,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,celebrat$ ,,free?9k]s4 ,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,an ,,engli% ,,"w1 ,,entitl$ ,,half-,,h\rs ,,) ,,! ,,free?9k]s4 ,by ,iconocla/41 ,a4 ,coll9s1 & ,j4 ,watts 7,iconocla/1 pseud4 ( ,*>les ,bradlaugh47 ,edit$ by ,iconocla/1 ,bo/on ,publi%$ ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,m5dum #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,editors' ,,preface4 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,,"l ,,bol+broke4 ,,condorcet4 ,,sp9oza4 ,,an?ony ,,coll9s4 ,,des ,,c>tes4 ,m4 ,,de ,,voltaire4 ,,john ,,tol&4 ,,compte ,,de ,,volney4 ,,*>les ,,bl\nt4 ,,p]cy ,,bys%e ,,%elley4 ,,claud ,,arian ,,helvetius4 ,,frances ,w4 ,d',,arusmont4 ,,epicurus ,,z5o1 ,,! ,,/oic ,,mat!w ,,t9dal4 ,,david ,,hume ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,burnet ,,?omas ,,pa9e4 ,,bapti/e ,,de ,,mirabaud ,,b>on ,d',,holba*4 ,,rob]t ,,taylor4 ,,joseph ,,b>k]4 ,,editors' ,,preface4 ,9 ^! pages1 appe>+ "u ! title ( ,half-,h\rs ) ! ,free?9k]s1 are collect$ 9 a readable =m an ab/ract ( ! lives & doctr9es ( "s ( ^? :o h /ood =emo/ 9 ! ranks ( ,free-?\ght 9 all c\ntries & 9 all ages2 & we tru/ t our ef=ts to place 9 ! h&s ( ! poore/ ( our p>ty a k ( works & work]s--"s ( :i* & :om w\ld o!rwise be out ( _! rea*--w be receiv$ by all 9 a favorable light4 ,we %all1 9 ! c\rse ( our publication1 h to deal ) _m writ]s ^: op9ions widely diff] f our own1 & x %all be our c>e to deal ) !m ju/ly & 9 all cases to all[ !m to utt] 9 _! own words _! ess5tial ?9k+s4 ,we lay no claim to orig9ality 9 ! mode ( treatm5t--we w endeavor to cull ! *oice/ fl[]s f ! g>d51 & if o!rs c make a bright] or bett] b\quet1 we %all be glad to h _! assi/ance4 ,we h only "o object 9 view1 & t is1 ! pres5t+ ( free & manly ?\ghts to our read]s1 hop+ to induce l ?9k+ 9 !m1 & tru/-+ t noble "w may foll[ noble ?\ghts4 ,! ,free?9k]s we int5d treat+ ( h also be5 ,free ,work]s1 endeavor+ to raise m5's m9ds f sup]/ition & bigotry1 & place be=e !m a k ( ! real4 ,we h be5 ! m incl9$ to issue ! ,half-,h\rs ) ! ,free?9k]s 9 consequ5ce1 n only ( ! difficulty :i* _m h 9 obta9+ ! works ( ! ,old ,free?9k]s1 b also z an effective answ] to "s rem>ks :i* h lately appe>$ 9 c]ta9 religi\s publications1 imply+ a de>? ( ?\ght & ?9k]s beyond ! pale ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we wi% all m5 to "k t great m9ds & good m5 h s\ght tru? ap>t f fai? = _m ages1 & t x is because few 7 prep>$ to receive !m1 & _m unit$ to cru% !m1 _! works are s difficult ( access to ! g5]al mass at ! pres5t day4 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,?is di/+ui%$ ,free?9k] 0 born on ! #e? ( ,april1 #aehh1 at ,malmesbury2 h5ce 8 cognom5 ( ! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury4 ,9 connection ) 8 bir?1 we are told t 8 "m1 be+ a loyal ,prote/ant1 0 s t]rifi$ at ! rumor$ approa* ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 t ! bir? ( h] son 0 ha/5$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! subsequ5t timidity ( ,hobbes is !re=e easily acc\nt$ =4 ,! f\ndation ( 8 education 0 laid 9 ! gramm> s*ool ( 8 native t[n1 :]e mo/ probably 8 fa!r 7be+ a cl]gyman7 w\ld (ficiate z tutor4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he 0 s5t to ,ox=d4 ,five ye>s ( assidu\s /udy made him pr(ici5t z a tutor2 ?is1 comb9$ ) 8 amiability & pr(\nd views ( society1 ga9$ him ! respect ( ! ,e>l ( ,devon%ire1 & he 0 appo9t$ tutor to ! ,e>l's son1 ,"l ,cav5di%4 ,f #afaj to #afbh1 he 0 con/antly 9 ! society ( ?is nobleman1 9 ! capacity ( secret>y4 ,9 ! int]val ( ?is "t he travell$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy2 cultivat+ 9 ea* capital ! society ( ! lead+ /atesm5 & philosoph]s4 ,"l ,h]b]t1 ( ,*]bury1 ! fir/ great ,engli% ,dei/1 & ,b5 ,jonson1 ! dramati/1 7 ea* 8 boon companions4 ,9 ! ye> #afbh1 ,hobbes aga9 made ! t\r ( ! ,cont95t = ?ree ye>s ) ano!r pupil1 & became acqua9t$ at ,pisa ) ,galileo4 ,9 #afca he 0 entru/$ ) ! education ( ano!r y\? ( ! ,devon%ire family1 & = ne> five ye>s rema9$ at ,p>is ) 8 pupil4 ,hobbes return$ to ,engl& 9 #afcf4 ,! tr\bl\s politics ( ?is age1 ) its /rong p>ty prejudices1 made ,engl& ! rev]se ( a pleasant retirem5t1 = ei!r ,hobbes or 8 patrons2 s1 p]ceiv+ ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution1 he emigrat$ to ,p>is4 ,!re 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! company ( ,gass5di & ,desc>tes1 ) ! elite ( ,p>isian g5ius1 he 0 = a:ile cont5t$ & happy4 ,"h he engag$ 9 a s]ies ( ma!matical qu>rels1 :i* 7 prolong$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 life1 on ! quadrature ( ! circle4 ,sev5 ye>s aft]1 he 0 appo9t$ ma!matical tutor to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds ,*>les ,,ii4 ,9 #afdb1 ,hobbes publi%$ ! fir/ ( 8 pr9cipal works1 ,de ,cive1 or ,philosophical ,rudim5ts ,conc]n+ ,gov]nm5t & ,society4 ,x 0 writt5 to curb ! _s ( an>*y1 !n s rampant 9 ,engl&1 by expos+ ! inevitable results :i* mu/ ( necessity spr+ f ! want ( a coh]5t gov]nm5t among/ a p disunit$ & un$ucat$4 ,! pr9ciples inculcat$ 9 ?is "w 7 reproduc$ 9 ! ye> #afea1 9 ! ,levia?an1 or ! ,matt]1 ,=m1 & ,p[] ( a ,commonweal?1 ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil2 ?is1 along ) a ,treatise on ,human ,nature1 & a small "w on ,! ,body ,politic1 =m ! gr\ndwork ( ! selfi% s*ools ( moral philosophy4 ,z soon z !y 7 publi%$1 !y 7 attack$ by ! cl]gy ( e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,!y 7 int]dict$ by ! ,pontiffs ( ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*1 along ) ! ,prote/ants scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 & ! ,episcopal au?orities ( ,engl&4 ,inde$1 to su* an ext5t did ?is p]secution rise1 t ev5 ! royali/ exiles receiv$ w>n+ t !re 0 no *ance = _! o/racism be+ remov$1 unless ! unclean ?+ 7,hobbes7 0 put away f _! mid/4 ,! "y pr9ce1 intimidat$ by ^? ebullitions ( v5geance aga9/ 8 tutor8 0 oblig$ to )draw 8 protection f him1 & ! old man1 !n ne> sev5ty ye>s ( age1 0 compell$ to escape f ,p>is by night1 pursu$ by 8 enemies1 :o1 accord+ to ,"l ,cl>5don1 track$ 8 foot/eps f ,france4 ,=tunately = ,hobbes1 he took refuge ) 8 old protectors1 ! ,devon%ire family1 :o 7 too p[]ful to be wantonly insult$4 ,:ile resid+ at ,*atswor?1 he w\ld no d\bt acutely feel ! loss ( ,desc>tes1 ! ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu1 & ,gass5di2 9 ! place ( ^? m5 he ent]$ into a w>m fri5d%ip ) ,c[ley1 ! poet1 ,seld51 ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 ,*>les ,bl\nt1 & ! witty ,sir ,?omas ,br[n4 ,9 #afed1 he publi%$ a ,lett] ^u ,lib]ty & ,necessity2 ?is brief tractate is unsurpass$ 9 ,free-?\ght lit]ature = its cle>1 concise1 subtle1 & demon/rative pro(s ( ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w1 & ! tru? ( philosophical necessity4 ,all subsequ5t writ]s on ?is "q h l>gely avail$ !mselves ( ,hobbes's argum5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! pamphlete]s ( ,socialism4 ,x is a fact no less true ?an /range1 t ,communism is d]iv$ f ! sy/em ( ,hobbes1 :i* has always be5 class$ along ) t ( ,ma*iavelli1 z an apology = despotism4 ,! gr& peculi>ity ( ,hobbes is 8 me?od4 ,in/ead ( tak+ speculation & reason+ ^u !ories1 he c>ri$ out ! inductive sy/em ( ,bacon 9 its entirety1 reason+ f sep>ate g5]ic facts1 in/ead ( analogically4 ,by ?is means he n>r[$ ! compass ( k1 & made ev]y?+ demon/rative t 0 capable ( pro(4 ,belief 0 consequ5tly plac$ ^u its prop] basis1 & a rigid analysis sep>at$ ! b\nd>ies ( ,kn[+ & ,be+4 ,hobbes look$ at ! great end ( exi/5ce & embodi$ x 9 a d\ble axiom4 #a/4 ,! desire = self-pres]vation4 #bnd4 ,to r5d] ourselves happy4 ,f ^? duplex pr9ciples :i* are inh]5t 9 all animals1 a mod]n politician has p]petrat$ a platitude :i* repres5ts 9 a s5t5ce ! end & aim ( all legislation1 ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is is ! ultimatum ( ,hobbes's philosophy4 ,its me?od ( accompli%m5t 0 by treat+ society z "o l>ge family1 ) ! educat$ & skill$ z gov]nors1 hav+ "u _! c>e ! tra9+ ( ! nation4 ,all act+ f "o impulse 7self-pres]vation17 & by ! conjo9t exp]i5ce ( all1 d]iv+ ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess f ?is activity4 ,hobbes oppos$ ! ,revolution1 because x deg5]at$ into a faction2 & support$ ,*>les ,/u>t because !re 7 m elem5ts ( cohesion )9 8 own p>ty1 ?an among/ 8 enemies4 ,x 0 "h :]e ! cry ( despotism arose2 ! ,r\nd-heads see+ !y c\ld n deta* ! able/ m5 f ! ,k+'s p>ty1 d5\nc$ _! lit]>y oppon5ts z lov]s ( ,belial1 & ( tyranny4 ,?is 0 _! mo/ effective answ] to ! ,levia?an4 ,9 aft] ye>s1 :5 ! ,episcopal p>ty no long] /ood 9 ne$ ( ! s]vices ( ,hobbes1 !y heap$ ^u him ! /igma ( h]esy1 until 8 ci-devant fri5ds & enemies 7 unit$ 9 ! condemnation ( ! man !y mo/ fe>$4 ,mr4 ,ow51 9 8 s*ema ( ,socialism1 took 8 lead+ idea on non-responsibility f ,hobbes's explanation ( necessity1 & ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,! old div9es _h inculcat$ a doctr9e to ! effect t ! w 0 a sep>ate entity ( ! human m9d1 :i* sway$ ! :ole disposition1 & 0 ( itself ess5tially corrupt4 ,ample te/imony f ! ,bible sub/antiat$ ?is position4 ,b 9 ! me?od ( ,hobbes1 he lays d[n ! facts t we c h no k )\t exp]i5ce1 & no exp]i5ce )\t s5sation4 ,! m9d !re=e is compos$ ( classifi$ s5sations1 unit$ toge!r by ! law ( an association ( ideas4 ,?is law 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,hobbes1 :o makes ! human w to consi/ 9 ! /ronge/ motive :i* sways ! balance on any side4 ,?is is ! simple/ explanation :i* c be giv5 on a subject m my/ifi$ ?an any o!r 9 !ology4 ,a long controv]sy betwixt ,bi%op ,bramhall1 ( ,londond]ry1 foll[$ ! publication ( ,hobbes's views on ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 ,*>les ,,ii4 on 8 re/oration1 be/[$ an annual p5sion ( #ajj on ,hobbes1 b ?is did n prev5t ! p>liam5t1 9 #afff1 c5sur+ ! ,de ,cive & ,levia?an1 besides 8 o!r works4 ,hobbes also translat$ ! ,greek hi/orian1 ,?ucydides1 ,hom]'s ,odyssey1 & ! ,illiad4 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 compos+ ,behemo?2 or1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,civil ,w>s f #afdj to #affj1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> he di$1 b n publi%$ until aft] 8 dea?4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> #afgi1 he 0 tak5 s]i\sly ill4 ,at ! urg5t reque/ ( "s ,*ri/ians1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to intrude _! op9ions ^u 8 dy+ b$1 tell+ him gravely t 8 illness w\ld end 9 dea?1 & unless he rep5t$1 he w\ld g /raight to hell4 ,hobbes calmly repli$1 ,i %all be glad !n to f9d a hole to creep out ( ! _w4 ,= sev5ty ye>s he _h be5 a p]secut$ man1 b dur+ t "t 8 enemies _h paid him t tribute ( respect :i* g5ius always extorts f society4 ,he 0 a man :o 0 hat$ & dread$4 ,he _h rea*$ ! age ( n9ety-two :5 he di$4 ,8 words 7 pregnant ) mean+2 & he nev] us$ an unnecess>y s5t5ce4 ,a collection ( moral apo!gms might be ga!r$ f 8 table-talk4 ,:5 ask$ :y he did n read e new book :i* appe>$1 he said1 ,if ,i _h read z mu* z o!r m51 ,i %\ld h be5 z ignorant4 ,8 habits 7 simple2 he rose e>ly 9 ! morn+1 took a long walk ?r\gh ! gr\nds ( ,*atswor?1 & cultivat$ heal?ful recreation4 ,! aft] "p ( ! day 0 devot$ to /udy & composition4 ,l ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 he 0 a devot$ admir] ( ! fragrant h]b4 ,*>les ,,ii4's con/ant witticism1 /yl$ ,hobbes z a be> aga9/ :om ! ,*ur* play$ _! "y dogs1 9 ord] to ex]cise !m4 ,if !re _h be5 a few m simil> be>s1 ! prie/ly dogs w\ld long s9ce h be5 ext]m9at$1 = none ( !m escap$ unhurt f _! enc\nt]s ) ! grizzly ( ,malmesbury1 except x 0 9 ! ma!matical disputes ) ,dr4 ,wallis4 ,he 0 naturally ( a timid disposition3 ?is 0 ! result ( ! accid5t :i* caus$ 8 premature bir?1 & be+ besides ( a res]v$ "*1 he 0 ill-fitt$ to meet ! physical rebuffs ( ! _w4 ,x is said t he 0 s afraid ( 8 p]sonal safety1 t he object$ to be left alone 9 an empty h\se2 ?is *>ge is to "s ext5t true1 b we mu/ look to ! mitigat+ circum/ances ( ! case4 ,he 0 a feeble man1 turn$ ! age ( ?ree-score & t51 ) all ! cl]gy ( ,engl& h\nd+ on _! dupes to murd] an old philosoph] because he _h expos$ _! dogmas4 ,x 0 b a few ye>s be=e1 t ,prote/ants & ,papi/s _h complim5t$ ea* o!r's religion by burn+ ^? :o 7 ! weake/1 & long aft] ,hobbes's dea?1 ,prote/ants murd]$1 ru9$1 disgrac$1 & plac$ 9 ! pillory ,diss5t]s & ,ca?olics alike1 & ,?omas ,hobbes _h positive pro( t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& to burn him alive1 on ! /ake1 a m>tyr = 8 op9ions4 ,?is1 !n1 is a suffici5t ju/ification = ,hobbes feel+ afraid1 & in/ead ( x be+ ?r[n z a taunt at ?is illu/ri\s ,free?9k]1 x is a /&+ /igma on ^? :o w\ld re-enact ! trag$y ( p]secution1 if public op9ion w\ld all[ x4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% says3 99 ,! /yle ( ,hobbes is ! v p]fection ( didactic language4 ,%ort1 cle>1 precise1 pi?y1 8 language nev] has m ?an "o mean+1 :i* nev] requires a second ?\ght to f9d4 ,by ! help ( 8 exact me?od1 x takes s firm a hold on ! m9d1 t x w n all[ att5tion to slack54 ,8 little tract on human nature has sc>cely an ambigu\s or a ne$less ^w4 ,he has s great a p[] ( always *oos+ ! mo/ significant t]m1 t he nev] is r$uc$ to ! poor exp$i5t ( us+ _m 9 its /ead4 ,he _h s ?or\ghly /udi$ ! g5ius ( ! language1 & knew s well h[ to /e] betwe5 p$antry & vulg>ity1 t two c5turies h n sup]annuat$ probably m ?an a doz5 ( 8 words4 99 ,second ,diss]tation3 ,encyclopa$ia ,brit41 p4 #cah4 ,"l ,cl>5don describes ! p]sonal "* ( ,hobbes z "o = :om he always _h a great e/eem z a man1 :o besides 8 em95t p>ts ( le>n+ & k1 ha? be5 always look$ ^u z a man ( probity1 & a life free f sc&al4 ,we n[ proce$ to make a selection ( quotations f ! works ( ?is writ]1 comm5c+ ) ^? on ! ,necessity ( ! ,w1 9 reply to ,bi%op ,bramhall4 ,! "q is n :e!r a man be a free ag5t--t is to say1 :e!r he c write1 or =be>1 speak1 or be sil5t1 accord+ to 8 w2 b :e!r ! w to write1 & ! w to =be>1 come ^u him accord+ to 8 w1 or accord+ to any?+ else 9 8 own p[]4 ,i ackn[l$ge ?is lib]ty1 t ,i c d1 if ,i w1 b to say1 ,i c w if ,i w1 ,i take to be an absurd spee*4 ,fur!r reply+ to ,bramhall's argum5t1 t we d n le>n ! idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w f our tutors1 b we "k x intuitively1 ,hobbes says1 ,x is true v few h le>n$ f tutors t a man is n free to w2 nor d !y f9d x mu* 9 books4 ,t !y & 9 books t :i* ! poets *aunt 9 ! !atres1 & ! %eph]ds on ! m\nta9s1 t :i* ! pa/ors tea* 9 ! *ur*es1 & ! doctors 9 ! univ]sities2 & t :i* ! common p 9 ! m>kets1 & all ! p d ass5t unto1 is ! same t ,i ass5t unto2 namely1 t a man ha? fre$om to d if he w2 b :e!r he ha? fre$om to w1 is a "q :i* x seems nei!r ! ,bi%op nor !y ev] ?\ght (4444 ,a wood5 top t is la%$ by ! boys1 & runs ab\t1 sometimes to "o wall1 sometimes to ano!r1 sometimes sp9n+1 sometimes hitt+ m5 on ! %9s1 if x 7 s5sible ( its own motion1 w\ld ?9k x proce$$ f its own w1 unless x felt :at la%$ x4 ,& is a man any wis] :5 he runs to "o place = a b5ifice1 to ano!r = a b>ga91 & tr\bles ! _w ) writ+ errors1 & requir+ answ]s1 because he ?9ks he does x )\t o!r cause ?an 8 own w1 & see? n :at are ! la%+s :i* cause t w8 ,hobbes casually m5tions ! subject ( praise or dispraise1 9 ref]5ce to ! w2 ^? :o are old en\gh w rememb] ?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t subjects ( discussion among/ ! e>li] ,sociali/s4 ,^! dep5d n at all 9 ! necessity ( ! action prais$ or disprais$4 ,= :at is x else to praise1 b to say a ?+ is good8 ,good1 ,i say1 = me1 or = somebody else1 or = ! ,/ate & ,commonweal?4 ,& :at is x to say an action is good1 b to say x is z ,i w\ld wi%1 or z ano!r w\ld h x1 or accord+ to ! w ( ! ,/ate--t is to say1 accord+ to ! law6 ,does my "l ?9k t no action c\ld please me1 or ! commonweal?1 t %\ld proce$ f necessity6 ,?+s may be !re=e necess>y1 & yet praisewor?y1 z also necess>y1 & yet disprais$1 & nei!r ( !m bo? 9 va92 because praise & dispraise1 & likewise rew>d & puni%m5t1 d1 by example1 make & con=m ! w to good or evil4 ,x 0 a v great praise1 9 my op9ion1 t ,vell]ius ,pat]culus gives ,cato1 :]e he says t he 0 good by nature1 'et quia alit] esse non potuit4''--',& because he c\ld n d o!rwise4' ,?is able treatise 0 repr9t$1 & ext5sively read ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago2 b1 l _m o!r ( our /&>d works1 x is at pres5t out ( pr9t4 ,! ,levia?an is /ill readable1 a bold mascul9e book4 ,x treats ev]y?+ 9 a cool1 analytic /yle4 ,! knife ( ! ,sociali/ is %ea!d 9 va92 no rhapsody c ov]turn its impassion$ tea*+s4 ,rhetoric is n ne$$ to embelli% ! tru?s he has to portray1 = ! wild fl[]s ( g5ius b too frequ5tly hide ! yawn+ *asms 9 ! g>d5 ( ,logic4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ?is book w be read n[ ) ! int]e/ ) :i* x 0 p]us$ two c5turies ago2 !n e /atem5t 0 impugn$1 e argum5t d5i$1 & ! v tone ( ! book call$ =? an int]f]5ce f p>liam5t to /op ! progress ( its h]esies4 ,n[ ! case is widely diff]5t1 & ! g5]al t5or ( ! treatise is ! rule 9 :i* are illu/rat$ alike ! works ( ! philosoph]s & ! dreams ( ! sophi/s 7prie/s47 ,we give "p ( ! introduction4 ,nature 7! art :]eby ,god ha? made & gov]ns ! _w7 is1 by ! art ( man1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 s 9 ?is also1 imitat$1 t x c make an artificial animal4 ,= see+ life is b a motion ( limbs1 ! beg9n+ :]e( is 9 "s pr9cipal "p )92 :y may we n say t all automata 7eng9es t move !mselves by spr+s & :eels1 z do? a wat*7 h an artificial life8 ,= :at is ! he>t b a spr+2 & ! n]ves b s _m /r+s2 & ! jo9ts b s _m :eels1 giv+ motion to ! :ole body1 su* z 0 int5d$ by ! ,artific]8 ,art goes yet fur!r1 imitat+ t rational & mo/ excell5t "w ( nature1 man4 ,= by art is creat$ t great levia?an1 call$ a ,commonweal?1 or ,/ate1 :i* is b an artificial man ?\gh ( great] /ature & /r5g? ?an ! natural1 = ^: protection & def5ce x 0 int5d$1 & ! sov]eignty ( :i* is an artificial s\l1 z giv+ life & motion to ! :ole body4 ,to describe ! nature ( ?is artificial man1 ,i w consid]1 #a/4 ,! matt] !re(1 & ! artific]1 bo? :i* is man4 #bnd4 ,h[1 & by :at cov5ants x is made1 :at are ! rights & j p[] or au?ority ( a sov]eign2 & :at x is t pres]ve? & dissolve? x4 #crd4 ,:at is a ,*ri/ian ,commonweal?4 ,la/ly1 :at is ! k+dom ( d>kness4 ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( ',s5ses4' ,conc]n+ ! ?\ghts ( man1 ,i w consid] !m fir/ s+ly1 & aft]w>ds 9 tra91 or dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r4 ,s+ly1 !y are e "o a repres5tation1 or appe>ance1 ( "s quality or accid5t ( a body )\t u1 :i* is commonly call$ an object4 ,:i* object worke? on ! eyes1 e>s1 & o!r p>ts ( a man's body1 & by div]sity ( work+1 produce? div]sity ( appe>ances4 ,! orig9al ( !m all is t :i* we call s5se1 = !re is no conception 9 a man's m9d1 :i* ha? n at fir/ totally or by p>ts be5 begott5 ^u ! organs ( s5se2 ! re/ are d]iv$ f t orig9al4 ,speak+ ( ,imag9ation1 ,hobbes says1 ,t :5 a ?+ lies /ill1 unless some:at else /ir x1 x w lie /ill =ev]1 is a tru? no "o d\bts (4 ,b t :5 a ?+ is 9 motion1 x w et]nally be 9 motion1 unless some:at else /ay x1 ?\gh ! reason be ! same--namely1 t no?+ c *ange itself--is n s easily ass5t$ to4 ,= m5 measure n only o!r m51 b all o!r ?+s1 by !mselves2 & because !y f9d !mselves subject aft] motion to pa9 & lassitude1 ?9k ev]y?+ else gr[s we>y ( motion1 & seeks repose ( its own accord--little consid]+ :e!r x be n "s o!r motion1 :]e9 t desire ( re/ !y f9d 9 !mselves consi/e?4444 ,:5 a body is once 9 motion1 x move? 7unless some?+ else h9d] x7 et]nally1 & :atsoev] h9d]e? x1 _c 9 an in/ant1 b 9 "t1 & by degrees1 q ext+ui% x2 & z we see 9 ! wat]1 ?\gh ! w9d cease1 ! waves give n ov] roll+ = a long "t aft]2 s also x happ5e? 9 t motion :i* is made 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( man1 !n1 :5 he sees1 dreams1 etc4 ,= aft] ! object is remov$1 or ! eye %ut1 we /ill reta9 an image ( ! ?+ se51 ?\gh m obscure ?an :5 we see x4444 ,! decay ( s5se 9 m5 wak+1 is n ! decay ( ! motion made 9 s5se1 b an obscur+ ( x1 9 su* mann] z ! light ( ! sun obscure? ! light ( ! />s2 :i* />s d no less ex]cise _! virtue1 by :i* !y are visible 9 ! day1 ?an 9 ! night4 ,b because among/ _m /rokes :i* our eyes1 e>s & o!r organs receive f ext]nal bodies1 ! pr$om9ant only is s5sible2 !re=e ! light ( ! sun be+ only pr$om9ant1 we are n affect$ ) ! actions ( ! />s4444 ,?is decay+ s5se1 :5 we w\ld express ! ?+ itself 7,i mean fancy itself71 we call imag9ation1 z ,i said be=e1 b :5 we w\ld express ! ,decay1 & signify ! s5se is fad+1 old & pa/1 x is call$ ,memory3 s t imag9ation & memory are b "o ?+1 :i*1 = div]s consid]ations1 ha? div]s names4 99 ,su* is ! comm5cem5t ( ?is celebrat$ book1 x is bas$ ^u mat]ialism2 e argum5t mu/ /& ?is te/ ^u ,hobbes's pr9ciples1 & *>act]i/ically are !y elaborat$4 ,hobbes 7,de ,cive7 says ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,x is a belief gr\nd$ ^u o!r m5's say+s1 t !y knew x sup]naturally2 or t !y knew ^? :o knew !m1 t knew o!rs1 t knew x sup]naturally4 ,a sp>kl+ sne]1 & p]haps ! true/ answ] to s univ]sal an error4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 9 8 analysis ( ! works ( ,hobbes1 says1 9999 ,! fundam5tal doctr9es inculcat$ 9 ! political works ( ,hobbes1 are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ propositions3--,all m5 are by nature equal1 &1 prior to gov]nm5t1 !y _h all an equal "r to enjoy ! good ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,man1 too1 is by nature1 a solit>y & purely selfi% animal2 ! social union be+ entirely an int]e/$ league1 sugge/$ by prud5tial views ( p]sonal advantage4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce is1 t a /ate ( nature mu/ be a /ate ( p]petual w>f>e1 9 :i* no individual has any o!r means ( safety ?an 8 own /r5g? or +5uity2 & 9 :i* !re is no room = regul> indu/ry1 because no secure enjoym5t ( its fruits4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is view ( ! orig9 ( society1 ,hobbes appeals to facts fall+ daily )9 ! cycle ( our exp]i5ce4 ,does n a man1 7he asks7 :5 tak+ a j\rney1 arm himself1 & seek to g well accompani$8 ,:5 go+ to sleep1 does he n lock 8 doors8 ,nay1 ev5 9 8 own h\se1 does he n lock 8 *e/s8 ,does he n !re accuse mank9d by 8 action1 z ,i d by my words8 ,= ! sake ( peace & security1 x is necess>y t ea* individual %\ld surr5d] a "p ( 8 natural "r1 & be cont5t$ ) su* a %>e ( lib]ty z he is will+ to all[ to o!rs2 or1 to use ,hobbes's own language1 e man mu/ dive/ himself ( ! "r he has to all ?+s by nature2 ! "r ( all m5 to all ?+s1 be+ 9 effect no bett] ?an if no man _h a "r to any?+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is transf]5ce ( natural rights to an individual1 or to a body ( individuals1 ! multitude become "o p]son1 "u ! "n ( a ,/ate1 or ,republic1 by :i* p]son ! common w & p[] are ex]cis$ = ! common def5ce4 ,! rul+ p[] _c be )drawn f ^? to :om x has be5 committ$2 nor c !y be puni%$ = misgov]n-m5t4 ,! int]pretation ( ! laws is to be s\ght1 n f ! comm5ts ( philosoph]s1 b f ! au?ority ( ! rul]2 o!rwise society w\ld e mom5t be 9 dang] ( resolv+ itself into ! discordant elem5ts ( :i* x 0 at fir/ compos$4--,! w ( ! magi/rate1 !re=e1 is to be reg>d$ z ! ultimate /&>d ( "r & wrong1 & 8 voice to be li/5$ to by e citiz5 z ! voice ( consci5ce4 99 ,levia?an4 ,ed4 #afea4 9999 ,diss]tation on ! ,progress ( ,e?ical ,sci5ce1 p4 #da4 ,su* are ! words ( "o ( ,hobbes's mo/ p[]ful oppon5ts4 ,dr4 ,w>burton says1 ,! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury 0 ! t]ror ( ! la/ age1 z ,t9-dal & ,coll9s are ( ?is4 ,! press sweats ) controv]sy2 & e "y *ur*man militant w\ld try 8 arms 9 ?und]+ on ,hobbes's /eel cap4 ,?is is a mode/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p[] ( ,hobbes1 f ! mo/ turbul5t div9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,victor ,comy9 gives ! foll[+ z 8 view ( ! philosophy ( ,hobbes3--,!re is no o!r c]ta9 evid5ce ?an t ( ! s5ses4 ,! evid5ce ( ! s5ses atte/s only ! exi/5ce ( bodies2 !n !re is no exi/5ce save t ( bodies1 & philosophy is only ! sci5ce ( bodies4 ,!re are two sorts ( bodies3 #a/1 ,natural bodies1 :i* are ! !atre ( a multitude ( regul> ph5om5a1 because !y take place by virtue ( fix$ laws1 z ! bodies ) :i* physics are occupi$2 #bnd1 ,moral & political bodies1 societies :i* con/antly *ange & are subject to v>iable laws4 ,hobbes's sy/em ( physics is t ( ,democritus1 ! atomi/ic & corpuscul> ( ! ,ionic s*ool4 ,8 metaphysics are its coroll>y2 all ! ph5om5a :i* pass 9 ! consci\sness h _! s\rce 9 ! organization1 ( :i* ! consci\sness 9 itself is simply a result4 ,all ! ideas come f ! s5ses4 ,to ?9k1 is to calculate2 & intellig5ce is no?+ else ?an an ari?metic4 ,z we d n calculate ) out signs1 we d n ?9k )\t words2 ! tru? ( ! ?\ght is 9 ! relation ( ! words among !mselves1 & metaphysics are r$uc$ to a p]fect language4 ,hobbes is completely a nom9ali/4 ,) ,hobbes !re are no o!r ?an cont+5t ideas2 ! f9ite alone c be conceiv$2 ! inf9ite is only a negation ( ! f9ite2 beyond t x is a m]e ^w inv5t$ to honor a be+ :om fai? alone c rea*4 ,! idea ( good & evil has no o!r f\ndation ?an agreeable or disagreeable s5sations2 to agreeable or disagreeable s5sation x is impossible to apply any4 o!r law ?an escape f ! "o & se>* aft] ! o!r2 h5ce ! morality ( ,hobbes1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( 8 politics4 ,man is capable ( enjoy+ & ( suff]+2 8 only law is to suff] z little1 & enjoy z mu*1 z possible4 ,s9ce su* is 8 only law1 he has all ! rights t ?is law conf]s ^u him2 he may d any?+ = 8 pres]vation & 8 happ9ess2 he has ! "r to sacrifice ev]y?+ to himself4 ,behold8 !n1 m5 ^u ?is e>?1 :]e ! objects ( desire are n sup]abundant1 all possess+ equal rights to :atev] may be agreeable or useful to !m1 by virtue ( ! same capacity = enjoym5t & suff]+4 ,?is is a /ate ( nature1 :i* is no?+ less ?an a /ate ( w>1 ! an>*y ( ! passions1 a combat 9 :i* e man is array$ aga9/ 8 neighbor4 ,b ?is /ate be+ oppos$ to ! happ9ess ( ! majority ( individuals :o %>e x1 utility1 ! (fspr+ ( egotism itself1 dem&s its ex*ange = ano!r1 to wit1 ! social /ate4 ,! social /ate is ! in/itution ( a public p[]1 /rong] ?an all individuals1 capable ( mak+ peace succe$ w>1 & impos+ on all ! accompli%m5t ( :atev] x %all h judg$ to be useful1 t is1 j4 ,be=e we dismiss ! fa!r ( ,free?\ght f our notice1 !re rema9s a tribute ( respect to be paid to "o :om x is our duty to associate ) ! au?or ( ! ,levia?an1 & :o has b j pass$ away--"o man among/ ! ,briti% ari/ocracy ) ! disposition ( a tribune ( ! p1 c\pl$ ) ?\ghts at once elevat$ & free1 & a position :i* r5d]$ him ( ess5tial s]vice to /ruggl+ op9ion4 ,?is man saw ! greatness1 ! pr(\nd dep?1 ! attic /yle1 & ! imm5se importance ( ! works ( ,hobbes1 along ) _! sy/ematic depreciation by ^? ^: duty x %\ld be to expla9 !m1 especially at a "t :5 ^? works 7 n repr9t$1 & ! public 7 oblig$ to glean _! "* f ! refutations 7s call$7 by mangl$ quotations1 & a di/ort$ mean+4 ,impell$ by ?is ?\ght1 & anxi\s to protect ! memory ( a philosoph]1 8 devot$ disciple1 at a co/ ( #aj1jjj1 translat$ ! ,lat91 & edit$ ! ,engli% works ( ,hobbes1 9 a mann] wor?y alike ( ! g5ius ( ! au?or1 & ! disc]nm5t ( 8 editor4 ,= ?is k9dness1 a seat 9 ,p>liam5t 0 lo/ by ! organization ( ! cl]gy 9 ,cornwall4 ,! "n ( ?is man 0 ,sir ,william ,moleswor?4 ,let ,free?9k]s *]i% ! memory ( _! b5efactor4 ,we n[ take our leave ( ,?omas ,hobbes4 ,he _h n ! *ivalry ( ,h]b]t2 ! vivacity ( ,raleigh2 ! cumulative p[] ( ,bacon2 or ! w9n+ policy ( ,locke4 ,if 8 physical de=mities prev5t$ him f be+ z d>+ z ,vane1 he 0 z bold 9 ?\ght & expression z ei!r ,desc>tes1 or 8 "y fri5d ,bl\nt4 ,he gave bir? to ! brilliant con/ellation ( g5ius 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,he did n live to see 8 sy/em ext5sively promulgat$2 b 8 pr9ciples m\ld$ ! "* ( ! m5 :o =m$ ! revolution ( #afhh1 equally z mu* z ,hume e/abli%$ ! ,scot* & ,g]man s*ools ( philosophy2 & ,voltaire laid ! tra9 by :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 proclaim$4 ,peace to 8 memory6 ,x 0 a /ormy /ruggle dur+ 8 life2 its fr[ns _c hurt him n[4 ,c\ld we believe 9 ! idea ( a future life1 we %\ld invoke 8 bless+s on our cause4 ,t cause :i* = ne> two hundr$ ye>s has successfully /ruggl$ into bir?1 to y\?1 & maturity4 ,/rik+ d[n 9 its onw>d c\rse sup]/itions :i* ha? gr[n ) c5turies1 & :]e x does n ext]m9ate !m1 x supplies a pur] atmosph]e1 & extracts ! upas-/+ :i* has laid l[ s _m1 & :i* mu/ yet be f9ally ext]m9at$4 ,! day is rapidly dawn+ :5 our only deities w be ! works ( g5ius1 & our only pray] ! remembrance ( our mo/ illu/ri\s *iefs4 ,a4,c4 ,,"l ,,bol+broke4 ,h5ry ,/4 ,john1 ,"l ,bol+broke1 0 born 9 8 family seat at ,batt]sea1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #afgb1 & di$ !re on ,novemb] #ae?1 #agea1 9 8 #gi? ye>4 ,he 0 educat$ by a cl]gyman 9 an unnatural mann]1 & spe$ily develop$ himself accord+ly4 ,:5 he left ,ox=d1 he 0 "o ( ! h&some/ m5 ( ! day--8 maje/ic figure1 ref9$ address1 dazzl+ wit1 & classic eloqu5ce1 made him irresi/ibly ! fir/ g5tleman 9 ,europe4 ,until 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 he 0 r5[n$ m = ! graces ( 8 p]son1 & ! fasc9ation ( 8 wild exploits1 r ?an possess+ a due reg>d to 8 rank & abilities4 ,8 conduct1 h[ev]1 0 completely *ang$ :5 he became a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! hopes ( 8 fri5ds 7 resuscitat$ :5 !y discov]$ ! aptitude = bus9ess--! ready eloqu5ce1 & ! s\nd reason+ ( ! once wild ,/4 ,john4 ,he soon became ! h>de/ work] & ! lead] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! expectations ( ! nation rose high :5 night aft] night he spoke ) ! vivacity ( a poet1 & ! pr(undity ( a vet]an /atesman on public affairs4 ,9 #agjd1 he receiv$ ! seals z ,secret>y-(-,w>1 & 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 ga9+ ,m>lbor\gh's victories1 by ! activity ) :i* he suppli$ ! ,engli% ,g5]al ) munitions ( w>4 ,on ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,:igs1 ,/4 ,john resign$ 8 (fice1 & retir$ into privacy = two ye>s1 :5 ! ,:ig adm9i/ration 0 de/roy$1 & ,/4 ,john re-appe>$ z ,secret>y = ,=eign ,affairs4 ,8 greate/ "w n[ 0 ! negotiation ( ! treaty ( ,utre*t4 ,?is treaty 0 sign$ by ,/4 ,john 7!n ,"l ,bol+broke17 he be+ s5t to ,p>is z ! ,briti% ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 & 0 hail$ by ! ,p>isians z a gu>dian angel4 ,to su* an ext5t 0 ?is feel+ manife/$1 t :5 he visit$ ! !atres e "o rose to welcome him4 ,s long z ,que5 ,anne liv$1 ,bol+broke's influ5ce 0 p>am\nt1 b associat$ ) him 0 ! ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 9 opposition to ! ,:ig p>ty1 & s]i\s diff]5ces _h aris5 betwe5 ! rivals4 ,ox=d-0 dismiss$ f\r days be=e ! ,que5's dea?1 & ,bol+broke (ficiat$ 9 8 place1 until ,ox=d's vacancy 0 fill$1 :i* all expect$ w\ld be giv5 to himself4 ,a /ormy debate 9 ! ,privy ,c\ncil s agitat$ ! ,que51 t x %ort5$ h] life1 & ! ,c\ncil recomm5d$ ! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury z ,premi]1 & ) him ! ,:igs4 ,) ! accession ( ,george1 came ! impea*m5t ( ,bol+broke by ! victori\s ,:igs4 ,kn[+ t x 0 _! int5tion to sacrifice him to p>ty rev5ge1 & t 8 accus]s w\ld likewise act z 8 judges1 he wisely )drew himself to ,france4 ,! ,pret5d] held a mimic c\rt at ,avignon1 & a debat+ society at ,lorra9e1 entitl$ a ,p>liam5t4 ,he (f]$ ,bol+broke ! (fice ( ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :i* 0 accept$ by him2 & x 0 only at ?is "t t ! emanations ( ! exil$ ,/u>t's cab9et possess$ ei!r a solidity ( aim1 or a def9ite purpose4 ,if ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h liv$ long]1 he might h assi/$ ! ,pret5d]1 b ) 8 dea? expir$ ! hopes ( t ill-fat$ dyna/y4 ,bol+broke /rove to husb& ! means :i* ! ,*evali]'s fri5ds _h collect$1 b ! advice ( ! ,duke ( ,ormond 0 li/5$ to 9 pref]5ce to ,bol+broke's4 ,! results :i* ,bol+broke =etold--proce$+ ra%ly & fail+ ignom9i\sly--bo? occurr$4 ,! insurrection broke out1 & fail$--no o!r end c\ld h be5 anticipat$4 ,intrigues 7 fa/ coil+ !mselves ar\nd ! secret>y2 he 0 op5ly blam$ = ! rev]ses 9 ,scotl&--b he 0 alike c>eless ( _! wra? or its issue4 ,"o morn+ ,ormond wait$ ^u him ) two slips ( pap] f ! ,pret5d]1 in=m+ him t 8 s]vices 7 no long] requir$4 ,aft] 8 dismissal he 0 impea*$ by ! lackeys ( ! ,pret5d] "u sev5 heads1 :i* 7 widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,!re is ?is anomaly 9 ! life ( ,bol+broke1 witness$ 9 no o!r ,engli%man3 ,9 "o ye> he 0 ! mo/ p[]ful man 9 ,engl&--,secret>y ( ,/ate--an exile--& !n 9 ! same ye> he occupi$ a simil> (fice to "o :o aim$ at ! ,engli% ?rone1 & 0 impea*$ by bo? p>ties4 ,= sev]al ye>s he occupi$ himself 9 ,france ) philosophical pursuits--until ! ye> #agbc--:5 he receiv$ a p>don1 :i* all[$ him to return to ,engl&1 b /ill 8 seque/]$ e/ates 7 n return$1 & ?is apology = a p>don 0 negotiat$ by a bribe ( #aa1jjj to ! ,g]man ,du*ess ( ,k5dal--"o ( ! k+'s mi/resses4 ,alex&] ,pope 0 ,bol+broke's con/ant correspond5t4 ,pope _h won ! applause ( ,engl& by 8 poems1 & 0 !n consid]$ ! arbit] ( g5ius4 ,voltaire occupi$ a simil> position 9 ,france4 ,s9ce ,pope fir/ laid ! copy ( 8 greate/ epic at ! feet ( ,bol+broke1 & begg$ ( him to correct its errors1 he _h gradually won himself t r5[n :i* prosp]ity has endors$4 ,b :at a unity 9 div]g5ce did ^? philosoph]s pres5t6 ,! calm moralism ( ,pope1 8 sweet & poli%$ rhyme1 contra/$ ) ! fi]y wit & hiss+ s>casm ( ! ,fr5*man1 m tr5*ant ?an ,pope's1 yet want+ 8 sp>kl+ epigrams4 ,! ke5 disc]nm5t ( bo? ^! m5 saw 9 ,bol+broke a ma/]1 & !y rank$ by 8 side z tw9 apo/les ( a new & liv+ fai?4 ,x 0 ! p5etration ( true greatness :i* disc]n$ 9 ! ,engli% pe] t sublimity ( intellect !y possess$ !mselves1 )\t ! egotism ( an imbecile rival4 ,bol+broke _h *]i%$ ! e?ics ( "o1 & re/ra9$ ! rancor ( ! o!r--& bo? m5 yield$ to him ^: sy/em !y wor%ipp$2 & ?is tr9ity ( ,dei/s af=ds ! noble/ example :i* c be evok$ to prove ! ,h>mony ( ,reason amid/ ! mo/ v>i$ accompli%m5ts4 ,al?\gh ,pope's "n occurs b seldom 9 ! hi/ory ( ,free?\ght--:ile t ( ,bol+broke is emblazon$ 9 all its glory1 & ,voltaire is en%r9$ z its only ,deity--yet we mu/ n =get t :at is n[ kn[n z ! only collection ( ,/4 ,john's works 7! edition 9 five volumes by ,mallet17 7 writt5 = ! in/ruction ( ,pope--s5t to him 9 lett]s--discuss$ & agre$ to by him--s t ! great essayi/ is z mu* implicat$ 9 !m z ! au?or ( ! ,diction>y4 ,x is said1 ,9 8 society ^! two illu/ri\s m5 felt & ackn[l$g$ a sup]ior g5ius2 & if he _h no claim to excell5ce 9 poetry--! art 9 :i* !y 7 s pre-em95t--he surpass$ !m bo? 9 ! philosophy !y s mu* admir$4 ,= t5 ye>s aft] ?is p]iod1 he devot$ himself to v>i\s political writ+s1 :i* 7 widely circulat$2 b we mu/ waive ! pleasure at pres5t ( analyz+ ^?1 & conf9e our att5tion to ! alliance betwe5 ,pope & ,bol+broke1 9 ! new s*ool ( philosophy4 ,bol+broke's pr9cipal fri5ds 7 ,pope1 ,swift1 ,mallet1 ,wyndam1 & ,att]bury4 ,! fir/ ?ree 7 mo/ 9 8 confid5ce 9 reg>d to religion3 & al?\gh ,pope 0 educat$ a ,roman ,ca?olic1 & occasionally con=m$ to t hi]>*y 7& l ,voltaire1 = peace1 di$ 9 x17 yet ! philosophical lett]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ,pope & ,/4 ,john1 fully e/abli%$ him z a consi/5t ,dei/--an honor to :i* ,swift also atta9$1 al?\gh be+ a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur*3 b if d\bts arise on ! subject1 !y c easily be dispell$4 ,g5]al ,grim\>d1 9 8 ,essai sur ,bol+broke1 says t he 0 intimate ) ! wid[ ( ,mallet1 ! poet1 :o 0 a lady ( mu* tal5t & le>n+1 & _h liv$ ^u t]ms ( fri5d%ip ) ,bol+broke1 ,swift1 ,pope1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ *>act]s ( ! day1 :o frequ5tly met at h] h\se4 ,! ,g5]al adds1 t ! lady has be5 frequ5tly he>d to decl>e1 t ^! m5 7 all equally dei/ical 9 _! s5tim5ts 7que c'tait une socit de purs di/es27 t ,swift f 8 cl]ical "* 0 a little m res]v$ ?an ! o!rs1 b he 0 evid5tly ( ! same s5tim5ts at bottom4 ,!re is a rem>kable passage 9 "o ( ,pope's lett]s to ,swift1 :i* seems r corroborative ( ! ,g5]al's4 ,he is invit+ ,swift to come & visit him4 ,! day is come1 he says1 :i* ,i h (t5 wi%$1 b nev] ?\ght to see1 :5 e mortal ,i e/eem is ( ! same s5tim5ts 9 politics & religion4 ,dr4 ,w>ton rem>ks ^u ?is p>agraph ,at ?is "t !re=e 7#agcc7 he 7,pope & ,bol+broke 7 ( ! same s5tim5t 9 religion z well z politics72 99 & ,pope writ+ to ,swift is pro( suffici5t t ,bol+broke1 ,swift1 & himself1 7 unit$ 9 op9ions4 ,:]ev] ,swift's "n is kn[n1 x is associat$ ) 8 sple5 on acc\nt ( 8 n be+ elevat$ to ! ,episcopal ,b5*1 :5 he 0 promis$ a vacancy1 :i* 0 res]v$ = him2 b ,que5 ,anne absolutely refus$ to conf] su* a dignity ^u ! au?or ( ,gulliv]'s ,travels--t pr(\nd satire ^u society & religion2 & ?is occurr+ at a "t :5 8 en]getic s]vices 7 s mu* ne$$ 9 def5ce ( ! gov]nm5t he s assi/$ by pamphlete]+1 satire1 & :olesale lampoons4 ,mr4 ,cooke says1 ,! ,e>l ( ,nott+ham1 9 ! debate ^u ! ,diss5t]s' ,bill1 *iefly f\nd$ 8 objection to ! provision t ! ,bi%ops %\ld h ! only p[] ( lic5s+ tutors1 ^u ! likelihood !re 0 t a man :o 0 9 a fair way = becom+ a ,bi%op1 0 h>dly suspect$ ( be+ a ,*ri/ian4 ,?is po9t$ allusion to ,swift pass$ )\t comm5t or reply 9 a public assembly1 compos$ 9 a great measure ( 8 private fri5ds & associates4 ,?is seems to intimate t ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies 0 n v /rong 9 favor ( ,swift's religi\s pr9ciples4 ,?is may suffice to prove ! unanimity ( s5tim5t exi/+ among ?is brilliant cot]ie--"o a political ,*ur*man--ano!r ! greate/ poet ( 8 age--! ?ird1 ! mo/ accompli%$ /atesman ( 8 c\ntry4 ,al?\gh !y 7 unit$ 9 religi\s conviction1 x w\ld h be5 c]ta9 ru9 to any ( ! conf$]ates if ! ext5t ( _! ?\ghts _h rea*$ ! public e>4 ,! ,dean wrote = ! pres5t--! poet = 8 age--& ! pe] = ! imm$iate b5efit ( 8 fri5ds & a record = ! future4 ,b !y 7 all agre$ t "s code ( e?ics %\ld be promulgat$1 :i* %\ld embody ! positive speculations ( ,bol+broke1 ) ! easy grace ( ,pope--! elaborate rese>* ( ! philosoph] ) ! rhetoric ( ! poet4 ,swift coalesc$ 9 ?is idea1 b 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ignorant ( its subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,x 0 n ?\ght prud5t to tru/ ,mallet & o!rs ) ! secret4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,essay ( ,man 0 design$ on ! pr9ciples elaborat$ by ,bol+broke 9 8 private lett]s to ,pope4 ,x 0 ,bol+broke :o drew up ! s*eme1 mapp$ out ! argum5ts1 & sket*$ ! similes--x 0 ,pope :o embelli%$ its beauties1 & turn$ x into rhyme4 ,doctor ,w>ton1 ! editor ( ,pope1 also proves ?is3--,"l ,ba?ur/ told ! ,doctor t he _h read ! :ole ( ! ',essay on ,man' 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,bol+broke1 & drawn up 9 a s]ies ( propositions :i* ,pope 0 to amplify1 v]sify1 & to illu/rate4 ,if fur!r pro(s are requir$1 t ,bol+broke 0 n only a co-p>tn] b coadjutor ) ,pope1 x is f\nd 9 ! op5+ ( ! poem1 :]e ! poet uses ! plural 9 speak+ ( ,bol+broke-- ,awake1 my ,/4 ,john1 leave all mean] ?+s ,to l[ ambition1 & ! pride ( k+s4 ,laugh :5 we mu/1 be c&id :5 y c1 ,& v9dicate ! ways ( ,god to man4 99 ,cook's ,life ( ,bol+broke1 #bnd vol41 p4 #ig44 ,?is is suffici5t to prove ! p>tn]%ip 9 ! poem1 & f ! g5]ally ackn[l$g$ fact ( 8 connection1 we h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t ?is poem is ! gr& epic ( ,deism1 & is z mu* ! (fspr+ ( ,bol+broke1 z 8 own ideas :5 enunciat$ by o!rs4 ,!re is n a s+le argum5t 9 ! ,essay b :at is mu* m elaborat$ 9 ! works ( ,bol+broke1 :ile e positive argum5t is r$uc$ to a few poetic maxims 9 ! ,essay4 ,we may z well look "h = ,bol+broke's cre$1 r ?an among/ 8 prose works4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! ,essay !re is laid d[n an e?ical s*eme ( positivism--i4e41 ( ev]y?+ 9 morals :i* c be duly te/$ & no?+ m3 :ile 9 ! prose writ+s ( ,bol+broke1 ! negative side ( !ology is discuss$ ) an am\nt ( erudition :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ by any ( ! great lead]s ( ,free?\ght4 ,! fir/ proposition ( ! ,essay is bas$ on a po/ulate1 ^u :i* ! :ole reason+ is built4 ,ov]?r[ ?is sub/ratum1 & ! philosophy ( ! ,essay is ov]turn$--admit x1 & its tru? is evid5t2 x is-- ,:at c we reason b f :at we "k8 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t we c only reason conc]n+ man z a f9ite "p ( an inf9ite exi/5ce1 & we c only pr$icate respect+ :at comes "u ! category ( positive k 2 we are !re=e disabl$ f speculat+ 9 any !ories :i* h = a basis opposition to ! collect$ exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,?is 0 a position laid d[n by ,bol+broke to escape all ! hi/orical argum5ts :i* "s m5 d$uce f alleg$ miracul\s ag5cy 9 ! pa/1 or problematical prophecy 9 ! future4 ,x likewise %[s ! unt5able nature ( all analogy1 :i* presumes to trace an hypo!tical fir/ cause or p]sonal intellig5ce1 to acc\nt = a suppos$ orig9 ( primeval exi/5ce1 by :i* nature 0 caus$1 or =ms ( be+ fir/ evolv$4 ,al?\gh x may be deem$ inconsi/5t ) ! philosophy ( ,bol+broke to admit a ,god 9 ! same argum5t z ! above1 we mu/ n =get t 9 all speculative reason+ !re mu/ be an assumption ( "s k9d1 :i* ought to be demon/rat$ by pro(1 or a suitable equival5t 9 ! =m ( univ]sal cons5t4 ,yet 9 ! case ( ! ,god ( ! ,essay1 we look 9 va9 = ! attributes ) :i* ,!i/s love to clo! _! ,god1 & we c b p]ceive inexorable necessity 9 ! %ape ( rigid & unsw]v+ laws1 collect$ 9 "o focus by ,pope1 & dignifi$ ) ! "n ( ,god2 s t ! diff]5ce betwixt a ,dei/ ( ! old1 & an ,a!i/ ( ! mod]n s*ool1 is "o ( m]e words--!y bo? comm5ce ) an assumption1 ! ,a!i/ only def9+ 8 t]ms m /rictly1 ! subject-matt] 9 bo? in/ances be+ ! same4 ,! only diff]5ce be+1 ! "o deceives himself ) a mean+less ^w1 ! o!r is spee*less on :at he _c compreh5d4 ,! ,essay %[s a s*eme ( univ]sal gradation1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( l9ks1 :i* are "o entw9$ )9 ! o!r--e rock be+ plac$ 9 its necessitat$ position--e plant amid/ its gr[? be>+ an exot]ic similitude to itself--e animal1 f ! l[e/ quadrup$ to ! highe/ race ( man1 occupy+ a range ( climate adapt$ to its requirem5ts4 ,! ,essay "h is sci5tifically correct1 & agrees ) ! able/ writ]s on necessity4 ,a ,g]man philosoph] r5[n$ alike = rigid analysis & transc5d5t abilities z a successful !ori/1 obs]ves1 ,:5 ,i contemplate all ?+s z a :ole1 ,i p]ceive "o nature "o =ce 3 :5 ,i reg>d !m z individuals1 _m =ces :i* develop !mselves accord+ to _! inw>d laws1 & pass ?r\gh all ! =ms ( :i* !y are capable1 & all ! objects 9 nature are b ^? =ces "u c]ta9 limitations4 ,e manife/ation ( e individual p[] ( nature is det]m9$ p>tly by itself1 p>tly by its own prec$+ manife/ations1 & p>tly by ! manife/ations ( all o!r p[]s ( nature ) :i* x is connect$2 b x is connect$ ) all1 = nature is "o connect$ :ole4 ,its manife/ations are1 !re=e1 /rictly necess>y1 & x is absolutely impossible to be o!r ?an z x is4 ,9 e mom5t ( h] duration nature is "o connect$ :ole1 9 e mom5t mu/ e individual be :at x is because all o!rs are :at !y are1 & a s+le gra9 ( s& c\ld n be mov$ f its place1 )\t1 h[ev] imp]ceptibly to u1 *ang+ some?+ ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! immeasurable :ole4 ,e mom5t ( duration is det]m9$ by all pa/ mom5ts1 & w det]m9e all future movem5ts1 & ev5 ! position ( a gra9 ( s& _c be conceiv$ o!r ?an x is1 )\t suppos+ o!r *anges to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,let u imag9e t gra9 ( s& to be ly+ "s few feet fur!r inl& ?an x actually does2 !n mu/ ! /orm-w9d t drove x 9 f ! sea-%ore h be5 /rong] ?an x actually 02 !n mu/ ! prec$+ /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* ?is w9d 0 occasion$1 & its degree ( /r5g? be+ det]m9$1 h be5 diff]5t f :at x actually 01 & ! prec$+ *anges :i* gave rise to ?is p>ticul> wea!r1 & s on4 ,we mu/ suppose a diff]5t temp]ature f t :i* really exi/$--a diff]5t con/itution ( bodies :i* influ5c$ t temp]ature4 ,h[ c we "k t 9 su* a /ate ( wea!r we h be5 suppos+1 9 ord] to c>ry ?is gra9 ( s& a few y>ds fur!r1 "s ance/ors ( y\rs might n h p]i%$ f hung]1 cold1 or heat1 long be=e ! bir? ( t son f :om y are desc5d$1 & ?us y might nev] h be5 at all1 & all t y h done1 & all t y ev] hope to d1 mu/ h be5 h9d]$1 9 ord] t a gra9 ( s& might lie 9 a diff]5t place4 99 ,! :ole ( ! fir/ book is devot$ to ! necessitat$ condition ( man 9 relation to ! univ]se4 ,9 "o portion !re is a succession ( beautiful similes1 portray+ ! blissful /ate we are 91 in/ead ( be+ gift$ ) f9] s5sibilities1 or a presci5ce1 :i* w\ld be a curse4 99 ,fi*te's ,de/9ation ( ,man1 pp4 #h1 #i ,pope1 al?\gh an ard5t disciple ( ,bol+broke1 did n entirely =sake ! prejudices ( *ildhood2 he /ill indulg$ 9 a b>e hope ( a future life1 :i* 8 ma/]1 ) m consi/5cy1 suppress$4 ,s t :5 ! poet rhym$ ! propositions ( ,/4 ,john1 he po9t$ !m ) hope 9 an et]nal future2 = t speculation :i* 0 /ill probability 9 8 day1 is n[ ne>ly sil5c$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,b we mu/ n conf\nd ! ideas ( futurity1 :i* "s ( ! ,dei/s express$1 ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 z diff]5t z ! dreams ( ,*ri/ & ,plato 7 dissimil>4 ,pope hop$ = a future life ( intellectual enjoym5t devoid ( evil1 b ! heav5 ( ! gospel is equally z necess>y to be c\nt]balanc$ by a hell1 z ! exi/5ce ( a ,god requires ! balanc+ support ( a devil4 ,we !re=e c sympa?ise ) ! description ( a heav51 ! poor ,indian look$ =3-- ,"s saf] _w 9 dep?s ( woods embrac$1 ,"s happi] isl& 9 ! wat]y wa/e2 ,:]e slaves once m _! native l& behold1 ,nor fi5ds torm5t1 nor ,*ri/ians ?ir/ = gold4 ,to be--cont5ts 8 natural desires1 ,he asks no angels' w+s1 no s]aphs' fires1 ,b ?9ks1 admitt$ to t equal sky1 ,8 fai?ful dog %\ld be> him company4 ,pope dur/ n emphatically d5y ! future-life !ory1 s he attack$ x by elaborat+ a physical in/ead ( a spiritual heav54 ,s het]odox a notion ( ! ,indian's future sports1 is n to be f\nd 9 !ology1 especially z he pictures ! ,indian's sports ) 8 dog4 ,"h 0 a d\ble bl[ aim$ at ,*ri/ianity by evolv+ a positive idea ( future pleasures1 & ! promulgation ( s5tim5ts anti-,*ri/ian4--,aga9 he attacks !m = unw>rantable speculation 9 !ology1 :5 he says-- ,9 pride1 9 reason+ pride our error lies4 ,?is is a coroll>y to ! fir/ proposition1 ,:at c we reason b f :at we "k8 ,! only pr$icate we c draw f ?is is1 ! und\bt$ fact we h no "r to pr(ess to hold op9ions ( t1 ^u :i* we _c h any positive pro(4 ,! la/ l9e ( ! fir/ book has be5 g5]ally ?\ght op5 to attack4 ,x relates to necessity--,:atev] is1 is "r--& is n to be view$ 9 relation to society z at pres5t con/itut$1 b to ! physical univ]se4 ,! second book deals ) man 9 relation to himself z an individual2 ! ?ird z a memb] ( society1 & ! la/ 9 respect to happ9ess4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ,essay ! di/9ctions aris+ f nature & in/9ct are def9$ & def5d$ ) vigor & acut5ess4 ,bo? are prov$ to be equally great 9 degree1 9 spite ( ! h9ts con/antly ?r[n out 9 ref]5ce to ,god-l ,reason v]sus ,bl9d ,in/9ct4 ,we confess our inability to disc]n ! vaunt$ sup]iority ( ! p[]s ( reason ov] ^? ( its bl9d] si/]4 ,we see 9 ! "o mat*less wisdom--pr(\nd decision--unfail+ res\rce--a happy cont5tm5t z unfeign$ z x is natural4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see tem]ity alli$ ) c[>dice--a man seek+ wisdom on a wat]y plank1 :5 e footm>k may s]ve him = a fun]al effigy2 political duplicity aris+ f 8 conf9$ g5]alization ( facts2 a desire to d "r1 b *eck$ by accid5t & cunn+--ev]y:]e uneasy--always fatal4 ,if ! ,*ri/ians' fables 7 true1 we might say t ,adam & ,eve 7 orig9ally 9 possession ( ,in/9ct & ,reason1 & fell by li/5+ to ! prompt+s ( volition1 in/ead ( ! unsw]v+ p[]s ( ! brutes1 & = a h]$it>y puni%m5t 0 curs$ ) a sup]abundance ( reason4 ,= ) all our intellectual pr]ogatives1 we h yet fail$ to arrive at a def9ite c\rse ( action :i* %\ld influ5ce our conduct4 ,! ,essay1 speak+ ( ,gov]nm5t by ,*ri/ianity1 says3-- ,=ce fir/ made conque/1 & t conque/ law1 ,till sup]/ition taught ! tyrant awe4 44444 ,%e taught ! weak to b5d1 ! pr\d to pray1 ,to p[] unse51 & mighti] f> ?an !y3 ,%e1 f ! r5d+ e>? & bur/+ skies1 ,saw ,gods desc5d & fi5ds inf]nal rise4 ,"h fix$ ! dreadful1 !re ! bless$ abodes1 ,"h made h] devils1 & weak hope h] ,gods4 ,gods p>tial1 *angeful1 passionate1 unju/1 ,^: attributes 7 rage1 rev5ge1 or lu/4 ,su* z ! s\ls ( c[>ds might conceive1 ,& =m$ l tyrants2 tyrants w\ld believe4 ,zeal !n1 n *>ity1 became ! guide1 ,& ,hell 0 built 9 spite1 & ,heav5 9 pride4 ,& aga9-- ,= modes ( fai? let graceless zealots fight1 ,8 c't be wrong ^: life is 9 ! "r4 ,! ,essay concludes ) an invocation to ,bol+broke--:om ,pope /yles1 my guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d4 ,su* is ! conclusion ( ! mo/ rem>kable e?ical poem 9 any language4 ,x is ! ,iliad ( ,engli% ,deism4 ,n a s+le allusion to ,*ri/--a future /ate ( exi/5ce giv5 only z a fa9t probability--! :ole artificial /ate ( society satiriz$--pray] ridicul$1 & gov]nm5t ( e k9d d5\nc$ :i* does n br+ happ9ess to ! p4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple laid d[n is ! corn]-/one ( mat]ialism--,:at c we reason b f :at we "k8--:i* is /at$1 expla9$1 & def5d$ ) an axiomatic brevity r>ely equall$1 nev] surpass$--) a numb] ( illu/rations compris+ ! *ef d'oeuvre ( poetic grace1 & syn?ical melody comb9$ ) argum5ts z cog5t z ! examples are p]fect4 ,x /&s alone 9 its impregnability--a pile ( lit]>y ar*itecture l ! ,novum ,organan ( ,bacon1 ! ,pr9cipia ( ,newton1 or ! ,essay ( ,locke4 ,! facades ( its noble colonnades are se5 ext5d+ _! w+s ?r\gh ! :ole sweep ( hi/ory1 con/itut+ a pan!on ( morals1 :]e e nation s5ds its devotees to admire & wor%ip4 ,let u n[ turn to ! philosophical works ( ,bol+broke4 ,by ! w ( ,bol+broke he devis$ ?is portion ( 8 manuscripts to ,david ,mallet1 ! poet1 = publication4 ,! noble ,"l's *oice is op5 to c5sure "h4 ,he knew ! "* ( ,mallet1 & c\ld expect little ju/ice f him :o %\ld h be5 8 biograph]4 ,! ,,mss4 7 all prep>$ = ! press long be=e ,bol+broke di$4 ,9 ?is orig9al /ate1 !y 7 address$ to ,pope4 ,:5 publi%$ !y appe>$ z ,lett]s or ,essays address$ to ,alex&] ,pope1 ,esq4 ,! political fri5ds ( ,/4 ,john wi%$ _! suppression1 fe>+ t !y w\ld injure 8 reputation by be+ anti-,*ri/ian4 ,a l>ge bribe 0 (f]$ by ,"l ,cornbur if ,mallet w\ld de/roy ! works4 ,he1 no d\bt1 ?9k+ m money c\ld be made by _! publication1 issu$ !m to ! _w 9 #aged1 b )\t giv+ a biography or notes to ! books1 8 "w be+ simply correct+ ! errors ( ! press4 ,true1 !re exi/$ no /ipulation t he %\ld write ! ,life ( ,bol+broke1 b no "o c d\bt t su* 0 ! int5tion ( ! /atesman1 :5 he bequea!d to him prop]ty :i* realiz$ #aj1jjj 9 value4 ,e "o kn[s ! huge witticism ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o accus$ ,bol+broke ( c[>dice1 "u ! simile ( load+ a blund]buss1 & !n leav+ a ,scot*man half-a-cr[n to fire x :5 he 0 out ( ! way4 ,:5 ^? po/hum\s works appe>$1 ! gr& jury ( ,we/m9/] pres5t$ !m to ! judicial au?orities z subv]sive ( religion1 morality1 & gov]nm5t4 ,!y 7 burnt by ! common hangman4 ,) difficulty we give a quotation f ,bol+-broke's ideas ( a ,future ,life4 ,9 vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cdh1 he says1 ,i d n say1 t to believe 9 a future /ate is to believe 9 a vulg> error2 b ?is ,i say1 x _c be demon/rat$ by reason3 x is n 9 ! nature ( x capable ( demon/ration1 & no "o ev] return$ t irrem$iable way to give u an assurance ( ! fact4 ,aga91 he speaks p]sonally 9 ref]5ce to himself1 ,pope1 & ,wolla/on1 :om he _h be5 oppos+3-- ,he alone is happy1 & he 'is truly s1 :o c say1 ,welcome life :atev] x br+s6 ,welcome dea? :atev] x is6 ,if ! =m]1--we *ange our /ate4 44444 ,t y1 or ,i1 or ev5 ,wolla/on himself1 %\ld return to ! e>? f :5ce we came1 to ! dirt "u our feet1 or be m+l$ ) ! a%es ( ^? h]bs & plants f :i* we drew nutrition :il/ we liv$1 does n seem any indignity (f]$ to our nature1 s9ce x is common to all ! animal k9d3 & he :o compla9s ( x z su*1 does n seem to h be5 set1 by 8 reason+ faculties1 s f> above !m 9 life2 z to des]ve n to be levell$ ) !m at dea?4 ,we 7 l !m be=e our bir?1 t is no?+4 ,s we %all be on ?is hypo!sis1 l !m too aft] our dea?1 t is no?+4 ,:at h>d%ip is done u8 ,unless x be a h>d%ip1 t we are n immortal because we wi% to be s1 & flatt] ourselves ) t expectation4 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 true1 :i* ,i am f> f assum+1 ,i %\ld h no reason to compla91 ?\gh hav+ ta/$ exi/5ce1 ,i might abhor non-entity4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! fir/ _c be demon/rat$ by reason1 nor ! second be reconcil$ to my inw>d s5tim5t1 let me take refuge 9 resignation at ! la/1 z 9 e o!r act ( my life3 let o!rs be solicit\s ab\t _! future /ate1 & fright5 or flatt] !mselves z prejudice1 imag9ative bad heal?--nay1 a l[]+ day1 or a cle> sun%9e %all inspire !m to d3 let ! tranquillity ( my m9d re/ on ?is immovable rock1 t my future1 z well z my pres5t /ate1 are ord]$ by an ,almighty ,creator1 & t !y are equally fooli%1 & presumptu\s1 :o make imag9>y excursions into futurity1 & :o compla9 ( ! pres5t4 ,"l ,bol+broke di$ 9 ! ye> #agea1 aft] a long & pa9ful illness1 occasion$ by ! ignorance ( a quack4 ,:ile ly+ on 8 dea?-b$ he compos$ a disc\rse1 entitl$ ,consid]ations on ! ,/ate ( ! ,nation4 ,he di$ 9 peace--9 ! k ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples he _h advocat$1 & ) t calm s]5ity ( m9d1 :i* no "o c m fully exp]i5ce ?an ! hone/ ,free?9k]4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* at ,batt]sea4 ,he 0 a man ( ! highe/ rank ( g5ius1 f> f be+ immaculate 9 8 y\?1 brave1 s9c]e1 a true fri5d1 possess$ ( ri* le>n+1 a cle> & sp>kl+ /yle1 a great wit1 & ! mo/ p[]ful ,free?9k] ( 8 age4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,condorcet4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 we read ( a multitude ( sections1 ea* rul$ by a man1 & ea* man repres5t+ a philosophy4 ,n t ea* man 0 ! contriv] ( a sy/em1 b ! eff]vesc5ce ( "o4 ,z true z ,robespi]re 0 ! advocate ( ,r\sseau1 z ,m>at 0 ! ,wilkes ( ,p>is1 z ,danton 0 ! ,pa9e1 & ,mirabeau ! exp$i5cy-politician ( reflex ,engl&1 s true is x t ,condorcet 0 ! type ( ! philosophic ,girondi/s1 ! (fspr+ ( ,voltaire4 ,! two great s*ools ( metaphysics f\ght out ! battle on ! !atre ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 9 a _s z bitt]ly uncompromis+ z :5 "u diff]5t phraseological t]ms1 !y met 9 ! argum5ts ( ! ,s*ool-m51 or fur!r 9 ! womb ( hi/ory1 on ! =um ( ,a!ns4 ,x is a fact no less true ?an s+ul>1 t aft] ea* m5tal excitem5t among/ ! savons1 :e!r 9 anci5t or 9 mod]n times1 aft] ! lit]>y %ock has pass$ away1 ! p are innoculat$ ) ! /rife1 &1 de/itute ( ! mod]ation ( _! lead]s1 fight = t doctr9e :i* !y conceive oppresses _! rights4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 "o ( ^? /ruggles4 ,x gave rise to epo*-m54 ,n m5 :o orig9at$ a doctr9e1 b ^? :o attempt$ to c>ry x out4 ,condorcet 0 "o ( ^? m54 ,he 0 ! successor ( ,voltaire 9 ! ,encyclopdic w>f>e4 ,! philosoph] among/ ! orators4 ,de/itute ( ! amaz+ v]satility ( ! sage ( ,f]ney1 he imbib$ ! prophet's antipa?y to sup]/ition1 & aft] a brilliant c>e]1 fell 9 ! wild onslaught ( passion4 ,! ,revolution 0 ! ar5a on :i* 0 f\ght ! battle involv+ ! "q :e!r ,europe 0 to be rul$ = a c5tury by ,*ri/ianity or ,infidelity4 ,! irresolution ( ,robespi]re lo/ to u ! victory ( ! fir/ passage ( arms1 equally z decisive z ,lafayette 9 #ahcj1 & ,lam>t9e 9 #ahdh1 be+ ,lib]als1 lo/ 9 ea* case ! social ,republic by _! vacillat+ policy4 ,! true ,free?9k]s ( t age 7 ! ,girondi/s4 ,) _! h]oic dea?1 ! la/ b>ri] to despotism disappe>$2 ! ,consulate became ! only logical pa? = gild$ *a9s & empire4 ,) ! o/racism ( ! ,republicans by ,napoleon ! ,little1 a ,p>allel is complet$ betwe5 ! two eras ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,! family "n ( ,condorcet 0 ,c>itat4 ,8 fa!r 0 a scion ( an ari/ocratic family1 & an (fic] 9 ! army4 ,! son :o gave honor to ! family1 0 born 9 ! ye> #agdc1 at ,ribemont1 9 ,pic>dy4 ,8 fa!r dy+ e>ly1 left 8 son to be educat$ ) 8 wife1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 bro!r1 ! ,bi%op ( ,lisieux1 a celebrat$ ,jesuit4 ,! "m ( ,condorcet 0 extremely sup]/iti\s1 & 9 "o ( h] fanatic ec/asies1 (f]$ up h] son at ! %r9e ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,h[ ?is act 0 p]=m$ we _c relate2 b x is a notori\s fact t until 8 twelf? ye>1 ! embryo philosoph] 0 clo!d 9 female attire1 & _h "y ladies = companions1 :i*1 ,m4 ,arago says1 acc\nts = _m peculi>ities 9 ! physique & ! morale ( 8 manhood4 ,! ab/95ce f all rude1 boyi% sports1 *eck$ ! prop] muscul> developm5t ( 8 limbs2 ! head & trunk 7 on a l>ge scale1 b ! legs 7 s meagre t !y seem$ unfit to c>ry :at 0 above !m2 &1 9 fact1 he nev] c\ld p>take 9 any /rong ex]cises1 or und]go ! bodily fatigues to :i* heal?y m5 will+ly expose !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he _h imbib$ ! t5d]ness ( a delicate damsel1 reta9+ to ! la/ a deep horror = affliction pa9 on ! inf]ior animals4 ,9 #agge1 he ent]$ ! ,jesuit ,academy at ,rheiras4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 he 0 transf]r$ to ! ,college ( ,nav>re1 9 ,p>is1 & soon made himself ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol> !re4 ,8 fri5ds wi%$ him to ent] ! prie/hood1 n kn[+ t ev5 9 8 sev5te5? ye> he _h embrac$ ! ,deism ( ! age4 ,at ! age ( n9ete5 he left college1 & imm$iate-ly publi%$ a s]ies ( ma!matical works1 :i* e/abli%$ 8 fame4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces *ose ,condorcet = _! assi/ant secret>y4 ,9 ! ye> #aggj he accompani$ ,d',alemb]t 9 a t\r ?r\gh ,italy1 mak+ a call = "s weeks at ,f]ney1 :]e he 0 delight$ ) ! company ( ,voltaire1 & 0 duly recognis$ z "o ( ! ,encylopdi/s2 &1 on 8 return to ,p>is1 became ! lit]>y ag5t ( 8 great lead]4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,review]1 writ+ on ,voltaire & ,cond]cet1 says ( ! =m]1 ,:5 he himself1 9 ^! latt] days1 0 resolv$ to issue any?+ t he knew & felt to be pregnant ) combu/ion1 he nev] dreamt ( ,p>is--he _h ag5ts en\gh 9 o!r qu>t]s3 & ! anonym\s or pseudonym\s mis*ief 0 pr9t$ at ,london1 ,am/]dam1 or ,hamburgh1 f a fif? or six? copy 9 ! h&writ+ ( "s ,dut* or ,engli% cl]k--!nce1 by cauti\s /eps1 smuggl$ into ,france--& !n1 disav[$ & d5\nc$ by himself1 &1 = him1 by 8 numb]less ag5ts1 ) an intrepid assurance :i*1 d[n to ! la/1 conf\nd$ & baffl$ all (ficial inquisitors1 until1 9 ea* sep>ate case1 ! sc5t _h got cold4 ,!re=e1 he sympa?iz$ n at all ) any ( ^!1 8 subalt]ns1 :5 !y1 9 _! own prop] matt]s1 all[$ !mselves a less gu>d$ /yle ( movem5t4 ,on "o occasion1 ,condorcet's imprud5ce extorts a :ole s]ies ( passionate remon/rants f him & 8 probable compla9ts--b ! burd5 is always ! same--,tol]ate ! :isp]s ( age6 ,h[ (t5 %all ,i h to tell y all t no "o b a fool w publi% su* ?+s unless he has #bjj1jjj bayonets at 8 back8 ,ea* ,encyclopdi/ 0 apt to =get t1 ?\gh he correspond$ famili>ly ) ,fr$]ick1 he 0 n a ,k+ ( ,prussia2 &1 by-&-by1 n "o ( !m m frequ5tly made ?is mi/ake ?an ,condorcet--= t g5tleman's sa9tlike tranquillity ( demeanor1 ?\gh x might indicate a naturally languid pulse1 cov]$ copi\s elem5ts ( vital passion4 ,! sl[ :eel c\ld n resi/ ! long attrition ( controv]sy2 & :5 x once blaz$1 ! flame 0 all ! fi]c] = its unse5 nurs+4 ',y mi/ake ,condorcet1' said ,d',alemb]t1 'he is a volcano cov]$ ) sn[4' ,:5 ,turgot became ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e1 he gave ,condorcet a po/ z ,inspector ( ,canals2 f ?is he 0 subsequ5tly promot$ to ! ,inspector ( ! ,m9t4 ,:5 ,turgot 0 replac$ by ,neck]1 ,condorcet resign$ 8 (fice4 ,9 #aghb he 0 elect$ "o ( ! =ty ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 beat+ ! ,a/ronom]1 ,bailly1 by "o vote4 ,9 ! next ye>1 ,d',alemb]t1 8 fai?ful fri5d1 di$1 leav+ him ! :ole ( 8 weal?2 8 uncle1 ! bi%op1 likewise di$ 9 ! same ye>1 f :om he w\ld receive a fre% accession ( prop]ty4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 "t1 ,condorcet m>ri$ ,madame de ,gr\*y--also celebrat$ z a lady ( great beauty1 good =tune1 & an educat$ ,a!i/4 ,! m>riage 0 a happy "o4 ,! only (fspr+ 0 a girl1 :o m>ri$ ,g5]al ,ar?ur ,o',connor1 uncle to ! late ,fe>gus ,o',connor1 an ,iri% refugee :o 0 connect$ ) ,emmett's rebellion4 ,dur+ ! excitem5t ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,condorcet took an active "p 9 urg+ ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to be/[ assi/ance 9 arms & money1 ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 aft] ! w> 0 conclud$1 he correspond$ ) ,?omas ,pa9e1 :o gradually conv]t$ him to ! extreme ,republican views ! illu/ri\s ne$leman himself possess$1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 rapidly l$ to ! d5\em5t ( #agia1 :5 he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly by ! dep>tm5t ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! next ye> he 0 rais$ to ! rank ( ,presid5t by a majority ( ne> "o hundr$ votes4 ,:ile 9 ! ,assembly1 he br\ght =w>d & support$ ! economical doctr9es ( ,adam ,smi?1 propos$ ! abolition ( indirect taxation1 & levy+ a national rev5ue ^u d]ivable weal? 9 am\nt accord+ to ! individual1 pass+ ov] all :o ga9$ a livelihood by manual labor4 ,he made a motion = ! public burn+ ( all docum5ts relat+ to nobility--himself be+ a ,m>quis4 ,he took a conspicu\s place 9 ! trial ( ! k+2 he vot$ him guilty1 b refus$ to vote = 8 dea?1 z ! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 aga9/ 8 pr9ciples4 ,! spee* he made on ?is occasion is fully equal to t ( ,pa9e's on ! same occasion4 ,:5 ! div]g5ce took place betwe5 ! ,jacob9s & ,girondi/s1 ,condorcet /rove to unite !m2 b e day br\ght fre% tr\bles1 & ! position ( ! ,s5eca ( ! ,revolution 0 too prom95t to escape ! opposition ( ! m viol5t taction4 ,robespi]re triumph$2 & 9 8 success c\ld be trac$ ! doom ( 8 enemies4 ,an int]cept$ lett] 0 ! means ( ,condorcet's impea*m5t4 ,depriv$ ( ! support ( ,isn>d1 ,brissot1 & ,v]gniaud1 ! ,jacob9s proscrib$ )\t difficulty ! h]o ^: writ+s _h ma9ly assi/$ 9 produc+ ! ,revolution4 ,8 fri5ds provid$ means = 8 escape4 ,!y appli$ to a lodg+-h\se keep]1 a ,madame ,v]net1 if %e w\ld conceal him = a "t2 %e ask$ 0 he a virtu\s man--yes1 repli$ 8 fri5d1 he is !---- /ay1 y say he is a good man1 ,i d n wi% to pry into 8 secrets or 8 "n4 ,once safe 9 ?is asylum1 he 0 unvisit$ by ei!r wife or fri5ds2 morov]1 su* 0 ! hurry ( 8 flight1 t he 0 )\t money1 & ne>ly )\t books4 ,:ile 9 ?is =c$ conf9em5t1 he wrote ! ,esquisse d'un ,tableau ,hi/orique des ,progrs de l',esprit ,huma91 & sev]al o!r fragm5t>y essays4 ,9 ?is "w he lays d[n a s*eme ( society simil> to ! ,new ,moral ,_w1 ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,oppos+ ! idea ( a ,god1 he %[s ! dom9ion ( sci5ce 9 education1 political economy1 *emi/ry1 & applies ma!matical pr9ciples to a s]ies ( moral problems4 ,along ) ! progress ( man he comb9$ ! progress ( arts--e/imat+ ! sanatory arrangem5ts ( our "t1 he propheci$ on ! gradual ext5sion ( longevity1 among/ ! human race2 & ) x1 enjoym5ts increas$ by bett] discipl9e 9 gu/atorial duties4 ,he has simil> views on ! s(t] sex to ,m4 ,pr\dhomme 78 imm$iate disciple17 &1 9 ! close ( ! "w1 ,condorcet ann\nc$ ! possibility ( an univ]sal language1 :i* is daily becom+ m assimilat$ to mod]n ideas4 ,! guillot9e _h n be5 idle dur+ ! few weeks ( ,condorcet's retreat4 ,fancy+ t 7if discov]$7 he might be ! means ( injur+ 8 b5efactress1 he resolv$ to escape f ! h\se ( ,madame ,v]net4 ,previ\s to do+ ?is1 he made 8 w4 ,m4 ,arago1 describ+ ?is epo* 9 8 clos+ days1 says3-- ,:5 he at la/ paus$1 & ! fev]i% excitem5t ( au?or%ip 0 at an end1 our colleague re/$ all 8 ?\ghts anew on ! dang] incurr$ by 8 ho/ess4 ,he resolv$ !n 7,i employ 8 own words7 to quit ! retreat :i* ! b\ndless devotion ( 8 tutel> angel _h trans=m$ into a p>adise4 ,he s little deceiv$ himself z to ! probable consequ5ces ( ! /ep he m$itat$--! *ances ( safety aft] 8 evasion appe>$ s feeble--t be=e he put 8 plan into execution he made 8 la/ dispositions4 ,9 ! pages !n writt51 ,i behold ev]y:]e ! lively reflection ( an elevat$ m9d1 a feel+ he>t1 & a beautiful s\l4 ,i w v5ture to say1 t !re exi/s 9 no language any?+ bett] ?\ght1 m t5d]1 m t\*+1 m sweetly express$1 ?an ! ',avis d'un ,proscrit a sa ,fill4' ,^? l9es1 s limpid1 s full ( unaffect$ delicacy1 7 writt5 on t v day :5 he 0 ab\t to enc\nt] volunt>ily an imm5se dang]4 ,! pres5tim5t ( a viol5t end almo/ inevitably did n di/urb him--8 h& trac$ ^? t]rible words1 ,ma mort1 ma mort pro*ane6 ) a firmness :i* ! ,/oics ( antiquity might h envi$4 ,s5sibility1 on ! contr>y1 obta9$ ! ma/]y :5 ! illu/ri\s proscrib$ 0 drawn into ! anticipation t ,madame de ,condorcet also might be involv$ 9 ! bloody cata/rophe t ?reat5$ him4 ,%\ld my daught] be de/9$ to lose all--?is is ! mo/ explicit allusion t ! husb& c ins]t 9 8 la/ writ+4 ,! ,te/am5t is %ort4 ,x 0 writt5 on ! fly-leaf ( a ',hi/ory ( ,spa94' ,9 x ,condorcet directs t 8 daught]1 9 case ( 8 wife's dea?1 %all be br\ght up by ,madame ,v]net1 :om %e is to call h] second "m1 & :o is to see h] s educat$ z to h means ( indep5d5t support ei!r f pa9t+ or engrav+4 ',%\ld x be necess>y = my *ild to quit ,france1 %e may c\nt on protection 9 ,engl& f my ,"l ,/anhope & my ,"l ,da]4 ,9 ,am]ica1 reliance may be plac$ on ,jeff]son & ,ba*e1 ! gr&son ( ,frankl94 ,%e is1 !re=e1 to make ! ,engli% language h] fir/ /udy4' ,su* 0 ! la/ epi/le ev] writt5 by ,condorcet4 ,not)/&+ ! precautions tak5 by 8 fri5ds1 he escap$ into ! /reets--f !nce hav+ appeal$ 9 va9 to fri5ds = assi/ance1 he visit$ "s qu>ries4 ,"h he rema9$ f ! #e? to ! ev5+ ( ! #g? ( ,april1 #agid4 ,hung] drove him to ! village ( ,clamait1 :5 he appli$ at an ho/elry = refre%m5t4 ,he describ$ himself z a c>p5t] out ( employm5t1 & ord]$ an omelet4 ,?is 0 an age ( suspicion1 & ! l&lord ( ! h\se soon discov]$ t ! w&]]'s h&s 7 :ite & undisfigur$ ) labor1 :ile 8 conv]sation bore no resemblance to t ( a common artific]4 ,! good dame ( ! h\se inquir$ h[ _m eggs he w\ld h 9 8 di%4 ,twelve1 0 ! answ]4 ,twelve eggs = a jo9]'s supp]6 ,?is 0 h]esy aga9/ ! equality ( man4 ,!y dem&$ 8 passport--he _h n got "o--! only appe>ance ( any?+ ( ! sort 0 a scrap ( pap]1 scrawl$ ov] ) ,lat9 epigrams4 ,?is 0 conclusive evid5ce to ! village ,dogb]ries t he 0 a traitor & an ari/ocrat4 ,! au?orities sign$ ! w>rant = 8 removal to ,p>is4 ,iron$ to two (fic]s !y />t$ on ! m>*4 ,! fir/ ev5+ !y arriv$ at ,b\rg-la-,re9e1 :]e !y deposit$ _! prison] 9 ! gaol ( t t[n4 ,9 ! morn+ ! gaol] f\nd him a corpse4 ,he _h tak5 a poison ( great =ce1 :i* he habitually c>ri$ 9 a r+4 ,?us end$ ! life ( ! great ,encyclopdi/--a man great by 8 _m virtues--:o reflect$ honor on ,france by 8 sci5ce1 8 lit]>y triumphs1 & 8 moral h]oism4 ,he _h n ! t[]+ en]gy ( ,m>at1 nor ! gu%+ eloqu5ce ( ,danton1 nei!r _h he ! sup]/iti\s devotion to ab/ract ideas :i* *>act]iz$ ! :ole c\rse ( ,robespi]re's life4 ,! oratory ( ,danton1 l t ( ,m>at1 only excit$ ! p to dissatisfaction2 !y /ruck d[n effete in/itutions1 b !y 7 n ! m5 to inaugurate a new society4 ,x is seldom we f9d ! pione]s ( civilization ! be/ me*anics4 ,!y /rike d[n ! =e/--!y turn ! und]gr[?--!y ?r[ a log ov] ! /ream1 b !y seldom re> factories1 or inv5t tubul> bridges4 ,among/ ! :ole ( ! h]oes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 we mu/ admire ! ,girondi/s1 z be+ ! mo/ d>+1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ con/ructive ( all :o met ei!r 9 ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly or ! ,conv5tion4 ,! ,jacob9 faction dealt simply ) politics ?r\gh ! ab/ract notions ( ,r\sseau3 b ( :at use are human rights if we h to beg9 de novo to put into op]ation8--r let u unite ! cons]vative educationalism ( ,socialism ) ! wild democracy ( ignorance4 ,politics nev] c be successful unless m>ri$ to ,socialism4 ,x 0 n long aft] ,condorcet's dea?1 be=e ! ,committee ( ,public ,in/ruction und]took ! *>ge ( publi%+ ! :ole ( 8 works4 ,= ?is !y h be5 c5sur$ on _m gr\nds4 ,we consid] t x 0 "o ( ! few good ?+s accompli%$ by t ,committee4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! works ( ?is writ] :i* h a di/9ctive peculi>ity to u2 few great writ]s :o direct op9ion at ! "t !y write1 appe> to po/]ity 9 ! same light z !y did to a public inflam$ by passion1 & trembl+ "u reit]at$ wrongs4 ,:5 we look at ! works ( ,d',holba*1 we f9d a /&>d treatise1 :i* is a l&-m>k to ! pres5t day2 b at ! "t ! ,sy/em ( ,nature 0 writt51 x _h n "o ti! ! popul>ity :i* x n[ enjoys2 x did n produce an effect sup]ior to a new s>casm ( ,voltaire1 or an epigram ( ,did]ot4 ,condorcet 0 r ! co-labor] & lit]ateur ( ! p>ty1 ?an ! prophet ( ! new s*ool4 ,voltaire 0 ! ,*ri/1 & ,condorcet ! ,/4 ,paul ( ! new fai?4 ,9 political economy1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,engli% & ,scot* s*ools 7 elaborat$ to _! fulle/ ext5t4 ,retr5*m5t 9 p5sions & sal>ies1 dim9ution ( armies1 equal taxation1 ! resumption by ! ,/ate ( all ! ,*ur* l&s1 ! developm5t ( ! agricultural & me*anical res\rces1 ! abolition ( ! monopolies1 total free trade1 local gov]nm5t1 & national education2 su*-7 ! doctr9es = :i* ,turgot f\ght1 & ,condorcet popul>iz$4 ,if !y _h be5 tak5 9 "t1 ,france w\ld h escap$ a revolution1 & ,europe w\ld h be5 rul$ by peace & fre$om4 ,x may be ask$1 :o br\ght ab\t ! advocacy ( ^? doctr9es1 = !y 7 n kn[n be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,!y 7 introduc$ z a novelty1 & def5d$ z a p>adox4 ,france _h be5 exhau/$ by w>s1 annoy$ by ennui1 brilliant above all by h] g5ius1 %e 0 /ruck ) lassitude = h] lic5ti\s crimes4 ,!re 0 an occasion = a new s*ool4 ,)\t x1 ,france1 l ,c>?age1 w\ld h bl$ to dea? on ! hecatomb ( h] own lu/4 ,h] lead+ m5 ca/ _! eyes to ,engl&2 x 0 !n ! mo/ progressive nation 9 exi/5ce4 ,! lead+ m5 ( t c\ntry 7 intimate ) ! rul]s ( ! ,fr5*2 ! books ( ea* l& 7 read ) avidity by _! neighbors2 a diff]5ce 0 obs]vable betwe5 ! two3 b h[ t diff]5ce 0 to be reconcil$ 0 pa/ ! skill ( ! wise/ to unravel4 ,engl& _h lib]al in/itutions1 & a p ) "p ( ! sub/ance1 & _m ( ! =ms ( ,lib]alism1 along ) a degree ( education :i* kept !m 9 comp>ative ignorance1 yet did n (f] any ob/acles to rais+ !mselves 9 ! social sph]e4 ,be=e ,france c\ld compete ) ,engl&1 %e _h to rid h]self ( ! feudal sy/em1 & obta9 a ,magna ,*>ta4 ,%e 0 above f\r c5turies beh9d-h& "h4 ,%e _h to w9 h] spurs ?r\gh revolutions1 l ^? ( ,cromwell's & t ( #afhh1 & ! /ill great] ones ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,free?9k]s ( ,engl& prep>$ ! ,:ig revolution ( ,william1 by advocat+ ! only s*eme :i* 0 at ! "t practicable1 = ( ! two--! ,prote/ant & ! ,ca?olic religion--! =m] is f> m conducive to ! lib]ties ( a p ?an ! latt]1 & at ! "t1 & we may also say1 ne>] ! pres5t1 ! p 7 n prep>$ = any organic *ange4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 a failure z a con/ructive ef=t2 x 0 a success z a gr& outbreak ( p[]2 %[+ politicians :]e 79 ! future7 to rely = success4 ,! m5 :o und]took to br+ ab\t ?is ,revolution are n to be c5sur$ = its non-success4 ,!y wi%$ to copy ,engli% in/itutions1 & adapt !m to ^? ( ! ,fr5*2 = ?is purpose1 ! ,cont95tal ,league 0 =m$1 ea* memb] ( :i* pl$g$ himself to uproot1 z f> z lay 9 8 p[]1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,france4 ,a secret "n 0 giv5 to x--,l',infame--& an organiz$ attack 0 spe$ily comm5c$4 ,! m5 at ! head ( ! movem5t1 besides ,voltaire & ,fr$]ick1 7 ,d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,grim1 ,/4 ,lamb]t1 ,condillac1 ,helvetius1 ,jordan1 ,lal&e1 ,montesquieu1 & a ho/ ( o!rs ( less note4 ,con-dorcet1 be+ secret>y ( ! ,academy1 correspond$ )1 & direct$ ! movem5ts ( all1 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 *ief4 ,e new book 0 criticis$--refutations 7 publi%$ to ! lead+ !ological works ( ! age2 b by f> ! roo/ effective progress 0 made by ! means ( poems1 essays1 romances1 epigrams1 & sci5tific pap]s4 ,! songs ( ,france at ?is era 7 writt5 by ! philosoph]s2 & ?is _s 0 diffus$ among ! p4 ,9 a c\ntry s volatile & excitable z ! ,fr5*1 x is difficult to e/imate too highly ! p[] ( a ballad w>f>e4 ,! morality ( ,abbots & ,nuns 7 sung 9 /ra9s z rhapsodical1 & c\plets z voluptu\s z ! vag>ies ( ! ,songs ( ,solomon4 ,mu* discretion 0 requir$1 t no sep>ate species ( w>f>e %\ld be ov]done1 le/ a nausea ( s5tim5t %\ld rev]t ^u ! au?ors1 & ?us lead to a reaction m sangu9>y ?an ! =ce ( ! philosoph]s c\ld control4 ,9 all ^? cases ,condorcet 0 ! prime mov] & ! ag5t conc]n$4 ,he communicat$ ) ,voltaire on e new !ory1 & advis$ him :5 & h[ to /rike1 & :5 to re/4 ,9 all ^? matt]s ,condorcet 0 obey$4 ,!re 0 a small] section ( ! m s]i\s philosoph]s :o sympa?iz$ )1 yet did n labor simultane\sly = ! common cause--^? m51 ! extreme ,a!i/s--clev] b cauti\s--m5 :o risk$ no?+--,mirabeau & ,d',holba* 7 ! types ( ?is class4 ,x is well kn[n t bo? ,fr$]ick1 ,voltaire1 & ,condorcet oppos$ ^? sections1 z likely to be aim+ at too mu* = ! "t4 ,:5 x 0 consid]$ prud5t to take a m decid$ /ep1 ! ,encyclopdia 0 =m$4 ,condorcet _h a pr9cipal "p 9 ?is "w1 :i* %ook prie/craft on its ?rone2 x spread con/]nation :]e-ev] x appe>$1 & 0 "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! great outbreak4 ,no "o c suffici5tly praise a "w ( su* magnitude2 nor c any "o pr$icate :5 its effects w cease4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,condorcet1 by ,arago1 !re is a curi\s extract copi$ f a collection ( anecdotes1 said to be compil$ f 8 note-books1 & dignifi$ ) ! title ( ,mmoires de ,condorcet4 ,x relates to a conv]sation betwe5 ! ,abbe ,galiana & ,did]ot1 9 :i* x is said ,condorcet acquiesc$4 ,! subject is ! fair sex3-- ,did]ot4--,h[ d y def9e woman8 ,galiana4--,an animal naturally feeble & sick4 ,did]ot4--,feeble8 ,has %e n z mu* c\rage z man8 ,galiana4--,d y "k :at c\rage is8 ,x is ! effect ( t]ror4 ,y let y\r leg be cut (f1 because y are afraid ( dy+4 ,wise p are nev] c\rage\s--!y are prud5t--t is to say1 poltroons4 ,did]ot4--,:y call y woman naturally sick6 ,galiana4--,l all animals1 %e is sick until %e atta9s h] p]fect gr[?4 ,!n %e has a peculi> symptom :i* takes up ! fif? "p ( h] "t4 ,!n come bre$+ & nurs+1 two long & tr\blesome compla9ts4 ,9 %ort1 !y h only int]vals ( heal?1 until !y turn a c]ta9 corn]1 & !n elles ne sont plus de malades peut-tre--elles ne sont que des reilles4 ,did]ot4--,obs]ve h] at a ball1 no vigor1 !n1 ,m4 l',abbe8 ,galiana4--,/op ! fiddles6 put out ! lights6 %e w sc>cely crawl to h] coa*4 ,did]ot4--,see h] 9 love4 ,galiana4--,x is pa9ful to see anybody 9 a fev]4 ,did]ot4--,m4 l',abbe1 h y no fai? 9 education8 ,galiana4--,n s mu* z 9 in/9ct4 ,a woman is habitually ill4 ,%e is affectionate1 engag+1 irritable1 caprici\s1 easily (f5d$1 easily appeas$1 a trifle amuses h]4 ,! imag9ation is always 9 play4 ,fe>1 hope1 joy1 despair1 & disgu/1 foll[ ea* o!r m rapidly1 are manife/$ m /rongly1 effac$ m quickly1 ?an ) u4 ,!y l a pl5tiful repose1 at int]vals company2 any?+ = excitem5t4 ,ask ! doctor if x is n ! same ) 8 pati5ts4 ,b ask y\rself1 d we n all treat !m z we d sick p1 lavi% att5tion1 soo!1 flatt]1 c>ess1 & get tir$ ( !m8 ,condorcet1 9 a lett]1 rem>k+ on ! above conv]sation1 says3--,i d n insi/ ^u x z probable t woman w ev] be ,eul] or ,voltaire2 b ,i am satisfi$ t %e may "o day be ,pascal or ,r\sseau4 ,?is v qualification1 we consid]1 is suffici5t to absolve ,condorcet f1 ! *>ge ( be+ a woman hat]4 ,8 oppon5ts1 :5 driv5 f e o!r s\rce1 h fall5 back on ?is1 & alleg$ t he view$ ! sexes z unequal1 & t ! /rong] _h a "r to "l x ov] ! weak]4 ,b :i* is ! weak]8 ,eul] & ,voltaire 7 mascul9e m54 ,a woman to be mascul9e1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 is an anomaly1 to be witness$ ) pa94 ,%e is n 9 a normal condition4 ,%e is a mon/]4 ,wom5 %\ld live 9 society fully educat$ & develop$ 9 _! physical frame1 & !n !y w\ld be m fem99e 9 proportion z !y approa* ! "* ( ,m>y ,woll/onecraft4 ,!y h no "r to dom9e] z tyrants1 & !n fall into ! mo/ abject ( slaves4 ,9 ea* ( ! *>act]s ( ,pascal & ,r\sseau1 0 an excess ( s5sibility1 :i* ov]balanc$ _! o!r qualities1 & r5d]$ _! o!rwise great tal5ts wayw>d1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 fruitless4 ,! peculi>ity ( man is physical p[]1 & intellectual =ce2 t ( woman is an acute s5sibility4 ,condorcet1 !n1 0 ju/ifi$ 9 express+ ! op9ions he av[$ ^u ! subject4 ,9 a pap]1 9 ! ye> #agff1 read be=e ! ,academy1 on ,ought ,popul> ,errors to be ,eradicat$6 ,condorcet says1 ,if ! p are (t5 tempt$ to commit crimes 9 ord] t !y may obta9 ! necess>ies ( life1 x is ! fault ( ! laws2 &1 z bad laws are ! product ( errors1 x w\ld be m simple to aboli% ^? errors ?an to add o!rs = ! correction ( _! natural effects4 ,error1 no d\bt1 may d "s good2 x may prev5t "s crimes1 b x w occasion mis*iefs great] ?an ^!4 ,by putt+ nons5se into ! heads ( ! p1 y make !m /upid2 & f /upidity to f]ocity !re is b a /ep4 ,consid]--if ! motives y sugge/ = be+ j make b a slight impression on ! m9d1 t w n direct ! conduct--if ! impressions be lively1 !y w produce en?usiasm1 & en?usiasm = error4 ,n[1 ! ignorant en?usia/ is no long] a man2 he is ! mo/ t]rible ( wild bea/s4 ,9 fact1 ! numb] ( crim9als among ! m5 ) prejudices 7,*ri/ians7 is 9 great] proportion to ! total numb] ( our population1 ?an ! numb] ( crim9als 9 ! class above prejudices 7,free?9k]s7 is to ! total ( t class4 ,i am n ignorant t1 9 ! actual /ate ( ,europe1 ! p are n1 p]haps1 at all prep>$ = a true doctr9e ( morals2 b ?is degrad$ obtus5ess is ! "w ( social in/itutions & ( sup]/itions4 ,m5 are n born blockheads2 !y become su*4 ,by speak+ reason to ! p1 ev5 9 ! little "t !y give to ! cultivation ( _! intellect1 we might easily tea* !m ! little t x is necess>y = !m to "k4 ,ev5 ! idea ( ! respect t !y %\ld h = ! prop]ty ( ! ri*1 is only difficult to be ins9uat$ among !m--fir/1 because !y look on ri*es z a sort ( usurpation1 ( !ft p]petrat$ ^u !m1 & unhappily ?is op9ion is 9 great "p true--secondly1 because _! excessive pov]ty makes !m always consid] !mselves 9 ! case ( absolute necessity--a case 9 :i* ev5 v sev]e morali/s h be5 ( _! m9d--?irdly1 because !y are z mu* despis$ & maltreat$ = be+ poor1 z !y w\ld be aft] !y _h l[]$ !mselves by l>c5ies4 ,x is m]ely1 !re=e1 because in/itutions are bad1 t ! p are s commonly a little ?ievi% ^u pr9ciple4 ,we %\ld h mu* lik$ to h giv5 "s ext5d$ quotations f ! works ( ,condorcet2 b1 ow+ to _! g5]al "*1 we _c extract any philosophic =mula :i* w\ld be g5]ally int]e/+4 ,8 ,lettres d'un ,?ologi5 are well des]v+ ( a repr9t2 !y creat$ an a/\nd+ s5sation :5 !y appe>$1 be+ tak5 = ! "w ( ,voltaire--! light1 easy1 graceful /yle1 ) deeply conceal$ irony1 ! cru%+ retort & ! fi]y s>casm4 ,!y made ev5 prie/s laugh by _! ,attic wit & incongru\s similes4 ,b x 0 9 ! ,academy :]e ,condorcet's influ5ce 0 supreme4 ,he immortaliz$ ! h]oes z !y fell1 & pu%$ ! cause on by 8 pr(essional duties4 ,he 0 always awake to ! call ( duty1 & nobly did he "w 8 batt]y4 ,he is n[ 9 ! la/ gr& sleep ( man--! fl[]s ( poesy are wov5 9 am>yn? wrea?s ov] 8 tomb4 ,a4,c4 ,,sp9oza4 ,b>u* ,sp9oza1 or ,esp9oza1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,b5$ict ,sp9oza 7z r5d]$ by himself 9 ! ,lat9 language17 0 born at ,am/]dam1 9 ,holl&1 on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #afcb4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ?is date1 z !re are sev]al dates fix$ by diff]5t au?ors1 bo? = 8 bir? & dea?1 b we h adopt$ ! biography giv5 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,brud]1 9 ! preface to 8 edition ( ,sp9oza's works4 ,8 p>5ts 7 ,jews ( ! middle1 or1 p]haps1 some:at humbl] class4 ,8 fa!r 0 orig9ally a ,spani% m]*ant1 :o1 to escape p]secution1 _h emigrat$ to ,holl&4 ,al?\gh ! life ( our great philosoph] is "o full ( int]e/+ incid5ts1 & des]ves to be treat$ fully1 we h b room to give a v brief sket*1 ref]r+ our read]s1 :o may wi% to le>n m ( ,sp9oza's life1 to ,lewes's ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,no4 #gg1 & ,encyclopdia ,brittannica4 p4 #add4 ,8 doctr9es we w let speak = !mselves 9 8 own words1 tru/+ !reby to give ! read] an opportunity ( kn[+ :o & :at ,sp9oza really 04 ,"o man %r9ks ) horror f him z an ,a!i/4 ,voltaire says1 t he 0 an ,a!i/1 & taught ,a!ism4 ,ano!r calls him a ,god-intoxicat$ man4 ,we pres5t him a mighty ?9k]1 a ma/] m9d1 a noble1 fe>less utt]] ( free & noble ?\ghts1 a h>d-work+1 hone/1 indep5d5t man2 z "o :o1 two c5turies ago1 gave =? to ! _w a s]ies ( ?9k+s :i* h cru%$1 ) resi/less =ce1 ! !ological %ell 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! prie/s hide ! k]nel tru?4 ,sp9oza appe>s 9 8 boyhood to h be5 an apt s*ol>1 & to h rapidly ma/]$ ! tasks set him by 8 tea*]s4 ,full ( rabb9ical lore he won ! admiration ( ! ,rabbi ,moses ,mortira1 b ! pupil rose high] ?an 8 ma/]1 & attempt$ to solve problems :i* ! le>n$ rabbis 7 cont5t to rev]5ce z my/]ies n capable ( solution4 ,fir/ !y remon/rat$1 !n ?reat5$2 /ill ,sp9oza p]sev]$ 9 8 /udies1 & 9 mak+ kn[n ! result to ^? ar\nd him4 ,he 0 ?reat5$ ) excommunication1 & )drew himself f ! synagogue4 ,"o m ef=t 0 made by ! rabbis1 :o (f]$ ,sp9oza a p5sion ( ab\t #ajj a-ye> if he w\ld att5d ! synagogue m frequ5tly1 & cons5t to be sil5t ) reg>d to 8 philosophical ?9k+s4 ,?is (f] he indignantly refus$4 ,reason fail+1 ?reats prov+ futile1 & gold be+ treat$ ) scorn1 "o 0 f\nd suffici5tly fanatic to try a fur!r exp]im5t1 :i* result$ 9 an attempt on ,sp9oza's life2 ! knife1 h[ev]1 luckily miss$ its aim1 & our h]o escap$4 ,at la/1 9 ! ye> #affj1 ,sp9oza1 be+ !n tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 0 solemnly excommunicat$ f ! synagogue4 ,8 fri5ds & relations %ut _! doors aga9/ him4 ,an outca/ f ! home ( 8 y\?1 he ga9$ a humble livelihood by poli%+ glasses = microscopes1 telescopes1 etc41 at :i* he 0 v exp]t4 ,:ile ?us acquir+1 by 8 own h&iwork1 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 he 0 /udy+ h>d1 devot+ e possible h\r to philosophical rese>*4 ,sp9oza became ma/] ( ! ,dut*1 ,hebrew1 ,g]man1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,lat9 languages1 ! latt] ( :i* he acquir$ 9 ! h\se ( "o ,francis ,van d5 ,ende1 f :om x is m ?an probable he receiv$ z mu* in/ruction 9 ,a!ism z 9 ,lat94 ,sp9oza only appe>s to h once fall5 9 love1 & ?is 0 ) ,van d5 ,ende's daught]1 :o 0 h]self a good l+ui/1 & :o gave ,sp9oza in/ruction 9 ,lat94 ,%e1 h[ev]1 al?\gh will+ to be 8 in/ructress & companion 9 a philogical pa?1 decl9$ to accept 8 love1 & ?us ,sp9oza 0 left to philosophy alone4 ,aft] 8 excommunication he retir$ to ,rhynsburg1 ne> ! ,city ( ,leyd51 9 ,holl&1 & !re /udi$ ! works ( ,desc>tes4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds he publi%$ an abridgm5t ( ! ,m$itations ( ! great fa!r ( philosophy1 :i* creat$ a pr(\nd s5sation4 ,9 an app5dix to ?is abridgm5t 7 conta9$ ! g]ms ( ^? ?9k+s 9 :i* ! pupil outdid ! ma/]1 & ! /ud5t progress$ beyond ! philosoph]4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #affd1 ,sp9oza remov$ to ,woorburg1 a small village ne> ! ,hague1 :]e he 0 visit$ by p]sons f diff]5t p>ts1 attract$ by 8 fame z a philosoph]2 & at la/1 aft] _m solicitations he came to ! ,hague1 & resid$ !re altoge!r4 ,9 #afgj he publi%$ 8 ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus4 ,?is rais$ him a ho/ ( oppon5ts2 _m writ]s ru%$ eag] = ! fray1 to tilt ) ! poor ,dut* ,jew4 ,8 book 0 (ficially condemn$ & =bidd51 & a ho/ ( refutations 787 7 circulat$ aga9/ x4 ,9 spite ( ! condemnation x has outliv$ ! refutations4 ,sp9oza di$ on ! #ba/ or #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 #afgg1 9 8 =ty-fif? ye>1 & 0 buri$ on ! #be? ( ,febru>y at ! ,hague4 ,he 0 frugal 9 8 habits1 subsi/+ indep5d5tly on ! e>n+s ( 8 own h&s4 ,honorable 9 all ?+s1 he refus$ to accept ! *air ( ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 (f]$ to him by ! ,elector1 & ?is because he did n wi% to be circumscrib$ 9 8 ?9k+1 or 9 ! fre$om ( utt]ance ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,he also refus$ a p5sion (f]$ to him by ,l\is ,,xiv1 say+ t he _h no int5tion ( d$icat+ any?+ to t mon>*4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ,sp9oza's works3--,pr9cipiorum ,philosophise ,r5ati ,desc>tes2 ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus2 ,e?ica2 ,tractatus ,politi-cus2 ,de ,em&atione ,intellectus2 ,epi/ol2 ,grammaticus ,hebrac1 etc4 ,!re are also sev]al spuri\s works ascrib$ to ,sp9oza4 ,! ,tractatus ,politicus has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,william ,maccall1 :o seems fully to appreciate ! greatness ( ! philosoph]1 al?\gh he w n admit ! usefulness ( ,sp9oza's logic4 ,maccall does n see ! utility ( t v logic :i* compell$ him to admit ,sp9oza's tru?4 ,we are n aw>e ( any o!r translation ( ,sp9oza's works except t ( a small portion ( 8 ,e?ica1 by ,lewes4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #afgg1 comm5c$ ) eight def9itions1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ axioms & propositions1 7 repr9t$ f ! ,we/m9/] ,review 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,reason3-- ,,def9itions4 ,i4 ,by cause ( itself ,i und]/& t1 ! ess5ce ( :i* involves exi/5ce3 or t1 ! nature ( :i* c only be consid]$ z exi/5t4 ,,ii4 ,a ?+ f9ite is t :i* c be limit$ 7t]m9>i pote/7 by ano!r ?+ ( ! same nature--ergo1 body is said to be f9ite because x c always be conceiv$ z l>g]4 ,s ?\ght is limit$ by o!r ?\ghts4 ,b body does n limit ?\ght1 nor ?\ght limit body4 ,,iii4 ,by sub/ance ,i und]/& t :i* is 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ p] se--t is1 ! conception ( :i* does n require ! conception ( any?+ else z antec$5t to x4 ,,iv4 ,by attribute ,i und]/& t :i* ! m9d p]ceives z con/itut+ ! v ess5ce ( sub/ance4 ,v4 ,by modes ,i und]/& ! accid5ts 7affectiones7 ( sub/ance2 or t :i* is 9 some?+ else1 ?r\gh :i* also x is conceiv$4 ,,vi4 ,by ,god ,i und]/& ! be+ absolutely inf9ite2 t is1 ! sub/ance consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses an inf9ite & et]nal ess5ce4 ,explication1 ,i say absolutely inf9ite1 b n 9 suo g5]e2 = to :atev] is inf9ite1 b n 9 suo g5]e1 we c d5y inf9ite attributes2 b t :i* is absolutely inf9ite1 to its ess5ce p]ta9s ev]y?+ :i* implies ess5ce1 & involves no negation4 ,,vii4 ,t ?+ is said to be free :i* exi/s by ! sole necessity ( its nature1 & by itself alone is det]m9$ to action4 ,b t is necess>y1 or r con/ra9$1 :i* owes its exi/5ce to ano!r1 & acts accord+ to c]ta9 & det]m9ate causes4 ,,viii4 ,by et]nity ,i und]/& exi/5ce itself1 9 z f> z x is conceiv$ necess>ily to foll[ f ! sole def9ition ( an et]nal ?+4 ,,axioms4 ,i4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is1 is 9 itself1 or 9 "s o!r ?+4 ,,ii4 ,t :i* _c be conceiv$ ?r\gh ano!r1 p] aliud mu/ be conceiv$1 p] se4 ,,iii4 ,f a giv5 det]m9ate cause ! effect necess>ily foll[s1 & vice v]sa4 ,if no det]m9ate cause be giv51 no effect c foll[4 ,,iv4 ,! k ( an effect dep5ds on ! k ( ! cause1 & includes x4 ,v4 ,?+s t h no?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r _c be und]/ood by means ( ea* o!r--t is1 ! conception ( "o1 does n involve ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,,vi4 ,a true idea mu/ agree ) its orig9al 9 nature4 ,,vii4 ,:atev] c be cle>ly conceiv$ z non-exi/5t does n1 9 its ess5ce1 involve exi/5ce4 ,,propositions4 ,i4 ,sub/ance is prior 9 nature to its accid5ts4 ,demon/ration4 ,p] def9itions ?ree & five4 ,,ii4 ,two sub/ances1 hav+ diff]5t attributes1 h no?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,dem4 ,?is foll[s f def4 ?ree2 = ea* sub/ance mu/ be conceiv$ 9 itself & ?r\gh itself2 9 o!r words1 ! conception ( "o does n involve ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,,iii4 ,( ?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common1 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,dem4 ,if !y h no?+ 9 common1 !n 7p] axiom five7 !y _c be conceiv$ by means ( ea* o!r2 ergo 7p] axiom f\r17 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,iv4 ,two or m di/9ct ?+s are di/+ui%$ among !mselves1 ei!r ?r\gh ! div]sity ( _! attributes1 or ?r\gh t ( _! modes4 ,dem4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is1 9 itself1 or 9 "s o!r ?+ 7p] ax4 "o7--t is 7p] def4 ?ree & five17 !re is no?+ out ( ourselves 7extra intellectum1 outside ! intellect7 b sub/ance & its modes4 ,!re is no?+ out ( ourselves :]eby ?+s c be di/+ui%$ among/ "o ano!r1 except sub/ances1 or 7:i* is ! same ?+1 p] def4 l\r7 _! attributes & modes4 ,v4 ,x is impossible t !re %\ld be two or m sub/ances ( ! same nature1 or ( ! same attributes4 ,dem4 ,if !re are _m diff]5t sub/ances !y mu/ be di/+ui%$ by ! div]sity ( _! attributes or ( _! modes 7p] prop4 #d47 ,if only by ! div]sity ( _! attributes1 x is !reby conc$$ t !re is1 nev]!less1 only "o sub/ance ( ! same attribute2 b if _! div]sity ( modes1 !n1 sub/ance be+ prior 9 ord] ( "t to its modes1 x mu/ be consid]$ indep5d5t ( !m--t is 7p] def4 ?ree & six17 _c be conceiv$ z di/+ui%$ f ano!r--t is 7p] prop1 f\r17 !re _c be _m sub/ances1 b only "o sub/ance4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,vi4 ,"o sub/ance _c be creat$ by ano!r sub/ance4 ,dem4 ,!re _c be two sub/ances ) ! same attributes 7p] prop1 five7--t is 7p] prop4 two17 t h>e any?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r2 &1 !re=e 7p] prop1 ?ree17 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,coroll>y #a4 ,h5ce x foll[s t sub/ance _c be creat$ by any?+ else4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 nature except sub/ance & its modes 7p] axiom "o1 & def4 ?ree & five47 ,n[1 ?is sub/ance1 n be+ produc$ by ano!r1 is self-caus$4 ,coroll>y #b4 ,?is proposition is m easily to be demon/rat$ by ! absurdity ( its contradiction2 = if sub/ance c be produc$ by any?+ else1 ! conception ( x w\ld dep5d on ! conception ( ! cause 7p] axiom f\r17 & h5ce 7p] def4 ?ree17 x w\ld n be sub/ance4 ,,vii4 ,x p]ta9s to ! nature ( sub/ance to exi/4 ,dem4 ,sub/ance _c be produc$ by any?+ else 7p] coroli4 prop1 six17 & is !re=e ! cause ( itself--t is 7p] def4 "o17 its ess5ce necess>ily involves exi/5ce2 or x p]ta9s to ! nature ( sub/ance to exi/4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,viii4 ,all sub/ance is necess>ily inf9ite4 ,dem4 ,!re exi/s b "o sub/ance ( ! same attribute2 & x mu/ ei!r exi/ z inf9ite or f9ite4 ,b n f9ite1 = 7p] def4 two7 z f9ite x mu/ be limit$ by ano!r sub/ance ( ! same nature1 & 9 t case !re w\ld be two sub/ances ( ! same attributes1 :i* 7p] prop1 five7 is absurd4 ,sub/ance !re=e is inf9ite4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,s*olium ,i4--,i d n d\bt b t to all :o judge confus$ly ( ?+s1 & are n wont to inquire into fir/ causes1 x w be difficult to admit ! demon/ration ( prop4 #g1 because !y d n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 ! modifications ( sub/ances1 & sub/ances !mselves1 & are ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?+s are produc$4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! comm5cem5t :i* !y see natural ?+s h1 !y attribute to sub/ances2 = he :o kn[s n ! true cause ( ?+s1 conf\nds all ?+s1 & feigns t trees talk l m52 t m5 are =m$ f /ones z well z f se$s1 & t all =ms c be *ang$ into all o!r =ms4 ,s1 also1 ^? :o conf\nd ! div9e nature ) ! human1 naturally attribute human affections to ,god1 especially z !y are ignorant ( h[ ^! affections are produc$ 9 ! m9d4 ,if m5 att5d$ to ! nature ( sub/ance1 !y w\ld n1 9 ! lea/1 d\bt proposition sev52 nay1 ?is proposition w\ld be an axiom to all1 & w\ld be numb]$ among common notions4 ,= by sub/ance !y w\ld und]/& t :i* exi/s 9 itself1 & is conc]n$ ?r\gh itself--i4e41 ! k ( :i* does n require ! k ( any?+ z antec$5t to x4 ,b by modification !y w\ld und]/& t :i* is 9 ano!r ?+1 ! conception ( :i* is =m$ by ! conception ( ! ?+ 9 :i* x is1 or to :i* x belongs4 ,we c h1 !re=e1 correct ideas ( non-exi/5t modifications1 because1 al?\gh out ( ! und]/&+ !y h no reality1 yet _! ess5ce is s compreh5d$ 9 t ( ano!r1 t !y c be conceiv$ ?r\gh ?is o!r4 ,! tru? ( sub/ance 7out ( ! und]/&+7 lies n[h]e b 9 itself1 because x is conceiv$ p] se4 ,if !re=e any "o says he has a cle> idea ( sub/ance1 & yet d\bt :e!r su* sub/ance exi/1 ?is w\ld be z mu* z to say t he has a true idea1 & nev]!less d\bts :e!r x be n false 7z a little att5tion suffici5tly manife/s27 or if any man affirms sub/ance to be creat$1 he at ! same "t affirms t a true idea has become false1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m absurd4 ,h5ce x is necess>ily confess$ t ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance1 z well z its ess5ce1 is an et]nal tru?4 ,& h5ce we mu/ conclude t !re is only "o sub/ance possess+ ! same attribute1 :i* requires "h a full] developm5t4 ,i note !re=e--#a4 ,t ! correct def9ition ( a ?+ includes & expresses no?+ b ! nature ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,f :i* foll[s--#b4 ,t no def9ition includes or expresses a di/9ct numb] ( individuals1 because x expresses no?+ b ! nature ( ! ?+ def9$2 ergo1 ! def9ition ( a triangle expresses no m ?an ! nature ( a triangle1 & n any fix$ numb] ( triangles4 #c4 ,!re mu/ necess>ily be a di/9ct cause = ! exi/5ce ( e exi/+ ?+4 #d4 ,?is cause1 by reason ( :i* any?+ exi/s1 mu/ ei!r be conta9$ 9 ! nature & def9ition ( ! exi/+ ?+ 7viz41 t x p]ta9s to its nature to exi/17 or else mu/ be beyond x--mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f x4 ,z !re=e x p]ta9s to ! nature ( sub/ance to exi/1 s mu/ its def9ition include a necess>y exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly f its sole def9ition we mu/ conclude its exi/5ce4 ,b z f its def9ition1 z already %[n 9 notes two & ?ree1 x is n possible to conclude ! exi/5ce ( _m sub/ances--ergo1 x necess>ily foll[s t only "o sub/ance ( ! same nature c exi/4 ,x w be necess>y = ! read] to rememb] t ,sp9oza comm5c$ 8 philosophical /udies at ! same po9t ) ,desc>tes4 ,bo? recogniz$ exi/5ce z ! primal fact1 self-evid5t & indisputable4 ,b :ile ,desc>tes _h1 9 "s mann]1 fa%ion$ a quality--,god & ,god-creat$ sub/ance--,sp9oza only f\nd "o1 sub/ance1 ! def9ition ( :i* includ$ exi/5ce4 ,by 8 f\r? proposition 7( ?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common1 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r1 7 he de/roy$ ! creation !ory1 because by t !ory ,god is assum$ to be a _s hav+ no?+ 9 common ) matt]1 yet act+ on matt]2 & ,lewes speaks ( ! f\r? proposition 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,?is fallacy has be5 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial corrupt]s ( philosophical speculation4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 undisput$1 & mo/ metaphysicians /ill adh]e to x4 ,! ass]tion is t only l c act ^u l2 b al?\gh x is true t l produces 7causes7 l1 x is also true t l produces unlike2 ?us fire produces pa9 :5 appli$ to our bodies2 explosion :5 appli$ to gunp[d]2 *>coal :5 appli$ to wood2 all ^! effects are unlike ! cause4 ,we _c help ?9k+ t 9 ?is in/ance1 ! usually ?\ghtful ,lewes has ei!r confus$ sub/ance ) its modes1 or1 = ! sake ( produc+ a tempor>y effect1 has desc5d$ to m]e sophism4 ,sp9oza's proposition is1 t sub/ances hav+ no?+ 9 common1 _c act on "o ano!r4 ,lewes deals ) sev]al modes ( ! same sub/ance z ?\gh !y 7 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,way1 m1 to make 8 argum5t ! m plausible1 he entirely ignores 9 x t n\m5on ( :i* he speaks z und]ly+ all ph5om5a1 & uses ea* ph5om5on z a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,9 ea* ( ! in/ances m5tion$1 h[ev] v>i$ may be ! modification1 ! ess5ce is ! same4 ,!y are m]ely examples ( "o portion ( ! :ole act+ ^u ano!r portion1 & !re is t 9 ea* mode :i* is common to ! :ole1 & by means ( :i* ! action takes place4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ,sp9oza's ,god & ,div9e ,sub/ance1 & we mu/ ref] ! read] to ,def9ition ,six1 9 :i* ,god is def9$ z be+ inf9ite sub/ance4 ,n[1 al?\gh we %\ld be cont5t to /rike ! ^w ,god out ( our own tablet ( philosophical nom5clature1 z be+ a mu* misus$1 misrepres5t$1 & entirely useless ^w1 yet we mu/ be v c>eful1 :5 we f9d ano!r man us+ ! ^w1 to get 8 precise def9ition1 & n to use any-o!r ourselves :ile 9 8 company4 ,sp9oza1 :5 ask$ ,:at "n d y atta* to inf9ite sub/ance8 says1 ,god4--,if he _h said any o!r ^w we c\ld n h qu>rell$ ) him s long z he def9$ ! ^w1 & adh]$ /rictly to ! t]ms ( 8 def9ition1 al?\gh we might regret t he _h n ei!r co9$ a ^w = himself1 or us$ "o less maltreat$ by ! mass4 ,sp9oza said1 ,i c only take cognizance ( "o sub/ance 7( :i* ,i am "p7 hav+ inf9ite attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght4 ,i take cognizance ( sub/ance by its modes1 & 9 my consci\sness ( exi/5ce4 ,e ?+ is a mode ( ! attribute ( ext5sion1 e ?\ght1 wi%1 or feel+1 a mode ( ! attribute ( ?\ght4 ,i call ?is1 sub/ance1 ) inf9ite attributes1 ,god4 ,sp9oza1 l all o!r ?9k]s1 f\nd himself ov]p[]$ by ! illimitable va/ness ( ! inf9ite :5 attempt+ to grasp x by 8 m5tal p[]s1 b unlike o!r m5 he did n endeavor to relieve himself by sep>at+ himself f t inf9ite2 b1 kn[+ he 0 a "p ( ! :ole1 n divisible f ! rema9d]1 he 0 cont5t to aim at p]fect+ 8 k ( exi/5ce r ?an at dogmatis+ ^u an indef9able ^w1 :i*1 if x repres5t$ any?+1 pr(ess$ to repres5t an incompreh5sible exi/5ce f> beyond 8 rea*4 ,we ought n to wond] t 9 _m p>ts ( ,sp9oza's writ+s we f9d ! ^w ,god treat$ 9 a less coh]5t mann] ?an w\ld be possible "u ! def9ition giv5 9 8 ,e?ics1 & = ^! reasons3--,sp9oza1 f 8 cradle upw>ds1 _h be5 surr\nd$ ) books & traditions sanctifi$ by ! pa/1 & impress$ on 8 will+ m9d by 8 family1 8 tutors1 & ! heads ( 8 *ur*2 a m9d l 8 ga!r$ all t 0 giv51 ev5 m quickly ?an x 0 (f]$1 /ill crav+ = m--m light--m light--& at la/ light came bur/+ on ! "y ?9k] l a lightn+ fla% at d>k midnight1 reveal+ 8 m9d 9 *a9s1 :i* _h be5 ca/ r\nd him 9 8 nurs]y1 8 s*ool1 8 college1 8 synagogue4 ,by a mighty ef=t he bur/ ^! *a9s1 & walk$ =? a free man1 despite ! entreaties ( 8 family1 ! reason+s ( ! rabbis1 ! knife ( ! fanatic1 ! curse ( 8 *ur*1 & ! edict ( ! /ate4 ,b %\ld x be a matt] ( surprise to u t "s ( ! l9ks ( ^? brok5 *a9s %\ld /ill hang on ! "y philosoph]1 &1 seem+ to be a "p ( himself1 almo/ imp]ceptibly incl9e to old ways ( ?9k+1 & to old modes ( utt]ance ( ^? ?\ghts6 ,wond] n t a few l9ks bang ab\t him1 b r t he ev] succe$$ 9 break+ ^? *a9s at all4 ,sp9oza1 aft] 8 secession f 8 synagogue1 became logically an ,a!i/2 education & e>ly impressions enl>g$ ?is into a less cle>ly-def9$ ,pan!ism2 b ! logic comes to u nak$1 disrob$ ( all by :i* x might h be5 surr\nd$ 9 ,sp9oza's m9d4 ,if t logic be correct1 !n all ! !ologies ( ! _w are false4 ,we h pres5t$ x to ! read] to judge ( = himself4 ,_m m5 h writt5 aga9/ x2 ( ^! "s h misund]/ood1 "s h misrepres5t$1 "s h fail$1 & few h left u a pro( t !y _h endeavor$ to deal ) ,sp9oza on 8 own gr\nd4 ,maccall says1 ,9 ! glori\s ?rong ( h]oic names1 !re are few nobl] ?an ,sp9oza's4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! e/imate we may =m ( 8 philosophy1 !re is some?+ unspeakably int]e/+ 9 ! life & ! "* ( ! man4 ,9 8 metaphysical sy/em !re are two ?+s exce$+ly di/9ct4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! imm5se & prodigi\s1 b t]rible ma!matical skeleton1 :i* 8 subtle intellect b9ds up & ?r[s z calmly into space z we drop a pebble into ! wat]1 & ^: bones1 /rik+ aga9/ ! wreck ( all t is sacr$ 9 belief1 or bold 9 speculation1 rattle a wild response to our wilde/ phantasies1 & drive u almo/ to ?9k 9 despair t ?9k+ is madness2 & !re is1 secondly1 ! div9e/ vision ( ! inf9ite1 & ! div9e/ inc5se :i* ! intuition ( ! inf9ite ev] yet p\r$ =? at ! alt> ( creation4 ,! ,treatise on ,politics is n ,sp9oza's greate/ "w2 x is1 9 all respects1 inf]ior to ! ,e?ics1 & to ! ,!ologico-,political ,treatise4 ,b !re are 9 politics c]ta9 et]nal pr9ciples1 & x is = sett+ =? & elucidat+ ^! t ! ,treatise ( ,sp9oza is s valuable4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( t ,treatise1 aft] def9+ :at he means by nature1 etc41 he1 on ! six? section1 proce$s z foll[s3--,b _m believe t ! ignorant di/urb m ?an foll[ ! ord] ( nature1 & conceive ( m5 9 nature z a /ate )9 ! /ate4 ,= !y ass]t t ! human m9d has n be5 produc$ by any natural causes1 b creat$ imm$iately by ,god1 & !reby r5d]$ s indep5d5t ( o!r ?+s z to h absolute p[] ( det]m9+ itself1 & ( us+ reason aright4 ,b exp]i5ce tea*es u m ?an en\gh1 t x is no m 9 our p[] to h a s\nd m9d ?an a s\nd body4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ev]y?+1 z f> z x is able1 /rives to cons]ve its be+1 we _c d\bt t if x 7 equally 9 our p[] to live accord+ to ! prescripts ( reason1 z to be l$ by bl9d desire1 all w\ld seek ! guidance ( reason & live wisely1 :i* is n ! case4 ,= e "o is ! slave ( ! p>ticul> pleasure to :i* he is mo/ atta*$4 ,nor d !ologians remove ! difficulty :5 !y ass]t t ?is inability is a vice1 or a s9 ( human nature1 :i* d]ives its orig9 f ! fall ( ! fir/ p>5t4 ,= if x 0 9 ! p[] ( ! fir/ man to /& r ?an to fall1 & if he 0 s\nd 9 faculty1 & _h p]fect control ov] 8 own m9d1 h[ did x happ5 t he1 ! wise & prud5t1 fell8 ,b !y say he 0 deceiv$ & tempt$ by ! devil4 ,b :o 0 x t l$ a/ray & tempt$ ! devil himself8 ,:o1 ,i ask1 r5d]$ ?is ! mo/ excell5t ( intellig5t creatures s mad1 t he wi%$ to be great] ?an ,god8 ,c\ld he r5d] himself ?us mad--he :o _h a sane m9d1 & /rove z mu* z 9 him lay to cons]ve 8 be+8 ,h[1 moreov]1 c\ld x happ5 t ! fir/ man 9 possession ( 8 entire m5tal faculties1 & ma/] ( 8 w1 %\ld be bo? op5 to temptation1 & suff] himself to be robb$ ( 8 m9d8 ,= if he _h ! p[] ( us+ 8 reason aright1 he c\ld n be deceiv$2 = z f> z 9 him lay1 he necess>ily s\ght to cons]ve 8 own be+1 & ! sanity ( 8 m9d4 ,b x is suppos$ he _h ?is 9 8 p[]1 !re=e he necess>ily cons]v$ 8 sane m9d1 nei!r c\ld he be deceiv$4 ,:i* is evid5tly false f 8 hi/ory2 &1 consequ5tly1 x mu/ be grant$ t x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( ! fir/ p]son to use reason aright1 b t he1 l u1 0 subject to passions4 ,sp9oza is sc>cely likely to become a great favorite ) ! ,woman's ,rights ,conv5tion4 ,9 8 n9? *apt] ( ! same ,treatise1 he says1 ,if by nature wom5 7 equal to m51 & excell$ z mu* z !y 9 /r5g? ( m9d & 9 tal5t1 truly among/ nations1 s _m & s diff]5t1 "s w\ld be f\nd :]e bo? sexes rul$ equally1 & o!rs :]e ! m5 7 rul$ by ! wom51 & s educat$ z to be inf]ior to !m 9 tal5t2 b z ?is has nev] happ5$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t wom51 by nature1 h n an equal "r ) m51 b t !y are necess>ily ob$i5t to m51 & ?us x c nev] happ5 t bo? sexes c equally rule1 & /ill less t m5 be rul$ by wom54 ,lewes1 9 8 sev5? *apt] on ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ?us sums up ,sp9oza's tea*+s & _! result4 ,he says3-- ,! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza 0 ( great importance1 if = no?+ m ?an hav+ br\ght ab\t ! fir/ crisis 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,8 doctr9e 0 s cle>ly /at$1 & s rigor\sly d$uc$ f admitt$ premises1 t he br\ght philosophy into ?is dilemma3-- ',ei!r my premises are correct2 & we mu/ admit t e cle> & di/9ct idea is absolutely true2 true n only subjectively1 b objectively4 ',if s1 my objection is true2 ',or my premises are false2 ! voice ( consci\sness is n ! voice ( tru?2 ',& if s1 !n is my sy/em false1 b all philosophy is impossible2 s9ce ! only gr\nd ( c]titude--our consci\sness--is pron\nc$ un/able1 our only means ( kn[+ ! tru? is pron\nc$ fallaci\s4' ,sp9ozism or scepticism1 *oose betwe5 !m1 = y h no o!r *oice4 ,mank9d refus$1 h[ev]1 to make a *oice4 ,if ! pr9ciples :i* ,desc>tes _h e/abli%$ c\ld h no o!r result ?an ,sp9ozism1 x 0 wor? :ile inquir+ :e!r ^? pr9ciples might n !mselves be modifi$4 ,! gr\nd ( discussion 0 %ift$1 psy*ology took ! place ( ontology4 ,x 0 ,desc>tes's !ory ( k :i* l$ to ,sp9ozism2 t !ory mu/ !re=e he exam9$2 t !ory becomes ! great subject ( discussion4 ,be=e decid+ ^u ! m]its ( any sy/em :i* embrac$ ! great que/ions ( creation1 ! ,deity1 immortality1 etc41 m5 saw t x 0 necess>y to decide ^u ! compet5cy ( ! human m9d to solve su* problems4 ,all k mu/ be obta9$ ei!r ?r\gh exp]i5ce or indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,k dep5d5t on exp]i5ce mu/ necess>ily be m]ely k ( ph5om5a4 ,all are agre$ t exp]i5ce c only be exp]i5ce ( ourselves z modifi$ by objects4 ,all are agre$ t to "k ?+s p] se--n\m5a--we mu/ "k !m ?r\gh "s o!r *annel !n exp]i5ce4 ,h we or h we n t o!r *annel8 ,?is is ! problem4 ,?us1 be=e we c dogmatize ^u on to logical subjects1 we mu/ settle ?is "q--,c we transc5d ! sph]e ( our consci\sness1 & "k ?+s p] se8 ,i4 ,,an?ony ,,coll9s4 ,free?\ght1 z develop$ 9 ! ,dei/ic /raggles ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h to battle = exi/5ce aga9/ ! ,puritanic reaction :i* took its second rise f ! worn-out lic5ti\s age ( ! la/ ( ! ,/u>ts1 & t ( ! no less dang]\s 7?\gh conceal$7 lib]t9ism ( ! ,dut* k+4 ,a religi\s rancor also arose :i*1 b = ! influ5ce ( a new p[]1 w\ld h re-enact$ ! trag$y ( religi\s p]secution4 ,b ?is rancor became some:at modifi$1 f ! fact t ! v>i\s p>ties n[ 7 unlike ! old s*ismatics1 :o 7 ea* balanc$ at ! opposite ends ( ! same pole--extreme ,papacy on ! "o h&1 & ,fif?-mon>*i/s on ! o!r--:5 ea* oscillation f ! ,prote/ant c5tre d]ang$ ! balance ( en?usiasm1 & drove x to ! f>!/ v]ge ( fanaticism1 until all religi\s p>ties 7 hurl$ into "o *aos ( disunion4 ,su* 7 ! frequ5t *anges ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--b at its close ! p[] ( ,deism _h evolv$ a plat=m on :i* 0 to be f\ght ! ho/ilities ( cre$s4 ,"h1 !n1 c\ld n exi/ t comm+l+ ( sects1 :i* 7 d$ucible 9 all _! v>i$ extravagance f ! ,bible4 ,!ology _h no long] to fight ) itself1 b ) philosophy4 ,metaphysics became ! ,jehu ( op9ion1 & s\ght to drive its *>iot ?r\gh ! fables ( ! sa9ts4 ,! old doctr9es _h to be re-/at$ to meet new foes4 ,= ! ,papi/s1 ,noncon=mi/s1 & ,br[ni/s1 7 exclud$ to make way = ! ,briti% ,illum9ati1 :o spread z mu* con/]nation ?r\gh ,engl& z did ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdi/s across ,europe4 ,! new field ( action 0 only plann$1 = :5 ,ca?olicism fir/ oppos$ ,prote/antism1 its lead]s little ?\ght :at a ,p&oric box x 0 op5+--nor did ! ,div9es ( ! latt] sect ev] d\bt ! f9ality ( _! own doctr9es4 ,!y wi%$ to replace "o infallibility by ano!r4 ,& ! same *>ge c be sub/antiat$ aga9/ ,deism4 ,:5 9 ?is ,augu/an age ! ,free-?9k+ lead]s1 fre% f ! trammels ( ,*ri/ism1 fir/ took ! "n ( ,moral ,philosoph]s1 !y little knew !y 7 pav+ ! way = an ,a!ism !y s mu* dread$--a democracy m unbridl$ ?an _! mo/ con/itutional wi%es--a political economy to be tri$ = half a c5tury1 & !n to be disc>d$--a revolution>y f]vor :i* %\ld pl\gh up ,europe1 & !n give place to a ,communism1 :i* ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ?is national agitation w\ld h gaz$ ^u ) amazem5t1 & %runk f ) despair4 ,su* is ! progress ( *ange4 ,! rise ( ! ,dei/ic movem5t may be def9$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,x 0 ! old /ruggle ( speculative op9ion %ift+ its battle-gr\nd f !ology to philosophy1 prior to ! "o be+ disc>d$1 & ! o!r develop$ into positive sci5ce4 ,among/ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! re=m]s1 /&s ! "n ( ,an?ony ,coll9s4 ,:o & :at he 01 we h little opportunity ( kn[+1 save f ! scatt]$ notices ( contempor>ies2 b suffici5t is left on record to prove him "o ( ! be/ ( m51 & ! v ,corypheus ( ,deism4 ,! tw9 que/ions ( ,necessity & ,prophecy h be5 exam9$ by him p]haps m ably ?an by any o!r lib]al au?or4 ,!re are slight discrepancies 9 relation to ! great ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,! ,abbe ,lodivicat says he 0 born ,june #ba/1 #afgf1 ( a ri* & noble family1 at ,he/on1 9 ,middlesex1 & 0 appo9t$ treasur] ( ! c\nty2 b ano!r acc\nt says ,h\nsl[1 :i* we ?9k 0 ! m likely place4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,cambridge4 ,he /udi$ = ! b> = sometime1 b 7be+ weal?y7 ultimately r5\nc$ jurisprud5ce1 :ile 8 y\?ful /udies admirably fitt$ him = 8 subsequ5t magi/]ial duties4 ,he 0 clev]1 hone/1 le>n$1 & e/eem$ by all :o knew 8 "*4 ,! eld] ,d',israeli says1 t he 0 a great lov] ( lit]ature1 & a man ( f9e g5ius1 :ile 8 morals 7 immaculate1 & 8 p]sonal "* indep5d5t4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ,locke alone is suffici5t to /amp ! "* ( ,coll9s ) honor1 & he 0 "o ( ! mo/ valu$ fri5ds ( ?is great man4 ,9 a volume publi%$ by ,p4 ,des ,maizeaux 7a writ] we %all h occasion to notice7 9 ! ye> #agbj1 conta9+ a collection ( ! po/hum\s works ( ,locke1 !re are sev]al lett]s address$ to ,coll9s :i* fully sub/antiate our op9ion4 ,locke 0 !n an old man1 resid+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ,coll9s 0 a "y man 9 ,london1 :o took a pleasure 9 execut+ ! commissions ( 8 illu/ri\s fri5d4 ,9 "o ( !m1 dat$ ,octob] #bi?1 #agjc1 he says--,if ,i 7 n[ sett+ out 9 ! _w1 ,i %\ld ?9k x my greate/ happ9ess to h su* a companion z y1 :o _h a true reli% ( tru?1 w\ld 9 e>ne/ seek x ) me1 f :om ,i might receive x undisguis$1 & to :om ,i might communicate :at ,i ?\ght true1 freely4 ,believe x my good fri5d1 to love tru? = tru?'s sake1 is ! pr9cipal "p ( human p]fection 9 ?is _w1 & ! se$-plot ( all o!r virtue2 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 y h z mu* ( x z ev] ,i met ) 9 anybody4 ,:at1 !n1 is !re want+ to make y equal to ! be/--a fri5d = any "o to be pr\d (8 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> ! correspond5ce ( ,locke appe>s 9 a mo/ int]e/+ light--! affectionate inquiries1 ! k9d advice1 & ! mo/ grateful ackn[l$gm5ts are made to ,coll9s4 ,on ,sept4 #aa?1 ,locke writes3--,he t has any?+ to d ) y1 mu/ own t fri5d%ip is ! natural product ( y\r con/itution1 & y\r s\l1 a noble soil1 is enri*$ ) ! two mo/ valuable qualities ( human nature--tru? & fri5d%ip4 ,:at a treasure h ,i !n 9 su* a fri5d ) :om ,i c conv]se1 & be enlight5$ ab\t ! highe/ speculations6 ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob] he wrote ,coll9s on 8 rapid decay1 ,b ?is1 ,i believe1 he w assure y1 t my infirmities prevail s fa/ on me1 t unless y make ha/e hi!r1 ,i may lose ! satisfaction ( ev] see+ aga9 a man t ,i value 9 ! fir/ rank ( ^? ,i leave beh9d me4 ,?is 0 writt5 tw5ty-sev5 days be=e 8 dea?4 ,f\r days be=e 8 decease1 he wrote a lett] to be giv5 to ,coll9s aft] 8 dea?4 ,?is docum5t is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 relation to ! life ( ! great ,free?9k]--x irrefragably proves ! falsity ( ev]y?+ t may be alleg$ aga9/ ! "* ( ,coll9s3-- ,oates1 ,augu/ #bc1 #agjd4 ,= ,an?ony ,coll9s1 ,esq4 ,de> ,sir--,by my w1 y w see t ,i _h "s k9dness = 99 99 99 ,& ,i knew no bett] way to take c>e ( him1 ?an to put him1 & :at ,i design$ = him1 into y\r h&s & managem5t4 ,! k ,i h ( y\r virtues ( all k9ds1 secures ! tru/1 :i*1 by y\r p]mission1 ,i h plac$ 9 y2 & ! peculi> e/eem & love ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! "y man = y1 w dispose him to be rul$ & influ5c$ by y1 s ( t ,i ne$ say no?+4 ,may y live long & happy1 9 ! enjoym5t ( heal?1 fre$om1 cont5t1 & all ^? bless+s :i* ,provid5ce has be/[$ on1 y1 & y\r virtues entitle y to4 ,i "k y lov$ me liv+1 & w pres]ve my memory n[ ,i am dead4 99 99 99 ,i leave my be/ wi%es ) y4 ,john ,locke4 ,su* is ! honorable connection :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,locke & ,coll9s4 ,coll9s's fir/ publication 0 a tract1 ,sev]al ( ! ,london ,cases ,consid]$1 9 ! ye> #agjj4 ,9 #agjg1 he publi%$ an ,essay ,conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,reason on ,propositions1 ! evid5ce :]e( dep5ds ^u ,human ,te/imony2 9 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,lel&1 !re are "s good obs]vations1 mix$ ) o!rs ( a suspici\s nature & t5d5cy4 ,x pr9cipally turn$ on ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sy !n rag+1 & is ( little int]e/ n[4 ,9 ?is ye> ,coll9s unit$ ) ,dodwell 9 ! controv]sy c>ri$ on by ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke4 ,"o ( ,cl>ke's biograph]s alludes to x ?us3 ,dr4 ,cl>ke's argum5ts 9 favor ( ! immat]iality1 & consequ5t immortality ( ! s\l1 call$ out1 h[ev]1 a f> m =midable antagoni/ ?an ,dodwell1 9 ! p]son ( ,an?ony ,coll9s1 an ,engli% g5tleman ( s+ul> intellectual acut5ess1 b1 unhappily1 ( ,infidel pr9ciples4 ,! controv]sy 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al %ort treatises4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ,cl>ke1 9 "s in/ances1 laid himself op5 to ! ke5 & se>*+ dialectics ( 8 gift$ antagoni/1 ! victory c]ta9ly rema9$ ) ! ,div9e4 ,( c\rse x is only to be expect$ t su* w be ! op9ion ( an oppon5t--b x is fur!r pro( ( ,coll9s's ability & "*4 ,9 #agjc appe>$ 8 celebrat$ ,disc\rses ( ,free?9k+1 :i* p]haps creat$ ! greate/ s5sation 9 ! religi\s _w 7) ! exception ( ! ,age ( ,reason7 ( any book publi%$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is book is z able a def5ce ( ! fre$om ( ! expression ( ?\ght )\t p5alty1 z 0 ev] publi%$4 ,x is divid$ into f\r sections4 ,9 ! #a/1 ,free?9k+ is def9$--9 five argum5ts4 ,9 ! #bnd1 ,t x is our duty to ?9k freely on ^? po9ts ( :i* m5 are d5i$ ! "r to ?9k freely3 su* z ( ! nature & attributes ( ,god1 ! tru? & au?ority ( ,scriptures1 & ( ! mean+ ( ,scriptures1 9 sev5 argum5ts & elev5 in/ances4 ,! ?ird section is ! consid]ation ( six objections to ,free?9k+--f ! :ole ( :i* he concludes 7#a7 ,t ,free?9k]s mu/ h m und]/&+1 & t !y mu/ necess>ily be ! mo/ virtu\s p4 7#b7 ,t !y h1 9 fact1 be5 ! mo/ und]/&+ & virtu\s p 9 all ages4 ,"h foll[s ! names ( a great numb] ( m5 :om ,coll9s classifi$ z ,free?9k]s1 & ( :om we h no reason to be a%am$4 ,?is book 0 answ]$ by _m div9es1 b none ( !m em]g$ f ! conte/ ) su* ,*ri/ian honors z ! fam\s ,dr4 ,b5tley--consid]$ ,engl&'s greate/ classical s*ol>4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! ,dr4 publi%$ 8 reply "u ! signature ( ,phileleu!ros ,lipsi5sis4 ,! fame ( ,b5tley 0 consid]$ equal to ,coll9s's2 & x has always be5 repres5t$ t ?is reply completely cru%$ ! ,free?9k]--no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! tru?4 ,b5tley pr9cipally attack$ ! ,greek quotations & d5\nc$ ,coll9s = 8 ignorance 9 n putt+ 8 7,b5tley's7 con/ruction on e disput$ ^w4 ,= ?is reply1 ,b5tley receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,9 condition ) ?is "w1 ,coll9s is also *>g$ ) wilful deception--:i* has be5 reproduc$ 9 our own lives by dev9es :o p]haps nev] read a l9e ( ,coll9s4 ,a ,fr5* edition ( ! ,disc\rse 0 translat$ "u ! p]sonal inspection ( ,coll9s3 & x is said t he alt]$ ! con/ruction ( sev]al s5t5ces to evade ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ him by ,b5tley ,dr4 ,lel& is p>ticul>ly eloqu5t ^u ?is2 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lorim]1 ( ,glasg[1 triumphantly plagi>ises ! compla9t ( ! m5 ^: defects he c only imitate4 ,!re is ano!r *>ge connect$ ) ,b5tley & 8 fri5ds1 :i* x is desir\s %\ld be expos$4 ,! eld] ,d',israeli says3--,an?ony ,coll9s wrote sev]al well-kn[n works1 )\t prefix+ 8 "n2 b hav+ pu%$ too f> 8 curi\s & polemical po9ts1 he incurr$ ! odium ( a ,free?9k]--a t]m :i* !n began to be 9 vogue1 & :i* ! ,fr5* adopt$ by translat+ x1 9 _! way--'a /rong ?9k]1' or esprit =t4 ,:atev] t5d5cy to 'lib]alise' ! m9d f ! dogmas & cre$s prevails 9 ^! works1 ! tal5ts & le>n+ ( ,coll9s 7 ( ! fir/ class4 ,8 morals 7 immaculate1 & 8 p]sonal "* indep5d5t2 b ! odium !ologicum ( ^? days comb9$ e means to /ab 9 ! d>k1 till ! ta/e became h]$it>y ) "s4 ,i may m5tion a fact ( ?is cruel bigotry :i* occurr$ )9 my own obs]vation1 on "o ( ! mo/ poli%$ m5 ( ! age4 ,! late ,mr4 ,cumb]l&1 9 ! romance entitl$ 8 ',life' gave ?is extraord9>y fact4 ,he said t ,dr4 ,b5tley1 :o s ably repli$ to ,coll9s's ',disc\rse1' :5 _m ye>s aft] he discov]$ him fall5 into great di/ress1 conceiv+ t by hav+ ru9$ ,coll9s's "* z a writ] = ev]1 he _h be5 ! occasion ( 8 p]sonal mis]y1 he lib]ally contribut$ to 8 ma9t5ance4 ,9 va9 ,i m5tion$ to t elegant writ]1 :o 0 n curi\s ab\t facts1 t ?is p]son c\ld nev] h be5 ,an?ony ,coll9s1 :o _h always a pl5tiful =tune2 & :5 x 0 sugge/$ to him t ?is ',a4 ,coll9s' z he pr9t$ x1 mu/ h be5 ,ar?ur ,coll9s1 ! hi/oric compil]1 :o 0 (t5 9 pecuni>y difficulties1 /ill he p]si/$ 9 s5d+ ! lie d[n to po/]ity1 )\t alt]ation1 9 8 second edition1 obs]v+ to a fri5d ( m9e1 t '! /ory1 :ile x told well1 might s]ve z a /rik+ in/ance ( 8 great relative's g5]osity2 & t x %\ld /& because x c\ld d no h>m to any b to ,an?ony ,coll9s1 :om he consid]$ z little %ort ( an ,a!i/4' ,su* is a specim5 ( ,*ri/ian honor & ju/ice4 ,9 #agae1 appe>$ 8 ,philosophical inquiry into ,human ,lib]ty4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke 0 aga9 8 oppon5t4 ,! publication ( ?is "w m>k$ an epo* 9 metaphysics4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 9 criticis+ ! discussion on ,moral ,lib]ty betwe5 ,cl>ke & ,leibnitz1 says1 ,b soon aft] ?is controv]sy 0 br\ght to a conclusion by ! dea? ( 8 antagoni/1 he 7,cl>ke7 _h to r5ew ! same argum5t1 9 reply to 8 c\ntryman1 ,an?ony ,coll9s1 :o1 foll[+ ! foot/eps ( ,hobbes1 ) logical tal5ts n inf]ior to 8 ma/] 7& ) a weight ( p]sonal "* 9 8 favor to :i* 8 ma/] _h no pret5sions17 gave to ! cause :i* he s w>mly esp\s$1 a degree ( cr$it among/ sob] & inquir+ politicians1 :i* x _h nev] be=e possess$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal argum5ts ( ,coll9s 9 ref]5ce to ,lib]ty & ,necessity3-- ,fir/4 ,?\gh ,i d5y ,lib]ty 9 a c]ta9 mean+ ( t ^w1 yet ,i cont5d = ,lib]ty1 z x signifies a p[] 9 man to d z he wills or pleases4 ,secondly4 ,:5 ,i affirm ,necessity ,i cont5d only = moral necessity2 mean+ !reby t man1 :o is an intellig5t & s5sible be+1 is det]m9$ by 8 reason & s5ses2 & ,i d5y any man to be subject to su* necessity z is 9 clocks1 wat*es1 & su* o!r be+s1 :i*1 = want ( intellig5ce & s5sation1 are subject to an absolute1 physical or me*anical necessity4 ,?irdly1 ,i h und]tak5 to %[1 t ! notions ,i advance are s f> f be+ inconsi/5t )1 t !y are ! sole f\ndation ( morality & laws1 & ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 society1 & t ! notions ,i explode are subv]sive ( !m4 ,f ! above premises1 ,coll9s s\ght to %[ t man is a necess>y ag5t4 7#a7 ,f our exp]i5ce 7?r\gh consci\sness47 7#b7 ,f ! impossibility ( lib]ty4 7#c7 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! div9e presci5ce4 7#d7 ,f ! nature & use ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 7#e7 ,f ! nature ( morality4 ,su* 7 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! great "q ( ,necessity has ev] be5 advocat$--f ,hobbes to ,coll9s1 ,jona?an ,ed w>ds to ,mack9to% & ,sp5c]4 ,9 ! ye> #agjd ,tol& d$icat$ to him a new translation ( sop's ,fables4 ,!re are _m anecdotes respect+ ,coll9s ins]t$ 9 religi\s magaz9es1 mo/ ( :i* are false1 & all )\t pro(4 ,"o ( !m1 relat$ 9 a mo/ circum/antial mann]1 appe>s to be ! favorite4 ,x depicts ,coll9s walk+ out 9 ! c\ntry on a ,sunday morn+1 :5 he meets a c\ntryman return+ f ,*ur*4 ,well1 ,hodge1 says ,coll9s1 s y h be5 enjoy+ ! fre% breezes ( nature1 ?is f9e morn+4 ,! cl[n repli$ t he _h be5 wor%ipp+ nature's ,god1 & prov$ x by repeat+ ! sub/ance ( ! ,a?anasian cre$4 ,^u :i* ,coll9s que/ions him z to ! resid5ce ( 8 ,god3 & = a reply is told t 8 ,god is s l>ge1 t he fills ! univ]se2 & s small t he dwells 9 8 brea/4 ,?is sublime fact1 we are told1 _h m effect ^u ,coll9s's m9d ?an all ! books writt5 aga9/ him by ! cl]gy4 ,:5 w s5sible m5 reject su* *>latanism8 ,! next great "w ( ,coll9s 0 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,gr\nds & ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 two p>ts4 ,! fir/ conta9+ "s consid]ations on ! quotations made f ! ,old 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & p>ticul>ly on ! prophecies cit$ f ! =m]1 & said to be fulfill$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! second conta9+ an exam9ation ( ! s*eme advanc$ by ,mr4 ,:i/on1 9 8 essay t[>ds re/or+ ! true text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & = v9dicat+ ! citations !nce made 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to :i* is prefix$ an apology = free debate & lib]ty ( writ+4 ,?is book took ! religi\s _w by /orm2 x is ev5 ?\ght x /ruck m dismay among/ div9es ?an 8 =m] essay on ,free?9k-+4 ,! book proce$s to %[ t ,*ri/ianity is n prov$ by prophecy4 ,t ! ,apo/les reli$ on ! pr$ictions 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & _! fulfilm5t 9 ,jesus z ! only sure pro( ( ! tru? ( _! religion2 if !re=e1 ! prophecies are n ?or\ghly lit]al1 & fulfill$ di/9ctly1 !re c be no pro( 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he !n exam9es ! pr9cipal prophecies1 & dismisses !m1 z allegorical fables too vague to be ( any cr$it4 ,9 less ?an two ye>s no less ?an ?irty-five books 7 publi%$ 9 reply to ?is "w1 writt5 by ! able/ & mo/ influ5tial !ologians 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #agbg ,coll9s publi%$ ano!r l>ge "w1 ,! ,s*eme ( ,lit]al ,prophecy ,consid]$1 9 :i* he /ill fur!r def5ds 8 view pr9cipally aga9/ ! sophi/ical reason+ ( ,:i/on1 & f9ally vanqui%$ ! :ole ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,p]haps no ,free?9k]1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,hobbes1 0 s attack$ dur+ 8 life z ,coll9s4 ,tol& & ,wool/on 7 p]secut$ & driv5 into prison & pov]ty2 b ,coll9s1 ) 8 pr(usion ( weal?1 c\ld oppose ,*ri/ianity ) applause--m+le 9 ! gaiety ( ! ,c\rt--occupy a seat on ! magi/]ial b5*--be ! welcome gue/ ( ! mo/ lib]al ( ! ari/ocracy1 contempor>y ) o!rs :o ev5 langui%$ 9 prison = ! propagation ( simil> s5tim5ts4 ,s9ce 8 day ! cl]gy h gr[n wis]2 !n ! mo/ trivial pamphlet on ! ,dei/ic side creat$ a con/]nation among/ ! sa9ts1 & !y /rove :o %\ld be ! fir/ to answ] x--inde$1 x 0 consid]$ a te/ ( honor among/ ! cl]gy to be eag] 9 ! exposure ( ,deism3 b ?is /yle ( w>f>e 0 discont9u$ aft] ! lapse ( a few ye>s4 ,! mo/ disc]n+ obs]v]s discov]$ t 9 proportion to ! answ]s publi%$ aga9/ lib]al works1 ! influ5ce ( ! mo/ p[]ful side decreas$4 ,=ce1 !n1 gradually int]f]$1 & acts ( ,p>liam5t 7 consid]$ ! only logical refutation ( a philosophical h]esy4 ,! anomaly ( our laws int]f]$ aga94 ,coll9s 0 ri*1 & s mu/ escape ! fangs ( ! law4 ,?omas ,wool/on 0 poor1 s 8 vitals 7 pi]c$ by laws :i* ,coll9s escap$--yet bo? committ$ ! same (f5ce4 ,9 lat] times ,gibbon trac$ ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ab\t ! same "t ,pa9e accompli%$ ano!r portion ( ! same risk--& ! ,gov]nm5t :i* prosecut$ ! plebeian1 flatt]$ ! patrician4 ,b ,coll9s's "t 0 rapidly draw+ nigh4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 #agbi1 he expir$1 ag$ fifty-?ree ye>s2 & to %[ ! e/eem 9 :i* 8 "* 0 held1 ! foll[+ notice 0 ins]t$ 9 ! newspap]s ( ! day--all ho/ile to 8 views1 yet /riv+ to make x appe> t he 01 aft] all1 n s great an ,infidel z 8 reputation honor$ him )3--,on ,saturday la/1 di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,h>ley ,squ>e1 ,an?ony ,coll9s1 ,esq4 ,he 0 a rem>kably active1 up "r1 & imp>tial magi/rate1 ! t5d] husb& ! k9d p>5t1 ! good ma/]1 & ! true fri5d ,he 0 a great promot] ( lit]ature 9 all its bran* es2 & an immoveable ass]t] ( univ]sal lib]ty 9 all civil & religi\s matt]s4 ,:atev] 8 s5tim5ts 7 on c]ta9 po9ts1 ?is is :at he decl>$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?--viz41 t he _h always endeavor$1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 to s]ve ,god1 8 k+1 & 8 c\ntry1 s he 0 p]suad$ he 0 go+ to t place :i* ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t s]ve him1 & pres5tly aft]w>ds he said1 ! ,ca?olic religion is to s]ve ,god & roan4 ,he 0 an em95t example ( temp]ance & sobriety1 & "o t _h ! true art ( liv+4 ,8 wor/ enemies c\ld nev] *>ge him ) any vice or immorality4 ,) ?is "* ! ,free?9k]s h no "r to be dissatisfi$4 ,! ,abbe ,lodivicat says1 ,8 libr>y 0 curi\s & valuable2 always op5 to ! le>n$1 ev5 to 8 oppon5ts1 :om he furni%$ ) pleasure1 bo? ) books & argum5ts1 :i* 7 employ$ 9 confut+ him4 ,mr4 ,d',israeli says he has se5 a catalogue ( ,coll9s's libr>y1 elaborately drawn up 9 8 own h&writ+1 & x mu/ h conta9$ a spl5did selection ( books4 ,?is is prov$ by ! correspond5ce ) ,locke1 & ! ext5sive numb] ( quotations spread ?r\gh\t 8 publi%$ works4 ,by ! dea? ( ,coll9s1 & ! defalcation ( "o :o abus$ ! "n ( a ,dei/1 ! cause ( ,free-?\ght 0 imp$$ at ! "t :5 x mo/ ne$$ assi/ance4 ,coll9s _h writt5 a great numb] ( tracts & l>g] works1 int5d+ !m to be publi%$ aft] 8 dea?3 "o collection ( eight octavo volumes ( manuscript conta9+ ! attacks ^u ,*ri/ianity1 by :i* he int5d$ 8 "n to be transmitt$ to po/]ity1 7 all arrang$ ready = publication z 8 po/hum\s works4 ,to ensure _! cr$it-able appe>ance1 & to rew>d a man :om he _h ?\ght wor?y ( confid5ce1 & "o :o pr(ess$ to be a disciple ( ,coll9s1 he bequea!d !m to ,des ,maizeaux1 !n a popul> au?or & editor4 ,he _h edit$ ! correspond5ce ( ,locke & ,coll9s1 writt5 ! lite ( ,bayle1 & subsequ5tly edit$ ,tol&4 ,! idea ( ,coll9s 0 to give 8 "w to ,des ,maizeaux = a recomp5se = ! tr\ble ( publi%+ !m1 :ile he w\ld d]ive ! :ole pr(its ( _! sale1 :i* no d\bt w\ld be v l>ge4 ,x appe>s t ! wid[ ( ,coll9s 0 mu* y\ng] ?an himself--9 league ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 & 0 9 r a suspici\s fri5d%ip ) m ?an "o cl]ical antagoni/ ( h] late husb&4 ,des ,maizeaux be+ work$ ^u conjo9tly by ,mrs4 ,coll9s & a p]son nam$ ,toml9son1 0 induc$ to accept a pres5t ( fifty gu9eas1 & rel9qui%$ ! possession ( ! manuscripts4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e 8 consci5ce accus$ him ( ! great wrong done to ! memory ( 8 b5efactor1 & to ! ,free-?9k+ cause4 ,8 regret 0 turn$ into ! mo/ pr(\nd compunction = 8 crime2 & 9 ?is /ate ( m9d he wrote a long lett] to "o :o _h be5 a mutual fri5d to ,coll9s & himself1 ackn[l$g+ t he _h done a mo/ wick$ ?+1 say+--,i am conv9c$ t ,i h act$ contr>y to ! w & int5tion ( my de> deceas$ fri5d2 %[$ a disreg>d to ! p>ticul> m>k ( e/eem he gave me on t occasion2 9 %ort1 t ,i h =feit$ :at is de>] to me ?an my own life--honor & reputation4444 ,i s5d y ! fifty gu9eas ,i receiv$1 :i* ,i d n[ look ^u z ! wages ( iniquity1 & ,i desire y to return !m to ,mrs4 ,coll9s1 :o1 z ,i hope x ( h] ju/ice1 equity1 & reg>d to ,mr4 ,coll9ses int5tions1 w be pleas$ to cancel my pap]4 ,?is appeal 7:i* prov$ t ,des ,maizeaux1 if he 0 weak-m9d$1 0 n absolutely di%one/7 _h no effect on ,mrs4 ,coll9s4 ,! manuscripts 7 nev] return$4 ,:at _! cont5ts 71 no "o n[ c in=m u4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 h[ev]1 9 suppos+ t z ^? eight volumes 7 ! cr[n+ ef=ts ( a m9d :i* 9 its y\? 0 brilliant 9 no common degree1 mu/ h be5 ev5 sup]ior to ^? books :i* r\s$ ,engl& f its dreamy le?>gy1 & br\ght ab\t a revolution 9 controv]sy4 ,:e!r !y t\*$ ^u miracles1 or ! ext]nal evid5ces1 or ! morals ( ,*ri/ism1 is unkn[n4 ,! curta9 0 drawn ov] ! sc5e ( demolition4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] ?is "t ! controv]sy 0 reop5$ by ,mrs4 ,coll9s1 9 ! ye> #agcg1 on acc\nt ( a report be+ curr5t t ,mrs4 ,c4 _h p]mitt$ transcripts ( ^? manuscripts to get abroad4 ,! wid[ wrote "s v %>p lett]s to ,des ,maizeaux1 & he repli$ 9 a tone :i* speaks fai?fully ( ! affection he /ill bore to ,coll9s's memory4 ,he concludes ?us3--,mr4 ,coll9s lov$ me & e/eem$ me = my integrity & s9c]ity1 ( :i* he _h sev]al pro(s4 ,h[ ,i h be5 drawn 9 to injure him1 to =feit ! good op9ion he _h ( me1 & :i*1 7 he n[ alive1 w\ld des]v$ly expose me to 8 utmo/ contempt1 is a grief :i* ,i %all c>ry to ! grave4 ,x w\ld be a sort ( com=t to me if ^? :o h cons5t$ ,i %\ld be drawn 91 7 9 "s measure s5sible ( ! guilt t[>ds s good1 k9d1 g5]\s a man4 ,su* is an epitome ( ! secret hi/ory ( ! ,,mss4 ( ,an?ony ,coll9s4 ,if we look at ! fate ( ! ,,mss4 ( o!r ,dei/s1 we %all h good reasons = believ+ t "s ( ! able/ writ+s1 meant to give a po/hum\s reputation to _! au?ors1 h disappe>$ into ! h&s ( ei!r ignorant or design+ p]sons4 ,five volumes1 at lea/1 ( ,tol&'s works1 meant = publication1 71 by 8 dea?1 irretrievably lo/4 ,bl\nt's ,,mss4 nev] appe>$4 ,two volumes ( ,t9dall's 7 seiz$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 & de/roy$4 ,wool/on's ,,mss4 met ) no bett] fate4 ,*ubb c>efully prep>$ 8 works1 & publi%$ !m 9 8 lifetime4 ,bol+broke made ,mallet 8 confidant1 z ,coll9s did by ,des ,maizeaux4 ,! "n ( ,/4 ,john produc$ #aj1jjj to ,mallet2 b ^? works 7 left ) ! tacit ackn[l$ge m5t t ! ,scot* poet %\ld write a suitable life ( ! pe]4 ,! lett] ( ,mallet to ,"l ,cornbury c only be comp>$ to an invitation = a bid = ! suppression ( ! ,philosophical ,works ( ,/4 ,john2 & if ?is 0 n suffici5t1 we ne$ only in/ance ! app>5t solicitation ) :i* he /opp$ a well-kn[n influ5tial dignit>y ( ! *ur* on ! day :5 ! works 7 to appe>1 by pull+ out 8 wat*1 & say+1 ,my ,"l1 ,*ri/ianity w tremble at a qu>t] to twelve4 ,we may be ?ankful to ! pecuni>y pov]ty ( our oppon5ts ev5 = ! possession ( ! fir/ philosophy4 ,"s ( ,hume's & ,gibbon's works h n yet appe>$4 ,! ,,mss4 ( mo/ ( ! m9or ,free?9k]s disappe>$ ) _! au?ors4 ,!re is no d\bt b :at ,rob]t ,taylor left "s valuable writ+s :i* _c be recov]$4 ,su* is ! feeble *ance ( great m5's writ+s be+ publi%$ :5 !y are no long] alive4 ,) reg>d to ! lit]>y claims ( ,coll9s4 ,8 works are logically compos$ & explicitly word$4 ,he inv>iably comm5ces by /at+ ! gr\ndwork ( 8 oppon5t's !ories1 & f !m d$uces a great numb] ( facts & axioms ( a contr>y "*1 & ^u ^? builds 8 :ole *a9 ( argum5t4 ,he is seldom witty--nev] uses ! fl[]s ( rhetoric1 comb9+ a mo/ rigid analysis ) a syn!tic s*eme1 admitt+ b ( "o unsw]v+ end4 ,he 0 *>act]i/ically great 9 purpose4 ,he avoid$ c>ry+ =w>d 8 argum5ts beyond ! basis ( 8 facts4 ,:e!r 9 treat+ ! tangl$ intricacies ( necessity1 or ! !ological quagmires ( prophecy1 he inv>iably expla9$ )\t confus+1 & refut$ )\t involv+ o!r subjects ?an ^? legitimately belong+ to ! controv]sy4 ,8 /yle ( writ+ 0 s]i\s1 pla91 & )\t an undue levity1 yet )al p]fectly readable4 ,m5 /udi$ ,coll9s :o %runk f contact ) ! lion-he>t$ ,wool/on1 ^: brusque p5 too (t5 %ock$ ^? x fail$ to conv9ce4 ,!re 0 a timidity 9 _m ( ! lett]s ( ,bl\nt1 & a crav+ wi% to rely m on ! witticisms ( ,br[n1 ?an 0 to be f\nd 9 ! free & manly _s ( our h]o4 ,to ! g5]al public1 ! ab/ruse speculations ( ! p]secut$ ,tol& 7 a b>ri] :i* 8 _m classical allusions only height5$2 & ! musical syllables ( ,%aftesbury1 ) 8 /yle1 at once s elevat$1 s pomp\s1 & s qua9t2 or ! political economic doctr9es ( ,m&eville1 all t5d$ to exalt ! "n ( ,coll9s above ^? ( 8 contempor>ies & imm$iate successors2 & po/]ity _c fail to place 8 bu/ 9 t hi/oric ni*e betwixt ,hobbes--8 ma/] on "o h&--& ,bol+broke1 8 successor on ! o!r4 ,f ! great ,/4 ,john has desc5d$ 9 ! true apo/olical desc5t ! mantle ( ,free-?\ght ^u ,hume1 ,gibbon1 ,pa9e1 ,godw91 ,c>lile1 ,taylor1 & ,ow54 ,& among/ ?is brilliant galaxy ( g5ius1 no "n is m des]v+ ( respect ?an t ( ,an?ony ,coll9s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,des ,,c>tes4 ,r5e des ,c>tes ,dup]ron1 bett] kn[n z ,des ,c>tes1 ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy1 0 born at ,la ,haye1 9 ,t\ra9e1 ( ,breton p>5ts1 ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at a "t :5 ,bacon 0 l ! morn+ sun1 ris+ to %$ new rays ( bright light ov] ! !n d>k _w ( philosophy4 ,! "m ( ,des ,c>tes di$ :ile he 0 b a few days old1 & himself a sickly *ild1 he began to take "p 9 ! battle ( life ) b little appe>ance ( ev] possess+ ! capability = action on ! m9ds ( 8 fell[s1 :i* he aft]w>ds s fully ex]cis$4 ,deb>r$1 h[ev]1 by 8 physical weakness f _m boyi% pursuits1 he devot$ himself to /udy 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 & dur+ 8 y\? ga9$ ! title ( ! "y philosoph]1 f 8 eag]ness to le>n1 & f 8 e>ne/ endeavors by inquiry & exp]im5t to solve e problem pres5t$ to 8 notice4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! ,jesuits' ,college ( ,la ,fl*e2 & ! monum5t erect$ to him at ,/ockholm in=ms u1 ,t hav+ ma/]$ all ! le>n+ ( ! s*ools1 :i* prov$ %ort ( 8 expectations1 he betook himself to ! army 9 ,g]many & ,hung>y1 & !re sp5t 8 vacant w9t] h\rs 9 comp>+ ! my/]ies & ph5om5a ( nature ) ! laws ( ma!matics1 d>+ to hope t ! "o might s]ve z a key to ! o!r4 ,quitt+1 !re=e1 all o!r pursuits1 he retir$ to a little village ne> ,egmont1 9 ,holl&1 :]e sp5d+ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 cont9ual read+ & m$itation1 he effect$ 8 design4 ,9 8 celebrat$ ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 he says1--,z soon z my age p]mitt$ me to leave my preceptors1 ,i entirely gave up ! /udy ( lett]s2 &1 resolv+ to seek no o!r sci5ce ?an t :i* ,i c\ld f9d 9 myself1 or else 9 ! great book ( ! _w1 ,i employ$ ! rema9d] ( my y\? 9 travel--9 see+ c\rts & camps--9 frequ5t+ p ( div]se humors & conditions--9 collect+ v>i\s exp]i5ces2 &1 above all1 9 endeavor+ to draw "s pr(itable reflection f :at ,i saw4 ,= x seem$ to me t ,i %\ld meet ) m tru? 9 ! reason+s :i* ea* man makes 9 8 own affairs1 & :i*1 if wrong1 w\ld be spe$ily puni%$ by failure1 ?an 9 ^? reason+s :i* ! philosoph] makes 9 8 /udy ^u speculations :i* produce no effect1 & :i* are ( no consequ5ce to him1 except p]haps t he w be ! m va9 ( !m1 ! m remote !y are f common s5se1 because he w\ld !n h be5 =c$ to employ m +5uity & subtlety to r5d] !m plausible4 ,at ! age ( ?irty-?ree ,des ,c>tes retir$ f ! _w = a p]iod ( eight ye>s1 & 8 seclusion 0 s effectual dur+ t "t1 t 8 place ( resid5ce 0 unkn[n to 8 fri5ds4 ,he !re prep>$ ! ,m$itations1 & ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 :i* h s9ce caus$ s mu* p5-&-ink w>f>e among/ ^? :o h aspir$ to be rank$ z philosophical ?9k]s4 ,he became ,european 9 fame2 &1 invit$ by ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 he visit$ h] k+dom1 b ! rud5ess ( ! climate prov$ too mu* = 8 delicate frame1 & he di$ at ,/ockholm 9 ! ye> #afej1 f inflammation ( ! lungs1 be+ fifty-f\r ye>s ( age at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,des ,c>tes 0 p]haps ! mo/ orig9al ?9k] t ,france _h up to t date produc$2 &1 contempor>y ) ,bacon1 he ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce or ! progress ( ?\ght 9 ,europe2 b al?\gh a great ?9k]1 he 0 n a brave man1 & ! fe> ( giv+ (f5ce to ! *ur* & gov]nm5t1 has c]ta9ly prev5t$ him f mak+ public "s ( 8 writ+s1 & p]haps has ton$ d[n "s ( ^! ?\ghts :i*1 :5 fir/ utt]$1 took a high] flight1 & /ruck full home to ! tru? itself4 ,! fa!r & f\nd] ( ! d$uctive me?od1 ,des ,c>tes /ill pr\dly reigns to ! pres5t day1 al?\gh "s ( 8 conclusions h be5 ov]-turn$1 & o!rs ( 8 ?9k+s h be5 c>ri$ to conclusions :i* he nev] d>$ to dream (4 ,he gave a /rong aid to ! t5d5cy ( advanc+ civilization1 to sep>ate philosophy f !ology1 !reby /rik+ a bl[1 sl[ 9 its effect1 & effectual 9 its de/ructive op]ation1 on all prie/craft4 ,9 8 d$ication ol ! ,m$itations1 he says1--,i h always ?\ght t ! two que/ions ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! nature ( ! s\l1 7 ! *ief ( ^? :i* ought to be demon/rat$ r by philosophy ?an by !ology2 = al?\gh x is suffici5t = u1 ! fai?ful1 to believe 9 ,god1 & t ! s\l does n p]i% ) ! body1 x does n seem possible ev] to p]suade ! ,infidels to any religion1 unless we fir/ prove to !m ^! two ?+s by natural reason4 ,hav+ rel9qui%$ fai?1 he f\nd t he mu/ *oose an entirely new fai? 9 :i* to m>* ) reason2 ! old ways 7 s cumb]$ ) prie/s & ,bibles1 t progression w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,?is gave u 8 me?od4 ,he want$ a />t+ po9t f :i* to reason1 "s indisputable fact ^u :i* to f\nd future ?9k+s4 ,he has giv5 u ! detail$ hi/ory ( 8 d\bts4 ,he has told u h[ he f\nd t he c\ld1 plausibly en\gh1 d\bt ( ev]y?+ except 8 own exi/5ce4 ,he pu%$ 8 scepticism to ! v]ge ( self-annihilation4 ,!re he /opp$3 !re 9 self1 !re 9 8 consci\sness1 he f\nd at la/ an irresi/ible fact1 an irrev]sible c]ta9ty4 ,firm gr\nd 0 discov]$4 ,he c\ld d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 & treat x z a phantasm4 ,he c\ld d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & treat ! belief z a sup]/ition4 ,b ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 own ?9k+1 d\bt+ m9d1 no sort ( d\bt 0 possible4 ,he1 ! d\bt]1 exi/$ if no?+ else exi/$4 ,! exi/5ce t 0 reveal$ to him 9 8 own consci\sness1 0 ! prim>y fact1 ! fir/ indubitable c]ta9ty4 ,h5ce 8 fam\s ,cogito ergo ,sum3 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 7,lewes's ,bio4 ,hi/4 ,phil47 ,proce$+ f ! c]ta9ty ( 8 exi/5ce1 ,des ,c>tes endeavors to r9d o!r equally c]ta9 tacts1 & = t purpose pres5ts ! foll[+ doctr9e & rules = our guidance3--,! basis ( all c]titude is consci\sness1 consci\sness is ! sole f\ndation ( absolute c]ta9ty1 :atev] x di/9ctly proclaims mu/ be true4 ,! process is1 !re=e1 r5d]$ cle> & simple3 exam9e y\r consci\sness--ea* di/9ct reply w be a fact4 ,he tells u fur!r t all cle> ideas are true--t :atev] is cle>ly & di/9ctly conceiv$ is true--& 9 ^! lie ! vitality ( 8 sy/em1 ! cause ( ! tru? or error ( 8 ?9k+s4 ,! foll[+ are ! rules he gave u = ! detection & sep>ation ( true ideas f false1 7i4e41 imp]fect or complex73-- #a4 ,nev] to accept any?+ z true b :at is evid5tly s2 to admit no?+ b :at s cle>ly & di/9ctly pres5ts itself z true1 t !re c be no reason to d\bt x4 #b4 ,to divide e "q into z _m sep>ate p>ts z possible1 t ea* "p be+ m easily conceiv$1 ! :ole may be m intelligible4 #c4 ,to conduct ! exam9ation ) ord]1 beg9n+ by t ( objects ! mo/ simple1 & !re=e ! easie/ to be kn[n1 & asc5d+ little by little up to k ( ! mo/ complex4 #d4 ,to make su* exact calculations1 & su* circumspections z to be confid5t t no?+ ess5tial has be5 omitt$4 ,consci\sness be+ ! basis ( all c]titude1 ev]y?+ ( :i* y are cle>ly & di/9ctly consci\s mu/ be true3 ev]y?+ :i* y cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive1 exi/s1 if ! idea ( x involve exi/5ce4 ,9 ^! f\r rules we h ! ess5tial "p ( "o half ( ,des ,c>tes's sy/em1 ! o!r1 :i* is equally important1 is ! attempt to solve metaphysical problems by ma!matical aid4 ,to ma!matics he _h devot$ mu* ( 8 "t4 ,he x 0 :o1 at ! age ( tw5ty ?ree1 made ! gr& discov]y ( ! applicability ( algebra to geometry4 ,:ile deeply engag$ 9 ma!matical /udies & inve/igations1 he came to ! conclusion t ma!matics 7 capable ( a /ill fur!r simplification1 & ( mu* m ext5d$ application4 ,impress$ ) ! c]ta9ty ( ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! aid ( ma!matical reason+1 he began to apply ma!matics to metaphysics4 ,8 ambition 0 to f\nd a sy/em :i* %\ld be solid & conv9c+4 ,hav+ se>*$ = c]titude1 he _h f\nd its basis 9 consci\sness2 he next want$ a me?od1 & hop$ he _h f\nd x 9 ma!matics4 ,he tells u t ^? long *a9s ( reason+1 all simple & easy1 by :i* geomet]s us$ to arrive at _! mo/ difficult demon/rations1 sugge/$ to him t all ?+s :i* came )9 human k1 mu/ foll[ ea* o!r 9 a simil> *a92 & t provid$ we ab/a9 f admitt+ any?+ z true :i* is n s1 & t we always pres]ve 9 !m ! ord] necess>y to d$uce "o f ! o!r1 !re c be none s remote to :i* we _c f9ally atta91 nor s obscure b t we may discov] !m4 ,act+ out ?is1 he dealt ) metaphysics z we %\ld ) a problem f ,euclid1 & expect$ by rigor\s reason+ to discov] ! tru?4 ,he1 l ,ar*im$es1 _h wi%$ = a /&+ place f :i* to use ! lev]1 t %\ld ov]turn ! _w2 b1 hav+ a sure /&+ place 9 ! indubitable fact ( 8 own exi/5ce1 he did n possess suffici5t c\rage to put =? ! mighty p[]--x 0 left = "o :o came aft] him to fairly attempt ! ov]-?r[ ( ! _w ( error s long exi/5t4 ,c>tesianism 0 suffici5tly obnoxi\s to ! div9es to provoke _! wra?2 & yet1 f "s ( its peculi>ities1 x has f\nd _m oppon5ts among/ ! philosophical p>ty4 ,! ,c>tesian philosophy is f\nd$ on two great pr9ciples1 ! "o metaphysical1 ! o!r physical4 ,! metaphysical is ,des ,c>tes's f\ndation-/one--! ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,?is has be5 w>mly attack$ z n be+ logical4 ,des ,c>tes said 8 exi/5ce 0 a fact--a fact above & beyond all logic2 logic c\ld nei!r prove nor disprove x4 ,! ,cogito ergo ,sum 0 n new itself1 b x 0 ! fir/ /one ( a new build+--! fir/ /ep 9 a new road3 f ?is fact ,des ,c>tes tri$ to rea* ano!r1 & f t o!rs4 ,! physical pr9ciple is t no?+ exi/s b sub/ance1 :i* he makes ( two k9ds--! "o a sub/ance t ?9ks1 ! o!r a sub/ance ext5d$4 ,actual ?\ght & actual ext5sion are ! ess5ce ( sub/ance1 s t ! ?9k+ sub/ance _c be )\t "s actual ?\ght1 nor c any?+ be retr5*$ f ! ext5sion ( a ?+1 )\t tak+ away s mu* ( its actual sub/ance4 ,9 8 physical speculations1 ,des ,c>tes has all[$ 8 imag9ation to run v wild4 ,8 fam\s !ory ( vortices is an example ( ?is4 ,assum+ ext5sion to be ! ess5ce ( sub/ance1 he d5i$ ! possibility ( a vacuum by t assumption2 = if ext5sion be ! ess5ce ( sub/ance1 :]ev] ext5sion is1 !re sub/ance mu/ be4 ,?is sub/ance he assumes to h orig9ally be5 divid$ into equal angul> p>ticles1 ea* end[$ ) an equal degree ( motion2 sev]al sy/ems or collections ( ^! p>ticles he holds to h a motion ab\t c]ta9 equidi/ant po9ts1 or c5tres1 & t ! p>ticles mov+ r\nd ^! compos$ s _m vortices4 ,^! angul> p>ticles1 by _! inte/9e motions1 he supposes to become1 z x 71 gr\nd into a sph]ical =m2 ! p>ts rubb$ (f are call$ matt] ( ! fir/ elem5t1 :ile ! sph]ical globules he calls matt] ( ! second elem5t2 & s9ce !re w\ld be a l>ge quantity ( ?is elem5t1 he supposes x to be driv5 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ea* vortex by ! circul> motion ( ! globules1 & t !re x =ms a l>ge sph]ical body su* z ! suu4 ,?is sun be+ ?us =m$1 & mov+ ab\t its own axis ) ! common matt] ( ! vortex1 w\ld necess>ily ?r[ out "s p>ts ( its matt]1 ?r\gh ! vacuities ( ! globules ( ! second elem5t con/itut+ ! vortex2 & ?is especially at su* places z are f>!/ f its poles3 receiv+1 at ! same "t 91 by ^! poles1 z mu* z x loses 9 its equatorial p>ts4 ,&1 by ^! means1 x w\ld be able to c>ry r\nd ) x ^? globules t are ne>e/1 ) ! great] velocity2 & ! remot]1 ) less4 ,&1 fur!r3 ^? globules :i* are ne>e/ ! c5tre ( ! sun1 mu/ be smalle/2 because1 7 !y great]1 or equal1 !y w\ld1 by reason ( _! velocity1 h a great] c5trifugal =ce1 & rec$e f ! c5tre4 ,if x %\ld happ5 t any ( ^! sun-l bodies1 9 ! c5tres ( ! sev]al vortices1 %\ld be s 9-cru/$ & weak5$1 z to be c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! vortex ( ! true sun3 if x 7 ( less solidity1 or _h less motion ?an ! globules t[>ds ! extremity ( ! sol> vortex1 x w\ld desc5d t[>ds ! sun1 till x met ) globules ( ! same solidity1 & susceptible ( ! same degree ( motion ) itself99 & ?us1 be+ fix$ !re1 x w\ld be = ev] aft] c>ri$ ab\t by ! motion ( ! vortex1 )\t ei!r approa*+ any ne>] to1 or rec$+ f ! sun1 & s become a planet4 ,suppos+1 !n1 all ?is1 we are next to imag9e t our sy/em 0 at fir/ divid$ into sev]al vortices1 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* 0 a lucid sph]ical body2 & t "s ( ^! be+ gradually incru/at$1 7 swall[$ up by o!rs :i* 7 l>g]1 & m p[]ful1 till at la/ !y 7 all de/roy$ & swall[$ up by ! bigge/ sol> vortex1 except "s few :i* 7 ?r[n (f 9 "r l9es f "o vortex to ano!r1 & s became comets4 ,x %\ld also be add$1 t 9 addition to ! two elem5ts m5tion$ above1 ^? p>ticles :i* may yet exi/1 & be only 9 ! c\rse ( r$uction to _! globul> =m an x /ill reta9 _! angul> proportions1 =m a ?ird elem5t4 ,?is !ory has f\nd _m oppon5ts2 b 9 ?is /ate ( our "w we conceive our duty to be t ( giv+ a simple n>rative ( ! philosoph]'s ideas1 r ?an a hi/ory ( ! v>i\s criticisms ^u ^? ideas1 ! m especially z our pages sc>cely af=d room = su* a mode ( treatm5t4 ,hav+ =m$ 8 me?od1 ,des ,c>tes proce$$ to apply x4 ,! basis ( c]titude be+ consci\sness1 he int]rogat$ 8 consci\sness1 & f\nd t he _h an idea ( a sub/ance inf9ite1 et]nal1 immutable1 indep5d5t1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t4 ,?is he call$ an idea ( ,god3 he said1 ,i exi/ z a mis]ably imp]fect f9ite be+1 subject to *ange--ignorant1 incapable ( creat+ any?+--,i f9d by my f9itude t ,i am n ! inf9ite2 by my liability to *ange t ,i am n ! immutable2 by my ignorance t ,i am n ! omnisci5t3 9 %ort1 by my imp]fection1 t ,i am n ! p]fect4 ,yet an inf9ite1 immutable1 omnisci5t1 & p]fect be+ mu/ exi/1 because inf9ity1 immutability1 omnisci5ce1 & p]fection are appli$ z correlatives 9 my ideas ( f9itude1 *ange1 etc4 ,god !re=e exi/s3 8 exi/5ce is cle>ly proclaim$ 9 my consci\sness1 & !re=e ceases to be a matt] ( d\bt any m ?an ! fact ( my own exi/5ce4 ,! conception ( an inf9ite be+ prov$ 8 real exi/5ce1 = if !re is n really su* a be+ ,i mu/ h made ! conception2 b if ,i c\ld make x ,i c also unmake x1 :i* evid5tly is n true2 !re=e !re mu/ be ext]nally to myself1 an ar*etype f :i* ! conception 0 d]iv$44444 ,all t we cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive z conta9$ 9 any?+ is true ( t ?+4 ,n[1 we conceive cle>ly & di/9ctly t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is conta9$ 9 ! idea we h ( him3 ergo--,god exi/s4--7,lewes's ,bio4 ,hi/4 ,phil47 ,des ,c>tes 0 ( op9ion t 8 demon/rations ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god equal or ev5 surpass 9 c]titude ! demon/rations ( geometry4 ,9 ?is op9ion we mu/ confess we _c %>e4 ,he has already told u t ! basis ( all c]titude is consci\sness--t :atev] is cle>ly & di/9ctly conceiv$1 mu/ be true--t imp]fect & complex conceptions are false ones4 ,! fir/ proposition1 all mu/ admit1 is applicable to !mselves4 ,i conceive a fact cle>ly & di/9ctly1 &1 despite all resi/ance1 am compell$ to accept t fact2 & if t fact be accept$ beyond d\bt1 no high] degree ( c]ta9ty c be atta9$1 ,t two & two are f\r--t ,i exi/--are facts :i* ,i nev] d\bt4 ,! ,cogito ergo ,sum is irresi/ible1 because indubitable2 b ,cogito ergo ,deus e/ is a s5t5ce requir+ mu* consid]ation1 & ^u ! face ( x is no syllogism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is illogical4 ,if ,des ,c>tes meant ,i am consci\s t ,i am n ! :ole ( exi/5ce1 he w\ld be indisputable2 b if he meant t ,i c be consci\s ( an exi/5ce entirely di/9ct1 ap>t f1 & ext]nal to1 t v consci\sness1 !n 8 :ole reason+ f t po9t appe>s fallaci\s4 ,we use ! ^w ,i z giv5 by ,des ,c>tes4 ,mill1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 says1 ,! ambiguity 9 ?is case is 9 ! pron\n ,i1 by :i* 9 "o place is to be und]/ood my w3 9 ano!r ! laws ( my nature4 ,if ! conception1 exi/+ z x does 9 my m9d1 _h no orig9al )\t1 ! conclusion w\ld unque/ionably foll[ t '#a' _h made x--t is1 t ! laws ( my nature _h spontane\sly evolv$ x2 b t my w made x w\ld n foll[4 ,n[1 :5 ,des ,c>tes aft]w>ds adds t ,i _c unmake ! conception1 he means t ,i _c get rid ( x by an act ( my w1 :i* is true2 b is n ! proposition requir$4 ,t :at "s ( ! laws ( my nature h produc$1 o!r laws1 or ^? same laws 9 o!r circum/ances1 might n subsequ5tly efface1 he w\ld h f\nd x difficult to e/abli%4 ,treat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god z demon/rat$ f ! a priori idea ( p]fection & inf9ity1 & by ! cle>ness ( 8 idea ( ,god's exi/5ce1 ,des ,c>tes !n proce$s to deal ) ! di/9ction betwe5 body & s\l4 ,to prove ?is di/9ction 0 to him an easy matt]4 ,! fundam5tal & ess5tial attribute ( sub/ance mu/ be ext5sion1 because we c d5ude sub/ance ( e quality b t ( ext5sion2 ?is we _c t\* )\t at ! same "t affect+ ! sub/ance44 ,! fundam5tal attribute ( m9d is ?\ght2 x is 9 ! act ( ?9k+ t ! consci\sness ( exi/5ce is reveal$2 to be )\t ?\ght w\ld be to be )\t consci\sness4 ,des ,c>tes has giv5 u1 among o!rs1 ! axiom ,t two sub/ances are really di/9ct :5 _! ideas are complete1 & no way imply ea* o!r4 ,! idea ( ext5sion is complete & di/9ct f ! idea ( ?\ght1 :i* latt] is also cle> & di/9ct by itself4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t sub/ance & m9d are di/9ct 9 ess5ce4 ,des ,c>tes has1 f ! vagu5ess ( "s ( 8 /atem5ts1 subject$ himself to ! *>ge ( ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( innate ideas1 & ! foll[+ quotations w speak = !mselves on ! subject3--,:5 ,i said t ! idea ( ,god is innate 9 u1 ,i nev] meant m ?an ?is1 t ,nature has end[$ u ) a faculty by :i* we may "k ,god2 b ,i h nev] ei!r said or ?\ght t su* ideas _h an actual exi/5ce1 or ev5 t !y 7 a species di/9ct f ! faculty ( ?9k+4444 ,al?\gh ! idea ( ,god is s impr9t$ on our m9ds1 t e p]son has )9 him ! faculty ( kn[+ him1 x does n foll[ t !re may n h be5 v>i\s individuals :o h pass$ ?r\gh life )\t ev] mak+ ?is idea a di/9ct object ( appreh5sion2 &1 9 tru?1 !y :o ?9k !y h an idea ( a plurality ( ,gods1 h no idea ( ,god :atev]4 ,?is seems explicit z negativ+ ! *>ge ( hold+ ! doctr9e ( innate ideas2 b 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review sev]al passages are giv51 among/ :i* is ! foll[+3--,by ! ^w idea ,i und]/& all t c be 9 our ?\ghts2 & ,i di/+ui% ?ree sorts ( ideas--adv5titi\s1 l ! common idea ( ! sun1 fram$ by ! m9d1 su* z t :i* a/ronomical reason+ gives ( ! sun2 & innate1 z ! idea ( ,god1 m9d1 body1 a triangle1 & g5]ally all ^? :i* repres5t true1 immutable1 & et]nal ess5ces4 ,) reg>d to ^! r opposite /atem5ts1 ,lewes says1 ,if ,des ,c>tes1 :5 press$ by objections1 gave diff]5t explanations1 we mu/ only set x d[n to a want ( a /eady conception ( ! vital importance ( innate ideas to 8 sy/em4 ,! fact rema9s t innate ideas =m ! necess>y gr\ndwork ( ! ,c>tesian doctr9e4444 ,! radical error ( all ontological speculation lies 9 ! assumption t we h ideas indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce2 because exp]i5ce c only tell u ( ourselves or ( ph5om5a2 ( n\m5a x c tell u no?+4444 ,! fundam5tal "q1 !n1 ( mod]n philosophy is ?is--,h we any ideas indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce8 ,des ,c>tes's disciples are ( two classes1 ! ma!matical cultivators ( physic1 & ! d$uctive cultivators ( philosophy4 ,! fir/ class ( disciples are f> 9 advance ( _! *ief1 & c only be consid]$ z hav+ receiv$ an impulse 9 a true direction4 ,! second class unhesitat+ly accept$ 8 pr9ciples1 & cont9u$ 8 ?9k+1 al?\gh !y develop$ 8 sy/em 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & arriv$ at /rong] conclusions ?an ,des ,c>tes's c\rage w\ld h support$4 ,"s ( ! physical speculations ( ,des ,c>tes h be5 mu* ridicul$ by subsequ5t writ]s2 b _m reasons may be urg$1 n only aga9/ t ridicule1 b also aga9/ ! m mod]ate c5sure :i* sev]al able critics h dealt out aga9/ ! intellectual "* ( ,des ,c>tes4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! !ories ( all 8 pr$ecessors 7 m]e conjectural speculations respect+ ! places & pa?s ( cele/ial bodies1 etc4 ,innum]able hypo!ses _h be5 =m$ & f\nd useless2 & we ought r to look to :at ,des ,c>tes did accompli% "u ! _m difficulties ( 8 position1 9 respect to ! !n1 /ate ( sci5tific k1 ?an to judge h>%ly ( ^? speculations1 :i*1 ?\gh att5d$ ) no b5eficial result to humanity at l>ge1 7 d\btless well int5d$ by _! au?or4 ,he 0 ! fir/ man :o br\ght optical sci5ce "u ! comm& ( ma!matics1 by ! discov]y ( ! law ( refraction ( ! ord9>y ray ?r\gh diaphan\s bodies2 & probably !re is sc>cely a "n on record1 ! be>] ( :i* has giv5 a great] impulse to ma!matical & philosophical inquiry ?an ,des ,c>tes4 ,al?\gh1 z a ma!matician1 he publi%$ b little1 yet 9 e subject :i* he has treat$ he has op5$1 n only a new field lor inve/igation1 b also a new road = ! inve/igators to proce$ by4 ,8 discov]y ( ! simple application ( ! notation ( indices to algebraical p[]s1 has totally remodell$ ! :ole sci5ce ( algebra4 ,8 conception ( express+ ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( curve l9es & curve surfaces by equations betwe5 ! co-ord9ates has l$ to an almo/ total sup]s$5ce ( ! geometry ( ! anci5ts4 ,contempor>y ) ,galileo1 & ) a k ( ! p]secution to :i* t fa!r ( physics 0 be+ subject$ by ! ,*ur*1 we are tempt$ to express our surprise t ,des ,c>tes did n ext5d ! "r h& ( fell[%ip1 help1 & sympa?y to 8 bro!r philosoph]2 b x is1 nev]!less1 ! fact1 t ei!r jeal\s ( ! fame ( ,galileo 7z "s h alleg$47 or f a fe> ( be+ involv$ 9 ! same p]secutions1 ,des ,c>tes ab/a9$ f visit+ ! a/ronom]1 al?\gh travell+ = "s "t ne> 8 place ( abode 9 ,italy4 ,lewes1 9 8 ,life ( ,des ,c>tes1 says1 ,des ,c>tes 0 a great ?9k]2 b hav+ said ?is we h almo/ exhau/$ ! praise we c be/[ on him z a man4 ,9 disposition he 0 timid to s]vility4 ,:ile promulgat+ ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity1 he 0 9 evid5t al>m le/ ! ,*ur* %\ld see some?+ objectionable 9 !m4 ,he _h also writt5 an a/ronomical treatise2 b he>+ ( ! fate ( ,galileo he refra9$ f publi%+1 & always us$ "s *ican]y 9 speak+ ( ! _w's movem5t4 ,he 0 n a brave man2 he 0 also n an affectionate "o4 ,!re 0 9 him a defici5cy ( all f9] feel+s4 ,b he 0 ev5-temp]$1 & /udi\s ( n giv+ (f5ce4 ,we are tempt$1 aft] a c>eful p]usal ( ! life & writ+s ( ,des ,c>tes & 8 contempor>ies1 to be ( op9ion t he 0 a man :o wi%$ to be consid]$ ! *ief ?9k] ( 8 day1 & :o %unn$ & reject$ ! (f]s ( fri5d%ip f o!r philosoph]s1 le/ !y1 by be+ associat$ ) him1 %\ld jo9tly we> laurels :i* he 0 cultivat+ solely to =m a cr[n = himself4 ,despite all1 8 br[ /ill be>s a cr[n1 & 8 fame has a fre%ness t we might all be ju/ly pr\d (1 if app]ta9+ to ourselves4 ,we tru/ t 9 ^! few pages we h succe$$ 9 pres5t+ ,des ,c>tes1 to su* ( our read]s :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s1 suffici5tly well to enable !m to appreciate him1 & to induce !m to se>* fur!r2 & at ! same "t we hope t ^? bett] acqua9t$ ) him w n blame z = ! omission ( mu* :i* !y may consid] m important ?an ! matt] :i* appe>s 9 ?is little tract4 ,we h endeavor$ to picture ,des ,c>tes z ! f\nd] ( ! d$uctive me?od1 z hav+ ! f\ndation-/one ( all 8 reason+ 9 8 consci\sness4 ,i ,m4 ,,de ,,voltaire4 ,franois ,m>ie ,ar\et1 bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,voltaire1 0 born at ,*at5ay1 on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1 #afid4 ,by assum+ ! "n ( ,voltaire1 "y ,ar\et foll[$ ! cu/om1 at t "t g5]ally practic$ by ! ri* citiz5s & y\ng] sons1 :o1 leav+ ! family "n to ! heir1 assum$ t ( a fief1 or p]haps ( a c\ntry h\se4 ,! fa!r ( ,m4 de ,voltaire 0 treasur] to ! ,*amb] ( ,acc\nts1 & 8 "m1 ,m>g>et d',aum>t1 0 ( a noble family ( ,poit\4 ,! =tune :i* ! fa!r enjoy$1 enabl$ him to be/[ a fir/-class education ^u ! "y ,ar\et1 :o 0 s5t to ! ,jesuits' ,college1 :]e ! sons ( ! nobility receiv$ _! education4 ,:ile at s*ool1 ,voltaire began to write poetry1 & gave signs ( a rem>kable g5ius4 ,8 tutors1 ,fa!rs ,poree & ,jay1 f ! boldness & indep5d5ce ( 8 m9d pr$ict$ t he w\ld become ! apo/le ( ,deism 9 ,france4 ,?is pr$iction he fulfill$4 ,voltaire 01 says ,"l ,br\gham1 ?r\gh 8 :ole life1 a s9c]e believ] 9 ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,he 0 a firm & decid$1 & an op5ly decl>$ unbeliev] 9 ,*ri/ianity2 b he 01 )\t any hesitation or any int]mission1 a ,!i/4 ,8 op5 decl>ation ( disbelief 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 & 8 total rejection ( ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 laid him op5 to ! malignant attacks & misrepres5tations ( ! prie/hood & ! bigots ( ,europe2 & s /rong 7 !y1 t 8 life 0 cont9ually 9 dang]4 ,"l ,br\gham1 9 8 ,m5 ( ,lett]s ( ! ,"t ( ,george ,,iii44 says3--,voltaire's "n is s intimately connect$ 9 ! m9ds ( all m5 ) ,infidelity1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ m5 ) irreligion1 &1 9 ! m9ds ( all :o are n well-in=m$1 ) ^! qualities alone1 t :oev] und]takes to write 8 life & exam9e 8 claims to ! va/ reputation :i* all ! ho/ile feel+s excit$ by him aga9/ himself h nev] be5 able to de/roy1 or ev5 mat]ially to impair1 has to labor "u a great load ( prejudice1 & c h>dly expect1 by any detail ( p>ticul>s1 to obta9 = 8 subject ev5 common ju/ice at ! h&s ( ! g5]al read]4 ,voltaire 0 born 9 a corrupt age1 & 9 a capital :]e x 0 fa%ionable to be immoral4 ,:5 he left ,college1 he 0 introduc$ by 8 own godfa!r1 ! ,abbe de ,*ateauneuf1 to ! notori\s ,n9on de l',enclos1 :o1 at h] dea?1 left him by w two ?\s& livres to pur*ase books4 ,9 e/imat+ ! "* ( ,voltaire1 a due consid]ation mu/ be _h = ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$1 & ( ! nature ( ! society amid/ :i* he 0 re>$4 ,he liv$ tw5ty1 ye>s "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & dur+ ! :ole ( ! reign ( ! infam\s ,l\is ,,xv41 :5 k+s1 c\rti]s1 & prie/s set ! example ( ! grosse/ immorality4 ,x 0 !n1 z ,voltaire said1 t to make ! smalle/ =tune1 x 0 bett] to say f\r words to ! mi/ress ( a k+1 ?an to write a hundr$ volumes4 ,voltaire's life1 f 8 y\? upw>ds1 0 a /ormy "o4 ,aft] he left ,college1 8 fa!r1 f9d+ him p]si/ 9 writ+ poetry1 & liv+ at l>ge1 =bade him 8 h\se4 ,he insi/$ ^u 8 son b9d+ himself to an attorney4 ,b 8 re/less disposition q unfitt$ him = regul> employm5t1 & he soon quitt$ ! pr(ession4 ,he e>ly made ! acqua9tance ( ! mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( 8 "t1 b 8 g5ius1 8 wit1 & 8 s>casm1 soon rais$ up num]\s enemies4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 he 0 accus$ ( hav+ writt5 a satire ^u ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o 0 j dead1 & 0 ?r[n into ! ,ba/ile4 ,b he 0 n ca/ d[n4 ,x 0 "h t he sket*$ 8 poem ( ! ,league1 correct$ 8 trag$y ( ,o$ipus1 & wrote "s m]ry v]ses on ! mis=tune1 ( be+ a prison]4 ,! ,reg5t1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 be+ in=m$ ( 8 innoc5ce1 re/or$ him to fre$om1 & grant$ him a recomp5se4 ,i ?ank y\r royal highness1 said ,voltaire1 = hav+ provid$ me ) food2 b ,i hope y w n h]eaft] tr\ble y\rself conc]n+ my lodg+4 ,voltaire1 ) 8 activity ( m9d1 & liv+ to s great an age1 mu/ necess>ily produce _m works4 ,!y are volum9\s1 consi/+ ( hi/ory1 poetry1 & philosophy4 ,8 dramatic pieces are num]\s1 _m ( :i* are consid]$ second only to ,%akespe>e's4 ,o$ipus1 ,zadig1 ,+nu1 ,zaire1 ,h5ri-ade1 ,ir5e1 ,tancr$1 ,mahomet1 ,m]ope1 ,saul1 ,alzire1 ,le ,fanatisme1 ,m>iamne1 ,ga/on de ,foix1 ,enfant ,prodigue1 ,pucelle d',orlans1 an essay on ,fire1 ! ,elem5ts1 ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,,xii41 ,lectures on ,man1 ,lett]s on ,engl&1 ,memoirs1 ,voyage ( ,sacram5tado1 ,micromegas1 ,maid ( ,orleans1 ,brutus1 ,adelaide1 ,dea? ( ,cs>1 ,temple ( ,ta/e1 ,essay on ! ,mann]s & ,_s ( ,nations1 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & ! ,philosophical ,diction>y1 are works t emanat$ f ! active bra9 ( ?is wit1 poet1 satiri/1 & philosoph]4 ,9 #agbb1 :ile at ,brussels1 ,voltaire met ,jean ,bapti/e ,r\sseau1 ^: mis=tunes he deplor$1 & ^: poetic tal5ts he e/eem$4 ,voltaire read "s ( 8 poems to ,r\sseau1 & he 9 return read to ,voltaire 8 ,ode address$ to ,po/]ity1 :i* ,voltaire1 x is ass]t$1 told him w\ld nev] arrive at ! place to :i* x 0 address$4 ,! two poets p>t$ irreconcileable foes4 ,9 #agbe1 ,voltaire 0 aga9 %ut up 9 ! ,ba/ile1 ?r\gh attempt+ to rev5ge an insult inflict$ ^u him by a c\rti]4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s he 0 releas$1 b ord]$ to quit ,p>is4 ,he s\ght refuge 9 ,engl&1 9 #agbf4 ,he 0 ! gue/ 9 t c\ntry ( a ,mr4 ,falcon]1 ( ,w&swor?1 ^: hospitality he rememb]$ ) affection s long z life la/$4 ,voltaire 0 kn[n to mo/ ( ! wits & ,free?9k]s ( t day 9 ,engl&4 ,at ?is e>ly age he 0 at w> ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 visit to ,engl&1 says ,lam>t9e1 gave assurance & gravity to 8 incr$ulity2 = 9 ,france he _h only kn[n lib]t9es--9 ,engl& he knew philosoph]s4 ,he w5t to visit ,congreve1 :o _h ! affectation to tell him t he 7,congreve7 valu$ himself1 n on 8 au?or%ip1 b z a man ( ! _w4 ,to :i* ,voltaire adm9i/]$ a j rebuke by say+1 ,i %\ld nev] h come s f> to see a g5tleman6 ,voltaire soon acquir$ an ample =tune1 mu* ( :i* 0 exp5d$ 9 aid+ m5 ( lett]s1 & 9 enc\rag+ su* y\? z he ?\ght discov]$ ! se$s ( g5ius4 ,! use he made ( ri*es might prevail on envy itself to p>don him _! acquirem5t4 ,8 p5 & 8 purse 7 ev] at ! s]vice ( ! oppress$4 ,calas1 an infirm old man1 liv+ at ,t\l\se1 0 accus$ ( hav+ hung 8 son1 to prev5t 8 becom+ a ,ca?olic4 ,! ,ca?olic population became inflam$1 & ! "y man 0 decl>$ to be a m>tyr4 ,! fa!r 0 condemn$ to ! torture & ! :eel1 & di$ prote/+ 8 innoc5ce4 ,! family ( ,calas 0 ru9$ & disgrac$4 ,voltaire1 assur+ himself ( ! innoc5ce ( ! old man1 det]m9$ to obta9 ju/ice = ! family4 ,to ?is end he labor$ incessantly = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 all ?is "t1 he said1 a smile did n escape him = :i* he did n reproa* himself z = a crime4 ,8 ef=ts 7 successful4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only cause 9 :i* he 0 engag$ on ! side ( ! weak & ! wrong$ aga9/ ! p[]ful & ! p]secut+4 ,8 :ole life1 ?\gh malign$ z an ,infidel & a-sc(f]1 0 "o long act ( b5evol5ce4 ,on le>n+ t a "y niece ( ,corneille langui%$ 9 a condition unwor?y ( 8 "n1 ,voltaire1 9 ! mo/ delicate mann]1 invit$ h] to 8 h\se1 & %e !re receiv$ an education suitable to ! rank t h] bir? _h m>k$ lor h] 9 society4 ,x is ! duty ( a soldi]1 he said1 to succor ! niece ( 8 g5]al4 ,voltaire liv$ = a "t at ! ,c\rt ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia1 & = _m ye>s c>ri$ on a correspond5ce ) t mon>*4 ,he qu>rell$ ) ! k+1 & left ! c\rt 9 a passion4 ,an emiss>y 0 despat*$ to him to reque/ an apology1 :o said he 0 to c>ry back to ! k+ 8 answ] v]batim4 ,voltaire told him t ! k+ might g to ! devil6 ,on be+ ask$ if t 0 ! message he meant to be deliv]$6 ,yes1 he answ]$1 & add to x t ,i told y t y might g !re ) him4 ,9 8 ,memoirs1 he has drawn a mo/ amus+ picture ( 8 ,prussian ,maje/y4 ,he1 also says1 ,prie/s nev] ent]$ ! palace2 &1 9 a ^w1 ,fr$]ick liv$ )\t religion1 )\t a c\ncil1 & )\t a c\rt4 ,we>i$ ) 8 rambl+ & unsettl$ mode ( liv+1 ,voltaire b\ght an e/ate at ,f]ney1 9 ! ,pays des ,gex1 :]e he sp5t ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he rebuilt ! h\se1 laid out g>d5s1 kept a good table1 & _h cr[ds ( visitors f all p>ts1 ( ,europe4 ,remov$ f :atev] c\ld excite mom5t>y or p]sonal passion1 he yield$ to 8 zeal = ! de/ruction ( prejudice1 :i* 0 ! mo/ p[]ful & active ( all ! s5sations he felt4 ,?is peaceful life1 seldom di/urb$ except by ! ?reats ( p]secution r ?an p]secution itself1 0 adorn$ by ^? acts ( enlight5$ & bold b5evol5ce1 :i*1 :ile !y relieve ! suff]+s ( c]ta9 individuals1 are ( any s]vice to ! :ole human race4 ,he 0 kn[n to ,europe z ! ,sage ( ,f]ney4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( m ?an tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 he re-visit$ ,p>is 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aggh4 ,he _h j f9i%$ 8 play ( ,ir5e1 & 0 anxi\s to see x p]=m$4 ,8 visit 0 an ovation4 ,he _h outliv$ all 8 enemies4 ,aft] hav+ be5 ! object ( unrel5t+ p]secution by ! prie/s & corrupt c\rti]s ( ,france = a p]iod ( m ?an fifty ye>s1 he yet liv$ to see ! day :5 all t 0 mo/ em95t 9 /ation or mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 tal5ts--all t mo/ %one 9 society1 or mo/ rul$ 9 c\rt1 seem$ to b5d be=e him4 ,at ?is p]iod he1 = ! fir/ "t1 saw ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,!y embrac$ ea* o!r 9 ! mid/ ( public acclamations1 & x 0 said to be ,solon :o embrac$ ,sophocles4 ,voltaire did n survive 8 triumph long4 ,8 unwe>i$ activity induc$ him1 at 8 great age1 to comm5ce a ,diction>y ^u a novel plan1 :i* he prevail$ ^u ! ,fr5* ,academy to take up4 ,^! labors br\ght on spitt+ ( blood1 foll[$ by sleeplessness1 to obviate :i* he took opium 9 consid]able quantities4 ,condorcet says t ! s]vant mi/ook "o ( ! doses1 :i* ?rew him into a /ate ( le?>gy1 f :i* he nev] ralli$4 ,he l+]$ = "s "t1 b at l5g? expir$ on ! #cj? ( ,may1 #aggh1 9 8 eighty-fif? ye>4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 ^? days1 & prevails to a consid]able ext5t ev5 9 our own "t1 = ! religi\s _w to fabricate horrible dea?-b$s ( all ,free?9k]s4 ,voltaire's la/ mom5ts 7 di/ort$ by 8 enemies aft] ! approv$ fa%ion2 & not)/&+ ! mo/ unqualifi$ d5ial on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,bur>d & o!rs1 :o 7 pres5t at 8 dea?1 !re are _m :o believe ^! falsehoods at ?is mom5t4 ,voltaire di$ 9 peace1 ) ! exception ( ! petty annoyances to :i* he 0 subject$ by ! prie/s4 ,! philosoph]s1 too1 :o wi%$ t no public /igma %\ld be ca/ ^u him by ! refusal ( ,*ri/ian burial1 p]suad$ him to und]go confession & absolution4 ,?is1 to oblige 8 fri5ds1 he submitt$ to2 b :5 ! cure "o day drew him f 8 le?>gy by %\t+ into 8 e>1 ,d y believe ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,voltaire exclaim$1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,sir1 speak to me no m ( t man1 b let me die 9 peace6 ,?is put to flight all d\bts ( ! pi\s1 & ! c]tificate ( burial 0 refus$4 ,b ! prohibition ( ! ,bi%op ( ,troyes came too late4 ,voltaire 0 buri$ at ! mona/]y ( ,scelli]es1 9 ,*ampagne1 ( :i* 8 nephew 0 abbot4 ,aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! body1 at ! reque/ ( ! citiz5s1 0 remov$ to ,p>is1 & buri$ 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,lam>t9e1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,girondi/s1 p4 #adi1 speak+ ( ! c]emony1 says3-- ,on ! #aa? ( ,july1 ! dep>tm5tal & municipal au?orities w5t 9 /ate to ! b>ri] ( ,*>5ton1 to receive ! mortal rema9s ( ,voltaire1 :i* 7 plac$ on ! anci5t site ( ! ,ba/ile1 l a conqu]or on 8 trophies2 8 c(f9 0 expos$ to public gaze1 & a p$e/al 0 =m$ = x ( /ones torn f ! f\ndations ( ?is anci5t /ronghold ( tyranny2 & ?us ,voltaire :5 dead triumph$ ov] ^? /ones :i* _h triumph$ ov] & conf9$ him :5 liv+4 ,on "o ( ! blocks 0 ! inscription1 ',receive on ?is spot1 :]e despotism once fett]$ !e1 ! ,honors decre$ to !e by ?y c\ntry'4444 ,! c(f9 ( ,voltaire 0 deposit$ betwe5 ^? ( ,desc>tes & ,mirabeau--! spot pr$e/9$ = ?is int]m$i>y g5ius betwe5 philosophy & policy1 betwe5 ! design & ! execution4 ,! aim ( ,voltaire's life 0 ! de/ruction ( prejudice & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,reason4 ,dei/s1 said ,w4 ,j4 ,fox 9 #ahai1 h done mu* = tol]ation & religi\s lib]ty4 ,x may be d\bt$ if !re be a c\ntry 9 ,europe1 :]e t cause has n be5 advanc$ by ! writ+s ( ,voltaire4 ,9 ! ,preface & ,conclusion to ! ,exam9ation ( ! ,scriptures1 ,voltaire says3-- ,! ambition ( dom9e]+ ov] ! m9d1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ passions4 ,a !ologian1 a mission>y1 or a p>tisan ( any description1 is always = conqu]+ l a pr9ce1 & !re are _m m sects ?an !re are sov]eigns 9 ! _w4 ,to ^: guidance %all ,i submit my m9d8 ,mu/ ,i be a ,*ri/ian1 be-cause ,i happ5$ to be born 9 ,london1 or 9 ,madrid8 ,mu/ ,i be a ,mussulman1 because ,i 0 born 9 ,turkey8 ,z x is myself alone t ,i ought to consult1 ! *oice ( a religion is my greate/ int]e/4 ,"o man adores ,god by ,mahomet1 ano!r by ! ,gr& ,lama1 & ano!r by ! ,pope4 ,weak & fooli% m56 adore ,god by y\r own reason4444 ,i h le>nt t a ,fr5* ,vic>1 ( ! "n ( ,john ,mesli]1 :o di$ a %ort "t s9ce1 pray$ on 8 dea?-b$ t ,god w\ld =give him = hav+ taught ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h se5 a ,vic> 9 ,dorset%ire rel9qui% a liv+ ( #bjj a ye>1 & confess to 8 p>i%ion]s t 8 consci5ce w\ld n p]mit him to prea* ! %ock+ absurdities ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b nei!r ! w nor ! te/am5t ( ,john ,mesli]1 nor ! decl>ation ( ?is wor?y ,vic>1 are :at ,i consid] decisive pro(s4 ,uriel ,aco/a1 a ,jew1 publicly r5\nc$ ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,am/]dam2 h[ev]1 ,i pay no m att5tion to ! ,jew ,aco/a ?an to ,p>son ,mesli]4 ,i w read ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! trial1 ) c>eful att5tion1 n suff]+ ! lawy]s to tamp] ) me2 b w weigh1 be=e ,god1 ! reasons ( bo? p>ties1 & decide accord+ to my consci5ce4 ,i comm5ce by be+ my-own in/ructor4444 ,i conclude1 t e s5sible man1 e hone/ man1 ought to hold ,*ri/ianity 9 abhorr5ce4 ',! great "n ( ,!i/1 :i* we c nev] suffici5tly rev]e1' is ! only "n we ought to adopt4 ,! only gospel we %\ld read is ! gr& book ( nature1 writt5 ) ,god's own h&1 & /amp$ ) 8 own seal4 ,! only religion we ought to pr(ess is1 'to adore ,god1 & act l hone/ m54' ,x w\ld be z impossible = ?is simple & et]nal religion to produce evil1 z x w\ld be impossible = ,*ri/ian fanaticism n to produce x4444 ,b :at %all we sub/itute 9 its place8 say y4 ,:at8 ,a f]oci\s animal has suck$ ! blood ( my relatives4 ,i tell y to rid y\rselves ( ?is bea/1 & y ask me :at y %all put 9 its place6 ,is x y t put ?is "q to me8 ,!n y are a hundr$ times m odi\s ?an ! ,pagan ,pontiffs1 :o p]mitt$ !mselves to enjoy tranquillity among _! c]emonies & sacrifices1 :o did n attempt to enslave ! m9d by dogmas1 :o nev] disput$ ! p[]s ( ! magi/rates1 & :o introduc$ no discord among mank9d4 ,y h ! face to ask :at y mu/ sub/itute 9 ! place ( y\r fables6 ,z w be se5 by 8 exclamation on 8 dea?-b$1 ,voltaire 0 no believ] 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,he disbeliev$ ! ,bible 9 toto4 ,! acc\nts ( ! do+s ( ! ,jewi% k+s1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he has unsp>+ly ridicul$ 9 ! drama ( ,saul4 ,! quiet irony ( ! foll[+ w be easily appreciat$3-- ,div9ity ( ,jesus4--,! ,soc9ians1 :o are reg>d$ z blasphem]s1 d n recognize ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y d>e to pret5d1 ) ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 ) ! ,jews1 ! ,mahometans1 & mo/ o!r nations1 t ! idea ( a god-man is mon/r\s2 t ! di/ance f ,god to man is inf9ite2 & t x is impossible = a p]i%able body to be inf9ite1 imm5se1 or et]nal4 ,!y h ! confid5ce to quote ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 9 _! favor1 :o1 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 book i41 *ap4 #i1 decl>es t x is absurd to imag9e ! uncreat$ & un*angeable nature ( ,almighty ,god tak+ ! =m ( a man4 ,!y cite ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 ,ju/9 & ,t]tullian1 :o h said ! same ?+3 ,ju/9 9 8 ,dialogue ) ,triphonius2 & ,t]tullian1 9 8 ,disc\rse aga9/ ,praxeas4 ,!y quote ,/4 ,paul1 :o nev] calls ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god1 & :o calls him man v (t54 ,!y c>ry _! audacity s f> z to affirm1 t ! ,*ri/ians pass$ ?ree entire ages 9 =m+ by degrees ! apo!osis ( ,jesus2 & t !y only rais$ ?is a/oni%+ edifice by ! example ( ! ,pagans1 :o _h deifi$ mortals4 ,at fir/1 accord+ to !m1 ,jesus 0 only reg>d$ z a man inspir$ by ,god1 & !n z a creature m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,!y gave him "s "t aft]1 a place above ! angels1 z ,/4 ,paul tells u4 ,e day add$ to 8 greatness4 ,he 9 "t became an emanation1 proce$+ f ,god4 ,?is 0 n en\gh2 he 0 ev5 born be=e "t4 ,at la/ he 0 ,god consub/antial ) ,god4 ,crellius1 ,voquelsius1 ,natalis1 ,alex&]1 & ,hornbeck1 h support$ all ^! blasphemies by argum5ts1 :i* a/oni% ! wise & mislead ! weak4 ,above all1 ,fau/us ,soc9us spread ! se$s ( ?is doctr9e 9 ,europe2 & at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a new species ( ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$4 ,!re 7 already m ?an ?ree hundr$4--,philosophical ,diction>y1 vol4 i4 p4 #dje4 ,?\gh a firm & consi/5t believ] 9 ! be+ ( a ,god1 ,voltaire 0 no bigot4 ,! calm reason+ ( ! foll[+ passage does honor to its au?or3-- ,fai?4--,div9e fai?1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt51 is evid5tly no?+ m ?an incr$ulity br\ght "u subjection2 = we c]ta9ly h no o!r faculty ?an ! und]/&+ by :i* we c believe2 & ! objects ( fai? are n ^? ( ! und]/&+4 ,we c believe only :at appe>s to be true2 & no?+ c appe> true b 9 "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ ways--by intuition or feel+1 z ,i exi/1 ,i see ! sun2 or by an accumulation ( probability am\nt+ to c]ta9ty1 z !re is a city call$ ,con/ant9ople2 or by positive demon/ration1 z triangles ( ! same base & height are equal4 ,fai?1 !re=e1 be+ no?+ at all ( ?is description1 c no m be a belief1 a p]suasion1 ?an x c be yell[ or r$4 ,x c be no?+ b ! annihilation ( reason1 a sil5ce ( adoration at ! contemplation ( ?+s absolutely incompreh5sible4 ,?us1 speak+ philosophically1 no p]son believes ! ,tr9ity2 no p]son believes t ! same body c be 9 a ?\s& places at once2 & he :o says1 ,i believe ^! my/]ies1 w see1 beyond ! possibility ( a d\bt1 if he reflects = a mom5t on :at passes 9 8 m9d1 t ^! words mean no m ?an1 ,i respect !e1 my/]ies2 ,i submit myself to ^? :o ann\nce !m4 ,= !y agree ) me1 t my real reason1 _! own reason1 believe !m n2 b x is cle> if my reason is n p]suad$1 ,i am n p]suad$1 & my reason _c possibly be two diff]5t be+s4 ,x is an absolute contradiction t ,i %\ld receive t z true :i* my und]/&+ rejects z false4 ,fai?1 !re=e1 is no?+ b submissive or def]5tial incr$ulity4 ,b :y %\ld ?is submission be ex]cis$ :5 my und]/&+ inv9cibly recoils8 ,! reason1 we well "k1 is1 t my und]/&+ has be5 p]suad$ t ! my/]ies ( my fai? are laid d[n by ,god himself4 ,all1 !n1 t ,i c d1 z a reasonable be+1 is to be sil5t & adore4 ,t is :at div9es call ext]nal fai?2 & ?is fai? nei!r is1 nor c be1 any?+ m ?an respect = ?+s incompreh5sible1 9 consequ5ce ( ! reliance ,i place on ^? :o tea* !m2 ,if ,god himself 7 to say to me1 ,?\ght is ( an olive col\r2 ! squ>e ( a c]ta9 numb] is bitt]2 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly und]/& no?+ at all f ^! words4 ,i c\ld n adopt !m ei!r z true or false4 ,b ,i w repeat !m1 if he comm&s me to d x2 & ,i w make o!rs repeat !m at ! risk ( my life4 ,?is is fai?2 x is no?+ m ?an ob$i5ce4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a f\ndation !n = ?is ob$i5ce1 x is m]ely necess>y to exam9e ! books :i* require x4 ,our und]/&+1 !re=e1 %\ld inve/igate ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 j z x w\ld ,plut>* or ,livy2 & if x f9ds 9 !m inconte/able & decisive evid5ces--evid5ces obvi\s to all m9ds1 & su* z w\ld be admitt$ by m5 ( all nations--t ,god himself is _! au?or1 !n x is our incumb5t duty to subject our und]/&+ to ! yoke ( fai?4--,ibid1 p4 #dgd4 ,pray]4--,we "k ( no religion )\t pray]s2 ev5 ! ,jews _h !m1 al?\gh !re 0 no public =m ( pray] among !m be=e ! "t :5 !y sang _! canticles 9 _! synagogues1 :i* did n take place until a late p]iod4 ,! p ( all nations1 :e!r actuat$ by desires or fe>s1 h summon$ ! assi/ance ( ! ,div9ity4 ,philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 m respectful to ! ,supreme ,be+1 & ris+ m above human weakness1 h be5 habituat$ to sub/itute1 = pray]1 resignation4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is all t appe>s prop] & suitable betwe5 creature & ,creator4 ,b philosophy is n adapt$ to ! great mass ( mank9d2 x so>s too highly above ! vulg>2 x speaks a language !y are unable to compreh5d4 ,to propose philosophy to !m1 w\ld be j z weak z to propose ! /udy ( conic sections to peasants or fi%-wom54 ,among philosoph]s !mselves1 ,i "k ( no "o besides ,maximus ,tyrius :o has treat$ ( ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( 8 ideas ^u x3--,! designs ( ,god exi/ f all et]nity4 ,if ! object pray$ = be con=mable to 8 immutable w1 x mu/ be p]fectly useless to reque/ ( him ! v ?+ :i* he has det]m9$ to d4 ,if he is pray$ to = ! rev]se ( :at he has det]m9$ to d1 he is pray$ to be weak1 fickle1 & incon/ant2 su* a pray] implies t ?is is ?\ght to be 8 "*1 & is no?+ bett] ?an ridicule or mock]y ( him4 ,y ei!r reque/ ( him :at is j & "r1 9 :i* case he ought to d x1 & x w be actually done )\t any solicitation1 :i* 9 fact1 %[s di/ru/ ( 8 rectitude2 or :at y reque/ is unju/1 & !n y insult him4 ,y are ei!r wor?y or unwor?y ( ! fav\r y implore2 if wor?y1 he kn[s x bett] ?an y d y\rself2 if unwor?y1 y commit an additional crime 9 reque/+ t :i* y d n m]it4 ,9 a ^w1 we (f] up pray]s to ,god only because we h made him aft] our own image4 ,we treat him l a pa*a1 or a sultan1 :o is capable ( be+ exasp]at$ & appeas$4 ,9 %ort1 all nations pray to ,god2 ! sage is resign$1 & obeys him4 ,let u pray ) ! p1 & let u be resign$ to him ) ! sage4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! public pray] ( _m nations1 & ( ^? ( ! ,jews4--,t p h _h "o f "t immemorial1 :i* des]ves all our att5tion1 f its resemblance to ! pray] taught u by ,jesus ,*ri/ himself4 ,?is ,jewi% pray] is call$ ! ,kadi%1 & beg9s ) ^! words3--,oh6 ,god6 let ?y "n be magnifi$ & sanctifi$2 make ?y k+dom to prevail2 let r$emption fl\ri%1 & ! ,messiah come quickly6 ,z ?is ,radi% is recit$ 9 ,*aldee1 x has induc$ ! belief1 t x is z anci5t z ! captivity1 & t x 0 at t p]iod t ! ,jews began to hope = a ,messiah1 a ,lib]ator1 or ,r$eem]1 :om !y h s9ce pray$ = 9 ihe seasons ( _! calamities4--,ibid1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cej4 ,voltaire's contempt = ! ,bible l$ him to use ! language ( holy writ 9 ! co>se/ jokes2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ) su* mat]ial1 ! jokes c\ld n well be o!rwise ?an co>se4 ,! foll[+ lett] he address$ to ,m4 ,billon1 ,int5dant ( ,lyons1 on acc\nt ( a poor ,jew tak5 up = utt]+ contrab& goods4 ,?is k9d ( writ+ obta9$ = ,voltaire ! title ( sc(f]3-- ,bless+s on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* gives me ?is opportunity ( tell+ y1 t among/ all ^? :o adore ! ,new1 !re is n "o m devot$ to y\r s]vice ?an myself1 a c]ta9 desc5dant ( ,jacob1 a p$l>1 z all ^! g5tlem5 are1 :il/ he is wait+ = ! ,messiah1 waits also = y\r protection1 :i* at pres5t he has ! mo/ ne$ (4 ,"s hone/ m5 ( ! fir/ trade ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 :o ga!r toge!r ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians at ! gates ( y\r city1 h seiz$ some?+ 9 ! bree*es pocket ( an ,israeliti% page1 belong+ to ! poor circumcis$1 :o has ! hon\r to t5d] y ?is billet1 ) all prop] submission & humility4 ,i beg leave to jo9 my ,am5 to 8 at a v5ture4 ,i b j saw y at ,p>is z ,moses saw ! ,deity1 & %\ld be v happy 9 see+ y face to face4 ,if ! ^w face c any ways be appli$ to me1 pres]ve "s remembrance ( y\r old et]nal humble s]vant1 :o loves y ) t *a/e & t5d] affection1 :i* ! religi\s ,solomon _h = 8 ?ree hundr$ ,%uhamites4 ,voltaire's prodigi\s wit & s>casm 7 s exub]ant1 t he exp5d$ !m ^u all p & all subjects--ev5 himself1 :5 occasion admitt$ ( x1 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s1-address$ to ! ,elector ,palat9e1 ,sept4 #i1 #agfa1 he gives ?is excuse = n att5d+ at ! c\rt3-- ,i %\ld really make an excell5t figure amid/ ! rejoic+s ( y\r electoral highness4 ,x 0 only1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! ,egypt ( antiquity t skeletons 7 admitt$ to a place 9 _! fe/ivals4 ,to say ! tru?1 my "l1 x is all ov] ) me4 ,i laugh inde$ sometimes2 b am =c$ to ackn[l$ge t pa9 is an evil4 ,x is a com=t to me t y\r highness is well2 b ,i am fitt] = an extreme unction ?an a baptism4 ,may ! peace s]ve = an era to m>k ! pr9ce's bir?2 & may 8 augu/ fa!r pres]ve 8 reg>d =1 & accept ! pr(\nd respects ( 8 little ,swiss1 ,voltaire4 ,9 politics1 ,voltaire 0 n v f> advanc$4 ,he seems to h _h no idea ( a nation )\t a k+4 ,a mon>* :o %\ld n commit any v flagrant acts ( tyranny1 0 z mu* z he appe>$ to desire4 ,he evid5tly did n =esee ! great revolution t 0 s soon to bur/ =? 9 ,france1 b t he ma9ly contribut$ by 8 writ+s to br+ x ab\t1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,8 influ5ce ^u ! m5 ( 8 "t1 bo? 9 ,france & ,europe1 is ably depict$ by su* writ]s z ,lam>t9e1 ,qu9et1 & ,br\gham4 ,voltaire's 0 ! "o great m9d ( 8 day1 ^: ?\ghts engross$ ! att5tion ( all m54 ,he 0 great by 8 le>n+1 8 g5ius1 & 8 b5evol5ce--& ?is man 0 ! *ampion ( ,reason1 ! enemy ( sup]/ition1 & an ,infidel4 ,qu9et1 9 8 lectures on ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 says3--,i wat*1 = =ty ye>s1 ! reign ( "o man :o is 9 himself ! spiritual director1 n ( 8 c\ntry1 b ( 8 age4 ,f ! corn] ( 8 *amb]1 he gov]ns ! k+dom ( spirits2 intellects are e day regulat$ by 82 "o ^w writt5 by 8 h& trav]ses ,europe4 ,pr9ces love1 & k+s fe> him2 !y ?9k !y are n sure ( _! k+dom if he be n ) !m4 ,:ole nations1 on _! side1 adopt )\t discussion1 & emul\sly repeat1 e syllable t falls f 8 p54 ,:o ex]cises ?is incr$ible p[]1 :i* _h be5 n[h]e se5 s9ce ! middle ages8 ,is he ano!r ,gregory ,,ii48 ,is he a ,pope8 ,no--,voltaire4 ,we conclude our sket* ) ! eloqu5t words ( ,lam>t9e1 :o describes1 9 a few s5t5ces1 ! ine/imable s]vices r5d]$ to ,free?\ght & intellectual progression by ! ,sage ( ,f]ney3-- ,if we judge ( m5 by :at !y h done1 !n ,voltaire is inconte/ably ! greate/ writ] ( mod]n ,europe4 ,no "o has caus$1 ?r\gh ! p[]ful influ5ce ( 8 g5ius alone1 & ! p]sev]ance ( 8 w1 s great a commotion 9 ! m9ds ( m52 8 p5 ar\s$ a _w1 & has %ak5 a f> mighti] empire ?an t ( ,*>lemagne1 ! ,european empire ( a !ocracy4 ,8 g5ius 0 n =ce b light4 ,heav5 _h de/9$ him n to de/roy b to illum9ate1 & :]ev] he trod1 light foll[$ him1 = ,reason 7:i* is light7 _h de/9$ him to be fir/ h] poet1 !n h] apo/le1 & la/ly h] idol4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,john ,,tol&4 ,9 ! ,augu/an age ( ,free?\ght1 no ,briti% writ] a*iev$ m r5[n1 or p]=m$ great] s]vices to ,biblical criticism1 ?an ,john ,tol&4 ,8 life w\ld fill a volume1 :ile 8 works w\ld /ock a libr>y4 ,true to 8 convictions1 he spoke l a man1 & di$ z a h]o4 ,8 books are /rewn ) classical illu/rations1 & deal s ) ab/ract 7& to u7 un9t]e/+ argum5ts1 t we %all simply give a brief sket* ( ! life ( ?is extraord9>y man4 ,he gave 8 ?\ghts to ! s*ol>s at ! same "t t ,wool/on address$ ! p2 conjo9tly !y revolutioniz$ op9ion 9 our favor4 ,tol& 0 born on ,novemb] #cj1 #afgj1 at ,londond]ry1 9 ,irel&4 ,x is said 8 regi/]$ "n 0 ,james ,junius1 ano!r acc\nt says ,julius ,cs>2 b we h be5 unable to f9d any au!ntic date = ei!r supposition1 & :atev] 8 "n 0 regi/]$1 we h indisputable evid5ce t he 0 always call$ ,john ,tol&4 ,we h less pro( z to 8 p>5tage2 "s writ]s allege t he 0 ! natural son ( a ,ca?olic prie/2 :ile o!rs cont5d t he 0 born ( a family once afflu5t1 b at ! "t ( 8 bir? 9 v r$uc$ circum/ances4 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! case or ! rev]se1 "y ,tol& receiv$ a lib]al education4 ,he 0 e>ly taught ! classics1 /udi$ 9 ! ,glasg[ ,college2 & on leav+ ,glasg[ he 0 pres5t$ ) lett]s ( cr$it f ! city magi/rates1 highly flatt]+ to him z a man & a s*ol>4 ,he receiv$ ! diploma ( ,a4,m4 at ,ed9burgh1 ! day previ\s to ! ,battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,he f9i%$ 8 /udies at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd54 ,! fir/ "w ( importance :i* ,tol& publi%$1 0 a ,life ( ,john ,milton1 conta9+ besides ! ,hi/ory ( 8 ,works1 sev]al extraord9>y ,*>act]s ( ,m5 & ,books1 ,sects1 ,p>ties1 & ,op9ions4 ,?is "w be+ viol5tly oppos$1 0 spe$ily foll[$ by ,amyntor1 or a def5ce ( ,milton's life1 conta9+--#a4 ,a g5]al apology = all writ+s ( t k9d4 #b4 ,a catalogue ( books1 attribut$ 9 ! primitive times to ,jesus ,*ri/1 8 apo/les1 & o!r em95t p]sons1 ) sev]al important rem>ks relat+ to ! canon ( ,scripture4 #c4 ,a complete hi/ory ( ! ,book1 entitl$ ,icon ,basilike1 prov+ ,dr4 ,gaud51 & n ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 to be ! au?or ( x1 etc4 ,^? works e/abli%$ ! fame ( ,tol&1 z well z =m$ ! gr\ndwork = p]secution1 :i* hunt$ him ev5 on 8 dea?-b$4 ,9 ! ye> #afii ,tol& collect$1 edit$1 & publi%$1 f ! orig9al ,,mss41 ! :ole ( ! works ( ,james ,h>r+ton1 prefix$ by a memoir ( ?is extraord9>y !ori/4 ,9 8 preface he says t he compos$ ?is "w 9 8 belov$ retirem5t at ,cannon1 ne> ,ban/$1 9 ,surrey4 ,f ?is1 along ) o!r exc]pts scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 works1 we _c b inf] t at ! outset ( 8 c>e] he possess$ a mod]ate compet5ce ( worldly weal? & social position4 ,he says 8 idea 0 to transmit to po/]ity ! wor?y memory ( ,james ,h>r+ton1 a bright ornam5t to useful le>n+1 a he>ty lov] ( 8 native c\ntry1 & a g5]\s b5efactor to ! :ole _w2 a p]son :o obscur$ ! false lu/re ( our mod]n politicians1 & equall$ 7if n exce$$7 all ! anci5t legislators4 ,?is to u is an int]e/+ fact1 = x %[s ! e>ly unanimity :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! e>li] re=m]s 9 politics & ^? ( !ology4 ,! sup]vision ( ! ,oceana by ,tol&1 be>s ! same inf]5tial analogy1 z if ,mr4 ,holyoake 7 ! biograph] & publi%] ( ! ,new ,moral ,_w & its au?or4 ,9 #agjj1 he publi%$ ,anglia ,lib]a2 or1 ! ,limitation & ,succession ( ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&1 expla9$ & ,ass]t$1 etc4 ,?is book is conclud$ by ! foll[+ apo!gm1 assur+ ! p t no k+ c ev] be s good z "o ( _! own mak+1 z !re is no title equal to _! approbation1 :i* is ! only div9e "r ( all magi/racy1 = ! voice ( ! p is ! voice ( ,god4 ,9 #agjb1 ,tol& sp5t "s "t 9 ,g]many1 publi%-+ a s]ies ( ,lett]s to a fri5d 9 ,holl&1 entitl$ ,"s ,rem>ks on ! ,k+ ( ,prussia's ,c\ntry1 on 8 ,gov]nm5t1 8 ,c\rt1 & 8 num]\s ,palaces4 ,ab\t ?is "t appe>$ ,! ,art ( ,gov]n+ by ,p>ties2 ?is 0 always a favorite subject ( ! old ,free?9k]s1 & is /ill fur!r elucidat$ by ,bol+broke4 ,9 #agjg he publi%$ a l>ge treatise 9 ,engli% & ,lat91 z ,a ,philippic ,oration1 to incite ! ,engli% aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 a "w ,i h nev] se54 ,we n[ return to an e>li] date1 & %all trace ! use ( 8 !ological works4 ,! fir/ ( note 7#afif7 0 ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s--%[+ t !re is no?+ 9 ! gospel contr>y to reason1 nor above x2 & t no ,*ri/ian doctr9e c be prop]ly call$ a my/]y4 ,z soon z ?is book 0 issu$ f ! press1 x 0 attack$ ) unmanly virul5ce4 ,"o man 7,pet] ,br[n7 :o 0 m disgu/+ly oppos$ to ,tol& ?an ! re/1 0 made a bi%op2 & by f> ! greate/ majority among/ ! ,anglican cl]gy1 :o attack$ him1 7 all rew>d$ by honors & pref]m5t4 ,! au?or 0 accus$ ( mak+ himself a new ,h]esi>*2 t !re 0 a tradition among/ ! ,iri% t he 0 to be a second ,cromwell1 & t ,tol& himself boa/$ t be=e he 0 =ty ye>s old1 he w\ld be gov]nor ov] a great] c\ntry ?an ,cromwell2 & t he w\ld be ! head ov] a new religion be=e he 0 ?irty4 ,"o ( 8 oppon5ts publicly /igmatises him z say+ t he 7,tol&7 himself design$ to be z great an impo/or z ,mahomet1 & m p[]ful ?an ! ,pope2 :ile ! ,puritans d5\nc$ him z a disguis$ ,jesuit1 & ! ,papi/s z a rancor\s ,noncon=mi/4 ,to complete ! com$y1 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t condemn$ 8 book to be publicly burnt1 "s ecclesia/ics l\dly murmur+ t1 ! au?or %\ld be burn$ ) x2 o!rs1 m mod]ate1 7 anxi\s t ,tol& %\ld burn x himself1 :ile at la/ !y came to an unanim\s resolution to burn x 9 front ( ! ?re%old ( 8 door1 s t :5 ! au?or appe>$1 he w\ld be oblig$ to /ep oy] ! a%es ( 8 own book1 :i* 0 accord+ly done amid ! brutal *e]s ( an ignorant & infuriat$ populace4 ,z a pro( ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* ,tol& 0 held by ! few able & lib]al m5 ( ! day1 we extract ! foll[+ acc\nt f ! correspond5ce ( ,john ,locke & ,mr4 ,molyneux4 99 ,! latt] g5tleman1 writ+ to ! =m]1 says3--,i am told ! au?or ( ',*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s' is ( ?is c\ntry1 & t 8 "n is ,tol&1 b he is a /rang] 9 ^! p>ts1 ,i believe4 ,if he belongs to ?is k+dom1 he has be5 a good :ile out ( x1 or ,i h n he>d ( any su* rem>kable man among/ u4 ,9 ano!r lett]1 ! same writ] says3--,9 my la/ to y1 !re 0 a passage1 relat+ to ! au?or ( ',*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s4' ,i did n !n ?9k he 0 s ne> me z )9 ! b\nds ( ?is city2 b ,i f9d s9ce t he has come ov] hi!r1 & h _h ! favor ( a visit f him4 ,i n[ und]/& t he 0 born 9 ?is c\ntry1 b t he has be5 a great :ile abroad1 & 8 education 0 = "s "t "u ! great ,le ,cl]c4 ,b t = :i* ,i c nev] honor him too mu*1 is 8 acqua9tance & fri5d%ip to y1 & ! respect :i* ^u all occasions he expresses = y4 ,i propose a great deal ( satisfaction 9 8 conv]sation4 ,i take him to be a c&id ,free?9k]1 & a good s*ol>4 ,b !re is a viol5t sort ( _s :i* reigns "h1 :i* beg9s already to %[ itself aga9/ him1 & ,i believe w increase daily1 = ,i f9d ! cl]gy al>m$ to a mighty degree aga9/ him4 ,& la/ ,sunday he _h 8 welcome to ?is city1 by he>+ himself h>angu$ aga9/ out ( ! pulpit1 by a prelate ( ?is c\ntry4 99 ,locke's po/hum\s works4 ,edit$ by ,die ,maizeaus4 ,mr4 ,locke1 9 return1 says3--,= ! man ,i wi% v well1 & c\ld give y1 if x ne$$1 pro(s t ,i d s4 ,& !re=e ,i desire y to be k9d to him3 b ,i mu/ leave x to y\r prud5ce 9 :at way & h[ f>4 ,= x w be 8 fault alone1 if he proves n a v valuable man1 & h n y = 8 fri5d4 ,to ?is1 ,mr4 ,molyneux writes to ,mr4 ,locke--,i look ^u ,mr4 ,tol& z a v +5u\s man1 & ,i %\ld be v glad ( any opportunity ( do+ him s]vice1 to :i* ,i ?9k myself indisp5sably b\nd by y\r recomm5dation4 ,soon aft] ?is1 ,mr4 ,molyneux describes ! treatm5t ,tol& und]w5t 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ano!r lett] to ,locke--,he has _h 8 oppos]s "h1 z y w f9d by a book :i* ,i h s5t to y4 ,! au?or 7,pet] ,br[n7 is my acqua9tance1 b two ?+s ,i %all nev] =give 9 8 book3 ! "o is ! f\l language & opprobri\s names he gives ,mr4 ,tol&2 ! o!r is ^u sev]al occasions1 call+ 9 ! aid ( ! civil magi/rate1 & deliv]+ up ,mr4 ,tol& to secul> puni%m5t4 ,?is1 inde$1 is a kill+ argum5t1 b "s w be apt to say1 t :]e1 ! /r5g? ( 8 reason fail$ him1 !n he flies to ! /r5g? ( 8 sword2 & ?is rem9ds me ( a bus9ess t 0 v surpris+ to _m1 ! pres5tm5t ( "s p]nici\s books & _! au?ors by ! gr& jury ( ,middlesex4 ,?is is look$ ^u z a matt] ( dang]\s consequ5ce1 to make our civil c\rts judges ( religi\s doctr9es2 & no "o kn[s ^u a *ange ( affairs ^: turn x may be next to be condemn$4 ,b ! example has be5 foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,mr4 ,tol& & 8 book h be5 pres5t$ "h by a gr& jury1 n "o ( :om ,i am p]suad$ ev] read "o leaf 9 ',*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s4' ,let ! ,sorbonne =ev] n[ be sil5t2 a le>n$ gr& jury1 direct$ by z le>n$ a judge1 does ! bus9ess mu* bett]4 ,! ,diss5t]s "h 7 ! *ief promot]s ( ?is matt]1 b1 :5 ,i ask$ "o ( !m ',:at if a viol5t ,*ur* ( ,engl& jury %\ld pres5t ,mr4 ,baxt]'s books z p]nici\s1 & condemn !m to ! flames by ! common execution]1' he 0 s5sible ( ! error1 & said he wi%$ x _h nev] be5 done4 ,mr4 ,locke1 9 8 reply1 co9cides ) 8 fri5d1 & says1 ,! ,diss5t]s _h be/ consid]2 b !y are a sort ( m5 :i* w always be ! same4 ,a rem>k :i* #aej ye>s has n fail$ 9 its tru?fulness4 ,mr4 ,molyneux concludes 8 rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to ,tol&1 z foll[s3--,mr4 ,tol& is at l5g? driv5 out ( our k+dom2 ! poor g5tleman at la/ want$ a meal's meat1 & ! univ]sal outcry ( ! cl]gy ran s /rong aga9/ him1 t none dur/ admit him to _! tables4 ,! little /ock ( money :i* he _h 0 soon exhau/$1 he fell to borr[+1 & to complete 8 h>d%ips1 ! ,p>liam5t fell on 8 book1 vot$ x to be burnt by ! common hangman1 & ord]$ ! au?or to be tak5 into cu/ody by ! ,s]jeant-at-,arms1 & to be prosecut$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al4 ,h]eupon he is fl$ out ( ?is k+dom1 & none "h kn[s :]e he has direct$ 8 c\rse4 ,f ?is correspond5ce we glean ! foll[+ facts3-- #a4 ,t ,john ,locke & ,mr4 ,molyneux 7 favorable to ,free?\ght4 #b4 ,t 7on ,locke's au?ority7 ,tol& possess$ abilities ( no common ord]4 #c4 ,t ,tol& 0 unju/ly p]secut$1 & he met ) ! sympa?y ( ! ,lib]als4 ,tol&1 hav+ receiv$ a =eta/e ( 8 c\ntry's v5geance1 retir$ = two ye>s to ,g]many1 :]e he 0 welcom$ by ! fir/ s*ol>s ( ! age4 ,he>+ t ! ,h\se ( ,convocation1 9 ,london1 0 ab\t to d5\nce two ( 8 works z h]etical 7,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s1 & ,amyntor17 he ha/5$ to ,engl&1 & publi%$ two lett]s to ! ,prolucutor1 :i* 7 nev] laid be=e ,convocation4 ,he insi/$ t he %\ld be he>d 9 8 own def5ce be=e s5t5ce 0 pass$ on 8 works2 b z usual ?is wi% 0 d5i$ him4 ,a legal difficulty prev5t$ ! bi%ops f prosecut+ ! works1 & ,tol& gave ! _w a full acc\nt 9 8 ,v9dicius ,lib]ius4 ,! ,lett]s to ,s]5a1 writt5 9 a bold1 hone/1 unfl9*+ mann]1 7 ! next p]=mances ( ,tol&4 ,! fir/ lett] is on ,! ,orig9 & ,=ce ( ,prejudices4 ,x is f\nd$ on a reflection ( ,cic]o1 t all prejudices spr+ f moral1 & n physical s\rces1 & :ile all admit ! p[] ( ! s5ses to be infallible1 all /rive to corrupt ! judgm5t1 by false metaphor & unju/ premises4 ,tol& traces ! progress ( sup]/ition f ! h&s ( a midwife to ^? ( a prie/1 & %[s h[ ! nurse1 p>5t1 s*oolma/]1 pr(essor1 philosoph]1 & politician1 all comb9e to w>p ! m9d ( man by fallacies f 8 progress 9 *ildhood1 at s*ool1 at college1 & 9 ! _w4 ,h[ ! *ild is bl9d$ ) an idea1 & ! man ) a ^w4 ,! second lett] is ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,s\l's ,immortality ,among ! ,hea!ns4 ,a lady _h be5 read+ ,plat]s ,phd1 & rem>k$ z to h[ ,cato c\ld d]ive any consolation f ! slipp]y & vague suppositions ( t v]biant dialogue4 ,tol&1 !re=e1 = h] edification1 drew up a li/ ( ! specifications ( ! anci5ts on ! subject1 analys+ 79 its progress7 ! v>y+ phases ( ! fables ( ! ,elysian fields1 ! ,*>ons1 ! ,/yx1 etc41 d]iv+ !m all f ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,tol& ?\ght ! idea _h aris5 among ! p1 l our wit*es1 gho/s1 & fairy /ories1 & subsequ5tly def5d$ by ! philosoph]s1 :o s\ght to rule _! passions by f9d+ argum5ts = _! sup]/itions1 & ?us ! rise ( _! exot]ic & esot]ic doctr9es 7 ! fir/ f\ndations ( ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! ?ird lett] is on ,! ,orig9 ( ,idolatry1 or1 z x might r be call$1 a hi/ory ( ! follies ( mank9d4 ,he traces ! causes1 ! orig91 & ! sci5ce ( sup]/ition--its ph5om5a & its devotees1 prov+ t all ! sacrifices1 pray]s1 & cu/oms ( idolatry are ! same 9 all ages1 !y only diff] 9 language & adaptability ( climate1 & t ) ! fall ( judicial a/rology1 idolatry receiv$ its greate/ bl[1 = :ile m5 ?\ght t prie/s c\ld control de/9y1 !y fe>$ !m--b ?is idea de/roy$1 x remov$ ! t]ror :i* s long _h exi/$ z an imm$iate object betwixt ! man & ?is sac]dotal tyrant4 ,9 lett] f\r?1 address$ ,to a ,g5tleman 9 ,holl&1 %[+ ,sp9oza's ,sy/em ( ,philosophy to be )\t any pr9ciple or f\ndation1 & 9 ! conclud+ article1 ,tol& argues t motion is ess5tial to matt]1 9 answ] to "s rem>ks by a noble fri5d on ! above4 ,9 ! fifte5? section ( ?is argum5t1 ,tol& ?us rebuts ! allegation t 7 motion indissolubly connect$ ) matt]1 !re mu/ be ext5sion )\t surface = motion or matt] to ex]t _! respective p[]s ^u4 ,x is (t5 us$ z an argum5t1 t if a vase 0 fill$ ) any commodity to ! utmo/ ext5t1 :]e w\ld be ! space = motion8 ,we "k t 9 a kettle ( wat]1 if !re is no outlet = ! /eam 7:i* is ! motion ( ! wat]17 ! kettle w bur/4 ,tol& says1 ',y own mo/ bodies are 9 actual motion1 :i* c be no argum5t t !y h be5 always s1 or t !re are n o!rs 9 actual repose4' ,i grant t su* a consequ5ce does n necess>ily foll[1 ?\gh ! ?+ may itself be true4 ,b1 h[ev]1 x may n be amiss to consid] h[ f> ?is actual motion rea*es1 & is all[$1 be=e we come to treat ( re/4 ,?\gh ! matt] ( ! univ]se be ev]y:]e ! same1 yet accord+ to its v>i\s modifications x is conceiv$ to be divid$ into numb]less p>ticul> sy/ems1 vortices or :irlpools ( matt]2 & ^! aga9 are subdivid$ into o!r sy/ems great] or less1 :i* dep5d oh "o ano!r1 z e "o on ! :ole1 9 _! c5tres1 textures1 frame1 & coh]5ce4 ,our sun is ! c5tre ( "o ( ! l>g] sy/ems1 :i* conta9s a great _m small ones )9 ! sph]e ( its activity1 z all ! planets :i* move ab\t x2 & ^! are subdivid$ into less] sy/ems t dep5d on !m1 z 8 satelites wait ^u ,jupit]1 & ! moon on ! e>?2 ! e>? aga9 is divid$ into ! atmosph]e1 gr\nd1 wat]1 & o!r pr9cipal p>ts2 ^! aga9 into ! vegetable1 animal1 & m9]al k+doms4 ,n[1 z all ^! dep5d 9 a l9k on "o ano!r1 s _! matt] is mutually resolv$ into ea* o!r1 = e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] are n only closely bl5d$ & unit$1 b likewise int]*angeable1 trans=m$ 9 a p]petual revolution3 e>? becom+ wat]1 wat] air1 air e!r1 & s back aga9 9 mixtures )\t end or numb]4 ,! animals we de/roy contribute to pres]ve u1 till we are de/roy$ to pres]ve o!r ?+s1 & become p>ts ( grass1 or plants1 or wat]1 or air1 or some?+ else t helps to make o!r animals1 & !y "o ano!r1 or o!r m51 & ^! aga9 into /one1 or wood1 or metals1 or m9]als1 or animals aga91 or become p>ts ( all ^! & ( a great _m o!r ?+s1 animals1 or vegetables1 daily consum+ & dev\r+ ea* o!r--s true x is t ev]y?+ lives by ! de/ruction ( ano!r4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are 9 ?is con/ant motion ( de/roy+ & begett+1 ( begett+ & de/roy+1 & ! great] sy/ems are ackn[l$g$ to h _! ceaseless movem5ts z well z ! smalle/ p>ticles1 ! v c5tral globes ( ! vortices revolv+ on _! own axis1 & e p>ticle 9 ! vortex gravitat+ t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,our bodies1 h[ev] we may flatt] ourselves1 d n diff] f ^? ( o!r creatures1 b l !m receive increase or dim9ution by nutrition or evacuation1 by accretion1 transpiration1 & o!r ways1 giv+ "s p>ts ( ours to o!r bodies1 & receiv+ aga9 ( !irs1 n altoge!r ! same ye/]day z to-day1 nor to cont9ue ! same to-morr[1 be+ alive 9 a p]petual flux l a riv]1 & 9 ! total dissolution ( our sy/em at dea? to become p>ts ( a ?\s& o!r ?+s at once1 our bodies p>tly mix+ ) ! du/ & ! wat] ( ! e>?1 p>tly exhal$ & evaporat$ into ! air1 fly+ to s _m diff]5t places1 mix+ & incorporat+ ) num]\s ?+s4 ,no p>ts ( matt] are b\nd to any "o figure or =m1 los+ & *ang+ _! figures & =ms cont9ually1 t is be+ 9 p]petual motion1 dipt1 or worn1 or gr\nd to pieces1 or dissolv$ by o!r p>ts1 acquir+ _! figures1 & ^! !irs1 & s on incessantly3 e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 iron1 wood1 & m>ble1 plants & animals1 be+ r>efi$1 cond5s$1 liquifi$1 congeal$1 dissolv$1 coagulat$1 or any o!r way resolv$ into "o ano!r4 ,! :ole face ( ! e>? exhibits ^? mutations e mom5t to our eyes1 no?+ cont9u+ "o h\r num]ically ! same2 & ^! *anges be+ b sev]al k9ds ( motion1 are !re=e ! inconte/able effects ( univ]sal action4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! p>ts make no *ange 9 ! univ]se2 = x is manife/ t ! cont9ual alt]ations1 successions1 revolutions1 & transmutations ( matt]1 cause no accession or dim9ution !re91 no m ?an any lett] is add$ or lo/ 9 ! alphabet by ! endless comb9ations & transpositions !re( into s _m diff]5t words & languages1 = a ?+ no soon] quits "o =m ?an x puts on ano!r1 leav+ z x 7 ! !atre 9 a c]ta9 dress1 & appe>+ aga9 9 a new "o1 :i* produces a p]petual y\?fulness & vigor1 )\t any decay or decrepitness ( ! _w1 z "s h falsely imag9$1 contr>y to reason & exp]i5ce2 ! _w1 ) all ! p>ts & k9ds !re(1 cont9u+ at all times 9 ! same condition4 9999999999 ,b ! species /ill cont9ue by propagation1 not)/&+ ! decay ( ! individuals1 & ! dea? ( our bodies is b matt] go+ to be dress$ 9 "s new =m2 ! impressions may v>y1 b ! wax cont9ues /ill ! same1 & inde$ dea? is 9 effect ! v same ?9s ) our bir?2 = z to die is only to cease to be :at we =m]ly 71 s to be born is to beg9 to be some?+ :i* we 7 n be=e4 ,consid]+ ! numb]less successive g5]ations t h inhabit$ ?is globe1 return+ at dea? into ! common mass ( ! same1 mix+ ) all ! o!r p>ts !re(1 & to ?is1 ! incessant riv]-l fl[+ & transpiration ( matt] e mom5t f ! bodies ( m5 :ile !y live1 z well z _! daily n\ri%m5t1 inspiration ( air1 & o!r additions ( matt] to _! bulk2 x seems probable t !re is no p>ticle ( matt] on ! :ole e>? :i* has n be5 a "p ( man4 ,nor is ?is reason+ conf9$ to our own species1 b rema9s z true ( e ord] ( animals or plants1 or any o!r be+s1 s9ce !y h be5 all resolv$ into "o ano!r by ceaseless revolutions1 s t no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t e mat]ial ,?+ is all ,?+s1 & t all ,?+s are b manife/ations ( "o4 ,9 8 reply to ,wotton1 :o attacks ^? ,lett]s to ,s]5a1 ,tol& says !y 7 address$ to a lady1 ! mo/ accompli%$ !n 9 ! _w4 ,! "n ( ! lady w probably1 rema9 =ev] a my/]y4 ,9 #agah1 he publi%$ ! celebrat$ "w ,naz>5us1 or ,jewi%1 ,g5tile1 & ,mahometan ,*ri/ianity1 :i* caus$ an imm5se s5sation at ! "t x appe>$1 & l$ to 8 ,mangon5tes 7#agbj17 a "w s+ul>ly pr(\nd & effective4 ,9 ! same ye> he gave ! _w ,tetradymus1 conta9+ ,hodegus1 or ! ,pill> ( ,cl\d & ,fire1 t guid$ ! ,israelites 9 ! ,wild]ness1 n miracul\s1 b a ?+ equally practic$ by o!r nations2 & ,clidophorus1 or ( ! ,exot]ic & ,esot]ic ,philosophy2 & ,hypatia4 ,!re is a long preface to ^? books1 f "u an elm 9 ,b5sbury 7or ,*ebem's camp17 on ! 'w>r5 at ! s\? end ( ,wimbl$on ,common 7#agbj47 ,ab\t ?is "t ,pan!i/icon appe>$1 writt5 z a c>icature on ,*ur* ,liturgies1 :i* ,ar*deacon ,h>e d5\nc$ z d[nright ,a!ism4 ,along ) ! above1 ,tol& wrote a multitude ( small pamphlets2 he translat$ ! fables ( sop1 & publi%$ a poem1 entitl$ ,clito1 :i* caus$ mu* excitem5t at ! "t2 &1 z x repres5t$ ,tol&'s ideal "*1 we repr9t$ x 9 ! ,london ,inve/igator4 ,8 e>li] political works 7 e/eem$ s valuable 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,prote/ant succession1 & advanc+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,elector1 subsequ5tly ,k+ ( ,engl&1 t 9 "o ( 8 visits paid to t ,c\rt1 he 0 pres5t$ by ! ,electress ) m9iature portraits ( h]self & family4 ,! foll[+ is a catalogue ( ! works ( ,tol&1 :i* h nev] yet be5 publi%$1 & ! works 9 :i* !y are m5tion$3-- #a4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,socrates 79 ! ,life ( ,h>r+ton47 #b4 ,sy/ems ( ,div9ity ,explod$4 ,an ,epi/ol>y ,diss]tation4 7,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s47 #c4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7,naz>5us47 #d4 ,repubiica ,mosaica4 7,naz>5us47 #e4 ,a ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,tradition4 7,tetradymus47 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r works1 "p ( !m writt51 :i* pass$ into ! h&s ( ,"l ,moleswor? 7we believe17 "p ( :i* 7 publi%$ 7! ,hi/ory ( ! ,druid & also ,giordano ,bruno27 b :e!r !y exi/ at ! pres5t "t or n1 we are unable to say4 ,!re is also great difficulty 9 decid+ z to ! mann] ( ,tol&'s life2 ( ?is1 h[ev]1 we are c]ta91 t he caus$ great opposition 9 8 own day1 & he 0 patronis$ by able man4 ,he edit$ an edition ( ,"l ,%aftesbury's ,lett]s1 & publi%$ a "w ( t noble ,"l's surreptiti\sly2 he m+l$ among/ ! ,g]man ,c\rts1 & appe>$ on t]ms ( equality ) ! elite ( ! philosoph]s & ! ari/ocracy4 ,! brief memoir prefac$ to "o ( 8 works is an epi/ol>y docum5t address$ to a noble ,"l4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,locke1 ,%aftesbury1 ,coll9s1 ,moleswor?1 & ,molyneux1 mu/ h proce$-4 ed f o!r causes ?an 8 g5ius1 or :y 0 ,tol& exalt$ :5 ,m&eville1 ,*ubb1 & ! brave ,wool/on are nev] s mu* z allud$ to8 ,we consid] t !re is a /rong probability t he 0 weal?y--or at lea/ possess$ ( a mod]ate compet5ce4 ,8 abilities 7 ( a curi\s ord]4 ,he seem$ to be "o ( a s*ool :i* rose ab\t 8 "t to advocate ,free?\ght1 b %ackl$ by a dogma4 ,8 collegiate education gave him an e>ly lik+ = ! dead languages1 & he c>ri$ out ! notion ( ! anci5ts1 t ! exot]ic or esot]ic me?ods 7 /ill 9 =ce4 ,f a c>eful p]usal ( ! works ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! contempor>y books ( ! hea!ns1 he fanci$ t all ! sup]/itions 9 ! _w diff]$ b 9 degree--t religion 0 b ! organic cause ( sup]/ition1 ! argum5ts made = x by ! philosoph]s to propitiate ! vulg>4 ,?is idea 79 ! ma97 0 agre$ to by ,wool/on1 al?\gh 8 viol5t ,disc\rses1 :i* 7 address$ to ! unle>n$1 conta9$ )9 !m ! g]m ( _! intr9sic popul>ity4 ,yet ev5 ,wool/on's works1 not)/&+ _! bluff ext]ior1 _h some?+ m )9 !m ?an :at ! p c\ld appreciate1 or ev5 ! pres5t race ( ,free?9k]s c always und]/&2 = und]nea? t unrivall$ ve9 ( s>casm1 !re 0 9 e in/ance an esot]ic view1 :i* compreh5d$ ! mean+ by :i* ! e>li] ,*ri/ians und]/ood ! gospels1 & r5d]$ !m on ! same scale z ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,! r5[n$ ,william ,:i/on 0 ano!r :o int]pret$ ,scripture 9 a simil> mann]4 ,all ^? writ]s w\ld h be5 ,sw$5borgians if !re _h be5 no ,free?\ght1 :ile ,:i/on w\ld h be5 an ,a!i/ _h !re be5 no repres5tative ( t s*ool4 ,we d n consid] ,tol&1 !n1 z an absolute ,dei/4 ,at t "t ! age 0 n s f> progress$ z to admit a ,biblical s*ol> into ! extreme advanc$ li/2 & :5 a man has sp5t ! :ole ( 8 *ildhood 9 a sect>ian family1 & 8 y\? & e>ly manhood 9 a ,univ]sity1 x is an impossibility to ?r[ (f at "o /ruggle ! :ole ( 8 pa/ ideas2 he may be unfett]$ 9 ?\ght1 & valiant 9 spee*1 /ill !re is ! encyclopdia ( ye>s hang+ ^u him z a drag to t extreme developm5t :i* he wi%es1 b _c br+ 8 passions to foll[4 ,n t we w\ld by any means obs]ve t ,tol& 0 comp>atively beh9d 8 age1 b t ev5 9 8 m d>+ works he /ill _h a vague idea ( ,scripture be+ p>tly inspir$1 al?\gh ov]laid ) a mass ( ecclesia/ical v]biage4 ,x also seems a my/]y h[ ! works ( ,wool/on c\ld be condemn$1 8 p]son seiz$1 :ile 9 ! case ( ,tol& we he> ( no?+ b 8 works be+ burnt4 ,:y 0 ,convocation s idle8 ,:y make idle ?reats1 & let _! victim ramble at l>ge6 ,0 x because ! "o _h p[]ful fri5ds & ! o!r _h none8 or 0 x t 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! c>e] ( ,tol&1 ! invisible h& ( ,bol+broke /ay$ ! grasp ( p]secution8 ,or 0 ,%aftesbury's memory s e/eem$1 t hid fri5d 0 unt\*$6 ,^? p>ticul>s we _c le>n1 b !y w take rank ) o!r p>allel cases1 z :5 ! same gov]nm5t prosecut$ ,pa9e1 & gave ,gibbon a s9ecure1 or ne>] our own times :5 a s]ies ( m5 7 imprison$ = ,a!ism1 & ,sir ,william ,moles wor? publi%$ simil> s5tim5ts )\t h9drance4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,s\l's ,immortality1 ,tol& ?us gives ! explanation respect+ ! exot]ic & esot]ic doctr9es ( ,py?agoras3--,py?agoras himself did n believe ! transmigration :i* has made 8 "n s fam\s to po/]ity2 = 9 ! int]nal or secret doctr9e he meant no m ?an ! et]nal revolution ( =ms 9 matt]1 ^? ceaseless vicissitudes & alt]ations :i* turn ev]y?+ into all ?+s1 & all ?+s into any?+2 z vegetables & animals become "p ( u1 we become "p ( !m1 & bo? become p>ts ( a ?\s& o!r ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 ea* turn+ into wat]1 wat] into air1 etc41 & s back aga9 9 mixtures )\t end or numb]4 ,b 9 ! ext]nal or popul> doctr9e he impos$ on ! mob by an equivocal expression t !y %\ld become v>i\s k9ds ( bea/s aft] dea?1 !reby to det] !m ! m effectually f wick$ness4444 ,?\gh ! poets embelli%$ _! pieces ) ! op9ion ( ! s\l's immortality1 yet a great numb] ( !m utt]ly reject$ x = ,s5eca 0 n s+le 9 say+3-- ',naught's aft] dea?1 & dea? itself is naught1 ,( a quick race1 only ! utmo/ goal2 ,!n may ! sa9ts lose all _! hope ( heav51 ,& s9n]s quit _! racky fe>s ( hell4' ,we n[ dismiss ,john ,tol& f our view4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ hone/1 brave1 tru?ful1 & s*ola/ic ( ! old ,dei/s4 ,8 memory w be borne on ! w+s ( c5turies1 & if ev] a true mill5nium does arise1 ! "n ( ?is /]l+ ,free?9k] w occupy "o ( ! brighte/ ni*es 9 its ,pan!on ( ,wor?ies4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,compte ,,de ,,volney4 ,con/ant9e ,francis ,*as%boeuf1 de ,volney1 0 born on ,febru>y #crd1 #ageg1 at ,craon1 9 ,anj\4 ,8 fa!r1 a di/+ui%$ advocate1 n wi%+ 8 son to be> ! "n ( ,*asseboeuf1 resolv$ t he %\ld assume t ( ,boisgirais4 ,) ?is "n ,con/ant9e ,francis 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ! _w1 /udy+ at ! ,college ( ,anc5is & ,ang]s4 ,he aft]w>ds comm5c$ 8 ,ori5tal travels1 *ang+ 8 "n to ,volney4 ,at ! age ( sev5te51 f9d+ himself 8 own ma/]1 & possess$ ( #ej a-ye>1 inh]it$ f 8 "m1 he w5t to ,p>is1 9 ord] to /udy ! sci5ces1 pref]r+ ! /udy ( m$ic9e & physiology1 al?\gh giv+ great att5tion to hi/ory & ! anci5t languages4 ,on inh]it+ a legacy ( #bdj1 he visit$ ,egypt & ,syria1 />t+ on foot1 a knapsack on 8 back1 a gun on 8 %\ld]1 & 8 #bdj1 9 gold1 conceal$ 9 a belt4 ,:5 he arriv$ 9 ,egypt1 he %ut himself up = eight mon?s 9 a ,coptic mona/]y1 9 ord] to le>n ,arabic2 aft] :i* he comm5c$ 8 travels ?r\gh ,egypt & ,syria1 return+ to ,france aft] an abs5ce ( f\r ye>s1 & publi%+ 8 ,voyage en ,egypte et en ,syrie1 :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,fr5* army1 on _! conqu]+ ,egypt1 to be ! only book t _h nev] deceiv$ !m4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t nam$ him ,director ( ,comm]ce & ,agriculture 9 ,corsica1 b be+ elect$ a deputy ( ! ti]s-etat ( ! ,s5e*ausse ( ,anj\1 he resign$ ! gov]nm5t appo9tm5t1 hold+ ! maxim1 t a national deputy ought n 9 any way to be a p5sion]4 ,he oppos$ all secret delib]ations1 & wi%$ to admit ! con/itu5ts & ! citiz5s4 ,he 0 made secret>y on ! #bcrd ( ,novemb]1 #agij1 & 9 ! debates1 :i* arose ^u ! p[] ( ! k+ to det]m9e peace & w>1 ,volney propos$ & c>ri$ ! resolution t ,! ,fr5* nation r5\nces f ?is mom5t ! und]tak+ any w> t5d+ to increase _! t]ritory4 ,9 #agib1 he accompani$ ,pozzo di ,borgo to ,corsica1 9 compliance ) invitations f _m influ5tial inhabitants1 :o s\ght 8 in=mation4 ,9 ,corsica he became acqua9t$ ) ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 :o 0 !n an artill]y (fic]2 & "s ye>s aft]1 he>+ t ,buonap>te _h obta9$ ! comm& ( ! army ( ,italy1 ,volney exclaim$1 ,if circum/ances favor him1 we %all see ! head ( a ,ces> ^u ! %\ld]s ( an ,alex&]4 ,:5 ,volney return$ to ,p>is1 he publi%$ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,/ate ( ,corsica4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 attract+ l>ge audi5ces2 b ! ,normal ,s*ool be+ suppress$1 he emb>k$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 #agie4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ,wa%+ton1 :o be/[$ publicly on him m>ks ( honor & fri5d%ip4 ,9 #agih1 ,volney return$ to ,france1 & gave up to 8 "m-9-law ! prop]ty :i* he 0 entitl$ to f ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 :i* _h j occurr$4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce1 he _h be5 *os5 a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,buonap>te also1 on ,volney's return1 tri$ to w9 8 e/eem & assi/ance1 solicit+ him z colleague 9 ! consul%ip4 ,b he refus$ ! co-op]ation1 z also ! (fice ( ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,seldom d m5 f9d s _m inducem5ts to accept (fice z 0 (f]$ to ,volney2 & seldom d m5 appe> :o are dis9t]e/$ en\gh to reject ! inducem5ts !n held out to him4 ,al?\gh he refus$ to "w ) ! rul+ p[]s ( t day1 he ev] ceas$ to "w = ! p6 ,he occupi$ himself till ! la/ ye> ( 8 life 9 giv+ to ! _w t lit]ature :i* w nev] be =gott54 ,x w\ld be impossible to notice all ! works writt5 by su* an indefatigable ?9k] z ! h]etic ( our sket*4 ,we ought to m5tion1 h[ev]1 t subsequ5tly to 8 be+ made ,pe] ( ,france1 by ,l\is ,,xviii42 & :5 !re exi/$ an int5tion ( cr[n+ ,l\is1 ,volney publi%$ ,! ,hi/ory ( ,samuel1 ! inv5tor ( ,royal ,coronations4 ,?is book repres5ts ,samuel z an impo/or1 ,saul z ! bl9d in/rum5t ( sac]dotal cunn+1 & ,david z an ambiti\s y\?4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #agia1 ,volney pres5t$ to ! ,assembly ,! ,ru9s1 or ,m$itations on ! ,revolutions ( ,empires1 a book :i* w immortalize him 9 ! memory ( ,free?9k]s4 ,! orig9ality ( /yle1 & ! eloqu5ce ( expression1 _c fail to int]e/ all :o read x4 ,we give ! foll[+ extracts1 f ! above "w1 b z x conta9s s mu* t ought to be read1 we mu/ return to ! subject 9 ano!r numb]3-- ,legislators1 fri5ds ( evid5ce & ( tru?6 ,t ! subject ( :i* we treat %\ld be involv$ 9 s _m cl\ds1 is by no means a/oni%+1 s9ce1 beside ! difficulties t are peculi> to x1 ?\ght itself has1 till ?is mom5t1 ev] _h %ackles impos$ ^u x1 & free inquiry1 by ! intol]ance ( e religi\s sy/em1 be5 int]dict$4 ,b n[ t ?\ght is unre/ra9$1 & may develope all its p[]s1 we w expose 9 ! face ( day1 & submit to ! common judgm5t ( assembl$ nations1 su* rational tru?s z unprejudic$ m9ds h by long & labori\s /udy discov]$3 & ?is1 n ) ! design ( impos+ !m z a cre$1 b f a desire ( provok+ new lights1 & obta9+ bett] in=mation4 ,*iefs & in/ructors ( ! p6 y are n ignorant ( ! pr(\nd obscurity 9 :i* ! nature1 orig91 & hi/ory ( ! dogmas y tea* are envelop$4 ,impos$ by =ce & au?ority1 inculcat$ by education1 ma9ta9$ by ! influ5ce ( example1 !y 7 p]petuat$ f age to age1 & habit & inatt5tion /r5g!n$ _! empire4 ,b if man1 enlight5$ by exp]i5ce & reflection1 summon to ! b> ( mature exam9ation ! prejudices ( 8 infancy1 he pres5tly discov]s a multitude ( incongruities & contradictions1 :i* awak5 8 sagacity1 & call =? ! ex]tion ( 8 reason+ p[]s4 ,at fir/1 rem>k+ ! v>i\s & opposite cre$s into :i* nations are divid$1 we are l$ boldly to reject ! infallibility claim$ by ea*2 & arm+ ourselves alt]nately ) _! reciprocal pret5sions1 to conceive t ! s5ses & ! und]/&+1 emanat+ directly f ,god1 are a law n less sacr$1 & a guide n less sure1 ?an ! indirect & contradictory codes ( ! prophets4 ,if we proce$ to exam9e ! texture ( ! codes !mselves1 we %all obs]ve t _! pret5d$ div9e laws1 t is to say1 laws immutable & et]nal1 h ris5 f ! complexion ( times1 ( places1 & ( p]sons2 t ^! codes issue "o f ano!r 9 a k9d ( g5ealogical ord]1 mutually borr[+ a common & simil> fund ( ideas1 :i* e in/itutor modifies agreeably to 8 fancy4 ,if we asc5d to ! s\rce ( ^? ideas1 we %all f9d t x is lo/ 9 ! night ( "t1 9 ! infancy ( nations1 9 ! v orig9 ( ! _w1 to :i* !y claim alliance3 & !re1 imm]s$ 9 ! obscurity ( *aos1 & ! fabul\s empire ( tradition1 !y are att5d$ ) s _m prodigies z to be seem+ly inaccessible to ! human und]/&+4 ,b ?is prodigi\s /ate ( ?+s gives bir? to a ray ( reason+1 t resolves ! difficulty2 = if ! miracles held out 9 sy/ems ( religion h actually exi/$2 if1 = in/ance1 metamorphoses1 app>itions & ! conv]sations ( "o or m ,gods1 record$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos1 ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,p>ses1 are inde$ ev5ts 9 real hi/ory1 x foll[s t nature 9 ^? times 0 p]fectly unlike ! nature t we are acqua9t$ ) n[2 t m5 ( ! pres5t age are totally diff]5t f ! m5 t =m]ly exi/$2 b1 consequ5tly1 t we ought n to tr\ble our heads ab\t !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ^? miracul\s facts h _h no real exi/5ce 9 ! physical ord] ( ?+s1 !y mu/ be reg>d$ solely z productions ( ! human intellect3 & ! nature ( man1 at ?is day1 capable ( mak+ ! mo/ fanta/ic comb9ations1 expla9s ! ph5om5on ( ^? mon/]s 9 hi/ory4 ,! only difficulty is to asc]ta9 h[ & = :at purpose ! imag9ation inv5t$ !m4 ,if we exam9e ) att5tion ! subjects t are exhibit$ by !m1 if we analyze ! ideas :i* !y comb9e & associate1 & weigh ) accuracy all _! concomitant circum/ances1 we %all f9d a solution p]fectly con=mable to ! laws ( nature4 ,^? fabul\s /ories h a figurative s5se diff]5t f _! app>5t "o2 !y are f\nd$ on simple & physical facts2 b ^! facts be+ ill-conceiv$ & errone\sly repres5t$1 h be5 disfigur$ & *ang$ f _! orig9al nature by accid5tal causes dep5d5t on ! human m9d1 by ! confusion ( signs made use ( 9 ! repres5tation ( objects1 by ! equivocation ( words1 ! defect ( language1 & ! imp]fection ( writ+4 ,^! ,gods1 = example1 :o act su* s+ul> p>ts 9 e sy/em1 are no o!r ?an ! physical p[]s ( nature1 ! elem5ts1 ! w9ds1 ! meteors1 ! />s1 all :i* h be5 p]sonifi$ by ! necess>y me*anism ( language1 & ! mann] 9 :i* objects are conceiv$ by ! und]/&+4 ,_! life1 _! mann]s1 _! actions1 are only ! op]ation ( ! same p[]s1 & ! :ole ( _! pret5d$ hi/ory no m ?an a description ( _! v>i\s ph5om5a1 trac$ by ! fir/ naturali/ t obs]v$ !m1 b tak5 9 a contr>y s5se by ! vulg>1 :o did n und]/& x1 or by succe$+ g5]ations1 :o =got x4 ,9 a ^w1 all ! !ological dogmas respect+ ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ! nature ( ,god1 ! revelation ( 8 laws1 ! manife/ation ( 8 p]son1 are b recitals ( a/ronomical facts1 figurative & emblematical n>ratives ( ! motion & influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! v idea itself ( ! div9ity1 :i* is at pres5t s obscure1 ab/ract$1 & metaphysical1 0 9 its orig9 m]ely a composite ( ! p[]s ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 consid]$ sometimes analytically1 z !y appe> 9 _! ag5ts & _! ph5om5a1 & sometimes syn!tically1 z =m+ "o :ole1 & exhibit+ an h>moni\s revelation 9 all its p>ts4 ,?us ! "n ( ,god has be5 be/[$ sometimes ^u ! w9d1 ^u fire1 wat]1 & ! elem5ts2 sometimes ^u ! sun1 ! />s1 ! planets1 & _! influ5ces2 sometimes ^u ! univ]se at l>ge1 & ! matt] ( :i* ! _w is compos$2 sometimes ^u ab/ract & metaphysical prop]ties1 su* z space1 duration1 motion1 & intellig5ce2 b 9 e in/ance1 ! idea ( a ,deity has n fl[$ f ! miracul\s revelation ( an invisible _w1 b has be5 ! natural result ( human reflection1 has foll[$ ! progress & und]gone ! *anges ( ! successive improvem5t ( intellect1 & has _h = its subject ! visible univ]se & its diff]5t ag5ts4 ,x is !n 9 va9 t nations ref] ! orig9 ( _! religion to heav5ly inspiration2 x is 9 va9 t !y pret5d to describe a sup]natural /ate ( ?+s z fir/ 9 ord] ( ev5ts2 ! orig9al b>b>\s /ate ( mank9d1 atte/$ by _! own monum5ts1 belies all _! ass]tions4 ,^! ass]tions are /ill m victori\sly refut$ by consid]+ ?is great pr9ciple1 t man receives no ideas b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 s5ses3 = f h5ce x appe>s t e sy/em :i* ascribes human wisdom to any o!r s\rce ?an exp]i5ce & s5sation1 includes 9 x a y/]on vrot]on1 & repres5ts ! la/ results ( und]/&+ z e>lie/ 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,if we exam9e ! diff]5t religi\s sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ respect+ ! actions ( ! ,gods1 & ! orig9 ( ! _w1 we %all discov] at e turn an anticipation 9 ! ord] ( n>rat+ ?+s1 :i* c\ld only be sugge/$ by subsequ5t reflection4 ,reason1 !n1 embold5$ by ^! contradictions1 hesitates n to reject :atev] does n accord ) ! nature ( ?+s1 & accepts no?+ = hi/orical tru? t is n capable ( be+ e/abli%$ by argum5t & ratioc9ation4 ,its ideas & sugge/ions are z foll[s3-- ,be=e any nation receiv$ f a neighbor nation dogmas already inv5t$2 be=e "o g5]ation inh]it$ ! ideas ( ano!r1 none ( ^! complicat$ sy/ems _h exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ m51 ! *ildr5 ( nature1 ^: consci\sness 0 ant]ior to exp]i5ce1 & :o br\ght no preconceiv$ k into ! _w ) !m1 7 born )\t any idea ( ^? articles ( fai? :i* are ! result ( le>n$ cont5tion2 ( ^? religi\s rites :i* _h relation to arts & practices n yet 9 exi/5ce2 ( ^? precepts :i* suppose ! passions already develop$2 ( ^? laws :i* h ref]5ce to a language & a social ord] h]eaft] to be produc$2 ( t ,god1 ^: attributes are ab/ractions ( ! k ( nature1 & ! idea ( ^: conduct is sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( a despotic gov]nm5t2 9 f9e1 ( t s\l & ^? spiritual exi/5ces :i* are said n to be ! object ( ! s5ses1 b :i*1 h[ev]1 we mu/ =ev] h rema9$ unacqua9t$ )1 if our s5ses _h n introduc$ !m to u4 ,previ\sly to arriv+ at ^! notions1 an imm5se catalogue ( exi/+ facts mu/ h be5 obs]v$4 ,man1 orig9ally savage1 mu/ h le>n$ f repeat$ trials ! use ( 8 organs4 ,successive g5]ations mu/ h inv5t$ & ref9$ ^u ! means ( subsi/5ce2 & ! und]/&+1 at lib]ty to dis5gage itself f ! wants ( nature1 mu/ h ris5 to ! complicat$ art ( comp>+ ideas1 dige/+ reason+s1 & seiz+ ^u ab/ract similitudes4 ,x 0 n till aft] hav+ surm\nt$ ^? ob/acles1 & run a long c>e] 9 ! night ( hi/ory1 t man1 reflect+ on 8 /ate1 began to p]ceive 8 subjection to =ces sup]ior to 8 own & indep5d5t ( 8 w4 ,! sun gave him light & w>m?2 fire burn$1 ?und] t]rifi$1 ! w9ds buffet$1 wat] ov]:elm$ him2 all ! v>i\s natural exi/5ces act$ ^u him 9 a mann] n to be resi/$4 ,= a long "t an automaton1 he rema9$ passive1 )\t inquir+ into ! cause ( ?is action2 b ! v mom5t he 0 desir\s ( acc\nt+ to himself = x1 a/oni%m5t seiz$ 8 m9d2 & pass+ f ! surprise ( a fir/ ?\ght to ! rev]ie ( curiosity1 he =m$ a *a9 ( reason+4 ,at fir/1 consid]+ only ! action ( ! elem5ts ^u him1 he inf]r$ relatively to himself1 an idea ( weakness1 ( subjection1 & relatively to !m1 an idea ( p[]1 ( dom9ation2 & ?is idea 0 ! primitive & fundam5tal type ( all 8 conceptions ( ! div9ity4 ,! action ( ! natural exi/5ces1 9 ! second place1 excit$ 9 him s5sations ( pleasure or pa91 ( good or evil2 by virtue ( 8 organization1 he conceiv$ love or av]sion = !m1 he desir$ or dread$ _! pres5ce3 & fe> or hope 0 ! pr9ciple ( e idea ( religion4 ,aft]w>ds1 judg+ ev]y?+ by comp>ison1 & rem>k+ 9 ^? be+s a motion spontane\s l 8 own1 he suppos$ !re to be a w1 an intellig5ce inh]5t 9 t motion1 ( a nature simil> to :at exi/$ 9 himself2 & h5ce1 by way ( inf]5ce1 he />t$ a fre% argum5t4 ,hav+ exp]i5c$ t c]ta9 modes ( behavior t[>ds 8 fell[-creatures wr\ght a *ange 9 _! affections & gov]n$ _! conduct1 he appli$ ^? practices to ! p[]ful be+s ( ! univ]se4 ',:5 my fell[-creature ( sup]ior /r5g?1' said he to himself1 'is dispos$ to injure me1 ,i humble myself be=e him1 & my pray] has ! art ( appeas+ him4 ,i w pray to ! p[]ful be+s t /rike me4 ,i w supplicate ! faculties ( ! planets1 ! wat]s1 & !y w he> me4 ,i w conjure !m to av]t ! calamities1 & to grant me ! bless+s :i* are at _! disposal4 ,my te>s w move1 my (f]+s propitiate !m1 & ,i %all enjoy complete felicity4' ,&1 simple 9 ! infancy ( 8 reason1 man spoke to ! sun & ! moon2 he animat$ ) 8 und]/&+ & 8 passions ! great ag5ts ( nature2 he ?\ght by va9 s\nds & useless practices to *ange _! inflexible laws4 ,fatal error6 ,he desir$ t ! wat] %\ld asc5d1 ! m\nta9s be remov$1 ! /one m\nt 9 ! air2 & sub/itut+ a fanta/ic to a real _w1 he con/itut$ = himself be+s ( op9ion1 to ! t]ror ( 8 m9d & ! torm5t ( 8 race4 ,?us ! ideas ( ,god & religion sprung1 l all o!rs1 f physical objects1 & 7 9 ! und]/&+ ( man1 ! products ( 8 s5sations1 8 wants1 ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 & ! progressive /ate ( 8 k4 ,z ^! ideas _h natural be+s = _! fir/ models1 x result$ f h5ce t ! div9ity 0 orig9ally z v>i\s & manifold z ! =ms "u :i* he seem$ to act3 ea* be+ 0 a p[]1 a g5ius1 & ! fir/ m5 f\nd ! univ]se cr[d$ ) innum]able ,gods4 ,9 l mann] ! ideas ( ! div9ity hav+ _h = motors ! affections ( ! human he>t1 !y und]w5t an ord] ( division calculat$ f ! s5sations ( pa93 & pleasure1 ( love & hatr$3 ! p[]s ( nature1 ! ,gods1 ! g5ii1 7 class$ into b5ign & malefic5t1 into good & evil ones3 & ?is con/itutes ! univ]sality ( ^! two ideas 9 e sy/em ( religion4 ,^! ideas1 analog\s to ! condition ( _! inv5tors1 7 = a long "t confus$ & cross4 ,w&]+ 9 woods1 beset ) wants1 de/itute ( res\rces1 m5 9 _! savage /ate _h no leisure to make comp>isons & draw conclusions4 ,suff]+ m ills ?an !y ta/$ enjoym5ts1 _! mo/ habitual s5tim5t 0 fe>1 _! !ology t]ror1 _! wor%ip 0 conf9$ to c]ta9 modes ( salutation1 ( (f]+s :i* !y pres5t$ to be+s :om !y suppos$ to be f]oci\s & gre$y l !mselves4 ,9 _! /ate ( equality & indep5d5ce1 no "o took ^u him ! (fice ( m$iator ) ,gods z insubord9ate & poor z himself4 ,no "o hav+ any sup]fluity to dispose (1 !re exi/$ no p>asite "u ! "n ( prie/1 nor tribute "u ! "n ( victim1 nor empire "u ! "n ( alt>2 _! dogmas & morality1 jumbl$ toge!r1 7 only self-pres]vation2 & _! religion1 an arbitr>y idea )\t influ5ce on ! mutual relations exi/+ betwe5 m51 0 b a va9 homage paid to ! visible p[]s ( nature4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ & necess>y orig9 ( e idea ( ! div9ity4444 ,9 reality1 :5 ! vulg> he>d o!rs talk ( a new heav5 & ano!r _w1 !y gave a body to ^! fictions2 !y erect$ on x a solid /age & real sc5es2 & _! notions ( geography & a/ronomy s]v$ to /r5g!n1 if !y did n give rise to ! delusion4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,pho5ician navigators1 ^? :o pass$ ! pill>s ( ,h]cules to fet* ! pewt] ( ,?ule & ! amb] ( ! ,baltic1 relat$ t at ! extremity ( ! _w1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ocean 7! ,m$it]ranean17 :]e ! sun sets to ! c\ntries ( ,asia1 !re 7 ,=tunate ,isl&s1 ! abode ( an ev]la/+ spr+2 & at a f>!r di/ance1 hyp]borean regions1 plac$ "u ! e>? 7relatively to ! tropics17 :]e reign$ an et]nal night4 ,f ^? /ories1 badly und]/ood1 & no d\bt confus$ly relat$1 ! imag9ation ( ! p compos$ ! ,elysian ,fields1 delightful spots 9 a _w bel[1 hav+ _! heav51 _! sun1 & _! />s2 & ,t>t>us1 a place ( d>kness1 humidity1 mire1 & *ill+ fro/4 ,n[1 inasmu* z mank9d1 inquisitive ab\t all t ( :i* !y are ignorant1 & desir\s ( a protract$ exi/5ce1 _h already ex]t$ _! faculties respect+ :at 0 to become ( !m aft] dea?2 inasmu*1 z !y _h e>ly reason$ ^u t pr9ciple ( life :i* animates ! body1 & :i* quits x )\t *ang+ ! =m ( ! body1 & _h conceiv$ to !mselves airy sub/ances1 phantoms & %ades1 !y lov$ to believe t !y %\ld resume 9 ! subt]ranean _w t life :i* x 0 s pa9ful to lose2 & ?is abode appe>$ commodi\s = ! reception ( ^? belov$ objects :i* !y c\ld n prevail on !mselves to r5\nce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! a/rological & philosophical prie/s told su* /ories ( _! heav5s z p]fectly quadrat$ ) ^! fictions4 ,hav+1 9 _! metaphorical language1 d5om9at$ ! equ9oxes & sol/ices ! gates ( heav51 or ! entrance ( ! seasons1 !y expla9$ ! t]re/rial ph5om5a by say+1 t ?r\gh ! gate ( horn 7fir/ ! bull1 aft]w>ds ! ram17 vivify+ fires desc5d$1 :i*1 9 spr+1 gave life to vegetation1 & aquatic spirits1 :i* caus$1 at ! sol/ice1 ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile3 t ?r\gh ! gate ( ivory 7orig9ally ! b[man1 or ,sagitt>ius1 !n ! balance17 & ?r\gh t ( ,capricorn1 or ! urn1 ! emanations or influ5ces ( ! heav5s return$ to _! s\rce & re-asc5d$ to _! orig92 & ! ,milky ,way :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! doors ( ! sol/ices1 seem$ to !m to h be5 plac$ !re on purpose to be _! road & vehicle4 ,! cele/ial sc5e f>!r pres5t$1 accord+ to _! ,atlas1 a riv] 7! ,nile1 designat$ by ! w9d+s ( ! ,hydra27 toge!r ) a b>ge 7! vessel ,argo17 & ! dog ,sirius1 bo? be>+ relation to t riv]1 ( :i* !y =ebod$ ! ov]fl[+4 ,^! circum/ances1 add$ to ! prec$+ ones1 increas$ ! probability ( ! fiction2 & ?us to arrive at ,t>t>us or ,elysium1 s\ls 7 oblig$ to cross ! riv]s ,/yx & ,a*]on1 9 ! boat ( ,*>on ! f]ryman1 & to pass ?r\gh ! doors ( horn & ivory1 :i* 7 gu>d$ by ! ma/iff ,c]b]us4 ,at l5g? a civil usage 0 jo9$ to all ^! inv5tions1 & gave !m consi/5cy4 ,! inhabitants ( ,egypt hav+ rem>k$ t ! putrefaction ( dead bodies became 9 _! burn+ climate ! s\rce ( pe/il5ce & diseases1 ! cu/om 0 introduc$ 9 a great numb] ( ,/ates1 ( bury+ ! dead at a di/ance f ! inhabit$ di/ricts1 9 ! des]t :i* lies at ! ,we/4 ,to arrive !re x 0 necess>y to cross ! canals ( ! riv] 9 a boat1 & to pay a toll to ! f]ryman1 o!rwise ! body rema9+ unburi$1 w\ld h be5 left a prey to wild bea/s4 ,?is cu/om sugge/$ to h] civil & religi\s legislators1 a p[]ful means ( affect+ ! mann]s ( h] inhabitants1 & address+ savage & uncultivat$ m5 ) ! motives ( filial piety & rev]5ce = ! dead2 !y introduc$1 z a necess>y condition1 ! und]go+ t previ\s trial :i* %\ld decide :e!r ! deceas$ des]v$ to be admitt$ ^u ! foot+ ( 8 family honors into ! black city4 ,su* an idea too well accord$ ) ! re/ ( ! bus9ess n to be incorporat$ ) x2 x accord+ly ent]$ = an article into religi\s cre$s1 & hell _h its ,m9os & its ,radaman?us1 ) ! w&1 ! *air1 ! gu>ds1 & ! urn1 aft] ! exact model ( ?is civil transaction4 ,! div9ity !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 became a subject ( moral & political consid]ation1 a legislator1 by s mu* ! m =midable z1 :ile 8 judgm5t 0 f9al & 8 decrees )\t appeal1 he 0 unapproa*able to 8 subjects4 ,?is my?ological & fabul\s creation1 compos$ z x 0 ( scatt]$ & discordant p>ts1 !n became a s\rce ( future puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 9 :i* div9e ju/ice 0 suppos$ to correct ! vices & errors ( ?is transitory /ate4 ,a spiritual & my/ical sy/em1 su* z ,i h m5tion$1 acquir$ s mu* ! m cr$it z x appli$ itself to ! m9d by e argum5t suit$ to x4 ,! oppress$ look$ ?i!r = an indemnification1 & ent]ta9$ ! consol+ hope ( v5geance2 ! oppressor expect$ by ! co/l9ess ( 8 (f]+s to secure to himself impunity1 & at ! same "t employ$ ?is pr9ciple to inspire ! vulg> ) timidity2 k+s & prie/s1 ! heads ( ! p1 saw 9 x a new s\rce ( p[]1 z !y res]v$ to !mselves ! privilege ( aw>d+ ! favors or ! c5sure ( ! great ,judge ( all1 accord-+ to ! op9ion !y1 %\ld inculcate ( ! odi\sness ( crimes & ! m]itori\sness ( virtue4 ,?us1 !n1 an invisible & imag9>y _w ent]$ into competition ) t :i* 0 real4 ,su*1 ,o ,p]sians6 0 ! orig9 ( y\r r5ovat$ e>?1 y\r city ( resurrection1 plac$ "u ! equator1 & di/+ui%$ f all o!r cities by ?is s+ul> attribute1 t ! bodies ( its inhabitants ca/ no %ade4 ,su*1 ,o ,jews & ,*ri/ians6 disciples ( ! ,p]sians1 0 ! s\rce ( y\r ,new ,j]usalem1 y\r p>adise & y\r heav51 modell$ ^u ! a/rological heav5 ( ,h]mes4 ,mean:ile y\r hell1 ,o ye ,musselmans6 a subt]rane\s pit surm\nt$ by a bridge1 y\r balance ( s\ls & good works1 y\r judgm5t pron\nc$ by ! angels ,monkir & ,nekir1 d]ives its attributes f ! my/]i\s c]emonies ( ! cave ( ,mi?ra2 & y\r heav5 is exactly co9cid5t ) t ( ,osiris1 ,ormuzd1 & ,brama44444 ,x is evid5t1 t x is n tru? = :i* y cont5d2 t x is n h] cause y are jeal\s ( ma9ta9+1 b ! cause ( y\r own passions & prejudices2 t x is n ! object z x really exi/s t y wi% to v]ify1 b ! object z x appe>s to y2 t x is n ! evid5ce ( ! ?+ t y are anxi\s %\ld prevail1 b y\r p]sonal op9ion1 y\r mode ( see+ & judg+4 ,!re is a p[] t y want to ex]cise1 an int]e/ t y want to ma9ta91 a pr]ogative t y want to assume3 9 %ort1 ! :ole is a /ruggle ( vanity4 ,& z e individual1 :5 he comp>es himself ) e o!r1 f9ds himself to be 8 equal & fell[1 he resi/s by a simil> feel+ ( "r2 & f ?is "r1 :i* y all d5y to ea* o!r1 & f ! inh]5t consci\sness ( y\r equality1 spr+ y\r disputes1 y\r combats1 & y\r intol]ance4 ,n[ ! only way ( re/or+ unanimity is by return+ to nature1 & tak+ ! ord] ( ?+s :i* %e has e/abli%$ = y\r director & guide1 & ?is f>!r tru? w !n appe> f y\r uni=mity ( s5tim5t4 ,if we w\ld arrive at uni=mity ( op9ion1 we mu/ previ\sly e/abli% c]ta9ty1 & v]ify ! resemblance :i* our ideas h to _! models4 ,n[1 ?is _c be obta9$1 except s f> z ! objects ( our inquiry c be ref]r$ to ! te/imony1 & subject$ to ! exam9ation ( our s5ses4 ,:atev] _c be br\ght to ?is trial is beyond ! limits ( our und]/&+3 we h nei!r rule to try x by1 nor measure by :i* to in/itute a comp>ison1 nor s\rce ( demon/ration & k conc]n+ x4 ,:5ce x is obvi\s t1 9 ord] to live 9 peace & h>mony1 we mu/ cons5t n to pron\nce ^u su* objects1 nor annex to !m importance2 we mu/ draw a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 su* z c be v]ifi$ & su* z _c1 & sep>ate1 by an inviolable b>ri]1 ! _w ( fanta/ic be+s f ! _w ( realities3 t is to say1 all civil effect mu/ be tak5 away f !ological & religi\s op9ions4 ,?is1 ,o nations6 is ! end t a great p1 fre$ f _! fett]s & prejudices1 h propos$ to !mselves2 ?is is ! "w 9 :i*1 by _! comm&1 & "u _! imm$iate auspices1 we 7 engag$1 :5 y\r k+s & y\r prie/s came to int]rupt our labors4444 ,k+s & prie/s6 y may yet = a:ile susp5d ! solemn publication ( ! laws ( nature2 b x is no long] 9 y\r p[] to annihilate or to subv]t !m4 ,we conclude ) ! foll[+3--,inve/igate ! laws :i* nature1 = our direction1 has implant$ 9 our brea/s1 & =m f !nce an au!ntic & immutable code4 ,nor let ?is code be calculat$ = "o family1 or "o nation only1 b = ! :ole )-out exception4 ,be ! legislators ( ! human race1 z ye are ! int]pret]s ( _! common nature4 ,%[ u ! l9e t sep>ates ! _w ( *im]as f t ( realities3 & tea* u1 aft] s _m religions ( error & delusion1 ! religion ( evid5ce & tru?4 ,our space prohibits fur!r quotation 9 ?is numb]2 b :5 we return to ! subject1 we %all notice *apt] xxi41 ,problem ( ,religi\s ,contradictions1 & also ,! ,law ( ,nature2 or ,pr9ciples ( ,morality4 ,few m5 wrote m on v>i\s topics ?an ,volney2 & few h be5 m respect$ :ile liv+1 & e/eem$ :5 dead1 by ^? ^: respect & e/eem x is always an honor to possess4 ,at ! age ( fifty-?ree1 aft] mu* travel & great /udy1 ,volney consol$ 8 latt] days by m>ry+ 8 c\s9--! hope ( 8 y\?--,mdlle4 de ,*asseb\f4 ,a disord] ( ! bladd]1 contract$ :5 trav]s+ ! ,arabian des]ts1 caus$ 8 dea? at ! age ( sixty-?ree4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,p]e ,la*aise1 :5 ,laya1 ,director ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 pron\nc$ a noble panegyric ov] 8 grave2 & mon?s aft] 8 dea? he 0 spok5 highly ( by "s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 ( ,france4 ,?us end$ ! days ( "o ( ! ,free?9k]s ( ! pa/ ^: works1 despite all suppression1 w nev] die4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,*>les ,,bl\nt4 ,look ) me ?r\gh ! d>k vi/a ( #aej ye>s ( cl\d$ hi/ory4 ,?r[ y\r m9d across ! bridge ( "t1 = we are ab\t to visit a tragic sc5e--a sc5e :i* might be depict$ by a poet--s mu* ( beauty1 ( tru?1 & ( goodness1 all bla/$ by ! p]juries ( ! prie/4 ,yond]1 9 ! dim libr>y ( an ance/ral mansion1 emb[]$ amid ! woods ( ! s\?1 close by ! gurgl+ wat]s :i* beat an e*o to ! /ormy breezes--^? breezes :i* w nev] m fan 8 *eek--t wat] :]e he has (t5 ba!d 8 limbs w be 8 rippl+ monum5t4 ,! %ady moonlight ( an ,augu/ ev5+ is gild+ ! ri* pa/ures ( ,h]t=d%ire2 ! gorse bu%es h n yet lo/ _! beauty1 ! pheasants are play+ 9 ! woods--woods t s lately res\nd$ ) laught]--laught] r++ l a bell--! music ( a m]ry he>t4 ,)draw ^? curta9s :i* hide ! he>t-/ruck & ! dead4 ,above y is ! exquisite picture ( ,eleanora1 gaz+ into ! v b$ at t =m :i* lay %r\d$ 9 no?+ness4 ,y see ! broad manly br[--ev5 n[ ! br[n hair rises 9 graceful curls ov] t damp =ehead4 ,! lips are lock$ 9 an et]nal smile1 z if to mock ! clos$ eyes & ! recumb5t =m4 ,is x true t pictures ( ^? we love are end[$ ) a clairvoyant p[] ( gaz+ at ^? :o h c>ess$ !m 9 life8 ,if x is1 !n on t ,augu/ night ! wife ( ,*>les ,bl\nt 0 wat*+ ov] 8 bi]4 ,b :o is t pale =m1 ) di%evell$ hair & weep+ eyes1 ) an alaba/] sk9 /a9$ ) ! blue spots ( grief8 ,! rapid upheav+ swells ( t fair bosom tell ( affection )]$1 n by remorse1 b by sup]/ition8 ,see h] h[ %e n]v\sly grasps t dead man's h&1 h[ %e impr9ts kisses on 8 lips6 ,h] hair1 :i* ye/]day 0 glossy z ! rav5's1 is n[ z blea*$ z ! driv5 sn[2 to-day %e utt]s h] pla9tive cries1 to-morr[ %e ha/5s to jo9 h] lov] 9 ! tomb4 ,?is is a sad hi/ory4 ,x %\ld be writt5 ) ! juice ( hemlock1 z a w>n+ to ,g5ius ( impati5t love4 ,:ile ! fair girl wat*es by ! c\* ( ! suicide1 :ile f ! pa9t$ canvass ,eleanora gleams on ! liv+ & ! dead1 :ile ! cl\ds ( night ga!r sil5tly ov] t ance/ral hall1 ar\nd ! droop+ corn on ! bold slop+ p>k1 & ! cle> blue riv]--all s quiet & g5tle--let u ga!r up ! ev5ts ( ! pa/1 & le>n ! cause ( a dea? s tragic1 a grief s pi]c+4 ,9 ! ye> #afgb1 at ! age ( n9ete5 ye>s1 a "y man 7! son ( a b>onet7 l$ to ! alt> ! lovely daught] ( ,sir ,timo?y ,tyrrel4 ,fl[]s /rew$ ! pa? ( ! w$d$ pair1 & = ye>s _! life 0 "o sc5e ( bliss4 ,at la/1 /ruck d[n by disease1 ,*>les ,bl\nt /ood by ! side ( 8 dy+ wife--9 8 arms 8 ,eleanora yield$ h] la/ sigh4 ,he buri$ h] by ! will[-tree 9 ! old *ur*y>d4 ,! lily bl5d$ ) ! :ite rose1 & ! myrtle ov]%ad[$ ! grave4 ,x 0 "h :]e ! wid[] re/$ 9 ! ev5+--"h :]e he taught 8 *ildr5 ! virtues ( _! dead "m4 ,sometimes he gaz$ at ! azure skies1 & /range fancies beguil$ ! m9d ( ! m\rn]4 ,:5 he saw ! sun s9k to ! we/1 gild+ ! _w ) its glori\s rays1 he mus$ on ! cre$s ( _m l&s4 ,he fanci$ he saw a heav5 & a ,god1 & trac$ 9 ! l9es ( light ! patri>*al wor%ipp]s ( ! _w4 ,he look$ at ! sun & its wor%ipp]s--^? :o s\ght ! orig9 ( purity by wor%ipp+ t :i* is ! orig9 ( all good4 ,he look$ at ! fables ( ,greece1 & f\nd delight 9 ! ?\ght ( ,sappho utt]+ h] diapason ( joy 9 lyrics :i* told ( love & beauty2 at ,egypt1 :]e ! prie/s1 9 _! esot]ic cunn+1 se>*$ 9 va9 = t :i* gives life1 & motion1 & joy2 & !n he glanc$ at ! ,*ri/ian heav51 b "h all 0 d>k--d>k z ! ,plutonian cav]ns ( ,hom]'s hell4 ,he wi%$ to meet 8 ,eleanora--n 9 ,pagan dreams--n 9 ,*ri/ian p>ables--b 9 ! _w ( realities4 ,he look$ ) eag] eyes ^u ! _w ar\nd him1 9 society1 at ,c\rt1 &1 9 ! homes ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b :]ev] he w5t1 !re 0 b "o ?\ght--"o feel+4 ,he wi%$ a "m = 8 *ildr5--a "m l ! sa9t$ dead4 ,!re 0 b "o :o answ]$ ! ideal--l 9 features1 9 passion1 & 9 beauty--to ! lo/ ,eleanora4 ,born ( ! same p>5ts1 lov$ by ! same bro!r1 educat$ by ! same tea*]s1 imbu$ ) ! same ?\ghts1 %e 0 ! model ( h] dead si/]2 ) a si/]ly love = h] bro!r1 %e 0 already bo? "m & aunt to h] si/]'s *ildr54 ,) delib]ate ?\ghts1 ) convulsive passion1 ! love ( ,*>les ,bl\nt pass$ ! b\nds ( t ( a bro!r2 long+ to make h] 8 wife1 he ador$ h] ) ! passion he _h lavi%$ on ! dead4 ,x seem$ z if ! %ade ( ,eleanora 0 p]petually prompt+ him to be/[ all 8 affection on ! "y & beautiful ,eliza4 ,%e c>ess$ 8 *ildr5 ) ! pride ( an aunt1 %e trac$ ! image ( h] si/] 9 ! laugh+ eyes ( ! m]ry babes--/ill %e 0 n happy4 ,h[ c\ld %e be happy8 ,%e lov$ him z a man--z a bro!r4 ,%e 0 a ,*ri/ian--he an ,infidel4 ,%e 0 b\nd by cre$s--he by conduct4 ,%e 0 do+ ! duty %e ow$ to ! dead4 ,he s\ght to d x by unit+ himself to ! liv+4 ,eliza 0 anxi\s to m>ry1 b !re exi/$ some?+ :i*1 to h] m9d1 0 great] ?an human duties1 & x (t5 outrag$ !m4 ,god & ! ,*ur* dem&$ h] fir/ att5tion1 & !n h] lov] & 8 *ildr54 ,! ,*ur*1 9 cruel mock]y ( human rights1 /epp$ betwe5 h] judgm5t & h] affections4 ,x d5i$ ! p[] ( a woman to occupy ! m>ri$ home ( h] deceas$ si/]4 ,%e 0 will+ to pl$ge h] love to ,*>les ,bl\nt at ! alt>1 b ! prie/ mock$ h] pray]s & d5\nc$ h] affections4 ,! occasion 0 too good to be lo/4 ,episcopalism s\ght rev5ge on its oppon5t1 & x triumph$4 ,eliza felt ! =ce ( ,bl\nt's argum5ts4 ,%e w&]$ ) him ?r\gh ! gre5 fields1 b h] sorr[ 0 too great to pluck ! wild roses4 ,! lusci\s fruits ( summ] 7 pass$ unta/$4 ,a he>t sick & 9 tr\ble1 a m9d w&]+ f h] si/]'s grave to h] *ildr51 & !n at ! ana!ma ( ! ,*ur*1 made h] a wid[$ maid4 ,to ov]come h] scruples1 h] lov] wrote a book 7invit+ ! cl]gy to refute x17 def5d+ ! m>riage ) a deceas$ wife's si/]4 ,b ev] z he spoke !re 0 a film be=e h] eyes4 ,!re 0 a gaunt prie/1 ) canonical robes1 /ood be=e ! gates ( heav54 ,be=e him & ?r\gh him 0 ! way to an et]nal happ9ess1 bel[ him 0 a fi]y hell2 & he %\t$ ) ho>se voice1 ,ince/1 ince/1 ince/6--,& ev] z he %\t$1 he po9t$ ) 8 f+] ( scorn at ?is ,*ri/ian hell1 & %e conjur$ up 9 h] m9d ! old /ories ( ?is prie/1 until %e saw ! livid flames ris+ up high] till !y encircl$ h] =m1 & !n ! prie/ scream$ ) fury1 ,ana!ma m>ana?a1 ince/1 ince/6 ,& 9 t]ror %e /ood1 ) ! big drops ( sweat dripp+ f h] br[1 ) h] he>t beat+1 ) h] m9d di/ract$1 b h] affections uncl\d$4 ,?is prie/ 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ^? fancies 7 driv5 into h] imag9ation by h] cre$1 h] litanies1 & h] s]mons4 ,eliza ,tyrrel 0 mis]able2 %e 0 plac$ betwe5 h] love1 h] duty1 & h] religion4 ,if %e _h be5 a woman ( a /rong m9d1 %e w\ld h torn h] cre$ into %r$s1 %e w\ld h d>$ ! ana!ma ( ! prie/--! o/racism ( its dupes--& w\ld h clung to ! man %e lov$ s truly1 9 defiance ( t :i* 01 at ! be/1 b a fa9t possibility4 ,! argum5ts 9 t pamphlet ( ,bl\nt's 7 conclusive1 b %e di/ru/$ reason4 ,! pla9e/ dictates ( common logic 7 ref]r$ to ! prompt+s ( ! ,devil4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,c ! tea*+s ( a lifetime be ov]?r[n by ! c\rt%ip ( a few mon?s8 ,eliza ,tyrrel1 true to ,bl\nt1 lov$ him2 true to h] religion1 %e dur/ n m>ry him )\t ! sanction ( ! ,*ur*4 ,s ,bl\nt1 z a la/ resolve1 laid ! matt] be=e ! ,"l's ,viceg]5t at ,cant]bury1 & _m ( ! mo/ le>n$ div9es ( ,engl&2 & f ^? ecclesia/ical lee*es !re 0 a ,%ylock cry ( ince/1 ince/1 ince/6 ,& ^? t]rible words came greet+ ! e>s ( ,*>les ,bl\nt1 mak+ 8 home l a *>nel-h\se1 & !y ne>ly s5t 8 beautiful ,eliza to a maniac's grave4 ,/ill %e l+]$ on4 ,d5i$ ! p[] ( a wife1 %e w\ld n rel9qui% h] duties z a "m to h] si/]'s babes4 ,!re 0 a calm h]oism "h :i* few c imitate4 ,! passions ( ,bl\nt c\ld n brook fur!r insults4 ,! la/ kick ( bigotry aga9/ ! brok5-he>t$ ,free?9k] 0 giv54 ,he c\ld no long] rise ) ! l>k1 & roam ov] ! hills ( 8 ance/ral home4 ,to him ! birds1 z !y w>bl$1 spoke ( joys nev] to return4 ,! broad riv] told him ( ! days :5 ! little skiff float$ on its wat]s ) ,eleanora2 & ev5 8 fri5ds only too bitt]ly rem9d$ him ( ! t\rnam5ts ( wit :]e ,hobbes1 ,br[n1 & ,gildon1 j\/$ ea* o!r 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 wife4 ,8 life 0 "o sc5e ( mis]y4 ,he saw no *ance ( am5dm5t4 ,9 a fit ( despair1 he load$ 8 pi/ol ) due delib]ation1 plac$ x to 8 head1 & %ot himself4 ,he l+]$ = sometime1 & !n di$ on ! brea/ ( ,eliza4 ,?is 0 a /range suicide4 ,bl\nt's memory be>s its weight ( obloquy4 ,x is h>d to draw ! l9e :5 & :]e a man has a "r to take away 8 life4 ,common s5se tells u t s long z our families are dep5d5t ^u u1 we h no "r to end our lives2 & if we h no dep5d5ts1 no fri5ds1 !n our c\ntry has a claim ^u u4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! "o sole end ( exi/5ce is to be happy4 ,if a man _c f9d happ9ess 9 life1 if !re is a great coalition aga9/ him1 he is ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ up arms aga9/ !m2 b1 at ! same "t1 x proves a great] am\nt ( c\rage to be> up aga9/ ! ills ( life ?an to madly leave x1 & ?us weak5 ! =ce ( ^? :o wi% to /em its inju/ice4 ,*>les ,bl\nt di$1 & ) him expir$ mu* ( ! *ivalry ( ,free?\ght4 ,8 fri5d1 ,*>les ,gil-don1 writ+ ( him to a lady1 says1 ,y "k ,a/rea 7,eliza17 & h an exact fri5d%ip ) h]4 ,y c atte/ h] beauty1 wit1 honor1 virtue1 good humor1 & discretion4 ,y h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! *>ms ( h] conv]sation & conduct1 & condemn h]1 only adh]+ to a national cu/om to ! loss ( s g5]\s a fri5d1 & s fai?ful a lov]4 ,b cu/om & ob$i5ce meet+ ! m easily1 betray$ h] virtue into a crime4 ,i "k my fri5d lov$ h] to 8 la/ brea?2 & ,i "k1 !re=e1 t all :o love 8 memory mu/1 = h] sake1 love & value h]1 z be+ a lady ( t m]it1 t engag$ ! reason ( ,phil&] 7,c4 ,bl\nt7 to s viol5t a passion = h]4 ,! same writ] says1 ,8 fa!r 0 ,sir ,h5ry ,bl\nt1 ! ,socrates ( ! age1 = 8 av]sions to ! reign+ sophisms & hypocrisies1 em95t 9 all capacities3 ! be/ husb&1 fa!r1 & ma/]1 extremely agreeably 9 conv]sation1 & j 9 all 8 deal+s4 ,f su* a fa!r our h]o d]iv$ him self2 to su* a ma/] ow$ 8 g5]\s education1 unmix$ ) ! nause\s me?ods & pr(ane op9ions ( ! s*ools4 ,nature gave him p>ts capable ( ! noble/ sci5ces1 & 8 indu/ri\s /udies bore a proportion to 8 capacities4 ,he 0 a g5]\s & con/ant fri5d1 an indulg5t p>5t1 & a k9d ma/]4 ,8 temp] 0 op5 & free2 8 conv]sation pleasant2 8 reflections j & mode/2 8 rep>tees close--n scurril\s2 he _h a great deal ( wit1 & no malice4 ,8 m9d 0 l>ge & noble--above ! little designs ( mo/ m52 an enemy to dissimulation1 & nev] fe>$ to own 8 ?\ghts4 ,he 0 a true ,engli%man1 & lov] ( ! lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry1 & decl>$ x 9 ! wor/ ( times4 ,he 0 an enemy to no?+ b error1 & none 7 8 enemies t knew him1 b ^? :o sacrific$ m to mammon ?an reason4 ,?is 0 ! man :o di$1 because a dom9ant prie/hood insi/$ on a dogma :i* int]f]$ ) a purely ,secul> rite1 :i* bla/$ two he>ts 9 a va9 attempt to p]petuate a sy/em1 :i* da%es its rude f+]s1 & te>s out ! he>t ( human felicity to spr9kle ! alt> ( sup]/ition ) ! gore ( (f5d$ innoc5ce4 ,*>les ,bl\nt 0 a ,dei/2 z su*1 he believ$ 9 a ,god2 :i* he describ$ 9 8 acc\nt ( a ,dei/'s religion4 ,let u exam9e 8 ?\ghts1 & see if !y be> ! int]pretation :i* ,*ri/ianity has always plac$ ^u !m4 ,bl\nt gives ! ,dei/'s op9ion ( ,god4 ,he says1 ,:atev] is adorable1 amiable1 & imitable by mank9d1 is 9 "o ,supreme1 p]fect ,be+4 ,an ,a!i/ _c object to ?is4 ,he speaks 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,god is to be wor%ipp$4 ,he says1 n by sacrifice1 or by a ,m$iator1 b by a /eady adh]5ce to all t is great & good & imitable 9 nature4 ,?is is ! brief religi\s cre$ ( ,*>les ,bl\nt4 ,he nev] seeks to f9d out fabl$ attributes ( ,deity4 ,he kn[s :at is ( value to mank9d1 & s$ul\sly practices :atev] is b5eficial to society4 ,9 8 ,anima ,mundi1 or1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,op9ions ( ! ,hea!ns on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 7p4 #ig17 ,bl\nt says3-- ,! hea!n philosoph]s 7 mu* divid$ conc]n+ ! s\l's future /ate2 "s held x mortal1 o!rs immortal4 ,( ^? :o held ! mortality ( ! s\l1 ! ,epicureans 7 ! *ief sect1 :o1 not)/&+ _! doctr9es1 l$ virtu\s lives4 ,c>dan _h s great a value = _! moral actions1 t he appe>$ 9 ju/ification ( !m4 ,x appe>s 7says he7 by ! writ+s ( ,cic]o1 ,diog5es1 & ,la]tius1 t ! ,epicureans did m religi\sly obs]ve laws1 piety1 & fidelity among m5 ?an ei!r ! ,/oics or ! ,platoni/s2 & ,i suppose ! cause !re( 01 t a man is ei!r good or evil by cu/om1 b none confide? 9 ^? t d n possess sanctity ( life4 ,:]e=e !y 7 compell$ to use great] fidelity1 !reby ! bett] to ju/ify _! pr(ession1 f :i* reason x likewise proce$s1 t at ?is day few d equal ! fidelity ( usur]s1 not)/&+ !y are mo/ base 9 ! re/ ( _! life4 ,also among ! ,jews1 :il/ ! ,ph>isees1 t confess$ ! resurrection & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 frequ5tly p]secut$ ,*ri/1 ! ,sadducees1 :o d5i$ ! resurrection1 angels1 & spirits1 m$dl$ n ) him above once or twice1 & t v g5tly4 ,?us1 if y comp>e ! lives ( ,pl9y & ,s5eca 7n _! writ+s17 y %all f9d ,pl9y1 ) 8 mortality ( ! s\l1 did z f> exce$ ,s5eca 9 hone/y ( mann]s1 z ,s5eca excels him 9 religi\s disc\rse4 ,! ,epicureans obs]v$ hone/y above o!rs1 & 9 _! conv]sation 7 usually f\nd in(f5sive & virtu\s1 & = t reason 7 (t5 employ$ by ! ,romans :5 !y c\ld p]suade !m to accept ( great employs1 = _! fault 0 n any want ( ability or hone/y1 b _! g5]al desire ( lead+ a private life ( ease1 & free f tr\ble1 al?\gh +lori\s4 ,= :5 immortality is n own$1 !re c be no ambition ( po/hum\s glory4 ,! ,epicureans1 in/ead ( ^? bloody sc5es ( gallantry 7:i* tyrants applaud17 und]took to manage c>efully ! inh]itance ( orphans2 br++ up1 at _! own *>ge1 ! *ildr5 ( _! deceas$ fri5ds1 & 7 c\nt$ good m51 unless x 7 9 front ( religi\s wor%ip2 = !y con/antly affirm$ t !re 7 no ,gods1 or1 at lea/1 su* z conc]n$ !mselves ) human affairs1 accord+ to ! poets4 ,nei!r do? ! hope ( immortality conduce to =titude1 z "s va9ly sugge/1 = ,brutus 0 n m valiant ?an ,cassius2 & if we w confess ! tru?1 ! de$s ( ,brutus 7 m cruel ?an ^? ( ,cassius2 = he us$ ! ,rhodians1 :o 7 8 enemies1 f> m k9dly ?an ,brutus did ^? amicable cities :i* he gov]n$4 ,9 a ^w1 ?\gh !y bo?1 _h a h& 9 ,cs>'s murd]1 yet ,brutus 0 ! only p>ricide4 ,s t ! ,/oics1 :i* believ$ a ,provid5ce1 liv$ z if !re 7 none2 :]eas ! ,epicureans1 :o d5i$ x1 liv$ z if !re 74444 ,! next sect to ! ,epicureans1 9 po9t ( incr$ulity1 conc]n+ ! s\l1 ,i conceive to be ! ,sceptics1 :o 7 by "s e/eem$1 n only ! mode/e/1 b ! mo/ p]spicu\s ( all sects4 ,!y nei!r affirm$ nor d5i$ any?+1 b d\bt$ ( all ?+s4 ,!y ?\ght all our k seem$ r l tru?1 ?an to be really true1 & t = su* l reasons z ^!3-- #a4 ,!y d5i$ any k ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 because1 !y say1 to "k adequately is to compreh5d1 & to compreh5d is to conta91 & ! ?+ conta9$ mu/ be less ?an t :i* conta9s x2 to "k inadequately is n to "k4 #b4 ,f ! unc]ta9ty ( our s5ses1 z1 = in/ance1 our eyes repres5t ?+s at a di/ance to be less ?an !y really are4 ,a /raight /ick 9 ! wat] appe>s crook$2 ! moon to be no bigg] ?an a *eese2 ! sun great] at ris+ & sett+ ?an at noon4 ,! %ore seems to move1 & ! %ip to /& /ill2 squ>e ?+s to be r\nd at a di/ance2 an erect pill> to be less at ! top4 ,nei!r 7say !y7 d we "k :e!r objects are really z our eyes repres5t !m to u1 = ! same ?+ :i* seems :ite to u seems yell[ to a jaundic$ man1 & r$ to a creature afflict$ ) r$ eyes2 also1 if a man rubs 8 eyes1 ! figure :i* he beholds seems long or n>r[1 & !re=e x is n improbable t goats1 cats1 & o!r creatures1 :i* h long pupils ( ! eye1 may ?9k ^? ?+s long :i* we call r\nd1 = z glasses repres5t ! object v>i\sly1 accord+ to _! %ape1 s x may be ) our eyes4 ,& s ! s5se ( he>+ deceives4 ,?us1 ! e*o ( a trumpet1 s\nd$ 9 a valley1 makes ! s\nd seem be=e u1 :5 x is beh9d u4 ,besides1 h[ c we ?9k t an e>1 :i* has a n>r[ passage1 c receive ! same s\nd ) t :i* has a wide "o8 ,or ! e>1 ^: inside is full ( hair1 to he> ! same ) a smoo? e>8 ,exp]i5ce tells u t if we /op1 or half /op1 our e>s1 ! s\nd come? diff]5t z :5 ! e>s are op54 ,nor is ! smell+1 ta/e1 or t\* less subject to mi/ake2 = ! same sc5ts please "s1 & displease o!rs1 & s 9 our ta/es4 ,to a r\gh & dry tongue t v ?+ seems bitt] 7z 9 an ague17 :i* to ! mo/ moi/ tongue seems o!rwise1 & s is x 9 o!r creatures4 ,! l is true ( ! t\*1 = x 7 absurd to ?9k t ^? creatures :i* are cov]$ ) %ells1 scales1 or hairs1 %\ld h ! same s5se 9 t\*+ ) ^? t are smoo?4 ,?us "o & ! same object is div]sely judg$ (1 accord+ to ! v>i\s qualities ( ! in/rum5ts ( s5se1 :i* conv9ce? to ! imag9ation2 f all :i* ! ,sceptic conclud$1 t :at ^! ?+s are 9 _! own nature1 :e!r r$1 :ite1 bitt]1 or sweet1 he _c tell2 =1 says he1 :y %\ld ,i pref] my own conceit 9 affirm+ ! nature ( ?+s to be ?us1 or ?us1 because x seeme? s to me--:5 o!r liv+ creatures1 p]haps1 ?9k x is o!rwise8 ,b ! greate/ fallacy is 9 ! op]ation ( our inw>d s5ses2 = ! fancy is sometimes p]suad$ t x he>s & sees :at x does n1 & our reason+ is s weak1 t 9 _m discipl9es sc>ce "o demon/ration is f\nd1 ?\gh ?is alone produces sci5ce4 ,:]e=e x 0 ,democritus's op9ion t tru? is hid 9 a well1 t %e may n be f\nd by m54 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is doctr9e be v inconsi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity1 yet ,i c\ld wi% ,adam _h be5 ( ?is p]suasion1 = !n he w\ld n h mortgag$ 8 po/]ity = ! pur*ase ( a twilight k4 ,n[1 f ^! s9i/] obs]vations x 0 t !y e/eem$ all our sci5ces to be b conjectures1 & our k b op9ion4 ,:]eupon1 d\bt+ ! suffici5cy ( human reason1 !y w\ld n v5ture to affirm or d5y any?+ ( ! s\l's future /ate2 b civilly & quietly gave way to ! doctr9es & ord9ances "u :i* !y liv$1 )\t rais+ or esp\s+ any new op9ions4 ,speak+ ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ,gildon gives ! foll[+ z a translation f ,ocellus ,lucanas3--,aga9 7says he17 z ! frame ( ! _w has be5 always1 s x is necess>y t its p>ts %\ld likewise always h exi/$2 by p>ts1 ,i mean ! heav51 e>?1 & t :i* lie? betwixt--viz41 ! sky2 = n )\t ^!1 b ) ^!1 & ( ^!1 ! _w consi/s4 ,also1 if ! p>ts exi/1 x is necess>y t ! ?+s :i* are )9 !m %\ld also coexi/2 z ) ! heav5s1 ! sun1 moon1 fix$ />s1 & planets2 ) ! e>?1 animals1 plants1 m9]als1 gold1 & silv]2 ) ! air1 exhalations1 w9ds1 & alt]ations ( wea!r1 sometimes heat & sometimes cold1 = ) ! _w all ^? ?+s d1 & ev] h exi/$1 z p>ts !re(4 ,nor ha? man _h any orig9al production f ! e>?1 or else:]e1 z "s believe1 b h always be51 z n[ he is1 coexi/5t ) ! _w1 :]e( he is a "p4 ,n[1 corruptions & viol5t alt]ations are made accord+ to ! p>ts ( ! e>?1 by w9ds & wat]s imprison$ 9 ! b[els !re(2 b a univ]sal1 corruption ( ! e>? nev] ha? be51 nor ev] %all be4 ,yet ^! alt]ations h giv5 occasion = ! inv5tion ( _m lies & fables4 ,& ?us are we to und]/& !m t d]ive ! orig9al ( ! ,greek hi/ory f ,ina*us1 ! ,argive2 n t he really 0 ! orig9al1 z "s make him1 b because a mo/ memorable alt]ation did !n happ51 & "s 7 s unskilful z to attribute x to ,ina*us4444 ,b = ! univ]se1 & all ! p>ts :]e( x subsi/s1 z x is at pres5t1 s x ev] 01 & ev] %all be2 "o nature p]petually mov+1 & ano!r p]petually suff]+1 "o always gov]n+1 & ! o!r always be+ gov]n$4 ,! c\rse :i* nature takes 9 gov]n+ ! _w1 is by "o contr>y prevail+ ov] ano!r1 z ?us3--,! moi/ure 9 ! air prevaile? ov] ! dryness ( ! fire2 & ! coldness ( ! waf] ov] ! heat ( ! air1 & ! dryness ( ! e>? ov] ! moi/ure ( ! wat]2 & s ! moi/ure ( ! wat] ov] ! dryness ( ! e>?2 & ! heat 9 ! air ov] ! coldness ( ! wat]2 & ! dryness 9 ! fire ov] ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,& ?us ! alt]ations are made & produc$1 out ( "o ano!r4444 ,z nature _c create by mak+ some?+ out ( no?+1 s nei!r c x annihilate1 by turn+ some?+ into no?+2 :5ce x consequ5tly foll[s1 z !re is no access1 s !re is no dim9ution 9 ! univ]se1 no m ?an 9 ! alphabet1 by ! inf9ite comb9ation & transposition ( lett]s1 or 9 ! wax by ! alt]ation ( ! seal /amp$ ^u x4 ,n[1 z = ! =ms ( natural bodies1 no soon] do? any "o ab&on ! matt] he occupi$1 b ano!r in/antly /eps into ! place !re(2 no soon] ha? "o act$ 8 "p & is retir$1 b ano!r comes pres5tly =? ^u ! /age1 ?\gh x may be 9 a diff]5t %ape1 & s act a diff]5t "p2 s t no portion ( ! matt] is1 or at any "t c be1 altoge!r void & empty1 b l ,proteus1 x burns itself into a ?\s& %apes1 & is always suppli$ ) "o =m or ano!r1 !re be+ 9 nature no?+ b circulation4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal works ( ,bl\nt3--,anima ,mundi2 or1 an ,hi/orical ,n>ration ( ! ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5ts conc]n+ ,man's ,s\l aft] ?is ,life1 accord+ to ,enlight5$ ,nature2 publi%$ 9 #afgi4 ,upw>ds ( tw5ty answ]s 7 publi%$ to ?is "w4 ,9 #afhj he publi%$ a translation1 ) notes1 ( ! life ( ,apollon9is1 ( ,tyana4 ,?is "w 0 suppress$4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 he gave ! _w ,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians2 or1 ! ,orig9al ( ,idolatry4 ,by able critics ?is is consid]$ "o ( 8 able/ works 9 #afhc1 ,religio ,laici appe>$1 :i* is publi%$ frum a ,lat9 "w ( ,"l ,h]b]t's4 ,9 #afhh he wrote ,a ,v9dication ( ,le>n+1 & ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,press4 ,?is tractate sp>kles ) wit & argum5t4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important "w he 0 connect$ )1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> he di$1 & ma9ly writt5 by himself1 ,! ,oracles ( ,reason a favorite title ) bo? ,am]ican & ,engli% ,free?9k]s4 ,x consi/s ( sixte5 sections2 ! mo/ int]e/+ be+ ! fir/ f\r1 conta9+ ,a ,v9dication ( ,dr4 ,burnett's ,ar*iologie4 ,! sev5? & eigh? *apt]s 7translat$7 ( ! same1 ( ,moses's ,description ( ! ,orig9al ,/ate ( ,man1 & ,dr4 ,burnett's ,app5dix ( ! ,brahm9's ,religion4 ,we w\ld quote f ^! sections ( ! ,oracles1 b int5d to =m sep>ate ,half-,h\rs1 ) sket*es ( ,drs4 ,br[n & ,burnett2 x w be m appropriate to use ,bl\nt's translation 9 describ+ ^? qua9t1 b highly in/ructive au?ors4 ,9 ! g5]al /yle ( ,bl\nt's works1 he is n se5 to advantage2 !re is too mu* heav9ess1 enhanc$ by ! p]petual ,greek & ,lat9 quotations2 b z 8 works 7 int5d$ = s*ol>s1 & ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 0 ess5tially ! mo/ p$antic era ( our lit]>y hi/ory1 we _c expect t vivacity & cle>ness :i* o!r writ]s 9 a lat] age possess$4 ,x 0 9 8 "* z a man t ,bl\nt excell$--he 0 ! lead] ( ! *ivalry ( ! p]iod1 z 9 ! next age ,wool/on 0 8 successor4 ,at ! ,c\rt he 0 ! gaye/ ( ! gay1 )\t ! ta9t ( immorality1 9 a p]iod ( ! grosse/ lic5ti\sness2 he def5d$ ! honor ( 8 fri5ds1 frequ5tly at ! exp5se ( calumny & dang]4 ,9 witty rep>tees he 0 equal to ,ro*e/]2 :ile = ab/ruse le>n+ he 0 sup]ior to _m ( ! mo/ le>n$ !ologians4 ,da9tily brave & skilfully alive to ! requirem5ts ( fri5ds & foes1 he pass$ ?r\gh life 9 ! gild$ b>ge ( pleasure1 & end$ x sail+ ?r\gh a cl\d :]e he f\nd]$4 ,b ! d>kness :i* envelop$ 8 hi/ory is n[ *>g$ ) t sympa!tic p[] :i* draws ! "y to 8 grave1 & compels ! gloomie/ to %$ a te> ov] 8 unhappy fate4 ,at ! close ( ,augu/1 9 #afic1 a few fri5ds met ne> ! grave ( ,bl\nt1 to jo9 9 _! la/ respects to _! lo/ fri5d4 ,=emo/ among/ !m 0 ,*>les ,gildon1 :o s soon rep5t$ ( ! "p he _h tak5 9 ! ,oracles ( ,reason1 b nev] =got ! k9dness he exp]i5c$ f ,bl\nt4 ,he liv$ long en\gh = ,pope to be rev5g$ on 8 apo/acy1 by ins]t+ 8 "n 9 8 great satire4 ,at ! "t we speak he 0 m\rnful & deeply griev$ at ! loss he _h su/a9$2 ne> him 0 ,h>vey ,wilwood1 ^: bold demeanor & sorr[ful c\nt5ance told ( he>t-/ruck grief1 = ( ! few able to appreciate ! g5ius ( ,bl\nt1 he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ devot$ 9 8 fri5d%ip4 ,n[ we see ! noble ,"l1 :om ,bl\nt always address$ z ! mo/ +5i\s ,/rephon2 along ) him !re is ! pretty ,anne ,rog]s1 ) ,savage1 & ,major ,arkwright2 we look 9 va9 = ,eliza ,tyr-rel2 !y talk sl[ly ov] him t is no m2 !y rec\nt to !mselves ! intellectual a*ievem5ts1 & ! brilliant h\rs !y h sp5t 9 ! pa/2 & :ile !y speak s k9dly1 & ?9k s deeply1 !y kneel on ! hall[$ spot1 b n to pray2 "s ( !m pl$ge _! enmity aga9/ ,*ri/ian laws & ,*ri/ian prie/s1 & !y execut$ x4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! calm radiance ( ! lun> light %9es on ! *ur* ( ,ridge1 illum9+ ^? gho/ly tablets ( :ite m>ble1 :]e ! =efa!rs ( ,bl\nt lie entomb$4 ,! b>onial arms are emblazon$ on ! wall2 h]aldic pomp is keep+ wat* ov] ! m\ld]+ bones ( ! n[-levell$ great4 ,anne ,rog]s weeps wildly = ,eliza & ,eleanora4 ,^? metaphysical disquisitions :i* h exalt$ woman to s high a nature1 t devotion to e/hetics :i* woman %\ld always cultivate1 n z a h\sehold slave1 b z "o ( equal rights ) man1 & 8 lead] 9 ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ta/e1 elegance1 & mode/y2 su* gifts 9 no ord9>y degree _h ,anne ,rog]s--& (t5 9 dialectic subtlety _h %e ma/]$ h] relative1 :o /ood by h] side1 & giv5 tok5s ( h] admiration ( ,bl\nt's philosophy & conduct4 ,/rephon 0 passionately atta*$ to 8 confidant & fri5d1 & c\ld n give s calm an expression to 8 loss4 ,he wept wildly1 = he _h lo/ "o :o temp]$ 8 rebuke ) a k9d ^w1 & po9t$ out t ,epicurean pa? :i* leads to enjoym5t )\t excess3 to pleasure1 )\t a reaction4 ,x 0 a memorable meet+4 ,:ile ! remembrance ( pa/ de$s ( love light$ up ! eye & made ! blood c\rse fa/] ?r\gh _! ve9s1 ,anne ,rog]s detail$ ! foll[+ episode 9 8 "*3--,bl\nt _h visit$ ! ,c\rt ( ,k+ ,james1 & _h be5 s+l$ out by t mon>* = "o ( 8 savage fits ( sple54 ,i he>1 ,mr4 ,bl\nt1 y are v t5aci\s ( ! op9ions ( ,sir ,h5ry1 y\r fa!r1 & y consid] 8 conduct dur+ ! ,rebellion z wor?y ( imitation4 ,is x s8 ,y\r ,maje/y1 replies ,bl\nt1 has be5 correctly in=m$2 ,i admire my fa!r's conduct4 ,:at6 says ,james1 9 oppos+ 8 k+8 ,bl\nt quickly answ]$1 ,a k+1 my liege1 is ! *ief magi/rate ( ! ,commonweal?1 & is s h]$it>ily :ile he obeys ! laws ( t ,commonweal?1 ^: p[] he repres5ts2 b :5 he usurps ! direction ( t p[]1 he is k+ no long]1 & su* 0 ! case ) y\r royal fa!r4 ,) a sc[l ( defiance on 8 face1 ,k+ ,james left ! ,free?9k]1 & s\ght m cong5ial company2 & z ,anne ,rog]s told ! /ory1 ea* eye 0 dimm$ ) te>s4 ,! moon _h ris5 high 9 ! heav5s ere ! m\rn]s prep>$ to dep>t--! fir/ /reaks ( dawn broke ?r\gh ! ,ea/]n sky1 & reveal$ ! grave wat]$ ) te>s1 :]e ! mo/ *ivalr\s ,free?9k] ( 8 age repos$1 9 t sleep :i* kn[s ( no awak5+4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,p]cy ,,bys%e ,,%elley4 ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley 7! son & heir ( a weal?y ,engli% b>onet1 ,sir ,timo?y ,%elley1 ( ,ca/le ,gor+1 9 ! c\nty ( ,sussex7 0 born at ,field ,place1 ne> ,hor%am1 9 t c\nty1 on ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #agib4 ,u%]$ into ! _w 9 ! mid/ ( weal? & fa%ion1 ) all ! advantages ( family di/9ction1 ! future ( ,%elley's life appe>$ a bright "o2 b ! sun%9e ( ! morn+ only s]v$ to r5d] ! d>kness :i* came ov] 8 noontide m d>k1 & to make poor ,%elley /ill m susceptible ( ! h>d%ips he _h to enc\nt]4 ,fir/ educat$ at ,eton1 8 _s !re manife/$ itself by an unfl9*+ opposition to ! fagg+ sy/em1 & by revolt aga9/ ! sev]e discipl9e ( ! s*ool2 9 8 ,revolt ( ,islam ,%elley has ?us portray$ 8 feel+3-- ,i d rememb] well ! h\r :i* bur/ ,my _s's sleep2 a fre% ,may dawn x 0 ,:5 ,i walk$ =? ^u ! glitt]+ grass ,& wept1 ,i knew n :y3 until !re rose ,f ! ne> s*ool-room voices t1 alas6 ,7 b "o e*o f a _w ( woes1 ,! h>% & grat+ /rife ( tyrants & ( foes4 ,& !n ,i clasp$ my h&s & look$ ar\nd1 ,& none 0 ne> to mock my /ream+ eyes1 ,:i* p\r$ _! w>m drops on ! sunny gr\nd2 ,s1 )\t %ame1 ,i spake--' ,i w be wise1 ,& j1 & free1 & mild1 if 9 me lies ,su* p[]1 = ,i gr[ we>y to behold ,! selfi%1 & ! /rong /ill tyrannize ,)\t reproa* or *eck4' 44444 ,& f t h\r did ,i1 ) e>ne/ ?\ght1 ,heap k f =bidd5 m9es ( lore2 ,yet no?+ t ray tyrants knew or taught ,i c>$ to le>n1 b f t secret /ore ,wr\ght l9k$ arm\r = my s\l1 be=e ,x might walk =? to w> among mank9d4 ,f ,eton1 ,%elley w5t to ,ox=d1 & :ile !re he1 sc>ce at ! age ( eighte51 publi%$ a volume ( political rhymes1 entitl$ ,m>g>et ,ni*olson's ,rema9s1 ! said ,m>g>et be+ a woman :o tri$ to assass9ate ,george ,,iii4 ,he also wrote a pamphlet 9 def5ce ( ,a!ism4 ,a copy ( ?is pamphlet he caus$ to be s5t to ! head ( ea* ( ! colleges 9 ,ox=d1 ) a *all5ge to discuss & answ]4--,! answ] to ?is 0 ! edict :i* expell$ ,%elley f ,ox=d1 & at ! same "t plac$ a wide *asm betwe5 him & 8 family4 ,?is brea* 0 /ill fur!r wid5$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by 8 m>riage1 at ! age ( n9ete51 ) a beautiful girl nam$ ,we/brook4 ,al?\gh ,miss ,we/brook 0 respectfully connect$1 ,%elley's ari/ocratic family reg>d$ ?is z a mesalliance1 & )drew 8 pecuni>y all[ance2 & _h x n be5 = ! bride's fa!r1 :o all[$ ! "y c\ple #bjj a ye>1 !y w\ld h be5 r$uc$ to actual pov]ty4 ,?is 0 an un=tunate m>riage = bo?4 ,aft] hav+ two *ildr51 disagreem5ts arose1 & ,%elley 0 sep>at$ f 8 wife4 ,%e 7l all beautiful wom57 0 soon attack$ by ! busy tongue ( sl&]1 &1 unable to be> ! _w's taunts1 committ$ suicide by ?r[+ h]self into a pond1 j f\r ye>s f ! date ( _! m>riage4 ,%elley1 on ?is acc\nt1 suff]$ mu* mis]y & misrepres5tation1 & ?is mis]y 0 mu* increas$ by 8 family1 :o appli$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 & obta9$ a decree1 by :i* ,%elley 0 depriv$ ( ! cu/ody ( 8 *ildr51 on ! gr\nd ( 8 ,a!ism4 ,! same _s ev5 n[ p]vades ! ,%elley family1 & sc>ce a copy ( 8 poems c be f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( 8 bir?-place4 ,%elley aft]w>ds contract$ a second m>riage ) ! daught] ( ,godw91 ! au?or ( ,caleb ,williams1 & ,m>y ,woll/onecr(t 7:o di$ 9 giv+ bir? to ,%elley's wife71 & = sometime ! poet resid$ at ,m>l[ 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e he compos$ ! ,revolt ( ,islam2 & x is a /rong pro( ( ! reality ( ,%elley's poetical plead+s = ! oppress$ among/ ! human race1 t he 0 indefatigable 9 8 att5tions to ! poor cottag]s ( 8 neighborhood2 & t he suff]$ sev]ely f an attack ( op?almia1 :i* 0 orig9at$ 9 "o ( 8 b5evol5t visits4 ,ne>ly ! fir/ ( ,%elley's poems 0 8 ,que5 ,mab1 9 :i* 7hav+ 9 va9 /ruggl$ to devote himself to metaphysics ap>t f poetry71 he bl5d$ 8 metaphysical speculation ) 8 poetical aspirations4 ,! foll[+ quotations are tak5 f t poem1 9 :i* 8 wond]ful comm& ( language is well %[n3-- ,!re's n "o atom ( yon e>? ,b once 0 liv+ man2 ,nor ! m9ute/ drop ( ra91 ,t hange? 9 its ?9ne/ cl\d1 ,b fl[$ 9 human ve9s2 ,& f ! burn+ pla9s ,:]e ,lybian mon/]s yell1 ,f ! mo/ gloomy gl5s ,( ,gre5l&'s sunless clime1 ,to :]e ! gold5 fields ,( f]tile ,engl& spread ,_! h>ve/ to ! day1 ,?\ can/ n f9d "o spot ,:]eon no city /ood4 ,h[ /range is human pride6 ,i tell !e t ^? liv+ ?+s1 ,to :om ! fragile blade ( grass1 ,t spr+e? 9 ! morn ,& p]i%es ere noon4 ,9 an unb\nd$ _w2 ,i tell !e t ^? viewless be+s4 ,^: mansion is ! smalle/ p>ticle ,( ! impassive atmosph]e1 ,?9k1 feel1 & live1 l man3 ,t _! affections & antipa?ies1 ,l 81 produce ! laws ,rul+ _! mortal /ate2 ,& ! m9ute/ ?rob4 ,t ?r\gh _! frame diffuses ,! slighte/1 fa9te/ motion1 ,is fix$ & indisp5sable ,z ! maje/ic laws ,t rule yon roll+ orbs4 44444 ,h[ bold ! flight ( passion's w&]+ w+1 ,h[ swift ! /ep ( reason's firm] tread1 ,h[ calm & sweet ! victories ( life4 ,h[ t]rorless ! triumph ( ! grave6 ,h[ p[]less 7 ! mightie/ mon>*'s arm1 ,va9 8 l\d ?reat & impot5t 8 fr[n6 ,h[ ludicr\s ! prie/'s dogmatic ro>6 ,! weight ( 8 ext]m9at+ curse1 ,h[ light6 & 8 affect$ *>ity1 ,to suit ! pressure ( ! *ang+ times1 ,:at palpable deceit6--b = ?y aid1 ,religion6 b = !e1 prolific fi5d1 ,:o people/ e>? ) demons1 hell ) m51 ,& heav5 ) slaves6 ,?\ ta9te/ all ?\ look'/ ^u6--,! />e1 ,:i* on ?y cradle beam$ s brightly sweet1 ,7 gods to ! di/emp]$ playfulness ,( ?y untutor$ infancy3 ! trees1 ,! grass1 ! cl\ds1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! sea1 ,all liv+ ?+s t walk1 swim1 creep1 or fly1 ,7 gods3 ! sun _h homage1 & ! moon ,h] wor%ipp]4 ,!n ?\ becam'/ a boy1 ,m d>+ 9 ?y fr5zies3 e %ape1 ,mon/r\s or va/1 or beautifully wild1 ,:i*1 f s5sation's relics1 fancy culls2 ,! spirits ( ! air1 ! %udd]+ gho/1 ,! g5ii ( ! elem5ts1 ! p[]s ,t give a %ape to nature's v>i$ works1 ,_h life & place 9 ! corrupt belief ,( ?y bl9d he>t--yet /ill ?y y\?ful h&s ,7 pure ( human blood4 ,!n manhood gave ,its /r5g? & ardor to ?y fr5zi$ bra92 ,?9e eag] gaze scann$ ! /up5d\s sc5e1 ,^: wond]s mock$ ! k ( ?y pride4 ,_! ev]la/+ & un*ang+ laws ,reproa*$ ?9e ignorance4 ,a:ile ?\ /ood'/ ,baffl$ & gloomy2 !n ?\ did'/ sum up ,! elem5ts ( all t ?\ did'/ "k4 ,! *ang+ seasons1 w9t]'s leafless reign1 ,! budd+ ( ! heav5-brea?+ trees1 ,! et]nal orbs t beautify ! night1 ,! sunrise1 & ! sett+ ( ! moon1 ,e>?quakes & w>s1 & poisons & disease1 ,& all _! causes1 to an ab/ract po9t1 ,conv]g+1 ?\ did'/ b5d1 & call$ x ,god2 ,! self-suffic+1 ! omnipot5t1 ,! m]ciful1 & ! av5g+ ,god6 ,:o1 prototype ( human misrule1 sits ,high 9 ,heav5's realm1 ^u a gold5 ?rone1 ,ev5 l an e>?ly k+3 & ^: dread "w1 ,hell gapes =ev] = ! unhappy slaves ,( fate1 :om he creat$ 9 8 sport1 ,to triumph 9 _! torm5ts :5 !y fell6 ,e>? he>d ! "n2 e>? trembl$1 z ! smoke ,( 8 rev5ge asc5d$ up to ,heav51 ,blott+ ! con/ellations3 & ! cries ,( millions1 but*]$ 9 sweet confid5ce1 ,& unsuspect+ peace1 ev5 :5 ! bonds ,( safety 7 confirm$ by wordy oa?s1 ,sworn 9 8 dreadful "n1 rung ?r\gh ! l&2 ,:il/ innoc5t babes wri!d on ?y /ubborn spe>1 ,& ?\ did'/ laugh to he> ! "m's %riek ,( maniac gladness1 z ! sacr$ /eel ,felt cold 9 h] torn entrails6 ,religion6 ?\ w]t !n 9 manhood's prime2 ,b age crept on3 "o ,god w\ld n suffice ,= s5ile pu]ility2 ?\ fram'd/ ,a tale to suit ?y dotage1 & to glut ,?y mis]y-?ir/+ s\l1 t ! mad fi5d ,?y wick$ness _h pictur$ might af=d ,a plea = sat+ ! unnatural ?ir/ ,= murd]1 rap9e1 viol5ce1 & crime1 ,t /ill consum$ ?y be+1 ev5 :5 ,?\ he>d'/ ! /ep ( fate3--t flames might light ,?y fun]al sc5e1 & ! %rill horr5t %rieks ,( p>5ts dy+ on ! pile t burn$ ,to light _! *ildr5 to ?y pa?s1 ! ro> ,( ! encircl+ flames1 ! exult+ cries ,( ?9e apo/les1 l\d comm+l+ !re1 ,might sate ?y hungry e> ,ev5 on ! b$ ( dea?6 ,b n[ contempt is mock+ ?y gray hairs2 ,?\ art desc5d+ to ! d>ksome grave1 ,unhonor$ & unpiti$1 b by ^? ,^: pride is pass+ by l ?9e1 & %$s ,l ?9e1 a gl>e t fades be=e ! sun ,( tru?1 & %9es b 9 ! dreadful night ,t long has l[]$ above ! ru9$ _w4 ,speak+ ( ! ,a!i/'s m>tyrdom 9 answ] to ! _s ( ,ian!1 ,%elley makes 8 fairy say3-- ,!re is no ,god6 ,nature confirms ! fai? 8 dea?-groan seal$4 ,let heav5 & e>?1 let man's revolv+ race1 ,8 ceaseless g5]ations1 tell _! tale2 ,let e "p dep5d+ on ! *a9 ,t l9ks x to ! :ole1 po9t to ! h& ,t grasps its t]m6 ,let e se$ t falls ,9 sil5t eloqu5ce unfold its /ore ,( argum5t4 ,inf9ity )91 ,inf9ity )\t1 belie creation2 ,! ext]m9ate _s x conta9s ,is nature's only ,god3 b human pride ,is skilful to inv5t mo/ s]i\s names ,to hide its ignorance4 ,! "n ( ,god ,has f5c$ ab\t all crime ) hol9ess1 ,himself ! creature ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 ,^: names & attributes & passions *ange1 ,seeva1 ,buddh1 ,foh1 ,jehovah1 ,goa1 or ,"l1 ,ev5 ) ! human dupes :o build 8 %r9es4 ,/ill s]v+ o'er ! w>-pollut$ _w ,= desolation's wat*-^w2 :e!r ho/s ,/a9 8 dea?-blu%+ *>iot :eels1 z on ,triumphantly !y roll1 :il/ ,brahm9s raise ,a sacr$ hymn to m+le ) ! groans2 ,or c\ntless p>tn]s ( 8 p[]s divide ,8 tyranny to weakness3 or ! smoke ,( burn+ t[ns1 ! cries ( female helplessness1 ,un>m$ old age1 & y\?1 & infancy1 ,horribly massacr$1 asc5d to heav5 ,9 honor ( 8 "n2 or1 la/ & wor/1 ,e>? groans b5ea? religion's iron age1 ,& prie/s d>e babble ( a ,god ( peace1 ,ev5 :il/ _! h&s are r$ ) guiltless blood1 ,murd]+ ! :ile1 uproot+ e g]m ,( tru?1 ext]m9at+1 spoil+ all1 ,mak+ ! e>? a slaught]-h\se4 ,ian!'s _s1 h[ev]1 asks /ill fur!r1 & ! gho/ ( ,ahasu]us hav+ be5 summon$1 ! "q is repeat$1 ,is !re a ,god8 ,ahasu]us4--,is !re a ,god8 ay1 an ,almighty ,god1 ,& v5geful z ,almighty6 ,once 8 voice ,0 he>d on e>?3 e>? %udd]$ at ! s\nd1 ,! fi]y-visag$ firmam5t express$ ,abhorr5ce1 & ! grave ( nature yawn$ ,to swall[ all ! dauntless & ! good ,t d>$ to hurl defiance at 8 ?rone1 ,girt z x 0 ) p[]4 ,none b slaves ,surviv$1--cold-blood$ slaves1 :o did ! "w ,( tyrann\s omnipot5ce3 ^: s\ls ,no hone/ indignation ev] urg$ ,to elevat$ d>+1 to "o de$ ,:i* gross & s5sual self did n pollute4 ,^! slaves built temples = ! omnipot5t fi5d1 ,gorge\s & va/3 ! co/ly alt>s smok$ ,) human blood1 & hide\s moans rung ,?r\gh all ! long-drawn aisles4 ,a murd]] he>d ,8 voice 9 ,egypt1 "o ^: gifts & arts ,_h rais$ him to 8 em95ce 9 p[]1 ,accomplice ( omnipot5ce 9 crime1 ,& confidant ( ! all-kn[+ "o4 ,^! 7 ,jehovah's words3 ,f an et]nity ( idl5ess1 ,god1 awoke3 9 sev5 days toil made e>? ,f no?+2 re/$1 & creat$ man4 ,i plac$ him 9 a p>adise1 & !re ,plant$ ! tree ( evil1 s t he ,might eat & p]i%1 & my s\l procure ,:]e) to sate its malice1 & to turn1 ,ev5 l a he>tless conqu]or ( ! e>?1 ,all mis]y to my fame4 ,! race ( m51 ,*os5 to my honor1 ) impunity1 ,may sate ! lu/s ,i plant$ 9 _! he>t4 ,"h ,i comm& !e h5ce to lead !m on1 ,until1 ) h>d5$ feet1 _! conqu]+ troops ,wade on ! promis$ soil ?r\gh woman's blood1 ,& make my "n be dread$ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,yet ev] burn+ flame & ceaseless woe ,%all be ! doom ( _! et]nal s\ls1 ,) e s\l on ?is ungrateful e>?1 ,virtu\s or vici\s1 weak or /rong1--ev5 all ,%all p]i%1 to fulfil ! bl9d rev5ge ,:i* y1 to m51 call ju/ice1 ( _! ,god4 ,! murd]]'s br[ ,quiv]$ ) horror4 ,god omnipot5t6 ,is !re no m]cy8 mu/ our puni%m5t ,be endless8 w long ages roll away1 ,& see no 't]m8 ,oh6 :]e=e ha/ ?\ made ,9 mock]y & wra? ?is evil e>?8 ,m]cy becomes ! p[]ful--be b j3 ,o ,god6 rep5t & save4 ,"o way rema9s6 ,i w beget a son1 & he %all be> ,! s9s ( all ! _w3 he %all arise ,9 an unnotic$ corn] ( ! e>?1 ,& !re %all die ^u a cross1 & purge ,! univ]sal crime2 s t ! few ,on :om my grace desc5ds1 ^? :o are m>k$ ,z vessels to ! honor ( _! ,god1 ,may cr$it ?is /range sacrifice1 & save ,_! s\ls alive4 ,millions %all live & die ,:o ne'er %all call ^u _! ,savi\r's "n1 ,b1 unr$eem$1 g to ! gap+1 grave4 ,?\s&s %all deem x an old woman's tale1 ,su* z ! nurses fright5 babes )al4 ,^! 9 a gulph ( angui% & ( flame ,%all curse _! reprobation endlessly4 ,yet t5fold pangs %all =ce !m to av[1 ,ev5 on _! b$s ( torm5t1 :]e !y h[l1 ,my honor1 & ! ju/ice ( _! doom4 ,:at !n avail _! virtu\s de$s1 _! ?\ghts ,( purity1 ) radiant g5ius bright1 ,or lit ) human reason's e>?ly ray8 ,_m are call$1 b few ,i w elect4 ,d ?\ my bidd+1 ,moses6 ,9 8 poem ( ,rosal9d & ,hel51 ! poet indulges 9 ! foll[+ prophecy1 :i* he puts 9 ! m\? ( ,hel53-- ,fe> n ! tyrants %all rule =ev]1 ,or ! prie/s ( ! bloody fai?2 ,!y /& on ! br9k ( t mighty riv]1 ,^: waves !y h ta9t$ ) dea?4 ,x is f$ f ! dep?s ( a ?\s& dells1 ,ar\nd !m x foams1 & rages1 & swells2 ,& _! swords & _! sceptres ,i float+ see1 ,l wrecks on ! surge ( et]nity4 ,beside ! poems m5tion$1 ,%elley wrote ,! ,c5ci1 ,ala/or1 ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 & _m o!rs1 includ+ a beautiful little ode to a ,skyl>k1 & ! well-kn[n ,s5sitive ,plant4 ,%elley 0 a true & noble man--no poet 0 ev] w>m$ by a m g5u9e & un=c$ aspiration4--,de ,qu9cey says1 ,%elley w\ld1 f 8 e>lie/ manhood1 h sacrific$ all t he possess$ = any compreh5sive purpose ( good = ! race ( man4 ,he dismiss$ all insults & injuries f 8 memory4 ,he 0 ! s9c]e/ & mo/ tru?ful ( human creatures4 ,if he d5\nc$ m>riage z a vici\s in/itution1 t 0 b ano!r phase ( ! p>tial lunacy :i* affect$ him3 = to no man 7 purity & fidelity m ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! idea ( real love4 ,aga91 ,de ,qu9cey speaks ( ,%elley's fe>lessness1 8 graci\s nature1 8 tru?1 8 purity f all fle%-l9ess ( appetite1 8 fre$om f vanity1 8 diffusive love & t5d]ness4 ,?is te/imony is wor? mu*1 ! m especially :5 we rememb] t x is f ! p5 ( ,?omas de ,qu9cey1 :o1 :ile tru?fully ackn[l$g+ ! man1 hesitates n to use poli%$ irony1 r\gh wit1 & cov]t sne]+1 :5 deal+ ) ! man's utt]$ ?9k+s4 ,t ,%elley und]/ood ! true mission ( a poet1 & ! true nature ( poetry1 w appe> f ! foll[+ extract f "o ( 8 prose essays3--,poetry1 he says1 is ! record ( ! be/ & happie/ mom5ts ( ! happie/ & be/ m9ds4 ,we are aw>e ( evanesc5t visitations ( ?\ght & feel+1 sometimes associat$ ) place & p]son1 sometimes reg>d+ our own m9d alone1 & always aris+ un=ese51 & dep>t+ unbidd51 b elevat+ & delightful beyond all expression4 ,poets are n only subject to ^! exp]i5ces1 z spirits ( ! mo/ ref9$ organization1 b !y c color all !y comb9e ) ! evanesc5t l9es ( ?is e!real _w2 a ^w1 a trait 9 ! repres5tation ( a sc5e or passion w t\* ! en*ant$ cord1 & reanimate 9 ^? :o h ev] exp]i5c$ ^! emotions1 ! sleep+1 ! cold1 ! buri$ image ( ! pa/4 ,poetry ?us makes immortal all t is be/ & mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w2 x arre/s ! vani%+ app>itions :i* haunt ! int]lunations ( life1 & veil+ !m1 or 9 language or 9 =m1 s5ds !m =? among mank9d1 be>+ sweet news ( k9dr$ joy to ^? ) :om _! si/]s abide--abide1 because !re is no portal ( expression f ! cav]ns ( ! _s :i* !y inhabit into ! univ]se ( ?+s4 ,%elley's beautiful imag]y & ideali/ic drap]y is sometimes s accumulat$ 9 8 poems1 t x is difficult to foll[ him 9 8 ?9k+s4 ,9 8 v]se he wi%es to /& high z a philosophical reason]1 & ?is1 toge!r ) 8 devotion to ! cause1 :i* ev5 m5 ( ,de ,qu9cey's /amp call ,insol5t ,infidelity1 has prev5t$ ,%elley f becom+ s popul> z he might h be54 ,%elley liv$ a life ( /rife1 pass$ 8 boyhood & y\? 9 /ruggl+ to be free--misund]/ood & mis9t]pret$3 & :5 at la/ 9 8 manhood happi] circum/ances 7 ga!r+ ar\nd him1 a bla/ ( w9d came1 & ! waves ( ! sea wa%$ away "o :o 0 really & truly a man & a poet4 ,on ,monday4 ,july #h?1 #ahbb1 be+ !n 9 8 #bi? ye>1 ,%elley 0 return+ f ,leghorn to 8 home at ,l]ici1 9 a s*oon]-rigg$ boat ( 8 own1 ) "o fri5d & an ,engli% s]vant2 :5 ! boat _h rea*$ ab\t f\r miles f ! %ore1 ! /orm sudd5ly rose1 & ! w9d sudd5ly %ift$4 ,f excessive smoo?ness1 all at once ! sea 0 foam+1 & break+1 & gett+ up 9 a heavy swell4 ,! boat is suppos$ to h fill$ to leew>d1 & 7c>ry-ins3 two tons ( balla/7 to h sunk in/antane\sly--all on bo>d 7 dr[n$4 ,! body ( ,%elley 0 wa%$ on %ore eight days aft]w>ds1 ne> ,via ,reggio1 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition1 & 0 !re=e burn$ on a fun]al pyre 9 ! pres5ce ( ,leigh ,hunt1 ,"l ,byron1 ,mr4 ,trelawney1 & a ,capta9 ,%5ley4 ,?us di$ ,%elley 9 ! mid day ( life1 & ere ! w>m sun ( t mid-day c\ld dispel ! cl\ds t _h ga!r$ r\nd ! morn+ ( 8 c>e]4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison made betwe5 ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ,%elley & ( ,byron1 by ,gilfillan1 has be5 call$ by ,de ,qu9cey an eloqu5t p>allel1 & we !re=e conclude ! pres5t numb] by quot+ x3-- ,9 ! =ehead & head ( ,byron !re is m massive p[] & bread?3 ,%elley has a smoo?1 ar*$1 spiritual expression2 wr9kle !re seems none on 8 br[2 x is z if p]petual y\? _h !re dropp$ its fre%ness4 ,byron's eye seems ! focus ( pride & lu/3 ,%elley's is mild1 p5sive1 fix$ on y1 b see+ y ?r\gh ! mi/ ( 8 own idealism4 ,defiance curls on ,byron's no/ril1 & s5suality /eps 8 full l>ge lips4 ,! l[] features ( ,%elley's face are frail1 fem99e1 flexible4--,byron's head is turn$ upw>ds z if hav+ ris5 pr\dly above 8 contempor>ies1 he 7 d>+ to claim k9dr$1 or dem& a conte/ ) a sup]ior ord] ( be+s4 ,%elley's is half b5t1 9 rev]5ce & humility1 be=e "s va/ vision se5 by 8 own eye alone4 ,mis]y erect1 & /riv+ to cov] its retreat "u an aspect ( contemptu\s fury1 is ! p]man5t & p]vad+ expression ( ,byron's c\nt5ance4 ,sorr[1 s(t5$ & %ad$ away by hope & habit1 lies l a 'holi] day' ( /ill moon%9e ^u t ( ,%elley4 ,9 ! portrait ( ,byron1 tak5 at ! age ( n9ete51 y see ! unnatural age ( premature passion2 8 hair is "y1 8 dress is y\?ful1 b 8 face is old4 ,9 ,%elley y see ! et]nal *ild1 none ! less t 8 hair is grey1 & t sorr[ seems half 8 immortality4 ,i4 ,,claud ,,arian ,,helvetius4 ,if ,france1 at ! pres5t day1 has n reason to be pr\d ( its lead+ man1 x has 9 =m] times produc$ ^? m9ds t %$ lu/re ^u ! c\ntry1 & :o1 by _! lit]ature1 add immortality to its r5[n4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 religi\s p]secution & intol]ance 7 rampant ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,france furni%$ m5 to *eck oppression & expose sup]/ition1 :ile o!rs foll[$ to lay ! f\ndation ( excell5ce & greatness 9 ! exam9ation & cultivation ( its true s\rce--! m9d4 ,heivetius s\ght to direct m5's att5tion to self-exam9ation1 & to %[ h[ _m disputes might be avoid$ if ea* p]son und]/ood :at he 0 disput+ ab\t4 ,helvetius on ! ,m9d is a "w t ought to be read widely1 & /udi$ att5tively1 especially by ris+ "y m51 z x is "o ( ^? ,secul> works too r>ely f\nd among our lit]ature4 ,claud ,arian ,helvetius 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #agae4 ,aft] 8 prep>atory /udies1 he 0 s5t to ! ,college ( ,l\is le ,gr&1 hav+ = 8 tutor ! fam\s ,poree1 :o be/[$ additional att5tion ^u ,heivetius1 p]ceiv+ 9 him great tal5t & g5ius4 ,e>ly 9 life ,heivetius =m$ ! fri5d%ip ( "s ( ! lead+ m9ds ( ,france1 ,montesquieu be+ 8 intimate fri5d4 ,voltaire1 too1 s\ght 8 correspond5ce :5 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 call+ him 8 ,"y ,apollo1 & 8 ,son ( ,p>nassus4 ,! fir/ lit]>y attempts ( ,helvetius consi/$ ( poetry--,epi/les on ,happ9ess1 :i* appe>$ z a po/hum\s production1 ) ! lavi% comm5dations ( ,voltaire4 ,aft] t5 ye>s' ?\ght & /udy ,helvetius 9 #ageh1 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,de ,l',esprit1 :i* br\ght ^u him a great am\nt ( p]secution4 ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is condemn$ x1 & ,helvetius 0 remov$ f ! (fice he held ( ,maitre d',hotel to ! ,que54 ,voltaire rem>ks3--x is a little extraord9>y t !y %\ld h p]secut$1 disgrac$1 & h>ass$1 a mu* respect$ philosoph] ( our days1 ! innoc5t1 ! good ,helvetius1 = hav+ said t if m5 _h be5 )\t h&s !y c\ld n h built h\ses1 or work$ 9 tape/ry4 ,app>5tly ^? :o h condemn$ ?is proposition1 h a secret = cutt+ /ones & wood1 & = sew+ ) ! feet4444 ,i h no d\bt t !y w soon condemn to ! galleys ! fir/ :o %all h ! insol5ce to say1 t a man _c ?9k )\t 8 head2 =1 "s ba*elor w tell him1 ! s\l is a pure _s1 ! head is no?+ b matt]3 ,god c place ! s\l 9 ! nails1 z well z 9 ! skull1 !re=e ,i proscribe y z impi\s4 ,dur+ ! p]secution rais$ aga9/ him1 ,helvetius visit$ ,engl& 9 #agfd4 ,9 #agfe he visit$ ,prussia1 be+ well receiv$ by ,fr$]ick1 9 ^: place he lodg$4 ,voltaire /rongly advis$ ,helvetius to leave ,france 9 ^! words3--,9 y\r place1 ,i %\ld n hesitate a mom5t to sell all t ,i h 9 ,france2 !re are "s excell5t e/ates 9 my neighborhood1 & !re y might cultivate 9 peace ! arts y love4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod ,hume became acqua9t$ ) ,helvetius1 :om he /yles1 9 writ+ to ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 a v f9e g5ius & wor?y man4 ,9 #agfe1 ,helvetius return$ f ,prussia1 & retir$ to 8 e/ate at ,vore4 ,! sight ( mis]y mu* affect$ him2 & :5 reliev+ di/ress1 he enjo9$ /rict secrecy4 ,sometimes1 :5 told he reliev$ ^? undes]v+ 8 aid1 he w\ld say1 ,if ,i 7 a k+ ,i w\ld correct !m1 b z ,i am only ri* & !y are poor1 ,i d my duty 9 reliev+ !m4 ,an attack ( g\t 9 ! head & /oma* t]m9at$ 8 life 9 ,decemb]1 #agga1 9 ! fifty-six? ye> ( 8 age4 ,9 ,de ,l',esprit1 or1 ,essays on ! ,m9d1 *ap4 ,i44 ,helvetius makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! ,m9d consid]$ 9 itself3-- ,we he> e day disputes ) reg>d to :at ought to be call$ ! ,m9d2 ea* p]son deliv]s 8 ?\ghts1 b annexes diff]5t ideas to ! ^w2 & ?us ! debate is cont9u$1 )\t und]/&+ ea* o!r4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to enable u to give a j & precise idea ( ! ^w ,m9d1 & its diff]5t acceptations1 x is necess>y fir/ to consid] ! ,m9d 9 itself4 ,we consid] ! ,m9d ei!r z ! effect ( ! faculty ( ?9k+1 & 9 ?is s5se ! ,m9d is no m ?an an assemblage ( our ?\ghts1 or1 we consid] x z ! v faculty ( ?9k+4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& :at is meant by ! ,m9d1 9 ! latt] acceptation1 we ought previ\sly to "k ! productive causes ( our ideas4 ,man has two faculties2 or1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 two passive p[]s ^: exi/5ce is g5]ally & di/9ctly ackn[l$g$4 ,! "o is ! faculty ( receiv+ ! diff]5t impressions caus$ by ext]nal objects1 & is call$ ,physical ,s5sibility4 ,! o!r is ! faculty ( pres]v+ ! impressions caus$ by ^? objects1 call$ ,memory2 & ,memory is no?+ m ?an a cont9u$1 b weak5$ s5sation4--,^? faculties :i* ,i consid] z ! productive causes ( our ?\ghts1 & :i* we h 9 common ) bea/s1 w\ld produce b a v small numb] ( ideas1 if !y 7 n assi/$ by c]ta9 ext]nal organizations4 ,if ,nature1 in/ead ( h&s & flexible f+]s1 _h t]m9at$ our wri/ ) ! foot ( a horse1 mank9d w\ld d\btless h be5 totally de/itute ( art1 habitation1 & def5ce aga9/ o!r animals4 ,:olly employ$ 9 ! c>e ( procur+ food1 & avoid+ ! bea/s ( prey1 !y w\ld h /ill cont9u$ w&]+ 9 ! =e/s1 l fugitive flocks4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 ! police w\ld nev] h be5 c>ri$ 9 any society to t degree ( p]fection1 to :i* x is n[ arriv$4 ,!re is n a nation n[ exi/+1 b1 ) reg>d to ! action ( ! m9d1 mu/ n h cont9u$ v inf]ior to c]ta9 savage nations1 :o h n two hundr$ diff]5t ideas1 nor two hundr$ words to express ^? ideas2 & ^: language mu/ consequ5tly be r$uc$1 l t ( animals1 to five or six diff]5t s\nds or cries1 if we take f x ! words b[1 arr[1 nets1 etc41 :i* suppose ! use ( h&s4 ,f :5ce ,i conclude1 t1 )\t a c]ta9 ext]ior organization1 s5sibility & memory 9 u w\ld prove two /]ile faculties4 ,we ought to exam9e if ^! two faculties1 by ! assi/ance ( ?is organization1 h 9 reality produc$ all our ?\ghts4 ,b2 be=e we exam9e ?is subject1 ,i may possibly be ask$ :e!r ^! two faculties are modifications ( a spiritual or a mat]ial sub/ance8 ,?is "q1 :i* has =m]ly be5 s (t5 debat$ by philosoph]s1 & by "s p]sons reviv$ 9 our "t1 does n necess>ily fall )9 ! limits ( my "w4---,:at ,i h to (f]1 ) reg>d to ! ,m9d1 is equally con=mable to ei!r ( ^! hypo!sis4 ,i %all !re=e only obs]ve t1 if ! *ur* _h n fix$ our belief 9 respect to ?is p>ticul>1 & we _h be5 oblig$ by ! light ( reason alone to acquire a k ( ! ?9k+1 pr9ciple1 we mu/ h grant$1 t nei!r op9ion is capable ( demon/ration2 & consequ5tly t1 by weigh+ ! reasons on bo? sides1 balanc+ ! difficulties1 & det]m9+ 9 favor ( ! great] numb] ( probabilities1 we %\ld =m only conditional judgm5ts4 ,x w\ld be ! fate ( ?is problem1 z x ha? be5 ( _m o!rs1 to be resolvable only by ! assi/ance ( ! calculation ( probabilities4 ,helvetius1 on ! "q :e!r g5ius ought to be consid]$ z a natural gift1 or z an effect ( education1 says3-- ,i am go+ to exam9e 9 ?is disc\rse :at ! m9d receives f nature & education2 = :i* purpose x is necess>y fir/1 to det]m9e :at is "h meant by ! ^w ,nature4 ,?is ^w may raise 9 our m9ds a confus$ idea ( a be+ or a =ce t has endu$ u ) all our s5ses3 n[ ! s5ses are ! s\rces ( all our ideas4 ,be+ depriv$ ( our s5ses1 we are depriv$ ( all ! ideas relative to !m3 a man born bl9d has = ?is reason no idea ( colors2 x is !n evid5t t1 9 ?is signification1 g5ius ought to be consid]$ z a gift ( nature4 ,b1 if ! ^w be tak5 9 a diff]5t acceptation1 & we suppose t among ! m5 well =m$ & endu$ ) all _! s5ses1 )\t any p]ceivable defect ( _! organization1 nature has made su* a rem>kable diff]5ce1 & =m$ su* an unequal di/ribution ( ! intellectual p[]s1 t "o %all be s organiz$ z to be /upid1 & ! o!r be a man ( g5ius1 ! "q w become m delicate4 ,i confess t1 at fir/1 we _c consid] ! great inequality 9 ! m9ds ( m51 )\t admitt+ t !re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5 !m z betwe5 bodies1 "s ( :i* are weak & delicate1 :ile o!rs are /rong & robu/4 ,:at c "h occasion su* v>iations f ! uni=m mann] :]e9 nature op]ates8 ,?is reason+1 x is true1 is f\nd$ only on analogy4 ,x is l t ( ! a/ronom]s :o conclude t ! moon is inhabit$1 because x is compos$ ( ne>ly ! same matt] z our e>?4--,h[ weak soev] ?is reason+ may be1 x mu/ yet appe> demon/rative2 =1 say !y1 to :at cause c be attribut$ ! great disproportion ( intellects obs]vable betwe5 p :o appe> to h _h ! same education6 ,9 ord] to reply to ?is objection1 x is prop] fir/ to inquire1 :e!r sev]al m5 c1 /rictly speak+1 h ! same education2 & = ?is purpose to fix ! idea includ$ 9 ! ^w ,education4 ,if by education we m]ely und]/& t receiv$ 9 ! same places1 & "u ! same ma/]s2 9 ?is s5se ! education is ! same ) an inf9ite numb] ( m54 ,b1 if we give to ?is ^w a m true & ext5sive signification1 & 9 g5]al compreh5d ev]y?+ t relates to our in/ruction2 !n ,i say1 t nobody receives ! same education2 because ea* individual has1 = 8 preceptors1 if ,i may be all[$ to say s1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t "u :i* he lives1 8 fri5ds1 8 mi/resses1 ! p ab\t him1 :atev] he reads1 & 9 %ort *ance2 t is1 an inf9ite numb] or ev5ts1 ) respect to :i* our ignorance w n p]mit u to p]ceive _! causes1 & ! *a9 t connects !m toge!r4 ,n[1 ?is *ance has a great] %>e 9 our education ?an is imag9$4 ,x is ?is places c]ta9 objects be=e u1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 occasions m happy ideas1 & sometimes leads to ! greate/ discov]ies4 ,to give "s examples3 x 0 *ance t conduct$ ,galileo into ! g>d5s ( ,flor5ce1 :5 ! g>d5]s 7 work+ ! pumps3 x 0 t :i* inspir$ ^? g>d5]s1 :51 n be+ able to raise ! wat] above ! height ( #cb feet1 to ask him ! cause1 & by t "q piqu$ ! vanity ( ! philosoph]1 put 9 action by s casual a "q1 t oblig$ him to make ?is natural effect ! subject ( 8 ?\ghts1 till1 at la/1 by discov]+ ! weight ( ! air1 he f\nd ! solution ( ! problem4 ,9 ! mom5t :5 ! peaceful s\l ( ,newton 0 employ$ by no bus9ess1 & agitat$ by no passion1 x 0 also *ance t1 draw+ him "u an apple tree1 loos5$ "s ( ! fruit f ! bran*es1 & gave t philosoph] ! fir/ idea ( 8 sy/em on gravitation3 x 0 really ?is incid5t t aft]w>ds made him turn 8 ?\ghts to inquire :e!r ! moon does n gravitate t[>ds ! e>? ) ! same =ce z t ) :i* bodies fall on its surface8 ,x is !n to *ance t great g5iuses are frequ5tly oblig$ = _! mo/ happy ?\ghts4 ,h[ _m great m9ds are conf\nd$ among ! p ( mod]ate capacities = want ( a c]ta9 tranquillity ( s\l1 ! "q ( a g>d5]1 or ! fall ( an apple6 ,( ! exclusive qualities ( ! ,m9d & ,s\l1 ,helvetius obs]ves3-- ,my view 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s 0 to affix cle> ideas to ! sev]al qualities ( ! m9d1 ,i propose 9 ?is to exam9e if !re are tal5ts t mu/ necess>ily exclude ea* o!r8 ,?is "q1 x is said1 is det]m9$ by facts2 no p]son is1 at ! same "t1 sup]ior to all o!rs 9 _m diff]5t k9ds ( k4 ,newton is n reckon$ among ! poets1 nor ,milton among ! geometricians3 ! v]ses ( ,leibnitz are bad4 ,!re is n a man :o1 9 a s+le art1 z poetry1 or pa9t+1 has succe$$ 9 all ! bran*es ( x4 ,corneille & ,rac9e h done no?+ 9 com$y comp>able to ,molire3 ,mi*ael ,angelo has n drawn ! pictures ( ,albani1 nor ,albani pa9t$ ^? ( ,julius ,romano4 ,! g5ius ( ! greate/ m5 appe>s !n to be conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,?is is1 d\btless1 true3 b ,i ask1 :at is ! cause8 ,is x "t1 or is x wit1 :i* m5 want to r5d] !mselves illu/ri\s 9 ! diff]5t arts & sci5ces8 ,! progress ( ! human m9d1 x is said1 ought to be ! same 9 all ! arts & sci5ces3 ! op]ations ( ! m9d are r$uc$ to ! k ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces t subsi/ betwe5 v>i\s objects4 ,x is !n by obs]vation t we obta91 9 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( /udy1 ! new & g5]al ideas on :i* our sup]iority dep5ds4 ,e great physician1 e great *emi/1 may !n become a great geometrician1 a great a/ronom]1 a great politician1 & ! fir/1 9 %ort1 9 all ! sci5ces ,?is fact be+ /at$1 x w d\btless be conclud$1 t x is ! %ort duration ( human life t =ces sup]ior m9ds to limit !mselves to "o k9d ( /udy4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t !re are tal5ts & qualities possess$ only by ! exclusion ( "s o!rs4 ,among mank9d "s are fill$ ) ! love ( glory1 & are n susceptible ( any o!r ( ! passions3 "s may excel 9 natural philosophy1 civil law1 geometry1 &1 9 %ort1 9 all ! sci5ces t consi/ 9 ! comp>ison ( ideas4 ,a fondness = any o!r /udy c only di/ract or precipitate !m into errors4 ,!re are o!r m5 susceptible n ,only ( ! love ( glory1 b an inf9ite numb] ( o!r passions3 ^! may become celebrat$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( /udy1 :]e ! success dep5ds on be+ mov$4 ,su* is1 = in/ance1 ! dramatic k9d ( writ+3 b1 9 ord] to pa9t ! passions1 we mu/1 z ,i h already said1 feel !m v w>mly3 we are ignorant bo? ( ! language ( ! passions & ( ! s5sations !y excite 9 u1 :5 we h n exp]i5c$ !m4 ,?us ignorance ( ?is k9d always produces m$iocrity4 ,if ,font5elle _h be5 oblig$ to pa9t ! *>act]s ( ,rhadami/us1 ,brutus1 or ,catal9e1 t great man w\ld c]ta9ly h fall5 mu* bel[ m$iocrity4444 ,let a man1 = in/ance1 l ,m4 de ,font5elle1 contemplate1 )\t sev]ity1 ! wick$ness ( mank9d2 let him consid] x1 let him rise up aga9/ crimes )\t hat+ ! crim9als1 & p w applaud 8 mod]ation2 & yet1 at ! same in/ant1 !y w accuse him ( be+ too lukew>m 9 fri5d%ip4 ,!y d n p]ceive1 t ! same abs5ce ( ! passions1 to :i* he owes ! mod]ation !y comm5d1 mu/ necess>ily r5d] him less s5sible ( ! *>ms ( fri5d%ip4 ,! abuse ( words by diff]5t s*ools ( philosoph]s is ?us ably po9t$ out3-- ,desc>tes _h be=e ,locke obs]v$ t ! ,p]ipatetics1 intr5*+ !mselves beh9d ! obscurity ( words1 7 n unlike a bl9d man1 :o1 9 ord] to be a mat* = 8 cle>-sight$ antagoni/1 %\ld draw him into a d>k cav]n4 ',n[1' add$ he1 'if ?is man c introduce light into ! cav]n1 & compel ! ,p]ipatetics to fix cle> ideas to _! words1 ! victory is 8 own4 ,9 imitation ( ,desc>tes & ,locke1 ,i %all %[ t1 bo? 9 metaphysics & morality1 ! abuse ( words1 & ! ignorance ( _! true import1 is a labyr9? 9 :i* ! greate/ g5iuses h lo/ !mselves2 &1 9 ord] to set ?is p>ticul> 9 a cle> light1 in/ance1 9 "s ( ^? words :i* h giv5 rise to ! longe/ & %>pe/ disputes among philosoph]s3 su*1 9 metaphysics1 are ,matt]1 ,space1 & ,inf9ite4 ,x has at all times be5 alt]nately ass]t$ t ,matt] felt1 or did n feel1 & giv5 rise to disputes equally l\d & vague4 ,x 0 v late be=e x came into ! disputants6 heads to ask "o ano!r1 :at !y 7 disput+ ab\t1 & to annex a precise idea to ! ^w ,matt]4 ,_h !y at fir/ fix$ ! mean+ ( x1 !y w\ld h p]ceiv$1 if ,i may use ! expression1 t m5 7 ! creators ( ,matt]2 t ,matt] 0 n a be+2 t 9 nature !re 7 only individuals to :i* ! "n ( ,body _h be5 giv52 & t ?is ^w ,matt] c\ld import no m ?an ! collection ( prop]ties common to all bodies4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w be+ det]m9$1 all t rema9$ 0 to "k1 :e!r ext5t1 solidity1 & imp5etrability1 7 ! only prop]ties common to all bodies2 & :e!r ! discov]y ( a p[]1 su* = in/ance z attraction1 might n give rise to a conjecture t bodies _h "s prop]ties hi!rto unkn[n1 su* z t ( s5sation1 :i*1 ?\gh evid5t only 9 ! organiz$ memb]s ( animals1 might yet be common to all individuals6 ,! "q be+ r$uc$ to ?is1 x w\ld h appe>$ t if1 /rictly speak+1 x is impossible to demon/rate t all bodies are absolutely ins5sible1 no man1 unless in/ruct$ by a p>ticul> revelation1 c decide ! "q o!rwise ?an by calculat+ & comp>+ ! v]isimilitude ( ?is op9ion ) t ( ! contr>y4444 ,in/ruct$ by ! errors ( great m5 :o h gone be=e u1 we %\ld be s5sible t our obs]vations1 h[ev] multipli$ & conc5trat$1 are sc>cely suffici5t to =m "o ( ^? p>tial sy/ems compreh5d$ 9 ! g5]al sy/em2 add t x is f ! dep? ( imag9ation t ! sev]al sy/ems ( ! univ]se h hi!rto be5 drawn2 &1 z our in=mations ( remote c\ntries are always imp]fect1 s ! in=mations philosoph]s h ( ! sy/em ( ! _w are also defective4 ,) a great g5ius & a multitude ( comb9ations1 ! products ( _! labors w be only fictions till "t & *ance %all furni% !n8 ) a g5]al fact1 to :i* all o!rs may be ref]r$4 ,:at ,i h said ( ! ^w ,matt]1 ,i say also ( ,space4 ,mo/ ( ! philosoph]s h made a be+ ( x2 & ! ignorance ( ! true s5se ( ! ^w has occasion$ long disputes4 ,!y w\ld h be5 greatly %ort5$ by annex+ a cle> idea to ?is ^w2 = !n ! sages w\ld h agre$ t ,space1 consid]$ 9 bodies1 is :at we call ext5sion2 t we owe ! idea ( a void1 :i* p>tly composes ! idea ( ,space1 to ! int]val se5 betwixt two l(ty m\nta9s2 an int]val :i*1 be+ fill$ only by air1 t is1 by a body :i* at a c]ta9 di/ance makes no s5sible impression on u1 mu/ h giv5 u an idea ( a vacuum2 be+ no?+ m ?an a p[] ( repres5t+ to ourselves m\nta9s sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & ! int]v5+ di/ances n be+ fill$ by o!r bodies4 ,) reg>d to ! idea ( ,inf9ite1 compreh5d$ also )9 ! idea ( ,space1 ,i say t we owe ?is idea ( ,inf9ite only to ! p[] :i* a man /&+ on a pla9 has ( cont9ually ext5d+ its limits1 ! b\nd>y ( 8 imag9ation n be+ det]m9able3 ! abs5ce ( limits is !re=e ! only idea we c =m ( ,inf9ite4 ,_h philosoph]s1 previ\sly to _! giv+ any op9ion on ?is subject1 det]m9$ ! signification ( ! ^w ,inf9ite1 ,i am incl9$ to believe !y w\ld h adopt$ ! above def9ition1 & n sp5t _! "t 9 frivol\s disputes4 ,to ! false philosophy ( =m] ages1 our gross ignorance ( ! true signification ( words is pr9cipally ow+2 z ! art ( abus+ !m made up ! greate/ "p ( t philosophy4 ,?is art1 9 :i* ! :ole sci5ce ( ! s*ools consi/$1 conf\nd$ all ideas2 & ! obscurity x ?rew on ! expressions1 g5]ally diffus$ itself ov] all ! sci5ces1 especially morality4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks %[ ,helvetia's notions ( ! love ( glory3-- ,by ! ^w ,/rong-,passion1 ,i mean a passion ! object ( :i* is s necess>y to our happ9ess1 t )\t ! possession ( x life w\ld be insupportable4 ,?is 0 ,om>'s idea ( ! passion1 :5 he said1 ',:oev] ?\ art1 t love/ lib]ty1 desire/ to be weal?y )\t ri*es1 p[]ful )\t subjects1 a subject )\t a ma/]1 d>e to condemn dea?3 k+s w !n tremble be=e !e1 :il/ ?\ alone %alt fe> no p]son4'4444 ,x 0 ! passion ( honor & philosophic fanaticism alone t c\ld induce ,timi*a1 ! ,py?agorean1 9 ! mid/ ( torture1 to bite (f h] tongue1 t %e might n expose h]self to reveal ! secrets ( h] sect4 ,cato1 :5 a *ild1 go+ ) 8 tutor to ,sylla's palace1 at see+ ! bloody heads ( ! proscrib$1 ask$ ) impati5ce ! "n ( ! mon/] :o _h caus$ s _m ,roman citiz5s to be murd]$4 ,he 0 answ]$1 x 0 ,sylla3 ',h[1' says he1 'does ,sylla murd] ?us1 & is ,sylla /ill alive8' ',yes1' x 0 repli$1 '! v "n ( ,sylla dis>ms our citiz5s4' ',oh6 ,rome1' cri$ ,cato1 'deplorable is ?y fate1 s9ce )9 ! va/ compass ( ?y walls n a man ( virtue c be f\nd1 & ! arm ( a feeble *ild is ! only "o t w oppose itself aga9/ tyranny6' ,!n1 turn+ t[>ds 8 gov]nor1 ',give me1' said he1 'y\r sword2 ,i w conceal x "u my robe1 approa* ,sylla1 & kill him4 ,cato lives1 & ,rome is aga9 free4' ,if ! g5]\s pride1 ! passion ( patriotism & glory1 det]m9e citiz5s to su* h]oic actions1 ) :at resolution & intrepidity d n ! passions inspire ^? :o aim at di/9ction 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 & :om ,cic]o calls ! peaceable h]oes8 ,x is f a desire ( glory t ! a/ronom] is se51 on ! icy summits ( ! ,cordil]as1 plac+ 8 in/rum5ts 9 ! mid/ ( sn[s & fro/2 :i* conducts ! botani/ to ! br9ks ( precipices 9 que/ ( plants2 :i* anci5tly c>ri$ ! juv5ile lov]s ( ihe sci5ces into ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 & ev5 into ! ,indies1 = visit+ ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph]s1 & acquir+ f _! conv]sation ! pr9ciples ( _! doctr9e4 ,h[ /rongly did ?is passion ex]t itself 9 ,demo/h5es1 :o1 = p]fect+ 8 pronunciation1 us$ e day to /& on ! sea-%ore1 & ) 8 m\? full ( pebbles h>angue ! agitat$ waves6 ,x 0 f ! same desire ( glory t ! "y ,py?agoreans submitt$ to a sil5ce ( ?ree ye>s1 9 ord] to habituate !mselves to recollection & m$itation2 x induc$ ,democritus to %un ! di/ractions ( ! _w1 & retire among ! tombs1 to m$itate on ^? valuable tru?s1 ! discov]y ( :i*1 z x is always v difficult1 is also v little e/eem$2 9 f9e1 x 0 ?is t prompt$ ,h]aclitus to c$e to 8 y\ng] bro!r ! ?rone ( ,ephesus1 to :i* he _h ! "r ( primog5iture1 t he might give himself up entirely to philosophy2 :i* made ! ,a?letic improve 8 /r5g?1 by d5y+ himself ! pleasures ( love2 x 0 also f a desire ( popul> applause t c]ta9 anci5t prie/s r5\nc$ ! same pleasures1 & (t51 z ,bo9d9 pleasantly obs]ves ( !m1 )\t any o!r recomp5se = _! cont95ce ?an ! p]petual temptation x occasions1444 ',! cause1' says ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 ':y a timor\s m9d p]ceives an impossibility 9 ! mo/ simple projects1 :5 to an elevat$ m9d ! mo/ ardu\s seems easy1 is1 because1 be=e ! latt] ! m\nta9s s9k1 & be=e ! =m] mole-hills are metamorphos$ into m\nta9s4' ,! diff]5t motives t influ5ce our conduct are ?us /at$3-- ,a "m idolizes h] son2 ',i love him1' says %e1 '= 8 own sake4' ,h[ev]1 "o might reply1 y take no c>e ( 8 education1 ?\gh y are 9 no d\bt t a good "o w\ld contribute inf9itely to 8 happ9ess2 :y1 !re=e1 d n y consult "s m5 ( s5se ab\t him1 & read "s ( ! works writt5 on ?is subject8 ',:y1 because1' says %e1 ',i ?9k ,i "k z mu* ( ?is matt] z ^? au?ors & _! works4' ,b h[ did y get ?is confid5ce 9 y\r own und]/&+8 ,is x n ! effect ( y\r indiff]5ce8 ,an ard5t desire always inspires u ) a salut>y di/ru/ ( ourselves4 ,if we h a suit at law ( consid]able consequ5ce1 we visit c\nsellors & attorneys1 we consult a great numb]1 & exam9e _! advice4 ,are we attack$ by any ( ^? l+]+ diseases1 :i* incessantly place ar\nd u ! %ades & horrors ( dea?8 ,we seek physicians1 comp>e _! op9ions1 read physical books1 we ourselves become little physicians4 ,su* is ! conduct prompt$ by a w>m int]e/4 ,) respect to ! education ( *ildr51 if y are n influ5c$ 9 ! same mann]1 x is because y d n love y\r son z well z y\rself4 ',b1' adds ! "m1 ':at !n %\ld be ! motive ( my t5d]ness8' ,among fa!rs & mo!rs1 ,i reply1 "s are influ5c$ by ! desire ( p]petuat+ _! "n 9 _! *ildr52 !y prop]ly love only _! names2 o!rs are fond ( comm&1 & see 9 _! *ildr5 _! slaves4 ,! animal leaves its "y :5 _! weakness no long] keeps !m 9 dep5d5ce2 & pat]nal love becomes ext+ui%$ 9 almo/ all he>ts1 :5 *ildr5 h1 by _! age or /ation1 atta9$ to indep5d5ce4 ',!n1' said ! poet ,saadi1 '! fa!r sees no?+ 9 !m b gre$y heirs1' & ?is is ! cause1 adds "s poet1 ( ! extraord9>y love ( ! gr&fa!r = 8 gr&*ildr52 he consid]s !m z ! enemies ( 8 enemies4 ,!re are1 9 %ort1 fa!rs & mo!rs1 :o make _! *ildr5 _! play?+s & _! pa/ime4 ,! loss ( ?is play?+ w\ld be insupportable to !m2 b w\ld _! affliction prove t !y lov$ ! *ild = itself8 ,ev]ybody kn[s ?is passage 9 ! life ( ,m4 de ,lauzun3 he 0 9 ! ,ba/ile2 !re1 )\t books1 )\t employm5t1 a prey to lassitude & ! horrors ( a prison1 he took x 9 8 head to tame a spid]4 ,?is 0 ! only consolation he _h left 9 8 mis=tune4 ,! gov]nor ( ! ,ba/ile1 f an inhumanity common to m5 accu/om$ to see ! unhappy1 cru%$ ! spid]4 ,! prison] felt ! mo/ cutt+ grief1 & no "m c\ld be affect$ by ! dea? ( a son ) a m viol5t sorr[4 ,n[ :5ce is d]iv$ ?is con=mity ( s5tim5ts = su* diff]5t objects8 ,x is because1 9 ! loss ( a *ild1 or 9 ! loss ( ! spid]1 p frequ5tly weep = no?+ b = ! lassitude & want ( employm5t into :i* !y fall4 ,if mo!rs appe> 9 g5]al m afflict$ at ! dea? ( a *ild ?an fa!rs employ$ 9 bus9ess1 or giv5 up to ! pursuit ( ambition1 x is n because ! "m loves h] *ild m t5d]ly1 b because %e suff]s a loss m difficult to be suppli$4 ,! errors1 9 my op9ion1 are1 9 ?is respect1 v frequ5t2 p r>ely *]i% a *ild = its own sake4 ,t pat]nal love ( :i* s _m m5 make a p>ade1 & by :i* !y believe !mselves s w>mly affect$1 is mo/ frequ5tly no?+ m ?an an effect1 ei!r ( a desire ( p]petuat+ _! names1 or ( pride ( comm&444444 ,d y n "k t ,galileo 0 unwor?ily dragg$ to ! prison ( ! ,inquisition1 = hav+ ma9ta9$ t ! sun is plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & does n move ar\nd ! e>?2 t 8 sy/em fir/ (f5d$ ! weak1 & appe>$ directly contr>y to t text ( ,scripture--',sun1 /& ?\ /ill8' ,h[ev]1 able div9es h s9ce made ,galileo's pr9ciples agree ) ^? ( religion4 ,:o has told y1 t a div9e m happy or m enlight5$ ?an y1 w n remove ! contradiction1 :i* y ?9k y p]ceive betwe5 y\r religion1 & ! op9ion y resolve to condemn6 ,:o =ces y by a precipitate c5sure to expose1 if n religion1 at lea/ its m9i/]s1 to ! hatr$ excit$ by p]secution8 ,:y1 always borr[+ ! assi/ance ( =ce & t]ror1 w\ld y impose sil5ce on m5 ( g5ius1 & deprive mank9d ( ! useful k !y are capable ( disp5s+8 ,y obey1 y say1 ! dictates ( religion4 ,b x comm&s y to di/ru/ y\rselves1 & to love y\r neighbor4 ,if y d n act 9 con=mity to ^! pr9ciples1 y are !n n actuat$ by ! _s ( ,god4 ,b y say1 by :om !n are we inspir$8 ,by laz9ess & pride4 ,x is laz9ess1 ! enemy ( ?\ght1 :i* makes y av]se to ^? op9ions1 :i* y _c1 )\t /udy & "s fatigue ( att5tion1 unite ) ! pr9ciples receiv$ 9 ! s*ools2 b :i* be+ prov$ to be philosophically true1 _c be !ologically false4 ,x is pride1 :i* is ord9>ily c>ri$ to a great] height 9 ! bigot ?an 9 any o!r p]son1 :i* makes him dete/ 9 ! man ( g5ius ! b5efactor ( ! human race1 & :i* exasp]ates him aga9/ ! tru?s discov]$ by humility4 ,x is !n ?is laz9ess & ?is pride1 :i*1 disguis+ !mselves "u ! appe>ance ( zeal1 r5d] !m ! p]secutors ( m5 ( le>n+2 & :i* 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 h =g$ *a9s1 built gibbets1 & held ! tor* to ! piles ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?us ! same pride1 :i* is s =midable 9 ! dev\t fanatic1 & :i* 9 all religions makes him p]secute1 9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! m5 ( g5ius1 sometimes arms aga9/ !m ! m5 9 p[]4 ,aft] ! example ( ^? ,ph>isees1 :o treat$ z crim9als ! p]sons :o did n adopt all _! decisions1 h[ _m vizi]s treat1 z enemies to ! nation1 ^? :o d n bl9dly approve _! conduct6 ,j4 ,w4 ,,frances ,w4 ,d',,arusmont4 ,! previ\s issues ( ?is publication conta9 notices ( ! lives & writ+s ( m5 ( em95ce 9 ! _w ( ,free?\ght4 ,?is numb] is devot$ to a review ( ! c>e] & works ( a mo/ tal5t$ & accompli%$ lady--a ,free?9k] & ,republican4 ,z a pro(--if any pro( 7 ne$$--t wom51 if adequately educat$1 are equally capable ) m5 to become tea*]s & re=m]s1 ! works ( ! subject ( pres5t notice af=d abundant evid5ce4 ,! ef=ts n[ be+ made to procure an adju/m5t ( ! laws relat+ to wom51 :]eby !y w be protect$ 9 _! prop]ty1 & consequ5tly improv$ 9 _! social position1 des]ve ! support ( all classes2 ,:5 females become indep5d5t1 !re w be less ignorance among wom5 & m happ9ess among m54 ,frances ,wright1 aft]w>ds ,madame ,d',arusmont1 0 a native ( ,dundee4 ,%e 0 born on ! #f? ( ,septemb]1 #agie4 ,%e came ( a weal?y family1 :o _h be5 ext5sive hold]s ( city prop]ty f ! ye> #aejj4 ,h] fa!r 0 a man ( consid]able lit]>y atta9m5ts1 & to 8 active antiqu>ian rese>*es & donations ! ,briti% ,museum is indebt$ = _m r>e & valuable co9s & m$als4 ,he di$ "y1 z also 8 wife1 leav+ ?ree *ildr5--two girls & a boy4 ,frances 0 !n b two ye>s & a half old4 ,at ! wi% ( h] gr&fa!r1 ,g5]al ,duncan ,campbell1 %e 0 tak5 to ,engl&1 & re>$ z a w>d ( ,*anc]y1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( a mat]nal aunt4 ,%e grew to be v tall 9 p]son1 erect1 & ( a comm&+ figure2 l>ge eyes1 & magnific5t head1 ) a face some:at mascul9e1 b well =m$1 & decid$ly h&some4 ,h] bro!r 0 s5t to ,india1 at ! age ( fifte51 z a cadet 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's s]vice1 & 0 kill$ on ! passage out 9 an enc\nt] ) a ,fr5* vessel4 ,h] si/] pass$ h] life ) h]1 & di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahca4 ,at an e>ly age1 ,miss ,wright gave evid5ce ( great intellectual ability4 ,! education %e receiv$ 0 ( a v sup]ior k9d4 ,%e dilig5tly appli$ h]self to ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 & to ! /udy ( anci5t & mod]n lett]s & ! arts1 be+ impell$ by a /rong desire = k4 ,at ! age ( n9ete51 %e publi%$ h] fir/ "w1 ,a ,few ,days 9 ,a!ns4 ,h] att5tion 0 e>ly drawn to ! suff]+s ( ! l[] classes1 & on reflection %e became conv9c$ t "s great vice lay at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ( human practice3 ,%e det]m9$ to endeavor to discov]1 & assi/ 9 remov+ x4 ,%e read ,bocca's ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & resolv$ to visit t c\ntry1 x appe>+ to h] "y imag9ation z ! l& ( fre$om & hope4--,aft] hav+ famili>is$ h]self ) ! gov]nm5t & in/itutions ( ,am]ica1 %e sail$ = ,new ,york #ahah4 ,%e return$ to ,engl& 9 #ahbj1 & publi%$ a l>ge volume1 entitl$ ,views ( ,society & ,mann]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,j]emy ,b5?am1 & _h a l>ge sale4 ,! "w be+ translat$ into mo/ ( ! cont95tal languages1 %e became kn[n to ! prom95t re=m]s ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahba1 %e made h] fir/ visit to ,p>is1 & 0 !re introduc$ to ,g5]al ,lafayette1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly read h] "w on ,am]ica1 invit$ h] to t city4 ,a republican 9 all h] views & hopes1 %e 0 highly appreciat$ by ,lafayette & o!r em95t support]s ( ! lib]al p>ty 9 ,france4--,%e rema9$ 9 ,p>is until #ahbd1 :5 %e return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & imm$iately und]took a project = ! abolition ( slav]y ^u a plan some:at diff]5t f any t !n engag$ ! att5tion ( philan?ropi/s4 ,= ?is purpose %e pur*as$ two ?\s& acres ( l& at ,*ickasaw ,bluffe1 7n[ ,memphis1 ,t5nessee71 int5d+ to make a good f>m r ?an a cotton plantation4 ,%e !n pur*as$ sev]al slave families1 gave !m _! lib]ty1 & remov$ !m to ! f>m1 resid+ !re h]self to direct _! labor4 ,comm5c+ ?is novel und]tak+ ) all t en?usiasm = :i* %e 0 rem>kable1 %e cont9u$ ! exp]im5t "s ?ree ye>s & a half1 :5 h] heal? gave way1 &1 suff]+ "u sev]e sickness1 %e made a voyage to ,europe = h] recov]y4 ,dur+ h] abs5ce1 ! f>m got involv$ 9 difficulties by ! influ5ce ( h] enemies2 & f9ally1 ! :ole project fall+ ?r\gh1 ! negroes 7 s5t (f to ,hayti at h] exp5se4--,%e gave mu* "t & money to ! c>ry+ =w>d ( ?is exp]im5t2 & ?\gh x 0 a failure1 x /rik+ly exhibit$ h] /rong sympa?y & b5evol5ce = an oppress$ & degrad$ class ( be+s4 ,return+ f ,europe1 %e w5t to ,new ,h>mony 7,indiana7 to assume ! proprietor%ip ( a p]iodical ! ,h>mony ,gazette1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,rob]t ,dale ,ow54 ,9 #ahbh1 leav+ ,mr4 ,ow5 9 *>ge ( ! pap]1 %e began a lectur+ t\r ?r\gh ! ,union2 & probably no man1 & c]ta9ly no woman1 ev] met ) su* furi\s opposition4 ,h] views1 z ann\nc$ 9 h] pap]1 _h made h] g5]ally kn[n1 &1 be+ some:at new & radically anti-!ological1 br\ght d[n ^u h] head ! rancor ( religi\s bigotry4 ,z no *ur* or hall w\ld be op5$ = h]1 %e lectur$ 9 !atres2 & h] ability & eloqu5ce drew great audi5ces4 ,on "o occasion1 :ile prep>+ to lecture 9 a !atre at ,baltimore1 %e 0 ?reat5$ ) ! de/ruction ( h] life if %e attempt$ to speak4 ,%e calmly repli$1 t %e ?\ght %e knew ! ,am]ican p1 & = e riot\s fanatic t might annoy h]1 a hundr$ good citiz5s w\ld protect h]1 & %e 0 n afraid to place h]self 9 _! h&s4 ,%e judg$ rightly4 ,%e w5t to ! !atre1 :i* 0 cramm$ f pit to ceil+1 & lectur$ to an admir+ & en?usia/ic audi5ce4 ,9 o!r cities %e 0 n always s =tunate2 m or less riot+ occurr$1 :ile ! press1 almo/ )\t exception1 d5\nc$ h] 9 ! bitt]e/ t]ms4 ,subsequ5tly1 h] pap] 0 remov$ to ,new ,york4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 %e aga9 made a lectur+ t\r1 b ?is "t %e spoke on subjects ( a political nature1 & met ) a bett] reception4 ,9 addition to lectur+1 %e conduct$ a political magaz9e1 entitl$ ! ,manual ( ,am]ican ,pr9ciples1 & 0 also engag$ ) ,mr4 ,kneel& 9 edit+ ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,%e wrote a great deal1 & ^u _m subjects4 ,among h] _m works is a trag$y call$ ,altorf1 :i* 0 p]=m$ on ! /age1 ! pr9cipal "* be+ su/a9$ by ,mr4 ,james ,wallack4 ,h] la/ "w1 ( any consid]able size1 0 entitl$ ,engl& ! ,civilis]1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahdg4 ,madame ,d',arusmont di$ sudd5ly 9 ,c9c9nati1 on ,tuesday1 ,decemb] #ad1 #aheb1 ag$ fifty-sev54 ,%e _h be5 = sometime unwell1 9 consequ5ce ( a fall ^u ! ice ! previ\s w9t]1 :i* broke h] ?igh1 & probably ha/5$ h] decease2 b ! imm$iate cause ( h] dea? 0 ! rupture ( a blood vessel4 ,%e 0 aw>e ( h] situation1 knew :5 %e 0 dy+1 & met h] la/ h\r ) p]fect composure4 ,a daught]1 h] only *ild1 survives h]4 ,9 a small "w entitl$ ,obs]vations on ,religion & ,civilization1 are giv5 ! foll[+ ,def9itions ( ,!ology & ,religion3 9 ! words & 9 ! ?+s signifi$4 ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,!ology3-- ,!ology f ! ,greek !os1 logos1 r5d]s di/9ct ! mean+ ( ! subject x attempts to treat4--,!os1 ,god1 or ,gods1 unse5 be+s & unkn[n causes4 ,logos1 ^w1 talk--or1 if we l to employ yet m famili> & expressive t]ms1 prattle or *att]4 ,talk1 or prattle1 ab\t unse5 be+s or unkn[n causes1 ,! idl5ess ( ! subject1 & inutility--nay1 absolute insanity ( ! occupation1 suffici5tly appe>s 9 ! /rict etymological mean+ ( ! ^w employ$ to typify !m4 ,! dang]1 ! mis*ief1 ! cruelly immoral1 &1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to co9 a ^w = ! occasion1 ! unhumaniz+ t5d5cies bo? ( ! subject & ! occupation1 :5 & :]e ^! are 7z !y h = ! mo/ "p ev] be5 ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w7 absolutely protect$ by law & upheld by gov]nm5t1 suffici5tly appe> also f ! :ole page ( hi/ory4 ,religion1 f ! ,lat9 religio1 religio1 r5d]s ) equal di/9ctness ! ?+s signifi$4 ,religo1 to tie ov] aga91 to b9d fa/2 religio1 a b9d+ toge!r1 a bond ( union4 ,! importance ( ! great reality1 "h s accurately %ad[$ out1 appe>s suffici5tly 9 ! etymological signification ( ! ^w4 ,its utility w be evid5t if we read1 ) intellig5ce1 ! nature1 ! pa/ hi/ory1 ! actual condition1 & ! future de/9y ( man4 ,b n[1 tak+ ^! two ?+s 9 ! mo/ /rict etymological s5se ( ! words :i* express !m1 x w readily be di/+ui%$ t ! fir/ is a necess>y creation ( ! human intellect 9 a c]ta9 /age ( inquiry2 ! second1 a necess>y creation ( ! human s\l 7by :i* ,i und]/& bo? our intellectual & moral faculties tak5 conjo9tly7 9 any & e /ate ( human civilization4 ,!ology argues1 9 its orig91 ! fir/ awak5+ ( human att5tion to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & ! fir/ crude ef=ts ( human +5uity to exp\nd !m4 ,:ile man sees ! sun & />s )\t obs]v+ ei!r _! diurnal or _! annual revolutions2 :ile he receives ^u 8 frame ! ra9 & ! w9d1 & ! v>y+ elem5ts1 )\t obs]v+ ei!r _! effects ^u himself or ^u ! field ( nature ar\nd him1 he is z ! brute :i* suff]s & enjoys )\t inquir+ :y x exp]i5ces light or d>kness1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,:5 fir/ he puts1 9 awkw>d language1 to himself or to 8 fell[1 ! "q :y does su* an effect foll[ su* a cause8 he comm5ces 8 exi/5ce1 if n z a reasonable be+1 7a /ate at :i* he has n yet arriv$7 at lea/ z a be+ capable ( reason4 ,! answ] to ?is fir/ inquiry ( awak5+ intellig5ce is1 ( c\rse1 su* z 8 own circumscrib$ obs]vation supplies4--,x is1 9 f9e1 9 accordance ) ! explanation ( ! old nurse to ! *ild1 :o1 ask+1 :5 />tl$ by a roll+ peal ( ?und]--':at makes t noise' 0 fully satisfi$ by ! reply3 'my d>l+1 x is ,god ,almighty ov]head mov+ 8 furniture4' ,man awak5+ to ?\ght1 b /ill unfamili> ) ! concat5ation ( natural ph5om5a1 inevitably conceives ( "s huge be+1 or be+s1 be/rid+ ! cl\ds & :irlw9d1 or :eel+ ! sun & ! moon l *>iots ?r\gh ! blue vault4 ,& s aga91 fancy mo/ naturally peoples ! gloom ( ! night ) demons1 ! woods & ! wat]s ) naiads & dryads1 elves & fairies1 ! *ur*-y>d ) gho/s1 & ! d>k cave & ! solit>y cot ) wiz>ds1 imps & old wit*es4 ,su*1 !n1 is !ology 9 its orig92 &1 9 all its /ages1 we f9d x v>y+ 9 grossness accord+ to ! degree ( ignorance ( ! human m9d2 &1 ref9+ into v]bal subtleties & mi/y metaphysics 9 proportion z t m9d ex*anges1 9 its progress f d>kness to light1 ! gloom ( ignorance = ! mass ( t]ror4 ,! nature ( belief 9 ! unkn[able1 & ! dire consequ5ces aris+ f fanaticism1 are ably depict$ 9 ! foll[+ passages1 select$ f ,lecture ,,iv41 on ,religion3-- ,admitt+ religion to be ! mo/ important ( all subjects1 its tru?s mu/ be ! mo/ app>5t2 = we %all readily conc$e1 bo? t a ?+ true1 mu/ be always ( m or less importance--& t a ?+ ess5tially important1 mu/ always be indisputably true4 ,n[1 aga91 ,i conceive we %all be dispos$ to admit1 t exactly 9 proportion to ! indisputability ( a tru?1 is ! pro( x is capable ( af=d+2 & t1 exactly 9 proportion to ! pro( af=d$1 is our admission ( su* tru? & belief 9 x4 ,if1 !n1 religion be ! mo/ important subject ( human inquiry1 x mu/ be t also :i* pres5ts ! mo/ =cible1 irrefragable1 & indisputable tru?s to ! inquir]4--,x mu/ be t on :i* ! human m9d c err ! lea/1 & :]e all m9ds mu/ be ! mo/ agre$4 ,if religion be at once a sci5ce1 & ! mo/ true ( all sci5ces1 its tru?s mu/ be z indisputable z ^? 9 any bran* ( ! ma!matics--z app>5t to all ! s5ses z ^? reveal$ by ! *emi/ or obs]v$ by ! naturali/1 & z easily ref]r$ to ! te/ ( our approv+ or disapprov+ s5sations1 z ^? involv$ 9 ! sci5ce ( morals4444 ,is religion a sci5ce8 ,is x a bran* ( k8 ,:]e are ! ?+s kn[n ^u :i* x re/s8 ,:]e are ! accumulat$ facts ( :i* x is comp\nd$8 ,:at are ! human s5sations to :i* x appeals8 ,k is comp\nd$ ( ?+s kn[n4 ,x is an accumulation ( facts glean$ by our s5ses1 )9 ! range ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 :i* is subject to _! inve/igation4444 ,n[ let u see :]e1 9 ! table ( k1 we may class religion4 ,( :at "p or division ( nature1 or mat]ial exi/5ce1 does x treat8 ,:at bodies1 or :at prop]ties ( tangible bodies1 does x place 9 contact ) our s5ses1 & br+ home to ! p]ception ( our faculties8 ,x cle>ly app]ta9s n to ! table ( human k1 = x treats n ( objects discov]able )9 ! field ( human obs]vation4 ',no1' w y say8 'b its k is sup]human1 une>?ly--its field is 9 heav54' ,my fri5ds1 ! k :i* is n human1 is ( slipp]y f\ndation to u human creatures4 ,?+s kn[n1 con/itute k2 & "h is a sci5ce treat+ ( ?+s unse51 unfelt1 uncompreh5d$6 ,su* _c be k4 ,:at1 !n1 is x8 ,probability8 possibility8 !ory8 hypo!sis8 tradition8 writt58 spok58 by :om8 :58 :]e8 ,let its tea*]s--nay1 let all e>? reply6 ,b :at confusion ( tongues & voices n[ /rike on ! e>6 ,f ei!r ,indies1 f torrid ,africa1 f ! froz5 regions ( ei!r pole1 f ! va/ pla9s ( anci5t ,asia1 f ! fields & cities ( ,european indu/ry1 f ! palaces ( ,european luxury1 f ! s(t *amb]s ( prie/ly ease1 f ! domes ( hi]>*al dom9ion1 f ! deep cell ( ! self-immolat$ monk1 f ! /ony cave ( ! self-d5y+ an*orite1 f ! cl\d-capt t[]s1 spires1 & m9>ets ( ! cresc5t & ! cross1 arise %\ts1 & hosannas1 & ana!mas1 9 ! comm+l$ names ( ,brama1 & ,vee%nu1 & ,cree%na1 & ,jugg]naut2 heav5ly k+s1 heav5ly que5s1 triune deities1 e>?-born gods1 heav5-born prophets1 apo!osiz$ mon>*s1 demon-enlight5$ philosoph]s1 sa9ts1 angels1 devils1 gho/s1 app>itions1 & sorc]ies6 ,b1 worse ?an ^! s\nds :i* b /un ! e> & conf\nd ! intellect1 :at sights1 oh6 human k9d6 appal ! he>t6 ,! riv]s ( e>? run blood6 ,nation set aga9/ nation6 ,bro!r aga9/ bro!r6 ,man aga9/ ! companion ( 8 bosom6 & t s(t companion1 madd5$ ) ! fr5zy ( insane remorse = imag9>y crimes8 fir$ ) ! rage ( infatuat$ bigotry1 or subdu$ to diseas$ helplessness & m5tal fatuity1 r5\nces k9dr$1 flies f social conv]se1 & p9es away a useless or mis*iev\s exi/5ce 9 sigh+s & trembl+s1 spectral fe>s1 un*>itable feel+s & bitt] d5unciations6 ,su* are ?y do+s1 oh6 religion6 ,or1 r1 su* are ?y do+s1 oh6 man6 ,:ile /&+ 9 a _w s ri* 9 s\rces ( enjoym5t1 s /or$ ) objects ( real inquiry & atta9able k1 yet %utt+ ?9e eyes1 &1 worse1 ?9e he>t1 to ! tangible ?+s & s5ti5t creatures ar\nd !e1 & w++ ?y diseas$ imag9ation beyond ! light ( ! sun :i* gladd5s ?y _w1 & contemplation ( ! objects :i* are "h to exp& ?y m9d & quick5 ! pulses ( ?y he>t6444 ,i w pray ye to obs]ve h[ mu* ( our positive mis]y orig9ates 9 our idle speculations 9 matt]s ( fai?1 & 9 our bl9d1 our fe>ful =getfulness ( facts--our cold1 he>tless1 &1 ,i w say1 insane indiff]5ce to visible causes ( tangible evil1 & visible s\rces ( tangible happ9ess4 ,look to ! walks ( life1 ,i besee* ye--look into ! public pr9ts--look into y\r sect>ian *ur*es--look into ! bosoms ( families--look into y\r own bosoms1 & ^? ( y\r fell[ be+s1 & see h[ _m ( our disputes & diss5sions1 public & private--h[ _m ( our unju/ actions--h[ _m ( our h>% judgm5ts--h[ _m ( our un*>itable feel+s--spr+ out ( our ignorant ambition to r5d ! veil :i* wraps f our human s5ses ! k ( ?+s unse51 & f our human faculties ! conception ( causes unkn[n8 ,& oh6 my fell[ be+s6 d n ^! v words unse5 & unkn[n1 w>n ! en?usia/ aga9/ ! pr(anity ( su* inquiries1 & proclaim to ! philosoph] _! futility8 ,d !y n tea* u t religion is no subject = in/ruction1 & no subject = discussion8 ,w !y n conv9ce u t z beyond ! horizon ( our obs]vation we c "k no?+1 s )9 t horizon's ! only safe gr\nd = u to meet 9 public8444 ,e day we see sects splitt+1 cre$s new modell+1 & m5 =sak+ old op9ions only to qu>rel ab\t _! opposites4 ,i see ?ree ,gods 9 "o1 says ! ,tr9it>ian1 & excommunicates ! ,soc9ian1 :o sees a ,god-head 9 unity4 ,i see a heav5 b no hell1 says ! ,univ]sali/1 & dis[ns fell[%ip ) su* z may di/+ui% less4 ',i see a heav5 & hell also1 beyond ! />s1' said lately ! ,or?odox fri5d1 & expell$ 8 %ort]-sight$ bre?r5 f ! sanctu>y4 ,i seek !m bo? 9 ! he>t ( man1 said ! m spiritual foll[] ( ,p5n1 & /raightway build$ him up ano!r temple1 9 :i* to qu>rel ) 8 neighbor1 :o p]haps only employs o!r words to express ! same ideas4 ,= myself1 pret5d+ to no insight into ^! my/]ies1 possess+ no means ( int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 confess+ my absolute incapacity to see ei!r z f> back z a fir/ cause1 or z f> =w>d z a la/ "o1 ,i am cont5t to /ate to y1 my fell[ creatures1 t all my /udies1 read+1 reflection1 & obs]vation1 h obta9$ = me no k beyond ! sph]e ( our planet1 our e>?ly int]e/s & our e>?ly duties2 & t ,i m ?an d\bt :e!r1 %\ld y exp5d all y\r "t & all y\r treasure 9 ! se>*1 y w be able to acquire any bett] in=mation respect+ unse5 worlds & future ev5ts ?an myself4 ,! philosophical romance1 ,a ,few ,days 9 ,a!ns1 ?\gh ! fir/ ( ,miss ,wright's works1 & writt5 :5 %e 0 v "y1 displays consid]able p[] & eloqu5ce4 ,x is ! mo/ pleas+ ( all h] writ+s4 ,x is int5d$ to portray ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus1 & gives a picture ( ! ,g>gettian1 9 ! ,g>d5s ( ! ,academy1 surr\nd$ by 8 pupils1 calculat$ to c\nt]act _m ( ! popul> & errone\s notions ent]ta9$ ( t philosoph]'s tea*+s4 ,! foll[+ dialogue betwe5 ,epicurus & 8 favorite1 ,!on1 w af=d ! read]s ( ! ,half-,h\rs an opportunity ( judg+ h[ f> ,miss ,wright has convey$ a tru?ful idea ( ,epicurus's e?ical philosophy3-- ,on leav+ y1 la/ night1 said ,!on1 ,i enc\nt]$ ,clean!s4 ,he came f ! p]usal ( y\r writ+s1 & br\ght *>ges aga9/ !m :i* ,i 0 unprep>$ to answ]4 ,let u he> !m1 my son2 p]haps1 until y %all h p]us$ !m y\rself1 we may assi/ y\r difficulty4 ,fir/1 t !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,i see b "o o!r ass]tion t c\ld equal t 9 folly1 said ,epicurus4 ,i knew x1 exclaim$ ,!on1 triumphantly1 ,i knew x 0 impossible4 ,b :]e w n prejudice lead m51 :5 ev5 ! uptight ,clean!s is capable ( sl&]8 ,he is utt]ly incapable ( x1 said ! ,ma/]2 & ! inaccuracy1 9 ?is case1 ,i r suspect to re/ ) y ?an ) him4 ,to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods w\ld inde$ be presumption 9 a 'philosoph]2 a presumption equall$ only by t ( him :o %\ld ass]t _! exi/5ce4 ,h[6 exclaim$ ! y\?1 ) a c\nt5ance 9 :i* a/oni%m5t seem$ to susp5d e o!r expression4 ,z ,i nev] saw ! ,gods1 my son1 calmly cont9u$ ! ,sage1 ,i _c ass]t _! exi/5ce2 & t ,i nev] saw !m1 is no reason = my d5y+ x4 ,b d we believe no?+ except t ( :i* we h ocul> demon/ration8 ,no?+1 at lea/1 = :i* we h n ! evid5ce ( "o or m ( our s5ses2 t is1 :5 we believe on j gr\nds1 :i* ,i grant1 tak+ m5 collectively1 is v seldom4 ,b :]e w\ld ?is _s lead u6 ,to impiety6--to ,a!ism6--to all1 aga9/ :i* ,i felt confid5ce 9 def5d+ ! "* & philosophy ( ,epicurus6 ,we w exam9e pres5tly1 my son1 into ! mean+ ( ! t]ms y h employ$4 ,:5 y fir/ ent]$ ! ,g>d5 y\r m9d 0 unfit = ! exam9ation ( ! subject y h n[ />t$3 x is no long] s2 & we w !re=e ent] ^u ! inquiry1 & pursue x 9 ord]4 ,=give me if ,i express--if ,i ackn[l$ge1 said ! y\?1 slightly recoil+ f 8 in/ructor1 "s reluctance to ent] on ! discussion ( tru?s1 ^: v discussion w\ld seem to argue a d\bt1 &-- ,& :at !n6 ,t v d\bt 7 a crime4 ,if ! d\bt ( any tru? %all con/itute a crime1 !n ! belief ( ! same tru? %\ld con/itute a virtue4 ,p]haps a duty w\ld r express x6 ,:5 y *>ge ! neglect ( any duty z crime1 or acc\nt its fulfilm5t a virtue1 y suppose ! exi/5ce ( a p[] to neglect or fulfil2 & x is ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 9 ! "o way or ! o!r :i* con/itutes ! m]it or dem]it4 ,is x n s8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,does ! human m9d possess ! p[] to believe or disbelieve1 at pleasure1 any tru?s :atsoev]4 ,i am n prep>$ to answ]3 b ,i ?9k x does1 s9ce x possesses always ! p[] ( inve/igation4 ,b1 possibly1 n ! w to ex]cise ! p[]4 ,take c>e le/ ,i beat y ) y\r own weapons4 ,i ?\ght ?is v inve/igation appe>$ to y a crime8 ,y\r logic is too subtle1 said ! y\?1 = my inexp]i5ce4 ,say1 r1 my reason+ too close4 ,did ,i be> y d[n ) s\nd+ words & weighty au?orities1 & conf\nd y\r und]/&+ ) hair-drawn di/9ctions1 y w\ld be "r to retreat f ! batt]y4 ,i h no?+ to object to ! fairness ( y\r d$uctions1 said ,!on4 ,b w\ld n ! doctr9e be dang]\s t %\ld e/abli% our inability to help our belief2 & might we n /ret* ! pr9ciple1 until we ass]t$ our inability to help our actions8 ,we might1 & ) reason4 ,b we w n n[ trav]se ! e?ical pons as9orum ( necessity--! mo/ simple & evid5t ( mortal tru?s1 & ! mo/ d>k5$1 tortur$1 & belabor$ by moral tea*]s4 ,y inquire if ! doctr9e we h essay$ to e/abli%1 be n dang]\s4 ,i reply--n1 if x be true4--,no?+ is s dang]\s z error--no?+ s safe z tru?4 ,a dang]\s tru? w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & an anomaly 9 ?+s4 ,b :at is a tru?8 said ,!on4 ,x is p]t95tly ask$4 ,a tru? ,i consid] to be an asc]ta9$ fact2 :i* tru? w\ld be *ang$ to an error1 ! mom5t ! fact1 on :i* x re/$1 0 disprov$4 ,i see1 !n1 no fix$ basis = tru?4 ,x surely has ! mo/ fix$ ( all--! nature ( ?+s4 ,& x is only an imp]fect insight into t nature :i* occasions all our errone\s conclusions1 :e!r 9 physics or morals4 ,b :]e1 if we disc>d ! ,gods & _! w1 z engrav5 on our he>ts1 are our guides 9 ! se>* aft] tru?8 ,our s5ses & our faculties z develop$ 9 & by ! ex]cise ( our s5ses1 are ! only guides ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,& ,i d n see :y1 ev5 admitt+ a belief 9 ! ,gods1 & 9 a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce1 ! s5ses %\ld n be view$ z ! guides provid$ by !m1 = our direction & in/ruction4 ,b "h is ! evil att5dant on an ungr\nd$ belief1 :atev] be its nature4 ,! mom5t we take "o ?+ = grant$1 we take o!r ?+s = grant$2 we are />t$ 9 a wrong road1 & x is seldom t we ga9 ! "r "o1 until we h trodd5 back our /eps to ! />t+ place4 ,i "k b ( "o ?+ t a philosoph] %\ld take = grant$2 & t only because he is =c$ to x by an irresi/ible impulse ( 8 nature2 & because1 )\t do+ s1 nei!r tru? nor falsehood c\ld exi/ = him4 ,he mu/ take = grant$ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses2 9 o!r words1 he mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 z !y exi/ to 8 s5ses4 ,i "k ( no o!r exi/5ce1 & c !re=e believe 9 no o!r3 al?\gh1 reason+ f analogy1 ,i may imag9e o!r exi/5ces to be4--,?is1 = in/ance1 ,i d z respects ! ,gods4 ,i see ar\nd me1 9 ! _w ,i inhabit1 an inf9ite v>iety 9 ! arrangem5t ( matt]--a multitude ( s5ti5t be+s1 possess+ diff]5t k9ds & v>y+ grades ( p[] & intellig5ce--f ! worm t crawls 9 ! du/1 to ! eagle t so>s to ! sun1 & man :o m>ks to ! sun its c\rse4 ,x is possible1 x is moreov] probable1 t1 9 ! worlds :i* ,i see n--9 ! b\ndless inf9itude & et]nal duration ( matt]1 be+s may exi/1 ( e c\ntless v>iety1 & v>y+ grades ( intellig5ce1 inf]ior & sup]ior to our own1 until we desc5d to a m9imum & rise to a maximum1 to :i* ! range ( our obs]vation af=ds no p>allel1 & ( :i* our s5ses are inadequate to ! conception4 ,?us f>1 my "y fri5d1 #a believe 9 ! ,gods1 or 9 :at y w ( exi/5ces remov$ f ! sph]e ( my k4 ,t y %\ld believe1 ) positiv5ess1 9 "o unse5 exi/5ce or ano!r1 appe>s to me no crime1 al?\gh x may appe> to me unreasonable2 & s1 my d\bt ( ! same %\ld appe> to y no moral (f5ce1 al?\gh y might acc\nt x errone\s4 ,i fe> to fatigue y\r att5tion1 & w1 !re=e1 dismiss1 = ! pres5t1 ^! ab/ruse subjects4 ,b we %all bo? be amply repaid = _! discussion1 if ?is tru? rema9 ) y--t an op9ion1 "r or wrong1 c nev] con/itute a moral (f5ce1 nor be 9 itself a moral obligation4 ,x may be mi/ak52 x may involve an absurdity1 or a contradiction4--,x is a tru?2 or x is an error3 x c nev] be a crime or a virtue4--,*apt] xiv4 ,miss ,wright 0 a poetess1 z well z a politician & writ] on e?ics4 ,9 h] ,f\r? ( ,july address1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,new ,h>mony ,hall1 9 #ahbh1 9 commemoration ( ! ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 is ! foll[+3-- ,is !re a ?\ght c fill ! human m9d ,m pure1 m va/1 m g5]\s1 m ref9$ ,?an t :i* guides ! enlight5$ patriot's toil8 ,n he ^: view is b\nd$ by 8 soil-- ,n he ^: n>r[ he>t c only %r9e ,! l&1 ! p t he calle? m9e-- ,n he :o1 to set up t l& on high1 ,w make :ole nations ble$1 :ole nations die-- ,n he :o1 call+ t l&'s rights 8 pride1 ,trample? ! rights ( all ! e>? beside4 ,no6 ,he x is1 ! j1 ! g5]\s s\l1 ,:o owne? bro!rhood ) ei!r pole1 ,/ret*es f realm to realm 8 spaci\s m9d1 ,& gu>ds ! weal ( all ! human k9d-- ,holds fre$om's bann] o'er ! e>? unfurl'd1 ,& /&s ! gu>dian patriot ( a _w6 ,j4 ,w4 ,,epicurus ,epicurean4--,"o :o holds ! pr9ciples ( ,epicurus-- ,luxuri\s1 contribut+ to luxury4 ,epicurism--,! pr9ciples ( ,epicurus--,luxury1 s5sual enjoym5t1 gross pleasure4 ,! words ) :i* ?is page is head$ may be f\nd 9 ! curr5t & e/abli%$ diction>ies ( ! pres5t day2 & x %all be our task to %[ t nev] 0 sl&] m f\l1 calumny m base1 or libel m c[>dly1 ?an :5 x associat$ ! words luxury & s5suality ) ! memory ( ! ,a!nian ,epicurus4 ,! mu*-worn anecdote ( ! brief endors$ ,! ,def5dant has no case1 abuse ! ,pla9tiffs ,solicitor1 w well apply "h4 ,! religioni/s _h no case1 ! ,epicurean ,philosophy 0 impregnable z f> z !ological attacks 7 conc]n$1 & ! !ologians h1 !re=e1 con/antly & vehem5tly abus$ its f\nd]2 s t1 at la/1 *ildr5 h caught ! cry z ?\gh x 7 ! enunciation ( a tact1 & h gr[n into m5 believ+ t ,epicurus 0 a sort ( discrim9at+ hog1 :o wall[$ 9 ! fil? :i* "s h miscall$ pleasure4 ,epicurus 0 born 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #cdd1 ,b4 ,c1 ! ?ird ye> ( ! #aji? ,olympiad1 at ,g>gettus1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,a!ns4 ,8 fa!r1 ,neocles1 0 ( ! gean tribe4 ,"s allege t ,epicurus 0 born 9 ! isl& ( ,samos2 b1 accord+ to o!rs1 he 0 tak5 !re :5 v "y by 8 p>5ts1 :o =m$ a portion ( a colony ( ,a!nian citiz5s1 s5t to colonize ,samos aft] its subjugation by ,p]icles4 ,! fa!r & "m ( ,epicurus 7 9 v humble circum/ances2 8 fa!r 0 a s*oolma/]1 & 8 "m1 ,*re/rata1 act$ z a k9d ( prie/ess1 cur+ diseases1 exorcis+ gho/s1 & ex]cis+ o!r fabul\s p[]s4 ,epicurus has be5 *>g$ ) sorc]y1 because he wrote sev]al songs = 8 "m's solemn rites4 ,until eighte51 he rema9$ at ,samos & ! neighbor+ isle ( ,teos2 f :5ce he remov$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he resid$ until ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 :51 di/urbances aris+1 he fl$ to ,colophon4 ,?is place1 ,mityl5e1 & ,lampsacus1 =m$ ! philosoph]'s resid5ce until he 0 ?irty-six ye>s ( age2 at :i* "t he f\nd$ a s*ool 9 ! neighborhood ( ,a!ns4 ,he pur*as$ a pleasant g>d51 :]e he taught 8 disciples until ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,we are told by ,la]tius1 ,t ^? disciples :o 7 regul>ly admitt$ into ! s*ool ( ,epicurus1 liv$ toge!r1 n 9 ! mann] ( ! ,py?agoreans1 :o ca/ _! possessions into a common /ock2 = ?is1 9 8 op9ion1 impli$ mutual di/ru/ r ?an fri5d%ip2 b ^u su* a foot+ ( fri5dly atta*m5t1 t ea* individual *e]fully suppli$ ! necessities ( 8 bro!r4 ,! habits ( ! philosoph] & 8 foll[]s 7 temp]ate & exce$+ly frugal1 & =m$ a /rong contra/ to ! luxuri\s1 al?\gh ref9$1 mann]s ( ! ,a!nians4 ,at ! entrance ( ! g>d51 ! visitor ( ,epicurus f\nd ! foll[+ inscription3--,! hospitable keep] ( ?is mansion1 :]e y w f9d pleasure ! highe/ good1 w pres5t y ) b>ley cakes & wat] f ! spr+4 ,^! g>d5s w n provoke y\r appetite by artificial da9ties1 b satisfy x ) natural supplies4 ,w y n1 !n1 be well ent]ta9$8 ,& yet ! own] ( ! g>d51 ov] ! gate ( :i* ^! words 7 plac$1 has be5 call$ a glutton & a /oma* wor%ipp]6 ,f ! age ( ?irty-six until 8 decease1 he does n seem to h quitt$ ,a!ns1 except tempor>ily4 ,:5 ,demetrius besieg$ ,a!ns1 ! ,epicureans 7 driv5 into great difficulties = want ( food2 & x is said t ,epicurus & 8 fri5ds subsi/$ on a small quantity ( beans :i* he possess$1 & :i* he %>$ equally ) !m4 ,! bett] to prosecute 8 /udies1 ,epicurus liv$ a life ( celibacy4 ,temp]ate & cont95t himself1 he taught 8 foll[]s to be s likewise1 bo? by example & precept4 ,he di$ #bgc ,b4 ,c1 9 ! sev5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 age2 &1 at t "t1 8 w>me/ oppon5ts seem to h paid ! highe/ complim5ts to 8 p]sonal "*2 &1 on read+ 8 life1 & ! detail$ acc\nts ( 8 tea*+s1 x seems difficult to imag9e :at has induc$ ! calumny :i* has be5 heap$ ^u 8 memory4 ,we _c quote f 8 own works1 9 8 own words1 because1 al?\gh he wrote v mu*1 only a summ>y ( 8 writ+s has come to u un9jur$2 b 8 doctr9es h be5 s fully inve/igat$ & treat$ on1 bo? by 8 oppon5ts & 8 disciples1 t !re is no difficulty or d\bt z to ! pr9ciples inculcat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,epicurus4 ,! sum ( 8 doctr9e conc]n+ philosophy1 9 g5]al1 is ?is3--,philosophy is ! ex]cise ( reason 9 ! pursuit & atta9m5t ( a happy life2 :5ce x foll[s1 t ^? /udies :i* conduce nei!r to ! acquisition nor ! enjoym5t ( happ9ess are to be dismiss$ z ( no value4 ,! end ( all speculation ought to be1 to enable m5 to judge ) c]ta9ty :at is to be *os51 & :at to be avoid$1 to pres]ve !mselves free f pa91 & to secure heal? ( body1 & tranquillity ( m9d4 ,true philosophy is s useful to e man1 t ! "y %\ld apply to x )\t delay1 & ! old %\ld nev] be we>y ( ! pursuit2 = no man is ei!r too "y or too old to correct & improve 8 m9d1 & to /udy ! art ( happ9ess4 ,happy are !y :o possess by nature a free & vigor\s intellect1 & :o are born 9 a c\ntry :]e !y c prosecute _! inquiries )\t re/ra9t3 = x is philosophy alone :i* raises a man above va9 fe>s & base passions1 & gives him ! p]fect comm& ( himself4 ,z no?+ ought to be de>] to a philosoph] ?an tru?1 he %\ld1 pursue x by ! mo/ direct means1 devis+ no actions himself1 nor suff]+ himself to be impos$ ^u by ! fictions ( o!rs1 nei!r poets1 orators1 nor logicians1 mak+ no o!r use ( ! rules ( rhetoric or gramm>1 ?an to enable him to speak or write ) accuracy & p]spicuity1 & always pref]r+ a pla9 & simple to an ornam5t$ /yle4 ,:il/ "s d\bt ( ev]y?+1 & o!rs pr(ess to ackn[l$ge ev]y?+1 a wise man w embrace su* t5ets1 & only su* z are built ^u exp]i5ce1 or ^u c]ta9 & indisputable axioms4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( 8 ,moral ,philosophy3-- ,! end ( liv+1 or ! ultimate good1 :i* is to be s\ght = its own sake1 accord+ to ! univ]sal op9ion ( mank9d1 is happ9ess2 yet m51 = ! mo/ "p1 fail 9 ! pursuit ( ?is end1 ei!r because !y d n =m a "r idea ( ! nature ( happ9ess1 or because !y d n make use ( prop] means to atta9 x4 ,s9ce x is e man's int]e/ to be happy ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 x is ! wisdom ( e "o to employ philosophy 9 ! se>* ( felicity )\t delay2 & !re _c be a great] folly1 ?an to be always beg9n+ to live4 ,! happ9ess :i* belongs to man1 is t /ate 9 :i* he enjoys z _m ( ! good ?+s1 & suff]s z few ( ! evils incid5t to human nature z possible2 pass+ 8 days 9 a smoo? c\rse ( p]man5t tranquillity4 ,a wise man1 ?\gh depriv$ ( sight or he>+1 may exp]i5ce happ9ess 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! good ?+s :i* yet rema92 & :5 suff]+ torture1 or labor+ "u "s pa9ful disease1 c mitigate ! angui% by pati5ce1 & c enjoy1 9 bis afflictions1 ! consci\sness ( bis own con/ancy4 ,b x is impossible t p]fect happ9ess c be possess$ )\t ! pleasure :i* att5ds fre$om f pa91 & ! enjoym5t ( ! good ?+s ( life4 ,pleasure is 9 its nature good1 z pa9 is 9 its nature evil2 ! "o is1 !re=e1 to be pursu$1 & ! o!r to be avoid$1 = its own sake4--,pleasure1 or pa91 is n only good1 or evil1 9 itself1 b ! measure ( :at is good or evil1 9 e object ( desire or av]sion2 = ! ultimate reason :y we pursue "o ?+1 & avoid ano!r1 is because we expect pleasure f ! =m]1 & appreh5d pa9 f ! latt]4 ,if we sometimes decl9e a pres5t pleasure1 x is n because we are av]se to pleasure itself1 b because we conceive1 t 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x w be necess>ily connect$ ) a great] pa94 ,9 l mann]1 if we sometimes volunt>ily submit to a pres5t pa91 x is because we judge t x is necess>ily connect$ ) a great] pleasure4--,al?\gh all pleasure is ess5tially good1 & all pa9 ess5tially evil1 x do? n !nce necess>ily foll[1 t 9 e s+le in/ance ! "o ought to be pursu$1 & ! o!r to be avoid$2 b reason is to be employ$ 9 di/+ui%+ & comp>+ ! nature & degrees ( ea*1 t ! result may be a wise *oice ( t :i* %all appe> to be1 ^u ! :ole1 good4 ,t pleasure is ! fir/ good1 appe>s f ! incl9ation :i* e animal1 f its fir/ bir?1 discov]s to pursue pleasure1 & avoid pa92 & is confirm$ by ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 :o are incit$ to action by no o!r pr9ciple ?an ! desire ( avoid+ pa91 or obta9+ pleasure4 ,!re are two k9ds ( pleasure3 "o consi/+ 9 a /ate ( re/1 9 :i* bo? body & m9d are undi/urb$ by any k9d ( pa92 ! o!r aris+ f an agreeable agitation ( ! s5ses1 produc+ a correspond5t emotion 9 ! s\l4 ,x is ^u ! =m] ( ^! t ! enjoym5t ( life *iefly dep5ds4 ,happ9ess may !re=e be said to consi/ 9 bodily ease1 & m5tal tranquillity1 ,:5 pleasure is ass]t$ to be ! end ( liv+1 we are n !n to und]/& t viol5t k9d ( delight or joy :i* arises f ! gratification ( ! s5ses & passions1 b m]ely t placid /ate ( m9d1 :i* results f ! abs5ce ( e cause ( pa9 or uneas9ess4 ,^? pleasures1 :i* arise f agitation1 are n to be pursu$ z 9 !mselves ! end ( liv+1 b z means ( arriv+ at t /able tranquillity1 9 :i* true happ9ess consi/s4 ,x is ! (fice ( reason to conf9e ! pursuit ( pleasure )9 ! limits ( nature1 9 ord] to ! atta9m5t ( t happy /ate1 9 :i* ! body is free f e k9d ( pa91 & ! m9d f all p]turbation4 ,?is /ate mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conceiv$ to be p]fect 9 proportion z x is inactive & torpid1 b 9 proportion z all ! functions ( life are quietly & pleasantly p]=m$4 ,a happy life nei!r resembles a rapid torr5t1 nor a /&+ pool1 b is l a g5tle /ream1 t glides smoo?ly & sil5tly along4 ,?is happy /ate c only be obta9$ by a prud5t c>e ( ! body1 & a /eady gov]nm5t ( ! m9d4 ,! diseases ( ! body are to be prev5t$ by temp]ance1 or cur$ by m$ic9e1 or r5d]$ tol]able by pati5ce4 ,aga9/ ! diseases ( ! m9d1 philosophy provides suffici5t antidotes4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* x employs = ?is purpose are ! virtues2 ! root ( :i*1 :5ce all ! re/ proce$1 is prud5ce4 ,?is virtue compreh5ds ! :ole art ( liv+ discreetly1 ju/ly1 & honorably1 & is1 9 fact1 ! same ?+ ) wisdom4 ,x in/ructs m5 to free _! und]/&+s f ! cl\ds ( prejudice2 to ex]cise temp]ance & =titude 9 ! gov]nm5t ( !mselves3 & to practice ju/ice t[>ds o!rs4 ,al?\gh pleasure1 or happ9ess1 :i* is ! end ( liv+1 be sup]ior to virtue1 :i* is only ! means1 x is e "o's int]e/ to practice all ! virtues2 = 9 a happy life1 pleasure c nev] be sep>at$ f virtue4 ,a prud5t man1 9 ord] to secure 8 tranquillity1 w consult 8 natural disposition 9 ! *oice ( 8 plan ( life4 ,if1 = example1 he be p]suad$ t he %\ld be happi] 9 a /ate ( m>riage ?an 9 celibacy1 he ought to m>ry2 b if he be conv9c$ t matrimony w\ld be an imp$im5t to 8 happ9ess1 he ought to rema9 s+le4 ,9 l mann]1 su* p]sons z are naturally active1 ent]pris+1 & ambiti\s1 or su* z by ! condition ( _! bir? are plac$ 9 ! way ( civil (fices1 %\ld accommodate !mselves to _! nature & situation1 by engag+ 9 public affairs2 :ile su* z are1 f natural temp]1 fond ( leisure & retirem5t1 or1 f exp]i5ce or obs]vation1 are conv9c$ t a life ( public bus9ess w\ld be inconsi/5t ) _! happ9ess1 are unque/ionably at lib]ty1 except :]e p>ticul> circum/ances call !m to ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 to pass _! lives 9 obscure repose4 ,temp]ance is t discreet regulation ( ! desires & passions1 by :i* we are enabl$ to enjoy pleasures )\t suff]+ any consequ5t inconv5i5ce4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 su* a con/ant self-comm&1 z nev] to be entic$ by ! prospect ( pres5t indulg5ce1 to d t :i* w be productive ( evil1 obta9 ! true/ pleasure by decl9+ pleasure4 ,s9ce1 ( desires "s are natural & necess>y2 o!rs natural1 b n necess>y2 & o!rs nei!r natural nor necess>y1 b ! (fspr+ ( false judgm5t2 x mu/ be ! (fice ( temp]ance to gratify ! fir/ class1 z f> z nature requires3 to re/ra9 ! second )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation2 &1 z to ! ?ird1 resolutely to oppose1 &1 if possible1 entirely repress !m4 ,sobriety1 z oppos$ to inebriety & gluttony1 is ( admirable use 9 tea*+ m5 t nature is satisfi$ ) a little1 & enabl+ !m to cont5t !mselves ) simple & frugal f>e4 ,su* a mann] ( liv+ is conducive to ! pres]vation ( heal?3 r5d]s a man al]t & active 9 all ! (fices ( life2 af=ds him an exquisite reli% ( ! occasional v>ieties ( a pl5tiful bo>d1 & prep>es him to meet e rev]se ( =tune )\t ! fe> ( want4 ,cont95ce is a bran* ( temp]ance1 :i* prev5ts ! diseases1 infamy1 remorse1 & puni%m5t1 to :i* ^? are expos$1 :o indulge !mselves 9 unlawful am\rs4 ,music & poetry1 :i* are (t5 employ$ z inc5tives to lic5ti\s pleasure are to be cauti\sly & sp>+ly us$4 ,g5tl5ess1 z oppos$ to an irrascible temp]1 greatly contributes to ! tranquillity & happ9ess ( life1 by pres]v+ ! m9d f p]turbation1 & arm+ x aga9/ ! assaults ( calumny & malice4 ,a wise man1 :o puts himself "u ! gov]nm5t ( reason1 w be able to receive an injury ) calmnese1 & to treat ! p]son :o committ$ x ) l5ity2 = he w rank injuries among ! casual ev5ts ( life1 & w prud5tly reflect t he c no m /op ! natural curr5t ( human passions1 ?an he c curb ! /ormy w9ds4 ,refractory s]vants 9 a family %\ld be *a/is$1 & disord]ly memb]s ( a /ate puni%$ )\t wra?4 ,mod]ation1 9 ! pursuit ( honors or ri*es1 is ! only security aga9/ disappo9tm5t & vexation4 ,a wise man1 !re=e1 w pref] ! simplicity ( ru/ic life to ! magnific5ce ( c\rts4 ,future ev5ts a wise man w consid] z unc]ta91 & w1 !re=e1 nei!r suff] himself to be elat$ ) confid5t expectation1 nor to be depress$ by d\bt & despair3 = bo? are equally de/ructive ( tranquillity4 ,x w contribute to ! enjoym5t ( life1 to consid] dea? z ! p]fect t]m9ation ( a happy life1 :i* x becomes u to close l satisfi$ gue/s1 nei!r regrett+ ! pa/1 nor anxi\s = ! future4 ,=titude1 ! virtue :i* enables u to endure pa91 & to bani% fe>1 is ( great use 9 produc+ tranquillity4 ,philosophy in/ructs u to pay homage to ! gods1 n ?r\gh hope or fe>1 b f v5]ation ( _! sup]ior nature4 ,x moreov] enables u to conqu] ! fe> ( dea?1 by tea*+ u t x is no prop] object ( t]ror2 s9ce1 :il/ we are1 dea? is n1 & :5 dea? arrives1 we are n3 s t x nei!r conc]ns ! liv+ nor ! dead4 ,! only evils to be appreh5d$ are bodily pa91 & di/ress ( m9d4 ,bodily pa9 x becomes a wise man to endure ) pati5ce & firmness2 because1 if x be slight1 x may easily be borne2 & if x be int5se1 x _c la/ long4 ,m5tal di/ress commonly arises n f nature1 b f op9ion2 a wise man w !re=e arm himself aga9/ ?is k9d ( suff]+1 by reflect+ t ! gifts ( =tune1 ! loss ( :i* he may be incl9$ to deplore1 7 nev] 8 own1 b dep5d$ ^u circum/ances :i* he c\ld n comm&4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y happ5 to leave him1 he w endeavor1 z soon z possible1 to oblit]ate ! remembrance ( !m1 by occupy+ 8 m9d 9 pleasant contemplation1 & engag+ 9 agreeable avocations4 ,ju/ice respects man z liv+ 9 society1 & is ! common bond )\t :i* no society c subsi/4 ,?is virtue1 l ! re/1 d]ives its value f its t5d5cy to promote ! happ9ess ( life4 ,n only is x nev] injuri\s to ! man :o practices x1 b n\ri%es-9 8 m9d calm reflections & pleasant hopes2 :]eas x is impossible t ! m9d 9 :i* inju/ice dwells1 %\ld n be full ( disquietude4--,s9ce x is impossible t iniquit\s actions %\ld promote ! enjoym5t ( life1 z mu* z remorse ( consci5ce1 legal p5alties1 & public disgrace1 mu/ increase its tr\bles1 e "o :o foll[s ! dictates ( s\nd reason1 w practice ! virtues ( ju/ice1 equity1 & fidelity4 ,9 society1 ! necessity ( ! mutual ex]cise ( ju/ice1 9 ord] to ! common enjoym5t ( ! gifts ( nature1 is ! gr\nd ( ^? laws by :i* x is prescrib$4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( e individual 9 a /ate to con=m to ! laws ( ju/ice2 = by injur+ no "o1 & r5d]+ to e man 8 due1 he contributes 8 "p t[>ds ! pres]vation ( t society1 ^u ! p]petuity ( :i* 8 own safety dep5ds4 ,nor ought any "o to ?9k t he is at lib]ty to violate ! rights ( 8 fell[ citiz5s1 provid$ he c d x securely2 = he :o has committ$ an unju/ action c nev] be c]ta9 t x w n be discov]$2 & h[ev] successfully he may conceal x f o!rs1 ?is w avail him little1 s9ce he _c conceal x f himself4 ,9 diff]5t communities1 diff]5t laws may be in/itut$1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! p :o compose !m4 ,:atev] is ?us prescrib$ is to be consid]$ z a rule ( ju/ice1 s long z ! society %all judge ! obs]vance ( x to be = ! b5efit ( ! :ole4 ,b :5ev] any rule ( conduct is f\nd ^u exp]i5ce n to be conducive to ! public good1 be+ no long] useful1 x %\ld no long] be prescrib$4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ju/ice are ! virtues ( b5efic5ce1 compassion1 gratitude1 piety1 & fri5d%ip4--,he :o conf]s b5efits ^u o!rs1 procures to himself ! satisfaction ( see+ ! /ream ( pl5ty spread+ ar\nd him f ! f\nta9 ( 8 b5efic5ce2 at ! same "t1 he enjoys ! pleasure ( be+ e/eem$ by o!rs4 ,! ex]cise ( gratitude1 filial affection1 & rev]5ce = ! gods1 is necess>y1 9 ord] to avoid ! hatr$ & contempt ( all m54 ,fri5d%ips are contract$ = ! sake ( mutual b5efit2 b by degrees !y rip5 into su* dis9t]e/$ atta*m5t1 t !y are cont9u$ )\t any prospect ( advantage4 ,betwe5 fri5ds !re is a k9d ( league1 t ea* w love ! o!r z himself4 ,a true fri5d w p>take ( ! wants & sorr[s ( 8 fri5d1 z if !y 7 8 own2 if he be 9 want1 he w relieve him2 if he be 9 prison1 he w visit him2 if he be sick1 he w come to him2 nay-situations may occur1 9 :i* he w\ld n scruple to die = him4 ,x _c !n be d\bt$1 t fri5d%ip is "o ( ! mo/ useful means ( procur+ a secure1 tranquil1 & happy life4 ,no man w1 we ?9k1 f9d any?+ 9 ! =ego+ summ>y to ju/ify ! f\l language us$ aga9/ ,epicurus1 & 8 moral philosophy2 ! secret is 9 ! physical doctr9es1 & ?is secret is1 t ,epicurus 0 actually1 if n int5tionally1 an ,a!i/4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( 8 physical doctr9e3-- ,no?+ c ev] spr+ f no?+1 nor c any?+ ev] return to no?+4 ,! univ]se always exi/$1 & w always rema92 = !re is no?+ into :i* x c be *ang$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,nature1 nor c any?+ be conceiv$1 besides body & space4 ,body is t :i* possesses ! prop]ties ( bulk1 figure1 resi/ance1 & gravity3 x is ?is alone :i* c t\* or be t\*$4 ,space is ! region :i* is1 or may be1 occupi$ by body1 & :i* af=ds x an opportunity ( mov+ freely4 ,t !re are bodies 9 ! univ]se is atte/$ by ! s5ses4 ,t !re is also space is evid5t2 s9ce o!rwise bodies w\ld h no place 9 :i* to move or exi/1 & ( _! exi/5ce & motion we h ! c]ta9 pro( ( p]ception4 ,besides ^!1 no ?ird nature c be conceiv$2 = su* a nature mu/ ei!r h bulk & solidity1 or want !m2 t is1 x mu/ ei!r be body or space3 ?is does n1 h[ev]1 preclude ! exi/5ce ( qualities1 :i* h no subsi/5ce b 9 ! body to :i* !y belong4 ,! univ]se1 consi/+ ( body & space1 is inf9ite1 = x has no limits4 ,bodies are inf9ite 9 multitude2 space is inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,! t]m above1 or b5ea?1 high or l[1 _c be prop]ly appli$ to inf9ite space4 ,! univ]se is to be conceiv$ z immoveable1 s9ce beyond x !re is no place into :i* x c move2 & z et]nal & immutable1 s9ce x is nei!r liable to increase nor decrease1 to production nor decay4 ,nev]!less1 ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are 9 motion1 & are subject to *ange4 ,all bodies consi/ ( p>ts1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 & into :i* !y may be resolv$2 & ^! p>ts are ei!r !mselves simple pr9ciples1 or may be resolv$ into su*4 ,^! fir/ pr9ciples1 or simple atoms1 are divisible by no =ce1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ be immutable4 ,?is may also be inf]r$ f ! uni=mity ( ,nature1 :i* c\ld n be pres]v$ if its pr9ciples 7 n c]ta9 & consi/5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* atoms is evid5t1 s9ce x is impossible t any?+ :i* exi/s %\ld be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,a f9ite body _c consi/ ( p>ts inf9ite1 ei!r 9 magnitude or numb]2 divisibility ( bodies ad inf9itum1 is !re=e conceivable4 ,all atoms are ( ! same nature1 or diff] 9 no ess5tial qualities--,f _! diff]5t effects ^u ! s5ses1 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y diff] 9 magnitude1 figure1 & weight4 ,atoms exi/ 9 e possible v>iety ( figure--r\nd1 oval1 conical1 cubical1 %>p1 hook$1 etc4 ,b 9 e %ape1 !y are1 on acc\nt ( _! solidity1 infrangible1 or incapable ( actual division4 ,gravity mu/ be an ess5tial prop]ty ( atoms2 = s9ce !y are p]petually 9 motion1 or mak+ an ef=t to move1 !y mu/ be mov$ by an int]nal impulse1 :i* may be call$ gravity4 ,! pr9ciple ( gravity1 t int]nal en]gy :i* is ! cause ( all motion1 :e!r simple or complex1 be+ ess5tial to ! prim>y corpuscles or atoms1 !y mu/ h be5 incessantly & f et]nity 9 actual motion4 ,epicurus1 :o boa/s t he 0 an inquir] & a philosoph] 9 8 ?irte5? ye>1 0 sc>cely likely to b[ 8 m9d to ! my?ology ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! man :o1 :5 he 0 b a s*oolboy1 insi/$ ^u an answ] to ! "q1 ,:5ce came *aos8 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to receive z admitt$ facts ! fabul\s leg5ds z to ,jupit] & ! o!r gods4 ,8 !ology is1 h[ev]1 9 "s respects1 obscure1 & un9telligible2 = :ile he zeal\sly oppos$ ! popul> fables1 :i* m5 misname ,god-ideas1 he at ! same "t admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial gods1 :om he plac$ 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! inf9ite worlds1 :]e !y pass$ a life undi/urb$ by aught1 & enjoy$ a happ9ess :i* does n admit ( augm5tation4 ,^! inactive gods play a /range "p 9 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus2 & x is ass]t$ by _m t ^! extraord9>y conceptions ( ,deity 7 put =w>d by ! philosoph] to scre5 him f ! consequ5ces atta*+ to a *>ge ( ,a!ism4 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,ritt]1 :o does n seem v fri5dly dispos$ t[>ds ,epicurus1 or 8 philosophy1 repudiates ?is notion1 & argues ,epicurus 0 n 9 tru? an ,a!i/1 & alleges t x 0 a m]e pret5ce on 8 "p2 & t f 8 v !ory ( k ! exi/5ce ( gods c\ld be d$uc$4 ,?is has be5 mu* litigat$1 7vide ,electric ,review = #ahjf1 p4 #fjf47 ,x is q evid5t t ,epicurus nei!r reg>d$ ! gods 9 ! capacity ( ,creators1 controll]s1 or rul]s1 s t 8 ,!ism 7if x be ,!ism7 twas n ( a v sup]/iti\s "*4 ,! ,god :o nei!r creat$ man1 nor ex]cis$ any influ5ce :atev] ov] 8 actions or ?9k+s1 c\ld h b little to d ) man at all4 ,if we attempt to review ! :ole ( ! tea*+s ( ,epicurus1 we & !y are defective & imp]fect 9 _m respects1 & necess>ily s4 ,we say necess>ily s1 because ! imp]fect sci5ce ( ! day limit$ ! array ( facts pres5t$ to ! philosoph]1 & n>r[$ ! base ^u :i* he 0 to erect 8 sy/em4 ,we mu/ expect1 !re=e1 to f9d ! /ructure weak 9 _m po9ts1 because x 0 too l>ge = ! f\ndation2 b we are n1 !re=e1 to pass x on "o side1 & )\t fur!r notice2 x %\ld r be our task to lay good1 wide1 & sure f\ndations1 ,on :i* to build up a sy/em1 & develope a me?od1 really hav+1 = its end1 ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,we live #bjjj ye>s lat] ?an ! ,a!nian philosoph]4--,9 ^? #bjjj ye>s _m facts h be5 dragg$ out ( ! circle ( ! unkn[n & unus$4 ,a/ronomy1 geology1 physiology1 psy*ology--all except !ology are belt] und]/ood4 ,m5 pret5d !y are se>*+ aft] happ9ess1 & :]e d !y try to f9d x8 ,n "h among/ ! kn[n1 b 9 ! possible h]eaft] among/ ! unkn[able4 ,h[ d !y try to f9d x8 ,n by ! aid ( ! kn[n1 n by ! light ( facts1 ga!r$ 9 ye>s ( toil1 & sanctifi$ by ! blood ( "s ( ! noble/ ( tru?'s noble m>tyrs2 no--b 9 ! d>kness ( ! unkn[n & unkn[able2 9 ! next _w4 ,"q ! m5 :o fly to !ology = happ9ess1 & !y w tell y t ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! !ologians sum up _! k 9 ! ^w incompreh5sible4 ,is x wond]ful t _! happ9ess is some:at m>r$ "h by qu>rels z to ! true def9ition ( h]eaft]8 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes says1 ( ! ,epicurean philosophy1 t ! attempt fail$ because ! basis 0 n broad en\gh4 ,! ,epicureans are !re=e to be reg>d$ z m5 :o v5tur$ on a great problem1 & fail$ because !y only saw "p ( ! tru?4 ,& we might add t ,*ri/ianity1 & e o!r religi\s anity1 fails1 because ! pr(essors expect to obta9 happ9ess 9 ! next life1 & neglect to "w = x 9 ! pres5t "o4 ,epicurus says1 no life c be pleasant except a virtu\s life2 & he *>ges y to avoid :atev] maybe calculat$ to create disquiet 9 ! m9d1 or give pa9 to ! body4 ,! ,rev4 ,habbakuk ,smil5ot1 ( little ,be!l1 says t all pleasure "h1 is vanity & vexation 9 ! h]eaft]2 & he *>ges y to cont9ually worry & h>ass y\r m9d ) fe>s t y may be condemn$ to hell1 & d\bts :e!r y w be p]mitt$ to ent] heav54 ,:i* is ! be/1 ! philosophy ( ,epicurus1 or ! !ology ( ,smil5(8 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes says3--,epicureanism1 9 lead+ man to a correct appreciation ( ! moral end ( 8 exi/5ce1 9 %[+ him h[ to be truly happy1 has to combat ) _m ob/ructions :i* hide f him ! real road ( life4 ,^! ob/ructions are 8 illusions1 8 prejudices1 8 errors1 8 ignorance4 ,?is ignorance is ( two k9ds1 z ,victor ,c\s9 po9ts out2 ignorance ( ! laws ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* creates absurd sup]/itions1 & tr\bles ! m9d ) false fe>s & false hopes4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( "s k ( physics4 7,we c sc>cely blame ,epicurus t he 0 n 9 advance ( 8 "t1 z f> z ! physical sci5ces are conc]n$1 & !re=e imp>t$ an imp]fect sy/em ( physics4 ,we mu/1 ) our improv$ k1 ourselves remove ! ob/ruction47 ,! second k9d ( ignorance is t ( ! nature ( man4 ,socrates _h taught m5 to reg>d _! own nature z ! great object ( inve/igation2 & ?is lesson ,epicurus will+ly gave e> to4--,b man does n int]rogate 8 own nature out ( simple curiosity1 or simple erudition2 he /udies 8 nature 9 ord] t he may improve x2 he le>ns ! ext5t ( 8 capacities1 9 ord] t he may prop]ly direct !m4 ,! aim1 !re=e1 ( all su* inquiries mu/ be happ9ess4 ,we may add t ! result ( all su* inquiries w be happ9ess1 if ! inquir] w b base 8 inve/igation & exp]im5ts ^u facts4 ,let him und]/& t1 z he improves ! circum/ances :i* surr\nd him1 s w he advance himself1 becom+ happi]1 & mak+ 8 fell[s happy also4 ,rememb] ! words ( ,epicurus1 & seek t pleasure = y\rself :i* appe>s ! mo/ durable1 & att5d$ ) ! greate/ pleasure to y\r fell[ m54 ,i ,,z5o1 ,,! ,,/oic ,9 ! previ\s numb] we gave a %ort sket* ( ! op9ions ( ,epicurus4 ,9 ?is we %all deal ) ! f\nd] ( a rival sect--! ,/oics4 ,among/ ! disciples & /ud5ts 9 ! ,/oic s*ools h be5 _m illu/ri\s names1 & n ! lea/ wor?y is ! "n ) :i* we are n[ deal+4 ,z5o 0 born at ,cittius1 a small m>itime t[n 9 ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,?is place hav+ be5 orig9ally peopl$ by a colony ( ,pho5icians1 ,z5o is sometimes call$ a ,pho5ician2 b at ! p]iod :5 he fl\ri%$1 x 0 *iefly inhabit$ by ,greeks4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is unc]ta91 b mu/ h be5 ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cfb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m]*ant1 & ,z5o appe>s to h be51 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 engag$ 9 m]cantile pursuits4 ,he receiv$ a v lib]al education f 8 fa!r1 :om1 we are told1 p]ceiv$ 9 8 son a /rong incl9ation = philosophical /udies1 & :o pur*as$ = ,z5o ! writ+s ( ! ,socratic philosoph]s2 :i* 7 /udi$ ) avidity1 & :i* und\bt$ly ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce ov] 8 future ?9k+s4 ,:5 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age1 he made a trad+ voyage f ,cittius to ,a!ns1 ) a v valuable c>go ( ,pho5ician purple1 b 0 un=tunately %ipwreck$ on ! coa/ ( ,greece1 & ! :ole ( 8 freight de/roy$4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is sev]e loss1 :i* mu/ h consid]ably r$uc$ 8 means1 mat]ially influ5c$ ,z5o1 & induc$ him to embrace ! t5ets ( ! ,cynics1 ^: lead+ pr9ciple 0 a contempt ( ri*es4 ,we are told t ^u is fir/ arrival 9 ,a!ns1 he w5t into ! %op ( a booksell]1 & took up1 by accid5t1 a volume ( ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,x5ophon4 ,alt] read+ a few pages1 ,z5o 0 s mu* delight$ ) ! "w1 t he ask$ ! booksell] to direct him :]e he might meet su* m5 z ! au?or8 ,crates1 ! ,cynic philosoph]1 pass$ by at ! "t1 & ! booksell] said1 ,foll[ t man6 ,he did s1 & aft] li/5+ to sev]al ( 8 disc\rses1 0 s pleas$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,cynics1 t he became a disciple4 ,he did n long rema9 atta*$ to ! ,cynic s*ool--_! peculi> mann]s 7 too gross = him2 & 8 en]getic & inquir+ m9d 0 too mu* cramp$ by t indiff]5ce to all sci5tific inve/igation :i* 0 "o ( _! lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,he !re=e s\ght in/ruction else:]e1 & ,/ilpo1 ( ,meg>a1 became 8 tea*]1 f :om he acquir$ ! art ( disputation1 9 :i* he aft]w>ds became s pr(ici5t4 ,! ,cynics 7 displeas$ at 8 foll[+ o!r philosophy1 & we are told t ,crates attempt$ to drag him by =ce out ( ! s*ool ( ,/ilpo1 on :i* ,z5o said1 ,y may seize my body1 b ,/ilpo has laid hold ( my m9d4 ,! ,meg>ic doctr9e 01 h[ev]1 insuffici5t4 ,z5o 0 will+ to le>n all t ,/ilpo c\ld tea*1 b hav+ le>n$ all1 8 re/less & insatiable appetite = k requir$ m1 & aft] an att5dance ( sev]al ye>s ^u ! lectures ( ,/ilpo1 he pass$ ov] to ! expositors ( ,plato1 ,x5ocrates1 & ,polemo4 ,! latt] philosoph] appe>s to h p5etrat$ ,z5o's design 9 att5d+ ! v>i\s s*ools--i4e41 to collect mat]ials f v>i\s qu>t]s = a new sy/em ( 8 own2 & :5 he came to ! s*ool1 ,polemo said1 ,i am no /rang]1 ,z5o1 to y\r ,pho5ician arts2 ,i p]ceive t y\r design is to creep slily into my g>d51 & /eal away my fruit4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( /udy1 hav+ ma/]$ ! t5ets ( ! v>i\s s*ools1 ,z5o det]m9$ to become ! f\nd] ( a sect himself4 ,9 accordance ) ?is det]m9ation1 he op5$ a s*ool 9 a public portico1 call$ ! ,pa9t$ ,por*1 f ! pictures ( ,polygnotus1 & o!r em95t pa9t]s1 ) :i* x 0 adorn$4 ,?is portico became fam\s 9 ,a!ns1 & 0 call$ 7,/oa7---! ,por*4 ,f ?is ,/oa ! s*ool d]iv$ its "n1 ! /ud5ts be+ call$ ! ,/oics4 ,z5o 0 a subtle reason]1 & exce$+ly popul>4 ,he taught a /rict sy/em ( morals & exhibit$ a pleas+ picture ( moral discipl9e 9 8 own life4 ,z a man1 8 "* appe>s des]v+ ( ! highe/ respect4 ,he became exce$+ly respect$ & rev]$ at ,a!ns = ! probity & sev]ity ( bis life & mann]s1 & consi/5cy !re( ) 8 doctr9e4 ,he posses$ s l>ge a %>e ( public e/eem t ! ,a!nians decre$ him a gold5 cr[n1 & on acc\nt ( 8 approv$ integrity1 deposit$ ! keys ( _! citadel 9 8 h&s4 ,antig\us ,gonates1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 0 a con/ant att5dant at 8 lectures :il/ at ,a!ns1 & :5 t mon>* return$1 he e>ne/ly invit$ ,z5o to 8 c\rt4 ,dur+ ! philosoph]'s lifetime1 ! ,a!nians erect$ a /atue ( brass z a m>k ( ! e/imation 9 :i* !y held him4 ,z5o liv$ to ! extreme age ( n9ety-eight1 :51 z he 0 leav+1 8 s*ool "o day1 he fell & broke 8 f+]4 ,! consci\sness ( 8 infirmity afflict$ him s mu*1 t he exclaim$1 ,:y am ,i ?us importun$8 ,e>?1 ,i obey ?y summons6 & imm$iately go+ home1 he put 8 affairs 9 ord]1 & /rangl$ himself4 ,9 p]son1 ,z5o 0 tall & sl5d]2 8 br[ 0 furr[$ ) ?\ght2 & ?is1 ) 8 long & close application to /udy1 gave a t+e ( sev]ity to 8 aspect4 ,al?\gh ( a feeble con/itution1 he pres]v$ 8 heal? by 8 great ab/emi\sness1 8 diet consi/+ ( figs1 bread1 & honey4 ,he 0 pla9 & mode/ 9 8 dress & habits & v frugal 9 all 8 exp5ses1 %[+ ! same respect = ! poor z = ! ri*1 & conv]s+ z freely ) ! slave z he did ) ! k+4 ,indep5d5t 9 _s1 he broke (f all communication ) 8 fri5d ,demo*>is1 because t p]son _h (f]$ to procure a gratuity = ,z5o f ! ,k+ ( ,mac$on4 ,8 sy/em appe>s to h be5 little m ?an a collection f 8 v>i\s lessons ( :atev] 0 mo/ 9 unison ) 8 peculi> habit ( ?\ght1 & an attempt to reconcile & comb9e 9 "o sy/em ! v>i\s elem5ts ( diff]5t !ories4 ,tak+ f s _m s*ools v>i\s portions ( _! doctr9e1 he seems to h provok$ ! antagonism ( _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 & sev]al philosoph]s ( le>n+ & ability employ$ _! eloqu5ce to dim9i% ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! new s*ool4 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 he f\nd a p[]ful antagoni/ 9 ! p]son ( ,epicurus1 & ! ,epicureans & ,/oics h s9ce treat$ ea* o!r z rival sects4 ,z5o's s*ool appe>s to h be5 g5]ally a resort = ! poor1 & x 0 a common joke among/ 8 adv]s>ies1 t pov]ty 0 ! *>m = :i* he 0 indebt$ = 8 s*ol>s4 ,! li/ ( 8 disciples1 h[ev]1 conta9s ! names ( "s v ri* & p[]ful m51 :o may h reg>d$ ! ,/oic !ory z a p[]ful c\nt]-ag5t to ! gr[+ effem9acy ( ! age4 ,aft] ,z5o's dea?1 ! ,a!nians1 at ! reque/ ( ,antigonus1 erect$ a monum5t to 8 memory1 9 ! ,c]amicura4 ,f ! p>ticul>s :i* h be5 relat$ conc]n+ ,z5o1 x w n be difficult to p]ceive :at k9d ( influ5ce 8 circum/ances & "* mu/ h _h ^u 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,if 8 doctr9es be dilig5tly comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( 8 life1 x w appe>1 t hav+ att5d$ ^u _m em95t preceptors1 & be+ intimately conv]sant ) _! op9ions1 he compil$1 out ( _! v>i\s t5ets1 an het]og5e\s sy/em1 on ! cr$it ( :i* he assum$ to himself ! title ( ! f\nd] ( a new sect4444 ,! dialectic arts :i* ,z5o le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,diodorus ,*ronus1 he did n fail to apply to ! support ( 8 own sy/em1 & to communicate to bis foll[]s4 ,z to ! moral doctr9e ( ! ,cynic sect1 to :i* ,z5o /rictly adh]$ to ! la/1 !re c be no d\bt t he transf]r$ x almo/ )\t alloy1 into 8 own s*ool4 ,9 morals1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,cynics & ! ,/oics 01 t ! =m] disda9$ ! cultivation ( nature1 ! latt] affect$ to rise above x4 ,on ! subject ( physics1 ,z5o receiv$ 8 doctr9e ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! ,platonic s*ool1 z w fully appe> f a c>eful comp>ison ( _! respective sy/ems4 ,! ,/oic philosophy1 be+ 9 ?is mann] ( het]og5e\s orig91 x necess>ily p>took ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,! idle quibbles1 jejune reason+s1 & impos+ sophisms1 :i* s ju/ly expos$ ! s*ools ( ! dialectic philosoph]s to ridicule1 f\nd _! way into ! ,por*1 :]e mu* "t 0 wa/$1 & mu* +5uity ?r[n away1 ^u que/ions ( no importance4 ,cic]o c5sures ! ,/oics = enc\rag+ 9 _! s*ools a b>r5 k9d ( disputation1 & employ+ !mselves 9 det]m9+ trifl+ que/ions1 9 :i* ! disputants c h no int]e/1 & :i*1 at ! close1 leave !m nei!r wis] nor bett]4 ,& t ?is c5sure1 is n1 z "s mod]n advocates = ,/oicism h ma9ta9$1 a m]e calumny1 b gr\nd$ ^u fact1 suffici5tly appe>s f :at is said by ! anci5ts1 p>ticul>ly by ,sextus ,empiricus1 conc]n+ ! logic ( ! ,/oics4 ,s5eca1 :o 0 himself a ,/oic1 c&idly ackn[l$ges ?is4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ?\ght surpris+ t philosoph]s1 :o affect$ s mu* gravity & wisdom1 %\ld condesc5d to su* trifl+ occupations4 ,b x mu/ be consid]$1 t1 at ?is "t1 a fondness = subtle disputations s g5]ally prevail$ 9 ,greece1 t excell5ce 9 ! arts ( reason+ & sophi/ry 0 a sure pa? to fame4 ,! ,/oics1 ) :om vanity 0 unque/ionably a rul+ passion1 7 ambiti\s = ?is k9d ( reputation4 ,h5ce x 0 t !y engag$ ) s mu* vehem5ce 9 v]bal conte/s1 & t !y l>gely contribut$ t[>ds ! confusion1 in/ead ( ! improvem5t1 ( sci5ce1 by sub/itut+ vague & ill-def9$ t]ms 9 ! room ( accurate conceptions4 ,! moral "p ( ! ,/oical philosophy1 9 l mann]1 p>took ( ! defects ( its orig94 ,x may be z ju/ly object$ aga9/ ! ,/oics z ! ,cynics1 t !y assum$ an artificial sev]ity ( mann]s1 & a tone ( virtue above ! condition ( a man4 ,_! doctr9e ( moral wisdom 0 an o/5tati\s display ( words1 9 :i* little reg>d 0 paid to nature & reason4 ,x pr(ess$ to raise human nature to a degree ( p]fection be=e unkn[n2 b its real effect 01 m]ely to amuse ! e>1 & captivate ! fancy1 ) fictions :i* c nev] be realiz$4444 ,! extravagancies & absurdities ( ! ,/oical philosophy may also be 9 "s measure ascrib$ to ! vehem5t conte/s :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ,z5o & ! ,academics on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 him & ,epicurus on ! o!r4 ,=1 n only did ^! disputes give rise to _m ( ! dogmas ( ,/oicism1 b l$ ,z5o & 8 foll[]s1 9 ! w>m? ( controv]sy1 to drive _! argum5ts to ! utmo/ extremity1 & to express !mselves ) mu* great] confid5ce ?an !y w\ld probably o!rwise h done4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! true reason :y s _m extravagant notions are ascrib$ to ! ,/oics1 p>ticul>ly ^u ! subject ( morals4 ,:il/ ,epicurus taught 8 foll[]s to seek happ9ess 9 tranquillity1 ,z5o imag9$ 8 wise man1 n only free f all s5se ( pleasure1 b void ( all passions & emotions1 & capable ( be+ happy 9 ! mid/ ( torture4 ,t he might avoid ! position tak5 by ! ,epicureans1 he _h rec\rse to a moral in/itution1 :i* bore inde$ ! l(ty front ( wisdom1 b :i* 0 elevat$ f> above ! condition & p[]s ( human nature4 ,! natural disposition ( ,z5o1 & 8 mann] ( life1 _h1 moreov]1 no inconsid]able influ5ce 9 fix+ ! peculi> "* ( 8 philosophy4 ,by nature sev]e & morose1 & con/itutionally incl9$ to res]ve & melan*oly1 he e>ly *]i%$ ?is habit by submitt+ to ! au/]e ami rigid discipl9e ( ! ,cynics4 ,^? qualities :i* he conceiv$ to be m]itori\s 9 himself1 & :i* he f\nd to conciliate ! admiration ( mank9d1 he naturally transf]r$ to 8 imag9>y "* ( a wise or p]fect man4 ,9 ord] to =m an accurate judgm5t conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics1 besides a c>eful att5tion to ! p>ticul>s already enum]at$1 x w be necess>y to gu>d ) ! utmo/ caution aga9/ two errors1 into :i* sev]al writ]s h fall54 ,great c>e %\ld be tak51 9 ! fir/ place1 n to judge ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics f words & s5tim5ts1 deta*$ f ! g5]al sy/em1 b to consid] !m z !y /&1 relat$ to ! :ole tra9 ( premises & conclusions4444 ,! second caution is1 n to conf\nd ! g5u9e doctr9es ( ,z5o1 & o!r anci5t fa!rs ( ?is sect1 ) ! glosses ( ! lat] ,/oics4444 ,out ( ! _m pro(s ( ?is *ange1 :i* might be adduc$1 we %all select "o1 :i* is ! m wor?y ( notice1 z x has occasion$ _m disputes among ! le>n$4 ,! doctr9e we mean is t conc]n+ fate4 ,?is doctr9e1 accord+ to ,z5o & ,*rysippus1 implies an et]nal & immutable s]ies ( causes & effects1 )9 :i* all ev5ts are includ$1 & to :i* ! ,deity himself is subject3 :]eas1 ! lat] ,/oics1 *ang+ ! t]m fate into ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 disc\rs$ ) great plausibility on ?is subject1 b /ill 9 reality reta9$ ! anci5t doctr9e ( univ]sal fate4 ,f ?is example1 a judgm5t may be =m$ conc]n+ ! necessity ( us+ "s caution1 9 appeal+ to ! writ+s ( ,s5eca1 ,anton9us1 & ,epictetus1 z au?orities1 9 det]m9+ :at 7 ! orig9al doctr9es ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s4 ,conc]n+ philosophy 9 g5]al1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics 01 t wisdom consi/s 9 ! k ( ?+s div9e & human2 t philosophy is su* an ex]cise ( ! m9d z produces wisdom2 t 9 ?is ex]cise consi/s ! nature ( virtue2 & consequ5tly1 t virtue is a t]m ( ext5sive mean+1 compreh5d+ ! "r employm5t ( ! m9d 9 reason+1 9 ! /udy ( nature1 & 9 morals4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,/oics is ei!r progressive1 ?r\gh sev]al /ages2 or p]fect1 :5 e weakness if subdu$1 & e error correct$1 )\t ! possibility ( a relapse into folly1 or vice1 or ( be+ aga9 enslav$ by any passion1 or afflict$ by any calamity4 ,) ,socrates & ! ,cynics1 ,z5o repres5t$ virtue z ! only true wisdom2 b be+ dispos$ to ext5d ! pursuits ( 8 wise man into ! regions ( speculation & sci5ce1 he gave1 aft] 8 usual mann]1 a new signification to an old t]m1 & compreh5d$ ! ex]cise ( ! und]/&+ 9 ! se>* ( tru?1 z well z ! gov]nm5t ( ! appetites & passions1 "u ! g5]al t]m1 virtue4 ,! great importance ( ! unit$ ex]cise ( ! intellectual & active p[]s ( ! m9d1 are ?us beautifully ass]t$ by ! philosophical emp]or3--,let e "o endeavor s to ?9k & act1 t 8 contemplative & active faculties may at ! same "t be go+ on t[>ds p]fection4 ,8 cle> conceptions1 & c]ta9 k1 w !n produce )9 him an entire confid5ce 9 himself1 unp]ceiv$ p]haps by o!rs1 ?\gh n affect$ly conceal$1 :i* w give a simplicity & dignity to 8 "*2 = he w at all times be able to judge1 conc]n+ ! sev]al objects :i* come be=e him1 :at is _! real nature1 :at place !y hold 9 ! univ]se1 h[ long !y are by nature fitt$ to la/1 ( :at mat]ials !y are compos$1 by :om !y may be possess$1 & :o is able to be/[ !m1 or take !m away4 ,! sum ( ! def9itions & rules giv5 by ! ,/oics conc]n+ logic is ?is3--,logic is ei!r rhetorical or dialectic4 ,rhetorical logic is ! art ( reason+ & disc\rs+ on ^? subjects :i* require a diffuse k9d ( declamation4 ,dialectic is ! art ( close argum5tation 9 ! =m ( disputation or dialogue4 ,! =m] resembles an op51 ! latt]1 a clos$ h&4--,rhetoric is ( ?ree k9ds1 delib]ative1 judicial1 & demon/rative4 ,! dialectic art is ! in/rum5t ( k1 z x enables a man to di/+ui% tru? f error1 & c]ta9ty f b>e probability4 ,?is art consid]s ?+s z express$ by words1 & words !mselves4 ,ext]nal ?+s are p]ceiv$ by a c]ta9 impression1 made ei!r ^u "s p>ts ( ! bra91 or ^u ! p]cipi5t faculty1 :i* may be call$ an image1 s9ce x is impress$ ^u ! m9d1 l ! image ( a seal ^u wax4 ,?is image is commonly accompani$ ) a belief ( ! reality ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$2 b n necess>ily1 s9ce x does n accompany e image1 b ^? only :i* are n att5d$ ) any evid5ce ( deception4 ,:]e only ! image is p]ceiv$ by itself1 ! ?+ is appreh5sible2 :]e x is ackn[l$g$ & approv$ z ! image ( "s real ?+1 ! impression is call$ appreh5sion1 because ! object is appreh5d$ by ! m9d z a body is grasp$ by ! h&4 ,su* appreh5sion1 if x w be> ! exam9ation ( reason1 is k2 if x is n exam9$1 x is m]e op9ion2 if x w n be> ?is exam9ation1 x is misappreh5sion4 ,! s5ses1 correct$ by reason1 give a fai?ful report2 n by af=d+ a p]fect appreh5sion ( ! entire nature ( ?+s1 b by leav+ no room to d\bt ( _! reality4 ,nature has furni%$ u ) ^! appreh5sions1 z ! elem5ts ( k1 :5ce fur!r conceptions are rais$ 9 ! m9d1 & a way is op5$ = ! inve/igations ( reason4 ,"s images are s5sible1 or receiv$ imm$iately ?r\gh ! s5ses2 o!rs rational1 :i* are p]ceiv$ only 9 ! m9d4 ,^! latt] are call$ notions1 or ideas4 ,"s images are probable1 to :i* ! m9d ass5ts )\t hesitation2 o!rs improbable1 to :i* x does n readily ass5t2 & o!rs d\btful1 :]e x is n entirely p]ceiv$1 :e!r !y are true or false4 ,true images are ^? :i* arise f ?+s really exi/+1 & agree ) !m4 ,false images1 or phantasms1 are imm$iately d]iv$ f no real object4 ,images are appreh5d$ by imm$iate p]ception1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z :5 we see a man2 consequ5tially1 by lik5ess1 z :5 f a portrait we appreh5d ! orig9al2 by composition1 z :51 by comp\nd+ a horse & man1 we acquire ! image ( a ,c5taur2 by augm5tation1 z 9 ! image ( a ,cyclops2 or by dim9ution1 z 9 t ( a pigmy4 ,judgm5t is employ$ ei!r 9 det]m9+1 conc]n+ p>ticul> ?+s1 or conc]n+ g5]al propositions4 ,9 judg+ ( ?+s we make use ( "s "o ( our s5ses1 z a common crit]ion or measure ( appreh5sion1 by :i* we judge :e!r a ?+ is1 or is n2 or :e!r or n x exi/s ) c]ta9 prop]ties2 or we apply to ! ?+1 conc]n+ :i* a judgm5t is to be =m$1 "s artificial measure1 z a balance1 a rule1 etc41 or we call 9 o!r peculi> measures to det]m9e ?+s n p]ceptible by ! s5ses4 ,9 judg+ ( g5]al propositions1 we make use ( our pre-conceptions1 or univ]sal pr9ciples1 z crit]ia1 or measures ( judgm5t4 ,! fir/ impressions f ! s5ses produce 9 ! m9d an involunt>y emotion2 b a wise man aft]w>ds delib]ately exam9es !m1 t he may "k :e!r !y be true or false1 & ass5ts to1 or rejects !m1 z ! evid5ce :i* (f]s itself to 8 und]/&+ appe>s suffici5t or insuffici5t4 ,?is ass5t1 or approbation1 w inde$ be z necess>ily giv51 or )held1 accord+ to ! ultimate /ate ( ! pro(s :i* are adduc$1 z ! scales ( a balance w s9k or rise1 accord+ to ! weights :i* are plac$ ^u !m2 b :ile ! vulg> give imm$iate cr$it to ! reports ( ! s5ses1 wise m5 susp5d _! ass5t1 till !y h delib]ately exam9$ ! nature ( ?+s1 & c>efully e/imat$ ! weight ( evid5ce4 ,! m9d ( man is orig9ally l a blank leaf1 :olly )\t *>act]s1 b capable ( receiv+ any4 ,! impressions :i* are made ^u x1 by means ( ! s5ses1 rema9 9 ! memory1 aft] ! objects :i* occasion$ !m are remov$2 a succession ( ^! cont9u$ impressions1 made by simil>1 objects1 produces exp]i5ce2 & h5ce arises p]man5t notions1 op9ions1 & k4 ,ev5 univ]sal pr9ciples are orig9ally =m$ by exp]i5ce f s5sible images4 ,all m5 agree 9 _! common notions or preconceptions2 disputes only arise conc]n+ ! application ( ^! to p>ticul> cases4 ,let u pass on to ! ,/oical doctr9e conc]n+ nature4 ,accord+ to ,z5o & 8 foll[]s1 !re exi/$ f et]nity a d>k & confus$ *aos1 9 :i* 0 conta9$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all future be+s4 ,?is *aos be+ at l5g? arrang$1 & em]g+ into v>iable =ms1 became ! _w1 z x n[ subsi/s4 ,! _w1 or nature1 is t :ole :i* compreh5ds all ?+s1 & ( :i* all ?+ are p>ts & memb]s4 ,! univ]se1 ?\gh "o :ole1 conta9s two pr9ciples1 di/9ct f elem5ts1 "o passive1 ! o!r active4 ,! passive pr9ciple is pure matt] )\t qualities2 ! active pr9ciple is reason1 or ,god4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,/oics conc]n+ nature4444,! ,/oical sy/em tea*es1 t bo? ! active & passive pr9ciples 9 nature are corporeal1 s9ce :atev] acts or suff]s mu/ be s4 ,! effici5t cause1 or ,god1 is pure e!r1 or fire1 inhabit+ ! ext]ior surface ( ! heav5s1 :]e e ?+ :i* is div9e is plac$4 ,?is e!real sub/ance1 ( div9e fire1 compreh5ds all ! vital pr9ciples by :i* individual be+s are necess>ily produc$1 & conta9s ! =ms ( ?+s1 :i* f ! highe/ regions ( ! univ]se1 are diffus$ ?r\gh e o!r "p ( nature4 ,s5eca1 inde$1 calls ,god incorporeal reason2 b by ?is t]m he c only mean to di/+ui% ! div9e e!real sub/ance f gross bodies2 =1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 :atev] has a sub/antial exi/5ce is corporeal2 no?+ is incorporeal1 except t inf9ite vacuum :i* surr\nds ! univ]se2 ev5 m9d & voice are corporeal1 &1 9 l mann]1 ,deity4 ,matt]1 or ! passive pr9ciple1 9 ! ,/oical sy/em1 is de/itute ( all qualities1 b ready to receive any =m1 inactive1 & )\t motion1 unless mov$ by "s ext]nal cause4 ,! con tr>y pr9ciple1 or ! e!real op]ative fire1 be+ active1 & capable ( produc+ all ?+s f matt]1 ) consummate skill1 accord+ to ! =ms :i* x conta9s1 al?\gh 9 its nature corporeal1 consid]$ 9 opposition to gross & sluggi% matt]1 or to ! elem5ts1 is said to be immat]ial & spiritual4 ,= want ( c>efully att5d+ to ! prec$+ di/9ction1 "s writ]s h be5 s f> impos$ ^u1 by ! bold innovations ( ! ,/oics 9 ! use ( t]ms1 z to int] f ! appellations :i* !y sometimes apply to ! ,deity1 t !y conceiv$ him to be /rictly & prop]ly incorporeal4 ,! tru? appe>s to be1 t1 z !y sometimes spoke ( ! s\l ( man1 a portion ( ! ,div9ity1 z an exce$+ly r>e & subtle body1 & sometimes z a w>m or fi]y _s199 s !y spoke ( ! ,deity z corporeal1 consid]$ z di/9ct f ! incorporeal vacuum1 or inf9ite space2 b z spiritual1 consid]$ 9 opposition to gross & inactive matt]4 ,!y taught1 inde$1 t ,god is und]iv$1 incorruptible1 & et]nal1 possess$ ( intellig5ce1 good & p]fect1 ! effici5t cause ( all ! peculi> qualities or =ms ( ?+s2 & ! con/ant pres]v] & gov]nor ( ! _w2 & !y describ$ ! ,deity "u _m noble images1 & 9 ! mo/ elevat$ language4 ,! hymn ( ,clean!s1 9 p>ticul>1 is ju/ly admir$ = ! gr&eur ( its s5tim5ts1 & ! sublimity ( its diction4 ,b if 9 read+ ^! descriptions1 we ha/ily associate ) !m mod]n conceptions ( ,deity1 & neglect to recur to ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! sect1 we %all be l$ into fundam5tal misappreh5sions ( ! true doctr9e ( ,/oicism4 ,= accord+ to ?is sect4 ,god & matt] are alike und]iv$ & et]nal1 & ,god is ! =m] ( ! univ]se 9 no o!r s5se ?an z he has be5 ! necess>y effici5t cause1 by :i* motion & =m h be5 impress$ ^u matt]4 ,:at notions ! ,/oics ent]ta9$ ( ,god suffici5tly appe>s f ! s+le op9ion ( 8 f9ite nature2 an op9ion :i* necess>ily foll[$ f ! notion t he is only a "p ( a sph]ical1 & !re=e a f9ite univ]se4 ,on ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce1 :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief po9ts ^u :i* ! ,/oics disput$ ) ! ,epicureans1 mu* is writt51 & ) great /r5g? & elegance1 by ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & o!r lat] ,/oics4 ,b we are n to judge ( ! g5u9e & orig9al doctr9e ( ?is sect f ! disc\rses ( writ]s :o _h probably corrupt$ _! language on ?is subject1 by visit+ ! ,*ri/ian s*ool4 ,! only way to =m an accurate judgm5t ( _! op9ions conc]n+ ,provid5ce1 is to comp>e _! popul> language ^u ?is head ) _! g5]al sy/em1 & expla9 ! =m] consi/5tly ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! latt]4 ,if ?is be fairly done1 x w appe> t ! ag5cy ( ,deity is1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 no?+ m ?an ! active motion ( a cele/ial e!r1 or fire1 possess$ ( intellig5ce1 :i* at fir/ gave =m to ! %apeless mass ( gross matt]1 & be+ always ess5tially unit$ to ! visible _w by ! same necess>y ag5cy1 pres]ves its ord] & h>mony4 ,! ,/oic idea ( ,provid5ce is1 n t ( a be+1 :olly indep5d5t ( matt]1 freely direct+ & gov]n+ all ?+s1 b t ( a necess>y *a9 ( causes & effects1 aris+ f ! action ( a p[]1 :i* is itself a "p ( ! exi/5ce :i* x regulates1 & :i* equally ) t exi/5ce is subject to ! immutable law ( necessity4 ,provid5ce1 9 ! ,/oic cre$1 is only ano!r "n = absolute necessity1 or fate1 to :i* ,god & matt]1 or ! univ]se1 :i* consi/s ( bo?1 is immutably subject4 ,! rational1 effici5t1 & active pr9ciple 9 nature1 ! ,/oics call$ by v>i\s names3 ,nature1 fate1 ,jupit]1 ,god4 ,:at is nature1 says ,s5eca1 b ,god2 ! div9e reason1 inh]5t 9 ! :ole univ]se1 & 9 all its p>ts8 or y may call him1 if y please1 ! au?or ( all ?+s4 ,& aga93 ,:atev] appellations imply cele/ial p[] & en]gy1 may be ju/ly appli$ to ,god2 8 names may prop]ly be z num]\s z 8 (fices1 ,! t]m nature1 :5 x is at all di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,/oic sy/em f ,god1 d5otes n a sep>ate ag5t1 b t ord] ( ?+s :i* is necess>ily produc$ by 8 p]petual ag5cy4 ,s9ce ! active pr9ciple ( nature is compreh5d$ )9 ! _w1 & ) matt] makes "o :ole1 x necess>ily foll[s t ,god p5etrates1 p]vades1 & animates matt]1 & ! ?+s :i* are =m$ f x2 or1 9 o!r words1 t he is ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,! univ]se is1 accord+ to ,z5o & 8 foll[]s1 a s5ti5t & animat$ be+4 ,nor 0 ?is a new t5et1 b1 9 "s sort1 ! doctr9e ( all antiquity4 ,py?agoras1 ,h]aclitus1 & aft] ^!1 ,z5o1 tak+ x = grant$ t !re is no real exi/5ce :i* is n corporeal1 conceiv$ nature to be "o :ole1 consi/+ ( a subtle e!r & gross matt]1 ! =m] ! active1 ! latt] ! passive pr9ciple1 z ess5tially unit$ z ! s\l & body ( man t is1 !y suppos$ ,god1 ) respect to nature1 to be1 n a co-exi/+1 b an in=m+ pr9ciple4 ,conc]n+ ! second pr9ciple 9 ! univ]se1 matt]1 & conc]n+ ! visible _w1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics is briefly ?is3--,matt] is ! fir/ ess5ce ( all ?+s1 de/itute (1 b capable ( receiv+1 qualities4 ,consid]$ univ]sally1 x is an et]nal :ole1 :i* nei!r increases nor decreases4 ,considre6 ) respect to its p>ts1 x is capable ( increase or dim9ution1 ( collision & sep>ation1 & is p]petually *ang+4 ,bodies are cont9ually t5d+ t[>ds dissolution2 matt] always rema9s ! same4 ,matt] is n inf9ite1 b f9ite1 be+ circumscrib$ by ! limits ( ! _w2 b its p>ts are inf9itely divisible4 ,! _w is sph]ical 9 its =m2 & is surr\nd$ by an inf9ite vacuum4 ,! action ( ! div9e nature ^u matt] fir/ produc$ ! elem5t ( moi/ure1 & !n ! o!r elem5ts1 fire1 air1 & e>?1 ( :i* all bodies are compos$4 ,air & fire h ess5tial levity1 or t5d t[>ds ! ext]ior surface ( ! _w2 e>? & wat] h ess5tial gravity1 or t5d t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,all ! elem5ts are capable ( reciprocal conv]sion2 air pass+ into fire1 or into wat]2 e>? into air & wat]2 b !re is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce among ! elem5ts1 t fire & air h )9 !mselves a pr9ciple ( motion1 :ile wat] & e>? are m]ely passive4444 ,! _w1 includ+ ! :ole ( nature1 ,god & matt]1 subsi/$ f et]nity1 & w = ev] subsi/2 b ! pres5t regul> frame ( nature _h a beg9n+1 & w h an end4 ,! p>ts t5d t[>ds a dissolution1 b ! :ole rema9s immutably ! same4 ,! _w is liable to de/ruction f ! preval5ce ( moi/ure1 or ( dryness2 ! =m] produc+ a univ]sal inundation1 ! latt] a univ]sal conflagration4 ,^! succe$ ea* o!r 9 nature z regul>ly z w9t] & summ]4 ,:5 ! univ]sal inundation takes place1 ! :ole surface ( ! e>? is cov]$ ) wat]1 & all animal life is de/roy$2 aft] :i*1 nature is r5ew$ & subsi/s z be=e1 till ! elem5t ( fire1 becom+ preval5t 9 its turn1 dries up all ! moi/ure1 conv]ts e sub/ance into its own nature1 & at la/1 by a univ]sal conflagration1 r$uces ! _w to its pri/9e /ate4 ,at ?is p]iod1 all mat]ial =ms are lo/ 9 "o *aotic mass3 all animat$ nature is re-unit$ to ! ,deity1 & nature aga9 exi/s 9 its orig9al =m1 z "o :ole1 consi/+ ( ,god & matt]4 ,f ?is *aotic /ate1 h[ev]1 x aga9 em]ges1 by ! en]gy ( ! effici5t pr9ciple1 & gods1 & m51 & all ! =ms ( regulat$ nature1 are r5ew$1 & to be dissolv$ & r5ew$ 9 endless succession4 ,! above is collat$ f ,ritt]1 ,enfield1 & ,lewes1 z a specim5 ( "o ( ! e>li] phases ( ,free?\ght4 ,free?\ght z !n express$ _h _m faults & flaws1 b x has gr[n bett] e day1 ext5d+ & wid5+ its circle ( utt]ance1 & we hope t x w cont9ue to d s4 ,i4 ,,mat!w ,,t9dal4 ,x is easy to m>k ! progress ( ! age by recurr+ to ! hi/ory ( pa/ ,free?9k]s4 ,bi%ops1 e/abli%$ & diss5t+1 are n[ repeat+ ! p>ts ! old ,dei/e play$4 ,!y 7 sadly treat$ = sett+ ! example1 mod]n div9es foll[ ) applause4 ,mat!w ,t9dal 0 an example ( ?is4 ,he labor$ to e/abli% religion on ! f\ndation ( ,reason & ,nature4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t ,*ri/ians w\ld be pleas$ at ef=ts :i* w\ld h no effect b to /r5g!n its f\ndations4 ,! ef=t 0 met by reprobation1 & res5t$ z an injury4 ,x is b a j retaliation t believ]s %\ld n[ h to e/abli% 9 va9 t evid5ce !y once d5\nc$4 ,mat!w ,t9dal 0 an ,engli% ,dei/ical writ]1 :o 0 born at ,be]-,t]res1 9 ,devon%ire1 #afef4--;,8 fa!r1 x appe>s1 0 a cl]gyman1 :o held ! liv+ ( ,be]-,t]res1 pres5t$ to him by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>s4--,"y ,mat!w 0 educat$ at ,ox=d1 :]e at tw5ty-eight he took ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,mat!w ,t9dal1 ,,ll4 ,d41 0 e>ly toss$ ab\t by ! w9ds ( doctr9e4 ,fir/ he embrac$ ,romanism3 aft]w>ds he became a ,prote/ant4 ,!n politics int]e/$ him1 & he engag$ 9 controv]sy on ! side ( ,william ,,iii4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,commission] ( a ,c\rt = ,try+ ,=eign]s4 ,9 #afic he publi%$ an essay on ! ,law ( ,nations ,:5 fifty-f\r1 9 #agaj1 he ent]$ s vigor\sly into !ological controv]sy1 aris+ out ( ,tr9it>ian criticism1 t 8 m>k$ satire l$ to 8 books be+ condemn$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & burnt by ! hangman4 ,he res5t$ ?is indignity by a spirit$ attack on ! dom9ant prie/ly p>ty 9 8 ,high ,*ur* ,cate*ism1 & he also wrote 9 def5ce ( philosophical necessity4 ,b 8 mo/ notable "w 0 ! p]=mance ( 8 old age1 8 ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation3 or1 ! ,gospel1 a ,republication ( ! ,religion ( ,nature4 ,?is 0 produc$ 9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye>4 ,he 0 attack$ 9 ,reply by ,bi%op ,wat]l&4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t 9 po9t ( good _s & good temp] ! ,bi%op 0 f> inf]ior to ! ,dei/4 ,dr4 ,cony]s ,middleton1 says ,?omas ,coop]1 9 8 brief sket* ( ,t9dal1 appe>$ 9 def5ce ( ,t9dal 9 a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,wat]l&1 :om he condemn$ = ! %all[ness ( 8 answ] to ,t9dal1 & boldly & frankly admitt$ t ! ,free?9k] 0 "r 9 ass]t+ t ! ,jews borr[$ "s ( _! c]emonies & cu/oms f ,egypt2 t allegory 01 9 "s cases1 employ$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 :]e common read]s took ! relation = fact2 &1 t ! ,scriptures are n ( absolute & univ]sal inspiration4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ?is ,lett] ( ,dr4 ,cony]s ,middleton1 does honor to 8 "n3--,if religion consi/s 9 depreciat+ moral duties & depress+ natural reason2 if ! duty ( x be to hate & p]secute = a diff]5t way ( ?9k+ :]e ! be/ & wise/ h nev] agre$--!n4 ,i decl>e myself an ,infidel1 & to h no %>e 9 t religion4 ,mat!w ,t9dal di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,coldba? ,fields1 ( ! /one1 #aggc1 ag$ sev5ty-sev54 99 ,rysbra*1 ! fam\s /atu>y1 took a model ( him4 99 ,julian ,hibb]t gives #afef-g3 ,dr4 ,be>d1 #aeef2 ,?omas ,coop]1 #afeg1 z ! ye> ( ,t9dal's bir?4 ,all agree t he di$ #agcc--;he 0 !re=e sev5ty-six or sev5ty-sev5 at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,t9dal op5s 8 great "w ?us3--,! au?or makes no apology = writ+ on a subject ( ! la/ importance2 & :i*1 z f> z ,i c f9d1 has no :]e be5 s fully treat$3 he builds no?+ on a ?+ s unc]ta9 z tradition1 :i* diff]s 9 mo/ c\ntries2 & ( :i*1 9 all c\ntries1 ! bulk ( mank9d are incapable ( judg+2 b ?9ks he has laid d[n su* pla9 & evid5t rules1 z may enable m5 ( ! meane/ capacity1 to di/+ui% betwe5 religion & sup]/ition2 & has repres5t$ ! =m] 9 e "p s beautiful1 s amiable1 & s /rongly affect+1 t !y1 :o 9 ! lea/ reflect1 mu/ be highly 9 love ) x2 & easily p]ceive1 t _! duty & happ9ess are insep>able4 ,! "* ( ! p]=mance w be se5 f a few ( ! propositions he ma9ta9s3-- ,t ,god1 at all times1 has giv5 mank9d suffici5t means ( kn[+ :atev] he requires ( !m4 ,t ! religion ( nature consi/s 9 obs]v+ ^? ?+s1 :i* our reason1 by consid]+ ! nature ( ,god & man1 & ! relation we /& 9 to him1 & "o ano!r1 demon/rates to be our duty2 & t ^? ?+s are pla92 & likewise :at !y are4 ,t ! p]fection & happ9ess ( all rational be+s1 supreme z well z subord9ate1 consi/ 9 liv+ up to ! dictates ( _! nature4 ,t ,god requires no?+ = 8 own sake2 no1 n ! wor%ip we are to r5d] him1 nor ! fai? we are to h 9 him4 ,t ! n adh]+ to ^? notions reason dictates1 conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god1 has be5 ! occasion ( all sup]/ition1 & ^? innum]able mis*iefs1 t mank9d1 on ! acc\nt ( religion1 h done ei!r to !mselves1 or "o ano!r4 ,! bulk ( mank9d1 by _! reason1 mu/ be able to di/+ui% betwe5 religion & sup]/ition2 o!rwise !y c nev] extricate !mselves f t sup]/ition !y *ance to be educat$ 94 ,t9dal deals ) ! "q ( ! obscurity ( ,revelation 9 ^! t]ms1 suffici5tly sali5t to al>m ! v prop] div9es ( t day3-- ,_h ,god1 f "t to "t1 spok5 to all mank9d 9 _! sev]al languages1 & 8 words _h miracul\sly convey$ ! same ideas to all p]sons2 yet he c\ld n speak m pla9ly ?an he has done by ! ?+s !mselves1 & ! relation :i* reason %[s !re is betwe5 !m4 ,nay1 s9ce x is impossible 9 any book1 or books1 t a p>ticul> rule c\ld be giv5 = e case1 we mu/ ev5 !n h _h rec\rse to ! light ( nature to tea* u our duty 9 mo/ cases2 especially consid]+ ! numb]less circum/ances :i* att5d u1 & :i*1 p]petually v>y+1 may make ! same actions1 accord+ z m5 are diff]5tly affect$ by !m1 ei!r good or bad4 ,& ,i may add1 t mo/ ( ! p>ticul> rules laid d[n 9 ! gospel = our direction1 are spok5 aft] su* figurative a mann]1 t except we judge ( _! mean+1 n m]ely by ! lett]1 b by :at ! law ( nature antec$5tly decl>es to be our duty1 !y are apt to lead u wrong4 ,& if precepts relat+ to morality are deliv]$ aft] an obscure mann]1 :5 !y might h be5 deliv]$ o!rwise2 :at reason c y assign1 = its be+ s1 b t inf9ite wisdom meant to ref] u to t law = ! expla9+ !m8 ,suffici5t in/ances ( ?is nature ,i %all give y h]eaft]1 ?\gh ,i mu/ own1 ,i _c c>ry ?is po9t s f> z a le>n$ div9e1 :o repres5ts ! ,scriptures m obscure 7:i* "o w\ld ?9k impossible7 ?an ev5 ! fa!rs4 ,he tells u1 't a c]ta9 au?or 7viz41 ,flaccus ,illyricus7 has furni%$ u ) "o-&-fifty reasons = ! obscurity ( ! ,scriptures2' add+1 ',i ?9k ,i may truly say t ! writ+ ( ! prophets & apo/les ab\nd ) tropes1 & metaphors1 types1 & allegories1 p>ables1 & d>k spee*es2 & are z mu*1 nay1 mu* m un9telligible 9 _m places1 ?an ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts4' ,x is well ?is au?or1 :o talks ( p be+ />k ,bible-mad1 /opp$ "h2 & did n ) a celebrat$ wit 99 cry1 ',! truly illum9at$ books are ! d>ke/ ( all4' ,! writ] above m5tion$ supposes x impossible1 t ,god's w %\ld be fully reveal$ by books2 'except1' says he1 'x might be said p]haps )\t a figure1 t ev5 ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 ! books :i* %\ld be writt54' ,b ) submission to ?is rev]5d p]son1 ,i _c help ?9k+1 b t 7su* is ! div9e goodness7 ,god's w is s cle>ly & fully manife/$ 9 ! ,book ( ,nature1 t he :o runs may read x4 99 ,dean ,swift--,tale ( a ,tub4 ,9 ! next extract we make1 we f9d ,t9dal quot+ two /rik+ passages f ,"l ,%aftesbury1 foll[$ by an acute v9dication ( ! integrity ( ! ,law ( ,nature ov] ! ,scriptures3-- ,_h ! hea!n di/+ui%$ !mselves by cre$s made out ( spite to "o ano!r1 & mutually p]secut$ ea* o!r ab\t ! wor%ip ( _! gods1 !y w\ld soon h made ! numb] ( _! vot>ies z few z ! gods !y wor%ipp$2 b we don't f9d 7except 9 ,egypt1 t "m-l& ( sup]/ition7 t !y ev] qu>rell$ ab\t _! gods2 ?\gh _! gods sometimes qu>rell$1 & f\ght ab\t _! vot>ies4 ,by ! univ]sal lib]ty t 0 all[$ by ! anci5ts1 ',matt]s 7z a noble au?or obs]ves7 7 s balanc$1 t reason _h fair play2 le>n+ & sci5ce fl\ri%$2 wond]ful 0 ! h>mony & temp] :i* arose f ^! contr>ieties4 ,?us sup]/ition & en?usiasm 7 mildly treat$2 & be+ let alone1 !y nev] rag$ to t degree z to occasion blood%$1 w>s1 p]secutions1 & deva/ations2 b a new sort ( policy has made u leap ! b\nds ( natural humanity1 & out ( a sup]natural *>ity1 has taught u ! way ( plagu+ "o ano!r mo/ dev\tly4 ,x has rais$ an antipa?y1 t no temporal int]e/ c\ld ev] d1 & entail$ on u a mutual hatr$ to all et]nity4 ,& savage zeal1 ) meek & pi\s semblance1 works dreadful massacre2 & = heav5's sake 7horrid pret5ce7 makes desolate ! e>?4' ,& fur!r1 ,%aftesbury obs]ves1 ',! ,jupit] ( ,/rang]s1 01 among ! anci5ts1 "o ( ! solemn *>act]s ( div9ity1 ! peculi> attribute ( ! supreme deity2 b5ign to mank9d1 & recomm5d+ univ]sal love1 mutual k9dness1 & b5ignity betwe5 ! remote/ & mo/ unlike ( ! human race4 ,su* 0 ! anci5t hea!n *>ity & pi\s duty t[>ds ! :ole ( mank9d2 bo? ^? ( diff]5t nations & diff]5t wor%ip4 ,b1 good ,god6 h[ diff]5t a "* d bigots give u ( ! ,deity1 mak+ him an unju/1 cruel1 & inconsi/5t ,be+2 requir+ all m5 to judge = !mselves1 & act accord+ to _! consci5ces2 & yet au?oriz+ "s among !m to judge = o!rs1 & to puni% !m = n act+ accord+ to ! consci5ces ( ^? judges1 ?\gh ev] s mu* aga9/ _! own4 ,^! bigots ?\ght !y 7 au?oriz$ to puni% all ^? t diff] ) !m 9 _! religi\s wor%ip1 z ,god's enemies2 b _h !y consid]$ t ,god alone c\ld disc]n m5's he>ts1 & alone discov] :e!r any1 by consci5ti\sly (f]+ him a wrong wor%ip1 c\ld become 8 enemies2 & t inf9ite wisdom be/ knew h[ to proportion ! puni%m5t to ! fault1 z well z inf9ite p[] h[ to inflict x2 !y w\ld1 surely1 h left x to ,god to judge = himself1 9 a cause :i* imm$iately relat$ to himself2 & :]e !y 7 n s mu* z p>ties conc]n$1 & z likely to be mi/ak5 z ^? !y w\ld puni%4 ,c "o1 )\t horror1 ?9k ( m5's break+ ?r\gh all ! rules ( do+ z !y w\ld be done unto1 9 ord] to set !mselves up = /&>ds ( tru? = ,god z well z man8 ,d n ^! impi\s wret*es suppose1 t ,god is n able to judge = himself2 at lea/1 n able to execute 8 own judgm5t8 ,& t1 !re=e1 he has rec\rse1 =soo?1 to _! sup]ior k or p[]2 & !y are to rev5ge 8 injuries1 root out 8 enemies1 & re/ore 8 lo/ honor1 ?\gh ) ! de/ruction ( ! bett] "p ( mank9d8 ,b1 to d ! propagators ( ^! blasphem\s notions ju/ice1 !y d n ?r[ ?is load ( sc&al on ! law ( ,nature1 or s mu* z pret5d f !nce to au?orize _! execrable pr9ciples2 b endeavor to support !m by traditional religion2 especially by mis-int]pret$ texts f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & !reby make1 n only natural & reveal$ religion1 b ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t 7! latt] ( :i* requires do+ good bo? to ,jews & ,g5tiles7 contradict ea* o!r4 ,b to return2 if :at ! light ( ,nature tea*es u conc]n+ ! div9e p]fections1 :5 duly att5d$ to1 is n only suffici5t to h9d] u f fall+ into sup]/ition ( any k9d :atev]2 b1 z ,i h already %[n1 demon/rates :at ,god1 f 8 inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 c1 or _c comm&2 h[ is x possible t ! law ( ,nature & grace c diff]8 ,h[ c x be conceiv$1 t ,god's laws1 :e!r int]nally1 or ext]nally reveal$1 are n at all times ! same1 :5 ! au?or ( !m is1 & has be5 immutably ! same =ev]8' ,! foll[+ passage exhibits ! judici\s mixture ( au?ority & argum5t = :i* our au?or is rem>kable4 ,! quotation is a good illu/ration ( ,t9dal's be/ mann]4 ,he is reply+ to ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>k3-- ,x _c be imput$ to any defect 9 ! light ( nature1 t ! pagan _w ran into idolatry1 b to _! be+ entirely gov]n$ by prie/s1 :o pret5d$ communication ) _! gods1 & to h !nce _! revelations1 :i* !y impos$ on ! cr$ul\s z div9e oracles3 :]eas ! bus9ess ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation 0 to de/roy all ^? traditional revelations2 & re/ore1 free f all idolatry1 ! true primitive1 & natural religion1 implant$ 9 mank9d f ! creation4 ,! ,dr4 7,cl>k7 h[ev]1 seems afraid1 le/ he _h all[$ too mu* to ! light ( nature1 9 relation to ! discov]y ( our duty bo? to ,god & man2 & n left room = revelation to make any addition2 he !re=e supposes1 '!re are "s duties1 :i* nature h9ts at only 9 g5]al4'--,b1 if we _c1 )\t highly reflect+ on ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 suppose t he has n1 at all times1 giv5 ! :ole rational creation a pla9 rule = _! conduct1 9 relation to ^? duties !y owe to ,god1 !mselves1 & "o ano!r2 mu/ we n suppose reason1 & religion 7t rule ( all o!r rules7 insep>able2 s t no rational creature c be ignorant ( x1 :o att5ds to ! dictates ( 8 own m9d2 ,i mean1 z f> z x is necess>y = him to "k x6 ,an ignorant peasant may "k :at is suffici5t = him1 )\t kn[+ z mu* z ! le>n$ rector ( ,/4 ,james's4 ,?\gh ! ,dr4 says1 '! k ( ! law ( nature is1 9 fact1 by no means univ]sal2' yet he ass]ts1 t 'man is pla9ly 9 8 own nature an acc\ntable creature2' :i* supposes t ! light ( nature pla9ly1 & und5iably1 tea*es him t law1 = brea* ( :i* he is naturally acc\ntable2 & did n ! ,dr4 believe ?is law to be univ]sal1 he c\ld n inf] a future judgm5t f ! consci5ce all m5 h ( _! actions1 or ! judgm5t !y pass on !m 9 _! own m9ds :]eby ',!y t h n any law1 are a law unto !mselves2 _! consci5ces be>+ witness1 & _! ?\ghts accus+1 or excus+ "o ano!r2' :i* is suppos+ b "o law1 :e!r t law be writt5 on pap]1 or 9 m5's he>ts only2 & t all m5 by ! judgm5t !y pass on _! own actions1 are consci\s ( ?is law4 ,&1 ! apo/le ,paul1 ?\gh quot$ by ! ,dr41 is s f> f favor+ 8 hypo!sis ( any inv9cible ignorance1 ev5 9 ! wise/ & be/ ( ! philosoph]s1 t he1 by say+1 ,! ,g5tiles1 t h n ! law1 d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law1 makes ! law ( nature & grace to be ! same3 & supposes ! reason :y !y 7 to be puni%$1 0 _! s9n+ aga9/ light & k4 ,t :i* may be kn[n ( ,god 0 manife/ 9 !m1 & :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ him n z ,god4 ,& !y 7 likewise guilty ( abom9able corruptions1 n ignorantly1 b kn[+ ! judgm5t ( ,god1 t !y :o d su* ?+s are wor?y ( dea?4 ,_h ! ,dr4 b consid]$ ?is self-evid5t proposition1 t !re c be no transgression :]e !re is no law2 & t an unkn[n law is ! same z no law2 & consequ5tly1 t all mank9d1 at all times1 mu/ be capable ( kn[+ all 7:e!r m or less7 t ,god requires1 x w\ld h prev5t$ 8 endeavor+ to prove1 t1 till ! gospel disp5sation1 mank9d 7 entirely1 & unavoidably ignorant ( _! duty 9 sev]al important po9ts2 & ?us *>g+ ! light ( nature ) und5iable defects4 ,i ?9k x no complim5t to ext]nal revelation1 ?\gh ! ,dr4 design$ x z ! highe/1 to say1 x prevail$1 :5 ! light ( nature 01 z he supposes1 9 a mann] ext9ct2 s9ce !n an irrational religion might z easily obta91 z a rational "o4 ,! ,dr41 to prove t revelation has suppli$ ! insuffici5cy1 & und5iable defects ( ! light ( nature1 ref]s u to ,phil41 iv41 #a1 :i* he introduces aft] ?is pomp\s mann]3--',let any man ( an hone/ & s9c]e m9d consid]1 :e!r t practical doctr9e has n1 ev5 9 itself1 ! greate/ m>ks ( a div9e orig9al1 :]e9 :atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are hone/1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report1 if !re be any virtue1 x !re be any?+ praisewor?y2 all ^!1 & ^! only1 are e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to man's practice4' ,i w\ld ask ! ,dr41 h[ he c "k :at ^! are1 :i* are ?us alone e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to man's practice2 or1 :y !y h1 9 !mselves1 ! greate/ m>ks ( a div9e orig9al2 b f ! light ( nature8 ,nay1 h[ c ! ,dr4 "k !re are defects 9 ! light ( nature1 b f t light itself8 :i* supposes ?is light is all we h to tru/ to2 & consequ5tly1 all ! ,dr4 has be5 do+1 on pret5ce ( promot+ ! honor ( revelation1 is introduc+ univ]sal scepticism4 ,& ,i am conc]n$1 & griev$1 to see a man1 :o _h s great a %>e ( ! light ( nature1 employ+ x to expose t light1 ( :i* be=e he _h giv5 ! highe/ comm5dation2 & :i* c h no o!r effect1 ?an to weak5 ev5 8 own demon/ration1 drawn f t light1 = ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,i %all m5tion b "o text m1 :i*1 _h n ! ,dr4 ?\ght x highly to 8 purpose1 = %[+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! light ( nature1 he w\ld n h u%]$ x 9 aft] ?is mo/ solemn mann]3--',:5 m5 h put !mselves into ?is temp] & frame ( m9d1 let !m try if !y c any long] reject ! evid5ce ( ! gospel4 ,if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e2 :e!r x be ( ,god4' ,is x n /range1 to see s judici\s a div9e write aft] su* a mann]1 z if he ?\ght ! be/ way to support ! dignity ( revelation1 0 to d]ogate f ! immutable & et]nal law ( nature8 & :ile he is depress+ x1 extol revelation = ^? v ?+s x borr[s f t law8 9 :i*1 ?\gh he ass]ts !re are und5iable defects1 yet he owns t ,god gov]ns all 8 own actions by x1 & expects t all m5 %\ld s gov]n !irs4 ,b1 ,i f9d ! ,dr4's own bro!r1 ! ,dean ( ,sa-rum1 is entirely ( my m9d1 z to ^? texts ! ,dr4 quotes--viz41 ,rom4 ii41 #ad1 & ,phil1 iv41 #h4 ,z to ! fir/--viz41 ,rom4 ii41 #ad1 he says1 ',! apo/le supposes1 t ! moral law is f\nd$ 9 ! nature & reason ( ?+s3 t e man is endu$ ) su* p[]s & faculties ( m9d1 z r5d] him capable ( see+1 & tak+ notice ( ?is law2 & also ) su* a s5se & judgm5t ( ! reasonabl5ess & fitness ( con=m+ 8 actions to x1 t he _c b 9 8 own m9d acquit himself :5 he does s2 & condemn himself :5 he does o!rwise4' ,& z to ! second--viz41 ,phil1 iv41 #h1 :]e ! same apo/le recomm5ds ! practice ( ,virtue1 ^u ! =e-m5tion$ pr9ciples ( comel9ess & reputation4--',^! pr9ciples1' says he1 'if duly att5d$ to1 7 suffici5t to in/ruct m5 9 ! :ole ( _! duty t[>ds !mselves1 & t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,& !y w\ld also h taught !m _! duty t[>ds ,god1 _! ,creator & ,gov]nor1 if !y _h dilig5tly pursu$ !m4 ,= accord+ z ! apo/le expresses x1 ,rom4 i41 #bj1 ! invisible ?+s ( ,god f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead4 ,! same fitness & dec5cy t appe>s 9 m5's regul> behavior t[>ds ea* o!r1 appe>s also 9 _! behavior t[>ds ,god4 ,& ?is1 likewise1 is f\nd$ 9 ! nature & reason ( ?+s2 & is :at ! circum/ances & condition !y are 9 d absolutely require4 ,?us we see !re9 moral virtue1 or good consi/s1 & :at ! obligation to x is f its own native beauty & excell5cy4' ,"o m example ( ,t9dal's /yle w %[ h[ skilfully & cog5tly he =c$1 ! great au?orities ( 8 day to be> ,witness to ! tru? ( 8 lead+ proposition1 ! natural antiquity ( all ! reasonable precepts ( ! ,bible3-- ,! mo/ accurate ,dr4 ,b>r[ gives ?is "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ',t its precepts are no o!r ?an su* z physicians prescribe = ! heal? ( our bodies2 z politicians w\ld all[ to be ne$ful = ! peace ( ! /ate2 z ,epicurean philosoph]s recomm5d = ! tranquillity ( our m9ds1 & pleasures ( our lives2 su* z reason dictates1 & daily %[s conducive to our welf>e 9 all respects2 :i* consequ5tly1 7 !re no law enact+ !m1 we %\ld 9 wisdom *oose to obs]ve1 & volunt>ily impose !m on ourselves2 confess+ !m to be fit matt]s ( law1 & mo/ advantage\s & requisite to ! good1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 ( mank9d4' ,t great & good man ,dr4 ,tillotson says1 ',t all ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity are reasonable & wise1 requir+ su* duties z are suitable to ! light ( nature1 & d approve !mselves to ! be/ reason ( mank9d2 su* z h _! f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ,god1 & are an imitation ( ! div9e excell5cies2 su* z t5d to ! p]fection ( human nature1 & to raise ! m9ds ( m5 to ! highe/ pit* ( goodness & virtue4 ,!y comm& no?+ t is unnecess>y1 !y omit no?+ t may t5d to ! glory ( ,god1 or ! welf>e ( m51 nor d !y re/ra9 u 9 any?+1 b :at is contr>y to ! regul> incl9ations ( nature1 or to our reason1 & true int]e/2 !y =bid u no?+ b :at is base & unwor?y to s]ve our humors & passions1 to make ourselves fools & bea/s4 ,9 a ^w1 no?+ b :at t5ds to our private h>m1 or prejudice1 or to public disord] & confusion4' ,! late ,dean ( ,cant]bury1 9 a s]mon prea*$ 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 says1 99 ',:at c be a m p[]ful inc5tive to ob$i5ce1 ?an = a rational creature cle>ly to disc]n ! equity1 ! necessity1 ! b5efit1 ! dec5cy & beauty ( e action he is call$ to d1 & !nce to be duly s5sible h[ graci\s a ma/] he s]ves2 "o t is s f> f load+ him ) fruitless1 arbitr>y1 & tyrannical impositions1 t ea* comm& ab/ract$ f 8 comm& :o issues x1 is able to recomm5d itself2 & no?+ requir$ b :at e wise man w\ld *oose ( 8 accord3 & _c1 )\t be+ 8 own enemy1 wi% to be exempt$ f8' ,& ?is "* ( ,*ri/ianity he makes to be ess5tial to its be+ f ,god1 & !re=e mu/ make x ! same ) natural religion1 :i* has ?is "* impress$ on x4 ',!re 0 none ( ! doctr9es ( our ,savi\r 7says ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,york7 9999 calculat$ = ! gratification ( m5's idle curiosities1 ! busy+ & amus+ !m ) airy & useless speculations2 mu* less 7 !y int5d$ = an ex]cise ( our cr$ulity1 or a trial h[ f> we c\ld br+ our reason to submit to our fai?2 b z on ! "o h& !y 7 pla9 & simple1 & su* z by _! agreeable-ness to ! rational faculties ( mank9d1 did highly recomm5d !mselves to our belief2 s on ! o!r h& !y _h an imm$iate relation to practice1 & 7 ! g5]al pr9ciples & f\ndation1 on :i* all human & div9e virtues 7 naturally to be sup]/ruct$4' 99 ,boyle's ,lect41 p4 #bf1 9999 ,s]mon be=e ! ,que5 on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #agbd4 ,does n e "o see1 t if ! religion ( nature _h be5 put in/ead ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^! descriptions w\ld h exactly agre$ ) x8 ,! judici\s ,dr4 ,scot affirms1 ',god nev] imposes laws on u pro imp]io1 z arbitr>y te/s & trials ( our ob$i5ce4 ,! great design ( !m 7says he17 is to d u good1 & direct our actions to our own int]e/4 ,?is1 if we firmly believe1 w inf9itely enc\rage our ob$i5ce2 = :5 ,i am sure ,god comm&s me no?+ b :at my own heal?1 ease1 & happ9ess requires2 & t e law ( 8 is bo? a necess>y & sov]eign prescription aga9/ ! diseases ( my nature1 & he c\ld n prescribe less ?an he has1 )\t be+ defective 9 8 c>e ( my recov]y & happ9ess2 ) :at prud5ce & mode/y c ,i grudge to obey him8' ,nay1 ! mo/ consid]ate m51 ev5 among ! ,papi/s1 d n scruple to ma9ta9 !re's no?+ 9 religion b :at is moral4 ,! div9es ( ,port ,royal = in/ance1 say1 ',all ! precepts1 & all ! my/]ies t are express$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways 9 ! holy volumes1 d all c5tre 9 ?is "o comm&m5t ( lov+ ,god ) all our he>t1 & 9 lov+ our neighbors z ourselves3 = ! ,scripture 7x is ,/4 ,au/9 :o says x7 =bids b "o only ?+1 :i* is concupisc5ce1 or ! love ( ! creature2 z x comm&s b "o only ?+1 :i* is *>ity1 & ! love ( ,god4 ,^u ?is d\ble precept is f\nd$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & x is unto ?is1 say !y1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t all ! anci5t law & ! prophets h ref]5ce2 & we may add also1 all ! my/]ies1 & all ! precepts ( ! new law2 = love1 says ,/4 ,paul1 is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4' ,& ^! div9es likewise cite a rem>kable passage ( ,/4 ,au/9 on ?is subject1 viz41 ',he t kn[s h[ to love ,god1 & to regulate 8 life by t love1 kn[s all t ! ,scripture prop\nds to be kn[n4' ,& might add ! au?ority ( a great] man1 & a ,papi/ too1 99 :o says1 ',religion adds no?+ to natural probity1 b ! consolation ( do+ t = love & ob$i5ce to our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :i* reason itself requires u d 9 favor ( virtue4' 99 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambray3 ,lettres sur la ,religion1 p4 #beh1 a ,p>is4 ,t9dal 0 a solid1 r ?an a brilliant writ]3 b he p]fectly knew :at he 0 ab\t2 & ! "w f :i* we quote1 0 well conceiv$ & c>efully execut$4 ,8 gr\nd 0 skilfully *os51 8 argum5ts 7 plac$ on an em95ce :]e 8 fri5ds c\ld see !m1 & :]e 8 enemies c\ld n assail !m4 ,dr4 ,lel&1 9 8 view ( ,dei/ical writ]s1 is q 9 a rage ) him1 because he discr$its ,book ,revelation1 to set up ,nature's ,revelation4 ,8 real (f5ce 01 t he did prove t ,nature 0 ! only s\rce ( tru? & reason--! crit]ion by :i* ev5 ,div9e ,revelation mu/ be judg$4 ,he c>ri$ m5 back to ! gospel ( nature1 by ! side ( :i* ! gospel ( ! ,jewi% fi%]m5 did n %[ to advantage4 ,t9dal did put some?+ 9 ! place ( t :i* he 0 suppos$ desir\s ( remov+4 ,h[ unwill+ ,*ri/ians ( t day 7 to admit ( improvem5t 9 religion1 is %[n by ! numb] ( attacks ,t9dal's "w su/a9$4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,london publi%$ a ,second ,pa/oral ,lett] aga9/ x2 ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet confut$ x2 ,mr4 ,law fully answ]$ x2 ,dr4 ,/ebb+ obviat$ ! pr9cipal objections 9 x4 ,! same le>n$ & judici\s writ]1 obs]ves ,lel&1 a second "t ent]$ ! li/s1 9 answ] to ! f\rte5? *apt] ( a book1 entitl$ ',*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation4' ,mr4 ,balgny issu$ a ,second ,lett] to a ,dei/1 occasion$ by ,t9dal's "w4 ,mr4 ,an?ony ,o',key gave a %ort view ( ! :ole controv]sy4 ,dr4 ,=et]1 ,dr4 ,john ,conybe>e1 p>ticul>ly engag$ public att5tion z ,dr4 ,t9dal's antagoni/s4 ,mr4 ,simon ,br[n produc$ a solid & excell5t answ]2 & ,dr4 ,lel&1 ) _m blu%es1 tells u t he himself issu$ 9 ,dubl91 9 #aggc1 two volumes1 tak+ a wid] compass ?an ! o!r answ]s4 ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation is a "w :i* ,free?9k]s may yet consult ) advantage1 z a rep]tory ( au?orities no long] accessible to ! read]s ( ?is g5]ation4 ,:at ^! au?orities allege w be f\nd to h intr9sic value1 to be inde$ la/+ te/imonies 9 favor ( ,rationalism4 ,9 pass+ 9 review ! noble tru?s1 ,t9dal insi/s t x is impossible n to wond] at ! policy1 or r want ( policy display$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,t9dal is an au?or :om !y might be pr\d (1 if !y 7 really 9 love ) reason4 ,t9dal's oppon5ts h %[n h[ in/9ctively ! *ildr5 ( fai? di/ru/ ! tru?s ( ,nature4 ,aft] all ! refutations1 & confutations & answ]s made to ! great ,dei/1 ,t9-dal's "w has ma9ta9$ its gr\nd1 & ! tru?s he s ably & spirit$ly v9dicat$1 h spread wid] s9ce & tak5 deep] root4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,david ,,hume ,"l ,br\gham has r5d]$ s]vice n only to ,lett]s1 b also to ,free?\ght1 by 8 admirable ,lives1 incomp>ably ! be/ we h1 ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,hume1 ,gibbon1 etc4 ,f ,"l ,br\gham we le>n 7^: life 9 ?is sket* we foll[7 t ,david ,hume1 relat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,hume's family1 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 ,april1 #agaa4 ,refus+ to be made a lawy]1 he 0 s5t1 9 #agcd1 to a m]cantile h\se 9 ,bri/ol4 ,! desk n suit+ ! embryo hi/orian's g5ius1 we f9d him 9 #agcg at ,la ,fl*e1 9 ,anj\1 writ+ 8 /ill-born ,treatise on ,human ,nature2 :i* 9 #agdb1 9 sep>ate ,essays1 attract$ "s notice4 ,keep] & companion to ! ,m>quis ( ,ann&ale 9 #agde1 private secret>y to ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair 9 #agdg1 he visit$ on embassy ! c\rts ( ,vi5na & ,tur94 ,:ile at ,tur9 he complet$ 8 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ! ,treatise on ,human ,nature 9 a new =m4 ,return$ to ,scotl&1 he publi%$ 8 ,political ,disc\rses 9 #ageb1 & ! same ye> 8 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,! ,essays1 ,moral & ,metaphysical1 are ! =m 9 :i* we n[ read ^! speculations4 ,9 #ageb1 ,hume became libr>ian to ! ,faculty ( ,advocates4 ,9 #aged he publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,9 #agee1 appe>$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,9 #agfc he accompani$ ! ,briti% ambassador to ,p>is4 ,9 #agfe he became *>ge d'affaires4 ,9 #agff he 0 appo9t$ ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate "u ,m>%al ,conway4 ,9 #agge he 0 seiz$ ) a mortal disease1 :i* he bore )\t any abatem5t ( 8 *e]fulness2 & on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 le bon ,david1 z he 0 /yl$ 9 ,p>is1 di$1 to use 8 own words1 hav+ no enemies--except all ! ,:igs1 all ! ,tories1 & all ! ,*ri/ians--:i* 0 some?+ to 8 honor1 & a te/imony ( ! usefulness ( 8 life4 ,david ,hume 0 ! fir/ writ] :o gave hi/orical di/9ction to ,great ,brita94 ,"l ,john ,russell rem>k$ 9 a spee* at ,bri/ol1 9 ,octob]1 #ahed3--,we h no o!r ',hi/ory ( ,engl&' ?an ,hume's4444 ,:5 a "y man ( eighte5 asks = a ',hi/ory ( ,engl&1' !re is no res\rce b to give him ,hume4 ,hume 0 ! au?or ( ! mod]n doctr9es ( politics & political economy1 :i* n[ rule ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 ! sagaci\s unfold] ( tru?1 ! accurate & bold discov]] ( popul> error4 ,m ?an a sceptic1 he 0 an ,a!i/4 ,su* is ,"l ,br\gham's judgm5t ( him4 ,hume c>ri$ ,free?\ght into high places4 ,9 orig9ality ( ?\ght1 grace ( /yle1 & logical ability1 he di/anc$ all rival writ]s on religion 9 8 "t1 & :at is ( no small importance1 8 life 0 z blameless z 8 intellect 0 unapproa*able4 ,our fir/ extract f 8 writ+s is a felicit\s /atem5t ( ! pro & con41 on ! que/ions ( polygam\s & s+le1 m>riages3-- ,a man1 9 conjo9+ himself to a woman1 is b\nd to h] accord+ to ! t]ms ( 8 engagem5t4 ,9 begett+ *ildr51 he is b\nd1 by all ! ties ( nature & humanity1 to provide = _! subsi/5ce & education4 ,:5 he has p]=m$ ^! two p>ts ( duty1 no "o c reproa* him ) inju/ice or injury4 ,& z ! t]ms ( 8 engagem5t1 z well z ! me?ods ( subsi/+ 8 (fspr+1 may be v>i\s1 x is m]e sup]/ition to imag9e t m>riage c be entirely uni=m1 & w admit only ( "o mode or =m4 ,did n human laws re/ra9 ! natural lib]ty ( m51 e p>ticul> m>riage w\ld be z diff]5t z contracts or b>ga9s ( any o!r k9d or species4 ,z circum/ances v>y1 & ! laws propose diff]5t advantages1 we f9d1 t 9 diff]5t times & places1 !y impose diff]5t conditions on ?is important contract4 ,9 ,tonqu91 x is usual = ! sailors1 :5 ! %ip comes into ! h>bor1 to m>ry = ! season2 &1 not)/&+ ?is prec>i\s engagem5t1 !y are assur$1 x is said1 ( ! /ricte/ fidelity to _! b$1 z well z 9 ! :ole managem5t ( _! affairs1 f ^? tempor>y sp\ses4 ,i _c1 at pres5t1 recollect my au?orities2 b ,i h some:]e read1 t ! ,republic ( ,a!ns1 hav+ lo/ _m ( its citiz5s by w> & pe/il5ce1 all[$ e man to m>ry two wives1 9 ord] ! soon] to repair ! wa/e :i* _h be5 made by ^! calamities4 ,! poet ,euripides happ5$ to be c\pl$ to two noisy vix5s1 :o s plagu$ him ) _! jeal\sies & qu>rels1 t he became ev] aft] a pr(ess$ woman hat]2 & is ! only !atrical writ]1 p]haps ! only poet1 t ev] ent]ta9$ an av]sion to ! sex4444 ,! advocates = polygamy may recomm5d x z ! only effectual rem$y = ! disord]s ( love1 & ! only exp$i5t = free+ m5 f t slav]y to ! females :i* ! natural viol5ce ( our passions has impos$ ^u u4 ,by ?is means alone c we rega9 our "r ( sov]eignty &1 sat+ our appetite1 re-e/abli% ! au?ority ( reason 9 our m9ds1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 our own au?ority 9 our families4 ,man1 l a weak sov]eign1 be+ unable to support himself aga9/ ! wiles & intrigues ( 8 subjects1 mu/ play "o faction aga9/ ano!r1 & become absolute by ! mutual jeal\sy ( ! females4 ,to divide & to gov]n is an univ]sal maxim2 & by neglect+ x1 ! ,europeans und]go a m griev\s & a m ignom9i\s slav]y ?an ! ,turks or ,p]sians1 :o are subject$ inde$ to a sov]eign t lies at a di/ance f !m1 b 9 _! dome/ic affairs rules ) an uncontrollable sway4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be urg$ ) bett] reason1 t ?is sov]eignty ( ! male is a real usurpation1 & de/roys t ne>ness ( rank1 n to say equality1 :i* nature has e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sexes4 ,we are1 by nature1 _! lov]s1 _! fri5ds1 _! patrons4 ,w\ld we will+ly ex*ange su* ende>+ appellations = ! b>b>\s title ( ma/] & tyrant8 ,9 :at capacity %all we ga9 by ?is inhuman proce$+8 ,z lov]s1 or z husb&s8 ,! lov] is totally annihilat$2 & c\rt%ip1 ! mo/ agreeable sc5e 9 life1 c no long] h place :]e wom5 h n ! free disposal ( !mselves1 b are b\ght & sold l ! meane/ animal4 ,! husb& is z little a ga9]1 hav+ f\nd ! admirable secret ( ext+ui%+ e "p ( love1 except its jeal\sy4 ,no rose )\t its ?orn2 b he mu/ be a fooli% wret* inde$1 t ?r[s away ! rose & pres]ves only ! ?orn4 ,b ! ,asiatic mann]s are z de/ructive to fri5d%ip z to love4 ,jeal\sy excludes m5 f all intimacies & famili>ities ) ea* o!r4 ,no "o d>es br+ 8 fri5d to 8 h\se or table1 le/ he br+ a lov] to 8 num]\s wives4 ,h5ce1 all ov] ! ,ea/1 ea* family is z mu* sep>ate f ano!r z if !y 7 s _m di/9ct k+doms4 ,no wond] !n t ,solomon1 liv+ l an ,ea/]n pr9ce1 ) 8 sev5 hundr$ wives1 & ?ree hundr$ concub9es1 )\t "o fri5d1 c\ld write s pa!tically conc]n+ ! vanity ( ! _w4 ,_h he tri$ ! secret ( "o wife or mi/ress1 a few fri5ds1 & a great _m companions1 he might h f\nd lite some:at m agreeable4 ,de/roy love & fri5d%ip1 :at rema9s 9 ! _w wor? accept+8 ,next we quote 8 fam\s /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple ( utility 9 morals3-- ,!re has be5 a controv]sy />t$ ( late mu* bett] wor? exam9ation1 conc]n+ ! g5]al f\ndation ( morals2 :e!r !y be d]iv$ f reason or f s5tim5t2 :e!r we atta9 ! k ( !m by a *a9 ( argum5t & induction1 or by an imm$iate feel+ & f9] int]nal s5se2 :e!r1 l all s\nd judgm5t ( tru? & falsehood1 !y %\ld be ! "n to e rational intellig5t be+2 or :e!r l ! p]ception ( beauty & de=mity1 !y be f\nd$ entirely on ! p>ticul> fabric & con/itution ( ! human species4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y (t5 affirm t virtue is no?+ b con=mity to reason1 yet1 9 g5]al1 seem to consid] morals z d]iv+ _! exi/5ce f ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our mod]n inquir]s1 ?\gh !y also talk mu* ( ! beauty ( virtue1 &1 de=mity ( vice1 yet h commonly endeavor$ to acc\nt = ^! di/9ctions by metaphysical reason+s1 & by d$uctions f ! mo/ ab/ract pr9ciples ( ! und]/&+4 ,su* confusion reign$ 9 ^! subjects1 t an opposition ( ! greate/ consequ5ce c\ld prevail betwe5 "o sy/em & ano!r1 & ev5 9 ! p>ts ( almo/ ea* individual sy/em3 & yet nobody1 till v lately1 0 ev] s5sible ( x4 ,! elegant ,"l ,%aftesbury1 :o fir/ gave occasion to rem>k ?is di/9ction1 & :o1 9 g5]al1 adh]$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts1 is n1 himself1 entirely free f ! same confusion4444 ,9 all det]m9ations ( morality1 ! circum/ance ( public utility1 is ev] pr9cipally 9 view2 & :]ev] disputes arise1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life1 conc]n+ ! b\nds ( duty1 ! "q _c1 by any means1 be decid$ ) great] c]ta9ty1 ?an by asc]ta9+1 on any side1 ! true int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,if any false op9ion1 embrac$ f appe>ances1 has be5 f\nd to prevail2 z soon z f>!r exp]i5ce & s\nd] reason+ h giv5 u ju/] notions ( human affairs1 we retract our fir/ s5tim5t1 & adju/ anew ! b\nd>ies ( moral good & evil4 ,giv+ alms to common begg>s is naturally prais$2 because x seems to c>ry relief to ! di/ress$ & indig5t2 b :5 we obs]ve ! enc\ragem5t !nce aris+ to idl5ess & debau*]y1 we reg>d t species ( *>ity r z a weakness ?an a virtue4 ,tyrannicide1 or ! assass9ation ( usurp]s & oppressive pr9ces1 0 highly extoll$ 9 anci5t times2 because x bo? fre$ mank9d f _m ( ^! mon/]s1 & seem$ to keep ! o!rs 9 awe :om ! sword or poni>d c\ld n rea*4 ,b hi/ory & exp]i5ce hav+ s9ce conv9c$ u1 t ?is practice increases ! jeal\sy & cruelty ( pr9ces1 a ,timoleon & a ,brutus1 ?\gh treat$ ) indulg5ce on acc\nt ( ! prejudices ( _! times1 are n[ consid]$ z v improp] models = imitation4 ,lib]ality 9 pr9ces is reg>d$ z a m>k ( b5efic5ce4 ,b :5 x occurs1 t ! homely bread ( ! hone/ & indu/ri\s is (t5 !reby conv]t$ into delici\s cakes = ! idle & ! prodigal1 we soon retract our he$less praises4 ,! regrets ( a pr9ce1 = hav+ lo/ a day1 7 noble & g5]\s2 b _h he int5d$ to h sp5t x 9 acts ( g5]osity to 8 gre$y c\rti]s1 x 0 bett] lo/ ?an misemploy$ aft] t mann]4444 ,t ju/ice is useful to society1 & consequ5tly t "p ( its m]it1 at lea/1 mu/ arise f t consid]ation1 x w\ld be a sup]flu\s und]tak+ to prove4 ,t public utility is ! sole orig9 ( ju/ice1 t reflections on ! b5eficial consequ5ces ( ?is virtue are ! sole f\ndation ( its m]it2 ?is proposition be+ m curi\s & important1 w bett] des]ve our exam9ation & inquiry4 ,let u suppose t nature has be/[$ on ! human race su* pr(use abundance ( all ext]nal conv5i5ces1 t1 )\t any unc]ta9ty 9 ! ev5t1 )\t any c>e or indu/ry on our "p1 e individual f9ds himself fully provid$ ) :atev] 8 mo/ voraci\s appetite c want1 or luxuri\s imag9ation wi% or desire4 ,8 natural beauty1 we %all suppose1 surpasses all acquir$ ornam5ts2 ! p]petual clem5cy ( ! seasons r5d]s useless all clo!s or cov]+3 ! raw h]bage af=ds him ! mo/ delici\s f>e2 ! cle> f\nta91 ! ri*e/ bev]age4 ,no labori\s occupation requir$3 no tillage3 no navigation4 ,music1 poetry1 & contemplation1 =m 8 sole bus9ess3 conv]sation1 mir?1 & fri5d%ip 8 sole amusem5t4 ,x seems evid5t1 t1 9 su* a happy /ate1 e o!r social virtue w\ld fl\ri%1 & receive t5fold increase2 b ! cauti\s1 jeal\s virtue ( ju/ice1 w\ld nev] once h be5 dream$ (4 ,= :at purpose make a p>tition ( goods1 :]e e "o has already m ?an en\gh8 ,:y give rise to prop]ty1 :]e !re _c possibly be any injury8 ,:y call ?is object m9e1 :51 ^u seiz+ ( x by ano!r1 ,i ne$ b /ret* out my h& to possess myself ( :at is equally valuable8 ,ju/ice1 9 t case1 be+ totally useless1 w\ld be an idle c]emonial1 & c\ld nev] possibly h place 9 ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,we see1 ev5 9 ! pres5t necessit\s condition ( mank9d1 t1 :]ev] any b5efit is be/[$ by nature 9 an unlimit$ abundance1 we leave x always 9 common among ! :ole human race1 & make no subdivisions ( "r & prop]ty4 ,wat] & air1 ?\gh ! mo/ necess>y ( all objects1 are n *all5g$ z ! prop]ty ( individuals2 nor c any man commit inju/ice by ! mo/ lavi% use & enjoym5t ( ^! bless+s4 ,9 f]tile ext5sive c\ntries1 ) few inhabitants1 l& is reg>d$ on ! same foot+4 ,& no topic is s mu* insi/$ on by ^? :o def5d ! lib]ty ( ! seas1 z ! unexhau/$ use ( !m 9 navigation4 ,7 ! advantages procur$ by navigation z inexhau/ible1 ^! reason]s _h nev] _h any adv]s>ies to refute2 nor _h any claims ev] be5 advanc$ ( a sep>ate1 exclusive dom9ion ov] ! ocean4444 ,suppose a society to fall into su* want ( all common necess>ies1 t ! utmo/ frugality & indu/ry _c pres]ve ! great] numb] f p]i%+1 & ! :ole f extreme mis]y4 ,x w readily1 ,i believe1 be admitt$ t ! /rict laws ( ju/ice are susp5d$ 9 su* a press+ em]g5ce1 & give place to ! /rong] motives ( necessity & self-pres]vation4 ,is x any crime1 aft] a %ipwreck1 to seize :atev] means or in/rum5t ( safety "o c lay hold (1 )\t reg>d to =m] limitations ( prop]ly8 ,or if a city besieg$ 7 p]i%+ ) hung]2 c we imag9e t m5 w see any means ( pres]vation be=e !m1 & lose _! lives f a scrupul\s reg>d to :at1 9 o!r situations1 w\ld be ! rules ( equity & ju/ice8 ,! use & t5d5cy ( t virtue is to procure happ9ess & security1 by pres]v+ ord] 9 society4 ,b :]e ! society is ready to p]i% f extreme necessity1 no great] evil c be dread$ f viol5ce & inju/ice2 & e man may n[ provide = himself by all ! means :i* prud5ce c dictate1 or humanity p]mit4 ,! public1 ev5 9 less urg5t necessities1 op5s gran>ies )\t ! cons5t ( proprietors2 z ju/ly suppos+1 t ! au?ority ( magi/racy may1 consi/5t ) equity1 ext5d s f>4 ,b 7 any numb] ( m5 to assemble1 )\t ! tie ( laws or civil jurisdiction2 w\ld an equal p>tition ( bread 9 a fam9e1 ?\gh effect$ by p[] & ev5 viol5ce1 be reg>d$ z crim9al or injuri\s8 ,suppose1 likewise1 t x %\ld be a virtu\s man's fate to fall into ! society ( ruffians1 remote f ! protection ( laws & gov]nm5t2 :at conduct mu/ he embrace 9 t melan*oly situation8 ,he sees su* a desp]ate rapaci\sness prevail2 su* a disreg>d to equity1 su* contempt ( ord]1 su* /upid bl9dness to future consequ5ces1 z mu/ imm$iately h ! mo/ tragical conclusion1 & mu/ t]m9ate 9 de/ruction to ! great] numb]1 & 9 a total dissolution ( society to ! re/4 ,he1 mean:ile1 c h no o!r exp$i5t ?an to arm himself1 to :omev] ! sword he seizes1 or ! buckl] may belong3 to make provision ( all means ( def5ce & security3 & 8 p>ticul> reg>d to ju/ice be+ no long] ( use to 8 own safety or t ( o!rs1 he mu/ consult ! dictates ( self-pres]vation alone1 )\t conc]n = ^? :o no long] m]it 8 c>e & att5tion4444 ,b p]haps ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ^! effects ( usefulness1 or its contr>y1 has kept philosoph]s f admitt+ !m into _! sy/ems ( e?ics1 & has induc$ !m to employ any o!r pr9ciple1 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( moral good & evil4 ,b x is no j reason = reject+ any pr9ciple1 confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t we _c give a satisfactory acc\nt ( its orig91 nor are able to resolve x into o!r m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,& if we w\ld employ a little ?\ght on ! pres5t subject1 we ne$ be at no loss to acc\nt = ! influ5ce ( utility1 & d$uce x f pr9ciples ! mo/ kn[n & av[$ 9 human nature4444 ,usefulness is agreeable1 & engages our approbation4 ,?is is a matt] ( fact1 confirm$ by daily obs]vation4 ,b useful6 ,= :at8 ,= somebody's int]e/1 surely6 ,^: int]e/ !n8 ,n our own only2 = our approbation frequ5tly ext5ds f>!r4 ,x mu/ !re=e be ! int]e/ ( ^? :o are s]v$ by ! "* or action approv$ (2 & ^!1 we may conclude1 h[ev] remote1 are n totally indiff]5t to u4 ,by op5+ up ?is pr9ciple1 we %all discov] "o great s\rce ( moral di/9ctions4 ,! orig9 & mis*iefs ( ,!i/ic influ5ces is ! subject ( ! foll[+ passage3-- ,x mu/ necess>ily1 inde$1 be all[$1 t 9 ord] to c>ry m5's att5tion beyond ! pres5t c\rse ( ?+s1 or lead !m into any inf]5ce conc]n+ invisible intellig5t p[]1 !y mu/ be actuat$ by "s passion :i* prompts _! ?\ght & reflection1 "s motive :i* urges _! fir/ inquiry4 ,b :at passion %all we "h h rec\rse to1 = expla9+ an effect ( su* mighty consequ5ce8 ,n speculative curiosity1 surely1 or ! pure love ( tru?4 ,t motive is too ref9$ = su* gross appreh5sions2 & w\ld lead m5 into inquiries conc]n+ ! frame ( nature1 a subject too l>ge & compreh5sive = _! n>r[ capacities4 ,no passions1 !re=e1 c be suppos$ to "w ^u su* b>b>ians1 b ! ord9>y affections ( human life2 ! anxi\s conc]n = happ9ess1 ! dread ( future mis]y1 ! t]ror ( dea?1 ! ?ir/ ( rev5ge1 ! appetite = food & o!r necess>ies4 ,agitat$ by hopes & fe>s ( ?is nature1 especially ! latt]1 m5 scrut9ize1 ) a trembl+ curiosity1 ! c\rse ( future causes1 & exam9e ! v>i\s & contr>y ev5ts ( human life4 ,& 9 ?is disord]$ sc5e1 ) eyes /ill m disord]$ & a/oni%$1 !y see ! fir/ obscure traces ( div9ity4444 ,we hang 9 p]petual susp5se betwe5 life & dea?1 heal? & sickness1 pl5ty & want1 :i* are di/ribut$ among/ ! human species by secret & unkn[n causes1 ^: op]ation is (t unexpect$1 & always unacc\ntable4 ,^! unkn[n causes1 !n1 become ! con/ant object ( hope & fe>2 & :ile ! passions are kept 9 p]petual al>m by an anxi\s expectation ( ! ev5ts1 ! imag9ation is equally employ$ 9 =m+ ideas ( ^? p[]s on :i* we h s entire a dep5d5ce4 ,c\ld m5 anatomize nature1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable1 at lea/ ! mo/ intelligible philosophy1 !y w\ld f9d t ^! causes are no?+ b ! p>ticul> fabric & /ructure ( ! m9ute p>ts ( _! own bodies & ( ext]nal objects2 & t by a regul> & con/ant ma*9]y1 all ! ev5ts are produc$1 ab\t :i* !y are s mu* conc]n$4444 ,!re is an univ]sal t5d5cy among mank9d to conceive all be+s l !mselves1 & to transf] to e object ^? qualities ) :i* !y are famili>ly acqua9t$1 & ( :i* !y are intimately consci\s4 ,we f9d human faces 9 ! moon1 armies 9 ! cl\ds2 &1 by a natural prop5sity1 x n correct$ by exp]i5ce & reflection1 ascribe malice or good w to ev]y?+ t hurts or pleases u4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy & beauty ( ! prosopopoia 9 poetry2 :]e trees1 m\nta9s1 & /reams are p]sonifi$1 & ! inanimate p>ts ( nature acquire s5tim5t & passion4 ,& ?\gh ^! poetical figures & expressions ga9 n on ! belief2 !y may s]ve1 at lea/1 to prove a c]ta9 t5d5cy 9 ! imag9ation1 )\t :i* !y c\ld nei!r be beautiful nor natural4 ,nor is a riv]-god or hamadryad always tak5 = a m]e poetical or imag9>y p]sonage1 b may sometimes ent] into ! real cre$ ( ! ignorant vulg>2 :ile ea* grove or field is repres5t$ z possess$ ( a p>ticul> g5ius or invisible p[] :i* inhabits & protects1 x4 ,nay1 philosoph]s _c entirely exempt !mselves f ?is natural frailty2 b h (t ascrib$ to inanimate matt] ! horror ( a vacuum1 sympa?ies1 antipa?ies1 & o!r affections ( human nature4 ,! absurdity is n less1 :ile we ca/ our eyes upw>ds2 &1 transf]r+1 z is too usual1 human passions & infirmities to ! ,deity1 repres5t him z jeal\s & rev5geful1 caprici\s & p>tial1 &1 9 %ort1 a wick$ & fooli% man 9 e respect b 8 sup]ior p[] & au?ority4--,no wond]1 !n1 t mank9d1 be+ plac$ 9 su* an absolute ignorance ( causes1 & be+ at ! same "t s anxi\s conc]n+ _! future =tune1 %\ld imm$iately ackn[l$ge a dep5d5ce on invisible p[]s1 possess$ ( s5tim5t & intellig5ce4 ,! unkn[n causes :i* cont9ually employ _! ?\ght1 appe>+ always 9 ! same aspect1 are all appreh5d$ to be ( ! same k9d or species4 ,nor is x long be=e we ascribe to !m ?\ght1 & reason1 & passion1 & sometimes ev5 ! limbs & figures ( m51 9 ord] to br+ !m ne>] to a resemblance ) ourselves4444 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! pr9ciples ( religion h a k9d ( flux & reflux 9 ! human m9d1 & t m5 h a natural t5d5cy to rise f idolatry to ,!ism1 & to s9k aga9 f ,!ism into idolatry4 ,! vulg>--t is1 inde$1 all mank9d1 a few except$--be+ ignorant & un9/ruct$1 nev] elevate _! contemplation to ! heav5s1 or p5etrate by _! disquisitions into ! secret /ructure ( vegetable or animal bodies2 s f> z1 to discov] a ,supreme ,m9d or ,orig9al ,provid5ce1 :i* be/[$ ord] on e "p ( nature4 ,!y consid] ^! admirable works 9 a m conf9$ & selfi% view2 & f9d+ _! own happ9ess & mis]y to dep5d on ! secret influ5ce1 & un=ese5 concurr5ce ( ext]nal objects1 !y reg>d1 ) p]petual att5tion1 ! unkn[n causes :i* gov]n all ^! natural ev5ts1 & di/ribute pleasure & pa91 good & ill1 by _! p[]ful b sil5t op]ation4 ,! unkn[n causes are /ill appeal$ to on e em]g5cy2 & 9 ?is g5]al appe>ance or confus$ image1 are ! p]petual objects ( human hopes & fe>s1 wi%es & appreh5sions4 ,by degrees1 ! active imag9ation ( m51 uneasy 9 ?is ab/ract conception ( objects1 ab\t :i* x is incessantly employ$1 beg9s to r5d] !m m p>ticul>1 & to clo! !m 9 %apes m suitable to its natural compreh5sion4 ,x repres5ts !m to be s5sible1 intellig5t be+s l mank9d2 actuat$ by love & hatr$1 & flexible by gifts & entreaties1 by pray]s & sacrifices4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( religion3 & h5ce ! orig9 ( idolatry or poly!ism4 ,m has be5 writt5 by !ologians 9 endeavors to refute ! foll[+ passage1 ?an has ev] be5 call$ =? by ! wit ( man be=e by ! same numb] ( words3-- ,a miracle is a violation ( ! laws ( nature2 & z a firm & unalt]able exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ ^! laws1 ! pro( aga9/ a miracle1 f ! v nature ( ! fact1 is z entire z any argum5t f exp]i5ce c possibly be imag9$4 ,:y is x m ?an probable t all m5 mu/ die2 t lead _c1 ( itself1 rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air2 t fire consumes wood1 & is ext+ui%$ by wat]2 unless x be t ^! ev5ts are f\nd agreeable to ! laws ( nature1 & !re is requir$ a violation ( ^! laws1 or1 9 o!r words1 a miracle to prev5t !m8 ,no?+ is e/eem$ a miracle1 if x ev] happ5 9 ! common c\rse ( nature4 ,x is no miracle t a man1 seem+ly 9 good heal?1 %\ld die on a sudd52 because su* a k9d ( dea?1 ?\gh m unusual ?an any o!r1 has yet be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ to happ54 ,b x is a miracle t a dead man %\ld come to life2 because t has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be an uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t1 o!rwise ! ev5t w\ld n m]it t appellation4 ,& z an uni=m exp]i5ce am\nts to a pro(1 !re is "h a direct & full pro(1 f ! nature ( ! fact1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any miracle2 nor c su* a pro( be de/roy$1 or ! miracle r5d]$ cr$ible1 b by an opposite pro( :i* is sup]ior4 ,! pla9 consequ5ce is 7& x is a g5]al maxim wor?y ( our att5tion17 ',t no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle1 unless ! te/imony be ( su* a k9d t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact :i* x endeavors to e/abli%4 ,& ev5 9 t case !re is a mutual de/ruction ( argum5ts1 & ! sup]ior only gives u an assurance suitable to t degree ( =ce :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ ! inf]ior4' ,:5 any "o tells me t he saw a dead man re/or$ to life1 ,i imm$iately consid] ) myself :e!r x be m probable t ?is p]son %\ld ei!r deceive or be deceiv$1 or t ! fact :i* he relates %\ld really h happ5$4 ,i weigh ! "o miracle aga9/ ! o!r2 & accord+ to ! sup]iority :i* ,i discov]1 ,i pron\nce my decision1 & always reject ! great] miracle4 ,if ! falsehood ( 8 te/imony w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! ev5t :i* he relates2 !n1 & n till !n1 c he pret5d to comm& my belief or op9ion4444 ,!re is n to be f\nd1 9 all hi/ory1 any miracle atte/$ by a suffici5t numb] ( m51 ( su* unque/ion$ good s5se1 education1 & le>n+1 z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9 !mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity1 z to place !m beyond all suspicion ( any design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it & reputation 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 z to h a great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+ detect$ 9 any falsehood2 & at ! same "t atte/+ facts1 p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann]1 & 9 s celebrat$ a "p ( ! _w1 z to r5d] ! detection unavoidable2 all :i* circum/ances are requisite to give u a full assurance ( ! te/imony ( m54444 ,"o ( ! be/ atte/$ miracles 9 all pr(ane hi/ory1 is t :i* ,tacitus reports ( ,vespasian1 :o cur$ a bl9d man 9 ,alex&ria by means ( 8 spittle1 & a lame man by ! m]e t\* ( 8 foot2 9 ob$i5ce to a vision ( ! god ,s]aphis1 :o _h enjo9$ !m to h rec\rse to ! emp]or = ^! miracul\s cures4 ,! /ory may be se5 9 t f9e hi/orian2 :]e e circum/ance seems to add weight to ! te/imony1 & might be display$ at l>ge ) all ! =ce ( argum5t & eloqu5ce1 if any "o 7 n[ conc]n$ to en=ce ! evid5ce ( t explod$ & idolatr\s sup]/ition4 ,! gravity1 solidity1 age1 & probity ( s great an emp]or1 :o ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 conv]s$ 9 a famili> mann]1 ) 8 fri5ds & c\rti]s1 & nev] affect$ ^? extraord9>y airs ( div9ity assum$ by ,alex&] & ,demetrius4 ,! hi/orian1 a contempor>y writ]1 not$ = c&or & v]acity1 &1 )al1 ! greate/ & mo/1 p5etrat+ g5ius1 p]haps ( all antiquity2 & s free f any t5d5cy to cr$ulity1 t he ev5 lies "u ! contr>y imputation ( ,a!ism & pr(an5ess4 ,! p]sons1 f ^: au?ority he relat$ ! miracle ( e/abli%$ "* = judgm5t & v]acity1 z we may-well presume2 eye-witnesses ( ! fact1 & confirm+ _! te/imony1 aft] ! ,flavian family 0 despoil$ ( ! empire1 & c\ld no long] give any rew>d z ! price ( a lie4 ,utrumque1 qui int]fu]e1 nunc quoque memorant1 po/quam nullum m5dacio pretium4 ,to :i*1 if we add ! public nature ( ! facts1 z relat$1 x w appe> t no evid5ce c well be suppos$ /rong] = s gross & s palpable a falsehood4 ,^! extracts w give "s idea ( ! grace1 & p[]1 & p5etration ( ,hume4 ,! society he kept1 ! abilities ) :i* he 0 ju/ly cr$it$1 ! reputation 8 works des]v$ly won = him1 made him a man ( m>k & influ5ce 9 8 day4 ,read by ! le>n$1 c\rt$ by /atesm51 he taught g5tlem5 lib]ality1 & gov]nm5ts tol]ation4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hume1 sil5t & inappreciable to ! multitude1 has be5 ( ! utmo/ importance to ! nation4 ,8 works h be5 /udi$ by philosoph]s1 politicians1 & prelates4 ,! writ+s ( no ,free?9k]1 except ,voltaire1 h ma9ta9$ _! gr\nd ) cont9ually increas+ reputation4 ,oddly en\gh1 none ( ,hume's works 7 popul> :5 !y fir/ appe>$4 ,9 fact1 8 ,treatise on ,human ,nature he _h to repr9t 9 ! =m ( ,essays1 five ye>s aft] its fir/ publication4 ,x !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 began to be b\ght2 b n to any great ext5t4 ,five ye>s lat]1 he aga9 made x re-appe>1 "u ! =m ( an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,x 0 n until ?is ?ird publication t he began to p]ceive symptoms ( its com+ into notice4 ,! _w has s9ce made up = its neglig5ce1 by p]petual comm5t & solid appreciation4 ,a k+ among ?9k]s1 ! cl]gy h 9 ! prov9ces ( politics & philosophical speculation to ackn[l$ge allegiance to him1 h[ev] !y may rebel aga9/ 8 !ological h]esies4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,burnet ,x 0 only a v n>r[ accid5t :i* prev5t$ ,dr4 ,burnet1 an ultra ,free?9k] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 f becom+ ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury at ! dea? ( ,tillotson4 ,a comb9ation ( cl]gym5 7 prep>$ to immolate !mselves provid+ ,burnet c\ld be ov]?r[n4 ,!y succe$$4 ,?omas ,burnet kept ! ,*>t] ,h\se1 9 ,london1 & 8 consci5ce--happi]1 p]haps1 9 ?is ?an if he _h enjoy$ ! ecclesia/ical pref]m5t :i* ,k+ ,william seem$ s anxi\s to give him4 ,among/ ! cl]gy1 ,dr4 ,burnet 01 ) ! s+le exception ( ,dean ,swift1 ! greate/ ,free?9k] ( :om we c boa/1 :o held an influ5tial position 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is position is sometimes claim$ = ,bi%op ,b]keley1 a man ( va/ tal5ts1 a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 al?\gh an innovator 9 philosophy4 ,?omas ,burnet 0 born 9 ! ye> #afce4 ,at ! age ( =ty-five1 he publi%$ ! "w1 9 ,lat91 ) :i* 8 "n is g5]ally associat$1 ,! ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?3 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ,orig9al ( ! ,e>?1 & ( all ! g5]al *anges :i* x has already und]gone1 or is to und]go1 till ! consummation ( all ,?+s4 ,?is book gives u an idea1 =m$ by its au?or1 ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & is rem>kable z "o ( ! fir/ gr& prophecies ( geology2 al?\gh ( little value to u1 x produc$ an impression ^u ! age by depict+ ! v>i\s /rata ( ! m\nta9\s regions1 & comp>+ !m 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 elim9at+ ideas ( ! nature ( ! va/ *anges we see 9 ! univ]se1 trac+ ! rise ( mo/ ( ! ph5om5a f ! two elem5ts1 fire & wat]4 ,burnet ?\ght t at "o "t ! :ole ( matt] 0 9 a fluid /ate1 revolv+ r\nd a c5tral sun1 until ! heavi] p>ticles sunk into ! middle1 & =m$ ! /ony /rata :i* supports ! e>?1 ov] :i* ! light] liquids coalesc$ until ! heat ( ! sun effectually sep>at$ wat] f l&4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( a s*eme :i* is elaborat$ 9 a poetic /yle1 ab\nd+ 9 eloqu5t descriptions2 9 fact x is a philosophic prose poem ( almo/ unalloy$ beauty4 ,9 x !re is "s resemblance to ! measur$ s5t5ces ( ,%aftesbury1 al?\gh unequal to t f9e writ] 9 s\ndness ( judgm5t or practical usefulness4 ,9 #afia an ,engli% translation 0 publi%$4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ "w to u ( ,burnet's 7also writt5 9 ,lat97 is ,ar*ologia ,philosophical or1 an acc\nt ( ! ,op9ion ( ! ,anci5ts on v>i\s ,philosophical ,problems4 ,?is "w creat$ great opposition by its free rem>ks on ! ,mosaic disp5sation1 al?\gh ! writ] 9 ?is1 z 9 ! case ( 8 po/hum\s works1 /rongly prote/$ aga9/ _! be+ translat$ into ! ,engli% language1 z he 0 ju/ly afraid ( _! influ5ce on ! m9ds ( ! laity1 & f 8 high (ficial /ation1 ) ! influ5ce 8 va/ le>n+ & 8 connection ) ,tillotson1 & ! ,c\rt gave him1 he 01 no d\bt1 appreh5sive t ! really religi\s *ampions ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& w\ld d5\nce him :5 expos$ to ! temptation ( ,high ,*ur* pref]m5t4 ,fragm5ts ( ^? works 7 translat$ by ! cl]gy to prove to ! unle>n$ :at a dang]\s "* ,?omas ,burnet 04 ,*>les ,bl\nt1 writ+ to ,gildon1 says1 ,i h1 accord+ to my promise1 s5t y h]e) ! sev5? & eigh? *apt]s1 z also ! app5dix1 ( ! great & le>n$ ,dr4 ,burnet's book1 publi%$ ?is w9t] 9 ,lat91 & by him d$icat$ to our mo/ graci\s ,sov]eign1 ,k+ ,william44444 ,z = ! piece itself1 ,i ?9k x is "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ,i h ev] read1 & full ( ! mo/ acute z well z le>n$ obs]vations4 ,nor c ,i f9d any?+ wor?y an objection aga9/ him1 z "s ( ! c5sori\s "p ( ! _w pret5d2 :o w\ld h y believe x a m]e burlesque ^u ,moses1 & de/ructive to ! notion ( orig9al s91 :]e=e by consequ5ce 7say !y7 !re c\ld be no necessity ( a ,r$emption1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k no necess>y consequ5ce2 b1 = my "p1 ei!r ! great v5]ation ,i h = ! doctor's extraord9>y end[m5ts1 or else my own ignorance1 has s f> brib$ me to 8 int]e/s t ,i c1 by no means1 all[ ( any ( ^? unju/ reflections ! :olesale m]*ants ( cr$ulity1 z well z _! un?9k+ retail]s1 make aga9/ him4 ,x is true1 9 ! sev5? *apt] he seems to prove t _m p>ts ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! creation appe> inconsi/5t ) reason1 & 9 ! eigh? *apt] ! same appe>s no less inconsi/5t ) philosophy2 :]e=e he concludes 7z _m fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* h done be=e him7 t ! :ole r seems to h be5 b a pi\s allegory4 ,dr4 ,burnet took ! mean+ ( mu* ( ! ,bible to be b a pi\s allegory1 &1 z su*1 he /rove to popul>ize x ) ! cl]gy4 ,we d n believe t he int5d$ to enlight5 any b ! cl]gy4 ,he =esaw ! flood ( fi]ce democracy1 &1 l o!r able m5 ) ve/$ rights 9 ! ignorance ( ! p1 he /rove to temporize1 to put (f /ill fur!r ! day ( ,*ri/ianity's d[nfall4 ,we place him 9 ?is biographical ni*e n because he da%$ into ! fray1 l bold ,hobbes or *ivalr\s ,wool/on1 & took "p 9 ! battle ( prie/craft because he ?\ght x 0 "r1 b r because he 0 a ,free?9k] 9 disguise1 long+ = ,episcopal honors2 yet1 by "o false /ep 7! publi%+ ( ,ar*ologia1 7 lo/ an ar*bi%opric1 & gave ! au?ority ( a great "n to /ruggl+ op9ion4 ,8 accession to our ranks 0 a brilliant accid5t4 ,he di$1 at ! age ( eighty ye>s1 9 #agae4 ,aft] 8 demise1 two works 7 translat$ 7& publi%$17 bo? expressive ( 8 lib]al views4 ,! fir/1 ,on ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,duties1 ?r[+ ov]bo>d ! :ole ( ! speculative t5ets ( ! ,bible1 & giv+ practical effect to ! morals taught 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t /riv+ to refute1 or ev5 app>5tly to disbelieve1 _! au?ority1 b advis+ ! cl]gy to treat !m z a dead lett]4 ,! o!r po/hum\s treatise 01 ,on ! ,/ate ( ! ,dead & ! ,reviv+1 :i* %ad[s =? a s*eme ( ,deism1 inasmu* z ,burnet "h flatly contradicts ! usual ideas ( hell torm5ts or hell fire1 :ile ass]t+ ! necessity ( ^? :o h n be5 z good 9 ?is life z !y ought to be und]go+ a probation>y purification be=e !y atta9$ supreme happ9ess1 yet1 ev5tually1 e human be+ w\ld inhabit a heav5ly elysium1 :]e p]5nial pleasure w\ld reign1 & sorr[ be =ev] unkn[n4 ,^? s5tim5ts indicate a high degree ( lib]al culture1 al?\gh !y d n suffici5tly embody our ideal ( "o ( ! great ,free?9k]s ( ! pa/4 ,we %\ld h pref]r$ ,burnet if he _h sy/ematically oppos$ ! ,*ur* z ,tol& or ,t9dal1 or if he _h boldly ent]$ ! brea* l ,william ,:i/on1 ^: s+ul> tal5ts & fai?ful hone/y sep>at$ him alike f ! ,*ur*1 ,diss5t1 & ,deism1 & left him %ipwreck$ on ! _w an able yet a vision>y re=m]4 ,) m ability ?an ,*ubb1 he resembl$ him 9 8 weak policy2 he *ose to cut 8 sne]s 9 slices1 & s]v$ !m up = a s*ol>ly p>ty r ?an haz>d ! indignation ( ! ignorant among/ ! cl]gy4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t al?\gh ,?omas ,burnet 0 defici5t 9 _m po9ts :]e he might h done effective s]vice1 yet we honor him = ! boldness ) :i* he fac$ ! s*ol>s ) 8 ,lat9 works4 ,he ?rew an apple ( discord among/ _! ranks :i* has s]v$1 9 a con/antly increas+ mann]1 to divide & di/ract _! att5tion4 ,! result has be5 a con/ant int]nec9e w> 9 ! ,*ur*1 by :i* ,free?\ght has l>gely pr(it$4 ,we conclude our sket* ( ,dr4 ,burnet by quot+ "s extracts f ! sev5? *apt] ( ! ,ar*ologia ,philosophica1 z translat$ by ,*>les ,bl\nt 9 ! ,oracles ( ,reason1 conc]n+ ,moses's description ( ,p>adise & ! orig9al ( ?+s3-- ,we h 7says ,burnet7 hi!rto made our inquiries into ! orig9als ( ?+s1 z well z aft] a true k ( ,p>adise among/ ! anci5ts2 yet /ill ) ref]5ce to sacr$ writ1 :]e x gave u any mann] ( light on ! subject1 b ?9k x altoge!r unnecess>y to def9e ! place or situation ( ,p>adise1 s9ce 9 respect to ! !ory ( ! e>?1 x is mu* ! same ?+ :]e y place x1 provid+ x be n on our mod]n e>?4 ,n[1 if y inquire among ! anci5t fa!rs :]e ! situation ( x 01 ei!r !y w h x to be none at all1 or else obscure & remote f our und]/&+2 "s ( !m1 inde$1 t]m x an intelligible ,p>adise1 b conf9$ to no "o p>ticul> place2 :il/ o!rs1 at ! same "t make x a s5sible "o1 & "h x is !y fir/ divid$ ab\t x1 etc4444 ,n[1 ! hi/ory ( ,p>adise1 accord+ to ,moses1 is ?is3--,:5 ,god _h1 9 six days1 f9i%$ ! creation ( ! _w1 ! sev5? day he re/$ f all mann] ( "w4 ,& "h ,moses relates p>ticul>ly ea* day's op]ations3 b = ! /ory ( mank9d1 z well male z female1 ( :i* he makes a p>ticul> treatise by himself4 ,:]e=e1 omitt+ ! re/ at pres5t1 let u consid] ! ,mosaic doctr9e ^u ^? ?ree subjects1 viz41 ,adam1 ,eve1 & ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 toge!r ) ^? ?+s :i* are int]wov5 )9 !m4 ,z to ! fir/ man1 ,adam1 ,moses says he 0 =m$ n out ( /ones or dragon's tee?1 z o!r ,cosmi/s h feign$ conc]n+ _! m51 b out ( ! du/ or clay ( ! e>?1 & :5 8 body 0 =m$1 ',god blew into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & man 0 made a liv+ s\l4' ,b aft] ano!r mann]1 & ( ano!r matt]1 0 ! woman built--viz41 ) "o ( ,adam's small bones1 = z ,adam lay asleep1 ,god took away "o ( 8 ribs1 & out ( t made ,eve4 ,s mu* = ! =m+ ( ! fir/ man & woman by ! lit]al text4 ,moses has likewise giv5 u a l>ge acc\nt ( _! fir/ habitation4 ,he says t ,god made !m 9 a c]ta9 fam\s g>d5 9 ! ,ea/1 & gave x to !m z a f>m to cultivate & to inhabit1 :i* g>d5 0 a mo/ delightful place1 wat]$ ) f\r sev]al f\nta9s or riv]s1 plant$ ) trees ( e k9d4444 ,among/ ! trees1 9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d51 /ood two m rem>kable ?an ! re/2 "o 0 call$ ! tree ( life1 ! o!r ! tree ( dea?1 or ( ! k ( good & evil4444 ,god1 ^u pa9 ( dea?1 prohibits ,adam & ,eve f ta/+ ! fruit ( ?is tree2 b x happ5$ t ,eve sitt+ solit>y "u ?is tree1 )\t h] husb&1 !re came to h] a s]p5t or add]1 :i* 7?\gh ,i "k n by :at means or p[]7 civilly acco/$ ! woman 7if we may judge ( ! ?+ by ! ev5t7 9 ^! words1 or to ?is purpose3-- 99 99 ,we extract ?is portion n = its m]its ( buffoon]y1 b to %[ ! real /ate ( m9d :i* c\ld actuate a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 writ+ x1 z ! eigh? *apt] is by f> ! mo/ philosophical1 b we wi% to %[ ,burnet's real s5tim5ts4 ,s]p5t4--,all hail1 mo/ fair "o1 :at are y do+ s solit>y & s]i\s "u ?is %ade8 ,eve4--,i am contemplat+ ! beauty ( ?is tree4 ,s]p4--',tis truly an agreeable sight1 b mu* pleasant] are ! fruits !re(4 ,h y ta/$ !m1 my lady8 ,eve4--,i h n1 because ,god has =bidd5 u to eat ( ?is tree4 ,s]p4--,:at d ,i he>6 ,:at is t ,god t envies 8 creatures ! innoc5t delights ( nature8 ,no?+ is sweet]1 no?+ m :olesome ?an ?is fruit3 :y1 !n1 %\ld he =bid x1 unless 9 je/8 ,eve4--,b he has =bid x u on pa9 ( dea?4 ,s]p4--,und\bt$ly y mi/ake 8 mean+4 ,?is tree has no?+ t w\ld prove fatal to y1 b r some?+ div9e1 & above ! common ord] ( nature4 ,eve4--,i c give y no answ]2 b w g to my husb&1 & !n d z he ?9ks fit4 ,s]p4--,:y %\ld y tr\ble y\r husb& ov] su* a trifle6 ,use y\r own judgm5t4 ,eve4--,let me see--_h ,i be/ use x or n8 ,:at 'c be m beautiful ?an ?is apple8 ,h[ sweetly x smells6 ,b x may be x ta/es ill4 ,s]p4--,believe me1 x is a bit wor?y to be eat5 by ! angels !mselves2 d b try1 & if x ta/es ill1 ?r[ x away4 ,eve4--,well1 ,i'll try4 ,x has1 inde$1 a mo/ agreeable flavor4 ,give me ano!r t ,i may c>ry x to my husb&4 ,s]p4--,v well ?\ght on2 "h's ano!r = y3 g to y\r husb& ) x4 ,f>ewell1 happy "y woman4 ,9 ! meantime ,i'll g my ways2 let h] take c>e ( ! re/4 ,accord+ly1 ,eve gave ! apple to ! too uxori\s ,adam1 :5 imm$iately aft] _! eat+ ( x1 !y became bo? 7,i don't "k h[7 a%am$ ( _! nak$ness1 & sew+ fig leaves toge!r1 mak+ !mselves a sort ( aprons1 etc4 ,aft] ^! transactions1 ,god1 9 ! ev5+1 desc5d$ into ! g>d51 ^u :i* our fir/ p>5ts fl$ to hide !mselves 9 ! ?icke/ ( ! trees1 b 9 va91 = ,god call$ out1 ',adam1 :]e art ?\8' ,:5 he1 trembl+1 appe>$ be=e ,god ,almighty1 & said1 ,"l1 :5 ,i he>d !e 9 ?is g>d51 ,i 0 a%am$ because ( my nak$ness1 & hid myself among/ ! mo/ %ady p>ts ( ! ?icket4 ,:o told !e1 says ,god1 t ?\ wa/ nak$8 ,h y eat5 ( ! =bidd5 fruit8 ,t woman ?\ gave/ me br\ght x2 'twas %e t made me eat ( x4 ,y h1 says ,god1 f9ely ord]$ y\r bus9ess1 y & y\r wife4 ,"h1 y woman1 :at is ?is t y h done8 ,alas6 = me1 says ,adam1 ?y s]p5t gave me ! apple1 & ,i did eat ( x4 ,?is apple %all co/ y de>1 repli$ ,god1 & n only y1 b y\r po/]ity1 & ! :ole race ( mank9d4 ,moreov]1 = ?is crime1 ,i w curse & spoil ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 & ! :ole fabric ( nature4 ,b ?\1 9 ! fir/ place1 vile bea/1 %all be> ! puni%m5t ( ?y craft9ess & malice4 ,h]eaft] %all ?\ g creep+ on ?y belly1 & in/ead ( eat+ apples1 %all lick ! du/ ( ! e>?4 ,z = y1 ,mrs4 ,curi\s1 :o s mu* love delicacies1 9 sorr[-%all y br+ =? y\r *ildr54 ,y %all be subject to y\r husb&1 & %all nev] dep>t f 8 side unless hav+ fir/ obta9$ leave4 ,la/ly1 z = y1 ,adam1 because y h he>k5$ m to y\r wife ?an to me1 ) ! sweat ( y\r br[ %all y obta9 bo? food = h] & h] *ildr54 ,y %all n ga!r fruits :i*1 z h]et(ore1 grew ( !mselves1 b %all reap ! fruits ( ! e>? ) labor & tr\ble4 ,may ! e>? be1 = ?y sake1 accurs$--h]eaft] gr[ b>r54 ,may %e produce ?i/les1 ?orns1 t>es1 ) o!r hurtful & unpr(itable h]bs1 & :5 ?\ ha/ "h l$ a tr\blesome1 labori\s life1 du/ ?\ art1 to du/ %alt ?\ return444444 ,great is ! =ce ( cu/om & a preconceiv$ op9ion ov] human m9ds4 ,:]e=e1 ^! %ort obs]vations ( ! fir/ orig9als ( m5 or ?+s1 :i* we receive f ,moses1 are embrac$ )\t ! lea/ exam9ation ( !m4 ,b _h we read ! same doctr9e 9 a ,greek philosoph]1 or 9 a ,rabb9ical or ,mahometan doctor1 we %\ld h /opp$ at e s5t5ce ) our m9d full ( objections & scruples4 ,n[1 ?is diff]5ce does n arise f ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 b f ! great op9ion we h ( ! au?ority ( ! writ] 'z be+ div9ely inspir$4' ,! au?or "h def9es 8 ideas 9 ref]5ce to fabul\s writ+s1 aft] :i* he proce$s 9 8 inquiry4 ',b out ( :at matt] ! fir/ ( mank9d1 :e!r1 male or female1 0 compos$1 is n s easily kn[n4 ,if ,god _h a m9d to make a woman />t f "o ( ,adam's ribs1 x is true x seems to be a matt] n v prop]2 b1 h[ev]1 out ( wood1 /one1 or any o!r be+ ,god c make a woman2 & "h1 by ! bye1 ! curi\s ask :e!r ?is rib 0 useless to ,adam1 & beyond ! numb] requisite 9 a complete body4 ,if n1 :5 x 0 tak5 away1 ,adam w\ld be a maim$ p]son1 & robb$ ( a "p ( himself t 0 necess>y4 ,i say necess>y1 = z mu*1 z ,i suppose1 t 9 ! fabric ( a human body no?+ is sup]flu\s1 & t no "o bone c be tak5 away )\t endang]+ ! :ole1 or r5d]+ x1 9 "s measure1 imp]fect4 ,b x1 on ! o!r side1 y say ?is rib 0 really useless to ,adam1 & might be sp>$1 s t y make him to h only twelve ribs on "o side & ?irte5 on ! o!r1 !y w reply t ?is is l a mon/]1 z mu* z if ! fir/ man _h be5 creat$ ) ?ree feet1 or ?ree h&s1 or _h _h m eyes1 or o!r memb]s1 ?an ! use ( a human body requires4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ we _c b suppose t all ?+s 7 made ) all imag9able exactness4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n pret5d to decide ?is dispute1 b :at m p]plexes me is1 h[1 out ( "o rib1 ! :ole mass ( a woman's body c\ld be built8 ,= a rib does n1 p]haps1 equal ! ?\s&? "p ( an entire body4 ,if y answ] t ! re/ ( ! matt] 0 tak5 f else:]e1 c]ta9ly1 !n1 ,eve might mu* m truly be said to h be5 =m$ out ( t borr[$ matt]1 :atev] x 01 ?an out ( ,adam's rib4 ,i "k t ! ,rabb9ical doctors solve ?is bus9ess q ano!r way1 = !y say ! fir/ man _h two bodies1 ! "o male1 ! o!r female1 :o 7 jo9$ toge!r1 & t ,god hav+ clov5 !m asund]1 gave "o side to ,adam = a wife4 ,plato has1 9 8 ',symposium1' some?+ v l ?is /ory1 conc]n+ 8 fir/ man1 ,anorog9us1 :o 0 aft]w>ds divid$ into two p>ts1 male & female4 ,la/ly1 o!rs conjecture t ,moses gave out ?is orig9al ( woman to ! end t he might inspire a mutual love betwe5 ! two sexes1 z p>ts ( "o & ! same :ole1 s z m effectually to recomm5d 8 own in/itution ( m>riage4444 ,b leav+ ?is subject1 ,i w ha/5 to some?+ else4 ,n[1 ! second article treats ( ,god's1 g>d5 9 ,ed51 wat]$ ) f\r riv]s aris+ f ! same spr+4444 ,^? riv]s are1 by ,moses1 call$ ,pi%on1 ,gi%on1 ,hiddekal1 & ,p]a?1 :i* ! anci5t au?ors int]pret by ,ganges1 ,nile1 ,tigris1 & ,euphrates4 ,nor d ,i truly ?9k )\t "s reason1 = ,moses seems to h propos$ no?+ m ?an ! br++ f\r ( ! mo/ celebrat$ riv]s ( ! :ole e>? to ! wat]+ ( 8 g>d54 ,ah6 b1 say y1 ^! f\r riv]s d n spr+ f ! same s\rce1 or come f ! same place2 'tis true1 nor any o!r f\r riv]s t are nam$ by ! int]pret]s4 ,:]e=e ?is objection w ev]y:]e hold good1 z well aga9/ ! anci5t z mod]n writ]s4--,b al?\gh y %\ld r$uce ^! riv]s to only two1 z "s d1 to ,tigris & ,euphrates1 yet nei!r h ^! two riv]s ! same f\nta9-head1 b ?is is really & truly an evasion1 in/ead ( an explanation1 to r$uce1 contr>y to ! hi/ory ( ,moses1 a great] numb] ( riv]s to a small]1 only t !y may ! m conv5i5tly be r$uc$ to ! same spr+2 = ^! are ! words ( ,moses1 ',b !re comes a riv] out ( ,ed5 to wat] ! g>d51 & f !nce x divides itself into f\r bran*es1 ! "n ( ! fir/ is ,pi%on1' etc41 :]eby x is app>5t t ei!r 9 ! exit or 9 ! entrance ( ! g>d5 !re 7 f\r riv]s1 & t ^! f\r riv]s did "o & all proce$ f ! same f\nta9-head 9 ,ed54 ,n[1 pray tell me 9 :at "p ( ! e>? is ?is c\ntry ( ,ed51 :]e f\r riv]s arise f "o & ! same spr+8 ,b d n g ab\t to say t only two came f t f\nta9 ( ,ed51 & t ! o!r two arose f ! ,tigris or ! ,euphrates1 :]e !y split ne> ! sea1 & make1 z x 71 a bifrontic figure1 s9ce ?is does by no means answ] ! words ( ,moses4 ,besides1 he m5tions 9 ! fir/ place ,pi%on & ,gi%on1 & aft]w>ds ,tigris & ,euphrates z less] riv]s2 :]eas y1 on ! contr>y1 w h ^? to be d]iv$ f ^! la/ z riv]s ( an inf]ior ord]1 :i* is a manife/ di/ort+ ( ! hi/orical acc\nt4 ,b to end all ^! difficulties conc]n+ ! *annels ( ! riv]s :i* wat]$ ,p>adise1 y w1 p]haps1 at la/ say1 t ! spr+s1 z well z ! c\rses ( riv]s1 h be5 *ang$ by ! univ]sal deluge3 & t we _c n[ be c]ta9 :]e x 0 !y bur/ ov] ! e>?1 & :at c\ntries !y pass$ ?r\gh4 ,= my "p ,i am mu* ( y\r op9ion1 provid+ y confess !re happ5$ 9 ! deluge su* a disruption ( ! e>? z we suppose !re did4 ,b f only an inundation ( wat]s su* a *ange c\ld nev] happ54 ,besides1 :at geography w y h ,moses to describe ^! riv]s1 ante-diluvian or po/-diluvian'8--,if ! latt]1 !re has happ5$ no consid]able alt]ation ( ! e>? s9ce ! "t ( ,moses & ! flood4 ,if ! =m]1 y !n r5d] ,moses's description ( ! e>? totally sup]flu\s & unuseful to discov] ! situation ( ,p>adise4 ,la/ly1 x is h>d to conceive t any riv]s1 :e!r ^! or o!rs1 c h subsi/$ ev] s9ce ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! _w2 :e!r y h reg>d to _! wat] or _! *annels4 ,! *annels ( riv]s are made by daily attrition2 = if !y _h be5 made z dit*es & furr[s are1 by e>? dug out & heap$ on ea* side1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 se5 ev]y:]e great banks ( e>?4 ,b we pla9ly see t ?is is only =tuit\s2 =asmu* z !y (t5 run ?r\gh pla9s1 & ! riv] banks are no m ?an level ) ! adjac5t fields2 besides1 :5ce c\ld !re be _h wat] at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to fill ^! *annels8 ,if y say1 t on ! ?ird day1 :5 ! great b$ ( ! ocean 0 made1 ! small] *annels ( ! riv]s 7 also3 & z ! greate/ "p ( ! wat]s ( ! abyss fell into ! gulf ( ! seas1 s ! rema9+ "p desc5d$ into ^! o!r *annels1 & !re) =m$ ! primitive riv]s4 ,admitt+ ?is1 yet ! wat]s w\ld n only be z salt z ^? ( ! sea1 b !re w\ld be no cont9ual spr+s to n\ri% ^! riv]s2 insomu* z :5 ! fir/ /ream ( wat] _h fl[n (f1 !re be+ no fre% supplies ( wat] to succe$ x1 ^! riv]s w\ld h be5 imm$iately dri$ up2 ,i say because !re 7 no p]petual spr+s2 = :e!r spr+s proce$ f ra91 or f ! sea1 !y c\ld nei!r way h rose 9 s %ort a "t2 n f ra91 = x _h n z yet ra9$2 nei!r 0 x possible1 t 9 ! %ort space ( "o day1 ! wat]s ( ! abyss %\ld run d[n f ! mo/ inl& places to ! sea1 & aft]w>ds return+ ?r\gh ways t 7 nev] yet op5 to !m1 %\ld /ra9 !mselves ?r\gh ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & asc5d to ! heads ( _! riv]s4 ,b ( riv]s we h said en\gh2 let u n[ proce$ to ! re/4 ,we h1 9 ! ?ird place1 a v /range acc\nt ( a s]p5t t talk$ ) ,eve1 & entic$ h] to oppose ,god4 ,i mu/ confess1 we h n yet kn[n t ?is bea/ c\ld ev] speak1 or utt] any sort ( voice1 beside hiss+4 ,b :at %all we ?9k ,eve knew ( ?is bus9ess8 ,if %e _h tak5 x = a dumb animal1 ! v spee* ( x w\ld h s fright5$ h]1 t %e w\ld h fl$ f x4 ,if1 on ! o!r side1 ! s]p5t _h f ! beg9n+ be5 capable ( talk+ & h>angu+1 & only lo/ 8 spee* = ! crime ( hav+ corrupt$ ! fai? ( ,eve1 c]ta9ly ,moses w\ld h be5 f> f pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce ?is sort ( puni%m5t1 & only m5tion+ ! curse ( lick+ ! du/4 ,besides ?is1 w y h ! p>ticul> species ( s]p5ts1 or all ! bea/s 9 ,p>adise1 to h be5 imbu$ ) ! faculty ( speak+1 l ! trees 9 ,dodona's grove8 ,if y say all1 pray :at (f5ce _h ! re/ be5 guilty (1 t !y also %\ld lose ! use ( _! tongues8 ,if only ! s]p5t enjoy$ ?is privilege1 h[ came x ab\t t s vile an animal 7by nature ! mo/ rev]se & remote f man7 %\ld1 be=e all 8 o!r fell[ brutes1 des]ve to be ma/] ( s great a favor & b5efit z t ( spee*8 ,la/ly1 s9ce all disc\rs+ & argu+ includes ! use ( reason1 by ?is v ?+ y make ! s]p5t a rational creature4 ,b ,i imag9e y w solve ?is difficulty ano!r way2 = 7say ! /ickl]s = a lit]al int]pretation7 "u ! disguise ( a s]p5t 0 hid ! ,devil1 or an evil _s1 :o1 us+ ! m\? & organs ( ?is animal1 spoke to ! woman z ?\gh x 7 a human voice4 ,b :at te/imony or :at au?ority h !y = ?is8 ,! mo/ lit]al read+ ( ,moses1 :i* !y s closely adh]e to1 does n express any?+ ( x2 = :at else does he seem to say1 b t he attributes ! s$uc+ ( ,eve to ! natural craft9ess ( ! s]p5t1 & no?+ else8 ,= ^! are ,moses's words3--',n[ ! s]p5t 0 m cunn+ ?an any bea/ ( ! field t ! ,"l ,god _h made4' ,aft]w>ds1 cont9ues he3--',! s]p5t said to ! woman1 yea1 ha? ,god said1' etc4--,b besides1 _h ,eve he>d an animal1 by nature dumb1 speak ?r\gh ! means ( "s evil _s1 %e w\ld in/antly h fl$ ) horror f ! mon/]4--,:51 on ! contr>y1 %e v famili>ly receiv$ x2 !y argu$ v amicably toge!r1 z ?\gh no?+ new or a/oni%+ _h tak5 place4 ,aga91 if y say t all ?is proce$$ f ! ignorance or weakness ( a woman1 x w\ld on ! o!r side h be5 b j1 t "s good angels %\ld h succ\r$ a poor1 ignorant1 weak woman2 ^? j gu>dians ( human affairs w\ld n h p]mitt$ s unequal a conflict2 = :at if an evil _s1 crafty & kn[+ 9 bus9ess1 _h1 by 8 subtlety1 ov]rea*$ a poor1 weak1 & silly woman1 :o _h n z yet1 ei!r se5 ! sun rise or set1 :o 0 b newly born1 & ?or\ghly inexp]i5c$4 ,c]ta9ly1 a p]son :o _h s great a price set ^u h] head1 z ! salvation ( all mank9d1 might well h des]v$ a gu>d ( angels4 ,aye1 b p]haps 7y w say7 ! woman ought to h tak5 c>e n to violate a law e/abli%$ on pa9 ( dea?4 ',! day y eat ( x y %all surely die1'1 bo? y & y\rs2 ?is 0 ! law4 ,die6 :at does t mean1 says ! poor1 innoc5t virg91 :o z yet _h n se5 any?+ dead1 no1 n s mu* z a fl[]2 nor _h yet ) h] eyes or m9d p]ceiv$ ! image ( dea?--viz41 sleep1 or night8 ,b :at y add conc]n+ 8 po/]ity & _! puni%m5t1 t is n all express$ 9 ! law4 ,n[ no laws are ev] to s di/ort$1 especially ^? t are p5al4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! s]p5t w also af=d no inconsid]able "q1 if ! ,devil transact$ ! :ole ?+ "u ! =m ( a s]p5t2 or if he compell$ ! s]p5t to d1 or to suff] ?+s1 :y did he 7! s]p5t7 pay = a crime committ$ by ! ,devil8 ,moreov]1 z to ! mann] & =m ( ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! s]p5t1 t f t "t he %\ld g creep+ on 8 belly1 x is n to be expla9$ :at t meant4 ,h>dly any "o w say1 t prior to 8 cata/rophe ! s]p5t walk$ upright1 l f\r foot$ bea/s2 & if1 f ! beg9n+1 he crept on 8 belly l o!r snakes1 x may seem ridicul\s to impose on ?is creature z a puni%m5t = "o s+le crime1 a ?+ :i*1 by nature1 he ev] _h be=e4 ,b let ?is suffice = ! woman & s]p5t2 let u n[ g on to ! trees4 ,i "h und]/& ^? two trees1 :i* /ood 9 ! middle ( ! g>d51 ! tree ( life1 & ! tree ( good & evil4 ,! =m] s call$1 t x w\ld give m5 a v long life1 al?\gh1 by :at foll[s1 we f9d our =efa!rs1 prior to ! flood1 liv$ to v great ages1 indep5d5t ( ! tree ( life4 ,besides1 if ! longevity1 or immortality ( man _h dep5d$ only ^u "o tree1 or its fruit1 :at if ,adam _h n s9n$8 h[ c\ld 8 po/]ity1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole e>?1 h be5 able to come & ga!r fruit out ( ?is g>d51 or f ?is tree8 or h[ c\ld ! product ( "o tree h be5 suffici5t = all mank9d8 ,su* is a cond5s$ ab/ract ( ,dr4 ,burnet's sev5? *apt] ( ,ar*ologia4 ,! eigh? *apt] equals ! above 9 boldness2 b f> exce$s x 9 bread? ( logic & critical acum51 )\t1 h[ev]1 appe>+ s iconocla/ic or s vulg>4 ,! next *apt] ab\nds 9 classical quotations1 ! ,creation ( ! _w & ! ,deluge is ! !me on :i* s mu* is advanc$1 at a "t :5 su* language 0 greet$ ) ! /ake & ! prison4 ,we _c calculate ! effect ( ,burnet's works on ! cl]ical m9d2 b ?is we d "k1 t s9ce 8 day1 !re has progress$ an int]nal revolution 9 ! t5ets ( ! *ur*1 :i*1 9 ! la/ g5]ation1 gave bir? to ! neology1 n[ s de/ructive ( ! int]nal peace ( ! *ur*es4 ,neology has n come f ,deism1 = ?is p[] assails ! outworks ( ,*ri/ianity2 :ile ! s*ool ( criticism is b a sev]e prun+ knife ( int]nal v]biage4 ,al?\gh ! language quot$ is h>%1 ! argum5ts common-place1 :i*1 al?\gh true1 are n[ disc>d$ by ! educat$ ,free?9k]2 yet if = no /rong] language ?an ?is m5 7 imprison$ only t5 ye>s ago1 :at mu/ we say to ! moral c\rage :i* c\ld publi% !m #aej ye>s ago8 ,!re mu/ surely h be5 great] risks ?an 9 our day2 & :5 a man d>e haz>d ! highe/ p[] ( ! *ur* = ! duty ( publi%+ unpopul> s5tim5ts1 x is cle>ly our duty to2 en%r9e him z "o ( ! gu>dians ( t lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & spee*1 :i* h won = u a fre$om4 we *]i% & protect4 ,let ! e>? !n lie lightly ov] ! prie/-,free?9k]1 ,?omas ,burnet4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,?omas ,,pa9e4 ,! wise by "s c5turies be=e ! cr[d1 ,mu/1 by _! novel sy/ems1 ?\gh correct1 ,( c\rse (f5d ! wick$1 weak1 & pr\d1 ,mu/ meet ) hatr$1 calumny1 neglect4 ,?omas ,pa9e1 ! /urdy *ampion ( political & religi\s lib]ty1 0 born at ,!t=d1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,norfolk1 7,eng417 #bi? ( ,janu>y1 #agcg4 ,born ( religi\s p>5ts 78 fa!r be+ a ,quak]1 & 8 "m a memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&17 ,pa9e receiv$ a religi\s education at ,!t=d ,gramm> ,s*ool1 "u ! ,rev4 ,william ,kn[les4 ,at an e>ly age he gave indications ( 8 great tal5t1 & f\nd pleasure1 :5 a boy1 9 /udy+ poetical au?ors4 ,8 p>5ts1 h[ev]1 endeavor$ to *eck 8 ta/e = poetry1 8 fa!r probably ?9k+ x w\ld unfit him = ! d5om9ation to :i* he belong$4 ,b ,pa9e did n lose mu* "t be=e exp]im5t+ 9 poetry himself4 ,h5ce we f9d him1 :5 eight ye>s ( age1 compos+ ! foll[+ epitaph1 ^u a fly be+ caught 9 a spid]'s web3-- ,"h lies ! body ( ,john ,cr[1 ,:o once 0 high1 b n[ is l[2 ,ye bro!r ,cr[s take w>n+ all1 ,= z y rise1 s y mu/ fall4 ,at ! age ( ?irte51 aft] receiv+ a mod]ate education 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 ,pa9e left s*ool1 to foll[ 8 fa!r's trade 7/ay-mak+47 ,al?\gh dislik+ ! bus9ess1 he pursu$ ?is avocation = ne>ly five ye>s4 ,:5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age1 h[ev]1 he felt--z mo/ ent]pris+ "y m5 d feel--a desire to visit ,london1 & ent] into ! competition & *ances ( a metropolitan life4 ,8 natural dislike to 8 fa!r's bus9ess l$ him to ab&on = a p]iod 8 orig9al occupation1 &1 aft] work+ "s "t ) ,mr4 ,morris1 a not$ /ay-mak]1 9 ,long ,acre1 he resolv$ ^u a seaf>+ adv5ture1 ( :i* he ?us speaks3-- ,at an e>ly age1 raw1 adv5tur\s1 & heat$ ) ! false ,h]oism ( a ma/] ,rev4 ,mr4 ,kn[les1 ,ma/] ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,!t=d :o _h s]v$ 9 a man-(-w>1 ,i began my =tune1 & ent]$ on bo>d ! ,t]rible1 ,capta9 ,dea?1 f ?is adv5ture ,i 0 happily prev5t$ by ! affectionate & moral remon/rances ( a good fa!r1 :o f ! habits ( 8 life1 be+ ( ! ,quak] pr(ession1 look$ on me z lo/2 b ! impression1 mu* z x affect$ me at ! "t1 wore away1 & ,i ent]$ aft]w>ds 9 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia private]1 ,capta9 ,m5d]1 & w5t ) h] to sea4 ,sea life did n1 z may be suppos$1 long satisfy a m9d l ,pa9e's4 ,9 ,april1 #agei1 aft] work+ ne>ly twelve mon?s at ,dov]1 we f9d him settl$ z ma/] /ay-mak] at ,s&wi*2 m>ry+1 on ,septemb] #bg1 ,m>y ,lamb]t1 daught] ( an ,exciseman ( t place4 ,b 8 matrimonial happ9ess 0 ( %ort duration1 8 wife dy+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,disgu/$ ) ! toil & inconv5i5ce ( 8 late occupation1 ,pa9e n[ r5\nc$ x =ev]1 to apply himself to ! pr(ession ( ,exciseman4 ,aft] f\rte5 mon?s' /udy he obta9$ ! appo9tm5t ( sup]num]>y 9 ! ,excise1 :i* he held1 ) int]vals1 till #agfh1 :5 he settl$ z ,exciseman at ,lewes1 9 ,sussex1 & m>ri$1 #agga1 ,elizabe? ,olive1 daught] ( a tobacconi/1 ^: bus9ess he succe$$ to4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,pa9e wrote sev]al little pieces1 9 prose & v]se1 among :i* 0 ! celebrat$ song on ! ,dea? ( ,g5]al ,wolfe1 & ,! ,trial ( ,f>m] ,c>t]'s ,dog1 ,port]4 ,! latt] is a composition ( exquisite wit & humor4 ,9 #aggb ! ,excise (fic]s ?r\gh\t ! k+dom 7 dissatisfi$ ) _! sal>ies1 & =m$ a plan to apply to ,p>liam5t = an increase4 ,pa9e be+ di/+ui%$ among !m z a man ( great tal5t1 0 solicit$ to draw up & /ate _! case1 :i* he did 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,case ( ! ,sal>y ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,excise1 & ,?\ghts on ! ,corruption aris+ f ! ,pov]ty ( ,excise ,(fic]s4 ,f\r ?\s& copies ( ?is pamphlet 7 pr9t$ & circulat$4 ,"s "t aft] ?is publication1 ,pa9e1 be+ 9 ! groc]y bus9ess1 0 suspect$ ( unfair practices1 & 0 dismiss$ ! ,excise1 aft] be+ 9 x twelve ye>s4 ,?is suspicion1 h[ev]1 0 nev] %[n to be j4 ,b to %[ h[ v vigor\s ! au?orities 7 9 suppress+ smuggl+1 we w quote ! foll[+ lett] f ,clio ,rickman to ! ,editor ( ! ,indep5d5t ,:ig1 9 ,octob]1 #ahjg3-- ,sir1--,if !re are any *>act]s m to be abhorr$ ?an o!rs1 x is ^? :o inflict sev]e puni%m5ts aga9/ (f5d]s1 & yet !mselves commit ! same crimes4 ,if any *>act]s m ?an o!rs des]ve execration1 exposure1 & to be driv5 f among mank9d1 x is ^? gov]nors ( ! p :o break ! laws !y !mselves make1 & puni% o!rs = break+4 ,suff] me1 ,mr4 ,editor1 ?us to preface ! foll[+ fact2 fact1 ,i say1 because ,i /& ready to prove x s4 ,:5 ,admiral ,duncan r5dezv\s$ 9 ! ,d[ns ) 8 fleet1 on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #ahjf1 ! ,spid] lugg]1 ,daniel ,fal>a1 ma/]1 0 s5t to ,gu]nsey to smuggle articles = ! fleet1 su* z w9e1 spirits1 hair p[d]1 play+ c>ds1 tobacco1 etc41 = ! supply ( ! diff]5t %ips4 ,at h] arrival 9 ! ,d[ns1 ! %ips' boats flock$ r\nd h] to unload h] & h] contrab& c>go4 ,a ,cu/om ,h\se extra boat1 comm&$ by ,william ,wallace1 see+ ! lugg]1 foll[$ & took h]2 9 do+ :i* he did 8 duty4 ,on 8 inspect+ ! smuggl$ articles ) :i* %e 0 lad51 he f\nd a numb] ( cases direct$ to ,admiral ,duncan1 ! ,"r ,honorable ,william ,pitt1 ! heav5-born ,m9i/] ( ,engl&1 & to ! ,"r ,honorable ,h5ry ,dundas1 ,walm] ,ca/le4 ,9 a few days1 ,wallace1 ! ma/] ( ! ,cu/om ,h\se cutt]1 receiv$ ord]s f ,gov]nm5t to give ! lugg] & h] smuggl$ c>go up1 on p5alty ( be+ dismiss$ ! s]vice2 & ^! cases ( smuggl$ goods 7 aft]w>ds deliv]$ at ! ,prime ,m9i/]s1 ,mr4 ,pitt1 at ,walm] ,ca/le4 ,mr4 ,editor1 read :at foll[s1 & repress y\r indignation if y c4 ,!re are n[ 9 ,deal jail f\rte5 p]sons = trifl+ acts ( smuggl+ comp>$ to ! above ( ! ,"r ,honorable ,william ,pitt & ! n[ ,"r ,honorable ,"l ,melville4 ,! =m] 7 poor1 & knew n h[ to live1 ! latt] 7 mo/ afflu5tly & spl5didly support$ by ! p--t is1 !y 7 paup]s ^u ! g5]\s public1 t[>ds :om !y ?us sc&al\sly & infam\sly conduct$ !mselves4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r humble s]vant1 ,clio ,rickman4 ,to ^? oppon5ts ( ,?omas ,pa9e :o atta* any weight to 8 dismissal f ! ,excise on suspicion ( smuggl+1 we w\ld m5tion ! fact1 t dur+ ,pa9e's s]vice at ,lewes1 ,mr4 ,j5n]1 ! pr9cipal cl]k 9 ! ,excise ,(fice1 ,london1 wrote sev]al lett]s f ! ,bo>d ( ,excise1 ?ank+ ,mr4 ,pa9e = 8 assiduity 9 8 pr(ession1 & = 8 in=mation & calculations =w>d$ to ! (fice4 ,%ortly-aft] 8 dismissal1 ,mr4 ,pa9e & 8 wife1 by mutual agreem5t1 sep>at$4 ,_m tales h be5 put 9 circulation respect+ ! sep>ation4 ,clio ,rickman1 9 8 ,life ( ,pa9e1 has ! foll[+ passage3--- ,t he did n cohabit ) h] f ! mom5t !y left ! alt> till ! day ( _! sep>ation1 a space ( ?ree ye>s1 al?\gh !y liv$ 9 ! same h\se toge!r1 is an indubitable tru?4 ,x is also true1 t no physical defect1 on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,pa9e1 c be adduc$ z a reason = su* conduct4444 ,mr4 ,pa9e's answ]1 ^u my once ref]r+ to ?is subject1 01 ',x is nobody's bus9ess b my own3 ,i _h cause = x1 b ,i w "n x to no "o4'4444 ,?is ,i c ass]t1 t ,mr4 ,pa9e always spoke t5d]ly & respectfully ( 8 wife2 & s5t h] sev]al times pecuni>y aid1 )\t h] kn[+ ev5 :5ce x came4 ,9 #aggd ,pa9e left ,engl&1 & arriv$ at ,philadelphia a few mon?s be=e ! battle ( ,lex+ton4 ,he made 8 appe>ance 9 ! ,new ,_w z editor ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,magaz9e2 & x w\ld appe> t he !n _h 9 view ! com+ /ruggle1 9 :i* he took s prom95t a "p1 = 9 8 introduction to ! fir/ numb] ( ! above ,magaz9e he /ates3--,?us encompass$ ) difficulties1 ?is fir/ numb] ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,magaz9e entreats a favorable reception2 ( :i* we %all only say1 t l ! e>ly sn[drop1 x comes =? 9 a b>r5 season1 & cont5ts itself ) =etell+ ! read] t *oic] fl[]s are prep>+ to appe>4 ,^u ! =eign supply ( gunp[d] be+ prohibit$1 he propos$ a plan1 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian ,j\rnal1 ( a saltpetre association = ! volunt>y supply ( t article ( de/ruction4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 ,common ,s5se 0 publi%$1 its circulation soon rea*+ #ajj1jjj copies4 ,! effect ?is rem>kable pamphlet produc$ ^u ! m9ds ( ! ,am]ican p1 & ! %>e x _h 9 br++ to a successful issue ! !n p5d+ /ruggle1 may be ga!r$ ev5 f ,pa9e's bitt]e/ enemies4 ,mr4 ,*ee?am1 9 8 ,life ( ,pa9e1 :ile endeavor+ to damage ! au?or ( ,common ,s5se1 admits ! value ( ?is pamphlet4 ,he says3--,?is pamphlet ( =ty octavo pages1 hold+ out relief by propos+ ,indep5d5ce to an oppress$ & despair+ p1 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf2 speak+ a language :i* ! coloni/s _h felt1 b n ?\ght (4 ,its popul>ity1 t]rible 9 its consequ5ces to ! p>5t c\ntry1 0 unexampl$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! press4 ,at fir/ involv+ ! coloni/s1 9 ! crime ( rebellion1 & po9t+ to a road lead+ inevitably to ru91 x 0 read ) indignation & al>m2 b :5 ! read]--& e "o read x--recov]+ f ! fir/ %ock1 re-p]us$ x1 its argum5ts n\ri%+ 8 feel+s & appeal+ to 8 pride1 re-animat$ 8 hopes1 & satisfi$ 8 und]/&+ t ',common ,s5se1' back$ by ! res\rces & =ce ( ! colonies1 poor & feeble z !y 71 c\ld alone rescue !m f ! unqualifi$ oppression ) :i* !y 7 ?reat5$4 ,! unkn[n au?or1 9 ! mom5ts ( en?usiasm :i* succe$$1 0 an angel s5t f heav5 to save f all ! horrors ( slav]y by 8 timely1 p[]ful1 & un]r+ c\ncils1 a fai?ful b abus$1 a brave b misrepres5t$ p4 ,ano!r ( ,pa9e's enemies & sl&]]s--,elkanah ,watson--9 a volume rec5tly publi%$1 entitl$ ,m5 & ,times ( ! ,revolution1 aft] speak+ 9 v disp>ag+ t]ms ( ,pa9e's appe>ance1 habits1 & disposition 7:i* is prov$ false by ! be/ ( te/imony17 admits ! s]vice r5d]$ to ,am]ica by ,common ,s5se4 ,he says3--,yet ,i c\ld n repress ! deepe/ emotions ( gratitude t[>ds him1 z ! in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce 9 accel]at+ ! decl>ation ( our ,indep5d5ce4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 a prom95t ag5t 9 prep>+ ! public s5tim5t ( ,am]ica = t glori\s ev5t4 ,! idea ( ,indep5d5ce _h n occupi$ ! popul> m9d1 & :5 gu>d$ly approa*$ on ! topic1 x %runk f ! conception1 z fraught ) d\bt1 ) p]il1 & ) suff]+4 ,9 #aggf ,i 0 pres5t at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 a social assembly ( mo/ ( ! prom95t lead]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,i recollect t ! subject ( ,indep5d5ce 0 cauti\sly introduc$ by an ard5t ,:ig1 & ! ?\ght seem$ to excite ! abhorr5ce ( ! :ole circle4 ,a few weeks aft]1 ,pa9e's ',common ,s5se' appe>$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! cont95t l an electric sp>k4 ,x ev]y:]e fla%$ conviction1 & ar\s$ a det]m9$ _s1 :i* result$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ^u ! #d? ( ,july ensu+4 ,! "n ( ,pa9e 0 preci\s to e ,:ig he>t1 & _h res\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,o!r te/imony c\ld be giv5 to ,pa9e's influ5ce 9 ! ,am]ican /ruggle = ,indep5d5ce2 b aft] ! two already m5tion$ f 8 oppon5ts1 x is unnecess>y to give fur!r pro(4 ,9 ! same ye> t ,common ,s5se appe>$1 ,pa9e accompani$ ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & 8 army1 be+ ) him 9 8 retreat f ,hudson ,riv] to ! ,delaw>e4 ,al?\gh great t]ror prevail$1 ,pa9e /ood brave & undismay$1 consci\s he 0 advocat+ a j cause1 & det]m9$ to br+ x to a successful issue4 ,he occupi$ himself 9 inspir+ hope 9 ! ,am]icans1 %[+ !m _! /r5g? & _! weakness4 ,?is object drew f 8 p5 ,! ,crisis1 a cont9uation ( ! ,common ,s5se1 :i* 0 issu$ at int]vals till ! cessation ( ho/ilities4 ,9 #aggg ,pa9e 0 unanim\sly1 & unkn[n to himself1 appo9t$ ,secret>y 9 ! ,=eign ,dep>tm5t1 :]e he =m$ a close fri5d%ip ) ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,he did n reta9 8 (fice1 h[ev]1 long1 z he refus$ to become a p>ty to ! fraudul5t dem&s ( a ,mr4 ,silas ,deane1 "o ( ! ,am]ican ,commission]s1 !n 9 ,europe2 & he resign$ ! (fice4 ,9 #aghj he 0 *os5 memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 hav+ previ\sly receiv$ ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts f ! ,univ]sity ( ,philadelphia4 ,:5 ! ,indep5d5ce ( ,am]ica 0 atta9$1 & :5 oppression _h receiv$ a sev]e & la/+ *eck 9 t ris+ c\ntry1 we f9d t ,pa9e1 s f> f be+ satisfi$ ) 8 success 9 ! ,new ,_w1 began to look = a fre% field :]e he might r5d] good s]vice to ! cause ( "r & fre$om4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aghg4 he visit$ ,p>is1 8 fam\s s]vices to ,am]ica giv+ him a welcome by ^? :o knew ! b5efit aris+ f ! e/abli%m5t ( human rights4 ,8 /ay 9 ,p>is1 at ?is "t1 0 ( %ort duration1 z he return$ to ,engl& aft] an abs5ce ( ?irte5 ye>s1 on ,septemb] #crd4 ,aft] visit+ 8 "m1 & settl+ an all[ance ( n9e %ill+s p] week = h] support1 he resid$ = a %ort "t at ,ro!rham1 9 ,york%ire1 :]e an iron bridge 0 ca/ & erect$ ^u a model ( 8 inv5tion1 :i* obta9$ him great reputation = 8 ma!matical skill4 ,! publication ( ,mr4 ,burke's ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution call$ f ,pa9e 8 ,rights ( ,man1 a book t creat$ great attraction1 & sold ne>ly a million & a half ( copies4 ,9 politics ,pa9e 0 cle> & decid$1 &1 f 8 mod]ation1 :at is call$ s\nd4 ,= ! p]usal ( ^? :o may n h read x1 we give ! foll[+ quotations1 to %[ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is bas$3-- ,mr4 ,burke talks ab\t :at he calls an h]$it>y cr[n1 z if x 7 "s production ( nature2 or z if1 l "t1 x _h a p[] to op]ate1 n only indep5d5tly1 b 9 spite ( man2 or z if x 7 a ?+ or a subject univ]sally cons5t$ to4 ,alas6 x has none ( ^? prop]ties1 b is ! rev]se ( !m all4 ,x is a ?+ 9 imag9ation1 ! prop]ty ( :i* is m ?an d\bt$1 & ! legality ( :i* 9 a few ye>s w be d5i$4 ,b1 to arrange ?is matt] 9 a cle>] view ?an :at g5]al expressions c convey1 x w be necess>y to /ate ! di/9ct heads "u :i* 7:at is call$7 an h]$it>y cr[n1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 an h]$it>y succession to ! gov]nm5t ( a nation1 c be consid]$2 :i* are1 fir/1 ! "r ( a p>ticul> family to e/abli% itself2 secondly1 ! "r ( a nation to e/abli% a p>ticul> family4 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! heads1 t ( a family e/abli%+ itself ) h]$ity p[]s on its own au?ority1 & indep5d5t ( ! cons5t ( a nation1 all m5 w concur 9 call+ x despotism3 & x w\ld be trespass+ on _! und]/&+ to attempt to prove x4 ,b ! second head1 t ( a nation e/abli%+ a p>ticul> family ) h]$it>y p[]s1 does n pres5t itself z despotism on ! fir/ reflection2 b if m5 w p]mit a second reflection to take place1 & c>ry t reflection =w>d b "o remove out ( _! own p]sons to t ( _! (fspr+1 !y w !n see t h]$it>y succession becomes 9 its consequ5ces ! same despotism to o!rs1 :i* !y reprobat$ = !mselves4 ,x op]ates to preclude ! cons5t ( ! succe$+ g5]ations2 & ! preclusion ( cons5t is despotism4 ,:5 ! p]son :o at any "t %all be 9 possession ( a gov]nm5t1 or ^? :o /& 9 succession to him1 %all say to a nation1 ,i hold ?is p[] 9 'contempt' ( y1 x signifies n on :at au?ority he pret5ds to say x4 ,x is no relief1 b an aggravation to a p]son 9 slav]y1 to reflect t he 0 sold by 8 p>5t2 & z t :i* height5s ! crim9ality ( an act _c be produc$ to prove ! legality ( x1 h]$it>y succession _c be e/abli%$ z a legal ?+4444 ,not)/&+ ! taxes ( ,engl& am\nt to almo/ sev5te5 millions a ye>1 said to be = ! exp5ses ( ,gov]nm5t1 x is /ill evid5t t ! s5se ( ! nation is left to gov]n itself by magi/rates & jurors1 almo/ at its own *>ge1 on ,republican pr9ciples1 exclusive ( ! exp5se ( taxes4 ,! sal>ies ( ! judges are almo/ ! only *>ge t is paid out ( ! rev5ue4 ,consid]+ t all ! int]nal gov]nm5t is execut$ by ! p1 ! taxes ( ,engl& ought to be ! lighte/ ( any nation 9 ,europe2 in/ead ( :i* !y are ! contr>y4 ,z ?is _c be acc\nt$ = on ! score ( civil gov]nm5t1 ! subject necess>ily ext5ds itself to ! mon>*ical "p44444 ,if a law be bad1 x is "o ?+ to oppose ! practice ( x1 b x is q a diff]5t ?+ to expose its errors1 to reason on its defects1 & %[ cause :y x %\ld be repeal$1 or :y ano!r ought to be sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,i h always held x an op9ion 7mak+ x also my practice7 t x is bett] to obey a bad law1 mak+ use at ! same "t ( e argum5t to %[ its errors & procure its repeal1 ?an =cibly to violate x2 because ! prec$5t ( break+ a bad law might weak5 ! =ce1 & lead to a discretion>y violation1 ( ^? :i* are good4 ,z may be suppos$1 su* a "w z ,! ,rights ( ,man1 aim+ directly at all oppression1 reg>dless ( p>ty1 c\ld n be all[$ to escape ! ,attorney-,g5]al's answ]4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d a prosecution in/itut$ aga9/ x4 ,b in/ead ( prosecut+ ! au?or1 ! publi%]s 7 select$4 ,?is drew f ,pa9e a long ,lett] to ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 sugge/+ ! ju/ice ( 8 answ]+ = ! book he wrote4 ,on ! trial1 ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,ersk9e ?us spoke ( ! au?or ( ,! ,rights ( ,man3--,! def5dant's :ole deportm5t previ\s to ! publication has be5 :olly unexceptionable2 he prop]ly desir$ to be giv5 up z ! au?or ( ! book1 if any inquiry %\ld take place conc]n+ x2 & he is n affect$ 9 evid5ce1 directly or indirectly1 ) any illegal or suspici\s conduct1 n ev5 ) utt]+ an indiscreet or taunt+ expression1 nor ) any "o matt] or ?+ inconsi/5t ) ! be/ subject 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #agib1 ,mr4 ,a*illes ,audib]t came expressly to ,engl&1 f ! ,fr5* ,conv5tion1 to solicit ,pa9e to att5d & aid !m1 by 8 advice1 9 _! delib]ations4 ,on 8 arrival at ,calais a public d9n] 0 provid$1 a royal salute 0 fir$ f ! batt]y1 ! troops 7 drawn out1 & !re 0 a g5]al rejoic+ ?r\gh\t ! t[n4444 ,pa9e 0 escort$ to ! h\se ( 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,audib]t1 ! ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ! place1 :]e he 0 visit$ by ! ,comm&ant1 & all ! ,municipal ,(fic]s 9 =ms1 :o aft]w>ds gave him a sumptu\s ent]ta9m5t 9 ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,! same honor 0 also paid him on 8 dep>ture = ,p>is4 ,^u 8 arrival 9 ,p>is all 0 confusion4 ,!re 7 ! ,k+'s fri5ds mortifi$ & subdu$1 ! ,jacob9s split up into cavill+ faction1 "s wi%+ a f$]ative gov]nm5t1 "s desir+ ! ,k+'s dea?1 & ! dea? ( all ! nobility2 :ile a portion 7 m discreet1 wi%+ lib]ty )\t lic5ti\sness1 & hav+ a desire to r$ress wrongs )\t rev5ge4 ,^! few accept$ ,pa9e z _! lead]1 & r5\nc$ all connection ) ! ,jacob9 ,club4 ,pa9e1 on all occasions1 advocat$ ! pres]vation ( ! ,k+'s life b 8 ef=ts 7 ?w>t$ by ! appo9tm5t1 by ,robespi]re1 ( ,b>r]e to (fice4 ,s anxi\sly 0 ,pa9e s\ght aft]1 t bo? ,calais & ,v]sailles return$ him z ,deputy4 ,to %[ h[ ! au?or ( ,! ,rights ( ,man oppos$ all physical =ce :]e reason may be us$1 x is only necess>y to /ate1 t :5 ! ,lett] ( ,dum\ri] rea*$ ,p>is ) ! ?reat ( re/or+ ! ,k+1 ,pa9e wrote a lett] to ! ,conv5tion1 /at+ a plan = re-adju/m5t1 & 0 tak+ x p]sonally1 :5 he 0 in=m$ t a decree _h j be5 pass$ (f]+ "o hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns = ,dum\ri]'s head2 & ano!r1 mak+ x high treason to propose any?+ 9 8 favor4 ,:il/ ,deputy = ,calais1 ,pa9e 0 s\ght & admir$ by all classes4 ,he d9$ e ,friday1 = a long p]iod1 ) ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale & ,dr4 ,moore2 & s frequ5t 7 8 visitors1 t he set ap>t two morn+s a week = 8 levee days4--,he soon1 h[ev]1 *ang$ 8 resid5ce1 pref]r+ less =mality & a m select circle4 ,8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution we are depriv$ ( by 8 imprisonm5t1 :i* ,gibbon ?\ght w\ld prove a great loss4 ,! hi/orian (t5 appli$ = ! ,,ms41 believ+ x to be ( great wor?4 ,! op9ion ,pa9e held ( ! ,revolution may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+3-- ,) respect to ! ,revolution1 x 0 begun by good m51 on good pr9ciples1 & ,i h ev] believ$ x w\ld h gone on s1 _h n ! provocative int]f]5ce ( =eign p[]s di/ract$ x into madness1 & s[n jeal\sies among ! lead]s4 ,! p ( ,engl& h n[ two ,revolutions1 ! ,am]ican & ! ,fr5* be=e !m4 ,_! own wisdom w direct !m :at to *oose & :at to avoid1 & 9 ev]y?+ :i* relates to _! happ9ess1 comb9$ ) ! common good ( mank9d1 ,i wi% !m honor & success4 ,8 spee* aga9/ ! dea? ( ! ,k+1 %[s h[ f> he 0 remov$ f p>ty _s or any feel+ ( rev5ge4 ,:il/ he prote/$ aga9/ ! ,k+ be+ re-en?ron$1 he equally prote/$ aga9/ 8 dea?1 wi%+ him remov$ f ! seat ( 8 corruption1 & plac$ 9 a m elevat+ atmosph]e4--,entreat+ = ! ,k+'s safety1 he says3--,let !n ! ,unit$ ,/ates be ! safegu>d & ! asylum ( ,l\is ,capet4 ,!re1 h]eaft]1 f> remov$ f ! mis]ies & crimes ( royalty1 he may le>n1 f ! con/ant aspect ( public prosp]ity1 t ! true sy/em ( gov]nm5t consi/s 9 fair1 equal1 & honora-able repres5tation4 ,9 relat+ ?is circum/ance1 & 9 submitt+ ?is proposition1 ,i consid] myself z a citiz5 ( bo? c\ntries4 ,! policy pursu$ by ,pa9e 0 n consonant ) ! views ( ,robespi]re4 ,consequ5tly1 he 0 seiz$ 9 ! night & imprison$ 9 ! ,luxemb\rg elev5 mon?s1 )\t any reason be+ assign$4 ,! read]s are d\btless aw>e ( ! _m ,provid5tial escapes he _h f ! dea? = :i* he 0 seiz$4 ,:ile 9 prison he wrote "p ( 8 ,age ( ,reason1 7hav+ comm5c$ x j previ\s to 8 arre/7 n ,kn[+ "o h\r b he might be execut$1 & once be+ on ! v]ge ( dea? f fev]4 ,he knew ! prejudice ! ,age ( ,reason w\ld create1 s he left its production to ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 n wi%+ to make t an imp$im5t to ! good he s\ght to accompli% 9 ! ,political _w4 ,aft] toil+ 9 ,france to br+ ! ,revolution to a j t]m9ation1 & f9d+ 8 ef=ts r5d]$ abortive by t feel+ :i* =m] oppression _h creat$1 he resolv$ to return to ,am]ica1 a c\ntry he saw ?riv+ by a policy he wi%$ to in/itute 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,jeff]son1 !n ,presid5t ( ,am]ica1 kn[+ 8 wi% to return1 wrote him ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,y express a wi% 9 y\r lett] to return to ,am]ica by a national %ip4 ,mr4 ,dawson1 :o br+s ov] ! treaty1 & :o w pres5t y ) ?is lett]1 is *>g$ ) ord]s to ! capta9 ( ! ,m>yl&1 to receive & accommodate y back if y c be ready to return at su* a %ort w>n+4 ,y w 9 g5]al f9d u return$ to s5tim5ts wor?y ( =m] times2 9 ^! x w be y\r glory to h /eadily labor$1 & ) z mu* effect z any man liv+4 ,t y may live long to cont9ue y\r useful labors1 & reap ! rew>d 9 ! ?ankfulness ( nations1 is my s9 c]e pray]4 ,accept ! assurance ( my high e/eem & affectionate atta*m5t1 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,b circum/ances prev5t$ ,pa9e go+ by ! ,m>yl&4 ,he sail$1 h[ev]1 on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahjb1 9 ! ,london ,pacquet4 ,he _h (t5 previ\sly arrang$ to return to ,am]ica1 b luckily1 ,provid5ce prev5t$ him4 ,"o %ip t he int5d$ to sail by1 0 se>*$ by ,engli% frigates = ,?omas ,pa9e1 & ano!r sunk at sea1 :il/ at o!r times ,briti% frigates 7 cruis+ (f ! ports f :i* he 0 to sail1 kn[+ him to be !re4 ,s mu* religi\s misrepres5tation has be5 circulat$ ab\t ,pa9e's life & dea?1 t x becomes a duty to re/ate ! facts4 ,! mann] ( life ,pa9e pursu$ may be ga!r$ f ! reliable te/imony ( ,clio ,rickman4 ,he says1 ,mr4 ,pa9e's life 9 ,london 0 a quiet r\nd ( philosophical leisure & enjoym5t4 ,x 0 occupi$ 9 writ+1 9 a small epi/ol>y correspond5ce1 9 walk+ ab\t ) me to visit diff]5t fri5ds1 occasionally l\ng+ at c(feeh\ses & public places1 or be+ visit$ by a select few4 ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald1 ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican ambassadors1 ,mr4 ,%>p ! engrav]1 ,romney1 ! pa9t]1 ,mrs4 ,wol/onecraft1 ,joel ,b>l[1 ,mr4 ,hull1 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ,dr4 ,t[]s1 ,colonel ,oswald1 ! walk+ ,/ew>t1 ,capta9 ,sampson ,p]ry1 ,mr4 ,tuff91 ,mr4 ,william ,*opp91 ,capta9 ,de ,/>k1 ,mr4 ,home ,tooke1 etc41 7 among ! numb] ( 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances4 ,8 mann] ( liv+ 9 ,france & ,am]ica has already be5 notic$4 ,! p]v]t$ tales ( ,c>v] & ,*ee?am may be utt]ly disprov$ by ref]r+ to ,clio ,rickman's ,life ( ,pa9e4 ,z 8 life1 s 0 8 dea?4 ,:5 he became feeble & infirm 79 ,jan4 #ahji7 he 0 (t5 visit$ by ^? good p :o s (t5 intrude ^u ! dome/ic quiet ( ! afflict$4 ,aft] ! visit ( an old woman1 come f ! ,almighty1 7:om ,pa9e soon s5t back aga97 he 0 tr\bl$ ) ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mill$oll>1 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham4 ,! latt] rev]5d said1 ,mr4 ,pa9e1 we visit y z fri5ds & neighbors2 y h n[ a full view ( dea?1 y _c live long2 & :oev] does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 w assur$ly be damn$4 ,let me1 said ,pa9e1 h none ( y\r ,popi% /uff2 get away ) y2 good morn+1 good morn+4 ,ano!r visitor 0 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h>grove1 ) ?is /atem5t3--,my "n is ,h>grove1 ,sir2 ,i am m9i/] ( ! new ,j]usalem *ur*2 we1 ,sir1 expla9 ! scripture 9 its true mean+2 ! key has be5 lo/ ^! f\r ?\s& ye>s1 & we h f\nd ,x4 ,!n1 said ,pa9e1 9 8 own neat way1 x mu/ h be5 v ru/y4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 he /at$ to ,mr4 ,hicks1 to :om he _h s5t to arrange 8 burial8 t 8 s5tim5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian religion 7 precisely ! same z :5 he wrote ! ,age ( ,reason4 ,on ! #h? ( ,june1 79 ! words ( ,clio ,rickman7 #ahji4 ab\t n9e 9 ! morn+1 he placidly1 & almo/ )\t a /ruggle1 di$ z he _h liv$1 a ,dei/1 ag$ sev5ty-two ye>s & five mon?s4 ,he 0 int]r$ at ,new ,ro*elle1 ^u 8 own f>m2 a h&some monum5t be+ n[ erect$ :]e he 0 buri$4 ,x has be5 ! object 9 ! pres5t sket* r to give1 9 a brief mann]1 an acc\nt ( ,pa9e's life & s]vices1 ?an an elucidation ( 8 writ+s4 ,8 works are well kn[n1 & !y w speak = !mselves b mu* wrong is done to 8 memory by ! p]v]sions & misrepres5tations ( ! religi\s publications4 ,no d\bt _h 8 views be5 diff]5t on religi\s subjects1 he w\ld h be5 held up z a model ( g5ius1 p]sev]ance1 c\rage1 dis9t]e/$ness ( purpose1 & purity ( life1 by ! m5 :o n[ f9d him no bett] "n ?an ! ,blasphem]4 ,we hope t ^? n previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! facts ( 8 life1 w f9d 9 ! pres5t sket* suffici5t reason to ?9k & speak o!rwise ( a man :o made ! _w 8 c\ntry1 & ! do+ good 8 religion4 ,z ,euclid ne> 8 v>i\s writ+s %one1 ,8 p5 inspir$ by glori\s tru? alone1 ,o'er all ! e>? diffus+ light & life1 ,subdu+ error1 ignorance1 & /rife2 ,rais$ man to j pursuits1 to ?9k+ "r1 ,& yet w free ! _w f woe & falsehood's night2 ,to ?is immortal man1 to ,pa9e 'twas giv51 ,to metamorphose e>? f hell to heav54 ,j4 ,w4 ,,bapti/e ,,de ,,mirabaud ,jean ,bapti/e de ,mirabaud 0 born at ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #afge4 ,( 8 e>ly life we c glean b v scanty in=mation4 ,he appe>s fir/ to h embrac$ ! milit>y pr(ession1 b x n be+ consonant ) 8 g5]al "*1 he soon quitt$ ! army1 & devot$ himself to lit]ature4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 ne>ly =ty-n9e ye>s ( age be=e he became kn[n 9 ! lit]>y _w4 ,he !n publi%$ a ,fr5* translation ( ,tasso's ,j]usalem1 :i* br\ght him mu* fame2 & _m ( ! contributors to ! ,fr5* ,encyclopa$ia appe> to h associat$ ) him1 & c\rt$ 8 fri5d%ip4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( :i* he became ! ,secret>y 9 #agdb4 ,mirabaud 0 a con/ant visitor at ! h\se ( 8 fri5d1 ! ,b>on d',holba*1 d[n to ! p]iod ( 8 dea?4 ,he wrote ,! ,_w3 its ,orig9 & its ,antiquity1 ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5ts ^u ! ,jews1 ,s5tim5ts ( ! ,philosoph]s ^u ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l1 & o!r m9or works4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature 0 also = _m ye>s attribut$ to ,mirabaud1 b x appe>s n[ to be extremely d\btful :e!r he ev] wrote a s+le l9e ( ! "w4 ,! ,abbe ,galiani 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o po9t$ out ,d',holba* z ! au?or4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ,m4 ,su>d1 edit$ by ,m4 ,g>at1 ! same hypo!sis is support$ ) additional firmness4 ,dugald ,/ew>t seems to put mu* fai? 9 ! latt] au?ority1 z fix+ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature ^u ,d',holba*4 ,voltaire attributes ! "w to ,damilaville1 9 a some:at positive mann]1 = :i* he is %>ply criticis$ 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle1 publi%$ 9 #ahag4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature is a book ( :i* ,dugald ,/ew>t speaks1 z ! bolde/1 if n ! able/ "w ( ! ,p>isian ,a!i/s1 & x has und\bt$ly obta9$ great popul>ity4 ,voltaire1 :o has writt5 aga9/ ! ,sy/em ( ,nature 9 a tone ( bitt] s>casm1 & :o compla9s ( its g5]al dullness & prolixity1 yet admits t x is (t5 humor\s1 sometimes eloqu5t4 ,x c]ta9ly is n writt5 9 t lively1 b r sup]ficial /yle1 :i* has *>act]iz$ _m ( ! ,fr5* writ]s1 b x speaks 9 pla9 yet p[]ful language1 ev9c+ an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! works ( previ\s philosoph]s1 & mu* ?\ght 9 relation to ! subjects treat$ ^u4 ,"s ( its pages exhibit+ m vivacity ?an ! re/ ( ! book1 h be5 attribut$ to ,did]ot1 :o 7x is alleg$ by ,m>montel & o!rs7 aid$1 by 8 p5 & c\nsel1 _m ( ! ,free?9k+ works issu$ dur+ 8 life4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature 0 n publi%$ dur+ ! life-"t ( ,mirabaud1 & x is !re=e impossible to use any argum5t :i* might h be5 bas$ ^u ,mirabaud's conduct 9 relation to x4 ,mirabaud di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #agfj1 at ! advanc$ age ( ne>ly eighty-six ye>s4 ,contempor>y ) him 7 ,d',alemb]t1 ,d',holba*1 ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 ,condorcet1 ,buffon1 ,r\sseau1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia1 ,montesquieu1 ,grimm1 ,sir ,william ,tempte1 ,tol&1 ,t9del1 ,edmund ,halley1 ,hume1 ,gibbon1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,frankl91 & ,d>w91 =m+ a role ( names1 ^: fame w be h&$ d[n to po/]ity = c5turies to come1 z work]s 9 ! cause ( man's r$emption f m5tal slav]y4 ,if 7z x appe>s v probably7 x be ! fact t ,mirabaud _h b little "p 9 ! au?or%ip ( ,la ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,d',holba*1 9 us+ ! "n ( 8 deceas$ fri5d1 only associat$ him ) a "w :i* 7judg+ f 8 o!r writ+s1 ! t5or ( 8 life1 & ! noble "* ( 8 associates7 ,mirabaud w\ld h issu$ ) pride himself1 _h ! book be5 really writt5 by him4 ,,b>on ,d',,holba*4 ,paul ,?yry1 ,b>on ,d',holba*1 0 born at ,heide%eim1 9 ! ,palat9ate1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #agbc4 ,8 fa!r appe>s to h be5 a v weal?y man1 & br\ght 8 son to ,p>is1 = ! purpose ( sup]9t5d+ 8 education1 b di$ :ite he 0 /ill a *ild4 ,9 8 y\?1 ,d',holba* appe>s to h be5 not$ = 8 /udi\s habits & ret5tive faculties1 & ultimately atta9$ to "s em95ce 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy4 ,he m>ri$ :5 v "y1 & he _h n be5 m>ri$ "o ye> :5 8 wife di$4 ,he aft]w>ds obta9$ a disp5sation f ! ,pope1 & m>ri$ 8 deceas$ wife's si/]1 by :om he _h f\r *ildr51 two sons & two daught]s4 ,d',holba* appe>$ to h sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 ,p>is1 & = =ty ye>s he assembl$ ar\nd 8 table1 e ,sunday1 ! elite ( ! lit]>y _w1 includ+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! fir/ ,encyclop$ia4 ,if t table 7 only 9 ! h&s ( "s ( our _s fri5ds ( ! pres5t day1 :at brilliant anecdotes might x n rap out--! sp>kl+ wit ( ,did]ot1 ! good humor ( out ho/1 ! hospitable & g5]\s ,d',holba*1 ! occasional bitt]ness ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 ! cauti\s expression ( op9ion by ,d',alemb]t1 ! agreeable v>iety ( ,montesquieu1 & ! bold en?usiasm ( ! y\?ful b h>dwork+ ,naigeon6 ,if ev] a table 7 incl9$ to turn1 ?is table %\ld h be52 b p]haps x may be t tables nev] turn :5 reason is ! rul] ( ^? :o sit ar\nd4 ,x seems m ?an probable t ,d',holba* at fir/ held op9ions diff]+ widely f ^? ent]ta9$ by him dur+ ! lat] p]iods ( 8 life1 & x is ass]t$ t ,did]ot contribut$ mu* to ?is *ange ( op9ion4 ,d',holba* 0 an amiable man ( ! _w1 fond ( amusem5t1 & )\t pret5sion2 he 01 not)/&+1 well v]s$ 9 ,roman & ,grecian lit]ature1 ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 botany1 & mod]n languages4 ,he 0 g5]\s to e "o4 ,i cont5t myself1 he said1 ) p]=m+ ! disagreeable "* ( b5efactor1 :5 ,i am =c$ to x4 ,i d n wi% to be repaid my money2 b ,i am pleas$ :5 ,i meet ) "s little gratitude1 if x be only z prov+ t ! p]sons ,i h assi/$ 7 su* sort ( m5 z ,i desir$4 ,al?\gh ab\t =ty-five works are n[ ascrib$ to ,d',holba*1 n "o ( !m 0 publi%$ dur+ 8 life-"t 9 8 own "n4 ,! manuscripts 7 tak5 to ,am/]dam by ,naigeon1 & !re pr9t$ by ,mi*ael ,rey4 ,d',holba* nev] talk$ publicly ( 8 lit]>y productions himself & 8 secrets seem to h be5 well kept by 8 fri5ds4 ,sev]al ( ! works 7 condemn$ & suppress$ by ! gov]nm5t2 b ,d',holba* liv$ unsuspect$ & unmole/$4 ,! expression us$ by ! ,avocat1 ,g5]al ,segui]1 9 8 rquisitoire aga9/ ! ,sy/em ( ,nature is wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,avocat ,g5]al said--,! re/less _s ( ,infidelity1 inimical to all dep5d5ce1 endeavors to ov]?r[ all political con/itutions4 ,its wi%es w n be satisfi$ until x has de/roy$ ! necess>y inequality ( rank & condition1 & until x has degrad$ ! maje/y ( k+s1 & r5d]$ _! au?ority subord9ate to ! caprices ( ! mob4 ,note ! ?ree words we h italicis$4 ,= ! fir/ read unnecess>y2 = ! second1 voice2 = ! ?ird1 peoples4 ,we tru/ t ,free-?\ght nev] w be satisfi$ until x has de/roy$ ! unnecess>y inequalities ( rank & condition1 & r5d]$ x impossible = ! au?ority ( k+s to be en=c$ 9 opposition to ! voice ( ! p4 ,! foll[+ description ( ,d',holba* is giv5 9 a little sket*1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,watson 9 #ahcd1 z tak5 f ,grimm's ,correspond5ce3--,d',hol-ba*'s features 71 tak5 sep>ately1 regul>1 & ev5 h&some1 yet he 0 n a h&some man4 ,8 =ehead1 l>ge & op51 l t ( ,did]ot1 indicat$ a va/ & capaci\s m9d2 b 8 =ehead hav+ few] s9uosities1 less r\ndness ?an ,did]ot's1 ann\nc$ less w>m?1 less en]gy1 & less fecundity ( ideas4 ,a craniologi/ w\ld say t 9 bo? ,d',holba* & ,did]ot1 ! philosophical organs 7 l>gely develop$1 b t ,did]ot excell$ 9 ideality2 ,d',holba*'s c\nt5ance only indicat$ mildness1 & ! habitual s9c]ity ( 8 m9d4 ,he 0 incapable ( p]sonal hatr$4 ,?\gh he dete/$ prie/s & ,jesuits1 & all o!r support]s ( despotism & sup]/ition2 & ?\gh :5 speak+ ( su* p1 8 mildness & good temp] 7 sometimes trans=m$ into bitt]ness & irritability2 yet x is affirm$ t :5 ! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ,france1 ,d',holba* reg>d$ !m z objects ( commis]ation & ( pity1 & af=d$ !m pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,! titles ( ,d',holba*'s works may be f\nd 9 ,b>bi]'s ,diction>y ( ,anonym\s ,works1 & 9 ,/4 ,sur9s's article 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle1 s 9 ! little tract be=e m5tion$ z publi%$ by ,j4 ,watson4 ,d',holba* contribut$ l>gely to ! fir/ ,fr5* ,encyclopa$ia1 & o!r works ( a l "*4 ,( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature we h already spok51 & %all r leave our read]s to ! "w itself ?an take up m space 9 discuss+ its au?or%ip4 ,aft] hav+ liv$ a life ( com=t1 9 afflu5t circum/ances1 & always surr\nd$ by a l>ge circle ( ! be/ m5 ( ! day1 ,d',holba* di$ on ,janu>y ! #ba/1 #aghi1 be+1 !n sixty-six ye>s ( age4 ,! prie/s h nev] pictur$ to u any sc5e ( horror 9 relation to 8 dy+ mom5ts4 ,! good old man di$ *e]$ & support$ 9 8 la/ /ruggle by ^? m5 :om he _h _m times assi/$ 9 ! h>d fight+ ( ! battle ( life4 ,j4 ,a4 ,naigeon1 :o _h be5 8 fri5d = ?irty ye>s2 paid an eloqu5t tribute to ,d',holba*'s memory1 9 an article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is ( ,febru>y ! #i?1 #aghi1 & we are n aw>e t any man has ev] writt5 any?+ aga9/ ,d',hol-ba*'s p]sonal "*4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nature4 ,al?\gh we may n attempt to express a decid$ op9ion z to ! au?or%ip ( ,le ,sy/me de la ,nature1 we feel x our duty to pres5t "s ( its pr9cipal argum5ts to ! consid]ation ( our read]s4 ,! au?or op5s 8 "w ) ?is passage3-- ,man always deceives himself :5 he ab&ons exp]i5ce to foll[ imag9>y sy/ems4 ,he is ! "w ( nature4 ,he exi/s 9 nature4 ,he is submitt$ to h] laws4 ,he _c deliv] himself f !m4 ,he _c /ep beyond !m ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,x is 9 va9 8 m9d w\ld spr+ =w>d beyond ! visible _w3 an imp]i\s necessity ev] compels 8 return--= a be+ =m$ by ,nature1 :o is circumscrib$ by h] laws1 !re exi/s no?+ beyond ! great :ole ( :i* he =ms a "p1 ( :i* be exp]i5ces ! influ5ce4 ,! be+s 8 imag9ation pictures z above ,nature1 or di/+ui%$ f h]1 are always *im]as =m$ aft] t :i* he has1 already se51 b ( :i* x is utt]ly impossible he %\ld ev] =m any correct idea1 ei!r z to ! place !y occupy1 or _! mann] ( act+--= him !re is n1 !re c be no?+ out ( t nature :i* includes all be+s4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( seek+ out ( ! _w he inhabits = be+s :o c procure him a happ9ess d5i$ by ,nature1 let him /udy ?is nature1 le>n h] laws1 contemplate h] en]gies1 obs]ve ! immutable rules by :i* %e acts4 ,speak+ ( ! !ological delusions "u :i* _m m5 labor1 & ( ! mode 9 :i* man has be5 surr\nd$ by ^? delusions1 he says3-- ,8 ignorance made him cr$ul\s3 8 curiosity made him swall[ l>ge draughts ( ! m>vell\s3 "t confirm$ him 9 8 op9ions1 & he pass$ 8 conjectures f race to race1 = realities2 a tyrannical p[] ma9ta9$ him 9 8 notions1 because by ^? alone c\ld society be enslav$4 ,x 0 9 va91 t "s fa9t glimm]+s ( ,nature occasionally attempt$1 ! recall ( 8 reason2 t slight corruscations ( exp]i5ce sometimes ?rew 8 d>kness into light2 ! int]e/ ( ! few 0 bottom$ on 8 en?usiasm2 _! pre-em95ce dep5d$ on 8 love ( ! wond]ful2 _! v exi/5ce re/$ on ! solidity ( 8 ignorance !y consequ5tly suff]$ no opportunity to escape1 ( smo!r+ ev5 ! lamb5t flame4 ,! _m 7 ?us fir/ deceiv$ into cr$ulity1 !n co]c$ into submission4 ,at l5g?1 ! :ole sci5ce ( man became a confus$ mass ( d>kness1 falsehood1 & contradictions1 ) "h & !re a feeble ray ( tru?1 furni%$ by t ,nature ( :i* he c nev] entirely dive/ himself1 because1 )\t 8 k1 8 necessities are cont9ually br++ him back to h] res\rces4 ,hav+ /at$ t by nature he means ! great :ole1 our au?or compla9s ( ^? :o ass]t t matt] is s5seless1 inanimate1 un9tellig5t1 etc41 & says1 ,exp]i5ce proves to u t ! matt] :i* we reg>d z in]t or dead1 assumes action1 intellig5ce1 & life1 :5 x is comb9$ 9 a c]ta9 way3-- ,if fl\r be wett$ ) wat]1 & ! mixture clos$ up1 x w be f\nd1 aft] "s little lapse ( "t1 by ! aid ( a microscope1 to h produc$ organiz$ be+s t enjoy life1 ( :i* ! wat] & ! fl\r 7 believ$ incapable3 x is ?us t inanimate matt] c pass into life1 or animate matt]1 :i* is 9 itself only an assemblage ( motion4 ,reason+ f analogy1 :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day hold p]fectly compatible1 ! production ( a man1 indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y means1 w\ld n be m m>vell\s ?an t ( an insect ) fl\r & wat]4 ,f]m5tation & putrefaction evid5tly produce liv+ animals4 ,we h "h ! pr9ciple2 ) prop] mat]ials1 pr9ciples c always be br\ght into action4 ,t g5]ation :i* is /yl$ equivocal is only s = ^? :o d n reflect1 or :o d n p]mit !mselves1 att5tively1 to obs]ve ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,?is passage is mu* ridicul$ by ,voltaire1 :o ass]ts t x is f\nd$ on "s exp]im5ts made by "o ,ne$ham1 :o plac$ "s rye-meal 9 well-cork$ bottles1 & "s boil$ mutton gravy 9 o!r bottles1 & f\nd t eels 7 produc$ 9 ea*4 ,we d n "k suffici5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,ne$ham's exp]im5ts1 ei!r to affirm or d5y _! au!nticity1 b we feel b\nd to rem9d our read]s ( ! mu*-decri$ exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,mr4 ,crosse1 & :i* 7 aft]w>ds v]ifi$ by ,mr4 ,weekes1 ( ,s&wi*4 ,9 ^! cases1 insects 7 produc$ by ! action ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y ^u a saturat$ solution ( silicate ( pota%1 & ^u f]ro cyanuret ( potassium4 ,! insects 7 a species ( ac>us1 m9ute & semi-transp>5t1 & furni%$ ) long bri/les1 :i* c\ld only be se5 by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,! six? *apt] treats ( man1 & ! au?or ?us answ]s ! "q1 ,:at is man83-- ,we say he is a mat]ial be+1 organiz$ aft] a peculi> mann]1 con=m$ to a c]ta9 mode ( ?9k+1 ( feel+1 capable ( modification 9 c]ta9 modes peculi> to himself1 to 8 organization1 to t p>ticul> comb9ation ( matt] :i* is f\nd assembl$ 9 him4 ,if aga9 x be ask$1 ,:at orig9 we give to be+s ( ! human species8 ,we reply1 t l all o!r be+s1 man is a production ( nature1 :o resembles !m 9 "s respects1 & f9ds himself submitt$ to ! same laws2 :o diff]s f !m 9 o!r respects1 & foll[s p>ticul> laws det]m9$ by ! div]sity ( 8 con=mation4 ,if !n x be dem&$1 ,:5ce came man8 ,we answ]1 our exp]i5ce on ?is head does n capacitate u to resolve ! "q2 b t x _c int]e/ u1 z x suffices = u to "k t man exi/s1 t he is s con/itut$ z to be compet5t to ! effects we witness4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] ! au?or1 treat+ ( ! s\l & _s says3-- ,! doctr9e ( spirituality1 su* z x n[ exi/s1 (f]s no?+ b vague ideas1 or1 r1 is ! abs5ce ( all ideas4 ,:at does x pres5t to ! m9d b a sub/ance :i* possesses no?+ ( :i* our s5ses enable u to h a k8 ,c x be tru?1 t man is able to figure to himself a be+ n mat]ial1 hav+ nei!r ext5t nor p>ts2 :i*1 nev]!less1 acts ^u matt] )\t hav+ any po9t ( contact1 any k9d ( analogy ) x2 & :i* itself receives ! impulse ( matt] by means ( mat]ial organs1 :i* ann\nce to x ! pres5ce ( o!r be+s8 ,is x possible to conceive ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body2 to compreh5d h[ ?is mat]ial body c b9d1 enclose1 con/ra91 det]m9e a fugitive be+1 :i* escapes all our s5ses8 ,is x hone/1 is x pla9 deal+1 to solve ^! difficulties1 by say+ !re is a my/]y 9 !m1 t !y are ! effects ( a p[] m inconceivable ?an ! human s\l1 ?an its mode ( act+1 h[ev] conceal$ f our view8 ,:5 to resolve ^! problems1 man is oblig$ to h rec\rse to miracles1 to make ! ,div9ity int]f]e1 does he n av[ 8 own ignorance8 ,:5 not)/&+ ! ignorance he is ?us oblig$ to av[ by avail+ himself ( ! div9e ag5cy1 he tells u1 ?is immat]ial sub/ance1 ?is s\l1 %all exp]i5ce ! action ( ! elem5t ( fire1 :i* he all[s to be mat]ial2 :5 he confid5tly says1 ?is s\l %all be burnt2 %all suff] 9 purgatory--h we n a "r to believe1 t ei!r he has a design to deceive u1 or else t he does n himself und]/& t :i* he is s anxi\s we %all take ^u 8 ^w8 ,! n9? *apt]1 aft] treat+ ( ! div]sity ( ! intellectual faculties1 proce$s1 ,man at 8 bir? br+s ) him into ! _w no?+ b ! necessity ( cons]v+ himself1 ( r5d]+ 8 exi/5ce happy2 in/ruction1 examples1 ! cu/om ( ! _w1 pres5t him ) ! means1 ei!r real or imag9>y1 ( a*iev+ x2 habit procures = him ! facility ( employ+ ^! means3-- ,9 ord] t man may become virtu\s1 x is absolutely requisite t he %\ld h an int]e/1 t he %\ld f9d advantages 9 practic+ virtue4 ,= ?is end1 x is necess>y t education %\ld implant 9 him reasonable ideas2 t public op9ion %\ld lean t[>ds virtue1 z ! mo/ desirable good2 t example %\ld po9t x out z ! object mo/ wor?y ( e/eem2 t gov]nm5t %\ld fai?fully recomp5se1 %\ld regul>ly rew>d x2 t honor %\ld always accompany its practice2 t vice %\ld con/antly be despis$2 t crime %\ld inv>iably be puni%$4 ,is virtue 9 ?is situation among/ m56 ,does ! education ( man infuse into him j1 fai?ful ideas ( happ9ess--true notions ( virtue---dispositions really favorable to ! be+s ) :om he is to live8 ,! examples spread be=e him1 are !y suitable to innoc5ce ( mann]s8 ,are !y calculat$ to make him respect dec5cy1 to cause him to love probity1 to practice hone/y1 to value good fai?1 to e/eem equity1 to rev]e conjugal fidelity1 to obs]ve exactitude 9 fulfill+ 8 duties8 ,religion1 :i* alone pret5ds to regulate 8 mann]s1 does x r5d] him sociable8 does x make him pacific8 does x tea* him to be humane8 ,! arbit]s1 ! sov]eigns ( society1 are !y fai?ful 9 recomp5s+ punctual 9 rew>d+1 ^? :o h be/ s]v$ _! c\ntry1 9 puni%+ ^? :o h pillag$1 :o h robb$1 :o h plund]$1 :o h divid$1 :o h ru9$ x8 ,ju/ice1 does %e hold h] scales ) a firm1 ) an ev5 h&1 betwe5 all ! citiz5s ( ! /ate8 ,! laws1 d !y nev] support ! /rong aga9/ ! weak1 favor ! ri* aga9/ ! poor1 uphold ! happy aga9/ ! mis]able8 ,9 %ort1 is x an uncommon spectacle to behold crime frequ5tly ju/ifi$1 (t5 applaud$1 sometimes cr[n$ ) success1 insol5tly triumph+1 arrogantly /rid+ ov] t m]it :i* x disda9s1 ov] t virtue :i* x outrages8 ,well1 !n1 9 societies ?us con/itut$1 virtue c only be he>d by a v small numb] ( peaceable citiz5s1 a few g5]\s s\ls1 :o "k h[ to e/imate its value1 :o enjoy x 9 secret4 ,= ! o!rs1 x is only a disgu/+ object2 !y see 9 x no?+ b ! suppos$ enemy to _! happ9ess1 or ! c5sor ( _! individual conduct4 ,9 ! t5? *apt]1 :i* is ^u ! s\l1 ! au?or says3-- ,! div]sity 9 ! temp]am5t ( man1 is natural1 ! necess>y s\rce ( ! div]sity ( passions1 ( 8 ta/e1 ( 8 ideas ( happ9ess1 ( 8 op9ions ( e k9d4 ,?us ?is same div]sity w be ! fatal s\rce ( 8 disputes--( 8 hatr$s--( 8 inju/ice--e "t he %all reason ^u unkn[n objects1 b to :i* he %all atta* ! greate/ importance4 ,he w nev] und]/& ei!r himself or o!rs1 9 speak+ ( a spiritual s\l1 or ( immat]ial sub/ances di/+ui%$ f nature2 he w1 f t mom5t1 cease to speak ! same language1 & he w nev] atta* ! same ideas to ! same words4 ,:at !n %all be ! common /&>d t %all decide :i* is ! man t ?9ks ) ! greate/ ju/ice8 ,propose to a man to *ange 8 religion = y\rs1 he w believe y a madman2 y w only excite 8 indignation1 elicit 8 contempt2 he w propose to y1 9 8 turn1 to adopt 8 own peculi> op9ions2 aft] mu* reason+1 y w treat ea* o!r z absurd be+s1 ridicul\sly op9ionat$1 p]t9aci\sly /ubborn2 & he w display ! lea/ folly :o %all fir/ yield4 ,b if ! adv]s>ies become heat$ 9 ! dispute1 :i* always happ5s1 :5 !y suppose ! matt] important1 or :5 !y w\ld def5d ! cause ( _! own self-love1 f !nce _! passions %>p51 !y gr[ angry1 qu>rels are provok$1 !y hate ea* o!r1 & end by reciprocal injury4 ,x is ?us t = op9ions1 :i* no man c demon/rate1 we see ! ,bra*man despis$2 ! ,mahom$an hat$2 ! ,pagan held 9 contempt2 t !y oppress & disda9 ea* ) ! mo/ raucor\s animosity3 ! ,*ri/ian burns ! ,jew at :at is call$ an ,auto-da-fe1 because he cl+s to ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic condemns ! ,prote/ant to ! flames1 & makes a consci5ce ( massacre+7sp47 him 9 cold blood2 ?is re-acts 9 8 turn2 sometimes ! v>i\s sects ( ,*ri/ians league toge!r aga9/ ! incr$ul\s ,turk1 & = a mom5t susp5d _! own bloody disputes t !y may *a/ise ! enemies to ! true fai?3 !n1 hav+ glutt$ _! rev5ge1 return ) r$\bi$ fury1 to wreak ov] aga9 _! infuriat$ v5geance on ea* o!r4 ,! ?irte5? *apt] argues z foll[s1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & a future /ate3-- ,9 old age1 man ext+ui%es entirely1 8 fibres become rigid1 8 n]ves lose _! ela/icity1 8 s5ses are obtund$1 8 sight gr[s dim1 8 e>s lose _! quickness1 8 ideas become unconnect$1 8 memory fails1 8 imag9ation cools1--:at1 !n1 becomes ( 8 s\l4 ,alas6 x s9ks d[n ) ! body1 x gets b5umb$ z ?is loses its feel+1 becomes sluggi% z ?is decays 9 activity2 l x1 :5 enfeebl$ by ye>s1 x fulfils its functions ) pa92 ?is sub/ance1 :i* is deem$ spiritual1 :i* is consid]$ immat]ial1 :i* x is endeavor$ to di/+ui% f matt]1 und]goes ! same revolutions1 exp]i5ces ! same vicissitudes1 submits to ! "n modifications z does ! body itself4 ,9 despite ( ?is pro( ( ! mat]iality ( ! s\l1 ( its id5tity ) ! body s conv9c+ to ! unprejudic$1 "s ?9k]s h suppos$ t al?\gh ! latt] is p]i%able1 ! =m] does n p]i%2 t ?is portion ( man enjoys ! especial privilege ( immortality2 t x is exempt f dissolution2 free f ^? *anges ( =m all ! be+s 9 nature und]go3 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 man is p]suad$ himself t ?is privileg$ s\l does n die4 ,x w be ask$1 p]haps1 by :at road has man be5 conduct$ to =m to himself gratuit\s ideas ( ano!r _w4 ,i reply1 t x is a tru? man has no idea ( a future life2 !y are ! ideas ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 t furni% 8 imag9ation ) ! mat]ials ( :i* he con/ructs ! edifice ( ! regions ( futurity4 ,hobbes says1 ',we believe t1 t :i* is w always be1 & t ! same causes w h ! same effects4' ,man 9 8 actual /ate has two modes ( feel+--"o1 t he approves2 ano!r1 t he disapproves3 ?us p]suad$ t ^! two modes ( feel+ mu/ accompany him ev5 beyond 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 he plac$ 9 ! regions ( et]nity two di/+ui%$ abodes2 "o de/9$ to felicity2 ! o!r to mis]y3 ! "o mu/ conta9 ^? :o obey ! calls ( sup]/ition1 :o believe 9 its dogmas2 ! o!r is a prison1 de/9$ to av5ge ! cause ( heav5 on all ^? :o %all n fai?fully believe ! doctr9es promulgat$ by ! m9i/]s ( a va/ v>iety ( sup]/itions4 ,has suffici5t att5tion be5 paid to ! fact t results z a necess>y consequ5ce f ?is reason+2 :i* on exam9ation w be f\nd to h r5d]$ ! fir/ place entirely useless1 see+1 t by ! numb] & contradiction ( ^! v>i\s sy/ems1 let man believe :i*ev] he may1 let him foll[ x 9 ! mo/ fai?ful mann]1 /ill he mu/ be rank$ z an ,infidel1 z a rebel to ! div9ity2 because he _c believe 9 all2 & ^? f :i* he diss5ts1 by a consequ5ce ( _! own cre$1 condemn him to ! prison-h\se8--,su* is ! orig9 ( ! ideas ^u a future life1 s diffus$ among mank9d4 ,ev]y:]e may be se5 an ,elysium1 & a ,t>t>us1 a ,p>adise & a ,hell2 9 a ^w1 two di/+ui%$ abodes1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! imag9ation ( ! en?usia/s :o h inv5t$ !m2 :o h accommodat$ !m to _! own peculi> prejudices1 to ! hopes1 to ! fe>s ( ! p :o believe 9 !m4 ,! ,indian figures ! fir/ ( ^! abodes z "o ( inaction1 ( p]man5t repose1 because1 be+ ! inhabitant ( a hot climate1 he has le>n$ to contemplate re/ z ! extreme ( felicity3 ! ,mussulman promises himself corporeal pleasures1 simil> to ^? t actually con/itute ! object ( 8 rese>* 9 ?is life3 ea* figures to himself t on :i* he has le>n$ to set ! greate/ value4 ,z = ! mis]able abode ( s\ls1 ! imag9ation ( fanatics1 :o 7 desir\s ( gov]n+ ! p1 /rove to assemble ! mo/ frightful images to r5d] x /ill m t]rible2 fire is ( all ?+s t :i* produces 9 man ! mo/ pung5t s5sation2 n f9d+ any?+ m cruel1 ! enemies to ! sev]al dogmas 7 to be ev]la/+ly puni%$ ) ?is tortur+ elem5t3 fire1 !re=e1 0 ! po9t at :i* _! imag9ation 0 oblig$ to /op2 ! m9i/]s ( ! v>i\s sy/ems agre$ pretty g5]ally1 t fire w\ld "o day av5ge _! (f5d$ div9ities2 ?us1 !y pa9t$ ! victims to ! ang] ( ! gods1 or r ^? :o que/ion$ _! own cre$s1 z conf9$ 9 fi]y dungeons2 z p]petually roll+ into a vortex ( bitum9\s flames2 z plung$ 9 unfa?omable gulfs ( liquid sulphur2 mak+ ! inf]nal cav]ns res\nd ) _! useless groan+s1 ) _! unavail+ gna%+ ( tee?4 ,b x w1 p]haps1 be inquir$1 h[ c\ld man reconcile himself to ! belief ( an exi/5ce accompani$ ) et]nal torm5ts2 above all1 z _m accord+ to _! own sup]/itions _h reason to fe> x = !mselves--,_m causes h concurr$ to make him adopt s revolt+ an op9ion3 9 ! fir/ place1 v few ?9k+ m5 h ev] believ$ su* an absurdity1 :5 !y h deign$ to make use ( _! reason2 or1 :5 !y h accr$it$ x1 ?is notion 0 always c\nt]balanc$ by ! idea ( ! goodness1 by a reliance on ! m]cy1 :i* !y attribut$ to _! respective div9ities3 9 ! second place1 ^? :o 7 bl9d$ by _! fe>s nev] r5d]$ to !mselves any acc\nt ( ^! /range doctr9es :i* !y ei!r receiv$ ) awe f _! legislators1 or :i* 7 transmitt$ to !m by _! fa!rs2 9 ! ?ird place1 ea* sees ! object ( 8 t]rors only at a favorable di/ance2 moreov]1 sup]/ition promises him ! means ( escap+ ! tortures he believes he has m]it$4 ,we conclude by quot+ ! foll[+ eloqu5t passage3-- ,oh6 ,nature6 sov]eign ( all be+s6 & ye1 h] adorable daught]s1 ,virtue1 ,reason1 & ,tru?6 rema9 =ev] our rev]5d protectors4 ,x is to y t belong ! praises ( ! human race2 to y app]ta9s ! homage ( ! e>?4 ,%[ u1 !n1 oh6 ,nature6 t :i* man ought to d1 9 ord] to obta9 ! happ9ess :i* ?\ make/ him desire4--,virtue6 animate him ) ?y b5efic5t fire6 ,reason6 conduct 8 unc]ta9 /eps ?r\gh ! pa?s ( life4 ,tru?6 let ?y tor* illum9e 8 intellect1 dissipate ! d>kness ( 8 road4444 ,bani% error f our m9d1 wick$ness f our he>ts1 confusion f our foot/eps4 ,cause k to ext5d its salubri\s reign1 goodness to occupy our s\ls1 s]5ity to dwell 9 our bosoms4444 ,let our eyes1 s long ei!r dazzl$ or bl9dfold$1 be at l5g? fix$ ^u ^? objects we ought to seek4 ,dispel =ev] ^? mi/s ( ignorance1 ^? hide\s phantoms1 toge!r ) ^? s$uc+ *im]as1 :i* only s]ve to lead u a/ray4 ,extricate u f t d>k abyss into :i* we are plung$ by sup]/ition1 ov]?r[ ! fatal empire ( delusion1 crumble ! ?rone ( falsehood1 wre/ f _! pollut$ h&s ! p[] !y h usurp$4 ,,rob]t ,,taylor4 ,_m ( ! read]s ( ?is numb] w1 f _! own memories1 be bett] able to d ju/ice to him1 :om ,h5ry ,hunt nam$ ,! ,devil's ,*apla91 ?an we %all 9 our limit$ space4 ,rob]t ,taylor 0 born at ,edmonton1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 on ! #ah? ( ,augu/1 #aghd4 ,8 family 0 highly respectable1 & 8 p>5ts 7 9 afflu5t circum/ances2 b1 be+ a y\ng] son 9 a family ( elev5 *ildr51 x 0 necess>y t ,rob]t ,taylor %\ld foll[ "s pr(ession4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 leav+ him "u ! gu>dian%ip ( a pat]nal uncle4 ,:5 sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 appr5tic$ to a surgeon1 at ,birm+ham1 & /udi$ m$ic9e aft]w>ds "u ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] & ,mr4 ,clive1 pass+ ! ,college ( ,surgeons ) consid]able eclat4 ,:5 ab\t tw5ty-?ree1 he became acqua9t$ ) ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,cott]ell1 a cl]gyman ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 ( high evangelical pr9ciples1 :o induc$ him to quit physic = metaphysics1 & 9 #ahji ,rob]t ,taylor ent]$ ,sa9t ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 & 9 #ahac took 8 degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,he 0 publicly complim5t$ by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,college z a s+ul> honor to ! ,univ]sity 9 8 s*ol>%ip1 & 0 orda9$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 #ahac1 by ! bi%op ( ,*i*e/]2 f t "t until #ahah1 ,taylor (ficiat$ z curate at ,midhur/4 ,"h he became acqua9t$ ) a p]son nam$ ,ayl+ :o held ,dei/ical op9ions1 & :o induc$ ,taylor to read v>i\s ,free-?9k+ works2 ?is soon result$ 9 an av[al ( ,deism on ! "p ( ,taylor1 :o t5d]$ 8 resignation to 8 ,bi%op4 ,8 fri5ds & family 7 mu* al>m$1 & mu* pressure 0 br\ght to be> ^u him1 & we regret to /ate t x _h ! effect ( produc+ a tempor>y recantation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 br\ght ,taylor no relief2 he f\nd himself 9 di/ress1 & %unn$ by 8 family4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( an old fri5d1 he obta9$ ! curacy ( ,y>dley1 ne> ,birm+ham1 b 8 previ\s apo/acy hav+ rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,bi%op1 ! necess>y lic5se 0 refus$1 & ! rector receiv$ a p]emptory notice to dismiss ,taylor4 ,?is h>% treatm5t caus$ a reaction1 & :ile ! rector s\ght ano!r curate1 ,taylor prea*$ a s]ies ( s]mons1 by means ( :i* he %ook ! fai? ( ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 congregation4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( 8 la/ s]mon at ,y>dley3-- ,! text 01 ',= z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! :ale's belly1 s %all ! son ( man be ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?4'--,matt1 xii41 #dj4 ,he began1 ',!n ?is glori\s miracle ( ! man hav+ be5 swall[$ alive by a fi%1 & rema9+ alive = sev5ty-two h\rs1 undige/$ & unhurt1 9 ! fi%'s b[els1 & be+ vomit$ up unhurt & safe ^u ! dry l&1 0 z true z ! gospel2 & consequ5tly ! gospel 0 z true1 b n m true1 ?an ?is sea-sick miracle4 ,he inf]r$ t no p]son c\ld h a "r to pret5d to believe 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 :o _h ! lea/ d\bt z to ! reality ( ! deglutition & evomition ( ! prophet ,jonah4 ,z to ! natural improbabilities & physical impossibilities ( ?is v wond]ful ,bible miracle1 ^! 7 no?+ 9 ! way ( a true & lively fai?4 ,:]e miracles ( any sort 7 conc]n$1 !re c\ld be no di/9ction into ! great] & ! less1 s9ce inf9ite p[] 0 z necess>y to ! reality ( ! lea/ z to ! greate/4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t x 0 ! ,"l :o prep>$ ! fi%1 & prep>$ him = ! express purpose ( swall[+ ! man1 & probably gave him a little op5+ physic1 to cleanse ! ap>tm5t = ! accommodation ( its int5d$ t5ant2 & _h ! purpose be51 t ! :ole %ip & all ! crew %\ld h be5 swall[$ z well z he1 !re's no d\bt t !y c\ld h be5 equally well accommodat$4 ,b z to :at "s wick$ ,infidels object$1 ab\t ! swall[ ( ! :ale be+ too n>r[ to admit ! passage ( ! man1 x only requir$ a little /ret*+1 & ev5 a h]r+ or a sprat might h gulp$ him4 ,he enl>g$1 mo/ copi\sly1 on ! circum/ance ( ! ,"l speak+ to ! fi%1 9 ord] to cause him to vomit2 & insi/$ on ! natural efficacy ( ! ,"l1 :i* 0 q en\gh to make anybody sick4 ,he po9t$ out ! _m int]e/+ examples ( fai? & ob$i5ce :i* _h be5 set by ! scaly race1 :o 7 n only at all times easy to be caught 9 ! gospel net1 :5 ?r[n ov] !m by ! prea*+ ( ! ^w1 b 7 always ready to surr5d] _! exi/5ce to ! ,almighty1 :5ev] he pleas$ to drop 'em a l9e4 ,t z ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! gospel 7 fi%]m51 s ! prea*]s ( ! gospel1 to ?is day1 might truly be said to be look+ aft] ! loaves & fi%es1 & !y :o1 z ! ,scripture says1 are 'wise to cat* soles1' speak to !m = no o!r purpose ?an t = :i* ! ,"l spake unto ! :ale--t is1 to asc]ta9 h[ mu* !y c swall[4 ,! moral ( ?is pung5t p]siflage1 aim$ to admoni% ! pr\d & un*>itable believ]1 :o expect$ 8 acceptance ) ! deity on ! score ( 8 cr$ulity1 t :5 8 cr$ulity 0 fairly put to trial1 x might be f\nd t he 0 9 reality z f> f believ+ :at he did n take to be true z ! mo/ hone/ & av[$ ,infidel4 ',?\ !n :o w\ld/ put a trick ^u inf9ite wisdom1 & pref]e/ ! imag9$ m]it ( a weak und]/&+ to ! real utility ( an hone/ he>t--?\ :o w\ld/ ',comp\nd = s9s ?\ art incl9$ to1 ,by damn+ ^? ?\ ha/ no m9d to2' ha/ ?\ no fe>s = ?y presumptu\s self8 ,?\ believe/ only t :i* seeme? to !e to be true2 :at does ! ,a!i/ less8 ,& t :i* appe>e? to be a lie ?\ rejecte/2 :at does ! ,a!i/ m8 ,c we ?9k t ,god has giv5 u reason only to betray u1 & made u s mu* sup]ior to ! brute creation1 only to deal ) u s mu* worse ?an !y1 to puni% u = mak+ ! be/ use we c\ld ( ! faculties he has giv5 u1 & to make ! v excell5ce ( our nature ! cause ( our damnation8' ,?is conclud$ 8 connection ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & 8 bro!r hav+ cons5t$ to make him an all[ance ( "o p\nd p] week if he w\ld quit ,engl&1 he retir$ to ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,aft] n9e weeks 8 bro!r ceas$ to remit2 & to support himself1 ,taylor wrote = ! two newspap]s !n publi%$ 9 ! isl&1 b 8 articles attract+ att5tion1 he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,bi%op1 & compell$ to quit ! isl& "u a ?reat ( imprisonm5t4 ,9 deep di/ress1 he w5t to ,dubl91 :]e he lectur$ on ,deism until #ahbd1 :5 he came to ,london1 & f\nd$ ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society4 ,_m ( ! disc\rses deliv]$ by him 7 pr9t$ 9 ,! ,lion4 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahbh4 ,9 #ahbg ,mr4 ,taylor 0 tri$ at ,guildhall = blasphemy1 & 0 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t 9 ,oakham gaol = "o ye>4 ,9 ,oakham he wrote ,! ,diegesis & ,syntagma4 ,aft] 8 release f prison 9 #ahbi1 he1 toge!r ) ,ri*>d ,c>lile1 made a t\r ?r\gh ,engl& on an ,infidel mission1 comm5c+ ) a *all5ge to ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahcj & #ahca he deliv]$ a s]ies ( disc\rses1 :i* are pr9t$ toge!r "u ! title ( ,! ,devil's ,pulpit4 ,on ! #d? ,july1 #ahca1 he 0 aga9 tri$ = blasphemy & s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t ,9 #ahcc he deliv]$ a numb] ( disc\rses1 :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philale!an4 ,he 0 ! fri5d & companion ( ,ri*>d ,c>lile = sev]al ye>s4 ,x is difficult to quote f ,rob]t ,taylor's works1 unless at ! risk ( do+ him great inju/ice1 & we mu/ !re=e ref] our read]s to ! works we h nam$4 ,! foll[+ is f ,! ,devil's ,pulpit3-- ,! g5tlem5 :o di/ribute religi\s tracts1 ! g5]al body ( diss5t+ prea*]s1 & almo/ all p]sons engag$ 9 ! trade ( religion1 imag9e !mselves to h a mighty advantage aga9/ ,infidels1 ^u ! /r5g? ( t la/ & reckless argum5t--t :e!r ! ,*ri/ian religion be true or false1 !re c be no h>m 9 believ+2 & t belief is1 at any rate1 ! safe side4 ,n[1 to say no?+ ( ?is old ,popi% argum5t1 :i* a s5sible man mu/ see is ! v ess5ce ( ,pop]y1 & w\ld oblige u to believe all ! absurdities & nons5se 9 ! _w3 inasmu* z if !re be no h>m 9 believ+1 & !re be "s h>m & dang] 9 n believ+1 ! m we believe ! bett]3 & all ! argum5t necess>y = any religion :atev] w\ld be1 t x %\ld fright5 u out ( our wits3 ! m t]rible1 ! m true3 & x w\ld be our duty to become ! conv]ts ( t religion :atev] x might be1 ^: prie/s c\ld swe> ! l\de/1 & damn & curse ! fi]ce/4 ,b ,i am "h to grapple ) ?is ,pop]y 9 disguise1 ?is wolfi% argum5t 9 %eepi% clo?+1 ^u ,scriptural gr\nd1 & on ,scriptural gr\nd only2 tak+ ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 = ?is argum5t's sake1 to be div9e au?ority4 ,! "q propos$ is1 ',:e!r is ! believ] or ! unbeliev] ! m likely to be sav$1 tak+ ! ,scriptures to be ( div9e au?ority6' ,& ,i /& "h1 on ?is div9e au?ority1 to prove t ! unbeliev] is ! m likely to be sav$3 t unbelief1 & n belief1 is ! safe side1 & t a man is m likely to be damn$ = believ+ ! gospel1 & because ( 8 hav+ believ$ x1 ?an = reject+ & despis+ x1 z ,i d4444 ,b1 if a pati5t he>+ be m ?an good ,*ri/ians be m9d$ to give u1 :5 ?us advance to meet !m on _! own gr\nd1 _! impati5ce & intol]ance itself w supply ! evid5ce & demon/ration ( ! fact1 t1 aft] all1 !y d>e n /& to ! text ( _! own book1 t x is n ! ,bible t !y g by1 nor ,god :om !y reg>d3 b t !y want to be ,god-a'-mighties !mselves1 & w\ld h u take _! words = ,god's words2 y mu/ read x z !y read x1 & und]/& x z !y und]/& x3 y mu/ 'skip1 & g on1' j :]e a h>d ^w comes 9 ! way ( ! s5se !y *oose to put ^u x3 y mu/ believe :at ! book conta9s1 :at y see ) y\r own eyes t x does n conta93 y mu/ %ut y\r eyes1 & n see :at x does conta92 or y'll be none ! ne>] ! m>k ( _! lik+4444 ,tak+ ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 = ?is argum5t's sake1 to be decisive1 ,i address ! believ] :o w\ld give himself airs ( sup]iority1 w\ld *uckle 9 an imag9>y safety 9 believ+1 & presume to ?reat5 ! unbeliev] z be+ 9 a worse case1 or m dang]\s plight1 ?an he4 ',ha/ ?\ no fe>s = ?y presumptu\s self8' :5 on ! %[+ ( ?9e own book1 ! safety 7if safety !re be7 is all on ! unbeliev+ side8 ,:5 = any "o text t c be produc$1 seem+ to hold out any advantage or safety 9 believ+1 we c produce two 9 :i* ! bett] hope is held out to ! unbeliev]8 ,= any "o app>5t exhortation to believe1 we c produce two =biddances to believe1 & _m ?reat5-+s ( ,god's v5geance to1 & = ! crime & folly (1 believ+4 ,to ?is pro( ,i proce$1 by %[+ y3--#a/4 ,:at ! d5unciations ( ,god's v5geance are3 ) no comm5t ( m9e1 b 9 ! words ( ! text itself4 #b;d4 ,t ^! dreadful d5unciations are ?reat5$ to believ]s3 & t !y are n ?reat5$ to unbeliev]s4 ,& #c;d4 ,t all possible advantages & safety1 :i* believ+ c\ld conf] on any man1 are likely1 & m likely to be conf]r$ on ! unbeliev] ?an on ! believ]4 ,t ! dang] ( ! believ] is s extreme1 t no great] dang] c possibly be4 #a/4 ,:at are ! d5unciations ( ,god's v5geance6 ',!re are' 7says ! holy ,revelation1 xiv4 #aj17 ':o %all dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god1 :i* is p\r$ out )\t mixture into ! cup ( 8 indignation1 & %all be torm5t$ ) fire & brim/one1 & ! smoke ( _! torm5t asc5de? up =ev] & ev]3 & !y h no re/ day or night4' ,!re's 'glad tid+s ( great joy' = y6 ,! ,*ri/ian may get1 ov] ! t]ror ( ?is d5unciation by ! selfi% & ung5]\s *uckle ( 8 ',ah6 well1 ^! 7 v wick$ p1 & mu/ h des]v$ _! doom2 x ne$ n al>m u3 x doesn't apply to u4' ,b good-he>t$ m5 w\ld r say1 ',x does apply4 ,we _c be indiff]5t to ! mis]y ( our fell[-creatures4 ,! self-same ,heav5 t fr[ns on !m1 looks l[]+ ^u u4' ,& :o 7 !y8 & :at 0 _! (f5ce8 ,0 x ,a!ism6 0 x ,deism' 0 x ,infidelity8 ,no6 ,x 0 = *ur* & *apel-go+2 x 0 = ador+1 believ+1 & wor%ipp+4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! bea/3 ,i "k n :at bea/ !y wor%ipp$2 b ,i "k t if y g into any ( our *ur*es & *apels at ?is day1 y w f9d !m wor%ipp+ ! ,lamb2 & if wor%ipp+ a lamb be n mo/ suspici\sly l wor%ip+ a bea/1 y may keep ! color 9 y\r *eeks1 :ile m9e are blan*$ ) fe>4 ,! unbeliev] only c be absolutely safe f ?is dang]4 ,he only :o has no religion at all1 is sure n to be ( ! wrong religion4 ,he :o wor%ips nei!r ,god nor ,devil1 is sure n to mi/ake "o ( ^? g5tlem5 = ! o!r4 ,b w x be pret5d$1 t ^! are only metaphors ( spee*1 t ! ?+ said is n ! ?+ t's meant8 ,:y1 !n1 !y are v ugly metaphors4 ,& :at is say+ t :i* y don't mean1 & mean+ ! contr>y to :at y say1 b ly+8 ,& :at worse c become ( ! ,infidel1 :o makes x ! rule ( 8 life 'to he> & speak ! pla9 & simple tru?1' ?an ( ! ,*ri/ian1 ^: religion itself is a sy/em ( metaphors & allegories1 ( d\ble mean+s1 ( quirk & quiddities 9 dread defiance ( ! text t w>ns him1 t ',all li>s %all h _! "p 9 ! lake :i* burne? ) fire & brim/one8' ,rev4 xxi4 #h4 ,is x a p>able t a man may m]ely ent]ta9 8 imag9ation )al1 & ?9k no m on't1--?\gh n a ^w be h9t$ ab\t a p>abolical signification1 & ! text /&s 9 ! m\? ( him :o1 we are told1 0 ! tru? itself8 ,& he x is :o br\ght life & immortality to light1 t ha? describ$ 9 ! #af? ( ,luke1 su* an immortality z t ( "o :o 0 a s9c]e believ]1 a son ( ,abraham1 :o took ! ,bible = ! rule ( 8 life1 & 0 anxi\s to promote ! salvation ( 8 bre?r51 yet f\nd = himself no ,savi\r1 no salvation2 b1 ',9 ,hell he lift$ up 8 eyes be+ 9 torm5t3 & sai? ,fa!r ,abraham1 h m]cy on me1 & s5d ,laz>us1 t he may dip ! tip ( 8 f+] 9 wat]1 & cool my tongue1 = ,i am torm5t$ 9 ?is flame4' ,b t reque/ 0 refus$4 ',!n he said1 ,i pray !e1 !re=e1 ,fa!r1 t ?\ w\ld/ s5d him to my fa!r's h\se2 = ,i h five bre?r51 t he may te/ify unto !m1 le/ !y also come to ?is place ( torm5t4' ,b t reque/ 0 refus$4 ,!re's 'glad tid+s ( great joy' = y6 ,t ! believ]'s dang] ( com+ or go+ into t place ( torm5t is s great1 t great] _c possibly be3 & t 8 belief w /& him 9 no /ead at all1 b make 8 plight a ?\s& times worse ?an if he _h n be5 a believ]2 & t unbelief is ! saf] side--,*ri/ himself be+ judge--,i quote no words b 8 to prove4 ,is ! believ] conc]n$ to save 8 s\l1 !n %all he mo/ assur$ly be damn$ = be+ s conc]n$3 = ,*ri/ ha? said1 ',:osoev] w save 8 s\l %all lose x4' ,mat!w xvi4 #be4 ,is ! believ] a complete begg>8 ,if he be n s1 if he ha? a rag t he do? call 8 own1 he w be damn$ to all et]nity4 ,= ,*ri/ ha? said1 ',:osoev] he be ( y :o =sake? n all t he ha?1 he _c be my disciple4' ,luke xiv4 #cc4 ,is ! believ] a ri* man8 & dreams he ( go+ to ,heav58 ,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le4' ,mat!w xix4 #bd4 ,is he a man at all1 !n he _c be sav$1 = ,*ri/ ha? said1 ',?\ believe/ t !re is "o ,god2' sai? ,/4 ,james1 ',?\ do/ well1 ! ,devils also believe & tremble4' #b ,james xix4 ,& s mu* good1 & no m1 ?an comes to damn$ spirits 9 ! flames ( ,hell1 is all ! good t ev] did & c come ( believ+4 ',= ?\gh ?\ had/ all fai?1 s t ?\ c\ld/ remove m\nta9s1' sai? ,/4 ,paul1 ',x %\ld pr(it !e no?+4' #a ,cor4 xiii4 #b4 ,well1 !n6 let ! good ,*ri/ian try :at sav+ 8 pray]s w d = him3 ?is is ! good t !y'66 d = him2 & he ha? ,*ri/'s own ^w to com=t him 9't1 ',he %all receive ! great] damnation4' ,luke xx4 #dg4 ,well1 !n1 s9ce believ+ w n save him1 s9ce fai? w n save him1 s9ce pray] w n save him1 b all s positively make ?+s all ! worse1 & none ! bett]1 !re's "o o!r *ance = him4 ,let him g & receive ! ,sacram5t1 ! mo/ com=table ,sacram5t1 y "k1 '( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1' rememb]+1 z all good communicants %\ld1 't he is n wor?y s mu* z to ga!r up ! crumbs t fall f t table4' ',tru?1 ,"l6 ,b ! dogs eat ( ! crumbs t fall f _! ma/]'s table6' ,o :at happy dogs6 ,b let ^? dogs rememb]1 t x is also tru?1 t ',he t eate? & dr9ke? unwor?ily1 eate? & dr9ke? damnation to himself4' #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bi4 ,o :at preci\s eat+ & dr9k+6 ',my ,god6 & is ?y table spread2 ,& do? ?y cup ) love o'erfl[8 ,?i!r be all ! *ildr5 l$1 ,& let !m all ?y sweetness "k4' ,t table is a sn>e1 t cup is deadly poison t bread %all s5d ?y s\l to ,hell4 ,well1 !n6 try aga91 believ]3 p]haps y _h bett] jo9 ! ,mission>y ,society1 & subscribe to s5d ^! glad tid+s ( ^! bless$ privileges1 & ?is jolly eat+ & dr9k+1 to ! ,hea!n4 ,:y1 !n2 y h ,*ri/'s own assurance1 t :5 y %all h made "o proselyte1 y %all j h done him ! k9dness ( mak+ him tw(old m ! *ild ( ,hell ?an y\rself4 ,mat4 xxiii4 #ae4 ,is ! believ] liable to ! ord9>y gu/s ( passion1 & 9 a passion %all he drop ! ha/y ^w1 '?\ fool6' = t "o ^w 'he %all be 9 dang] ( ,hell fire4' ,mat4 v4 #bb4 ,nay1 ,sirs6 ?is isn't ! wor/ ( ! believ]'s dang]4 ,w\ld he b keep 8 legs & arms toge!r1 & sp>e 8 own eyes & limbs2 he do? by t v m]cy to himself damn 8 eyes & limbs--& ha? ,*ri/'s assurance t x w\ld h be5 pr(itable = him r to h pluck$ out 8 eyes1 & *opt (f 8 limbs1 & s to h wriggl$ & grop$ 8 way ?r\gh ! ',/raight gate & ! n>r[ way t leade? unto life1' ?an hav+ two eyes & two arms1 or two legs1 to be ca/ into ,hell1 into ! fire t nev] %all be qu5*$1 :]e _! 'worm die? n1 & ! fire is n qu5*$4' ,m>k ix4 #dc4 ,well1 !n6 w ! believ] say1 :at 7 all ! miracles & prophecies ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t = ^? unque/ionable miracles1 & cle>ly-accompli%$ prophecies1 if x 7 n t m5 %\ld believe8 ,:y1 absolutely1 !y 7 ! v argum5ts appo9t$ by ,god himself to %[ u t m5 %\ld n believe1 b t damnation %\ld be _! puni%m5t if !y did believe4 ',to ! law & ! te/imony4' ,sirs6 ,^! are ! v words3--',( miracles1 sai? ,god's ^w1 ',!y are ! spirits ( devils1 t "w miracles4' ,rev4 xvi4 #ad4 ,& x is ! ,devil :o 'deceiveih !m :i* dwell on ! e>?1 by means ( ^? miracles :i* he ha? p[] to d4' ,rev4 xiii4 #ad4 ,s mu* = miracles4 ,is x on ! score ( prophets & ( prophecies1 !n1 t y w take believ+ to be ! safe side8 ,!n '?us sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! prophets prophesy falsely & ! prie/s be> rule by _! means4' ,j]4 v4 #ca4 ',! prophet is a fool3 ! spiritual man is mad4' ,hosea i4 #g4 ',?us sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s3 he>k5 n unto ! prophets4' ,j]4 xxiii4 #ae4 ',o ,israel1 ?y prophets are l ! foxes ( ! des]t4' ,ezekiel xiii4 #d4 ',!y lie unto !e4' ,j]em4 xiv4 #ad4 ',& !y %all be torm5t$ day & night =ev] & ev]4' ,rev4 xx4 #aj4 ',& ! puni%m5t ( ! prophet %all be ev5 z ! puni%m5t ( him t seeke? unto him4' ,ezekiel xiv4 #aj4 ,nay m1 !n1 x is1 :5 ,god ha? det]m9$ to damn m51 t he1 9 e in/ance1 cause? !m to become believ]s1 & to h fai? 9 div9e ,revelation1 9 ord] t !y may be damn$4 ,believ]s1 & none b believ]s1 becom+ liable to damnation2 believ]s & none b believ]s1 be+ capable ( committ+ t unp>donable s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* ha? nev] =giv5ess1 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 t :i* is to come4 ',:]eas all o!r k9ds ( blasphemy %all be =giv5 unto m51 & all sorts ( blasphemy :]e) soev] !y %all blaspheme4 ,b !re is no =giv5ess = believ]s4' ,m>k iii4 #bh4 ,= x is writt51 ',= ?is cause ,god %all s5d !m /rong delusion1 t !y %\ld believe a lie3 t !y all might be damn$4' #b ,!ssal4 ii4 #aa4 ,s :5 x 0 det]m9$ by ,god t ! wick$ ,ahab %\ld p]i%1 ! means to br+ him to de/ruction1 bo? ( body & s\l1 0 to make him become a believ]4 ,i (f] no comm5t ( my own on words s sacr$2 b ^! are ! words3 ',he> ?\1 !re=e1 ! ^w ( ! ,"l4 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ ^u 8 ?rone1 & all ! ho/s ( ,heav5 /&+ by him on 8 "r h& & on 8 left4 ,& ! ,"l said1 :o %all p]suade ,ahab t he may g up & fall at ,ramo? ,gilead8 & "o said on ?is mann]1 & ano!r said on t mann]4 ,& !re /ood =? a _s1 & /ood be=e ! ,"l1 & said3 ,i w p]suade him4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him :]e)8 ,& he said1 ,i w g =?1 & ,i w be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8 prophets4 ,& he said1 ?\ %alt p]suade him1 & prevail also4 ,g =? & d s4 ,n[1 !re=e1 behold ! ,"l ha? put a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all ?y prophets4' #a k+s xxii4 #bb4 ,!re 7 #djj ( 'em2 !y 7 '! goodly-fell[%ip ( ! prophets = y2 all ( !m inspir$ by ! _s f on high1 & all ( !m ly+ z fa/ z !y c\ld lie4' ,s mu* = gett+ on ! safe side by believ+4 ,_h ,ahab be5 an ,infidel1 he w\ld h sav$ 8 s\l alive4 ,z x 01 we may address him 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,paul to j su* ano!r fool1 ',k+ ,ahab1 believe/ ?\ ! prophets8 ,i "k t ?\ believe/3 b no bett] ?an ,i "k1 t = t v belief1 fell slaught] on ?y s\l3 & :]e ?\ s\ghte/ to be sav$ by believ+1 x 0 by believ+ ?\ w]t damn$4' ,s :5 ,elijah _h succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! #dej wor%ipp]s ( ,baal1 :o _h be5 safe en\gh :ile !y 7 ,infidels1 & !y began cry+1 '! ,"l ,he is ,god1 ! ,"l ,he is ,god3' ! mom5t !y got into ! "r fai?1 !y f\nd !mselves 9 ! wrong box2 & ! prophet1 by ! comm& ( ,god1 put a /op to _! ,"l-,godd+1 by cutt+ _! ?roats = 'em1 ',elijah br\ght !m d[n to ! brook ( ,ki%on1 & slew !m !re4' #a ,k+s xviii4 #dj4 ,oh6 :at a bless$ ?+1 y see1 to be conv]t$ to ! true fai?6 ,?us all ! s9s & crimes t h be5 committ$ 9 ! _w1 & all ,god's judgm5ts ^u s9 & s9n]s h be5 ! consequ5ce ( religion1 & fai?1 & believ+4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ s9 committ$ 9 ! _w8 ,x 0 believ+4 ,_h our great "m ,eve n be5 a believ+ cr$ul\s fool1 %e w\ld n h be5 9 ! transgression4 ,:o 0 ! fir/ rev]5d div9e t began prea*+ ab\t ,god & immortality8 ,x 0 ! ,devil4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ lie t 0 ev] told1 ! v damn+ & damnable lie8 ,x 0 ! lie told to make folks believe t !y w\ld n be dead :5 !y 7 dead1 t !y %\ld n surely die1 b t !y %\ld be z gods1 & live 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ',:5 ,god himself ha? decl>$1 t !re is no future /ate ( exi/5ce3 t ',du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ %alt ?\ return4' ,:o is x1 !n1 t pref]s believ+ 9 ! ,devil r ?an 9 ,god1 b ! believ]8--,& f :om is ! hope ( a future /ate d]iv$1 b f ! fa!r ( lies--! ,devil8 ,b if 9 defiance ( s positive a decl>ation ( ,almighty ,god1 m5 w h x t !re is a future /ate ( exi/5ce aft] dea?1 :o are !y :o %all sit d[n ) ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! k+dom ( ,heav51 b unbeliev]s1 let !m come f ! nor?1 f ! s\?1 f ! ea/1 or f ! we/8 ,& :o are !y t %all be ca/ out1 b believ]s1 '! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom8' ,z ,/4 ,pet] v *>itably calls !m1 'curs$ *ildr54' #b ,pet] ii4 #ad4 ,t is1 ,i suppose1 *ildr5 ) be>ds1 *ildr5 t nev] grew to s5se en\gh to put away *ildi% ?+s1 b did 9 gawky manhood1 l new-born babes1 desire ! pure milk & lollipop ( ! gospel4 ',= ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,heav54' ,& :o are !y :om ,*ri/ w set ^u 8 "r h&1 & to :om he w say1 ',come ye bless$ ( my fa!r6' b unbeliev]s1 :o nev] tr\bl$ _! m9ds ab\t religion1 & nev] d>k5$ ! doors ( a gospel %op8 ,b :o are !y to :om he w say1 ',dep>t ye curs$ into ev]la/+ fire1 prep>$ = ! ,devil & 8 angels1' b believ]s1 e "o ( !m believ]s1 *apel-go+ folks1 ,*ri/'s blood m51 & incorrigible bigots1 t _h be5 bo!r+ him all _! days ) _! ',"l6 ,"l6' to come (f at la/ ) no bett] rew>d ( _! fai? ?an t he w prote/ unto !m1 ,i nev] knew ye4 ,"o text !re is1 & only "o1 aga9/ t5 ?\s& ( a contr>y significancy3 :i*1 be+ g>bl$ & torn f its context1 seems1 = a mom5t1 to give ! advantage to ! believ]2 ! celebrat$ #ai? *apt] ( ,m>k1 v4 #af3--';,he t believe?1 & is baptiz$1 %all be sav$2 b he t believe? n1 %all be damn$4' ,b little w ?is s]ve ! deceitful hope ( ! ,*ri/ian1 = x is imm$iately add$4 ,& ^! signs %all foll[ !m t believe2 9 my "n %all !y ca/ out devils2 !y %all speak ) new tongues2 !y %all take up s]p5ts2 & if !y dr9k any deadly ?+1 x %all n hurt !m2 !y %all lay h&s on ! sick1 & !y %all recov]4' ,c ! ,*ri/ian %[ ^! signs1 or any ( !m8 ,w he d>e to take-up a s]p5t1 or dr9k prussic acid8 ,if he hesitate1 he is n a believ]1 & 8 pr(ession ( belief is a falsehood4 ,let belief conf] :at privilege x may1 he ha? no "p nor lot 9 ! matt]2 ! ?reat :i* he d5\nces aga9/ ,infidels hangs ov] himself1 & he ha? no sign ( salvation to %[4 ,believ+ ! gospel1 !n1 7or r1 ,i %\ld say1 pr(ess+ to believe x1 = ,i ne$ n tell y t !re's a great deal m pr(ess+ to believe1 ?an believ+17 in/ead ( mak+ a man ! m likely to be sav$1 d\bles 8 dang] ( damnation1 inasmu* z ,*ri/ ha? said1 t '! la/ /ate ( t man %all be worse ?an ! fir/4' ,luke xi4 #bf4 ,& 8 holy apo/le ,pet] adde?1 ',x w\ld h be5 bett] = !m n to h kn[n ! way 7#b ,pet] ii4 #ba7 ( righte\sness4' ,! s9 ( believ+ makes all o!r s9s t a man c commit s mu* ! m he9\s & (f5sive 9 ! sight ( ,god1 inasmu* z !y are s9s aga9/ light & k3 & '! s]vant :o knew 8 ,"l's w1 & did x n1 he %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes4' ,luke xii4 #dg4 ,:ile unbelief is n only innoc5t 9 itself1 b s highly pleas+ to ,almighty ,god1 t x is repres5t$ z ! cause ( 8 =giv5ess ( ?+s :i* o!rwise w\ld n be =giv54 ,?us ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h be5 a blasphem]1 a p]secutor1 & injuri\s1 assures u t x 0 = ?is cause he obta9$ m]cy1 'because he did x ignorantly 9 unbelief4' #a ,tim4 i4 #ac4 ,_h he be5 a believ]1 he w\ld z surely h be5 damn$ z 8 "n 0 ,paul4 ,& 'tis ! gi/ ( 8 :ole argum5t1 & ! express words ( ! #aa? ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 t ',god includ$ !m all 9 unbelief1 t he might h m]cy ^u all4' ,unbelief be+ ! ess5tial qualification & recomm5dation to ,god's m]cy3 n )\t good reason 0 x t ! pi\s fa!r ( ! boy t _h ! devil 9 him1 :5 he _h ne$ ( ,*ri/'s m]cy1 & knew t unbelief w\ld be ! be/ title to x1 cri$ out & said ) te>s1 ',"l1 ,i believe1 help ?\ m9e unbelief6' ,m>k ix4 #bd4 ,:ile ! ,apo/les !mselves1 :o 7 mo/ imm$iately ne> & de> to ,*ri/1 no m believ$ ! ,gospel ?an ,i d2 & = all !y h said & prea*$ ab\t x1 !y nev] believ$ x !mselves1 z ,*ri/ told 'em t !y hadn't s mu* fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,& ! evangeli/ ,john be>s !m record1 to _! immortal honor2 t '?\gh ,*ri/ _h done s _m miracles among !m1 yet believ$ !y n4' ,john xii4 #cg4 ,& ! same div9e au?ority assures u t 'nei!r did 8 bre?r5 believe 9 him4' ,john vii4 #e4 ,:i* !n is '! safe side4' ,sirs1 on ! %[+ ( ! record itself8 ,on ! unbeliev+ side1 ! ,infidel /&s 9 ! glori\s company ( ! ,apo/les1 9 ! imm$iate family ( ,*ri/1 & ha? no fe>2 :ile ! believ] do? z well & no bett] ?an ! devils 9 hell1 :o believe & tremble4 ,i4 ,,joseph ,,b>k]4 ,9 any "w1 purport+ to be a true record ( ,free?9k]s1 ! "n ( ,joseph ,b>k] _c be omitt$4 ,we f9d 9 him1 f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 public life till ! pres5t "t1 an ard5t desire =1 & a det]m9ation to a*ieve1 fre$om ( ?\ght & ex-pression on all subjects app]ta9+ to !ology1 politics1 & sociology4 ,possess+ a vigor\s intellect1 a con/itution naturally /rong1 great oratorical ability1 & an unrivall$ comm& oi ! ,saxon language1 he has made himself a p[] among ea* p>ty ) :om ! transitory /ate ( 8 m9d has br\ght him 9 contact4 ,x is seldom we f9d m5 ) equal boldness1 :5 once connect$ ) ,wesleyan ,me?odism1 ris+ sup]ior 9 ?\ght to its n>r[1 selfi%1 dogmatic1 unnatural1 & humiliat+ views1 & claim+ = human nature a m dignifi$ & exalt$ position2 gradually advanc+ to ,unit>ianism2 ultimately to l& safely on ! %ore ( ,mat]ialism4 ,joseph ,b>k] has pass$1 amid p]secution & privation1 ?r\gh ^! diff]5t phases ( !ology1 to arrive at ,infidelity1 to be1 he /ates1 a bett]1 wis]1 & happi] man4 ,9 8 autobiography1 we read t he 0 born 9 ,bramley1 an old c\ntry t[n 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 9 #ahjf1 ! day ( 8 bir? be+ =gott54 ,8 p>5ts1 & 8 ance/ors1 s f> z is kn[n ( !m1 7 ( humble means4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 addict$ to dr9k+ freely ( ^? bev]ages :i* meet ) s mu* opposition f ,mr4 ,b>k] himself4 ,8 aunt also 0 un=tunate1 hav+ m>ri$ a man :o 0 a m9i/]1 a drunk>d1 & a cock-fight]4 ,8 p>5ts appe> to h be5 un$ucat$ & pi\s2 belong+ to ! old s*ool ( ,me?odi/s1 ^? :o look on ?is life m]ely z a /ate ( trial & probation2 always look+ =w>d to enjoy _! mansion 9 ! skies--! h\se n made ) h&s et]nal 9 ! heav5s1 ?9k+ no?+ 4444 ,wor? a ?\ght b5ea?1 ,b h[ !y may escape ! dea? ,t nev]1 nev] dies4 ,al?\gh liv+ 9 ?is _w1 !y 7 n ( x4 ,x 0 to !m1 all vanity & vexation ( _s4 ,!y att5d$ _! *apel1 _! love fea/s1 _! class-meet+s1 _! pray] meet+s1 & _! revival meet+s1 :]e !y w\ld lam5t ov] ! wick$ness & depravity ( human nature1 :]e !y w\ld speak _! exp]i5ce1 tell ( _! temptations1 pray = ! conv]sion ( ! _w1 & s+ _! hymns1 su* z ! foll[+1 :i* 0 a favorite ) ,mr4 ,b>k]'s family3-- ,ref9+ fire1 g ?r\gh my he>t1 ,illum9ate my s\l2 ,scatt] my life ?r\gh e "p1 ,& sanctify ! :ole4 ,su* be+ ! "* ( ,mr4 ,b>k]'s p>5ts1 x is no wond] t he 0 br\ght up "u ! same influ5ce1 ) ! same false notions ( life1 ( humanity1 & ( ! _w2 & we _c prize too highly ! man :o _h ! indu/ry to inve/igate1 ! ability to disc]n1 & ! c\rage to expose ! falsity ( su* doctr9es & ! disa/r\s effects ( su* tea*+4 ,9 ! extracts we %all give f ,mr4 ,b>k]'s works w be f\nd t simplicity ( /yle & =ce ( argum5t peculi> to himself4 ,! fir/ extract we take %[s ! falsity ( ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! total depravity ( human nature3-- ,on look+ back on ! e>li] p]iods ( my life1 ,i fir/ see pro(s t ! or?odox doctr9e ( orig9al s91 or ( natural total depravity1 is a falsehood4 ,i 0 n born totally deprav$4 ,i nev] recollect ! "t1 s9ce ,i began to ?9k & feel at all1 :5 ,i _h n good ?\ghts1 & good feel+s4 ,i nev] recollect ! "t s9ce ,i began to ?9k & feel at all1 :5 ,i _h n _m good ?\ghts1 & /rong incl9ations to goodness4 ,s f> 0 my he>t f be+ utt]ly deprav$ or h>d5$1 t ,i sympa?is$1 ev5 9 my *ildhood1 ) ! humble/ ( ,god's creatures1 & 0 fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) sorr[ at ! sight ( di/ress4 ,i recollect "o ,sunday1 :ile ,i 0 se>*+ ab\t = some?+ 9 "o ( ! w9d[s up/airs1 ,i f\nd a butt]fly t _h be5 />v$ to dea?1 z ,i suppos$4 ,:5 ,i laid hold ( x1 x crumbl$ to pieces4 ,my feel+s 7 su* at ! ?\ght ( ! poor butt]fly's suff]+s1 t ,i wept4 ,& = all t day ,i c\ld sc>cely op5 my lips to say a ^w to any "o )\t bur/+ into te>s4444 ,& ,i recollect well :at a /ruggle ,i _h :5 ,i fir/ told a lie4 ,a s*ool 9 ! neighborhood _h a fea/1 ours _h n1 s ,i play$ ! truant1 aft] a s]i\s /ruggle1 to h an opportunity ( see+ ! s*ol>s walk4 ,i _h a mis]able aft]noon2 = ,i felt t ,i 0 do+ wrong1 & ,i 0 afraid le/ my "m %\ld f9d me out4 ,my si/] f\nd me out & told my "m1 b my "m 0 lo? to believe h] till %e _h ask$ me myself4 ,:5 ,i w5t home my "m ask$ me if ,i _h be5 to s*ool1 & ,i said yes1 & my "m1 z %e _h nev] f\nd me out 9 a lie be=e1 believ$ me4 ,b ,i 0 sadly di/ress$ aft]w>ds :5 ,i ?\ght ( :at ,i _h done4 ,t lie caus$ me days ( remorse1 & my suff]+s 7 all ! sev]] 9 consequ5ce ( my "m hav+ s readily believ$ :at ,i said4 ,! unhappy & unnatural effects ( !ology on ! m9ds ( e>ne/1 tru?-seek+ m5--! total pro/ration ( manly dignity1 ! p]v]sion ( ! m5tal faculties1 & ! debasem5t ( human nature1 is truly /at$ by ,mr4 ,b>k] 9 ! foll[+ extract3-- ,i also recollect be+ v mu* tr\bl$ ) dreadful & indescribably awful dreams1 & = sev]al mon?s dur+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ye> ,i 0 accu/om$ to rise dur+ my sleep1 & walk ab\t ! h\se 9 a /ate ( sleep = h\rs toge!r4 ,i say 9 a /ate ( sleep3 b ,i _c exactly describe ! /ate 9 :i* ,i 04 ,x 0 n p]fect sleep1 & yet ,i 0 n prop]ly awake4 ,my eyes 7 op51 & ,i saw1 z f> z ,i c rememb]1 ! ?+s ar\nd me1 & #a c\ld he> :at 0 said to me4 ,b nei!r :at ,i saw nor :at ,i he>d seem$ to h p[] to p5etrate f> en\gh into my s\l to awake me prop]ly4 ,dur+ ^? occasions1 ,i 0 frequ5tly v unhappy1 dreadfully unhappy1 mo/ horribly mis]able4 ,sometimes ,i fanci$ ,i _h be5 do+ some?+ wrong1 & my fanci$ (f5ce seem$ horrible beyond all expression1 & al>m$ & ov]:elm$ me ) unutt]able t]rors & di/ress4 ,on "o occasion ,i fanci$ t bo? ,i & my fa!r _h bo? be5 do+ some?+ wrong1 & ?is seem$ mo/ horrible & di/ress+ ( all2 & z ,i w&]$ ab\t 9 my my/]i\s /ate1 ,i h[l$ mo/ pite\sly1 & cri$ & wept z if my he>t w\ld break4 ,i nev] recollect be+ r\s$ f t dismal /ate :ile ,i 0 walk+ ab\t ! h\se1 except twice4 ,once :5 ,i /ruck my %9s viol5tly aga9/ a l>ge e>!nw>e b[l & hurt myself sadly2 & ano!r 0 :5 ,i 0 attempt+ to g up ! *imney3 ,i put my foot ^u fire & burnt myself1 & t awoke me4 ,i suff]$ 9 ?is way = sev]al ye>s4 ,aft] ,i w5t to b$ at night ,i soon fell asleep1 & slept p]haps an h\r or ne>ly two4 ,i w\ld !n beg9 to cry1 or moan1 or h[l1 & at times to s+4 ,"o night ,i sang a :ole hymn ( eight v]ses ?r\gh2 ! hymn 9 ,wesley's ,hymn ,book1 beg9n+ ,) glori\s cl\ds encompass$ r\nd ,:om angels dimly see1 ,w ! unse>*able be f\nd ,or ,god appe> to me8' ,few p]sons :o h n att5d$ ! class-meet+s ( ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s c =m an adequate idea ( ! /]eotyp$ phrases & absurd say+s indulg$ 9 by ^? :o speak _! exp]i5ce1 etc41 at ^? meet+s4 ,c]ta9 s5t5ces are le>n$1 & utt]$ indiscrim9ately1 )\t ref]5ce to "t1 place1 or o!r conditions4 ,mr4 ,b>k]1 aft] speak+ ( ! recklessness ( spee* ?us indulg$ 91 says3-- ,9 _m cases ?is false way ( speak+ is ! result ( m]e ?\ghtlessness p]haps1 or ( ignorance1 jo9$ ) ! notion t x is _! duty to pray1 or to say some?+ 9 public4 ,! p>ties h no int5tion to deceive3 b be+ call$ on to speak1 or invit$ to pray1 !y beg91 & cat* hold ( su* words z !y c f9d1 :e!r "r or wrong1 :e!r true or false4 ,& _! words are (t5] fooli% or false1 ?an wise or true4 ,_! talk is at times mo/ fooli% & ridicul\s4 ,i w give an example or two4 ,x is cu/om>y = p1 :5 pray+ = prea*]s1 to say1 ',"l1 bless ?y s]vants :5 !y /& up to decl>e ?y ^w3 be ?\ m\? matt]1 & wisdom to !m4' ,?is has "s mean+ 9 x :5 (f]$ 9 ref]5ce to a prea*]1 especially a prea*] ab\t to prea*4 ,9 o!r cases x w\ld be mo/ fooli% & ridicul\s4 ,yet ,i once he>d a p]son 9 a pray]-meet+ at ,*e/] use ?is same =m ( expression 9 behalf ( ! sick & ! dy+4 ',o ,"l1' said he1 'bless ! sick & ! afflict$1 & ^? t are 9 ! article ( dea?2--be ?\ m\?1 matt]1 & wisdom to !m4' ,at ano!r pray]-meet+ at ,*e/]1 on a ,friday ev5+1 "o ( ! lead]s gave out ! foll[+ l9es3-- ',ano!r six days' "w is done2 ,ano!r ,sabba? is begun4' etc4 ,i once he>d a woman say 9 class1 ',i d ?ank ,god t he ev] gave me a desire to see t dea? t nev]1 nev] dies4' ,soon aft] ,mr4 ,b>k] became religi\s & att5d$ 8 class-meet+s1 he await$ ! usual call to prea* ! gospel4 ,accord+ly1 hav+ receiv$ ! call1 he became a ,me?odi/ prea*]1 belong+ to ! ,old ,connexion1 ! ,new ,connexion1 & !n advanc+ to ,unit>ianism1 ultimately arriv+ at ! climax ( ,free?\ght1 9 :i* cause he is n[ s di/+ui%$ an advocate4 ,:ile a ,me?odi/ prea*]1 he 0 induc$ by a neighbor1 an ,a!i/1 to read ,c>lile's ,republican4 ,we c readily und]/& :y ,*ri/ians are taught n to read ,infidel works4 ,! effect ! ,republican produc$ on ,mr4 ,b>k]'s m9d w\ld be augm5t$1 did ^? ,*ri/ians inve/igate :at !y s (t5 ignorantly d5\nce4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,republican1 ,mr4 ,b>k] says3-- ,i 0 v mu* /ruck 9 read+ "s portions ( ! "w ,c>lile's1 & agitat$ & %ak5 by its argum5ts on "s po9ts4 ,! object ( _m ( its articles 0 to prove ,*ri/ianity irrational & false4 ,! pr9cipal doctr9es :i* x assail$ 7 su* z ! tr9ity--! common notion ab\t ! fall ( man1 & its effects ^u ! human race--! ,calv9i/ic notions ( et]nal1 univ]sal1 & absolute pr$e/9ation1 unconditional election & reprobation--! ,calv9i/ic notion ( ,god's sov]eignty or p>tiality--! utt] depravity ( e human be+ born into ! _w1 & yet ! obligation ( ^? utt]ly deprav$ be+s to /e] cle> ( all evil1 & to d all t is "r & good1 on pa9 ( et]nal damnation4 ,! doctr9e ( satisfaction to ju/ice1 0 also assail$1 & ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 & ! notion t because x is immat]ial1 x mu/1 z a consequ5ce1 be immortal4444 ,! consequ5ce 01 t my m9d 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( d\bt & susp5se4 ,i _c say t ,i d\bt$ ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion exactly1 b /ill ,i d\bt$ ! tru? ( c]ta9 doctr9es :i* ,i _h be5 taught to reg>d z p>ts ( t religion4 ,i c briefly describe ! d\bts ,i _h4 ,i nei!r saw cle>ly t ^? doctr9es to :i* he object$ 7 no "p ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 nor c\ld ,i see any way by :i* ^! doctr9es c\ld be def5d$ & prov$ to be rational & true4 ,"o ?+ began to seem almo/ c]ta91 ei!r t ,*ri/ianity 0 n true1 or t ^? doctr9es z g5]ally laid d[n1 7 no p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,?is l$ to inve/igation4 ,i 0 wi%ful to asc]ta9 :e!r ^? doctr9es :i* 7 assail$ z irrational1 7 p>ts ( ,*ri/ianity or n4 ,i began to conv]se on ! subject ) "o ( my religi\s companions1 & ,i began to read on ! subject z ,i _h opportunity4 ,my companion 0 r tr\bl$ & al>m$ at ! d\bts ,i express$ ) respect to ! correctness ( "s ( ! common doctr9es ( :at 0 consid]$ or?odoxy2 /ill1 :at ,i _h said _h "s influ5ce on 8 m9d1 = he told me %ortly aft]1 t he wi%$ he _h nev] he>d my d\bts1 = :at ,i _h said _h spoil$ "s ( 8 be/ s]mons2 he w\ld nev] be able to prea* !m ) com=t m4444 ,dur+ my resid5ce 9 t ,newca/le circuit1 my views on _m subjects became anti-,me?odi/ical to a v great ext5t inde$4 ,i n[ no long] held ! prevail+ views ) respect to ! nature ( ju/ify+ fai?1 ! witness ( ! ,_s1 reg5]ation1 sanctification1 & ! l4 ,9 read+ ,wesley's works1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at ! great numb] ( unmean+ & inconsi/5t passages :i* ,i met )4 ,9 _m ( 8 views ,i p]fectly agre$ ) him8 b ) a va/ am\nt ( :at he said on o!r subjects1 ,i c\ld n help b disagree4444 ,ab\t ?is "t1 f9d+ t !re 0 little likelihood t ,i %\ld be tol]at$ 9 ! ,new ,connexion unless ,i c\ld all[ my m9d to be enslav$1 & feel+ t ,i %\ld be oblig$ soon] or lat] to break loose f ,me?odi/ical re/ra9t1 & speak & act ) fre$om1 ,i ?\ght ( visit+ ,mr4 ,turn]1 ! ,unit>ian m9i/] ( ,newca/le1 & seek+ an int]view ) him4 ,i _h he>d some?+ to ! effect t ,unit>ians 7 great lov]s ( fre$om--t !y did n b9d _! m9i/]s & memb]s by any human cre$s1 b left !m at lib]ty to inve/igate ! :ole sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity ?or\ghly1 & to judge z to :at 7 its doctr9es & duties = !mselves1 & to prea* :at !y believe to be true )\t re/ra9t & p]secution1 & ,i ?\ght if ?is 0 ! case1 !y mu/ be a v happy p4 ,b f o!r ?+s :i* ,i _h he>d respect+ !m1 ,i 0 l$ to reg>d !m ) some?+ ( horror--to look1 on !m z p]sons :o trifl$ ) ,scripture au?ority1 z p]sons :o _h ru%$ f ! extremes ( false or?odoxy into ! extremes ( ,infidelity4 ,i 0 9 consequ5ce prev5t$ f visit+ ,mr4 ,turn]1 & ,i rema9$ 9 comp>ative ignorance ( ! ,unit>ian body1 9 ignorance bo? ( _! pr9ciples & ( _! "*1 /ill %ut up 9 ! dungeons ( or?odox slav]y4 ,! dungeons ( or?odox slav]y did n long conta9 ,mr4 ,b>k]2 = he aft]w>ds became bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,unit>ians1 & =m$ "o ( _! mo/ en]getic prea*]s4 ,b ,unit>ianism1 appe>+ to him at fir/ true 9 its doctr9e & free 9 its advocacy1 %ortly became insuffici5t = ! crav+s ( 8 m9d2 &1 at l5g?1 he f\nd himself outside all ! *ur*es4 ,! ,bible1 :i* at "o p]iod ( 8 life seem$ to him a p]fect revelation f ,god n[ appe>$ only ! production ( err+ & half-in=m$ m52 & hav+ a ?or\gh k ( its cont5ts1 he resolv$ to employ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 confut+ ! false notions ( its div9e au?ority4 ,am]ica pres5t+ a cong5ial resid5ce1 he resolv$ to visit t c\ntry & pur*ase "s l&1 ^u :i* he might occupy 8 leisure f lectur+ & writ+4 ,hav+ settl$ 9 ! c\ntry1 he consid]$ some?+ %\ld be said on ! ,bible4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,novemb]1 #aheb1 a ,bible ,conv5tion 0 held at ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,b>k] be+ appo9t$ ,presid5t1 he extract ! foll[+ f 8 spee*1 z illu/rat+ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ,bible translations1 ! "* ( ! translators1 & ! nature ( ! manuscripts f :i* ! translations are made3-- ,we say1 t ! ,bible be>s on its v face ! m>ks ( human imp]fection & error4 ,?is is true ( e ,bible 9 exi/5ce4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ,bible 9 common use1 & :at d we f9d6 ,! title-page tells u x is a translation f ! orig9al tongues1 by ! special comm& ( "o ( ! k+s ( ,engl&4 ,does any "o pret5d t ! translators 7 infallible--m5 above ! possibility ( error8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,ev5 ^? :o cont5d t ! orig9al writ]s ( ! ,bible 7 infallible1 d n pret5d t ! k+'s translators 7 s4 ,! sects & prie/hoods !mselves %[ t !y reg>d ! common translation z imp]fect4 ,!y all take ! lib]ty to alt] x4 ,!y alt] x 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( places4 ,no?+ is m common ?an = !ological disputants to appeal f ! common translation ( ! ,bible to :at !y call ! orig9al ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,e comm5tator takes ! same lib]ty4 ,! lead]s ( ! sects & prie/hoods ( ! day h te/ifi$ _! belief t ! ,bibles 9 common use are imp]fect & errone\s by mak+ new translations4 ,!re is sc>cely an ,engli% sect or prie/hood ( any note 9 exi/5ce t has n produc$ a new translation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,john ,wesley translat$ bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t cont9ues to be us$ 9 ! ,me?odi/ body to ?is day4 ,adam ,cl>ke1 9 8 ',comm5t>y1' translates afre% almo/ e important passage 9 ! book4 ,_m passages he translates 9 su* a way z to give !m mean+s q contr>y to ! mean+ giv5 !m 9 ! common ,bible4 ,ri*>d ,watson1 a ,me?odi/ prea*]1 comm5c$ a new translation ( ! ,bible4 ,dr4 ,boo?royd1 a ,congregationali/ m9i/] ( ,engl&1 publi%$ ano!r translation4 ,dr4 ,conque/1 a layman ( ! same d5om9ation1 publi%$ ano!r1 9 :i* he says he made tw5ty ?\s& em5dations1 or improvem5ts4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 h ?\ght ! common ,bible _h tw5ty ?\s& imp]fections or errors4 ,mr4 ,bel%am1 & o!r ,engli% ,unit>ians1 publi%$ a new translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mr4 ,wellbelov$1 a ,unit>ian m9i/]1 publi%$ a new translation ( a great "p ( ! ,old te/am5t1 int5d+ to publi% a new translation ( ! :ole ,bible4 ,ev5 m9i/]s ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* h spok5 /rongly aga9/ ! common translation1 & "s ( !m h gone s f> z to publi% new translations ( portions ( ! ,bible4 ,alex&] ,campbell1 ! f\nd] ( ! d5om9ation :i* be>s 8 "n1 has publi%$ a new translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a ,mr4 ,taylor publi%$ a new translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f ,griesba*'s ,greek ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a ,mr4 ,%>p publi%$ ano!r translation f ,griesba*'s ,greek text4 ,! ,bapti/s h publi%$ a new translation ( ! ,bible1 ,i am told4444 ,we are n alone1 !re=e1 9 believ+ t ! ,bibles 9 common use be> m>ks ( human imp]fection & error4 ,! lead+ m5 9 all ! religi\s sects & prie/hoods ( ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica believe ! same4 ,we add1 if ! translators ( ! ,bible _h be5 ! be/ & wise/ m5 t ev] liv$1 _! "w w\ld n h be5 p]fect4 ,a translation f ,greek & ,hebrew _c be p]fect4 ,b ! translators employ$ by ,k+ ,james 7 n ! be/ or wise/ m5 t ev] liv$4 ,!y 71 9 "s respects1 exce$+ly ignorant1 prejudic$1 & immoral4444 ,!y 7 li>s & false-swe>]s4 ,^! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& knew1 z well z y "k1 t k+s & que5s are (t5 vici\s1 pr(ligate1 & godless4 ,!y knew t among ! k+s & que5s ( ,engl& !re _h be5 "s ( ! mo/ loa?some lumps ( fil?9ess--"s ( ! mo/ adult]\s & le*]\s s5suali/s--"s ( ! mo/ he>tless & cruel tyrants--"s ( ! mo/ inhuman & bloody wret*es t ev] curs$ ! e>?4 ,!y knew1 too1 t ,engli% k+s & que5s g5]ally 7 "u /rong temptations to be ?us cruel & pr(ligate1 & t x 0 too mu* to expect any ( !m to be /rictly religi\s & virtu\s4 ,yet !y b\nd !mselves on oa? to call _! k+s & que5s1 :atev] _! *>act]s might be1 mo/ graci\s & religi\s4' ,!y did call ! mon>* !n liv+1 'mo/ graci\s & religi\s1' & !y h&$ x d[n z a duty to _! successors to give ! same high titles to all _! future mon>*s1 ?\gh !y %\ld be z fil?y z t unwieldy1 waddl+ mass ( lu/ & rott5ness1 ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 or at false & trea*]\s z ! p]jur$ ,*>les ! ,fir/4 ,^! translators ( ! ,bible also knew t _m :o 7 br\ght to !m to be buri$ 7 godless1 wick$ m54 ,!y knew t "s ( !m 7 drunk>ds1 adult]]s1 false-swe>]s4 ,yet !y b\nd !mselves to call !m all1 z !y l[]$ !m into _! graves1 _! 'belov$ bre?r51' & to decl>e t !y committ$ !m to ! du/ '9 sure & curta9 hope ( a resurrection to et]nal life1' ?\gh !y believ$ 9 _! he>ts t !y w\ld rise to et]nal damnation4444 ,!y 7 ! hirel+s ( ! k+ & gov]nm5t4 ,!y reg>d$ ! k+ z ! head ( ! *ur*1 & 7 sworn to obey him 9 all ?+s4 ,!y 7 sworn to obey him 9 translat+ ! ,bible4 ,! k+ gave !m ! rules by :i* !y 7 to be guid$ 9 ! "w ( translation1 & !y 7 sworn to foll[ ^! rules4 ,^! rules 7 int5d$ to prev5t !m f putt+ any?+ into _! translation ( ! ,bible t 0 at v>iance ) ! e/abli%$ prie/hoods1 & to keep !m f leav+ out any?+ t 0 favorable to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* & gov]nm5t4 ,& !y kept to _! rules1 & !y 7 influ5c$ by _! int]e/s1 _! situation1 & _! prejudices4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to ?9k o!rwise4 ,to make ! ,bible agree ) _! cre$1 !y put into _! translation ?+s :i* 7 n 9 ! ,greek or ,hebrew ,bibles1 & mi/ranslat$ va/ multitudes ( ?+s :i* 7 9 ! ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles4 ,i w give y an in/ance or two4 ,_! cre$ taught t ,god once di$1 or laid d[n 8 life4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! ,greek or ,hebrew ,bibles to uphold ?is doctr9e1 s 9 translat+ ! ,bible !y s alt]$ a passage z to make x to tea* ! doctr9e4 ,y may f9d ! passage 9 #a ,john1 iii4 #af4 ,x is z foll[s3--',h]eby p]ceive we ! love ( ,god1 because he laid d[n 8 life = u4' ,n[ ! ^w ',god' is n 9 ! ,greek2 x 0 put into ! passage by ! translators4 ,9 "o place 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x is said t ,elhanan slew ,golia? ! ,gittite4 ,! translators h alt]$ ! passage s z to make x say t x 0 ! bro!r ( ,golia? t ,elhanan slew4 ,see #b ,samuel xxi4 #ai4444 ,be=e a man c give a p]fect translation ( ! ,bible1 he mu/ h a p]fect k ( bo? ! ,greek & ,hebrew ,bible1 & ( ! language into :i* he w\ld translate x4 ,b no man has t k4 ,! ,greek & ,hebrew languages1 f :i* ! ,bible has to be translat$1 are dead languages--languages :i* are no long] spok5 or writt5 by any p--languages :i* exi/ only 9 anci5t writ+s4 ,! mean+ ( _m ( ! words ( ^? languages is1 9 consequ5ce1 lo/4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are ! only books rema9+ 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,!re are no ,hebrew books to ?r[ light on d>k passages1 or to settle ! mean+ ( d\btful words & phrases4 ,true1 we h ,greek & ,hebrew diction>ies & gramm>s1 b ^! diction>ies & gramm>s are ! "w ( imp]fect & err+ m51 :o _h no o!r means oi und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! ,greek & ,hebrew languages ?an ourselves4 ,^! diction>ies & gramm>s diff] f ea* o!r4 ,none ( !m are p]fect4 ,! be/ ab\nd ) errors4 ,we h bett] means ( obta9+ a k ( ! ,greek language ?an ( ! ,hebrew--b ! ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is a peculi> dialect1 n to be f\nd 9 any o!r book4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z difficult to translate ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! ,old4 ,if1 h]e=e1 we w\ld f9d a ,bible t does n be> ! m>ks ( human imp]fection & error1 we mu/ look = x 9 :at are call$ ! orig9al ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,b !re is no su* ,bible4 ,! ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles are z really imp]fect z ! ,engli% translations4 ,! ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles are z really ! "w ( imp]fect & err+ m5 z ! ,engli% translations are4 ,_m p imag9e t !re is only "o ,greek & ,hebrew ,bible1 & t t "o 0 writt5 by ,moses & ! prophets1 & by ! evangeli/s & ! apo/les4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,!re are sev]al ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles1 & all ( !m are ! compilations ( fallible m54 ,we h sev]al ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5ts1 & q a numb] ( ,greek ,new ,te/am5ts1 all compil$ by diff]5t p]sons1 b drawn1 to "s ext5t1 f diff]5t s\rces4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 t ! olde/ ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles are n pr9t$ books1 b writt5 ones4 ,!y 7 writt5 be=e ! art ( pr9t+ 0 kn[n among ,jews or ,*ri/ians4 ,^? writt5 or manuscript ,bibles are m num]\s ?an ! ,greek & ,hebrew pr9t$ ,bibles4 ,!y are ! "w ( diff]5t m51 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & diff]5t ages4 ,& no two ( !m are alike4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r almo/ endlessly4 ,"s conta9 m1 "s less4 ,"s h passages 9 "o =m1 o!rs h !m 9 o!r =ms4 ,john ,mills comp>$ a numb] ( ^? manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & f\nd t !y diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 ?irty ?\s& places4 ,he m>k$ & collat$ ?irty ?\s& v>i\s read+s4 ,o!r m5 h comp>$ ! ,greek manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & discov]$ upw>ds ( a hundr$ ?\s& v>i\s read+s--a hundr$ ?\s& places or p>ticul>s 9 :i* !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,a simil> div]sity ( read+s is to be f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew manuscripts ( ! ,old ,te/am5ts4 ,n[ x is f ^! imp]fect & discordant manuscripts t m5 h to make _! ,greek & ,hebrew ,bibles4 ,!y h no?+ else f :i* to make !m4 ,& ^? ,greek & ,hebrew ,bible mak]s h no means ( kn[+ :i* ( ! v>i\s & contradictory manuscripts are ! be/4444 ,y mu/ und]/& t ! orig9al writ+s f :i* ! manuscripts n[ 9 exi/5ce orig9at$1 h p]i%$ _m ages ago4 ,x is probable t ! la/ ( !m p]i%$ m ?an sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no opportunity ( comp>+ exi/+ manuscripts ) ! orig9al writ+s1 9 ord] to & out :i* are ! true1 ! orig9al read+s4 ,! discordant & contradictory manuscripts1 !re=e1 c nev] be correct$4444 ,x is n only ( ! common ,engli% ,bible1 !re=e1 t ! words ( ! resolution are true1 b ( e ,bible kn[n1 :e!r pr9t$ or writt51 :e!r 9 ,greek & ,hebrew1 or 9 mod]n languages4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,bak] has resid$ 9 ,am]ica1 he has visit$ ,engl&1 & lectur$ = ! ,secul> & ,free?\ght ,societies 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 ! total numb] ( lectures he deliv]$ dur+ 8 visit am\nt$ to #aec1 besides engag+ 9 sev]al debates1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ ) ! ,rey4 ,brew9 ,grant1 at ,halifax1 dur+ t5 nights1 on ! ,div9e ,au?ority ( ! ,bible1 :i* is n[ publi%$4 ,! views n[ held by ,mr4 ,b>k] on ,god & ,secul>ism may be se5 f ! foll[+ extract ( a lett] address$ to ! ,editor ( ! ,reason]1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,b>k] f ,am]ica1 on ,febru>y #bb1 #ahec3-- ,i confess ,i "k no?+ ( ,god1 b z he is reveal$ 9 8 works4 ,) me1 ! ^w ,god /&s = ! unse5 cause ( all natural ph5om5a4 ,i attribute to ,god no quality b :at seems necess>y to acc\nt = :at ,i see 9 nature4 ,my ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian notions ( ,god are all gone1 except s f> z !y appe> to be ! utt]ances ( nature4444 ,z to ,secul>ism1 ,i ?9k our bus9ess is ) ! se51 ! worldly1 ! physical1 ! secul>4 ,our :ole duty seems to me to be truly & fully to unfold ourselves1 & truly & fully to unfold o!rs3 to secure ! greate/ possible p]fection ( be+ & condition1 & ! l>ge/ possible %>e ( life & enjoym5t to all mank9d 9 ?is pres5t _w4 ,! ma*9]y ( sects & prie/hoods = sav+ s\ls & fitt+ m5 = heav51 ,i reg>d z wa/eful & injuri\s folly1 except s f> z x may t5d to bett] m5 & improve _! condition "h4 ,i h a hope ( future life1 b :atev] is be/ = ?is life mu/ be be/ = ano!r life2 :atev] is be/ = ! pres5t1 mu/ be be/ = ! et]nal future4 ,to reveal to m5 ! laws ( _! own be+1 & to unfold to !m ! laws ( nature g5]ally1 & to br+ !m into h>mony ) ^? laws1 is1 !re=e1 ) me1 ! :ole bus9ess ( man4 ,if !re be ano!r _w1 z #a hope1 x w1 ,i suppose1 be gov]n$ by ! same laws z ?is4 ,if m5 live on = ev]1 !y w h all ! bett] />t 9 a future life1 = hav+ got well on 9 ?is4 ,z an art1 !re=e1 ,i believe 9 ,secul>ism4 ,j4 ,w4 ,note by ! ,am]ican ,publi%]4--,soon aft] ,mr4 ,b>k]'s return f ,engl&1 he resum$ 8 lectur+ 9 v>i\s t[ns & cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 giv+ great satisfaction1 by 8 able addresses1 to l>ge & intellig5t audi5ces4 ,he /ill labors occasionally 9 ! same pursuit1 ?\gh at pres5t he is resid+ on 8 f>m at ,omaha ,city1 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,nebraska4 ,mu* might be said 9 praise ( 8 ef=ts to promote ,lib]alism 9 ?is c\ntry2 b 8 greate/ triumph1 z we consid] x1 0 8 public debate ) ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,b]g ( ,philadelphia4 ,?is took place on ! #i? ( ,janu>y1 #ahed1 & cont9u$ no less ?an eight ev5+s4 ,! "q 0 on ! orig91 au?ority1 & t5d5cy ( ! ,bible--,dr4 ,b]g affirm+1 & ,mr4 ,b>k] oppos+4 ,?is fam\s discussion 0 att5d$ by ?\s&s1 & 0 probably ! greate/ affair ( ! k9d t ev] occurr$4 ,! spee*es on bo? sides 7 publi%$1 mak+ a l>ge pamphlet ( #aij pages4 ,( c\rse1 ea* ( ! debat]s 0 victori\s1 9 ! op9ion ( 8 fri5ds2 b ! trick play$ by ! ,*ri/ian p>ty1 9 ! clos+ sc5e1 %[$ a det]m9ation on _! "p to claim ! victory :e!r or no6 ,=1 z soon z ,dr4 ,b]g 7:o made ! la/ spee*7 _h f9i%$1 "o ( 8 fri5ds took ! plat=m1 &1 :ile ! audi5ce 7 sep>at+1 read "s resolutions 9 favor ( ! ,doctor & ! ,bible4 ,less ?an "o f\r? ( ! audi5ce1 says ! ,philadelphia ,regi/]1 vot$ = !m4 ,! m s]i\s "p ( ! audi5ce did n vote at all4 ,! great majority seem$ to take ! ?+ z a f>ce4 ,! result ( ! vote made a good _m long faces on ! /age & front seats4 ,a %ort sil5ce ensu$1 foll[$ by a bur/ ( ob/repor\s laught]1 & cries ( '! ,infidels h x6' ,& s end$ ! mo/ rem>kable debate ev] held 9 ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ correct & c&id report ( ! above discussion1 appe>$ at ! "t 9 ! columns ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,freeman3-- ,! ,bible ,discussion4--,! discussion on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 at ,conc]t ,hall1 betwe5 ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,b]g1 ( ?is city & ,joseph ,b>k]1 ( ,ohio1 clos$ on ,?ursday ev5+ la/1 aft] a cont9uance ( eight ev5+s4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t1 ! va/ hall 0 cr[d$ ) an eag] multitude--numb]+ f #bjjj to #bejj p]sons--ea* pay+ an admittance ( #ab #a-b c5ts e ev5+1 & on "s ev5+s x is said t hundr$s w5t away1 unable to approa* ! door2 nor did ! int]e/ appe> to flag among ! he>]s to ! la/4 ,( ! m]its ( ! "q or ! argum5t1 x does n come )9 ! scope ( a /rictly anti-slav]y pap] to speak1 b we _c =be> to notice ! contra/ 9 ! mann] & be>+ ( ! two debat]s1 & ! two p>ties among ! audi5ce4 ,mr4 ,b>k] uni=mly bore himself z a g5tleman1 c\rte\sly & respectfully t[>ds 8 oppon5t1 & ) ! dignity becom+ 8 position1 & ! solemnity & importance ( ! "q4 ,we regret t we _c say ! same ( ,dr4 ,b]g1 :o at times seem$ to =get ! obligations ( ! g5tleman 9 8 zeal z a controv]siali/4 ,he is an able & skillful debat]1 ?\gh less logical ?an ,mr4 ,b>k]1 b he wa/$ 8 "t & /r5g? too (t5 on p]sonalities & irrelevant matt]s4 ,8 p]sonal inu5does & epi!ts1 8 co>se witticisms1 & a be>+ t seem$ to u m arrogant ?an ,*ri/ian1 may h suit$ ! vulg> & ! intol]ant among 8 p>ty1 b we believe ^! ?+s won him no respect f ! calm & ?9k+ portion ( ! audi5ce1 :ile we "k t !y griev$ & (f5d$ "s intellig5t & c&id m5 :o ?or\ghly agre$ ) 8 views4 ,x is surely "t t all ,*ri/ians & cl]gym5 _h le>n$ t m5 :om !y reg>d z h]etics & ,infidels h n =feit$ _! claims to ! respect & c\rtesies ( social life1 by _! errors ( op9ion1 & t insol5ce & arrogance1 contemptu\s sne]s & impea*m5t ( motives & "*1 t[>d su* m51 are n effective means ( grace = _! enlight5m5t & conv]sion4 ,among ! audi5ce1 !re 0 a l>ge numb] ( m51 :o also lo/ _! self-control 9 _! dislike to ,mr4 ,b>k]'s views1 & he 0 (t5 int]rupt$1 & sometimes *eck$ 9 8 argum5t1 by hisses1 groans1 sne]s1 vulg> cries1 & clamor1 ?\gh ?r\gh all ^! annoyances & repeat$ provocations1 he ma9ta9$ 8 wont$ composure ( mann] & cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,b]g 0 he>d ) g5]al quiet by 8 oppon5ts1 & greet$ ) clamor\s applause by 8 fri5ds1 :o seem$ to con/itute a l>ge majority ( ! audi5ce1 & to feel t ! triumph ( _! cause1 l ! capture ( ,j]i*o ( old1 dep5d$ ^u ! am\nt ( noise made4 ,mr4 ,b>k]1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! discussion1 says3-- ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahec 9 compliance ) a reque/ f ! ,sunday ,in/itute1 ,i began a c\rse ( lectures 9 ,philadelphia1 on ! orig91 au?ority & influ5ce ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! object ( ! lectures 0 to %[ t ! ,bible is ( human orig91 t its tea*+s are n ( div9e au?ority1 & t ! doctr9e t ! ,bible is ,god's ^w is injuri\s 9 its t5d5cy4 ,:5 ,i s5t ! ,sunday ,in/itute a programme ( my lectures1 ,i au?oris$ ! ,secret>y to ann\nce1 ?r\gh ! pap]s1 t ,i 0 will+ to meet any cl]gyman1 ( good /&+ 9 any ( ! lead+ *ur*es1 9 public discussion on ! ,bible "q4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mc,calla1 a ,presbyt]ian cl]gyman1 accept$ ! (f]1 & arrangem5ts 7 made = a six nights debate2 b1 on ! fif? ev5+1 aft] try+ to raise a mob1 he )drew f ! conte/4 ,! cl]gy1 or a portion ( ! cl]gy1 ( ,philadelphia1 unwill+ to leave _! cause 9 ?is plight1 dem&$ t ,i %\ld discuss ! "q ) ,dr4 ,b]g1 a m9i/] 9 :om !y _h full] confid5ce4 ,be+ assur$ t ,dr4 ,b]g 0 a g5tleman & a s*ol>1 & t he 0 ! able/ debat] ! cl]gy ( ,philadelphia c\ld boa/1 ,i agre$ to meet him1 & ! discussion 0 fix$ = ! #i?1 #aj?1 #ab?1 #ac?1 #af?1 #ag?1 #ah? & #ai? ( ,janu>y44444 ,?\gh ! ,doctor did n prove himself s mu* ( a g5tleman z ,i _h be5 enc\rag$ to expect1 ,i 0 sorry he decl9$ to cont9ue ! discussion f\r nights long]1 z we _h n got m ?an half ?r\gh ! "q :5 ! eigh? night clos$4 ,i wi%$ = an opportunity ( lay+ ! :ole subject be=e ! public4 ,p]haps "s o!r cl]gyman w take ! matt] 9 h&--"o dispos$ & able to discuss ! subject ?or\ghly4