,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,greek words1 ,hebrew words1 & "s *>act]s may n display prop]ly--9 t case1 try ano!r v]sion4 ,translit]ations ( ,greek & ,hebrew words c be f\nd 9 ! ascii & html files4 ,words surr\nd$ by und]scores are 9 italics 9 ! orig9al4 ,*>act]s sup]script$ 9 ! orig9al are enclos$ 9 braces4 ,ellipses mat* ! orig9al4 ,a r[ ( a/]isks repres5ts a ?\ght break4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,"s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 ,a complete li/ foll[s ! text4 ,,five ,,/ages ,,( ,,greek ,,religion ,,by ,,gilb]t ,,murray ,bo/on ,,! ,,beacon ,,press ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,anyone :o has be5 9 ,greece at ,ea/] "t1 especially among ! m remote peasants1 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! emotion ( susp5se & excitem5t ) :i* !y wait = ! ann\ncem5t ,*ri/os ane/1 ,*ri/ is ris56 & ! response ,al?s ane/1 ,he has really ris56 ,i h ref]r$ else:]e to ,mr4 ,lawson's old peasant woman1 :o expla9$ h] anxiety3 ,if ,*ri/ does n rise tomorr[ we %all h no h>ve/ ?is ye> 7,mod]n ,greek ,folklore1 p4 #egc74 ,we are evid5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( an emotion & a fe> :i*1 b5ea? its ,*ri/ian col\r+ &1 s to speak1 transfiguration1 is 9 its ess5ce1 l mo/ ( man's deepe/ emotions1 a relic f a v remote pre-,*ri/ian pa/4 ,e spr+ 0 to primitive man a "t ( t]rible anxiety4 ,8 /ore ( food 0 ne> its end4 ,w\ld ! dead _w revive1 or w\ld x n8 ,! ,old ,ye> 0 dead2 w\ld ! ,new ,ye>1 ! ,"y ,k+1 born afre% ( ,sky & ,e>?1 come 9 ! ,old ,k+'s place & br+ ) him ! new gr[? & ! hope ( life8 ,i h>dly realiz$1 :5 writ+ ! e>li] editions ( ?is book1 h[ c5tral1 h[ omnipres5t1 ?is complex ( ideas 0 9 anci5t ,greek religion4 ,attis1 ,adonis1 ,osiris1 ,dionysus1 & ! re/ ( ! ,ye> ,gods 7 n ecc5tric divagations 9 a religion ^: prop] wor%ip 0 giv5 to ! immortal ,olympians2 !y are diff]5t names giv5 9 diff]5t circum/ances to ?is "o be+ :o dies & is born aga9 ea* ye>1 dies old & pollut$ ) pa/ dea?s & s9s1 & is reborn "y & purifi$4 ,i h tri$ to trace ?is l9e ( tradition 9 an article = ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies = ,june #aiea1 & to %[1 incid5tally1 h[ _m ( ! elem5ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition x has provid$1 especially ^? elem5ts :i* are utt]ly ali5 f ,hebrew mono!ism & mu/1 inde$1 h %ock$ e or?odox ,jew4 ,! be/ />t+ po9t is ! conception ( ! s]ies ( ,old ,k+s1 ea*1 :5 ! due "t comes1 de?ron$ & replac$ by 8 son1 ! ,"y ,k+1 ) ! help ( ! ,que5 ,"m2 = ,gaia or ,e>?1 ! et]nal ,wife & ,"m ( ea* 9 turn1 is always ready to r5ew h]self4 ,! new vegetation ,god ea* ye> is born f ! union ( ! ,sky-,god & ! ,e>?-,"m2 or1 z 9 my? & leg5d ! figures become p]sonifi$1 he is ! ,son ( a ,god & a mortal pr9cess4 ,we all "k ! sequ5ce ( ,k+s 9 ,hesiod3 ,fir/ ,uranus 7,sky71 ,k+ ( ! ,_w1 & 8 wife ,gaia 7,e>?72 ,uranus reigns till he is de?ron$ by 8 son ,cronos ) ! help ( ,gaia2 !n ,cronos & ,rhea 7,e>?7 reign till ,cronos is de?ron$ by 8 son ,zeus1 ) ! help ( ,rhea2 !n ,zeus reigns till 4 4 4 b "h ! s]ies /ops1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! or?odox ,olympian sy/em1 ,zeus is ! et]nal ,k+4 ,b !re 0 ano!r sy/em1 und]ly+ ! ,olympian1 & x is to t o!r sy/em t ! ,ye>-,k+s belong4 ,! ,olympians are def9ite p]sons4 ,!y are immortal2 !y d n die & revive2 !y are n be+s :o come & g1 9 succession to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! o!r s]ies are ! ,attis-,adonis-,osiris type ( gods1 & especially ,dionysus1 ^: "n has be5 %[n by ,krets*m] to be simply ! ,?racian ,deos or ,dios nysos1 ,zeus-,"y or ,zeus-!-son4 ,& 9 ! ,orphic tradition x is laid d[n t ,zeus yields up 8 p[] to ,dionysus & bids all ! gods ( ! ,cosmos obey him4 ,! "m ( ,dionysus 0 ,semel1 a "n :i*1 l ,gaia & ,rhea1 means ,e>?4 ,! s]ies is n only cont9u\s b inf9ite2 = on "o side ,uranus 7,sky7 0 himself ! son ( ,gaia ! et]nal1 & on ! o!r1 e ye> a ,zeus 0 succe$$ by a ,"y ,zeus4 ,! ,"y ,k+1 be>] ( spr+ & ! new summ]1 is ! ,savi\r ( ! ,e>?1 made cold & lifeless by w9t] & doom$ to b>r5ness by all ! pollutions ( ! pa/2 ! ,savi\r also ( mank9d f all k9ds ( evils1 & br+] ( a new ,aion1 or ,age1 to ! _w4 ,innum]able diff]5t figures 9 ,greek my?ology are p]sonifications ( him1 f ,dionysus & ,h]acles to ! ,dioscuri & _m h]oes ( my?4 ,he be>s c]ta9 di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,he is always ! son ( a ,god & a mortal pr9cess4 ,! "m is always p]secut$1 a mat] dolorosa1 & rescu$ by h] son4 ,! ,son is always a ,savi\r2 v (t5 a *ampion :o saves 8 p f enemies or mon/]s2 b sometimes a ,heal] ( ! ,sick1 l ,asclepius2 sometimes1 l ,dionysus1 a prie/ or hi]ophant ) a ?iasos1 or b& ( wor%ipp]s2 sometimes a ,k+'s ,son :o is sacrific$ to save 8 p1 & my/ically id5tifi$ ) "s sacrificial animal1 a lamb1 a "y bull1 a horse or a fawn1 ^: blood has sup]natural p[]4 ,sometimes aga9 he is a div9e or miracul\s ,babe1 = ^: bir? ! :ole _w has be5 wait+1 :o w br+ 8 own ,age or ,k+dom & make all ?+s new4 ,8 life is almo/ always ?reat5$ by a cruel k+1 l ,h]od1 b he always escapes4 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,div9e ,babe is probably due to ! v widespread wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian ,*ild-,god1 ,h>pocrates4 ,egyptian also is ! ,virg9-,"m1 impregnat$ by ! holy ,pneuma or ,spiritus ( ! god1 or sometimes by ! lay+ on ( 8 h&4 ,besides ! ord9>y dea? & rebir? ( ! vegetation ye> god1 ! g5]al conclusion to :i* ^! consid]ations po9t has _m p>allels else:]e4 ,our own religi\s ideas are subject to ! same t5d5cies z ^? ( o!r civilizations4 ,m5 & wom51 :5 conv]t$ to a new religion or in/ruct$ 9 "s new & unaccu/om$ k1 are extremely unwill+1 & sometimes absolutely unable1 to give up _! old magical or religi\s practices & habits ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ,african negroes are conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity & =bidd5 to practise _! tribal magic1 !y are apt to /eal away into ! dep?s ( ! =e/ & d secretly :at !y h always consid]$ necess>y to ensure a good h>ve/4 ,n to d s w\ld be too great a risk4 ,:5 ,go?s 7 conv]t$ by battalions ! *ange mu/ h be5 m 9 names ?an 9 sub/ance4 ,:5 ,greeks ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 =bidd5 to say pray]s to a figure ( ,helios1 ! ,sun1 x 0 n difficult to call him ! prophet ,elias & g on ) ! same pray]s & hopes4 ,n difficult to cont9ue y\r pray]s to ! age-old ,"m ,goddess ( all ,m$it]ranean peoples1 :ile call+ h] ,m>y1 ! ,"m ( ,*ri/4 ,eusebius /udi$ ! subject1 some:at sup]ficially1 9 8 ,praep>atio ,evangelica1 9 :i* he argu$ t mu* old pagan belief 0 to be expla9$ z an imp]fect prep>ation = ! full light ( ! ,gospel4 ,& x is c]ta9ly /rik+ h[ ! ,anatolian peoples1 among :om ! se$ ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 *iefly s[n1 c\ld nev]1 9 spite ( ,jewi% mono!ism1 give up ! belov$ ,"m ,goddess = :om mank9d craves1 or ! div9e ,fai?ful ,son :o w by 8 own sacrifice save 8 p4 ,:]e sci5tific k fails man _c b be guid$ by 8 felt ne$s & long+s & aspirations4 ,! elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* d]ive f :at ,jews call$ ! ,gyim or nations beyond ! pale1 seem to be f> deep] & m num]\s ?an ^? :i* come un*ang$ f ,judaism4 ,ev5 ! ,sabba? _h to be *ang$1 & ! bir?day ( ,jesus con=m$ to t ( ! ,sun4 ,judaism contribut$ a /rong1 ?\gh n q successful1 resi/ance to poly!ism1 & a purification ( sexual morality4 ,x provid$ p]haps a g5]al antiseptic1 :i* 0 (t5 ne$$ by ! passionate grop+s ( ,hell5i/ic religion1 9 ! /age :i* ,i call ! ,failure ( ,n]ve4 ,g4 ,m4 ,septemb] #aiea4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,9 revis+ ! ,f\r ,/ages ( ,greek ,religion ,i h f\nd myself oblig$ to *ange its "n4 ,i felt !re 0 a gap 9 ! /ory4 ,! high-wat] m>k ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght seems to me to h come j betwe5 ! ,olympian ,religion & ! ,failure ( ,n]ve2 & ! decl9e--if t is ! "r ^w--:i* is obs]vable 9 ! lat] ages ( antiquity is a decl9e n f ,olympianism b f ! great spiritual & intellectual ef=t ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,metaphysics & ! ,de ,anima & ! f\ndation ( ! ,/oa & ! ,g>d54 ,consequ5tly ,i h add$ a new *apt] at ?is po9t & rais$ ! numb] ( ,/ages to five4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,g5n] has k9dly enabl$ me to correct two or ?ree errors 9 ! fir/ edition1 & ,i owe special ?anks to my old pupil1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,r4 ,dodds1 = sev]al int]e/+ obs]vations & criticisms on po9ts connect$ ) ,plot9us & ,sallu/ius4 ,o!rwise ,i h alt]$ little4 ,i am only sorry to h left ! book s long out ( pr9t4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,?is small book has tak5 a long "t 9 gr[+4 ,?\gh ! fir/ two essays 7 only put 9 writ+ ?is ye> = a c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i _h ! hon\r ( deliv]+ at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 #aiab1 ! ?ird1 :i* 0 also us$ at ,columbia1 _h 9 its ma9 features appe>$ 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 9 #aiaj1 ! f\r? 9 "p 9 ! ,engli% ,review 9 #aijh2 ! translation ( ,sallu/ius 0 made 9 #aijg = use ) a small class at ,ox=d4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial is mu* old] 9 conception1 & all has be5 reconsid]$4 ,i mu/ ?ank ! editors ( bo? ! above-nam$ p]iodicals = _! k9d p]mission to repr9t4 ,i ?9k x 0 ! writ+s ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang t fir/ awoke me1 9 my und]graduate days1 to ! importance ( an?ropology & primitive religion to a ,greek s*ol>4 ,c]ta9ly ,i began !n to feel t ! great works ( ! anci5t ,greek imag9ation are p5etrat$ habitually by religi\s conceptions & po/ulates :i* lit]>y s*ol>s l myself _h n obs]v$ or und]/ood4 ,9 ! meantime ! situation has *ang$4 ,greek religion is be+ /udi$ "r & left1 & has reveal$ itself z a surpris+ly ri* & attractive1 ?\gh some:at controv]sial1 subject4 ,x us$ to be a des]t$ t]ritory2 n[ x is at lea/ a battle-gr\nd4 ,if ev] ! pres5t diff]5ces resolv$ !mselves into a simple fight ) %illelaghs betwe5 ! s*ol>s & ! an?ropologi/s1 ,i %\ld )\t d\bt wield my reluctant weapon on ! side ( ! s*ol>s4 ,s*ol>%ip is ! r>]1 h>d]1 less popul> & p]haps ! m p]man5tly valuable "w1 & x c]ta9ly /&s m 9 ne$ ( def5ce at ! mom5t4 ,b 9 ! meantime ,i c h>dly und]/& h[ ! pure/ ( 'pure s*ol>s' c fail to feel 8 k enri*$ by ! savants :o h compell$ u to dig bel[ ! surface ( our classical tradition & to realize ! imag9ative & hi/orical problems :i* s (t5 lie conceal$ b5ea? ! smoo? security ( a v]bal 'con/rue'4 ,my own essays d n = a mom5t claim to speak ) au?ority on a subject :i* is /ill *ang+ & %[+ new facets ye> by ye>4 ,!y only claim to repres5t ! way ( reg>d+ c]ta9 l>ge issues ( ,greek ,religion :i* has gradually tak5 %ape1 & has prov$ practically helpful & consi/5t ) facts1 9 ! m9d ( a v con/ant1 ?\gh unsy/ematic1 read] ( _m v>i\s p]iods ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,9 ! fir/ essay my debt to ,miss ,h>rison is great & obvi\s4 ,my /atem5t ( "o or two po9ts is probably diff]5t f h]s1 b 9 ! ma9 ,i foll[ h] lead4 ,& 9 ei!r case ,i _c adequately describe ! advantage ,i h d]iv$ f _m ye>s ( frequ5t discussion & comp>ison ( results ) a ,hell5i/ ^: le>n+ & orig9ality ( m9d are only equall$ by h] vivid g5]osity t[>ds h] fell[-work]s4 ,! second may also be said to h gr[n out ( ,miss ,h>rison's writ+s4 ,%e has by n[ made ! title ( ',olympian' almo/ a t]m ( reproa*1 & ?r[n d[n s _m a scornful *all5ge to ! canonical gods ( ,greece1 t ,i h v5tur$ on ?is attempt to expla9 _! hi/orical orig9 & plead = _! religi\s value4 ,:5 ! essay 0 already writt5 ,i read ,mr4 ,*adwick's impressive book on ,! ,h]oic ,age 7,cambridge1 #aiab71 & 0 delight$ to f9d 9 an au?or ^: /&po9t & equipm5t are s diff]5t f m9e s mu* t confirm$ or cl>ifi$ my own view4 ,! title ( ! ?ird essay ,i owe to a conv]sation ) ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,bury4 ,we 7 discuss+ ! *ange t took place 9 ,greek ?\ght betwe51 say1 ,plato & ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 or ev5 betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,posidonius1 & :i* is se5 at its highe/ p[] 9 ! ,gno/ics4 ,i _h be5 call+ x a rise ( asceticism1 or my/icism1 or religi\s passion1 or ! l1 :5 my fri5d correct$ me4 ',x is n a rise2 x is a fall or failure ( some?+1 a sort ( failure ( n]ve4'--,we are tread+ "h ^u some:at firm] gr\nd ?an 9 ! fir/ two essays4 ,! field = m]e conjecture is less3 we are support$ m cont9u\sly by explicit docum5ts4 ,yet ! subject is a v difficult "o ow+ to ! scatt]$ & *aotic nature ( ! s\rces1 & ev5 :]e we get away f fragm5ts & recon/ructions & rea* def9ite treatises ) or )\t au?ors' names1 ,i _c pret5d to feel any?+ l ! same cle>ness ab\t ! true mean+ ( a passage 9 ,philo or ! ,corpus ,h]meticum t "o normally feels 9 a writ] ( ! classical p]iod4 ,consequ5tly 9 ?is essay ,i ?9k ,i h hugg$ my mod]n au?orities r close1 & seldom express$ an op9ion = :i* ,i c\ld n f9d "s fairly au?oritative back+1 my debt be+ p>ticul>ly great to ,reitz5/e91 ,b\sset1 & ! brilliant ,hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur ( ,p4 ,w5dl&4 ,i mu/ also ?ank my old pupil1 ,mr4 ,edwyn ,bevan1 :o 0 k9d en\gh to read ?is book 9 pro(1 = "s valuable criticisms4 ,! subject is "o ( su* extraord9>y int]e/ t ,i (f] no apology = call+ fur!r att5tion to x4 ,a ^w or two ab\t ! la/ brief revival ( ! anci5t religion "u ',julian ! ,apo/ate' =ms ! natural close to ?is s]ies ( /udies4 ,b "h our mat]ial1 bo? hi/orical & lit]>y1 is s abundant t ,i h foll[$ a diff]5t me?od4 ,aft] a %ort hi/orical introduction ,i h translat$ 9 full a v curi\s & little-kn[n anci5t text1 :i* may be said to con/itute some?+ l an au?oritative ,pagan cre$4 ,"s read]s may regret t ,i d n give ! ,greek z well z ! ,engli%4 ,i am reluctant1 h[ev]1 to publi% a text :i* ,i h n exam9$ 9 ! ,,mss41 & ,i feel also t1 :ile an edition ( ,sallu/ius is r urg5tly ne$$1 x ought to be an edition ) a full comm5t>y4xvi3#a ,i 0 fir/ l$ to ^! /udies by ! wi% to fill up c]ta9 puzzl+ blanks ( ignorance 9 my own m9d1 & d\btless ! little book be>s m>ks ( ?is orig94 ,x aims l>gely at ! fill+ ( int]/ices4 ,x avoids ! great illum9at$ places1 & gives its m9d to ! /ret*es ( int]v5+ twilight4 ,x deals little ) ! h>ve/ ( fl[]s or fruit1 b wat*es ! inconspicu\s seasons :5 ! soil is beg9n+ to /ir1 ! se$s are fall+ or rip5+4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,footnotes3 xvi3#a ,pr(essor ,nock's edition 7,cambridge #aibf7 has admirably fill$ ?is gap4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,saturnia ,,regna #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,olympian ,,conque/ #ci ,,iii4 ,,! ,,great ,,s*ools #gi ,,iv4 ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,n]ve #abc ,v4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,prote/ #agc ,,app5dix3 ,,translation ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,( #bjj ,,sallu/ius1 ,,index #bbg 1 4 ,! fir/ man is ( ! e>?1 e>?y2 ! second man is ! ,"l f heav54 ,i ,,saturnia ,,regna ,_m p]sons :o are q prep>$ to admit ! importance to ! _w ( ,greek poetry1 ,greek art1 & ,greek philosophy1 may /ill feel x r a p>adox to be told t ,greek religion specially repays our /udy at ! pres5t day4 ,greek religion1 associat$ ) a romantic1 trivial1 & n v edify+ my?ology1 has g5]ally seem$ "o ( ! weake/ spots 9 ! arm\r ( ^? giants ( ! old _w4 ,yet ,i w v5ture to make = ,greek religion almo/ z great a claim z = ! ?\ght & ! lit]ature1 n only because ! :ole mass ( x is %ot ?r\gh by ^? /range lights ( feel+ & imag9ation1 & ! details ( x con/antly wr\ght into beauty by t in/9ctive s5se ( arti/ic =m1 :i* we specially associate ) ,classical ,greece1 b also = two def9ite hi/orical reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /ud5t ( t d>k & fasc9at+ dep>tm5t ( ! human m9d :i* we may call ,religi\s ,orig9s1 w f9d 9 ,greece an extraord9>y mass ( mat]ial belong+ to a v e>ly date4 ,= detail & v>iety ! primitive ,greek evid5ce has no equal4 ,&1 secondly1 9 ?is dep>tm5t z 9 o!rs1 anci5t ,greece has ! triumphant if tragic di/9ction ( beg9n+ at ! v bottom & /ruggl+1 h[ev] prec>i\sly1 to ! v summits4 ,!re is h>dly any horror ( primitive sup]/ition ( :i* we _c f9d "s di/ant traces 9 our ,greek record4 ,!re is h>dly any height ( spiritual ?\ght atta9$ 9 ! _w t has n its ar*etype or its e*o 9 ! /ret* ( ,greek lit]ature t lies betwe5 ,?ales & ,plot9us1 embrac+ mu* ( ! ',wisdom-,tea*]s' & ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! progress ( ,greek religion falls naturally into ?ree /ages1 all ( !m hi/orically important4 ,fir/ !re is ! primitive ,eue!ia or ,age ( ,ignorance1 be=e ,zeus came to tr\ble m5's m9ds1 a /age to :i* our an?ropologi/s & explor]s h f\nd p>allels 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,dr4 ,preuss applies to x ! *>m+ ^w ',urdummheit'1 or ',primal ,/upidity'4 ,9 "s ways *>act]i/ically ,greek1 9 o!rs x is s typical ( simil> /ages ( ?\ght else:]e t "o is tempt$ to reg>d x z ! normal beg9n+ ( all religion1 or almo/ z ! normal raw mat]ial out ( :i* religion is made4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s repulsiv5ess1 b ,i confess t to me !re is also an elem5t ( fasc9ation 9 ! /udy ( ^! ',bea/ly ,devices ( ! ,hea!n'1 at any rate z !y appe> 9 e>ly ,greece1 :]e ea* s+le 'bea/ly device' z x passes is someh[ t\*$ ) beauty & trans=m$ by "s _s ( upw>d /riv+4 ,secondly !re is ! ,olympian or classical /age1 a /age 9 :i*1 = good or ill1 blund]+ly or successfully1 ?is primitive vagu5ess 0 r$uc$ to a k9d ( ord]4 ,?is is ! /age ( ! great ,olympian gods1 :o dom9at$ art & poetry1 rul$ ! imag9ation ( ,rome1 & ext5d$ a k9d ( romantic dom9ion ev5 ov] ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is ! /age t we le>n1 or mis-le>n1 f ! /atues & ! h&books ( my?ology4 ,critics h said t ?is ,olympian /age has value only z art & n z religion4 ,t is j "o ( ! po9ts into :i* we %all inquire4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 rea*+ r\ghly f ,plato to ,/4 ,paul & ! e>li] ,gno/ics4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book treat$ ! :ole p]iod z "o1 b ,i h n[ divid$ x by writ+ a new *apt] on ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & mak+ t my ?ird /age4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! ,greek m9d1 /ill 9 its full creative vig\r1 made its fir/ response to ! tw(old failure ( ! _w 9 :i* x _h put its fai?1 ! op5 bankruptcy ( ! ,olympian religion & ! collapse ( ! city-/ate4 ,bo? _h fail$1 & ea* tri$ va9ly to supply ! place ( ! o!r4 ,greece respond$ by ! creation ( two great p]man5t types ( philosophy :i* h influ5c$ human e?ics ev] s9ce1 ! ,cynic & ,/oic s*ools on ! "o h&1 & ! ,epicurean on ! o!r4 ,^! s*ools belong prop]ly1 ,i ?9k1 to ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! successors ( ,ari/otle produc$ r a s*ool ( progressive sci5ce1 ^? ( ,plato a s*ool ( ref9$ scepticism4 ,! religi\s side ( ,plato's ?\ght 0 n reveal$ 9 its full p[] till ! "t ( ,plot9us 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d42 t ( ,ari/otle1 "o might say )\t undue p>adox1 n till its exposition by ,aqu9as 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,! old ,?ird ,/age1 !re=e1 becomes n[ a ,f\r?1 compris+ ! lat] & m popul> movem5ts ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 a p]iod bas$ on ! consci\sness ( manifold failure1 & consequ5tly t\*$ bo? ) morbidity & ) t spiritual exaltation :i* is s (t5 ! companion ( morbidity4 ,x n only _h beh9d x ! failure ( ! ,olympian !ology & ( ! free city-/ate1 n[ cru%$ by semi-b>b>\s milit>y mon>*ies2 x liv$ ?r\gh ! gradual realization ( two o!r failures--! failure ( human gov]nm5t1 ev5 :5 back$ by ! p[] ( ,rome or ! weal? ( ,egypt1 to a*ieve a good life = man2 & la/ly ! failure ( ! great propag&a ( ,hell5ism1 9 :i* ! long-drawn ef=t ( ,greece to educate a corrupt & b>b>ic _w seem$ only to lead to ! corruption or b>b>ization ( ! v ideals :i* x s\ght to spread4 ,?is s5se ( failure1 ?is progressive loss ( hope 9 ! _w1 9 sob] calculation1 & 9 organiz$ human ef=t1 ?rew ! lat] ,greek back ^u 8 own s\l1 ^u ! pursuit ( p]sonal hol9ess1 ^u emotions1 my/]ies & revelations1 ^u ! comp>ative neglect ( ?is transitory & imp]fect _w = ! sake ( "s dream-_w f> (f1 :i* %all subsi/ )\t s9 or corruption1 ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]4 ,^! f\r are ! really significant & =mative p]iods ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght2 b we may well ca/ our eyes also on a fif? /age1 n hi/orically influ5tial p]haps1 b at lea/ romantic & int]e/+ & wor?y ( consid]able respect1 :5 ! old religion 9 ! "t ( ,julian r\s$ itself = a la/ spiritual prote/ aga9/ ! all-conqu]+ 'a!ism' ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,i omit ,plot9us1 z 9 e>li] *apt]s ,i h omitt$ ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & = ! same reason4 ,z a rule 9 ! writ+s ( ,julian's circle & /ill m 9 ! rema9s ( popul> belief1 ! t5d5cies ( our f\r? /age are acc5tuat$ by an increas$ dem& = def9ite dogma & a /ill deep] consci\sness ( worldly defeat4 ,i %all n />t ) any def9ition ( religion4 ,religion1 l poetry & mo/ o!r liv+ ?+s1 _c be def9$4 ,b "o may p]haps give "s description ( x1 or at lea/ "s *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 religion ess5tially deals ) ! un*>t$ region ( human exp]i5ce4 ,a l>ge "p ( human life has be5 ?or\ghly survey$ & explor$2 we und]/& ! causes at "w2 & we are n bewild]$ by ! problems4 ,t is ! doma9 ( positive k4 ,b all r\nd u on e side !re is an un*>t$ region1 j fragm5ts ( ! fr+e ( x explor$1 & ^? imp]fectly2 x is ) ?is t religion deals4 ,& secondly we may note t religion deals ) its own prov9ce n t5tatively1 by ! normal me?ods ( pati5t intellectual rese>*1 b directly1 & by me?ods ( emotion or sub-consci\s appreh5sion4 ,agriculture1 = in/ance1 us$ to be entirely a "q ( religion2 n[ x is almo/ entirely a "q ( sci5ce4 ,9 antiquity1 if a field 0 b>r51 ! own] ( x w\ld probably assume t ! b>r5ness 0 due to 'pollution'1 or (f5ce some:]e4 ,he w\ld run ?r\gh all 8 own possible (f5ces1 or at any rate ^? ( 8 neighb\rs & ance/ors1 & :5 he ev5tually decid$ ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 ! /eps t he w\ld take w\ld all be ( a k9d calculat$ n to affect ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil1 b to satisfy 8 own emotions ( guilt & t]ror1 or ! imag9>y emotions ( ! imag9>y be+ he _h (f5d$4 ,a mod]n man 9 ! same pr$icam5t w\ld probably n ?9k ( religion at all1 at any rate 9 ! e>li] /ages2 he w\ld say x 0 a case = deep] pl\gh+ or = basic slag4 ,lat] on1 if disa/] foll[$ disa/] till he began to feel himself a m>k$ man1 ev5 ! av]age mod]n w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 beg9 in/9ctively to reflect ^u 8 s9s4 ,a ?ird *>act]i/ic fl[s f ! fir/4 ,! un*>t$ region surr\nds u on e side & is app>5tly inf9ite2 consequ5tly1 :5 once ! ?+s ( ! un*>t$ region are admitt$ z factors 9 our ord9>y conduct ( life !y are apt to be inf9ite factors1 ov]rul+ & swamp+ all o!rs4 ,! ?+ t religion =bids is a ?+ nev] to be done2 n all ! inducem5ts t ?is life c (f] weigh at all 9 ! balance4 ,inde$ !re is no balance4 ,! man :o makes t]ms ) 8 consci5ce is ess5tially non-religi\s2 ! religi\s man kn[s t x w pr(it him no?+ if he ga9 all ?is f9ite _w & lose 8 /ake 9 ! inf9ite & et]nal4#f3a ,am ,i go+ to draw no di/9ction !n betwe5 religion & m]e sup]/ition8 ,n at pres5t4 ,lat] on we may p]haps see "s way to x4 ,sup]/ition is ! "n giv5 to a l[ or bad =m ( religion1 to ! k9d ( religion we disapprove4 ,! l9e ( division1 if we made "o1 w\ld be only an arbitr>y b> ?ru/ across a highly complex & cont9u\s process4 ,does ?is am\nt to an implication t all ! religions t h exi/$ 9 ! _w are false8 ,n s4 ,x is obvi\s inde$ t mo/1 if analys$ into intellectual beliefs1 are false2 & ,i suppose t a ?or\ghly or?odox memb] ( any "o ( ! million religi\s bodies t exi/ 9 ! _w mu/ be cle> 9 8 m9d t ! o!r million m9us "o are wrong1 if n wick$ly wrong4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 we mu/ be cle> ab\t4 ,yet ! fact rema9s t man mu/ h "s relation t[>ds ! un*>t$1 ! my/]i\s1 tracts ( life :i* surr\nd him on e side4 ,& = my own "p ,i am cont5t to say t 8 me?od mu/ be to a l>ge ext5t v mu* :at ,/4 ,paul calls or fai?3 t is1 "s attitude n ( ! consci\s intellect b ( ! :ole be+1 us+ all its p[]s ( s5sitiv5ess1 all its feeble/ & mo/ in>ticulate feel]s & t5tacles1 9 ! ef=t someh[ to t\* by ^! t :i* _c be grasp$ by ! def9ite s5ses or analys$ by ! consci\s reason4 ,:at we ga9 ?us is an insecure b a preci\s possession4 ,we ga9 no dogma1 at lea/ no safe dogma1 b we ga9 mu* m4 ,we ga9 some?+ h>d to def9e1 :i* lies at ! he>t n only ( religion1 b ( art & poetry & all ! high] /riv+s ( human emotion4 ,i believe t at times we actually ga9 practical guidance 9 "s que/ions :]e exp]i5ce & argum5t fail4#h3a ,t is a great "w left = religion1 b we mu/ always rememb] two ?+s ab\t x3 fir/1 t ! liability to error is enorm\s1 inde$ almo/ inf9ite2 & second1 t ! results ( confid5t error are v t]rible4 ,probably ?r\gh\t hi/ory ! wor/ ?+s ev] done 9 ! _w on a l>ge scale by dec5t p h be5 done 9 ! "n ( religion1 & ,i d n ?9k t has entirely ceas$ to be true at ! pres5t day4 ,all ! ,middle ,ages held ! /range &1 to our judgem5t1 ! obvi\sly insane belief t ! normal result ( religi\s error 0 et]nal puni%m5t4 ,& yet by ! crimes to :i* t false belief l$ !m !y almo/ prov$ ! tru? ( some?+ v l x4 ,! record ( e>ly ,*ri/ian & m$ieval p]secutions :i* 7 ! direct result ( t "o confid5t religi\s error comes curi\sly ne> to "o's conception ( ! wick$ness ( ! damn$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to turn to our imm$iate subject1 ,i wi% to put =w>d "h :at is /ill a r new & unau?oriz$ view ( ! developm5t ( ,greek religion2 read]s w =give me if1 9 treat+ s va/ a subject1 ,i draw my outl9e v broadly1 leav+ out _m qualifications1 & quot+ only a fragm5t ( ! evid5ce4 ,! ?+s t h misl$ u mod]ns 9 our ef=ts t[>ds und]/&+ ! primitive /age 9 ,greek religion h be5 fir/ ! widespread & almo/ in]adicable error ( treat+ ,hom] z primitive1 & m g5]ally our unconsci\s insi/5ce on />t+ ) ! notion ( ',gods'4 ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 9 8 address z presid5t ( "o ( ! sections ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,religions at ,ox=d1#i3a dwelt on ! significant fact ab\t savage religions t :]ev] ! ^w ',god' is us$ our tru/ie/ witnesses t5d to contradict "o ano!r4 ,among ! be/ obs]v]s ( ! ,arunta tribes1 = in/ance1 "s hold t !y h no conception ( ,god1 o!rs t !y are con/antly ?9k+ ab\t ,god4 ,! tru? is t ?is idea ( a god f> away 9 ! sky--,i d n say m]ely a ,fir/ ,cause :o is ')\t body p>ts or passions'1 b almo/ any be+ t we %\ld naturally call a 'god'--is an idea n easy = primitive man to grasp4 ,x is a subtle & r>efi$ idea1 saturat$ ) ages ( philosophy & speculation4 ,& we mu/ always rememb] t "o ( ! *ief religions ( ! _w1 ,buddhism1 has ris5 to great moral & intellectual heights )\t us+ ! conception ( ,god at all2 9 8 /ead x has ,dh>ma1 ! ,et]nal ,law4#aj3a ,ap>t f "s few philosoph]s1 bo? ,*ri/ian & ,moslem1 ! gods ( ! ord9>y man h z a rule be5 z a matt] ( c\rse an?ropomorphic4 ,m5 did n take ! tr\ble to try to conceive !m o!rwise4 ,9 _m cases !y h _h ! actual bodily %ape ( man2 9 almo/ all !y h possess$--( c\rse 9 _! highe/ developm5t--8 m9d & reason & 8 m5tal attributes4 ,x causes mo/ ( u ev5 n[ some?+ ( a %ock to be told by a m$ieval ,arab philosoph] t to call ,god b5evol5t or righte\s or to pr$icate ( him any o!r human quality is j z ,pagan & degrad$ z to say t he has a be>d4#aj3b ,n[ ! ,greek gods seem at fir/ sight q p>ticul>ly solid & an?ropomorphic4 ,! /atues & vases speak cle>ly1 & !y are mo/ly borne out by ! lit]ature4 ,( c\rse we mu/ disc\nt ! k9d ( evid5ce t misl$ ,w9ckelmann1 ! m]e ,roman & ,alex&rian art & my?ology2 b ev5 if we g back to ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 we %all f9d ! rul+ conceptions f> nobl] inde$1 b /ill an?ropomorphic4 ,we f9d firmly e/abli%$ ! ,olympian patri>*al family1 ,zeus ! ,fa!r ( gods & m51 8 wife ,h]a1 8 son ,apollo1 8 daught] ,a!na1 8 bro!rs ,poseidon & ,hades1 & ! re/4 ,we probably ?9k ( ea* figure m or less z l a /atue1 a habit ( m9d obvi\sly wrong & inde$ absurd1 z if "o ?\ght ( ',lab\r' & ',grief' z /atues because ,rod9 or ,/4 ,gaud5s has s repres5t$ !m4 ,& yet x 0 a habit into :i* ! late ,greeks !mselves sometimes fell2#aa3a _! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+ z appli$ to religion _h be5 s dang]\sly successful3 !y %>p5$ & made vivid an an?ropomorphism :i* 9 its orig9 _h be5 mo/ly ! result ( normal human laz9ess4 ,! process ( mak+ w9ds & riv]s into an?ropomorphic gods is1 = ! mo/ "p1 n ! result ( us+ ! imag9ation ) special vig\r4 ,x is ! result ( n do+ s4 ,! w9d is obvi\sly alive2 any fool c see t4 ,be+ alive1 x bl[s2 h[8 :y1 naturally2 j z y & ,i bl[4 ,x knocks ?+s d[n1 x %\ts & dances1 x :isp]s & talks4 ,&1 unless we are go+ to make a great ef=t ( ! imag9ation & try to realize1 l a sci5tific man1 j :at really happ5s1 we naturally assume t x does ^! ?+s 9 ! normal way1 9 ! only way we "k4 ,ev5 :5 y wor%ip a bea/ or a /one1 y practically an?ropomorphize x4 ,x happ5s inde$ to h a p]fectly cle> %ape1 s y accept t4 ,b x talks1 acts1 & fights j l a man--z y c see f ! ,au/ralian ,folk ,tales publi%$ by ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]--because y d n take ! tr\ble to ?9k out any o!r way ( behav+4 ,?is k9d ( an?ropomorphism--or z ,mr4 ,glad/one us$ to call x1 'an?ropophuism'--'humanity ( nature'--is primitive & inevitable3 ! %>p-cut /atue type ( god is diff]5t1 & is due 9 ,greece directly to ! "w ( ! arti/s4 ,we mu/ get back beh9d ^! gods ( ! arti/'s work%op & ! romance-mak]'s imag9ation1 & see if ! religi\s ?9k]s ( ! great p]iod use1 or imply1 ! same highly human conceptions4 ,we %all f9d ,p>m5ides tell+ u t ,god co9cides ) ! univ]se1 :i* is a sph]e & immovable2#ab3a ,h]aclitus1 t ,god is 'day night1 summ] w9t]1 w> peace1 satiety hung]'4 ,x5ophanes1 t ,god is all-see+1 all-he>+1 & all m9d2#ab3b & z = 8 suppos$ human %ape1 :y1 if bulls & lions 7 to speak ab\t ,god !y w\ld d\btless tell u t he 0 a bull or a lion4#ab3c ,we mu/ notice ! in/9ctive language ( ! poets1 us+ ! ^w 9 _m subtle s5ses = :i* our ^w ',god' is too /iff1 too p]sonal1 & too an?ropomorphic4 1 '! fact ( success'1 is 'a god & m ?an a god'2 1 '! ?rill ( recogniz+ a fri5d' aft] long abs5ce1 is a 'god'2 w9e is a 'god' ^: body is p\r$ out 9 libation to gods2 & 9 ! unwritt5 law ( ! human consci5ce 'a great god live? & gr[e? n old'4#ab3d ,y w say t is m]e poetry or philosophy3 x repres5ts a p>ticul> !ory or a p>ticul> metaphor4 ,i ?9k n4 ,language ( ?is sort is us$ widely & )\t any explanation or apology4 ,x 0 evid5tly und]/ood & felt to be natural by ! audi5ce4 ,if x is metaphorical1 all metaphors h gr[n f ! soil ( curr5t ?\ght & normal exp]i5ce4 ,& )\t go+ into ! po9t at l5g? ,i ?9k we may safely conclude t ! soil f :i* su* language z ?is grew 0 n any sy/em ( cle>-cut p]sonal an?ropomorphic !ology4 ,no d\bt any ( ^! poets1 if he _h to make a picture ( "o ( ^! utt]ly =mless ,gods1 w\ld h giv5 him a human =m4 ,t 0 ! recogniz$ symbol1 z a veil$ woman is ,/4 ,gaud5s's symbol = ',grief'4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b we h o!r evid5ce too :i* %[s abundantly t ^! ,olympian gods are n prim>y1 b are impos$ ^u a backgr\nd /rangely unlike !mselves4 ,= a long "t _! lum9\s figures dazzl$ our eyes2 we 7 n able to see ! half-lit regions beh9d !m1 ! d>k primeval tangle ( desires & fe>s & dreams f :i* !y drew _! vitality4 ,! sure/ te/ to apply 9 ?is "q is ! evid5ce ( actual cult4 ,miss ,h>rison has "h %[n u ! "r me?od1 & foll[+ h] we w beg9 ) ! ?ree great fe/ivals ( ,a!ns1 ! ,diasia1 ! ,!smophoria1 & ! ,an!/]ia4#ad3a ,! ,diasia 0 said to be ! *ief fe/ival ( ,zeus1 ! c5tral figure ( ! ,olympians1 ?\gh our au?orities g5]ally add an epi!t to him1 & call him ,zeus ,meili*ios1 ,zeus ( ,placation4 ,a god ) an 'epi!t' is always suspici\s1 l a human be+ ) an 'alias'4 ,miss ,h>rison's exam9ation 7,prolegom5a1 pp4 #bh ff47 %[s t 9 ! rites ,zeus has no place at all4 ,meili*ios f ! beg9n+ has a fairly secure "o4 ,on "s ( ! reliefs ,meili*ios appe>s n z a god1 b z an enorm\s be>d$ snake1 a well-kn[n repres5tation ( und]world p[]s or dead ance/ors4 ,sometimes ! great snake is alone2 sometimes he rises gigantic above ! small human wor%ipp]s approa*+ him4 ,& !n1 9 c]ta9 reliefs1 8 old b>b>ic pres5ce vani%es1 & we h in/ead a b5evol5t & human fa!r ( gods & m51 try+1 z ,miss ,h>rison some:]e expresses x1 to look z if he _h be5 !re all ! "t4 ,!re 0 a sacrifice at ! ,diasia1 b x 0 n a sacrifice giv5 to ,zeus4 ,to ,zeus & all ! heav5ly gods m5 gave sacrifice 9 ! =m ( a fea/1 9 :i* ! god _h 8 portion & ! wor%ipp]s !irs4 ,! two p>ties cem5t$ _! fri5d%ip & fea/$ happily toge!r4 ,b ! sacrifice at ! ,diasia 0 a holocau/3#ad3b e %r$ ( ! victim 0 burnt to a%es1 t no man might p>take ( x4 ,we "k q well ! mean+ ( t =m ( sacrifice3 x is a sacrifice to placate or appease ! p[]s bel[1 ! ,*?onioi1 ! dead & ! lords ( dea?4 ,x 0 p]=m$1 z our au?orities tell u1 1 ) %udd]+ or repulsion4#ae3a ,! ,diasia 0 a ritual ( placation1 t is1 ( ca/+ away v>i\s elem5ts ( pollution or dang] & appeas+ ! unkn[n wra?s ( ! surr\nd+ d>kness4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a god conta9$ 9 ?is fe/ival is ,meili*ios1 & ,meili*ios1 z we %all see lat]1 belongs to a p>ticul> class ( %ad[y be+s :o are built up out ( ritual s]vices4 ,8 "n means ',he ( appeasem5t'1 & he is no?+ else4 ,he is m]ely ! p]sonifi$ %ad[ or dream g5]at$ by ! emotion ( ! ritual--v mu*1 to take a famili> in/ance1 z ,fa!r ,*ri/mas is a 'projection' ( our ,*ri/mas cu/oms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,!smophoria =m$ ! great fe/ival ( ,demet] & h] daught] ,kor1 ?\gh "h aga9 ,demet] appe>s ) a cl++ epi!t1 ,!smophoros4 ,we "k pretty cle>ly ! :ole c\rse ( ! ritual3 !re is ! c>ry+ by wom5 ( c]ta9 magic *>ms1 fir-cones & snakes & unnameable objects made ( pa/e1 to ensure f]tility2 !re is a sacrifice ( pigs1 :o 7 ?r[n into a deep cleft ( ! e>?1 & _! rema9s aft]w>ds collect$ & scatt]$ z a *>m ov] ! fields4 ,!re is m magic ritual1 m c>ry+ ( sacr$ objects1 a fa/ foll[$ by a rejoic+1 a disappe>ance ( life bel[ ! e>?1 & a ris+ aga9 ( life above x2 b x is h>d to f9d def9ite traces ( any p]sonal goddess4 ,! ,olympian ,demet] & ,p]sephone dw9dle away z we look clos]1 & we are left ) ! %ad[ ,!smophoros1 ',%e :o c>ries ,!smoi'1#af3a n a sub/antive p]sonal goddess1 b m]ely a p]sonification ( ! ritual itself3 an imag9>y ,*>m-be>] g5]at$ by s mu* *>m-be>+1 j z ,meili*ios 9 ! ,diasia 0 g5]at$ f ! ritual ( appeasem5t4 ,n[ ! ,diasia 7 dom9at$ by a sacr$ snake4 ,is !re any simil> div9e animal 9 ! ,!smophoria8 ,alas1 yes4 ,bo? "h1 & /ill m m>k$ly 9 ! my/]ies ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ,eleusis1 we regul>ly f9d ! mo/ lovely ( all goddesses1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 habitually--,i w n say repres5t$ by1 b dang]\sly associat$ )1 a sacr$ ,s[4 ,a ,pig is ! "o animal 9 ,greek religion t actually _h sacrifice made to x4#af3b 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird fea/1 ! ,an!/]ia1 belongs 9 classical times to ! ,olympian ,dionysus1 & is said to be ! olde/ ( 8 fea/s4 ,on ! surface !re is a t\* ( ! w9e-god1 & he is giv5 due (ficial prom95ce2 b z soon z we p5etrate any:]e ne> ! he>t ( ! fe/ival1 ,dionysus & 8 bro!r gods are q =gott51 & all t rema9s is a great ritual = appeas+ ! dead4 ,all ! days ( ! ,fea/ 7 nefa/i1 ( ill om52 ! fir/ day especially 0 4 ,on x ! ,w9e ,j>s :i* 7 also ,se$ & ,fun]al ,j>s 7 op5$ & ! spirits ( ! ,dead let loose 9 ! _w4#ag3a ,nameless & innum]able1 ! gho/s are summon$ out ( _! tombs1 & are duly fea/$1 ea* man summon+ 8 own gho/s to 8 own h\se1 & c>efully ab/a9+ f any act t w\ld affect 8 neighb\rs4 ,& !n1 :5 !y are prop]ly appeas$ & made g5tle1 !y are swept back aga9 out ( ?is _w to ! place :]e !y prop]ly belong1 & ! /reets & h\ses clean$ f ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,!re is "o c5tral /age inde$ 9 :i* ,dionysus does seem to appe>4 ,& he appe>s 9 a v significant way1 to conduct a ,sacr$ ,m>riage4 ,=1 :y d y suppose ! dead are summon$ at all8 ,:at use to ! tribe is ! pres5ce ( all ^! dead ance/ors8 ,!y h come1 ,i suspect1 to be born aga91 to beg9 a new life at ! great ,spr+ fe/ival4 ,= ! new bir?s ( ! tribe1 ! new crops1 ! new kids1 ! new human be+s1 are ( c\rse really only ! old ones return$ to e>?4#ag3b ,! important ?+ is to get !m prop]ly placat$ & purifi$1 free f ! contagion ( anci5t s9 or und]world ang]4 ,= no?+ is s dang]\s z ! pres5ce ( :at ,i may call raw gho/s4 ,! ,an!/]ia conta9$1 l o!r fea/s ( ! k9d1 a 1 or ,holy ,m>riage1 betwe5 ! wife ( ! ,basileus or ,sacr$ ,k+1 & ! imag9>y god4#ah3a ,:atev] reality !re ev] 0 9 ! c]emony has app>5tly by classical times fad$ away4 ,b ! place :]e ! god receiv$ 8 bride is curi\s4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,b\kolion1 or ,bull's ,%$4 ,x 0 n orig9ally ! home ( an an?ropomorphic god1 b ( a div9e animal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us 9 ea* ( ^! great fe/ivals we f9d t ! ,olympian gods vani% away1 & we are left ) ?ree ?+s only3 fir/1 ) an atmosph]e ( religi\s dread2 second1 ) a :ole sequ5ce ( magical c]emonies :i*1 9 two at lea/ ( ! ?ree cases1#ah3b produce a k9d ( /range p]sonal emanation ( !mselves1 ! ,appeasem5ts produc+ ,meili*ios1 ! ,*>m-be>+s ,!smophoros2 & ?irdly1 ) a div9e or sacr$ animal4 ,9 ! ,diasia we f9d ! old sup]human snake1 :o reappe>s s ubiquit\sly ?r\gh\t ,greece1 ! regul> symbol ( ! und]world p[]s1 especially ! h]o or dead ance/or4 ,:y ! snake 0 s *os5 we c only surmise4 ,he obvi\sly liv$ und]gr\nd3 8 home 0 among ! ,*?onioi1 ! ,e>?-,p4 ,also1 says ! ,s*olia/ to ,ari/ophanes 7,plut4 #ecc71 he 0 a type ( new bir? because he ?r[s (f 8 old sk9 & r5ews himself4 ,& if t 9 itself is n en\gh to %[ 8 sup]natural p[]1 :at normal e>?ly be+ c\ld s5d 8 enemies to dea? by "o little p9-prick1 z "s snakes c8 ,9 ! ,!smophoria we f\nd sacr$ sw9e1 & ! reason giv5 by ! anci5ts is no d\bt ! "r "o4 ,! s[ is sacr$ because ( its f]tility1 & possibly z practical p we %\ld add1 because ( its *eapness4 ,sw9e are always prom95t 9 ,greek agricultural rites4 ,& ! bull8 ,well1 we mod]n t[n-dwell]s h almo/ =gott5 :at a real bull is l4 ,= s _m c5turies we h tam$ him & p5n$ him 91 & utt]ly depos$ him f 8 place z "l ( ! =e/4 ,! bull 0 ! *ief ( magic or sacr$ animals 9 ,greece1 *ief because ( 8 enorm\s /r5g?1 8 size1 8 rage1 9 f9e1 z an?ropologi/s call x1 8 mana2 t primitive ^w :i* comprises =ce1 vitality1 pre/ige1 hol9ess1 & p[] ( magic1 & :i* may belong equally to a lion1 a *ief1 a m$ic9e-man1 or a battle-axe4 ,n[ 9 ! art & ! h&books ^! sacr$ animals h all be5 adopt$ into ! ,olympian sy/em4 ,!y appe> regul>ly z ! 'attributes' ( p>ticul> gods4 ,zeus is m]ely accompani$ by a snake1 an eagle1 a bull1 or at wor/ assumes = 8 private purposes ! =ms ( ^? animals4 ,! c[ & ! cuckoo are sacr$ to ,h]a2 ! owl & ! snake to ,a!na2 ! dolph91 ! cr[1 ! liz>d1 ! bull1 to ,apollo4 ,dionysus1 always l a wild] & less middle-ag$ ,zeus1 appe>s freely z a snake1 bull1 he-goat1 & lion4 ,all[+ = "s isolat$ exceptions1 ! safe/ rule 9 all ^! cases is t ! attribute is orig9al & ! god is add$4#bj3a ,x comes out v cle>ly 9 ! case ( ! snake & ! bull4 ,! trem5d\s mana ( ! wild bull inde$ occupies almo/ half ! /age ( pre-,olympian ritual4 ,! religion une>!d by ,dr4 ,evans 9 ,crete is p]meat$ by ! bull ( ,m9os4 ,! heads & horns are 9 almo/ e sacr$ room & on e alt>4 ,! great religi\s sc5e depict$ on ! s>cophagus ( ,hagia ,triada#bj3b c5tres 9 ! holy blood t fl[s f ! neck ( a captive & dy+ bull4 ,d[n into classical times bull's blood 0 a sacr$ ?+ :i* x 0 dang]\s to t\* & dea? to ta/e3 to dr9k a cup ( x 0 ! mo/ h]oic =m ( suicide4#bj3c ,! sacrificial bull at ,delphi 0 call$ ,hositr3 he 0 n m]ely hosios1 holy2 he 0 ,hositr1 ! ,sanctifi]1 ,he :o make? ,holy4 ,x 0 by contact ) him t hol9ess 0 spread to o!rs4 ,on a co9 & a vase1 cit$ by ,miss ,h>rison1#ba3a we h a bull ent]+ a holy cave & a bull /&+ 9 a %r9e4 ,we h holy pill>s ^: hol9ess consi/s 9 ! fact t !y h be5 t\*$ ) ! blood ( a bull4 ,we h a long record ( a bull-ritual at ,magnesia1#ba3b 9 :i* ,zeus1 ?\gh he makes a k9d ( ext]nal claim to be "l ( ! fea/1 d>e n claim t ! bull is sacrific$ to him4 ,zeus has a ram to himself & /&s ap>t1 %[+ b a weak & %ad[y figure beside ! orig9al ,holy ,"o4 ,we h imm5se masses ( evid5ce ab\t ! religion ( ,mi?ras1 at "o "t ! mo/ s]i\s rival ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* s\ght its hope & its salvation 9 ! blood ( a div9e bull4 ,n[ :at is ! orig9 ( ?is conception ( ! sacr$ animal8 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ & expla9$ ) almo/ prophetic insight by ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?4#ba3c ,! orig9 is :at he calls a sacram5tal fea/3 y eat ! fle% & dr9k ! blood ( ! div9e animal 9 ord]--"h ,i div]ge f ,rob]tson ,smi?'s language--to get into y 8 mana1 8 vital p[]4 ,! classical in/ance is ! sacram5tal eat+ ( a camel by an ,arab tribe1 record$ 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,nilus4#ba3d ,! camel 0 dev\r$ on a p>ticul> day at ! ris+ ( ! morn+ />4 ,he 0 cut to pieces alive1 & e fragm5t ( him _h to be consum$ be=e ! sun rose4 ,if ! life _h once gone out ( ! fle% & blood ! sacrifice w\ld h be5 spoilt2 x 0 ! _s1 ! vitality1 ( ! camel t 8 tribesm5 want$4 ,! only s]i\s error t lat] /ud5ts h f\nd 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s /atem5t is t he spoke too def9itely ( ! sacrifice z af=d+ communion ) ! tribal god4 ,!re 0 no god !re1 only ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* gods are made4 ,y dev\r$ ! holy animal to get its mana1 its swiftness1 its /r5g?1 its great endurance1 j z ! savage n[ w eat 8 enemy's bra9 or he>t or h&s to get "s p>ticul> quality resid+ !re4 ,! imag9ation ( ! pre-,hell5ic tribes 0 evid5tly dom9at$ above all ?+s by ! bull1 ?\gh !re 7 o!r sacram5tal fea/s too1 comb9$ ) sundry horrible r5d+s & dr9k+s ( raw blood4 ,x is /range to ?9k t ev5 small ?+s l kids & fawns & h>es %\ld h /ruck primitive man z hav+ "s uncanny vitality :i* he long$ =1 or at lea/ "s uncanny p[] ov] ! wea!r or ! crops4 ,yet to him x no d\bt appe>$ obvi\s4 ,frogs1 = in/ance1 c\ld always br+ ra9 by croak+ = x1 & :o c limit ! p[]s & ! k ( birds8#bb3a ,"h comes a difficulty4 ,if ! ,olympian god 0 n !re to />t )1 h[ did he orig9ate8 ,we c und]/&--at lea/ aft] a c\rse ( an?ropology--?is desire ( primitive man to acquire = himself ! sup]human =ces ( ! bull2 b h[ does he make ! transition f ! real animal to ! imag9>y human god8 ,fir/ let u rememb] ! innate t5d5cy ( primitive man ev]y:]e1 & n especially 9 ,greece1 to imag9e a p]sonal cause1 l himself 9 all po9ts n o!rwise specifi$1 = e /rik+ ph5om5on4 ,if ! w9d bl[s x is because "s be+ m or less human1 ?\gh ( c\rse sup]human1 is bl[+ ) 8 *eeks4 ,if a tree is /ruck by lightn+ x is because "s "o has ?r[n 8 battle-axe at x4 ,9 "s ,au/ralian tribes !re is no belief 9 natural dea?4 ,if a man dies x is because 'bad man kill t fell['4 ,/4 ,paul1 we may rememb]1 passionately summon$ ! hea!n to refra9 f wor%ipp+ 1 ! creation1 & g back to 1 ! creator1 human & mascul9e4 ,x 0 z a rule a road t !y 7 only too ready to travel4#bc3a ,b ?is t5d5cy 0 help$ by a second factor4 ,rese>* has %[n u ! exi/5ce 9 e>ly ,m$it]ranean religion ( a peculi> transitional /ep1 a man we>+ ! head or sk9 ( a holy bea/4 ,! ,egyptian gods are depict$ z m5 ) bea/s' heads3 t is1 ! be/ au?orities tell u1 _! %apes are d]iv$ f ! k+s & prie/s :o on great occasions ( sacrifice cov]$ _! heads ) a bea/-mask4#bc3b ,m9os1 ) 8 projection ! ,m9otaur1 0 a bull-god & wore a bull-mask4 ,f e>ly ,isl& gems1 f a fresco at ,myc5ae1 f ,assyrian reliefs1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook has collect$ _m examples ( ?is mix$ figure--a man we>+ ! protom1 or mask & mane1 ( a bea/4 ,sometimes we c actually see him (f]+ libations4 ,sometimes ! wor%ipp] has become s closely id5tifi$ ) 8 div9e bea/ t he is repres5t$ n z a m]e man we>+ ! protom ( a lion or bull1 b actually z a lion or bull we>+ ! protom ( ano!r4#bd3a ,h]a1 1 ) a c['s head2 ,a!na1 1 ) an owl's head1 or be>+ on h] brea/ ! head ( ! ,gorgon2 ,h]acles clad 9 a lion's sk9 & cov]+ 8 br[ 1 ') ! awful spread jaws ( ! wild bea/'1 belong to ! same class4 ,s does ! ,dad\*os at ,eleusis & o!r initiators :o let c&idates = purification set "o foot--"o only & t ! left--on ! sk9 ( a sacrificial ram1 & call$ ! sk9 1 ! fleece n ( a ram1 b ( ,zeus4#bd3b ,! mana ( ! sla9 bea/ is 9 ! hide & head & blood & fur1 & ! man :o wants to be 9 ?or\gh contact ) ! div9ity gets inside ! sk9 & wraps himself deep 9 x4 ,he beg9s by be+ a man we>+ a lion's sk93 he ends1 z we h se51 by feel+ himself to be a lion we>+ a lion's sk94 ,& :o is ?is man8 ,he may on p>ticul> occasions be only a c&idate = purification or initiation4 ,b p> excell5ce he :o has ! "r is ! prie/1 ! m$ic9e-man1 ! div9e k+4 ,if an old sugge/ion ( my own is "r1 he is ! orig9al or 1 ! inc>nate m$ic9e or spell or magic p[]4#bd3c ,he at fir/1 ,i suspect1 is ! only or ',god' t 8 society kn[s4 ,we commonly speak ( anci5t k+s be+ 'deifi$'2 we reg>d ! process z due to an outbur/ ( sup]/ition or insane flatt]y4 ,& s no d\bt x sometimes 01 especially 9 lat] times--:5 man & god 7 felt z two utt]ly di/9ct ?+s4 ,b 'deification' is an un9tellig5t & mislead+ ^w4 ,:at we call 'deification' is only ! survival ( ?is undiff]5tiat$ human 1 ) 8 mana1 8 & 1 8 control ( ! wea!r1 ! ra9 & ! ?und]1 ! spr+ crops & ! autumn floods2 8 k ( :at 0 lawful & :at 0 n1 & 8 innate p[] to curse or to 'make dead'4 ,rec5t rese>*es h %[n u 9 abundance ! e>ly ,greek m$ic9e-*iefs mak+ ?und] & lightn+ & ra94#be3a ,we h long kn[n ! k+ z possessor ( ,dike & ,!mis1 ( ju/ice & tribal cu/om2 we h kn[n 8 effect on ! f]tility ( ! fields & ! tribes1 & ! t]rible results ( a k+'s s9 or a k+'s sickness4#be3b ,:at is ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is m$ic9e-*ief or 8 ,he is diff]5tiat$1 z x 73 ! visible "p ( him becomes m]ely human2 ! suppos$ sup]natural "p gr[s into :at we %\ld call a ,god4 ,! process is simple4 ,any p>ticul> m$ic9e-man is b\nd to h 8 failures4 ,z ,dr4 ,fraz] g5tly rem9ds u1 e s+le pret5sion :i* he puts =? on e day ( 8 life is a lie1 & liable soon] or lat] to be f\nd out4 ,d\btless m5 are t5d] to _! own delusions4 ,!y d n at once condemn ! m$ic9e-*ief z a fraudul5t in/itution1 b !y t5d gradually to say t he is n ! real all-p[]ful 4 ,he is only 8 repres5tative4 ,! real 1 trem5d\s1 infallible1 is some:]e f> away1 hidd5 9 cl\ds p]haps1 on ! summit ( "s inaccessible m\nta94 ,if ! m\nta9 is once climb$ ! god w move to ! upp] sky4 ,! m$ic9e-*ief mean:ile /ays on e>?1 /ill influ5tial4 ,he has "s connexion ) ! great god m intimate ?an t ( o!r m52 at wor/ he possesses ! god's sacr$ in/rum5ts1 8 or 2 he kn[s ! rules = approa*+ him & mak+ pray]s to him4 ,!re is !re=e a pa? op5 f ! div9e bea/ to ! an?ropomorphic god4 ,f be+s l ,!smophoros & ,meili*ios ! road is ( c\rse mu* easi]4 ,!y are already m ?an half an?ropomorphic2 !y only lack ! concret5ess1 ! lucid %ape & ! detail$ p]sonal hi/ory ( ! ,olympians4 ,9 ?is connexion we mu/ n =get ! p[] ( halluc9ation1 /ill fairly /rong1 z ! hi/ory ( religi\s revivals 9 ,am]ica w be> witness1#bf3a b f> /rong]1 ( c\rse1 among ! impressionable hordes ( e>ly m54 ',! god'1 says ,m4 ,d\tt 9 8 pr(\nd /udy ( ,alg]ian magic1 'c'e/ le dsir collectif p]sonnifi'1 ! collective desire project$1 z x 71 or p]sonifi$4#bg3a ,?9k ( ! gods :o h appe>$ 9 great crises ( battle1 creat$ sometimes by ! desp]ate desire ( m5 :o h = ye>s pray$ to !m1 & :o are n[ at ! la/ extremity = lack ( _! aid1 sometimes by ! confus$ & excit$ remembrances ( ! survivors aft] ! victory4 ,! gods :o l$ ! ,roman *>ge at ,lake ,regillus1#bg3b ! gigantic figures t 7 se5 fight+ be=e ! ,greeks at ,m>a?on1#bg3c ev5 ! cele/ial signs t promis$ ,con/ant9e victory = ! cross3#bg3d--^! are ! effects ( great emotion3 we c all und]/& !m4 ,b ev5 9 daily life primitive m5 seem to h dealt m freely ?an we g5]ally d ) app>itions & voices & daemons ( e k9d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & notewor?y s\rces = ?is k9d ( halluc9atory god 9 e>ly societies is a social cu/om t we h almo/ =gott51 ! religi\s ,dance4 ,:5 ! initiat$ "y m5 ( ,crete or else:]e danc$ at night ov] ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,oreibasia or ,m\nta9 ,walk !y n only did ?+s t seem$ beyond _! ord9>y workaday /r5g?2 !y also felt !mselves l$ on & on by "s p[] :i* guid$ & su/a9$ !m4 ,?is daemon has no necess>y "n3 a man may be nam$ aft] him ',oreibasius'1 ',belong+ to ! ,m\nta9 ,danc]'1 j z o!rs may be nam$ ',apollonius' or ',dionysius'4 ,! god is only ! _s ( ! ,m\nta9 ,dance1 ,oreibates1 ?\gh ( c\rse he is absorb$ at diff]5t times 9 v>i\s ,olympians4 ,!re is "o god call$ ,aphiktor1 ! ,suppliant1 ,he :o prays = m]cy4 ,he is j ! projection1 z ,m4 ,d\tt w\ld say1 ( ! int5se emotion ( "o ( ^? /range processions well kn[n 9 ! anci5t _w1 b&s ( despair+ m5 or wom5 :o h ?r[n away all means ( self-def5ce & jo9 toge!r at "s holy place 9 "o passionate pray] = pity4 ,! highe/ ( all gods1 ,zeus1 0 ! special patron ( ! suppliant2 & x is /range & in/ructive to f9d t ,zeus ! all-p[]ful is actually id5tifi$ ) ?is ,aphiktor3 4#bh3a ,! assembl$ pray]1 ! unit$ cry t rises f ! oppress$ ( ! _w1 is itself gr[n to be a god1 & ! greate/ god4 ,a simil> projection arose f ! dance ( ! ,k\roi1 or initiate y\?s1 9 ! di?yramb--! magic dance :i* 0 to celebrate1 or m prop]ly1 to ha/5 & /r5g!n1 ! com+ on ( spr+4 ,t dance project$ ! ,megi/os ,k\ros1 ! greate/ ( y\?s1 :o is ! inc>nation ( spr+ or ! return ( life1 & lies at ! back ( s _m ( ! mo/ graci\s %apes ( ! classical pan!on4 ,! ,k\ros appe>s z ,dionysus1 z ,apollo1 z ,h]mes1 z ,ares3 9 our cle>e/ & mo/ detail$ piece ( evid5ce he actually appe>s ) ! *>act]i/ic hi/ory & attributes ( ,zeus4#bh3b ,?is _s ( ! dance1 :o leads x or p]sonifies its emotion1 /&s m cle>ly p]haps ?an any o!r daemon half-way betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,a numb] ( difficult passages 9 ,euripides' ,bac*ae & o!r ,dionysiac lit]ature f9d _! explanations :5 we realize h[ ! god is 9 "p m]ely id5tifi$ ) ! inspir$ *ief danc]1 9 "p he is ! intangible project$ inc>nation ( ! emotion ( ! dance4 99 99 99 99 99 ',! collective desire p]sonifi$'3 on :at does ! collective desire1 or collective dread1 ( ! primitive community *iefly conc5trate8 ,on two ?+s1 ! food-supply & ! tribe-supply1 ! desire n to die ( fam9e & n to be h>ri$ or conqu]$ by ! neighb\r+ tribe4 ,! f]tility ( ! e>? & ! f]tility ( ! tribe1 ^! two are felt 9 e>ly religion z "o4#bi3a ,! e>? is a "m3 ! human "m is an 1 or pl\gh$ field4 ,?is e>?-"m is ! *>act]i/ic & c5tral feature ( ! e>ly ,aegean religions4 ,! introduction ( agriculture made h] a "m ( fruits & corn1 & x is 9 t =m t we be/ "k h]4 ,b 9 e>li] days %e _h be5 a "m ( ! spontane\s gr[? ( ! soil1 ( wild bea/s & trees & all ! life ( ! m\nta94#bi3b ,9 e>ly ,crete %e /&s ) lions erect on ei!r side ( h] or ) snakes held 9 h] h&s & coil$ ab\t h] body4 ,& z ! e>? is "m :5 ! h>ve/ comes1 s 9 spr+ %e is maid5 or ,kor1 b a maid5 fat$ ea* ye> to be w$d$ & made fruitful2 & e>li] /ill !re has be5 ! t]rible "t :5 fields are b>e & lifeless4 ,! ,kor has be5 snat*$ away und]gr\nd1 among ! dead peoples1 & m5 mu/ wait expectant till ! fir/ buds beg9 to %[ & !y call h] to rise aga9 ) ! fl[]s4 ,meantime e>? z %e br+s =? vegetation 9 spr+ is ,k\rotrophos1 re>] ( ,k\roi1 or ! "y m5 ( ! tribe4 ,! nymphs & riv]s are all ,k\rotrophoi4 ,! ,moon is ,k\rotrophos4 ,%e quick5s ! "y ( ! tribe 9 _! "m's womb2 at "o t]rible h\r especially %e is 'a lion to wom5' :o h (f5d$ aga9/ h] hol9ess4 ,%e also m>ks ! seasons ( s[+ & pl\gh+1 & ! due "t = ! rip5+ ( crops4 ,:5 m5 le>n to calculate 9 long] units1 ! ,sun appe>s3 !y turn to ! ,sun = _! cal5d>1 & at all times ( c\rse ! ,sun has be5 a p[] 9 agriculture4 ,he is n call$ ,k\rotrophos1 b ! ,"y ,sun return+ aft] w9t] is himself a ,k\ros1#cj3a & all ! ,k\roi h "s t\* ( ! ,sun 9 !m4 ,! ,cretan ,spr+-song ( ! ,k\retes prays = 1 "y citiz5s1 q simply among ! o!r gifts ( ! spr+4#cj3b ,?is is be/ %[n by ! rites ( tribal initiation1 :i* seem normally to h =m$ "p ( ! spr+ ,drm5a or sacr$ p]=mances4 ,! ,k\roi1 z we h said1 are ! initiat$ "y m54 ,!y pass ?r\gh _! initiation2 !y become no long] 1 boys1 b 1 m54 ,! actual "n ,k\ros is possibly connect$ ) 1 to %ave1#ca3a & may mean t aft] ?is c]emony !y fir/ cut _! long hair4 ,till !n ! is --) hair un%orn4 ,!y h n[ op5 to !m ! two roads t belong to alone3 !y h ! "w ( begett+ *ildr5 = ! tribe1 & ! "w ( kill+ ! tribe's enemies 9 battle4 ,! classification ( p accord+ to _! age is apt to be %>p & vivid 9 primitive communities4 ,we1 = example1 ?9k ( an old man z a k9d ( man1 & an old woman z a k9d ( woman2 b 9 primitive peoples z soon z a man & woman cease to be able to p]=m 8 & h] due tribal functions !y cease to be m5 & wom51 & 3 ! ex-man becomes a 2 ! ex-woman a 4#ca3b ,we di/+ui% betwe5 'boy' & 'man'1 betwe5 'girl' & 'woman'2 b ap>t f ! v>i\s words = baby1 ,attic ,greek w\ld h f\r %>p divisions1 1 1 1 4#ca3c ,9 ,sp>ta ! divisions are /ill %>p] & m num]\s1 c5tr+ 9 ! great initiation c]emonies ( ! ,iranes1 or full-gr[n y\?s1 to ! goddess call$ ,or?ia or ,bor!ia4#cb3a ,^! initiation c]emonies are call$ ,teletai1 'completions'3 !y m>k ! great 'rite ( transition' f ! immature1 *>m+1 b half useless ?+ :i* we call boy or girl1 to ! 1 ! full memb] ( ! tribe z fight] or c\nsellor1 or to ! 1 ! full wife & "m4 ,?is :ole subject ( ,greek initiation c]emonies calls press+ly = m inve/igation4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ few ye>s t we h obta9$ ! mat]ial = und]/&+ !m1 & ! :ole mass ( ! evid5ce ne$s re-treatm5t4 ,= "o in/ance1 x is cle> t a great numb] ( rites :i* 7 =m]ly expla9$ z remnants ( human sacrifice are simply c]emonies ( initiation4#cb3b ,at ! great spr+ ,drm5on ! tribe & ! gr[+ e>? 7 r5ovat$ toge!r3 ! e>? arises afre% f h] dead se$s1 ! tribe f its dead ance/ors2 & ! :ole process1 *>g$ z x is ) ! emotion ( press+ human desire1 projects its an?ropomorphic god or daemon4 ,a vegetation-_s we call him1 v inadequately2 he is a div9e ,k\ros1 a ,ye>-,daemon1 a _s t 9 ! fir/ /age is liv+1 !n dies ) ea* ye>1 !n ?irdly rises aga9 f ! dead1 rais+ ! :ole dead _w ) him--! ,greeks call$ him 9 ?is phase '! ,?ird ,"o'1 or ! ',savi\r'4 ,! r5ovation c]emonies 7 accompani$ by a ca/+ (f ( ! old ye>1 ! old g>m5ts1 & ev]y?+ t is pollut$ by ! infection ( dea?4 ,& n only ( dea?2 b cle>ly ,i ?9k1 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( "s ,hell5i/s1 ( guilt or s9 also4 ,= ! life ( ! ,ye>-,daemon1 z x seems to be reflect$ 9 ,trag$y1 is g5]ally a /ory ( ,pride & ,puni%m5t4 ,ea* ,ye> arrives1 waxes great1 commits ! s9 ( ,hubris1 & !n is sla94 ,! dea? is des]v$2 b ! slay+ is a s93 h5ce comes ! next ,ye> z ,av5g]1 or z ! ,wrong$ ,"o re-ris54 ',all ?+s pay retribution = _! inju/ice "o to ano!r accord+ to ! ord9ance ( "t4'#cc3a ,x is ?is range ( ideas1 half suppress$ dur+ ! classical p]iod1 b evid5tly /ill curr5t among ! rud] & less ,hell5iz$ peoples1 :i* suppli$ ,/4 ,paul ) "s ( 8 mo/ fam\s & deep-rea*+ metaphors4 ',?\ fool1 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ except x die4'#cc3b ',z ,he 0 rais$ f ! dead we may walk ) ,him 9 newness ( life4' ,& ?is r5ovation mu/ be prec$$ by a ca/+ out & kill+ ( ! old pollut$ life--'! old man 9 u mu/ fir/ be crucifi$'4 ',! old man mu/ be crucifi$4' ,we obs]v$ t 9 all ! ?ree ,fe/ivals !re 0 a p]vasive elem5t ( vague fe>4 ,hi!rto we h be5 deal+ ) e>ly ,greek religion *iefly f ! po9t ( view ( mana1 ! positive p[] or =ce t man tries to acquire f 8 totem-animal or 8 god4 ,b !re is also a negative side to be consid]$3 !re is n only ! mana1 b ! tabu1 ! ,=bidd51 ! ,?+ ,fe>$4 ,we mu/ ca/ away ! old ye>2 we mu/ put our s9s on to a or scapegoat & drive x out4 ,:5 ! gho/s h return$ & fea/$ ) u at ! ,an!/]ia we mu/1 ) t> & bran*es ( buck?orn1 purge !m out ( e corn] ( ! rooms till ! air is pure f ! infection ( dea?4 ,we mu/ avoid speak+ dang]\s words2 9 great mom5ts we mu/ avoid speak+ any words at all1 le/ !re %\ld be ev5 9 ! mo/ innoc5t ( !m "s unkn[n dang]2 = we are surr\nd$ above & bel[ by ,kres1 or ,spirits1 w+$ influ5ces1 %apeless or ( unkn[n %ape1 sometimes ! spirits ( dea?1 sometimes ( disease1 madness1 calamity2 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( !m1 z ,s>p$on says1 f :om man c nev] escape nor hide2#cd3a 'all ! air s cr[d$ ) !m'1 says an unkn[n anci5t poet1 't !re is n "o empty *9k into :i* y c\ld pu% ! spike ( a blade ( corn4'#cd3b ,! extraord9>y security ( our mod]n life 9 times ( peace makes x h>d = u to realize1 except by a def9ite ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 ! con/ant prec>i\sness1 ! frightful proximity ( dea?1 t 0 usual 9 ^! weak anci5t communities4 ,!y 7 9 fe> ( wild bea/s2 !y 7 helpless aga9/ floods1 helpless aga9/ pe/il5ces4 ,_! food dep5d$ on ! crops ( "o t9y plot ( gr\nd2 & if ! ,savi\r 0 n reborn ) ! spr+1 !y sl[ly & mis]ably di$4 ,& all ! :ile !y knew almo/ no?+ ( ! real causes t made crops succe$ or fail4 ,!y only felt sure x 0 someh[ a matt] ( pollution1 ( unexpiat$ defilem5t4 ,x is ?is /ate ( ?+s t expla9s ! curi\s cruelty ( e>ly agricultural do+s1 ! human sacrifices1 ! scapegoats1 ! te>+ 9 pieces ( liv+ animals1 & p]haps ( liv+ m51 ! /eep+ ( ! fields 9 blood4 ,l mo/ cruelty x has its roots 9 t]ror1 t]ror ( ! brea* ( ,tabu--! ,=bidd5 ,?+4 ,i w n dwell on ?is side ( ! picture3 x is well en\gh kn[n4 ,b we h to rememb] t1 l s _m morbid gr[?s ( ! human m9d1 x has its sublime side4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! human victims 7 (t5 volunte]s4 ,! records ( ,c>?age & ,j]usalem1 ! long li/ 9 ,greek leg5d ( pr9ces & pr9cesses :o di$ = _! c\ntry1 tell ! same /ory4 ,9 mo/ human societies1 savage z well z civiliz$1 x is n h>d to f9d m5 :o are ready to endure dea? = _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ! m>tyrs 7 always ! noble/ ( ! human race4 ,!y 7 sometimes mad--hy/]ical or megalomaniac3 sometimes reckless & desp]ate3 sometimes1 z 9 ! curi\s case atte/$ ( ! ,roman armies on ! ,danube1 !y 7 m5 ( /rong desires & weak imag9ation ready to die at ! end ( a %ort p]iod1 if 9 ! meantime !y might glut all _! s5ses ) unlimit$ indulg5ce4#ce3a ,/ill1 :5 all is said1 !re is no?+ t /irs m5's imag9ation l ! contemplation ( m>tyrdom1 & x is no wond] t ! m emotional cults ( antiquity vibrate ) ! wor%ip ( ?is dy+ ,savi\r1 ! ,ssipolis1 ! ,str1 :o 9 s _m =ms dies ) 8 _w or = 8 _w1 & rises aga9 z ! _w rises1 triumphant ?r\gh suff]+ ov] ,dea? & ! brok5 ,tabu4 ,tabu is at fir/ sight a f> m prom95t elem5t 9 ! primitive religions ?an ,mana1 j z mis=tune & crime are m highly col\r$ & /rik+ ?an prosp]ity & dec5t behavi\r4 ,to an e>ly ,greek tribe ! _w ( possible action 0 %>ply divid$ betwe5 :at 0 ,!mis & :at 0 ,n ,!mis1 betwe5 lawful & tabu1 holy & unholy1 correct & =bidd54 ,to d a ?+ t 0 n ,!mis 0 a sure s\rce ( public disa/]4 ,consequ5tly x 0 ( ! fir/ necessity 9 a life full ( su* p]ils to f9d out ! exact rules ab\t !m4 ,h[ is t to be manag$8 ,!mis is anci5t law3 x is 1 ! way ( our ance/ors1 ! ?+ t has always be5 done & is !re=e div9ely "r4 ,9 ord9>y life1 ( c\rse1 ,!mis is cle>4 ,e "o kn[s x4 ,b f "t to "t new em]g5cies arise1 ! l ( :i* we h nev] se51 & !y fright5 u4 ,we mu/ g to ! ,g]ontes1 ! ,old ,m5 ( ! ,tribe2 !y w p]haps rememb] :at our fa!rs did4 ,:at !y tell u w be ,presbi/on1 a ^w :i* means indiff]5tly 'olde/' & 'be/'-- 1 ',"y m5 are always be+ fooli%'4 ,( c\rse1 if !re is a ,basileus1 a holy ,k+1 he by 8 special p[] may p]haps "k be/ ( all1 ?\gh he too mu/ take c>e n to ga9say ! ,old ,m54 ,= ! :ole problem is to f9d out 1 ! ways t our fa!rs foll[$4 ,& suppose ! ,old ,m5 !mselves fail u1 :at mu/ we ne$s d8 ,"h we come to a fam\s & peculi> ,greek cu/om1 = :i* ,i h nev] se5 quot$ any exact p>allel or any satisfactory explanation4 ,if ! ,old ,m5 fail u1 we mu/ g to ^? old] /ill1 g to our great ance/ors1 ! 1 ! ,*?onian p1 ly+ 9 _! sacr$ tombs1 & ask !m to help4 ,! ^w means bo? 'to l5d money' & 'to give an oracle'1 two ways ( help+ p 9 an em]g5cy4 ,sometimes a tribe might happ5 to h a real ance/or buri$ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 if s1 8 tomb w\ld be an oracle4 ,m (t5 p]haps1 = ! memories ( savage tribes are v prec>i\s1 !re w\ld be no well-record$ p]sonal tomb4 ,! oracle w\ld be at "s place sacr$ to ! ,*?onian p 9 g5]al1 or to "s p>ticul> p]sonification ( !m1 a ,delphi or a cave ( ,trophnius1 a place ( ,snakes & ,e>?4 ,y g to ! ,*?onian folk = guidance because !y are !mselves ! ,olde/ ( ! ,old ,ones1 & !y "k ! real cu/om3 !y "k :at is ,presbi/on1 :at is ,!mis4 ,& by an easy ext5sion ( ?is k !y are also suppos$ to "k :at is4 ,he :o kn[s ! law fully to ! utt]mo/ also kn[s :at w happ5 if ! law is brok54 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 important to realize t ! normal reason = consult+ an oracle 0 n to ask que/ions ( fact4 ,x 0 t "s em]g5cy _h aris5 9 :i* m5 simply want$ to "k h[ !y ought to behave4 ,! advice !y receiv$ 9 ?is way v>i$ f ! virtu\s to ! abom9able1 z ! religion itself v>i$4 ,a great mass ( oracles c be quot$ enjo9+ ! rules ( cu/om>y morality1 ju/ice1 hone/y1 piety1 duty to a man's p>5ts1 to ! old1 & to ! weak4 ,b ( necessity ! oracles hat$ *ange & /rangl$ ! progress ( k4 ,also1 l mo/ manife/ations ( e>ly religion1 !y ?rove ^u human t]ror3 ! m bl9d ! t]ror ! /rong] became _! hold4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e ! l[e/ & mo/ bea/like elem5ts ( humanity t5d$ to come to ! front2 & religion no d\bt z a rule jo9$ ) !m 9 dr[n+ ! voice ( criticism & ( civilization1 t is1 ( reason & ( m]cy4 ,:5 really fright5$ ! oracle g5]ally fell back on "s rem$y full ( pa9 & blood4 ,! m$ieval plan ( burn+ h]etics alive _h n yet be5 inv5t$4 ,b ! hi/ory ( unciviliz$ man1 if x 7 writt51 w\ld provide a va/ li/ ( victims1 all ( !m innoc5t1 :o di$ or suff]$ to expiate "s port5t or mon/rum--"s report$ --) :i* !y _h no?+ :atev] to d1 :i* 0 9 no way alt]$ by _! suff]+1 :i* probably nev] really happ5$ at all1 & if x did 0 ( no consequ5ce4 ,! s9s ( ! mod]n _w 9 deal+ ) h]etics & wit*es h p]haps be5 m gigantic ?an ^? ( primitive m51 b "o c h>dy rise f ! record ( ^! anci5t obs]vances )\t be+ haunt$ by ! judgem5t ( ! ,roman poet3 ,tantum religio potuit suad]e malorum1 & feel+ ) him t ! light5+ ( ?is cl\d1 ! tam+ ( ?is bl9d dragon1 mu/ rank among ! v greate/ s]vices t ,hell5ism wr\ght = mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #f3a ,pr(essor mile ,durkheim 9 8 fam\s analysis ( ! religi\s emotions argues t :5 a man feels ! belief & ! comm& z some?+ com+ f )\t1 sup]ior1 au?oritative1 ( inf9ite import1 x is because religion is ! "w ( ! tribe &1 z su*1 sup]ior to ! individual4 ,! voice ( ,god is ! imag9$ voice ( ! :ole tribe1 he>d or imag9$ by him :o is go+ to break its laws4 ,i h "s difficulty ab\t ! psy*ology impli$ 9 ?is doctr9e3 surely ! app>5t ext]nality ( ! religi\s comm& seems to belong to a fairly common type ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i* ! p]sonality is divid$1 s t fir/ "o "p ( x & !n ano!r em]ges into consci\sness4 ,if y =get an engagem5t1 sometimes y\r peace is di/urb$ = q a long "t by a vague ext]nal annoyance or condemnation1 :i* at la/ gr[s to be a di/9ct judgem5t--',heav5s6 ,i ought to be at ! ,committee on ,s-&-s4' ,b ap>t f ?is criticism1 !re is obvi\sly mu* hi/orical tru? 9 ,pr(essor ,durkheim's !ory1 & x is n s diff]5t z x seems at fir/ sight f ! ord9>y beliefs ( religi\s m54 ,! tribe to primitive man is n a m]e gr\p ( human be+s4 ,x is 8 :ole _w4 ,! savage :o is break+ ! laws ( 8 tribe has all 8 _w--totems1 tabus1 e>?1 sky & all--aga9/ him4 ,he _c be at peace ) ,god4 ,! position ( ! h]o or m>tyr :o defies 8 tribe = ! sake ( :at he ?9ks ! tru? or ! "r c easily be ?\ght out on ^! l9es4 ,he defies ?is false tempor>y ,cosmos 9 loyalty to ! true & p]man5t ,cosmos4 ,see ,durkheim1 ',les ,=mes lm5taires de la vie religieuse'1 9 ,travaux de l',anne ,sociologique1 #aiab2 or ,g4 ,davy1 ',la ,sociologie de ,m4 ,durkheim'1 9 ,rev4 ,philosophique1 xxxvi1 pp4 #db-ga & #afj-he4 #h3a ,i suspect t mo/ re=ms pass ?r\gh ?is /age4 ,a man someh[ feels cle> t "s new c\rse is1 = him1 "r1 ?\gh he _c m>%al ! argum5ts conv9c+ly 9 fav\r ( x1 & may ev5 admit t ! weight ( obvi\s evid5ce is on ! o!r side4 ,we read ( judges 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :o believ$ t wit*es ought to be burn$ & t ! p]sons be=e !m 7 wit*es1 & yet w\ld n burn !m--evid5tly "u ! influ5ce ( vague half-realiz$ feel+s4 ,i "k a veget>ian :o ?9ks t1 z f> z he c see1 c>nivor\s habits are n bad = human heal? & actually t5d to increase ! happ9ess ( ! species ( animals eat5--z ! adoption ( ,swift's ,mode/ ,proposal w\ld d\btless relieve ! economic tr\bles ( ! human race1 & yet feels cle> t = him ! ord9>y fle% meal 7or 'fea/+ on corpses'7 w\ld 'p>take ( ! nature ( s9'4 ,! pa? ( progress is pav$ ) inconsi/5cies1 ?\gh x w\ld be an error to imag9e t ! p :o habitually reject any high] prompt+s t come to !m are really any m consi/5t4 #i3a ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ,religions1 ,ox=d1 #aijh1 pp4 #bf-g4 #aj3a ,! ,buddhi/ ,dh>ma1 by ,mrs4 ,rhys ,davids4 #aj3b ,see ,die ,mutazilit51 od] die ,freid5k] im ,islam1 von ,h4 ,/e9]1 #ahfe4 ,?is ,arab 0 cle>ly "u ! influ5ce ( ,plot9us or "s o!r ,neo-,platoni/4 #aa3a ,cf4 ,e4 ,reis*1 ,ent/ehung und ,w&el grie*is*] ,gtt]ge/alt54 ,vi5na1 #aiji4 #ab3a ,p>m4 ,fr4 #h1 #c-g 7,diels#b74 #ab3b ,x54 ,fr4 #bd 7,diels#b74 #ab3c ,x54 ,fr4 #ae4 #ab3d ,aes*4 ,*o4 #fj2 ,eur4 ,hel4 #efj2 ,bac4 #bhd2 ,soph4 ,o4,t4 #hga4 ,cf4 also 4 ,soph4 ,fr4 #hcf1 #b 7,nauck74 1 1 4 ,eur4 ,cycl4 #caf4 4 ,eur4 ,fr4 #ajah4 4 ,hippo?on4 ,fr4 #b4 ,a c]ta9 mom5t ( "t3 4 ,pl4 ,leg4 #gge ,e4 ' 4 ,eur4 ,tro4 #ihi4 4 ,soph4 ,fr4 #edh4 #ad3a ,see ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 i1 ii1 iv2 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 #ahih1 pp4 #cjh-bb 7,!smophoria71 #chd-djd 7,an!/]ia72 #dba-f 7,diasia74 ,see also ,pauly ,wiss[a1 s4v4 #ad3b ,prolegom5a1 p4 #ae f4 #ae3a ,luc4 ,ic>o-,m5ippos #bd s*ol4 ad loc4 #af3a ,frequ5tly dual1 1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ',"m & ,maid5' idea2 ,ditt5b]g] ,inscr4 ,sylloge #fbh1 ,ar4 ,!sm4 #hd1 #bif et passim4 ,! plural us$ 9 late ,greek is n1 z "o might imag9e1 a projection f ! :ole b& ( wor%ipp]s2 x is m]ely due to ! disappe>ance ( ! dual f ,greek4 ,i accept provisionally ! d]ivation ( ^! f - 9 1 1 1 1 1 c43 cf4 ,a4 ,w4 ,v]rall 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 xx1 p4 #aad2 & ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #dh ff41 #acf f4 ,b1 :atev] ! d]ivation1 ! ,!smoi 7 ! objects c>ri$4 #af3b ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #dd ff42 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 xiv1 pp4 #aec-d2 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,!mis1 p4 #e4 ,see also ,a4 ,lang1 ,hom]ic ,hymns1 #ahii1 p4 #fc4 #ag3a ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 p4 #cij f4 ,on ,se$ ,j>s1 ,w9e ,j>s & ,fun]al ,j>s1 see ,!mis1 pp4 #bgf-hh1 & ,w>de ,f[l]1 ',mundus ,patet1' 9 ,j\rn4 ,roman ,/udies1 ii1 pp4 #be ff4 ,cf4 bel[1 p4 #bh f4 #ag3b ,diet]i*1 ,mutt]]de1 #aije1 p4 #dh f4 #ah3a ,dr4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ii4 #acg1 ?9ks x n c]ta9 t ! took place dur+ ! ,an!/]ia1 at ! same "t z ! oa? ( ! 4 ,)\t ! 1 h[ev]1 x is h>d to see :at ! & _h to d 9 ! fe/ival2 & ?is is ! view ( ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 pp4 #cia-c2 ,gruppe 9 ,iwan ,mll]1 ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te1 i4 #cc2 ,f>nell1 ,cults1 v4 #bag4 #ah3b ,"o might p]haps say1 9 all ?ree4 is ! "n ( a society ( wor%ipp]s 9 ! isl& ( ,!ra1 ,i4 ,g4 ,i4 iii4 #cbi4 ,?is gives a god ,an?i/]1 :o is cle>ly id5tifi$ ) ,dionysus1 & seems to be a projection ( a fea/ ,an?i/]ia ,an!/]ia4 ,! inscription is ( ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c4 & x seems likely t ,an?i/]-,an?i/]ia1 ) _! cle> d]ivation f 1 are corruptions ( ! e>li] & difficult =ms -4 ,x is notewor?y t ,!ra1 an isl& ly+ r outside ! ma9 *annels ( civilization1 kept up ?r\gh\t its hi/ory a t5d5cy to treat ! 'epi!t' z a full p]son4 ,hikesios & ,k\res come v e>ly2 also ,polieus & ,/oi*aios )\t ! "n ,zeus2 ,delph9ios1 ,k>neios1 ,aiglatas1 & ,aguieus )\t ,apollo4 ,see ,hill] von ,ga]tr+5 9 ! ,fe/s*rift fr ,o4 ,b5ndorff1 p4 #bbh4 ,also ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 #aijf1 p4 #bfg1 n4 #e4 #bj3a ,miss ,h>rison1 ',bird & ,pill> ,wor%ip 9 relation to ,ouranian ,div9ities'1 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 ,ox=d1 #aijh1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aed2 ,f>nell1 ,greece & ,babylon1 #aiaa1 pp4 #ff ff4 #bj3b ,fir/ publi%$ by ,r4 ,p>ib5i1 ',il ,s>c(ago dip9to di ,hagia ,triada'1 9 ,monum5ti anti*i della ,r4 ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 xix1 #aijh1 p4 #f1 ,t4 i-iii4 ,see also ,!mis1 pp4 #aeh ff4 #bj3c ,ar4 ,equites1 #hb-d--or possibly ( apo!osis4 ,see ,!mis1 p4 #aed1 n4 #b4 #ba3a ,!mis1 p4 #ade1 fig4 #be2 & p4 #aeb1 fig4 #bh b4 #ba3b ,o4 ,k]n1 ,ins*rift5 v4 ,magnesia1 ,no4 #ih1 discuss$ by ,o4 ,k]n1 ,ar*4 ,anz4 #ahid1 p4 #gh1 & ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 p4 #bc4 #ba3c ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #aija1 p4 #cch2 ,reut]skiold1 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,relig4 xv4 #a-bc4 #ba3d ,nili ,op]a1 ,n>rat4 iii4 #bh4 #bb3a ,see ,ari/ophanes' ,birds1 e4 g4 #fhe-gcf3 cf4 ! practice ( augury f birds1 & ! art-types ( ,w+$ ,kres1 ,victories & ,angels4 #bc3a ,romans1 i4 #be2 viii4 #bj-c4 #bc3b ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 #aijf1 ii4 #bhd2 ibid41 #acj2 ,moret1 ,c>actre religieux de la ,mon>*ie gypti5ne2 ,diet]i*1 ,mi?rasliturgie1 #aijc4 #bd3a ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 #ahid1 ',animal ,wor%ip 9 ! ,myc5aean ,age'4 ,see also ,hog>? on ! ',zakro ,seal+s'1 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 #aijb2 ^! seals %[ a riot ( fancy 9 ! way ( mix$ mon/]s1 />t+ 9 all probability f ! simpl] =m4 ,see ! quotation f ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,hog>?1 p4 #ia4 #bd3b ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 p4 #daf4 #bd3c ,an?ropology & ! ,classics1 #aijh1 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 #be3a ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,class4 ,rev4 xvii1 pp4 #bge ff42 ,a4 ,j4 ,re9a*1 ,rev4 de l',hi/4 des ,religions1 lx1 p4 #agh2 ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,cultes1 ,my!s1 c41 ii4 #afj-f4 #be3b ,"o may sugge/ 9 pass+ t ?is expla9s ! enorm\s families attribut$ to _m sacr$ k+s ( ,greek leg5d3 :y ,priam or ,danaus h _! fifty *ildr51 & ,h]acles1 mo/ prolific ( all1 8 sev]al hundr$4 ,! p>ticul> numb]s *os51 h[ev]1 are probably due to o!r causes1 e4 g4 ! fifty moon-mon?s ( ! ,p5tet]is4 #bf3a ,see ,primitive ,traits 9 ,religi\s ,revivals1 by ,f4 ,m4 ,dav5port4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 #bg3a ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et religion dans l',afrique du ,nord1 #aiji1 p4 #fja4 #bg3b ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ii4 #b2 iii4 #e1 #f2 ,florus1 ii4 #ab4 #bg3c ,plut4 ,!seus1 #ce2 ,paus4 i4 #cb4 #e4 ,h]odotus only m5tions a be>d$ & gigantic figure :o /ruck ,epizelos bl9d 7vi4 #aag74 #bg3d ,eusebius1 ,vit4 ,con/ant41 l4 i1 cc4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj2 ,naz>ius int] ,panegyr4 ,vet4 x4 #ad4 #ae4 #bh3a ,aes*4 ,suppl4 #a1 cf4 #dgh 4 ,rise ( ! ,greek ,epic#c1 p4 #bge n4 ,adjectival phrases l 1 1 are common & call = no rem>k4 #bh3b ,hymn ( ! ,k\retes1 ,!mis1 passim4 #bi3a ,see 9 g5]al ,i4 ,k+1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,religion1 #aiaj2 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w1 #ahib1 p4 #dad4 ,also ,diet]i*1 ,mutt]]de1 esp4 pp4 #cg-eh4 #bi3b ,see ,diet]i*1 ,mutt]]de1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 *ap4 vi1 ',! ,mak+ ( a ,goddess'2 ,!mis1 *ap4 vi1 ',! ,spr+ ,drm5on'4 ,z to ! prehi/oric art-type ( ?is goddess te*nically call$ '/eatopyg\s'1 ,i _c refra9 f sugge/+ t x may be d]iv$ f a m\nta9 turn$ into a human figure1 z ! palladion or figure-#h type came f two r\nd %ields4 ,see p4 #eb4 #cj3a ,hymn ,orph4 #h1 #aj 4 #cj3b ,= ! ord] 9 :i* m5 g5]ally proce$ 9 wor%ip1 turn+ _! att5tion to 7#a7 ! mom5t>y incid5ts ( wea!r1 ra91 sun%9e1 ?und]1 c42 7#b7 ! ,moon2 7#c7 ! ,sun & />s1 see ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgd1 cit$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 ,!mis1 p4 #cij4 #ca3a ,on ! subject ( ,initiations see ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies1 ,new ,york1 #aijh2 ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,mnn]bunde1 ,b]l91 #aijb2 ,van ,g5nep1 ,rites de ,passage1 ,p>is1 #aiji2 ,nilsson1 ,grundlage des ,sp>tanis*5 ,leb5s 9 ,klio xii 7#aiab71 pp4 #cjh-dj2 ,!mis1 p4 #ccg1 n4 #a4 ,s9ce ! above1 ,riv]s1 ,social ,organization1 #aibd4 #ca3b ,cf4 ,dr4 ,riv]s on mate1 ',primitive ,conception ( ,dea?'1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #aiab1 p4 #cic4 #ca3c ,cf4 ,c>d9al ,virtues1 ,p9d>1 ,nem4 iii4 #gb3 1 1 1 4 1 also ,p9d>1 ,py?4 iv4 #bha4 #cb3a ,see ,woodw>d 9 ,b4 ,s4 ,a4 xiv1 #hc4 ,nikagoras won f\r 7successive87 victories z 1 1 1 & 1 i4 e4 f 8 t5? to fifte5? ye>4 ,he w\ld !n at #ad or #ae become an iran4 ,plut4 ,lyc4 #ag gives ! age ( an iran z #bj4 ,?is agrees ) ! age ( an at ,a!ns z '#ae-bj'1 '#ad-ba'1 'ab\t #af'2 see au?orities 9 ,/ephanus s4 v4 4 ,su* v>iations 9 ! date ( 'pub]ty c]emonies' are common4 #cb3b ,see ,rise ( ! ,greek ,epic1 ,app5dix on ,hym4 ,dem42 & ,w4 ,r4 ,halliday1 ,c4 ,r4 xxv1 #h4 ,nilsson's valuable article has appe>$ s9ce ! above 0 writt5 7see note #a1 p4 #ca74 #cc3a ,anaxim&] apud ,simplic4 phys4 #bd1 #ac2 ,diels1 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 i4 #ac4 ,see especially ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d1 ,f ,religion to ,philosophy 7,cambridge1 #aiab71 i2 also my article on ,engli% & ,greek ,trag$y 9 ,essays ( ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,s*ool1 #aiab4 ,?is explanation ( ! is my conjecture4 #cc3b #a ,cor4 xv4 #cf2 ,rom4 vi4 g5]ally1 #c-aa4 #cd3a ,il4 ,m4 #cbf f4 1 1 ' 4 #cd3b ,frg4 ,ap4 ,plut4 ,consol4 ad ,apoll4 xxvi 4 4 4 1 ' ' 7,,ms4 74 #ce3a ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 #bfg2 ,f4 ,cumont1 ',les ,actes de ,s4 ,dasius'1 9 ,analecta ,boll&iana1 xvi4 #e-af3 cf4 especially :at ,/4 ,augu/9e says ab\t ! disreputable hordes ( w\ld-be m>tyrs call$ ,circumcelliones4 ,see ,index to ,augu/9e1 vol4 xi 9 ,migne3 "s passages collect$ 9 ,seeck1 ,ges*4 d4 ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt1 vol4 iii1 ,anhang1 pp4 #ejc ff4 ,,ii ,,! ,,olympian ,,conque/ ,i4 ,orig9 ( ! ,olympians ,! hi/orian ( e>ly ,greece mu/ f9d himself (t5 on ! wat* = a p>ticul> c>d9al mom5t1 g5]ally impossible to date 9 "t & sometimes h>d ev5 to def9e 9 t]ms ( developm5t1 :5 ! cle> outl9e t we call ,classical ,greece beg9s to take %ape out ( ! mi/4 ,x is ! mom5t :51 z ,h]odotus puts x1 '! ,hell5ic race 0 m>k$ (f f ! b>b>ian1 z m intellig5t & m emancipat$ f silly nons5se'4#ci3a ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 = in/ance1 s f> z our rema9s indicate1 !re _c h be5 mu* to %[ t ! inhabitants ( ,attica & ,boeotia & ! ,peloponnese 7 m>k$ly sup]ior to ^? (1 say1 ,lycia or ,phrygia1 or ev5 ,epirus4 ,by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! diff]5ce is enorm\s4 ,on ! "o side is ,hellas1 on ! o!r ! motley tribes ( 'b>b>oi'4 ,:5 ! *ange does come & is consci\sly felt we may notice a significant fact ab\t x4 ,x does n ann\nce itself z :at x 01 a new ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,x pr(esses to be a revival1 or r an emphatic realization1 ( some?+ v old4 ,! new _s ( classical ,greece1 ) all its humanity1 its intellectual life1 its g5ius = poetry & art1 describes itself m]ely z be+ ',hell5ic'--l ! ,hell5es4 ,& ! ,hell5es 7 simply1 z f> z we c make out1 mu* ! same z ! ,a*aioi1 "o ( ! _m tribes ( pr$atory ,nor?m5 :o _h swept d[n on ! ,aegean k+doms 9 ! dawn ( ,greek hi/ory4#dj3a ,?is claim ( a new ?+ to be old is1 9 v>y+ degrees1 a common *>act]i/ic ( great movem5ts4 ,! ,re=mation pr(ess$ to be a return to ! ,bible1 ! ,evangelical movem5t 9 ,engl& a return to ! ,gospels1 ! ,high ,*ur* movem5t a return to ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,a l>ge elem5t ev5 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! greate/ ( all brea*es ) ! pa/1 _h = its ideal a return to ,roman republican virtue or to ! simplicity ( ! natural man4#dj3b ,i notic$ q lately a spee* ( an ,am]ican ,progressive lead] claim+ t 8 pr9ciples 7 simply ^? ( ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,! t5d5cy is due 9 "p to ! almo/ insup]able difficulty ( really inv5t+ a new ^w to d5ote a new ?+4 ,x is s mu* easi] to take an exi/+ ^w1 especially a fam\s ^w ) f9e associations1 & twi/ x into a new s5se4 ,9 "p1 no d\bt1 x comes f mank9d's natural love = ^! old associations1 & ! fact t ne>ly all p :o are wor? mu* h 9 !m "s in/9ctive _s ( rev]5ce4 ,ev5 :5 /rik+ out a new pa? !y l to feel t !y are foll[+ at lea/ ! _s ( "o great] ?an !mselves4 ,! ,hell5ism ( ! six? & fif? c5turies 0 to a great ext5t :at ! ,hell5ism ( lat] ages 0 almo/ entirely1 an ideal & a /&>d ( culture4 ,! classical ,greeks 7 n1 /rictly speak+1 pure ,hell5es by blood4 ,h]odotus1 & ,?ucydides#da3a are q cle> ab\t t4 ,! orig9al ,hell5es 7 a p>ticul> conqu]+ tribe ( great pre/ige1 :i* attract$ ! surr\nd+ tribes to foll[ x1 imitate x1 & call !mselves by its "n4 ,! ,sp>tans 71 to ,h]odotus1 ,hell5ic2 ! ,a!nians on ! o!r h& 7 n4 ,!y 7 ,pelasgian1 b by a c]ta9 "t '*ang$ into ,hell5es & le>nt ! language'4 ,9 hi/orical times we _c really f9d any tribe ( pure ,hell5es 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh ! "n cl+s fa9tly to a p>ticul> di/rict1 n o!rwise important1 9 ,s\? ,!ssaly4 ,_h !re be5 any und\bt$ ,hell5es ) incontrov]tible p$igrees /ill go+1 v likely ! ideal w\ld h tak5 q a diff]5t "n4 ,b :]e no "o's ance/ry w\ld be> mu* inspection1 ! only way to %[ y 7 a true ,hell5e 0 to behave z su*3 t is1 to approximate to "s con/antly ris+ ideal ( :at ! true ,hell5e %\ld be4 ,9 all probability if a ,greek ( ! fif? c5tury1 l ,aes*ylus or ev5 ,p9d>1 _h met a gr\p ( ! real ,hell5es or ,a*aioi ( ! ,migrations1 he w\ld h set !m d[n z s _m obvi\s & flam+ b>b>ians4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! old ,hell5es _h any g5]al ^w to d5ote ! surr\nd+ peoples 7',pelasgians & div]s o!r b>b>\s tribes'#db3a7 :om !y conqu]$ or accept$ z allies4#db3b ,9 any case by ! "t ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s 7say #ejj ,b4 ,c47 all ^! tribes toge!r consid]$ !mselves ,hell5iz$1 bore ! "n ( ',hell5es'1 & =m$ a k9d ( unity aga9/ hordes ( 'b>b>oi' surr\nd+ !m on e side & ?reat5+ !m especially f ! ea/4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! dates4 ,9 political hi/ory ?is self-realization ( ! ,greek tribes z ,hell5es aga9/ b>b>ians seems to h be5 fir/ felt 9 ! ,ionian settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ! 'sons ( ,javan' 7,yawan 7 cla%$ z invad]s aga9/ ! native ,hittite & ,semite4 ,x 0 emphasiz$ by a simil> cla% 9 ! fur!r colonies 9 ,pontus & 9 ! ,we/4 ,if we wi% = a c5tral mom5t z repres5t+ ?is self-realization ( ,greece1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to f9d x 9 ! reign ( ,pisi/ratus 7#efj-ebg ,b4 ,c47 :5 t mon>* made1 z x 71 ! fir/ sket* ( an ,a!nian empire bas$ on alliances & took ov] to ,a!ns ! lead]%ip ( ! ,ionian race4 ,9 lit]ature ! decisive mom5t is cle>4 ,x came :51 9 ,mr4 ,mackail's phrase1 ',hom] came to ,hellas'4#db3c ,! date is app>5tly ! same1 & ! influ5ces at "w are ! same4 ,x seems to h be5 "u ,pisi/ratus t ! ,hom]ic ,poems1 9 "s =m or o!r1 came f ,ionia to be recit$ 9 a fix$ ord] at ! ,pana!naic ,fe/ival1 & to f9d a canonical =m & a c5tral home 9 ,a!ns till ! end ( ! classical p]iod4 ,a!ns is ! c5tre f :i* ,hom]ic influ5ce radiates ov] ! ma9l& ( ,greece4 ,its effect ^u lit]ature 0 ( c\rse enorm\s4 ,x c be trac$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,by ! cont5t ( ! lit]ature1 :i* n[ beg9s to be fill$ ) ! h]oic saga4 ,by a *ange ( /yle :i* em]ges 91 say1 ,p9d> & ,aes*ylus :5 comp>$ ) :at we "k ( ,cor9na or ,!spis4 ,m objectively & def9itely x c be trac$ 9 a rem>kable *ange ( dialect4 ,! old ,attic poets1 l ,solon1 7 comp>atively little affect$ by ! epic influ5ce2 ! lat] elegi/s1 l ,ion1 ,eu5us1 & ,plato1 7 /eep$ 9 x4#dc3a ,9 religion ! c>d9al mom5t is ! same4 ,x consi/s 9 ! com+ ( ,hom]'s ',olympian ,gods'1 & t is to be ! subject ( ! pres5t essay4 ,i am n1 ( c\rse1 go+ to describe ! cults & *>act]s ( ! v>i\s ,olympians4 ,= t inquiry ! read] w naturally g to ! five le>n$ volumes ( my colleague1 ,dr4 ,f>nell4 ,i wi% m]ely to face c]ta9 difficult &1 ,i ?9k1 hi!rto unsolv$ problems affect+ ! mean+ & orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,olympians z a :ole4 ,h]odotus 9 a fam\s passage tells u t ,hom] & ,hesiod 'made ! g5]ations ( ! ,gods = ! ,greeks & gave !m _! names & di/+ui%$ _! (fices & crafts & portray$ _! %apes' 7#b4 #ec74 ,! date ( ?is :olesale proce$+ 01 he ?9ks1 p]haps z mu* z f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 own day 7c4 #dcj ,b4 ,c47 b n m4 ,be=e t "t ! ,pelasgians--i4 e4 ! primitive inhabitants ( ,greece z oppos$ to ! ,hell5es--7 wor%ipp+ gods 9 indef9ite numb]s1 ) no p>ticul> names2 _m ( !m appe> z figures c>v$ emblematically ) sex-emblems to repres5t ! p[]s ( f]tility & g5]ation1 l ! ,a!nian ',h]ms'4 ,! :ole acc\nt bri/les ) po9ts = discussion1 b 9 g5]al x suits v well ) ! picture drawn 9 ! fir/ ( ^! essays1 ) its ,e>? ,maid5s & ,mo!rs & its project$ ,k\roi4 ,! backgr\nd is ! pre-,hell5ic ',urdummheit'2 ! new %ape impress$ ^u x is ! great an?ropomorphic ,olympian family1 z def9$ 9 ! ,hom]ic epos &1 m timidly1 9 ,hesiod4 ,b ( ,hesiod we mu/ speak lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ :o are ^! ,olympian ,gods & :]e d !y come f8 ,hom] did n 'make' !m out ( no?+4 ,b ! und]/&+ ( !m is beset ) problems4 ,9 ! fir/ place :y are !y call$ ',olympian'8 ,are !y ! ,gods ( ,m\nt ,olympus1 ! old sacr$ m\nta9 ( ,hom]'s ,a*aioi1 or d !y belong to ! great sanctu>y ( ,olympia 9 :i* ,zeus1 ! "l ( ! ,olympians1 _h 8 greate/ fe/ival8 ,! two are at opposite ends ( ,greece1 ,olympus 9 ,nor? ,!ssaly 9 ! nor?-ea/1 ,olympia 9 ,elis 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,f :i* d ! ,olympians come8 ,on ! "o h& x is cle> 9 ,hom] t !y dwell on ,m\nt ,olympus2 !y h ',olympian h\ses' beyond human sight1 on ! top ( ! sacr$ m\nta91 :i* 9 ! ,odyssey is id5tifi$ ) heav54 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,pisi/ratus introduc$ ! wor%ip ( ,olympian ,zeus on a great scale into ,a!ns & built ! ,olympieum1 he seems to h br\ght him /raight f ,olympia 9 ,elis4 ,= he introduc$ ! special ,elean complex ( gods1 ,zeus1 ,rhea1 ,kronos1 & ,g ,olympia4#de3a ,=tunately ?is puzzle c be solv$4 ,! ,olympians belong to bo? places4 ,x is m]ely a case ( tribal migration4 ,hi/ory1 confirm$ by ! /udy ( ! ,greek dialects1 seems to %[ t ^! nor!rn ,a*aioi came d[n across c5tral ,greece & ! ,gulf ( ,cor9? & settl$ 9 ,elis4#de3b ,!y br\ght ) !m _! ,zeus1 :o 0 already call$ ',olympian'1 & e/abli%$ him z sup]ior to ! exi/+ god1 ,kronos4 ,! ,games became ,olympian & ! sanctu>y by :i* !y 7 p]=m$ ',olympia'4#de3c ,z soon z ?is po9t is cle>1 we und]/& also :y !re is m ?an "o ,m\nt ,olympus4 ,we c all ?9k ( two1 "o 9 ,!ssaly & "o across ! ,aegean 9 ,mysia4 ,b !re are _m m2 "s tw5ty-odd1 if ,i mi/ake n1 9 ! :ole ,greek region4 ,x is a pre-,greek ^w appli$ to m\nta9s2 & x seems cle> t ! ',olympian' gods1 :]ev] _! wor%ipp]s mov$1 t5d$ to dwell 9 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & ! m\nta9 !reby became ,olympus4 ,! "n1 !n1 expla9s itself4 ,! ,olympians are ! m\nta9 gods ( ! old invad+ ,nor?m51 ! *iefta9s & pr9ces1 ea* ) 8 comitatus or loose foll[+ ( reta9]s & m9or *iefta9s1 :o broke 9 ^u ! ord]$ spl5d\rs ( ! ,aegean palaces &1 /ill m important1 on ! ord]$ simplicity ( tribal life 9 ! pre-,hell5ic villages ( ! ma9l&4 ,n[1 x is a canon ( religi\s /udy t all gods reflect ! social /ate1 pa/ or pres5t1 ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,f ?is po9t ( view :at appe>ance d ! ,olympians ( ,hom] make8 ,:at are !y !re =8 ,:at d !y d1 & :at are _! relations "o to ano!r8 ,! gods ( mo/ nations claim to h creat$ ! _w4 ,! ,olympians make no su* claim4 ,! mo/ !y ev] did 0 to conqu] x4 ,zeus & 8 comitatus conqu]$ ,cronos & 82 conqu]$ & expell$ !m--s5t !m migrat+ beyond ! horizon1 ,heav5 kn[s :]e4 ,zeus took ! *ief dom9ion & rema9$ a p]man5t ov]lord1 b he apportion$ l>ge k+doms to 8 bro!rs ,hades & ,poseidon1 & confirm$ v>i\s ( 8 *ildr5 & foll[]s 9 less] fiefs4 ,apollo w5t (f on 8 own adv5ture & conqu]$ ,delphi4 ,a!na conqu]$ ! ,giants4 ,%e ga9$ ,a!ns by a conque/ ov] ,poseidon1 a po9t ( :i* we w speak lat]4 ,& :5 !y h conqu]$ _! k+doms1 :at d !y d8 ,d !y att5d to ! gov]nm5t8 ,d !y promote agriculture8 ,d !y practise trades & indu/ries8 ,n a bit ( x4 ,:y %\ld !y d any hone/ "w8 ,!y f9d x easi] to live on ! rev5ues & bla/ ) ?und]bolts ! p :o d n pay4 ,!y are conqu]+ *iefta9s1 royal buccane]s4 ,!y fight1 & fea/1 & play1 & make music2 !y dr9k deep1 & ro> ) laught] at ! lame smi? :o waits on !m4 ,!y are nev] afraid1 except ( _! own k+4 ,!y nev] tell lies1 except 9 love & w>4 ,a few d$uctions may be f ?is /atem5t1 b !y d n affect its ma9 significance4 ,"o god1 y may say1 ,hephai/os1 is def9itely a craftsman4 ,yes3 a smi?1 a mak] ( weapons4 ,! "o craftsman t a gang ( w>riors ne$$ to h by !m2 & !y pref]r$ him lame1 s t he %\ld n run away4 ,aga91 ,apollo h]d$ = hire ! cattle ( ,admetus2 ,apollo & ,poseidon built ! walls ( ,troy = ,laom$on4 ,c]ta9ly 9 su* /ories we h an intrusion ( o!r elem5ts2 b 9 any case ! "w done is n habitual "w1 x is a special puni%m5t4 ,aga91 x is n d5i$ t ! ,olympians h "s effect on agriculture & on ju/ice3 !y de/roy ! h>ve/s ( ^? :o (f5d !m1 !y puni% oa?-break]s & ! l4 ,ev5 9 ! ,h]oic ,age itself--if we may adopt ,mr4 ,*adwick's conv5i5t title = ! ,age ( ! ,migrations--*iefta9s & gods probably reta9$ "s ve/iges ( ! functions !y _h ex]cis$ 9 m normal & settl$ times2 & besides we mu/ always realize t1 9 ^! inquiries1 we nev] meet a simple & uni=m figure4 ,we mu/ fur!r rememb] t ^! gods are n real p ) a real "*4 ,!y nev] exi/$4 ,!y are only concepts1 exce$+ly confus$ cl\dy & *ang+ concepts1 9 ! m9ds ( ?\s&s ( div]se wor%ipp]s & non-wor%ipp]s4 ,!y *ange e "t !y are ?\ght (1 z a ^w *anges e "t x is pron\nc$4 ,ev5 9 ! height ( ! ,a*aean w>s ! concept ( any "o god w\ld be mix$ up ) traditions & associations drawn f ! surr\nd+ populations & _! gods2 & by ! "t !y come d[n to u 9 ,hom] & our o!r e>ly lit]ature1 !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! m9ds ( _m diff]5t ages & places1 especially ,ionia & ,a!ns4 ,! ,olympians z describ$ 9 our text ( ,hom]1 or z describ$ 9 ! ,a!nian recitations ( ! six? c5tury1 are mutatis mut&is relat$ to ! ,olympians ( ! ,h]oic ,age mu* z ! ,hell5es ( ! six? c5tury are to ! ,hell5es ( ! ,h]oic ,age4 ,i say 'mutatis mut&is'1 because ! hi/orical developm5t ( a gr\p ( imag9>y concepts %r9$ 9 tradition & romance c nev] be q ! same z t ( ! p :o conceive !m4 ,! realm ( fiction is apt bo? to leap 9 front & to lag 9 ! re> ( ! m>* ( real life4 ,romance w hug picturesque d>knesses z well z inv5t p]fections4 ,b ! gods ( ,hom]1 z we h !m1 c]ta9ly seem to %[ traces ( ! process ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$3 ( an orig9 among ! old conqu]+ ,a*aioi1 a developm5t 9 ! ,ionian epic s*ools1 & a f9al home 9 ,a!ns4#di3a ,= example1 :at gods are *iefly prom95t 9 ,hom]8 ,9 ! ,iliad c]ta9ly ?ree1 ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,a!na1 & mu* ! same w\ld hold = ! ,odyssey4 ,next to !m 9 importance w be ,poseidon1 ,h]a1 & ,h]mes4 ,zeus /&s some:at ap>t4 ,he is "o ( ! v few gods ) recognizable & und\bt$ ,indo-g]manic names1 ,dju1 ! well-atte/$ sky- & ra9-god ( ! ,aryan race4 ,he is ,a*aian2 he is ',hellanios'1 ! god wor%ipp$ by all ,hell5es4 ,he is also1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,pelasgian1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook#di3b c expla9 to u ! seem+ contradiction4 ,b ! ,nor!rn elem5ts 9 ! conception ( ,zeus h on ! :ole triumph$ ov] any ,pelasgian or ,aegean sky-god ) :i* !y may h m+l$1 & ,zeus1 9 spite ( 8 d>k hair1 may be ma9ly treat$ z ! patri>*al god ( ! invad+ ,nor?m51 pass+ f ! ,upp] ,danube d[n by 8 ?ree great sanctu>ies1 ,dodona1 ,olympus1 & ,olympia4 ,he _h an extraord9>y p[] ( ou/+ or absorb+ ! v>i\s objects ( aborig9al wor%ip :i* he f\nd 9 8 pa?4 ,! /ory ( ,meili*ios above 7p4 #ad7 is a common "o4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ n suppose t ! ,zeus ( ! actual ,a*aioi 0 a figure q l ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias or ( ,hom]4 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( expurgation 9 ! ,hom]ic ,zeus1#ej3a z ,mr4 ,cook cle>ly %[s4 ,! ,c\nsellor & ,cl\d-compell] ( classical ,a!ns 0 ! wiz>d & ra9mak] ( e>li] times2 & ! ,all-,fa!r surprises u 9 ,!ra & ,crete by appe>+ bo? z a babe & z a ,k\ros 9 spr+ dances & initiation rituals4#ej3b ,x is a long way f ^! conceptions to ! ,zeus ( ,aes*ylus1 a figure z sublime z ! ,jehovah ( ,job2 b ! l9eage seems cle>4 ,zeus is ! ,a*aean ,sky-god4 ,8 son ,phoebus ,apollo is ( m complex make4 ,on "o side he is cle>ly a ,nor?man4 ,he has connexions ) ! ,hyp]boreans4#ej3c ,he has a 'sacr$ road' lead+ f> into ! ,nor?1 along :i* (f]+s are s5t back f %r9e to %r9e beyond ! b\nds ( ,greek k4 ,su* 'sacr$ roads' are normally ! roads by :i* ! ,god himself has travell$2 ! (f]+s are s5t back f ! new sanctu>y to ! old4 ,on ! o!r side ,apollo rea*es back to an ,aegean matri>*al ,k\ros4 ,8 home is ,delos1 :]e he has a "m1 ,leto1 b no v visible fa!r4 ,he leads ! %ips ( 8 isl&]s1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a dolph94 ,he is no ',hell5e'4 ,9 ! fight+ at ,troy he is aga9/ ! ,a*aioi3 he de/roys ! ,greek ho/1 he *ampions ,hector1 he ev5 slays ,a*illes4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,apollo we read t :5 ! great ar*] draws ne> to ,olympus all ! gods tremble & />t f _! seats2 ,leto alone1 & ( c\rse ,zeus1 hold _! gr\nd4#ea3a ,:at ?is god's orig9al "n 0 at ,delos we _c be sure3 he has v _m names & 'epi!ts'4 ,b he e>ly became id5tifi$ ) a simil> god at ,delphi & adopt$ 8 "n1 ',apolln'1 or1 9 ! ,delphic & ,dorian =m1 ',apelln'--presumably ! ,k\ros project$ f ! ,dorian ga!r+s call$ 'apellae'4#ea3b ,z ,phoibos he is a sun-god1 & f classical times onw>d we (t5 f9d him def9itely id5tifi$ ) ! ,sun1 a di/9ction :i* came easily to a ,k\ros4 ,9 any case1 & ?is is ! important po9t1 he is at ,delos ! *ief god ( ! ,ionians4 ,! ,ionians are def9$ by ,h]odotus z ^? tribes & cities :o 7 sprung f ,a!ns & kept ! ,apaturia4 ,!y recogniz$ ,delos z _! holy place & wor%ipp$ ,apollo ,patros z _! ance/or4#ea3c ,! ,ionian ,hom] has naturally br\ght u ! ,ionian god2 &1 significantly en\gh1 ?\gh ! tradition makes him an enemy ( ! ,greeks1 & ! poets h to accept ! tradition1 !re is no t5d5cy to crab or belittle him4 ,he is ! mo/ spl5did & awful ( ,hom]'s ,olympians4 ,! case ( ,pallas ,a!na is ev5 simpl]1 ?\gh x leads to a some:at surpris+ result4 ,:at ,apollo is to ,ionia t1 & m1 ,a!na is to ,a!ns4 ,!re are d\btless =eign elem5ts 9 ,a!na1 "s ,cretan & ,ionian1 "s ,nor!rn4#eb3a ,b h] :ole appe>ance 9 hi/ory & lit]ature tells ! same /ory z h] "n4 ,a!ns is h] city & %e is ! goddess ( ,a!ns1 ! ,a!na or ,a!naia ,kor4 ,9 ,a!ns %e c be simply ',p>!nos'1 ! ,maid52 else:]e %e is ! ',attic' or ',a!nian ,maid5'4 ,z ,glaucopis %e is id5tifi$ or associat$ ) ! ,owl t 0 ! sacr$ bird ( ,a!ns4 ,z ,pallas %e seems to be a ,?und]-maid51 a sort ( ,k]aunia or bride ( ,k]aunos4 ,a ,palladion consi/s ( two ?und]-%ields1 set "o above ! o!r l a figure #h1 & we c trace 9 art-types ! developm5t ( ?is #h into a human figure4 ,x seems cle> t ! old ,a*aioi _c h call$ _! w>rior-maid51 daught] ( ,zeus1 by ! "n ,a!na or ,a!naia4 ,! ,a!nian goddess mu/ h come 9 f ,a!nian influ5ce1 & x is /range to f9d h[ deep into ! he>t ( ! poems t influ5ce mu/ h rea*$4 ,if we try to conjecture ^: place x is t ,a!na has tak51 x is wor? rem>k+ t h] regul> epi!t1 'daught] ( ,zeus'1 belongs 9 ,sanskrit to ! ,dawn-goddess1 ,es4#eb3b ,! transition might be help$ by "s t\*es ( ! ,dawn-goddess t seem to l+] ab\t ,a!na 9 my?4 ,! ris+ ,sun /ay$ 8 horses :ile ,a!na 0 born f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,also %e 0 born amid a sn[/orm ( gold4 ,& ,es1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 l ,a!na1 sometimes ! daught] ( ! ,giant ,pallas4#ec3a ,our ?ree *ief ,olympians1 !n1 expla9 !mselves v easily4 ,a body ( poetry & tradition1 9 its orig9 dat+ f ! ,a*aioi ( ! ,migrations1 gr[+ = c5turies 9 ! h&s ( ,ionian b>ds1 & rea*+ its culm9at+ =m at ,a!ns1 has prom95t 9 x ! ,a*aian ,zeus1 ! ,ionian ,apollo1 ! ,a!nian ,kor--! same ,kor :o desc5d$ 9 p]son to re/ore ! exil$ ,pisi/ratus to 8 ?rone4#ec3b ,we ne$ only ?r[ a glance 9 pass+ at a few ( ! o!r ,olympians4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 %\ld ,poseidon be s prom95t8 ,9 orig9 he is a puzzl+ figure4 ,besides ! ,a*aean ,e>?-%ak+ bro!r ( ,zeus 9 ,!ssaly !re seems to be "s ,pelasgian or ,aegean god pres5t 9 him4 ,he is closely connect$ ) ,libya2 he br+s ! horse f !re4#ed3a ,at times he exi/s 9 ord] to be defeat$2 defeat$ 9 ,a!ns by ,a!na1 9 ,naxos by ,dionysus1 9 ,aeg9a by ,zeus1 9 ,argos by ,h]a1 9 ,acrocor9? by ,helios ?\gh he cont9ues to hold ! ,i/hmus4 ,9 ,troz5 he %>es a temple on m or less equal t]ms ) ,a!na4#ed3b ,ev5 9 ,troy he is defeat$ & ca/ out f ! walls 8 own h&s _h built4#ed3c ,^! problems we ne$ n = ! pres5t face4 ,by ! "t t conc]ns u mo/ ! ,e>?-,%ak] is a sea-god1 specially important to ! sea-peoples ( ,a!ns & ,ionia4 ,he is ! fa!r ( ,neleus1 ! ance/or ( ! ,ionian k+s4 ,8 temple at ,cape ,mykale is ! sc5e ( ! ,panionia1 & second only to ,delos z a religi\s c5tre ( ! ,ionian tribes4 ,he has intimate relations ) ,attica too4 ,besides ! anci5t conte/ ) ,a!na = ! possession ( ! l&1 he appe>s z ! fa!r ( ,!seus1 ! *ief ,a!nian h]o4 ,he is m]g$ 9 o!r ,attic h]oes1 l ,aigeus & ,ere*!us4 ,he is ! special patron ( ! ,a!nian knights4 ,?us 8 prom95ce 9 ,hom] is v natural4 ,:at ( ,h]mes8 ,8 hi/ory des]ves a long monograph to itself2 x is s exceptionally in/ructive4 ,orig9ally1 outside ,hom]1 ,h]mes 0 simply an old upright /one1 a pill> furni%$ ) ! regul> ,pelasgian sex-symbol ( procreation4 ,set up ov] a tomb he is ! p[] t g5]ates new lives1 or1 9 ! anci5t conception1 br+s ! s\ls back to be born aga94 ,he is ! ,guide ( ! ,dead1 ! ,psy*opompos1 ! div9e ,h]ald betwe5 ! two worlds4 ,if y h a message = ! dead1 y speak x to ! ,h]m at ! grave4 ,?is notion ( ,h]mes z h]ald may h be5 help$ by 8 use z a b\nd>y-/one--! ,lat9 ,t]m9us4 ,y\r b\nd>y-/one is y\r repres5tative1 ! deliv]] ( y\r message1 to ! ho/ile neighb\r or ali54 ,if y wi% to p>ley ) him1 y advance up to y\r b\nd>y-/one4 ,if y g1 z a ,h]ald1 peacefully1 into 8 t]ritory1 y place y\rself "u ! protection ( ! same sacr$ /one1 ! la/ sign t rema9s ( y\r own safe c\ntry4 ,if y are kill$ or wrong$1 x is he1 ! immovable ,wat*]1 :o w av5ge y4 ,n[ ?is phallic /one po/ 0 q unsuitable to ,hom]4 ,x 0 n dec5t2 x 0 n q human2 & e p]sonage 9 ,hom] has to be bo?4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,h]mes is simply remov$1 & a beautiful creation or tradition1 ,iris1 ! ra9b[-goddess1 takes 8 place z ! mess5g] f heav5 to e>?4 ,9 ! ,odyssey he is admitt$1 b s *ang$ & ca/igat$ t no "o w\ld recognize ! old ,h]m 9 ! beautiful & graci\s y\? :o p]=ms ! gods' messages4 ,i c only detect 9 8 language "o possible trace ( 8 old ,pelasgian "*4#ef3a ,pausanias knew :o work$ ! trans=mation4 ,9 speak+ ( ,h]mes among ! o!r ',work]s'1 :o 7 'pill>s 9 squ>e =m'1 he says1 ',z to ,h]mes1 ! poems ( ,hom] h giv5 curr5cy to ! report t he is a s]vant ( ,zeus & leads d[n ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ to ,hades'4#ef3b ,9 ! magic papyri ,h]mes returns to some?+ ( 8 old functions2 he is sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,aga?os ,daimon4 ,b ?anks to ,hom] he is purifi$ ( 8 old phallicism4 ,h]a1 too1 ! wife ( ,zeus1 seems to h a curi\s pa/ beh9d h]4 ,%e has c]ta9ly ou/$ ! orig9al wife1 ,dione1 ^: wor%ip cont9u$ un*all5g$ 9 f> ,dodona1 f times be=e ,zeus desc5d$ ^u ,greek l&s4 ,:5 he invad$ ,!ssaly he seems to h left ,dione beh9d & w$d$ ! ,que5 ( ! conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,h]a's p]man5t epi!t is ',argeia'1 ',argive'4 ,%e is ! ,argive ,kor or ,ye>-,maid51 z ,a!na is ! ,attic1 ,cypris ! ,cyprian4 ,b ,argos 9 ,hom] d5otes two diff]5t places1 a wat]$ pla9 9 ! ,peloponnese & a wat]$ pla9 9 ,!ssaly4 ,h]a 0 c]ta9ly ! *ief goddess ( ,peloponnesian ,argos 9 hi/oric times1 & _h br\ght h] consort ,h]akles#ef3c along ) h]1 b at "o "t %e seems to h belong$ to ! ,!ssalian ,argos4 ,%e help$ ,!ssalian ,jason to laun* ! %ip ,argo1 & !y laun*$ x f ,!ssalian ,pagasae4 ,9 ! ,argonautica %e is a beautiful figure1 graci\s & /rong1 ! lovely patroness ( ! "y h]o4 ,no elem5t ( /rife is haunt+ h]4 ,b 9 ! ,iliad = "s reason %e is unpopul>4 ,%e is a %rew1 a scold1 & a jeal\s wife4 ,:y8 ,miss ,h>rison sugge/s t ! qu>rel ) ,zeus dates f ! "t ( ! invasion1 :5 he 0 ! conqu]+ ali5 & %e ! native que5 ( ! l&4#eg3a ,x may be1 too1 t ! ,ionian poets :o respect$ _! own ,apollo & ,a!na & ,poseidon1 reg>d$ ,h]a z repres5t+ "s race or tribe t !y dislik$4 ,a goddess ( ,dorian ,argos might be z disagreeable z a ,dorian4 ,x seems to be = "s reason l ?is t ,aphrodite1 id5tifi$ ) ,cyprus or "s c5tre among ,ori5tal b>b>ians1 is h&l$ ) s mu* disrespect2 t ,ares1 ! ,?racian ,k\ros1 a ,sun-god & ,w>-god1 is treat$ z a m]e bully & c[>d & g5]al pe/4#eg3b ,!re is n mu* fai? 9 ^! gods1 z !y appe> to u 9 ! ,hom]ic ,poems1 & n mu* respect1 except p]haps = ,apollo & ,a!na & ,poseidon4 ,! buccane] k+s ( ! ,h]oic ,age1 cut loose f all local & tribal pieties1 int5t only on p]sonal ga9 & glory1 7 n ! p to build up a p[]ful religi\s fai?4 ,!y left t1 z !y left agriculture & h&iwork1 to ! nameless common folk4#eg3c ,& x 0 n likely t ! b>ds ( cultivat$ & sci5tific ,ionia %\ld wa/e mu* religi\s emotion on a sy/em :i* 0 cle>ly meant m = romance ?an = ! guid+ ( life4 ,yet ! p[] ( romance is great4 ,9 ! memory ( ,greece ! k+s & gods ( ! ,h]oic ,age 7 transfigur$4 ,:at _h be5 really an age ( buccane]+ viol5ce became 9 memory an age ( *ivalry & spl5did adv5ture4 ,! traits t 7 at all tol]able 7 idealiz$2 ^? t 7 intol]able 7 ei!r expurgat$1 or1 if t 0 impossible1 7 my/iciz$ & expla9$ away4 ,& ! savage old ,olympians became to ,a!ns & ! ma9l& ( ,greece f ! six? c5tury onw>d emblems ( high humanity & religi\s re=m4 ,,ii4 ,! ,religi\s ,value ( ! ,olympians ,n[ to "s p ?is /atem5t may seem a wilful p>adox1 yet ,i believe x to be true4 ,! ,olympian religion1 radiat+ f ,hom] at ! ,pana!naea1 produc$ :at ,i w v5ture to call exactly a religi\s re=mation4 ,let u consid] h[1 ) all its flaws & falsehoods1 x 0 fitt$ to attempt su* a "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,poems repres5t an ,a*aian tradition1 ! tradition ( a ,nor!rn conqu]+ race1 organiz$ on a patri>*al monogam\s sy/em vehem5tly di/9ct f ! matril9e> cu/oms ( ! ,aegean or ,hittite races1 ) _! polygamy & poly&ry1 _! agricultural rites1 _! sex-emblems & f]tility goddesses4 ,contra/ = a mom5t ! sort ( sexless ,valkyrie :o appe>s 9 ! ,iliad "u ! "n ( ,a!na ) ! ,kor ( ,ephesus1 /rangely call$ ,artemis1 a %apeless f]tility figure1 cov]$ ) innum]able brea/s4 ,t sugge/s ! contra/ t ,i mean4 ,secondly1 ! poems are by tradition ari/ocratic2 !y are ! lit]ature ( *iefta9s1 ali5 to l[ popul> sup]/ition4 ,true1 ! poems z we h !m are n ,c\rt poems4 ,t error ought n to be s (t5 repeat$4 ,z we h !m !y are poems recit$ at a ,panegyris1 or public fe/ival4 ,b !y g back 9 ultimate orig9 to some?+ l lays sung 9 a royal hall4 ,& ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,hom]ic gods & ! gods f\nd outside ,hom] is well comp>$ by ,mr4 ,*adwick#ei3a to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gods ( ! ,edda & ! hi/orical traces ( religion outside ! ,edda4 ,! gods :o fea/ ) ,od9 9 ,asg>d1 =m+ an organiz$ community or comitatus1 seem to be ! gods ( ! k+s1 di/9ct f ! gods ( ! peasants1 clean] & m w>like & lordli]1 ?\gh 9 actual religi\s quality mu* less vital4 ,?irdly1 ! poems 9 _! ma9 /ages are ,ionian1 & ,ionia 0 = _m reasons calculat$ to lead ! =w>d movem5t aga9/ ! ',urdummheit'4 ,= "o ?+1 ,ionia re9=c$ ! old ,h]oic tradition1 9 hav+ mu* ! same inw>d fre$om4 ,! ,ionians are ! desc5dants ( ^? :o fl$ f ! invad]s across ! sea1 leav+ _! homes1 tribes1 & tribal traditions4 ,wilam[itz has well rem>k$ h[ ! imag9ation ( ! ,greek ma9l& is dom9at$ by ! gigantic sepul*res ( unkn[n k+s1 :i* ! fugitives to ,asia _h left beh9d !m & half =gott54#ei3b ,aga91 :5 ! ,ionians settl$ on ! ,asiatic coa/s !y 7 no d\bt to "s ext5t influ5c$1 b !y 7 f> m repell$ by ! b>b>ic tribes ( ! int]ior4 ,!y became consci\s1 z we h said1 ( some?+ t 0 ,hell5ic1 z di/9ct f some?+ else t 0 b>b>ic1 & ! ,hell5ic "p ( !m vehem5tly reject$ :at /ruck !m z sup]/iti\s1 cruel1 or unclean4 ,& la/ly1 we mu/ rememb] t ,ionia 01 be=e ! rise ( ,a!ns1 n only ! mo/ imag9ative & intellectual "p ( ,greece1 b by f> ! mo/ advanc$ 9 k & culture4 ,! ,hom]ic religion is a /ep 9 ! self-realization ( ,greece1 & su* self-realization naturally took its rise 9 ,ionia4 ,grant$1 !n1 t ,hom] 0 calculat$ to produce a k9d ( religi\s re=mation 9 ,greece1 :at k9d ( re=mation 0 x8 ,we are aga9 rem9d$ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x 0 a move away f ! 'begg>ly elem5ts' t[>ds "s imag9$ p]son beh9d !m4 ,! _w 0 conceiv$ z nei!r q )\t ext]nal gov]nance1 nor z m]ely subject to ! incursions ( mana snakes & bulls & ?und]-/ones & mon/]s1 b z gov]n$ by an organiz$ body ( p]sonal & reason+ rul]s1 wise & b\ntiful fa!rs1 l man 9 m9d & %ape1 only unspeakably high]4 ,= a type ( ?is ,olympian _s we may take a ph5om5on t has p]haps sometimes we>i$ u3 ! reit]at$ insi/5ce 9 ! reliefs ( ! be/ p]iod on ! /rife ( m5 aga9/ c5taurs or ( gods aga9/ giants4 ,our mod]n sympa?ies are apt to side ) ! giants & c5taurs4 ,an age ( ord] likes romantic viol5ce1 z l&sm5 safe 9 _! h\ses l /orms at sea4 ,b to ! ,greek1 ?is battle 0 full ( symbolical mean+4 ,x is ! /rife1 ! ultimate victory1 ( human intellig5ce1 reason1 & g5tl5ess1 aga9/ :at seems at fir/ ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( passion & unguid$ /r5g?4 ,x is ,hellas aga9/ ! brute _w4#fa3a ,! victory ( ,hell5ism ov] b>b>ism1 ( man ov] bea/3 t 0 ! aim1 b 0 x ev] accompli%$8 ,! ,olympian gods z we see !m 9 art appe> s calm1 s p]fect1 s f> remov$ f ! atmosph]e ( ackn[l$g$ imp]fection & spiritual /riv+1 t :at ,i am n[ ab\t to say may aga9 seem a delib]ate p>adox4 ,x is nev]!less true t ! ,olympian ,religion is only to ! full intelligible & admirable if we realize x z a sup]b & baffl$ endeav\r1 n a telos or completion b a movem5t & ef=t ( life4 ,we may analyse ! movem5t into ?ree ma9 elem5ts3 a moral expurgation ( ! old rites1 an attempt to br+ ord] into ! old *aos1 & la/ly an adaptation to new social ne$s4 ,we w take ! ?ree 9 ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x gradually swept out ( religion1 or at lea/ cov]$ ) a dec5t veil1 t great mass ( rites :i* 0 conc]n$ ) ! ,food-supply & ! ,tribe-supply & aim$ at direct /imulation ( g5]ative processes4#fb3a ,x left only a few rev]5t & my/ic rituals1 a few lic5s$ outbur/s ( riot\s indec5cy 9 com$y & ! agricultural fe/ivals4 ,x swept away :at seems to u a ?+ less dang]\s1 a l>ge "p ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,su* wor%ip1 our evid5ce %[s u1 gave a loose re9 to sup]/ition4 ,to ! ,olympian movem5t x 0 vulg>1 x 0 semi-b>b>\s1 x 0 (t5 bloody4 ,we f9d t x has almo/ disappe>$ f ,hom]ic ,a!ns at a "t :5 ! monum5ts %[ x /ill fl\ri%+ 9 un-,hom]ic ,sp>ta4 ,! ,olympian movem5t swept away also1 at lea/ = two spl5did c5turies1 ! wor%ip ( ! man-god1 ) its diseas$ atmosph]e ( megalomania & blood-lu/4#fb3b ,^! ?+s return ) ! fall ( ,hell5ism2 b ! great p]iod1 z x urges man to use all 8 p[]s ( ?\ght1 ( d>+ & endurance1 ( social organization1 s x bids him rememb] t he is a man l o!r m51 subject to ! same laws & b\nd to reckon ) ! same dea?4 ,s mu* = ! moral expurgation3 next = ! br++ ( intellectual ord]4 ,to p>ody ! words ( ,anaxagoras1 ',9 ! e>ly religion all ?+s 7 toge!r1 till ! ,hom]ic sy/em came & arrang$ !m'4 ,we con/antly f9d 9 ! ,greek pan!on be+s :o c be describ$ z 1 '"o =m ( _m names'4 ,ea* tribe1 ea* little community1 sometimes "o may almo/ say ea* ca/e--! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,b>ds1 ! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,pott]s--_h its own special gods4 ,n[ z soon z !re 0 any g5]al ',sunoikismos' or ',settl+-toge!r'1 any effective surm\nt+ ( ! n>r[e/ local b>ri]s1 ^! innum]able gods t5d$ to melt into "o ano!r4 ,"u diff]5t hi/orical circum/ances ?is process might h be5 c>ri$ resolutely ?r\gh & produc$ an intelligible pan!on 9 :i* ea* god _h 8 prop] function & !re 0 no ov]lapp+--"o ,kor1 "o ,k\ros1 "o ,sun-,god1 & s on4 ,b 9 ,greece t 0 impossible4 ,imag9ations _h be5 too vivid1 & local types _h too (t5 become cle>ly p]sonifi$ & diff]5tiat$4 ,! ,maid5 ( ,a!ns1 ,a!na1 did no d\bt absorb "s o!r ,korai1 b %e c\ld n possibly comb9e ) h] ( ,cy?ra or ,cyprus1 or ,ephesus1 nor ) ! ,argive ,kor or ! ,delian or ! ,brauronian4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t ! inf9ite cl\d ( ,maid5s 0 greatly r$uc$ & fell into f\r or five ma9 types4 ,! ,korai ( ,cyprus1 ,cy?ra1 ,cor9?1 ,eryx1 & "s o!r places 7 felt to be "o1 & became absorb$ 9 ! great figure ( ,aphrodite4 ,artemis absorb$ a quantity m1 includ+ ^? ( ,delos & ,brauron1 ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,arcadia & ,sp>ta1 & ev51 z we saw1 ! f]tility ,kor ( ,ephesus4 ,d\btless %e & ! ,delian 7 orig9ally mu* clos] toge!r1 b ! ,delian diff]5tiat$ t[>ds ideal virg9ity1 ! ,ephesian t[>ds ideal fruitfulness4 ,! ,k\roi1 or ,y\?s1 9 ! same way 7 absorb$ into "s half-doz5 great my?ological %apes1 ,apollo1 ,ares1 ,h]mes1 ,dionysus1 & ! l4 ,z s (t5 9 ,greek developm5t1 we are br\ght up aga9/ ! imm5se =mative p[] ( fiction or romance4 ,! simple ,kor or ,k\ros 0 a figure ( indi/9ct outl9e ) no hi/ory or p]sonality4 ,l ! ,roman functional gods1 su* be+s 7 h>dly p]sons2 !y melt$ easily "o into ano!r4 ,b :5 ! ,greek imag9ation _h once done its "w ^u !m1 a figure l ,a!na or ,aphrodite _h become1 = all practical purposes1 a def9ite p]son1 almo/ z def9ite z ,a*illes or ,odysseus1 z ,macbe? or ,fal/aff4 ,!y cry/allize h>d4 ,!y w no long] melt or bl5d1 at lea/ n at an ord9>y temp]ature4 ,9 ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies we he> a great deal ab\t ! gods all be+ "o1 ',zeus ! same z ,hades1 ,hades z ,helios1 ,helios ! same z ,dionysus'1#fd3a b ! amalgamation only takes place 9 ! :ite heat ( ec/atic philosophy or ! rites ( religi\s my/icism4 ,! be/ docum5t pres]v$ to u ( ?is attempt to br+ ord] into ,*aos is ! poetry ( ,hesiod4 ,!re are ?ree poems1 all devot$ to ?is object1 compos$ p]haps "u ! influ5ce ( ,delphi & c]ta9ly "u t ( ,hom]1 & try+ 9 a quasi-,hom]ic dialect & "u a quasi-,olympian sy/em to br+ toge!r va/ masses ( anci5t !ology & folk-lore & scatt]$ tradition4 ,! ,!ogony attempts to make a p$igree & hi]>*y ( ! ,gods2 ,! ,catalogue ( ,wom5 & ! ,eoiai1 pres]v$ only 9 scanty fragm5ts1 attempt to fix 9 canonical =m ! cl\dy mixture ( dreams & boa/s & leg5ds & hypo!ses by :i* mo/ royal families 9 c5tral ,greece record$ _! desc5t f a traditional ance/ress & a conjectural ,god4 ,! ,works & ,days =m an attempt to collect & arrange ! rules & tabus relat+ to agriculture4 ,! "w ( ,hesiod z a :ole is "o ( ! mo/ valiant failures 9 lit]ature4 ,! confusion & absurdity ( x are only equall$ by its /range helpless beauty & its extraord9>y hi/orical int]e/4 ,! ,hesiodic sy/em :5 comp>$ ) t ( ,hom] is mu* m explicit1 mu* less expurgat$1 inf9itely less accompli%$ & tactful4 ,at ! back ( ,hom] lay ! lordly w>rior-gods ( ! ,h]oic ,age1 at ! back ( ,hesiod ! crude & tangl$ sup]/itions ( ! peasantry ( ! ma9l&4 ,also ! ,hesiodic poets work$ 9 a comp>atively backw>d & un5light5$ atmosph]e1 ! ,hom]ic 7 expos$ to ! full light ( ,a!ns4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ?is ,hom]ic re=mation is an attempt to make religion satisfy ! ne$s ( a new social ord]4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek religion 0 cle>ly bas$ on ! tribe1 a b& ( p1 all 9 "s s5se k9dr$ & normally liv+ toge!r1 p ) ! same cu/oms1 ance/ors1 initiations1 flocks & h]ds & fields4 ,?is tribal & agricultural religion c h>dly h ma9ta9$ itself un*ang$ at ! great ,aegean c5tres1 l ,cnossus & ,myc5ae4#fe3a ,x c]ta9ly did n ma9ta9 itself among ! m>aud+ *iefs ( ! h]oic age4 ,x b[$ its head b5ea? ! sceptre ( its own div9e k+s & ! arm$ heel ( its nor!rn invad]s1 only to appe> aga9 almo/ undamag$ & unimprov$ :5 ! k+s 7 fall5 & ! invad]s sunk into ! soil l /orms ( de/ructive ra94 ,b x no long] suit$ its environm5t4 ,9 ! age ( ! migrations ! tribes _h be5 brok51 scatt]$1 re-mix$4 ,!y _h almo/ ceas$ to exi/ z important social entities4 ,! social unit :i* _h tak5 _! place 0 ! political community ( m51 ( :atev] tribe or tribes1 :o 7 held toge!r 9 times ( dang] & con/ant w> by means ( a common circuit-wall1 a ,polis4#ff3a ,! idea ( ! tribe rema9$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ classical p]iod we f9d e ,greek city /ill nom9ally compos$ ( tribes1 b ! tribes are fictiti\s4 ,! e>ly city-mak]s c\ld /ill only conceive ( society on a tribal basis4 ,e local or accid5tal congregation ( p :o wi% to act toge!r h to inv5t an imag9>y common ance/or4 ,! cla% betwe5 ! old tribal traditions t h lo/ _! mean+1 ?\gh n _! sanctity1 & ! new duties impos$ by ! actual ne$s ( ! ,polis1 leads to _m /range & int]e/+ compromises4 ,! fam\s con/itution ( ,clei/h5es %[s sev]al4 ,an old prov]b expresses well ! ord9>y feel+ on ! subject3 1 ' 4 ',:atev] ! ,city may d2 b ! old cu/om is ! be/4' ,n[ 9 ! conte/ betwe5 city & tribe1 ! ,olympian gods _h "o great negative advantage4 ,!y 7 n tribal or local1 & all o!r gods 74 ,!y 7 by ?is "t int]national1 ) no /rong roots any:]e except :]e "o ( !m c\ld be id5tifi$ ) "s native god2 !y 7 full ( fame & beauty & pre/ige4 ,!y 7 ready to be made ',poli\*oi'1 ',city-hold]s'1 ( any p>ticul> city1 /ill m ready to be ',hellnioi'1 patrons ( all ,hellas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! work+ out ( ^! ?ree aims ! ,olympian religion a*iev$ mu*3 9 all ?ree x fail$4 ,! moral expurgation fail$ ow+ to ! m]e =ce ( in]tia possess$ by old religi\s traditions & local cults4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ weak any c5tral gov]nm5t 0 9 anci5t civilization4 ,! p[] & influ5ce ( a highly civiliz$ society 7 apt to end a few miles outside its city wall4 ,all ?r\gh ! backw>d p>ts ( ,greece obsc5e & cruel rites l+]$ on1 ! d>k] & worse ! fur!r !y 7 remov$ f ! full light ( ,hell5ism4 ,b 9 ?is respect ! ,olympian ,religion did n m]ely fail3 x did worse4 ,to make ! elem5ts ( a nature-religion human is inevitably to make !m vici\s4 ,!re is no great moral h>m 9 wor%ipp+ a ?und]-/orm1 ev5 ?\gh ! lightn+ /rikes ! good & evil q recklessly4 ,!re is no ne$ to pret5d t ! ,lightn+ is ex]cis+ a wise & righte\s *oice4 ,b :5 once y wor%ip an imag9>y quasi-human be+ :o ?r[s ! lightn+1 y are 9 a dilemma4 ,ei!r y h to admit t y are wor%ipp+ & flatt]+ a be+ ) no moral s5se1 because he happ5s to be dang]\s1 or else y h to inv5t reasons = 8 wra? aga9/ ! p :o happ5 to be /ruck4 ,& !y are pretty sure to be bad reasons4 ,! god1 if p]sonal1 becomes caprici\s & cruel4 ,:5 ! ,ark ( ,israel 0 be+ br\ght back f ! ,phili/9es1 ! cattle slipp$ by ! ?re%+ floor ( ,na*on1 & ! holy object 0 9 dang] ( fall+4 ,a c]ta9 ,uzzah1 z we all "k1 sprang =w>d to save x & 0 /ruck dead = 8 pa9s4 ,n[1 if he 0 /ruck dead by ! %e] hol9ess ( ! tabu object1 ! hol9ess /or$ inside x l s mu* electricity1 8 dea? 0 a mis=tune1 an int]e/+ accid5t1 & no m4#fh3a ,b :5 x is made into ! delib]ate act ( an an?ropomorphic god1 :o /rikes a well-int5tion$ man dead 9 explosive rage = a v p>donable mi/ake1 a dang]\s elem5t has be5 introduc$ into ! e?ics ( t religion4 ,a be+ :o is ! moral equal ( man mu/ n behave l a *>ge ( dynamite4 ,aga91 to wor%ip emblems ( f]tility & g5]ation1 z 0 done 9 agricultural rites all ?r\gh ! ,aegean area1 is 9 itself an intelligible & n necess>ily a degrad+ practice4 ,b :5 ^? emblems are someh[ humaniz$1 & ! result is an an?ropomorphic god ( enorm\s procreative p[] & innum]able am\rs1 a religion s modifi$ has receiv$ a dea?-bl[4 ,! /ep t 0 meant to s(t5 its grossness has result$ 9 its moral degradation4 ,?is result 0 int5sifi$ by ano!r well-meant ef=t at elevation4 ,! lead+ tribes ( c5tral ,greece 71 z we h m5tion$1 apt to c\nt _! desc5t f "s h]o9e-ance/ress4 ,h] consort 0 sometimes unkn[n &1 9 a matril9e> society1 unimportant4 ,sometimes he 0 a local god or riv]4 ,:5 ! ,olympians came to introduce "s ord] & unity among ^! innum]able local gods1 ! orig9al tribal ance/or t5d$1 naturally en\gh1 to be id5tifi$ ) ,zeus1 ,apollo1 or ,poseidon4 ,! un=tunate ,olympians1 ^: sy/em really aim$ at pur] morals & condemn$ polygamy & poly&ry1 are left ) a cr[d ( consorts t w\ld put ,solomon to %ame4 ,?us a failure 9 ! moral expurgation 0 deep5$ by a failure 9 ! attempt to br+ intellectual ord] into ! welt] ( primitive gods4 ,! only satisfactory end ( t ef=t w\ld h be5 mono!ism4 ,if ,zeus _h only gone fur!r & become completely1 once & = all1 ! fa!r ( all life1 ! sc&al\s /ories w\ld h lo/ _! po9t & mean+4 ,x is curi\s h[ ne> to mono!ism1 & to mono!ism ( a v pr(\nd & imp]sonal type1 ! real religion ( ,greece came 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies4 ,_m ( ! philosoph]s1 ,x5ophanes1 ,p>m5ides1 & o!rs1 ass]t$ x cle>ly or assum$ x )\t hesitation4 ,aes*ylus1 ,euripides1 ,plato1 9 _! deep] mom5ts po9t ! same road4 ,inde$ a metaphysician might hold t _! !ology is f> deep] ?an t to :i* we are accu/om$1 s9ce !y seem n to make any p>ticul> diff]5ce betwe5 & or 4 ,!y d n in/9ctively suppose t ! human di/9ctions betwe5 'he' & 'x'1 or betwe5 '"o' & '_m'1 apply to ! div9e4 ,c]ta9ly ,greek mono!ism1 _h x really c>ri$ ! day1 w\ld h be5 a f> m philosophic ?+ ?an ! tribal & p]sonal mono!ism ( ! ,hebrews4 ,b un=tunately too _m h>d-cak$ sup]/itions1 too _m t5d] & s5sitive associations1 7 l9k$ ) p>ticul> figures 9 ! pan!on or p>ticul> rites :i* _h br\ght ! wor%ipp]s religi\s peace4 ,if !re _h be5 "s ,hebrew prophets ab\t1 & a tyrant or two1 progressive & bloody-m9d$1 to agree ) !m1 poly!ism might p]haps actually h be5 /amp$ out 9 ,greece at "o "t4 ,b ,greek ?\ght1 always s9c]e & d>+1 0 seldom brutal1 seldom ru?less or cruel4 ,! ?9k]s ( ! great p]iod felt _! own way g5tly to ! ,holy ( ,holies1 & did n try to compel o!rs to take ! same way4 ,greek !ology1 :e!r popul> or philosophical1 seldom d5i$ any god1 seldom =bade any wor%ip4 ,:at x tri$ to d 0 to id5tify e new god ) "s aspect ( "o ( ! old ones1 & ! result 0 naturally confusion4 ,ap>t f ! ,epicurean s*ool1 :i* ?\gh p[]ful 0 always unpopul>1 ! religi\s ?\ght ( lat] antiquity = ! mo/ "p took refuge 9 a sort ( apo!osis ( good ta/e1 9 :i* ! great c>e 0 n to hurt o!r p's feel+s1 or else x collaps$ into helpless my/icism4 ,! attempt to make ,olympianism a religion ( ! ,polis fail$ also4 ,! ,olympians did n belong to any p>ticul> city3 !y 7 too univ]sal2 & no p>ticul> city _h a v positive fai? 9 !m4 ,! actual ,polis 0 real & tangible1 ! ,hom]ic gods a little ali5 & lit]>y4 ,! ,city h]self 0 a mo/ real p[]2 & ! true gods ( ! ,city1 :o _h gr[n out ( ! soil & ! wall1 7 simply ! ,city h]self 9 h] et]nal & p]sonal aspect1 z "m & guide & lawgiv]1 ! wor%ipp$ & belov$ be+ :om ea* citiz5 mu/ def5d ev5 to ! dea?4 ,z ! ,k\ros ( 8 day em]g$ f ! social gr\p ( ,k\roi1 or ! ,aphiktor f ! b& ( suppliants1 9 l fa%ion or em]g$ z a p]sonification or projection ( ! city4 9 ,a!ns 0 ( c\rse ,a!na2 might z well be call$ ,zeus z any?+ else4 ,9 reality su* be+s fall into ! same class z ! h]o ,argos or ',kor9?os son ( ,zeus'4 ,! ,city wor%ip 0 n>r[2 yet to broad5 x 01 except 9 "s r>e m9ds1 to sap its life4 ,! ord9>y man f9ds x impossible to love 8 next-door neighb\rs except by sid+ ) !m aga9/ ! next-door-b-"o4 ,x prov$ difficult ev5 9 a city l ,a!ns to h gods t w\ld appeal to ! loyalty ( all ,attica4 ,on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns !re seem orig9ally to h be5 ,a!na & "s ,k\ros correspond+ ) h]1 "s ,wat]] ( ! e>?1 l ,ere*!us4 ,!n z ,attica 0 unit$ & br\ght "u ! lead ( its c5tral city1 ! gods ( ! outly+ di/ricts began to claim places on ! ,acropolis4 ,pallas1 ! ?und]-maid ( ,pall5e 9 ! s\?1 came to =m a jo9t p]sonality ) ,a!na4 ,o9oe1 a t[n 9 ! nor?-ea/1 on ! way f ,delos to ,delphi1 _h = its special god a ',py?ian ,apollo'2 :5 ,o9oe became ,attic a place = ! ,py?ian ,apollo _h to be f\nd on ! ,acropolis4 ,dionysus came f ,eleu!rae1 ,demet] & ,kor f ,eleusis1 ,!seus himself p]haps f ,m>a?on or ev5 f ,trozn4 ,!y 7 all giv5 (ficial resid5ces on ,a!na's rock1 & ,a!ns 9 return s5t out ,a!na to new temples built = h] 9 ,prasiae & ,sunion & v>i\s colonies4#gb3a ,?is developm5t came /ep by /ep & grew out ( real wor%ips4 ,x 0 q diff]5t f ! :olesale adoption ( a body ( non-national1 poetical gods3 yet ev5 ?is developm5t 0 too artificial1 too mu* /amp$ ) ! m>ks ( exp$i5cy & c\rtesy & compromise4 ,x c\ld n live4 ,! p]sonalities ( su* gods vani% away2 _! pray]s become pray]s to 'all gods & goddesses ( ! ,city'-- 2 ^? :o rema91 *iefly ,a!na & ,!seus1 only mean ,a!ns4 ,:at !n1 amid all ?is failure1 did ! ,olympian religion really a*ieve8 ,fir/1 x deb>b>iz$ ! wor%ip ( ! lead+ /ates ( ,greece--n ( all ,greece1 s9ce antiquity _h no means ( spread+ k comp>able to ours4 ,x r$uc$ ! horrors ( ! ',urdummheit'1 = ! mo/ "p1 to a romantic memory1 & made religion no long] a mortal dang] to humanity4 ,unlike _m religi\s sy/ems1 x g5]ally p]mitt$ progress2 x enc\rag$ n only ! ob$i5t virtues b ! d>+ virtues z well4 ,x _h 9 x ! _s t saves f disa/]1 t kn[s itself fallible & ?9ks twice be=e x hates & curses & p]secutes4 ,x wrapp$ religion 9 ,sophrosyn4 ,aga91 x work$ = concord & fell[-feel+ ?r\gh\t ! ,greek communities4 ,x is1 aft] all1 a good deal to say1 t 9 ,greek hi/ory we f9d almo/ no w>r+ ( sects1 no mutual tortures or ev5 blasphemies4 ,) _m ragg$ edges1 ) _m weaknesses1 x built up some?+ l a unit$ ,hell5ic religion to /& aga9/ ! 'bea/ly devices ( ! hea!n'4 ,& aft] all1 if we are incl9$ on ! purely religi\s side to judge ! ,olympian sy/em h>%ly1 we mu/ n =get its %e] beauty4 ,tru?1 no d\bt1 is great] ?an beauty4 ,b 9 _m matt]s beauty c be atta9$ & tru? _c4 ,all we "k is t :5 ! be/ m9ds seek = tru? ! result is apt to be beautiful4 ,x 0 a great ?+ t m5 %\ld envisage ! _w z gov]n$1 n by ,giants & ,gorgons & deal]s 9 et]nal torture1 b by "s human & m ?an human ,und]/&+ 771#gc3a by be+s ( quiet spl5d\r l _m a classical ,zeus & ,h]mes & ,demet]4 ,if ,olympianism 0 n a religi\s fai?1 x 0 at lea/ a vital =ce 9 ! %ap+ ( cities & societies :i* rema9 aft] two ?\s& ye>s a type to ! _w ( beauty & fre$om & high endeav\r4 ,ev5 ! /irr+ ( its a%es1 :5 !y seem$ long cold1 _h p[] to produce some?+ ( ! same result2 = ! classicism ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance is a *ild1 h[ev] fall51 ( ! ,olympian _s4 ,( c\rse1 ,i recognize t beauty is n ! same z fai?4 ,!re is1 9 "o s5se1 f> m fai? 9 "s hide\s miracle-work+ icon :i* s5ds out />v+ peasants to massacre ,jews ?an 9 ! ,a!na ( ,phidias4 ,yet1 once we h rid our m9ds ( trivial my?ology1 !re is religion 9 ,a!na also4 ,a!na is an ideal1 an ideal & a my/]y2 ! ideal ( wisdom1 ( incessant lab\r1 ( almo/ t]rify+ purity1 se5 ?r\gh ! light ( "s my/ic & spiritual devotion l1 b transc5d+1 ! love ( man = woman4 ,or1 if ! way ( ,a!na is too h>d = u common m51 x is n h>d to f9d a true religi\s ideal 9 su* a figure z ,p]sephone4 ,9 ,p]sephone !re is m ( pa?os & ( my/]y4 ,%e has m rec5tly ent]$ ! calm ranks ( ,olympus2 ! old liturgy ( ! dy+ & re-ris5 ,ye>-bride /ill cl+s to h]4 ,if ,religion is t :i* br+s u into relation ) ! great _w-=ces1 !re is ! v he>t ( life 9 ?is home-com+ ,bride ( ! und]world1 life ) its brok5 hopes1 its disa/]1 its new-f\nd spiritual joy3 life se5 z ,"m & ,daught]1 n a ?+ cont9u\s & un*ang+ b %ot ?r\gh ) p>t+ & dea?1 life z a great love or desire ev] torn asund] & ev] r5ew$4 ',b /ay1' a read] may object3 'is n ?is ! ,p]sephone1 ! ,a!na1 ( mod]n s5tim5t8 ,are ^! figures really ! goddesses ( ! ,iliad & ( ,sophocles8' ,! tru? is1 ,i ?9k1 t !y are nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,!y are ! goddesses ( anci5t reflection & allegory2 ! goddesses1 t is1 ( ! be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic wor%ip t ^! idealiz$ creations awak5$4 ,:at we h treat$ hi!rto z ! mortal weakness ( ! ,olympians1 ! fact t !y h no roots 9 any p>ticul> soil1 little hold on any def9ite primeval cult1 has turn$ out to be _! peculi> /r5g?4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( allegory z a late po/-classical ph5om5on 9 ,greece4 ,x beg9s at lea/ z e>ly z ,py?agoras & ,h]aclitus1 p]haps z e>ly z ,hesiod2 = ,hesiod seems sometimes to be turn+ allegory back into my?4 ,! ,olympians1 cut loose f ! soil1 en?ron$ only 9 m5's free imag9ation1 h two special regions :i* !y h made _! own3 my?ology & allegory4 ,! my?ology drops = ! mo/ "p v e>ly out ( practical religion4 ,ev5 9 ,hom] we f9d x expurgat$2 9 ,p9d>1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,x5ophanes x is expurgat$1 d5i$ & allegoriz$4 ,! my?s survive *iefly z mat]ial = lit]ature1 ! %apes ( ! gods !mselves *iefly z mat]ial = art4 ,!y are bo? ( !m objects n ( belief b ( imag9ation4 ,yet :5 ! religi\s imag9ation ( ,greece deep5s x tw9es itself /ill ar\nd ^! graci\s & ev]-mov+ %apes2 ! ,zeus ( ,aes*ylus moves on into ! ,zeus ( ,plato or ( ,clean!s or ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,h]mes1 ,a!na1 ,apollo1 all h _! long spiritual hi/ory4 ,!y are b little imp$$ by ! e*oes ( ! old frivol\s my?ology2 /ill less by any local roots or sectional prejudices or compulsory details ( ritual4 ,z ! m highly educat$ m9d ( ,greece em]g$ f a p>ticul>1 local1 tribal1 conception ( religion1 ! old d5ationaliz$ ,olympians 7 ready to receive h]4 ,! real religion ( ! fif? c5tury 01 z we h said1 a devotion to ! ,city itself4 ,x is express$ (t5 9 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 aga9 & aga9 ) m discord & m criticism 9 ,euripides & ,plato2 = ! indignant blasphemies ( ! ,gorgias & ! ,troades be> ! same message z ! ideal patriotism ( ! ,republic4 ,x is express$ be/ p]haps1 & t )\t m5tion ( ! "n ( a s+le god1 9 ! great ,fun]al ,spee* ( ,p]icles4 ,x is high] ?an mo/ mod]n patriotism because x is set ^u high] ideals4 ,x is m f]vid because ! m5 practis+ x liv$ habitually ne>] to ! dang]-po9t1 &1 :5 !y spoke ( dy+ = ! ,city1 spoke ( a ?+ !y _h fac$ la/ week & might face aga9 to-morr[4 ,x 0 m religi\s because ( ! unconsci\s my/icism 9 :i* x is clo!d ev5 by su* h>d heads z ,p]icles & ,?ucydides1 ! my/icism ( m5 9 ! pres5ce ( "s fact = :i* !y h no words great en\gh4 ,yet = all its int5sity x 0 condemn$ by its m]e n>r[ness4 ,by ! f\r? c5tury ! av]age ,a!nian mu/ h recogniz$ :at philosoph]s _h recogniz$ long be=e1 t a religion1 to be true1 mu/ be univ]sal & n ! privilege ( a p>ticul> p4 ,z soon z ! ,/oics _h proclaim$ ! _w to be '"o great ,city ( gods & m5'1 ! only ,gods ) :i* ,greece c\ld satisfactorily p t ,city 7 ! idealiz$ b& ( ! old ,olympians4 ,!y are arti/s' dreams1 ideals1 allegories2 !y are symbols ( some?+ beyond !mselves4 ,!y are ,gods ( half-reject$ tradition1 ( unconsci\s make-believe1 ( aspiration4 ,!y are gods to :om d\btful philosoph]s c pray1 ) all a philosoph]'s due caution1 z to s _m radiant & he>t-se>*+ hypo!ses4 ,!y are n gods 9 :om any "o believes z a h>d fact4 ,does ?is condemn !m8 ,or is x j ! o!r way8 ,is x p]haps t "o diff]5ce betwe5 ,religion & ,sup]/ition lies exactly 9 ?is1 t ,sup]/ition degrades its wor%ip by turn+ its beliefs into s _m /atem5ts ( brute fact1 on :i* x mu/ ne$s act )\t "q1 )\t /riv+1 )\t any respect = o!rs or any desire = high] or full] tru?8 ,x is only an accid5t--?\gh p]haps an inv>iable accid5t--t all ! suppos$ facts are false4 ,9 ,religion1 h[ev] preci\s y may consid] ! tru? y draw f x1 y "k t x is a tru? se5 dimly1 & possibly se5 by o!rs bett] ?an by y4 ,y "k t all y\r cre$s & def9itions are m]ely metaphors1 attempts to use human language = a purpose = :i* x 0 nev] made4 ,y\r concepts are1 by ! nature ( ?+s1 inadequate2 ! tru? is n 9 y b beyond y1 a ?+ n conqu]$ b /ill to be pursu$4 ,some?+ l ?is1 ,i take x1 0 ! "* ( ! ,olympian ,religion 9 ! high] m9ds ( lat] ,greece4 ,its gods c\ld awak5 man's wor%ip & /r5g!n 8 high] aspirations2 b at he>t !y knew !mselves to be only metaphors4 ,z ! mo/ beautiful image c>v$ by man 0 n ! god1 b only a symbol1 to help t[>ds conceiv+ ! god2#gg3a s ! god himself1 :5 conceiv$1 0 n ! reality b only a symbol to help t[>ds conceiv+ ! reality4 ,t 0 ! "w set be=e !m4 ,meantime !y issu$ no cre$s t contradict$ k1 no comm&s t made man s9 aga9/ 8 own inn] light4 ,,footnotes3 #ci3a ,hdt4 i4 #fj 4 ,z to ! date "h sugge/$ = ! def9ite dawn ( ,hell5ism ,mr4 ,edwyn ,bevan writes to me3 ',i h (t5 wond]$ :at ! reason is t ab\t t "t a new age began all ov] ! _w t we "k4 ,9 ,ne>] ,asia ! old ,semitic mon>*ies gave place to ! ,zoroa/rian ,aryans2 9 ,india x 0 ! "t ( ,buddha1 9 ,*9a ( ,confucius4' is almo/ ',urdummheit'4 #dj3a ,see 9 g5]al ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i2 ,leaf1 ,companion to ,hom]1 ,introduction3 ,r4 ,g4 ,e41 *ap4 ii2 ,*adwick1 ,! ,h]oic ,age 7la/ f\r *apt]s72 & ,j4 ,l4 ,myres1 ,dawn ( ,hi/ory1 *aps4 viii & ix4 #dj3b ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i f9d 9 ,v&al1 ,l',avnem5t de ,bonap>te1 p4 #bj1 9 ,nelson's edition1 a phrase ab\t ! ,revolution>y soldi]s3 ',ils se modelai5t sur ces ,roma9s 4 4 4 sur ces ,sp>tiates 4 4 4 et ils crai5t un type de haute v]tu gu]rire1 qu& ils croyai5t seulem5t le reproduire4' #da3a ,hdt4 i4 #ef f42 ,?4 i4 #c 7,hell5 son ( ,deucalion1 9 bo?74 #db3a ,hdt4 i4 #eh4 ,9 viii4 #dd ! acc\nt is m detail$4 #db3b ,! ,hom]ic evid5ce is1 z usual1 inconclusive4 ,! ^w is abs5t f bo? poems1 an abs5ce :i* mu/ be int5tional on ! "p ( ! lat] recit]s1 b may well come f ! orig9al s\rces4 ,! comp\nd occurs 9 ,b #hfg1 b :o kn[s ! date ( t p>ticul> l9e 9 t p>ticul> word+8 #db3c ,pap] read to ! ,classical ,association at ,birm+ham 9 #aijh4 #dc3a ,= ,kor9na see ,wilam[itz 9 ,b]l9] ,klassik]texte1 ,v4 xiv1 especially p4 #ee4 ,! ,hom]ic epos drove out poetry l ,cor9na's4 ,%e _h actually writt53 ',i s+ ! great de$s ( h]oes & h]o9es' 7 ' 1 fr4 #aj1 ,b]gk71 s t presumably h] /yle 0 suffici5tly 'h]oic' = an un-,hom]ic g5]ation4 ,= ! *ange ( dialect 9 elegy1 c41 see ,?umb1 ,h&bu* d4 gr4 ,dialekte1 pp4 #cbg-cj1 #cfh ff41 & ! lit]ature !re cit$4 ,fick & ,h(fmann ov]/at$ ! *ange1 b ,h(fmann's new /atem5t 9 ,die grie*is*e ,spra*e1 #aiaa1 sections on ,die ,elegie1 seems j4 ,! "q ( ,tyrtaeus is complicat$ by o!r problems4 #de3a ,! facts are well kn[n3 see ,paus4 i4 #ah4 #g4 ,! inf]5ce 0 po9t$ out to me by ,miss ,h>rison4 #de3b ,i d n "h raise ! "q h[ f> ! ,a*aioi h special aff9ities ) ! nor?-we/ gr\p ( tribes or dialects4 ,see ,?umb1 ,h&bu* d4 gr4 ,dialekte 7#aiji71 p4 #aff f4 ,! ,a*aioi mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ,s\? ,!ssaly 9 any case4 #de3c ,t ,kronos 0 9 possession ( ! ,kronion & ,olympia g5]ally be=e ,zeus came 0 recogniz$ 9 antiquity2 ,paus4 v4 #g4 #d & #aj4 ,also ,may] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 ii1 p4 #aejh1 #ej ff42 ,rise ( ,greek ,epic#c1 pp4 #dj-h2 ,j4 ,a4 ,k4 ,?omson1 ,/udies 9 ! ,odyssey 7#aiad71 *ap4 vii1 viii2 ,*adwick1 ,h]oic ,age 7#aiaa71 pp4 #bhb1 #bhi4 #di3a ,i d n t\* "h on ! subject ( ! gradual expurgation ( ! ,poems to suit ! feel+s ( a m civiliz$ audi5ce2 see ,rise ( ! ,greek ,epic1#c pp4 #abj-d4 ,_m s*ol>s believe t ! ,poems did n exi/ z a writt5 book till ! public copy 0 made by ,pisi/ratus2 see ,cau]1 ,grundfrag5 d] ,hom]kritik#b1 7#aiji71 pp4 #aac-de2 ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c pp4 #cjd-af2 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i1 p4 xvi4 ,?is view is tempt+1 ?\gh ! evid5ce seems to be insuffici5t to ju/ify a pron\ncem5t ei!r way4 ,if x is true1 !n v>i\s passages :i* %[ a v]bal use ( e>li] docum5ts 7l ! ,bell]ophon passage1 ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c pp4 #age ff47 _c h be5 put 9 be=e ! ,a!nian p]iod4 #di3b ,9 8 ,zeus1 ! ,indo-,european ,sky-,god 7#aiad1 #aibd74 ,see ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c pp4 #dj ff4 #ej3a ,a some:at simil> *ange occurr$ 9 ,o?91 ?\gh he always reta9s m ( ! crook$ wiz>d4 #ej3b ,!mis1 *ap4 i4 ,on ! ,zeus ( ,aes*ylus cf4 ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c pp4 #bgg ff42 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ii4 #f-h4 #ej3c ,f>nell1 ,cults1 iv4 #ajj-d4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,gruppe1 p4 #ajg f4 #ea3a ,hymn4 ,ap4 init4 ,cf4 ,wilam[itz's ,ox=d ,lecture on ',apollo' 7,ox=d1 #aijg74 #ea3b ,!mis1 p4 #dci f4 ,cf4 4 ,o!r explanations ( ! "n 9 ,gruppe1 p4 #abbd f41 notes4 #ea3c ,hdt4 i4 #adg2 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 #cjb c3 ,socrates4 ',no ,ionian recognizes a ,zeus ,patros2 ,apollo is our ,patros1 because he 0 fa!r ( ,ion4' #eb3a ,see ,gruppe1 p4 #abjf1 on ! developm5t ( 8 ',phili/9e ?und]/orm-goddess'4 #eb3b ,h(fmann1 ,ges*4 d4 grie*is*5 ,spra*e1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa1 p4 #af4 ,cf4 ,p9d4 ,ol4 vii4 #ce2 ,ov4 ,metam4 ix4 #dba2 xv4 #aia1 #gjj1 c4 #ec3a ,z to ! "n1 is ( c\rse simply ',a!nian'2 ! %ort] & app>5tly orig9al =m 1 is n s cle>1 b x seems mo/ likely to mean ',attic'4 ,cf4 ,mei/]1 ,gr4 ,dial4 ii4 #bij4 ,he classes "u ! head ( ,o]tli*e ,be/immung53 7,collitz & ,be*tel1 ,sammlung d] grie*is*5 ,dialekt-,ins*rift51 #b1 #c1 #ad;a1 b1 #ae1 #af74 ',9 ,paphos selb/ hiess die ,gtt9 nur od] 2-- 7#fa7-- 7#fj1 #bg1 #bh71 'die ,gtt91 die ,a!nis*e1 die b] ,edalion 7waltet7'2 '- i/1 wie ,j4 ,baunack 7,/udia ,nicolaitana1 s4 #bg7 gezeigt hat1 das ,adjectiv zu 799- ',seel&'73 -2 -2 99-2 also - -1 - ursprngli* - 4' ,o!r d]ivations 9 ,gruppe1 p4 #aaid4 ,or aga9 may be simply '! place :]e ! ,a!nas are'1 l 1 ! fi%-m>ket2 '! ,a!nas' w\ld be /atues1 l --! fam\s ',attic ,maid5s' on ! ,acropolis4 ,?is explanation w\ld lead to "s int]e/+ results4 ,we ne$ n "h consid] h[1 p>tly by id5tification ) o!r ,korae1 l ,pallas1 ,onka1 c41 p>tly by a g5u9e spread ( ! cult1 ,a!na became prom95t 9 o!r cities4 ,z to ,hom]1 ,a!na is f> m deeply imb$d$ 9 ! ,odyssey ?an 9 ! ,iliad4 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ^? :o believe t our ,odyssey 0 v l>gely compos$ 9 ,a!ns1 s t 9 mo/ ( ! poem ,a!na is orig9al4 7,cf4 ,o4 ,seeck1 ,die ,quell5 d] ,odyssee 7#ahhg71 pp4 #cff-dbj2 ,mld]1 ,die ,ilias & ihre ,quell5 7#aiaj71 pp4 #cej-e47 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,iliad ! "n ,a!na may well h be5 sub/itut$ = "s ,nor!rn goddess ^: "n is n[ lo/4 #ec3b ,x is wor? not+ also t ?is ,hom]ic triad seems also to be recogniz$ z ! *ief ,a!nian triad4 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 #cjb c1 quot$ above1 cont9ues3 ,socrates4 ',we h ,zeus ) ! names ,h]keios & ,phratrios1 b n ,patros1 & ,a!na ,phratria4' ,dionysodorus4 ',well t is en\gh4 ,y h1 app>5tly1 ,apollo & ,zeus & ,a!na8' ,socrates4 ',c]ta9ly4'--,apollo is put fir/ because he has be5 accept$ z ,patros4 ,b see ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c p4 #di1 n4 #ed3a ,ridgeway1 ,orig9 & ,influ5ce ( ! ,?or\ghbr$ ,horse1 #aije1 pp4 #bhg-ic2 & ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 #aija1 p4 #bbc4 #ed3b ,cf4 ,plut4 ,q4 ,conv4 ix4 #f2 ,paus4 ii4 #a4 #f2 #d4 #f2 #ae4 #e2 #cj4 #f4 #ed3c ,s 9 ! non-,hom]ic tradition1 ,eur4 ,troades init4 ,9 ! ,iliad he is made an enemy ( ,troy1 l ,a!na1 :o is none ! less ! ,gu>dian ( ! city4 #ef3a ,od4 #cci ff4 #ef3b ,see ,paus4 viii4 #cb4 #d4 ,!mis1 pp4 #bie1 #bif4 #ef3c ,= ! connexion ( 7 9 ,sophron1 fr4 #adb ,k7 see especially ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,class4 ,review1 #aijf1 pp4 #cfe & #daf4 ,! "n seems probably to be an 'ablaut' =m ( 3 cf4 phrases l 4 ,o!r lit]ature 9 ,gruppe1 pp4 #deb1 #aabb4 #eg3a ,prolegom5a1 p4 #cae1 ref]r+ to ,h4 ,d4 ,mll]1 ,my?ologie d4 gr4 ,/mme1 pp4 #bdi-ee4 ,ano!r view is sugge/$ by ,mld]1 ,die ,ilias und ihre ,quell51 p4 #acf4 ,! jeal\s ,h]a comes f ! ,h]acles-saga1 9 :i* ! wife hat$ ! ba/>d4 #eg3b ,p4 ,g>dn]1 9 ,numismatic ,*ronicle1 ,n4,s4 xx1 ',ares z a ,sun-,god'4 #eg3c ,*adwick1 ,h]oic ,age1 especially pp4 #dad1 #dei-fc4 #ei3a ,*ap4 xviii4 #ei3b ,introduction to 8 edition ( ! ,*ophoroe1 p4 #i4 #fa3a ,! _s appe>s v simply 9 ,eur4 ,iph4 ,taur4 #chf ff41 :]e ,iphig5ia rejects ! gods :o dem& human sacrifice3 ,^! tales be false1 false z ^? fea/+s wild ,( ,tantalus1 & gods t t>e a *ild4 ,?is l& ( murd]]s to its gods ha? giv5 ,its own lu/4 ,evil dwelle? n 9 heav54 ,yet j be=e %e has accept$ ! loves ( ,zeus & ,leto )\t objection4 ',leto1 :om ,zeus lov$1 c\ld nev] h giv5 bir? to su* a mon/]6' ,cf4 ,plut>*1 ,vit4 ,pelop4 xxi1 :]e ,pelopidas1 9 reject+ ! idea ( a human sacrifice1 says3 ',no high & m ?an human be+s c\ld be pleas$ ) s b>b>\s & unlawful a sacrifice4 ,x 0 n ! fabl$ ,titans & ,giants :o rul$ ! _w1 b "o :o 0 a ,fa!r ( all gods & m54' ,( c\rse1 criticism & expurgation ( ! leg5ds is too common to ne$ illu/ration4 ,see especially ,kaibel1 ,daktyloi ,idaioi1 #aijb1 p4 #eab4 #fb3a ,ari/ophanes did mu* to r$uce ?is elem5t 9 com$y2 see ,cl\ds1 #ecg ff43 also ,albany ,review1 #aijg1 p4 #bja4 #fb3b ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c p4 #aci f4 #fd3a ,ju/91 ,cohort4 c4 #ae4 ,b su* pan!i/ic language is common 9 ,orphic & o!r my/ic lit]ature4 ,see ! fragm5ts ( ! ,orphic 7pp4 #add ff4 9 ,abel's ,hymni74 #fe3a ,i h n attempt$ to consid] ! ,cretan cults4 ,!y lie hi/orically outside ! range ( ^! essays1 & ,i am n compet5t to deal ) evid5ce t is purely ar*aeological4 ,b 9 g5]al ,i imag9e ! ,cretan religion to be a developm5t f ! religion describ$ 9 my fir/ essay1 affect$ bo? by ! *ange 9 social /ructure f village to sea-empire & by =eign1 especially ,egyptian1 influ5ces4 ,no d\bt ! ,a*aean gods 7 influ5c$ on _! side by ,cretan conceptions1 ?\gh p]haps n s mu* z ,ionia 04 ,cf4 ! ,cretan influ5ces 9 ,ionian vase-pa9t+1 & e4 g4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook on ',cretan ,axe-cult outside ,crete'1 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 ii4 #ahd4 ,see also ,sir ,a4 ,evans's /rik+ address on ',! ,m9oan & ,myc5aean ,elem5t 9 ,hell5ic ,life'1 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 xxxii4 #bgg-ig4 #ff3a ,see ,r4 ,g4 ,e41#c p4 #eh f4 #fh3a #b ,sam4 vi4 #f4 ,see ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #e 7,engli% ,translation1 p4 #d74 #gb3a ,cf4 ,sam ,wide 9 ,g]cke & ,nord5's ,h&bu*1 ii4 #bag-ai4 #gc3a ,! 9 :i* ! ,*orus f9ds x h>d to believe1 ,hippolytus1 #aaje4 ,cf4 ,iph4 ,aul4 #cid1 #aahi2 ,h]c4 #fee2 also ! ideas 9 ,suppl4 #bjc1 ,eur4 ,fr4 #eb1 #i1 :]e is implant$ 9 man by a special grace ( ,god4 ,! gods are 1 b ( c\rse ,euripides goes too f> 9 actually pray+ to 1 ,ar4 ,frogs1 #hic4 #gg3a ,cf4 ! beautiful def5ce ( idols by ,maximus ( ,tyre1 ,or4 viii 79 ,wilam[itz's ,lesebu*1 ii4 #cch ff474 ,i quote ! la/ p>agraph3 ',god ,himself1 ! fa!r & fa%ion] ( all t is1 old] ?an ! ,sun or ! ,sky1 great] ?an "t & et]nity & all ! fl[ ( be+1 is unnameable by any lawgiv]1 unutt]able by any voice1 n to be se5 by any eye4 ,b we1 be+ unable to appreh5d ,8 ess5ce1 use ! help ( s\nds & names & pictures1 ( beat5 gold & ivory & silv]1 ( plants & riv]s1 m\nta9-peaks & torr5ts1 ye>n+ = ! k ( ,him1 & 9 our weakness nam+ all t is beautiful 9 ?is _w aft] ,8 nature--j z happ5s to e>?ly lov]s4 ,to !m ! mo/ beautiful sight w be ! actual l9eam5ts ( ! belov$1 b = remembrance' sake !y w be happy 9 ! sight ( a lyre1 a little spe>1 a *air1 p]haps1 or a runn+-gr\nd1 or any?+ 9 ! _w t wak5s ! memory ( ! belov$4 ,:y %\ld ,i fur!r exam9e & pass judgem5t ab\t ,images8 ,let m5 "k :at is div9e 7 71 let !m "k3 t is all4 ,if a ,greek is /irr$ to ! remembrance ( ,god by ! art ( ,pheidias1 an ,egyptian by pay+ wor%ip to animals1 ano!r man by a riv]1 ano!r by fire--,i h no ang] = _! div]g5ces2 only let !m "k1 let !m love1 let !m rememb]4' ,,iii ,,! ,,great ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury1 ,b4 ,c4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,x5ophon describ+ h[1 "o summ] night1 9 #dje ,b4 ,c41 p 9 ,a!ns he>d a cry ( wail+1 an oimg1 mak+ its way up betwe5 ! long walls f ! ,piraeus1 & com+ ne>] & ne>] z !y li/5$4 ,x 0 ! news ( ! f9al disa/] ( ,kynoskephalai1 br\ght at midnight to ! ,piraeus by ! galley ,p>alos4 ',& t night no "o slept4 ,!y wept = ! dead1 b f> m bitt]ly = !mselves1 :5 !y reflect$ :at ?+s !y _h done to ! p ( ,mlos1 :5 tak5 by siege1 to ! p ( ,hi/iaea1 & ,skon & ,torn & ,aegna1 & _m m ( ! ,hell5es4'#gi3a ,! e*o ( t lam5tation seems to r+ beh9d mo/ ( ! lit]ature ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & n ! ,a!nian lit]ature alone4 ,defeat c on occasion leave m5 _! self-respect or ev5 _! pride2 z x did aft] ,*a]onea 9 #cch & aft] ! ,*remonidean ,w> 9 #bfb1 n to speak ( ,!rmopylae4 ,b ! defeat ( #djd n only left ,a!ns at ! m]cy ( h] enemies4 ,x /ripp$ h] ( ^? ?+s ( :i* %e _h be5 inw>dly mo/ pr\d2 h] 'wisdom'1 h] high civilization1 h] lead]%ip ( all t 0 mo/ ,hell5ic 9 ,hellas4 ,! ',belov$ ,city' ( ,p]icles _h become a tyrant1 h] nature poison$ by w>1 h] gov]nm5t a by-^w 9 ,greece = brutality4 ,& ,greece z a :ole felt ! trag$y ( x4 ,x is curi\s h[ ?is defeat ( ,a!ns by ,sp>ta seems to h be5 felt abroad z a defeat = ,greece itself & = ! hopes ( ! ,greek city /ate4 ,! fall ( ,a!ns matt]$ m ?an ! victory ( ,lys&]4 ,nei!r ,sp>ta nor any o!r city ev] attempt$ to take h] place4 ,& no writ] aft] ! ye> #djj speaks ( any o!r city z ,p]icles us$ to speak ( fif?-c5tury ,a!ns1 n ev5 ,polybius #bej ye>s lat]1 :5 he /&s amaz$ be=e ! solidity & ! '=tune' ( ,rome4 ,! city /ate1 ! ,polis1 _h conc5trat$ ^u itself almo/ all ! loyalty & ! aspirations ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,x gave security to life4 ,x gave mean+ to religion4 ,& 9 ! fall ( ,a!ns x _h fail$4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ?+s beg9 to recov]1 we f9d on ! "o h& ! great milit>y mon>*ies ( ,alex&]'s successors1 & on ! o!r1 a numb] ( f$]ations ( tribes1 :i* 7 g5]ally /ronge/ 9 ! backw>d regions :]e ! city /ate _h be5 lea/ develop$4 or _h become m important ?an ,a!ns or ,cor9?1 & ,sp>ta 0 only /rong by means ( a ,league4#hj3a ,by t "t ! ,polis 0 recogniz$ z a comp>atively weak social organism1 capable ( v high culture b n q able1 z ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations expresses x1 'to hold its own "u ! /r5u\s conditions ( mod]n life'4 ,besides1 x 0 n n[ rul$ by ! be/ citiz5s4 ,! be/ _h turn$ away f politics4 ,?is great disc\ragem5t did n take place at a bl[4 ,among ! practical /atesm5 probably mo/ did n =m any !ory ab\t ! cause ( ! failure b w5t on1 z practical /atesm5 mu/1 do+ z be/ !y c\ld f difficulty to difficulty4 ,b _m saw t ! fatal dang] to ,greece 0 disunion1 z _m see x 9 ,europe n[4 ,:5 ,mac$on prov$ indisputably /rong] ?an ,a!ns ,isocrates urg$ ,philip to accept ! lead]%ip ( ,greece aga9/ ! b>b>ian & aga9/ b>b>ism4 ,he might ?us bo? unite ! ,greek cities & also evangelize ! _w4 ,lysias1 ! democratic & anti-,sp>tan orator1 _h be5 grop+ = a simil> solution z e>ly z #chd ,b4 ,c41 & 0 prep>$ to make an ev5 %>p] sacrifice = x4 ,he appeal$ at ,olympia = a crusade ( all ! free ,greek cities aga9/ ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 & begg$ ,sp>ta h]self to lead x4 ,! ,sp>tans are '( "r ! lead]s ( ,hellas by _! natural nobl5ess & _! skill 9 w>4 ,!y alone live /ill 9 a city unsack$1 unwall$1 unconqu]$1 uncorrupt$ by faction1 & h foll[$ always ! same modes ( life4 ,!y h be5 ! savi\rs ( ,hellas 9 ! pa/1 & "o may hope t _! fre$om w be ev]la/+4'#ha3a ,a great & g5]\s *ange 9 "o :o _h 'le>n$ by suff]+' 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,o!rs no d\bt m]ely gave _! submission to ! /rong] p[]s t 7 n[ ris+4 ,!re 7 op5+s = c\nsellors1 = m]c5>y soldi]s1 = c\rt savants & philosoph]s & poets1 &1 ( c\rse1 = ag5ts 9 e free city :o 7 prep>$ = "o motive or ano!r n to kick aga9/ ! pricks4 ,& !re 7 always also ^? :o _h nei!r le>n$ nor =gott51 ! unrep5tant ideali/s2 too passionate or too h]oic or1 z "s w say1 too bl9d1 to ab&on _! life-long devotion to ',a!ns' or to ',fre$om' because ! _w consid]$ su* ideals out ( date4 ,!y c\ld look ! ru9$ ,a!nians 9 ! face1 aft] ! lo/ battle1 & say ) ,demo/h5es1 '' 1 4 ,x _c be t y did wrong1 x _c be6'#hb3a ,b 9 practical politics ! curr5ts ( ?\ght are inevitably limit$4 ,x is 9 philosophy & speculation t we f9d ! ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ reaction to ! ,great ,failure4 ,x takes diff]5t %apes 9 ^? writ]s1 l ,plato & ,x5ophon1 :o 7 educat$ 9 ! fif? c5tury & _h once believ$ 9 ! ,great ,city1 & ^? ^: :ole ?9k+ life belong$ to ! "t ( disillusion4 ,plato 0 disgu/$ ) democracy & ) ,a!ns1 b he reta9$ 8 fai? 9 ! city1 if only ! city c\ld be set on ! "r road4 ,!re c be little d\bt t he attributes to ! bad gov]nm5t ( ! ,demos _m evils :i* 7 really due to extrane\s causes or to ! m]e fallibility ( human nature4 ,/ill 8 analysis ( democracy is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( political !ory4 ,x is s acute1 s humor\s1 s affectionate2 & at _m diff]5t ages ( ! _w has seem$ l a portrait ( ! actual contempor>y society4 ,l a mod]n popul> newspap]1 ,plato's democracy makes x its bus9ess to satisfy exi/+ desires & give p a 'good "t'4 ,x does n di/+ui% betwe5 high] & l[]4 ,any "o man is z good z ano!r1 & s is any impulse or any idea4 ,consequ5tly ! common] h ! pull4 ,ev5 ! great democratic /atesm5 ( ! pa/1 he n[ sees1 h be5 m9i/]s to mob desires2 !y h 'fill$ ! city ) h>b\rs & docks & walls & rev5ues & su*-l tra%1 )\t ,sophrosyn & righte\sness'4 ,! sage or sa9t has no place 9 practical politics4 ,he w\ld be l a man 9 a d5 ( wild bea/s4 ,let him & 8 l seek %elt] z be/ !y c1 /&+ up beh9d "s wall :ile ! /orm ( du/ & sleet rages pa/4 ,! _w does n want tru?1 :i* is all t he c\ld give x4 ,x goes by appe>ances & judges its great m5 ) _! clo!s on & _! ri* relations r\nd !m4 ,aft] dea?1 ! judges w judge !m nak$1 & alone2 & !n we %all see6#hc3a ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ! *ild ( ! fif? c5tury _c keep 8 m9d f politics4 ,! speculations :i* w\ld be sc\t$ by ! mass 9 ! m>ketplace c /ill be discuss$ ) intimate fri5ds & disciples1 or writt5 9 books = ! wise to read4 ,plato's two longe/ works are attempts to con/ruct an ideal society2 fir/1 :at may be call$ a ,city ( ,righte\sness1 9 ! ,republic2 & aft]w>ds 9 8 old age1 9 ! ,laws1 some?+ m l a ,city ( ,refuge1 uncontam9at$ by ! _w2 a little city on a hill-top away 9 ,crete1 remote f comm]ce & ri*es & ! 'bitt] & corrupt+ sea' :i* c>ries !m2 a city :]e life %all move 9 music & discipl9e & rev]5ce = ! ?+s t are great] ?an man1 & ! songs m5 s+ %all be n common songs b ! preambles ( ! city's laws1 %[+ _! purpose & _! pr9ciple2 :]e no wall w be ne$$ to keep out ! possible enemy1 because ! c\rage & temp]ance ( ! citiz5s w be wall en\gh1 & if w> comes ! wom5 equally ) ! m5 'w fight = _! "y1 z birds d'4 ,?is hope is v l despair2 b1 su* z x is1 ,plato's ?\ght is always direct$ t[>ds ! city4 ,no o!r =m ( social life ev] tempts him away1 & he anticipates no insup]able difficulty 9 keep+ ! city 9 ! "r pa? if once he c get x />t$ "r4 ,! fir/ /ep1 ! necess>y revolution1 is :at makes ! difficulty4 ,& he sees only "o way4 ,9 real life he _h support$ ! conspiracy ( ! extreme olig>*s 9 #djd :i* l$ to ! rule ( ! ',?irty ,tyrants'2 b ! exp]i5ce sick5$ him ( su* me?ods4 ,!re 0 no hope unless1 by "s lucky comb9ation1 a philosoph] %\ld become a k+ or "s "y k+ turn philosoph]4 ',give me a city gov]n$ by a tyrant1' he says 9 ! ,laws1#hd3a '& let ! tyrant be "y1 ) a good memory1 quick at le>n+1 ( high c\rage1 & a g5]\s nature4 4 4 4 ,& besides1 let him h a wise c\nsellor6' ,ironical =tune grant$ him an opportunity to try ! exp]im5t himself at ! c\rt ( ,syracuse1 fir/ ) ! eld] & !n1 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ) ! y\ng] ,dionysius 7#chg & #cfg ,b4 ,c474 ,x is a /ory ( disappo9tm5t1 ( c\rse2 bitt]1 humiliat+ & ludicr\s disappo9tm5t1 b ) a t\* ( t sublimity :i* seems s (t5 to hang ab\t ! errors ( ! wise4 ,"o c /udy !m 9 ,s5eca at ! c\rt ( ,n]o1 or 9 ,turgot ) ,l\is2 n s well p]haps 9 ,voltaire ) ,fr$]ick4 ,plato fail$ 9 8 ent]prise1 b he did keep fai? ) ! ',righte\s ,city'4 ,ano!r ( ! ,socratic circle turn$ 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,x5ophon1 an exile f 8 c\ntry1 a brilliant soldi] & adv5tur] z well z a man ( lett]s1 is p]haps ! fir/ ,greek on record :o op5ly lo/ int]e/ 9 ! city4 ,he ?\ght less ab\t cities & con/itutions ?an ab\t great m5 & nations1 or g5]als & armies4 ,to him x 0 idle to sp9 cobweb =mations ( ideal laws & communities4 ,society is "r en\gh if y h a really f9e man to lead x4 ,x may be t 8 ideal 0 =m$ 9 *ildhood by /ories ( ,p]icles & ! great age :5 ,a!ns 0 '9 "n a democracy b 9 tru? an empire ( "o lead+ man'4 ,he gave =m to 8 dream 9 ! ,education ( ,cyrus1 an imag9>y acc\nt ( ! tra9+ :i* =m$ ,cyrus ! ,great into an ideal k+ & soldi]4 ,! ,cyropa$eia is said to h be5 int5d$ z a c\nt]bla/ to ,plato's ,republic1 & x may h provok$ ,plato's casual rem>k 9 ! ,laws t ',cyrus nev] s mu* z t\*$ education'4 ,no d\bt ! book suff]$ 9 p]suasiv5ess f be+ s obvi\sly fictiti\s4#he3a ,= example1 ! ,cyrus ( ,x5ophon dies peacefully 9 8 b$ aft] mu* affectionate & edify+ advice to 8 family1 :]eas all ,a!ns knew f ,h]odotus h[ ! real ,cyrus _h be5 kill$ 9 a w> aga9/ ! ,massagetae1 & 8 head1 to slake its ?ir/ = t liquid1 plung$ into a w9esk9 full ( human blood4 ,p]haps also ! mon>*ical rule ( ,cyrus 0 too absolute = ,greek ta/e4 ,at any rate1 lat] on ,x5ophon adopt$ a m real h]o1 :om he _h p]sonally kn[n & admir$4 ,agesilaus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 _h be5 tak5 z a type ( 'virtue' ev5 by ! bitt] hi/orian ,!opompus4 ,agesilaus 0 n only a great g5]al4 ,he knew h[ to 'hon\r ! gods1 d 8 duty 9 ! field1 & to practise ob$i5ce'4 ,he 0 true to fri5d & foe4 ,on "o memorable occasion he kept 8 ^w ev5 to an enemy :o _h brok5 84 ,he enjo9$ k9dness to enemy captives4 ,:5 he f\nd small *ildr5 left beh9d by ! b>b>ians 9 "s t[n t he occupi$--because ei!r _! p>5ts or ! slave-m]*ants _h no room = !m--he always took c>e ( !m or gave !m to gu>dians ( _! own race3 'he nev] let ! dogs & wolves get !m'4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 he sold 8 b>b>ian prison]s he s5t !m to m>ket nak$1 reg>dless ( _! mode/y1 because x *e]$ 8 own soldi]s to see h[ :ite & fat !y 74 ,he wept :5 he won a victory ov] ,greeks2 '= he lov$ all ,greeks & only hat$ b>b>ians'4 ,:5 he return$ home aft] 8 successful campaigns1 he obey$ ! ord]s ( ! ephors )\t "q2 8 h\se & furniture 7 z simple z ^? ( a common man1 & 8 daught] ! pr9cess1 :5 %e w5t to & fro to ,amyclae1 w5t simply 9 ! public omnibus4 ,he re>$ *>g]s & hunt+ dogs2 ! re>+ ( *>iot horses he ?\ght effem9ate4 ,b he advis$ 8 si/] ,cynisca ab\t h]s1 & %e won ! *>iot race at ,olympia4 ',h a k+ l t'1 says ,x5ophon1 '& all w be well4 ,he w gov]n "r2 he w beat y\r enemies2 & he w set an example ( good life4 ,if y want ,virtue 9 ! /ate look = x 9 a good man1 n 9 a speculative tangle ( laws4 ,! ,sp>tan con/itution1 z x /&s1 is good en\gh = any "o4' ,b x 0 ano!r ( ! great ,socratics :o utt]$ fir/ ! *>act]i/ic message ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & met ! bl[s ( ,=tune ) a direct *all5ge4 ,anti/h5es 0 a man tw5ty ye>s old] ?an ,plato4 ,he _h f\ght at ,tanagra 9 #dbf ,b4 ,c4 ,he _h be5 fri5ds ) ,gorgias & ,prodicus1 ! great ,sophi/s ( ! ,p]iclean age4 ,he seems to h be51 at any rate till y\ng] & m brilliant m5 cut him out1 ! recogniz$ philosophic heir ( ,socrates4#hg3a ,& late 9 life1 aft] ! fall ( ,a!ns & ! condemnation & dea? ( 8 ma/]1 ! man und]w5t a curi\s *ange ( he>t4 ,he is taunt$ m ?an once ) ! lat5ess ( 8 discov]y ( tru?1#hg3b & ) 8 *ildi% subs]vi5ce to ! old jeux d'esprit ( ! ,sceptics :i* pr(ess$ to prove ! impossibility ( k4#hg3c ,x seems t he _h lo/ fai? 9 speculation & dialectic & ! elaborate sup]/ructures :i* ,plato & o!rs _h built ^u !m2 & he felt1 l _m morali/s aft] him1 a sort ( ho/ility to all k t 0 n imm$iately conv]tible into conduct4 ,b ?is scepticism 0 only "p ( a g5]al disbelief 9 ! _w4 ,greek philosophy _h f ! fir/ be5 conc]n$ ) a fundam5tal "q :i* we mod]ns seldom put cle>ly to ourselves4 ,x ask$ ',:at is ! ,good8' mean+ !reby ',:at is ! elem5t ( value 9 life8' or ',:at %\ld be our *ief aim 9 liv+8' ,a m$ieval ,*ri/ian w\ld h answ]$ )\t hesitation ',to g to ,heav5 & n be damn$'1 & w\ld h be5 prep>$ ) ! necess>y prescriptions = atta9+ t end4 ,b ! mod]n _w is n int5sely en\gh conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ,s9 & ,judgem5t1 ,hell & ,heav51 to accept ?is answ] z an au?oritative guide 9 life1 & has n cle>ly ?\ght out any o!r4 ,! anci5t ,greek sp5t a great "p ( 8 philosophical activity 9 try+1 )\t prop\nd+ sup]natural rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 or at lea/ )\t lay+ /ress on !m1 to ?9k out :at ! ,good ( man really 04 ,! answ]s giv5 by mank9d to ?is "q seem to fall "u two ma9 heads4 ,be=e a battle if bo? p>ties 7 ask$ :at aim !y 7 pursu+1 bo? w\ld say )\t hesitation ',victory'4 ,aft] ! battle1 ! conqu]or w\ld probably say t 8 purpose 0 9 "s way to consolidate or ext5d 8 victory2 b ! beat5 p>ty1 z soon z he _h "t to ?9k1 w\ld p]haps expla9 t1 aft] all1 victory 0 n ev]y?+4 ,x 0 bett] to h f\ght = ! "r1 to h done y\r be/ & to h fail$1 ?an to revel 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! unju/4 ,&1 s9ce x is difficult to ma9ta91 9 ! mid/ ( ! triumph ( ! enemy & y\r own obvi\s mis]y & humiliation1 t all is well & y y\rself ?or\ghly cont5t$1 ?is second answ] easily develops a ?ird3 ',wait a little1 till ,god's judgem5t ass]ts itself2 & see :o has ! be/ ( x !n6' ,!re w be a ri* rew>d h]eaft] = ! suff]+ virtu\s4 ,! typical ,a!nian ( ! ,p]iclean age w\ld h be5 9 ! fir/ /ate ( m9d4 ,8 'good' w\ld be 9 ! nature ( success3 to spread ,ju/ice & ,fre$om1 to make ,a!ns happy & /rong & h] laws wise & equal = ri* & poor4 ,anti/h5es _h fall5 viol5tly into ! second4 ,he 0 defeat$ toge!r ) all t he mo/ c>$ =1 & he com=t$ himself ) ! ?\ght t no?+ matt]s except to h done y\r be/4 ,z he phras$ x ,aret is ! good1 ,aret mean+ 'virtue' or 'goodness'1 ! quality ( a good citiz51 a good fa!r1 a good dog1 a good sword4 ,! ?+s ( ! _w are vanity1 & philosophy z va9 z ! re/4 ,no?+ b goodness is good2 & ! fir/ /ep t[>ds atta9+ x is to rep5t4 ,!re 0 9 ,a!ns a gymnasium built = ^? :o 7 base-born & c\ld n att5d ! gymnasia ( true citiz5s4 ,x 0 call$ ,kynos>ges & 0 d$icat$ to ! great ba/>d1 ,h]acles4 ,anti/h5es1 ?\gh he _h mov$ hi!rto 9 ! some:at patrician circle ( ! ,socratics1 rememb]$ h[ t 8 "m 0 a ,?racian slave1 & set up 8 s*ool 9 ,kynos>ges among ! dis9h]it$ ( ! e>?4 ,he made fri5ds ) ! 'bad1' :o ne$$ befri5d+4 ,he dress$ l ! poore/ workman4 ,he w\ld accept no disciples except ^? :o c\ld be> h>d%ip1 & 0 apt to drive new-com]s away ) 8 /ick4 ,yet he also prea*$ 9 ! /reets1 bo? 9 ,a!ns & ,cor9?4 ,he prea*$ rhetorically1 ) p>ables & vivid emotional phrases1 compell+ ! att5tion ( ! cr[d4 ,8 eloqu5ce 0 held to be bad /yle1 & x />t$ ! =m ( lit]ature kn[n to ! ,cynics z 1 'a help'1 or 1 'a /udy'1 & by ! ,*ri/ians z 1 a 'homily' or s]mon4 ,?is passionate & ascetic old man w\ld h attract$ ! int]e/ ( ! _w ev5 m1 _h x n be5 = "o ( 8 disciples4 ,?is 0 a "y man f ,s9ope1 on ! ,eux9e1 :om he did n take to at fir/ sight2 ! son ( a disreputable money-*ang] :o _h be5 s5t to prison = defac+ ! co9age4 ,anti/h5es ord]$ ! lad away1 b he paid no att5tion2 he beat him ) 8 /ick1 b he nev] mov$4 ,he want$ 'wisdom'1 & saw t ,anti/h5es _h x to give4 ,8 aim 9 life 0 to d z 8 fa!r _h done1 to 'deface ! co9age'1 b on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,he w\ld deface all ! co9age curr5t 9 ! _w4 ,e conv5tional /amp 0 false4 ,! m5 /amp$ z g5]als & k+s2 ! ?+s /amp$ z hon\r & wisdom & happ9ess & ri*es2 all 7 base metal ) ly+ sup]scriptions4 ,all mu/ h ! /amp defac$4#ij3a ,?is "y man 0 ,diog5es1 aft]w>ds ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! ,cynics4 ,he />t$ by reject+ all /amps & sup]scriptions & hold+ t no?+ b ,aret1 'wor?' or 'goodness'1 0 good4 ,he reject$ tradition4 ,he reject$ ! curr5t religion & ! rules & cu/oms ( temple wor%ip4 ,true religion 0 a ?+ ( ! _s1 & ne$$ no =ms4 ,he despis$ div9ation4 ,he reject$ civil life & m>riage4 ,he mock$ at ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ! public games & ! respect paid to bir?1 weal?1 or reputation4 ,let man put aside ^! delusions & "k himself4 ,& = 8 def5ces let him arm himself 'aga9/ ,=tune ) c\rage1 aga9/ ,conv5tion ) ,nature1 aga9/ passion ) ,reason'4 ,= ,reason is '! god )9 u'4 ,! salvation = man 0 to return to ,nature1 & ,diog5es int]pret$ ?is return 9 ! simple/ & crude/ way4 ,he %\ld live l ! bea/s1 l primeval m51 l b>b>ians4 ,7 n ! bea/s bless$1 l ! ,gods 9 ,hom]8 ,& s1 ?\gh 9 less p]fection1 7 primitive m51 n vex+ _! he>ts ) imag9>y s9s & conv5tions4 ,travell]s told ( savages :o m>ri$ _! si/]s1 or ate human fle%1 or left _! dead unburi$4 ,:y %\ld !y n1 if !y wi%$ to8 ,no wond] ,zeus puni%$ ,prome!us ! ,fire-,br+]1 :o _h br\ght all ?is progress ^u u & left man civiliz$ & m unhappy ?an any bea/6 ,he des]v$ 8 crag & 8 vulture6 ,diog5es took 8 mission ) great e>ne/ness4 ,he 0 lead] 9 a 'great battle aga9/ ,pleasures & ,desires'4 ,he 0 '! s]vant1 ! message-be>]1 s5t by ,zeus'1 '! ,sett]-,free ( mank9d' & ! ',heal] ( passions'4 ,! life t he p]sonally meant to live1 & :i* he recomm5d$ to ! wise1 0 :at he call$ 1 'a dog's life'1 & he himself wi%$ to be a 'cynic' or 'can9e'4 ,a dog 0 brave & fai?ful2 x _h no bodily %ame1 no false !ories1 & few wants4 ,a dog ne$$ no clo!s1 no h\se1 no city1 no possessions1 no titles2 :at he did ne$ 0 'virtue'1 ,aret1 to cat* 8 prey1 to fight wild bea/s1 & to def5d 8 ma/]2 & t he c\ld provide = himself4 ,diog5es f\nd1 ( c\rse1 t he ne$$ a little m ?an an ord9>y dog2 a blanket1 a wallet or b[l to hold 8 food1 & a /aff a 'to beat (f dogs & bad m5'4 ,x 0 ! regul> uni=m ( a begg>4 ,he ask$ = no h\se4 ,!re 0 a huge e>!n pit*]--n a tub--outside ! ,temple ( ! ,great ,"m2 ! sort ( vessel t 0 us$ = burial 9 primitive ,greece & :i* /ill _h ab\t x ! associations ( a c(f94 ,diog5es slept !re :5 he want$ %elt]1 & x became ! ne>e/ approa* to a home t he _h4 ,l a dog he p]=m$ any bodily act )\t %ame1 :5 & :]e he *ose4 ,he obey$ no human laws because he recogniz$ no city4 ,he 0 ,cosmopoltes1 ,citiz5 ( ! ,univ]se2 all m51 & all bea/s too1 7 8 bro!rs4 ,he liv$ prea*+ 9 ! /reets & begg+ 8 bread2 except t he did n 'beg'1 he 'comm&$'4 ,o!r folk obey$ 8 comm&s because !y 7 /ill slaves1 :ile he '_h nev] be5 a slave aga9 s9ce ,anti/h5es set him free'4 ,he _h no fe>1 because !re 0 no?+ to take f him4 ,only slaves are afraid4 ,greece rang ) /ories ( 8 mordant wit1 & e bitt] say+ became fa!r$ on ,diog5es4 ,e "o knew h[ ,alex&] ! ,great _h come to see ! fam\s begg> &1 /&+ be=e him :]e he sat 9 ! op5 air1 _h ask$ if !re 0 any boon he c\ld conf] on him4 ',yes1 move f betwe5 me & ! sun4' ,!y knew ! k+'s say+1 ',if ,i 7 n ,alex&] ,i w\ld be ,diog5es'1 & ! polite answ] ',if ,i 7 n ,diog5es ,i w\ld be ,alex&]'4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,_w & ! ,rejector ( ! ,_w met on an equality4 ,p told too h[ ! ,cynic walk$ ab\t ) a lamp 9 ! daytime se>*+1 s he said1 '= a man'4 ,!y knew 8 scorn ( ! ,my/]ies ) _! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation2 0 a ?ief to be 9 bliss because he 0 initiat$1 :ile ,agesilaus & ,epam9ondas 7 9 out] d>kness8 ,a few ( ! /ories are m :imsical4 ,a workman c>ry+ a pole accid5tally hit ,diog5es & cri$ ',look out6' ',:y1' said he1 'are y go+ to hit me aga98' ,he _h reject$ patriotism z he reject$ culture4 ,yet he suff]$ z he saw ,greece "u ! ,mac$onians & ,greek lib]ties disappe>+4 ,:5 8 dea? 0 approa*+ "s disciple ask$ 8 wi%es ab\t 8 burial2 ',let ! dogs & wolves h me1' he said2 ',i %\ld l to be ( "s use to my bro!rs :5 ,i die4' ,:5 ?is reque/ 0 refus$ 8 ?\ghts turn$ aga9 to ! ,mac$onian ,w>s2 ',bury me face d[nw>ds2 ev]y?+ is soon go+ to be turn$ ! o!r way up4' ,he rema9s ! p]man5t & unsurpass$ type ( "o way ( grappl+ ) ! horror ( life4 ,fe> no?+1 desire no?+1 possess no?+3 & !n ,life ) all its +5uity ( malice _c disappo9t y4 ,if man _c ent] into life nor yet dep>t f x save ?r\gh agony & fil?1 let him le>n to endure ! "o & be indiff]5t to ! o!r4 ,! wat*dog ( ,zeus on e>? has to fulfil 8 special duty1 to w>n mank9d ( ! tru? & to set slaves free4 ,no?+ else matt]s4 ,! criticism ( ?is solution is n t x is selfi%4 ,x is n4 ,! ,cynic lives = ! salvation ( 8 fell[ creatures4 ,& x is wor? rememb]+ t be=e ! ,roman gladiatorial games 7 ev5tually /opp$ by ! self-immolation ( ! monk ,telema*us1 two ,cynic philosoph]s _h ?r[n !mselves into ! ar5a 9 ! same _s4 ,its weakness lies 9 a false psy*ology1 common to all ! _w at t "t1 :i* imag9$ t salvation or fre$om consi/s 9 liv+ utt]ly )\t desire or fe>1 t su* a life is biologically possible1 & t ,diog5es liv$ x4 ,to a subtl] critic x is obvi\s t ,diog5es 0 a man ( v /rong & successful ambitions1 ?\gh 8 ambitions 7 diff]5t f ^? ( mo/ m54 ,he solv$ ! problem ( 8 own life by foll[+ ) all ! =ce & c\rage ( 8 g5ius a l9e ( conduct :i* made him1 next to ,alex&]1 ! mo/ fam\s man 9 ,greece4 ,to be really )\t fe> or desire w\ld mean dea?1 & to die is n to solve ! riddle ( liv+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,cynic view ( life & t ( ,plato's ,republic is int]e/+4 ,plato also reject$ ! mo/ fundam5tal conv5tions ( exi/+ society1 ! accept$ me?ods ( gov]nm5t1 ! laws ( prop]ty & ( m>riage1 ! traditional religion & ev5 ! poetry :i* 0 a second religion to ! ,greeks4 ,b he reject$ ! exi/+ culture only because he want$ x to be bett]4 ,he condemn$ ! concrete exi/+ city 9 ord] to build a m p]fect city1 to proce$ 9 inf9ite se>*+ & long+ t[>ds ! ,idea ( ,good1 ! ,sun ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,diog5es reject$ ! civilization :i* he saw1 & admitt$ ! reality ( no o!r4 ,8 crude reali/ic attitude ( m9d _h no use = ,plato's ',ideas'4 ',i c see a table1' he said2 ',i _c see ,tabul>ity' 774 ',i "k ,a!ns & ,cor9? & o!r cities1 & c see t !y are all bad4 ,z = ! ,ideal ,society1 %[ x me & ,i w say :at ,i ?9k4' ,9 spite ( its false psy*ology ! ,cynic conception ( life _h a great effect 9 ,greece4 ,x came almo/ z a revelation to bo? m5 & wom5#ie3a & pr(\ndly influ5c$ all ! ,s*ools4 ,"h inde$1 x seem$1 0 a way to baffle ,=tune & to make "o's own s\l unafraid4 ,:at m5 want$ 0 'to be ( good *e]'2 z we say n[1 to rega9 _! morale aft] bewild]+ defeats4 ,! ,cynic answ]1 aft]w>ds correct$ & humaniz$ by ! ,/oics1 0 to look at life z a long & ardu\s campaign4 ,! loyal soldi] does n tr\ble ab\t 8 com=t or 8 rew>ds or 8 pleasures4 ,he obeys 8 comm&]'s ord]s )\t fe> or fail+1 :e!r !y lead to easy victories or m]ely to w\nds1 captivity or dea?4 ,only ,goodness is good1 & = ! soldi] ,goodness 77 is ! do+ ( ,duty4 ,t is 8 true prize1 :i* no ext]nal p[] c take away f him4 ,b aft] all1 :at is ,duty8 ,diog5es prea*$ 'virtue' & assum$ t 8 way ( life 0 'virtue'4 ,b 0 x really s8 ,&1 if s1 on :at evid5ce8 ,to live l a bea/1 to be indiff]5t to art1 beauty1 lett]s1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 to ! am5ities ( civic life1 to all t rais$ ,hell5ic ,man above ! bea/ or ! savage8 ,h[ c\ld ?is be ! true end ( man8 ,! ,/oic ,s*ool1 ^: f\nd]1 ,z5o1 0 a disciple ( old ,anti/h5es1 gradually built up a !ory ( moral life :i* has on ! :ole wea!r$ ! /orms ( "t ) great success4 ,x l>gely dom9at$ lat] antiquity by its imag9ative & emotional p[]4 ,x gave =m to ! aspirations ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,x la/s n[ z ! ne>e/ approa* to an acceptable sy/em ( conduct = ^? :o d n accept revelation1 b /ill keep "s fai? 9 ! ,purpose ( ,?+s4 ,! problem is to comb9e ! absolute value ( t ,goodness :i*1 z we say1 'saves ! s\l' ) ! relative values ( ! v>i\s good ?+s t soo! or beautify life4 ,=1 if !re is any value at all--,i w n say 9 heal? & happ9ess1 b 9 art1 poetry1 k1 ref9em5t1 public e/eem1 or human affection1 & if _! claims d cla%1 z 9 common op9ion !y sometimes d1 ) ! dem&s ( absolute sanctity1 h[ is ! balance to be /ruck8 ,are we to be cont5t ) ! pr9ciple ( accept+ a little moral wrong = ! sake ( mu* mat]ial or arti/ic or intellectual advantage8 ,t is ! rule :i* ! practical _w foll[s1 ?\gh )\t talk+ ab\t x2 b ! ,/oics w\ld h none ( any su* compromise4 ,z5o fir/1 l ,anti/h5es1 d5i$ any value :atev] to ^! e>?ly ?+s t are n virtue--to heal? or sickness1 ri*es or pov]ty1 beauty or ugl9ess1 pa9 or pleasure2 :o w\ld ev] m5tion !m :5 ! s\l /ood nak$ be=e ,god8 ,all t w\ld !n matt]1 & consequ5tly all t c ev] matt]1 is ! goodness ( ! man's self1 t is1 ( 8 free & liv+ w4 ,! ,/oics improv$ on ! milit>y metaphor2 = to ! soldi]1 aft] all1 x does matt] :e!r 9 8 "p ( ! field he w9s or loses4 ,life is n l a battle b l a play1 9 :i* ,god has h&$ ea* man 8 "p unread1 & ! good man proce$s to act x to ! be/ ( 8 p[]1 n kn[+ :at may happ5 9 ! la/ sc5e4 ,he may become a cr[n$ k+1 he may be a slave dy+ 9 torm5t4 ,:at matt]s x8 ,! good actor c play ei!r "p4 ,all t matt]s is t he %all act 8 be/1 accept ! ord] ( ! ,cosmos & obey ! ,purpose ( ! great ,dramaturge4 ,! answ] seems absolute & unyield+1 ) no concession to ! weakness ( ! fle%4 ,yet1 9 tru?1 x conta9s 9 itself ! g]m ( a sublime practical compromise :i* makes ,/oicism human4 ,x accepts ! ,cosmos & x obeys ! ,purpose2 !re=e !re is a ,cosmos1 & !re is a purpose 9 ! _w4 ,/oicism1 l mu* ( anci5t ?\ght at ?is p]iod1 0 p]meat$ by ! new discov]ies ( a/ronomy & _! =mation into a coh]5t sci5tific sy/em1 :i* rema9$ un%ak5 till ! days ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! />s1 :i* _h always mov$ m5's wond] & ev5 wor%ip1 7 n[ se5 & prov$ to be no w&]+ fires b p>ts ( an imm5se & app>5tly et]nal ord]4 ,"o /> might diff] f ano!r /> 9 glory1 b !y 7 all alike 9 _! ob$i5ce to law4 ,!y _h _! fix$ c\rses1 div9e ?\gh !y 71 :i* _h be5 laid d[n = !m by a ,be+ great] ?an !y4 ,! ,ord]1 or ,cosmos1 0 a prov5 fact2 !re=e1 ! ,purpose 0 a prov5 fact2 &1 ?\gh 9 its complet5ess inscrutable1 x c\ld at lea/ 9 "p be div9$ f ! fact t all ^! v>i$ & et]nal spl5d\rs _h = _! c5tre our ,e>? & its ephem]al ma/]4 ,! ,purpose1 ?\gh x is n our ,purpose1 is especially conc]n$ ) u & circles r\nd u4 ,x is ! purpose ( a ,god :o loves ,man4 ,let u =get t ?is sy/em ( a/ronomy has be5 ov]?r[n1 & t we n[ "k t ,man is n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,let u =get t ! maje/ic ord] :i* reigns1 or seems to reign1 among ! />s1 is mat*$ by a brutal conflict & a *aos ( j>r+ purposes 9 ! realms ( ^? sci5ces :i* deal ) life4#ih3a ,if we c recov] ! imag9ative outlook ( ! g5]ations :i* /ret*$ f1 say1 ,meton 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ to ,cop]nicus 9 ! sixte5? aft]1 we %all be able to und]/& ! spiritual exaltation ) :i* m5 l ,z5o or ,poseidonius reg>d$ ! _w4 ,we are "p ( an ,ord]1 a ,cosmos1 :i* we see to be inf9itely above our compreh5sion b :i* we "k to be an expression ( love = ,man2 :at c we d b accept x1 n ) resignation b ) en?usiasm1 & (f] to x ) pride any sacrifice :i* x may dem& ( u4 ,x is a glory to suff] = su* an end4 ,& !re is m4 ,= ! ,/>s %[ only :at may be call$ a /ation>y purpose1 an ,ord] :i* is & rema9s = ev]4 ,b 9 ! re/ ( ! _w1 we c see a mov+ ,purpose4 ,x is ,phusis1 ! ^w :i* ! ,romans un=tunately translat$ ',natura'1 b :i* means ',gr[+' or '! way ?+s gr['--almo/ :at we call ,evolution4 ,b to ! ,/oic x is a liv+ & consci\s evolution1 a =e?\ght or 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 :at ! ,romans call$ provid5tia1 guid+ all ?+s t gr[ 9 a direction :i* accords ) ! div9e w4 ,& ! direction1 ! ,/oic po9t$ out1 0 n t[>ds m]e happ9ess b t[>ds ,aret1 or ! p]fection ( ea* ?+ or ea* species aft] its k9d4 ,phusis %apes ! acorn to gr[ into ! p]fect oak1 ! bl9d puppy into ! good h\nd2 x makes ! de] gr[ 9 swiftness to p]=m ! function ( a de]1 & man gr[ 9 p[] & wisdom to p]=m ! function ( a man4 ,if a man is an arti/ x is 8 function to produce beauty2 if he a gov]nor1 x is 8 function to produce a fl\ri%+ & virtu\s city4 ,true1 ! ?+s t he produces are b %ad[s & 9 !mselves utt]ly valueless2 x matt]s n "o /raw :e!r ! de] goes at t5 miles an h\r or tw5ty1 :e!r ! population ( a city die ?is ye> ( fam9e & sickness or tw5ty ye>s h5ce ( old age4 ,b x belongs to ! good gov]nor to av]t fam9e & to produce heal?y conditions1 z x belongs to ! de] to run its be/4 ,s x is ! "p ( a fri5d1 if ne$ arise1 to give 8 com=t or 8 life = a fri5d2 ( a "m to love & def5d h] *ildr52 ?\gh x is true t 9 ! light ( et]nity ^! 'creaturely' affections %rivel into _! native wor?lessness4 ,if ! w ( ,god is done1 & done will+ly1 all is well4 ,y may1 if x br+s y great suff]+1 feel ! pa94 ,y may ev51 ?r\gh human weakness1 weep or groan2 t c be =giv54 1 ',b 9 ! c5tre ( y\r be+ groan n6' ,accept ! ,cosmos4 ,w joy\sly t :i* ,god wills & make ! et]nal ,purpose y\r own4 ,i w say no m ( ?is great body ( tea*+1 z ,i h dealt ) x 9 a sep>ate publication4#ajj3a ,b ,i w\ld po9t out two special advantages ( a psy*ological k9d :i* di/+ui% ,/oicism f _m sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,fir/1 ?\gh x nev] consci\sly fac$ ! psy*ological problem ( in/9ct1 x did see cle>ly t man does n necess>ily pursue :at pleases him mo/1 or :at is mo/ pr(itable to him1 or ev5 8 'good'4 ,x saw t man c det]m9e 8 end1 & may well *oose pa9 9 pref]5ce to pleasure4 ,?is sav$ ! s*ool f a great deal ( t false s*ematization :i* besets mo/ =ms ( rationali/ic psy*ology4 ,secondly1 x did build up a sy/em ( ?\ght on :i*1 bo? 9 good days & evil1 a life c be liv$ :i* is n only sa9tly1 b practically wise & human & b5efic5t4 ,x did = practical purposes solve ! problem ( liv+1 )\t despair & )\t grave1 or at lea/ )\t gross1 illusion4 ,! o!r great s*ool ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a s*ool :i*1 9 ! matt] ( e?ics1 may be call$ ! only true rival ( ,/oicism1 0 also root$ 9 defeat4 ,b x met defeat 9 a diff]5t _s4#aja3a ,epicurus1 son ( ,neocles1 ( ! old ,a!nian clan ( ! ,philadae1 0 born on a colony 9 ,samos 9 #cda ,b4 ,c4 ,8 fa!r 0 evid5tly poor2 else he w\ld h>dly h left ,a!ns to live on a colonial f>m1 nor h _h to eke out 8 f>m+ by tea*+ an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,we d n "k h[ mu* ! small boy le>n$ f 8 fa!r4 ,b = old] /ud5ts !re 0 a fam\s s*ool on ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,teos1 :]e a c]ta9 ,nausiphanes taught ! ,ionian tradition ( ,ma!matics & ,physics z well z rhetoric & lit]>y subjects4 ,epicurus w5t to ?is s*ool :5 he 0 f\rte51 & seems1 among o!r ?+s1 to h imbib$ ! ,atomic ,!ory ( ,democritus )\t realiz+ t x 0 any?+ peculi>4 ,he felt aft]w>ds z if 8 s*ool-days _h be5 m]ely a wa/e ( "t4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he w5t to ,a!ns1 ! c5tre ( ! philosophic _w1 b he only w5t1 z ,a!nian citiz5s 7 9 duty b\nd1 to p]=m 8 ye> ( milit>y s]vice z ephbus4 ,/udy 0 to come lat]4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 #cbb1 ,p]diccas ( ,?race made an attack on ,samos & drove out ! ,a!nian coloni/s4 ,neocles _h by !n liv$ on 8 bit ( l& = ?irty ye>s1 & 0 old to beg9 life aga94 ,! ru9$ family took refuge 9 ,colophon1 & !re ,epicurus jo9$ !m4 ,!y 7 n[ too poor = ! boy to g abroad to /udy philosophy4 ,he c\ld only make ! be/ ( a h>d "t & puzzle alone ov] ! problems ( life4 ,rec5t ye>s h taught u t !re are few =ms ( mis]y h>d] ?an t endur$ by a family ( refugees1 & x is n likely to h be5 easi] 9 anci5t conditions4 ,epicurus built up 8 philosophy1 x w\ld seem1 :ile help+ 8 p>5ts & bro!rs ?r\gh ?is bad "t4 ,! problem 0 h[ to make ! life ( _! little colony tol]able1 & he someh[ solv$ x4 ,x 0 n ! k9d ( problem :i* ,/oicism & ! great religions specially set !mselves2 x 0 at once too unpret5d+ & too practical4 ,"o c easily imag9e ! condition = :i* he _h to prescribe4 ,= "o ?+1 ! un=tunate refugees all ab\t him w\ld torm5t !mselves ) unnecess>y t]rors4 ,! ,?racians 7 pursu+ !m4 ,! ,gods hat$ !m2 !y mu/ obvi\sly h committ$ "s (f5ce or impiety4 7,x is always easy = di%e>t5$ m5 to discov] 9 !mselves "s s9 t des]ves puni%m5t47 ,x w\ld surely be bett] to die at once2 except t1 ) t s9 ^u !m1 !y w\ld only suff] m dreadfully beyond ! grave6 ,9 _! di/ress !y j>r$1 d\btless1 on "o ano!r's n]ves2 & mutual bitt]ness d\bl$ _! mis]ies4 ,epicurus is said to h _h poor heal?1 & ! situation 0 "o :]e ev5 ! be/ heal? w\ld be sorely tri$4 ,b he _h sup]human c\rage1 &--:at does n always g ) su* c\rage--a v affectionate & g5tle nature4 ,9 lat] life all 8 ?ree bro!rs 7 8 devot$ disciples--a te/imonial accord$ to few prophets or f\nd]s ( religions4 ,& he is ! fir/ man 9 ! record ( ,european hi/ory ^: "m 0 an important elem5t 9 8 life4 ,"s ( 8 lett]s to h] h be5 pres]v$1 & %[ a t\* ( intimate affection :i* ( c\rse mu/ h exi/$ betwe5 human be+s f ! remote/ times1 b ( :i* we possess no e>li] record4 ,& fragm5ts ( 8 lett]s to 8 fri5ds /rike ! same note4#ajc3a ,8 fir/ discov]y 0 t m5 torture !mselves ) unnecess>y fe>s4 ,he mu/ tea* !m c\rage1 1 1 to fe> no evil f ei!r man or ,god4 ,god is a bless$ be+2 & no bless$ be+ ei!r suff]s evil or inflicts evil on o!rs4 ,& z = m51 mo/ ( ! evils y fe> f !m c be avoid$ by ,ju/ice2 & if !y d come1 !y c be borne4 ,dea? is l sleep1 an unconsci\s /ate1 n[ise to be fe>$4 ,pa9 :5 x comes c be endur$2 x is ! anticipation t makes m5 mis]able & saps _! c\rage4 ,! refugees 7 =gott5 by ! _w1 & _h no hope ( any great *ange 9 _! condition4 ,well1 he argu$1 s mu* ! bett]6 ,let !m till ! e>? & love "o ano!r1 & !y w\ld f9d t !y _h already 9 !m t ,natural ,happ9ess :i* is man's possession until he ?r[s x away4 ,& ( all ?+s t contribute to happ9ess ! greate/ is ,affection1 4 ,l ! ,cynics & ,/oics1 he reject$ ! _w & all its conv5tions & prizes1 its desires & passions & futility4 ,b :]e ! ,/oic & ,cynic proclaim$ t 9 spite ( all ! pa9 & suff]+ ( a wick$ _w1 man c by ! =ce ( 8 own w be virtu\s1 ,epicurus br\ght ! m surpris+ good news t man c aft] all be happy4 ,b to make ?is good news cr$ible he _h to con/ruct a sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,he _h to answ] ! temple au?orities & _! adh]5ts among ! vulg>1 :o ?reat5$ 8 foll[]s ) ! torm5ts ( ,hades = _! impiety4 ,he _h to answ] ! ,/oics & ,cynics1 prea*+ t all is wor?less except ,aret2 & ! ,sceptics1 :o dwelt on ! fallibility ( ! s5ses1 & ! logical impossibility ( k4 ,he met ! la/ ( ^! by ! traditional ,ionian doctr9e ( s5se-impressions1 +5i\sly develop$4 ,we c1 he argu$1 "k ! out] _w1 because our s5se impressions are lit]ally 'impressions' or /amps made by ext]nal objects ^u our organs4 ,to see1 = in/ance1 is to be /ruck by an inf9itely t5u\s /ream ( images1 fl[+ f ! object & directly imp++ ^u ! ret9a4 ,su* /reams are fl[+ f all objects 9 e direction--an idea :i* seem$ incr$ible until ! mod]n discov]ies ab\t light1 s\nd1 & radiation4 ,?us !re is direct contact ) reality1 & consequ5tly k4 ,besides direct vision1 h[ev]1 we h 'anticipations'1 or 1 sometimes call$ 'common conceptions'1 e4 g4 ! g5]al conception :i* we h ( a horse :5 we are n see+ "o4 ,^! are m]ely ! result ( repeat$ acts ( vision4 ,a curi\s result ( ?is doctr9e 0 t all our 'anticipations' or 'common ideas' are true2 mi/akes occur ?r\gh "s int]pretation ( our own :i* we add to ! simple s5sation4 ,we c "k ! _w4 ,h[ !n are we to und]/& x8 ,"h aga9 ,epicurus f\nd refuge 9 ! old ,ionian !ory ( ,atoms & ! ,void1 :i* is suppos$ to h orig9at$ ) ,democritus & ,leucippus1 a c5tury be=e4 ,b ,epicurus seems to h work$ out ! ,atomic ,!ory m 9 detail1 z we h x exp\nd$ 9 ,lucretius' magnific5t poem4 ,9 p>ticul> x 0 possibly he :o fir/ comb9$ ! ,atomic ,!ory ) hylozoism2 i4 e4 he conceiv$ ( ! ,atoms z possess+ "s rudim5t>y p[] ( movem5t & !re=e able to sw]ve slightly 9 _! regul> d[nw>d c\rse4 ,t expla9s h[ !y h become inf9itely tangl$ & m+l$1 h[ plants & animals are alive1 & h[ m5 h ,free ,w4 ,x also enables ,epicurus to build up a _w )\t ! assi/ance ( a god4 ,he set man free1 z ,lucretius says1 f ! 'burd5 ( ,religion'1 ?\gh 8 doctr9e ( ! 'bless$ ,be+' :i* nei!r has pa9 nor gives pa91 enables him to elude ! dang]\s accusation ( a!ism4 ,he c leave p believ+ 9 all _! traditional gods1 includ+ ev51 if s !y wi%1 '! be>d$ ,zeus & ! helm$ ,a!na' :i* !y see 9 dreams & 9 _! 'common ideas'1 :ile at ! same "t hav+ no fe> ( !m4 ,!re rema9s ! fooli% fancy ( ! ,cynics & ,/oics t ',aret' is ! only good4 ,( c\rse1 he answ]s1 ,aret is good2 b t is because x produces happy life1 or bless$ness or pleasure or :atev] y call x4 ,he us$ normally ! ^w 'sweetness'1 & c\nt$ ! ,good z t :i* makes life sweet4 ,he seems nev] to h ent]$ into small disputes z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 'sweetness'1 or 'pleasure'1 & 'happ9ess' & 'well-be+' 71 1 1 471 ?\gh sometimes1 in/ead ( 'sweetness' he spoke ( 'bless$ness' 774 ,ultimately ! dispute betwe5 him & ! ,/oics seems to resolve itself into a "q :e!r ! ,good lies 9 or 1 9 ,exp]i5ce or 9 ,action2 & av]age human be+s seem g5]ally to ?9k t ! ,good = a consci\s be+ mu/ be some?+ ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,?us ! great sy/em is built1 simple1 intelligible1 dogmatic1 &--z su* sy/ems g--rem>kably wat]-tight4 ,x enables man to be unafraid1 & x helps him to be happy4 ,! /range ?+ is t1 al?\gh on m ?an "o po9t x seems to anticipate mo/ surpris+ly ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 x 0 accept$ 9 a _s m religi\s ?an sci5tific4 ,z we c see f ,lucretius x 0 tak5 almo/ z a revelation1 f "o :o _h sav$ mank9d2 ^: intellect _h pi]c$ beyond ! 'flam+ walls ( ,heav5' & br\ght back to man ! gospel ( an intelligible univ]se4#ajf3a ,9 #caj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,epicurus 0 ?irty-two1 ?+s _h s f> improv$ t he left ,colophon & set up a s*ool ( philosophy 9 ,mytil5e1 b soon mov$ to ,lampsacus1 on ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 :]e he _h fri5ds4 ,disciples ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,among !m 7 "s ( ! lead+ m5 ( ! city1 l ,leonteus & ,idom5eus4 ,! doctr9e ?rill$ !m & seem$ to br+ fre$om ) x4 ,!y felt t su* a tea*] mu/ be set up 9 ,a!ns1 ! home ( ! great philosoph]s4 ,!y b\ght by subscription a h\se & g>d5 9 ,a!ns = #hj m9ae 7ab\t #cbj7ajg3a & pres5t$ x to ! ,ma/]4 ,he cross$ to ,a!ns 9 #cjf &1 ?\gh he f\r times revisit$ ,lampsacus & has left lett]s address$ ,to ,fri5ds 9 ,lampsacus1 he liv$ 9 ! fam\s ,g>d5 = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,fri5ds f ,lampsacus & else:]e came & liv$ ) him or ne> him4 ,! ,g>d5 0 n only a philosophical s*ool2 x 0 also a sort ( retreat or religi\s community4 ,!re liv$ !re n only philosoph]s l ,mtrodrus1 ,coltes1 ,h]m>*us1 & o!rs2 !re 7 slaves1 l ,mys1 & free wom51 l ,!mi/a1 ! wife ( ,leonteus1 to bo? ( :om ! ,ma/]1 z ! extant fragm5ts te/ify1 wrote lett]s ( intimate fri5d%ip4 ,& n only free wom51 b wom5 ) names t %[ t !y 7 slaves1 ,leontion1 ,nikidion1 ,mamm>ion4 ,!y 7 hetairae2 p]haps victims ( w>1 l _m ( ! un=tunate h]o9es 9 ! ,new ,com$y2 free wom5 f conqu]$ cities1 :o _h be5 sold 9 ! slave m>ket or r$uc$ to mis]y z refugees1 & to :om n[ ! ,g>d5 af=d$ a true & spiritual refuge4 ,=1 almo/ z mu* z ,diog5es1 ,epicurus _h oblit]at$ ! /amp on ! conv5tional curr5cy4 ,! values ( ! _w no long] held good aft] y _h pass$ ! wicket gate ( ! ,g>d51 & spok5 ) ! ,deliv]]4 ,! ,epicureans liv$ simply4 ,!y took nei!r fle% nor w9e1 & !re is a lett] extant1 ask+ "s "o to s5d !m a pres5t ( 'pott$ *eese'#ajh3a z a special luxury4 ,_! enemies1 :o 7 num]\s & lively1 make ! obvi\s accusations ab\t ! hetairae1 & cite an alleg$ lett] ( ! ,ma/] to ,leontion4 ',"l ,paean1 my de> little ,leontion1 y\r note fills me ) su* a bubble ( excitem5t6'#ajh3b ,! problem ( ?is lett] well illu/rates ! difficulty ( =m+ cle> judgem5ts ab\t ! details ( anci5t life4 ,probably ! lett] is a =g]y3 we are def9itely in=m$ t !re 0 a collection ( su* =g]ies1 made 9 ord] to damage ,epicurus4 ,b1 if g5u9e1 w\ld x h seem$ to a fair-m9d$ contempor>y a p]missible or an imp]missible lett] = a philosoph] to write8 ,by mod]n /&>ds x w\ld be ab\t ! bord]-l9e4 ,& aga91 suppose x is a def9ite love-lett]1 :at means h we ( decid+ :e!r ,epicurus--or = t matt] ,z5o or ,plato or any unconv5tional philosoph] ( ?is p]iod--w\ld h ?\ght x blamewor?y1 or w\ld m]ely h call$ our att5tion to ! legal difficulties ( contract+ m>riage ) "o :o _h be5 a ,hetaira1 & ask$ u h[ we expect m5 & wom5 to live4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 we happ5 to h ! record$ say+s ( ,epicurus himself3 ',! wise man w n fall 9 love'1 & ',physical union ( ! sexes nev] did good2 x is mu* if x does n d h>m4' ,?is philosophy is (t5 unju/ly criticiz$4 ,x is call$ selfi%2 b t x is c]ta9ly n4 ,x is always aim+ at ! deliv]ance ( mank9d#aji3a & x bases its happ9ess on 1 ,fri5d%ip or ,affection1 j z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians bas$ x on 1 a ^w no :it /rong] ?an 1 ?\gh x is conv5tionally translat$ ',love'4 ,by ?is conception x becomes at once m human ?an ! ,/oa1 to :i*1 z to a ,*ri/ian monk1 human affection 0 m]ely a weakness ( ! fle% :i* might (t5 conflict ) ! s\l's duty t[>ds ,god4 ,epicurus passionately prote/$ aga9/ ?is unnatural 'apa?y'4 ,x 0 also human 9 t x recogniz$ degrees ( good or bad1 ( virtue or error4 ,to ! ,/oic t :i* 0 n "r 0 wrong4 ,a calculator :o says t sev5 sev5s make =ty-eight is j z wrong z "o :o says !y make a ?\s&1 & a sailor "o in* bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] dr[ns j z surely z "o :o is a furlong deep4 ,j s 9 human life1 wrong is wrong1 falsehood is falsehood1 & to talk ( degrees is *ildi%4 ,epicureanism _h an easy & natural answ] to ^! argum5ts1 s9ce pleasure & pa9 obvi\sly admit ( degrees4#aaj3a ,! s*ool is blam$ also = pursu+ pleasure1 on ! gr\nd t ! direct pursuit ( pleasure is self-defeat+4 ,b ,epicurus nev] makes t mi/ake4 ,he says t pleasure1 or 'sweetness ( life'1 is ! good2 b he nev] c\nsels ! direct pursuit ( x4 ,q ! rev]se4 ,he says t if y conqu] y\r desires & fe>s1 & live simply & love ^? ab\t y1 ! natural sweetness ( life w reveal itself4 ,a tru] criticism is "o :i* appe>s dimly 9 ,plut>* & ,cic]o4#aaj3b ,!re is a /range %ad[ ( sadness hang+ ov] ?is wise & k9dly fai?1 :i* proce$s f ! ess5tial di/ru/ ( life t lies at its he>t4 ,! be/ t ,epicurus has really to say ( ! _w is t if y are v wise & d n attract its notice-- --x w n hurt y4 ,x is a philosophy n ( conque/ b ( escape4 ,?is 0 a weakness f :i* few ( ! f\r?-c5tury ?9k]s completely escap$4 ,to aim at :at we %\ld call positive happ9ess 01 to ! ,epicureans1 only to c\rt disappo9tm5t2 bett] make x y\r aim to live )\t /rong passion or desire1 )\t high hopes or ambitions4 ,_! pr(ess$ ideals-- 1 1 1 '! removal ( all active suff]+'1 'undi/urb$ness'1 'a smoo? fl['--seem to result 9 r a l[ t5sion1 9 a life t is only half alive4 ,we "k t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is 0 n s4 ,! ,epicureans felt _! doctr9e to br+ n m]e com=t b inspiration & bless$ness4 ,! "y ,colotes1 on fir/ he>+ ! ma/] speak1 fell on 8 knees ) te>s & hail$ him z a god4#aaa3a ,we may comp>e ! raptur\s phrases ( ,lucretius4 ,:at c be ! explanation ( ?is8 ,p]haps x is t a deep di/ru/ ( ! _w produces its own inw>d reaction1 z />v+ m5 dream ( ri* banquets1 & p]secut$ sects h apocalyptic visions ( p>adise4 ,! hopes & desires t are />v$ ( _! natural su/5ance project !mselves on to "s plane ( ! imag9ation4 ,! m>tyr1 ev5 ! mo/ h]etical m>tyr1 sees ! vision ( 8 cr[n 9 ! skies1 ! lov] sees 9 obvi\s defects only r>e & esot]ic beauties4 ,epicurus avoid$ s$ul\sly ! transc5d5tal optimism ( ! ,/oics4 ,he avoid$ my/icism1 avoid$ allegory1 avoid$ fai?2 he tri$ to set ! feet ( 8 philosophy on solid gr\nd4 ,he c make a /rong case = ! probable happ9ess ( a man ( k9dly affections & few desires1 :o asks little f ! outside _w4 ,b aft] all x is only probable2 mis=tunes & mis]ies may come to any man4 ',mo/ ( ! evils y fe> are false1' he answ]s1 /ill reasonably4 ',dea? does n hurt4 ,pov]ty ne$ nev] make a man less happy4' ,& actual pa98 ',yes1 pa9 may come4 ,b y c endure x4 ,int5se pa9s are brief2 long-drawn pa9s are n excruciat+2 or seldom s4' ,is t common-s5se com=t n en\gh8 ,! doctr9e becomes m int5se bo? 9 its promises & its dem&s4 ,if int5se suff]+ comes1 he enjo9s1 turn away y\r m9d & conqu] ! pa9 by ! 'sweetness' ( memory4 ,!re are 9 e wise man's life mom5ts ( int5se beauty & delight2 if he has /r5g? ( m9d he w call !m back to him at w & live 9 ! bless$ness ( ! pa/1 n 9 ! m]e dull agony ( ! mom5t4 ,nay1 c he n actually enjoy ! intellectual int]e/ ( ?is or t pang8 ,has he n t )9 him :i* c make ! quality ( its own life8 ,on he>+ ( ! dea? ( a fri5d he w call back ! sweetness ( t fri5d's conv]se2 9 ! burn+ ,bull ( ,phal>is he w ?9k 8 ?\ghts & be glad4 ,illusion1 ! old ,sir5 ) :om man _c live 9 peace1 nor yet )\t h]1 has crept back unse5 to ! c5tre ( ! citadel4 ,x 0 ,epicurus1 & n a ,/oic or ,cynic1 :o ass]ts t a ,wise ,man w be happy on ! rack4#aab3a ,/rangely oblig+1 ironic ,=tune gave to him also a *ance ( te/+ ( 8 own doctr9e4 ,!re is extant a lett] writt5 on 8 dea?-b$4 ',i write to y on ?is blissful day :i* is ! la/ ( my life4 ,! ob/ruction ( my bladd] & int]nal pa9s h rea*$ ! extreme po9t1 b !re is m>%all$ aga9/ !m ! delight ( my m9d 9 ?9k+ ov] our talks toge!r4 ,take c>e ( ! *ildr5 ( ,metrodorus 9 a way wor?y ( y\r life-long devotion to me & to philosophy4'#aac3a ,at lea/ 8 c\rage1 & 8 k9dness1 did n fail4 ,epicureanism _h c]ta9ly its sublime side2 & f ?is v sublimity p]haps arose ! greate/ flaw 9 ! sy/em1 reg>d$ z a rational philosophy4 ,x 0 accept$ too mu* z a ,revelation1 too little z a m]e /ep 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,x 0 bas$ no d\bt on c>eful & ev5 pr(\nd sci5tific /udies1 & 0 exp\nd$ by ! ma/] 9 a va/ array ( volumes4 ,b ! result s atta9$ 0 consid]$ suffici5t4 ,fur!r rese>* 0 n enc\rag$4 ,het]odoxy 0 condemn$ z some?+ almo/ approa*+ 'p>ricide'4#aac3b ,! pursuit ( 'ne$less k' 0 delib]ately fr[n$ ^u4#aac3c ,:5 o!r philosoph]s 7 work+ out calculations ab\t ! size ( ! ,sun & ! comm5surability ( ! sun-cycle & ! moon-cycle1 ,epicurus contemptu\sly rem>k$ t ! ,sun 0 probably ab\t z big z x look$1 or p]haps small]3 s9ce fires at a di/ance g5]ally look bigg] ?an !y are4 ,! v>i\s !ories ( le>n$ m5 7 all possible b none c]ta94 ,& z = ! cycles1 h[ did any "o "k t !re 0 n a new sun %ot (f & ext+ui%$ e day8#aac3d ,x is n surpris+ to f9d t none ( ! great discov]ies ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age 7 due to ! ,epicurean s*ool4 ,lucretius1 writ+ #bej ye>s lat]1 appe>s to v>y h>dly 9 any detail f ! doctr9es ( ! ,ma/]1 & ,diog5es ( ,o5o&a1 #ejj ye>s lat]1 actually repeats 8 lett]s & say+s ^w = ^w4 ,x is sad1 ?is4 ,x is un-,hell5ic2 x is a cle> symptom ( decad5ce f ! free intellectual movem5t & ! high hopes :i* _h made ! fif? c5tury glori\s4 ,only 9 "o great s*ool does ! true ,hell5ic ,sphrosyn cont9ue fl\ri%+1 a s*ool ^: mode/y ( pret5sion & quietness ( language =m a curi\s contra/ ) ! rapt ec/asies ( ,/oic & ,cynic & ev51 z we h se51 ( ,epicurean1 j z its imm5se ri*ness ( sci5tific a*ievem5t contra/s ) _! comp>ative /]ility4 ,! ,por* & ! ,g>d5 (f]$ new religions to raise f ! du/ m5 & wom5 ^: spirits 7 brok52 ,ari/otle 9 8 ,op5 ,walk1 or ,p]ipatos1 br\ght philosophy & sci5ce & lit]ature to guide ! feet & int]e/ ! m9ds ( ^? :o /ill saw life /eadily & tri$ _! be/ to see x :ole4 ,ari/otle 0 n lack+ 9 religi\s insight & imag9ation1 z he c]ta9ly 0 n )\t pr(\nd influ5ce on ! future hi/ory ( religion4 ,8 complete rejection ( my?ology & ( an?ropomorphism2 8 resolute attempt to comb9e religion & sci5ce1 n by sacrific+ "o to ! o!r b by build+ ! highe/ spiritual aspirations on asc]ta9$ tru? & ! probable conclusions to :i* x po9t$2 8 spl5did imag9ative conception ( ! ,div9e ,be+ or ,fir/ ,cause z unmov$ itself :ile mov+ all ! univ]se 'z ! belov$ moves ! lov]'2 all ^! are high s]vices to religi\s speculation1 & ju/ify ! position he held1 ev5 :5 kn[n only ?r\gh a di/ort+ ,arabic translation1 9 m$ieval ,*ri/ianity4 ,if he _h n writt5 8 o!r books he might well be fam\s n[ z a great religi\s tea*]4 ,b 8 !ology is dw>f$ by ! magnific5ce & mass ( 8 o!r "w4 ,& z a philosoph] & man ( sci5ce he does n belong to our pres5t subject4 ,he is only m5tion$ "h z a /&>d ( t *>act]i/ic quality 9 ,hell5ism f :i* ! re/ ( ?is book records a d[nfall4 ,"o v>iant ( a well-kn[n /ory tells h[ a c]ta9 philosoph]1 aft] frequ5t+ ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 w5t to he> ,*rysippus1 ! ,/oic1 & 0 transfix$4 ',x 0 l turn+ f m5 to ,gods4' ,x 0 really turn+ f ,greeks to ,semites1 f philosophy to religion1 f a s*ool ( v sob] pr(essions & high p]=mance to "o ^: pr(essions dazzl$ ! reason4 ',come unto me1' cri$ ! ,/oic1 'all ye :o are 9 /orm or delusion2 ,i w %[ y ! tru? & ! _w w nev] grieve y m4' ,ari/otle made no su* pr(ession4 ,he m]ely ?\ght & work$ & taught bett] ?an o!r m54 ,ari/otle is always surpris+ u n m]ely by ! imm5se volume ( cle> ?9k+ & co-ord9at$ k ( :i* he 0 ma/]1 b by ! /eady ,sphrosyn ( 8 temp]4 ,son ( ! c\rt physician ( ,philip1 tutor = "s ye>s to ,alex&] ! ,great1 he nev] ?r\gh\t 8 extant writ+s utt]s "o syllable ( flatt]y to 8 royal & _w-conqu]+ employ]s2 nor yet "o syllable :i* sugge/s a grievance4 ,he saw1 at close qu>t]s & f ! w9n+ side1 ! conque/ ( ! ,greek city /ates by ! ,mac$onian e?nos or nation2 b he judges dispassionately t ! city is ! high] social =m4 ,x seems *>act]i/ic t 9 8 w1 :i* is extant1 aft] provid+ a d[ry = 8 wid[1 ,h]pyllis1 to facilitate h] gett+ a second husb&1 & ?ank+ h] = h] goodness to him1 he directs t 8 bones are to be laid 9 ! same grave ) ^? ( 8 fir/ wife1 ,py?ias1 :om he _h rescu$ f robb]s m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e4#aaf3a ,o!r philosoph]s dislik$ him because he wore no long be>d1 dress$ neatly & _h good normal mann]s1 & !y despis$ 8 philosophy = v simil> reasons4 ,x 0 a s*ool :i* took ! exi/+ _w & tri$ to und]/& x in/ead ( inv5t+ "s int5se ec/atic doctr9e :i* %\ld trans=m x or r$uce x to no?+ness4 ,x possess$ no ,op5 ,sesame to unlock ! prison ( mank9d2 yet x is n haunt$ by t ,oimg ( ,kynoskephalai4 ,:ile armies sweep ,greece ?is way & t1 :ile ! old gods are vanqui%$ & ! cities lose _! fre$om & _! mean+1 ! ,p]ipatetics in/ead ( passionately sav+ s\ls dilig5tly pursu$ k1 & 9 g5]ation aft] g5]ation produc$ sci5tific results :i* put all _! rivals into ! %ade4#aaf3b ,9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 physics1 botany1 zoology1 & biology1 z well z ! human sci5ces ( lit]ature & hi/ory1 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age 0 "o ( ! mo/ creative kn[n to our record4 ,& x is n only t among ! savants responsible = ^! advances ! proportion ( ,p]ipatetics is ov]:elm+2 "o may also notice t 9 ?is s*ool alone x is assum$ z natural t fur!r rese>* w take place & w probably correct z well z increase our k1 & t1 :5 su* corrections or diff]5ces ( op9ion d take place1 !re is no cry rais$ ( ,h]esy4 ,x is ! old diff]5ce betwe5 ,philosophy & ,religion1 betwe5 ! se>* ( ! intellect = tru? & ! cry ( ! he>t = salvation4 ,z ! int]e/ 9 tru? = its own sake gradually abat$ 9 ! anci5t _w1 ! works ( ,ari/otle might /ill f9d comm5tators1 b 8 example 0 =gott5 & 8 influ5ce conf9$ to a small circle4 ,! ,por* & ! ,g>d51 = ! mo/ "p1 divid$ betwe5 !m ! allegiance ( ?\ghtful m54 ,bo? sy/ems _h begun 9 days ( discomfiture1 & aim$ orig9ally m at provid+ a refuge = ! s\l ?an at ord]+ ! c\rse ( society4 ,b aft] ! turmoil ( ! f\r? c5tury _h subsid$1 :5 gov]nm5ts began aga9 to approa* m ne>ly to peace & consequ5tly to ju/ice1 & public life once m to be attractive to dec5t m51 bo? philosophies %[$ !mselves adaptable to ! ne$s ( prosp]ity z well z adv]sity4 ,_m k+s & great ,roman gov]nors pr(ess$ ,/oicism4 ,x held be=e !m ! ideal ( univ]sal ,bro!rhood1 & ( duty to ! ',great ,society ( ,gods & ,m5'2 x enabl$ !m to "w1 indiff]5t to m]e pa9 & pleasure1 z s]vants ( ! div9e purpose & 'fell[-work]s ) ,god' 9 build+ up a human ,cosmos )9 ! et]nal ,cosmos4 ,x is p]haps at fir/ sight /range t _m k+s & gov]nors also foll[$ ,epicurus4 ,yet aft] all ! "w ( a public man is n h9d]$ by a slight irony z to ! value ( worldly greatness & a conviction t a d9n] ( bread & wat] ) love to season x 'is bett] ?an all ! cr[ns ( ! ,greeks'4 ,to hate cruelty & sup]/ition1 to avoid passion & luxury1 to reg>d human 'pleasure' or 'sweetness ( life' z ! goal to be aim$ at1 & 'fri5d%ip' or 'k9dl9ess' z ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 t pleasure1 are by no means doctr9es incompatible ) wise & effective adm9i/ration4 ,bo? sy/ems 7 good & bo? 9 a way complem5t>y "o to ano!r4 ,!y /ill divide betwe5 !m ! practical philosophy ( we/]n mank9d4 ,at times to mo/ ( u x seems z ?\gh no?+ 9 life _h value except to d "r & to fe> n2 at o!rs t ! only true aim is to make mank9d happy4 ,at times man's be/ hope seems to lie 9 t "p ( him :i* is prep>$ to defy or condemn ! _w ( fact if x div]ges f ! ideal2 9 t int5sity ( rev]5ce :i* w accept _m impossibilities r ?an ev] reject a holy ?+2 above all 9 t uncompromis+ moral s5sitiv5ess to :i* n m]ely ! corruptions ( society b ! fundam5tal & necess>y facts ( animal exi/5ce seem bo? nause\s & wick$1 l9ks & *a9s 9 a sy/em :i* c nev] be ! true home ( ! human _s4 ,at o!r times m5 feel ! ne$ to adapt _! beliefs & actions to ! _w z x is2 to bru% !mselves free f cobwebs2 to face pla9 facts ) common s5se & z mu* k9dl9ess z life p]mits1 meet+ ! ord9>y ne$s ( a p]i%able & imp]fect species )\t illusion & )\t make-believe4 ,at "o "t we are ,/oics1 at ano!r ,epicureans4 ,b amid _! diff]5ces !re is "o fai? :i* 0 held by bo? s*ools 9 common4 ,x is ! great *>act]i/ic fai? ( ! anci5t _w1 reveal+ itself 9 _m div]g5t guises & seldom fully intelligible to mod]n m52 fai? 9 ! absolute supremacy ( ! inw>d life ov] ?+s ext]nal4 ,^! m5 really believ$ t wisdom is m preci\s ?an jewels1 t pov]ty & ill heal? are ?+s ( no import1 t ! good man is happy :atev] befall him1 & all ! re/4 ,& 9 g5]ation aft] g5]ation _m ( ! able/ m51 & wom5 also1 act$ ^u ! belief4 ,!y liv$ by free *oice lives ^: simplicity & privation w\ld horrify a mod]n lab\r]1 & ! _w ab\t !m seems to h respect$ r ?an despis$ _! pov]ty4 ,to ! ,middle ,age1 ) its monks & m5dicants expectant ( rew>d 9 heav51 su* an attitude1 except = its dis9t]e/$ness1 w\ld be easily und]/ood4 ,to "s ea/]n nations1 ) _! cults ( asceticism & contemplation1 ! same doctr9es h appeal$ almo/ l a physical passion or a dang]\s drug runn+ riot 9 _! ve9s4 ,b mod]n we/]n man _c believe !m1 nor believe s]i\sly t o!rs believe !m4 ,on u ! p[] ( ! mat]ial _w has1 ?r\gh our v ma/]y ( x & ! dep5d5ce :i* results f t ma/]y1 bo? inw>dly & outw>dly increas$ its hold4 ,capta f]um victorem cepit4 ,we h tak5 possession ( x1 & n[ we _c move )\t x4 ,! mat]ial elem5t 9 mod]n life is f> great] ?an 9 anci5t2 b x does n foll[ t ! spiritual elem5t is correspond+ly less4 ,no d\bt x is true t a naval (fic] 9 a conn+-t[] 9 a mod]n battle does n ne$ less c\rage & "* ?an a nak$ savage :o meets 8 enemy ) a /ick & a spe>4 ,yet probably 9 ! fir/ case ! battle is ma9ly decid$ by ! weight & accuracy ( ! guns1 9 ! second by ! qualities ( ! fight]4 ,consequ5tly ! mod]n _w ?9ks m incessantly & anxi\sly ab\t ! guns1 t is1 ab\t money & me*anism2 ! anci5t devotes its ?\ght m to human "* & duty4 ,& x is curi\s to obs]ve h[1 9 g5]al1 ea* tries to rem$y :at is wrong ) ! _w by ! me?od t is habitually 9 its ?\ghts4 ,speak+ broadly1 ap>t f c]ta9 religi\s movem5ts1 ! enlight5$ mod]n re=m]1 if confront$ ) "s ord9>y complex ( mis]y & wick$ness1 in/9ctively proposes to cure x by high] wages1 bett] food1 m com=t & leisure2 to make p com=table & tru/ to _! becom+ good4 ,! typical anci5t re=m] w\ld appeal to u to c>e = none ( ^? ?+s 7s9ce ri*es notori\sly d n make m5 virtu\s71 b ) all our p[]s to pursue wisdom or righte\sness & ! life ( ! _s2 to be good m51 z we c be if we w1 & to "k t all else w foll[4 ,?is is "o ( ! regions 9 :i* ! anci5ts might h le>n$ mu* f u1 & 9 :i* we /ill h mu* to le>n f !m1 if once we c %ake (f our temporal obsessions & li/54 ,,note ,z an example x is wor? notic+1 ev5 9 a b>e catalogue1 ! "w done by "o ( ,ari/otle's own pupils1 a ,p]ipatetic ( ! second rank1 ,dicae>*us ( ,mess5e4 ,8 floruit is giv5 z #caj ,b4 ,c4 ,dorian by bir?1 :5 ,!ophra/us 0 made head ( ! s*ool he retir$ to ! ,peloponnese1 & %[s a c]ta9 prejudice aga9/ ,a!ns4 ,"o ( ! discov]ies ( ! "t 0 biography4 ,&1 by a brilliant /roke ( imag9ation ,dicae>*us t]m$ "o ( 8 books 1 ,! ,life ( ,hellas4 ,he saw civilization z ! biography ( ! _w4 ,fir/1 ! ,age ( ,cronos1 :5 man z a simple savage made no ef=t aft] high] ?+s2 next1 ! anci5t riv]-civilizations ( ! ori5t2 ?ird1 ! ,hell5ic sy/em4 ,among 8 scanty fragm5ts we f9d notes on su* ideas z 1 1 1 z ,greek in/itutions4 ,! ,life ( ,hellas 0 mu* us$ by late writ]s4 ,x =m$ ! model = ano!r by a c]ta9 ,jason1 & = ,v>ro's ,vita ,populi ,romani4 ,!n1 l 8 great ma/]1 ,dicae>*us made /udies ( ! ,con/itutions ( v>i\s /ates 7e4 g4 ,pell5e1 ,a!ns1 & ,cor9?72 8 treatise on ! ,con/itution ( ,sp>ta 0 read al\d annually 9 t city by ord] ( ! ,ephors4 ,x 0 evid5tly appreciative4 ,a m speculative "w 0 8 ,tripoliticus1 argu+ t ! be/ con/itution ought to be comp\nd$ ( ! ?ree species1 mon>*ic1 ari/ocratic1 & democratic1 z 9 ,sp>ta4 ,only !n w\ld x be sure to la/4 ,polybius accept$ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,mix$ ,con/itution1 b f\nd 8 ideal 9 ! con/itution ( ,rome1 :i* lat] hi/ory 0 to prove s viol5tly un/able4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,republica1 takes ! same l9e 7,polyb4 vi4 #b-aj2 ,cic4 ,de ,rep4 i4 #de2 ii4 #fe74 ,dicae>*us treat$ ( simil> political subjects 9 8 public addresses at ,olympia & at ! ,pana!naea4 ,we he> m ab\t 8 "w on ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 ?\gh 8 g5]ation 0 almo/ ! fir/ to realize t su* a subject _h any exi/5ce4 ,he wrote ,lives ( ,philosoph]s--a subject hi!rto n consid]$ wor? record+--giv+ ! biographical facts foll[$ by philosophic & ae/hetic criticism4 ,we he>1 = example1 ( 8 life ( ,plato2 ( ,py?agoras 79 :i* he laid emphasis on ! philosoph]'s practical "w71 ( ,x5ophanes1 & ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m54 ,he also wrote ,lives ( ,poets4 ,we he> ( books on ,alcaeus & on ,hom]1 9 :i* latt] he is said to h made ! />tl+ rem>k t ! poems '%\ld be pron\nc$ 9 ! ,aeolic dialect'4 ,:atev] ?is rem>k exactly meant1 & we _c tell )\t ! context1 x seems an extraord9>y anticipation ( mod]n philological discov]ies4 ,he wrote on ! ,hypo!ses--i4 e4 ! subject matt]--( ,sophocles & ,euripides2 also on ,musical ,conte/s1 1 c>ry+ fur!r ,ari/otle's own collection ( ! ,didascaliae1 or (ficial notices ( ! production ( ,trag$ies 9 ,a!ns4 ,! book dealt bo? ) dates & ) cu/oms2 x told h[ ,skolia 7 sung1 ) a laurel or myrtle twig 9 ! h&1 h[ ,sophocles introduc$ a ?ird actor1 & ! l4 ,9 philosophy prop] he wrote ,on ! ,s\l1 4 ,8 fir/ book1 ! ,cor9?iacus1 prov$ t ! ,s\l 0 a 'h>mony' or '"r bl5d+' ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & 0 id5tical ) ! =ce ( ! liv+ body4 ,! second1 ! ,lesbiacus1 drew ! conclusion t1 if a comp\nd1 x 0 de/ructible4 7,h5ce a great controv]sy ) 8 ma/]47 ,he wrote 1 on ! ,p]i%+ ( ,mank9d2 i4 e4 on ! way 9 :i* l>ge masses ( m5 h p]i%$ (f ! e>?1 ?r\gh fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 wild bea/s1 w>1 & ! l4 ,he decides t man's mo/ de/ructive enemy is ,man4 7,! subject may h be5 sugge/$ to him by a f9e imag9ative passage 9 ,ari/otle's ,meteorology 7i4 #ad1 #g7 deal+ ) ! va/ *anges t h tak5 place on ! e>?'s surface & ! unrecord$ p]i%+s ( races & communities47 ,he wrote a treatise aga9/ ,div9ation1 & a 7satirical87 ,desc5t to ! ,cave ( ,trophonius4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h all[$ "s importance to dreams & to ! ph5om5a ( 'possession'4 ,&1 ) all ?is1 we h n t\*$ on 8 greate/ "w1 :i* 0 9 ! sph]e ( geography4 ,he wrote a 1 a ,j\rney ,r\nd ! ,e>?1 accompani$ ) a map4 ,he us$ = ?is map ! greatly increas$ /ores ( k ga9$ by ! ,mac$onian exp$itions ov] all ,asia z f> z ! ,ganges4 ,he also seems to h devis$ ! me?od ( d5ot+ ! position ( a place by means ( two co-ord9ates1 ! me?od soon aft] develop$ by ,erato/h5es into ,latitude & ,longitude4 ,he attempt$ calculations ( ! measurem5ts ( l>ge geographic di/ances1 = :i* ( c\rse bo? 8 data & 8 in/rum5ts 7 inadequate4 ,nev]!less 8 measurem5ts rema9$ a well-kn[n /&>d2 we f9d !m quot$ & criticiz$ by ,/rabo & ,polybius4 ,&1 la/ly1 he publi%$ ,measurem5ts ( ! ,heights ( ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,peloponnese2 b ! title seems to h be5 unduly mode/1 = we f9d 9 ! fragm5ts /atem5ts ab\t m\nta9s f> outside t area2 ab\t ,pelion & ,olympus 9 ,!ssaly & ( ,atabyrion 9 ,rhodes4 ,he _h a subv5tion1 ,pl9y tells u 7,n4 ,h4 ii4 #afb1 'regum cura p]m5sus montes'71 f ! k+ ( ,mac$on1 probably ei!r ,cass&] or1 z "o w\ld l to believe1 ! philosophic ,antigonus ,gonatas4 ,& he calculat$ ! heights1 s we are told1 by trigonometry1 us+ ! 1 an in/rum5t ( holl[ re$s )\t l5ses :i* s]v$ = 8 primitive !odolite4 ,x is an extraord9>y record1 & illu/rates ! true ,p]ipatetic _s4 ,,footnotes3 #gi3a ,hell54 ii4 #b1 #c4 #hj3a ,cf4 ,t>n1 ,antigonus ,gonatas1 p4 #eb1 & au?orities !re quot$4 #ha3a ,lysias1 xxxiii4 #hb3a ,dem4 ,cr[n1 #bjh4 #hc3a ',su*-l tra%'1 ,gorgias1 #eai ,a2 du/-/orm1 ,rep4 vi4 #dif2 clo!s1 ,gorg4 #ebc ,e2 'democratic man'1 ,rep4 viii4 #eef ff4 #hd3a ,laws1 #gji ,e1 cf4 ,lett] ,,vii4 #he3a ,aulus ,gellius1 xiv4 #c2 ,plato1 ,laws1 p4 #fie2 ,x54 ,cyrop4 viii4 #g1 comp>$ ) ,hdt4 i4 #bad4 #hg3a ,?is is ! impression left by ,x5ophon1 especially 9 ! ,symposium4 ,cf4 ,dmml]1 ,anti/h5ica 7#ahhb72 ,akademika 7#ahhi74 ,cf4 ! ,life ( ,anti/h5es 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 #hg3b 1 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bea ,b1 ,isocr4 ,hel5a1 i4 #b4 #hg3c e4 g4 no comb9ation ( subject & pr$icate c be true because "o is diff]5t f ! o!r4 ',man' is 'man' & 'good' is 'good'2 b 'man' is n 'good'4 ,nor c 'a horse' possibly be 'runn+'2 !y are totally diff]5t conceptions4 ,see ,plut>*1 adv4 ,co4 #bb1 #a 7p4 #aaai72 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bea ,b2 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 #ajbd;b #cc2 ,top4 #ajd;b #bj2 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 #bhe ,e4 ,= simil> reasons no /atem5t c ev] contradict ano!r2 ! /atem5ts are ei!r ! same or n ! same2 & if n ! same !y d n t\*4 ,e object has "o or ?+ to be said ab\t x2 if y say a diff]5t y are speak+ ( some?+ else4 ,see especially ,s*olia ,ari/41 p4 #gcb;a #cj ff4 on ! passage 9 ! ,metaphysics1 #ajbd;b #cc4 #ij3a 3 see ,life 9 ,diog4 ,la]t41 fragm5ts 9 ,mulla*1 vol4 ii1 & ! article 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a4 #ie3a ,!re 7 wom5 among ! ,cynics4 ',! doctr9e also captur$ ,metrocles' si/]1 ,hipp>*ia4 ,%e lov$ ,crates1 8 words1 & 8 way ( life1 & paid no att5tion to any ( h] suitors1 h[ev] ri* or highborn or h&some4 ,crates 0 ev]y?+ to h]4 ,%e ?reat5$ h] p>5ts t %e w\ld commit suicide unless %e 7 giv5 to him4 ,!y ask$ ,crates to try to *ange ! girl's m9d1 & he did all he c\ld to no effect1 till at la/ he put all 8 possessions on ! floor & /ood up 9 front ( h]4 ',"h is y\r bridegroom2 !re is 8 =tune2 n[ ?9k6' ,! girl made h] *oice1 put on ! begg>'s g>b1 & w5t h] ways ) ,crates4 ,%e liv$ ) him op5ly & w5t l him to beg food at d9n]s4' ,diog4 ,la]t4 vi4 #if ff4 #ih3a e4 g4 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among animals & plants2 ! 1 or 'mutual dev\r+'1 ( animals2 & su* po9ts z ! v>i\s advances 9 evolution :i* seem self-de/ructive4 ,?us1 ,man has le>nt to /& on two feet & use 8 h&s2 a great advantage b "o :i* has l$ to num]\s diseases4 ,aga91 physiologi/s say t ! increas+ size ( ! human head1 especially :5 comb9$ ) ! dim9i%+ size ( ! pelvis1 t5ds to make normal bir? impossible4 #ajj3a ,! ,/oic ,philosophy 7#aiae74 ,see also ,arnold's ,roman ,/oicism 7#aiaa72 ,bevan's ,/oics & ,sceptics 7#aiac72 & especially ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,fragm5ta by von ,arnim 7#aijc-e74 #aja3a ,! *ief au?orities on ,epicurus are ,us5]'s ,epicurea1 conta9+ ! ,life f ,diog4 ,la]t41 fragm5ts & introduction3 ! papyrus fragm5ts ( ,philodemus 9 ,volum9a ,h]culan5sia2 ,diog5es ( ,o5o&a 7text by ,william1 ,teubn]1 #aijg72 ! comm5t>ies on ,lucretius 7,munro1 ,giussani1 c474 #ajc3a ,epicurus is ! "o philosoph] :o prote/s ) real indignation aga9/ t inhuman sup]iority to natural sorr[s :i* is s mu* priz$ by mo/ ( ! anci5t s*ools4 ,to him su* 'apa?y' argues ei!r a h>d he>t or a morbid vanity 7,fr4 #abj74 ,8 lett]s are full ( affectionate expressions :i* r %ock ! /]n res]ve ( antique philosophy4 ,he waits = "o fri5d's 'heav5ly pres5ce' 7,fr4 #afe74 ,he 'melts ) a peculi> joy m+l$ ) te>s 9 rememb]+ ! la/ words' ( "o :o is dead 7,fr4 #ahf2 cf4 #bac74 ,he is en?usia/ic ab\t an act ( k9dness p]=m$ by ano!r1 :o walk$ "s five miles to help a b>b>ian prison] 7,fr4 #aid74 #ajf3a ,lucretius1 i4 #fb-gi1 actually speaks ( ! great a!i/ 9 language tak5 f ! ,savi\r ,religions 7see bel[1 p4 #afb73 ,:5 ,man's life ^u e>? 9 base dismay1 ,cru%$ by ! bur!n ( ,religion1 lay1 ,^: face1 f all ! regions ( ! sky1 ,hung1 gl>+ hate ^u mortality1 ,fir/ "o ,greek man aga9/ h] d>$ to raise ,8 eyes1 aga9/ h] /rive ?r\gh all 8 days2 ,him noise ( ,gods nor lightn+s nor ! ro> ,( rag+ heav5 subdu$1 b prick$ ! m ,8 _s's valiance1 till he long$ ! ,gate ,to bur/ ( ?is l[ prison ( man's fate4 ,& ?us ! liv+ ard\r ( 8 m9d ,conqu]$1 & clove its way2 he pass$ beh9d ,! _w's la/ flam+ wall1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ,( space un*>t$ rang$ 8 m9d & s\l4 ,:5ce1 conqu]+1 he return$ to make ,man see ,at la/ :at c1 :at _c1 come to be2 ,by :at law to ea* ,?+ its p[] ha? be5 ,assign$1 & :at deep b\nd>y set betwe52 ,till und]foot is tam$ ,religion trod1 ,&1 by ,8 victory1 ,man asc5ds to ,god4 #ajg3a ,t is1 #h1jjj dra*mae4 ,r5ts _h ris5 viol5tly 9 #cad & s presumably _h l& prices4 ,else "o w\ld say ! ,g>d5 0 ab\t ! value ( a good f>m4 ,see ,t>n 9 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,age 7#aibc71 p4 #aaf4 #ajh3a 1 ,fr4 #ahb4 #ajh3b ,fr4 #adc4 1 1 1 4 ,fr4 #aba 7f an enemy7 implies t ! ,hetairae 7 expect$ to re=m :5 !y ent]$ ! ,g>d54 ,cf4 ,fr4 #fb 1 3 cf4 ,fr4 #egd4 #aji3a ,see p4 #afi bel[ on ,diog5es ( ,o5o&a4 #aaj3a ,pleasures & pa9s may be great] or less1 b ! complete 'removal ( pa9 & fe>' is a p]fect end1 n to be surpass$4 ,fr4 #djh-dh1 ,ep4 iii4 #abi-ca4 #aaj3b e4 g4 ,plut4 ,ne suavit] quidem vivi1 esp4 *ap4 #ag 7p4 #ajih ,d74 #aaa3a ,cf4 ,fr4 #ada :5 ,epicurus writes to ,colotes3 ',?9k ( me z immortal1 & g y\r ways z immortal too4' #aab3a ,fr4 #fja2 cf4 #eih ff4 #aac3a ,fr4 #ach2 cf4 #agg4 #aac3b ' '1 ,fr4 #di4 ,us5]1 f ,philodemus1 ,de ,rhet4 ,?is may be only a playful ref]5ce to ,plato's phrase ab\t be+ a ( 8 fa!r1 ,p>m5ides1 ,soph41 p4 #bda ,d4 #aac3c ,epicurus congratulat$ himself 7errone\sly7 t he came to ,philosophy 1 'undefil$ by education'4 ,cf4 ,fr4 #afc to ,py?ocles1 1 1 1 ',f education 9 e %ape1 my son1 spread sail & fly6' #aac3d ,fr4 #cdc-f4 #aaf3a ,py?ias 0 ! niece1 or w>d1 ( ,ari/otle's fri5d1 ,h]mias1 an extraord9>y man :o rose f slav]y to be fir/ a free man & a philosoph]1 & lat] ,pr9ce or ',dyna/' ( ,assos & ,at>neus4 ,9 ! end he 0 trea*]\sly entrapp$ by ! ,p]sian ,g5]al1 ,m5tor1 & crucifi$ by ! k+4 ,ari/otle's ',ode to ,virtue' is address$ to him4 ,to 8 second wife1 ,h]pyllis1 ,ari/otle 0 only unit$ by a civil m>riage l ! ,roman usus4 #aaf3b ,see note on ,dicae>*us at end ( *apt]4 ,,iv ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,n]ve ,any "o :o turns f ! great writ]s ( classical ,a!ns1 say ,sophocles or ,ari/otle1 to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian era mu/ be consci\s ( a great diff]5ce 9 tone4 ,!re is a *ange 9 ! :ole relation ( ! writ] to ! _w ab\t him4 ,! new quality is n specifically ,*ri/ian3 x is j z m>k$ 9 ! ,gno/ics & ,mi?ras-wor%ipp]s z 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,apocalypse1 9 ,julian & ,plot9us z 9 ,gregory & ,j]ome4 ,x is h>d to describe4 ,x is a rise ( asceticism1 ( my/icism1 9 a s5se1 ( pessimism2 a loss ( self-confid5ce1 ( hope 9 ?is life & ( fai? 9 normal human ef=t2 a despair ( pati5t inquiry1 a cry = infallible revelation2 an indiff]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 a conv]sion ( ! s\l to ,god4 ,x is an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! aim ( ! good man is n s mu* to live ju/ly1 to help ! society to :i* he belongs & enjoy ! e/eem ( 8 fell[ creatures2 b r1 by means ( a burn+ fai?1 by contempt = ! _w & its /&>ds1 by ec/asy1 suff]+1 & m>tyrdom1 to be grant$ p>don = 8 unspeakable unwor?9ess1 8 immeasurable s9s4 ,!re is an int5sify+ ( c]ta9 spiritual emotions2 an increase ( s5sitiv5ess1 a failure ( n]ve4 ,n[ ?is anti!sis is (t5 exagg]at$ by ! admir]s ( "o side or ! o!r4 ,a hundr$ p write z if ,sophocles _h no my/icism & practically speak+ no consci5ce4 ,half a doz5 retort z if ,/4 ,paul _h no public _s & no common s5se4 ,i h prote/$ (t5 aga9/ ?is exagg]ation2 b1 /at$ reasonably1 z a *ange ( proportion & n a creation ( new he>ts1 ! anti!sis is c]ta9ly bas$ on fact4 ,! hi/orical reasons = x are sugge/$ above1 9 ! fir/ ( ^! essays4 ,my description ( ?is complicat$ *ange is1 ( c\rse1 inadequate1 b n1 ,i hope1 "o-sid$4 ,i d n depreciate ! religions t foll[$ on ?is movem5t by describ+ ! movem5t itself z a 'failure ( n]ve'4 ,mank9d has n yet decid$ :i* ( two opposite me?ods leads to ! full] & deep] k ( ! _w3 ! pati5t & sympa!tic /udy ( ! good citiz5 :o lives 9 x1 or ! ec/atic vision ( ! sa9t :o rejects x4 ,b probably mo/ ,*ri/ians are incl9$ to believe t )\t "s failure & s5se ( failure1 )\t a contrite he>t & conviction ( s91 man c h>dly atta9 ! religi\s life4 ,i c imag9e an hi/orian ( ?is temp] believ+ t ! p]iod we are ab\t to discuss 0 a necess>y s(t5+ ( human pride1 a ,praep>atio ,evangelica4#abd3a ,i am conc]n$ 9 ?is pap] ) ! l[] c\ntry ly+ betwe5 two great ranges4 ,! "o range is ,greek ,philosophy1 culm9at+ 9 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,por*1 & ! ,g>d52 ! o!r is ,*ri/ianity1 culm9at+ 9 ,/4 ,paul & 8 successors4 ,! "o is ! "w ( ,hellas1 us+ "s few =eign elem5ts2 ! second is ! "w ( ,hell5i/ic culture on a ,hebrew /ock4 ,! books ( ,*ri/ianity are ,greek1 ! philosophical backgr\nd is ,hell5i/ic1 ! result ( ! int]play1 9 ! free atmosph]e ( ,greek philosophy1 ( religi\s ideas d]iv$ f ,egypt1 ,anatolia1 ,syria1 & ,babylon4 ,! prea*+ is c>ri$ on 9 ,greek among ! ,greek-speak+ workm5 ( ! great manufactur+ & comm]cial cities4 ,! fir/ prea*]s are ,jews3 ! c5tral sc5e is set 9 ,j]usalem4 ,i wi% 9 ?is essay to indicate h[ a p]iod ( religi\s hi/ory1 :i* seems brok51 is really cont9u\s1 & to trace ! lie ( ! ma9 valleys :i* lead f ! "o range to ! o!r1 ?r\gh a l>ge & imp]fectly explor$ t]ritory4 ,! t]ritory 9 "q is ! s-call$ ,hell5i/ic ,age1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,s*ools ( ,greece 7 'hell5iz+' ! _w4 ,x is a "t ( great enlight5m5t1 ( vigor\s propag&a1 ( high importance to hi/ory4 ,x is a "t full ( great names3 9 "o s*ool ( philosophy alone we h ,z5o1 ,clean!s1 ,*rysippus1 ,panaetius1 ,posidonius4 ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 x is repres5t$ 9 our tradition by some?+ v l a m]e void4 ,!re are practically no complete books pres]v$1 only fragm5ts & indirect quotations4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! se>* = in=mation ab\t ?is age we mu/ ?r[ our nets wide4 ,beside books & inscriptions ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod prop] ,i h drawn on ,cic]o1 ,pl9y1 ,s5eca1 & ! l = evid5ce ab\t _! tea*]s & ma/]s4 ,i h us$ _m ,*ri/ian & ,gno/ic docum5ts & works l ! ,corpus ( ,h]metic writ+s & ! ,mi?ras ,liturgy4 ,among mod]n writ]s ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge a special debt to ! rese>*es ( ,diet]i*1 ,cumont1 ,b\sset1 ,w5dl&1 & ,reitz5/e94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,age seems at fir/ sight to h ent]$ on an inh]itance su* z our speculative ,an>*i/s sometimes long =1 a tabula rasa1 on :i* a new & highly gift$ g5]ation ( ?9k]s might write clean & c]ta9 ! book ( _! discov]ies ab\t life--:at ,h]odotus w\ld call _! ',hi/ori'4 ,=1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ essay1 x is cle> t by ! "t ( ,plato ! traditional religion ( ! ,greek /ates 01 if tak5 at its face value1 a bankrupt conc]n4 ,!re 0 h>dly "o aspect 9 :i* x c\ld be> criticism2 & 9 ! k9d ( te/ t *iefly matt]s1 ! satisfaction ( m5's e?ical requirem5ts & aspirations1 x 0 if any?+ weak] ?an else:]e4 ,n[ a religi\s belief t is sci5tifically prepo/]\s may /ill h a long & com=table life be=e x4 ,any wor%ipp] c susp5d ! sci5tific "p ( 8 m9d :ile wor%ipp+4 ,b a religi\s belief t is morally contemptible is 9 s]i\s dang]1 because :5 ! religi\s emotions surge up ! moral emotions are n f> away4 ,& ! cla% _c be hidd54 ,?is collapse ( ! traditional religion ( ,greece might n h matt]$ s mu* if ! =m ( ,greek social life _h rema9$4 ,if a good ,greek _h 8 ,polis1 he _h an adequate sub/itute 9 mo/ respects = any my?ological gods4 ,b ! ,polis too1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ essay1 fell ) ! rise ( ,mac$on4 ,x fell1 p]haps1 n f any special spiritual fault ( its own2 x _h few faults except its fatal n>r[ness2 b simply because !re n[ exi/$ ano!r social :ole1 :i*1 :e!r high] or l[] 9 civilization1 0 at any rate utt]ly sup]ior 9 brute =ce & 9 money4 ,devotion to ! ,polis lo/ its reality :5 ! ,polis1 ) all t x repres5t$ ( rights & laws & ideals ( ,life1 lay at ! m]cy ( a milit>y despot1 :o might1 ( c\rse1 be a h]o1 b might equally well be a vulg> sot or a corrupt adv5tur]4 ,:at ! succe$+ ages built ^u ! ru9s ( ! ,polis is n our imm$iate conc]n4 ,9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 on ! :ole1 ! ,polis triumph$4 ,ari/otle bas$ 8 social !ory on ! ,polis1 n ! nation4 ,dicae>*us1 ,didymus1 & ,posidonius foll[$ him1 & we /ill use 8 language4 ,rome h]self 0 a ,polis1 z well z an ,empire4 ,& ,pr(essor ,hav]field has po9t$ out t a ,city has m *ance ( tak+ 9 ! :ole _w to its fre$oms & privileges ?an a ,nation has ( mak+ m5 ( ali5 bir? its compatriots4 ,a ,jew ( ,t>sus c\ld easily be grant$ ! civic rights ( ,rome3 he c\ld nev] h be5 made an ,italian or a ,fr5*man4 ,! ,/oic ideal ( ! ,_w z '"o great ,city ( ,gods & ,m5' has n be5 surpass$ by any ideal bas$ on ! ,nation4 ,:at we h to consid] is ! g5]al tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght f1 say1 ! ,p]ipatetics to ! ,gno/ics4 ,x is a fairly cle> hi/ory4 ,a soil once teem+ ) wild we$s 0 to all appe>ance swept b>e & made ready = new s[+3 skill$ g>d5]s *ose c>efully ! be/ ( h]bs & plants & t5d$ ! g>d5 s$ul\sly4 ,b ! b\nds ( ! g>d5 kept spread+ all ! :ile into /range unt5d$ gr\nd1 & ev5 )9 ! orig9al walls ! we$+ _h be5 ha/y & incomplete4 ,at ! end ( a few g5]ations all 0 a wild]ness ( we$s aga91 we$s rank & luxuriant & sometimes extremely beautiful1 ) a half-/rangl$ g>d5 fl[] or two gleam+ "h & !re 9 ! tangle ( !m4 ,does t comp>ison seem disrespectful to religion8 ,is philosophy all fl[]s & traditional belief all we$s8 ,well1 ?9k :at a we$ is4 ,x is only a "n = all ! natural wild vegetation :i* ! e>? s5ds up ( h]self1 :i* lives & w live )\t ! consci\s lab\r ( man4 ,! fl[]s are :at we keep alive ) difficulty2 ! we$s are :at conqu] u4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ by ,zell] t ! great weakness ( all anci5t ?\ght1 n except+ ,socratic ?\ght1 0 t in/ead ( appeal+ to objective exp]im5t x appeal$ to "s subjective s5se ( fitness4 ,!re 7 exceptions1 ( c\rse3 ,democritus1 ,erato/h5es1 ,hippocrates1 & to a great ext5t ,ari/otle4 ,b 9 g5]al !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy to foll[ ,plato 9 suppos+ t p c\ld really solve que/ions by an appeal to _! inn] consci\sness4 ,"o result ( ?is1 no d\bt1 0 a t5d5cy to lay too mu* /ress on m]e agreem5t4 ,x is obvi\s1 :5 "o ?9ks ab\t x1 t q (t5 a l>ge numb] ( p :o "k no?+ ab\t a subject w all agree & all be wrong4 ,yet we f9d ! mo/ radical ( anci5t philosoph]s unconsci\sly dom9at$ by ! argum5t ex cons5su g5tium4 ,x is h>d to f9d two m uncompromis+ ?9k]s ?an ,z5o & ,epicurus4 ,yet bo? ( !m1 :5 !y are almo/ free f ! popul> sup]/itions1 :5 !y h con/ruct$ complete sy/ems :i*1 if n absolutely logic-pro(1 are calculat$ at lea/ to keep out ! wea!r = a c5tury or s1 op5 curi\s side-doors at ! la/ mom5t & let 9 all ! gods ( my?ology4#abi3a ,true1 !y are admitt$ z suspici\s *>act]s1 & "u promise ( good behavi\r4 ,epicurus expla9s t !y d n & _c d any?+ :atev] to anybody2 ,z5o expla9s t !y are n an?ropomorphic1 & are only symbols or emanations or subord9ates ( ! all-rul+ ,unity2 bo? p>ties get rid ( ! my?s4 ,b ! two great re=m]s h admitt$ a dang]\s pr9ciple4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( humanity1 !y say1 %[s t !re are gods1 & gods :i* 9 m9d1 if n also 9 visual appe>ance1 resemble man4 ,epicurus succe$$ 9 b>r+ ! door1 & admitt$ no?+ m4 ,b ! ,/oics pres5tly f\nd !mselves admitt+ or insi/+ t ! same cons5sus prov$ ! exi/5ce ( daemons1 ( wit*craft1 ( div9ation1 & :5 !y comb9$ ) ! ,platonic s*ool1 ( m dang]\s elem5ts /ill4 ,i take ! ,/oics & ,epicureans z ! two mo/ radical s*ools4 ,on ! :ole bo? ( !m f\ght /eadily & /rongly aga9/ ! gr[? ( sup]/ition1 or1 if y l to put x 9 o!r language1 aga9/ ! dumb dem&s ( man's infra-rational nature4 ,! glory ( ! ,/oics is to h built up a religion ( extraord9>y nobl5ess2 ! glory ( ! ,epicureans is to h upheld an ideal ( sanity & humanity />k upright amid a reel+ _w1 &1 l ! old ,sp>tans1 nev] to h yield$ "o in* ( gr\nd to ! common foe4 ,! great ?+ to rememb] is t ! m9d ( man _c be enlight5$ p]man5tly by m]ely tea*+ him to reject "s p>ticul> set ( sup]/itions4 ,!re is an inf9ite supply ( o!r sup]/itions always at h&2 & ! m9d t desires su* ?+s--t is1 ! m9d t has n tra9$ itself to ! h>d discipl9e ( reasonabl5ess & hone/y1 w1 z soon z its devils are ca/ out1 proce$ to fill itself ) _! relations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u fir/ consid] ! result ( ! m]e d5ial ( ! ,olympian religion4 ,! ess5tial po/ulate ( t religion 0 t ! _w is gov]n$ by a numb] ( def9ite p]sonal gods1 possess$ ( a human s5se ( ju/ice & fairness & capable ( be+ influ5c$ by normal human motives4 ,9 g5]al1 !y help$ ! good & puni%$ ! bad1 ?\gh d\btless !y t5d$ too mu* to reg>d z good ^? :o paid !m prop] att5tion & z bad ^? :o did n4 ,speak+ broadly1 :at 0 left :5 ?is conception prov$ inadequate8 ,if x 0 n ^! p]sonal gods :o made ?+s happ51 :at 0 x8 ,if ! ,t[] ( ,siloam 0 n delib]ately ?r[n d[n by ! gods s z to kill & hurt a c>efully collect$ numb] ( wick$ p1 :ile lett+ ! good escape1 :at 0 ! explanation ( its fall+8 ,! answ] is obvi\s1 b x c be put 9 two ways4 ,y c ei!r say3 ',x 0 j *ance t ! ,t[] fell at t p>ticul> mom5t :5 ,s-&-s 0 "u x4' ,or y c say1 ) r m reflection b n any m common s5se3 ',x fell because ( a def9ite *a9 ( causes1 a c]ta9 degree ( progressive decay 9 ! build+1 a c]ta9 def9ite pressure1 c4 ,x 0 b\nd to fall4' ,!re is no real diff]5ce 9 ^! /atem5ts1 at lea/ 9 ! mean+ ( ^? :o ord9>ily utt] !m4 ,bo? are compatible ) a reasonable & sci5tific view ( ! _w4 ,b 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 :5 ,greek ?\ght 0 spread+ rapidly & sup]ficially ov] va/ semi-b>b>\s populations ^: m9ds 7 n ripe = x1 bo? views turn$ back in/9ctively into a !ology z p]sonal z t ( ! ,olympians4 ,x 0 n1 ( c\rse1 ,zeus or ,apollo :o will$ ?is2 e "o knew s mu*3 x happ5$ by ,*ance4 ,t is1 ,*ance or ,=tune will$ x4 ,& became a goddess l ! re/4 ,! great cata/rophes1 ! great trans=mations ( ! m$it]ranean _w :i* m>k$ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 _h a /rong influ5ce "h4 ,if ,alex&] & 8 g5]als _h practis$ "s sev]ely or?odox ,mac$onian religion1 x w\ld h be5 easy to see t ! ,gods ( ,mac$on 7 ! real rul]s ( ! _w4 ,b !y mo/ m>k$ly did n4 ,!y accept$ hospitably all ! religions t cross$ _! pa?4 ,"s p[] or o!r 0 di/urb+ ! _w1 t 0 cle>4 ,x 0 n exactly ! "w ( man1 because sometimes ! good 7 exalt$1 sometimes ! bad2 !re 0 no consi/5t purpose 9 ! /ory4 ,x 0 j ,=tune4 ,happy is ! man :o kn[s h[ to placate ,=tune & make h] smile ^u him6 ,x is wor? rememb]+ t ! be/ se$-gr\nd = sup]/ition is a society 9 :i* ! =tunes ( m5 seem to be> practically no relation to _! m]its & ef=ts4 ,a /able & well-gov]n$ society does t5d1 speak+ r\ghly1 to ensure t ! ,virtu\s & ,indu/ri\s ,appr5tice %all succe$ 9 life1 :ile ! ,wick$ & ,idle ,appr5tice fails4 ,& 9 su* a society p t5d to lay /ress on ! reasonable or visible *a9s ( causation4 ,b 9 a c\ntry suff]+ f e>?quakes or pe/il5ces1 9 a c\rt gov]n$ by ! :im ( a despot1 9 a di/rict :i* is habitually ! seat ( a w> betwe5 ali5 armies1 ! ord9>y virtues ( dilig5ce1 hone/y1 & k9dl9ess seem to be ( little avail4 ,! only way to escape de/ruction is to w9 ! fav\r ( ! prevail+ p[]s1 take ! side ( ! /ronge/ invad]1 flatt] ! despot1 placate ! ,fate or ,=tune or angry god t is s5d+ ! e>?quake or ! pe/il5ce4 ,! ,hell5i/ic p]iod pretty c]ta9ly falls 9 "s degree "u all ( ^! categories4 ,& "o result is ! sudd5 & enorm\s spread ( ! wor%ip ( ,=tune4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 always a prote/4 ,!re is ! fam\s ,nullum num5 habes si sit prud5tia3 nos te1 ,nos facimus1 ,=tuna1 deam1 tak5 by ,juv5al f ! ,greek4 ,!re are _m ungu>d$ phrases & at lea/ ?ree corrections 9 ,polybius4#acc3a ,mo/ int]e/+ ( all p]haps1 !re is ! fir/ oration ( ,plut>* on ! ,=tune ( ,alex&]4#acc3b ,a s5t5ce 9 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ii4 #bb1 seems to g back to ,hell5i/ic s\rces3 ',?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 at e place & h\r1 by e voice ,=tune alone is invok$ & h] "n spok53 %e is ! "o def5dant1 ! "o culprit1 ! "o ?\ght 9 m5's m9ds1 ! "o object ( praise1 ! "o cause4 ,%e is wor%ipp$ ) insults1 c\nt$ z fickle & (t5 z bl9d1 w&]+1 inconsi/5t1 elusive1 *angeful1 & fri5d ( ! unwor?y4 4 4 4 ,we are s mu* at ! m]cy ( *ance t ,*ance is our god4' ,! ^w us$ is fir/ ,=tuna & !n ,sors4 ,?is %[s h[ little real diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! two app>5tly contradictory conceptions4--',*ance w\ld h x s4' ',x 0 fat$ to be4' ,! /+ ( bo? phrases--_! pleasant bitt]ness :5 play$ )1 _! quality ( poison :5 believ$--lies 9 _! d5ial ( ! value ( human endeav\r4 ,yet on ! :ole1 z "o might expect1 ! believ]s 9 ,de/9y are a m respectable congregation ?an ! wor%ipp]s ( ,*ance4 ,x requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?\ghtfulness to rise to ! conception t no?+ really happ5s )\t a cause4 ,x is ! beg9n+1 p]haps1 ( sci5ce4 ,ionic philosoph]s ( ! fif? c5tury _h laid /ress on ! 1#acd3a :at we %\ld call ! ,*a9 ( causes 9 ,nature4 ,aft] ! rise ( ,/oicism ,fate becomes some?+ less physical1 m relat$ to consci\s purpose4 ,x is n ,anank b ,heim>m54 ,heim>m51 9 ! /rik+ simile ( ,z5o1#acd3b is l a f9e ?read runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( exi/5ce--! _w1 we mu/ rememb]1 0 to ! ,/oics a live ?+--l t invisible ?read ( life :i*1 9 h]$ity1 passes on f g5]ation to g5]ation ( liv+ species & keeps ! type alive2 x runs caus+1 caus+ = ev]1 bo? ! inf9itesimal & ! inf9ite4 ,x is ! 1#ace3a ! 1 ! ,reason ( ! ,_w or ! m9d ( ,zeus1 r difficult to di/+ui% f ! ,pronoia or ,provid5ce :i* is ! "w ( ,god & inde$ ! v ess5ce ( ,god4 ,?us x is n really an ext]nal & ali5 =ce4 ,= ! human s\l itself is a fragm5t or efflu5ce ( ! div9e1 & ?is ,law ( ,god is also ! law ( man's own ,phusis4 ,z long z y act 9 accordance ) y\r true self y are comply+ ) t div9e or 1 ^: s]vice is p]fect fre$om4 ,only :5 y are false to y\r own nature & become a rebel aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god :i* is )9 y1 are y dragg$ p]=ce beh9d ! *>iot-:eels4 ,! doctr9e is impli$ 9 ,clean!s' celebrat$ ,hymn to ,de/9y & is expla9$ cle>ly by ,plot9us4#ace3b ,t is a noble conception4 ,b ! vulg> ( c\rse c turn ,kismet into a /upid idol1 z easily z !y c ,=tune4 ,& ,epicurus may h _h "s excuse = exclaim+ t he w\ld soon] be a slave to ! old gods ( ! vulg>1 ?an to ! ,de/9y ( ! philosoph]s4#ace3c ,s mu* = ! result 9 sup]/iti\s m9ds ( ! d5ial1 or r ! removal1 ( ! ,olympian ,gods4 ,x l&$ m5 9 ! wor%ip ( ,=tune or ( ,fate4 ,next1 let u consid] :at happ5$ :51 in/ead ( m]ely reject+ ! ,gods en masse1 p tri$ c>efully to collect :at rema9$ ( religion aft] ! ,olympian sy/em fell4 ,ari/otle himself gives u a fairly cle> answ]4 ,he held t ! orig9s ( man's idea 77 ( ! ,div9e 7 tw(old1#acf3a ! ph5om5a ( ! sky & ! ph5om5a ( ! human s\l4 ,x is v mu* :at ,kant f\nd two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,! spectacle ( ! va/ & ord]$ movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are comp>$ by him 9 a fam\s fragm5t ) ! m>*+ =? ( ,hom]'s armies be=e ,troy4 ,beh9d su* v>i\s ord] & /r5g? !re mu/ surely be a consci\s m9d capable 1 ,to ord] /e$s ( w> & maild m54 ,x is only a /ep f ?is to reg>d+ ! sun1 moon1 & />s z !mselves div9e1 & x is a /ep :i* bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle1 foll[+ ,py?agoras & foll[$ by ! ,/oics1 take ) confid5ce4 ,*rysippus gives practically ! same li/ ( gods3 '! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s2 & ,law3 & m5 :o h become ,gods4'#acf3b ,bo? ! w&]+ />s & ! fix$ />s are 'animate be+s1 div9e & et]nal'1 self-act+ subord9ate gods4 ,z to ! div9ity ( ! s\l or ! m9d ( man1 ! e>li] g5]ations are %y ab\t x4 ,b 9 ! lat] ,/oics x is itself a portion ( ! div9e life4 ,x %[s ?is ord9>ily by its p[] ( reason1 & m conspicu\sly by becom+ 1 or 'fill$ ) ,god'1 9 its exalt$ mom5ts ( prevision1 ec/asy1 & prophetic dreams4 ,if reason itself is div9e1 !re is some?+ else 9 ! s\l :i* is ev5 high] ?an reason or at lea/ m surpris+ly div9e4 ,let u foll[ ! hi/ory ( bo? ^! rema9+ sub/itutes = ! ,olympian gods4 ,fir/ = ! ,heav5ly bodies4 ,if !y are to be made div9e1 we c h>dly /op !re4 ,! ,e>? is also a div9e be+4 ,old tradition has always said s1 & ,plato has repeat$ x4 ,& if ,e>? is div9e1 s surely are ! o!r elem5ts1 ! ,/oi*eia1 ,wat]1 ,air1 & above all1 ,fire4 ,= ! ,gods !mselves are said by ,plato to be made ( fire1 & ! ,/>s visibly are s4 ,?\gh p]haps ! heav5ly ,fire is really n our ,fire at all1 b a 1 a ',fif? ,body'1 see+ t x seems n to burn nor ! ,/>s to be consum$4 ,?is is p]suasive en\gh & philosophic2 b :i!r has x l$ u8 ,back to ! ,olympians1 or r beh9d ! ,olympians2 z ,/4 ,paul puts x 7,gal4 iv4 #i71 to '! begg>ly elem5ts'4 ,! old ,kor1 or ,e>? ,maid5 & ,"m1 seems to h held h] own un%ak5 by ! *anges ( "t all ov] ! ,aegean area4 ,%e is !re 9 prehi/oric ,crete ) h] two lions2 ) ! same lions ori5taliz$ 9 ,olympia & ,ephesus2 9 ,sp>ta ) h] great m>% birds2 9 ,boeotia ) h] horse4 ,%e runs riot 9 a numb] ( ! ,gno/ic sy/ems bo? pre-,*ri/ian & po/-,*ri/ian4 ,%e =ms a div9e triad ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son3 t is anci5t & natural4 ,b %e also becomes ! ,div9e ,wisdom1 ,sophia1 ! ,div9e ,tru?1 ,ale!ia1 ! ,holy ,brea? or ,_s1 ! ,pneuma4 ,s9ce ! ^w = '_s' is neut] 9 ,greek & mascul9e 9 ,lat91 ?is la/ is r a surprise4 ,x is expla9$ :5 we rememb] t 9 ,hebrew ! ^w = ,_s1 ',ruah'1 is mo/ly fem99e4 ,9 ! meantime let u notice "o curi\s developm5t 9 ! life ( ?is goddess4 ,9 ! old religion ( ,greece & ,we/]n ,asia1 %e beg9s z a ,maid51 !n 9 fullness ( "t becomes a "m4 ,!re is evid5ce also = a ?ird /age1 ! wid[hood ( )]+ autumn4#ach3a ,to ! classical ,greek ?is mo!rhood 0 q z x %\ld be1 a due fulfilm5t ( normal functions4 ,b to ! ,gno/ic & 8 k9d x connot$ a 'fall'1 a passage f ! glory ( ,virg9ity to a /ate ( ,s94#ach3b ,! ,kor becomes a fall5 ,virg91 sometimes a temptress or ev5 a female devil2 sometimes %e has to be sav$ by h] ,son ! ,r$eem]4#ach3c ,z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 %e loses mo/ ( h] e>?ly agricultural quality1 ?\gh z ,sel5e or ev5 ,hel5 %e keeps up h] aff9ity ) ! ,moon4 ,almo/ all ! writ]s ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age agree 9 reg>d+ ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s z gods4 ,! rationali/s ,hecataeus & ,euhem]us1 be=e go+ on to _! deifi$ m51 always />t ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 ,plut>* expla9s 9 8 beautiful & k9dly way t all religions are really attempts t[>ds ! same goal1 he cl9*es 8 argum5t by obs]v+ t we all see ! same ,sun & ,moon ?\gh we call !m by diff]5t names 9 all languages4#aci3a ,b ! belief does n seem to h _h mu* religi\s int5sity 9 x1 until x 0 re9=c$ by two ali5 influ5ces4 ,fir/1 we h ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! ,sun1 implicit1 if n explicit1 9 a great "p ( ! olde/ ,greek rituals1 & !n idealiz$ by ,plato 9 ! ,republic1 :]e ! ,sun is ! au?or ( all light & life 9 ! mat]ial _w1 z ! ,idea ( ,good is 9 ! ideal _w4 ,?is wor%ip came gradually into contact ) ! traditional & def9ite ,sun-wor%ip ( ,p]sia4 ,! f9al comb9ation took place curi\sly late4 ,x 0 ! ,roman conque/s ( ,cilicia1 ,cappadocia1 ,commag5e1 & ,arm5ia t gave ! decisive mom5t4#aci3b ,to m5 :o _h we>i$ ( ! my?s ( ! poets1 :o c\ld draw no m inspiration f _! ,apollo & ,hyp]ion1 b /ill _h ! habits & ! crav+ left by _! old ,gods1 a fre% brea? ( reality came ) ! entrance ( 1 ',mi?ras1 ! ,unconqu]$ ,sun'4 ,b long be=e ! triumph ( ,mi?raism z ! milit>y religion ( ! ,roman fronti]1 ,greek lit]ature is p]meat$ ) a k9d ( int5se language ab\t ! ,sun1 :i* seems d]iv$ f ,plato4#aci3c ,9 lat] times1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 = in/ance1 x has absorb$ "s m full-blood$ & less critical elem5t z well4 ,secondly1 all ! sev5 planets4 ,^! _h a curi\s hi/ory4 ,! planets 7 ( c\rse div9e & liv+ bodies1 s mu* ,plato gave u4 ,!n come argum5ts & que/ions scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,/oic & eclectic lit]ature4 ,is x ! planet itself t is div9e1 or is ! planet "u ! guidance ( a div9e _s8 ,! latt] seems to w9 ! day4 ,an?ropomorphism has /ol5 back ^u u3 we c use ! old language & speak simply ( ! planet ,m]cury z 4 ,x is ! /> ( ,h]mes1 & ,h]mes is ! _s :o guides x4#adj3a ,ev5 ,plato 9 8 old age _h mu* to say ab\t ! s\ls ( ! sev5 planets4 ,fur!r1 ea* planet has its sph]e4 ,! ,e>? is 9 ! c5tre1 !n comes ! sph]e ( ! ,moon1 !n t ( ! ,sun1 & s on ?r\gh a range ( sev5 sph]es4 ,if all ?+s are full ( gods1 z ! wise anci5ts h said1 :at ab\t ^? p>ts ( ! sph]e 9 :i* ! %9+ planet = ! mom5t is n8 ,are !y )\t god8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,! :ole sph]e is fill$ ) innum]able spirits ev]y:]e4 ,x is all ,h]mes1 all ,aphrodite4 7,we are m famili> ) ! ,lat9 names1 ,m]cury & ,v5us47 ,b "o "p only is visible4 ,! voice ( "o s*ool1 z usual1 is rais$ 9 opposition4 ,"o vet]an _h se5 cle>ly f ! beg9n+ :i!r all ?is sort ( ?+ 0 sure to lead4 ',epicurus approves none ( ^! ?+s4'#adj3b ,x 0 no good 8 hav+ de/roy$ ! old traditional sup]/ition1 if p by deify+ ! />s 7 to fill ! sky ) sev5 times sev5 z _m objects ( wor%ip z _h be5 !re be=e4 ,he all[s no ,s*wrm]ei ab\t ! />s4 ,!y are n div9e animate be+s1 or guid$ by ,gods4 ,:y _c ! a/rolog]s leave ,god 9 peace8 ,:5 _! orbits are irregul> x is n because !y are look+ = food4 ,!y are j conglom]ations ( ord9>y atoms ( air or fire--x does n matt] :i*4 ,!y are n ev5 v l>ge--only ab\t z l>ge z !y look1 or p]haps small]1 s9ce mo/ fires t5d to look bigg] at a di/ance4 ,!y are n at all c]ta9ly ev]la/+4 ,x is q likely t ! sun comes to an end e day1 & a new "o rises 9 ! morn+4 ,all k9ds ( explanations are possible1 & none c]ta94 4 ,9 any case1 z y value y\r life & y\r reason1 d n beg9 mak+ my?s ab\t !m6 ,on o!r l9es came :at might h be5 ! effective prote/ ( real ,sci5ce1 :5 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos 7#bej ,b4 ,c47 argu$ t ! e>? 0 n really ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,b 8 hypo!sis did n acc\nt = ! ph5om5a z completely z ! curr5t !ory ) its ',epicycles'2 8 fell[ a/ronom]s 7 aga9/ him2 ,clean!s ! ,/oic d5\nc$ him = 'di/urb+ ! ,he>? ( ! ,univ]se'1 & 8 h]esy made little headway4#ada3a ,! planets 9 _! sev5 sph]es surr\nd+ ! e>? cont9u$ to be objects ( adoration4 ,!y _h _! special gods or guid+ spirits assign$ !m4 ,_! ord]$ movem5ts ?r\gh space1 x 0 held1 produce a va/ & et]nal h>mony4 ,x is beautiful beyond all e>?ly music1 ?is ,music ( ! ,sph]es1 beyond all human dreams ( :at music might be4 ,! only pity is t--except = a few individuals 9 trances--nobody has ev] he>d x4 ,circum/ances seem always to be unfav\rable4 ,x may be t we are too f> (f1 ?\gh1 consid]+ ! va/ness ( ! or*e/ra1 ?is seems improbable4 ,m likely we are m]ely deaf to x because x nev] /ops & we h be5 9 ! middle ( x s9ce we fir/ drew brea?4#adb3a ,! planets also become ,elem5ts 9 ! ,kosmos1 ,/oi*eia4 ,x is significant t 9 ,hell5i/ic !ology ! ^w ,/oi*eion1 ,elem5t1 gets to mean a ,daemon--z ,mega?os1 ,greatness1 means an ,angel4#adb3b ,b behold a my/]y6 ,! ^w ,/oi*eia1 'elem5ta'1 _h long be5 us$ = ! ,greek ,a ,b ,c1 & 9 p>ticul> = ! sev5 v[els 4 ,t is no *ance1 no m]e co9cid5ce4 ,! v[els are ! my/ic signs ( ! ,planets2 !y h control ov] ! planets4 ,h5ce /range pray]s & magic =mulae innum]able4 ,ev5 ! way ( reckon+ "t *ang$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,planets4 ,in/ead ( ! old division ( ! mon? into ?ree p]iods ( n9e days1 we f9d gradually e/abli%+ itself ! week ( sev5 days ) ea* day nam$ aft] its planet1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,ares1 ,h]mes1 ,zeus1 ,aphrodite1 ,kronos4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,planet week is giv5 by ,dio ,cassius1 xxxvii4 #ah1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% campaign ( ,pompeius4 ,b x 0 n ! ,jewi% week4 ,! ,jews scorn$ su* idolatr\s & poly!i/ic proce$+s4 ,x 0 ! old week ( ,babylon1 ! orig9al home ( a/ronomy & planet-wor%ip4#adc3a ,= "h aga9 a great =eign religion came l wat] 9 ! des]t to m9ds reluctantly & sup]ficially enlight5$1 b secretly long+ = ! old t]rors & raptures f :i* !y _h be5 set free4 ,ev5 9 ! old days ,aes*ylus _h call$ ! planets 'bright pot5tates1 %9+ 9 ! fire ( heav5'1 & ,euripides _h spok5 ( ! '%aft hurl$ f a />'4#adc3b ,b we are told t ! fir/ tea*+ ( a/rology 9 ,hell5ic l&s 0 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 :5 ,brssos ! ,*aldaean set up a s*ool 9 ,cos &1 accord+ to ,s5eca1 ,belum int]pretatus e/4 ,?is mu/ mean t he translat$ into ,greek ! ',eye ( ,bel'1 a treatise 9 sev5ty tablets f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,assur-bani-pal 7#fhf-fbf ,b4 ,c47 b compos$ = ,s>gon ,i 9 ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4 ,c4 ,ev5 ! philosoph] ,!ophra/us is report$ by ,proclus#adc3c z say+ t '! mo/ extraord9>y ?+ ( 8 age 0 ! lore ( ! ,*aldaeans1 :o =etold n only ev5ts ( public int]e/ b ev5 ! lives & dea?s ( individuals'4 ,"o wond]s slightly :e!r ,!ophra/us spoke ) z mu* implicit fai? z ,proclus sugge/s4 ,b ! *ief acc\nt is giv5 by ,diodorus1 ii4 #cj 7p]haps f ,hecataeus74 ',o!r nations despise ! philosophy ( ,greece4 ,x is s rec5t & s con/antly *ang+4 ,!y h traditions :i* come f va/ antiquity & nev] *ange4 ,notably ! ,*aldaeans h collect$ obs]vations ( ! ,/>s ?r\gh long ages1 & tea* h[ e ev5t 9 ! heav5s has its mean+1 z "p ( ! et]nal s*eme ( div9e =e?\ght4 ,especially ! sev5 ,w&]]s1 or ,planets1 are call$ by !m ,h]mneis1 ,int]pret]s3 & among !m ! ,int]pret] 9 *ief is ,saturn4 ,_! "w is to int]pret be=eh& 1 ! ?\ght t is 9 ! m9d ( ! ,gods4 ,by _! ris+s & sett+s1 & by ! col\rs !y assume1 ! ,*aldaeans pr$ict great w9ds & /orms & waves ( excessive heat1 comets1 & e>?quakes1 & 9 g5]al all *anges fraught ) weal or woe n only to nations & regions ( ! _w1 b to k+s & to ord9>y m5 & wom54 ,b5ea? ! ,sev5 are ?irty ,gods ( ,c\nsel1 half bel[ & half above ! ,e>?2 e t5 days a ,mess5g] or ,angel /> passes f above bel[ & ano!r f bel[ above4 ,above ^! gods are twelve ,ma/]s1 :o are ! twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac2 & ! planets pass ?r\gh all ! ,h\ses ( ^! twelve 9 turn4 ,! ,*aldaeans h made prophecies = v>i\s k+s1 su* z ,alex&] :o conqu]$ ,d>ius1 & ,antigonus & ,seleucus ,nikator1 & h always be5 "r4 ,& private p]sons :o h consult$ !m consid] _! wisdom z m>vell\s & above human p[]4' ,a/rology fell ^u ! ,hell5i/ic m9d z a new disease falls ^u "s remote isl& p4 ,! tomb ( ,ozym&ias1 z describ$ by ,diodorus 7i4 #di1 #e71 0 cov]$ ) a/rological symbols1 & t ( ,antio*us ,i1 :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 ,commag5e1 is ( ! same "*4 ,x 0 natural = mon>*s to believe t ! />s wat*$ ov] !m4 ,b e "o 0 ready to receive ! g]m4 ,! ,epicureans1 ( c\rse1 held out1 & s did ,panaetius1 ! coole/ head among ! ,/oics4 ,b ! ,/oics z a :ole gave way4 ,!y =m$ ) good reason ! lead+ s*ool ( philosophy1 & x w\ld h be5 a s]vice to mank9d if !y _h resi/$4 ,b !y 7 already committ$ to a belief 9 ! deity ( ! />s & to ! doctr9e ( ,heim>m51 or ,de/9y4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! p]vad+ ,pronoia1#ade3a or ,=e?\ght1 ( ! div9e m9d1 & 9 ! --! ,sympa?y ( all ,creation1#ade3b :]eby :atev] happ5s to any "o "p1 h[ev] remote or insignificant1 affects all ! re/4 ,x seem$ only a natural & beautiful illu/ration ( ?is ,sympa?y t ! movem5ts ( ! ,/>s %\ld be b\nd up ) ! suff]+s ( man4 ,!y also appeal$ to ! g5]al belief 9 prophecy & div9ation4#ade3c ,if a prophet c =etell t su* & su* an ev5t w happ51 !n x is obvi\sly fat$ to happ54 ,=ekn[l$ge implies ,pr$e/9ation4 ,?is belief 9 prophecy 01 9 reality1 a sort ( appeal to fact & to common s5se4 ,p c\ld produce !n1 z !y c n[1 a l>ge numb] ( /rik+ cases ( second sight1 pres5tim5t1 clairvoyance1 actual prophecy & ! l2#ade3d & x 0 m difficult !n to te/ !m4 ,! argum5t involv$ ,/oicism ) "s que/ionable allies4 ,epicureans & sceptics ( ! ,academy might well mock at ! sight ( a great man l ,*rysippus or ,posidonius re/+ an important "p ( 8 religion on ! undetect$ frauds ( a %ady ,levant9e 'm$ium'4 ,/ill ! ,/oics c\ld n b welcome ! arrival ( a sy/em ( prophecy & pr$e/9ation :i*1 h[ev] ! incr$ul\s might rail at x1 possess$ at lea/ great antiquity & great /ores ( le>n+1 :i* 0 respectable1 recondite1 & 9 a way sublime4 ,9 all ! religi\s sy/ems ( lat] antiquity1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ! ,sev5 ,planets play "s lordly or t]rify+ "p4 ,! great ,mi?ras ,liturgy1 une>!d by ,diet]i* f a magical papyrus 9 ,p>is1#adf3a repeat$ly confronts ! wor%ipp] ) ! sev5 v[els z names ( '! ,sev5 ,dea?less ,kosmokratores'1 or ,lords ( ! ,univ]se1 & seems1 "u _! influ5ce1 to g (f into its ',sev5 ,maid5s ) heads ( s]p5ts1 9 :ite raim5t'1 & its div]s o!r ,sev5s4 ,! v>i\s ,h]metic & ,mi?raic communities1 ! ,naass5es describ$ by ,hippolytus1#adf3b & o!r ,gno/ic bodies1 au?ors l ,macrobius & ev5 ,cic]o 9 8 ,somnium ,scipionis1 are full ( ! influ5ce ( ! sev5 planets & ( ! long+ to escape beyond !m4 ,= by "s simple psy*ological law ! />s :i* h inexorably pron\nc$ our fate1 & decre$1 or at lea/ regi/]$ ! decree1 t 9 spite ( all /riv+ we mu/ ne$s tread _! prescrib$ pa?2 /ill m p]haps1 ! ,/>s :o "k 9 ! mid/ ( our laught] h[ t laught] w end1 become inevitably p[]s ( evil r ?an good1 be+s malignant z well z pitiless1 mak+ life a va9 ?+4 ,& ,saturn1 ! *ief ( !m1 becomes ! mo/ malignant4 ,to "s ( ! ,gno/ics he becomes ,jaldabao?1 ! ,lion-head$ ,god1 ! evil ,jehovah4#adg3a ,! religion ( lat] antiquity is ov]p[]+ly absorb$ 9 plans ( escape f ! prison ( ! sev5 planets4 ,9 au?or aft] au?or1 9 "o community aft] ano!r1 ! subject recurs4 ,& on ! :ole !re is ! same answ]4 ,"h on ! e>? we are ! sport ( ,fate2 nay1 on ! e>? itself we are worse (f /ill4 ,we are b5ea? ! ,moon1 & b5ea? ! ,moon !re is n only ,fate b some?+ m unwor?y & equally malignant1 ,*ance--to say no?+ ( damp & ! ills ( e>? & bad daemons4 ,above ! ,moon !re is no *ance1 only ,necessity3 !re is ! w ( ! o!r six ,kosmokratores1 ,rul]s ( ! ,univ]se4 ,b above !m all !re is an ,eigh? region--!y call x simply ! ,ogdoas--! home ( ! ultimate ,god1#adg3b :atev] ,he is nam$1 ^: be+ 0 be=e ! ,kosmos4 ,9 ?is ,sph]e is true ,be+ & ,fre$om4 ,& m ?an fre$om1 !re is ! ultimate ,union ) ,god4 ,= t sp>k ( div9e life :i* is man's s\l is n m]ely1 z "s h said1 an 1 an efflu5ce ( ! />s3 x comes direct f ! fir/ & ultimate ,god1 ! ,alpha & ,omega1 :o is beyond ! ,planets4 ,?\gh ! ,kosmokratores ca/ u to & fro l _! slaves or dead *attels1 9 s\l at lea/ we are ( equal bir? ) !m4 ,! ,mi?raic vot>y1 :5 _! wra?ful & trem5d\s faces break 9 ^u 8 vision1 answ]s !m unt]rifi$3 1 ',i am y\r fell[ w&]]1 y\r fell[ ,/>4' ,! ,orphic c>ri$ to ! grave on 8 gold5 scroll ! same boa/3 fir/1 ',i am ! *ild ( ,e>? & ( ! />ry ,heav5'2 !n lat]1 ',i too am become ,god'4#adh3a ,! ,gno/ic writ+s consi/ l>gely ( *>ms to be utt]$ by ! ,s\l to ea* ( ! ,planets 9 turn1 z x pursues its p]il\s pa? pa/ all ( !m to its ultimate home4 ,t j\rney awaits u aft] dea?2 b 9 ! meantime8 ,9 ! meantime !re are initiations1 sacram5ts1 my/ic ways ( communion ) ,god4 ,to see ,god face to face is1 to ! ord9>y unprep>$ man1 %e] dea?4 ,b to see ,him aft] due purification1 to be l$ to ,him along ! true ,way by an initiat+ ,prie/1 is ! ultimate bless+ ( human life4 ,x is to die & be born aga94 ,!re 7 regul> (ficial initiations4 ,we h "o 9 ! ,mi?ras-,liturgy1 m ?an "o 9 ! ,corpus ,h]meticum4 ,apuleius#adh3b tells u at "s l5g?1 ?\gh 9 gu>d$ language1 h[ he 0 initiat$ to ,isis & became 'h] image'4 ,aft] mu* fa/+1 clad 9 holy g>m5ts & l$ by ! ,high ,prie/1 he cross$ ! ?re%old ( ,dea? & pass$ ?r\gh all ! ,elem5ts4 ,! ,sun %one ^u him at midnight1 & he saw ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ( ,hades4 ,9 ! morn+ he 0 clad 9 ! ,robe ( ,heav51 set up on a p$e/al 9 front ( ! ,goddess & wor%ipp$ by ! congregation z a ,god4 ,he _h be5 made "o ) ,osiris or ,horus or :atev] "n x pleas$ t ,sun-,god to be call$4 ,apuleius does n reveal x4 ,!re 7 also1 ( c\rse1 ! irregul> p]sonal initiations & visions ( god v\*saf$ to p]sons ( special prophetic p[]s4 ,/4 ,paul1 we may rememb]1 knew p]sonally a man :o _h actually be5 snat*$ up into ! ,?ird ,heav51 & ano!r :o 0 simil>ly rapt into ,p>adise1 :]e he he>d unspeakable words2#adi3a :e!r 9 ! body or n1 ! apo/le leaves undecid$4 ,he himself on ! road to ,damascus _h se5 ! ,*ri/ 9 glory1 n aft] ! fle%4 ,! philosoph] ,plot9us1 s 8 disciple tells u1 0 unit$ ) ,god 9 trance f\r times 9 five ye>s4#adi3b ,we seem to h travell$ f> f ! simplicity ( e>ly ,greek religion4 ,yet1 ap>t always f ,plot9us1 :o is s+ul>ly alo(1 mo/ ( ! movem5t has be5 a reaction "u ,ori5tal & b>b>\s influ5ces t[>ds ! mo/ primitive pre-,hell5ic cults4 ,! union ( man ) ,god came regul>ly ?r\gh ,ek/asis--! s\l mu/ get cle> ( its body--& ,en?\siasmos--! ,god mu/ ent] & dwell inside ! wor%ipp]4 ,b ! means to ?is union1 :ile sometimes allegoriz$ & spiritualiz$ to ! la/ degree1 are sometimes ( ! mo/ primitive sort4 ,! vag>ies ( religi\s emotion are apt to rea* v l[ z well z v high 9 ! scale ( human nature4 ,c]ta9ly ! primitive ,?racian savages1 :o drank !mselves mad ) ! hot blood ( _! ,god-bea/1 w\ld h be5 q at home 9 "s ( ^! rituals1 ?\gh 9 o!rs !y w\ld h be5 put (f ) "s sub/itute = ! actual blood4 ,! primitive prie/esses :o wait$ 9 a bridal *amb] = ! ,div9e ,bridegroom1 ev5 ! ,cretan ,k\rtes ) _! ,zeus ,k\rs#aej3a & ^? /range hi]ophants ( ! ',m5's ,h\se' ^: initiations are writt5 on ! rocks ( ,!ra1 w\ld h f\nd rites v l _! own reblossom+ on e>? aft] ! fall ( ,hell5ism4 ',prep>e ?yself z a bride to receive h] bridegroom1' says ,m>kos ! ,gno/ic1#aej3b 't ?\ may/ be :at ,i am & ,i :at ?\ art4' ',i 9 !e1 & ?\ 9 me6' is ! ec/atic cry ( "o ( ! ,h]mes liturgies4 ,be=e t ! pray] has be5 ',ent] into me z a babe into ! womb ( a woman'4#aej3c ,9 almo/ all ! liturgies t ,i h read ne$ is felt = a m$iator betwe5 ! seek] aft] ,god & 8 goal4 ,mi?ras himself saw a ,mests1 a ,m$iator1 betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 b ! ord9>y m$iator is m l an int]pret] or an adept ) inn] k :i* he reveals to ! outsid]4 ,! circum/ances out ( :i* ^! sy/ems grew h left _! m>k on ! new gods !mselves4 ,z usual1 ! social /ructure ( ! wor%ipp]s is reflect$ 9 _! objects ( wor%ip4 ,:5 ! ,*aldaeans came to ,cos1 :5 ! ,?racians 9 ! ,piraeus set up _! national wor%ip ( ,b5dis1 :5 ! ,egyptians 9 ! same port f\nd$ _! society = ! ,egyptian ritual ( ,isis1 :5 ! ,jews at ,assuan 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 e/abli%$ _! own temple1 9 ea* case !re w\ld come proselytes to :om ! tru? mu/ be expla9$ & int]pret$1 sometimes p]haps s(t5$4 ,& 9 ea* case !re is beh9d ! p>ticul> prie/ or initiator !re pres5t "s great] au?ority 9 ! l& he comes f4 ,beh9d any explanation t c be made 9 ! ,piraeus1 !re is a deep] & high] explanation kn[n only to ! great ma/] 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,babylon1 or p]haps 9 "s unexplor$ & ev]-rec$+ region ( ! ea/4 ,?is s]ies ( revelations1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 is a *>act]i/ic ( all ^! mix$ ,graeco-,ori5tal religions4 ,mo/ ( ! ,h]metic treatises are put 9 ! =m ( initiations or lessons reveal$ by a 'fa!r' to a 'son'1 by ,ptah to ,h]mes1 by ,h]mes to ,?o? or ,asclepios1 & by "o ( !m to u4 ,x 0 an anci5t =mula1 a natural vehicle = traditional wisdom 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! "y prie/ became regul>ly ! 'son' ( ! old prie/4 ,x is a =m t we f9d 9 ,greece itself z e>ly z ,euripides1 ^: ,melanippe says ( h] cosmological doctr9es1 ',x is n my ^w b my ,"m's ^w'4#aeb3a ,x 0 d\btless ! language ( ! old ,m$ic9e-,man to 8 disciple4 ,9 "o f9e liturgy ,?o? wre/les ) ,h]mes 9 agony ( _s1 till ,h]mes is =c$ to reveal to him ! pa? to union ) ,god :i* he himself has trodd5 be=e4 ,at ! end ( ! ,mi?ras liturgy ! devotee :o has pass$ ?r\gh ! my/ic ordeals & se5 8 god face to face1 is told3 ',aft] ?is y c %[ ! way to o!rs4' ,b ?is leads u to ! second great division ( our subject4 ,we turn f ! ph5om5a ( ! sky to ^? ( ! s\l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if :at ,i h writt5 else:]e is "r1 "o ( ! greate/ works ( ! ,hell5ic _s1 & especially ( fif?-c5tury ,a!ns1 0 to insi/ on :at seems to u su* a commonplace truism1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,man & ,god4 ,sophrosyn 9 religion 0 ! message ( ! classical age4 ,b ! ages be=e & aft] _h no belief 9 su* a lesson4 ,! old ,m$ic9e-,man 0 p]haps himself ! fir/ ,!os4 ,at any rate ! primeval k+s & que5s 7 treat$ z div9e4#aeb3b ,j = a few great g5]ations1 x w\ld seem1 humanity rose to a suffici5t height ( self-criticism & self-re/ra9t to reject ^! dreams ( self-abasem5t or megalomania4 ,b ! ef=t 0 too great = ! av]age _w2 & 9 a lat] age ne>ly all ! k+s & rul]s--all p 9 fact :o c comm& an adequate numb] ( flatt]]s--become div9e be+s aga94 ,let u consid] h[ x came ab\t4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! explicit recognition by ! sob]e/ philosoph]s ( ! div9e elem5t 9 man's s\l4#aec3a ,ari/otle himself built an alt> to ,plato4 ,he did no?+ sup]/iti\s2 he did n call ,plato a god1 b we c see f 8 beautiful elegy to ,eudemus1 t he naturally & easily us$ language ( wor%ip :i* w\ld seem a little /range to u4 ,x is ! same emotion--a noble & j emotion on ! :ole--:i* l$ ! philosophic s*ools to treat _! f\nd]s z 'h]oes'1 & :i* has peopl$ mo/ ( ,europe & ,asia ) ! memories & ! wor%ip ( sa9ts4 ,b we %\ld rememb] t only a r>e m9d w make its div9e man ( su* mat]ial z ,plato4 ,! common way to dazzle m5's eyes is a m brutal & obvi\s "o4 ,to p :o 7 at all accu/om$ to ! conception ( a ,god-,man x 0 difficult n to feel t ! conception 0 realiz$ 9 ,alex&]4 ,8 trem5d\s p[]1 8 brilliant p]sonality1 8 a*ievem5ts begg>+ ! fables ( ! poets1 put p 9 ! "r m9d = wor%ip4 ,!n came ! fact t ! k+s :om he conqu]$ 71 z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ly reg>d$ by _! subjects z div9e be+s4#aed3a ,x 0 easy1 x 0 almo/ inevitable1 = ^? :o wor%ipp$ ! ',god'#aed3b ,d>ius to feel t x 0 no man b a great] god :o _h ov]?r[n ,d>ius4 ,! inc5se :i* _h be5 burn$ be=e ^? conqu]$ gods 0 naturally (f]$ to _! conqu]or4 ,he did n refuse x4 ,x 0 n good policy to d s1 & self-depreciation is n apt to be "o ( ! weaknesses ( ! born rul]4#aed3c ,b besides all ?is1 if y are to judge a ,god by 8 fruits1 :at ,god c\ld produce bett] cr$5tials8 ,m5 _h (t5 se5 ,zeus defi$ ) impunity2 !y _h se5 fai?ful s]vants ( ,apollo come to bad ends4 ,b ^? :o defi$ ,alex&]1 h[ev] great !y might be1 always ru$ _! defiance1 & ^? :o 7 fai?ful to him always receiv$ _! rew>d4 ,) 8 successors ! wor%ip became m (ficial4 ,seleucus1 ,ptolemaeus1 ,antigonus1 ,demetrius1 all 9 diff]5t degrees & diff]5t /yles are deifi$ by ! acclamations ( ador+ subjects4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus seems to h be5 ! fir/ to claim def9ite div9e hon\rs dur+ 8 own life4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 wife 9 #bga he proclaim$ h] deity & 8 own z well 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,!oi ,adelphoi1 ! ',gods ,bre?r5'4 ,( c\rse !re 0 flatt]y 9 all ?is1 ord9>y self-int]e/$ ly+ flatt]y1 & its inevitable accompanim5t1 megalomania4 ,any read+ ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! ,ptolemies1 ! ,seleucidae or ! ,caes>s %[s x4 ,b t is n ! :ole explanation4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod ( ! ,diado*i is ! accumulation ( capital & milit>y =ce 9 ! h&s ( individuals4 ,! ,ptolemies & ,seleucidae _h at any mom5t at _! disposal p[]s v mu* great] ?an any ,p]icles or ,nicias or ,lys&]4#aee3a ,! folk ( ! small cities ( ! ,aegean h9t]l&s mu/ h felt t[>ds ^! great /rang]s almo/ z poor ,indian peasants 9 "t ( flood & fam9e feel t[>ds an ,engli% (ficial4 ,!re 7 m5 n[ on e>? :o c\ld d ! ?+s t _h hi!rto be5 beyond ! p[] ( man4 ,7 sev]al cities ?r[n d[n by e>?quake2 "h 0 "o :o by 8 nod c\ld build !m aga94 ,fam9es _h always occurr$ & be5 mo/ly incurable4 ,"h 0 "o :o c\ld )\t ef=t allay a fam9e4 ,prov9ces 7 h>ri$ & wa/$ by habitual w>s3 ! ev5tual conqu]or _h de/roy$ :ole prov9ces 9 mak+ ! w>s2 n[1 z he _h de/roy$1 he c\ld also save4 ',:at d y mean by a god1' ! simple man might say1 'if ^! m5 are n gods8 ,! only diff]5ce is t ^! gods are visible1 & ! old gods no man has se54' ,! titles assum$ by all ! div9e k+s tell ! /ory cle>ly4 ,antio*us ,epiphans--'! god made manife/'2 ,ptolemaios ,eu]gets1 ,ptolemaios ,str4 ,occasionally we h a ,k]aunos or a ,nikator1 a ',?und]bolt' or a ',god ( ,mana'1 b mo/ly x is ,str1 ,eu]gets & ,epiphans1 ! ,savi\r1 ! ,b5efactor1 ! ,god made manife/1 9 con/ant alt]nation4 ,9 ! honorific inscriptions & 9 ! writ+s ( ! le>n$1 philan?ropy 77 is by f> ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,god ^u e>?4 ,0 x t p really felt t to save or b5efit mank9d 0 a m godlike ?+ ?an to bla/ & de/roy !m8 ,philosoph]s h g5]ally said t1 & ! vulg> pret5d$ to believe !m4 ,x 0 at lea/ politic1 :5 m9i/]+ to ! half-insane pride ( "o ( ^! pr9ces1 to rem9d him ( 8 m]cy r ?an ( 8 wra?4 ,w5dl& 9 8 brilliant book1 ,hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur1 calls att5tion to an inscription ( ! ye> #aif ,b4 ,c4 9 hon\r ( ! "y ,ptolemaios ,epiphans1 :o 0 made manife/ at ! age ( twelve ye>s4#aef3a ,x is a typical docum5t ( ,graeco-,egyptian k+-wor%ip3 ',9 ! reign ( ! "y k+ by inh]itance f 8 ,fa!r1 ,"l ( ! ,diadems1 great 9 glory1 pacificator ( ,egypt & pi\s t[>ds ! gods1 sup]ior ov] 8 adv]s>ies1 ,re/or] ( ! life ( man1 ,"l ( ! ,p]iods ( ,?irty ,ye>s1 l ,hephai/os ! ,great1 ,k+ l ! ,sun1 ! ,great ,k+ ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,l&s2 (fspr+ ( ! ,gods ( ! ,love ( ! ,fa!r1 :om ,hephai/os has approv$1 to :om ! ,sun has giv5 ,victory2 liv+ image ( ,zeus2 ,son ( ! ,sun1 ,ptolemaios ! ev]-liv+1 belov$ by ,ph?a2 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,atos son ( ,atos1 ,prie/ ( ,alex&] & ! ,gods ,savi\rs & ! ,gods ,bre?r5 & ! ,gods ,b5efactors & ! ,gods ( ! ,love ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,god ,manife/ = :om ?anks be giv53' ,! ,prie/s :o came to 8 coronation c]emony at ,memphis proclaim3 ',see+ t ,k+ ,ptolemaios ev]-liv+1 belov$ ( ,ph?a1 ,god ,manife/ = :om ,?anks be giv51 born ( ,k+ ,ptolemaios & ,que5 ,ars9oe1 ! ,gods ( ! ,love ( ! ,fa!r1 has done _m b5efactions to ! ,temples & ^? 9 !m & all ^? b5ea? 8 rule1 be+ f ! beg9n+ ,god born ( ,god & ,goddess1 l ,horus son ( ,isis & ,osiris1 :o came to ! help ( 8 fa!r ,osiris 7&87 9 8 b5evol5t disposition t[>ds ! ,gods has consecrat$ to ! temples rev5ues ( silv] & ( corn1 & has und]gone _m exp5ses 9 ord] to lead ,egypt into ! sunlight & give peace to ! ,temples1 & has ) all 8 p[]s %[n love ( mank9d4' ,:5 ! p ( ,lycopolis revolt$1 we he>3 '9 a %ort "t he took ! city by /orm & slew all ! ,impi\s :o dwelt 9 x1 ev5 z ,h]mes & ,horus1 son ( ,isis & ,osiris1 conqu]$ ^? :o ( old revolt$ 9 ! same regions 4 4 4 9 return = :i* ! ,gods h grant$ him ,heal? ,victory ,p[] & all o!r good ?+s1 ! ,k+dom rema9+ to him & 8 sons = "t ev]la/+4'#aeg3a ,! conclusion :i* ! ,prie/s draw f ^! facts is t ! "y k+'s titles & hon\rs are insuffici5t & %\ld be increas$4 ,x is a typical & t]ribly un-,hell5ic docum5t ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,god-man 9 8 appe>ance z ,k+4 ,n[ ! e>ly successors ( ,alex&] mo/ly pr(ess$ !mselves memb]s ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 & 9 ! m\? ( a ,/oic ?is doctr9e ( ! pot5tial div9ity ( man 0 an inspir+ "o4 ,to !m virtue 0 ! really div9e ?+ 9 man2 & ! mo/ div9e k9d ( virtue 0 t ( help+ humanity4 ,to love & help humanity is1 accord+ to ,/oic doctr9e1 ! "w & ! v ess5ce ( ,god4 ,if y take away ,pronoia f ,god1 says ,*rysippus1#aeh3a x is l tak+ away light & heat f fire4 ,?is doctr9e is magnific5tly express$ by ,pl9y 9 a phrase t is probably translat$ f ,posidonius3 ',god is ! help+ ( man by man2 & t is ! way to et]nal glory4'#aeh3b ,! conception took root 9 ! m9ds ( _m ,romans4 ,a great ,roman gov]nor (t5 _h ! *ance ( ?us help+ humanity on a va/ scale1 & lik$ to ?9k t su* a life op5$ ! way to heav54 ',"o %\ld conceive'1 says ,cic]o 7,tusc4 i4 #cb71 '! gods z l m5 :o feel !mselves born = ! "w ( help+1 def5d+1 & sav+ humanity4 ,h]cules has pass$ into ! numb] ( ! gods4 ,he w\ld nev] h s pass$ if he _h n built up t road = himself :ile he 0 among mank9d4' ,i h be5 us+ "s r late au?ors1 ?\gh ! ideas seem l>gely to come f ,posidonius4#aei3a ,b be=e ,posidonius ! sort ( fact on :i* we h be5 dwell+ _h _h its influ5ce on religi\s speculation4 ,:5 ,alex&] made 8 conqu]+ j\rney to ,india & aft]w>ds 0 creat$ a god1 x 0 impossible n to reflect t almo/ exactly ! same /ory 0 relat$ 9 my? ab\t ,dionysus4 ,dionysus _h />t$ f ,india & travell$ 9 ! o!r direction3 t 0 ! only diff]5ce4 ,a flood ( light seem$ to be ?r[n on all ! traditional my?ology1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h always be5 a puzzle to ?\ghtful m54 ,x 0 impossible to believe x z x /ood1 & yet h>d--9 an age :i* _h n ! conception ( any sci5ce ( my?ology--to ?9k x 0 all a mass ( falsehood1 & ! great ,hom] & ,hesiod no bett] ?an li>s4 ,b ! g5]ation :i* witness$ ! (ficial deification ( ! v>i\s ,seleucidae & ,ptolemies seem$ sudd5ly to see light4 ,! traditional gods1 f ,h]acles & ,dionysus up to ,zeus & ,cronos & ev5 ,ouranos1 7 simply old-_w rul]s & b5efactors ( mank9d1 :o _h1 by _! own insi/5ce or ! gratitude ( _! subjects1 be5 transf]r$ to ! ranks ( heav54 ,= t is ! exact mean+ ( mak+ !m div9e3 !y are class$ among ! true immortals1 ! ,sun & ,moon & ,/>s & ,corn & ,w9e1 & ! ev]la/+ elem5ts4 ,! philosophic romance ( ,euhem]us1 publi%$ e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c41 _h in/antane\s success & enorm\s influ5ce4#afj3a ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,greek books translat$ into ,lat91 & became long aft]w>ds a fav\rite weapon ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs 9 _! polemics aga9/ poly!ism4 ',euhem]ism' 01 on ! face ( x1 a v brilliant !ory2 & x _h1 z we h notic$1 a special appeal = ! ,romans4 ,yet1 if su* a conception might please ! leisure ( a /atesman1 x c\ld h>dly satisfy ! s]i\s ?\ght ( a philosoph] or a religi\s man4 ,if man's s\l really holds a fragm5t ( ,god & is itself a div9e be+1 its godhead _c dep5d on ! possession ( great ri*es & armies & organiz$ subord9ates4 ,if '! help+ ( man by man is ,god'1 ! help 9 "q _c be mat]ial help4 ,! religion :i* ends 9 deify+ only k+s & millionaires may be vulg>ly popul> b is self-condemn$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! :ole t5d5cy ( ,greek philosophy aft] ,plato1 ) "s illu/ri\s exceptions1 especially among ! ,romaniz+ ,/oics1 0 away f ! out] _w t[>ds ! _w ( ! s\l4 ,we f9d 9 ! religi\s writ+s ( ?is p]iod t ! real ,savi\r ( m5 is n he :o protects !m aga9/ e>?quake & fam9e1 b he :o 9 "s s5se saves _! s\ls4 ,he reveals to !m ! ,gnsis ,!\1 ! ,k ( ,god4 ,! 'k' 9 "q is n a m]e intellectual k4 ,x is a complete union1 a m]g+ ( be+s4 ,&1 z we h always to keep rem9d+ our cold mod]n intellig5ce1 he :o has 'kn[n' ,god is himself !reby deifi$4 ,he is ! ,image ( ,god1 ! ,son ( ,god1 9 a s5se he is ,god4#afa3a ,! /ratum ( ideas describ$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! /udies w expla9 ! ease ) :i* transition took place4 ,! wor%ipp] ( ,bac*os became ,bac*os simply en\gh1 because 9 reality ! ,god ,bac*os 0 orig9ally only ! projection ( ! human ,bac*oi4 ,& 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age ! notion ( ^! second>y m$iat+ gods 0 made easi] by ! analogy ( ! human int]pret]s4 ,( c\rse1 we h abundant in/ances ( actual prea*]s & miracle-work]s :o on _! own au?ority pos$1 & 7 accept$1 z gods4 ,! adv5ture ( ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,ly/ra#afa3b %[s h[ easily su* ?+s c\ld happ54 ,b z a rule1 ,i suspect1 ! mo/ zeal\s prie/ or prea*] pref]r$ to h 8 ,god 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,he prea*es1 he heals ! sick & ca/s out devils1 n 9 8 own "n b 9 ! "n ( ,"o :o s5t him4 ,?is actual pres5t prie/ :o initiates y or me is himself already an ,image ( ,god2 b above him !re are great] & wis] prie/s1 above !m o!rs1 & above all !re is ! "o et]nal ,div9e ,m$iator1 :o be+ 9 p]fection bo? man & ,god c alone fully reveal ,god to man1 & lead man's s\l up ! heav5ly pa?1 beyond ,*ange & ,fate & ! ,h\ses ( ! ,sev5 ,rul]s1 to its ultimate peace4 ,i h se5 some:]e a ,gno/ic or e>ly ,*ri/ian emblem :i* indicates ?is doctr9e4 ,"s ,%eph]d or ,savi\r /&s1 8 feet on ! e>?1 8 head t[]+ above ! planets1 lift+ 8 foll[] 9 8 out/ret*$ arms4 ,! ,gno/ics are /ill commonly ?\ght ( z a body ( ,*ri/ian h]etics4 ,9 reality !re 7 ,gno/ic sects scatt]$ ov] ! ,hell5i/ic _w be=e ,*ri/ianity z well z aft]4 ,!y mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,antio* & probably 9 ,t>sus well be=e ! days ( ,paul or ,apollos4 ,_! ,savi\r1 l ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 0 e/abli%$ 9 m5's m9ds be=e ! ,savi\r ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ',if we look close'1 says ,pr(essor ,b\sset1 '! result em]ges ) great cle>ness1 t ! figure ( ! ,r$eem] z su* did n wait = ,*ri/ianity to =ce its way into ! religion ( ,gnsis1 b 0 already pres5t !re "u v>i\s =ms4'#afb3a ,he occurs notably 9 two pre-,*ri/ian docum5ts1 discov]$ by ! ke5 analysis & pr(\nd le>n+ ( ,dr4 ,reitz5/e93 ! ,poim&res revelation pr9t$ 9 ! ,corpus ,h]meticum1 & ! s]mon ( ! ,naass5es 9 ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio ,omnium ,ha]esium1 :i* is comb9$ ) ,attis-wor%ip4#afb3b ,! viol5t anti-,jewi% bias ( mo/ ( ! sects--!y speak ( '! accurs$ ,god ( ! ,jews' & id5tify him ) ,saturn & ! ,devil--po9ts on ! :ole to pre-,*ri/ian conditions3 & a completely non-,*ri/ian /&po9t is /ill visible 9 ! ,m&aean & ,mani*ean sy/ems4 ,_! ,r$eem] is desc5d$ by a fairly cle> g5ealogy f ! ',tritos ,str' ( e>ly ,greece1 contam9at$ ) simil> figures1 l ,attis & ,adonis f ,asia ,m9or1 ,osiris f ,egypt1 & ! special ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah ( ! ,*os5 p4 ,he has v>i\s names1 :i* ! "n ( ,jesus or ',*ri/os'1 '! ,ano9t$'1 t5ds gradually to sup]s$e4 ,above all he is1 9 "s s5se1 ,man1 or '! ,second ,man' or '! ,son ( ,man'4 ,! orig9 ( ?is phrase ne$s a ^w ( explanation4 ,s9ce ! ultimate unse5 ,god1 _s ?\gh ,he is1 made man 9 ,8 image1 s9ce holy m5 7& div9e k+s7 are images ( ,god1 x foll[s t ,he is ,himself ,man4 ,he is ! real1 ! ultimate1 ! p]fect & et]nal ,man1 ( :om all bodily m5 are feeble copies4 ,he is also ! ,fa!r2 ! ,savi\r is 8 ,son1 '! ,image ( ! ,fa!r'1 '! ,second ,man'1 '! ,son ( ,man'4 ,! me?od 9 :i* he p]=ms 8 my/]y ( ,r$emption v>ies4 ,x is haunt$ by ! memory ( ! old ,suff]+ & ,dy+ ,god1 ( :om we spoke 9 ! fir/ ( ^! /udies4 ,x is vividly affect$ by ! ideal ',righte\s ,man' ( ,plato1 :o '%all be sc\rg$1 tortur$1 b\nd1 8 eyes burnt out1 & at la/1 aft] suff]+ e evil1 %all be impal$ or crucifi$'4#afc3a ,b 9 ! ma9 he desc5ds1 ( 8 free w or by ! et]nal purpose ( ! ,fa!r1 f ,heav5 ?r\gh ! sph]es ( all ! ,ar*ontes or ,kosmokratores1 ! planets1 to save mank9d1 or sometimes to save ! fall5 ,virg91 ! ,s\l1 ,wisdom1 or '! ,pe>l'4#afd3a ,! ,ar*ontes let him pass because he is disguis$2 !y d n "k him 7cf4 #a ,cor4 ii4 #g ff474 ,:5 8 "w is done he asc5ds to ,heav5 to sit by ! side ( ! ,fa!r 9 glory2 he conqu]s ! ,ar*ontes1 leads !m captive 9 8 triumph1 /rips !m ( _! arm\r 7,col4 ii4 #ae2 cf4 ! previ\s v]se71 sometimes ev5 crucifies !m = ev] 9 _! places 9 ! sky4#afd3b ,! epi/les to ! ,colossians & ! ,ephesians are mu* influ5c$ by ^! doctr9es4 ,paul himself con/antly uses ! language ( !m1 b 9 ! ma9 we f9d him disc\rag+ ! excesses ( sup]/ition1 re=m+1 ignor+1 reject+4 ,8 ,jewi% blood 0 p]haps en\gh to keep him to /rict mono!ism4 ,?\gh he admits ,angels & ,ar*ontes1 ,pr9cipalities & ,p[]s1 he scorns ! ,elem5ts & he seems delib]ately to rev]se ! doctr9e ( ! fir/ & second ,man4#afd3c ,he says no?+ ab\t ! ,tr9ity ( ,div9e ,be+s t 0 usual 9 ,gno/icism1 no?+ ab\t ! ,div9e ,"m4 ,8 m9d1 = all its vehem5t my/icism1 has some?+ ( t clean antiseptic quality t makes su* e>ly ,*ri/ian works z ! ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix & ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus s inf9itely refre%+4 ,he is c]ta9ly "o ( ! great figures 9 ,greek lit]ature1 b 8 sy/em lies outside ! subject ( ?is essay4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ^? la/ manife/ations ( ,hell5i/ic religion :i* probably =m$ ! backgr\nd ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is a /range exp]i5ce1 & x %[s :at que] /uff we humans are made (1 to /udy ^! obscure congregations1 drawn f ! prolet>iate ( ! ,levant1 sup]/iti\s1 *>latan-ridd51 & helplessly ignorant1 :o /ill believ$ 9 ,gods begett+ *ildr5 ( mortal mo!rs1 :o took ! ',^w'1 ! ',_s'1 & ! ',div9e ,wisdom'1 to be p]sons call$ by ^? names1 & turn$ ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l into '! /&+ up ( ! corpses'2#afe3a & to reflect t x 0 ^! :o held ! ma9 road ( advance t[>ds ! greate/ religion ( ! we/]n _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h tri$ to sket* 9 outl9e ! ma9 =ms ( belief to :i* ,hell5i/ic philosophy mov$ or drift$4 ,let me dwell = a few pages m ^u ! *>act]i/ic me?od by :i* x rea*$ !m4 ,x may be summ$ up 9 "o ^w1 ,allegory4 ,all ,hell5i/ic philosophy f ! fir/ ,/oics onw>d is p]meat$ by allegory4 ,x is appli$ to ,hom]1 to ! religi\s traditions1 to ! anci5t rituals1 to ! :ole _w4 ,to ,sallu/ius aft] ! end ( our p]iod ! :ole mat]ial _w is only a great my?1 a ?+ ^: value lies n 9 itself b 9 ! spiritual mean+ :i* x hides & reveals4 ,to ,clean!s at ! beg9n+ ( x ! ,univ]se 0 a my/ic pageant1 9 :i* ! immortal />s 7 ! danc]s & ! ,sun ! prie/ly tor*-be>]4#afe3b ,*rysippus r$uc$ ! ,hom]ic gods to physical or e?ical pr9ciples2 & ,crates1 ! great critic1 appli$ allegory 9 detail to 8 int]pretation ( ! all-wise poet4#aff3a ,we possess two small b complete treatises :i* illu/rate well ! results ( ?is t5d5cy1 ,cornutus & ! ,hom]ic ,allegories ( ,h]aclitus1 a brilliant little "w ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,i w n dwell ^u details3 !y are abundantly accessible & individually (t5 ridicul\s4 ,a by-product ( ! same activity is ! my/ic treatm5t ( language3 a c]ta9 ,titan 9 ,hesiod is nam$ ,koios4 ,:y8 ,because ! ,titans are ! elem5ts & "o ( !m is naturally ! elem5t ( 1 ! ,ionic ,greek = ',quality'4 ,! ,egyptian ,isis is d]iv$ f ! root ( ! ,greek 1 ,k1 & ! ,egyptian ,osiris f ! ,greek & 7'holy' & 'sacr$'1 or p]haps m exactly 'lawful' & 'tabu'74 ,is ?is totally absurd8 ,i ?9k n4 ,if all human language is1 z mo/ ( ^! ?9k]s believ$1 a div9e in/itution1 a cap fill$ to ! brim ) div9e mean+1 s t by reflect+ deeply ^u a ^w a pi\s philosoph] c rea* ! secret t x holds1 !n !re is no difficulty :atev] 9 suppos+ t ! special secret held by an ,egyptian ^w may be f\nd 9 ,greek1 or ! secret ( a ,greek ^w 9 ,babylonian4 ,language is ,"o4 ,! ,gods :o made all ^! languages equally c\ld use !m all1 & w9d !m all intricately 9 & out1 = ! build+ up ( _! div9e enigma4 ,we mu/ make a c]ta9 ef=t ( imag9ation to und]/& ?is me?od ( allegory4 ,x is n ! frigid ?+ t x seems to u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we %\ld rememb] t1 z appli$ to ! anci5t lit]ature & religi\s ritual1 allegory 0 at lea/ a v]a causa--x 0 a ph5om5on :i* actually exi/$4 ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus is an obvi\s in/ance4 ,he delib]ately express$ himself 9 language :i* %\ld n be und]/ood ( ! vulg>1 & :i* bore a hidd5 mean+ to 8 disciples4 ,py?agoras did ! same4 ,! prophets & religi\s writ]s mu/ h done s to an ev5 great] ext5t4#afg3a ,& we "k en\gh ( ! hi/ory ( ritual to be sure t a great deal ( x is def9itely allegorical4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,age did n wantonly inv5t ! !ory ( allegory4 ,& secondly1 we mu/ rememb] :at /ates ( m9d t5d especially to produce ?is k9d ( belief4 ,!y are n contemptible /ates ( m9d4 ,x ne$s only a /rong idealism ) :i* ! facts ( exp]i5ce cla%1 & allegory foll[s almo/ ( necessity4 ,! facts _c be accept$ z !y are4 ,!y mu/ ne$s be expla9$ z mean+ some?+ diff]5t4 ,take an e>ne/ ,/oic or ,platoni/1 a man ( f]vid m9d1 :o is possess$ by ! ideals ( 8 philosophy & at ! same "t feels 8 he>t ?rill$ by ! beauty ( ! old poetry4 ,:at is he to d8 ,on "o side he c f9d ,zoilus1 or ,plato himself1 or ! ,cynic prea*]s1 condemn+ ,hom] & ! poets )\t remorse1 z tea*]s ( fooli%ness4 ,he c treat poetry z ! ,engli% puritans treat$ ! /age4 ,b is t a satisfactory solution8 ,rememb] t ^! g5]ations 7 tra9$ habitually to give great weight to ! voice ( _! inn] consci\sness1 & ! inn] consci\sness ( a s5sitive man cries out t any su* solution is false3 t ,hom] is n a li>1 b noble & great1 z our fa!rs h always taught u4 ,on ! o!r side comes ,h]aclitus ! allegori/4 ',if ,hom] us$ no allegories he committ$ all impieties4' ,on ?is !ory ! words c be all[$ to possess all _! old beauty & magic1 b an inn] mean+ is add$ q diff]5t f t :i* !y be> on ! surface4 ,x may1 v likely1 be a dull] & less poetic mean+2 b ,i am n sure t ! v]ses w n ga9 by ! m]e process ( brood+ /udy fully z mu* z !y lose by ! ultimate badness ( ! int]pretation4 ,anyh[1 t 0 ! road foll[$4 ,! m5 ( :om ,i speak 7 n likely to give up any exp]i5ce t seem$ to make ! _w m godlike or to fe$ _! spiritual & emotional crav+s4 ,!y left t to ! b>efoot$ cynics4 ,!y crav$ poetry & !y crav$ philosophy2 if ! two spoke l enemies1 _! words mu/ ne$s be expla9$ away by "o :o lov$ bo?4 ,! same process 0 appli$ to ! _w itself4 ,some?+ l x is habitually appli$ by ! religi\s ideali/s ( all ages4 ,a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,/oicism & mo/ ( ! ideali/ cre$s 0 ! p]fection & utt] bless$ness ( ! _w1 & ! absolute fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( ,god4 ,n[ obvi\sly ?is belief 0 n bas$ on exp]i5ce4 ,! poor _w1 to d x ju/ice amid all its misdo+s1 has nev] l5t itself to any su* b>efac$ deception z t4 ,no d\bt x %riek$ aga9/ ! doctr9e !n1 z l\d z x has always %riek$1 s t ev5 a ,posidonian or a ,py?agorean1 8 e>s /ra9+ = ! music ( ! sph]es1 0 sometimes =c$ to li/54 ,& :at 0 8 answ]8 ,x is repeat$ 9 all ! lit]ature ( ^! sects4 ',our human exp]i5ce is s small3 ! ?+s ( ! e>? may be bad & m ?an bad1 b1 ah6 if y only w5t beyond ! ,moon6 ,t is :]e ! true ,kosmos beg9s4' ,&1 ( c\rse1 if we did ev] g !re1 we all "k !y w\ld say x began beyond ! ,sun4 ,idealism ( a c]ta9 type w h its way2 if h>d life produces an ounce or a p\nd or a million tons ( fact 9 ! scale aga9/ x1 x m]ely dreams ( inf9ite millions 9 its own scale1 & ! enemy is outweigh$ & smo!r$4 ,i d n wi% to mock at ^! ,posidonian ,/oics & ,h]metics & ,gno/ics & ,neo-,py?agoreans4 ,!y lov$ goodness1 & _! fai? is /rong & ev5 t]rible4 ,"o feels r incl9$ to b[ d[n be=e _! alt>s & cry3 ,magna e/ ,delusio et praevalebit4 ,yet on ! :ole "o rises f ^! books ) ! impression t all ?is allegory & my/icism is bad = m54 ,x may make ! emotions s5sitive1 x c]ta9ly weak5s ! und]/&+4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is pap] ,i h left out ( acc\nt _m ( ! gross] =ms ( sup]/ition4 ,9 any consid]ation ( ! balance1 !y %\ld n be =gott54 ,if a read] ( ,proclus & ! ,corpus ,h]meticum wants relief1 he w f9d x1 p]haps1 be/ 9 ! writ+s ( a g5tle old ,epicurean :o liv$ at ,o5o&a 9 ,cappadocia ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #bjj4 ,8 "n 0 ,diog5es4#afi3a ,8 works are pres]v$1 9 a fragm5t>y /ate1 n on papyrus or p>*m5t1 b on ! wall ( a l>ge portico :]e he engrav$ !m = pass]s-by to read4 ,he liv$ 9 a _w ( sup]/ition & fooli% t]ror1 & he wrote up ! great doctr9es ( ,epicurus = ! sav+ ( mank9d4 ',be+ br\ght by age to ! sunset ( my life1 & expect+ at any mom5t to take my dep>ture f ! _w ) a glad song = ! fullness ( my happ9ess1 ,i h resolv$1 le/ ,i be tak5 too soon1 to give help to ^? ( good temp]am5t4 ,if "o p]son or two or ?ree or f\r1 or any small numb] y *oose1 7 9 di/ress1 & ,i 7 summon$ out to help "o aft] ano!r1 ,i w\ld d all 9 my p[] to give ! be/ c\nsel to ea*4 ,b n[1 z ,i h said1 ! mo/ ( m5 lie sick1 z x 7 ( a pe/il5ce1 9 _! false beliefs ab\t ! _w1 & ! tale ( !m increases2 = by imitation !y take ! disease f "o ano!r1 l %eep4 ,& fur!r x is only j to br+ help to ^? :o %all come aft] u--= !y too are ours1 ?\gh !y be yet unborn2 & love = man comm&s u also to help /rang]s :o may pass by4 ,s9ce !re=e ! good message ( ! ,book has ?is wall & to set =? 9 public ! m$ic9e ( ! heal+ ( mank9d4' ,! p ( 8 "t & neighb\rhood seem to h fanci$ t ! old man mu/ h "s bad motive4 ,!y und]/ood my/]ies & r$emptions & revelations4 ,!y und]/ood magic & curses4 ,b !y 7 puzzl$1 app>5tly1 by ?is simple message1 :i* only told !m to use _! reason1 _! c\rage1 & _! sympa?y1 & n to be afraid ( dea? or ( angry gods4 ,! doctr9e 0 cond5s$ into f\r s5t5ces ( a conc5trat$ eloqu5ce t make a translator despair3#agj3a ',no?+ to fe> 9 ,god3 ,no?+ to feel 9 ,dea?3 ,good c be atta9$3 ,evil c be endur$4' ,( c\rse1 ! doctr9es ( ?is good old man d n repres5t ! :ole tru?4 ,to be guid$ by "o's av]sions is always a sign ( weakness or defeat2 & x is z mu* a failure ( n]ve to reject bl9dly = fe> ( be+ a fool1 z to believe bl9dly = fe> ( miss+ "s emotional /imulus4 ,!re is no royal road 9 ^! matt]s4 ,i confess x seems /range to me z ,i write "h1 to reflect t at ?is mom5t _m ( my fri5ds & mo/ ( my fell[ creatures are1 z f> z "o c judge1 q confid5t t !y possess sup]natural k4 ,z a rule1 ea* individual belongs to "s body :i* has receiv$ 9 writ+ ! results ( a div9e revelation4 ,i _c %>e 9 any su* feel+4 ,! ,un*>t$ surr\nds u on e side & we mu/ ne$s h "s relation t[>ds x1 a relation :i* w dep5d on ! g5]al discipl9e ( a man's m9d & ! bias ( 8 :ole "*4 ,z f> z k & consci\s reason w g1 we %\ld foll[ resolutely _! au/]e guidance4 ,:5 !y cease1 z cease !y mu/1 we mu/ use z be/ we c ^? fa9t] p[]s ( appreh5sion & surmise & s5sitiv5ess by :i*1 aft] all1 mo/ high tru? has be5 rea*$ z well z mo/ high art & poetry3 c>eful always really to seek = tru? & n = our own emotional satisfaction1 c>eful n to neglect ! real ne$s ( m5 & wom5 ?r\gh bas+ our life on dreams2 & rememb]+ above all to walk g5tly 9 a _w :]e ! lights are dim & ! v />s w&]4 ,,bibliographical ,,note ,x is n my purpose to make any?+ l a sy/ematic bibliography1 b a few recomm5dations may be useful to "s /ud5ts :o approa* ?is subject1 z ,i h done1 f ! side ( classical ,greek4 ,= ,greek ,philosophy ,i h us$ besides ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,diog5es ,la]tius & ,philodemus1 ,diels1 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]2 ,diels1 ,doxographi ,graeci2 von ,arnim1 ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,fragm5ta2 ,us5]1 ,epicurea2 also ! old ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ( ,mulla*4 ,= lat] ,paganism & ,gno/icism1 ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res2 ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion52 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgic 7also ,abraxas1 ,nekyia1 ,mutt]]de1 c472 ,p4 ,w5dl&1 ,hell5i/is*-,rmis*e ,kultur2 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts relatifs aux ,my/res de ,mi?ra 7also ,! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ra1 ,*icago1 #aijc71 & ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans l',empire ,roma92 ,seeck1 ,unt]gang d] antik5 ,welt1 vol4 iii2 ,philo1 de ,vita ,contemplativa1 ,conybe>e2 ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,religion & ,my?ologie1 pp4 #adeh-afgf2 ,b\sset1 ,hauptprobleme d] ,gnosis1 #aijg1 ) good bibliography 9 ! introduction2 articles by ,e4 ,bevan 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #dbd 7,june #aiaj71 & ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 xi4 #a 7,octob] #aiab74 ,dokum5te d] ,gnosis1 by ,w4 ,s*ultz 7,j5a1 #aiaj71 gives a highly subjective translation & recon/ruction ( mo/ ( ! ,gno/ic docum5ts3 ! ,corpus ,h]meticum is translat$ into ,engli% by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,meade1 ,?rice ,greate/ ,h]mes1 #aijf4 ,! fir/ volume ( ,dr4 ,scott's monum5tal edition ( ! ,h]metica 7,cl>5don ,press1 #aibd7 has appe>$ j too late to be us$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,= ,jewi% ?\ght be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ,dr4 ,*>les's ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s2 also ! same writ]'s ,book ( ,eno*1 & ! ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts by ,c>l ,clem51 ,giess51 #aiji4 ,( ,*ri/ian writ]s ap>t f ! ,new ,te/am5t ^? t come mo/ into acc\nt are ,hippolytis 7cross symbol ,a4 ,d4 #bej71 ,refutatio ,omnium ,ha]esium1 ,epiphanius 7#cfg-djc71 ,pan>ion1 & ,ir5aeus 7cross symbol ,a4 ,d4 #bjb71 ,contra ,ha]eses1 i1 ii4 ,= a simple introduction to ! problems pres5t$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature ,i w\ld v5ture to recomm5d ,pr(4 ,bacon's ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & ,dr4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]'s ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels4 ,9 su* a va/ lit]ature ,i d>e n make any fur!r recomm5dations1 b = a g5]al introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions ) a good & brief bibliography ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,orpheus 7,p>is1 #aiji2 ,engli% translation ! same ye>71 a book ( wide le>n+ & vigor\s ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 #abd3a ,mr4 ,m>ett has po9t$ out t ?is conception has its roots deep 9 primitive human nature3 ,! ,bir? ( ,humility1 ,ox=d1 #aiaj1 p4 #ag4 ',x w\ld1 p]haps1 be fanciful to say t man t5ds to run away f ! sacr$ z uncanny1 to c[] be=e x z secret1 & to pro/rate himself be=e x z tabu4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems pla9 t to ^! ?ree negative qualities ( ! sacr$ tak5 toge!r !re corresponds on ! "p ( man a c]ta9 negative attitude ( m9d4 ,psy*ologi/s class ! feel+s b\nd up ) flight1 c[]+1 & pro/ration "u ! common head ( a/h5ic emotion4 ,9 pla9 ,engli% !y are all =ms ( he>t-s9k+1 ( feel+ un/rung4 ,?is g5]al type ( innate disposition w\ld seem to be ! psy*ological basis ( ,humility4 ,tak5 9 its social sett+1 ! emotion w1 ( c\rse1 %[ endless %ades ( complexity2 = x w be excit$1 & aga9 w f9d practical expression1 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,"u ^! v>y+ conditions1 h[ev]1 x is reasonable to suppose t :at ,mr4 ,mc,dougall w\ld call ! c5tral "p ( ! exp]i5ce rema9s v mu* ! same4 ,9 face ( ! sacr$ ! normal man is visit$ by a he>t-s9k+1 a wave ( a/h5ic emotion4' ,mr4 ,m>ett cont9ues3 ',if t 7 all1 h[ev]1 ,religion w\ld be a matt] ( pure fe>4 ,b x is n all4 ,!re is yet ! positive side ( ! sacr$ to be tak5 into acc\nt4' ,x is wor? rem>k+ also t ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfg-ahcd7 plac$ ! ess5ce ( religion 9 ! feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce )\t attempt+ to def9e ! object t[>ds :i* x 0 direct$4 #abi3a ,us5]1 ,epicurea 7#ahhg71 pp4 #bcb ff42 ,diels1 ,doxographi ,graeci 7#ahgi71 p4 #cjf2 ,arnim1 ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,fragm5ta 7#aijc-e71 ,*rysippus #ajad1 #ajai4 #acc3a ,juv4 x4 #cfe f42 ,polyb4 ii4 #ch1 #e2 x4 #e1 #h2 xviii4 #aa1 #e4 #acc3b ,cf4 also 8 ,consolatio ad ,apollonium4 ,! e>lie/ text is p]haps ! int]e/+ fragm5t ( ,demetrius ( ,phal]um 7fr4 #ai1 9 ,f4 ,h4 ,g4 ii4 #cfh71 writt5 ab\t #cag ,b4 ,c4 ,x is quot$ ) admiration by ,polybius xxix4 #ba1 ) ref]5ce to ! defeat ( ,p]seus ( ,mac$on by ! ,romans3 ',"o mu/ (t5 rememb] ! say+ ( ,demetrius ( ,phal]um 4 4 4 9 8 ,treatise on ,=tune4 4 4 4 ,if y 7 to take n an indef9ite "t1 nor _m g5]ations1 b j ! fifty ye>s be=e ?is1 y c\ld see 9 !m ! viol5ce ( ,=tune4 ,fifty ye>s ago d y suppose t ei!r ! ,mac$onians or ! ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 or ! ,p]sians or ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 if "s ,god _h =etold !m :at 0 to come1 w\ld ev] h believ$ t by ! pres5t "t ! ,p]sians1 :o 7 !n ma/]s ( almo/ all ! inhabit$ _w1 w\ld h ceas$ to be ev5 a geographical "n1 :ile ! ,mac$onians1 :o 7 !n n ev5 a "n1 w\ld be rul]s ( all8 ,yet ?is ,=tune1 :o be>s no relation to our me?od ( life1 b trans=ms ev]y?+ 9 ! way we d n expect & displays h] p[] by surprises1 is at ! pres5t mom5t %[+ all ! _w t1 :5 %e puts ! ,mac$onians into ! ri* inh]itance ( ! ,p]sian1 %e has only l5t !m ^! good ?+s until %e *anges h] m9d ab\t !m4 ,:i* has n[ happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,p]seus4 ,! words ( ,demetrius 7 a prophecy utt]$1 z x 71 by inspir$ lips4' #acd3a ,eur41 ,tro4 #hhf4 ,lit]ally x means ',! ,compulsion 9 ! way ,?+s gr['4 #acd3b ,z5o1 fr4 #hg1 ,arnim4 #ace3a ,*rysippus1 fr4 #iac1 ,arnim4 #ace3b ,clean!s1 #ebg1 ,arnim4 '1 1 ' 1 4 ,plot9us1 ,enn4 ,,iii4 i4 #aj4 #ace3c ,epicurus1 ,?ird ,lett]4 ,us5]1 p4 #fe1 #ab ,diog4 ,la4 x4 #acd4 #acf3a ,ari/otle1 fr4 #ab ff4 #acf3b e4 g4 ,*rysippus1 fr4 #ajgf1 ,arnim4 #ach3a ,!mis1 p4 #ahj1 n4 #a4 #ach3b ,n to ,plot9us3 ,enn4 ,,ii4 ix aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians4 ,cf4 ,porphyry1 1 #bh4 #ach3c ,b\sset1 ,hauptprobleme d] ,gnosis1 #aijg1 pp4 #ac1 #ba1 #bf1 #ha1 c42 pp4 #ccb ff4 ,%e becomes ,hel5 9 ! beautiful my? ( ! ,simonian ,gno/ics--a ,hel5 :o has =gott5 h] "n & race1 & is a slave 9 a bro!l 9 ,tyre4 ,simon discov]s h]1 gradually br+s back h] memory & r$eems h]4 ,ir5aeus1 i4 #bc1 #b4 #aci3a ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #fg4 7,he di/+ui%es !m f ! real ,god1 h[ev]1 j z ,sallu/ius w\ld47 #aci3b ,mi?ras 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,cilician ,pirates conqu]$ by ,pompey4 ,plut41 ,vit4 ,pomp4 #bd4 #aci3c 4 ,plato 7,diels1 #cje72 ,/oics1 ib4 #edg1 l4 #h4 #adj3a ,ari/otle 7,diels1 #dej74 1 4 ,*rysippus 7,diels #dff72 ,posidonius1 ib4 7cf4 ,plato1 ,laws4 #hih ff474 ,see ,epicurus's ,second ,lett]1 especially ,us5]1 pp4 #cf-dg ,diog4 ,la4 x4 #hf-ajd4 ,on ! food requir$ by ! heav5ly bodies cf4 ,*rysippus1 fr4 #feh-fa1 ,arnim4 #adj3b 4 ,diels1 #cjg;a #ae4 ,cf4 #dcb;a #aj4 #ada3a ,hea?1 ,ari/>*os ( ,samos1 pp4 #cja-aj4 #adb3a ,py?agoras 9 ,diels1 p4 #eee1 #bj2 ! be/ criticism is 9 ,ari/otle1 ,de ,caelo1 *ap4 #i 7p4 #bij b71 ! fulle/ acc\nt 9 ,macrobius1 ,comm4 9 ,somn4 ,scipionis1 ii4 #adb3b ,see ,diels1 ,elem5tium1 #ahii1 p4 #ag4 ,^! magic lett]s are /ill us$ 9 ! ,roman ritual = ! consecration ( *ur*es4 #adc3a ,a sev5-day week 0 kn[n to ,pseudo-,hippocrates ad f941 b ! date ( t treatise is v unc]ta94 #adc3b ,aes*41 ,ag4 #f2 ,eur41 ,hip4 #ecj4 ,also ,ag4 #cfe1 :]e goes toge!r & ' 4 #adc3c ,proclus1 ,9 ,timaeum1 #bhi ,f2 ,s5eca1 ,nat4 ,quae/4 iii4 #bi1 #a4 #ade3a ,*rysippus1 #aahg-ie4 ,esse div9ationem si di s9t et provid5tia4 #ade3b ,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,de4 iii4 #aa1 #bh2 especially ,de ,div9atione1 ii4 #ad1 #cd2 #fj1 #abd2 #fi1 #adb4 ',qua ex coniunctione naturae et quasi conc5tu atque cons5su1 quam ,graeci appellant1 conv5ire pote/ aut fissum iecoris cum lucello meo aut meus quae/iculus cum caelo1 t]ra r]umque natura8' asks ! sceptic 9 ! second ( ^! passages4 #ade3c ,*rysippus1 #ici-dd4 ,vatic9atio probat fati necessitatem4 #ade3d ,*rysippus1 #abad1 #abjj-f4 #adf3a ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 #aijc4 ,! ,,ms4 is #egd ,supplm5t grec de la ,bibl4 ,nationale4 ,! =mulae ( v>i\s religions 7 us$ z in/rum5ts ( magic1 z our own wit*es us$ ! ,"l's ,pray] backw>ds4 #adf3b ,refutatio ,omnium ,ha]esium1 v4 #g4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! ,s]p5t1 ,nh% 774 #adg3a ,b\sset1 p4 #cea4 ,! ho/ility ( ,zoroa/rianism to ! old ,babylonian planet gods 0 d\btless at "w also4 ,ib4 pp4 #cg-df4 #adg3b ,or1 9 "s ,gno/ic sy/ems1 ( ! ,"m4 #adh3a ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 ,app5dix on ! ,orphic tablets4 #adh3b ,ap4 ,metamorphoses1 xi4 #adi3a #b ,cor4 xii4 #b & #c 7he may be ref]r+ 9 veil$ language to himself72 ,gal4 i4 #ab ff42 ,acts ix4 #a-bb4 ,on ! diff]5ce ( tone & fidelity betwe5 ! ,epi/les & ! ,acts see ! int]e/+ rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #e ff4 #adi3b ,porphyry1 ,vita ,plot9i1 #bc4 ',we h expla9$ t he 0 good & g5tle1 mild & m]ciful2 we :o liv$ ) him c\ld feel x4 ,we h said t he 0 vigilant & pure ( s\l1 & always /riv+ t[>ds ! ,div9e1 :i* ) all 8 s\l he lov$4 4 4 4 ,& ?us x happ5$ to ?is extraord9>y man1 con/antly lift+ himself up t[>ds ! fir/ & transc5d5t ,god by ?\ght & ! ways expla9$ by ,plato 9 ! ,symposium1 t !re actually came a vision ( t ,god :o is )\t %ape or =m1 e/abli%$ above ! und]/&+ & all ! intelligible _w4 ,to :om ,i1 ,porphyry1 be+ n[ 9 my sixty-eigh? ye>1 pr(ess t ,i once drew ne> & 0 made "o ) him4 ,at any rate he appe>$ to ,plot9us a goal close at h&4 ,= 8 :ole end & goal 0 to be made ,"o & draw ne> to ! supreme ,god4 ,& he atta9$ t goal f\r times1 ,i ?9k1 :ile ,i 0 liv+ ) him--n pot5tially b 9 actuality1 ?\gh an actuality :i* surpasses spee*4' #aej3a ,c4 ,i4 ,g41 vol4 xii1 fasc4 #c2 & ,be! 9 ,rhe94 ,mus41 ,n4 ,f41 xlii1 #dch-ge4 #aej3b ,ir5aeus1 i4 #ac1 #c4 #aej3c ,b\sset1 *ap4 vii2 ,reitz5/e91 ,my/]i5religion51 p4 #bj ff41 ) excursus2 ,poim&res1 #bbf ff42 ,diet]i*1 ,mi?rasliturgie1 pp4 #aba ff4 #aeb3a ,eur4 fr4 #dhd4 #aeb3b ,r4 ,g4 ,e4#c1 pp4 #ace-dj4 ,i d n t\* on ! political side ( ?is apo!osis ( ,hell5i/ic k+s2 x is well br\ght out 9 ,f]guson's ,hell5i/ic ,a!ns1 e4 g4 p4 #ajh f41 also p4 #aa f4 & note4 ,antigonus ,gonatas refus$ to be wor%ipp$ 7,t>n1 p4 #bej f474 ,= ,sallu/ius's op9ion1 see bel[1 p4 #bbc1 *ap4 xviii ad f94 #aec3a ,cf4 1 ,democr4 #aga1 ,diels1 & ,alcmaeon is said by ,cic]o to h attribut$ div9ity to ! ,/>s & ! ,s\l4 ,melissus & ,z5o 4 ,! phrase 1 ,diels #fea1 mu/ ref] to "s ,gno/ic sect4 #aed3a ,see = in/ance ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh#c1 "p ,i1 i4 #dag-ai4 #aed3b ,aes*4 ,p]s4 #aeg1 #fdd 771 #fdb 774 ,mr4 ,bevan h[ev] suspects t ,aes*ylus misund]/ood 8 ,p]sian s\rces3 see 8 article on ',deification' 9 ,ha/+s's ,diction>y ( ,religion4 #aed3c ,cf4 ,ari/otle on ! 1 ,e?4 ,nic4 #aabc b4 #ae4 1 1 4 4 4 4 ' 4 ,b ^! k+s cle>ly transgress$ ! mean4 ,= ! satirical comm5ts ( v>i\s public m5 9 ,a!ns see ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 #cja ff41 #ccj4 #aee3a ,lys&] too _h alt>s rais$ to him by "s ,asiatic cities4 #aef3a ,ditt5b]g]1 ,inscr4 ,ori5tis ,graeci1 #ij2 ,w5dl&1 ,hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur1 #aijg1 p4 #gd f4 & notes4 #aeg3a ,sev]al ( ! phrases are int]e/+4 ,! la/ gift ( ! heav5ly gods to ?is ,!os is ! old gift ( ,mana4 ,9 ,hesiod x 0 1 ! two m9i/]s :o are nev] away f ! ,k+ ,zeus4 ,9 ,aes*ylus x 0 ,kratos & ,bia :o subdue ,prome!us4 ,9 ,tyrtaeus x 0 4 ,9 o!r inscriptions ( ! ,ptolemaic age x is or 4 ,9 ! curr5t ,*ri/ian liturgies x is '! ,k+dom1 ! ,p[]1 & ! ,glory'4 ,r4 ,g4 ,e4#c1 p4 #ace1 n4 ,! new conception1 z always1 is root$ 9 ! old4 ',! ,gods ,savi\rs1 ,bre?r5'1 c41 are ( c\rse ,ptolemy ,sot]1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 c41 & _! ,que5s4 ,! phrases 1 1 1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! religi\s language ( ?is p]iod4 ,cf4 also ,col4 i4 #ad1 2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d2 ,ephes4 i4 #e1 #f4 #aeh3a ,fr4 #aaah4 ,arnim4 ,cf4 ,antipat]1 fr4 #cc1 #cd1 is "p ( ! def9ition ( ,deity4 #aeh3b ,pl941 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #g1 #ah4 ,deus e/ mortali iuv>e mortalem et haec ad aet]nam gloriam via4 ,cf4 also ! /rik+ passages f ,cic]o & o!rs 9 ,w5dl&1 p4 #he1 n4 #b4 #aei3a ,! ,/oic philosoph]1 tea*+ at ,rhodes1 c4 #ajj ,b4 ,c4 ,a man ( imm5se k & /rong religi\s emotions1 he mov$ ! ,/oa 9 ! direction ( ,ori5tal my/icism4 ,see ,s*w>tz's sket* 9 ,*>act]kpfea1 pp4 #hi-ih4 ,also ,nord5's ,comm5t>y on ,a5eid vi4 #afj3a ,jacoby 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real5cyclopdie1 vi4 #ied4 ,x 0 call$ 4 #afa3a ,cf4 ,plot94 ,enn4 ,i1 ii4 #f ' 1 4 #afa3b ,acts xiv4 #ab4 ,!y call$ ,b>nabas ,zeus & ,paul ,h]mes1 because he 0 4--,paul also writes to ! ,galatians 7iv4 #ad73 ',ye receiv$ me z a mess5g] ( ,god1 z ,jesus ,*ri/4' #afb3a ,b\sset1 p4 #bch4 #afb3b ,hippolytus1 #acd1 #ij ff41 text 9 ,reitz5/e9's ,poim&res1 pp4 #hc-ih4 #afc3a ,republic1 #cfb ,a4 is said to 1 :i* is us$ bo? = 'impale' & 'crucify'4 ,! two 7 alt]native =ms ( ! mo/ slavi% & cruel capital puni%m5t1 impalem5t be+ ma9ly ,p]sian1 crucifixion ,roman4 #afd3a ,see ,! ,hymn ( ! ,s\l1 attribut$ to ! ,gno/ic ,b>desanes1 edit$ by ,a4 ,a4 ,bevan1 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 #afd3b ,b\sset cites ,acta ,ar*elai #h1 & ,epiphanius1 ,ha]es4 #ff1 #cb4 #afd3c ,gal4 iv4 #i2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ba f41 #dg2 ,rom4 v4 #ab-ah4 #afe3a 4 ,cf4 ,acts xvii4 #cb4 #afe3b ,clean!s1 #ech1 ,arnim2 ,diels1 p4 #eib1 #cj4 ,cf4 ,philolaus1 ,diels1 p4 #ccf f4 #aff3a ,see especially ! int]pretation ( ,ne/or's ,cup1 ,a!naeus1 pp4 #dhi c4 ff4 #afg3a ,i may ref] to ! le>n$ & int]e/+ rem>ks on ! ,esot]ic ,/yle 9 ,pr(4 ,m>goli\?'s edition ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 ! same z ,allegory4 #afi3a ,publi%$ 9 ! ,teubn] s]ies by ,william1 #aijg4 #agj3a 4 4 4 4 ,i regret to say t ,i _c track ?is ,epicurean 'tetractys' to its s\rce4 ,v ,,! ,,la/ ,,prote/ ,9 ! la/ essay we h foll[$ ,greek popul> religion to ! v ?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity1 till we f\nd n only a soil ready = ! se$ ( ,*ri/ian metaphysic1 b a l>ge numb] ( ! plants already 9 full & exub]ant gr[?4 ,a complete hi/ory ( ,greek religion ought1 )\t d\bt1 to include at lea/ ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity & ! gr[? ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5t s]ies ( /udies does n aim at complet5ess4 ,we w take ! ,*ri/ian !ology = grant$ z we took ! classical ,greek philosophy1 & w f9i% ) a brief glance at ! ,pagan reaction ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ! old religion1 already full ( allegory1 my/icism1 asceticism1 & ,ori5tal influ5ces1 rais$ itself = a la/ indignant /& aga9/ ! all-prevail+ d5i]s ( ! gods4 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 admits a r simpl] treatm5t ?an ! o!rs4 ,x s happ5s t = ! la/ p]iod ( paganism we actually possess an au?oritative /atem5t ( doctr9e1 some?+ betwe5 a cre$ & a cate*ism4 ,x seems to me a docum5t s s+ul>ly important &1 z f> z ,i c make out1 s little kn[n1 t ,i %all v5ture to pr9t x entire4 ,a cre$ or cate*ism is1 ( c\rse1 n at all ! same ?+ z ! real religion ( ^? :o subscribe to x4 ,! rules ( metre are n ! same ?+ z poetry2 ! rules ( cricket1 if ! analogy may be excus$1 are n ! same ?+ z good play4 ,nay1 m4 ,a man /ates 9 8 cre$ only ! articles :i* he ?9ks x "r to ass]t positively aga9/ ^? :o ?9k o!rwise4 ,8 deepe/ & mo/ practical beliefs are ^? on :i* he acts )\t "q1 :i* h nev] occurr$ to him z be+ op5 to d\bt4 ,if y take on ! "o h& a numb] ( p]sons :o h accept$ ! same cre$ b liv$ 9 m>k$ly diff]5t ages & societies1 ) m>k$ly diff]5t /&>ds ( ?\ght & conduct1 & on ! o!r an equal numb] :o pr(ess diff]5t cre$s b live 9 ! same g5]al environm5t1 ,i ?9k !re w probably be m real id5tity ( religion 9 ! latt] gr\p4 ,take ?ree or?odox ,*ri/ians1 enlight5$ accord+ to ! /&>ds ( _! "t1 9 ! f\r?1 ! sixte5?1 & ! tw5tie? c5turies respectively1 ,i ?9k y w f9d m pr(\nd diff]5ces ( religion betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 a ,me?odi/1 a ,ca?olic1 a ,free?9k]1 & ev5 p]haps a well-educat$ ,buddhi/ or ,brahm9 at ! pres5t day1 provid$ y take ! mo/ g5]ally enlight5$ repres5tatives ( ea* class4 ,/ill1 :5 a /ud5t is try+ to und]/& ! inn] religion ( ! anci5ts1 he realizes h[ imm5sely valuable a cre$ or ev5 a regul> liturgy w\ld be4 ,lit]ature enables u sometimes to approa* pretty close1 9 v>i\s ways1 to ! m9ds ( c]ta9 ( ! great m5 ( antiquity1 & und]/& h[ !y ?\ght & felt ab\t a good _m subjects4 ,at times "o ( ^! subjects is ! accept$ religion ( _! society2 we c see h[ !y criticiz$ x or reject$ x4 ,b x is v h>d to "k f _! reaction aga9/ x :at t accept$ religion really 04 ,:o1 = in/ance1 kn[s ,h]odotus's religion8 ,he talks 9 8 p5etrat+ & g>rul\s way1 'sometimes = *ildr5 & sometimes = philosoph]s1' z ,gibbon puts x1 ab\t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w2 b at ! end ( 8 book y f9d t he has n op5$ 8 he>t on ?is subject4 ,no d\bt 8 pr(ession z a recit] & /ory-tell] prev5t$ him4 ,we c see t ,?ucydides 0 sceptical2 b c we fully see :at 8 scepticism 0 direct$ aga9/1 or :]e1 = in/ance1 ,nikias w\ld h disagre$ ) him1 & :]e he & ,nikias bo? agre$ aga9/ u8 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 ! sy/ems ( ! great philosoph]s--especially ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,bett] ?an ei!r1 p]haps1 we c make out ! religion ( ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,amid all ! h>%ness & pla9ness ( 8 lit]>y /yle1 ,m>cus possess$ a gift :i* has be5 grant$ to few1 ! p[] ( writ+ d[n :at 0 9 8 he>t j z x 01 n obscur$ by any consci\sness ( ! pres5ce ( witnesses or any /riv+ aft] effect4 ,he does n seem to h tri$ delib]ately to reveal himself1 yet he has reveal$ himself 9 t %ort p]sonal note-book almo/ z mu* z ! great inspir$ egoti/s1 ,r\sseau & ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,true1 !re are "s passages 9 ! book :i* are un9telligible to u2 t is natural 9 a "w :i* 0 n meant to be read by ! public2 brok5 flames ( ! :ite passion t consum$ him bur/+ ?r\gh ! arm\r ( 8 habitual accuracy & self-re/ra9t4 ,p fail to und]/& ,m>cus1 n because ( 8 lack ( self-expression1 b because x is h>d = mo/ m5 to brea! at t int5se height ( spiritual life1 or1 at lea/1 to brea! sob]ly4 ,!y c d x if !y are all[$ to ab&on !mselves to floods ( emotion1 & to lose self-judgem5t & self-control4 ,i am (t5 r surpris$ at good critics speak+ ( ,m>cus z 'cold'4 ,!re is z mu* int5sity ( feel+ 9 z 9 mo/ ( ! nobl] mod]n books ( religion1 only !re is a /]n] p[] controll+ x4 ,! feel+ nev] am\nts to complete self-ab&onm5t4 ',! ,guid+ ,p[]' nev] trembles ^u its ?rone1 & ! emotion is sev]ely purg$ ( e>?ly dross4 ,t be+ s1 we *ildr5 ( e>? respond to x less readily4 ,/ill1 :e!r or no we c %>e ,m>cus's religion1 we c at any rate und]/& mo/ ( x4 ,b ev5 !n we rea* only ! p]sonal religion ( a v extraord9>y man2 we are n mu* ne>] to ! religion ( ! av]age educat$ p]son--! backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ,m>cus1 l ,plato1 ought to /& out4 ,i believe t our conceptions ( x are really v vague & v>i\s4 ,our great-gr&fa!rs :o read ',tully's ,(fices & ,ends' 7 bett] in=m$ ?an we4 ,b !re are _m l>ge & app>5tly simple que/ions ab\t :i*1 ev5 aft] read+ ,cic]o's philosophical translations1 s*ol>s probably feel q unc]ta94 ,7 ! morals ( ,epictetus or ! morals ( ,"p ,v ( ! ,an?ology mo/ ne> to ^? ( real life among respectable p]sons8 ,are !re n subjects on :i* ,plato himself sometimes makes our fle% creep8 ,:at are we to feel ab\t slav]y1 ab\t ! expos+ ( *ildr58 ,true1 slav]y 0 n peculi> to antiquity2 x fl\ri%$ 9 a civiliz$ & peculi>ly humane p ( ,engli% blood till a g5]ation ago4 ,& ! hi/ory ( infanticide among ! f9e/ mod]n nations is su* z to make "o reluctant to ?r[ /ones1 & ev5 d\btful 9 :i* direction to ?r[ !m4 ,/ill1 ^! great facts & o!rs l !m h to be und]/ood1 & are r h>d to und]/&1 9 _! be>+ on ! religi\s life ( ! anci5ts4 ,po9ts ( m9or morals aga9 are apt to surprise a read] ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 ( c\rse1 t !y always d surprise "o1 9 e age ( hi/ory1 z soon z its mann]s are /udi$ 9 detail4 ,"o ne$ n g beyond ,salimb5e's ,*ronicle1 "o ne$ h>dly g beyond ,macaulay's ,hi/ory1 or any ( ! fam\s ,fr5* memoirs1 to realize t4 ,0 x really an ord9>y ?+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 z ,philo seems to say1 = g5tlem5 at d9n]-p>ties to black "o ano!r's eyes or bite "o ano!r's e>s (f8#agg3a ,or 7 su* practices conf9$ to "s ,sm>t ,set8 ,or 0 ,philo1 = 8 own purposes1 us+ "s p>ticul> sc&al\s occurr5ce z if x 0 typical8 ,/4 ,augu/9e m5tions among ! virtues ( 8 "m h] unusual meekness & tact4 ,al?\gh h] husb& _h a fi]y temp]1 %e nev] _h bruises on h] face1 :i* made h] a r>a avis among ! matrons ( h] circle4#agg3b ,h] circle1 presumably1 includ$ ,*ri/ians z well z ,pagans & ,mani*eans4 ,& ,philo's circle c sc>cely be consid]$ ,pagan4 ,inde$1 z = ! diff]5ce ( religion1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t1 j at ! "t we are ab\t to consid]1 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ei!r to ! re/ ( ! _w or to "o ano!r1 0 v f> f evangelical4 ,ammianus says t no savage bea/s c\ld equal its cruelty2 ,ammianus 0 a pagan2 b ,/4 ,gregory himself says x 0 l ,hell4#agh3a ,i h express$ else:]e my own g5]al answ] to ?is puzzle4#agh3b ,n only 9 e>ly ,greek times1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( antiquity ! possibility ( all sorts ( absurd & atroci\s ?+s lay mu* ne>]1 ! protective =ces ( society 7 mu* weak]1 ! /ra9 on p]sonal "*1 ! ne$ = real 'wisdom & virtue'1 0 mu* great] ?an x is at ! pres5t day4 ,t is "o ( ! causes t make antiquity s int]e/+4 ,( c\rse1 diff]5t p]iods ( antiquity v>i$ greatly1 bo? 9 ! conv5tional /&>d dem&$ & 9 ! spiritual =ce :i* answ]$ or surpass$ ! dem&4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! /rong gov]nm5ts & ord]ly societies ( mod]n ,europe h made x inf9itely easi] = m5 ( no p>ticul> virtue to live a dec5t life1 inf9itely easi] also = m5 ( no p>ticul> reason+ p[] or sci5tific k to h a m or less sci5tific or sane view ( ! _w4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n c>ry u f> t[>ds solv+ ! ma9 problem3 x br+s u no ne>] to k ( any?+ t we may call typically a religi\s cre$ or an au?oriz$ code ( morals1 9 any age f ,hesiod to ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,! book :i* ,i h v5tur$ to call a ,cre$ or ,cate*ism is ! "w ( ,sallu/ius ,ab\t ! ,gods & ! ,_w1 a book1 ,i %\ld say1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! ,scotti% ,%ort] ,cate*ism4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,mulla*'s ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum2 ap>t f t1 ! only edition g5]ally accessible--& t is r>e--is a duodecimo publi%$ by ,allatius 9 #aeci4 ,orelli's bro*ure ( #ahba seems to be unprocurable4 ,! au?or 0 9 all probability t ,sallu/ius :o is kn[n to u z a close fri5d ( ,julian be=e 8 accession1 & a back] or inspir] ( ! emp]or's ef=ts to re/ore ! old religion4 ,he 0 conc]n$ 9 an educational edition ( ,sophocles--! sev5 select$ plays n[ extant ) a comm5t>y4 ,he 0 giv5 ! rank ( prefect 9 #cfb1 t ( consul 9 #cfc4 ,"o mu/ rememb]1 ( c\rse1 t 9 t rigor\s & ascetic c\rt high rank connot$ no pomp or luxury4 ,julian _h dismiss$ ! ?\s& hairdress]s1 ! innum]able cooks & eunu*s ( 8 ,*ri/ian pr$ecessor4 ,x probably br\ght ) x only an increas$ obligation to live on pulse & to d )\t su* pamp]+s ( ! body z f9e clo!s or w>m? or wa%+4 ,julian's f\r? oration1 a prose hymn ,to ,k+ ,sun1 1 is d$icat$ to ,sallu/ius2 8 eigh? is a ',consolation to ,himself ^u ! ,dep>ture ( ,sallu/ius'4 7,he _h be5 ) ,julian 9 ! w>s 9 ,gaul1 & 0 recall$ by ! jeal\sy ( ! emp]or ,con/antius47 ,x is a t\*+ & ev5 a noble treatise4 ,! n]v\s self-di/ru/ :i* 0 habitual 9 ,julian makes him write always ) a c]ta9 affectation1 b no "o c\ld mi/ake ! real feel+ ( loss & lonel9ess t runs ?r\gh ! consolation4 ,he has lo/ 8 'comrade 9 ! ranks'1 & n[ is ',odysseus left alone'4 ,s he writes1 quot+ ! ,iliad2 ,sallu/ius has be5 c>ri$ by ,god outside ! spe>s & arr[s3 ':i* malignant m5 7 always aim+ at y1 or r at me1 try+ to w\nd me ?r\gh y1 & believ+ t ! only way to beat me d[n 0 by depriv+ me ( ! fell[%ip ( my true fri5d & fell[-soldi]1 ! comrade :o nev] fl9*$ f %>+ my dang]s4' ,"o note recurs f\r times2 he has lo/ ! "o man to :om he c\ld talk z a bro!r2 ! man ( 'guileless & clean free-spee*'1#ahj3a :o 0 hone/ & unafraid & able to contradict ! emp]or freely because ( _! mutual tru/4 ,if "o ?9ks ( x1 ,julian1 = all 8 g5tl5ess1 mu/ h be5 an al>m+ emp]or to conv]se )4 ,8 /&>d ( conduct 0 n only uncom=tably high1 x 0 also a little unacc\ntable4 ,! mo/ correct & blameless c\rt (ficials mu/ (t5 h suspect$ t _! ma/] look$ ^u !m z simply wall[+ 9 s94 ,& t feel+ does n promote ease or tru?fulness4 ,julian comp>es 8 fri5d%ip ) ,sallu/ius to t ( ,scipio & ,laelius4 ,p said ( ,scipio t he only c>ri$ out :at ,laelius told him4 ',is t true ( me8' ,julian asks himself4 ',h ,i only done :at ,sallu/ius told me8' ,8 answ] is s9c]e & beautiful3 4 ,x little matt]s :o sugge/$1 & :o agre$ to ! sugge/ion2 8 ?\ghts1 & any cr$it t came f ! ?\ghts1 are 8 fri5d's z mu* z 8 own4 ,we happ5 to he> f ! ,*ri/ian ,!odoret 7,hi/4 iii4 #aa7 t on "o occasion :5 ,julian 0 ne>ly goad$ into p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 x 0 ,sallu/ius :o recall$ him to _! fix$ policy ( tol]ation4 ,sallu/ius !n may be tak5 to repres5t 9 ! mo/ au?oritative way ! ,pagan reaction ( ,julian's "t1 9 its f9al /ruggle aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 01 r\ghly speak+1 a ,neo-,platoni/4 ,b x is n z a pr(ess$ philosoph] t he writes4 ,x is only t ,neo-,platonism _h p]meat$ ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! age4#aha3a ,! /rife ( ! philosophical sects _h almo/ ceas$4 ,j z ,julian's my/icism made all gods & almo/ all =ms ( wor%ip into "o1 s 8 en?usiasm = ,hell5ism rev]$1 nay1 idoliz$1 almo/ all ! great philosoph]s ( ! pa/4 ,!y 7 all try+ to say ! same ineffable ?+2 all lift+ mank9d t[>ds ! k ( ,god4 ,i say 'almo/' 9 bo? cases2 = ! ,*ri/ians are outside ! pale 9 "o doma9 & ! ,epicureans & a few ,cynics 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? _h committ$ ! c>d9al s92 !y _h d5i$ ! gods4 ,!y are sometimes lump$ toge!r z ,a!oi4 ,l'a?isme1 voil l'ennemi4 ,?is may surprise u at fir/ sight1 b ! explanation is easy4 ,to ,julian ! "o great tru? t matt]s is ! pres5ce & glory ( ! gods4 ,no d\bt1 !y are all ultimately "o3 !y are 1 '=ces1' n p]sons1 b = reasons above our compreh5sion !y are manife/ only "u conditions ( =m1 "t1 & p]sonality1 & h s be5 reveal$ & wor%ipp$ & p>tly kn[n by ! great m9ds ( ! pa/4 ,9 ,julian's m9d ! religi\s emotion itself becomes ! ?+ to live =4 ,e object t has be5 t\*$ by t emotion is !reby glorifi$ & made sacr$4 ,e %r9e :]e m5 h wor%ipp$ 9 tru? ( he>t is !reby a h\se ( ,god4 ,! wor%ip may be mix$ up ) all sorts ( folly1 all sorts ( un$ify+ practice4 ,su* ?+s mu/ be purg$ away1 or1 /ill bett]1 mu/ be prop]ly und]/ood4 ,= to ! pure all ?+s are pure3 & ! my?s t %ock ! vulg> are noble allegories to ! wise & rev]5t4 ,purge religion f dross1 if y l2 b rememb] t y d s at y\r p]il4 ,"o false /ep1 "o self-confid5t rejection ( a ?+ :i* is m]ely too high = y to grasp1 & y are d>k5+ ! ,sun1 ca/+ ,god out ( ! _w4 ,& t 0 j :at ! ,*ri/ians delib]ately did4 ,9 _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s d5ial is a mu* great] elem5t ?an ass]tion4 ,! beautiful ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix 7ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #acj-fj7 is an example4 ,su* d5ial 01 ( c\rse1 to our judgem5t1 em95tly ne$$1 & r5d]$ a great s]vice to ! _w4 ,b to ,julian x seem$ impiety4 ,9 o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s ! misrepres5tation ( pagan rites & beliefs is decid$ly f\l-m\!d & malici\s4 ,q ap>t f 8 p]sonal wrongs & 8 contempt = ! "* ( ,con/antius1 ,julian c\ld h no sympa?y = m5 :o ov]turn$ alt>s & heap$ blasphemy on old des]t$ %r9es1 defil]s ( e sacr$ object t 0 n protect$ by popul>ity4 ,! mo/ t su* p c\ld expect f him 0 t !y %\ld n be proscrib$ by law4 ,b meantime :at 7 ! multitudes ( ! god-fe>+ to believe8 ,! arm ( ! /ate 0 n v /rong or effective4 ,lab\r z he might to supply good tea*+ to all prov9cial t[ns1 ,julian c\ld n hope to educate ! poor & ignorant to und]/& ,plato & ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,= !m1 he seems to say1 all t is necess>y is t !y %\ld be pi\s & god-fe>+ 9 _! own way4 ,b = m or less educat$ p1 n blankly ignorant1 & yet n pr(ess$ /ud5ts ( philosophy1 !re might be "s simple & au?oritative treatise issu$--a sort ( reason$ cre$1 to lay d[n 9 a conv9c+ mann] ! outl9es ( ! old ,hell5ic religion1 be=e ! ,*ri/ians & ,a!i/s %\ld h swept all fe> ( ! gods f (f ! e>?4 ,! treatise is ?is "w ( ,sallu/ius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,*ri/ian fa!rs f ,m9ucius ,felix onw>d h %[n u :at 0 ! mo/ vuln]able po9t ( ,paganism3 ! traditional my?ology4 ,sallu/ius deals ) x at once4 ,! ,akrots1 or pupil1 he says 9 ,section #a1 ne$s "s prelim9>y tra9+4 ,he %\ld h be5 well br\ght up1 %\ld n be incurably /upid1 & %\ld n h be5 famili>iz$ ) fooli% fables4 ,evid5tly ! my?ology 0 n to be taught to *ildr54 ,he enunciates c]ta9 po/ulates ( religi\s ?\ght1 viz4 t ,god is always good & n subject to passion or to *ange1 & !n proce$s /raight to ! traditional my?s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he insi/s t !y are :at he calls 'div9e'4 ,t is1 !y are inspir$ or h "s t\* ( div9e tru? 9 !m4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t !y h be5 utt]$1 & sometimes inv5t$1 by ! mo/ inspir$ poets & philosoph]s & by ! gods !mselves 9 oracles--a v *>act]i/ic argum5t4 ,! my?s are all expressions ( ,god & ( ! goodness ( ,god2 b !y foll[ ! usual me?od ( div9e revelation1 to wit1 my/]y & allegory4 ,! my?s /ate cle>ly ! "o trem5d\s fact t ! ,gods are2 t is :at ,julian c>$ ab\t & ! ,*ri/ians d5i$3 :at !y are ! my?s reveal only to ^? :o h und]/&+4 ',! _w itself is a great my?1 9 :i* bodies & inanimate ?+s are visible1 s\ls & m9ds invisible4' ',b1 admitt+ all ?is1 h[ comes x t ! my?s are s (t5 absurd & ev5 immoral8' ,= ! usual purpose ( my/]y & allegory2 9 ord] to make p ?9k4 ,! s\l t wi%es to "k ,god mu/ make its own ef=t2 x _c expect simply to lie /ill & be told4 ,! my?s by _! obvi\s falsity & absurdity on ! surface /imulate ! m9d capable ( religion to probe deep]4 ,he proce$s to give in/ances1 & *ooses at once my?s t _h be5 = g5]ations ! mock ( ! sceptic1 & 9 8 own day furni%$ abundant ammunition = ! artill]y ( ,*ri/ian polemic4 ,he takes fir/ ,hesiod's /ory ( ,kronos swall[+ 8 *ildr52 !n ! ,judgem5t ( ,p>is2 !n comes a long & e>ne/ explanation ( ! my? ( ,attis & ! ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,x is on ! face ( x a /ory highly discr$itable bo? to ! he>t & ! head ( ^? augu/ be+s1 & ?\gh ! rites !mselves d n seem to h be5 9 any way improp]1 ! ,*ri/ians naturally attack$ ! ,pagans & ,julian p]sonally = c\nt5anc+ ! wor%ip4 ,sallu/ius's explanation is tak5 directly f ,julian's fif? oration 9 praise ( ! ,great ,"m1 & r$uces ! my? & ! ritual to an expression ( ! adv5tures ( ! ,s\l seek+ ,god4 ,s mu* = ! :ole traditional my?ology4 ,x has be5 expla9$ completely away & made subs]vi5t to philosophy & edification1 :ile x c /ill be us$ z a great well-spr+ ( religi\s emotion4 ,= ! explanations giv5 by ,sallu/ius & ,julian are nev] rationali/ic4 ,!y nev] /imulate a _s ( scepticism1 always a _s ( my/icism & rev]5ce4 ,&1 le/ by *ance ev5 ?is rev]5t !oriz+ %\ld h be5 someh[ lack+ 9 insight or true piety1 ,sallu/ius ends ) ! pray]3 ',:5 ,i say ^! ?+s conc]n+ ! my?s1 may ! gods !mselves & ! spirits ( ^? :o wrote ! my?s be graci\s to me4' ,he n[ leaves my?ology & turns to ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,x mu/ be "o1 & x mu/ be pres5t 9 all ?+s4 ,?us1 x _c be ,life1 =1 if x 71 all ?+s w\ld be alive4 ,by a ,platonic argum5t 9 :i* he w /ill f9d "s philosoph]s to foll[ him1 he proves t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s1 exi/s because ( "s goodness 9 x2 & ?us arrives at ! conclusion t ! ,fir/ ,cause is 1 ! ,good4 ,! gods are emanations or =ces issu+ f ! ,good2 ! mak]s ( ?is _w are second>y gods2 above !m are ! mak]s ( ! mak]s1 above all ! ,"o4 ,next comes a pro( t ! _w is et]nal--a v important po9t ( doctr9e2 next t ! s\l is immortal2 next a def9ition ( ! work+s ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ,fate1 & ,=tune--a fairly skilful piece ( dialectic deal+ ) a hopeless difficulty4 ,next come ,virtue & ,vice1 &1 9 a dead & p]functory e*o ( ,plato's ,republic1 an enum]ation ( ! good & bad =ms ( human society4 ,! que/ions :i* vibrat$ ) life 9 free ,a!ns _h become mean+less to a despot-gov]n$ _w4 ,!n foll[s m adv5tur\s matt]4 ,fir/ a *apt] head$3 ',:5ce ,evil ?+s come1 & t !re is no ,phusis ,kak\--,evil is n a real ?+4' ',x is p]haps be/'1 he says1 'to obs]ve at once t1 s9ce ! gods are good & make ev]y?+1 !re is no positive evil2 !re is only abs5ce ( good2 j z !re is no positive d>kness1 only abs5ce ( light4' ,:at we call 'evils' arise only 9 ! activities ( m51 & ev5 "h no "o ev] does evil = ! sake ( evil4 ',"o :o indulges 9 "s pleasant vice ?9ks ! vice bad b 8 pleasure good2 a murd]] ?9ks ! murd] bad1 b ! money he w get by x1 good2 "o :o injures an enemy ?9ks ! injury bad1 b ! be+ quits ) 8 enemy1 good'2 & s on4 ,! evil acts are all done = ! sake ( "s good1 b human s\ls1 be+ v f> remov$ f ! orig9al flawless div9e nature1 make mi/akes or s9s4 ,"o ( ! great objects ( ! _w1 he goes on to expla91 ( gods1 m51 & spirits1 ( religi\s in/itutions & human laws alike1 is to keep ! s\ls f ^! errors & to purge !m aga9 :5 !y h fall54 ,next comes a speculative difficulty4 ,sallu/ius has call$ ! _w 'et]nal 9 ! fulle/ s5se'--t is1 x always has be5 & always w be4 ,& yet x is 'made' by ! gods4 ,h[ are ^! /atem5ts compatible8 ,if x 0 made1 !re mu/ h be5 a "t be=e x 0 made4 ,! answ] is +5i\s4 ,x is n made by h&icraft z a table is2 x is n begott5 z a son by a fa!r4 ,x is ! result ( a quality ( ,god j z light is ! result ( a quality ( ! sun4 ,! sun causes light1 b ! light is !re z soon z ! sun is !re4 ,! _w is simply ! o!r side1 z x 71 ( ! goodness ( ,god1 & has exi/$ z long z t goodness has exi/$4 ,next come "s simpl] que/ions ab\t man's relation to ! gods4 ,9 :at s5se d we say t ! gods are angry ) ! wick$ or are appeas$ by rep5tance8 ,sallu/ius is q firm4 ,! gods _c ev] be glad--= t :i* is glad is also sorry2 _c be angry--= ang] is a passion2 & obvi\sly !y _c be appeas$ by gifts or pray]s4 ,ev5 m51 if !y are hone/1 require high] motives ?an t4 ,god is un*angeable1 always good1 always do+ good4 ,if we are good1 we are ne>] to ! gods1 & we feel x2 if we are evil1 we are sep>at$ fur!r f !m4 ,x is n !y t are angry1 x is our s9s t hide !m f u & prev5t ! goodness ( ,god f %9+ into u4 ,if we rep5t1 aga91 we d n make any *ange 9 ,god2 we only1 by ! conv]sion ( our s\l t[>ds ! div9e1 heal our own badness & enjoy aga9 ! goodness ( ! gods4 ,to say t ! gods turn away f ! wick$1 w\ld be l say+ t ! sun turns away f a bl9d man4 ,:y !n d we make (f]+s & sacrifices to ! gods1 :5 ! gods ne$ no?+ & c h no?+ add$ to !m8 ,we d s 9 ord] to h m communion ) ! gods4 ,! :ole temple s]vice1 9 fact1 is an elaborate allegory1 a repres5tation ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,! cu/om ( sacrific+ animals _h di$ out "s "t be=e ?is4 ,! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion _h giv5 x up long s9ce because ! ,law =bade any su* sacrifice outside ! ,temple4#ahh3a ,:5 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ ,jewi% sacrifice ceas$ altoge!r4 ,! ,*ri/ians seem f ! beg9n+ to h g5]ally foll[$ ! ,jewi% practice4 ,b sacrifice 0 9 itself n likely to cont9ue 9 a society ( l>ge t[ns4 ,x meant turn+ y\r temples into v ill-conduct$ slaught]-h\ses1 & 0 also associat$ ) a great deal ( muddl$ & indiscrim9ate *>ity4#ahh3b ,"o might h hop$ t m5 s high-m9d$ & spiritual z ,julian & ,sallu/ius w\ld h consid]$ ?is practice unnecess>y or ev5 h re=m$ x away4 ,b no4 ,x 0 "p ( ! g5u9e ,hell5ic tradition2 & no jot or tittle ( t tradition %\ld1 if !y c\ld help x1 be all[$ to die4 ,sacrifice is desirable1 argues ,sallu/ius1 because x is a gift ( life4 ,god has giv5 u life1 z ,he has giv5 u all else4 ,we mu/ !re=e pay to ,him "s emblematic ti! ( life4 ,aga91 pray]s 9 !mselves are m]ely words2 b ) sacrifice !y are words plus life1 ,liv+ ,words4 ,la/ly1 we are ,life ( a sort1 & ,god is ,life ( an inf9itely high] sort4 ,to approa* ,him we ne$ always a m$ium or a m$iator2 ! m$ium betwe5 life & life mu/ ne$s be life4 ,we f9d t life 9 ! sacrific$ animal4#ahi3a ,! argum5t %[s :at +5uity ^! religi\s m5 _h at _! comm&1 & :at tr\ble !y w\ld take to avoid hav+ to face a fact & re=m a bad sy/em4 ,!re foll[s a long & r difficult argum5t to %[ t ! _w is1 9 itself1 et]nal4 ,! =m] discussion on ?is po9t _h only %[n t ! gods w\ld n de/roy x4 ,?is %[s t its own nature is inde/ructible4 ,! argum5ts are v inconclusive1 ?\gh clev]1 & "o wond]s :y ! au?or is at s mu* pa9s4 ,inde$1 he is s e>ne/ t at ! end ( ! *apt] he f9ds x necess>y to apologize to ! ,kosmos 9 case 8 language %\ld h be5 indiscreet4 ,! reason1 ,i ?9k1 is t ! ,*ri/ians 7 /ill1 z 9 apo/olic times1 p9n+ _! fai? to ! approa*+ end ( ! _w by fire4#aij3a ,!y ann\nc$ ! end ( ! _w z ne>1 & !y rejoic$ 9 ! prospect ( its de/ruction4 ,hi/ory has %[n m ?an once :at t]rible results c be produc$ by su* beliefs z ^! 9 ! m9ds ( excitable & suff]+ populations1 especially ^? ( ea/]n blood4 ,x 0 widely believ$ t ,*ri/ian fanatics _h f "t to "t actually tri$ to light fires :i* %\ld consume ! accurs$ _w & ?us ha/5 ! com+ ( ! k+dom :i* %\ld br+ su* incalculable rew>ds to _! own organization & plunge ! re/ ( mank9d 9 ev]la/+ torm5t4 ,to any respectable ,pagan su* action 0 an insane crime made worse by a diabolical motive4 ,! de/ruction ( ! _w1 !re=e1 seems to h become a subject ( pr(\nd irritation1 if n actually ( t]ror4 ,at any rate ! doctr9e lay at ! v he>t ( ! p]niciosa sup]/itio1 & ,sallu/ius uses 8 be/ dialectic aga9/ x4 ,! title ( ,*apt] ,,xviii has a some:at pa!tic r+3 ',:y are ,a!ai'--,a!isms or rejections ( ,god--'p]mitt$1 & t ,god is n injur$ !reby8' 4 ',if ov] c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w !re h occurr$ 7& w occur m h]eaft]7 rejections ( ! gods1 a wise man ne$ n be di/urb$ at t4' ,we h always kn[n t ! human s\l 0 prone to error4 ,god's provid5ce is !re2 b we _c expect all m5 at all times & places to enjoy x equally4 ,9 ! human body x is only ! eye t sees ! light1 ! re/ ( ! body is ignorant ( ! light4 ,s are _m p>ts ( ! e>? ignorant ( ,god4 ,v likely1 also1 ?is rejection ( ,god is a puni%m5t4 ,p]sons :o 9 a previ\s life h kn[n ! gods b disreg>d$ !m1 are p]haps n[ born1 z x 71 bl9d1 unable to see ,god2 p]sons :o h committ$ ! blasphemy ( wor%ipp+ _! own k+s z gods may p]haps n[ be ca/ out f ! k ( ,god4 ,philosophy _h always reject$ ! ,man-,god1 especially 9 ! =m ( ,k+-wor%ip2 b opposition to ,*ri/ianity no d\bt int5sifies ! prote/4 ,! la/ *apt] is v %ort4 ',s\ls t h liv$ 9 virtue1 be+ o!rwise bless$ & especially sep>at$ f _! irrational "p & purg$ ( all body1 are jo9$ ) ! gods & sway ! :ole _w toge!r ) !m4' ,s f> triumphant fai?3 !n ! aft]-?\ght ( ! brave man :o means to live 8 be/ life ev5 if fai? fail him4 ',b ev5 if none ( ^! rew>ds came to !m1 /ill ,virtue itself & ! ,joy & ,glory ( ,virtue1 & ! ,life t is subject to no grief & no ma/]1 w\ld be en\gh to make bless$ ^? :o h set !mselves to live 9 ,virtue & h succe$$4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re ! book ends4 ,x ends ^u t well-worn p>adox :i*1 f ! second book ( ! ,republic onw>ds1 seems to h br\ght s mu* com=t to ! nobl] spirits ( ! anci5t _w4 ,/range h[ we mod]ns _c rise to x6 ,we seem simply to lack ! int5sity ( moral en?usiasm4 ,:5 we speak ( m>tyrs be+ happy on ! rack2 9 ! fir/ place we r>ely believe x1 & 9 ! second we are usually suppos+ t ! rack w soon be ov] & t h>ps & gold5 cr[ns w pres5tly foll[4 ,! anci5t morali/ believ$ t ! good man 0 happy !n & !re1 because ! joy1 be+ 9 8 s\l1 0 n affect$ by ! torture ( 8 body4#aib3a ,n be+ able fully to feel ?is conviction1 we naturally incl9e to ?9k x affect$ or unreal4 ,b1 tak+ ! conditions ( ! anci5t _w into acc\nt1 we mu/ admit t ! m5 :o utt]$ ?is belief at lea/ und]/ood bett] ?an mo/ ( u :at suff]+ 04 ,_m ( !m 7 slaves1 _m _h be5 captives ( w>4 ,!y knew :at !y 7 talk+ ab\t4 ,i ?9k1 on a c>eful /udy ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,epictetus1 & "s ( ^! ,neo-,platonic philosoph]s1 t we %all be =c$ to realize t ^! m5 c\ld rise to mu* ! same heights ( religi\s h]oism z ! ,ca?olic sa9ts ( ! ,middle ,age1 & t !y (t5 did s--if ,i may use su* a phrase--on a pur] & ?9n] diet ( s5su\s emotion1 ) less wall[+ 9 ! du/ & less delirium4 ,be t z x may1 we h n[ se5 9 outl9e ! k9d ( religion :i* anci5t ,paganism _h become at ! "t ( its f9al reaction aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is a m or less intelligible :ole1 & succe$s bett] ?an mo/ religions 9 comb9+ two great appeals4 ,x appeals to ! philosoph] & ! ?\ghtful man z a fairly complete & rational sy/em ( ?\ght1 :i* speculative & enlight5$ m9ds 9 any age might believe )\t disgrace4 ,i d n mean t x is probably true2 to me all ^! ov]p[]+ optimisms :i*1 by means ( a few unte/$ a priori po/ulates1 affect triumphantly to disprove ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( life1 seem v soon to become mean+less4 ,i conceive x to be no com=t at all1 to a man suff]+ agonies ( fro/bite1 to be told by sci5ce t cold is m]ely negative & does n exi/4 ,s f> z ! /atem5t is true x is irrelevant2 s f> z x pret5ds to be relevant x is false4 ,i only mean t a sy/em l t ( ,sallu/ius is1 judg$ by any /&>d1 high1 civiliz$1 & enlight5$4 ,at ! same "t ?is religion appeals to ! ignorant & ! humble-m9d$4 ,x takes f ! pi\s villag] no s+le object ( wor%ip t has turn$ 8 ?\ghts heav5w>ds4 ,x may expla9 & purge2 x nev] condemns or ridicules4 ,9 its own eyes t 0 its great glory1 9 ! eyes ( hi/ory p]haps its mo/ fatal weakness4 ,*ri/ianity1 ap>t f its positive doctr9es1 _h inh]it$ f ,judaism ! noble c\rage ( its disbeliefs4 ,to comp>e ?is ,paganism 9 detail ) its great rival w\ld be1 ev5 if ,i possess$ ! necess>y le>n+1 a labori\s & unsatisfactory task4 ,b if a /ud5t ) v imp]fect k may v5ture a p]sonal op9ion on ?is obscure subject1 x seems to me t we (t5 look at su* problems f a wrong angle4 ,h>nack some:]e1 9 discuss+ ! comp>ative success or failure ( v>i\s e>ly ,*ri/ian sects1 makes ! illum9at+ rem>k t ! ma9 det]m9+ cause 9 ea* case 0 n _! comp>ative reasonabl5ess ( doctr9e or skill 9 controv]sy--= !y practically nev] conv]t$ "o ano!r--b simply ! comp>ative increase or decrease ( ! bir?-rate 9 ! respective populations4 ,on some:at simil> l9es x always appe>s to me t1 hi/orically speak+1 ! "* ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ^! e>ly c5turies is to be s\ght n s mu* 9 ! doctr9es :i* x pr(ess$1 ne>ly all ( :i* _h _! roots & _! close p>allels 9 old] ,hell5i/ic or ,hebrew ?\ght1 b 9 ! organization on :i* x re/$4 ,= my own "p1 :5 ,i try to und]/& ,*ri/ianity z a mass ( doctr9es1 ,gno/ic1 ,tr9it>ian1 ,monophysite1 ,arian & ! re/1 ,i get no fur!r4 ,:5 ,i try to realize x z a sort ( semi-secret society = mutual help ) a my/ical religi\s basis1 re/+ fir/ on ! prolet>iates ( ,antio* & ! great comm]cial & manufactur+ t[ns ( ! ,levant1 !n spread+ by in/9ctive sympa?y to simil> classes 9 ,rome & ! ,we/1 & ris+ 9 influ5ce1 l c]ta9 o!r my/ical cults1 by ! special appeal x made to wom51 ! v>i\s hi/orical puzzles beg9 to fall into place4 ,among o!r ?+s ?is expla9s ! /range subt]ranean p[] by :i* ! emp]or ,diocletian 0 baffl$1 & to :i* ! pret5d] ,con/ant9e _h to capitulate2 x expla9s its humanity1 its int5se feel+ ( bro!rhood )9 its own b\nds1 its incessant c>e = ! poor1 & also its comp>ative indiff]5ce to ! virtues :i* are specially incumb5t on a gov]n+ class1 su* z /atesman%ip1 mod]ation1 tru?fulness1 active c\rage1 le>n+1 culture1 & public _s4 ,( c\rse1 su* indiff]5ce 0 only comp>ative4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! gov]n+ classes come into ! fold1 br++ ) !m _! normal qualities1 & !reaft] x is ,paganism1 n ,*ri/ianity1 t mu/ uphold ! flag ( a desp]ate fidelity 9 ! face ( a ho/ile _w--a task to :i*1 naturally en\gh1 ,paganism 0 n equal4 ,b ,i nev] wi%$ to pit ! two sy/ems aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! battle is ov]1 & x is poor "w to je] at ! w\nd$ & ! dead4 ,if we read ! lit]ature ( ! "t1 especially "s records ( ! m>tyrs "u ,diocletian1 we %all at fir/ p]haps imag9e t1 ap>t f "s />tl+ exceptions1 ! conqu]$ p>ty 7 all vici\s & hateful1 ! conqu]ors1 all wise & sa9tly4 ,!n1 look+ a little deep]1 we %all see t ?is great controv]sy does n /& altoge!r by itself4 ,z 9 o!r w>s1 ea* side _h its wise m5 & its fooli%1 its good m5 & its evil4 ,l o!r conqu]ors ^! conqu]ors 7 (t5 trea*]\s & brutal2 l o!r vanqui%$ ^! vanqui%$ h be5 tri$ at ! b> ( hi/ory )\t b5efit ( c\nsel1 h be5 condemn$ 9 _! abs5ce & di$ ) _! lips seal$4 ,! polemic lit]ature ( ,*ri/ianity is l\d & triumphant1 ! books ( ! ,pagans h be5 de/roy$4 ,only an ignorant man w pron\nce a viol5t or bitt] judgem5t "h4 ,! m9ds t are n[ t5d]1 timid1 & rev]5t 9 _! or?odoxy w\ld probably 9 ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury h sid$ ) ! old gods2 ^? ( m d>+ & puritan temp] ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! hi/orian w only try to h sympa?y & und]/&+ = bo?4 ,!y are all dead n[1 ,diocletian & ,ignatius1 ,cyril & ,hypatia1 ,julian & ,basil1 ,a?anasius & ,aru3 e p>ty has yield$ up its p]secutors & its m>tyrs1 its hates & sl&]s & aspirations & h]oisms1 to ! arms ( t great ,sil5ce ^: secrets !y all claim$ s l\dly to h read4 ,ev5 ! dogmas = :i* !y f\ght might seem to be dead too4 ,= if ,julian & ,sallu/ius1 ,gregory & ,john ,*ryso/om1 7 to rise aga9 & see ! _w z x n[ is1 !y w\ld probably feel _! p]sonal diff]5ces melt away 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 _! _w & ?is4 ,!y f\ght to ! dea? ab\t ?is cr$o & t1 b ! same _s 0 9 all ( !m4 ,9 ! words ( "o :o speaks ) great] k ?an m9e1 '! mo/ inw>d man 9 ^! f\r contempor>ies is ! same4 ,x is ! ,_s ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury4'#aif3a 99 99 99 99 99 ',dieselbe ,seel5/immung1 d]selbe ,spiritualismus'2 also ! same passionate asceticism4 ,all ?r\gh antiquity ! fight aga9/ luxury 0 a fi]c] & /rong] fight ?an comes into our mod]n exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 n m objective luxury 9 any p]iod ( anci5t hi/ory ?an !re is n[2 !re 0 nev] any?+ l s mu*4 ,b !re does seem to h be5 m subjective ab&onm5t to physical pleasure & concomitantly a /rong] prote/ aga9/ x4 ,f "s "t be=e ! ,*ri/ian era x seems z if ! subconsci\s in/9ct ( humanity 0 sl[ly r\s+ itself = a great revolt aga9/ ! long intol]able tyranny ( ! s5ses ov] ! s\l1 & by ! f\r? c5tury ! revolt ?reat5$ to become all-absorb+4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian 0 probably z pr\d ( 8 fireless cell & ! cr[d+ lice 9 8 be>d & cassock z an av]age ,egyptian monk4 ,! ascetic movem5t grew1 z we all "k1 to be measureless & insane4 ,x seem$ to be almo/ ano!r =m ( lu/1 & to h ! same aff9ities ) cruelty4 ,b x has probably r5d]$ priceless help to u :o come aft]w>ds4 ,! insane ages h (t5 done s]vice = ! sane1 ! h>% & suff]+ ages = ! g5tle & well-to-d4 ,sophrosyn1 h[ev] we try to translate x1 temp]ance1 g5tl5ess1 ! _s t 9 any tr\ble ?9ks & is pati5t1 t saves & n de/roys1 is ! "r _s4 ,& x is to be fe>$ t none ( ^! f\r?-c5tury lead]s1 nei!r ! fi]ce bi%ops ) _! homilies on ,*>ity1 nor ,julian & ,sallu/ius ) _! wor%ip ( ,hell5ism1 came v ne> to t classic ideal4 ,to br+ back t note ( ,sophrosyn ,i w v5ture1 be=e proce$+ to ! f\r?-c5tury ,pagan cre$1 to give "s s5t5ces f an e>li] ,pagan pray]4 ,x is cit$ by ,/obaeus f a c]ta9 ,eusebius1 a late ,ionic ,platoni/ ( :om almo/ no?+ is kn[n1 n ev5 ! date at :i* he liv$4#aig3a ,b ! voice s\nds l t ( a /rong] & m sob] age4 ',may ,i be no man's enemy1' x beg9s1 '& may ,i be ! fri5d ( t :i* is et]nal & abides4 ,may ,i nev] qu>rel ) ^? ne>e/ to me2 & if ,i d1 may ,i be reconcil$ quickly4 ,may ,i nev] devise evil aga9/ any man2 if any devise evil aga9/ me1 may ,i escape un9jur$ & )\t ! ne$ ( hurt+ him4 ,may ,i love1 seek1 & atta9 only t :i* is good4 ,may ,i wi% = all m5's happ9ess & envy none4 ,may ,i nev] rejoice 9 ! ill-=tune ( "o :o has wrong$ me4 4 4 4 ,:5 ,i h done or said :at is wrong1 may ,i nev] wait = ! rebuke ( o!rs1 b always rebuke myself until ,i make am5ds4 4 4 4 ,may ,i w9 no victory t h>ms ei!r me or my oppon5t4 4 4 4 ,may ,i reconcile fri5ds :o are wro? ) "o ano!r4 ,may ,i1 to ! ext5t ( my p[]1 give all ne$ful help to my fri5ds & to all :o are 9 want4 ,may ,i nev] fail a fri5d 9 dang]4 ,:5 visit+ ^? 9 grief may ,i be able by g5tle & heal+ words to s(t5 _! pa94 4 4 4 ,may ,i respect myself4 4 4 4 ,may ,i always keep tame t :i* rages )9 me4 4 4 4 ,may ,i accu/om myself to be g5tle1 & nev] be angry ) p because ( circum/ances4 ,may ,i nev] discuss :o is wick$ & :at wick$ ?+s he has done1 b "k good m5 & foll[ 9 _! foot/eps4' ,!re is m ( x4 ,h[ unpret5d+ x is & yet h[ se>*+6 ,& 9 ! :ole !re is no petition = any mat]ial bless+1 &--mo/ /rik+ ( all--x is address$ to no p]sonal god4 ,x is pure pray]4 ,( c\rse1 to "s x w feel ?9 & cold4 ,mo/ m5 dem& ( _! religion m outw>d & p]sonal help1 m physical ec/asy1 a m heady atmosph]e ( illusion4 ,no "o man's attitude t[>ds ! ,un*>t$ c be q ! same z 8 neighb\r's4 ,9 "p in/9ctively1 9 "p sup]ficially & self-consci\sly1 ea* g5]ation ( mank9d reacts aga9/ ! la/4 ,! gr[n man turns f ! lights t 7 ?ru/ ^u 8 eyes 9 *ildhood4 ,! son %rugs 8 %\ld]s at ! wat*words t ?rill$ 8 fa!r1 & ) v>y+ degrees ( s5sitiv5ess or dullness1 ( full] or m fragm5t>y exp]i5ce1 writes out = himself ! manuscript ( 8 cre$4 ,yet1 ev5 = ! wilde/ or brave/ rebel1 t manuscript is only a palimpse/4 ,on ! surface all is new writ+1 clean & self-ass]tive4 ,und]nea?1 dim b indelible 9 ! v fibres ( ! p>*m5t1 lie ! *>act]s ( _m anci5t aspirations & raptures & battles :i* 8 consci\s m9d has reject$ or utt]ly =gott54 ,& =gott5 ?+s1 if !re be real life 9 !m1 w sometimes return out ( ! du/1 vivid to help /ill 9 ! =w>d grop+ ( humanity4 ,a religi\s sy/em l t ( ,eusebius or ,m>cus1 or ev5 ,sallu/ius1 0 n built up )\t mu* noble life & /r5u\s ?\ght & a /eady passion = ! k ( ,god4 ,?+s ( t make d n1 z a rule1 die = ev]4 ,,footnotes3 #agg3a ,de ,vit4 ,contempl41 p4 #dgg ,m4 #agg3b ,conf4 ix4 #i4 #agh3a ,gibbon1 *ap4 xxi1 notes #afa1 #afb4 #agh3b ,rise ( ! ,greek ,epic1 *ap4 i4 #ahj3a 4 #aha3a ',_m ( 8 sections come /raight f ,plot9us3 xiv & xv p]haps f ,porphyry's ,lett] to ,m>cella1 an invaluable docum5t = ! religi\s side ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,a few ?+s 7pray] to ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 iv1 to ! ,cosmos 9 xvii1 ! doctr9e ( 1 9 ix7 are def9itely un-,plot9ian3 probably concessions to popul> religion4'--,e4 ,r4 ,d4 #ahh3a ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #bgc 7,engl4 trans41 p4 #ahe74 #ahh3b ,see ,ammianus1 xxii4 #ab1 on ! bad effect ( ,julian's sacrifices4 ,sacrifice 0 f9ally =bidd5 by ! emp]or ,!odosius 9 #cia4 ,x 0 condemn$ by ,!ophra/us1 & is said by ,porphyry 7,de ,ab/95tia1 ii4 #aa7 simply 4 #ahi3a ,sallu/ius's view ( sacrifice is curi\sly l ! illum9at+ !ory ( ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 9 :i* !y def9e primitive sacrifice z a m$ium1 a bridge or lightn+-conductor1 betwe5 ! pr(ane & ! sacr$4 ',essai sur la ,nature et la ,fonction du ,sacrifice' 7,anne ,sociologique1 ii4 #ahig-h71 s9ce republi%$ 9 ! ,mlanges d',hi/oire des ,religions1 #aiji4 #aij3a ,cf4 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 p4 #if1 ,ouzel 7*ap4 #aa1 ,bo5ig74 ',quid quod toti orbi et ipsi mundo cum sid]ibus suis m9antur inc5dium1 ru9am moliuntur8' ,! doctr9e 9 _! m\?s became a v diff]5t ?+ f ! ,/oic !ory ( ! p]iodic re-absorption ( ! univ]se 9 ! ,div9e ,elem5t4 ,ibid41 pp4 #cbb ff4 7#cd ,bo5ig74 #aib3a ,ev5 ,epicurus himself held 1 4 ,diog4 ,la4 x4 #aah4 ,see above1 end ( *ap4 iii4 #aif3a ,geffck5 9 ! ,neue ,jahrb*]1 xxi4 #afb f4 #aig3a ,mulla*1 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum1 iii4 #g1 f ,/ob4 ,flor4 i4 #he4 ,,sallu/ius ',,on ,,! ,,gods ,,& ,,! ,,_w'#bjj3a ,i4 ,:at ! ,disciple %\ld be2 & conc]n+ ,common ,conceptions4 ,^? :o wi% to he> ab\t ! ,gods %\ld h be5 well guid$ f *ildhood1 & n habituat$ to fooli% beliefs4 ,!y %\ld also be 9 disposition good & s5sible1 t !y may prop]ly att5d to ! tea*+4 ,!y ought also to "k ! ,common ,conceptions4 ,common ,conceptions are ^? to :i* all m5 agree z soon z !y are ask$2 = in/ance1 t all ,god is good1 free f passion1 free f *ange4 ,= :atev] suff]s *ange does s = ! worse or ! bett]3 if = ! worse1 x is made bad2 if = ! bett]1 x mu/ h be5 bad at fir/4 ,,ii4 ,t ,god is un*ang+1 unbegott51 et]nal1 incorporeal1 & n 9 space4 ,let ! disciple be ?us4 ,let ! tea*+s be ( ! foll[+ sort4 ,! ess5ces ( ! ,gods nev] came into exi/5ce 7= t :i* always is nev] comes into exi/5ce2 & t exi/s = ev] :i* possesses prim>y =ce & by nature suff]s no?+73 nei!r d !y consi/ ( bodies2 = ev5 9 bodies ! p[]s are incorporeal4 ,nei!r are !y conta9$ by space2 = t is a prop]ty ( bodies4 ,nei!r are !y sep>ate f ! ,fir/ ,cause nor f "o ano!r1 j z ?\ghts are n sep>ate f m9d nor acts ( k f ! s\l4 ,,iii4 ,conc]n+ my?s2 t !y are div9e1 & :y4 ,we may well inquire1 !n1 :y ! anci5ts =sook ^! doctr9es & made use ( my?s4 ,!re is ?is fir/ b5efit f my?s1 t we h to se>* & d n h our m9ds idle4 ,t ! my?s are div9e c be se5 f ^? :o h us$ !m4 ,my?s h be5 us$ by inspir$ poets1 by ! be/ ( philosoph]s1 by ^? :o e/abli%$ ! my/]ies1 & by ! ,gods !mselves 9 oracles4 ,b :y ! my?s are div9e x is ! duty ( ,philosophy to inquire4 ,s9ce all exi/+ ?+s rejoice 9 t :i* is l !m & reject t :i* is unlike1 ! /ories ab\t ! ,gods ought to be l ! ,gods1 s t !y may bo? be wor?y ( ! div9e ess5ce & make ! ,gods well dispos$ to ^? :o speak ( !m3 :i* c\ld only be done by means ( my?s4 ,n[ ! my?s repres5t ! ,gods !mselves & ! goodness ( ! ,gods--subject always to ! di/9ction ( ! speakable & ! unspeakable1 ! reveal$ & ! unreveal$1 t :i* is cle> & t :i* is hidd53 s9ce1 j z ! ,gods h made ! goods ( s5se common to all1 b ^? ( intellect only to ! wise1 s ! my?s /ate ! exi/5ce ( ,gods to all1 b :o & :at !y are only to ^? :o c und]/&4 ,!y also repres5t ! activities ( ! ,gods4 ,= "o may call ! ,_w a ,my?1 9 :i* bodies & ?+s are visible1 b s\ls & m9ds hidd54 ,besides1 to wi% to tea* ! :ole tru? ab\t ! ,gods to all produces contempt 9 ! fooli%1 because !y _c und]/&1 & lack ( zeal 9 ! good2 :]eas to conceal ! tru? by my?s prev5ts ! contempt ( ! fooli%1 & compels ! good to practise philosophy4 ,b :y h !y put 9 ! my?s /ories ( adult]y1 robb]y1 fa!r-b9d+1 & all ! o!r absurdity8 ,is n t p]haps a ?+ wor?y ( admiration1 done s t by means ( ! visible absurdity ! ,s\l may imm$iately feel t ! words are veils & believe ! tru? to be a my/]y8 ,,iv4 ,t ! species ( ,my? are five1 ) examples ( ea*4 ,( my?s "s are !ological1 "s physical1 "s psy*ic1 & aga9 "s mat]ial1 & "s mix$ f ^! la/ two4 ,! !ological are ^? my?s :i* use no bodily =m b contemplate ! v ess5ces ( ! ,gods3 e4 g4 ,kronos swall[+ 8 *ildr54 ,s9ce ,god is intellectual1 & all intellect returns into itself1 ?is my? expresses 9 allegory ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,my?s may be reg>d$ physically :5 !y express ! activities ( ! ,gods 9 ! _w3 e4 g4 p be=e n[ h reg>d$ ,kronos z ,"t1 & call+ ! divisions ( ,"t 8 sons say t ! sons are swall[$ by ! fa!r4 ,! psy*ic way is to reg>d ! activities ( ! ,s\l itself3 ! ,s\l's acts ( ?\ght1 ?\gh !y pass on to o!r objects1 nev]!less rema9 inside _! begett]s4 ,! mat]ial & la/ is t :i* ! ,egyptians h mo/ly us$1 ow+ to _! ignorance1 believ+ mat]ial objects actually to be ,gods1 & s call+ !m3 e4 g4 !y call ! ,e>? ,isis1 moi/ure ,osiris1 heat ,typhon1 or aga91 wat] ,kronos1 ! fruits ( ! e>? ,adonis1 & w9e ,dionysus4 ,to say t ^! objects are sacr$ to ! ,gods1 l v>i\s h]bs & /ones & animals1 is possible to s5sible m51 b to say t !y are gods is ! notion ( madm5--except1 p]haps1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* bo? ! orb ( ! sun & ! ray :i* comes f ! orb are colloquially call$ '! ,sun'4#bjc3a ,! mix$ k9d ( my? may be se5 9 _m in/ances3 = example !y say t 9 a banquet ( ! ,gods ,discord ?rew d[n a gold5 apple2 ! goddesses cont5d$ = x1 & 7 s5t by ,zeus to ,p>is to be judg$2 ,p>is saw ,aphrodite to be beautiful & gave h] ! apple4 ,"h ! banquet signifies ! hyp]-cosmic p[]s ( ! ,gods2 t is :y !y are all toge!r4 ,! gold5 apple is ! _w1 :i*1 be+ =m$ out ( opposites1 is naturally said to be '?r[n by ,discord'4 ,! diff]5t ,gods be/[ diff]5t gifts ^u ! _w & are ?us said to 'cont5d = ! apple'4 ,& ! s\l :i* lives accord+ to s5se--= t is :at ,p>is is--n see+ ! o!r p[]s 9 ! _w b only beauty1 decl>es t ! apple belongs to ,aphrodite4 ,!ological my?s suit philosoph]s1 physical & psy*ic suit poets1 mix$ suit religi\s initiations1 s9ce e initiation aims at unit+ u ) ! ,_w & ! ,gods4 ,to take ano!r my?1 !y say t ! ,"m ( ! ,gods see+ ,attis ly+ by ! riv] ,gallus fell 9 love ) him1 took him1 cr[n$ him ) h] cap ( />s1 & !reaft] kept him ) h]4 ,he fell 9 love ) a nymph & left ! ,"m to live ) h]4 ,= ?is ! ,"m ( ! ,gods made ,attis g mad & cut (f 8 g5ital organs & leave !m ) ! ,nymph1 & !n return & dwell ) h]4 ,n[ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods is ! pr9ciple t g5]ates life2 t is :y %e is call$ ,"m4 ,attis is ! creator ( all ?+s :i* are born & die2 t is :y he is said to h be5 f\nd by ! riv] ,gallus4 ,= ,gallus signifies ! ,galaxy1 or ,milky ,way1 ! po9t at :i* body subject to passion beg9s4#bjd3a ,n[ z ! prim>y gods make p]fect ! second>y1 ! ,"m loves ,attis & gives him cele/ial p[]s4 ,t is :at ! cap means4 ,attis loves a nymph3 ! nymphs preside ov] g5]ation1 s9ce all t is g5]at$ is fluid4 ,b s9ce ! process ( g5]ation mu/ be /opp$ some:]e1 & n all[$ to g5]ate some?+ worse ?an ! wor/1 ! ,creator :o makes ^! ?+s ca/s away 8 g5]ative p[]s into ! creation & is jo9$ to ! gods aga94 ,n[ ^! ?+s nev] happ5$1 b always are4 ,& ,m9d sees all ?+s at once1 b ,reason 7or ,spee*7 expresses "s fir/ & o!rs aft]4 ,?us1 z ! my? is 9 accord ) ! ,cosmos1 we = t reason keep a fe/ival imitat+ ! ,cosmos1 = h[ c\ld we atta9 high] ord]8 ,& at fir/ we ourselves1 hav+ fall5 f heav5 & liv+ ) ! ,nymph1 are 9 despond5cy1 & ab/a9 f corn & all ri* & unclean food1 = bo? are ho/ile to ! s\l4 ,!n comes ! cutt+ ( ! tree & ! fa/1 z ?\gh we also 7 cutt+ (f ! fur!r process ( g5]ation4 ,aft] t ! fe$+ on milk1 z ?\gh we 7 be+ born aga92 aft] :i* come rejoic+s & g>l&s &1 z x 71 a return up to ! ,gods4 ,! season ( ! ritual is evid5ce to ! tru? ( ^! explanations4 ,! rites are p]=m$ ab\t ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 :5 ! fruits ( ! e>? are ceas+ to be produc$1 & day is becom+ long] ?an night1 :i* applies well to ,spirits ris+ high]4 7,at lea/1 ! o!r equ9ox is 9 my?ology ! "t ( ! ,rape ( ,kor1 :i* is ! desc5t ( ! s\ls47 ,may ^! explanations ( ! my?s f9d fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! ,gods !mselves & ! s\ls ( ^? :o wrote ! my?s4 ,v4 ,on ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,next 9 ord] comes k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause & ! subsequ5t ord]s ( ! gods1 !n ! nature ( ! _w1 ! ess5ce ( intellect & ( s\l1 !n ,provid5ce1 ,fate1 & ,=tune1 !n to see ,virtue & ,vice & ! v>i\s =ms ( social con/itution good & bad t are =m$ f !m1 & f :at possible s\rce ,evil came into ! _w4 ,ea* ( ^! subjects ne$s _m long discussions2 b !re is p]haps no h>m 9 /at+ !m briefly1 s t a disciple may n be completely ignorant ab\t !m4 ,x is prop] to ! ,fir/ ,cause to be ,"o--= unity prec$es multitude--& to surpass all ?+s 9 p[] & goodness4 ,consequ5tly all ?+s mu/ p>take ( x4 ,= ow+ to its p[] no?+ else c h9d] x1 & ow+ to its goodness x w n hold itself ap>t4 ,if ! ,fir/ ,cause 7 ,s\l1 all ?+s w\ld possess ,s\l4 ,if x 7 ,m9d1 all ?+s w\ld possess ,m9d4 ,if x 7 ,be+1 all ?+s w\ld p>take ( ,be+4 ,& see+ ?is quality 7i4 e4 ,be+7 9 all ?+s1 "s m5 h ?\ght t x 0 ,be+4 ,n[ if ?+s simply 71 )\t be+ good1 ?is argum5t w\ld be true1 b if ?+s t are are because ( _! goodness1 & p>take 9 ! good1 ! ,fir/ ?+ mu/ ne$s be bo? beyond-,be+ & good4 ,x is /rong evid5ce ( ?is t noble s\ls despise ,be+ = ! sake ( ! good1 :5 !y face dea? = _! c\ntry or fri5ds or = ! sake ( virtue4--,aft] ?is inexpressible p[] come ! ord]s ( ! ,gods4 ,,vi4 ,on ,gods ,cosmic & ,hyp]cosmic4 ,( ! ,gods "s are ( ! _w1 ,cosmic1 & "s above ! _w1 ,hyp]cosmic4 ,by ! ,cosmic ,i mean ^? :o make ! ,cosmos4 ,( ! ,hyp]cosmic ,gods "s create ,ess5ce1 "s ,m9d1 & "s ,s\l4 ,?us !y h ?ree ord]s2 all ( :i* may be f\nd 9 treatises on ! subject4 ,( ! ,cosmic ,gods "s make ! ,_w be1 o!rs animate x1 o!rs h>monize x1 consi/+ z x does ( diff]5t elem5ts2 ! f\r? class keep x :5 h>moniz$4 ,^! are f\r actions1 ea* ( :i* has a beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 consequ5tly !re mu/ be twelve gods gov]n+ ! _w4 ,^? :o make ! _w are ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 & ,hephai/os2 ^? :o animate x are ,demet]1 ,h]a1 & ,artemis2 ^? :o h>monize x are ,apollo1 ,aphrodite1 & ,h]mes2 ^? :o wat* ov] x are ,he/ia1 ,a!na1 & ,ares4 ,"o c see secret sugge/ions ( ?is 9 _! images4 ,apollo tunes a lyre2 ,a!na is arm$2 ,aphrodite is nak$ 7because h>mony creates beauty1 & beauty 9 ?+s se5 is n cov]$74 ,:ile ^! twelve 9 ! prim>y s5se possess ! _w1 we %\ld consid] t ! o!r gods are conta9$ 9 ^!4 ,dionysus 9 ,zeus1 = in/ance1 ,asklepios 9 ,apollo1 ! ,*>ites 9 ,aphrodite4 ,we c also disc]n _! v>i\s sph]es3 to ,he/ia belongs ! ,e>?1 to ,poseidon wat]1 to ,h]a air1 to ,hephai/os fire4 ,& ! six sup]ior sph]es to ! gods to :om !y are usually attribut$4 ,= ,apollo & ,artemis are to be tak5 = ! ,sun & ,moon1 ! sph]e ( ,kronos %\ld be attribut$ to ,demet]1 ! e!r to ,a!na1 :ile ! heav5 is common to all4 ,?us ! ord]s1 p[]s1 & sph]es ( ! ,twelve ,gods h be5 expla9$ & celebrat$ 9 hymns4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,_w & its ,et]nity4 ,! ,cosmos itself mu/ ( necessity be inde/ructible & uncreat$4 ,inde/ructible because1 suppose x de/roy$3 ! only possibility is to make "o bett] ?an ?is or worse or ! same or a *aos4 ,if worse1 ! p[] :i* out ( ! bett] makes ! worse mu/ be bad4 ,if bett]1 ! mak] :o did n make ! bett] at fir/ mu/ be imp]fect 9 p[]4 ,if ! same1 !re w be no use 9 mak+ x2 if a *aos 4 4 4 x is impi\s ev5 to he> su* a ?+ sugge/$4 ,^! reasons w\ld suffice to %[ t ! ,_w is also uncreat$3 = if n de/roy$1 nei!r is x creat$4 ,ev]y?+ t is creat$ is subject to de/ruction4 ,& fur!r1 s9ce ! ,cosmos exi/s by ! goodness ( ,god x foll[s t ,god mu/ always be good & ! _w exi/4 ,j z light coexi/s ) ! ,sun & ) fire1 & %ad[ coexi/s ) a body4 ,( ! bodies 9 ! ,cosmos1 "s imitate ,m9d & move 9 orbits2 "s imitate ,s\l & move 9 a /raight l9e1 fire & air upw>d1 e>? & wat] d[nw>d4 ,( ^? t move 9 orbits ! fix$ sph]e goes f ! ea/1 ! ,sev5 f ! we/4 7,?is is s = v>i\s causes1 especially le/ ! creation %\ld be imp]fect ow+ to ! rapid circuit ( ! sph]es4#bjh3a7 ,! movem5t be+ diff]5t1 ! nature ( ! bodies mu/ also be diff]5t2 h5ce ! cele/ial body does n burn or freeze :at x t\*es1 or d any?+ else t p]ta9s to ! f\r elem5ts4#bji3a ,& s9ce ! ,cosmos is a sph]e--! zodiac proves t--& 9 e sph]e 'd[n' means 't[>ds ! c5tre'1 = ! c5tre is f>!/ di/ant f e po9t1 & heavy ?+s fall 'd[n' & fall to ! e>? x foll[s t ! ,e>? is 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,cosmos4 ,all ^! ?+s are made by ! ,gods1 ord]$ by ,m9d1 mov$ by ,s\l4 ,ab\t ! ,gods we h spok5 already4 ,,viii4 ,on ,m9d & ,s\l1 & t ! latt] is immortal4 ,!re is a c]ta9 =ce1#bji3b less prim>y ?an ,be+ b m prim>y ?an ! ,s\l1 :i* draws its exi/5ce f ,be+ & completes ! ,s\l z ! ,sun completes ! eyes4 ,( ,s\ls "s are rational & immortal1 "s irrational & mortal4 ,! =m] are d]iv$ f ! fir/ ,gods1 ! latt] f ! second>y4 ,fir/1 we mu/ consid] :at s\l is4 ,x is1 !n1 t by :i* ! animate diff]s f ! inanimate4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 motion1 s5sation1 imag9ation1 intellig5ce4 ,s\l1 !re=e1 :5 irrational1 is ! life ( s5se & imag9ation2 :5 rational1 x is ! life :i* controls s5se & imag9ation & uses reason4 ,! irrational s\l dep5ds on ! affections ( ! body2 x feels desire & ang] irrationally4 ,! rational s\l bo?1 ) ! help ( reason1 despises ! body1 &1 fight+ aga9/ ! irrational s\l1 produces ei!r virtue or vice1 accord+ z x is victori\s or defeat$4 ,x mu/ be immortal1 bo? because x kn[s ! gods 7& no?+ mortal kn[s#baj3a :at is immortal71 x looks d[n ^u human affairs z ?\gh x /ood outside !m1 &1 l an unbodi$ ?+1 x is affect$ 9 ! opposite way to ! body4 ,= :ile ! body is "y & f9e1 ! s\l blund]s1 b z ! body gr[s old x atta9s its highe/ p[]4 ,aga91 e good s\l uses m9d2 b no body c produce m9d3 = h[ %\ld t :i* is )\t m9d produce m9d8 ,aga91 :ile ,s\l uses ! body z an in/rum5t1 x is n 9 x2 j z ! eng9e] is n 9 8 eng9es 7al?\gh _m eng9es move )\t be+ t\*$ by any "o74 ,& if ! ,s\l is (t5 made to err by ! body1 t is n surpris+4 ,= ! arts _c p]=m _! "w :5 _! in/rum5ts are spoilt4 ,,ix4 ,on ,provid5ce1 ,fate1 & ,=tune4 ,?is is en\gh to %[ ! ,provid5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,= :5ce comes ! ord]+ ( ! _w1 if !re is no ord]+ p[]8 ,& :5ce comes ! fact t all ?+s are = a purpose3 e4 g4 irrational s\l t !re may be s5sation1 & rational t ! e>? may be set 9 ord]8 ,b "o c d$uce ! same result f ! evid5ces ( ,provid5ce 9 nature3 e4 g4 ! eyes h be5 made transp>5t ) a view to see+2 ! no/rils are above ! m\? to di/+ui% bad-smell+ foods2 ! front tee? are %>p to cut food1 ! back tee? broad to gr9d x4 ,& we f9d e "p ( e object arrang$ on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,x is impossible t !re %\ld be s mu* provid5ce 9 ! la/ details1 & none 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,!n ! arts ( prophecy & ( heal+1 :i* are "p ( ! ,cosmos1 come ( ! good provid5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,all ?is c>e = ! _w1 we mu/ believe1 is tak5 by ! ,gods )\t any act ( w or lab\r4 ,z bodies :i* possess "s p[] produce _! effects by m]ely exi/+3 e4 g4 ! sun gives light & heat by m]ely exi/+2 s1 & f> m s1 ! ,provid5ce ( ! ,gods acts )\t ef=t to itself & = ! good ( ! objects ( its =e?\ght4 ,?is solves ! problems ( ! ,epicureans1 :o argue t :at is ,div9e nei!r has tr\ble itself nor gives tr\ble to o!rs4 ,! incorporeal provid5ce ( ! ,gods1 bo? = bodies & = s\ls1 is ( ?is sort2 b t :i* is ( bodies & 9 bodies is diff]5t f ?is1 & is call$ ,fate1 ,heim>m51 because ! *a9 ( causes 7,heirmos7 is m visible 9 ! case ( bodies2 & x is = deal+ ) ?is ,fate t ! sci5ce ( ',ma!matic' has be5 discov]$4#baa3a ,!re=e1 to believe t human ?+s1 especially _! mat]ial con/itution1 are ord]$ n only by cele/ial be+s b by ! ,cele/ial ,bodies1 is a reasonable & true belief4 ,reason %[s t heal? & sickness1 good =tune & bad =tune1 arise accord+ to our des]ts f t s\rce4 ,b to attribute m5's acts ( inju/ice & lu/ to ,fate1 is to make ourselves good & ! ,gods bad4 ,unless by *ance a man meant by su* a /atem5t t 9 g5]al all ?+s are = ! good ( ! _w & = ^? :o are 9 a natural /ate1 b t bad education or weakness ( nature *anges ! goods ( ,fate = ! worse4 ,j z x happ5s t ! ,sun1 :i* is good = all1 may be injuri\s to p]sons ) oph?almia or fev]4 ,else :y d ! ,massagetae eat _! fa!rs1 ! ,hebrews practise circumcision1 & ! ,p]sians pres]ve rules ( rank8#bab3a ,:y d a/rolog]s1 :ile call+ ,saturn & ,m>s 'malignant'1 proce$ to make !m good1 attribut+ to !m philosophy & royalty1 g5]al%ips & treasures8 ,& if !y are go+ to talk ( triangles & squ>es1 x is absurd t gods %\ld *ange _! natures accord+ to _! position 9 space1 :ile human virtue rema9s ! same ev]y:]e4 ,also ! fact t ! />s pr$ict high or l[ rank = ! fa!r ( ! p]son ^: horoscope is tak51 tea*es t !y d n always make ?+s happ5 b sometimes only indicate ?+s4 ,= h[ c\ld ?+s :i* prec$$ ! bir? dep5d ^u ! bir?8 ,fur!r1 z !re is ,provid5ce & ,fate conc]n$ ) nations & cities1 & also conc]n$ ) ea* individual1 s !re is also ,=tune1 :i* %\ld next be treat$4 ,t p[] ( ! gods :i* ord]s = ! good ?+s :i* are n uni=m1 & :i* happ5 contr>y to expectation1 is commonly call$ ,=tune1 & x is = ?is reason t ! goddess is especially wor%ipp$ 9 public by cities2 = e city consi/s ( elem5ts :i* are n uni=m4 ,=tune has p[] b5ea? ! moon1 s9ce above ! moon no s+le ?+ c happ5 by =tune4 ,if ,=tune makes a wick$ man prosp]\s & a good man poor1 !re is no ne$ to wond]4 ,= ! wick$ reg>d weal? z ev]y?+1 ! good z no?+4 ,& ! good =tune ( ! bad _c take away _! badness1 :ile virtue alone w be en\gh = ! good4 ,x4 ,conc]n+ ,virtue & ,vice4 ,! doctr9e ( ,virtue & ,vice dep5ds on t ( ! ,s\l4 ,:5 ! irrational s\l ent]s into ! body & imm$iately produces ,fight & ,desire1 ! rational s\l1 put 9 au?ority ov] all ^!1 makes ! s\l trip>tite1 compos$ ( ,reason1 ,fight1 & ,desire4 ,virtue 9 ! region ( ,reason is ,wisdom1 9 ! region ( ,fight is ,c\rage1 9 ! region ( ,desire x is ,temp]ance3 ! virtue ( ! :ole ,s\l is ,righte\sness4 ,x is = ,reason to judge :at is "r1 = ,fight 9 ob$i5ce to ,reason to despise ?+s t appe> t]rible1 = ,desire to pursue n ! app>5tly desirable1 b1 t :i* is ) ,reason desirable4 ,:5 ^! ?+s are s1 we h a righte\s life2 = righte\sness 9 matt]s ( prop]ty is b a small "p ( virtue4 ,& ?us we %all f9d all f\r virtues 9 prop]ly tra9$ m51 b among ! untra9$ "o may be brave & unju/1 ano!r temp]ate & /upid1 ano!r prud5t & unpr9cipl$4 ,inde$ ^! qualities %\ld n be call$ ,virtues :5 !y are devoid ( ,reason & imp]fect & f\nd 9 irrational be+s4 ,vice %\ld be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( ! opposite elem5ts4 ,9 ,reason x is ,folly1 9 ,fight1 ,c[>dice1 9 ,desire1 ,intemp]ance1 9 ! :ole s\l1 ,unrighte\sness4 ,! virtues are produc$ by ! "r social organization & by good re>+ & education1 ! vices by ! opposite4 ,,xi4 ,conc]n+ "r & wrong ,social ,organization4#bad3a ,con/itutions also dep5d on ! trip>tite nature ( ! ,s\l4 ,! rul]s are analog\s to ,reason1 ! soldi]s to ,fight1 ! common folk to ,desires4 ,:]e all ?+s are done accord+ to ,reason & ! be/ man 9 ! nation rules1 x is a ,k+dom2 :]e m ?an "o rule accord+ to ,reason & ,fight1 x is an ,ari/ocracy2 :]e ! gov]nm5t is accord+ to ,desire & (fices dep5d on money1 t con/itution is call$ a ,timocracy4 ,! contr>ies are3 to ,k+dom tyranny1 = ,k+dom does all ?+s ) ! guidance ( reason & tyranny no?+2 to ,ari/ocracy olig>*y1 :5 n ! be/ p b a few ( ! wor/ are rul]s2 to ,timocracy democracy1 :5 n ! ri* b ! common folk possess ! :ole p[]4 ,,xii4 ,! orig9 ( evil ?+s2 & t !re is no positive evil4 ,! ,gods be+ good & mak+ all ?+s1 h[ d evils exi/ 9 ! _w8 ,or p]haps x is bett] fir/ to /ate ! fact t1 ! ,gods be+ good & mak+ all ?+s1 !re is no positive evil1 x only comes by abs5ce ( good2 j z d>kness itself does n exi/1 b only comes ab\t by abs5ce ( light4 ,if ,evil exi/s x mu/ exi/ ei!r 9 ,gods or m9ds or s\ls or bodies4 ,x does n exi/ 9 any god1 = all god is good4 ,if any "o speaks ( a 'bad m9d' he means a m9d )\t m9d4 ,if ( a bad s\l1 he w make s\l inf]ior to body1 = no body 9 itself is evil4 ,if he says t ,evil is made up ( s\l & body toge!r1 x is absurd t sep>ately !y %\ld n be evil1 b jo9$ %\ld create evil4 ,suppose x is said t !re are evil spirits3--if !y h _! p[] f ! gods1 !y _c be evil2 if f else:]e1 ! gods d n make all ?+s4 ,if !y d n make all ?+s1 !n ei!r !y wi% to & _c1 or !y c & d n wi%2 nei!r ( :i* is consi/5t ) ! idea ( ,god4 ,we may see1 !re=e1 f ^! argum5ts1 t !re is no positive evil 9 ! _w4 ,x is 9 ! activities ( m5 t ! evils appe>1 & t n ( all m5 nor always4 ,& z to ^!1 if m5 s9n$ = ! sake ( evil1 ,nature itself w\ld be evil4 ,b if ! adult]] ?9ks 8 adult]y bad b 8 pleasure good1 & ! murd]] ?9ks ! murd] bad b ! money he gets by x good1 & ! man :o does evil to an enemy ?9ks t to d evil is bad b to puni% 8 enemy good1 & if ! s\l commits all its s9s 9 t way1 !n ! evils are done = ! sake ( goodness4 7,9 ! same way1 because 9 a giv5 place light does n exi/1 !re comes d>kness1 :i* has no positive exi/5ce47 ,! s\l s9s !re=e because1 :ile aim+ at good1 x makes mi/akes ab\t ! good1 because x is n ,prim>y ,ess5ce4 ,& we see _m ?+s done by ! ,gods to prev5t x f mak+ mi/akes & to heal x :5 x has made !m4 ,arts & sci5ces1 curses & pray]s1 sacrifices & initiations1 laws & con/itutions1 judgem5ts & puni%m5ts1 all came into exi/5ce = ! sake ( prev5t+ s\ls f s9n+2 & :5 !y are gone =? f ! body gods & spirits ( purification cleanse !m ( _! s9s4 ,,xiii4 ,h[ ?+s et]nal are said to 'be made' 774 ,conc]n+ ! ,gods & ! ,_w & human ?+s ?is acc\nt w suffice = ^? :o are n able to g ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( philosophy b yet h n s\ls beyond help4 ,x rema9s to expla9 h[ ^! objects 7 nev] made & are nev] sep>at$ "o f ano!r1 s9ce we ourselves h said above t ! second>y sub/ances 7 'made' by ! fir/4 ,ev]y?+ made is made ei!r by art or by a physical process or accord+ to "s p[]4#baf3a ,n[ 9 art or nature ! mak] mu/ ne$s be prior to ! made3 b ! mak]1 accord+ to p[]1 con/itutes ! made absolutely toge!r ) itself1 s9ce its p[] is insep>able f x2 z ! sun makes light1 fire makes heat1 sn[ makes cold4 ,n[ if ! ,gods make ! _w by art1 !y d n make x be1 !y make x be su* z x is4 ,= all art makes ! =m ( ! object4 ,:at !re=e makes x to be8 ,if by a physical process1 h[ 9 t case c ! mak] help giv+ "p ( himself to ! made8 ,z ! ,gods are incorporeal1 ! ,_w ought to be incorporeal too4 ,if x 7 argu$ t ! ,gods 7 bodies1 !n :]e w\ld ! p[] ( incorporeal ?+s come f8 ,& if we 7 to admit x1 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! _w decays1 its mak] mu/ be decay+ too1 if he is a mak] by physical process4 ,if ! ,gods make ! _w nei!r by art nor by physical process1 x only rema9s t !y make x by p[]4 ,ev]y?+ s made subsi/s toge!r ) t :i* possesses ! p[]4 ,nei!r c ?+s s made be de/roy$1 except ! p[] ( ! mak] be tak5 away3 s t ^? :o believe 9 ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 ei!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 or1 :ile admitt+ x1 d5y ,god's p[]4 ,!re=e he :o makes all ?+s by 8 own p[] makes all ?+s subsi/ toge!r ) himself4 ,& s9ce 8 p[] is ! greate/ p[] he mu/ ne$s be ! mak] n only ( m5 & animals1 b ( ,gods1 m51 & spirits4#bag3a ,& ! fur!r remov$ ! ,fir/ ,god is f our nature1 ! m p[]s !re mu/ be betwe5 u & him4 ,= all ?+s t are v f> ap>t h _m int]m$iate po9ts betwe5 !m4 ,,xiv4 ,9 :at s5se1 ?\gh ! ,gods nev] *ange1 !y are said to be made angry & appeas$4 ,if any "o ?9ks ! doctr9e ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! ,gods is reasonable & true1 & !n wond]s h[ x is t !y rejoice 9 ! good & reject ! bad1 are angry ) s9n]s & become propiti\s :5 appeas$1 ! answ] is z foll[s3 ,god does n rejoice--= t :i* rejoices also grieves2 nor is he ang]$--= to be ang]$ is a passion2 nor is he appeas$ by gifts--if he 71 he w\ld be conqu]$ by pleasure4 ,x is impi\s to suppose t ! ,div9e is affect$ = good or ill by human ?+s4 ,! ,gods are always good & always d good & nev] h>m1 be+ always 9 ! same /ate & l !mselves4 ,! tru? simply is t1 :5 we are good1 we are jo9$ to ! ,gods by our lik5ess to !m2 :5 bad1 we are sep>at$ f !m by our unlik5ess4 ,& :5 we live accord+ to virtue we cl+ to ! gods1 & :5 we become evil we make ! gods our enemies--n because !y are ang]$ aga9/ u1 b because our s9s prev5t ! light ( ! gods f %9+ ^u u1 & put u 9 communion ) spirits ( puni%m5t4 ,& if by pray]s & sacrifices we f9d =giv5ess ( s9s1 we d n appease or *ange ! gods1 b by :at we d & by our turn+ t[>ds ! ,div9e we heal our own badness & s enjoy aga9 ! goodness ( ! gods4 ,to say t ,god turns away f ! evil is l say+ t ! sun hides himself f ! bl9d4 ,,xv4 ,:y we give wor%ip to ! ,gods :5 !y ne$ no?+4 ,?is solves ! "q ab\t sacrifices & o!r rites p]=m$ to ! ,gods4 ,! ,div9e itself is )\t ne$s1 & ! wor%ip is paid = our own b5efit4 ,! provid5ce ( ! ,gods rea*es ev]y:]e & ne$s only "s congruity#bah3a = its reception4 ,all congruity comes ab\t by repres5tation & lik5ess2 = :i* reason ! temples are made 9 repres5tation ( heav51 ! alt> ( e>?1 ! images ( life 7t is :y !y are made l liv+ ?+s71 ! pray]s ( ! elem5t ( ?\ght1 ! my/ic lett]s#bai3a ( ! unspeakable cele/ial =ces1 ! h]bs & /ones ( matt]1 & ! sacrificial animals ( ! irrational life 9 u4 ,f all ^! ?+s ! ,gods ga9 no?+2 :at ga9 c\ld !re be to ,god8 ,x is we :o ga9 "s communion ) !m4 ,,xvi4 ,conc]n+ sacrifices & o!r wor%ips1 t we b5efit man by !m1 b n ! gods4 ,i ?9k x well to add "s rem>ks ab\t sacrifices4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce we h receiv$ ev]y?+ f ! gods1 & x is "r to pay ! giv] "s ti! ( 8 gifts1 we pay su* a ti! ( possessions 9 votive (f]+s1 ( bodies 9 gifts ( hair & adornm5t1 & ( life 9 sacrifices4 ,!n secondly1 pray]s )\t sacrifices are only words1 ) sacrifices !y are live words2 ! ^w gives mean+ to ! life1 :ile ! life animates ! ^w4 ,?irdly1 ! happ9ess ( e object is its own p]fection2 & p]fection = ea* is communion ) its own cause4 ,= ?is reason we pray = communion ) ! ,gods4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! fir/ life is ! life ( ! gods1 b human life is also life ( a k9d1 & human life wi%es = communion ) div9e life1 a mean t]m is ne$$4 ,= ?+s v f> ap>t _c h communion )\t a mean t]m1 & ! mean t]m mu/ be l ! ?+s jo9$2 !re=e ! mean t]m betwe5 life & life mu/ be life4 ,t is :y m5 sacrifice animals2 only ! ri* d s n[1 b 9 old days ev]ybody did1 & t n indiscrim9ately1 b giv+ ! suitable (f]+s to ea* god toge!r ) a great deal ( o!r wor%ip4 ,en\gh ( ?is subject4 ,,xvii4 ,t ! ,_w is by nature ,et]nal4 ,we h %[n above t ! gods w n de/roy ! _w4 ,x rema9s to %[ t its nature is inde/ructible4 ,ev]y?+ t is de/roy$ is ei!r de/roy$ by itself or by some?+ else4 ,if ! _w is de/roy$ by itself1 fire mu/ ne$s burn itself & wat] dry itself4 ,if by some?+ else1 x mu/ be ei!r by a body or by some?+ incorporeal4 ,by some?+ incorporeal is impossible2 = incorporeal ?+s pres]ve bodies--nature1 = in/ance1 & s\l--& no?+ is de/roy$ by a cause ^: nature is to pres]ve x4 ,if x is de/roy$ by "s body1 x mu/ be ei!r by ^? :i* exi/ or by o!rs4 ,if by ^? :i* exi/3 !n ei!r ^? mov+ 9 a /raight l9e mu/ be de/roy$ by ^? t revolve1 or vice v]sa4 ,b ^? t revolve h no de/ructive nature2 else1 :y d we nev] see any?+ de/roy$ f t cause8 ,nor yet c ^? :i* are mov+ /raight t\* ! o!rs2 else1 :y h !y nev] be5 able to d s yet8 ,b nei!r c ^? mov+ /raight be de/roy$ by "o ano!r3 = ! de/ruction ( "o is ! creation ( ano!r2 & t is n to be de/roy$ b to *ange4 ,b if ! ,_w is to be de/roy$ by o!r bodies ?an ^! x is impossible to say :]e su* bodies are or :5ce !y are to arise4 ,aga91 ev]y?+ de/roy$ is de/roy$ ei!r 9 =m or matt]4 7,=m is ! %ape ( a ?+1 matt] ! body47 ,n[ if ! =m is de/roy$ & ! matt] rema9s1 we see o!r ?+s come into be+4 ,if matt] is de/roy$1 h[ is x t ! supply has n fail$ 9 all ^! ye>s8 ,if :5 matt] is de/roy$ o!r matt] takes its place1 ! new matt] mu/ come ei!r f some?+ t is or f some?+ t is n4 ,if f t-:i*-is1 z long z t-:i*-is always rema9s1 matt] always rema9s4 ,b if t-:i*-is is de/roy$1 su* a !ory means t n ! ,_w only b ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se is de/roy$4 ,if aga9 matt] comes f t-:i*-is-n3 9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible = any?+ to come f t :i* is n2 b suppose x to happ51 & t matt] did arise f t :i* is n2 !n1 z long z !re are ?+s :i* are n1 matt] w exi/4 ,= ,i presume !re c nev] be an end ( ?+s :i* are n4 ,if !y say t matt] w become =mless3 9 ! fir/ place1 :y does ?is happ5 to ! _w z a :ole :5 x does n happ5 to any "p8 ,secondly1 by ?is hypo!sis !y d n de/roy ! be+ ( bodies1 b only _! beauty4 ,fur!r1 ev]y?+ de/roy$ is ei!r resolv$ into ! elem5ts f :i* x came1 or else vani%es into n-be+4 ,if ?+s are resolv$ into ! elem5ts f :i* !y came1 !n !re w be o!rs3 else h[ did !y come into be+ at all8 ,if t-:i*-is is to dep>t into n-be+1 :at prev5ts t happ5+ to ,god himself8 7,:i* is absurd47 ,or if ,god's p[] prev5ts t1 x is n a m>k ( p[] to be able to save no?+ b oneself4 ,& x is equally impossible = t-:i*-is to come out ( no?+ & to dep>t into no?+4 ,aga91 if ! ,_w is de/roy$1 x mu/ ne$s ei!r be de/roy$ accord+ to ,nature or aga9/ ,nature4 ,aga9/ ,nature is impossible1 = t :i* is aga9/ nature is n /rong] ?an ,nature4#bbb3a ,if accord+ to ,nature1 !re mu/ be ano!r ,nature :i* *anges ! ,nature ( ! ,_w3 :i* does n appe>4 ,aga91 any?+ t is naturally de/ructible we c ourselves de/roy4 ,b no "o has ev] de/roy$ or alt]$ ! r\nd body ( ! ,_w4 ,& ! elem5ts1 ?\gh !y c be *ang$1 _c be de/roy$4 ,aga91 ev]y?+ de/ructible is *ang$ by "t & gr[s old4 ,b ! _w ?r\gh all ^! ye>s has rema9$ utt]ly un*ang$4 ,hav+ said s mu* = ! help ( ^? :o feel ! ne$ ( v /rong demon/rations1 ,i pray ! ,_w himself to be graci\s to me4 ,,xviii4 ,:y !re are rejections ( ,god1 & t ,god is n injur$4 ,nor ne$ ! fact t rejections ( ,god h tak5 place 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! e>? & w (t5 take place h]eaft]1 di/urb ! m9d ( ! wise3 bo? because ^! ?+s d n affect ! gods1 j z we saw t wor%ip did n b5efit !m2 & because ! s\l1 be+ ( middle ess5ce1 _c be always "r2 & because ! :ole _w _c enjoy ! provid5ce ( ! gods equally1 b "s p>ts may p>take ( x et]nally1 "s at c]ta9 times1 "s 9 ! primal mann]1 "s 9 ! second>y4 ,j z ! head enjoys all ! s5ses1 b ! re/ ( ! body only "o4 ,= ?is reason1 x seems1 ^? :o orda9$ ,fe/ivals orda9$ also ,=bidd5 ,days1 9 :i* "s temples lay idle1 "s 7 %ut1 "s _h _! adornm5t remov$1 9 expiation ( ! weakness ( our nature4 ,x is n unlikely1 too1 t ! rejection ( ,god is a k9d ( puni%m5t3 we may well believe t ^? :o knew ! gods & neglect$ !m 9 "o life may 9 ano!r life be depriv$ ( ! k ( !m altoge!r4 ,also ^? :o h wor%ipp$ _! own k+s z gods h des]v$ z _! puni%m5t to lose all k ( ,god4 ,,xix4 ,:y s9n]s are n puni%$ at once4 ,!re is no ne$ to be surpris$ if nei!r ^! s9s nor yet o!rs br+ imm$iate puni%m5t ^u s9n]s4 ,= x is n only ,spirits#bbc3a :o puni% ! s\l1 ! ,s\l br+s itself to judgem5t3 & also x is n "r = ^? :o endure = ev] to atta9 ev]y?+ 9 a %ort "t3 & also1 !re is ne$ ( human virtue4 ,if puni%m5t foll[$ in/antly ^u s91 m5 w\ld act ju/ly f fe> & h no virtue4 ,s\ls are puni%$ :5 !y h gone =? f ! body1 "s w&]+ among u1 "s go+ to hot or cold places ( ! e>?1 "s h>ass$ by ,spirits4 ,"u all circum/ances !y suff] ) ! irrational "p ( _! nature1 ) :i* !y also s9n$4 ,= its sake#bbd3a !re subsi/ t %ad[y body :i* is se5 ab\t graves1 especially ! graves ( evil liv]s4 ,,xx4 ,on ,transmigration ( ,s\ls1 & h[ ,s\ls are said to migrate into brute bea/s4 ,if ! transmigration ( a s\l takes place into a rational be+1 x simply becomes ! s\l ( t body4 ,b if ! s\l migrates into a brute bea/1 x foll[s ! body outside1 z a gu>dian _s foll[s a man4 ,= !re c\ld nev] be a rational s\l 9 an irrational be+4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls c be prov$ f ! cong5ital afflictions ( p]sons4 ,= :y are "s born bl9d1 o!rs p>alytic1 o!rs ) "s sickness 9 ! s\l itself8 ,aga91 x is ! natural duty ( ,s\ls to d _! "w 9 ! body2 are we to suppose t :5 once !y leave ! body !y sp5d all et]nity 9 idl5ess8 ,aga91 if ! s\ls did n aga9 ent] into bodies1 !y mu/ ei!r be inf9ite 9 numb] or ,god mu/ con/antly be mak+ new ones4 ,b !re is no?+ inf9ite 9 ! _w2 = 9 a f9ite :ole !re _c be an inf9ite "p4 ,nei!r c o!rs be made2 = ev]y?+ 9 :i* some?+ new goes on be+ creat$1 mu/ be imp]fect4 ,& ! ,_w1 be+ made by a p]fect au?or1 ought naturally to be p]fect4 ,,xxi4 ,t ! ,good are happy1 bo? liv+ & dead4 ,s\ls t h liv$ 9 virtue are 9 g5]al happy1#bbd3b & :5 sep>at$ f ! irrational "p ( _! nature1 & made clean f all matt]1 h communion ) ! gods & jo9 !m 9 ! gov]n+ ( ! :ole _w4 ,yet ev5 if none ( ?is happ9ess fell to _! lot1 virtue itself1 & ! joy & glory ( virtue1 & ! life t is subject to no grief & no ma/] are en\gh to make happy ^? :o h set !mselves to live accord+ to virtue & h a*iev$ x4 ,,footnotes3 #bjj3a ,i translate g5]ally z ',_w'1 sometimes z ',cosmos'4 ,x always has ! connotation ( 'div9e ord]'2 always ',s\l'1 to keep x di/9ct f 1 'physical life'1 ?\gh (t5 ',life' w\ld be a m natural ,engli% equival5t2 'to animate'2 sometimes 'ess5ce'1 sometimes 'be+' 7nev] 'sub/ance' or 'nature'72 'nature'2 sometimes 'body'1 sometimes 'matt]'4 #bjc3a e4 g4 :5 we say ',! sun is com+ 9 ?r\gh ! w9d['1 or 9 ,greek 1 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eaf ,e4 ,?is appe>s to mean t y c loosely apply ! t]m ',osiris' bo? to 7i7 ! real ,osiris & 7ii7 ! corn :i* comes f him1 z y c apply ! "n ',sun' bo? to 7i7 ! real orb & 7ii7 ! ray t comes f ! orb4 ,h[ev]1 ,julian1 ,or4 v1 on ! ,sun sugge/s a diff]5t view--t bo? ! orb & ! ray are m]e effects & symbols ( ! true spiritual ,sun1 z corn is ( ,osiris4 #bjd3a ,mr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,,ms4 ,above ! ,milky ,way !re is no su* body1 only 4 ,cf4 ,macrob4 9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i4 #ab4 #bjh3a i4 e4 if ! ,firmam5t or ,fix$ ,sph]e mov$ 9 ! same direction z ! sev5 ,planets1 ! spe$ w\ld become too great4 ,on ! circul> movem5t cf4 ,plot4 ,eun4 ii4 #b4 #bji3a ,! fire ( :i* ! heav5ly bodies are made is ! 1 matt]1 b diff]5t f e>?ly matt]4 ,see p4 #acg4 #bji3b ,proclus1 ,elem4 ,!ol4 xx1 calls x 1 ,natura ,intellectualis4 ,!re are f\r degrees ( exi/5ce3 l[e/ ( all1 ,bodies2 above t1 ,s\l2 above all ,s\ls1 ?is ',intellectual ,nature'2 above t1 ,! ,"o4 #baj3a i4 e4 9 ! full s5se ( ,gnsis4 #baa3a i4 e4 ,a/rology1 deal+ ) ! ',cele/ial ,bodies'4 #bab3a ,cf4 ,hdt4 i4 #acd4 #bad3a ,?is section is a meagre rem9isc5ce ( ,plato's discussion 9 ,repub4 viii4 ,! int]e/ 9 politics & gov]nm5t _h di$ out ) ! loss ( political fre$om4 #baf3a 1 secundum pot5tiam qu&am2 i4 e4 9 accordance ) "s indwell+ 'virtue' or quality4 #bag3a ,! repetition ( 9 ?is s5t5ce seems to be a mi/ake4 #bah3a 4 #bai3a ,on ! my/ic lett]s see above1 p4 #adb4 #bbb3a ,! text "h is imp]fect3 ,i h foll[$ ,mulla*'s correction4 #bbc3a 4 #bbd3a i4 e4 t x may cont9ue to exi/ & satisfy ju/ice4 #bbd3b 4 ,,index ,a*aioi1 #de1 #di ,acropolis1 #ga1 #gb ,aes*ylus1 #ab3d1 #dc ,affection1 #ajd1 #aji ,agesilaus1 #hf ,agriculture1 ,religion 91 #e f4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #aae1 #aei ,allegory1 9 ,hell5i/ic philosophy1 #afe ff42 9 ,olympian religion1 #gd 1 #ih3a ,alpha & ,omega1 ,god z1 #adh ,anaxim&]1 #cc3a ,angel ,mege?os1 #adb2 />1 #add ,animal sacrifice1 #ahh f4 ,an!/]ia1 #af-ah1 #cd ,an?i/]1 #ah3b ,an?ropomorphism1 #aj ff41 #adj ,antigonus ,gonatas1 #aeb3a ,antio*us ,i1 #add ,anti-semitism1 #afb ,anti/h5es1 #hg1 #hi f41 #if ,apa?y1 #ajc3a1 #aji ,apelln ,apolln1 #ea ,aphiktor1 #bh ,aphrodite1 #eg ,apollo1 #ej1 #gb ,apo!osis ( ,hell5i/ic k+s1 #aeb3a ,app>itions1 primitive belief 91 #bg ,apuleius1 #adh ,aqu9as1 #c ,ar*ontes1 #afd ,ares1 #eg ,aret1 #hi1 #if1 #ii1 #ajd f4 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 #ada ,ari/ophanes1 #bj3c1 #bb3a1 #fb3a ,ari/otle1 #c1 #aad f41 #aag1 #abj1 #abg1 #acf1 #aec1 #aed3c ,ark ( ,israel1 #fh ,arnim1 von1 #abi3a1 #agb ,arnold1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,v41 #ajj3a ,asceticism 9 antiquity1 #aif ,a/rology1 #adc f41 #baa3a ,a/ronomy1 #ig 771 #ec3a ,a!ism1 #aha f41 #aij ,a!na1 #ec3a1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd2 ,a!naia ,kor1 #eb2 ,pallas1 #eb ,a!ns1 effect ( defeat (1 #gi f4 ,atomic ,!ory ( ,democritus1 #aja2 ( ,ionia1 #aje ,attis1 #ahe ',attributes'1 animals z1 #bj ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #age1 #agg ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 religion (1 #age f4 ,bac*os1 #afa ,bacon1 ,pr(essor1 #agb ',b>b>oi' z oppos$ to ,hell5es1 #ci2 1 #db3b ,b>desanes1 #afd3a ,b>nabas1 ,/41 #afa ,bea/-mask1 #bc-e ,b5dis1 #aea ,be!1 ,e41 #aej3a ,bevan1 ,e41 xvi1 #ci3a1 #ajj3a1 #aed3b1 #agb ,bir?-rate1 its effect on e>ly ,*ri/ian sects1 #aid ,bless$ness1 ,epicurus on1 #ajf ,body1 ,fif?1 #acg 1 #bd ,b\sset1 ,w41 xv1 #abf1 #aej3c1 #afb1 #agb ,buddhism1 #aj ,bull1 blood (1 #bj2 9 pre-,hell5ic ritual1 #ai-ba ,bury1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b41 xv ,c>p5t]1 ,dr4 ,e41 #agb ,cau]1 ,p41 #di3a ,c5taurs1 #fj ,*adwick1 ,h4 ,m41 xv1 #df n41 #eg3c1 #ei ,*aldaeans1 #add1 #aea ,*ance1 #aca1 #adg ,*>les1 ,dr41 #agb 1 #cg 1 #ij ,*ri/ianity1 #hh1 #ij1 #if1 #aji1 #aae1 #aai1 #abc-e1 #agc1 #aha f41 #aib-e ,*ri/mas1 ,fa!r1 #ae ,*ri/os1 #afc ,*rysippus1 #aae1 #ade3a1 #ade3c1 #ade3d1 #adf1 #aff ,*?onioi1 z oracles1 #cg ,cic]o1 #bg3b ,circul> movem5t1 #bjh3a ,circumcelliones1 #cf n4 ,city ( gods & m51 _w z1 #gf2 ( ,refuge1 9 ! ,laws1 #hc2 ( ,righte\sness1 9 ! ,republic1 #hc3 see ,polis ,clean!s1 #ace1 #ada1 #afe ,clem51 ,c>l1 #agb ,co9age1 deface (1 #ij ',collective ,desire'1 ,god def9$ z !1 #bf1 #bi ,colotes1 #aaa3a ,comitatus1 #df ,commag5e1 #add ,conceptions1 ,common1 #bjj ,con/ant9e1 #aid ,con/antius1 #agi ,conv5tion1 #ia ,conybe>e1 ,f4 ,c41 #agb ,cook1 ,a4 ,b41 #af3a1 #bc1 #bd3a1 #di f41 #ef3c1 #ff n4 ,cop]nicus1 #ig ,cor9na1 #dc ,corn=d1 ,f4 ,m41 #cc3a ,cornutus1 #aff ,cosmopoltes1 #ib ,cosmos1 #ig-ajj1 #bjh ,crates1 #ie3a1 #aff ,cre$s1 #agc f41 #agh1 #ahc ,crucifixion1 #afc3a ,cumont1 ,f41 #ce3a1 #abf1 #agb ,cynics1 #c1 #ij-b1 #ic-e1 #ajd2 wom5 among1 #ie3a ,cyropa$eia1 #he ,cyrus1 #he ,daemon ,/oi*eion1 #adb ,dance1 religi\s1 #bg f4 ,dav5port1 ,f4 ,m41 #bf3a ,davy1 ,g41 #g n4 ,dead1 wor%ip (1 #fb ,deification1 ,e4 ,bevan on1 #aed3b ,deliv]]1 !1 #ajh ,delos1 #ea ,delusio1 #afi ,demet]1 #gb ,democritus1 ,atomic ,!ory (1 #aja ,demos1 #hb ,demo/h5es1 #hb ,de/9y1 ,hymn to1 #ace3 see ,fate ,dh>ma1 #aj ,diado*i1 #aee ,diasia1 #ad-ae 1 #ij ,dicae>*us1 #aba f4 ,didascaliae1 #aba ,diels1 #cc3a1 #abi3a1 #agb ,diet]i*1 ,a41 #ag3a1 #bc3a1 #bi3b1 #abf1 #adf1 #aej3c1 #agb ,dio ,cassius1 #adb ,diocletian1 #aid f4 ,diodorus1 #add f4 ,diog5es1 #ij-c1 #ie2 8 'tub1' #ib ,diog5es ( ,o5o&a1 #aja3a1 #aad1 #afi f4 ,dione1 #ef ,dionysius1 #ag1 #bj1 #gb1 #hd1 #aei 1 #abb ,disciples1 qualifications & conduct (1 #bjj ,disc\ragem5t due to collapse ( ! ,polis1 #ha ,ditt5b]g]4 ,w41 #af3a1 #aef3a ,div9e ,"m1 #afd2 ',div9e ,wisdom'1 p]sonifi$1 #afe ,dodds1 ,e4 ,r41 #aha3a ,d\tt1 ,e41 #bf f4 ,dramaturge1 #ig ,drm5on1 spr+1 #cb f4 ,dmml]1 #hg3a ,durkheim1 ,pr(essor mile1 #f3a ,e>?1 div9ity (1 #acg2 ,e>?-"m1 #bi 1 #ajf ,education1 #aac3c ,ek/asis1 #aej ,elem5ts1 ,apuleius on1 #adh2 div9ity (1 #acg2 9 ! ,kosmos1 #adb 1 #bjj3a ,en?\siasmos1 #aej ,es1 #ec ,epictetus1 morals (1 #agf ,epicureans1 #c1 #aaj f41 #aac1 #aai1 #acj1 #ade f41 #aha ,epicurus1 #aja-aa1 #aac1 #abi f41 #ace1 #adj f41 #agj1 #aib3a ,epiphans1 #aee ,epiphanius1 #agb 1 #cg ,eu]gets1 #aef ,euhem]us1 #afj ,euripides1 #ab3d1 #ed3c1 passim1 #adc1 #aeb ,eusebius1 #bg3d1 #aig ,evans1 ,sir ,a41 #bj1 #ff n4 ,evil1 exi/5ce (1 #bae2 orig9 (1 #ahf1 #bad-af ,expurgation ( my?ology1 #ge f42 ,olympian1 #fa f41 #fg f4 ,eye ( ,bel1 #adc ,failure1 ,great1 #hb ,f>nell1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,r41 #ah3a1 #bj3a1 #dd ,fate1 #acb1 #acd1 #ade1 #adf f41 #baa f4 ,f$]ations1 #hj ,f]guson1 ,w4 ,s41 #aeb3a ,fir/ ,cause1 #ahe1 #bje f4 ,=tune1 #ia1 #aca f41 #bab f4 ,f\r? ,c5tury1 ,movem5ts (1 #c1 #gi-abb ,fraz]1 ,sir ,j4 ,g41 #af3a1 #ah3a1 #ce3a1 #aed3a ,ga]tr+51 ,hill] von1 #ah3b ,galaxy1 #bjd ,games1 ,roman gladiatorial1 #id ,g>d51 #ajg f41 #aad ,g>dn]4 ,p41 #eg3b1 #adi3a ,g5nep1 ,a4 ,van41 #ca3a 1 #ca ,g]ontes1 #cf ,gho/s1 #bba ,giants1 #fj 1 =ms (1 #baf f4 1 #bd ,gno/ics1 #c1 #abc1 #abh1 #acg f41 #adh1 #afb ,god1 z ! 'collective desire'1 #bf1 #bi2 conception (1 9 savage tribes1 #i2 does n rejoice1 nor is ang]$1 #bah2 ess5ce (1 #aeh2 home (1 #adh2 ( ! ,jews1 #afc2 rejections (1 #bbb f42 un*angeable1 #ahg2 ,union )1 #adg ,god-,man1 z ,k+1 #aeb f4 ,gods1 communion )1 #ahh2 ,cosmic & ,hyp]cosmic1 #bjf f42 m5 z1 #acf2 nature (1 #bjj f42 ,twelve1 #bjg2 un*angeable1 #bag2 :y wor%ipp$1 #bah ,good1 !1 #hh f41 #aaj1 #ahe f41 #bjf2 happ9ess (1 #bbd f42 ,idea (1 z ,sun ( ! spiritual univ]se1 #id 1 #ca ,gruppe1 ,dr41 #ah3a1 #ej3c1 #eb3a1 #ef3c1 #agb ,hagia ,triada1 s>cophagus (1 #bj ,halliday1 ,w4 ,r41 #cb3b ,happ9ess1 ,natural1 #ajd ,h>nack1 ,a41 #aic ,h>rison1 ,miss ,j4 ,e41 xiv1 #ac-cj1 passim1 #adh3a ,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 #i ,hav]field1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,j41 #abg ,hea?1 ,sir ,t41 #ada3a ,heav51 ,?ird1 #adi ,hebrews1 #abe ,hecataeus1 #adc ,heim>m51 #acd1 #ade1 #baa ,hel51 ,kor z1 #ach ,hell5es1 conqu]$ tribes took "n (1 #db2 no tribe (1 exi/+ 9 anci5t times1 #da2 same z ,a*aioi1 #dj ,hell5ism1 z /&>d ( culture1 #da ,hell5i/ic ,age1 #c f41 #aad1 #aag1 #abe1 #aca1 #add1 #afa1 #afg2 culture1 #abe2 philosophy1 #afe2 revival1 #dj f42 _s1 #aeb ,h]a1 #ef ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus1 #afg ,h]akles1 #ef1 #hi ,h]mes1 #ee1 #aea ,h]metica1 #adh1 #aea ,h]metic communities1 #adf ,h]mias1 #aaf3a ,h]odotus1 #bg3c1 #ci1 #da1 #db3a1 #dd2 religion (1 #age ,h]oes1 philosoph]s z1 #aec ,h]oic ,age1 #dh f41 #eg ,h]oism1 religi\s1 ( antiquity1 #aib ,hesiod1 #dd1 #fd f4 ,hipp>*ia1 #ie3a ,hippolytus1 #agb ,h(fmann1 ,dr4 ,o41 #dc3a1 #eb3a ,hog>?1 ,d4 ,g41 #bd3a ,holocau/1 #ad ,hom]1 #i1 #dd f41 #dh f41 #ed3c1 passim1 #fd f4 ,hositr1 bull z1 #bj f4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,,mm41 #ahi3a ,ideali/s1 #hb ,idols1 def5ce (1 #gg3a ,illusion1 #aab1 #aai ,impalem5t1 #afc3a ,infanticide1 #agg ,initiations1 ,hell5i/ic1 #adh-eb ,in/9ct1 #ajj ,int]pret]s1 ,planets z1 #add ,ionia1 #ei f4 ,ionian tradition1 #aja1 #ajd ,ionians1 #ea ,iphig5ia1 #fa3a ,iranes1 #cb ,ir5aeus1 #agb ,iris1 #ee ,isis1 #aea1 #aff ,isocrates1 #ha ,jacoby1 #afj3a ,jaldabao? ,saturn1 #adg ,javan1 sons (1 #db ,jews1 #abe1 #aea1 #ahh2 ,god (1 #afc ,judaism1 #aic ,julian1 xvi1 #d1 #agi ff41 #ahd f41 #aig ,ju/91 #fd3a ,kaibel1 #fa3a ,kant1 #acf ,k]aunos1 #aee ,kres1 #cd ,k]n1 ,o41 #ba3b ,k+1 ,i41 #bi3a ,k+s1 z gods1 #aia2 div9e1 titles (1 #aee ff42 pr$ictions conc]n+1 by ,planets1 #add2 wor%ip (1 #aef ,koios1 #aff ,kor1 #fc f42 z fall5 ,virg91 #ach2 ,e>?1 #cj2 ,e>? ,maid5 & ,"m1 #acg ,kosmokratores1 #adf1 #adh1 #afd ,kosmos1 #adg1 #bjj3a2 ,moon z orig9 (1 #afi2 planets z ,elem5ts 91 #adb ,k\r1 ,zeus1 #aej ,k\rtes1 #aej2 ,spr+-song (1 #cj ,k\roi1 #cj2 dance (1 #bh ,k\ros1 #fc f41 #ga2 ,megi/os1 #bh2 ,sun z1 #cj2 ,ye>-,daemon1 #cb ,k\rotrophos1 ,e>?1 #cj & 1 #be1 #aeg3a ,kronos1 #de 1 #bc 1 #bc ,kynos>ges1 #hi ,lampsacus1 #ajg ,lang1 ,&rew1 xiii1 #af3b1 #bc3b 1 #aaj ,leaf1 ,w41 #dj3a1 #di3a ,leagues1 #hj ,leontion1 #ajh ,life1 inw>d1 #aai f4 1 #ace ,lucian1 ,ic>o-,m5ippos1 #ae3a ,lucretius1 #ch1 #aje1 #ajf3a1 #aad ,lys&]1 #aee ,lysias1 #ha ,mc,dougall1 ,w41 #abe n4 ,mac$on1 #ha1 #abg ,mac$onians1 #ic1 #aaf1 #abb ,mackail1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w41 #db ,man1 ,fir/1 #afd2 ,righte\s1 ( ,plato1 #afc2 ,second1 #afc f42 ,son ( ,man1 #afc ,man-,god1 wor%ip (1 #aef ff4 ,mana1 #ai1 #ba1 #bd1 #cd1 #aeg3a ,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 #abd3a ,m>goli\?1 ,pr(essor1 #afg3a ,m>kos ! ,gno/ic1 #aej ,m>riage1 ,sacr$1 #ag f4 ,maximus ( ,tyre1 #gg3a ,may]1 ,m41 #df n4 ,meade1 ,g4 ,r4 ,s41 #agb ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & wor%ipp]1 #ahi2 ,mi?ras z1 #aea2 ,savi\r z1 #afb ,m$ic9e-k+1 z 1 #be1 #aeb2 p[]s (1 #be ,mege?os1 #adb ,meili*ios1 9 ! ,diasia1 #ad-ae1 #ai ,mei/]1 ,r41 #ec3a ,mey]1 ,ed41 #aed3c ,m9d1 nature (1 #bji ,mi?raic communities1 #adf ,mi?raism1 #adh ,mi?ras1 #abc1 #aci1 #aeb2 z ,m$iator1 #aea2 ,liturgy1 #adf1 #adh2 religion (1 #ba ,momms51 ,augu/1 #ad3a1 #ag3a1 #ah3a ,mono!ism1 #fi f4 ,moon1 z ,k\rotrophos1 #cj2 z orig9 ( ,kosmos1 #afi2 div9ity (1 #acf ff4 ,morals1 m9or1 #agg2 ( antiquity1 #agg f42 ( ,*ri/ians1 #agh ,moret1 #bc3b ,"m1 ,div9e1 #afd2 ,great1 #ahe ,mld]1 ,d41 #ec3a1 #eg3a ,mulla*1 #agb ,mll]1 ,h4 ,d41 #eg3a ,music ( ! ,sph]es1 #adb ,myres1 ,j4 ,l41 #dj ,my/]ies1 #ic ,my/ic lett]s1 #bai ,my/icism1 #afi ,my?ology1 ,olympian1 #ge ,my?s1 ,sallu/ius' treatm5t (1 #bba f42 :y div9e1 #bja2 five species1 #bjb2 explanation ( examples1 #bjc-e ,naass5es1 #adf1 #afb ,nature1 ! return to1 z salvation = man1 #ia ,nausiphanes1 #aja ,neo-,platonism1 #aha ,n]ve1 failure (1 *ap4 iv4 ,nikator1 #aee ,nilsson1 ,m4 ,p41 #ah3b1 #ba3b1 #ca3a1 #cb3a ,nilus1 ,/41 #ba ,nord51 #aei3a ,octavius1 #afd1 #ahb1 #aij3a ,od91 #ei ,ogdoas1 #adg ,oimg1 #gi1 #aaf ,olympian expurgation1 #fa f41 #fg ff42 family1 #aa2 re=mation1 #eh1 #fa ff42 /age1 #b2 !ology1 #d ,olympian ,gods1 br\ght by ,nor!rn invad]s1 #de2 "* (1 #df-eh2 com+ (1 #dc2 :y s call$1 #dd f4 ,olympian religion1 a*ievem5ts (1 #gb ff42 beauty (1 #gc2 conception (1 #aca2 failure (1 #fg-gb ,olympians1 orig9 (1 #ci ff4 ,olympus1 ,m\nt1 #df ,optimism1 #aic ,oracles1 #cg-h ,oreibasius1 #bg ,oreibates1 #bg ,organization1 social1 #bad ,orig9s1 ,religi\s1 #a ,orphic ,hymns1 #cj3a2 lit]ature1 #fd3a ,orphism1 #adh ,or?ia1 #cb ,osiris1 #aff ,o?91 #ej3a 1 #bjj3a ,ovid1 #eb3b ,ozym&ia1 #add ,pagan pray]1 a1 #aig f42 reaction1 #agc f4 ,paganism1 f9al developm5t (1 #aib f42 /ruggle ) ,*ri/ianity1 #aie f4 ,palimpse/1 manuscript ( man's cre$ z1 #aii ,palladion1 #eb ,pallas1 ,a!na z1 #eb1 #ga ,panaetius1 #ade ,p>ib5i1 ,r41 #bj3b ,p>k]1 ,mrs4 ,langloh1 #ab ,p>m5ides1 #ab1 #aac3b 1 1 #cg ,paul4 ,/41 #b f41 #g1 #bc1 #cc1 #fj1 #abd1 #acg1 #adi1 #aeh n41 #afa1 #afd ,pauly-,wiss[a1 #ad3a ,pausanias1 #bg3c1 #ed3b1 passim ,payne1 ,e4 ,j41 #bi3a1 #cj3a ,pelasgians1 #db1 #dd 1 #acg ,p]iclean ,age1 #hg1 #hi ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 #aad f41 #aaf2 _s1 #abb ,p]ipatos1 #aad ,p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #aha ,p]sephone1 #gd f4 1 #cd ,pheidias1 #ej 1 #aef1 #aeh 1 #ajd1 #aji ,philo1 #agb1 #agg ,phusis1 #ii1 #acd1 #bjj3a ,p9d>1 #ca3c1 #dc1 #eb3b ,pisi/ratus1 #dc1 #ec 1 #g ,planets1 sev51 hi/ory & wor%ip (1 #adj ff4 ,plato1 #c1 #ac n41 #hb-d1 #aji1 #abf1 #abi1 #afc ,pleasure1 pursuit (1 #aaj ,plot9us1 #b1 #d1 #aj3b1 #ace2 8 union ) ,god1 #adi ,plut>*1 #bg3c #cba1 #cd3b1 #ed3b1 passim ,poim&res1 #afb 1 1 or 1 1 #ga ,poli\*oi1 #fg ,polis1 collapse (1 #hj1 #abg f42 projection (1 #ga2 religion (1 #ga1 #ge f42 replaces ,tribe1 #ff f4 ,polybius1 #hj ,por*1 #aad ,porphyry1 #adi3b1 #ahh3b ,poseidon1 #ed ,posidonius1 #adf1 #aei ,pr$e/9ation1 #ade ,preuss1 ,dr41 #b ,proclus1 #bji3b ,prolet>iates1 #aid ,pronoia or ,provid5ce1 ,/oic belief 91 #ij1 #ace ,provid5ce1 #baj f4 1 #bjj3a ,ptah1 #aea ,ptolemaios ,epiphans1 #aef f4 ,puni%m5t1 et]nal1 #i2 :y n imm$iate1 #bbc ,purpose ( ,dramaturge1 #ig-ajj ,py?agoras1 #afg ,py?ias1 #aaf ,rack1 m>tyrs happy on !1 #aib ,reason1 z combatant ( passion1 #ia ,r$eem]1 ( ! ,gno/ics1 #afb f42 ,son ( ! ,kor1 #ach ,r$emption1 my/]y (1 #afc ,re=mation1 ,olympian1 #fa ff4 ,refuge1 ,city (1 9 ! ,laws1 #hc ,refugees1 suff]+s (1 #ajb ,re9a*1 ,a4 ,j41 #be3a ,re9a*1 ,s41 #be3a1 #fh3a1 #agb ,reis*1 ,e41 #aa3a ,reitz5/e91 xv1 #abf1 #aej3c1 #agb ,religion1 description (1 #e-i2 et]nal puni%m5t = error 91 #i2 fals5ess (1 #g ff42 ,greek1 ext5sive /udy (1 xiii2 traditional1 #abg2 significance (1 #a ,religi\s ,orig9s1 #a ,republic1 #id ,retribution1 #cc ,reut]skiold1 #ba3c ,revelations1 div9e1 #aga2 s]ies (1 to wor%ipp]s1 #aea ,revival1 ,hell5i/ic1 #dj ff4 ,ridgeway1 ,pr(essor1 #dj3a1 #ed3a ,righte\sness1 ,city (1 9 ! ,republic1 #hc ,riv]s1 ,dr41 #ca3b ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,dr41 #ba f4 ,rome1 a ,polis1 #abg ,ruah1 #ach ,sacram5ts1 #adh ,sacrifice1 human1 #ce1 #fa3a2 condemn$ by ,!ophra/us1 #ahh3b2 ,porphyry on1 #ahh3b2 reason =1 #bai f4 ,sallu/ius1 xvi1 #afe1 #agi-ha1 #ahc-e1 #aic ,saturn1 #adg ,savi\r1 z ,son ( ,god & ,m$iator1 #afa f42 dy+1 #ce f42 ,?ird ,"o1 #cc ,sceptics1 jeux d'esprit (1 #hg ,s*ultz1 ,w41 #agb ,s*urtz1 ,ed41 #ca3a ,s*w>tz1 #aei3a ,scott1 ,w41 #agb ,seeck1 ,o41 #ec3a1 #agb ,sky1 ph5om5a (1 z orig9 ( man's idea1 #acf ,snake1 sup]natural1 #ai ,social /ructure ( wor%ipp]s1 #aea ,solon1 #dc 1 #bjj3a ,sophocles1 #abc ,sophrosyn1 #gc1 #hc1 #aad1 #aeb1 #aig ,sors3 see ,=tune4 ,str1 #aee ,s\l1 div9ity (1 #aec-fe2 human1 z orig9 ( man's idea1 #acf2 immortal1 #ahf2 nature (1 #bji f42 salvation (1 #afd ,sp>ta1 ,a!ns defeat$ by1 #hj2 con/itution (1 #hg2 p[] (1 #ha ,_s1 ,holy1 #acg2 p]sonifi$1 #afe ,/>s1 div9ity (1 #acf ff41 #aec3a ,/e9]1 von ,h41 ,mutazilit51 #aj3b ,/oicism1 #aag1 #adf ,/oics1 #c1 #gf1 #ie-g1 #ajd1 #aji f41 #aai1 #abh1 #acj1 #ade1 #afj1 #afe 1 #ade ,sun1 #ahg2 z ,k\ros1 #cj2 bo? orb & ray1 #bjc3a2 div9ity (1 #acg ff42 wor%ip (1 #aci ,sunoikismos1 #fc ,sup]/ition1 #acj ,sweetness1 ,epicurus on1 #ajf ,sw9e1 sacr$1 #ai ,tabu1 #cd ff4 ,t>n1 ,w4 ,w41 #hj3a1 #aeb3b ,teletai1 #cb ,?ales1 #b 1 #ie1 #ajc f4 ,!mis1 #cf1 #cg ,!odoret1 #aha ,!oi ,adelphoi1 #aed ,!ophra/us1 #adc1 #ahh3b 1 #bd2 use ( ! ^w by poets1 #ab ,!ra1 #ah3b 1 d]ivation (1 #af3a ,!smophoria1 #af ,!spis1 #dc ,?ird ,"o or ,savi\r1 #cc ,?omson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,k41 #df n4 ,?o?1 #aea ,?\ght1 subjective1 #abh ,?racians1 #aej f4 ,?ucydides1 #da2 religion (1 #age ,?umb1 ,a41 #dc3a1 #de3b ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #bbd ,trigonometry1 #abb ,tr9ity1 #afd ,tritos ,str1 #afc 3 see ,=tune ',tyrants1 ,?irty'1 #hd ,un*>t$ region ( exp]i5ce1 #e ff41 #aga1 #aih ,urdummheit1 #b1 #dd1 #gb ,us5]1 #aja3a1 #aac3b1 #abi3a1 #agb ,uzzah1 #fh ,v&al1 #dj3b ,veget>ianism1 #h3a ,vegetation-_s1 #cb ,v]rall1 ,a4 ,w41 #af3a ,vice1 def9ition (1 #bac f4 ,virg91 fall51 ,kor z1 #ach ,virtue1 def9ition (1 #bac f4 ,vision1 #ajd ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,w41 #ag3a ,web/]1 ,h41 #ca3a ,week ( sev5 days1 e/abli%$1 #adb f4 ,w5dl&1 ,p41 xvi1 #abf1 #aef1 #agb ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorff1 ,u4 von1 #dc3a1 #ei ,wisdom1 ,div9e1 p]sonifi$1 #afe2 ,wisdom-,tea*]s1 #b ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,m41 #cb3a ,^w1 !1 p]sonifi$1 #afe ,_w1 anci5t & mod]n1 #abj2 bless$ness (1 #afh2 end (1 by fire1 ,*ri/ian belief 91 #aij2 et]nal & inde/ructible1 #ahf f41 #ahi1 #bjh-i1 #bbj-b ,x5ophanes1 #ab ,x5ophon1 #gi1 #he1 #hf 1 #gc ,ye>-,daemon1 #cb f4 ,zell]1 ,e41 #abh ,z5o1 #if f41 #ih1 #aji1 #abh ,zeus1 ,aphiktor1 #bh2 9 ,magnesia bull-ritual1 #ba2 ,k\rs1 #aej2 ,meili*ios1 #ad-ae2 orig9 & "* (1 #di f42 wat*dog (1 #ic ,zodiac1 #add ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! text4 ,page #ii3 iforig9al has is he a gov]nor1 x is 8 function ,page #aci3 "s m full-blood$ & less critical elem5torig9al has critica lelem5t ,page #aff3 7'holy' & 'op5+ quote miss+ 9 orig9alsacr$'1 or p]haps m exactly 'lawful' & 'tabu'7 ,page #ahd3 proce$s /raight to ! traditionalorig9al has traditiona ,page #bbg3 ,antigonus ,gonatasorig9al has ,gonatus1 #aeb3a ,page #bbh3 ,*aldaeansorig9al has ,*aldeans1 #add1 #aea ,page #bcj3 ,kronos1 #deorig9al has #dc3b ,page #bca3 ,momms51 ,augu/1 #ad3a1 #ag3a1;comma miss+ 9 orig9al #ah3a ,page #bcb3 ,pausanias1 #bg3c1 #ed3b1 passimorig9al has extrane\s p]iod ,page #bcc3 ,plut>*1 #bg3c1 #cb3a1 #cd3b1 #ed3b1 passimorig9al has extrane\s p]iod ,page #bcd3 ,urdummheit1comma miss+ 9 orig9al #b1 #dd1 #gb ,footnote #af3b ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 xiv1comma miss+ 9 orig9al pp4 #aec-d ,footnote #bh3a smoo? brea?+ m>k miss+ 9 orig9al are common ,footnote #cc3b ,rom4 vi4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al g5]ally1 #c-aa ,footnote #ec3a orig9al has is ( c\rse simply ',a!nian' ,footnote #ec3a orig9al has capital digamma--s\rce docum5t has small digamma2-- ,footnote #ij3a see ,life 9 ,diog4orig9al has ,diorg4 ,la]t4 ,footnote #ie3a ,diog4orig9al has ,diorg4 ,la]t4 vi4 #if ff4 ,footnote #aac3c orig9al has ,footnote #aeb3b ,f]guson's ,hell5i/ic ,a!ns1 e4 g4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al p4 #ajh f4 ,footnote #afd3c ,gal4 iv4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al #i ,footnote #aig3a ,mulla*1 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum1 iii4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al #g