius1 a country boy says1 ,the birds can fly and why can't ,i8 ,a ,greek story1 centuries old1 tells how a certain man and his son made themselves wings of wax4 ,they flew far out over the sea1 but the warm sun melted the waxen wings1 and the two flying men were drowned4 ,today the aeroplanes cut through the air with great speed4 ,there are many different designs1 and daring young men are eager to manage these swift flying crafts4 ,however1 it is but a short time since two ,american boys made the first successful flights in the ,united ,states and started a factory for building aeroplanes4 ,wilbur and ,orville ,wright lived in ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,their father was a minister1 who spent his spare time working with tools4 ,once he invented a typewriter1 but it was never put on the market4 ,the boys were interested in his workshop1 and while very young began to find their greatest pleasure in making things that would go4 ,it was in the year #ahgi1 when ,orville was eight years old1 that his father brought home a toy that made a great impression on the boyish mind4 ,it was called a heliocopter1 but the ,wright boys called it the bat4 ,made of bamboo1 cork1 and thin paper1 it had two propellers that revolved in opposite directions by the untwining of rubber bands that controlled them4 ,when thrown against the ceiling1 it would hover in the air for a time4 ,they made many models of this toy1 but after a time they became tired of it and wanted to build something more difficult4 ,illustration3 ,,orville ,,wright ,joint ,inventor of the ,aeroplane ,their first venture was a printing press2 and when ,orville was fifteen years of age1 they were publishing a four-page paper called the ,midget4 ,they did all the work from editor to delivery boys4 ,just about this time the bicycle craze passed over the country4 ,everyone rode a wheel4 ,automobiles were unknown1 and the new machines1 that could be ridden so fast along the highways1 seemed a wonderful invention4 ,the ,wright brothers had no money to buy a bicycle1 so they made one4 ,you may laugh when you hear that they used a piece of old gas pipe for the frame1 but nevertheless they succeeded in their undertaking and could ride as well on their home-made machine as their friends did on expensive1 high-grade ones4 ,no doubt they had many long rides and great sport with the bicycle they had built1 but the ,wright brothers always found their greatest pleasure in making things rather than in using them4 ,therefore1 it did not seem strange to any one when they said they wanted something better than a bicycle2 but when it became known that instead of riding rapidly over city streets and country roads they wanted to fly through the air like birds1 the people were amazed and thought the two boys had lost their wits4 ,so to do this and buy materials with which to build their new machine1 they opened a bicycle repair shop4 ,it was in the shed back of this shop that they first made their models of air craft4 ,they had no wealthy friends to back them with money4 ,they had no chance to go abroad1 where clever men were being urged by their governments to make experiments with what the world called flying machines4 ,they were not able to go to college or to any school where they could obtain help in working out their plan1 so they started in to study by themselves what the ,german1 ,french1 and ,english inventors had to say about the art of flying4 ,seemingly1 nothing discouraged them4 ,everywhere the newspapers and magazines were poking fun at mad inventors who thought men would some day soar through the air as birds do4 ,there was a ,professor ,langley1 a man much older than the ,wright brothers1 who finished a machine in #ahif4 ,it flew perfectly1 on the sixth day of ,may in that year4 ,the flight was made near ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 along the ,potomac river for the distance of about three-quarters of a mile4 ,he made another successful flight in ,november4 ,then the ,united ,states ,government urged him to build a full-sized machine1 capable of carrying a man4 ,he completed this machine in #aijc and attempted to launch it on the seventh day of ,october in that year4 ,an accident caused the machine to fall into the ,potomac4 ,the aviator was thrown out and came near drowning4 ,professor ,langley tried to launch his machine again in ,december and the same accident occurred4 ,the machine was broken4 ,the newspapers made cruel fun of ,professor ,langley2 he was criticized in the ,u4 ,s4 ,congress2 and overcome by grief at the failure of his great idea he tried no more4 ,two years later he died1 crushed and broken in spirit4 ,but the ,wright brothers did not let any such unkind comment hinder their work4 ,they kept on studying the flight of birds4 ,lying flat on their backs they would watch birds for whole afternoons at a time1 until at last they came to believe that a bird himself is really an aeroplane4 ,the parts of the wings close to the body are supporting planes1 while the portions that can be flapped are the propellers4 ,watch a hawk or a buzzard soaring and you will see they move their wings but little4 ,they balance themselves on the rising currents of air4 ,a hawk finds that on a clear warm day the air currents are high and rise with a rotary motion4 ,that is why we see these birds go sailing round and round4 ,when you see one poised above a steep hill on a damp1 windy day you may be sure he is balancing himself in the air which rises from its slope and he will be able to glide down at will4 ,the ,wright brothers were certain if they could balance a machine in the air they could make it go4 ,to find out how to do this they made a difficult experiment with delicate sheets of metal balanced in a long tube4 ,through this tube steady currents of air were blown4 ,the speed with which the currents were sent through the tube was changed often1 as well as the angles of sending4 ,over and over they did this1 until they were sure of the same results each time4 ,they knew how to plan the shape of a surface that would do what they wanted it to in the air1 and they were soon ready to make a trial flight with their aeroplane4 ,the ,united ,states ,weather ,bureau told them the winds were strongest and steadiest at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,north ,carolina1 and there they made their first test flights in #aijj4 ,that year they had only two minutes of actual sailing in the air4 ,but they went back the next year and the next1 learning more each time1 and working untiringly4 ,one day ,dr4 ,octave ,chanute1 the man who knew more than any one else in the ,united ,states about flying1 appeared suddenly at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,he watched them1 and gave as his opinion that they had gone farther than any one else in this new art4 ,cheered by his words they began to work harder4 ,now that they could balance in the air they must make their machine go4 ,it took them a year to learn to turn a corner4 ,during the years #aijd and #aije1 they made #aed flights4 ,at last they were ready1 in #aiji1 to make a test for our government4 ,the ,united ,states said it would pay #be1jjj for a machine capable of going forty miles an hour4 ,every mile above this speed would be paid for at the rate of #bejj and for every mile less than this down to the rate of thirty-six miles an hour they would deduct #bejj from the purchase money4 ,the flight was to be in a measured course of five miles from ,ft4 ,meyer to ,alexandria1 ,va4 ,it was not an easy flight1 and it was considered to be more difficult than crossing the ,english ,channel1 a feat then engaging the attention of ,europeans4 ,orville ,wright with one passenger made the flight in fourteen minutes and forty-two seconds1 a rate of speed a little more than forty-two miles an hour4 ,army officers then went to him to learn how to manage the machine1 for even then it was believed the greatest use of the aeroplane would be in war4 ,when ,orville ,wright was succeeding in this country1 ,wilbur ,wright went to ,france with one of their machines4 ,at first the ,french people laughed1 made cartoons of him and his machine1 even wrote a song about his effort2 but he soon rose above all such petty and silly things4 ,the ,french people began to see the progress the ,americans were making and took hold of the new invention more rapidly than any other nation4 ,on the same trip1 ,wilbur ,wright visited ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,england1 making many flights and winning a large number of prizes4 ,when he returned to this country he was overwhelmed with dinners1 receptions1 and medals4 ,he made a great flight in ,new ,york ,city1 encircling the ,statue of ,liberty in the harbor and flying from ,governor's ,island to ,grant's ,tomb and return1 a distance of twenty-one miles4 ,not long after these successes ,wilbur died1 and his brother ,orville was left to go on with their plans4 ,orville still lives in ,dayton1 ,ohio1 and has a large factory given over to building aeroplanes4 ,long before the outbreak of the great war he had said warfare could be carried on extensively in the air1 and that we were realizing but a few of the uses of this new invention4 ,although he believes air travel will become quite an everyday happening1 he does not expect it to take the place of the railroad or the steam boat4 ,however1 he hopes to see the government carry the mails by an aerial route1 and to go quickly and easily to out-of-the-way places4 ,at present his greatest interest lies in making an aeroplane that is simple enough for any one to manage and at the same time can be sold at a low enough price for the average person to own4 ,this may not seem possible to you1 but remember no one ever believed the ,wright boys would be able to fly1 so it would not be strange if before many years aeroplanes were used as much as automobiles are today4 ,in fact1 ,orville ,wright says3 ,the time is not far distant when people will take their ,sunday afternoon spins in their aeroplanes precisely as they do now in their automobiles4 ,people need only to recover from the impression that it is a dangerous sport1 instead of being1 when adopted by rational persons1 one of the safest4 ,it is also far more comfortable4 ,the driver of an automobile1 even under the most favorable circumstances1 lives at a constant nerve tension4 ,he must keep always on the lookout for obstructions in the road1 for other automobiles1 and for sudden emergencies4 ,a long drive1 therefore1 is likely to be an exhausting operation4 ,now the aeroplane has a great future because this element of nerve tension is absent4 ,the driver enjoys the proceeding as much as his passengers and probably more4 ,winds no longer terrorize the airman4 ,he goes up except in the very bad days4 ,concluding he says3 ,aeroplaning as a sport will attract women as well as men4 ,women make excellent passengers4 ,i have never yet taken up one who was not extremely eager to repeat the experience4 ,this fact will1 of course1 hasten the day when the aeroplane will be a great sporting and social diversion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,life affords no higher pleasure than that of surmounting difficulties1 passing from one step of success to another1 forming new wishes and seeing them gratified4 ,he that labors in any great or laudable undertaking has his fatigues first supported by hope and afterwards rewarded by joy4 --,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,e4 ,,peary ,discoverer of the ,north ,pole ,,robert ,e4 ,,peary ,robert ,e4 ,peary was born at ,cresson ,springs1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may #fth1 #ahef4 ,when he was but three years of age his father died and his young mother moved back to her old home at ,portland1 ,maine4 ,here his boyhood days were spent in fishing and swimming in the bay1 or in roaming over the hills and through the forests4 ,true1 the fields with their birds and flowers interested him to some extent1 but the mighty ocean1 heaving with its mysterious tides and beset with treacherous gales1 interested him most4 ,never did he tire of the stories of danger and hardship as told by the sturdy1 adventurous fishermen4 ,so eager was he to learn the mysteries of the mighty deep that he would sit for hours at a time listening to the sailors as they explained the tides and shifting winds4 ,little did he realize in those early days that this was precisely the knowledge that he would later need in his work as an arctic explorer4 ,but the fishermen were not his only teachers2 for so faithful was he in his regular school work that1 at the age of seventeen1 he was ready to enter college4 ,bowdoin1 the oldest and best known college in the state1 was chosen4 ,upon his graduation1 at the age of twenty-one1 he was ready to start in life4 ,but where should he go and what should he do8 ,odd as it then seemed to his friends1 he chose the little village of ,fryeburg1 away back amid the mountains of ,maine4 ,here he hung out his sign as land surveyor4 ,as practically no one in that little town wanted land surveyed1 he had much leisure time which he spent in long hikes over the mountains and along the trout streams4 ,this experience further fitted him for his tasks as an arctic explorer4 ,that he had always been an energetic student was shown by his success in passing the ,united ,states ,civil ,service examination which he took at the age of twenty-five4 ,this examination1 given by the ,navy ,department1 was for the purpose of choosing civil engineers4 ,out of forty who took the examination only four passed1 and ,mr4 ,peary was the youngest of the four4 ,as soon as he had won the rank of ,lieutenant1 his first task was to estimate carefully the cost of building a huge pier at ,key ,west1 ,florida4 ,when the estimate was handed in1 the contractors said that it could not be built for that amount4 ,since ,lieutenant ,peary insisted that it could1 the government told him to engineer the building of the pier himself4 ,this he did so skillfully that he saved for the government thirty thousand dollars4 ,so brilliant was this success that he was sent to ,nicaragua to engineer the survey for the ,inter-,oceanic ,canal4 ,here his experience in equipping an expedition1 and in managing half-civilized men1 further fitted him for his great work in the north land4 ,prior to this time he seems never to have thought of arctic explorations1 for he writes3 ,one evening in one of my favorite haunts1 an old book store in ,washington1 ,i came upon a fugitive paper on the ,inland ,ice of ,greenland4 ,a chord1 which as a boy had vibrated intensely in me at the reading of ,kane's wonderful book1 was touched again4 ,i read all ,i could upon the subject1 noted the conflicting experiences of the explorers1 and felt that ,i must see for myself what the truth was of this great mysterious interior4 ,then it was1 as he tells us later1 that he caught the ,arctic ,fever which he never got over until he had discovered the ,north ,pole4 ,as a result of this fever he has made nine trips into the north land1 and these expeditions have consumed so much time that1 though he had been married twenty-one years when he reached the ,pole1 only three of these years had been spent in the quiet of his home with his family4 ,interested as we are in all these expeditions1 we are most interested1 ,i am sure1 in the one in which he reached his goal4 ,embarked on the good ship ,roosevelt1 his expedition had no trouble in reaching ,etah ,fiord on the north coast of ,greenland4 ,this place interests us because it is the northernmost ,eskimo village and is within seven hundred miles of the ,pole4 ,in speaking of these ,eskimos1 ,mr4 ,peary says3 ,there are now between two hundred and twenty and two hundred and thirty in the tribe4 ,they are savages1 but they are not savage2 they are without government1 but they are not lawless2 they are utterly uneducated according to our standard1 yet they exhibit a remarkable degree of intelligence4 ,in temperament like children1 with a child's delight in little things1 they are nevertheless enduring as the most mature of civilized men and women1 and the best of them are faithful unto death4 ,without religion and having no idea of ,god1 they will share their last meal with anyone who is hungry4 ,they have no vices1 no intoxicants1 and no bad habits--not even gambling4 ,altogether they are a people unique upon the face of the earth4 ,in his journeys into the far ,north ,mr4 ,peary enjoyed many a walrus hunt4 ,how should you like to hunt walruses8 ,before you answer read the following description of a walrus hunt3 ,walrus-hunting is the best sport in the shooting line that ,i know4 ,there is something doing when you tackle a herd of fifty-odd1 weighing between one and two tons each1 that go for you whether wounded or not2 that can punch a hole through eight inches of young ice2 that try to get into the boat to get at or upset you1--we could never make out which1 and didn't care1 as the result to us would have been the same1--or else try to raise your boat and stave holes in it4 ,getting in a mix-up with a herd1 when every man in the whale-boat is standing by to repel boarders1 hitting them over the head with oars1 boat-hooks1 axes1 and yelling like a cheering section at a football game to try to scare them off2 with the rifles going like young ,gatling guns1 and the walruses bellowing from pain and anger1 coming to the surface with mad rushes1 sending the water up in the air till you would think a flock of geysers was turned loose in your immediate vicinity--oh1 it's great6 ,the ,roosevelt after leaving ,etah ,fiord was able to go as far north as ,cape ,sheridan1 about #ejj miles from the ,north ,pole4 ,here1 on ,february #ae1 #aiji1 the little party left the ship for the long journey over a wide waste of ice4 ,the army that was to fight the bitter polar cold was made up of six white men1 one negro1 fifty-nine ,eskimos1 one hundred forty dogs1 and twenty-three sledges4 ,for the first hundred miles after leaving the ship they were forced to cut their way through vast stretches of jagged ice4 ,after twenty-four days of struggle1 only twenty-four men remained2 all the others having been sent back4 ,these twenty-four1 however1 were the freshest and strongest4 ,on they battled1 always sending back the weakest4 ,finally1 when but two degrees from the ,pole1 only the negro1 four ,eskimos1 ,mr4 ,peary and forty dogs remained4 ,suppose we ask ,mr4 ,peary1 in his own language1 to describe the final dash to the pole4 ,this was that for which ,i had worked for thirty-two years2 for which ,i had trained myself as for a race4 ,for success now1 in spite of my fifty-three years1 ,i felt trim-fit for the demands of the coming days and eager to be on the trail4 ,as for my party1 my equipment1 and my supplies1 ,i was in shape beyond my fondest dreams of earlier years4 ,my party was as loyal and responsive to my will as the fingers of my right hand4 ,two of them had been my companions to the farthest point three years before4 ,two others were in ,clark's division1 which had such a narrow escape at that time1 and were now willing to go anywhere4 ,my dogs were the very best4 ,almost all were powerful males1 hard as nails and in good spirits4 ,my supplies were ample for forty days4 ,i decided that ,i should strain every nerve to make five marches of fifteen miles each1 crowding these marches in such a way as to bring us to the end of the fifth long enough before noon to permit the immediate taking of an observation for latitude4 ,usually these marches were for ten or twelve hours1 and the distance covered averaged about twenty-five miles4 ,the dangers encountered are suggested by the following3 ,near the end of the march ,i came upon a lead which was just opening4 ,it was ten yards wide directly in front of me1 but a few yards to the east was an apparently good crossing where the single crack was divided into several4 ,i signaled to the sledges to hurry2 then1 running to the place1 ,i had time to pick a road across the moving ice cakes and return to help teams across before the lead widened so as to be impassable4 ,this passage was effected by my jumping from one cake to another1 picking the way1 and making sure that the cake would not tilt under the weight of the dogs and the sledge1 returning to the former cake where the dogs were1 encouraging the dogs ahead while the driver steered the sledge across from cake to cake1 and threw his weight from one side to the other so that it could not overturn4 ,we got the sledges across several cracks so wide that while the dogs had no trouble in jumping1 the men had to be pretty active in order to follow the long sledges4 ,luckily at the end of the fifth march they were less than two miles from the pole4 ,should you like to know how ,mr4 ,peary felt at this eventful hour8 ,of course1 ,i had many sensations that made sleep impossible for hours1 despite my utter fatigue--the sensations of a lifetime2 but ,i have no room for them here4 ,the first thirty hours at the ,pole were spent in taking observations2 in going some ten miles beyond our camp1 and some eight miles to the right of it2 in taking photographs1 planting my flags1 depositing my records1 studying the horizon with my telescope for possible land1 and searching for a place to make a sounding4 ,ten hours after our arrival the clouds cleared before a light breeze from our left1 and from that time until our departure on the afternoon of ,april #gth the weather was cloudless and flawless4 ,the coldest temperature during the thirty hours was thirty-three degrees below zero1 and the warmest twelve below4 ,thus it was that after the nations of the world had sent out over five hundred expeditions in search of the ,north ,pole1 an ,american1 educated in ,old ,new ,england1 schooled in hardship in the ,united ,states ,navy1 planted ,old ,glory at the northernmost point of this mighty world4 ,to ,admiral ,peary1 then1 is conceded the greatest scientific triumph of the century and ,april sixth1 #aiji1 is a memorable day in the history of ,america and the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,american',s ,,creed ,i believe in the ,united ,states of ,america as a government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed2 a democracy in a republic2 a sovereign ,nation of many sovereign ,states1 a perfect ,union1 one and inseparable2 established upon those principles of freedom1 equality1 justice1 and humanity for which ,american patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes4 ,i therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it2 to support its ,constitution2 to obey its laws2 to respect its flag1 and to defend it against all enemies4 --,,william ,,tyler ,,page4 ,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan ,in the summer of #ahhj three speakers were advertised to deliver democratic addresses at a farmers' picnic to be held in a grove near ,salem1 ,illinois4 ,when the eventful hour arrived1 the only person present to hear the speeches was the owner of the grove4 ,for an hour the speakers waited but no one else came4 ,while each was disappointed and humiliated1 it was a crushing blow to the young man who was to speak third on the list4 ,this was his home community1 and his own neighbors and townsmen had thus ignored him4 ,for six years he had been away to school1 and during all that time he made a special study of public speaking4 ,so good was he in the art of speaking that his college had heaped many honors upon him4 ,he was chosen one of the speakers on graduation day1 and most important of all1 he had been chosen to represent his college in the annual oratorical contest with the other colleges of the state4 ,now1 after all these honors1 he had come back to his home vicinity1 and for some mysterious reason the people would not hear him4 ,surely this was enough to dampen the ardor of any ordinary young man and put an end to his speaking career4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan ,the ,great ,commoner ,it was a hot ,august day in #aiad4 ,on every road entering a beautiful ,indiana city1 strings of automobiles were seen hurrying to the city4 ,farmers1 busy as they were1 forgot their work and hastened to the city4 ,merchants1 too1 had locked their stores and refused to sell goods4 ,why all the excitement8 ,at the edge of the city1 in a huge steel auditorium that seated thousands1 the people were gathering--and such a multitude--people as far as the eye could see4 ,soon the speaker of the afternoon was introduced4 ,for two hours he held that vast throng as no other man in ,america and possibly in the world could have done4 ,so magnetic was his personality and so genuine his appeal that the people forgot the heat and gave him the closest possible attention4 ,odd as it may seem1 the speaker before this vast ,chautauqua throng was the same man that1 years before1 had tried to speak near ,salem when no one would hear him4 ,why the difference8 ,what had he done that had made the people so eager to see and hear him8 ,to answer these questions it will be necessary to study his life4 ,mr4 ,bryan was born at ,salem1 ,illinois1 ,march #ai1 #ahfj4 ,though he is of ,irish descent1 his ancestors have lived in this country for more than a hundred years4 ,through all these years the ,bryans have belonged to the middle class4 ,while none of them have been very rich1 on the other hand none have been extremely poor4 ,though members of the family have entered practically every profession1 more have engaged in farming than in all the other professions combined4 ,fortunately for ,mr4 ,bryan1 most of his boyhood was spent on a farm4 ,when he was but six years of age his father purchased a farm six miles from ,salem4 ,it was indeed an eventful day for young ,william when they moved to the large farm with its spacious farm house and broad lawns4 ,from the first the animals interested him most4 ,william's father1 seeing this1 built a small deer park4 ,here the deer1 unmolested by dogs or hunters1 became so tame that the lad never tired of petting and feeding them4 ,with the abundant1 nutritious food of the farm1 with plenty of fresh air1 sunshine1 and exercise1 ,william soon grew into a sturdy1 broad-shouldered1 deep-chested lad4 ,those who knew him best say that while the other boys always had their pockets filled with keys1 strings1 and tops1 his were sure to be filled with cookies and doughnuts4 ,william's first day in school was indeed eventful4 ,ten years old and large for his age1 he seemed out of place in the first grade where the pupils were so much younger and smaller4 ,soon1 however1 the teacher discovered that he did not belong in this grade4 ,though he had never been at school1 his faithful mother had taught him to read so well that he at once took his place with pupils of his own age4 ,after five years in the public school of ,salem he was sent to ,jacksonville1 ,illinois1 where he attended ,whipple ,academy4 ,from the ,academy he entered ,illinois ,college1 also in ,jacksonville4 ,mr4 ,bryan says that the thing that most impressed him in college was his tussle with ,latin and ,greek4 ,from the first these dead languages did not appeal to him4 ,again and again he pleaded with his parents to be permitted to drop these studies but they insisted on his taking the ,classical ,course4 ,though he was of ideal size and build for football and baseball1 neither appealed to him4 ,the only forms of athletics that he liked were running and jumping4 ,only once was he able to carry away a prize4 ,this was when he won the broad jump with twelve feet and four inches as the distance covered4 ,it was in speaking contests of all kinds that young ,bryan took the deepest interest4 ,when he was but a green freshman in the ,academy1 he had the courage to enter the declamatory contest4 ,no one worked harder1 but in spite of his best efforts he was given a place next to the foot of the list4 ,unwilling to yield to discouragement1 he tried again the next year4 ,this time he got third place4 ,the following ,september he entered college1 and during his freshman year took part in two contests1 getting second place in each4 ,during his sophomore year1 he had the satisfaction of winning first place in declamation4 ,then it was that he made his boldest effort4 ,he delivered an oration that he himself had written1 and again won first place4 ,after these successes it was not to be wondered at that his college elected him to represent the school in the intercollegiate oratorical contest4 ,pitted against the ablest contestants of the other colleges of the state1 he was able to win second place1 for which he received a prize of fifty dollars4 ,suppose ,mr4 ,bryan had decided when he lost his first three contests never to try again1 thus yielding to defeat1 do you think he ever could have become the famous orator that he now is8 ,from ,mr4 ,bryan's picture we see that he is a large1 good-natured1 friendly man4 ,should you like to know how he looked when he was a young fellow8 ,if you should1 the following from the pen of the lady who afterward became his wife will interest you4 ,i saw him first in the parlors of the young ladies' school which ,i attended in ,jacksonville4 ,he entered the room with several other students1 was taller than the rest1 and attracted my attention at once4 ,his face was pale and thin2 a pair of keen dark eyes looked out from beneath heavy brows2 his nose was prominent1 too large to look well1 ,i thought2 a broad1 thin-lipped mouth1 and a square chin1 completed the contour of his face4 ,he was neat1 though not fastidious in dress1 and stood firmly and with dignity4 ,i noted particularly his hair and his smile1 the former black in color1 plentiful1 fine in quality1 and parted distressingly straight2 the latter expansive and expressive4 ,in later years his smile has been the subject of considerable comment1 but the well rounded cheeks of ,mr4 ,bryan now check its outward march4 ,no one has seen the real breadth of his smile who did not see it in the early days4 ,upon one occasion a heartless observer was heard to remark1 ',that man can whisper in his own ear1' but this was a cruel exaggeration4 ,upon his graduation from ,illinois ,college at the head of his class1 he entered the ,union ,college of ,law in ,chicago where he was graduated at the age of twenty-three4 ,immediately he hung out his shingle in ,jacksonville1 and waited for clients4 ,month after month he impatiently waited until finally it dawned upon him that among the old established lawyers of ,jacksonville there was no room for an ambitious beginner4 ,then it was that he remembered the advice of ,horace ,greeley1 ,young man1 go ,west4 ,accordingly1 with his talented young wife he went to ,lincoln1 ,nebraska4 ,here fortune smiled upon him1 for so rapidly did he make a place for himself that at the age of thirty he was chosen to represent his district in ,congress4 ,if any of you have ever seen the ,united ,states ,congress in session you will realize that ,mr4 ,bryan must have been very much younger than most of the congressmen4 ,keen1 quick1 and eager to learn1 the young ,congressman made the most of every opportunity during the four years he was in ,congress4 ,in #ahif1 or when ,mr4 ,bryan was thirty-six years of age1 his greatest opportunity came4 ,then it was that the ,democratic party conferred upon him the highest honor within its power by selecting him as its candidate for president4 ,though defeated in #ahif1 so great was the confidence the party had in him1 that twice afterward his party asked him to run for president4 ,since he was defeated every time1 it is only natural to ask what there is about him1 after all1 that is so great4 ,though the ,american people differ widely in their answers to the above query1 most of them admit that he towers above the rank and file of ,american politicians in his pronounced ,christian integrity1 in his willingness to sacrifice for the sake of principle1 and in his ability to move men with speech1 for no doubt he is one of the greatest orators this continent has ever produced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns4 ,you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold4 --,w4 ,j4 ,,bryan',s ,,cross ,,of ,,gold ,,speech4 ,,henry ,,ford ,in the year #ahgi1 there was a sixteen year old boy living in the country near ,detroit1 ,michigan4 ,he was not fond of farm work but nevertheless he did his share in helping his father1 who was a thrifty farmer4 ,day after day1 this boy trudged back and forth two and one-half miles each way to the school house4 ,in his spare hours when he was not farming1 he had fitted up a work shop for his own use4 ,there was a vise1 a bow-string driven lathe and a rudely built forge4 ,he had made these tools himself and was very proud of them4 ,when he was only a small boy1 he had made his first tool by taking one of his grandmother's knitting needles1 heating it red hot and plunging it into a bar of soap as he bent it into shape4 ,then he added a wooden handle that he had whittled and the tool was done4 ,as soon as he had something with which to work1 he began to take to pieces all manner of things just for the fun of putting them together again4 ,he says3 ,i must have taken apart and put together more than a thousand clocks and watches4 ,he thought it would be a fine thing to be able to make many good watches1 and to make them all alike4 ,he never realized this dream1 but in later life he did make a good automobile1 he made many of them1 and he made them all alike4 ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,ford ,in ,his ,first ,motor ,car ,his first step towards this great business undertaking happened before he was seventeen years of age1 when he left his father's farm and went to ,detroit to work as a mechanic in a shop4 ,he never returned to the farm1 although for a time he lived on some land his father had given to him1 and conducted a lumber business4 ,all the time he was experimenting1 and he wanted to make something that would go4 ,by the time he was twenty-one years of age1 he had built a farm locomotive mounted on cast-iron wheels taken from a mowing machine4 ,it was not designed for any particular use1 but was to serve as a general farm tractor1 and he had great sport running it up and down the meadow while the cows fled in terror4 ,from that time his chief interest was in building wagons to be run by motors4 ,his health was always good1 he worked unceasingly1 and slept just as little as possible1 and at last1 in #ahic1 he made what people called then1 a wagon driven by gas2 today we call it an automobile4 ,it ran but was not a great success1 and the public made fun of the inventor4 ,this wagon driven by gas was the first ,ford automobile and the man who invented it was ,henry ,ford4 ,he had married and lived in a little house in ,bagley ,street1 ,detroit1 ,michigan4 ,he was employed by the ,edison ,company1 but he had a workshop of his own in his barn4 ,there he built his first motor car4 ,for material he used nothing but junk1 as he had no money with which to buy costly materials for experiments4 ,henry ,ford does not know the word discouragement1 so after his first failure he built another car and in #ahih placed it on the road4 ,it was better than the first one1 but there were still difficulties to be overcome4 ,people laughed more than ever1 and ,detroit thought him mildly insane on the subject of little buggies driven by gas1 as the newspapers called them4 ,then one day1 when no one was paying any especial attention to him1 ,henry ,ford made a car that would run on level ground1 would run up and down hill1 and go backward and forward4 ,his problem was solved1 and he began to make automobiles4 ,today he is the head of the ,ford ,motor ,company which has its largest factory in ,highland ,park1 a suburb of ,detroit1 ,michigan1 not more than fifteen miles from his birthplace4 ,at the ,highland ,park plant1 one thousand times a day a newborn car pushes open a door by itself and goes out into the world4 ,at once these cars are loaded on trains and sent away1 for the plant has no storage and there are always more orders than can be filled4 ,the ,ford cars are used by many persons1 they are all made alike and they are made in large numbers4 ,henry ,ford's old dream about making watches has come true1 only he makes automobiles instead of timepieces4 ,in his great factory the most improved machinery is used1 and the business is run on a profit-sharing plan1 which means that the daily pay of the men in his employ increases as the profit of the plant increases4 ,a just amount is paid to each workman and ,mr4 ,ford says3 ,if a man can make himself of any use at all1 put him on1 give him his chance and if he tries to do the right thing1 we can find a living for him any way4 ,eight hours is the length of the working day with extra pay for overtime work4 ,the wages in the ,ford factories have always been above what is generally paid so there are always many persons who want to work there4 ,however1 ,henry ,ford has two other great interests besides automobiles4 ,they are boys and birds4 ,his only child is a bright and earnest boy but ,mr4 ,ford does not forget other boys in doing for his own4 ,there are always a dozen or more boys that he is training and helping to prepare for life1 thus giving to the world strong1 helpful citizens4 ,as for birds1 he has built two hundred bird houses in the grounds of his home4 ,they are heated with electricity in winter so as to keep the birds' drinking water from freezing1 and by a clever arrangement of tubes1 food can be sent electrically to each little house4 ,recently ,mr4 ,ford brought from ,england three hundred and eighty song birds not native to the ,united ,states4 ,they settled down and built nests in his trees and shrubbery4 ,he hopes to have them increase and add to the beauty of our natural life4 ,his interest in birds and out of door life has been strengthened by his long friendship with ,john ,burroughs1 the naturalist1 and the two have had many tramps and camping trips together4 ,these excursions are ,mr4 ,ford's vacations and he likes to take them with this great nature lover or with his other good friend1 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 with whom he is most congenial4 ,having no bad habits1 perfect health1 never being tired1 willing to listen to others1 able to decide quickly1 and world-wide in his interests1 ,henry ,ford is one of the twentieth century's greatest public-spirited business men4 ,no better illustration can be found than the fact that although ,mr4 ,ford did not believe in war and was a man of peace1 yet when the ,united ,states entered the ,world ,war1 he hastened to ,washington1 offered his great factory to the government to make war supplies1 and began running night and day to furnish our country with war-time necessities4 ,if some one wished to choose for him a coat of arms they should select1 ,a file and hammer crossed1 a warm1 glowing heart placed above them1 while the words1 ,i love1 ,i build1 ,i give4 should be written underneath4 ,this should be sufficient to describe the nature of the kindly1 frank and unassuming man1 who1 with a large amount of money coming in each month1 cares nothing for it as money but wishes to use it to promote the good will of the world4 ,,ben ,b4 ,,lindsey ,late one afternoon a tired judge was seated at his bench in the city of ,denver4 ,the docket showed that the next case to be brought before him was one for stealing4 ,anxiously he waited for the hardened criminals to be brought in1 when lo and behold6 three boys hardly in their teens were brought before him4 ,when asked what they had stolen1 they replied1 ,pigeons4 ,beside the boys stood the old man whose pigeons had been stolen4 ,to say that he was angry was putting it mildly4 ,as the boys described the pigeon loft and how they came to steal the pigeons1 the judge became very absent-minded2 for his mind went back to the time when he himself was a boy and had been in a crowd that had stolen pigeons4 ,odd as it may seem1 the judge's old gang had1 years before1 visited this same pigeon loft and stolen from this same old man4 ,little wonder then that the judge had a warm place in his heart for the boys who were now in trouble4 ,but the old man had been annoyed for months1 had watched hours to catch the boys1 and now that he had caught them1 surely they should be punished severely4 ,he was sure the boys should be sent to prison4 ,what should the judge do under the circumstances8 ,certainly he must see that the pigeons were protected1 for they were fancy stock and the old man made his living by raising them4 ,illustration3 ,,ben ,b4 ,,lindsey ,the ,kids' ,judge ,would sending the three boys to prison protect the old man and his pigeons8 ,no1 for no doubt the boys belonged to a gang1 and unless the whole gang were caught1 the thefts would continue4 ,for a long time the judge studied the matter until finally he told the boys1 that if they would go out and bring in the other members of the gang1 he would be white with them2 he would give them a square deal4 ,the boys eyed the judge critically4 ,did he mean what he was saying8 ,the boys liked his looks1 for he was young and not much larger than themselves4 ,then1 too1 he did not talk down at them from the bench1 but had left his bench1 sat among them1 and talked like one of them4 ,it wasn't long before the boys were convinced that the judge was their friend4 ,he understood them1 and his heart was in the right place1 as they put it4 ,accordingly1 they went out and brought in the other members of the gang4 ,in his talk with the gang1 the judge was as kind and frank as he had been when talking with the three boys the day before4 ,he told the boys how the old man made his living by raising pigeons1 and he asked them whether they thought it was square for them to steal his pigeons4 ,they agreed that it was not4 ,then he told the gang how the old man and the police had caught the three boys stealing the pigeons1 and he asked them whether they thought it would help matters to send the boys to prison4 ,as this remedy did not appeal to the gang the judge asked what should be done4 ,after some discussion1 the members of the gang agreed that the best thing to do was to give the judge their word of honor that they would never molest the pigeon loft again4 ,thus it was that the old man's rights were protected and at the same time the boys were saved from the disgrace of a prison sentence4 ,the above is but one among hundreds of instances in which ,judge ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey of ,denver has shown that he is indeed the boy's friend4 ,since he is the boy's friend1 all boys are interested in his life4 ,since he was born in ,tennessee in #ahfi1 it is not difficult for us to figure that he is now in the prime of life4 ,as he looks back over his boyhood days he admits that he can recall little else than hardship4 ,his father1 who had been an officer in the ,confederate army1 died when ,ben was about eighteen years of age4 ,before the war the ,lindseys had been in comfortable circumstances1 but so great were the ravages of war that at its close the family had lost everything4 ,ben1 therefore1 was born in poverty4 ,so severe were the hardships in the ,south that the ,lindseys came north and finally settled in ,denver1 ,colorado4 ,when ,ben was twelve1 the family was so poor that the lad could not go to school4 ,forced to work while yet so young1 he had to pick up any odd jobs that came his way4 ,for a time he was messenger boy1 and then he managed a newspaper route4 ,since he was once a newsboy1 is it any wonder that he understood newsboys8 ,it is also interesting to know that he afterward became a judge in the same city in which he used to peddle newspapers4 ,though ,ben could not attend day school1 he did go to night school regularly4 ,as he was not robust1 it was difficult1 however1 for the lad after delivering messages all day to settle down to hard study in a night school4 ,but ,ben liked books and was not afraid of hard work4 ,a little later he secured employment in a real-estate office4 ,here he had some leisure time4 ,can you guess what he did with it8 ,did you know that about the best way to learn whether or not a boy is destined to become a great man is to find out what he does with his leisure hours8 ,ben1 now a young man1 spent his time in studying law4 ,to play games or go to shows would have been much more interesting than studying great law books1 but he was determined to climb regardless of the cost4 ,accordingly1 at the age of twenty-four1 he was made a full-fledged lawyer4 ,in his practice of law there was nothing exceptional until at the age of thirty-two he was made county judge4 ,for weeks he discharged the usual duties connected with his office until one evening a case came before the court that changed his entire life4 ,the story is as follows3 ,the hour was late2 the calendar was long1 and ,judge ,lindsey was sitting overtime4 ,weary of the weary work1 everybody was forcing the machinery of the law to grind through at top speed the dull routine of justice4 ,all sorts of cases go before this court1 grand and petty1 civil and criminal1 complicated and simple4 ,the petty larceny case was plain2 it could be disposed of in no time4 ,a theft had been committed2 no doubt of that4 ,had the prisoner at the bar done it8 ,the sleepy policeman had his witnesses on hand and they swore out a case4 ,there was no doubt about it2 hardly any denial4 ,the law prescribed precisely what was to be done to such 'cases1' and the bored judge ordered that that thing be done4 ,that was all4 ,in the same breath with which he pronounced sentence1 the court called for the 'next case1' and the shift was under way1 when something happened1 something out of the ordinary4 ,a cry6 an old woman's shriek1 rang out of the rear of the room4 ,there was nothing so very extraordinary about that4 ,our courts are held in public2 and every now and then somebody makes a disturbance such as this old woman made when she rose now with that cry on her lips and1 tearing her hair and rending her garments1 began to beat her head against the wall4 ,it was the duty of the bailiff to put the person out1 and that officer in this court moved to do his duty4 ,but ,judge ,lindsey upheld the woman1 saying3 ',i had noticed her before4 ,as my eye wandered during the evening it had fallen several times on her1 crouched there among the back benches1 and ,i remember ,i thought how like a cave dweller she looked4 ,i didn't connect her with the case1 any case4 ,i didn't think of her in any human relationship whatever4 ,for that matter1 ,i hadn't considered the larceny case in any human way4 ,and there's the point3 ,i was a judge1 judging 'cases' according to the 'law1' till the cave dweller's mother-cry startled me into humanity4 ,it was an awful cry1 a terrible sight1 and ,i was stunned4 ,i looked at the prisoner again1 but with new eyes now1 and ,i saw the boy1 an ,italian boy4 ,a thief8 ,no4 ,a bad boy8 ,perhaps1 but not a lost criminal4 ',i called him back1 and ,i had the old woman brought before me4 ,comforting and quieting her1 ,i talked with the two together1 as mother and son this time1 and ,i found that they had a home4 ,it made me shudder4 ,i had been about to send that boy to a prison among criminals when he had a home and a mother to go to4 ,and that was the law6 ,the fact that that boy had a good home2 the circumstances which led him to--not steal1 but 'swipe' something2 the likelihood of his not doing it again--these were 'evidence' pertinent1 nay1 vital1 to his case4 ',yet the law did not require the production of such evidence4 ,the law8 ,justice8 ,i stopped the machinery of justice to pull that boy out of its grinders4 ,but he was guilty2 what was to be done with him8 ,i didn't know4 ,i said ,i would take care of him myself1 but ,i didn't know what ,i meant to do1 except to visit him and his mother at their home4 ,and ,i did visit them1 often1 and--well1 we--his mother and ,i1 with the boy helping--we saved the boy1 and today he is a fine young fellow1 industrious1 self-respecting1 and a friend of the ,court4' ,so deep was the impression that this case made upon ,judge ,lindsey that he could not keep from thinking about it4 ,as he thought1 he made up his mind that boys and girls should not be tried in the same court with grown people4 ,he also concluded that in trying a boy the important thing was not what he had done1 but why he had done it4 ,to discover and remove the cause of the crime was of much greater importance than punishing him after the crime had been committed4 ,furthermore1 he thought it very wrong to put a boy in a prison with hardened criminals4 ,he looked upon the prison not as a place where men are made better but as a school of vice4 ,to send a boy to prison1 then1 must be the last resort4 ,while it was not hard for ,judge ,lindsey to see all these things1 it was difficult indeed for him to make the people of ,denver see them4 ,gradually1 however1 he carried on his campaign of enlightenment until today ,denver is pointed out as one of a few cities that knows how successfully to handle its boys4 ,with its excellent juvenile court and its sane probation laws it has blazed the path for other cities to follow4 ,and to whom are these changes due8 ,we answer1 to the man who by dint of hard work struggled all the way from newsboy on the streets to judge on the bench--,ben ,b4 ,lindsey4 ,,frances ,,willard ,two sisters and a brother lived with their parents in the country near what is now the town of ,beloit1 ,wisconsin4 ,they had many pleasures in their free1 healthy life1 and they were all fond of writing down in diaries accounts of their plays1 their hopes1 and their plans4 ,one day the older of the two girls wrote3 ,i once thought ,i should like to be ,queen ,victoria's maid of honor2 then ,i wanted to go and live in ,cuba2 next ,i made up my mind that ,i would be an artist2 next that ,i would be a mighty hunter of the prairies--but now ,i suppose ,i am to be a music teacher1 simply that and nothing more4 ,she never became any of these things1 but she did grow into such a wise and noble woman that the entire world recognized the good she did and was glad to honor her4 ,the little girl's name was ,frances ,willard1 and the great office that was hers in later life was the presidency of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union4 ,frances' father and mother moved to ,wisconsin from the ,state of ,new ,york when their children were very small4 ,then the new home seemed to be in the wilderness1 and the family were indeed pioneers4 ,frances had a genius for planning the most exciting games4 ,she was always the leader of the three1 and delighted in organizing her willing playmates into ,indian bands1 or into daring sailors of unknown seas4 ,the other two children called her ,frank1 and were glad to have her think up wonderful plays4 ,illustration3 ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard ,founder of the ,world's ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union ,one day long before ,frances was twelve years of age her sister wrote in her journal1 ,frank said we might as well have a ship if we did live on shore2 so we took a hen coop pointed at the top1 put a big plank across it1 and stood up1 one at each end1 with an old rake handle apiece to steer with4 ,up and down we went1 slow when it was a calm sea and fast when there was a storm1 until the old hen clucked and the chickens all ran in and we had a lively time4 ,frank was captain and ,i was mate4 ,we made out charts of the sea1 rules about how to navigate when it was good weather and how when it was bad4 ,we put up a sail made of an old sheet and had great fun1 until ,i fell off and hurt me4 ,so you see they must have had many daring adventures4 ,frances longed for a horse to ride1 but there was none the children could have4 ,this did not discourage her in the least4 ,she wanted to ride and so she decided to train their pet calf4 ,the calf's name was ,dime1 and ,frances said1 ,dime is an unusually smart calf1 she can be trained so we can ride her4 ,so she proceeded to do it and the children rode ,dime to their hearts' content4 ,but all of their play was not out of doors4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,willard had brought with them from their old home many books1 and the children liked to spend hours reading in their library4 ,the father and mother taught them and encouraged them to study4 ,frances liked to write1 and1 as she was a neat and orderly girl1 she did not want her books and papers disturbed4 ,in her sister ,mary's journal we read how she managed to have her belongings untouched3 ,today ,frank gave me half her dog ,frisk that she bought lately1 and for her pay ,i made a promise which mother witnessed and here it is3 ,i1 ,mary ,willard1 promise never to touch anything lying or being upon ,frank ,willard's writing desk which father gave her4 ,i promise never to ask either by speaking1 writing1 or signing1 or in any other way1 any person or body to take off or put on anything on said stand and desk without special permission from said ,frank ,willard4 ,i promise never to touch anything which may be in something upon her stand and desk4 ,i promise never to put anything on it or in anything on it2 ,i promise if ,i am writing or doing anything else at her desk to go away the moment she tells me to4 ,if ,i break the promise ,i will let the said ,f4 ,w4 come into my room and go to my trunk or go into any place where ,i keep my things and take anything of mine she likes4 ,all this ,i promise unless entirely different arrangements are made4 ,these things ,i promise upon my most sacred honor4 ,as ,frances grew older she longed to travel4 ,she had a great desire to take a large part in the work of the world2 but this did not seem possible for two reasons4 ,first1 she had no money1 and in the second place1 she lived in such an out of the way settlement that a journey to the great cities of the world seemed to be nothing but a pleasant dream that would never come true4 ,once in one of these moments of longing1 she wrote1 ,am ,i almost of age1 ,am ,i almost of age1 ,said a poor little girl1 ,and she glanced from her cage4 ,how long will it be ,before ,i shall be free1 ,and not fear friend or foe8 ,and ,i some folks could know ,i'd not want to be of age1 ,but remain in my cage4 ,this was her first poem1 and she grew very fond of writing and then reading aloud her own efforts4 ,the children printed a paper1 and ,frances was the editor4 ,while writing articles to appear in it she would often retire to a seat high up in a favorite tree4 ,on the tree she hung a sign1 ,the ,eagle's ,nest ,beware4 ,you may be sure the other children left her undisturbed until her important writing was finished4 ,but it was not long before ,frances went out into the world of which she dreamed and wrote1 for she was not eighteen years old when she began teaching4 ,this experience gave her great pleasure4 ,she liked her pupils and was earnest and enthusiastic4 ,there were two questions that she kept always before her pupils3 ,what are you going to be in the world1 and what are you going to do8 ,every one who ever had ,frances ,willard for his teacher heard these two questions many times1 and numerous young people were influenced by her to lead earnest1 helpful lives4 ,during one of her summer vacations1 she made the acquaintance of a warm-hearted1 generous girl who became one of her closest friends4 ,this young girl1 of about the same age as ,frances ,willard1 had no mother4 ,her father1 who was exceedingly wealthy1 was deeply immersed in his business1 so his daughter was glad to have her new friend with her often4 ,one day she thought1 ,how splendid it would be for us to go abroad4 ,to think was to act with her1 and almost before ,frances knew it they had started for ,europe4 ,they remained there three years and during that time visited many remote places seldom seen by the average person traveling in foreign lands4 ,frances ,willard wrote many accounts of their experiences which were published in ,american magazines4 ,upon her return to the ,united ,states she lectured about her journey and became such an excellent public speaker that every one wanted to hear her on any subject she chose1 so she continued to lecture after she ceased giving her travel talks4 ,it is estimated that she spoke on an average of once a day for ten years4 ,meanwhile1 she was made president of a college for young ladies in the town of ,evanston1 ,illinois4 ,later she became a member of the faculty of ,northwestern ,university in the same community4 ,here she brought wonderful help to her students1 and they said of her that she was so interesting she turned common things to gold4 ,but her life was not to be given entirely to teaching1 and after a few years she was drawn into the temperance work4 ,this was then in its beginning4 ,liquor was sold freely in every state1 and there were no laws regulating its sale or distribution4 ,miss ,willard saw the sorrow and suffering caused by intemperance and she determined to war against this great evil4 ,her first work was done with what was called the ,woman's ,crusade4 ,bands of women met and prayed in front of saloons4 ,often they asked to hold brief services in the saloons and then they urged men to give up drinking4 ,going to these places and praying in public was distasteful to her1 but ,miss ,willard felt she must do so4 ,soon1 because of her zeal1 the ,chicago branch of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union gave her an office4 ,from that time she rose rapidly from office to office in the great organization until she was made ,world ,president of the ,international ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 in #ahgi4 ,she brought the necessity for temperance before the people of the ,united ,states as they had never seen it before1 and always she said to them with tongue and pen1 ,temperance is necessary for ,god and ,home and ,native ,land4 ,she went over the entire country speaking to thousands of persons and turning their thoughts toward the great cause4 ,little by little she gained ground1 made progress1 and could say of the spread of interest3 ,it was like the fire we used to kindle on the western prairie1 a match and a wisp of dry grass was all that was needed1 and behold the magnificent spectacle of a prairie on fire1 sweeping across the landscape swift as a thousand untrained steeds and no more to be captured than a hurricane4 ,today the results of ,frances ,willard's work are seen in the great and growing interest in prohibition4 ,what was to her a dream is coming to pass2 what she hoped for will1 in all probability1 soon be a reality1 and her great achievement lies in having made the question1 ,shall we permit our homes and our country to be ruined by intemperance8 one of national importance1 a question that every citizen of the ,united ,states must answer4 ,in ,statuary ,hall of our ,nation's ,capitol1 where stand the statues of those persons whose deeds have earned them the right to fame and honor1 there is only one statue of a woman4 ,that woman is ,frances ,e4 ,willard4 ,,jane ,,addams ,not so many years ago a little girl1 living in a small ,illinois town1 had a strange dream4 ,she was quite a little girl2 just old enough to be in the second grade at school1 nevertheless she always remembered that dream4 ,she says1 ,i dreamed that every one in the world was dead excepting myself1 and that upon me rested the responsibility of making a wagon wheel4 ,the village street remained as usual1 the village blacksmith shop was 'all there1' even a glowing fire upon the forge1 and the anvil in its customary place near the door1 but no human being was within sight4 ,they had all gone around the edge of the hill to the village cemetery1 and ,i alone remained in the deserted world4 ,i stood in the blacksmith shop pondering on how to begin1 and never once knew how1 although ,i fully realized that the affairs of the world could not be resumed until at least one wheel should be made and something started4 ,the little girl dreamed this dream more than once1 but she never made the wagon wheel4 ,however1 when she was a grown woman she founded and built up something that has become a great force for good in the largest city of her native state4 ,perhaps you are wondering what she did4 ,she went to live in one of the poorest and most wretched parts of ,chicago4 ,there she furnished her house exactly as she would if it had been in some beautiful street4 ,she called her home a ,settlement1 and invited her neighbors to come in daily for comfort and cheer4 ,illustration3 ,,jane ,,addams ,founder of ,hull ,house1 ,chicago ,in her description of the street in which she lived she says1 ,halsted ,street is thirty-two miles long1 and one of the great thoroughfares of ,chicago4 ,polk street crosses it midway between the stock yards to the south and the ship building yards to the north4 ,for the six miles between these two industries the street is lined with shops of butchers and grocers1 with dingy and gorgeous saloons1 and places for the sale of ready-made clothing4 ,once this was the suburbs1 but the city has grown steadily and this site has corners on three or four foreign colonies4 ,it was in the year #ahii that ,jane ,addams1 for that is the name of the little girl who dreamed she was to make a wagon wheel and help start something in the world1 began living in ,halsted ,street1 and named her home ,hull ,house after the first owner4 ,in those early days people asked her over and over why she had come to live in ,halsted ,street when she could afford to live among richer people4 ,one old man used to shake his head and say it was the strangest thing he had ever known4 ,however1 there came a time when he thought it was most natural for the settlement to be there to feed the hungry1 care for the sick1 give pleasure to the young and comfort to the aged4 ,from the very first ,miss ,addams and her helpers made their neighbors understand that they were ready to do even the humblest services4 ,they took care of children and nursed the sick4 ,they even washed the dishes and cleaned the house for some of the poor foreign women who had to work all night scrubbing big office buildings4 ,besides helping in true neighborly fashion1 they brought many joys to the people about them4 ,some of these were quite by chance1 as once when an old ,italian woman cried with pleasure over a bunch of red roses that she saw at a reception ,miss ,addams gave4 ,she was surprised1 she said1 that they had been brought so fresh all the way from ,italy4 ,no one could make her believe they had been grown in ,chicago4 ,she had lived there six years and never seen any1 but in ,italy they bloomed everywhere all summer4 ,now the sad thing about this story was that during all the six years of her stay in ,chicago she had lived within ten blocks of a flower store1 and one car fare would have been enough to take her to one of ,chicago's beautiful public parks4 ,no one had ever told her about them1 and so all she knew of the city was the dirty street in which she lived4 ,miss ,addams learned that most of the foreigners were as helpless as this woman in finding anything to bring them pleasure4 ,so ,hull ,house became a place where hundreds of persons went4 ,some joined classes and studied1 but at first it was for social purposes that the ,settlement was used the most4 ,the people lived in tiny1 crowded rooms and the only place they had to gather in celebration of weddings and birthdays1 and meet each other was the saloon halls4 ,these halls could be rented for a very small sum with the understanding that the company would spend much money at the saloon bar4 ,because of this custom many a party that started out quiet and orderly ended with great disorder4 ,so you can see that every one would be glad to have ,hull ,house where they could go and enjoy themselves comfortably with their friends4 ,a day at ,hull ,house is most interesting4 ,in the morning come many little children to the ,kindergarten4 ,they are followed by older children who come to afternoon classes1 while in the evening every room is filled with grown persons who meet in some form of study1 club or social life4 ,but if you should go there now you would find instead of one building1 with which ,miss ,addams began1 thirteen buildings and forty persons living there to help to teach anyone who may come to ,hull ,house4 ,there are classes in foreign languages1 and one may study in the night classes almost any subject that is taught in a high school4 ,besides these classes there are concerts and plays4 ,hull ,house has a theater of its own1 and the boys and girls of the neighborhood act out their favorite dramas there4 ,one story that has been told frequently shows the kind of plays the boys and girls make4 ,almost every one thinks this play was given in the ,hull ,house ,theater but ,miss ,addams writes3 ,i have told the story you have reference to several times4 ,it is about a settlement boys' club1 not at ,hull ,house1 who were asked to write a play on the origin of the ,american flag4 ,they were told the climax must come in the third act1 etc41 but were given no outline4 ,the play was as follows3 ,the first act was at the darkest hour of the ,american ,revolution4 ,a sentry walking up and down in front of the camp1 says to a soldier3 ,aint it fierce8 ,we aint got no flag for this here ,revolution4 ,and the soldier replies3 ,yes1 aint it fierce8 ,that is the end of the first act4 ,second act3 ,the same soldier appears before ,george ,washington and says3 ,aint it fierce8 ,we aint got no flag for this here ,revolution4 ,and ,george ,washington replies3 ,yes1 aint it fierce8 and that is the end of the second act4 ,third ,act3 ,george ,washington went to call on ,betsy ,ross1 who lived on ,arch ,street in ,philadelphia1 and said3 ,mistress ,ross1 aint it fierce8 ,we aint got no flag for this here ,revolution1 and ,betsy ,ross replied3 ,yes1 aint it fierce8 ,hold the baby and ,i will make one4 ,i sometimes tell this with a little more elaboration but ,i have given you what the boys actually wrote4 ,of course1 it has always been detailed in the line of a funny story and cannot be taken too seriously4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,,jane ,,addams ,is it not wonderful what ,miss ,addams has done for the people who had no comfort or care8 ,perhaps she has but kept a promise she made to her father when she was only seven years of age4 ,they were driving through the poor1 mean streets of her native town of ,cedarville1 ,illinois4 ,she had never seen this particular part of the town before1 and asked her father many times why persons lived in such dreadful places4 ,he tried to tell her what it meant to be very poor4 ,she listened eagerly and then exclaimed1 ,when ,i grow up1 ,i am going to live in a great1 big house right among horrid little houses like these4 ,in her big house on ,halsted ,street many lives have been brightened and thousands have found the help that started them upon useful careers4 ,jane ,addams is one of the noblest women our country has had1 and she has been honored by ,chicago and the entire ,united ,states for her life of service4 ,a member of the ,english ,parliament called her the only saint ,america has produced1 while an enthusiastic ,chicago man1 when asked to name the greatest living man in ,america1 answered1 ,jane ,addams4 ,when in ,chicago1 try to go out to ,hull ,house and visit for an afternoon or evening4 ,there are so many kinds of activities going on all the time you can see what you like best1 whether it be gymnastics1 acting1 music1 pottery1 carpentery1 or any of the literary or industrial pursuits4 ,later on you will want to read the book ,miss ,addams has written of her experience called1 ,twenty ,years of ,hull ,house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the union of hearts1 the union of hands1 and the flag of our ,union forever4 --,g4 ,p4 ,,morris4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,mitchell ,president of the ,united ,mine ,workers ,,john ,,mitchell ,have you ever thought how common it is for the persons who work for others to think that they do not have enough pay for what they do8 ,the boy who mows the lawn wants more than the landlady is willing to pay4 ,thus it was in #aijb when thousands of coal miners in ,pennsylvania became dissatisfied with their wages and started a great movement to force their employers to pay them more4 ,on one side were the rich men who owned the mines4 ,they1 eager to make as much money for themselves as possible1 were not willing to pay the miners fair wages4 ,furthermore1 they would not spend money to make the mines safe for the men who worked in them4 ,accordingly1 the living conditions among the miners were wretched indeed4 ,poorly paid1 they were forced to dwell in houses that were little more than huts1 and were required to live on the coarsest fare4 ,so dangerous were the mines that accidents were of almost daily occurrence2 yet nothing could be done as the miners were without a leader4 ,true1 labor agitators came and with silver speech aroused the miners1 but they did not tell them what to do4 ,for a long time the battle cloud grew darker until finally the whole nation became alarmed4 ,so grave was the situation that ,theodore ,roosevelt1 then president1 was asked to help avert the crisis that seemed inevitable4 ,at once the president left ,washington for the scene of conflict4 ,day after day he sought among the sullen1 half-crazed men for some solution of the difficulty1 until finally he discovered a man big enough to bring order out of confusion4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,c4 ,weir1 in speaking of this discovery1 says3 ,from the inferno of the coal-strike dates the cementing of those ties of friendship and comradeship which have bound ,john ,mitchell and ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,the president1 plunging into the heart of the strike1 sought and found the man whose hand held the pulse of events4 ,he found him1 haggard and white with the strain of a great exhaustion1 upheld by the inspiration of a great purpose1 and forthwith ,john ,mitchell1 coal-miner1 son of a coal-miner1 came into a place in the ,roosevelt esteem which few men have equaled and no man surpassed4 ,when at the ,white ,house conference of ,american governors1 the president invited as guests of honor those five ,americans who1 in his judgment1 ranked foremost in current progress1 ,john ,mitchell1 the labor man1 was high in the quintette4 ,to have a plain coal-miner thus honored by the ,president of the ,united ,states is so exceptional that we cannot help wondering what there was about ,mr4 ,mitchell that earned for him such distinction4 ,to discover the source of his greatness it is necessary to study his life4 ,john ,mitchell was born in the cottage of a humble coal-miner at ,braidwood1 ,illinois1 in #ahgj4 ,in those days ,braidwood was a dreary1 dirty mining town almost surrounded by broad stretches of swamp4 ,when ,john was but three years of age his mother died4 ,his stepmother1 who no doubt meant well1 was not affectionate2 on the contrary she was very severe4 ,as they were very poor she had to take in washings1 and day after day it fell to ,john's lot to help his stepmother with the washings4 ,when he was six years of age1 his father1 the only real friend he had in the world1 was brought home dead1 killed in a mine disaster4 ,in speaking of this period in his life ,mr4 ,mitchell says3 ,the poverty and hardships that followed were marked by one circumstance that is imprinted indelibly upon my memory and which has had an impelling influence upon my whole life4 ,my father had served a full term of enlistment as a volunteer in the ,civil ,war4 ,when he was discharged from the army he brought home with him his soldier's clothes1 and ,i remember so well that when we had not sufficient bed clothing to keep us warm in the cold winter nights1 ,i would arise and get the heavy soldier's coat and spread it over my little half-brother and myself4 ,when we were snug and warm beneath it ,i would feel so happy and proud that my father had been an ,american soldier4 ,and through all the years that have passed since then ,i have felt that same pride in the memory of my father1 and in the love of country which1 along with a good name1 was our sole heritage from him4 ,when ,john was about ten1 his stepmother married again4 ,from the first his stepfather did not like him1 and soon he became so cruel that the boy's heart was completely broken4 ,with no home1 with no one who cared for him1 the big world seemed cold indeed4 ,finally1 unable to stand the abuse of his stepfather longer1 he gathered his few belongings in a small bundle and started out to make his own way in the world4 ,for a boy of only ten this was by no means easy4 ,from house to house he asked for work until finally a farmer gave him a job4 ,though the hours were long and the work heavy1 ,john stuck to it for more than a year when he went to a mine in ,braidwood and got a job as breaker boy4 ,here he remained until he was twelve when he decided to go west4 ,with no money and no friends he worked his way by slow stages all the way from ,illinois to ,colorado4 ,he had hoped that mining conditions would be much better in ,colorado1 but found them even worse than they had been in ,illinois4 ,unable to earn enough to supply the bare necessities of life1 the miners were suffering hardship and want4 ,thus surrounded by misery1 ,john1 though but a lad1 found himself trying to think out ways of helping these unfortunate men and their families1 for he could not believe that it was right for them to suffer as they did4 ,finally conditions in ,colorado became so bad that ,john1 then twenty years of age1 decided to return to ,spring ,valley1 ,illinois4 ,here1 for the first time in his life1 he saw a labor union so conducted that it was a force4 ,the members of this union1 all working men1 met each week and discussed matters that were of interest to all4 ,after discussing the topics they passed resolutions which they presented to the mine owners4 ,in this way they were able to secure better wages1 shorter hours of work1 and safer mines in which to work4 ,in these labor meetings young ,mitchell took an active part and soon developed ability as a public speaker4 ,from the first his advancement in the ranks of organized labor was rapid1 so rapid in fact that at thirty we find ,mitchell president of the ,united ,mine ,workers of ,america4 ,at the time he became president the organization had but about forty thousand members1 but under his skillful leadership it grew until in #aijh its membership numbered over three hundred thousand men4 ,mr4 ,mitchell is still in the prime of life and is one of our most skillful and trusted labor leaders4 ,better to appreciate the worth of the man1 let us consider the following tribute to him3 ,he chose to use this unusual ability for the many rather than for himself alone4 ,it seemed better to him that many thousands should eat more and better bread each day than that he should have for himself ease and luxury4 ,andrew ,carnegie1 beginning as ,john ,mitchell did1 in poverty and ignorance1 made himself one of the foremost men of his time in the finance of the world4 ,behind him lies1 as the result of his life work1 a better system of refining steel1 innumerable libraries--his gifts1 and bearing his name1--a hundred millionaires and more--his one-time lieutenants--and personal wealth so great as to tax his gigantic intellect to find means for its expenditure4 ,john ,mitchell1 in a life much shorter1 leaves behind him not a better system of refining steel1 not a hundred millionaires1 not innumerable libraries with his name in stone over the doors1 but better living conditions for four hundred thousand miners--more wages1 fewer hours of labor1 less dangerous mine conditions1 far-reaching laws for greater safety1 a better understanding between capital and labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let our object be our country1 our whole country1 and nothing but our country4 ,and1 by the blessing of ,god1 may that country itself become a vast and splendid monument1--not of oppression and terror--but of wisdom1 of peace1 and of liberty1 upon which the world may gaze with admiration forever4 --,,daniel ,,webster4 ,,maude ,,ballington ,,booth ,a pleasant-faced little woman was talking to many persons in a great hall4 ,she wore a dark dress4 ,on the front of it were three white stars joined by slender chains4 ,in the center of each one was a blue letter4 ,the first letter was ,v1 the second was ,p1 and the third was ,l4 ,their meaning is ,volunteer ,prison ,league4 ,the little woman was ,maude ,ballington ,booth1 and she was explaining the work of this league1 for she founded it4 ,she said that she had come from ,england to the ,united ,states many years ago4 ,upon reaching here one of the first places she visited was a great prison in ,california4 ,there she saw so much sadness and misery that she could not rest until she did something to help the men and women who were shut behind iron bars4 ,she began her work by holding a meeting in ,sing ,sing ,prison on the ,hudson ,river in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,she told the men that she was their friend and believed in them4 ,she declared that there was no one so cast down or disgraced that he could not rise and make something of himself1 if he would only try4 ,many of the men who heard ,mrs4 ,booth that day had no families and had even lost trace of all their relatives4 ,she said they could write her letters and she would answer4 ,they had never before had any one treat them so kindly1 and so letters by the hundred reached ,mrs4 ,booth4 ,one young man scarcely more than a boy1 wrote her thanking her for the kind letter she had sent him4 ,he called her ,little ,mother4 ,soon this title became known1 and all up and down the prisons of the ,united ,states men came to talk of the ,little ,mother and look for her coming2 for her first work in ,sing ,sing ,prison was so successful that she went from state to state organizing ,volunteer ,prison ,leagues4 ,illustration3 ,,maude ,,ballington ,,booth ,founder of the ,volunteer ,prison ,league ,it is not always easy to do right even when one is well1 happy1 and in his own home4 ,think1 then1 how hard a task the men in prison found it when they became members of the new league6 ,the day a man joined1 he had given to him a white button with a blue star and in the middle of the star was ,look ,up and ,hope4 ,he promised to do five things3 #a4 ,he would pray every morning and night4 #b4 ,he would read faithfully in the little ,day ,book the league sent him4 #c4 ,no bad language should soil his lips4 #d4 ,he would keep the rules of the prison4 #e4 ,he would try to encourage others1 too1 in right doing1 and when possible get new members for the league4 ,from the moment a man put on a button1 his guards and fellow prisoners watched to see if he would keep his promise4 ,a framed copy of what he promised to do was hung in his cell as a daily reminder4 ,if a man was strong enough to accept these five conditions1 he came to be a changed person4 ,he wanted to do right1 and he looked forward to the time when he would be free and could once more try anew in the big world4 ,many persons told ,mrs4 ,booth her plan would never work1 but one by one men began to prove that it did4 ,first there were dozens1 then there were hundreds of men returning to their homes or going out to succeed in the business world4 ,by and by ,mrs4 ,booth saw there should be places where the men with no families could go when they left prison4 ,so she started ,hope ,halls4 ,these are homes in the different large cities of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,volunteer ,prison ,league has officers who manage them but the general public is never told where these houses are4 ,in bygone days many men upon leaving prison have been led away by old evil companions4 ,others have found no place to stay and no work open for them because a cold1 unthinking public had called them jail birds4 ,mrs4 ,booth wanted these men to have a chance4 ,today a man who belongs to the league can1 upon leaving prison1 be directed to the nearest ,hope ,hall4 ,there he can stay in comfortable quarters until he gets work4 ,kind friends help him and many business firms have come to take the word of the manager of ,hope ,hall4 ,they give the man work and he goes out to take his place as a man among men4 ,mrs4 ,booth has given her life to building up this league1 and for many years earned all the money that was needed for running expenses4 ,she did this by writing1 and speaking in public4 ,everywhere she went the people listened to her story and many were glad to help her4 ,although we claim her as an ,american1 ,maude ,ballington ,booth was born in a pretty little ,english village4 ,her father was the rector of the little church1 and her mother was a loving woman devoted to her home4 ,she died when ,maude was fifteen years of age and on the moss-covered stone that marks her grave are the words3 ,they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament1 and they that turn many to righteousness1 as the stars forever and ever4 ,from such a home the young girl went to ,london4 ,there she met ,ballington ,booth1 son of ,general ,booth1 founder of the ,salvation ,army4 ,they were married and she came to the ,united ,states with him to interest ,americans in the cause of the ,salvation ,army4 ,this was a hard task4 ,oftentimes the army was jeered openly4 ,the ,booths were actually stoned while holding meetings in the streets4 ,but this did not stop them4 ,their work grew1 and at last they founded the ,volunteers of ,america and became the head of this order4 ,the busiest persons generally have time to do many things4 ,so it was with ,maude ,ballington ,booth1 for she wrote a number of books about her work with prisoners1 as well as lovely fairy tales for her little boy and girl4 ,these children missed their mother very much when she went away to speak1 so the next best thing to having her at home was to have the stories she made for them4 ,these stories were sure to have accounts of pet animals in them1 suggesting to the ,booth children their own pets1 and the following description of ,snowball shows how well ,mrs4 ,booth could picture the feelings of an insulted pussy cat4 ,the three children seated themselves by the stately white cat2 slowly the ragged coat was opened and out sprang a frisky plebeian kitten right under the ,angora's aristocratic nose4 ,what a picture it was4 ,the little black kitten startled and dazed by the light and warmth1 and a great prince of a cat towering over her4 ,snowball was frozen into an attitude of horror at the unexpected apparition4 ,every hair stood erect and his back looked like a deformed hunch1 while his yellow eyes flashed fire4 ',naughty1 naughty ,snowball1' called ,baby1 when the cats had gazed at each other for a full minute4 ',it's little1 and it's cold and it's hungry4' ,whatever he thought of ,baby's reproof1 ,snowball did think it was time to act1 and like a flash the white paw darted at the offending kitten's ear1 and1 ,i am ashamed to say1 he spit most crossly in its frightened little face1 then at one bound he sprang to the mantle-piece and sat there growling4 ,the children looked dismayed2 the little kitten stood looking up at its unsociable host with a sweet1 questioning little face1 uttering mild little mews of protest in answer to his thunderous growls4 ,then ,brown ,eyes' wrath broke1 and folding the kitten in loving arms1 he said to ,snowball1 ',you bad1 ungrateful ill natured cat1 ,i am surprised at you1 petted and cuddled and fed on good things1 you turn and spit at a poor little kitten1 who only looked up into your face and asked you to love it4 ,we'll go away and leave you4 ,you can stay there1 and we'll get a saucer of cream for this kitten who is far nicer than you1 cross cat2 you bad cat1 we'll leave you to yourself4' ,left to himself ,snowball repented but1 alas6 the door was shut4 ,the merry voices that resounded through the house did not call him1 while through the still room sounded the voice of his taunting enemy1 that hateful clock1 the words of which his conscience could so well interpret1 ',cross cat1 bad cat1 bad cat4' ,for years ,mrs4 ,booth went from place to place throughout the ,united ,states raising money for the ,volunteer ,prison ,league1 but when her father died he left her a small fortune4 ,now she uses this money for the great cause she loves1 and is spared the hard work of traveling and speaking4 ,those who have heard her1 remember a small woman with a soft1 beautiful voice4 ,this voice urged the world not to look at trouble and failure1 but to lend a helping hand to men and women who want to lead a better life by following the stars of hope4 ,illustration3 ,,andrew ,,carnegie ,founder of ,many ,libraries ,,andrew ,,carnegie ,have you a library in your town8 ,what is it called8 ,should you like to know why ,andrew ,carnegie decided to spend millions and millions of dollars in building beautiful libraries in this country and ,scotland8 ,i should like to tell you1 for the story is very interesting4 ,mr4 ,carnegie was born in far away ,scotland in the year #ahce4 ,his father was a poor man who earned his living by weaving linen by hand4 ,soon machines were invented for the weaving of linen4 ,as these machines could weave more cheaply1 those who had made a living by hand weaving were thrown out of work4 ,andie's father was thus thrown out of employment and1 hardly knowing which way to turn1 decided to come to ,america4 ,accordingly1 when ,andie was seven years of age1 in company with his parents and brother1 he came to this land of promise4 ,in a land so large1 it was not an easy matter for them to decide where to live4 ,finally they decided to settle in ,allegheny ,city1 just across the river from ,pittsburg4 ,after the home was settled1 one of the first questions to be solved was1 whether ,andie should go to school or go to work4 ,but what could a boy so small do8 ,he could be a bobbin boy in a big factory1 he was told4 ,so as bobbin boy1 we soon see him earning his first money4 ,can you guess what his first wages were8 ,from early morning until late at night he worked and1 for a whole week's work received but one dollar and twenty cents4 ,so faithful and energetic was he1 that he was soon promoted to engine-boy at a salary of a dollar and eighty cents a week4 ,while the increase in salary pleased him1 the work was not so pleasant1 for he had to work in a damp cellar away from fresh air and sunlight4 ,then1 too1 he was alone most of the time4 ,it was while he was engine-boy that an event happened that caused him later in life to build libraries4 ,suppose we invite ,mr4 ,carnegie1 in his own language1 to tell us about it4 ,there were no fine libraries then1 but in ,allegheny ,city1 where ,i lived1 there was a ,colonel ,anderson1 who was well-to-do and of a philanthropic turn4 ,he announced1 about the time ,i first began to work1 that he would be in his library at home1 every ,saturday1 ready to lend books to working boys and men4 ,he had only about four hundred volumes1 but ,i doubt if ever so few books were put to better use4 ,only one who has longed1 as ,i did1 for ,saturday to come1 that the spring of knowledge might be opened anew to him1 can imagine what ,colonel ,anderson did for me and other boys of ,allegheny ,city4 ,quite a number of them have risen to eminence1 and ,i think their rise can be traced easily to this splendid opportunity4 ,no doubt it was the kindness of ,colonel ,anderson that prompted ,mr4 ,carnegie1 later in life1 to bestow his wealth for the founding of libraries4 ,since the work as engine-boy had never appealed to ,andie1 he was delighted when another promotion was earned4 ,this time he was made messenger boy in a telegraph office in ,pittsburg at a salary of two dollars and fifty cents a week4 ,in speaking of this period ,mr4 ,carnegie said3 ,if you want an idea as to heaven on earth1 imagine what it is to be taken from a dark cellar1 where ,i fired the boiler from morning until night1 and dropped into an office1 where light shone from all sides1 with books1 papers1 and pencils in profusion around me1 and oh1 the tick of those mysterious brass instruments on the desk1 annihilating space and conveying intelligence to the world4 ,this was my first glimpse of paradise1 and ,i walked on air4 ,fortunately1 the man in charge of the office1 a ,scotchman by the name of ,james ,reid1 took a liking to the ,scotch lad and began to help him by teaching him telegraphy4 ,accordingly1 during the leisure moments when ,andie had no messages to deliver he studied so diligently that in a remarkably short time he became a skillful telegraph operator4 ,at this time his father died1 leaving the support of the family to ,andie4 ,to support them he must earn more money1 and so he left his job as messenger boy to become a telegraph operator on the ,pennsylvania railroad4 ,while thus engaged as an operator he invented a system of train dispatching that1 each year1 saved the company thousands of dollars4 ,this invention attracted the attention of the railroad officials to young ,carnegie1 and he was made private secretary to ,colonel ,scott1 vice-president of the road1 and a little later was made superintendent of the ,western division of the ,pennsylvania railroad1 all before he was thirty years of age4 ,it was while he was superintendent of the railroad that ,mr4 ,woodruff1 the inventor of the sleeping car1 came to him with the invention4 ,mr4 ,carnegie listened to a description of the proposed cars4 ,he saw that the idea was good and adopted it at once4 ,thus it was that on ,mr4 ,carnegie's division of the ,pennsylvania railroad the first sleeping cars in the ,united ,states were run4 ,prior to this time all the railroad bridges had been made of wood2 but it occurred to ,carnegie that bridges should be made of steel1 rather than wood4 ,accordingly1 he organized the ,keystone ,bridge ,company that built the first steel bridge across the ,ohio ,river4 ,as the bridge business grew1 ,mr4 ,carnegie decided that he could make more money by making his own steel for the bridges4 ,to do this he organized a company and built the ,union ,iron ,mills4 ,so profitable were these mills that in a short time he purchased the ,edgar ,thompson ,steel ,rail ,mill and the ,homestead ,steel ,works4 ,gradually his business grew until in #aija1 when he retired1 his payroll exceeded eighteen million dollars a year1 and he received two hundred and fifty millions for his share of the business4 ,but1 ,i hear you ask1 ,how could he earn so much money8 ,how did he get the money to start these great enterprises8 ,from the first he was economical and saved every penny possible2 and fortunately for him his investments were always profitable1 as the following examples will show4 ,when he was a telegraph operator1 his friend1 ,mr4 ,scott1 urged him to buy ten shares in the ,adams ,express ,company for six hundred dollars4 ,as ,mr4 ,carnegie was able to get together but five hundred dollars1 ,mr4 ,scott lent him the extra hundred1 and the investment was made4 ,soon these shares were yielding large dividends1 which ,mr4 ,carnegie carefully saved4 ,already ,i have told you how ,mr4 ,woodruff1 the inventor of the sleeping car1 came to ,mr4 ,carnegie to get him to try out these cars4 ,so enthusiastic was ,mr4 ,carnegie over the invention1 that he organized the ,woodruff ,sleeping ,car ,company1 and borrowed money from every possible source to finance the enterprise4 ,here1 too1 he met with a degree of success that was far beyond his fondest expectations4 ,suppose we invite ,mr4 ,carnegie to tell us about his third investment4 ,he says3 ,in company with several others1 ,i purchased the now famous ,story farm1 on ,oil ,creek1 ,pennsylvania1 where a well had been bored and natural-oil struck the year before4 ,this proved a very profitable investment4 ,when ,i first visited this famous well1 the oil was running into the creek where a few flat-bottomed scows lay filled with it1 ready to be floated down the ,allegheny ,river on an agreed upon day each week1 when the creek was flooded by means of a temporary dam4 ,this was the beginning of the natural-oil business4 ,we purchased the farm for forty thousand dollars1 and so small was our faith in the ability of the earth to yield1 for any considerable time1 the hundred barrels per day which the property was then producing that we decided to make a pond capable of holding one hundred thousand barrels of oil1 which we estimated would be worth1 when the supply ceased1 one million dollars4 ,unfortunately for us1 the pond leaked fearfully4 ,evaporation also caused much loss1 but we continued to run the oil in to make the loss good day by day1 until several hundred thousand barrels had gone in this fashion4 ,our experience with the farm is worth reciting3 its value rose to five million dollars1 and one year it paid in cash dividends one million dollars4 ,surely this was a very profitable investment4 ,but most of ,mr4 ,carnegie's money was made in the steel business1 and1 you ask how this was done4 ,prior to #ahfh the process of making iron into steel had been extremely expensive4 ,in that year ,mr4 ,carnegie introduced a method for making steel known as the ,bessemer process4 ,for years his mills had a monopoly of the process2 and1 as it reduced the cost of making steel by more than half1 he made vast sums of money4 ,about all rich men two questions are always asked3 ,how did they get their money1 and what did they do with it8 ,while ,mr4 ,carnegie may be justly criticized for some of the methods he adopted in getting his money1 few can criticize the beautiful spirit that he has shown in giving it away4 ,so liberal has he been that in a single year he gave away one hundred and twelve million dollars4 ,some of his more notable gifts are #bb1jjj1jjj for the ,carnegie ,institution in ,washington1 #bd1jjj1jjj for the ,carnegie ,institution in ,pittsburg1 #ae1jjj1jjj for ,teachers' ,pensions1 #aj1jjj1jjj for ,scotch ,universities1 and #gj1jjj1jjj for libraries4 ,in the northern part of ,scotland is a large and beautiful mansion known as ,skibo ,castle4 ,this was ,mr4 ,carnegie's country estate1 and here he and his wife and daughter lived in comparative quiet4 ,in his late years1 as in boyhood days1 he loved to tread on the free heather of his beloved country4 ,as the years multiplied1 his sympathies gradually enlarged and his vision broadened4 ,though some1 as they grow old1 become sour and crabbed1 ,mr4 ,carnegie became increasingly optimistic and youthful in spirit1 until death claimed him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he is never alone that hath a good book4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,anna ,,shaw ,honorary ,president1 ,woman's ,national ,suffrage ,association ,,anna ,,shaw ,when ,anna ,shaw was four years old1 her mother left ,scotland with her family of small children and started for ,america to join her husband4 ,after a few days' sail1 a fearful storm arose and the ship returned with great difficulty to ,queenstown4 ,this was the first impressive experience of ,anna's life1 and she was destined to live through many exciting ones4 ,finally1 another ship started on the long voyage across the ,atlantic and this time the family reached the shores of our country and met the husband and father4 ,anna remembers his joy over their reunion4 ,but the next event that stands out clearly in her mind occurred after they had lived in the ,united ,states for a year or more4 ,her parents did not believe in slavery1 and were anxious to help runaway slaves gain a place of safety and freedom4 ,they had read ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin aloud to their children1 so ,anna was not surprised when one day she went into the cellar on an errand and found a negro woman hiding there4 ,the little girl was greatly excited and anxious to know just how the woman came there and where she was going4 ,but when she told her parents of her discovery they became alarmed lest she might1 through her interest1 say things before strangers that would disclose their secret4 ,therefore they kept her away from the cellar on one excuse or another1 and although ,anna was sure her home sheltered many slaves on their journey to a free land1 she never again saw one or knew anything about the system that helped these suffering persons4 ,the ,shaw home was in a small ,massachusetts town1 and there was much happening to engage the attention of the children4 ,anna recalls the first money she ever earned4 ,the amount was twenty-five cents1 and she was paid that for riding in a ,fourth of ,july celebration4 ,after this seemingly great sum of money was hers1 she and a small sister decided to spend some of it4 ,they bought a banana1 which was to them a strange and wonderful fruit1 but they did not like it because they did not know how to eat it4 ,they gave it away to a boy who quickly removed the peel and enjoyed eating the fruit4 ,they were amazed1 for they had tried to eat it just as they bought it from the dealer4 ,when ,anna saw their gift eaten so rapidly she was astonished and disappointed4 ,this incident was to be one of the last memories of her ,new ,england home1 for the family moved to ,northern ,michigan and became pioneers4 ,for toys she received at ,christmas a small saw and an axe4 ,these were typical of the life she was to lead for a number of years4 ,unlike many girls of her age1 she had no time to play with dolls or sew2 she was forced to do a man's work in helping with the new home4 ,her father was a kind1 gentle man1 but very much of a dreamer4 ,he did not realize that things must be done promptly if a family is to have food and shelter4 ,once he spent weeks reading and planning what kinds of grains would be best to sow1 but long before he had decided1 the planting season was over1 the young crops were up1 and the ,shaws had none4 ,the mother was not strong1 yet she did an immense amount of work4 ,as she had been highly trained in sewing1 she made the clothing for the entire family4 ,the two older girls1 ,eleanor and ,mary1 did the housework and this left ,anna and her brother to do the rough outdoor work4 ,together they accomplished this and many other tasks4 ,they even made a set of furniture for their simple cabin home4 ,indians were all about through the woods1 and once while out playing ,anna saw a band of them going towards her home4 ,she hurried back to see her mother giving them food4 ,this they took with no thanks and departed4 ,but later in the year they returned and brought ,mrs4 ,shaw a large supply of venison to show her they appreciated her kindness4 ,another time a number of ,indians stopped at the ,shaw cabin1 and they had been drinking whiskey4 ,they demanded food1 and it was prepared for them4 ,meanwhile ,anna and her brother1 fearful lest the liquor might excite their guests1 managed to go to the attic and let down a rope from the gable window4 ,with it they drew up all their firearms1 one by one4 ,then at long intervals1 members of the family would slip away and hide upstairs where they knew they would be safe unless the ,indians set fire to the house4 ,the hungry guests ate up everything1 then stretched themselves out and fell into a drunken sleep4 ,the ,shaw children watched them all night through cracks in the attic floor1 and when morning came were glad to see the ,indians sneak away as if they were ashamed4 ,many hardships came to the little family4 ,their cow died1 and for an entire winter they had no milk4 ,they had no coffee either1 but made something they called coffee out of dried peas and burned rye4 ,anna was always cold2 she cannot remember that the house was ever warm enough to be comfortable2 still she enjoyed life and made up her mind to go to college1 to be a preacher1 and to be worth one hundred thousand dollars4 ,she named this amount because it seemed so unlikely she would ever have any money4 ,often she would steal away and preach in the woods to an imaginary audience4 ,when she was fifteen years of age she began to teach school4 ,she had but fourteen pupils1 and they learned to read from whatever books they could find4 ,the result was that their text books were almanacs and hymn books4 ,for teaching she was paid two dollars a week and board4 ,this latter did not amount to much1 as often all she had for her luncheon was a piece of raw salt pork4 ,her salary was not paid promptly either1 as the school authorities had to wait until the dog tax was collected because it was from this fund that the teacher's salary was drawn4 ,the largest salary ,anna ,shaw ever received for teaching was one hundred and fifty-six dollars a year1 so at last she stopped and started to learn the trade of sewing4 ,this was very distasteful to her1 and she determined she would not earn her living with the needle4 ,what she wanted to do was to preach4 ,finally she had a chance to give her first sermon1 and her brother-in-law1 who owned the county newspaper1 printed this notice3 ,a young girl named ,anna ,shaw preached at ,ashton yesterday4 ,her real friends deprecate the course she is pursuing4 ,this did not discourage ,anna ,shaw1 for she kept on working and in #ahgc managed to enter ,albion ,college in ,albion1 ,michigan4 ,she had earned a little money to pay her way1 and she intended to get the rest by preaching4 ,her family disapproved so strongly of this step that they had nothing to do with her1 and it was some years before they became reconciled and good feeling was once more established between them and the bright young woman4 ,anna was twenty-five when she entered college1 and she had had so much experience in her pioneer home she seemed much older4 ,every ,sunday she preached in mission churches to congregations composed chiefly of ,indians who sat listening solemnly1 while their papooses were hung along the walls in their queer little ,indian cradles4 ,from ,albion ,college1 ,anna ,shaw went to ,boston ,theological ,school1 and after a hard struggle with poverty1 was graduated from this institution as a minister4 ,she had given to her for her field of labor a little church on ,cape ,cod1 that part of ,massachusetts that seems to stretch forth to meet the sea4 ,here she was the minister for seven years4 ,the members of her church liked her1 and she was always busy helping them in every way1 from preaching funeral sermons and performing marriage ceremonies to helping settle neighborhood quarrels4 ,there were many amusing episodes in her life4 ,one over which she has laughed many times was her purchase of a horse4 ,she wanted a horse gentle and safe for a woman1 so when she went to look at one that had been offered her the only question she asked was1 ,is she safe for a woman8 ,the family who owned her said she was1 so ,miss ,shaw bought her4 ,when the errand boy at the ,shaw residence went out to the barn to hitch up the new horse1 the creature kicked so that the boy ran from the building thoroughly frightened4 ,however1 ,miss ,shaw went into the stall and harnessed the horse easily4 ,soon she discovered the truth2 the horse was safe for women1 she liked them1 but she would not let a man or boy come near her4 ,the only way she could be outwitted was when the errand boy put on a sunbonnet and long circular cloak of ,miss ,shaw's4 ,even then the horse would eye him suspiciously1 but did not kick4 ,miss ,shaw thought she had made a most peculiar purchase1 but she became fond of ,daisy1 as the horse was called1 just as she did of every person and thing in her parish4 ,at last1 feeling the need of more training1 in order to do good in the world1 she went to a medical school1 and after serious study became ,dr4 ,anna ,shaw4 ,while there she became interested in the cause of ,woman's ,suffrage4 ,at that time only a few persons believed that women1 as well as men1 should have the right to vote1 and anyone saying they should was criticized severely4 ,dr4 ,shaw went to work for this cause with great energy and steadfastness of purpose4 ,from #ahhh to #aijf she was closely associated with ,miss ,susan ,b4 ,anthony who was then the head of the suffrage movement4 ,when ,miss ,anthony passed away1 ,dr4 ,shaw became one of the great leaders4 ,in #aijf only four states had granted suffrage to women1 ,wyoming in #ahfi1 ,colorado in #ahic1 ,idaho in #ahif1 ,utah in #ahif4 ,suddenly all over the ,united ,states women became interested in this cause to which a few devoted women had already given years of their lives1 and in #aiaj ,washington was added to the small list of states where women had equal political rights with men4 ,then in quick succession came ,california in #aiaa1 ,arizona in #aiab1 ,kansas in #aiab1 ,oregon in #aiab1 ,alaska in #aiac1 ,nevada in #aiad1 ,montana in #aiad1 ,new ,york in #aiag4 ,by #aiag women also had the right to vote for president and all offices except the judiciary1 in ,illinois1 ,north ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 and ,michigan4 ,at that time there was partial suffrage for women in ,arkansas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,south ,dakota1 ,iowa1 ,minnesota1 ,wisconsin1 ,oklahoma1 ,louisiana1 ,mississippi1 ,new ,jersey1 ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,florida and ,ohio4 ,in some of these states just mentioned1 women voted for very few offices1 but still they had a slight voice in the affairs of their state1 and a large number of states refused women all voting rights4 ,they were ,texas1 ,missouri1 ,alabama1 ,tennessee1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 ,north ,carolina1 ,maine1 ,indiana1 ,delaware and ,virginia4 ,dr4 ,shaw's life dream was realized when woman was given the right to vote on all questions in every state in the union by an amendment to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,dr4 ,shaw died in the service of her country at ,washington1 in #aiah4 ,like so many of ,america's noble men and women1 the secret of ,anna ,shaw's life has been service to others1--doing good to her fellowmen and working always for human justice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,america ,,the ,,beautiful ,o ,beautiful for spacious skies1 ,for amber waves of grain1 ,for purple mountain majesties ,above the fruited plain6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed his grace on thee ,and crown thy good with brotherhood ,from sea to shining sea4 --,,katharine ,,lee ,,bates4 ,illustration3 ,,ernest ,,thompson ,,seton and ,,wife ,founder of the ,boy ,scout ,movement ,,ernest ,,thompson ,,seton ,how many boys of ten years of age know what they want to do when they are grown8 ,surely there are some boys of that age who have planned their future work or at least have dreamed about it4 ,but how many ever do in later life just what they had thought of doing when in the fourth grade of the public school8 ,not many1 you may be sure4 ,however1 some years ago there was a boy living in ,england who had decided on his life work by the time his tenth birthday passed4 ,what is more1 he carried out his plans with great success4 ,today you may read many of his books and look at interesting pictures he has drawn of wild animals that are as familiar to him as are the pets most boys and girls have in their homes4 ,more than this1 if a boy belongs to the ,boy ,scouts1 he is a member of an organization that this man helped to found in the ,united ,states4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton was born in the northern part of ,england4 ,his family moved to ,canada1 but he attended school in ,england and did not stay in ,america for any length of time until his schooling was completed4 ,his name was originally ,ernest ,e4 ,thompson ,seton1 but some years ago he changed it by turning the last two names around and putting a hyphen between them4 ,as he has written under both names1 persons sometimes wonder if there are two men who love the out of doors and write with pleasure of their open air experiences4 ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton's wish was to spend a large part of his life tramping over the country studying animals and learning woodcraft4 ,the rest of the time he would write and make pictures of what he had seen4 ,he felt he could stay within doors only part of each year4 ,so as soon as he finished school and returned to the province of ,manitoba he went to work in the fields4 ,it did not take him long to earn enough money to live on during the winter1 as his wants were few2 then he set out to tramp all over the province4 ,he watched the birds2 he learned the ways of all the animals and could tell wonderful stories of their instinct and cunning4 ,when he did live under a roof for a few weeks1 he was always busy drawing pictures of his friends in the open or writing down accounts of their lives4 ,one of his best known books was published in #ahih and was called1 ,wild ,animals ,i ,have ,known4 ,this brought him to the attention of many readers2 but he had been helping make books long before this one1 for when the ,century ,dictionary was published he drew for it more than a thousand pictures of the animals that he had watched and studied4 ,in the course of his life he has been a hunter1 a day laborer1 a scientist1 a naturalist1 and an artist4 ,at the same time he has been able to carry out his plan of spending the greater part of each year out of doors4 ,loving a free active life from his earliest boyhood1 it is not strange that ,ernest ,thompson ,seton was the first man to organize the ,boy ,scouts in ,america4 ,in the ,outlook for ,july #bc1 #aiaj1 he tells the story in a most interesting manner4 ,he says3 ,my friend ,john ,moale1 a rich man1 had bought several thousand acres of abandoned farm lands near ,boston in the year #aijj4 ,this he made into a beautiful park1 all for his own enjoyment4 ,around this park he built a strong fence twelve feet high so that no one could get into the park4 ,his prospects of peace and happiness were excellent4 ,but the neighbors resented his coming4 ,he had fenced in a lot of open ground that had been the common cow-pasture of the adjoining village4 ,he had taken from the boys their nutting-ground1 and forbidden the usual summer picnics4 ,he was an outsider1 a rich man despoiling the very poor1 and they set about making it unpleasant for him4 ,they destroyed his fences1 they stoned his notice-boards until they fell1 and they painted shocking pictures on his gates4 ,mr4 ,moale1 a peace-loving man1 rebuilt the fences and restored the notice-boards only to have them torn down again and again4 ,all summer this had been going on1 so ,i learned on visiting ,mr4 ,moale in ,september4 ,finally ,i said to him3 ',let me try my hand on these boys4' ,he was ready for anything1 and gave me a free hand4 ,i bought two tents1 three old ,indian teepees1 and two canoes4 ,i got some bows and arrows and a target4 ,then ,i got a gang of men to make a campground by the lake on my friend's grounds4 ,on this ,i set up the tents and teepees in the form of an ,indian village4 ,now ,i went to the local school house and got permission to talk to the boys for five minutes4 ',now boys1' ,i said1 ',mr4 ,moale invites you all to come to the ,indian village on his land next ,friday1 after school1 to camp with him there until ,monday morning4 ,we will have all the grub you can eat1 all the canoes necessary1 and everything to have a jolly time in camp4' ,at first the boys were bashful and suspicious1 but finally they accepted the invitation1 and at #d3cj forty-two boys arrived in high glee4 ',say1 ,mister1 kin we holler8' ',yes1 all you want to4' ',kin we take our clothes off8' ,as the weather was warm ,i said1 ',yes1 every stitch1 if you like4' ,and soon they were a mob of naked1 howling savages1 tearing through the woods1 jumping into the lake1 or pelting each other with mud4 ,after supper1 ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton tells us1 the boys gathered around the camp fire while he told them one ,indian story after another4 ,for two days the boys ate1 swam1 canoed1 and1 what was most important of all1 they became acquainted with the two men4 ,there was no harm done the boats1 teepees1 or outfit other than fair wear and tear during that camping1 and before it was over ,mr4 ,moale1 instead of having a gang of bandits to combat the year round1 had now a guard of staunch friends1 ready to fight his battles and look out for his interests when he was away4 ,that was the beginning of it4 ,every boy in the village is now a member of the tribe1 and three other bands have been formed in the neighborhood4 ,all this was in #aijj4 ,since then thousands of workers have become interested and the work has spread1 until today the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is one of the best known organizations of the country4 ,one reason for the growth of the ,boy ,scout movement is the fact that scouting usually makes boys cleaner and more manly than they were before4 ,should you like to know the ,scout ,laws that they learn and practice8 ,the first law is this3 ,a scout is trustworthy4 ,this means a scout's honor is to be trusted4 ,boy ,scouts everywhere make a great deal of the word honor4 ,the following story shows the scout's idea of honor3 ,a little newsboy boarded a crowded car the other night with a very large bundle of papers1 and the conductor1 with coarse good-nature1 tried to favor him by not taking his fare1 although of course he could not do this without cheating the railway4 ,the boy looked at him with indignation1 and could not believe that he was the conductor4 ,he went all through the car hunting for the real conductor to whom he might pay his fare4 ,a scout is loyal1 is the second law4 ,loyalty is another word that is dear to the scout4 ,have you ever heard a scout say bad things about his scout master or about his fellow scouts behind their backs8 ,not very often1 ,i am sure4 ,if a scout has anything to say against any one1 he goes directly to him and talks it over4 ,the ,scout ,law explains loyalty saying3 ,he is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due1 his scout leader1 his home and parents and country4 ,he must stick to them through thick and thin against any one who is their enemy1 or whoever talks badly of them4 ,have you ever seen the scouts salute the flag8 ,the smiling faces and beaming eyes show that they love the flag dearly4 ,few can sing better than the scouts1 for they mean every word they sing4 ,the instant our nation entered the great world war the ,boy ,scouts offered themselves to their country to do whatever the president asked4 ,since most of them were too young to enlist1 it was at first thought that they could not do much4 ,as the months passed1 however1 the boys have found one task after another1 until now they are so busy that they put to shame many older people4 ,then1 too1 the ,boy ,scouts have worked so silently1 without making a fuss about what they were doing4 ,in many of our large cities they have planted war gardens on every vacant lot they could get4 ,in most cases all they raised in these gardens was given to the ,red ,cross4 ,furthermore1 they have been the best friends the farmers have had4 ,these scouts in large numbers have left their comfortable city homes to work on farms4 ,they have not asked for the easy1 pleasant jobs1 but have been willing to do the thing that needed to be done most whether it was pleasant or not4 ,have you ever wondered who put up the thousands of posters asking the people to save food and buy bonds8 ,in many cases this work has been done by the scouts4 ,the ,boy ,scout has been able to do so much because he is taught to be brave4 ,the coward has no place among the scouts4 ,the lad who is not willing to rough it soon drops out4 ,long hikes1 coarse food1 and hard work try the stuff that's in a boy4 ,if he can stand up to all these he is sure to develop the endurance that makes him brave4 ,as soon as the war began1 the educated young men of our country went to the officers' training camps to learn to become officers4 ,after thousands of these young men who had tried to become officers had failed1 the people began to wonder what the trouble was4 ,finally they asked the great army officers who had examined them1 and received this answer3 ,your young men are slouchy2 slouchy in the way they hold their shoulders1 slouchy in the way they walk1 slouchy in their use of the ,english language1 slouchy in the way they think4 ,should you like to know how the young men who had once been scouts fared8 ,almost without exception they passed1 for the training they had received as scouts had cured them of much of their slouchiness4 ,a scout is not only brave but he is also courteous and helpful to others4 ,nothing delights a scout more than to be able to help a child or an old man or woman across a busy street4 ,for these little services he must not receive tips4 ,major ,powell1 the great ,english ,scout organizer1 tells of a little fellow who came to his house on an errand4 ,when offered a tip the lad put up his hand to the salute and said1 ,no1 thank you1 sir1 ,i am a ,boy ,scout4 ,about the hardest thing a scout is expected to do is to smile and whistle under all circumstances4 ,the punishment for swearing or using bad language is1 for each offense1 a mug of cold cold water poured down the offender's sleeves by the other scouts4 ,much more could be written in favor of the ,boy ,scouts4 ,they are a body of boys of whom we are proud4 ,and we shall ever be grateful to ,ernest ,thompson ,seton for his noble work in organizing the ,boy ,scouts in ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be ,prepared ,,john ,,wanamaker ,it was a stormy1 rainy day in ,new ,york ,city4 ,we wanted to visit some of the great stores and shops1 but were afraid of the bad weather4 ,our friends who lived in the city laughed at us4 ,they said3 ,this is just the kind of a day to go to ,wanamakers4 ,we will take the subway to the basement door and never be in the wet at all4 ,so we hurried to the underground railroad that runs beneath the busy streets1 and were soon riding away in a fast express train4 ,on we went in the darkness1 through winding tunnels to the other end of the city4 ,at last we stopped at a brilliantly lighted platform and were told that this was our destination4 ,leaving the train we did not ascend to the street1 but went through great doors into a large room that was as light as day4 ,elevators took us up1 up1 from floor to floor4 ,and what did we see1 ,i hear you ask4 ,we saw everything one could wish to buy4 ,we saw everything we had ever dreamed of purchasing4 ,we saw many beautiful things of which we had never heard1 and we felt as if we were visiting a magic palace4 ,at noon we ate our lunch in a pleasant restaurant up at the very top of the enormous building4 ,it was quiet and peaceful1 and we were glad to rest4 ,when we were through1 we found an attractive little concert hall where many persons were listening to a deep-toned organ4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,wanamaker 7,on left7 ,great ,merchant and ,philanthropist ,we were told we were welcome to sit down and hear the sweet music4 ,an hour passed before we were ready to leave4 ,then we continued our sightseeing1 and it was late in the afternoon before we were ready to go home4 ,we returned the same way we had come and when we were once more far up town in our own familiar street the rain had just stopped4 ,then we realized we had been in doors all day long and known nothing of the storm4 ,it had indeed been just the kind of a day to go to ,wanamakers4 ,and what is ,wanamakers8 ,it is the name of two great stores1 one in ,new ,york ,city and the other in ,philadelphia4 ,the owner1 ,john ,wanamaker1 is the man who first thought of selling all manner of articles in one store1 and so built what we call today a department store4 ,no one who knew ,john ,wanamaker when he was a boy thought he had any better chances than any other boy among his playmates1 and no one foretold that he would become a great merchant4 ,a plain two story house in ,philadelphia was his early home4 ,there he lived with his father and mother4 ,his father was a brick maker1 and while ,john was very small he would help his father by turning the bricks over so they would dry evenly4 ,his father died in #aheb4 ,john was just fourteen1 and he went to work in a book store4 ,his wages were #a4ej a week1 but he managed to save a little4 ,his mother encouraged him and he says of her1 ,her smile was a bit of heaven and it never faded out of her face till her dying day4 ,although at first the boy earned but little to help this good mother1 he soon was able to care for her in a way beyond his highest hopes4 ,what caused him to succeed8 ,his capital6 ,but1 you say1 he had no money2 he was poor4 ,true1 his capital was not money4 ,let us see what it was4 ,a few words will tell us4 ,he had good health1 good habits1 a clean mind1 thriftiness1 and a tireless devotion to whatever he thought to be his duty4 ,he worked hard outside of business hours1 improving himself for any opportunity that might come4 ,and one came when he was twenty-one years of age4 ,the directors of the ,philadelphia ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 were looking for a young man to become ,secretary of the ,association4 ,they were anxious to secure an earnest energetic person who would make a great success1 for it was the first time that such a position as ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secretary had been established4 ,they selected ,john ,wanamaker and paid him #a1jjj a year4 ,he went to work with a will1 and everyone felt that he more than earned his salary4 ,all the time he was saving1 just as he had been doing when he worked in the book store4 ,he had great hopes and plans4 ,when he had saved #bjjj he and a friend of his own age started a business of their own4 ,their store was named ,oak ,hall and they sold men's clothing4 ,at that time business houses did not advertise in the newspapers as they do today4 ,neither were signboards used4 ,just imagine how puzzled the good folk of ,philadelphia were when1 one morning1 they saw great billboards all over their peaceful city4 ,on these were two letters1 ,w4 ,b4 ,no one knew what these letters meant4 ,everyone was guessing1 and it was not until ,oak ,hall was opened that the public learned that ,w4 ,b4 stood for ,wanamaker ,brown1 the name of the new firm4 ,their first day's business brought in thirty-eight dollars4 ,john ,wanamaker himself delivered the goods in a wheel barrow4 ,then he hurried to a newspaper office and spent the entire thirty-eight dollars for advertising4 ,after reading of the wonderful goods on sale there1 customers poured into ,oak ,hall4 ,they bought1 too1 for again ,john ,wanamaker had spent his money wisely4 ,he had hired the highest paid clerk in ,philadelphia to manage the sales room1 which meant that each customer was waited upon well and went away pleased1 ready to tell his friends about the new store4 ,what do you suppose was told the oftenest8 ,probably you would not guess1 because today all business houses have followed the plan that was used first in ,oak ,hall4 ,you will be surprised when you hear that it was the custom of having one price for a garment and sticking to it that caused the most talk4 ,this price was marked plainly on a tag attached to the article to be sold1 and any one could see it4 ,before this1 clothing merchants had not marked their goods1 but tried to get as much as possible from a customer4 ,often one suit of clothes had a dozen prices on the same day4 ,so you can see what a change the energetic young man made4 ,he did more than this4 ,because he wanted to please the public1 he said if any customer was not satisfied he could return his purchase and receive his money back4 ,this was a startling idea1 but it worked1 and made many friends for the young firm4 ,their store waked up ,philadelphia4 ,every week some new advertising appeared4 ,once great balloons were sent up from the roof4 ,stamped on each one was the statement that any one who found the balloon and returned it to ,oak ,hall would receive a suit of clothes4 ,you can imagine how the people hunted for those balloons4 ,one was found five months afterward in a cranberry swamp4 ,the frightened farmer who saw it swaying to and fro thought at first that some strange animal was hiding there4 ,you may be sure he was glad to hurry to ,oak ,hall with his prize and get the promised suit of clothes4 ,john ,wanamaker kept on economizing and saving1 for he wanted a bigger business4 ,then the idea came to him of selling many kinds of goods under one roof1 and the modern department store was born4 ,the store1 though small at first1 gradually grew until it finally became the largest in ,philadelphia4 ,then it was that he decided to build an even larger one in ,new ,york ,city4 ,today there are department stores throughout our country in every city and town4 ,we like them and take them as a matter of course4 ,but let us remember they had their beginning in the idea of this boy from ,philadelphia4 ,his success looks very great to us1 but it was built up step by step4 ,he says it is due to thinking1 toiling1 and trusting in ,god4 ,this seems to sum up his life4 ,besides business1 his interest in religious affairs has always been great4 ,he has given of his wealth to many noble charities and helpful organizations4 ,in ,philadelphia he built a great building for a ,sunday ,school alone4 ,thousands of persons attend this school each ,sunday and there are classes there during the week for those who have had to leave school at an early age4 ,he has remembered the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and1 perhaps because of his early work with it1 has been unusually generous in giving buildings to struggling associations4 ,he even built one in the far away city of ,madras1 ,india1 thus stretching out his influence for good nearly around the world4 ,but while he has had thought for those far away1 he has also cared for the people who work for him4 ,his stores were the first to have an entire holiday on ,saturday during the hot days of summer4 ,this was done so the men and women could leave the crowded city1 if they wished1 on ,friday evening1 and have a vacation of two full days in the country or at the seashore4 ,then1 too1 he has encouraged the various departments of the stores to form clubs and musical societies4 ,at times there have been two bands in the ,new ,york store1 one composed of men and the other of women4 ,they have rooms and hours in which to practice4 ,besides playing and singing1 some of the clubs study ,english1 foreign languages1 and many other subjects4 ,it is possible for every person employed in one of the ,wanamaker stores to add to his stock of knowledge through this club life4 ,some years ago ,john ,wanamaker began giving a pension to those who had served him for a certain length of time4 ,this plan has since been followed by other firms because it promotes faithfulness and interest in the business4 ,this interest makes each one connected with the store realize he is a part of it4 ,perhaps this is shown best by the way pensioned men and women responded to ,mr4 ,wanamaker's call in #aiag1 after so many men had left to join the army and navy4 ,they went back to take the places of those who had gone1 feeling that in so doing they were serving their country4 ,there was one fine old ,scotchman past eighty years of age living in ,new ,york who had been forty-four years in the employ of ,wanamaker4 ,he had been on the pension roll for some time and was enjoying old age quietly4 ,when he heard the call from his former employer1 he went down to work as eagerly as a boy1 glad he was strong and sturdy enough to do his part in keeping the great store open to serve the public4 ,is it not a fine thing to be able to develop such spirit and energy among thousands of persons8 ,surely the mother of the boy who turned bricks for his father would rejoice if she could read her son's record4 ,he has become one of the greatest business men of his day2 he served our country well as ,postmaster ,general but most of all he has given each year more and more time and money to help make the world better4 ,can we not say of him that1 while he has always recognized that the object of business is to make money in an honorable way1 he has tried to remember that the object of life is to do good8 99 99 99 99 99 ,and the star-spangled banner ,in triumph shall wave ,o'er the land of the free ,and the home of the brave4 --,,francis ,,scott ,,key4 ,illustration3 ,,ex-,,president ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,thomas ,woodrow ,wilson was born at ,staunton1 ,virginia1 ,december #bh1 #ahef4 ,at that time ,staunton was a town of five thousand inhabitants1 situated in the beautiful and famous ,valley of ,virginia4 ,woodrow's father1 a thoroughly trained and able preacher1 was pastor of the ,southern ,presbyterian ,church of the city4 ,when ,woodrow was two years of age the family moved to ,augusta1 ,georgia4 ,in those days ,augusta1 a city of fifteen thousand people1 was one of the leading manufacturing cities of the ,south4 ,with its great railroad shops1 furnaces1 rolling mills1 and cotton mills1 it was indeed a hive of industry4 ,as a boy ,woodrow was called ,tommy by his playmates2 but as he grew into manhood he dropped his given name and signed himself--,woodrow ,wilson4 ,his mother was a ,woodrow1 and by signing his name ,woodrow ,wilson he hoped to do equal honor to each parent4 ,during ,woodrow's boyhood days1 the ,civil ,war storm-cloud was gathering2 and when he was five years of age it broke in all its fury4 ,fortunately for him1 ,augusta was far removed from the scenes of conflict4 ,never can he remember having seen troops of southern soldiers marching through the streets of the city4 ,only once was he thoroughly frightened4 ,when ,general ,sherman was on his famous march to the sea1 word came that he was about to capture ,augusta4 ,immediately the few men who were left in the city1 for most of them had gone to war1 gathered all sorts of fire arms and marched forth to meet the enemy4 ,all night they lay on their arms1 but greatly to their relief the foe never came4 ,naturally enough the most vivid memories young ,woodrow had of the war were those in connection with the scarcity of food4 ,before the war the people of the ,south had never thought of eating cow peas1 as they were thought to be fit only for cattle2 but so scarce did food become that ,woodrow had to eat so much cow pea soup that even yet1 whenever he thinks of it1 he feels the old time disgust4 ,two things that happened immediately at the close of the war made a deep impression upon the lad who was then nine years of age4 ,all through the war the president of the ,southern ,confederacy was1 as you know1 ,jefferson ,davis4 ,imagine young ,woodrow's surprise when he saw the former president marched through the streets of ,augusta1 a prisoner of war1 guarded by ,federal soldiers4 ,they were on their way to ,fortress ,monroe4 ,during the war ,woodrow1 as we have already said1 saw very little of the ,confederate soldiers2 but as soon as peace was declared1 the ,union soldiers took possession of the city1 even occupying his father's church as a temporary barracks4 ,the hardships suffered during the few years immediately at the close of the war were even greater than those during the war itself4 ,a thrilling event in the life of the lad was the day when ,augusta had its first street cars4 ,the bob-tail cars1 with their red1 purple1 and green lights1 and drawn by mules1 afforded all sorts of fun for the boys4 ,to make scissors by laying two pins crosswise on the rail for the cars to pass over was one of their most pleasant pastimes4 ,in those days there were no free public schools with their beautiful buildings for ,woodrow to attend1 so he was sent to a private school that was held in rooms over the post office4 ,with ,professor ,derry1 who was in charge of the school1 spanking was the favorite form of punishment4 ,while ,woodrow and his chums differed very decidedly with the ,professor's views regarding spanking1 the boys were never able to convince him that their views were right4 ,finally1 the lads discovered that pads made from the cotton that grew in the fields on every side of the city served them well whenever the evil day of punishment arrived4 ,after they had made this discovery they were more reconciled to the ,professor's views4 ,the best chum ,woodrow had was his father4 ,busy as he was with the cares of his large church1 he never was so occupied that he could not find time to chum with his boy4 ,for hours at a time he would read to his son the worth-while things that ,woodrow enjoyed hearing4 ,then1 too1 the busy pastor was in the habit of taking a day off each week to stroll with ,woodrow in field1 factory1 or wood as the case might be4 ,on these long strolls the father and son talked over many of the problems that were of interest to the lad4 ,little wonder1 then1 with such comradeship1 that ,woodrow rapidly developed along right lines4 ,like all boys1 he was fond of building air castles4 ,dwelling much in the realm of fancy1 he imagined that he occupied all sorts of positions and did remarkable things4 ,mr4 ,william ,hale in his excellent story of the life of ,wilson describes one of these flights of the imagination as follows3 ,thus for months he was an ,admiral of the ,navy1 and in that character wrote out daily reports to the ,navy ,department4 ,his main achievement in this capacity was the discovery and destruction of a nest of pirates in the ,southern ,pacific ,ocean4 ,it appears that the government1 along with all the people of the country1 had been terrified by the mysterious disappearance of ships setting sail from or expected at our western ports4 ,vessels would set out with their precious freight never to be heard from again1 swallowed up in the bosom of an ocean on which no known war raged1 no known storm swept4 ,admiral ,wilson was ordered to investigate with his fleet2 after an eventful cruise they overtook1 one night1 a piratical looking craft with black hull and rakish rig4 ,again and again the chase eluded the ,admiral4 ,finally1 the pursuit led the fleet to the neighborhood of an island uncharted and hitherto unknown4 ,circumnavigation seemed to prove it bare and uninhabited1 with no visible harbor4 ,there was1 however1 a narrow inlet that seemed to end at an abrupt wall of rock a few fathoms inland4 ,something1 however1 finally led the ,admiral to send a boat into this inlet--and it was discovered that it was the cunningly contrived entrance to a spacious bay2 the island really being a sort of atoll4 ,here lay the ships of the outlawed enemy and the dismantled hulls of many of the ships they had captured4 ,and it may be believed that the brave ,american tars1 under the leadership of the courageous ,admiral1 played a truly heroic part in the destruction of the pirates and the succor of such of their victims as survived4 ,thus he dreamed dreams1 studied1 and chummed with his father until the eventful day arrived when he must go away to college4 ,but where should he go8 ,what college should he attend8 ,a small ,presbyterian college in the ,south was chosen4 ,before the end of the first year he was taken sick and had to leave college4 ,then it was that he decided to go to ,princeton ,university1 a decision that had much to do with his future career4 ,life in ,princeton proved to be just the stimulus that he needed4 ,here1 surrounded by the keenest1 most alert young men of the country1 he developed rapidly4 ,interested in every school activity1 from baseball to debating1 he won for himself a prominent place in the student body4 ,so great was his thirst for knowledge1 however1 that his graduation from ,princeton did not satisfy him4 ,accordingly1 he next went to the ,university of ,virginia where he was graduated from the law school in #ahha4 ,but even this did not satisfy1 so he spent two years in ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 receiving in #ahhe the degree of ,ph4,d41 the highest degree that any university can give4 ,thus equipped1 he became a professor first in ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 then in ,wesleyan ,university1 and finally in ,princeton4 ,so pronounced was his success as professor in his beloved university that in #aijb he was made ,president of ,princeton4 ,so able was his leadership in ,princeton that the state of ,new ,jersey called him to be its governor4 ,could a ,university ,president make a good governor8 ,the politicians were very much in doubt4 ,it is needless to say that all watched him with deepest concern4 ,soon1 however1 it became apparent even to the most skeptical that he was destined to be ,new ,jersey's ablest governor4 ,gradually1 because of his strength1 his popularity grew until the eyes of all the nation were fastened upon him4 ,from the governor's chair he rose to the highest honor the ,nation could bestow1 he was elected to the ,presidency of the ,united ,states4 ,little did he realize when he accepted this honor that with it would come the heaviest burdens that any president save ,abraham ,lincoln had been called upon to bear4 ,for eight long years he patiently bore those burdens and heroically faced every responsibility4 ,great as were the demands made upon him1 he always proved himself equal to the emergency4 ,the last three years of his service as ,president found him dealing with problems of the ,great ,world ,war1 and at its conclusion he was one of the leading figures in the making of the final treaty of peace between the warring nations4 ,to take part in the treaty-making1 ,mr4 ,wilson twice went to ,paris4 ,it was the first time a president of the ,united ,states had ever traveled beyond the borders of our own country4 ,at the expiration of his term of office1 ,mr4 ,wilson took up the practice of law1 at ,washington4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to such a task we dedicate our lives and our fortunes1 everything that we are and everything that we have1 with the pride of those who know that the day has come when ,america is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured4 ,god helping her1 she can do no other4 --,,president ,,wilson',s ,,war ,,message4 ,illustration3 ,,mark ,,twain 7,samuel ,langhorne ,clemens7 ,,mark ,,twain ,talk about trying to cure warts with spunk-water4 ,you got to go all by yourself1 to the middle of the woods1 where you know there's a spunk-water stump1 and just as it's midnight you back up against the stump and jam your hand in it and say3 ,barley-corn1 ,barley-corn1 ,injun meal shorts1 ,spunk-water1 spunk-water1 swaller these warts1 and then walk away quick eleven steps1 with your eyes shut and then turn round three times and walk home without speaking to anybody4 ,because if you do speak1 the charm's busted4 ,i've took off thousands of warts that way1 ,huck4 ,i play with frogs so much that ,i've always got considerable warts4 ,sometimes ,i take 'em off with a bean4 ,yes1 a bean's good4 ,i've done that4 ,but say1 ,huck1 how do you cure 'em with dead cats8 ,by this time1 doubtless you are saying1 ,oh1 ,i know from what book you are quoting4 ,i have ,tom ,sawyer at home and ,huckleberry ,finn1 too4 ,i read them over and over4 ,but would you not like to know something about the man1 who could write so understandingly of boys8 ,suppose we read the story of his life and see if we can decide what gave him his wide knowledge of games and adventures1 of boyish larks and youthful troubles4 ,we must go for his earliest experiences to a town on the ,mississippi1 one hundred miles from ,st4 ,louis4 ,in the year #ahci1 the ,clemens family moved to ,hannibal from a still smaller town in ,missouri1 named ,florida4 ,the youngest child in the ,clemens family was four years old4 ,he was named ,samuel ,langhorne ,clemens4 ,for eight years this boy roved over the hills and through the woods with his playmates4 ,there was a cave near ,hannibal4 ,many strange creatures were said to hide in its depths4 ,also1 there was ,bear ,creek where the boys went swimming4 ,young ,sam tried hard to learn to swim4 ,several times he was dragged ashore just in time to save his life1 but at last he learned to swim better than any of his friends4 ,then there was the river1 the broad ,mississippi4 ,it was the river that meant more to him than all the rest4 ,its charm was permanent4 ,it was the path of adventure1 the gateway to the world4 ,the river with its islands1 its great slow moving rafts1 its marvelous steamboats that were like fairyland1 and its stately current going to the sea4 ,how it held him6 ,he would sit by it for hours and dream4 ,he would venture out on it in a surreptitiously borrowed boat1 when he was barely strong enough to lift an oar out of the water4 ,we are told that when ,sam ,clemens was only nine years of age he managed to board one of the river steamers4 ,he hid under a boat on the upper deck4 ,after the steamer started he sat watching the shore slip past4 ,then came a heavy rain and a wet1 shivering1 little boy was found by one of the crew4 ,at the next stop he was put ashore and relatives1 who lived there1 took him home1 and so ended his first journey upon the river4 ,years later he became a pilot on a ,mississippi river boat and made many trips from ,new ,orleans up the river and back4 ,such a trip required thirty-five days4 ,while acting as a river pilot1 ,samuel ,clemens heard the name1 ,mark ,twain4 ,an old riverman had used it as an assumed name1 taking the term from the cry of the boatmen as they tested the depth of the river4 ,samuel ,clemens had an intense love of joking and fun1 so when he first began to write1 he suddenly thought it would be amusing to sign some name other than his own4 ,therefore1 he signed his articles ,mark ,twain4 ,this name clung to him1 and many persons forgot or never knew that his real name was ,samuel ,langhorne ,clemens4 ,accordingly1 in the river of his boyhood love1 he found the name by which the world knows today one of the foremost ,american authors4 ,yet1 in those early days in ,hannibal1 he had no idea of writing4 ,indeed1 his days were so busy it is not likely he thought much of the future at all4 ,he was the leader of a band of boys that played ,bandit1 ,pirate and ,indian4 ,sam ,clemens was always chief4 ,he led the way to the caves whose chambers reached far back under the cliffs and even1 perhaps1 under the river itself4 ,when he was a man1 ,mr4 ,clemens wrote two books telling of these early days in ,hannibal4 ,the ,adventures of ,tom ,sawyer and ,huckleberry ,finn4 ,tom ,sawyer was himself1 and the incidents in the book all had their foundation in the days of his boyhood4 ,the cave1 as you may know1 plays an important part in the latter story4 ,in ,tom ,sawyer1 ,indian ,joe dies in the cave4 ,there was an ,indian ,joe in ,hannibal and while he did not die in the cave1 he was lost there for days and was living on bats when found4 ,this incident made a strong impression on young ,samuel ,clemens and he never forgot it4 ,it was in the ,clemen's house that ,tom gave the cat pain-killer2 there1 too1 that he induced a crowd of boys to white-wash the fence all one ,saturday morning4 ,it was at the ,clemens' home1 too1 that a small boy in his night clothes came tumbling down from an over-hung trellis upon the merry crowd cooling taffy in the snow4 ,such happenings were part of young ,sam's life4 ,he lived the out-of-doors and1 when grown to manhood1 he could recall all the sports and pleasures of those days4 ,he cherished the memory of his boyhood friends and so wrote of ,huck ,finn1 making him like ,tom ,blakenship1 one of the riotous1 freedom-loving members of ,sam ,clemens' band4 ,these boys crowded many adventures into a few years4 ,hannibal was the scene of stormy times4 ,black slaves were sold in the open market4 ,desperadoes roamed the streets4 ,lawlessness was everywhere and it was not strange that the residents of ,hannibal did not think ,sam ,clemens amounted to much and prophesied that he would never grow up to follow a respectable calling4 ,yet when his father died1 ,sam went to work in his brother's printing shop4 ,printed matter began to interest him4 ,then one day1 in the dusty street of ,hannibal1 this half-grown1 lively boy picked up a scrap of paper4 ,a leaf torn from a history6 ,where did it come from8 ,no one knows4 ,books were not plentiful then in that little town4 ,yet1 on this paper the fun-loving ,sam ,clemens read for the first time of ,joan of ,arc1 the wondrous maid who led the ,french to victory4 ,he had never heard of her4 ,he had read no history1 nor had he had an active interest in books4 ,studying there in the village street1 reading the few lines of the marvelous story of the ,maid of ,orleans1 there was created in him an interest that went with him throughout life4 ,he was by turn a printer1 a pilot1 a pioneer1 a soldier1 a miner1 a newspaper reporter1 a lecturer1 but at last he found his true place4 ,he became a writer and wrote books that continue to delight thousands upon thousands of readers4 ,his life went into his books4 ,just as he drew upon his early days in ,hannibal for the material in ,huckleberry ,finn and ,the ,adventures of ,tom ,sawyer1 so he used all of his experiences4 ,he wrote ,life ,upon ,the ,mississippi1 a record of his days as a pilot2 ,roughing ,it1 a story of a mining camp2 ,the ,jumping ,frog1 a western story that made his fame throughout the ,united ,states2 ,innocents ,abroad1 a tale of his experiences abroad1 and ,the ,life ,of ,joan ,of ,arc1 a beautiful story that was always the author's favorite4 ,during the last years of his life1 ,mark ,twain passed the winters in ,bermuda and there he was1 as ever1 the friend of children4 ,there was a pretty1 little girl at his hotel named ,margaret1 who was twelve years old4 ,she and ,mr4 ,clemens went everywhere together and1 on one excursion1 he found a beautiful1 little shell4 ,the two halves came apart in his hand4 ,he gave one of them to ,margaret and said1 ,now dear1 sometime or other in the future1 ,i shall run across you somewhere1 and it may turn out that it is not you at all1 but will be some girl that only resembles you4 ,i shall be saying to myself1 ',i know that this is ,margaret by the look of her1 but ,i don't know for sure whether this is my ,margaret or somebody else's2' but1 no matter1 ,i can soon find out1 for ,i shall take my half shell out of my packet and say1 ',i think you are my ,margaret1 but ,i am not certain2 if you are my ,margaret you can produce the other half of the shell4' ,after that ,margaret played the new game often and she tried to catch him without his half of the shell1 but ,mark ,twain writes1 ,i always defeated that game1 wherefore1 she came to recognize1 at last1 that ,i was not only old1 but very smart4 ,mark ,twain had lived #gd years when the close of his life here came ,april #bj1 #aiaj1 in ,redding1 ,connecticut4 ,once he wrote in one of his humorous moments1 ,let us endeavor so to live that when we come to die even the undertaker will be sorry4 ,when his life here ended1 tributes were received from every land4 ,he was mourned as few men have ever been4 ,why8 ,because he knew people2 he loved them and interested them4 ,because1 in his most famous days he still remained at heart the boy who played beside the river and loved the surging1 restless flow of the mighty current4 ,illustration3 ,,ex-,,president ,,warren ,g4 ,,harding ,,warren ,g4 ,,harding ,on the ,saturday morning after election day in ,november1 #aibj1 a crowd of people stood waiting in the railway station in ,marion1 ,ohio4 ,they were there to say goodbye to ,president-elect and ,mrs4 ,harding1 who were starting on a vacation journey2 for1 after the stirring times of the long campaign1 they needed rest4 ,when the conductor of the train asked ,mr4 ,harding if he should make fast time1 the ,president-elect replied3 ,go slow2 ,i have been going too fast for the past two weeks4 ,it was not at all strange that so many should meet to say a fond farewell1 for nearly everyone in ,marion seems to like ,mr4 ,harding4 ,as we asked his fellow townsmen the reason for this affection1 we were surprised that nearly all gave the same reason4 ,they said3 ,we like him because he is genuine1 frank1 fair4 ,he is generous1 considerate1 and knows how to be a good neighbor4 ,indeed this spirit of neighborliness was shown clearly during the campaign preceding his election1 when ,mr4 ,harding decided to remain in ,marion and meet his friends on the front porch of his own home4 ,because of this decision the ,republican campaign of #aibj will long be known as ,the ,front ,porch ,campaign4 ,to this front porch came many thousand men and women from every section of our broad land to meet ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,harding4 ,had you been one of these pilgrims1 you would have met a man over six feet tall1 with broad shoulders and a deep chest4 ,though he is not bald1 his hair is exceptionally gray for a man of his age4 ,he has the rare faculty of making you comfortable in his presence4 ,while1 with his deep blue eyes1 he looks you squarely in the face as he talks to you1 his look is so kindly that you feel at ease4 ,after this brief but delightful interview1 you join an expectant multitude that has assembled on the lawn4 ,suddenly all eyes turn to the porch4 ,here stands ,mr4 ,harding1 gracious1 dignified1 serious4 ,breathlessly each awaits his first utterance4 ,with a well modulated voice he addresses the multitude as he would speak to a group of friends4 ,soon you are listening as though he were speaking only to you4 ,with no tendency to bicker he discusses the problems of government in a manner that reveals his clearness of vision and pureness of soul4 ,all too soon the address is ended and the crowd begins to scatter4 ,as each wends his way1 the remark that is most frequently heard is this3 ,i like him and ,i'm sure we can trust him4 ,now that you have met him and heard him speak ,i am sure you will want to learn more about his life4 ,on ,november second1 in the year the great ,civil ,war closed1 ,mr4 ,harding was born in ,corsica1 ,ohio4 ,how old1 then1 is he8 ,most of his boyhood days1 however1 were spent in ,caledonia1 ,ohio1 where his father was the village ,doctor4 ,in addition to practicing medicine he owned the ,caledonian ,argus1 a typical village newspaper4 ,since all boys of eleven must have at least a little spending money1 ,warren1 as ,mr4 ,harding was then called1 found that setting type was his easiest way to earn pin money4 ,the first year ,warren worked on the ,argus1 the circus came to town and brought ,hi ,henry's ,band4 ,warren and another boy helped with unusual faithfulness and speed that day4 ,they knew the paper had free tickets for the circus4 ,of course they would be given tickets4 ,they planned what a glorious time they would have and1 as long as the tickets did not cost anything1 they could spend some of their hard earned money on side shows and ice cream4 ,noon came and no one had mentioned the circus tickets4 ,the afternoon passed slowly2 two o'clock1 no tickets2 three o'clock1 no tickets2 four1 five1 six o'clock1 and no mention of the circus4 ,two indignant boys held counsel4 ,then as night fell1 they went to the editor and demanded two tickets as their right4 ,the tickets were forthcoming and two pleased boys went to the circus4 ,perhaps the glories of ,hi ,henry's ,band aroused the citizens of ,caledonia4 ,at any rate a band of fifteen pieces was afterwards organized there4 ,an old harness maker1 who liked to have the boys play about his shop1 was an expert on the valve trombone4 ,he showed his frequent visitor1 ,warren ,harding1 how to play the instrument2 then ,warren learned the tenor horn and became a full-fledged member of the ,caledonia ,band4 ,only those of you who have lived in a small town can know how important the band is4 ,it gives concerts in front of the court house or on the square4 ,it plays at rallies1 picnics1 shows1 and leads in parades4 ,so when ,warren ,harding joined the ,caledonia ,band1 he felt quite grown up and impressive1 perhaps more so than when he was elected ,president4 ,not until #ahhb did ,dr4 ,harding trade his farm and move to ,marion4 ,his son had by that time been graduated from the ,ohio ,central ,college4 ,like many another young man of those days1 he taught a term of school after leaving college4 ,but he did not plan to remain a teacher4 ,for a time he thought of the law as a profession1 and also made some efforts to sell insurance4 ,but his early knowledge of a printing office and the making of a newspaper influenced his tastes and desires4 ,his father had acquired an interest in the ,marion ,star1 a struggling ,republican paper in the county seat4 ,warren ,harding became the editor4 ,he had held this office only two weeks when he went to ,chicago to the ,republican ,national ,convention hoping to see ,james ,g4 ,blaine nominated for the ,presidency4 ,while he was in ,chicago1 his father sold the ,star and so upon his return ,warren ,harding1 a ,republican1 became a reporter on the ,marion ,mirror1 the ,democratic paper4 ,in those days1 the admirers of ,james ,g4 ,blaine wore high1 gray felt hats4 ,warren ,harding wore his when he went about ,marion gathering news for the ,democratic paper4 ,soon this annoyed the editor of the ,mirror and young ,harding was told he must stop wearing his ,blaine hat4 ,he refused1 and so lost his job on the paper4 ,the night of election day1 when ,cleveland was elected ,president1 ,warren ,harding and two old ,caledonia friends decided to buy the ,marion ,star4 ,that was the beginning of an ownership that has lasted ever since4 ,there were plenty of hard days for the young editor but with prophetic insight he wrote and published in the ,star3 ,the ,star is not going to change hands but is both going to go and grow4 ,friends laugh and joke about the hard struggles of the ,marion ,star and the difficulties of the editor to make the paper go4 ,they tell of times when ,editor ,harding didn't have money enough to pay the help4 ,nevertheless1 he made the paper both go and grow1 and these hardships only endeared him the more to the citizens of ,marion4 ,in the end he overcame all difficulties and his fellow citizens felt proud of his success4 ,warren ,harding had a strong sense of fairness and justice4 ,when he had been editor but a short time1 he wrote out his newspaper creed4 ,today1 any reporter1 who enters the service of the ,marion ,star1 has given to him the following rules1 which the ,president of our ,country believes should be followed3 ,,newspaper ,,creed ,remember there are two sides to every question4 ,get them both4 ,be truthful4 ,get the facts4 ,mistakes are inevitable1 but strive for accuracy4 ,i would rather have one story exactly right than a hundred half wrong4 ,be decent1 be fair1 be generous4 ,boost--don't knock4 ,there's good in everybody4 ,bring out the good in everybody and never needlessly hurt the feelings of anybody4 ,in reporting a political gathering1 give the facts1 tell the story as it is1 not as you would like to have it4 ,treat all parties alike4 ,if there's any politics to be played we will play it in our editorial columns4 ,treat all religious matters reverently4 ,if it can possibly be avoided1 never bring ignominy to an innocent man or child in telling of the misfortunes or misdeeds of a relative4 ,don't wait to be asked1 but do it without asking1 and above all1 be clean and never let a dirty word or suggestive story get into type4 ,i want this paper so conducted that it can go into any home without destroying the innocence of any child4 ,,warren ,,harding4 ,thus we see that ,president ,harding has spent most of his life in newspaper work4 ,here1 as we can readily see1 he has gained the intimate knowledge of people that has made him genuinely human4 ,but his training for the ,presidency by no means stopped here4 ,for twenty years he has taken an active part in the problems of ,state and ,nation4 ,when only thirty-five years of age he was elected a member of the ,ohio ,legislature4 ,as a member of this body1 his efforts were so successful and so thoroughly appreciated that he was later chosen to ,represent ,ohio in the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,in this strategic position he did not lose an opportunity to acquaint himself with the complex problems of ,national ,government4 ,little did he then realize that all this knowledge was fitting him to become the ,head of the ,nation4 ,such is the mystery of life4 ,a large upstanding man4 ,a man of great virility4 ,a man of undoubted courage4 ,an honest man1 honest with himself and with the public4 ,a man of good judgment and entire practicality4 ,a generous1 kind-hearted1 and thoughtful man4 ,thoughtful of his subordinates1 generous to his adversaries1 and cordial to his equals4 ,a man whose head has not been turned by the honors thrust upon him4 ,a plain1 everyday1 practical man without illusions or visionary ideas4 ,a man that is a supporter of stable government4 ,a man intensely ,american in his instinct4 ,,addenda ,note3 ,the following pages are intended for a record of additional facts concerning the lives of these eminent ,americans4 ,,addenda ,,addenda ,,addenda ,,addenda