,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is text1 words or phrases t 7 pr9t$ 9 italics are surr\nd$ ) und]score symbols l ?is & words or phrases t 7 pr9t$ 9 bold type are set (f ) equal signs l ?is4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,fiction ,o!r ,books by ,clayton ,hamilton ,,on ,,! ,,trail ,,( ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 #c4ej net ,publi%$ by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,!atre 4 4 4 4 #a4fj net ,,/udies ,,9 ,,/agecraft 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a4fj net ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,playwright4 4 4 4 #a4fj net ,publi%$ by ,h5ry ,holt ,company ,a ,manual ( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,fiction ,prep>$ = ! ,use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges ,by ,,clayton ,,hamilton ,memb] ( ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,lett]s2 ,ext5sion ,lectur] 9 ,engli%1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,) an ,introduction by ,,br&] ,,mat!ws ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,lett]s2 ,pr(essor ( ,dramatic ,lit]ature1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,g>d5 ,,city--,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aiai ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation into =eign languages1 includ+ ! ,sc&9avian4 ,,to ,,fr$]ic ,,tab] ,,coop] ,,) ,,admiration ,,= ,,! ,,critic ,,) ,,affection ,,= ,,! ,,fri5d ,,=eword ,?is ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,fiction is a revis$ & amplifi$ edition ( ,mat]ials & ,me?ods ( ,fiction1 by ,clayton ,hamilton1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aijh4 ,! e>li] "w 0 imm$iately recogniz$ z an important piece ( con/ructive criticism & has held its position ev] s9ce z "o ( ! lead+ books 9 its field4 ,on ! t5? anniv]s>y ( its appe>ance1 ! publi%]s h ask$ ! au?or to prep>e ?is annotat$ & enl>g$ edition1 p>ticul>ly = ! use ( /ud5ts & tea*]s 9 s*ools & colleges4 ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company4 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 ,,cont5ts ,,=eword vii ,,introduction xiii ,i4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,fiction #c ,fiction a ,means ( ,tell+ ,tru?--,fact & ,fiction--,tru? & ,fact--,! ,se>* = ,tru?--,! ,necess>y ,triple ,process--,diff]5t ,degrees ( ,emphasis--,! ,art ( ,fiction & ! ,craft ( ,*emi/ry--,fiction & ,reality--,fiction & ,hi/ory--,fiction & ,biography--,biography1 ,hi/ory1 & ,fiction--,fiction ,:i* ,is ,true--,fiction ,:i* ,is ,false--,casual ,s9s aga9/ ! ,tru? 9 ,fiction--,m ,s]i\s ,s9s aga9/ ! ,tru?--,! ,futility ( ! ,adv5titi\s--,! ,indep5d5ce ( ,creat$ ,*>act]s--,fiction ,m ,true ,?an a ,casual ,report ( ,fact--,! ,exception & ! ,law--,tru?fulness ! only ,title to ,immortality--,morality & ,immorality 9 ,fiction--,! ,faculty ( ,wisdom--,wisdom & ,te*nic--,g5]al & ,p>ticul> ,exp]i5ce--,ext5sive & ,int5sive ,exp]i5ce--,! ,exp]i5c+ ,nature--,curiosity & ,sympa?y4 ,,ii4 ,,realism ,,& ,,romance #be ,two ,me?ods ( ,exhibit+ ! ,tru?--,e ,m9d ,ei!r ,reali/ic or ,romantic--,m>ion ,craw=d's ,faulty ,di/9ction--,a ,second ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction--,a ,?ird ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction--,bliss ,p]ry's ,negative ,def9ition--,! ,true ,di/9ction ,"o ( ,me?od1 ,n ( ,mat]ial--,sci5tific ,discov]y & ,arti/ic ,expression--,! ,te/imony ( ,haw?orne--,a ,philosophic ,=mula--,induction & ,d$uction--,! ,inductive ,me?od ( ! ,reali/--,! ,d$uctive ,me?od ( ! ,romantic--,realism1 ,l ,inductive ,sci5ce1 a ,/rictly ,mod]n ,product--,advantages ( ,realism--,advantages ( ,romance--,! ,conf9em5t ( ,realism--,! ,fre$om ( ,romance--,nei!r ,me?od ,bett] ,?an ! ,o!r--,abuses ( ,realism--,abuses ( ,romance4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,n>rative #dd ,transition f ,mat]ial to ,me?od--,! ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,disc\rse--#a4 ,argum5tation2 #b4 ,exposition2 #c4 ,description2 #d4 ,n>ration1 ! ,natural ,mood ( ,fiction--,s]ies & ,succession--,life ,is ,*ronological1 ,art ,is ,logical--,! ,n>rative ,s5se--,! ,joy ( ,tell+ ,tales--,! ,miss+ ( ,?is ,joy--,develop+ ! ,s5se ( ,n>rative--,! ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,ev5t--,h[ to ,make ,?+s ,happ5--,! ,n>rative ( ,action--,! ,n>rative ( ,"*--,recapitulation4 ,,iv4 ,,plot #fj ,n>rative a ,simplification ( ,life--,unity 9 ,n>rative--,a ,def9ite ,objective ,po9t--,con/ruction1 ,analytic & ,syn!tic--,! ,importance ( ,/ructure--,elem5t>y ,n>rative--,positive & ,negative ,ev5ts--,! ,pic>esque ,patt]n--,def9ition ( ,plot--,complication ( ! ,network--,! ,major ,knot--,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end--,! ,sub-,plot--,discursive & ,compact$ ,n>ratives--,tell+ ,mu* or ,little ( a ,/ory--,:]e to ,beg9 a ,/ory--,logical ,sequ5ce & ,*ronological ,succession--,ty+ & ,unty+--,transition to ! ,next ,*apt]4 ,v4 ,,*>act]s #gg ,*>act]s ,%\ld ,be ,wor? ,kn[+--,! ,p]sonal ,equation ( ! ,audi5ce--,! ,univ]sal ,appeal ( ,great ,fictiti\s ,*>act]s--,typical ,traits--,individual ,traits--,! ,defect ( ,allegory--,! ,defect ( ,c>icature--,/atic & ,k9etic ,*>act]s--,direct & ,indirect ,del9eation--,subdivisions ( ,bo? ,me?ods--,i4 ,direct ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,exposition2 #b4 ,by ,description2 ,gradual ,portrayal2 #c4 ,by ,psy*ological ,analysis2 #d4 ,by ,reports f o!r ,*>act]s--,,ii4 ,indirect ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,spee*2 #b4 ,by ,action2 #c4 ,by ,effect on o!r ,*>act]s2 #d4 ,by ,environm5t4 ,,vi4 ,,sett+ #ii ,evolution ( ,backgr\nd 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+--,! ,fir/ ,/age--,! ,second ,/age--,! ,?ird ,/age--,simil> ,evolution ( ,sett+ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,fiction3 ,! ,fir/ ,/age--,! ,second ,/age--,! ,?ird ,/age3 #a4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,action--#b4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,*>act]ization--,emotional ,h>mony 9 ,sett+--,! ,pa!tic ,fallacy--,emotional ,contra/ 9 ,sett+--,irony 9 ,sett+--,arti/ic & ,philosophical ,employm5t--#a4 ,sett+ z a ,motive t[>d ,action--#b4 ,sett+ z an ,influ5ce on ,"*--,sett+ z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative--,uses ( ! ,wea!r--,romantic & ,reali/ic ,sett+s--,a ,romantic ,sett+ by ,edg> ,allan ,poe--,a ,reali/ic ,sett+ by ,george ,eliot--,! ,quality ( ,atmosph]e1 or ,local ,color--,recapitulation4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,9 ,,n>rative #abj ,! ,importance ( ! ,po9t ( ,view--,two ,classes1 ,! ,int]nal & ! ,ext]nal--,i4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,fir/ ,class3 #a4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ! ,lead+ ,actor2 #b4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ,"s ,subsidi>y ,actor2 #c4 ,! ,po9ts ( ,view ( ,diff]5t ,actors2 #d4 ,! ,epi/ol>y ,po9t ( ,view4--,,ii4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,second ,class3--#a4 ,! ,omnisci5t ,po9t ( ,view2 #b4 ,! ,limit$ ,po9t ( ,view2 #c4 ,! ,rigidly ,re/rict$ ,po9t ( ,view--,two ,tones ( ,n>rative1 ,imp]sonal & ,p]sonal3 #a4 ,! ,imp]sonal ,tone2 #b4 ,! ,p]sonal ,tone--,! ,po9t ( ,view z a ,factor 9 ,con/ruction--,! ,po9t ( ,view z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative4 ,,viii4 ,,emphasis ,,9 ,,n>rative #aci ,ess5tial & ,contributory ,features--,art ,di/+ui%es ,betwe5 ! ,two by ,emphasis--,_m ,te*nical ,devices3 #a4 ,emphasis by ,t]m9al ,position2 #b4 ,emphasis by ,initial ,position2 #c4 ,emphasis by ,pause ,fur!r ,discussion ( ,emphasis by ,position2 #d4 ,emphasis by ,direct ,proportion2 #e4 ,emphasis by ,inv]se ,proportion2 #f4 ,emphasis by ,it]ation2 #g4 ,emphasis by ,anti!sis2 #h4 ,emphasis by ,climax2 #i4 ,emphasis by ,surprise2 #aj4 ,emphasis by ,susp5se2 #aa4 ,emphasis by ,imitative ,movem5t4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,epic1 ,,! ,,drama1 ,,& ,,! ,,novel #aeg ,fiction a ,g5]ic ,t]m--,n>rative 9 ,v]se & ,n>rative 9 ,prose--,?ree ,moods ( ,fiction3 ,i4 ,! ,epic ,mood--,,ii4 ,! ,dramatic ,mood3 #a4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,actor2 #b4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,!atre2 #c4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,audi5ce--,dramatiz$ ,novels--,,iii4 ,! ,noveli/ic ,mood4 ,x4 ,,! ,,novel1 ,,! ,,novelette1 ,,& ,,! ,,%ort-,,/ory #agb ,novel1 ,novelette1 & ,%ort-,/ory--,! ,novel & ! ,novelette--,! ,%ort-,/ory a ,di/9ct ,type--,! ,dictum ( ,poe--,! ,=mula ( ,br&] ,mat!ws--,def9ition ( ! ,%ort-,/ory--,explanation ( ,?is ,def9ition3 #a4 ,s+le ,n>rative ,effect2 #b4 ,greate/ ,economy ( ,means2 & #c4 ,utmo/ ,emphasis--,brief ,tales ,t ,are ,n ,%ort-,/ories--,%ort-,/ories ,t ,are ,n ,brief--,bliss ,p]ry's ,annotations--,! ,noveli/ & ! ,writ] ( ,%ort-,/ories--,! ,%ort-,/ory ,m ,arti/ic ,?an ! ,novel--,! ,%ort-,/ory ,almo/ ,necess>ily ,romantic4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,%ort-,,/ory #ahi ,only ,"o ,be/ ,way to ,con/ruct a ,%ort-,/ory--,problems ( ,%ort-,/ory ,con/ruction--,! ,initial ,position--,! ,t]m9al ,position--,poe's ,analysis ( ,! ,rav5--,analysis ( ,ligeia--,analysis ( ,! ,prodigal ,son--,/yle ,ess5tial to ! ,%ort-,/ory4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,factor ,,( ,,/yle #bjg ,/ructure & ,/yle--,/yle a ,matt] ( ,feel+--,/yle an ,absolute ,quality--,! ,tw(old ,appeal ( ,language--,concrete ,examples--,onomatopoetic ,words--,memorable ,words--,! ,patt]n+ ( ,syllables--,/ev5son on ,/yle--,! ,patt]n ( ,rhy?m--,! ,patt]n ( ,lit]ation--,/yle a ,f9e ,art--,/yle an ,important ,aid to ,fiction--,! ,h]esy ( ! ,accid5tal--,/yle an ,intuitive ,quality--,me?ods & ,mat]ials--,cont5t & ,=m--,! ,fusion ( ,bo? ,elem5ts--,! ,au?or's ,p]sonality--,recapitulation4 ,,index #bbg ,,introduction ,9 our "t1 9 ^! e>ly ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! novel is ! prosp]\s p>v5u ( lit]ature1 & only a few ( ^? :o ackn[l$ge its vogue & :o laud its success take ! tr\ble to recall its humble beg9n+s & ! mis]ies ( its y\?4 ,b l o!r p>v5us x is /ill a little unc]ta9 ( its position 9 ! society 9 :i* x moves4 ,x is a newcom] 9 ! lit]>y _w2 & x has ! self-ass]tiv5ess & ! t\*9ess natural to ! situation4 ,x brags ( its desc5t1 al?\gh its orig9s are obscure4 ,x has won its way to ! front & x has =c$ its admission into circles :]e x 0 =m]ly d5i$ access4 ,x likes to =get t x 0 once b little bett] ?an an outca/1 unwor?y ( recognition f ^? 9 au?ority4 ,p]haps x is /ill uneasily consci\s t n a few ( ^? :o 7 born to good society may look at x ) cold suspicion z ?\gh x 0 /ill on suff]ance4 ,/ory-tell+ has always be5 popul>1 ( c\rse2 & ! desire is deep-root$ 9 all ( u to he> & to tell "s new ?+ & to tell aga9 some?+ des]v+ remembrance4 ,b ! novel itself1 & ! %ort-/ory also1 mu/ confess t !y h only ( late be5 able to claim equality ) ! epic & ! lyric1 & ) com$y & trag$y1 lit]>y =ms consecrat$ by antiquity4 ,!re 7 n9e ,muses 9 ,greece ( old1 & no "o ( ^! daught]s ( ,apollo 0 expect$ to inspire ! writ] ( prose-fiction4 ,:oev] _h !n a /ory to tell1 :i* he wi%$ to treat arti/ically1 nev] dream$ ( express+ x except 9 ! nobl] m$ium ( v]se1 9 ! epic1 9 ! idyl1 9 ! drama4 ,prose seem$ to ! ,greeks1 & ev5 to ! ,lat9s :o foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps1 z fit only = p$e/rian purposes4 ,ev5 oratory & hi/ory 7 almo/ rhy?mic2 & m]e prose 0 too humble an in/rum5t = ^? :om ! ,muses *]i%$4 ,! ,alex&rian vignettes ( ! g5tle ,!ocritus may be reg>d$ z anticipations ( ! mod]n %ort-/ory ( urban local color2 b ?is delicate idylli/ us$ v]se = ! talk ( 8 ,tanagra figur9es4 ,ev5 :5 ! mod]n languages ent]$ into ! inh]itance ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 v]se held to its ance/ral privileges1 & ! brief tale took ! =m ( ! ballad1 & ! long] n>rative call$ itself a *anson de ge/e4 ,boccaccio & ,rabelais & ,c]vantes might w9 imm$iate popul>ity & invite a ho/ ( imitators2 b x 0 long aft] _! "t be=e a tale 9 prose1 :e!r %ort or long1 a*iev$ recognition z wor?y ( s]i\s critical consid]ation4 ,9 8 /udy ( ,balzac1 ,brunetire record$ ! significant fact t no noveli/1 :o 0 purely & simply a noveli/1 0 elect$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( its exi/5ce4 ,& ! same acute critic1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,fr5* ,lit]ature1 po9t$ out t ,fr5* novels 7 "u a cl\d ( suspicion ev5 s f> back z ! days ( ,erasmus1 9 #aebe4 ,x 0 _m scores ( ye>s !reaft] be=e ! self-appo9t$ gu>dians ( ,fr5* lit]ature e/eem$ ! novel highly en\gh to condesc5d to discuss x4 ,p]haps ?is 0 n altoge!r a disadvantage4 ,fr5* trag$y 0 discuss$ only too abundantly2 & ! !ori/s laid d[n rules = x :i* 7 n a little cramp+4 ,ano!r ,fr5* critic1 ,m4 ,le ,breton1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ,fr5* prose-fiction 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has ass]t$ t ?is exemption f criticism really r$\nd$ to ! b5efit ( ! novel1 s9ce ! despis$ =m 0 all[$ to develop naturally1 spontane\sly1 free f all ! _m artificial re/rictions :i* ! dogmati/s succe$$ 9 impos+ on trag$y & on com$y1 & :i* result$ at la/ 9 ! /]ility ( ! ,fr5* drama t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?4 ,:ile ?is advantage is und5iable1 "o may "q :e!r x 0 n b\ght at too great a price & :e!r !re w\ld n h be5 a c]ta9 pr(it = prose-fiction if its practition]s _h be5 kept up to ! m>k by a criticism :i* educat$ ! public to dem& great] c>e 9 /ructure1 m logic 9 ! conduct ( ev5ts1 & /rict] v]acity 9 ! treatm5t ( *>act]s4 ,h[ev] mu* x might !n be deem$ unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation1 ! novel 9 ! eighte5? c5tury began to attract to itself m & m au?ors ( ri* natural end[m5t4 ,9 ,engli% lit]ature especially1 prose-fiction tempt$ m5 z unlike z ,defoe & ,swift1 ,ri*>dson & ,field+1 ,smollett & ,/]ne1 ,goldsmi? & ,johnson4 ,& a little e>li] ! eighte5? c5tury essayi/s1 ) ,/eele & ,addison at ! head ( !m1 _h develop$ ! art ( "*-del9eation1 a developm5t out ( :i* ! noveli/s 7 to make _! pr(it4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% eighte5?-c5tury essay on ! gr[? ( prose-fiction1 n only 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 b also on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 is l>g] ?an is g5]ally admitt$4 ,inde$1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! successive pap]s depict+ ! "* & ! de$s ( ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley may be accept$ z ! e>lie/ ( s]ial /ories4 ,b x 0 only 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! novel rea*$ its full expansion & succe$$ 9 w9n+ recognition z ! heir ( ! epic & ! rival ( ! drama4 ,?is victory 0 ! direct result ( ! ov]:elm+ success ( ! ,wav]ley novels & ( ! c\ntless /ories writt5 m or less 9 accordance ) ,scott's =mula1 by ,coop]1 by ,victor ,hugo & ,dumas1 by ,manzoni1 & by all ! o!rs :o foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps 9 e mod]n language4 ,n only born /ory-tell]s b writ]s :o 7 by natural gift poets or dramati/s1 seiz$ ^u ! novel z a =m 9 :i* !y c\ld express !mselves freely & by :i* !y might hope to ga9 a prop] rew>d 9 money z well z 9 fame4 ,! economic int]pretation ( lit]>y hi/ory has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves2 & ! future inve/igator w f9d a ri* field 9 8 rese>*es = ! causes ( ! expansion ( ! novel 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury simultane\s ) ! decl9e ( ! drama 9 ! lit]ature ( almo/ e mod]n language except ,fr5*4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury drew t[>d its maturity1 ! influ5ce ( ,balzac re9=c$ ! influ5ce ( ,scott2 & realism began to ass]t its "r to sub/itute itself = romance4 ,! adju/m5t ( "* to its appropriate backgr\nd1 ! clos] connection ( fiction ) ! actual facts ( life1 ! focuss+ ( att5tion on ! normal & ! usual r ?an on ! abnormal & ! exceptional--all ^! /eps 9 advance 7 m easily tak5 9 ! fre] =m ( ! novel ?an !y c\ld be 9 ! m re/rict$ =mula ( ! drama2 & = ! fir/ "t 9 its hi/ory prose-fiction f\nd itself a pione]1 a*iev+ a solidity ( texture :i* ! !atre _h n yet be5 able to atta94 ,! novel reveal$ itself at la/ z a fit in/rum5t = appli$ psy*ology1 = ! use ( ^? delicate arti/s :o are int]e/$ r 9 :at "* is ?an 9 :at x may *ance to d4 ,9 ! e>lie/ fictions1 :e!r 9 prose or v]se1 ! h]o _h be5 m]ely a type1 little m ?an a lay-figure capable ( viol5t attitudes1 a do] ( de$s :o1 z ,pr(essor ,gumm]e has expla9$1 answ]$ ! desire = poetic expression at a "t :5 an individual is m]g$ 9 ! clan4 ,& z ! reali/ic writ]s p]fect$ _! art1 ! m acute read]s began to p]ceive t ! h]o :o is a do] ( de$s c repres5t only ! e>li] /ages ( culture :i* we h long outgr[n4 ,?is h]o came to be recogniz$ z an ana*ronism1 out ( place 9 a m mod]n social organization bas$ on a full appreciation ( individuality4 ,he 0 too mu* a type & too little an individual to satisfy ! dem&s ( ^? :o look$ to lit]ature z ! mirror ( life itself & :o _h taught !mselves to reli% :at ,l[ell t]ms ! punctili\s v]acity :i* gives to a portrait its :ole wor?4 ,?us x 0 only 9 ! middle ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] ,/5dhal1 ,balzac1 & ,flaub]t1 aft] ,?ack]ay & ,george ,eliot1 & ,haw?orne1 t ! novel f\nd out its true field4 ,& yet x 0 9 ! middle ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! ideal to :i* x 0 aspir+ _h be5 proclaim$ frankly by ! =gott5 ,furetire 9 ! preface to 8 ,roman ,b\rgeois4 ,furetire lack$ ! skill & ! insight ne$ful = ! satisfactory atta9m5t ( ! /&>d he set up--inde$1 ! atta9m5t ( t /&>d is beyond ! p[] ( mo/ noveli/s ev5 n[4 ,b ,furetire's decl>ation ( ! pr9ciples :i* he propos$ to foll[ is z significant n[ z x 0 9 #afff1 :5 nei!r ! writ] himself nor ! read] to :om he _h to appeal 0 ripe = ! advance :i* he insi/$ ^u4 ,i %all tell y1 said ,furetire1 s9c]ely & fai?fully1 sev]al /ories or adv5tures :i* happ5$ to p]sons :o are nei!r h]oes nor h]o9es1 :o w raise no armies & ov]?r[ no k+doms1 b :o w be hone/ folk ( m$iocre condition1 & :o w quietly make _! way4 ,"s ( !m w be good-look+ & o!rs ugly4 ,"s ( !m w be wise & o!rs fooli%2 & ^! la/1 9 fact1 seem likely to prove ! l>g] numb]4 ,,ii ,! novel _h a long road to travel be=e x became possible = noveli/s to approa* ! ideal t ,furetire proclaim$ & be=e !y _h acquir$ ! skill ne$$ to make _! read]s accept x4 ,& !re _h also to be a sl[ developm5t ( our own ideas conc]n+ ! relation ( art to life4 ,= "o ?+1 art _h be5 expect$ to emphasize a moral2 !re 0 ev5 a dem& on ! drama to be ov]tly didactic4 ,less ?an a score ( ye>s aft] ,furetire's preface !re 0 publi%$ an ,engli% translation ( ! ,abb d',aubignac's ,pratique du ,?tre :i* 0 entitl$ ! ,:ole ,art ( ! ,/age & 9 :i* ! !ory ( poetic ju/ice 0 set =? =mally4 ,"o ( ! *iefe/1 & inde$ ! mo/ indisp5sable ,rule ( ,drammatick ,poems is t 9 !m ,virtues always ought to be rew>d$1 or at lea/ comm5d$1 9 spite ( all ! ,injuries ( ,=tune2 & t likewise ,vices be always puni%$ or at lea/ dete/$ ) ,horr\r1 ?\gh !y triumph ^u ! ,/age = t "t4 ,doctor ,johnson 0 s completely a man ( 8 own c5tury t he f\nd fault ) ,%akespe>e because ,%akespe>e did n prea*1 because 9 ! great trag$ies virtue is n always rew>d$ & vice is n always puni%$4 ,doctor ,johnson & ! ,abb d',aubignac want$ ! dramati/ to be false to life z we all "k x4 ,beyond all p]adv5ture ! wages ( s9 is dea?2 & yet we h all se5 ! evil-do] dy+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 devot$ family & surr\nd$ by all ! ext]nal evid5ces ( worldly success4 ,to insi/ t virtue %all be outw>dly triumphant at ! end ( a play or ( a novel is to require ! dramati/ or ! noveli/ to falsify4 ,x is to introduce an elem5t ( unreality into fiction4 ,x is to require ! /ory-tell] & ! playmak] to prove a !sis t common s5se mu/ reject4 ,any attempt to require ! arti/ to prove any?+ is necess>ily cramp+4 ,a true repres5tation ( life does n prove "o ?+ only1 x proves _m ?+s4 ,life is l>ge1 unlimit$1 & incessant2 & ! lessons ( ! f9e/ art are ^? ( life itself2 !y are n s+le b multiple4 ,:o c decl>e :at is ! s+le moral conta9$ 9 ! ,o,edipus ( ,sophocles1 ! ,hamlet ( ,%akespe>e1 ! ,t>tufe ( ,molire8 ,no two spectators ( ^! ma/]pieces w\ld agree on ! special morals to be isolat$2 & yet none ( !m w\ld d5y t ! ma/]pieces are pr(\ndly moral because ( _! ess5tial tru?4 ,morality1 a specific moral--?is is :at ! arti/ _c delib]ately put into 8 "w )\t de/roy+ its v]acity4 ,b morality is also :at he _c leave out if he has /riv5 only to h&le 8 subject s9c]ely4 ,hegel is "r :5 he tells u t art has its moral--b ! moral dep5ds on him :o draws x4 ,! didactic drama & ! novel-)-a-purpose are necess>ily un>ti/ic & unavoidably unsatisfactory4 ,?is is :at ! great] arti/s h always felt2 ?is is :at !y h (t5 express$ unhesitat+ly4 ,corneille1 = "o1 ?\gh he 0 a man ( 8 "t1 a creature ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h ! c\rage to ass]t t ! utility ( a play is se5 9 ! simple depict+ ( vices & virtues1 :i* nev] fails to be effective if x is well done & if ! traits are s recognizable t !y _c be conf\nd$ or mi/ak52 virtue always gets itself lov$1 h[ev] un=tunate1 & vice gets itself hat$1 ev5 ?\gh triumphant4 ,dryd51 aga91 a contempor>y ( d',aubignac & a pr$ecessor ( ,johnson1 _h a cle>] vision ?an ei!r ( !m2 & 8 views are f> 9 advance ( !irs4 ,delight1 he said1 is ! *ief if n ! only end ( poesy1 & by poesy he meant fiction 9 all its =ms2 in/ruction c be admitt$ b 9 ! second place1 = poetry only in/ructs z x delights4 ,& once m1 :5 we pass f ! sev5te5? c5tury ( ,corneille & ,dryd5 to ! n9ete5? c5tury :5 ! novel has ass]t$ its rivalry ) ! drama1 we f9d ! wise ,goe! decl>+ to ,eck]mann ! doctr9e :i* is n[ w9n+ acceptance ev]y:]e4 ,if !re is a moral 9 ! subject x w appe>1 & ! poet has no?+ to consid] b ! effective & arti/ic treatm5t ( 8 subject2 if he has z high a s\l z ,sophocles1 8 influ5ce w always be moral1 let him d :at he w4 ,a high s\l is n giv5 to all writ]s ( fiction1 & yet !re is an obligation on !m all to aspire to ! praise be/[$ on ,sophocles z "o :o saw life /eadily & saw x :ole4 ,ev5 ! humble/ ( /ory-tell]s ought to feel himself b\nd1 n to prea*1 n to po9t a moral o/5tati\sly1 n to w>p ! m>* ( ev5ts = ! sake ( s-call$ poetic ju/ice1 b to report life z he kn[s x1 mak+ x nei!r bett] nor worse1 to repres5t x hone/ly1 to tell ! tru? ab\t x & no?+ b ! tru?1 ev5 if he does n tell ! :ole tru?--:i* is giv5 to no man to "k4 ,?is is an obligation t n a few ( ! =emo/ writ]s ( fiction h fail$ to respect4 ,dick5s1 = example1 is delight$ to re=m a "* 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 trans=m+ a bad man into a good man ov] night1 & contradict+ all t we "k ab\t ! p]man5ce ( "*4 ,o!r noveli/s h ask$ u to admire viol5t & unexpect$ acts ( />tl+ self-sacrifice1 :5 a "* is made to take on himself ! responsibility = ! del9qu5cy ( "s o!r "*4 ,!y h invit$ our approbation = a moral suicide1 :i* is q z blamewor?y z any physical suicide4 ,) 8 ke5 insight into e?ics & ) 8 robu/ common s5se1 ,huxley /at$ ! pr9ciple :i* ^! noveli/s h fail$ to grasp4 ,a man1 he tells u1 may refuse to commit ano!r1 b he ought n to all[ himself to be believ$ worse ?an he actually is1 s9ce ?is results 9 a loss to ! _w ( moral =ce :i* _c be af=d$4 ,! f9al te/ ( ! f95ess ( fiction lies 9 its v]acity4 ,romance is ! poetry ( circum/ance1 z ,/ev5son tells u1 & drama is ! poetry ( conduct2 we may be tol]ant & easy-go+ 9 our acceptance ( a noveli/'s circum/ances1 b we ought to be rigor\s z reg>ds conduct4 ,z f> z ! successive happ5+s ( 8 /ory are conc]n$1 ! m]e incid5ts1 ! au?or may on occasion ask our indulg5ce & tax our cr$ulity a little2 b he mu/ n expect u to =give him = any violation ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( human nature4 ,x is ?is /]n v]acity1 unfl9*+ & inexorable1 :i* makes ,anna ,k>n9a "o ( ! noble/ works ( art t ! n9ete5? c5tury devis$ to ! tw5tie?1 j z x is ! abs5ce ( ?is fidelity to ! facts ( life1 ! twi/+ ( "* to prove a !sis1 :i* vitiates ! ,kreutz] ,sonata1 & makes x unwor?y ( ! great arti/ 9 fiction :o wrote ! e>li] "w4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! developm5t ( ,tol/oi z a militant morali/ is co9cid5t ) 8 decl9e z an arti/4 ,he is no long] cont5t to picture life z he sees x2 he insi/s on prea*+4 ,& :5 he uses 8 art1 n z an end 9 itself1 b z an in/rum5t to advocate 8 own individual !ories1 al?\gh 8 great gifts are n tak5 f him1 ! result is t 8 lat] novels lack ! broad & deep moral effect :i* gave 8 e>li] /udies ( life & "* _! abid+ value4 ,/ev5son _h 9 him some?+ ( ! %ort] cate*i/2 & ! ,scot* arti/ 9 lett]s1 enamor$ ( words z he 01 seiz$ firmly ! indisp5sable law4 ,! mo/ influ5tial books1 & ! true/ 9 _! influ5ce1 are works ( fiction1 he decl>$4 ,!y d n p9 _! read] to a dogma1 :i* he mu/ aft]w>d discov] to be inexact2 !y d n tea* a lesson1 :i* he mu/ aft]w>d unle>n4 ,!y repeat1 !y re>range1 !y cl>ify ! lessons ( life2 !y dis5gage u f ourselves1 !y con/ra9 u to ! acqua9tances ( o!rs1 & !y %[ u ! web ( exp]i5ce n z we c see x = ourselves1 b ) a s+ul> *ange--t mon/r\s1 consum+ ego ( ours be+1 = ! nonce1 /ruck out4 ,to be s1 !y mu/ be reasonably true to ! human com$y2 & any "w t is s s]ves ! turn ( in/ruction4 ,?is is well ?\ght & well put1 al?\gh _m ( u might dem& t novels %\ld be m ?an reasonably true4 ,b ev5 if ,/ev5son 0 "h a little lax 9 ! requirem5ts he impos$ on o!rs1 he 0 /rict] ) himself :5 he wrote ,m>kheim & ! ,/range ,case ( ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde4 ,ano!r /ory-tell]1 also cut (f be=e he _h display$ ! be/ t 0 9 him1 set up ! same /&>ds = 8 fell[-craftsm5 9 fiction4 ,9 8 /rik+ discussion ( ! responsibility ( ! noveli/1 ,frank ,norris ass]t$ t ! read]s ( fiction h a "r to ! ,tru? z !y h a "r to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,x is n "r t !y be exploit$ & deceiv$ ) false views ( life1 false *>act]s1 false s5tim5t1 false morality1 false hi/ory1 false philosophy1 false emotions1 false h]oism1 false notions ( self-sacrifice1 false views ( religion1 ( duty1 ( conduct1 & ( mann]s4 ,,iii ,ev5 if !re may h be5 a c]ta9 advantage to ! novel1 z ,m4 ,le ,breton ma9ta9s1 because x 0 long left alone unfett]$ by any critical code1 to exp& z be/ x c\ld1 to f9d its own way unaid$ & to "w out its own salvation1 ! "t has n[ come :5 x may pr(it by a criticism :i* %all =ce x to consid] its responsibilities & to appraise its te*nical res\rces1 if x is to claim arti/ic equality ) ! drama & ! epic4 ,x has won its way to ! front2 & !re are few :o n[ "q its "r to ! position x has atta9$4 ,!re is no d5y+ t 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 9 ! age ( ,victoria1 ! novel e/abli%$ itself z ! lit]>y =m mo/ allur+ to all m5 ( lett]s & t x succe$$ to ! place held by ! essay 9 ! days ( ,anne & by ! play 9 ! days ( ,elizabe?4 ,& l ! play & ! essay 9 ^? e>li] times1 ! novel n[ attracts writ]s :o h no great natural gift = ! =m4 ,j z ,peele & ,gre5e wrote plays because play-writ+ 0 popul> & advantage\s1 9 spite ( _! inadequate dramaturgic equipm5t1 & j z ,johnson wrote essays because essay-writ+ 0 popul> & advantage\s 9 spite ( 8 defici5cy 9 ! ease & lightness :i* ! essay dem&s1 s ,br\gham & ,motley & ,fr\de adv5tur$ !mselves 9 fiction4 ,we may ev5 d\bt :e!r ,george ,eliot 0 a born /ory-tell] & :e!r %e w\ld n h be5 m successful 9 "s o!r epo* :5 "s o!r lit]>y =m ?an ! novel _h happ5$ to be 9 fa%ion4 ,9 ,france ! novel tempt$ ,victor ,hugo1 :o 0 ess5tially a lyric poet1 & ! eld] ,dumas1 :o 0 ess5tially a playwright4 ,!re are n lack+ signs ( late t ! drama is likely 9 ! imm$iate future to ass]t a %>p] rivalry ) prose-fiction2 & noveli/s l ,sir ,james ,b>rie & ! late ,paul ,h]vieu h rel9qui%$ ! easi] n>rative = ! m difficult & m dang]\s /age-play4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t ! novel is soon to lose its vogue4 ,x has come to /ay2 & z ! n9ete5? c5tury left x to ! tw5tie? s ! tw5tie? w probably bequea? x to ! tw5ty-fir/ unimpair$ 9 prosp]ity4 ,p]haps ! be/ evid5ce ( ! solidity ( its position is to be f\nd 9 ! critical consid]ation :i* x is at la/ receiv+4 ,hi/ories ( fiction 9 all lit]atures & biographies ( ! noveli/s 9 all languages are multiply+ abundantly4 ,we are beg9n+ to take our fiction s]i\sly & to inquire into its pr9ciples4 ,long ago ,freytag's ,te*nic ( ! ,drama 0 foll[$ by ,spielhag5's ,te*nic ( ! ,novel1 r ,teutonically philosophic1 bo? ( !m1 & already a little out ( date4 ,/udies ( prose-fiction are gett+ !mselves writt51 none ( !m m illum9ative ?an ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry's4 ,! noveli/s !mselves are writ+ ab\t ! art ( fiction1 z ,sir ,walt] ,besant did1 & !y are ask+ :at ! novel is1 z ! late ,m>ion ,craw=d has done4 ,!y are beg9n+ to res5t ! ass]tion ( ! loyal adh]5ts ( ! drama1 t ! novel is too loose a =m to call =? ! be/ ef=ts ( ! arti/1 & t a play dem&s at lea/ te*nical skill :]eas a novel may be (t5 ! product ( unskill$ labor4 ,que/ions ( all k9ds are pres5t+ !mselves = discussion4 ,has ! rise ( realism made romance impossible8 ,is !re a valid di/9ction betwe5 romance & romanticism8 ,is ! %ort-/ory a def9ite =m1 diff]+ f ! novel 9 purpose z well z 9 l5g?8 ,:at is ! be/ way to tell a /ory--9 ! ?ird p]son1 z 9 ! epic--9 ! fir/ p]son1 z 9 an autobiography--or 9 lett]s8 ,:i* is ( mo/ importance1 "* or incid5t or atmosph]e8 ,is ! novel-)-a-purpose legitimate8 ,:y is x t dramatiz$ novels (t5 fail 9 ! !atre8 ,ought a noveli/ to take sides ) 8 *>act]s & aga9/ !m1 or ought he to suppress 8 own op9ions & rema9 impassive1 z ! dramati/ mu/8 ,does a prodigality 9 ! inv5tion ( incid5ts reveal a great] imag9ation 9 ! noveli/ ?an is requir$ = ! s9c]e depict+ ( simple *>act]s 9 e-day life8 ,:y has ! old trick ( ins]t+ brief tales inside a long novel--su* z we f9d 9 ,don ,quixote & ,tom ,jones & ! ,pickwick ,pap]s--be5 ab&on$ ( late ye>s8 ,h[ f> is a noveli/ ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ 8 *>act]s s closely f actual life t !y are recognizable by 8 read]s8 ,:at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( local color8 ,h[ mu* dialect may a noveli/ v5ture to employ8 ,is ! hi/orical novel really a l(ti] type ( fiction ?an ! novel ( contempor>y life8 ,is x really possible to write a v]aci\s novel ab\t any o!r ?an ! noveli/'s native l&8 ,:y is x t s _m ( ! great] writ]s ( fiction h br\ght =? _! fir/ novel only aft] !y _h atta9$ to half ! allott$ ?ree score ye>s & t58 ,is ! sci5tific _s go+ to be helpful or h>mful to ! writ] ( fiction8 ,:i* is ! f9] =m = fiction1 a swift & direct tell+ ( ! /ory1 ) ! conc5tration ( a ,greek trag$y1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,sc>let ,lett] & 9 ,smoke1 or an ampl] & m leisurely movem5t m l t ( ! ,elizabe?an plays1 su* z we may see 9 ,vanity ,fair & 9 ,w> & ,peace8 ,^! que/ions1 & _m ano!r1 we may expect to he> discuss$1 ev5 if !y _c all ( !m be answ]$1 9 any consid]ation ( ! mat]ials & ! me?ods ( fiction4 ,& ! result ( ^! inquiries _c fail to be b5eficial1 bo? to ! writ] ( fiction & to ! read] ( fiction4 ,to ! /ory-tell] himself !y w s]ve z a /imulus & a guide1 call+ att5tion to ! te*nic ( 8 craft & broad5+ 8 k ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 art4 ,to ! idle read] ev5 !y ought to be helpful1 because !y w =ce him to ?9k ab\t ! novels he may read & because !y w lead him to be m exact+1 to insi/ m on v]acity 9 ! portrayal ( life1 & to dem& m c>e 9 ! me?od ( pres5tation4 ,e art pr(its by a wid] und]/&+ ( its pr9ciples1 ( its possibilities & ( its limitations1 z well z by a m diffus$ k ( its te*nic4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws4 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity3 #aijh4 ,,po/script3 ,x is a good sign = ! future ( ! novel t 9 ! t5 ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ?is introduction 0 writt51 ! pr(essors ( lit]ature 9 our colleges & 9 our graduate s*ools h be5 pay+ increas$ att5tion to ! /udy ( prose fiction4 ,!y _h1 fir/ ( all1 to in=m !mselves m abundantly z to its pa/ hi/ory1 & z to ! relation x has borne to ! epic on ! "o h& & to ! drama on ! o!r4 ,!n1 secondly1 !y h be5 enc\rag$ to pass on to ! /ud5ts !y 7 guid+ ! results ( _! rese>*es & ( _! reflections4 ,& z a result ! significance ( ! novel is day by day made m manife/4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws4 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity3 #aiah4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,fiction ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,fiction ,fiction a ,means ( ,tell+ ,tru?--,fact & ,fiction--,tru? & ,fact--,! ,se>* = ,tru?--,! ,necess>y ,triple ,process--,diff]5t ,degrees ( ,emphasis--,! ,art ( ,fiction & ! ,craft ( ,*emi/ry--,fiction & ,reality--,fiction & ,hi/ory--,fiction & ,biography--,biography1 ,hi/ory1 & ,fiction--,fiction ,:i* ,is ,true--,fiction ,:i* ,is ,false--,casual ,s9s aga9/ ! ,tru? 9 ,fiction--,m ,s]i\s ,s9s aga9/ ! ,tru?--,! ,futility ( ! ,adv5titi\s--,! ,indep5d5ce ( ,creat$ ,*>act]s--,fiction ,m ,true ,?an a ,casual ,report ( ,fact--,! ,exception & ! ,law--,tru?fulness ! only ,title to ,immortality--,morality & ,immorality 9 ,fiction--,! ,faculty ( ,wisdom--,wisdom & ,te*nic--,g5]al & ,p>ticul> ,exp]i5ce--,ext5sive & ,int5sive ,exp]i5ce--,! ,exp]i5c+ ,nature--,curiosity & ,sympa?y4 ,fiction a ,means ( ,tell+ ,tru?4--,be=e we set out ^u a /udy ( ! mat]ials & me?ods ( fiction1 we mu/ be c]ta9 t we appreciate ! purpose ( ! art & und]/& its relation to ! o!r arts & sci5ces4 ,! purpose ( fiction is to embody c]ta9 tru?s ( human life 9 a s]ies ( imag9$ facts4 ,! importance ( ?is purpose is sc>cely ev] appreciat$ by ! casual c>eless read] ( ! novels ( a season4 ,al?\gh x is commonly believ$ t su* a read] ov]e/imates ! weight ( works ( fiction1 ! opposite is true--he und]e/imates x4 ,e noveli/ ( g5u9e importance seeks n m]ely to div]t b also to in/ruct--to in/ruct1 n ab/ractly1 l ! essayi/1 b concretely1 by pres5t+ to ! read] *>act]s & actions :i* are true4 ,= ! be/ fiction1 al?\gh x deals ) ! lives ( imag9>y p1 is no less true ?an ! be/ hi/ory & biography1 :i* record actual facts ( human life2 & x is m true ?an su* c>eless reports ( actual occurr5ces z are publi%$ 9 ! daily newspap]s4 ,! tru? ( wor?y fiction is evid5c$ by ! honor 9 :i* x has be5 held 9 all ages among all races4 ,y c't fool all ! p all ! "t2 & if ! drama & ! epic & ! novel 7 n true1 ! human race w\ld h reject$ !m _m c5turies ago4 ,fiction has surviv$1 & fl\ri%es to-day1 because x is a means ( tell+ tru?4 ,fact & ,fiction4--,x is only 9 ! vocabul>y ( v c>eless ?9k]s t ! words tru? & fiction are reg>d$ z anti!tic4 ,a g5u9e anti!sis subsi/s betwe5 ! words fact & fiction2 b fact & tru? are n synonym\s4 ,! noveli/ =sakes ! realm ( fact 9 ord] t he may bett] tell ! tru?1 & lures ! read] away f actualities 9 ord] to pres5t him ) realities4 ,x is ( prime importance1 9 our pres5t /udy1 !re=e1 t we %\ld und]/& at ! v outset ! relation betwe5 fact & tru?1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! actual & ! real4 ,tru? & ,fact4--,a fact is a specific manife/ation ( a g5]al law3 ?is g5]al law is ! tru? because ( :i* t fact has come to be4 ,x is a fact t :5 an apple-tree is %ak5 by ! w9d1 su* apples z may be loos5$ f _! twigs fall to ! gr\nd3 x is a tru? t bodies 9 space attract ea* o!r ) a =ce t v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,fact is concrete1 & is a matt] ( physical exp]i5ce3 tru? is ab/ract1 & is a matt] ( m5tal !ory4 ,actuality is ! realm ( fact1 reality ! realm ( tru?4 ,! univ]se z we appreh5d x ) our s5ses is actual2 ! laws ( ! univ]se z we compreh5d !m ) our und]/&+ are real4 ,! ,se>* = ,tru?4--,all human sci5ce is an endeavor to discov] ! tru?s :i* und]lie ! facts t we p]ceive3 all human philosophy is an endeavor to und]/& & to appraise ^? tru?s :5 once !y are discov]$3 & all human art is an endeavor to utt] !m cle>ly & effectively :5 once !y are apprais$ & und]/ood4 ,! hi/ory ( man is ! hi/ory ( a con/ant & cont9u\s seek+ = ! tru?4 ,amaz$ be=e a univ]se ( facts1 he has /riv5 e>ne/ly to discov] ! tru? :i* und]lies !m--/riv5 h]oically to und]/& ! l>ge reality ( :i* ! actual is b a s5su\sly p]ceptible embodim5t4 ,9 ! e>lie/ c5turies ( record$ ?\ght ! se>* 0 unme?odical2 tru? 0 appreh5d$1 if at all1 by intuition1 & ann\nc$ z dogma3 b 9 mod]n c5turies c]ta9 regul> me?ods h be5 devis$ to guide ! se>*4 ,! mod]n sci5ti/ beg9s 8 "w by collect+ a l>ge numb] ( app>5tly relat$ facts & arrang+ !m 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,he !n proce$s to induce f ! obs]vation ( ^! facts an appreh5sion ( ! g5]al law t expla9s _! relation4 ,?is hypo!sis is !n te/$ 9 ! light ( fur!r facts1 until x seems s inconte/able t ! m9ds ( m5 accept x z ! tru?4 ,! sci5ti/ !n =mulates x 9 an ab/ract !oretic /atem5t1 & ?us concludes 8 "w4 ,b x is at j ?is po9t t ! philosoph] beg9s4 ,accept+ _m tru?s f _m sci5ti/s1 ! philosoph] comp>es1 reconciles1 & correlates !m1 & ?us builds out ( !m a /ructure ( belief4 ,b ?is /ructure ( belief rema9s ab/ract & !oretic 9 ! m9d ( ! philosoph]4 ,x is n[ ! arti/'s turn4 ,accept+ ! correlat$ !oretic tru?s :i* ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph] h giv5 him1 he end[s !m ) an imag9ative embodim5t p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,he translates !m back into concrete t]ms2 he clo!s !m 9 inv5t$ facts2 he makes !m imag9atively p]ceptible to a m9d native & indu$ to actuality2 & ?us he gives expression to ! tru?4 ,! ,necess>y ,triple ,process4--,?is triple process ( ! sci5tific discov]y1 ! philosophic und]/&+1 & ! arti/ic expression ( tru? has be5 expla9$ at l5g?1 because e great writ] ( fiction mu/ pass ?r\gh ! entire m5tal process4 ,! fiction-writ] diff]s f o!r seek]s = ! tru?1 n 9 ! me?od ( 8 ?\ght1 b m]ely 9 its subject-matt]4 ,8 !me is human life4 ,x is "s tru? ( human life t he endeavors to discov]1 to und]/&1 & to ann\nce2 & 9 ord] to complete 8 "w1 he mu/ apply to human life an att5tion ( ?\ght :i* is successively sci5tific1 philosophic1 & arti/ic4 ,he mu/ fir/ obs]ve c>efully c]ta9 facts ( actual life1 /udy !m 9 ! light ( ext5d$ exp]i5ce1 & induce f !m ! g5]al laws :i* he deems to be ! tru?s :i* und]lie !m4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he is a sci5ti/4 ,next1 if he be a great ?9k]1 he w correlate ^! tru?s & build out ( !m a /ructure ( belief4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he is a philosoph]4 ,la/ly1 he mu/ create imag9atively su* sc5es & *>act]s z w illu/rate ! tru?s he has discov]$ & consid]$1 & w convey !m cle>ly & effectively to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he is an arti/4 ,diff]5t ,degrees ( ,emphasis4--,b al?\gh ?is triple m5tal process 7( sci5tific discov]y1 philosophic und]/&+1 & arti/ic expression7 is exp]i5c$ 9 full by e ma/] ( fiction1 we f9d t c]ta9 au?ors are int]e/$ mo/ 9 ! fir/1 or sci5tific phase ( ! process1 o!rs 9 ! second1 or philosophic phase1 & /ill o!rs 9 ! ?ird1 or arti/ic phase4 ,evid5tly ,emile ,zola is int]e/$ *iefly 9 a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! actual facts ( life1 ,george ,eliot 9 a philosophic contemplation ( its und]ly+ tru?s1 & ,gabriele ,d',annunzio 9 an arti/ic pres5tation ( ! dream-_w t he imag9es4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ is ma9ly an arti/1 ,tol/oi ma9ly a philosoph]1 & ,jane ,au/5 ma9ly a sci5tifically accurate obs]v]4 ,few are ! writ]s1 ev5 among ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! art1 ( :om we feel1 z we feel ( ,haw?orne1 t ! sci5ti/1 ! philosoph]1 & ! arti/ reign ov] equal prec9cts ( _! m9ds4 ,haw?orne ! sci5ti/ is s ?or\gh1 s accurate1 & s precise 9 8 inve/igations ( prov9cial life t no less a critic ?an ,james ,russell ,l[ell decl>$ ! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables to be ! mo/ valuable contribution to ,new ,engl& hi/ory t has yet be5 made4 ,haw?orne ! philosoph] is s wise 9 8 und]/&+ ( crime & retribution1 s firm 9 8 /ructure ( belief conc]n+ moral tru?1 t x seems t he1 if any "o1 might give an answ] to t poignant cry ( a despair+ murd]]1-- ,can/ ?\ n m9i/] to a m9d diseas$1 ,pluck f ! memory a root$ sorr[1 ,raze out ! writt5 tr\bles ( ! bra91 ,& ) "s sweet oblivi\s antidote ,cleanse ! /uff'd bosom ( t p]il\s /uff ,:i* weighs ^u ! he>t8#a ,& ,haw?orne ! arti/ is s delicate 9 8 s5sitive & lov+ pres5tation ( ! beautiful1 s ma/]ly bo? 9 /ructure & 9 /yle1 t 8 "w1 9 arti/ry alone1 is its own excuse = be+4 ,7 x n = ! conf9em5t ( 8 fiction--its lack ( range & sweep1 bo? 9 subject-matt] & 9 attitude ( m9d--8 "w on ?is acc\nt might be reg>d$ z an illu/ration ( all t may be great 9 ! ?reefold process ( creation4 ,! ,art ( ,fiction & ! ,craft ( ,*emi/ry4--,fiction1 to borr[ a figure f *emical sci5ce1 is life di/ill$4 ,9 ! au?or's m9d1 ! actual is fir/ evaporat$ to ! real1 & ! real is !n cond5s$ to ! imag9$4 ,! au?or fir/ transmutes ! concrete actualities ( life into ab/ract realities2 & !n he transmutes ^! ab/ract realities into concrete imag9+s4 ,necess>ily1 if he has pursu$ ?is m5tal process )\t a fallacy1 8 imag9+s w be true2 because !y repres5t realities1 :i* 9 turn h be5 induc$ f actualities4 ,fiction & ,reality4--,9 "o ( 8 criticisms ( ! greate/ mod]n dramati/1 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*] has call$ att5tion to ! fact t habitually & in/9ctively m5 pay to ,ibs5 ! complim5t 7s (t5 paid to ,%akespe>e7 ( discuss+ c]ta9 ( 8 female *>act]s z ?\gh !y 7 real wom51 liv+ lives ap>t f ! poet's creative intellig5ce4 ,x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,ar*]1 9 say+ real wom51 means :at is m precisely d5ot$ by ! words actual wom54 ,su* a complim5t is also paid in/9ctively to e ma/] ( ! art ( fiction2 & ! reason is n h>d to und]/&4 ,if ! g5]al laws ( life :i* ! noveli/ has ?\ght out be true laws1 & if 8 imag9ative embodim5t ( !m be at all po9ts ?or\ghly consi/5t1 8 *>act]s w be true m5 & wom5 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,!y w n be actual1 b !y w be real4 ,! great *>act]s ( fiction--,sir ,will\ghby ,patt]ne1 ,tito ,melema1 ,d',artagnan1 ,pre ,gr&et1 ,rosal9d1 ,t>tufe1 ,hamlet1 ,ulysses--embody tru?s ( human life t h be5 arriv$ at only aft] ?or\gh obs]vation ( facts & pati5t induction f !m4 ,c]vantes mu/ h obs]v$ a multitude ( dream]s be=e he le>n$ ! tru? ( ! ideali/'s "* :i* he has express$ 9 ,don ,quixote4 ,! great p ( fiction are typical ( l>ge classes ( mank9d4 ,!y live m truly ?an d y & ,i1 because !y are made ( u & ( _m m5 besides4 ,!y h ! l>ge reality ( g5]al ideas1 :i* is a tru] ?+ ?an ! actuality ( facts4 ,?is is :y we "k !m & ?9k ( !m z real p--old acqua9tances :om we knew 7p]haps7 be=e we 7 born1 :5 7z is conceivable7 we liv$ ) !m 9 ,plato's ,realm ( ,ideas4 ,9 ,france1 in/ead ( call+ a man a mis]1 !y call him an ,h>pagon4 ,we "k ,rosal9d z we "k our sweete/ summ] love2 ,hamlet is our eld] bro!r1 & und]/&s our own wav]+ & falt]+4 ,fiction & ,hi/ory4--,in/9ctively also we reg>d ! great p ( fiction z m real ?an _m ( ! actual p ( a bygone age ^: de$s are *ronicl$ 9 du/y hi/ories4 ,to a mod]n m9d1 if y conjure ) ! "n ( ,m>cus ,brutus1 y w />t ! _s ( ,%akespe>e's fictiti\s patriot1 n ( ! actual ,brutus1 ( a v diff]5t nature1 ^: do+s are dimly report$ by ! *ronicl]s ( ,rome4 ,! ,ri*elieu ( ,dumas pre may be> b slight resemblance to ! actual f\nd] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy2 b he lives = u m really ?an ! ,ri*elieu ( _m hi/ories4 ,we "k ,hamlet ev5 bett] ?an we "k ,h5ri-,frdric ,amiel1 :o 9 _m ways 0 l him2 ev5 ?\gh ,amiel has report$ himself m ?or\ghly ?an almo/ any o!r actual man4 ,we may g a /ep fur!r & decl>e t ! actual p ( any age c live 9 ! memory ( aft] ages only :5 ! facts ( _! *>act]s & _! c>e]s h be5 transmut$ into a sort ( fiction by ! m9ds ( creative hi/orians4 ,actually1 9 #ahae1 !re 0 b "o ,napoleon2 n[ !re are z _m ,napoleons z !re are biographies & hi/ories ( him4 ,he has be5 recreat$ 9 "o way by "o au?or1 9 ano!r by ano!r2 & y may take y\r *oice4 ,y may accept ! ,julius ,cs> ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 or ! ,julius ,cs> ( ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey4 ,! fir/ is frankly fiction2 & ! second1 n s frankly1 is fiction also--j z f> f actuality z ,%akespe>e's adaptation ( ,plut>*'s portraiture4 ,fiction & ,biography4--,"o ( ! mo/ vivid illu/rations ( h[ a great creative m9d1 hone/ly seek+ to discov]1 to und]/&1 & to express ! tru? conc]n+ actual *>act]s ( ! pa/1 necess>ily makes fiction ( ^? *>act]s1 is giv5 by ,?omas ,c>lyle 9 8 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip4 ,"h1 9 ,c>lyle's me?od ( proc$ure1 x is easy to disc]n t ?reefold process ( creation :i* is und]gone by ! fiction-mak+ m9d4 ,an exam9ation ( record$ facts conc]n+ ,mohamm$1 ,dante1 ,lu!r1 or ,burns leads him to a discov]y & a =mulation ( c]ta9 ab/ract tru?s conc]n+ ! ,h]o z ,prophet1 z ,poet1 z ,prie/1 or z ,man ( ,lett]s2 & !reaft]1 9 compos+ 8 hi/orical /udies1 he sets =? only su* actual facts z con=m ) 8 philosophic und]/&+ ( ! tru? & w !re=e repres5t ?is und]/&+ ) ! utmo/ emphasis4 ,he makes fiction ( 8 h]oes1 9 ord] mo/ emphatically to tell ! tru? ab\t !m4 ,biography1 ,hi/ory1 & ,fiction4--,9 ?is way biography & hi/ory at _! be/ are doom$ to employ ! me?ods ( ! art ( fiction2 & we c !re=e und]/& )\t surprise :y ! av]age read] always says ( ! hi/ories ( ,francis ,p>kman t !y read l novels1 ev5 ?\gh ! mo/ ,g]man-m9d$ sci5ti/s ( hi/ory assure u t ,p>kman is always fai?ful to 8 facts4 ,facts1 to ! m9d ( ?is model ( hi/orians1 7 indicative ( tru?s2 & ^? tru?s he endeavor$ to express ) faultless art4 ,l ! be/ ( noveli/s1 he 0 at once a sci5ti/1 a philosoph]1 & an arti/2 & ?is is n ! lea/ ( reasons :y 8 hi/ories w endure4 ,!y are z true z fiction4 ,fiction ,:i* ,is ,true4--,n only d ! great *>act]s ( fiction conv9ce u ( reality3 9 ! m]e ev5ts !mselves ( wor?y fiction we feel a fitness t makes u "k !m real4 ,s5tim5tal ,tommy really did lose t lit]>y competition because he wa/$ a full h\r se>*+ va9ly = ! "o "r ^w2 ,hetty ,sorrel really kill$ h] *ild2 & ,mr4 ,h5ry mu/ h won t midnight duel ) ! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae1 ?\gh ! latt] 0 ! bett] swordsman4 ,^! incid5ts con=m to tru?s we recognize4 ,& n only 9 ! fiction t cl+s close to actuality d we feel a s5se ( tru?4 ,we feel x j z ke5ly 9 fairy tales l ^? ( ,hans ,*ri/ian ,&]s51 or 9 ! wor?ie/ wond]-leg5ds ( an e>li] age4 ,we are told ( ,! ,/eadfa/ ,t9 ,soldi] t1 aft] he 0 melt$ 9 ! fire1 ! maid :o took away ! a%es next morn+ f\nd him 9 ! %ape ( a small t9 he>t2 & rememb]+ ! spangly little ballet-danc] :o flutt]$ to him l a sylph & 0 burn$ up 9 ! fire ) him1 we feel a fitness 9 ?is little fancy :i* op5s vi/as ^u human tru?4 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s fable ( ,h[ ! ,elephant ,got ,8 ,trunk is j z true z 8 reports ( ,mrs4 ,hauksbee4 ,8 !ory may n con=m ) ! actual facts ( zoological sci5ce2 b at any rate x repres5ts a tru? :i* is p]haps m important = ^? :o h become aga9 l little *ildr54 ,fiction ,:i* ,is ,false4--,j z we feel by in/9ct ! reality ( fiction at its be/1 s also ) a k9dr$ in/9ct equally ke5 we feel ! falsity ( fiction :5 ! au?or lapses f ! tru?4 ,unless 8 *>act]s act & ?9k at all po9ts consi/5tly ) ! laws ( _! imag9$ exi/5ce1 & unless ^! laws are 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( actual life1 no am\nt ( sophi/ication on ! "p ( ! au?or c make u f9ally believe 8 /ory2 & unless we believe 8 /ory1 8 purpose 9 writ+ x w h fail$4 ,! noveli/1 :o has s _m means ( tell+ tru?1 has also _m means ( tell+ lies4 ,he may be untru?ful 9 8 v !me1 if he is lack+ 9 sanity ( outlook ^u ! ?+s t are4 ,he may be untru?ful 9 8 *>act]ization1 if he int]f]es ) 8 p aft] !y are once creat$ & attempts to co]ce !m to 8 purposes in/ead ( all[+ !m to "w out _! own de/9ies4 ,he may be untru?ful 9 8 plott+1 if he devises situations arbitr>ily = ! sake ( m]e imm$iate effect4 ,he may be untru?ful 9 8 dialogue1 if he puts into ! m\?s ( 8 p s5t5ces t _! nature does n dem& t !y %all speak4 ,he may be untru?ful 9 8 comm5ts on 8 *>act]s1 if ! *>act]s belie ! comm5ts 9 _! actions & _! words4 ,casual ,s9s ,aga9/ ! ,tru? 9 ,fiction4--,) ! sort ( fiction t is a tissue ( lies1 ! pres5t /udy does n conc]n itself2 b ev5 9 ! be/ fiction we come ^u passages ( falsity4 ,!re is little likelihood1 h[ev]1 ( our be+ l$ a/ray by ^!3 we revolt in/9ctively aga9/ !m ) a feel+ t may be/ be express$ 9 t fam\s s5t5ce ( ,ibs5's ,assessor ,brack1 ,p don't d su* ?+s4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e tells u1 t[>d ! end ( ,z ,y ,l ,x1 t ! wick$ ,oliv] sudd5ly *ang$ 8 nature & won ! love ( ,celia1 we "k t he is ly+4 ,! sc5e is n true to ! great laws ( human life4 ,:5 ,george ,eliot1 at a loss = a conclusion to ,! ,mill on ! ,floss1 tells u t ,tom & ,maggie ,tulliv] 7 dr[n$ toge!r 9 a flood1 we disbelieve h]2 j z we disbelieve ,sir ,james ,b>rie :5 he inv5ts t absurd accid5t ( ,tommy's dea?4 ,^! ?ree in/ances ( falsity h be5 select$ f au?ors :o "k ! tru? & almo/ always tell x2 & all ?ree h a c]ta9 palliation4 ,!y come at or ne> ! v end ( l5g?y /ories4 ,9 actual life1 ( c\rse1 !re are no v ends3 life exhibits a cont9u\s sequ5ce ( causation /ret*+ on3 & s9ce a /ory has to h an end1 its conclusion mu/ 9 any case belie a law ( nature4 ,probably ! tru? is t ,tommy didn't die at all3 he is liv+ /ill1 & always w be liv+4 ,& s9ce ,sir ,james ,b>rie c\ldn't write =ev]1 he may be p>don$ a make%ift end+ t he himself app>5tly did n believe 94 ,s also we may =give t lie ( ,%akespe>e's1 s9ce x contributes to a g5]al tru?fulness ( good-w at ! conclusion ( 8 /ory2 & z = ,george ,eliot--well1 %e _h be5 tell+ ! tru? /olidly = _m hundr$ pages4 ,m ,s]i\s ,s9s ,aga9/ ! ,tru?4--,b :5 ,*>lotte ,bront1 9 ,jane ,eyre1 tells u t ,mr4 ,ro*e/] fir/ said & !n repeat$ ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 ,i am dispos$ to be greg>i\s & communicative to-night1 we f9d x m difficult to p>don ! app>5t falsity4 ,9 ! same *apt]1 ! au?or /ates t ,mr4 ,ro*e/] emitt$ ! foll[+ rem>k3--,!n1 9 ! fir/ place1 d y agree ) me t ,i h a "r to be a little ma/]ful1 abrupt1 p]haps exact+1 sometimes1 on ! gr\nds ,i /at$1 namely1 t ,i am old en\gh to be y\r fa!r1 & t ,i h battl$ ?r\gh a v>i$ exp]i5ce ) _m m5 ( _m nations1 & roam$ ov] half ! globe1 :ile y h liv$ quietly ) "o set ( p 9 "o h\se8 ,su* writ+ is inexcusably untrue4 ,we _c believe t any human be+ ev] ask$ a direct "q s elaborately l5g?y4 ,p d n talk l t4 ,z a contra/1 let u notice = a mom5t ! poignant tru?fulness ( spee* 9 ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s /ory1 ,only a ,subalt]n4 ,a fev]-/rick5 private says to ,bobby ,wick1 ,beg y' p>don1 sir1 di/urb9' ( y n[1 b w\ld y m9' 'old9' my '&1 sir8--& lat]1 :5 ! private becomes convalesc5t & ,bobby 9 8 turn is /rick5 d[n1 ! private sudd5ly />es 9 horror at 8 b$1 & cries1 ,oh1 my ,gawd6 ,x c't be 'im6 ,p talk l t4 ,! ,futility ( ! ,adv5titi\s4--,arbitr>y plott+1 z a rule1 is ( no avail 9 fiction3 almo/ always1 we "k :5 a /ory is true & :5 x is n4 ,we seldom believe 9 ! long-lo/ w t is discov]$ at la/ on ! back ( a decay+ picture-canvas2 or 9 ! *ance meet+ & mutual discov]y ( long-sep>at$ relatives2 or 9 su* accid5tal circum/ances z ! "o1 = in/ance1 because ( :i* ,romeo fails to receive ! message f ,fri> ,laur5ce4 ,! incid5ts ( fiction at its be/ are n only probable b inevitable3 !y happ5 because 9 ! nature ( ?+s !y h to happ51 & n because ! au?or wants !m to4 ,simil>ly1 ! true/ *>act]s ( fiction are s real t ev5 _! creator has no p[] to make !m d :at !y w n4 ,x has be5 told ( ,?ack]ay t he grew s to love ,colonel ,newcome t he wi%$ ard5tly t ! good man might live happily until ! end4 ,yet1 kn[+ ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,colonel 0 enme%$1 & kn[+ also ! nature ( ! p :o =m$ ! little circle r\nd ab\t him1 ,?ack]ay realiz$ t 8 la/ days w\ld ( necessity be mis]able2 & realiz+ ?is1 ! au?or told ! bitt] tru?1 ?\gh x co/ him _m te>s4 ,! ,indep5d5ce ( ,creat$ ,*>act]s4--,! c>eless read] ( fiction usually supposes t1 s9ce ! noveli/ inv5ts 8 *>act]s & incid5ts1 he c ord] !m always to suit 8 own desires3 b any hone/ arti/ w tell y t 8 *>act]s (t5 gr[ intractable & /ubbornly refuse at c]ta9 po9ts to accept ! incid5ts :i* he has =eorda9$ = !m1 & t at o!r times !y take matt]s into _! own h&s & run away ) ! /ory4 ,/ev5son has record$ ?is latt] exp]i5ce4 ,he said1 apropos ( ,kidnapp$1 ,9 "o ( my books1 & 9 "o only1 ! *>act]s took ! bit 9 _! tee?2 all at once1 !y became deta*$ f ! flat pap]1 !y turn$ _! backs on me & walk$ (f bodily2 & f t "t my task 0 /5ographic--x 0 !y :o spoke1 x 0 !y :o wrote ! rema9d] ( ! /ory4 ,! laws ( life1 & n ! au?or's w1 mu/ f9ally decide ! de/9ies ( h]oes & ( h]o9es4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,febru>y #c1 #ahej1 j aft] he _h writt5 ! la/ sc5e ( ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 ,haw?orne read x to 8 wife--tri$ to read x1 r1 he wrote ! next day 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d1 ,horatio ,bridge1 = my voice swell$ & heav$1 z if ,i 7 toss$ up & d[n on an ocean z x subsides aft] a /orm4 ,b ,i 0 9 a v n]v\s /ate !n1 hav+ gone ?r\gh a great div]sity ( emotion :ile writ+ x = _m mon?s4 ,is x n conceivable t1 9 ! great div]sity ( emotion :i* ! au?or exp]i5c$ :ile br++ 8 /ory to a close1 he 0 tempt$ m ?an once to /ate t ,he/] & ,dimmesdale escap$ ^u ! ,bri/ol %ip & !reaft] expiat$ _! (f5se 9 holy & s]viceable lives8 ,b if su* a ?\ght occurr$ to him1 he put x by1 kn[+ t ! revelation ( ! sc>let lett] 0 inexorably dem&$ by ! highe/ moral law4 ,fiction ,m ,true ,?an a ,casual ,report ( ,fact4--,we are n[ ready to und]/& ! /atem5t t fiction at its be/ is mu* m true ?an su* c>eless reports ( actual occurr5ces z are publi%$ 9 ! daily newspap]s4 ,wat] t has be5 di/ill$ is mu* m really ,h#b,o ?an ! muddi$ natural liquid 9 ! bulb ( ! retort2 & life t has be5 cl>ifi$ 9 ! ?reefold alembic ( ! fiction-writ]'s m9d is mu* m really life ?an ! cl\d$ & unrealiz$ ev5ts t are report$ 9 daily *ronicles ( fact4 ,! newspap] may tell u t a man :o left 8 (fice 9 an app>5tly normal /ate ( m9d w5t home & %ot 8 wife2 b p don't d su* ?+s2 & ?\gh ! /ory /ates an actual occurr5ce1 x does n tell ! tru?4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! report] c\ld make ?is /ory true w\ld be = him to trace out all ! antec$5t causes :i* l$ inevitably to ! culm9at+ incid5t4 ,! incid5t itself c become true = u only :5 we are made to und]/& x4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son once rem>k$ t :5ev]1 9 a /ory by a fri5d ( 81 he came ^u a passage t 0 notably untrue1 he always suspect$ t x _h be5 transcrib$ directly f actual life4 ,! au?or _h be5 too sure ( ! facts to ask himself 9 :at way !y 7 repres5tative ( ! g5]al laws ( life4 ,b facts are important to ! c>eful ?9k] only z !y are significant ( tru?4 ,d\btless an omnisci5t m9d w\ld realize a reason = e accid5tal & app>5tly insignificant occurr5ce ( actual life4 ,d\btless1 = example1 ! ,univ]sal ,m9d mu/ und]/& :y ! great musical-director1 ,anton ,seidl1 di$ sudd5ly ( ptoma9e poison+4 ,b to a f9ite m9d su* occurr5ces seem unsignificant ( tru?2 !y d n seem to be indicative ( a necess>y law4 ,& s9ce ! fiction-writ] has a f9ite m9d1 ! laws ( life :i* he c und]/& are m re/rict$ly logical ?an ^? undiscov]$ laws ( actual life :i* pass 8 und]/&+4 ,_m a casual occurr5ce ( ! actual _w w\ld !re=e be inadmissible 9 ! intellectually-ord]$ _w ( fiction4 ,a noveli/ has no "r to set =? a sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i*1 9 its causes & effects1 he _c make ! read] und]/&4 ,! ,exception & ! ,law4--,we are n[ t\*+ on a pr9ciple :i* is seldom appreciat$ by beg9n]s 9 ! art ( fiction4 ,e college pr(essor ( lit]>y composition :o has accus$ a /ud5t ( falsity 9 "s passage ( a /ory t ! /ud5t has submitt$ has be5 met ) ! triumphant b unreasonable answ]1 ,oh1 no1 x's true6 ,x happ5$ to a fri5d ( m9e6 ,& x has !n become necess>y = ! pr(essor to expla9 z be/ he c\ld t an actual occurr5ce is n necess>ily true = ! purposes ( fiction4 ,! imag9$ facts ( a g5u9ely wor?y /ory are exhibit$ m]ely because !y are repres5tative ( "s g5]al law ( life held securely 9 ! writ]'s consci\sness4 ,a transcription1 !re=e1 ( actual facts fails ( ! purposes ( fiction unless ! facts 9 !mselves are evid5tly repres5tative ( su* a law4 ,& _m ?+s may happ5 to a fri5d ( ours )\t evid5c+ to a consid]ate m9d any logical reason :y !y _h to happ54 ,tru?fulness ! only ,title to ,immortality4--,x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld appreciate ! importance ( ?is pr9ciple at ! v outset ( 8 appr5tice%ip to ! art4 ,= x is only by adh]+ rigor\sly to ! tru? t fiction c survive4 ,9 e p]iod ( lit]ature1 _m clev] au?ors h appe>$ :o h div]t$ _! contempor>ies ) +5i\s inv5tion1 brilliant incid5t1 unexpect$ novelty ( "*1 or allur+ eloqu5ce ( /yle1 b :o h be5 disc>d$ & =gott5 by succe$+ g5]ations m]ely because !y fail$ to tell ! tru?4 ,probably 9 ! :ole range ( ,engli% fiction !re is no m skilful weav] ( en?rall+ plots1 no m clev] ma/] ( inv5tion or manipulator ( susp5se1 ?an ,wilkie ,coll9s2 b ,coll9s is already disc>d$ & well-nigh =gott51 because ! read+ _w has f\nd t he exhibit$ no tru?s ( g5u9e importance1 b r sacrific$ ! et]nal realities ( life = m]e mom5t>y plausibilities4 ,probably1 also1 !re is no arti/ 9 ,fr5* prose m s$uctive 9 8 eloqu5ce ?an ,r5 de ,*ateaubri&2 b 8 fiction is no long] read1 because ! _w has f\nd t 8 s5tim5talism 0 to ?is ext5t a %am--x 0 false to ! nature ( normal human be+s4 ,alice 9 ,wond]l& w survive ! works ( bo? ^! able au?ors1 because ( ! _m & mom5t\s human tru?s t look ^u u ?r\gh its drift ( dreams4 ,morality & ,immorality 9 ,fiction4--,! :ole "q ( ! morality or immorality ( a "w ( fiction is a "q m]ely ( its tru? or falsity4 ,to appreciate ?is po9t1 we mu/ fir/ be c>eful to di/+ui% immorality f co>s5ess4 ,! morality ( a fiction-writ] is n dep5d5t on ! dec5cy ( 8 expression4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature %[s t au?ors frankly co>se1 l ,rabelais or ,swift = in/ance1 h r>ely or nev] be5 immoral2 & t ! mo/ immoral books h be5 writt5 9 ! mo/ delicate language4 ,swift & ,rabelais are moral1 because !y tell ! tru? ) sanity & vigor2 we may object to c]ta9 passages 9 _! writ+s on e/hetic1 b n on e?ical1 gr\nds4 ,!y may (f5d our ta/e2 b !y are n likely to lead a/ray our judgm5t--f> less likely ?an ,d',annunzio1 = in/ance1 :o1 al?\gh he nev] (f5ds ! mo/ delicate e/hetic ta/e1 sicklies o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( 8 poetry a sad unsanity ( outlook ^u ! ultimate deep tru?s ( human life4 ,9 ! second place1 we mu/ bravely realize t ! morality ( a "w ( fiction has little or no dep5d5ce on ! subject t x treats4 ,x is utt]ly unju/ to ! noveli/ to decide1 z _m unreasonable read]s d1 t su* a book z ,daudet's ,sapho mu/ be ( necessity immoral because x exhibits immoral *>act]s 9 a s]ies ( immoral acts4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an immoral subject = a novel3 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject1 & only 9 ! treatm5t1 lies ! basis = e?ical judgm5t ( ! "w4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful 9 ord] t a novel may be moral is t ! au?or %all ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t 8 "w a sane & heal?y insight into ! s\ndness or uns\ndness ( ! relations betwe5 8 *>act]s4 ,he mu/ "k :5 !y are "r & "k :5 !y are wrong1 & mu/ make cle> to u ! reasons = 8 judgm5t4 ,he _c be immoral unless he is untrue4 ,to make u pity 8 *>act]s :5 !y are vile1 or love !m :5 !y are noxi\s1 to inv5t excuses = !m 9 situations :]e !y _c be excus$1 to leave u satisfi$ :5 _! bas5ess has be5 unbetray$1 to make u wond] if aft] all ! exception is n great] ?an ! rule--9 a s+le ^w1 to lie ab\t 8 *>act]s--?is is1 = ! fiction-writ]1 ! "o unp>donable s94 ,! ,faculty ( ,wisdom4--,b x is n an easy ?+ to tell ! tru? ( human life1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,! be/ ( fiction-writ]s fall to falsehood n[ & !n2 & x is only by hone/ labor & s9c]e /rife = ! ideal t !y contrive 9 ! ma9 to fulfil ! purpose ( _! art4 ,b ! writ] ( fiction mu/ be n only hone/ & s9c]e2 he mu/ be wise z well4 ,wisdom is ! faculty ( see+ ?r\gh & all ar\nd an object ( contemplation1 & und]/&+ totally & at once its relations to all o!r objects4 ,?is faculty _c be acquir$2 x has to be develop$3 & x is develop$ by exp]i5ce only4 ,exp]i5ce ord9>ily requires "t2 & ?\gh1 = special reasons :i* w be not$ lat] on1 mo/ ( ! great %ort-/ory writ]s h be5 "y1 we are n surpris$ to notice t mo/ ( ! great noveli/s h be5 m5 mature 9 ye>s4 ,!y h rip5$ sl[ly to a realization ( ^? tru?s :i* lat] !y h labor$ to imp>t4 ,ri*>dson1 ! fa!r ( ! mod]n ,engli% novel1 0 fifty-"o ye>s old :5 ,pamela 0 publi%$2 ,scott 0 =ty-?ree :5 ,wav]ley appe>$2 ,haw?orne 0 =ty-six :5 he wrote ,! ,sc>let ,lett]2 ,?ack]ay & ,george ,eliot 7 well on _! way to ! =ties :5 !y complet$ ,vanity ,fair & ,adam ,b$e2 & ^! are ! fir/ novels ( ea* writ]4 ,wisdom & ,te*nic4--,! "y au?or :o aspires to write novels mu/ n only labor to acquire ! te*nic ( 8 art3 x is ev5 m important t he %\ld s ord] 8 life z to gr[ cunn+ 9 ! basic tru?s ( human nature4 ,8 fir/ problem--! problem ( acquir+ te*nic--is comp>atively easy4 ,te*nic may be le>n$ f books--! ma/]-works ( art 9 fiction4 ,x may be /udi$ empirically4 ,! /ud5t may obs]ve :at ! ma/]s h1 & h n1 done2 & he may puzzle out ! reasons :y4 ,& he may p]haps be help$ by con/ructive critics ( fiction 9 8 endeavor to und]/& ^! reasons4 ,b 8 second problem--! problem ( develop+ wisdom--is m difficult2 & he mu/ grapple ) x )\t any aid f books4 ,:at he le>ns ( human life1 he mu/ le>n 9 8 own way1 )\t extrane\s assi/ance4 ,x is easy en\gh = ! /ud5t to le>n1 = in/ance1 h[ ! great %ort-/ories h be5 con/ruct$4 ,x is easy en\gh = ! critic1 on ! basis ( su* k1 to =mulate empirically ! pr9ciples ( ?is special art ( n>rative4 ,b x is n easy = ! /ud5t to discov]1 or = ! critic to sugge/1 h[ a man 9 8 e>ly tw5ties may develop su* a wise insight into human life z is display$1 = example1 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,a few sugge/ions may1 p]haps1 be (f]$2 b !y mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z sugge/ions1 & mu/ n be ov]valu$4 ,g5]al & ,p>ticul> ,exp]i5ce4--,at ! outset1 x may be not$ t ! writ] ( fiction ne$s two diff]5t end[m5ts ( exp]i5ce3--fir/1 a broad & g5]al exp]i5ce ( life at l>ge2 & second1 a deep & specific exp]i5ce ( t p>ticul> phase ( life :i* he wi%es to depict4 ,a g5]al & broad exp]i5ce is common to all ma/]s ( ! art ( fiction3 x is 9 ! p>ticul> nature ( _! specific & deep exp]i5ce t !y diff] "o f ano!r4 ,al?\gh 9 range & sweep ( g5]al k ,sir ,walt] ,scott 0 f> m va/ ?an ,jane ,au/51 he confess$ amazem5t at ! dep? ( h] specific k ( e-day ,engli% middle-class society4 ,mo/ ( ! great noveli/s h made1 l ,jane ,au/51 a special /udy ( "s p>ticul> field4 ,haw?orne is an au?ority on ,puritan ,new ,engl&1 ,?ack]ay on ,london high society1 ,h5ry ,james on cosmopolitan sup]-civilization4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t a "y au?or1 :ile keep+ 8 obs]vation fre% = all exp]i5ce1 %\ld devote especial notice to exp]i5ce ( "s p>ticul> phase ( life4 ,b along comes ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 ) 8 _w-engirdl+ k1 to jo/le u out ( fai? 9 too n>r[ a focus ( att5tion4 ,ext5sive & ,int5sive ,exp]i5ce4--,exp]i5ce is ( two sorts1 ext5sive & int5sive4 ,a m]e glance at ! range ( ,mr4 ,kipl+'s subjects w\ld %[ u ! bread? ( 8 ext5sive exp]i5ce3 evid5tly he has liv$ 9 _m l&s & look$ ) sympa?y ^u ! lives ( _m sorts ( p4 ,b 9 c]ta9 /ories1 l 8 ,!y = in/ance1 we are arre/$ r by ! dep? ( 8 int5sive exp]i5ce4 ,!y reveals to u an au?or :o n necess>ily has roam$ ab\t ! _w1 b :o necess>ily has felt all phases ( ! "m-long+ 9 a woman4 ,! ?+s t ,mr4 ,kipl+ kn[s 9 ,!y c\ld nev] h be5 le>n$ except ?r\gh sympa?y4 ,int5sive exp]i5ce is immeasurably m valuable to ! fiction-writ] ?an ext5sive exp]i5ce3 b ! difficulty is t1 al?\gh ! latt] may be ga9$ ?r\gh ! obvi\s exp$i5ts ( travel & volunt>y association ) _m & v>i\s types ( p1 ! =m] c nev] be ga9$ ?r\gh any am\nt ( delib]ate & consci\s seek+4 ,! great int5sive exp]i5ces ( life1 l love & fri5d%ip1 mu/ come uns\ght if !y are to come at all2 & no man c ga9 a g5u9e exp]i5ce ( any joy or sorr[ by exp]im5t+ purposely ) life4 ,! deep exp]i5ces mu/ be wat*$ & wait$ =4 ,! au?or mu/ be ev] ready to realize !m :5 !y come3 :5 !y knock ^u 8 door1 he mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( answ]+ t he is n at home4 ,b he mu/ n make ! contr>y mi/ake ( go+ out into ! highways & h$ges to compel !m to come )9 8 gates4 ,! ,exp]i5c+ ,nature4--,und\bt$ly1 v few p are always at home = e real exp]i5ce t knocks ^u _! doors2 v few p1 to say ! ?+ m simply1 h an exp]i5c+ nature4 ,b great fiction may be writt5 only by m5 ( an exp]i5c+ nature2 & "h is a basis = confession t1 aft] all1 fiction-writ]s are born1 n made4 ,! exp]i5c+ nature is difficult to def9e2 b two ( its mo/ evid5t qualities1 at any rate1 are a lively curiosity & a ready sympa?y4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! two qualities gives a man t int5sity ( int]e/ 9 human life :i* is a condition prec$5t to 8 ev] gr[+ to und]/& x4 ,curiosity1 = in/ance1 is ! mo/ obvi\s asset 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s equipm5t4 ,we did n ne$ 8 playful confession 9 ! ,j ,s ,/ories-- ,i keep six hone/ s]v+-m5 7,!y taught me all ,i knew73-- ,_! names are ,:at & ,:y & ,:5 ,& ,h[ & ,:]e & ,:o-- to conv9ce u t f 8 v e>ly y\? he has be5 an indefatigable ask] ( que/ions4 ,x 0 only ?r\gh a heal?y curiosity t he c\ld h acquir$ ! enorm\s /ores ( specific k conc]n+ almo/ e walk ( life t he has display$ 9 8 successive volumes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 obvi\sly ?r\gh 8 va/ end[m5t ( sympa?y t ,dick5s 0 able to le>n s ?or\ghly all phases ( ! life ( ! l[ly 9 ,london4 ,curiosity & ,sympa?y4--,exp]i5ce gravitates to ! man :o is bo? curi\s & sympa!tic4 ,! k+dom ( adv5ture is )9 u4 ,j z we create beauty 9 an object :5 we look ^u x beautifully1 s we create adv5ture all ar\nd u :5 we walk ! _w inw>dly agl[ ) love ( life4 ,?+s ( int]e/ happ5$ to ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son e day ( 8 exi/5ce1 because he incorporat$ ! faculty ( be+ int]e/$ 9 ?+s4 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ gl[+ essays1 ,! ,lant]n-,be>]s1 he decl>$ t nev] an h\r ( 8 life _h gone dully yet2 if x _h be5 sp5t wait+ at a railway junction1 he _h _h "s scatt]+ ?\ghts1 he _h c\nt$ "s gra9s ( memory1 comp>$ to :i* ! :ole ( _m romances seem$ b dross4 ,! au?or :o aspires to write fiction %\ld cultivate ! faculty ( c>+ = all ?+s t come to pass2 he %\ld tra9 himself rigor\sly nev] to be bor$2 he %\ld look ^u all life t swims into 8 k5 ) curi\s & sympa!tic eyes1 rememb]+ always t sympa?y is a deep] faculty ?an curiosity3 & because ( ! pr(\nd joy ( 8 int]e/ 9 life1 he %\ld endeavor humbly to e>n t h]itage ( int]e/ by develop+ a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( its s\rce4 ,9 ?is way1 p]haps1 he may gr[ aw>e ( c]ta9 tru?s ( life :i* are mat]ials = fiction4 ,if s1 he w h accompli%$ ! bett] half ( 8 "w3 he w h f\nd some?+ to say4 #a ,macbe?3 ,act ,v2 ,sc5e #c4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is ! logical relation 7#a7 betwe5 fact & tru?1 7#b7 betwe5 fact & fiction1 & 7#c7 betwe5 tru? & fiction8 #b4 ,def9e ! sph]es ( ! respective contributions ( art1 philosophy1 & sci5ce to ! se>* = tru?4 #c4 ,9 :at way is a well-imag9$ "w ( fiction m true to life ?an a newspap] report ( actual occurr5ces8 #d4 ,expla9 ! logical basis = di/+ui%+ betwe5 morality & immorality 9 a "w ( art4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,frank ,,norris3--,a ,problem 9 ,fiction1 9 ,! ,responsibilities ( ! ,noveli/4 ,,clayton ,,hamilton3--,on ,tell+ ! ,tru?1 9 ,! ,art ,_w = ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,realism ,,& ,,romance ,two ,me?ods ( ,exhibit+ ! ,tru?--,e ,m9d ,ei!r ,reali/ic or ,romantic--,m>ion ,craw=d's ,faulty ,di/9ction--,a ,second ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction--,a ,?ird ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction--,bliss ,p]ry's ,negative ,def9ition--,! ,true ,di/9ction ,"o ( ,me?od1 ,n ( ,mat]ial--,sci5tific ,discov]y & ,arti/ic ,expression--,! ,te/imony ( ,haw?orne--,a ,philosophic ,=mula--,induction & ,d$uction--,! ,inductive ,me?od ( ! ,reali/--,! ,d$uctive ,me?od ( ! ,romantic--,realism1 ,l ,inductive ,sci5ce1 a ,/rictly ,mod]n ,product--,advantages ( ,realism--,advantages ( ,romance--,! ,conf9em5t ( ,realism--,! ,fre$om ( ,romance--,nei!r ,me?od ,bett] ,?an ! ,o!r--,abuses ( ,realism--,abuses ( ,romance4 ,two ,me?ods ( ,exhibit+ ! ,tru?4--,al?\gh all writ]s ( fiction :o take _! "w s]i\sly & d x hone/ly are at "o 9 _! purpose--namely1 to embody c]ta9 tru?s ( human life 9 a s]ies ( imag9$ facts--!y div]ge into two contra/$ gr\ps accord+ to _! mann] ( accompli%+ ?is purpose1--_! me?od ( exhibit+ ! tru?4 ,consequ5tly we f9d 9 practice two contra/$ s*ools ( noveli/s1 :i* we di/+ui% by ! titles ,reali/ic & ,romantic4 ,e ,m9d ,ei!r ,reali/ic or ,romantic4--,! di/9ction betwe5 realism & romance is fundam5tal & deep-seat$2 = e man1 :e!r consci\sly or n1 is ei!r a romantic or a reali/ 9 ! dom9ant habit ( 8 ?\ght4 ,! read] :o is a reali/ by nature w pref] ,george ,eliot to ,scott2 ! read] :o is romantic w r read ,victor ,hugo ?an ,flaub]t2 & nei!r ta/e is bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,ea* read]'s pref]5ce is born ) 8 bra91 & has its orig9 9 8 cu/om>y processes ( ?9k+4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 x seems /range t no adequate def9ition has ev] yet be5 made ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 realism & romance4#b ,v>i\s sup]ficial explanations h be5 (f]$1 x is true2 b none ( !m has be5 sci5tific & satisfactory4 ,m>ion ,craw=d's ,faulty ,di/9ction4--,"o ( ! mo/ common ( ^! sup]ficial explanations is ! "o :i* has be5 phras$ by ! late ,f4 ,m>ion ,craw=d 9 8 little book ^u ,! ,novel3 ,:at ,x ,is3--,! reali/ proposes to %[ m5 :at !y are2 ! romanti/ 7sic7 tries to %[ m5 :at !y %\ld be4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is di/9ction is t x utt]ly fails to di/+ui%4 ,surely all noveli/s1 :e!r reali/ic or romantic1 try to %[ m5 :at !y are--:at else c be _! reason = embody+ 9 imag9$ facts ! tru?s ( human life8 ,victor ,hugo1 ! romantic1 9 ,les ,misrables1 endeavors j z hone/ly & e>ne/ly to %[ m5 :at !y are z does ,flaub]t1 ! reali/1 9 ,madame ,bov>y4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ,?ack]ay1 ! reali/1 9 *>act]s l ,h5ry ,esmond & ,colonel ,newcome1 %[s m5 :at !y %\ld be j z ?or\ghly z ! romantic ,scott4 ,inde$1 x is h>dly possible to conceive h[ any noveli/1 :e!r romantic or reali/ic1 c\ld devise a means ( %[+ ! "o ?+ )\t at ! same "t %[+ ! o!r also4 ,e important fiction-writ]1 no matt] to :i* ( ! two s*ools he happ5s to belong1 /rives to accompli%1 9 a s+le ef=t ( creation1 bo? ( ! purposes not$ by ,m>ion ,craw=d4 ,he may be reali/ic or romantic 9 8 way ( %[+ m5 :at !y are2 reali/ic or romantic 9 8 way ( %[+ !m :at !y %\ld be3 ! diff]5ce lies1 n 9 :i* ( ! two he tries to %[1 b 9 ! way he tries to %[ x4 ,a ,second ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction4--,aga91 we h be5 told t1 9 _! /ories1 ! romantics dwell ma9ly ^u ! elem5t ( action1 :ile ! reali/s are int]e/$ *iefly 9 ! elem5t ( "*4 ,b ?is explanation fails _m times to fit ! facts3 = ! great romantic *>act]s1 l ,lea!r-,/ock+1 ,don ,quixote1 ,monte ,cri/o1 ,claude ,frollo1 are j z vividly drawn z ! great *>act]s ( realism2 & ! great ev5ts ( reali/ic novels1 l ,rawdon ,crawley's discov]y ( 8 wife ) ,"l ,/eyne1 or ,adam ,b$e's fight ) ,ar?ur ,donni?orne1 are j z ?rill+ z ! res\nd+ actions ( romance4 ,fur!rmore1 if we %\ld accept ?is explanation1 we %\ld f9d ourselves unable to classify z ei!r reali/ic or romantic ! v l>ge body ( novels 9 :i* nei!r elem5t--( action or ( "*--%[s any m>k$ prepond]ance ov] ! o!r4 ,h5ry ,james1 9 8 g5ial essay on ,! ,art ( ,fiction1 has ca/ a vivid light on ?is objection4 ,!re is an old-fa%ion$ di/9ction1 he says1 betwe5 ! novel ( "* & ! novel ( incid5t :i* mu/ h co/ _m a smile to ! int5d+ fabuli/ :o 0 ke5 ab\t 8 "w4444 ,:at is "* b ! det]m9ation ( incid5t8 ,:at is incid5t b ! illu/ration ( "*8444 ,x is an incid5t = a woman to /& up ) h] h& re/+ on a table & look out at y 9 a c]ta9 way2 or if x be n an incid5t ,i ?9k x w be h>d to say :at x is4 ,at ! same "t x is an expression ( "*4 ,a ,?ird ,unsatisfactory ,di/9ction4--,we h be5 told also t ! reali/s pa9t ! mann]s ( _! own place & "t1 :ile ! romantics deal ) m remote mat]ials4 ,b ?is di/9ction1 likewise1 (t5 fails to hold4 ,no /ories 7 ev] m ess5tially romantic ?an ,/ev5son's ,new ,arabian ,nights1 :i* depict details ( ,london & ,p>isian life at ! "t :5 ! au?or wrote !m2 & no novel is m ess5tially reali/ic ?an ,romola1 :i* c>ries u back ?r\gh _m c5turies to a m$ieval city f> away4 ,?ack]ay1 ! reali/1 9 ,h5ry ,esmond1 & its sequel ,! ,virg9ians1 dep>t$ fur!r f 8 own "t & place ?an ,haw?orne1 ! romantic1 9 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables2 & :ile ! reali/ic ,m]$i? frequ5tly f>es abroad 9 8 /ories1 especially to ,italy1 ! romantic ,b>rie looks ^u life almo/ always f 8 own little w9d[ 9 ,?rums4 ,bliss ,p]ry's ,negative ,def9ition4--,9 8 int]e/+ & sugge/ive ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction1 ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry has devot$ a *apt] to realism & ano!r to romance2 b he has n succe$$ 9 def9+ ei!r t]m4 ,he has1 to be sure1 essay$ a negative def9ition ( realism3--,reali/ic fiction is t :i* does n %r9k f ! commonplace or f ! unpleasant 9 its ef=t to depict ?+s z !y are1 life z x is4 ,b we h se5 t ! ef=t ( all fiction1 :e!r reali/ic or romantic1 is to depict life z x really 7?\gh n necess>ily z x actually7 is4 ,does n ,! ,bru%wood ,boy1 al?\gh x sugge/s ! sup]-actual1 set =? a common tru? ( ! mo/ intimate human relation%ip1 :i* e lov] recognizes z real8 ,e great writ] ( fiction tries1 9 8 own romantic or reali/ic way1 to draw ! ,?+ z he sees ,x = ! ,god ( ,?+s z ,!y ,are4 ,we mu/ !re=e focus our att5tion ma9ly on ! e>li] phrases ( ,pr(essor ,p]ry's def9ition4 ,he /ates t reali/ic fiction does n %r9k f ! commonplace4 ,t dep5ds4 ,! realism ( ,jules & ,edmond de ,gonc\rt does n1 to be sure2 b mo/ assur$ly ! realism ( ,george ,m]$i? does4 ,y w f9d f> less %r9k+ f ! commonplace 9 _m passages ( ! romantic ,f5imore ,coop] ?an 9 ! pages ( ,george ,m]$i?4 ,:e!r or n reali/ic fiction %r9ks f ! unpleasant dep5ds also on ! p>ticul> nature ( ! reali/4 ,zola's realism c]ta9ly does n2 ,jane ,au/5's decid$ly does4 ,y w f9d f> less %r9k+ f ! unpleasant1 ( "o sort1 9 ,poe1 ( ano!r sort1 9 ,catulle ,m5ds--bo? ( !m romantics--?an 9 ! novels ( ,jane ,au/54 ,:at is ! use1 !n1 ( ,pr(essor ,p]ry's def9ition ( realism1 s9ce x rema9s op5 to s _m exceptions8 ,& 9 8 *apt] on romance ! critic does n ev5 attempt to =mulate a def9ition4 ,! ,true ,di/9ction ,"o ( ,me?od1 ,n ( ,mat]ial4--,we h n[ exam9$ sev]al ( ! curr5t explanations ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 romance & realism & h f\nd t ea* is want+4 ,! tr\ble ) all ( !m seems to be t !y attempt to f9d a basis = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! two s*ools ( fiction 9 ! subject-matt]1 or mat]ials1 ( ! noveli/4 ,does n ! real di/9ction lie r 9 ! noveli/'s attitude ( m9d t[>d 8 mat]ials1 :atev] ^? mat]ials may be8 ,surely !re is no su* ?+ inh]5tly z a reali/ic subject or a romantic subject4 ,! v same subject may be treat$ reali/ically by "o noveli/ & romantically by ano!r4 ,george ,eliot w\ld h built a reali/ic novel on ! !me ( ,! ,sc>let ,lett]2 & ,haw?orne w\ld h made a romance out ( ! mat]ials ( ,silas ,m>n]4 ,! :ole ( human life1 or any "p ( x1 (f]s mat]ials = romantic & reali/ alike4 ,!re=e no di/9ction betwe5 ! s*ools is possible ^u ! basis ( subject-matt]3 ! real di/9ction mu/ be "o ( me?od 9 sett+ subject-matt] =?4 ,! di/9ction is n ext]nal1 b int]nal2 x dwells 9 ! m9d ( ! noveli/2 x is a matt] = philosophic1 n = lit]>y1 inve/igation4 ,sci5tific ,discov]y & ,arti/ic ,expression4--,if we seek )9 ! m5tal habits ( ! noveli/ = a philosophic di/9ction betwe5 realism & romance1 we %all h to return to a consid]ation ( t ?reefold process ( ! fiction-mak+ m9d :i* 0 exp\nd$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ( ?is book4 ,sci5tific discov]y1 philosophic und]/&+1 & arti/ic expression ( ! tru?s ( human life are phases ( creation common to romantics & reali/s alike2 b ?\gh ! writ]s ( bo? s*ools meet equally ^u ! c5tral gr\nd ( philosophic und]/&+1 is x n evid5t t ! reali/s are mo/ int]e/$ 9 look+ backw>d ov] ! antec$5t gr\nd ( sci5tific discov]y1 & ! romantics are mo/ int]e/$ 9 look+ =w>d ov] ! subsequ5t gr\nd ( arti/ic expression8 ,suppose1 = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 t two noveli/s ( equal ability--! "o a reali/1 ! o!r a romantic--h obs]v$ & /udi$ c>efully ! same ev5ts & *>act]s ( actual life2 & suppose fur!r t !y agree 9 _! conception ( ! tru? beh9d ! facts4 ,suppose n[ t ea* ( !m writes a novel to embody ?is conception ( ! tru?1 9 :i* !y are agre$4 ,w n ! reali/ reg>d z mo/ important ! sci5tific process ( discov]y by means ( :i* he arriv$ at 8 conception2 & w he n !re=e /rive to make t process cle> to ! read] by turn+ back to ! po9t at :i* he began 8 obs]vations & !n lead+ ! read] =w>d ?r\gh a simil> sci5tific /udy ( imag9$ facts until ! read] jo9s him on ! gr\nd ( philosophic und]/&+8 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 w n ! romantic reg>d z mo/ important ! arti/ic process ( embody+ 8 conception2 & w he n !re=e be satisfi$ ) any means ( embody+ x cle>ly & effectively1 )\t c>+ :e!r or n ! imag9$ facts :i* he selects = ?is purpose are simil> to ! actual facts f :i* he fir/ induc$ 8 philosophic und]/&+8 ,! ,te/imony ( ,haw?orne4--,?is ?\ght 0 app>5tly 9 ,haw?orne's m9d :51 9 ! preface to ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables1 he wrote 8 well-kn[n di/9ction betwe5 ! ,romance & ! 7reali/ic7 ,novel3--,:5 a writ] calls 8 "w a ,romance1 x ne$ h>dly be obs]v$ t he wi%es to claim a c]ta9 latitude1 bo? z to its fa%ion & mat]ial1 :i* he w\ld n h felt himself entitl$ to assume _h he pr(ess$ to be writ+ a ,novel4 ,! latt] =m ( composition is presum$ to aim at a v m9ute fidelity1 n m]ely to ! possible1 b to ! probable & ord9>y c\rse ( man's exp]i5ce4 ,! =m]--:ile1 z a "w ( art1 x mu/ rigidly subject itself to laws1 & :ile x s9s unp>donably s f> z x may sw]ve aside f ! tru? ( ! human he>t--has fairly a "r to pres5t t tru? "u circum/ances1 to a great ext5t1 ( ! writ]'s own *oos+ or creation4 ,a ,philosophic ,=mula4--,b ,haw?orne's /atem5t1 al?\gh x cov]s ! gr\nd1 is n succ9ct & def9itive2 & if we are to exam9e ! !sis ?or\ghly1 we _h bett] fir/ /ate x 9 philosophic t]ms & !n elucidate ! /atem5t by explanation & by illu/ration4 ,s /at$1 ! di/9ction is z foll[s3 ,9 sett+ =? 8 view ( life1 ! reali/ foll[s ! inductive me?od ( pres5tm5t1 & ! romantic foll[s ! d$uctive me?od4 ,induction & ,d$uction4--,! di/9ction betwe5 inductive & d$uctive processes ( ?9k+ is v simple & is kn[n to all3 x is bas$ ^u ! direction ( ! tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,:5 we ?9k inductively1 we reason f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al2 & :5 we ?9k d$uctively1 ! process proce$s 9 ! rev]se direction & we reason f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,9 our ord9>y conv]sation1 we speak inductively :5 we fir/ m5tion a numb] ( specific facts & !n draw f !m "s g5]al inf]5ce2 & we speak d$uctively :5 we fir/ express a g5]al op9ion & !n elucidate x by adduc+ specific illu/rations4 ,t old di*otomy ( ! psy*ologi/s :i* divides all m51 accord+ to _! habits ( ?\ght1 into ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians 7or1 to sub/itute a mod]n nom5clature1 into ,c>tesians & ,baconians7 is m]ely an ass]tion t e man1 9 ! prevail+ direction ( 8 ?9k+1 is ei!r d$uctive or inductive4 ,mo/ ( ! great e?ical philosoph]s h _h inductive m9ds2 f ! basis ( admitt$ facts ( exp]i5ce !y h reason$ out _! laws ( conduct4 ,mo/ ( ! great religi\s tea*]s h _h d$uctive m9ds3 f ! basis ( c]ta9 sublime assumptions !y h ass]t$ _! comm&m5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! great sci5ti/s h ?\ght inductively3 !y h reason$ f specific facts to g5]al tru?s1 z ,newton reason$ f ! fall ( an apple to ! law ( gravitation4 ,mo/ ( ! great poets h ?\ght d$uctively3 !y h reason$ f g5]al tru?s to specific facts1 z ,dante reason$ f a g5]al moral conception ( cosmogony to ! p>ticul> appropriate details ( e circle 9 hell & purgatory & p>adise4 ,n[ is n ! !sis t5able t x is 9 j ?is way t realism diff]s f romance8 ,9 _! endeavor to exhibit c]ta9 tru?s ( human life1 d n ! reali/s "w inductively & ! romantics d$uctively8 ,! ,inductive ,me?od ( ! ,reali/4--,9 ord] to br+ to our k ! law ( life :i* he wi%es to make cle>1 ! reali/ fir/ leads u ?r\gh a s]ies ( imag9$ facts z simil> z possible to ! details ( actual life :i* he /udi$ 9 ord] to arrive at 8 g5]al conception4 ,he elaborately imitates ! facts ( actual life1 s t he may say to u f9ally1 ,?is is ! sort ( ?+ t ,i h se5 9 ! _w1 & f ?is ,i h le>n$ ! tru? ,i h to tell y4 ,he leads u /ep by /ep f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 until we gradually gr[ aw>e ( ! tru?s he wi%es to express4 ,& 9 ! end1 we h n only gr[n acqua9t$ ) ^! tru?s1 b h also be5 made famili> ) e /ep 9 ! process ( ?\ght by :i* ! au?or himself became aw>e ( !m4 ,adam ,b$e tells u n only :at ,george ,eliot knew ( life1 b also h[ %e came to le>n x4 ,! ,d$uctive ,me?od ( ! ,romantic4--,b ! romantic noveli/ leads u 9 ! contr>y direction--namely1 f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,he does n attempt to %[ u h[ he arriv$ at 8 g5]al conception4 ,8 only c>e is to convey 8 g5]al idea effectively by giv+ x a specific illu/rative embodim5t4 ,he feels no obligation to make ! imag9$ facts ( 8 /ory resemble closely ! details ( actual life2 he is anxi\s only t !y %all repres5t 8 idea adequately & consi/5tly4 ,/ev5son knew t man has a dual nature1 & t ! evil 9 him1 :5 pamp]$1 w gradually ga9 ! upp] h& ov] ! good4 ,9 8 /ory ( ! ,/range ,case ( ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde1 he did n attempt to set =? ?is tru? inductively1 %[+ u ! k9d ( facts f ! obs]vation ( :i* he _h drawn ?is conclusion4 ,he m]ely gave 8 ?\ght an illu/rative embodim5t1 by conceiv+ a dual "* 9 :i* a man's ugli] self %\ld h a sep>ate inc>nation4 ,he con/ruct$ 8 tale d$uctively3 beg9n+ ) a g5]al conception1 he r$uc$ x to p>ticul> t]ms4 ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde is1 ( c\rse1 a ?or\ghly true /ory1 ev5 ?\gh its incid5ts are contr>y to ! actual facts ( life4 ,x is j z real z a reali/ic novel2 b 9 ord] to make x s1 its au?or1 because he 0 work+ d$uctively1 0 n oblig$ to imitate ! details ( actual life :i* he _h /udi$4 ,i h le>n$ some?+ 9 ! _w1 he says to u3 ,"h is a fable t w make x cle> to y4 ,realism1 ,l ,inductive ,sci5ce1 a ,/rictly ,mod]n ,product4--,?is philosophic di/9ction betwe5 ! me?ods ( romance & realism %[s two manife/ advantages ov] all ! o!r attempts at a di/9ction :i* h be5 exam9$ 9 ?is *apt]3 fir/1 x really does di/+ui%2 & secondly1 x w be f\nd 9 e case to fit ! facts4 ,fur!rmore1 x is support$ 9 an ov]:elm+ mann] by ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,e /ud5t ( philosophy w tell y t ! _w's ?\ght 0 prevail+ly d$uctive till ! days ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,bacon 0 ! fir/ philosoph] to insi/ t induction1 r ?an d$uction1 0 ! mo/ effective me?od ( se>*+ = ! tru?4 ,sci5ce1 :i* is bas$ ^u induction1 0 9 its infancy :5 ,bacon taught2 s9ce !n x has matur$1 l>gely because he & 8 successors 9 philosophy po9t$ out ! only me?od ?r\gh :i* x might develop4 ,d$uction has ( c\rse surviv$ z a me?od ( conduct+ ?\ght2 b x has lo/ ! undisput$ emp]y :i* x held ov] ! anci5t & ! m$ieval m9d4 ,n[1 if we turn to ! hi/ory ( fiction1 we %all notice ! significant fact t realism is a /rictly mod]n product4 ,all fiction 0 romantic till ! days ( ,bacon4 ,realism is contemporane\s ) mod]n sci5ce & ! o!r applications ( inductive ?\ght4 ,romance survives1 ( c\rse2 b x has lo/ ! undisput$ emp]y ( fiction :i* x held 9 anci5t & 9 m$ieval times4 ,if ,bacon _h writt5 fiction1 he w\ld h be5 a reali/--! fir/ reali/ 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature2 & ?is is ! only reply t is necess>y to ^? :o /ill ma9ta9 7if any d7 t he 0 capable ( writ+ ! romantic plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,if x be grant$ n[ t ! reali/1 by induction1 leads 8 read] up f a consid]ation ( imag9$ facts to a compreh5sion ( tru?1 & t ! romantic1 by d$uction1 leads 8 read] d[n f an appreh5sion ( tru? to a consid]ation ( imag9$ facts1 we may next exam9e c]ta9 advantages & disadvantages ( ea* me?od 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r4 ,advantages ( ,realism4--,9 ! fir/ place1 we notice1 t1 :ile ! imag9$ facts ( ! romantic are select$ m]ely to illu/rate ! tru? he wi%es to convey1 ! imag9$ facts ( ! reali/ are select$ n only to illu/rate1 b also to support1 ! tru? t lies inh]5t 9 !m4 ,! reali/1 !n1 has ?is advantage1 ov] ! romantic 9 8 me?od ( express+ tru?3 he has ! opportunity to prove 8 case by pres5t+ ! evid5ce on :i* 8 tru? is bas$4 ,x is !re=e less difficult = him to conqu] cr$5ce f a skeptical & w>y read]3 & we mu/ rememb] always t ev5 ?\gh a /ory tells ! tru?1 x is /ill a failure unless x gets t tru? believ$4 ,! romantic necess>ily dem&s a deep] fai? 9 8 wisdom ?an ! reali/ ne$ ask =2 & he c evoke deep fai? only by absolute s9c]ity & utt] cle>ness 9 ! pres5tation ( 8 fable4 ,unless ! read] ( ,! ,bru%wood ,boy & ,!y has absolute fai? t ,mr4 ,kipl+ kn[s ! tru? ( 8 !mes1 ! /ories are r$uc$ to nons5se2 = !y pres5t no evid5ce 7?r\gh runn+ p>allel to actuality7 :i* proves t ! au?or does "k ! tru?4 ,unless ! read] has fai? t ,/ev5son deeply und]/&s ! nature ( remorse1 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,m>kheim & 8 gho/ly visitant becomes incr$ible & va94 ,! au?or gives himself no opportunity to prove 7?r\gh analogy ) actual exp]i5ce7 t su* a colloquy consi/5tly pres5ts ! inn] tru? ( consci5ce4 ,advantages ( ,romance4--,b ?is great advantage ( ! reali/--t he supports 8 !me ) evid5ce--c>ries ) x an att5dant disadvantage4 ,s9ce he lays 8 evid5ce b>e be=e ! read]1 he makes x simpl] = ! read] to detect him 9 a lie4 ,! romantic says1 ,^! ?+s are s1 because ,i "k !y are2 & unless we reject him at once & 9 entirety z a colossal li>1 we are almo/ doom$ to take 8 ^w 9 ! big mom5ts ( 8 /ory4 ,b ! reali/ says1 ,^! ?+s are s1 because !y are support$ by actual facts simil> to ! imag9$ facts 9 :i* ,i clo! !m2 & we may answ] at any po9t 9 ! /ory1 ,n at all6 ,on ! v basis ( ! facts y %[ u1 we "k bett] ?an to take y\r ^w4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 ! read] disbelieves a romance1 he does s by in/9ct1 )\t necess>ily kn[+ :y2 b :5 he disbelieves a reali/ic novel1 he does s by logic1 ) ! evid5ce be=e him4 ,a great romantic1 !re=e1 mu/ h ! wisdom t conv9ces by its v pres5ce & conqu]s cr$5ce ?r\gh ! read]'s intuition4 ,:o c\ld disbelieve ! au?or ( ,! ,sc>let ,lett]8 ,we d n ne$ to see 8 evid5ce 9 ord] to "k t he kn[s4 ,a great reali/1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile he ne$ n h ! triumphant & engag+ m5tal p]sonality necess>y to a great romantic1 mu/ h a ?or\gh & complete equipm5t ( evid5ce disc]n$ f obs]vation ( ! actual4 ,he mu/ h eyes & e>s1 ?\gh he ne$ n h a s\l4 ,! ,conf9em5t ( ,realism4--,a noveli/ ( reali/ic v5t is1 !re=e1 almo/ doom$ to conf9e 8 fiction to 8 own place & "t4 ,9 no o!r p]iod or nation c he be s c]ta9 ( 8 evid5ce4 ,we "k ! enorm\s labor ) :i* ,george ,eliot amass$ ! mat]ials = ,romola1 a reali/ic /udy ( ,flor5ce dur+ ! ,r5aissance2 b ?\gh we recognize ! "w z t ( a ?or\gh /ud5t1 ! details /ill fail to conv9ce u z d ! details ( h] /udies ( contempor>y ,w>wick%ire4 ,! "y aspirant to ! art ( fiction :o kn[s himself to be an incipi5t reali/ _h !re=e be/ conf9e 8 ef=ts to attempt$ reproduction ( ! life he sees ab\t him4 ,he _h bett] accept ! common-s5sible advice :i* ! late ,sir ,walt] ,besant gave 9 8 lecture on ,! ,art ( ,fiction3 ,a "y lady br\ght up 9 a quiet c\ntry village %\ld avoid descriptions ( g>rison life2 a writ] ^: fri5ds & p]sonal exp]i5ces belong to :at we call ! l[] middle class %\ld c>efully avoid introduc+ 8 *>act]s into society2 a ,s\?-c\ntryman w\ld hesitate be=e attempt+ to reproduce ! ,nor?-c\ntry acc5t4 ,?is is a v simple rule1 b "o to :i* !re %\ld be no exception--nev] to g beyond y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,! ,fre$om ( ,romance4--,! incipi5t reali/ is almo/ oblig$ to accept ?is advice2 b ! incipi5t romantic ne$ n necess>ily d s4 ,t f9al injunction ( ,besant's--nev] to g beyond y\r own exp]i5ce--seems some:at /ultify+ to ! imag9ation2 & !re is a great deal ( v wise sugge/ion 9 ,h5ry ,james' reply to x3 ,:at k9d ( exp]i5ce is int5d$1 & :]e does x beg9 & end8444 ,! "y lady liv+ 9 a village has only to be a damsel ^u :om no?+ is lo/ to make x q unfair 7z x seems to me7 to decl>e to h] t %e %all h no?+ to say ab\t ! milit>y4 ,great] miracles h be5 se5 ?an t1 imag9ation assi/+1 %e %\ld speak ! tru? ab\t "s ( ^! g5tlem54 ,! romantic ^u :om no?+ is lo/1 may1 imag9ation assi/+1 project 8 tru? into "s o!r region ( exp]i5ce ?an ^? :i* he has actually obs]v$4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe is indubitably "o ( ! great ma/]s ( ! art ( fiction2 b !re is no?+ 9 any ( 8 /ories to indicate t he 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 liv$ 9 ,ri*mond1 ,philadelphia1 & ,new ,york1 & di$ 9 ,baltimore4 ,! ,assignation indicates t he _h liv$ 9 ,v5ice--:]e1 9 fact1 he _h nev] be52 o!rs ( 8 /ories h ! atmosph]e ( o!r times & l&s2 & mo/ ( !m pass 9 a dream-_w ( 8 own creation1 out ( space1 out ( "t4 ,s long z ! romantic is sure ( 8 tru? & c]ta9 ( 8 p[] to conv9ce ! read]1 he ne$ n support 8 tru? by an accumulation ( evid5ce imitat$ f ! actual life he has obs]v$4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ to prev5t 8 do+ s2 & unless he be v head/rong--s head/rong z to be almo/ unreliable--he w be extremely *>y ( 8 fre$om4 ,he w n subv]t ! actual unless !re is no o!r equally effective means ( convey+ ! tru? he has to tell4 ,_m times a close adh]5ce to actuality is z advisable = ! d$uctive au?or z x is = ! inductive2 _m times ! romantic writ] ga9s z mu* z ! reali/ by conf9+ 8 fiction to 8 own environm5t ( "t & place4 ,scott1 aft] all1 0 less successful ) 8 m$ieval k+s & knights ?an ) 8 homely & simple ,scotti% *>act]s4 ,haw?orne1 9 ,! ,m>ble ,faun1 lo/ a c]ta9 complet5ess ( effect by /epp+ (f 8 own ,new ,engl& %ad[4 ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde1 ) its subv]sion ( ! actual1 is ! sort ( /ory t might be set out ( space1 out ( "t2 b ,/ev5son enhanc$ ! effect ( its imag9ative plausibility by sett+ x 9 contempor>y ,london4 ,m & m1 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! romantics h foll[$ ! lead ( ! reali/s 9 embody+ _! tru? 9 sc5es & *>act]s imitat$ f actuality4 ,! e>ly /ories ( ! ?or\ghly romantic ,mr4 ,kipl+ 7 set 9 8 own c\ntry1 ,india1 & 9 8 own "t2 & x 0 n until 8 actual exp]i5ce _h broad5$ to o!r l&s1 t1 to any great ext5t1 8 subjects broad5$ geographically4 ,9 8 /ories ( 8 own p1 ,mr4 ,kipl+ j z fai?fully portrays ! e-day exi/5ce he has actually obs]v$ z any reali/4 ,8 me?od is romantic always3 he d$uces 8 details f 8 !me1 in/ead ( induc+ 8 !me f 8 details4 ,he is entirely romantic 9 ! direction ( 8 ?\ght2 b x is v sugge/ive ( ! t5or ( contempor>y romance1 to notice t he has tak5 ! advice ( ! reali/s & seldom gone beyond 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,! range ( romance is !re=e f> wid] ?an ! range ( realism2 = all t may be treat$ reali/ically may be treat$ romantically also1 & mu* else t may be treat$ romantically is h>dly susceptible ( reali/ic treatm5t4 ,grant$ t a romantic h tru?s en\gh 9 8 head1 !re is sc>cely any limit to ! /ories he may d$uce f !m2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "w ( ! inductive noveli/ is limit$ by ! limits ( 8 premises4 ,b ! great] fre$om ( romance is att5d$ by a m difficult responsibility4 ,if x be easi] = ! romantic to tell ! tru?1 because he has m ways ( tell+ x1 x is surely h>d] = him to tell no?+ b ! tru?4 ,m (t5 ?an ! reali/ he is tempt$ to ass]t unc]ta9ties--tempt$ to say ) vividness & *>m ?+s ( :i* he _c q be sure4 ,nei!r ,me?od ,bett] ,?an ! ,o!r4--,b :atev] may be ! comp>ative advantages & disadvantages ( ea* me?od ( exhibit+ ! tru?1 x is absolutely c]ta9 t ei!r me?od ( pres5tm5t is natural & logical2 & h5ce all criticism t aims to exalt romance above realism1 or realism above romance1 mu/ be =ev] futile4 ,guy de ,maupassant1 9 8 valuable preface to ,pi]re et ,jean1 has spok5 v wisely on ?is po9t4 ,! ideal critic1 he says1 %\ld dem& ( ! arti/ m]ely to create some?+ beautiful1 9 ! =m mo/ conv5i5t to him1 accord+ to 8 temp]am5t4 ,& he /ates fur!r3--,! critic %\ld appraise ! result only accord+ to ! nature ( ! ef=t4444 ,he %\ld admit ) an equal int]e/ ! contra/$ !ories ( art1 & judge ! works resultant f !m only f ! /&po9t ( _! arti/ic wor?1 accept+ a priori ! g5]al ideas f :i* !y owe _! orig94 ,to conte/ ! "r ( an au?or to make a romantic or a reali/ic "w is to wi% to =ce him to modify 8 temp]am5t1 refuse to recognize 8 orig9ality1 & n p]mit him to employ ! eye & ! intellect :i* nature has giv5 him4 ,let u all[ him ! lib]ty to und]/&1 to obs]ve1 & to conceive 9 :atev] way he wi%es1 provid$ t he be an arti/4 ,surely ?is is ! only sane view ( ! situation4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells1 9 8 dext]\s little book on ,criticism & ,fiction1 pleads engag+ly = realism z ! only valid me?od = ! mod]n noveli/1 & :5 ,/ev5son1 9 _m an allur+ essay1 bl[s bla/s ^u ! trumpet ( romance1 & *all5ges ! reali/s to %[ excuse = _! exi/5ce1 ea* is fight+ an unnecess>y battle1 s9ce ea* is at ! same "t "r & wrong4 ,ea* is "r 9 ass]t+ ! value ( 8 own me?od1 & wrong 9 d5y+ ! value ( ! o!r's4 ,! m9ds ( m5 h always mov$ 9 two directions1 & always w2 & z long z m5 %all write1 we %all h1 & ought to h1 bo? inductive & d$uctive fiction4 ,abuses ( ,realism4--,nei!r ( ! two me?ods is tru] ?an ! o!r2 & bo? are great :5 !y are well employ$4 ,ea*1 h[ev]1 l5ds itself to c]ta9 abuses :i* x w be well = u to notice briefly4 ,! reali/1 on ! "o h&1 9 8 c>eful imitation ( actual life1 may gr[ ne>-sight$ & come to value facts = _! own sake1 =gett+ t 8 prim>y purpose 9 sett+ !m =? %\ld be to lead u to und]/& ! tru?s :i* und]lie !m4 ,m & m1 z ! reali/ advances 9 te*nic & ga9s 9 ability to repres5t ! actual1 he is tempt$ to make photographs ( life in/ead ( pictures4 ,a picture diff]s f a photograph ma9ly 9 its arti/ic repression ( ! unsignificant2 x exhibits life m truly because x focusses att5tion on ess5tials4 ,b any novel t dwells s$ul\sly ^u non-ess5tials & exalts ! unsignificant obscures ! tru?4 ,?is is ! fallacy ( ! photographic me?od2 & f ?is fallacy arise ! t$i\s m9ut5ess ( ,george ,eliot 9 h] m p$e/rian mom5ts1 ! int]m9able tea-cups ( ,an?ony ,trollope1 & ! mire ( ! imitators ( ,zola4 ,realism latt]ly1 especially 9 ,france1 has %[n a t5d5cy to deg5]ate into s-call$ naturalism1 a me?od ( art :i* ca/s ! unnatural emphasis ( photographic reproduction ^u phases ( actual life :i* are base 9 !mselves & unsignificant ( ! et]nal in/9ct :i* leads m5 m naturally to look upw>d at ! />s ?an d[nw>d at ! mud4 ,! naturali/ic writ]s are deceiv$ 9 ?9k+ t !y repres5t life z x really is4 ,if _! !sis 7 true1 ! human race w\ld h dw9dl$ to ext9ction long ago4 ,surely a photograph ( a slatt]n 9 ! gutt] is no m natural ?an a picture ( ,rosal9d 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,ard52 & no accuracy ( imitat$ actuality c make x m significant ( tru?4 ,abuses ( ,romance4--,! romantic1 on ! o!r h&1 because he works ) great] fre$om ?an ! reali/1 may ov]leap himself & express 9 a loose fa%ion g5]al conceptions :i* are ha/y & devoid ( tru?4 ,to ?is defect is ow+ ! va/ deal ( rubbi% :i* has be5 foi/$ on u rec5tly by feeble imitators ( ,scott & ,dumas pre--imitators :o h assum$ ! trapp+s & ! suits ( ! accr$it$ ma/]s ( romance1 b h n inh]it$ _! cl>ity ( vision into ! inn] tru? ( ?+s t are4 ,to su* deg5]ate romance1 ,pr(essor ,br&] ,mat!ws has appli$ ! t]m romanticism2 & ?\gh 8 use ( ! t]m itself may be consid]$ a little too special = g5]al curr5cy1 no exception c be tak5 to ! di/9ction :i* he en=ces 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,! ,romantic calls up ! idea ( some?+ prim>y1 spontane\s1 & p]haps m$ieval1 :ile ! ,romantici/ sugge/s some?+ second>y1 consci\s1 & ( rec5t fabrication4 ,romance1 l _m ano!r ?+ ( beauty1 is v r>e2 b ,romanticism is common en\gh n[adays4 ,! truly ,romantic is difficult to a*ieve2 b ! artificial ,romantici/ is s easy z to be sc>ce wor? ! attempt+4 ,! ,romantic is ev] "y1 ev] fre%1 ev] delightful2 b ! ,romantici/ is /ale & second-h& & un5durable4 ,romance is nev] 9 dang] ( gr[+ old1 = x deals ) ! _s ( man )\t reg>d to times & seasons2 b ,romanticism gets out ( date ) e twi/ ( ! kaleidoscope ( lit]>y fa%ion4 ,! ,romantic is et]nally & ess5tially true1 b ! ,romantici/ is inevitably false4 ,romance is /]l+1 b ,romanticism is %oddy4 ,b ! ,scylla & ! ,*>ybdis ( fiction-writ+ may bo? be avoid$4 ,! reali/s ga9 no?+ by hoot+ at ! abuses ( romance2 & ! romantics ga9 z little by yawn+ ov] realism at its wor/4 ,! conditions--to use a phase ( ,em]son's--are h>d b equal3 & at _! be/1 ! reali/1 work+ inductively1 & ! romantic1 work+ d$uctively1 are equally able to pres5t ! tru? ( fiction4 #b ,! !ory :i* foll[s 9 ?is *apt] 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ,! ,dial = ,novemb] #af1 #aijd4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,def9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 realism & romance4 #b4 ,:at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! reali/ic me?od8 #c4 ,:at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! romantic me?od8 #d4 ,:i* me?od is m natural to y\r own m9d8 #e4 ,^u :at evid5ce h y bas$ y\r answ] to ! =ego+ "q8 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,bliss ,,p]ry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction--,*apt] ,,ix1 on ,realism1 & ,*apt] ,x1 on ,romanticism4 ,f4 ,,m>ion ,,craw=d3 ,! ,novel3 ,:at ,x ,is4 ,,h5ry ,,james3 ,! ,art ( ,fiction4 ,,na?aniel ,,haw?orne3 ,preface to ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,besant3 ,! ,art ( ,fiction4 ,,guy ,,de ,,maupassant3 ,preface to ,pi]re et ,jean4 ,,william ,,dean ,,h[ells3 ,criticism & ,fiction4 ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son3 ,! ,lant]n-,be>]s4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws3 ,romance ,aga9/ ,romanticism1 9 ,! ,hi/orical ,novel4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,n>rative ,transition f ,mat]ial to ,me?od--,! ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,disc\rse--#a4 ,argum5tation2 #b4 ,exposition2 #c4 ,description2 #d4 ,n>ration1 ! ,natural ,mood ( ,fiction--,s]ies & ,succession--,life ,is ,*ronological1 ,art ,is ,logical--,! ,n>rative ,s5se--,! ,joy ( ,tell+ ,tales--,! ,miss+ ( ,?is ,joy--,develop+ ! ,s5se ( ,n>rative--,! ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,ev5t--,h[ to ,make ,?+s ,happ5--,! ,n>rative ( ,action--,! ,n>rative ( ,"*--,recapitulation4 ,transition f ,mat]ial to ,me?od4--,we h n[ consid]$ ! subject-matt] ( fiction & also ! contra/$ attitudes ( m9d ( ! two great s*ools ( fiction-writ]s t[>d sett+ =? t subject-matt]4 ,we mu/ next turn our att5tion to ! te*nical me?ods ( pres5t+ ! mat]ials ( fiction1 & notice 9 detail ! mo/ important devices employ$ by all fiction-writ]s 9 ord] to fulfil ! purpose ( _! art4 ,! ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,disc\rse--#a4 ,argum5tation4--,rhetoricians1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 arbitr>ily b conv5i5tly di/+ui% f\r =ms1 or moods1 or me?ods1 ( disc\rse3 namely1 n>ration1 description1 exposition1 & argum5tation4 ,x may be /at$ )\t fe> ( well-f\nd$ contradiction t ! natural mood1 or me?od1 ( fiction is ! fir/ ( ^!1--n>ration4 ,argum5tation1 = its own sake1 has no place 9 a "w ( fiction4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a type ( novel1 :i* is g5]ally call$ 9 ,engli% ! novel ) a purpose1 ! aim ( :i* is to p]suade ! read] to accept "s special !sis t ! au?or holds conc]n+ politics1 religion1 social e?ics1 or "s o!r ( ! phases ( life t are readily op5 to discussion4 ,b su* a novel usually fails ( its purpose if x attempts to accompli% x by employ+ ! te*nical devices ( argum5t4 ,x c be/ fulfil its purpose by exhibit+ indisputable tru?s ( life1 )\t p]suasive comm5t1 ex ca!dra1 on ! "p ( ! noveli/4 ,9 va9 he argues1 d5\nces1 or def5ds1 appeals to u or coaxes u1 unless 8 /ory 9 ! fir/ place conv9ces by its v tru?fulness4 ,if 8 !sis be z inconte/able z ! au?or ?9ks x is1 x c prove itself by n>rative alone4 #b4 ,exposition4--,exposition1 = its own sake1 is also out ( place 9 fiction4 ,! aim ( exposition is to expla91--an aim necess>ily ab/ract2 b ! purpose ( fiction is to repres5t life1--a purpose necess>ily concrete4 ,to disc\rse ( life 9 ab/ract t]ms is to subv]t ! natural mood ( art2 & ! noveli/ may make 8 mean+ j z cle> by repres5t+ life concretely1 )\t a runn+ comm5t>y ( analysis & explanation4 ,life truly repres5t$ w expla9 itself4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 a numb] ( great noveli/s1 ( :om ,george ,eliot may be tak5 z ! type1 :o frequ5tly halt _! /ory to write an essay ab\t x4 ,^! essays are (t5 in/ructive 9 !mselves1 b !y are n fiction1 because !y d n embody _! tru?s 9 imag9$ facts ( human life4 ,george ,eliot is at "o mom5t prop]ly a noveli/1 & at ! next mom5t a discursive expositor4 ,%e w\ld be /ill great] z a noveli/1 & a noveli/ m]ely1 if %e c\ld make h] mean+ cle> )\t digress+ to ano!r art4 #c4 ,description4--,description also1 9 ! mo/ arti/ic fiction1 is us$ only z subsidi>y & contributive to n>ration4 ,! aim ( description--:i* is to sugge/ ! look ( ?+s at a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic mom5t--is an aim necess>ily /atic4 ,b life--:i* ! noveli/ purposes to repres5t--is n /atic b dynamic4 ,! aim ( description is pictorial3 b life does n hold its pictures2 x melts & m]ges !m "o into ano!r ) headlong hurry+ progression4 ,a noveli/ :o devotes two successive pages to ! description ( a l&scape or a p]son1 necess>ily makes 8 /ory /& /ill :ile he is do+ x1 & !reby belies an obvi\s law ( life4 ,!re=e1 z writ]s ( fiction h progress$ 9 art1 !y h m & m elim9at$ description = its own sake4 #d4 ,n>ration1 ! ,natural ,mood ( ,fiction4--,s9ce1 !n1 ! natural mood1 or me?od1 ( fiction is n>ration1 x is necess>y t we %\ld devote especial /udy to ! nature ( n>rative4 ,& 9 a /udy frankly te*nical we may be aid$ at ! outset by a def9ition1 :i* may subsequ5tly be expla9$ 9 all its be>+s4 ,a n>rative is a repres5tation ( a s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,?is is a v simple def9ition2 & only two words ( x c possibly dem& elucidation4 ,^! words are s]ies & ev5t4 ,! ^w ev5t w be expla9$ fully 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]3 mean:ile x may be und]/ood loosely z synonym\s ) happ5+4 ,let u fir/ exam9e ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w s]ies4 ,s]ies & ,succession4--,! ^w s]ies implies mu* m ?an ! ^w succession3 x implies a relation n m]ely *ronological b also logical2 & ! logical relation x implies is t ( cause & effect4 ,9 any section ( actual life :i* we exam9e1 ! ev5ts are likely to appe> m]ely 9 succession & n 9 s]ies4 ,"o ev5t foll[s ano!r imm$iately 9 "t1 b does n seem l9k$ to x imm$iately by ! law ( causation4 ,:at y d ?is morn+ does n (t5 necessitate z a logical consequ5ce :at y d ?is aft]noon2 & :at y d ?is ev5+ is n (t5 a logical result ( :at y h done dur+ ! day4 ,any transcript f actual life t is n delib]ately arrang$ & logically patt]n$ is !re=e likely n to be a n>rative4 ,a passage f a di>y1 = in/ance1 :i* /ates ev5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! happ5+ b makes no attempt to pres5t !m z l9ks 9 a *a9 ( causation1 is n1 te*nically speak+1 n>rative 9 me?od4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t1 let u op5 at r&om ! di>y ( ,samuel ,pepys4 ,"h is 8 entry = ,april #bi1 #afff3-- ,to ,*ur*1 :]e ,mr4 ,mills1 a lazy s]mon ^u ! ,devil's hav+ no "r to any?+ 9 ?is _w4 ,to ,mr4 ,evelyn's1 :]e ,i walk$ 9 8 g>d5 till he come f ,*ur*1 ) great pleasure read+ ,ridley's disc\rse1 all my way go+ & com+1 ^u ! ,civil & ,ecclesia/ical ,law4 ,he be+ come home1 he & ,i walk$ toge!r 9 ! g>d5 ) mighty pleasure1 he be+ a v +5i\s man2 &1 ! m ,i "k him1 ! ! m ,i love him4 ,we>y to b$1 aft] hav+ my hair ( my head cut %ort]1 ev5 close to my skull1 = coolness1 x be+ mighty hot wea!r4 ,!re is no logical cont9uity 9 ! wor?y di>i/'s fai?ful *ronicle ( actuality4 ,:at occasion$ ! we>9ess ) :i* he w5t to b$8 ,x c\ld n h be5 ! company ( ,mr4 ,evelyn1 :om he lov$2 x c\ld h>dly h be5 ! volume on ! civil & ecclesia/ical law1 ?\gh its title does sugge/ ! soporific4 ,0 8 /r5g?1 l ,samson's1 %orn away ) ! hair ( 8 head2 or c x be t t lazy s]mon ( ,mr4 ,mills' got 9 its dead5+ effects at b$time8 ,we notice1 at any rate1 t ! di>i/'s rem>ks ne$ consid]able re-arrangem5t to make !m really n>rative4 ,life ,is ,*ronological1 ,art ,is ,logical4--,yet x is j 9 ?is way t commonly ev5t succe$s ev5t 9 ! daily life ( e "o4 ,x is only 9 ! great passionate crises ( exi/5ce t ev5t treads ^u ev5t 9 un9t]rupt$ sequ5ce ( causation4 ,& "h is ! ma9 =mal diff]5ce betwe5 life z x actually happ5s & life z x is arti/ically repres5t$ 9 hi/ory1 biography1 & fiction4 ,9 e art !re are two /eps2 fir/1 ! selection ( ess5tials1 & secondly1 ! arrangem5t ( ^! ess5tials accord+ to a patt]n4 ,9 ! art ( n>ration1 ev5ts are fir/ select$ because !y sugge/ an ess5tial logical relation to ea* o!r2 & !y are !n arrang$ along ! l9es ( a patt]n ( causation4 ,let u comp>e ) ! haphaz>d passage f ,pepys a bit ( n>rative t is arti/ically patt]n$4 ,"h is ! conclusion to ,/ev5son's /ory ( ,m>kheim4 ,! h]o1 hav+ sla9 a deal] 9 8 %op on ,*ri/mas day1 sp5ds a long "t alone1 ransack+ ! deal]'s effects & li/5+ to ! voice ( consci5ce4 ,he is int]rupt$ by a r++ ( ! door-bell4 ,! deal]'s maid has return$ f holiday+4-- ,he op5$ ! door & w5t d[n/airs v sl[ly1 ?9k+ to himself4 ,8 pa/ w5t sob]ly be=e him2 he beheld x z x 01 ugly & /r5u\s l a dream1 r&om z a *ance-m$ley--a sc5e ( defeat4 ,life1 z he ?us review$ x1 tempt$ him no long]2 b on ! fur!r side he p]ceiv$ a quiet hav5 = 8 b>k4 ,he paus$ 9 ! passage1 & look$ into ! %op1 :]e ! c&le /ill burn$ by ! dead body4 ,x 0 /rangely sil5t4 ,?\ghts ( ! deal] sw>m$ into 8 m9d z he /ood gaz+4 ,& !n ! bell once m broke out into impati5t clamor4 ,he confront$ ! maid ^u ! ?re%old ) some?+ l a smile4 ',y _h bett] g = ! police1' said he3 ',i h kill$ y\r ma/]4' ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is passage is an effect :i* is logically l$ up to by _m causes t are rapidly review$ 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ces4 ,/ev5son has "h patt]n$ a passage ( life along l9es ( causation2 he has employ$ ! logical me?od ( n>ration3 b ,pepys1 9 ! selection quot$1 look$ ^u ev5ts ) no n>rative s5se :atev]4 ,! ,n>rative ,s5se4--,! n>rative s5se is1 prim>ily1 an ability to trace an ev5t back to its logical causes & to look =w>d to its logical effects4 ,x is ! s5se ?r\gh :i* we realize1 = in/ance1 t :at happ5$ at two o'clock to-day1 al?\gh x may n h result$ necess>ily f :at happ5$ an h\r be=e1 0 ! logical outcome ( some?+ else t happ5$ at noon on ! prec$+ ,?ursday1 let u say1 & t ?is 9 turn 0 ! result ( causes /ret*+ back ?r\gh _m mon?s4 ,a well-develop$ n>rative s5se 9 look+ on at life is v r>e4 ,e "o1 ( c\rse1 is able to ref] ! heada*e ( ! morn+ aft] to ! hil>ity if ! night be=e2 & ev51 aft] "s exp]i5ce1 to =esee ! heada*e at ! "t ( ! hil>ity3 b life1 to ! casual eye ( ! av]age man1 hides 9 ! ma9 ! secrets ( its s]ies1 & betrays only an illogical succession ( ev5ts4 ,m9ds crud] ?an ! av]age see only a jumble ( happ5+s 9 ! life !y look ^u1 & gr\p !m1 if at all1 by prop9quity 9 "t1 r ?an by any deep] law ( relation4 ,su* a m9d _h ,dame ,quickly1 ! loquaci\s ,ho/ess 9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,consid] ! fam\s spee* 9 :i* %e accuses ,fal/aff ( brea* ( promise to m>ry h]3-- ,?\ did/ swe> to me ^u a p>cel-gilt goblet1 sitt+ 9 my ,dolph9-*amb]1 at ! r\nd table1 by a sea-coal fire1 ^u ,w$nesday 9 ,:eeson week1 :5 ! pr9ce broke ?y head = lik+ 8 fa!r to a s++ man ( ,w9dsor1 ?\ did/ swe> to me !n1 z ,i 0 wa%+ ?y w\nd1 to m>ry me & make me my lady ?y wife4 ,can/ ?\ d5y x8 ,did n goodwife ,kee*1 ! but*]'s wife1 come 9 !n & call me gossip ,quickly8 com+ 9 to borr[ a mess ( v9eg>2 tell+ u %e _h a good di% ( prawns2 :]eby ?\ did/ desire to eat "s2 :]eby ,i told !e !y 7 ill = a gre5 w\nd8 ,& did/ ?\ n1 :5 %e 0 gone d[n /airs1 desire me to be no m s famili>ity ) su* poor p2 say+ t ere long !y %\ld call me madam8 ,& did/ ?\ n kiss me & bid me fet* !e ?irty %ill+s8 ,i put !e n[ to ?y book-oa?3 d5y x1 if ?\ can/4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m defici5cies 9 ,dame ,quickly's m5tal make-up2 b ! "o = u to notice "h is h] utt] lack ( ! n>rative s5se4 ,%e w\ld nev] be able to tell a /ory3 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 %e c\ld n select f a muddle ( ev5ts ^? :i* bore an intelligible relation to "o ano!r1 & 9 ! second place1 %e c\ld n arrange !m logically in/ead ( *ronologically4 ,%e has no s5se ( s]ies4 ,& al?\gh ,dame ,quickly's m9d is an exagg]ation ( ! type x repres5ts1 ! type1 9 less exagg]at$ =m1 is v common2 & ev]ybody w agree t ! av]age man1 :o has nev] tak5 pa9s to tra9 himself 9 n>rative1 is n able 9 8 ord9>y conv]sation to tell ) ease a logically connect$ /ory4 ,! ,joy ( ,tell+ ,tales4--,! bett] sort ( n>rative s5se is n m]ely an ab/ract intellectual und]/&+ ( ! relation ( cause & effect subsi/+ betwe5 ev5ts (t5 disp>ate 9 "t2 x is1 r1 a concrete feel+ ( ! relation4 ,x is an intuitive feel+2 &1 be+ su*1 x is possess$ in/9ctively by c]ta9 m9ds4 ,!re are p 9 ! _w :o are natural born /ory-tell]s2 all ( u h met ) !m 9 actual life3 & to ?is class belong ! /ory-tell+ giants1 l ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,dumas pre1 ,/ev5son1 & ,mr4 ,kipl+4 ,n>rative is natural to _! m9ds4 ,!y s5se ev5ts 9 s]ies2 & a s]ies once />t$ 9 _! imag9ation propels itself ) hurry+ progression4 ,"s noveli/s1 l ,wilkie ,coll9s1 h no?+ else to recomm5d !m b ?is native s5se ( n>rative2 b x is a gift t is n to be despis$4 ,au?ors ) some?+ important to say ab\t life h ne$ ( x1 9 ord] t ! process ( read+ _! fiction may be1 9 ,/ev5son's phrase1 absorb+ & voluptu\s4 ,9 ! great /ory-tell]s1 !re is a sort ( self-enjoym5t 9 ! ex]cise ( ! s5se ( n>rative2 & ?is1 by %e] contagion1 communicates enjoym5t to ! read]4 ,p]haps x may be call$ 7by analogy ) ! famili> phrase1 ! joy ( liv+7 ! joy ( tell+ tales4 ,! joy ( tell+ tales :i* %9es ?r\gh ,treasure ,isl& is p]haps ! ma9 reason = ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! /ory4 ,! au?or is hav+ su* a good "t 9 tell+ 8 tale t he gives u necess>ily a good "t 9 read+ x4 ,! ,miss+ ( ,?is ,joy4--,b _m ( ! noveli/s :o h _h great ?+s to say ab\t human life h be5 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 ?is native s5se ( n>rative4 ,george ,eliot & ,an?ony ,trollope1 = example1 almo/ nev] evid5ce ! joy ( tell+ tales4 ,george ,eliot's natural habit ( m9d 0 ab/ract r ?an concrete2 %e 0 born an essayi/4 ,b1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 %e delib]ately decid$ t fiction 0 ! mo/ effective m$ium = express+ h] philosophy ( life4 ,!reaft] %e /rove e>ne/ly to develop t s5se ( n>rative :i*1 at ! outset1 0 l>gely lack+ 9 h] m9d4 ,to _m read]s :o are n )\t appreciation ( ! importance & pr(undity ( h] und]/&+ ( human nature1 h] /ories are we>isome & unallur+1 because %e told !m ) labor1 n ) ease4 ,%e does n seem to h _h a good "t ) !m1 z ,/ev5son _h ) ,treasure ,isl&1 a /ory 9 o!r ways ( comp>ative unimportance4 ,& surely x is n frivol\s to /ate t ! mo/ pr(\nd & s]i\s ( ?\ghts are communicat$ be/ :5 !y are communicat$ ) ! greate/ int]e/4 ,develop+ ! ,s5se ( ,n>rative4--,x c\ld h>dly be hop$ t a p]son entirely devoid ( ! n>rative s5se %\ld acquire x by any am\nt ( labor2 b ne>ly e "o possesses x 9 at lea/ a rudim5t>y degree1 & any "o possess+ x at all may develop x by ex]cise4 ,a simple & common-s5sible ex]cise is to seize hold ( "s ev5t t happ5s 9 our daily lives1 & !n ?9k back ov] all ! antec$5t ev5ts we c rememb]1 until we disc]n :i* ones among !m /& 9 a causal relation to ! ev5t we are consid]+4 ,next1 x w be well to look =w>d & imag9e ! sort ( ev5ts :i* w logically c>ry on ! s]ies4 ,! great g5]als ( hi/ory h won _! mo/ signal victories by an ex]cise ( ! n>rative s5se4 ,hold+ at ! mom5t ( plann+ a campaign ! pa/ & pres5t t]ms ( a logical s]ies ( ev5ts1 !y h imag9$ =w>d & =ese5 ! probable progression ( ! s]ies4 ,?is may p]haps expla9 :y ! great comm&]s1 l ,cs> & ,grant1 h writt5 su* able n>rative :5 !y h turn$ to lit]ature4 ,! "y au?or :o is try+ to develop 8 n>rative s5se may f9d un5d+ ex]cise 9 ! endeavor to f]ret out ! v>i\s s]ies ( ev5ts :i* lie entangl$ 9 ! confus$ & app>5tly unrelat$ successions ( incid5ts :i* pass be=e 8 obs]vation4 ,:5 he sees some?+ happ5 9 ! /reet1 he w n be satisfi$1 l ! casual look]-on1 m]ely ) t solit>y happ5+2 he w try to f9d out :at o!r happ5+s l$ up to x1 & aga9 :at o!r happ5+s mu/ logically foll[ f x4 ,:5 he sees an int]e/+ p]son 9 a /reet-c>1 he w wond] :]e t p]son has come f & :i!r he is go+1 :at he has j done & :at he is ab\t to d2 he w look be=e & aft]1 & p9e = :at is n4 ,?is ex]cise is 9 itself int]e/+2 & if ! result ( x be writt5 d[n1 ! "y au?or w ga9 exp]i5ce 9 expression at ! same "t t he is develop+ 8 s5se ( n>rative4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,ev5t4--,x rema9s = u n[ to consid] philosophically ! significance ( ! ^w ev5t4 ,e ev5t has ?ree elem5ts3 ! ?+ t is done1 ! ag5ts t d x1 & ! circum/ances ( "t & place "u :i* x is done2 or1 to say ! matt] 9 ?ree words1--action1 actors1 & sett+4 ,only :5 all ?ree elem5ts conspire c some?+ happ54 ,life sugge/s to ! m9d ( a contemplative obs]v] _m possible ev5ts :i* rema9 unrealiz$ because only "o or two ( ! necess>y ?ree elem5ts are pres5t1--ev5ts t are wait+1 l unborn *ildr5 on ! o!r side ( ,le!1 until ! necess>y conditions %all call !m into be+4 ,we obs]ve a man :o c\ld d a great ?+ ( a c]ta9 sort if only t sort ( ?+ 7 dem&$ to be done at ! "t & 9 ! place 9 :i* he loit]s wa/$4 ,we gr[ aw>e ( a great ?+ long+ to be done1 :5 !re is no "o pres5t :o is capable ( do+ x4 ,we behold conditions ( place & "t entirely fitt$ = a c]ta9 sort ( happ5+2 b no?+ happ5s1 because ! necess>y p are away4 ,nev] ! "t & ! place & ! lov$ "o all toge!r6 sang ,rob]t ,br[n+2 & !n he dream$ ^u an ev5t :i* 0 wait+ to be born1--wait+ = ! imag9$ meet+ & m>riage ( its elem5ts4 ,h[ to ,make ,?+s ,happ54--,x is ! function ( ! ma/] ( creative n>rative to call ev5ts into be+4 ,he does ?is by assembl+ & m>ry+ ! elem5ts )\t :i* ev5ts _c occur4 ,grant$ ! conception ( a "* :o is capable ( do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 he f9ds ?+s ( t sort = ! "* to d2 grant$ a s5se ( c]ta9 ?+s long+ to be done1 he f9ds p :o w d !m2 or grant$ ! "t & ! place t seem expectant ( a c]ta9 sort ( happ5+1 he f9ds ! ag5ts prop] to ! sett+4 ,!re is a conv]sation ( ,/ev5son's1 cov]+ ?is po9t1 :i* has be5 (t5 quot$4 ,8 biograph]1 ,mr4 ,graham ,balf\r1 tells u3 ,ei!r on t day or ab\t t "t ,i rememb] v di/9ctly 8 say+ to me3 ',!re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?ree ways1 & ?ree ways only1 ( writ+ a /ory4 ,y may take a plot & fit *>act]s to x1 or y may take a "* & *oose incid5ts & situations to develop x1 or la/ly--y mu/ be> ) me :ile ,i try to make ?is cle>'--7"h he made a ge/ure ) 8 h& z if he 7 try+ to %ape some?+ & give x outl9e & =m7--'y may take a c]ta9 atmosph]e & get action & p]sons to express x & realize x4 ,i'll give y an example--,! ,m]ry ,m54 ,!re ,i began ) ! feel+ ( "o ( ^? isl&s on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & ,i gradually develop$ ! /ory to express ! s5tim5t ) :i* ! coa/ affect$ me4' ,9 o!r words1 />t+ ) any "o ( ! ?ree elem5ts--action1 actors1 or sett+--! writ] ( n>rative may create ev5ts by imag9+ ! o!r two4 ,comp>atively speak+1 !re h be5 v few /ories1 l ,! ,m]ry ,m51 9 :i* ! au?or has />t$ out f a s5se ( sett+2 & ne>ly all ( !m h be5 writt5 rec5tly4 ,! feel+ = sett+ z ! initial elem5t 9 n>rative h>dly dates back fur!r ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we may !re=e be/ consid] x 9 a lat] & m special *apt]1 & devote our att5tion = ! pres5t to ! two me?ods ( creat+ n>rative t h be5 mo/ (t5 us$--t 9 :i* ! au?or has />t$ ) ! elem5t ( action1 & t 9 :i* he has />t$ ) ! elem5t ( "*4 ,v few ( ! great ma/]s ( n>rative h1 l ,honor de ,balzac1 employ$ bo? "o & ! o!r me?od ) equal success3 ne>ly all ( !m h %[n an habitual m5tal pr$ilection = ! "o or = ! o!r4 ,! eld] ,dumas1 = example1 habitually devis$ a s*eme ( action & !n select$ *>act]s to fit into 8 plot2 & ,george ,m]$i? habitually creat$ *>act]s & !n devis$ ! elem5ts ( action necess>y to exhibit & develop !m4 ,read]s1 l ! noveli/s !mselves1 usually feel a pr$ilection = "o me?od r ?an ! o!r2 b surely ea* me?od is natural & reasonable1 & x w\ld be injudici\s = ! critic to exalt ei!r ( !m at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,!re is pl5ty ( mat]ial 9 life to allure a m9d ( ei!r habit4 ,c]ta9 ?+s t are done are 9 !mselves s int]e/+ t x matt]s comp>atively little :o is do+ !m2 & c]ta9 *>act]s are 9 !mselves s int]e/+ t x matt]s comp>atively little :at !y d4 ,to conceive a pot5t tra9 ( action & !reby =eorda9 ! nature ( su* *>act]s z w accompli% x1 or to conceive *>act]s pregnant ) pot5tiality = c]ta9 sorts ( de$s & !reby =eorda9 a tra9 ( action1--ei!r is a legitimate me?od = plann+ out a n>rative4 ,t me?od is be/ = any au?or :i* is mo/ natural = him2 he w succe$ be/ work+ 9 8 own way2 & t critic is n ca?olic :o /ates t ei!r ! n>rative ( action or ! n>rative ( "* is a bett] type ( "w ?an ! o!r4 ,! tru? ( human life may be told equally well by ^? :o s5se prim>ily its elem5t ( action & by ^? :o s5se prim>ily its elem5t ( "*2 = bo? elem5ts mu/ f9ally appe> comm+l$ 9 any /ory t is real4 ,! critic may1 h[ev]1 make a philosophical di/9ction betwe5 ! two me?ods1 9 ord] to lead to a bett] und]/&+ ( !m bo?4 ,^? writ]s :o s5se life prim>ily z action may be said to "w f ! outside 92 & ^? :o s5se x prim>ily z "* may be said to "w f ! inside out4 ,! fir/ me?od requires ! m objective1 & ! second ! m subjective1 consci\sness ( life4 ,( ! two1 ! objective consci\sness ( life is 7at its weake/7 m elem5t>y & 7at its /ronge/7 m elem5tal ?an ! subjective4 ,! ,n>rative ( ,action4--,/ev5son1 9 8 ,gossip on ,romance1 has eloqu5tly voic$ ! pot5cy ( an objective s5se ( action z ! initial factor 9 ! developm5t ( a n>rative4 ,he is speak+ ( ! spell ca/ ov] him by c]ta9 books he read 9 boyhood4 ,= my "p1 he says1 ,i lik$ a /ory to beg9 ) an old wayside inn :]e1 't[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #ag--1' sev]al g5tlem5 9 ?ree-cock$ hats 7 play+ b[ls4 ,a fri5d ( m9e pref]r$ ! ,malab> coa/ 9 a /orm1 ) a %ip beat+ to w9dw>d1 & a sc[l+ fell[ ( ,h]culean proportions /rid+ along ! bea*2 he1 to be sure1 0 a pirate4 ,?is 0 fur!r afield ?an my home-keep+ fancy lov$ to travel1 & design$ altoge!r = a l>g] canvas ?an ! tales t ,i affect$4 ,give me a highwayman & ,i 0 full to ! brim2 a ,jacobite w\ld d1 b ! highwayman 0 my fav\rite di%4 ,i c /ill he> t m]ry clatt] ( ! ho(s along ! moonlit lane2 night & ! com+ ( day are /ill relat$ 9 my m9d ) ! do+s ( ,john ,rann or ,j]ry ,ab]%aw2 & ! words 'po/-*aise1' ! 'great nor? road1' 'o/l]1' & 'nag' /ill s\nd 9 my e>s l poetry4 ,"o & all1 at lea/1 & ea* ) 8 p>ticul> fancy1 we read /ory-books 9 *ildhood1 n = eloqu5ce or "* or ?\ght1 b = "s quality ( ! brute incid5t4 ,= ! writ] :o works f ! outside 91 x is entirely possible to develop f "s quality ( ! brute incid5t a n>rative t %all be n only /irr+ 9 its propulsion ( ev5ts b also pr(\nd 9 its significance ( elem5tal tru?4 ,! ,n>rative ( ,"*4--,! me?od ( work+ f ! inside out--( us+ a subjective s5se ( "* z ! initial factor 9 ! developm5t ( a n>rative--is wond]fully exemplifi$ 9 ! "w ( ,ivan ,turgnieff2 & ! me?od is v cle>ly expla9$ 9 ,h5ry ,james' intimate essay on ! great ,russian ma/]4 ,h5ry ,james rem>ks3 ,! g]m ( a /ory1 ) him1 0 nev] an affair ( plot--t 0 ! la/ ?+ he ?\ght (3 x 0 ! repres5tation ( c]ta9 p]sons4 ,! fir/ =m 9 :i* a tale appe>$ to him 0 z ! figure ( an individual1 or a comb9ation ( individuals1 :om he wi%$ to see 9 action1 be+ sure t su* p mu/ d some?+ v special & int]e/+4 ,!y /ood be=e him def9ite1 vivid1 & he wi%$ to "k1 & to %[1 z mu* z possible ( _! nature4 ,! fir/ ?+ 0 to make cle> to himself :at he did "k1 to beg9 )2 & to ?is end he wrote out a sort ( biography ( ea* ( 8 *>act]s1 & ev]y?+ t !y _h done & t _h happ5$ to !m up to ! op5+ ( ! /ory4 ,he _h _! dossi]1 z ! ,fr5* say1 & z ! police has ( t ( e conspicu\s crim9al4 ,) ?is mat]ial 9 8 h& he 0 able to proce$2 ! /ory all lay 9 ! "q1 ,:at %all ,i make !m d8 ,he always made !m d ?+s t %[$ !m completely2 b1 z he said1 ! defect ( 8 mann] & ! reproa* t 0 made him 0 8 want ( 'ar*itecture'--9 o!r words1 ( composition4 ,! great ?+1 ( c\rse1 is to h ar*itecture z well z preci\s mat]ial1 z ,walt] ,scott _h !m1 z ,balzac _h !m4 ,if "o reads ,turgnieff's /ories ) ! k t !y 7 compos$--or r t !y came into be+--9 ?is way1 "o c trace ! process 9 e l9e4 ,/ory1 9 ! conv5tional s5se ( ! ^w--a fable con/ruct$1 l ,wordswor?'s phantom1 'to />tle & waylay'--!re is z little z possible4 ,! ?+ consi/s ( ! motions ( a gr\p ( select$ creatures1 :i* are n ! result ( a preconceiv$ action1 b a consequ5ce ( ! qualities ( ! actors4--,& yet1 = ! writ] :o1 l ,turgnieff1 works f ! inside out1 x is entirely possible to develop f ! qualities ( ! actors a tra9 ( action t %all be z /irr+ z x is significant4 ,recapitulation4--,! ma9 pr9ciple ( n>rative to be> 9 m9d is t action alone1 or "* alone1 is n its prop] subject-matt]4 ,! purpose ( n>rative is to repres5t ev5ts2 & an ev5t occurs only :5 bo? "* & action1 ) contributory sett+1 are assembl$ & comm+l$4 ,inde$1 9 ! greate/ & mo/ significant ev5ts1 x is impossible to decide :e!r ! actor or ! action has ! upp] h&2 x is impossible1 9 reg>d+ su* ev5ts1 = ! imag9ation to conceive :at is done & :o is do+ x z elem5ts divorc$4 ,a noveli/ :o has />t$ out ) ei!r elem5t & has aft]w>d evok$ ! o!r may arrive by imag9ation at ?is f9al complete s5se ( an ev5t4 ,! be/ n>ratives ( action & ( "* are indi/+ui%able1 "o f ano!r1 9 _! ultimate result3 !y diff] only 9 _! orig93 & ! au?or :o aspires to a ma/]y ( n>rative %\ld rememb] t1 9 n>rative at its be/1 "* & action & ev5 sett+ are "o & insep>able4 ,= ! conv5i5ces ( /udy1 h[ev]1 x is well to exam9e ! elem5ts ( n>rative "o by "o2 & we %all !re=e devote ?ree sep>ate *apt]s to a te*nical consid]ation ( plot1 & *>act]s1 & sett+4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is a n>rative8 #b4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 a succession & a s]ies ( ev5ts4 #c4 ,:at are ! two /eps 9 any art8 #d4 ,:at are ! ?ree compon5t elem5ts ( e ev5t8 #e4 ,is life itself n>rative 9 patt]n8 #f4 ,c ! =ego+ "q be answ]$ )\t qualification8 #g4 ,discuss ! comp>ative advantages ( ! n>rative ( action & ! n>rative ( "*4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,william ,,t5ney ,,brew/]3 ,introduction to ,specim5s ( ,prose ,n>ration4 ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son3 ,a ,gossip on ,romance4 ,,h5ry ,,james3 ,essay on ,turgnieff1 9 ,p>tial ,portraits4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,plot ,n>rative a ,simplification ( ,life--,unity 9 ,n>rative--,a ,def9ite ,objective ,po9t--,con/ruction1 ,analytic & ,syn!tic--,! ,importance ( ,/ructure--,elem5t>y ,n>rative--,positive & ,negative ,ev5ts--,! ,pic>esque ,patt]n--,def9ition ( ,plot--,complication ( ! ,network--,! ,major ,knot--,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end--,! ,sub-,plot--,discursive & ,compact$ ,n>ratives--,tell+ ,mu* or ,little ( a ,/ory--,:]e to ,beg9 a ,/ory--,logical ,sequ5ce & ,*ronological ,succession--,ty+ & ,unty+--,transition to ! ,next ,*apt]4 ,n>rative a ,simplification ( ,life4--,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 9 8 spirit$ essay entitl$ ,a ,humble ,remon/rance1 has giv5 v valuable advice to ! writ] ( n>rative4 ,9 conclud+ 8 rem>ks he says1 ,& z ! root ( ! :ole matt]1 let him be> 9 m9d t 8 novel is n a transcript ( life1 to be judg$ by its exactitude2 b a simplification ( "s side or po9t ( life1 to /& or fall by its significant simplicity4 ,= al?\gh1 9 great m51 work+ ^u great motives1 :at we obs]ve & admire is (t5 _! complexity1 yet und]nea? appe>ances ! tru? rema9s un*ang$3 t simplification 0 _! me?od1 & t simplicity is _! excell5ce4 ,inde$1 z we h already not$ 9 pass+1 simplification is ! me?od ( e art4 ,e arti/1 9 8 own way1 simplifies life3 fir/ by select+ ess5tials f ! helt]-skelt] ( details t life pres5ts to him1 & !n by arrang+ ^! ess5tials 9 accordance ) a patt]n4 ,& we h not$ also t ! me?od ( ! arti/ 9 n>rative is to select ev5ts :i* be> an ess5tial logical relation to ea* o!r & !n to arrange !m along ! l9es ( a patt]n ( causation4 ,unity 9 ,n>rative4--,( c\rse ! prime /ructural necessity 9 n>rative1 z inde$ 9 e me?od ( disc\rse1 is unity4 ,unity 9 any "w ( art c be atta9$ only by a def9ite decision ( ! arti/ z to :at he is try+ to accompli%1 & by a rigor\s focus ( att5tion on 8 purpose to accompli% x1--a focus ( att5tion s rigor\s z to exclude consid]ation ( any matt] :i* does n contribute1 directly or indirectly1 to ! fur!rance ( 8 aim4 ,! purpose ( ! arti/ 9 n>rative is to repres5t a s]ies ( ev5ts1--:]e9 ea* ev5t /&s 9 a causal relation1 direct or indirect1 to its logical pr$ecessor & its logical successor 9 ! s]ies4 ,obvi\sly ! only way to atta9 unity ( n>rative is to exclude consid]ation ( any ev5t :i* does n1 directly or indirectly1 contribute to ! progress ( ! s]ies4 ,= ?is reason1 ,/ev5son /ates 9 8 advice to ! "y writ]1 f :i* we h already quot$3 ,let him *oose a motive1 :e!r ( "* or passion3 c>efully con/ruct 8 plot s t e incid5t is an illu/ration ( ! motive1 & e prop]ty employ$ %all be> to x a ne> relation ( congruity or contra/2 444 & all[ nei!r himself 9 ! n>rative1 nor any "* 9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue1 to utt] "o s5t5ce t is n "p & p>cel ( ! bus9ess ( ! /ory or ! discussion ( ! problem involv$4 ,let him n regret if ?is %ort5s 8 book2 x w be bett] s2 = to add irrelevant matt] is n to l5g!n b to bury4 ,let him n m9d if he miss a ?\s& qualities1 s t he keeps unflagg+ly 9 pursuit ( ! "o he has *os54 ,& e>li] 9 ! same essay1 he says ( ! novel3 ,= ! welt] ( impressions1 all =cible b all discreet1 :i* life pres5ts1 x sub/itutes a c]ta9 artificial s]ies ( impressions1 all inde$ mo/ feebly repres5t$1 b all aim+ at ! same effect1 all eloqu5t ( ! same idea1 all *im+ toge!r l consonant notes 9 music or l ! graduat$ t9ts 9 a good picture4 ,f all its *apt]s1 f all its pages1 f all its s5t5ces1 ! well-writt5 novel e*oes & re-e*oes its "o creative & controll+ ?\ght2 to ?is mu/ e incid5t & "* contribute2 ! /yle mu/ h be5 pit*$ 9 unison ) ?is2 & if !re is any:]e a ^w t looks ano!r way1 ! book w\ld be /rong]1 cle>]1 & 7,i _h almo/ said7 full] )\t x4 ,a ,def9ite ,objective ,po9t4--,! only way 9 :i* ! writ] ( n>rative may atta9 ! unity t ,/ev5son has s eloqu5tly plead$ = is to decide ^u a def9ite objective po9t1 to be> 9 m9d con/antly ! culm9ation ( 8 s]ies ( ev5ts1 & to value ! successive details ( 8 mat]ial only 9 s f> z !y contribute1 directly or indirectly1 to ! progress ( ! s]ies t[>d t culm9ation4 ,to say ! ?+ m simply1 he mu/ see ! end ( 8 /ory f ! beg9n+ & mu/ give ! read] always a s5se ( rigor\s movem5t t[>d t end4 ,8 n>rative1 z a matt] ( con/ruction1 mu/ be f9i%$1 be=e1 z a matt] ( writ+1 x is begun4 ,he mu/ "k z def9itely z possible all t is to happ5 & all t is n to happ5 9 8 /ory be=e he v5tures to repres5t 9 words ! v fir/ ( 8 ev5ts4 ,he mu/ n1 z "s beg9n]s try to d1 attempt to make 8 /ory up z he goes along2 = unless he holds ! culm9ation ( 8 s]ies con/antly 9 m9d1 he w n be able to decide :e!r any ev5t t sugge/s itself dur+ ! progress ( 8 composition does or does n =m a logical factor 9 ! s]ies4 ,con/ruction1 ,analytic & ,syn!tic4--,! prelim9>y process ( con/ruction may be accompli%$ 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,au?ors ) syn!tic m9ds w m naturally reason f causes to effects2 & au?ors ) analytic m9ds w m naturally reason f effects to causes4 ,! =m] w con/ruct =w>d ?r\gh "t1 ! latt] backw>d4 ,/&+ at ! outset ( a n>rative1 x is possible to imag9e =w>d along a s]ies ( ev5ts until ! logical culm9ation is div9$2 or /&+ at ! culm9ation1 x is possible to imag9e backw>d along ! s]ies to its f>-away beg9n+s4 ,?ack]ay app>5tly con/ruct$ 9 ! =m] mann]2 ,guy de ,maupassant app>5tly con/ruct$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! latt] me?od--! me?od ( build+ backw>d f ! culm9ation--is p]haps m efficaci\s t[>d ! cons]vation ( ! /ricte/ unity4 ,x seems on ! :ole a little easi] to exclude ! extrane\s 9 ?9k+ f effects to causes ?an 9 ?9k+ f causes to effects1 because analysis is a /rict] & m focuss$ mood ( m9d ?an syn!sis4 ,! ,importance ( ,/ructure4--,b 9 :i*ev] way ! process ( con/ruction be accompli%$1 ! be/ /ories are always built be=e !y are writt52 & t is ! reason :y1 9 read+ !m1 we feel at e po9t t we are gett+ some:]e1 & t ! au?or is lead+ u /ep by /ep t[>d a def9ite culm9ation4 ,al?\gh1 z is usually ! case1 we _c1 ev5 midway ?r\gh ! /ory1 =esee :at ! culm9ation is to be1 we feel a c]ta9 reassurance 9 ! k t ! au?or has =ese5 x f ! />t4 ,?is feel+ is "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( int]e/ 9 read+ n>rative4 ,9 look+ on at life itself1 we are baffl$ by a muddle ( ev5ts lead+ e :i!r2 _! succession is *aotic & lack+ 9 design2 !y are n m>%al$ & processional2 & we h an uncom=table feel+ t no m9d b t ( ,god c =esee _! veil$ & hidd5 culm9ations4 ,b 9 read+ a n>rative arrangem5t ( life1 we h a com=table s5se ( ord]1 :i* comes ( our k t ! au?or kn[s be=eh& :i!r ! ev5ts are t5d+ & c make u und]/& ! sequ5ce ( causation ?r\gh :i* !y are mov+ to _! ultimate result4 ,he makes life m int]e/+ by mak+ x m intelligible2 & he does ?is ma9ly by 8 p[] ( con/ruction4 ,elem5t>y ,n>rative4--,! simple/ ( all /ructures = a n>rative is a /raightway arrangem5t ( ev5ts along a s+le /r& ( causation4 ,9 su* a n>rative1 ! fir/ ev5t is ! direct cause ( ! second1 ! second ( ! ?ird1 ! ?ird ( ! f\r?1 & s on to ! culm9ation ( ! s]ies4 ,?is v simple /ructure is exhibit$ 9 _m ( ! tales :i* h come d[n to u f e>ly c5turies4 ,x is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1 & sc>cely less frequ5tly 9 ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ completely logical & entirely direct4 ,b we feel1 9 read+ /ories s con/ruct$1 t ! me?od ( simplification has be5 c>ri$ too f>1 & t simplicity has !re=e ceas$ to be an excell5ce4 ,su* a /ory is 9 ?is way misrepres5tative ( life3--x fails utt]ly to sugge/ ! welt] ( impressions :i* life pres5ts1 ! sudd5 kaleidoscopic %ifts ( actual life f "o s]ies ( ev5ts to ano!r1 & ! consequ5t intricacy & app>5t *aos ( life's successive happ5+s4 ,! /ructure is too /raight=w>d1 too direct1 too unwav]+ & unhesitant4 ,positive & ,negative ,ev5ts4--,! simple/ way to introduce ! elem5t ( hesitance & wav]+1 & !reby make ! /ory m truly sugge/ive ( ! intricate v>iety ( life1 is to int]rupt ! s]ies by ! introduction ( ev5ts ^: app>5t t5d5cy is to h9d] its progress1 & 9 ?is way emphasize ! ultimate triumph ( ! s]ies 9 atta9+ its pr$e/9$ culm9ation4 ,su* ev5ts are n extrane\s2 because1 al?\gh !y t5d directly to dispute ! progress ( ! s]ies1 !y t5d also indirectly to fur!r x ?r\gh _! failure to arre/ x4 ,! ev5ts 9 any skilfully select$ n>rative may1 !re=e1 be divid$ into two classes3 ev5ts direct or positive1 & ev5ts indirect or negative4 ,by a direct1 or positive1 ev5t is meant "o ^: imm$iate t5d5cy is to aid ! progress ( ! s]ies t[>d its pr$et]m9$ objective po9t2 & by an indirect1 or negative1 ev5t is meant "o ^: imm$iate t5d5cy is to ?w>t ?is pr$et]m9$ outcome4 ,x w\ld be an easy matt]1 = example1 9 exam9+ ,pilgrim's ,progress1 to class z positive ^? ev5ts :i* directly fur!r ! advance ( ,*ri/ian t[>d ! ,cele/ial ,city1 & to class z negative ^? ev5ts ^: imm$iate t5d5cy is to turn him aside f ! /raight & n>r[ pa?4 ,& yet bo? classes ( ev5ts1 positive & negative1 make up really only a s+le s]ies2 because ! negative ev5ts are conqu]$ "o by "o by ! prepond]ant p[] ( ! positive ev5ts1 & contribute !re=e indirectly1 ?r\gh _! failure1 to ! ultimate atta9m5t ( ! culm9ation4 ,:5 a /raightway arrangem5t ( positive ev5ts along a s+le /r& ( causation is v>i$ & emphasiz$ 9 ?is way by ! admission ( negative ev5ts1 ^: t5d5cy is to ?w>t ! progress ( ! s]ies1 ! /ructure may be made v sugge/ive ( t conflict ( =ces :i* we feel to be ev] pres5t 9 actual life4 ,?is /ructure is exhibit$1 = example1 9 ,haw?orne's little tale ( ,david ,swan4 ,! po9t ( ! /ory is t no?+ happ5s to ,david2 ! int]e/ ( ! /ory lies 9 ! ev5ts t almo/ happ5 to him4 ,! "y man falls asleep at noon-"t "u ! %ade ( a clump ( maples :i* clu/] ar\nd a spr+ beside ! highroad4 ,?ree p1 or sets ( p1 obs]ve him 9 8 sleep4 ,! fir/ w\ld conf] ^u him ,weal?1 ! second ,love1 ! ?ird ,dea?1 if he %\ld wak5 at ! mom5t4 ,b ,david ,swan sleeps deeply2 ! p pass on2 & all t almo/ happ5$ to him subsides =ev] to ! region ( ! might-h-be54 ,! ,pic>esque ,patt]n4--,a simple s]ies ( ?is sort1 :]e9 ! ev5ts proce$1 n[ directly1 n[ indirectly1 along a s+le logical l9e1 may be succe$$ by ano!r simple s]ies ( ! same sort1 :i* 9 turn may be succe$$ by a ?ird1 & s on indef9itely4 ,9 ?is way is con/ruct$ ! type ( /ory kn[n z pic>esque1 because 9 ,spa91 :]e ! type 0 fir/ develop$1 ! h]o 0 usually a pic>o1 or rogue4 ,! n>rative exp$i5t 9 su* /ories is m]ely to select a h]o capable ( adv5ture1 to fl+ him loose into ! ro>+ & trem5d\s _w1 & to let ?+s happ5 to him "o aft] ano!r4 ,! mo/ widely kn[n example ( ! type is n a ,spani% /ory1 b a ,fr5*1--! ,gil ,blas ( ,ala9 ,r5 ,le ,sage4 ,z soon z ,gil ,blas arrives at ! culm9ation ( "o s]ies ( adv5tures1 ! au?or />ts him on ano!r4 ,ea* s]ies is complete 9 itself & di/9ct f all ! re/2 & ! /ructure ( ! :ole book may be lik5$1 9 a homely figure1 to a /r+ ( sausages4 ,! relation betwe5 ! diff]5t sections ( ! /ory is n organic2 !y are m]ely ti$ toge!r by ! cont9uance ( ! same c5tral "* f "o to ano!r4 ,any "o ( ! sections might be disc>d$ )\t detrim5t to ! o!rs2 & ! ord] ( !m might be re>rang$4 ,plays1 z well z novels1 h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ?is inorganic way1--= example1 ,molire's ,l',et\rdi & ,les ,fa*eux4 ,if ! actors1 9 p]=m+ ei!r ( ^! plays1 %\ld omit "o or two units ( ! sausage-/r+ ( incid5ts1 ! audi5ce w\ld n become aw>e ( any gap 9 /ructure4 ,yet a /ory built 9 ?is /raight=w>d & successive way may give a va/ impression ( ! %ift+ maze ( life4 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,kim1 :i* is pic>esque 9 /ructure1 %[s u ne>ly e aspect ( ! labyr9?9e life ( ,india4 ,he selects a heal?y & normal1 b n a clev]1 boy1 & all[s all ,india to happ5 to him4 ,! book is )\t beg9n+ & )\t end2 b its v lack ( neatness & compactness ( plan contributes to ! g5]al impression x gives ( ,india's imm5sity4 ,def9ition ( ,plot4--,b a simple s]ies ( ev5ts arrang$ along a s+le /r& ( causation1 or a succession ( sev]al s]ies ( ?is k9d /rung along "o aft] ! o!r1 may n prop]ly be call$ a plot4 ,! ^w plot signifies a weav+ toge!r2 & a weav+ toge!r presupposes ! coexi/5ce ( m ?an "o /r&4 ,! simple/ =m ( plot1 prop]ly s call$1 is a weav+ toge!r ( two di/9ct s]ies ( ev5ts2 & ! simple/ way ( weav+ !m toge!r is by s devis+ !m t1 ?\gh !y may be widely sep>ate at _! beg9n+s1 !y progress1 ea* 9 its own way1 t[>d a common culm9ation1--a s+le mom5t\s ev5t :i* /&s !re=e at ! apex ( ea* s]ies4 ,?is ev5t is ! knot :i* ties toge!r ! two /r&s ( causation4 ,?us1 9 ,silas ,m>n]1 ! culm9at+ ev5t1 :i* is ! r$emption ( ,m>n] f a misan?ropic alo(ness f life1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,eppie1 a *ild 9 ne$ ( love1 is l$ up to by two di/9ct s]ies ( ev5ts1 ( :i* x =ms ! knot4 ,! "o s]ies1 :i* conc]ns itself ) ,m>n]1 may be trac$ back to ! unm]it$ wrong :i* he suff]$ 9 8 y\?2 & ! o!r s]ies1 :i* conc]ns itself ) ,eppie1 may be trac$ back to ! cl&e/9e m>riage ( ,eppie's fa!r1 ,godfrey ,cass4 ,! initial ev5t ( "o s]ies has no imm$iate logical relation to ! initial ev5t ( ! o!r2 b ea* s]ies1 z x progresses1 approa*es ne>] & ne>] to ! o!r1 until !y meet & bl5d4 ,complication ( ! ,network4--,a type ( plot m elaborate ?an ?is may be devis$ by lead+ up to ! culm9ation along ?ree or m di/9ct l9es ( causation1 in/ead ( m]ely two4 ,9 ! ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 ,sydney ,c>ton's volunt>y dea? ^u ! scaffold /&s at ! apex ( sev]al s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,& a plot may be /ill fur!r complicat$ by ty+ ! /r&s toge!r at o!r po9ts beside ! culm9ation4 ,9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ! two *ief s]ies ( ev5ts are firmly knott$ 9 ! trial sc5e1 :5 ,%ylock is circumv5t$ by ,portia2 b !y are also ti$ toge!r1 ?\gh less firmly1 at ! v outset ( ! play1 :5 ,antonio borr[s f ,%ylock ! money :i* makes x possible = ,bassanio to woo & w9 ! ,lady ( ,belmont4 ,fur!rmore1 any ev5t 9 "o ( ! ma9 /r&s ( causation may /& at ! culm9ation ( a m9or /r&1 & ?us may =m a little knot 9 ! g5]al network ( ! plot4 ,9 ! same play1 ! m9or /r& ( ! elopem5t ( ,lor5zo & ,jessica atta9s its culm9ation 9 a sc5e :i* /&s only midway along ! progress ( ! two ma9 /r&s1 t ( ! bond & t ( ! caskets1 t[>d _! common result 9 ! defeat ( ,%ylock4 ,! ,major ,knot4--,b h[ev] intricately wov5 a plot may be1 & h[ev] _m m9or knots may tie toge!r ! v>i\s /r&s :i* ent] into x1 !re is almo/ always "o po9t ( greate/ complication1 "o big knot :i* ties toge!r all ! /r&s at once1 & /&s z ! common culm9ation ( all ! s]ies1 major & m9or4 ,! /ory conc]ns itself *iefly ) tell+ ! read] h[ ! major knot came to be ti$2 b 9 a plot ( any complexity1 ! read] naturally desires to be told h[ ! knot became unti$ aga94 ,!re=e ?is po9t ( greate/ complication1 ?is culm9ation ( all ! /r&s ( causation :i* are wov5 9 ! plot1 ?is objective po9t ( ! entire n>rative1 is seldom set at ! v end ( a /ory1 b usually at a po9t ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( ! way f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! /ory1 speak+ r\ghly1 exhibit ! antec$5t causes ( ! major knot2 & ! la/ qu>t] ( ! /ory exhibits its subsequ5t effects4 ,a plot1 !re=e1 9 its g5]al aspects1 may be figur$ z a complication foll[$ by an explication1 a ty+ foll[$ by an unty+1 or 7to say ! same ?+ 9 ,fr5* words :i* are p]haps m connotative7 a n\em5t foll[$ by a dn\em5t4 ,! ev5ts 9 ! dn\em5t be> a clos] logical relation to ea* o!r ?an ! ev5ts 9 ! n\em5t1 because all ( !m h a common cause 9 ! major knot1 :]eas ! major knot is ! ultimate effect ( sev]al di/9ct s]ies ( causes :i* 7 q sep>ate "o f ano!r at ! "t :5 ! n\em5t 0 begun4 ,= ?is reason ! dn\em5t %[s usually a m hurri$ movem5t ?an ! n\em5t--"o ev5t tread+ on ano!r's heels4 ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end4--,und\bt$ly x 0 ?is ?reefold aspect ( a plot--#a4 ,! ,complication2 #b4 ,! ,major ,knot2 #c4 ,! ,explication--:i* ,ari/otle _h 9 m9d :5 he /at$ t e /ory mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,^! words 7 n int5d$ to connote a quantitative equality4 ,:at ,ari/otle call$ ! middle may1 9 a mod]n novel1 be /at$ 9 a s+le page1 & is mu* m likely to /& ne> ! close ( ! book ?an at ! c5tre4 ,b ev]y?+ t comes aft] x1 9 :at ,ari/otle call$ ! end1 %\ld be an effect ( :i* x is ! cause2 & ev]y?+ t comes be=e x1 9 :at ,ari/otle call$ ! beg9n+1 %\ld be1 directly or indirectly1 a cause ( :i* x is ! effect4 ,only "u ^! conditions w ! plot be1 z ,ari/otle said x %\ld be1 an organic :ole4 ,only 9 ?is way c x con=m to ! pr9ciple ( unity1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all arti/ic endeavor4 ,! ,sub-,plot4--,be>+ ! pr9ciple ( unity ev] 9 8 m9d1 ,/ev5son1 9 a phrase omitt$ = ! mom5t 9 "o ( ! quotations f ,a ,humble ,remon/rance set =? at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 advis$ ! fiction-writ] to avoid a sub-plot1 unless1 z sometimes 9 ,%akespe>e1 ! sub-plot be a rev]sion or complem5t ( ! ma9 intrigue4 ,x seems safe to /ate t a sub-plot is ( use 9 a novel only = ! purpose ( ty+ m9or knots 9 ! lead+ /r&s ( causation1 & %\ld be disc>d$ unless x s]ves t purpose4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y a novel %\ld n tell at once sev]al /ories ( equal importance1 provid$ t ^! /ories be deftly int]l9k$1 z 9 t ma/]piece ( plott+1 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d4 ,9 ?is novel1 ! *ief exp$i5t :i* ,dick5s has employ$ to b9d 8 diff]5t /ories toge!r is to make ! same p]son an actor 9 m ?an "o ( !m1 s t a p>ticul> ev5t t happ5s to him may be at ! same "t a factor 9 bo? "o & ! o!r s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,?r\gh ! skilful use ( ?is exp$i5t1 ,dick5s has contriv$ to give 8 novel unity ( plot1 9 spite ( ! div]sity ( its n>rative elem5ts4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 9 ,middlem>*1 ,george ,eliot has told ?ree /ories in/ead ( "o4 ,%e has fail$ to make h] plot an organic :ole by deftly int]weav+ ! ?ree /r&s :i* %e has spun4 ,& !re=e ?is monum5tal novel1 s great 9 o!r ways1 is faulty 9 /ructure1 because x violates ! pr9ciple ( unity4 ,discursive & ,compact$ ,n>ratives4--,accord+ to ! ext5t ( complication 9 ! plot1 novels may be gr\p$ into two classes1--! discursive & ! compact$4 ,?ack]ay wrote novels ( ! =m] type1 ,haw?orne ( ! latt]4 ,9 ,vanity ,fair !re are ov] half a hundr$ *>act]s2 9 ,! ,sc>let ,lett] !re are ?ree1 or possibly f\r4 ,! discursive novel gives a m ext5sive1 & ! compact$ novel a m int5sive1 view ( life4 ,engli% au?ors = ! mo/ "p h t5d$ t[>d ! discursive type1 & ,cont95tal au?ors t[>d ! compact$4 ,! latt] type dem&s a f9] & a firm] art1 ! =m] a broad] & m ca?olic outlook on ! _w4 ,tell+ ,mu* or ,little ( a ,/ory4--,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two types dep5ds *iefly ^u h[ mu* or h[ little ( 8 entire /ory ! au?or *ooses to tell4 ,9 actual life1 z 0 /at$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 !re are no v ends2 & x may n[ be add$ t also !re are no absolute beg9n+s4 ,any ev5t t happ5s is1 9 ,:itman's words1 an acme ( ?+s accompli%$ & an enclos] ( ?+s to be2 & 9 ?9k+ back along its causes or =w>d along its effects1 we may cont9ue ! s]ies until our ?\ght loses itself 9 an et]nity4 ,9 any n>rative1 !re=e1 we are doom$ to beg9 & end 9 mid-c>e]2 & ! "q is m]ely h[ ext5d$ a section ( ! entire imag9able & unimag9able s]ies we %all *oose to repres5t to ! read]4 ,= in/ance1 x w\ld be a v simple matt] to trace ! composition ( ,rossetti's ,h\se ( ,life back along a causal s]ies to ! bir? ( a boy 9 ,arezzo 9 #acjd2 = x is h>dly likely t ,rossetti w\ld h writt5 a cycle ( love sonnets if _m o!r poets1 su* z ,%akespe>e & ,rons>d1 _h n done s be=e him2 & ,%akespe>e & ,rons>d1 z ,sir ,sidney ,lee has prov$1 7 lit]>y legatees ( ,petr>*1 ! a=esaid native ( ,arezzo4 ,& yet1 if we 7 to tell ! /ory ( h[ ,rossetti's sonnets came to be compos$1 x is d\btful if we %\ld g fur!r back 9 "t ?an ! occasion :5 8 fri5d ,dev]ell introduc$ him to ! beautiful daught] ( a ,%effield cutl] :o became ! imm$iate inspiration ( 8 poetry ( love4 ,dick5s1 9 _m novels1 ( :i* ,david ,copp]field may be tak5 z an example1 has *os5 to tell ! entire life-/ory ( 8 h]o f bir? up to maturity4 ,b o!r noveli/s1 l ,george ,m]$i? 9 ,! ,egoi/1 h *os5 to repres5t ev5ts t pass1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 "o place1 & 9 an exce$+ly %ort /ret* ( "t4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ,m]$i? does n "k z mu* ab\t ! boyhood & y\? ( ,sir ,will\ghby ,patt]ne z ,dick5s knew ab\t ! e>ly ye>s ( ,david ,copp]field2 b he has *os5 to compact 8 novel by pres5t+ only a brief s]ies ( ev5ts :i* exhibit 8 h]o at maturity4 ,surely ,turgnieff1 aft] writ+ out t dossi] ( ea* ( 8 *>act]s to :i* ,h5ry ,james ref]r$1 mu/ h kn[n a great _m ev5ts 9 _! lives :i* he *ose to omit f 8 f9i%$ novel4 ,x is int]e/+ to imag9e ! sort ( plot t ,george ,eliot w\ld h built out ( ! mat]ials ( ,! ,sc>let ,lett]4 ,probably %e w\ld h begun ! n>rative 9 ,engl& at ! "t :5 ,he/] 0 a "y girl4 ,%e w\ld h set =? ! meet+ ( ,he/] & ,*ill+wor? & w\ld h analyz$ ! causes culm9at+ 9 _! m>riage4 ,!n %e w\ld h tak5 ! c\ple ov]seas to ! colony ( ,massa*usetts4 ,"h ,he/] w\ld h met ,ar?ur ,dimmesdale2 & ,george ,eliot w\ld h exp5d$ all h] p[]s z an analy/ ( life 9 trac+ ! sweet ?\ghts & imp]i\s desires t l$ ! lov]s to ! dolor\s pass4 ,! fall ( ,he/] w\ld h be5 ! major knot 9 ,george ,eliot's entire n>rative4 ,x w\ld h /ood at ! culm9ation ( ! n\em5t ( h] plot3 ! subsequ5t ev5ts w\ld h be5 m]ely /eps 9 ! dn\em5t4 ,yet ! fall ( ,he/] 0 already a ?+ ( ! pa/ at ! outset ( ! /ory t ,haw?orne *ose to repres5t4 ,he 0 int]e/$ only 9 ! aft]-effects ( ,he/]'s s9 ^u h]self & h] lov] & h] husb&4 ,! major knot1 or culm9ation1 ( 8 plot 0 !re=e ! revelation ( ! sc>let lett]1--a sc5e :i* w\ld h be5 only an incid5t 9 ,george ,eliot's dn\em5t4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t any /ory :i* is ext5d$ 9 its implications may (f] a noveli/ mat]ials = any "o ( sev]al plot-/ructures1 accord+ to :i*ev] section ( ! entire /ory happ5s mo/ to int]e/ 8 m9d4 ,x w be se51 also1 t mu* ( ! entire /ory mu/1 9 any case1 rema9 unwritt54 ,a plot is n only1 z ,/ev5son /at$1 a simplification ( life2 x is also a fur!r simplification ( ! tra9 ( ev5ts :i*1 9 simplify+ life1 ! noveli/ has fir/ imag9$4 ,! entire /ory1 ) all its implications1 is select$ f life2 & ! plot is !n select$ f ! entire /ory4 ,(t5 a noveli/ may sugge/ z mu* ?r\gh delib]ately omitt+ f 8 plot c]ta9 ev5ts 9 8 imag9$ /ory z he c\ld sugge/ by repres5t+ !m4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful "* 9 ,george ,m]$i?'s ,evan ,h>r+ton is ! great ,mel1 ^: dea? is ann\nc$ 9 ! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ! novel4 ,haw?orne1 9 ,! ,m>ble ,faun1 nev] cle>s away ! my/]y ( ,miriam's %ad[y pursu]1 nor tells u :at became ( ,hilda :5 %e disappe>$ = a "t f ! sight & k ( h] fri5ds4 ,:]e to ,beg9 a ,/ory4--,aft] ! noveli/ has select$ f 8 entire /ory ! mat]ials he means to repres5t1 & has patt]n$ ^! mat]ials into a plot1 he enjoys consid]able lib]ty 9 reg>d to ! po9t at :i* he may comm5ce 8 n>rative4 ,he may beg9 at ! beg9n+ ( "o or ano!r ( 8 ma9 /r&s ( causation1 z ,scott usually does2 or he may adopt ! ,hom]ic device1 comm5d$ by ,horace1 ( plung+ into ! mid/ ( 8 plot & work+ 8 way back only aft]w>d to its beg9n+4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,p5d5nis1 ! h]o is sev5te5 ye>s old2 ! second *apt] n>rates ! m>riage ( 8 fa!r & "m1 & 8 own bir? & boyhood2 & at ! outset ( ! ?ird *apt] he is only sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,logical ,sequ5ce & ,*ronological ,succession4--,x is obvi\s t1 s long z ! noveli/ repres5ts 8 ev5ts 9 logical sequ5ce1 x is n at all necess>y t he %\ld pres5t !m 9 *ronological succession4 ,/ories may be told backw>d ?r\gh "t z well z =w>d4 ,?ack]ay (t5 beg9s a *apt] ) an ev5t t happ5$ "o day1 & ends x ) an ev5t t happ5$ sev]al days be=e2 he works 8 way backw>d f effects to causes1 in/ead ( =w>d f causes to effects4 ,9 c>ry+ on a plot :i* is wov5 out ( sev]al /r&s1 x is h>dly ev] possible to repres5t ev5ts 9 un9t]rupt$ *ronological succession1 ev5 :5 ! au?or consi/5tly works =w>d f causes to effects2 = aft] he has pursu$ "o /r& ( 8 plot to a c]ta9 po9t 9 "t1 he is oblig$ to turn backw>d sev]al days or weeks1 or possibly a long] p]iod1 to pick up ano!r /r& & c>ry x =w>d to ! same po9t 9 "t at :i* he left ! fir/4 ,retrogression 9 "t1 !re=e1 is frequ5tly n only p]missible b necess>y4 ,b x is only common-s5sible to /ate t *ronological sequ5ce %\ld be sacrific$ m]ely = ! sake ( mak+ cle> ! logical relation ( ev5ts2 & :5ev] juggl+ ) *ronology t5ds to obscure in/ead ( cl>ify t logical relation1 x is evid5ce ( an error ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! n>rator4 ,turgnieff is (t5 guilty ( ?is error ( judgm5t4 ,he has a disconc]t+ habit ( br++ a new "* into ! sc5e :i* /&s = ! mom5t be=e ! eye ( ! read]1 & !n turn+ ! n>rative backw>d sev]al ye>s 9 ord] to rec\nt ! pa/ life ( ! newcom]4 ,frequ5tly1 be=e ?is p>5!tic recital is complet$1 ! read] has =gott5 ! sc5e f :i* ! au?or turn$ to ! digression4 ,ty+ & ,unty+4--,9 mo/ plots1 z has be5 /at$1 ! n\em5t is m significant ?an ! dn\em5t1 & ! causes lead+ to ! ty+ ( ! major knot are m int]e/+ ?an ! effects trac$ dur+ ! process ( unty+ x4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! culm9ation is usually set well along t[>d ! conclusion ( ! /ory4 ,sometimes ev51 :5 ! major knot has be5 ti$ ) a ,gordian intricacy1 ! au?or sets x at ! v end ( 8 n>rative1 & sudd5ly cuts x in/ead ( c>efully unty+ x4 ,b !re is no absolutely necess>y reason :y x %\ld /& at ! end1 or1 z is m frequ5tly ! case1 at a po9t ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ?r\gh ! /ory4 ,x may ev5 be set at ! v beg9n+2 & ! n>rative may conc]n itself entirely ) an elaborate dn\em5t4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 9 ! detective /ory1 :]e a v intricate knot is assum$ at ! outset1 & ! n>rative proce$s to exhibit ! pr[ess ( ! detective-h]o 9 unty+ x4 ,transition to ! ,next ,*apt]4--,a well-con/ruct$ plot1 l any o!r sort ( well-articulat$ patt]n1 is int]e/+ 9 itself2 & c]ta9 novels & %ort-/ories1 l ,wilkie ,coll9s' ,moon/one & ,poe's ,murd]s 9 ! ,rue ,morgue1 ma9ta9 _! int]e/ almo/ ?r\gh ! elem5t ( plot alone4 ,b s9ce ! purpose ( fiction is to repres5t reality1 a /ory w fail ( ! highe/ effect unless ! p act+ 9 its patt]n ( ev5ts produce ^u ! read] ! illusion ( liv+ human be+s4 ,we mu/ !re=e turn our att5tion next to a /udy ( ! elem5t ( "*4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,h[ may unity be be/ atta9$ 9 n>rative8 #b4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! analytic & syn!tic me?ods ( con/ruction4 #c4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 positive & negative ev5ts4 #d4 ,expla9 ! patt]n ( pic>esque romance4 #e4 ,:at are ! ess5tial phases ( a plot8 #f4 ,expla9 ! mean+ ( n\em5t & dn\em5t4 #g4 ,mu/ a /ory always foll[ ! ord] ( *ronology8 #h4 ,at :at po9t 9 ! exposition ( a plot is ! major knot mo/ usually f\nd8 ,:at is ! logical reason = ?is usual position8 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son3 ,a ,humble ,remon/rance4 ,,bliss ,,p]ry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction--,*apt] ,,vi1 on ,! ,plot4 ,o4 ,,h5ry3 ,roads ( ,de/9y4--,! plott+ ( ?is /ory illu/rates 9 practice mo/ ( ! important po9ts exp\nd$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*>act]s ,*>act]s ,%\ld ,be ,wor? ,kn[+--,! ,p]sonal ,equation ( ! ,audi5ce--,! ,univ]sal ,appeal ( ,great ,fictiti\s ,*>act]s--,typical ,traits--,individual ,traits--,! ,defect ( ,allegory--,! ,defect ( ,c>icature--,/atic & ,k9etic ,*>act]s--,direct & ,indirect ,del9eation--,subdivisions ( ,bo? ,me?ods--,i4 ,direct ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,exposition2 #b4 ,by ,description2 ,gradual ,portrayal2 #c4 ,by ,psy*ological ,analysis2 #d4 ,by ,reports f o!r ,*>act]s--,,ii4 ,indirect ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,spee*2 #b4 ,by ,action2 #c4 ,by ,effect on o!r ,*>act]s2 #d4 ,by ,environm5t4 ,*>act]s ,%\ld ,be ,wor? ,kn[+4--,be=e we proce$ to /udy ! te*nical me?ods ( del9eat+ *>act]s1 we mu/ ask ourselves :at con/itutes a "* wor? del9eat+4 ,a noveli/ is1 to speak figuratively1 ! social sponsor = 8 own fictiti\s *>act]s2 & he is guilty ( a social indiscretion1 z x 71 if he asks 8 read]s to meet fictiti\s p :om x is nei!r ( value nor ( int]e/ to "k4 ,s9ce he aims to make 8 read]s intimate ) 8 *>act]s1 he mu/ fir/ ( all be c>eful t 8 *>act]s are wor? kn[+ intimately4 ,mo/ ( u1 9 actual life1 are accu/om$ to di/+ui% p :o are wor? our :ile f p :o are n2 & ^? ( u :o live advis$ly are accu/om$ to %ield ourselves f p :o _c1 by ! m]e fact ( :at !y are1 repay u = ! exp5diture ( "t & en]gy we %\ld h to make to get to "k !m4 ,& :5ev] a fri5d ( ours asks u delib]ately to meet ano!r fri5d ( 81 we take x = grant$ t our fri5d has reasons = believ+ t ! acqua9tance%ip w be ( b5efit or ( int]e/ to bo?4 ,n[ ! noveli/ /&s 9 ! position ( a fri5d :o asks u to meet c]ta9 p :om he kn[s2 & he runs ! risk ( our los+ fai? 9 8 judgm5t unless we f9d 8 p wor? our :ile4 ,by ! m]e fact t we bo!r to read a novel1 ?us exp5d+ "t :i* might o!rwise be pass$ 9 company ) actual p1 we are go+ out ( our way to meet ! *>act]s to :om ! noveli/ wi%es to introduce u4 ,he !re=e owes u an assurance t !y %all be ev5 m wor? our :ile ?an ! av]age actual p]son4 ,?is is n to say t !y %\ld necess>ily be bett]2 !y may1 ( c\rse1 be worse3 b !y %\ld be m cle>ly significant ( c]ta9 int]e/+ elem5ts ( human nature1 m ?or\ghly repres5tative ( c]ta9 phases ( human life :i* x is well = u to le>n & "k4 ,! ,p]sonal ,equation ( ! ,audi5ce4--,9 decid+ on ! sort ( *>act]s t w be wor? 8 read]s' :ile1 ! noveli/ mu/ ( c\rse be influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! audi5ce he is writ+ =4 ,! *>act]s ( ,little ,wom5 may be wor? ! :ile ( *ildr52 & x is n an adv]se criticism ( ,l\isa ,m4 ,alcott to say t !y are n wor? ! :ile ( mature m5 & wom54 ,simil>ly1 x is n an adv]se criticism ( c]ta9 ,cont95tal noveli/s to say t _! *>act]s are decid$ly unfit companions = adolesc5t girls4 ,our judgm5t ( ! *>act]s 9 a novel %\ld be condition$ always by our s5se ( ! sort ( read]s to :om ! novel is address$4 ,h5ry ,james1 9 8 lat] ye>s1 wrote usually = ! sup]-civiliz$2 & 8 *>act]s %\ld be judg$ by diff]5t /&>ds ?an ! pirates ( ,treasure ,isl&1--a /ory :i* 0 writt5 = boys1 bo? "y & old4 ,"o read] may be bor$ by pirates1 ano!r by sup]-subtle cosmopolitans2 & ea* read] has ! privilege ( avoid+ ! society ( ! *>act]s t we>y him4 ,! ,univ]sal ,appeal ( ,great ,fictiti\s ,*>act]s4--,b ! v greate/ *>act]s ( fiction are wor? ev]ybody's :ile2 & surely ! ma/]s ne$ h felt no hesitancy 9 ask+ any "o to meet ,san*o ,panza1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,h5ry ,esmond1 ,jean ,valjean1 or ,t]5ce ,mulvaney4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ amaz+ ?+ ab\t a great fictiti\s figure is ! multitude ( v diff]5t p t ! "* is capable ( int]e/+4 ,_m times we will+ly abs5t ourselves f actual society to pass an ev5+ 9 ! company ( a fictiti\s p]sonage ( a class ) :i* we nev] associate 9 actual life4 ,p]haps 9 ! actual _w we w\ld nev] bo!r to conv]se ) illit]ate prov9cial p2 & yet we may n feel x a wa/e ( "t & en]gy to meet !m 9 ! pages ( ,middlem>*4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h always1 9 actual life1 avoid$ meet+ ! sort ( p t appe> 9 ,?ack]ay's ,vanity ,fair2 & yet ,i f9d x n only int]e/+ b pr(itable to associate ) !m ?r\gh ! entire ext5t ( a r l5g?y novel4 ,:y is x t a read]1 :o1 al?\gh he has cross$ ! ocean _m times1 has nev] c>$ to ent] ! eng9e-room ( a l9]1 is yet will+ en\gh to meet on intimate t]ms ,mr4 ,kipl+'s eng9e]1 ,mac ,&rew8 ,& :y is x t ladies :o1 9 actual society1 are fa/idi\s ( _! acqua9tance%ip1 %\ld yet associate ?r\gh\t a novel ) ! ,sapho ( ,daudet8 ,:at is ! reason :y ^! fictiti\s *>act]s %\ld seem1 = ne>ly e read]1 m wor? :ile ?an ! v same sort ( p 9 actual life8 ,typical ,traits4--,! reason is t great fictiti\s *>act]s are typical ( _! class1 to an ext5t r>ely to be notic$ 9 any actual memb] ( ! class !y typify4 ,!y conta9 multitudes1 to borr[ ,:itman's phrase4 ,all ideali/ic vision>ies are typifi$ 9 ,don ,quixote1 all mis]s 9 ,h>pagon1 all hypocrites 9 ,t>tufe1 all egoi/s 9 ,sir ,will\ghby ,patt]ne1 all clev]1 tricksy wom5 9 ,becky ,%>p1 all s5tim5tali/s 9 ,b>rie's ,tommy4 ,b ! av]age actual man is n ( suffici5t magnitude to conta9 a multitude ( o!rs2 he is comp>atively lack+ 9 typical traits2 he is n1 to su* a great ext5t1 illu/rative ( life1 because only 9 a small measure is he repres5tative ( 8 class4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 9 actual life1 c]ta9 p ( unusual magnitude :o ju/ify ,em]son's title ( ,repres5tative ,m54 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 = example1 is su* a man4 ,he is ! only actual p]son entirely typical ( eighte5?-c5tury ,am]ica2 & t is ! ma9 reason :y1 z an exhibition ( "*1 8 autobiography is j z pr(itable a book z ! ma/]-works ( fiction4 ,b m5 s repres5tative are r>e 9 actual life2 & ! *ief bus9ess ( fiction is !re=e to supply !m4 ,individual ,traits4--,x is ma9ly by supply+ ?is ne$ = repres5tative m5 & wom5 t ! noveli/ c make 8 *>act]s wor? ! :ile ( e read]4 ,b aft] he has made !m qu9tess5tial ( a class1 he mu/ be c>eful also to individualize !m4 ,unless he end[s !m ) c]ta9 p]sonal traits t di/+ui% !m f all o!r repres5tatives or memb]s ( _! class1 :e!r actual or fictiti\s1 he w fail to inve/ !m ) ! illusion ( reality4 ,e great "* ( fiction mu/ exhibit1 !re=e1 an intimate comb9ation ( typical & individual traits4 ,x is ?r\gh be+ typical t ! "* is true2 x is ?r\gh be+ individual t ! "* is conv9c+4 ,! ,defect ( ,allegory4--,! reason :y mo/ allegorical figures are ineffective is t1 al?\gh !y are typical1 !y are n at ! same "t individual4 ,!y are ab/ractly repres5tative ( a class2 b !y are n concretely di/+ui%able f o!r repres5tatives or memb]s ( ! class4 ,we "k !m1 !re=e1 n z p]sons b m]ely z ideas4 ,we feel v little human int]e/ n[adays 9 read+ ov] ! old morality plays1 ^: *>act]s are m]ely allegorical ab/ractions4 ,b 9 criticis+ !m we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 design$ n s mu* to be read z to be p]=m$ ^u ! /age2 & t ! actors :o repres5t$ _! ab/ract & m]ely typical *>act]s mu/ necess>ily h end[$ !m ) concret5ess & ) individuality4 ,?\gh a "* 9 "o ( ^! allegorical plays might be call$ ,ev]yman1 x 0 "o p>ticul> man :o walk$ & talk$ ^u ! bo>ds2 & he evok$ sympa?y n s mu* = ! type z = ! individual4 ,b allegory writt5 to be read is less likely to produce ! illusion ( reality2 & x is only :5 allegorical *>act]s are virtually conceiv$ z individuals1 in/ead ( m]e ab/ractions1 t !y t\* ! he>t4 ,*ri/ian1 9 ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 is s conceiv$4 ,he is entirely repres5tative ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,*ri/ianity2 9 a s5se he is all m5 ( ,bunyan's "t & ,bunyan's religion2 b he is also "o man & "o only1 & we c\ld nev] 9 our ?\ght confuse him ) any o!r "* 9 or out ( fiction4 ,! ,defect ( ,c>icature4--,b j z a "* may be ineffective ?r\gh be+ m]ely typical1 s also a "* may be unsignificant ?r\gh be+ m]ely individual4 ,! m9or figures 9 ,b5 ,jonson's ,com$ies ( ,hum\rs are m]e p]sonifications ( exagg]at$ individual traits4 ,!y are c>icatures r ?an *>act]s4 ,dick5s frequ5tly commits ! error ( exhibit+ figures devoid ( repres5tative traits4 ,tommy ,traddles is %>ply individualiz$ by ! fact t 8 hair is always /&+ on end2 b he exhibits no ess5tial tru? ( human nature4 ,b>kis1 :o is always will9'1 & ,micawb]1 :o is always wait+ = some?+ to turn up1 are emphatically di/+ui%$ f ev]ybody else 9 or out ( fiction2 b !y lack ! l>ge reality ( repres5tative *>act]s4 ,!y are individualities in/ead ( individuals4 ,!y d n exhibit an agglom]ation ( _m diff]5t b consi/5t traits r5d]$ unifi$ & s+le by a dom9ant & in=m+ *>act]i/ic1 su* z ambition 9 ,macbe?1 s5ility 9 ,le>1 or irresolut5ess 9 ,hamlet4 ,a great fictiti\s "* mu/ be at once g5]ic & specific2 x mu/ give concrete expression to an ab/ract idea2 x mu/ be an individualiz$ repres5tation ( ! typical qualities ( a class4 ,x is only figures ( ?is sort t are f9ally wor? :ile 9 fiction1--m wor? ! read]'s :ile ?an ! av]age actual man4 ,/atic & ,k9etic ,*>act]s4--,b !re is yet ano!r reason :y x is (t5 m valuable = ! read] to meet fictiti\s *>act]s ?an to meet p ( ! same class 9 actual life2 & ?is reason is t dur+ ! day or two x takes to read a novel he may review ! mo/ significant ev5ts ( _m ye>s1 & ?us get to "k a fictiti\s "* m completely 9 a brief space ( "t ?an he c\ld get to "k him1 if ! "* 7 actual1 9 sev]al ye>s ( cont9u\s acqua9tance%ip4 ,we meet two sorts ( *>act]s 9 ! pages ( ! noveli/s1--*>act]s :i* may be call$ /atic1 & *>act]s :i* may be call$ k9etic4 ,! fir/ rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! /ory3 ! second gr[ up or d[n1 z ! case may be1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( circum/ances1 ( _! own wills1 or ( ! wills ( o!r p4 ,! recurr5t *>act]s ( ,mr4 ,kipl+'s e>ly tales1 su* z ,mrs4 ,hauksbee1 ,/rickl&1 ,mulvaney1 ,or!ris1 & ,le>oyd1 are /atic figures4 ,al?\gh !y d diff]5t ?+s 9 diff]5t /ories1 _! *>act]s rema9 always ! same4 ,b ,don ,quixote & ,san*o ,panza are k9etic figures2 !y gr[ & *ange ?r\gh\t ! novel2 !y are1 ea* 9 8 own way1 bigg] & wis] p :5 we leave !m ?an !y 7 :5 fir/ we met !m4 ,to %[ a "* develop+ "u /ress or rip5+ easily b5ea? b5efic5t influ5ces is "o ( ! greate/ possibilities ( fiction4 ,& to exhibit ! gradual dis9tegration ( a "*1 z ,george ,eliot does 9 ! case ( ,tito ,melema1 is to tea* u m ( ! trag$y ( life ?an we might le>n 9 _m ye>s ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,direct & ,indirect ,del9eation4--,only aft] ! process ( creation is complet$1 & a "* /&s liv+ 9 ! m9d ( ! noveli/1 ne$ he consid] ! v>i\s te*nical exp$i5ts :i* may be employ$ to make ! read] consci\s ( ! "* z a p]sonal pres5ce4 ,^! te*nical exp$i5ts are _m2 b !y may all be gr\p$ z phases ( "o or ! o!r ( two contra/$ me?ods ( del9eat+ "*1 :i* may be call$1 = conv5i5ce1 direct & indirect4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ me?od1 traits ( "* are convey$ directly to ! read] ?r\gh "s sort ( /atem5t by ! writ] ( ! /ory3 accord+ to ! second me?od1 *>act]i/ics are convey$ indirectly to ! read] ?r\gh a necess>y inf]5ce1 on 8 "p1 f ! n>rative itself4 ,9 employ+ ! fir/1 or direct1 me?od1 ! au?or 7ei!r 9 8 own p]son or 9 t ( "s "* :i* he assumes7 /&s betwe5 ! read] & ! "* he is portray+1 9 ! attitude1 m or less frankly confess$1 ( %[man or expositor4 ,9 employ+ ! second1 or indirect1 me?od1 ! au?or seeks to oblit]ate himself z mu* z possible f ! read]'s consci\sness2 & hav+ br\ght ! read] face to face ) ! "* he desires to portray1 leaves ! read] to make 8 own acqua9tance ) ! "*4 ,! indirect me?od is ( c\rse m difficult1 &1 :5 successfully employ$1 is m arti/ic1 ?an ! direct me?od4 ,b seldom is ei!r us$ to ! exclusion ( ! o!r2 & x w\ld be possible to illu/rate by successive quotations f any fir/-rate novel1 l ,! ,egoi/ = example1 h[ ! same *>act]i/ics are portray$ fir/ by ! "o & !n by ! o!r me?od4 ,subdivisions ( ,bo? ,me?ods4--,ea* ( ! two me?ods %[s itself 9 _m diff]5t phases4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct ways ( del9eat+ "* directly1 & also sev]al di/9ct means ( indirect del9eation4 ,x is p]haps s]viceable = ! purposes ( /udy to di/+ui% !m some:at %>ply "o f ano!r2 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! ma/]s ( fiction usually employ a comm+l+ ( !m all1 )\t consci\s aw>5ess ( any critical di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,be>+ ?is ev] 9 m9d1 let u v5ture on a critical exam9ation ( "s ( ! mo/ frequ5tly recurr5t phases1 fir/1 ( ! direct1 & secondly1 ( ! indirect1 me?od4 ,i4 ,direct ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,exposition4--,! mo/ obvi\s1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ elem5t>y1 means ( direct portrayal is by a delib]ate expository /atem5t ( ! lead+ traits ( ! "* to be portray$4 ,?us1 at ! outset ( ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ! au?or1 writ+ 9 ! p]son ( ! ,vic>1 ?us exp\nds ! traits ( ,mrs4 ,primrose3-- ,i 0 ev] ( op9ion1 t ! hone/ man :o m>ri$ & br\ght up a l>ge family1 did m s]vice ?an he :o cont9u$ s+le1 & only talk$ ( population4 ,f ?is motive1 ,i _h sc>ce tak5 ord]s a ye> be=e ,i began to ?9k s]i\sly ( matrimony1 & *ose my wife z %e did h] w$d+-g[n1 n = a f9e glossy surface1 b su* qualities z w\ld we> well4 ,to d h] ju/ice1 %e 0 a good-natur$ notable woman2 & z = bre$+1 !re 7 few c\ntry ladies :o c\ld %[ m4 ,%e c\ld read any ,engli% book )\t mu* spell+2 b = pickl+1 pres]v+1 & cook]y1 none c\ld excel h]4 ,%e prid$ h]self also ^u be+ an excell5t contriv] 9 h\sekeep+2 ?\gh ,i c\ld nev] f9d t we grew ri*] ) all h] contrivances4 ,?is elem5t>y means ( portrayal has ! obvi\s advantage ( succ9ctness4 ,! read] is told at once1 & ) a fair measure ( complet5ess1 :at he is to ?9k ab\t ! "* 9 "q4 ,= ?is reason ! exp$i5t is highly s]viceable at ! outset ( a /ory4 ,s excell5t an arti/ z ,/ev5son1 9 ! ,new ,arabian ,nights1 began ea* tale 9 ! collection ) a p>agraph 9 :i* he exp\nd$ ! ma9 traits ( ! lead+ "*4 ,b ! exp$i5t has also sev]al disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 be+ expository1 x is n n>rative 9 mood2 x savors ( ! essay r ?an ! /ory2 & if x be us$ n at ! outset b dur+ ! c\rse ( a n>rative1 x halts ! progress ( ! action4 ,9 ! second place1 x is ab/ract r ?an concrete2 x does n br+ ! read] into ! pres5ce ( a "*1 b m]ely into ! pres5ce ( an explanation2 & x leaves ! read] 9 an attitude exactly l t :i* he holds t[>d c]ta9 actual p1 conc]n+ :om he has be5 told a great deal by _! fri5ds1 b :om he has nev] met himself4 ,! :ole fir/ *apt] ( ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield is a s]ies ( little essays on ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,primrose family4 ,no?+ happ5s 9 ! *apt]2 ! *>act]s nev] /ep bodily into view2 & we feel at ! end t we h he>d a great deal ( talk ab\t p :om we %\ld l to meet b :om z yet we h n se54 #b4 ,by ,description4--,x is !re=e 9 c]ta9 ways m satisfactory to portray "* directly ?r\gh a descriptive1 r ?an an expository1 /atem5t4 ,?us1 9 ! second *apt] ( ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit1 we are told ( ,mr4 ,pecksniff3-- ,8 v ?roat 0 moral4 ,y saw a good deal ( x4 ,y look$ ov] a v l[ f5ce ( :ite cravat 7:]e( no man _h ev] beheld ! tie1 = he fa/5$ x beh9d71 & !re x lay1 a valley betwe5 two jutt+ heights ( coll>1 s]5e & :isk]less be=e y4 ,x seem$ to say1 on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 ',!re is no deception1 ladies & g5tlem51 all is peace1 a holy calm p]vades me4' ,s did 8 hair1 j grizzl$ ) an iron-gray1 :i* 0 all bru%$ (f 8 =ehead1 & /ood bolt upright1 or slightly droop$ 9 k9dr$ action ) 8 heavy eyelids4 ,s did 8 p]son1 :i* 0 sleek ?\gh free f corpul5cy4 ,s did 8 mann]1 :i* 0 s(t & oily4 ,9 a ^w1 ev5 8 pla9 black suit1 & /ate ( wid[]1 & dangl+ d\ble eye-glass1 all t5d$ to ! same purpose1 & cri$ al\d1 ',behold ! moral ,pecksniff6' ,?is /atem5t1 be+ 9 ! ma9 concretely descriptive r ?an ab/ractly expository1 br+s u face to face ) ! "* at ! same "t t x tells u :at to ?9k ( him4 ,& :]eas we feel t we h m]ely he>d ab\t ,mrs4 ,primrose1 we feel t we h really se5 ,mr4 ,pecksniff4 ,gradual ,portrayal4--,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 at ! introduction ( a "*1 to furni% ! read] ) an elaborate set portrayal1 p>tly expository & p>tly descriptive1 ( ! traits & features ( ! "*2 & to all[ ?is initial direct /atem5t to d duty ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! novel4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is (f-h& exp$i5t is t ! read] inevitably =gets ! set /atem5t ( ! au?or be=e ! n>rative has v f> progress$4 ,x is !re=e m effective to make a direct portrayal ( "*1 :e!r expository or descriptive1 little by little r ?an all 9 a lump2 & to pres5t at any "o "t to ! read] only su* traits or features z he ne$s to be rem9d$ ( 9 ord] to appreciate ! sc5e be=e him4 ,?us1 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ma/]piece1 call$ ,!y1 we cat* ?is initial glimpse ( ,miss ,flor5ce3-- ,! g>d5 door--heavy oak sunk deep 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall--op5$ fur!r3 a woman 9 a big g>d5 hat set h] foot sl[ly on ! "t-holl[$ /one /ep & z sl[ly walk$ across ! turf4 ,i 0 =m+ "s apology :5 %e lift$ up h] head & ,i saw t %e 0 bl9d4 ',i he>d y1' %e said4 ',isn't t a motor c>8' ,& x is only aft] five pages ( n>rative t ! writ] deems x ! prop] "t to add3-- ,%e /ood look+ at me ) op5 blue eyes 9 :i* no sight lay1 & ,i saw = ! fir/ "t t %e 0 beautiful4 #c4 ,by ,psy*ological ,analysis4--,! po9t t a direct /atem5t ( *>act]i/ics %\ld pref]ably be deliv]$ to ! read] little by little r ?an all 9 a lump is p>ticul>ly pat5t :5 ! /atem5t is n ext]nal & objective l ^? already quot$1 b int]nal & subjective4 ,9 a c]ta9 type ( fiction1 :i* is commonly call$ ! psy*ological novel1 ! usual exp$i5t = del9eat+ "* is a /atem5t p>tly n>rative & p>tly expository ( :at is tak+ place )9 ! m9d ( ! fictiti\s p]son1 bas$ ^u an analysis ( 8 ?\ghts & 8 emotions1 at important mom5ts ( ! /ory4 ,?is exp$i5t ( portray+ "* by m5tal analysis is ,george ,eliot's favorite te*nical device4 ,"h is a typical passage1 f ,! ,mill on ! ,floss1 ,*apt] ,v3-- ,maggie soon ?\ght %e _h be5 h\rs 9 ! attic1 & x mu/ be tea-"t1 & !y 7 all hav+ _! tea1 & n ?9k+ ( h]4 ,well1 !n1 %e w\ld /ay up !re & />ve h]self--hide h]self beh9d ! tub1 & /ay !re all night2 & !n !y w\ld all be fright5$1 & ,tom w\ld be sorry4 ,?us ,maggie ?\ght 9 ! pride ( h] he>t1 z %e crept beh9d ! tub2 b pres5tly %e began to cry aga9 at ! idea t !y didn't m9d h] be+ !re4 ,if %e w5t d[n aga9 to ,tom n[--w\ld he =give h]8--p]haps h] fa!r w\ld be !re1 & he w\ld take h] "p4 ,b !n %e want$ ,tom to =give h] because he lov$ h]1 n because 8 fa!r told him4 ,no1 %e w\ld nev] g d[n if ,tom didn't come to fet* h]4 ,?is resolution la/$ 9 great int5sity = five d>k m9utes beh9d ! tub2 b !n ! ne$ ( be+ lov$1 ! /ronge/ ne$ 9 poor ,maggie's nature1 began to wre/le ) h] pride1 & soon ?rew x4 ,%e crept f beh9d h] tub into ! twilight ( ! long attic1 b j !n %e he>d a quick foot/ep on ! /airs4 ,tom _h be5 too mu* int]e/$ 9 8 talk ) ,luke1 9 go+ ! r\nd ( ! premises1 walk+ 9 & out :]e he pleas$1 & :ittl+ /icks )\t any p>ticul> reason1 except t he didn't :ittle /icks at s*ool1 to ?9k ( ,maggie1 & ! effect 8 ang] _h produc$ on h]4 ,he meant to puni% h]1 & t bus9ess hav+ be5 p]=m$1 he occupi$ himself ) o!r matt]s1 l a practical p]son4-- ,& s on4 ,x is only aft] f\r hundr$ words m ( ?is sort ( analysis t ! au?or tells u3 ,x 0 ,tom's /ep1 !n1 t ,maggie he>d on ! /airs4 ,?is is ,george ,eliot's way ( portray+ ! *>act]s ( two *ildr5 :o h qu>rel$4 ,mu* is to be said 9 favor ( ?is exp$i5t ( depict+ "* by analysis4 ,x is ! only means by :i* ! read] may be in=m$ directly ( ^? ?\ghts & emotions ( a "* :i* are ! ma9spr+s ( 8 acts4 ,& s9ce we _c feel t we "k a p]son intimately unless we und]/& ! work+s ( 8 m9d at *>act]i/ic mom5ts1 we d]ive a great advantage f ?is imm$iate pres5tation ( 8 m5tal processes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! use ( ! exp$i5t de/roys ! v desirable illusion t ! read] is an obs]v] actually look+ at ! action1 s9ce ! details depict$ d n happ5 to ! eye b r to ! analytic und]/&+4 ,! exp$i5t has ! disadvantages ( be+ exce$+ly ab/ract1 & ( halt+ happ5+s :ile ! au?or tells u :y !y happ5$4 ,x is c]ta9ly un=tunate1 = in/ance1 t x %\ld take ,tom a :ole long page to get to ,maggie aft] %e has he>d 8 quick foot/ep on ! /airs4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is exp$i5t t5ds to de/roy ! illusion ( reality by =c+ ! read] into a m5tal attitude :i* he seldom assumes 9 look+ on at actual life4 ,dur+ actual occurr5ces p almo/ nev] pause to analyze ea* o!r & seldom ev5 analyze !mselves4 ,!y act1 & wat* o!r p act1 )\t a microscopic insight into motives4 ,& surely ! purpose ( n>rative %\ld be to repres5t ev5ts z !y seem to occur 9 actuality1 r ?an to pres5t a diss]tation on _! causes 9 ! mann] ( an essay4 ,an important po9t1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,ev5ts are ( two k9ds1 ext]nal & int]nal2 ?+s happ5 subjectively z well z objectively3 & 9 repres5t+ ! sort ( occurr5ce :i* takes place only inside a p]son's m9d1 ! exp$i5t ( analysis is by f> ! mo/ s]viceable means ( mak+ cle> ! elem5ts ( "* t contribute to x4 ,b if ! same exp$i5t be employ$ habitually 9 ! depiction ( ext]nal ev5ts z well1 x is likely to give ! impression ( unw>rantable vivisection4 ,!re is a c]ta9 falsity ( mood 9 giv+ an objective ev5t a subjective r5d]+4 #d4 ,by ,reports f ,o!r ,*>act]s4--,:51 !re=e1 x is desir$ to depict a "* by direct comm5t on 8 actions or 8 p]sonality1 !re is a great advantage 9 all[+ ! comm5t to be made by "o ( ! o!r *>act]s 9 ! /ory1 in/ead ( by ! au?or himself 9 an attitude ( assum$ omnisci5ce4 ,jane ,au/5 deftly exhibits ?is subtl] phase ( ! exp$i5t 9 _m admirable passages4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii ( ,emma1 ,mrs4 ,elton ?us *att]s to ,emma ,woodh\se3-- ',jane ,fairfax is absolutely *>m+1 ,miss ,woodh\se4 ,i q rave ab\t ,jane ,fairfax--a sweet1 int]e/+ creature4 ,s mild & lady-l--& ) su* tal5ts6 ,i assure y ,i ?9k %e has v extraord9>y tal5ts4 ,i d n scruple to say t %e plays extremely well4 ,i "k en\gh ( music to speak decid$ly on t po9t4 ,oh6 %e is absolutely *>m+6 ,y w laugh at my w>m?--b ^u my ^w1 ,i talk ( no?+ b ,jane ,fairfax4' ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxi ! same "* has be5 ?us comm5t$ on by ,emma ,woodh\se & ,mr4 ,knightley4 ,emma speaks fir/3-- ',miss ,fairfax is res]v$4' ',i always told y %e 0--a little2 b y w soon ov]come all t "p ( h] res]ve :i* ought to be ov]come1 all t has its f\ndation 9 diffid5ce4 ,:at arises f discretion mu/ be honor$4' ',y ?9k h] diffid5t4 ,i d n see x4' ,^! passages n only s]ve to portray1 m or less directly1 ! p]sonality ( ,jane ,fairfax1 b s]ve also at ! same "t to portray indirectly ! p]sonalities ( ! p :o are talk+ ab\t h]4 ,mrs4 ,elton1 9 p>ticul>1 is v cle>ly exhibit$4 ,& ?is po9t leads u to an exam9ation ( "o ( ! mo/ effective means ( indirect del9eation4 ,,ii4 ,indirect ,del9eation3 #a4 ,by ,spee*4--,if ! m]e spee* ( a fictiti\s figure be report$ ) suffici5t fidelity to tru?1 x is possible to convey ?r\gh ?is exp$i5t alone a v vivid s5se ( "*4 ,consid] ! foll[+ bits ( talk3-- ',y're n a gun-%>p8 ,i am sorry4 ,i c\ld h surpris$ y4 ,ap>t f my gun1 my tale don't am\nt to mu* ( any?+4 ,i ?ank y1 b ,i don't use any tobacco y'd be likely to c>ry4444 ,bull ,durham8 ,bull ,durham6 ,i take x all back--e la/ ^w4 ,bull ,durham--"h6 ,if ev] y /rike ,akron1 ,ohio1 :5 ?is fool-w>'s ov]1 rememb] y've ,laughton ,o4 ,zigl] 9 y\r ve/ pocket4 ,includ+ ! city ( ,akron4 ,we've a little club !re4444 ,hell6 ,:at's ! s5se ( talk+ ,akron ) no pants8' ',did ,i talk8 ,i despise exagg]ation--ta9't ,am]ican or sci5tific--b z true z ,i'm sitt+ "h l a blue-end$ baboon 9 a klo(1 ,t$dy ,roosevelt's ,we/]n t\r 0 a maid5's sigh comp>$ to my adv]tis+ "w4' ',b ! g5]al 0 ! pea*4 ,i presume y're acqua9t$ ) ! av]age run ( ,briti% g5]als1 b ?is 0 my fir/4 ,i sat on 8 left h&1 & he talk$ l--l ! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal4 ,j'ev] read t pap]8 ,x's ref9$1 ,sir--& innocu\s1 & full ( nickel-plat$ s5tim5ts gu>ante$ to improve ! m9d4 ,he 0 x4 ,he began by a ,lydia ,p9kham he>t-to-he>t talk ab\t my heal?1 & hop$ ! boys _h done me well1 & t ,i 0 enjoy+ my /ay 9 _! mid/4' ,^! passages are tak5 f ,mr4 ,kipl+'s /ory call$ ,! ,captive4 ,! action is laid dur+ ! ,s\?-,african w>4 ,is x necess>y to add t ! speak] is an ,am]ican gun-inv5tor :o has f\ght ^u ! ,bo] side & has be5 captur$ by ! ,briti%8 ,"o po9t mu/ be consid]$ c>efully4 ,! art ( ^! passages lies ma9ly 9 ! fact t we le>n m ab\t ,zigl] indirectly1 f 8 mann] ( talk+1 ?an directly1 f ! ?+s :i* he tells u ( himself4 ,8 /atem5t t he comes f ,akron1 ,ohio1 is less sugge/ive ?an 8 fondness = ,bull ,durham4 ,any direct /atem5t made by a "* conc]n+ himself is ( no m arti/ic value ?an if x 7 made ab\t him by ! au?or1 unless 8 mann] ( mak+ x gives at ! same "t an indirect evid5ce ( 8 nature4 ,! subtle/ phase ( indirect del9eation ?r\gh spee* is a conveyance to ! read]1 ?r\gh a "*'s rem>ks ab\t himself1 ( a s5se ( him diff]5t f t :i* 8 /atem5t lit]ally expresses4 ,sir ,will\ghby ,patt]ne1 9 ,! ,egoi/1 talks ab\t himself frequ5tly & 9 detail2 b ! read] soon le>ns f ! tone & mann] ( 8 utt]ance to disc\nt ! high e/eem 9 :i* he holds himself4 ,by say+ "o ?+ directly1 ! egoi/ conveys ano!r & a diff]5t ?+ indirectly to ! read]4 #b4 ,by ,action4--,b 9 fiction1 z 9 life1 actions speak l\d] ?an words3 & ! mo/ conv9c+ way ( del9eat+ "* indirectly is by exhibit+ a p]son 9 ! p]=mance ( a *>act]i/ic action4 ,if ! action be visualiz$ ) suffici5t cle>ness & if its dom9ant details be pres5t$ to ! read] ) adequate emphasis1 a m vivid impression ( "* w be convey$ ?an ?r\gh any sort ( direct /atem5t by ! au?or4 ,z an in/ance ( *>act]ization ?r\gh action only1 )\t comm5t or direct portrayal1 let u consid] ! foll[+ passage f ! duel sc5e ( ,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae4 ,two bro!rs1 ,mr4 ,h5ry & ! ,ma/]1 hate ea* o!r2 !y fall to alt]cation ov] a game ( c>ds2 & ! sc5e is n>rat$ by ,mackell>1 a s]vant ( ,mr4 ,h5ry's3-- ,mr4 ,h5ry laid d[n 8 c>ds4 ,he rose to 8 feet v s(tly1 & seem$ all ! :ile l a p]son 9 deep ?\ght4 ',y c[>d6' he said g5tly1 z if to himself4 ,& !n1 ) nei!r hurry nor any p>ticul> viol5ce1 he /ruck ! ,ma/] 9 ! m\?4 ,! ,ma/] sprang to 8 feet l "o transfigur$2 ,i _h nev] se5 ! man s beautiful4 ',a bl[6' he cri$4 ',i w\ld n take a bl[ f ,god ,almighty4' ',l[] y\r voice1' said ,mr4 ,h5ry4 ',d y wi% my fa!r to int]f]e = y aga98' ',g5tlem51 g5tlem54' ,i cri$1 & s\ght to come betwe5 !m4 ,! ,ma/] caught me by ! %\ld]1 held me at arm's l5g?1 & /ill address+ 8 bro!r3 ',d y "k :at ?is means8' said he4 ',x 0 ! mo/ delib]ate act ( my life1' says ,mr4 ,h5ry4 ',i mu/ h blood1 ,i mu/ h blood = ?is1' says ! ,ma/]4 ',please ,god x %all be y\rs1' said ,mr4 ,h5ry2 & he w5t to ! wall & took d[n a pair ( swords t hung !re ) o!rs1 nak$4 ,^! he pres5t$ to ! ,ma/] by ! po9ts4 ',mackell> %all see u play fair1' said ,mr4 ,h5ry4 ',i ?9k x v ne$ful4' ',y ne$ insult me no m1' said ! ,ma/]1 tak+ "o ( ! swords at r&om4 ',i h hat$ y all my life4' ',my fa!r is b newly gone to b$1' said ,mr4 ,h5ry4 ',we mu/ g some:]e =? ( ! h\se4' ',!re is an excell5t place 9 ! long %rubb]y1' said ! ,ma/]4 ',g5tlem51' said ,i1 '%ame ^u y bo?6 ,sons ( ! same "m1 w\ld y turn aga9/ ! life %e gave y8' ',ev5 s1 ,mackell>1' said ,mr4 ,h5ry1 ) ! same p]fect quietude ( mann] he _h %[n ?r\gh\t4 ,x is n necess>y = ,mackell> to tell u t1 :]eas ,mr4 ,h5ry is phlegmatic & delib]ate1 ! ,ma/] is impulsive & m]curial4 ,x is n necess>y = him to attempt analysis ( ! emotions & ?\ghts ( ! lead+ *>act]s1 s9ce ^! are suffici5tly evid5t f :at !y d & say4 ,! action happ5s to ! eye & e>1 )\t ! int]pretation ( an analytic intellect2 b ! read] is made actually pres5t at ! sc5e1 & c see & judge x = himself4 ,! me?od is absolutely n>rative & n at all expository1--entirely objective & concrete4 ,surely ?is is ! mo/ arti/ic means ( portray+ ^? elem5ts ( "* :i* contribute to ext]nal1 or objective1 ev5ts3 & ev5 :at happ5s inside ! m9d ( a "* may (t5 be m poignantly sugge/$ by a concrete acc\nt ( h[ he looks & :at he does ?an by an ab/ract analytic /atem5t ( ! movem5ts ( 8 m9d4 ,:5 ,hepzibah ,pyn*eon op5s h] %op 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables1 h] /ate ( feel+ is indicat$ indirectly1 by :at %e does & h[ %e does x4 #c4 ,by ,effect on ,o!r ,*>act]s4--,p]haps ! mo/ delicate means ( indirect del9eation is to sugge/ ! p]sonality ( "o "* by exhibit+ 8 effect ^u c]ta9 o!r p 9 ! /ory4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,iliad1 !re is a tempor>y truce ^u ! pla9s ( ,troy2 & c]ta9 eld]s ( ! city look =? f ! t[] ( ! ,scan gates & m$itate ^u ! t5 long ye>s ( conflict & ( c>nage dur+ :i* s _m ( _! sons h di$4 ,t[>d !m walks ! :ite-arm$ ,hel51 rob$ & veil$ 9 :ite2 & :5 !y m>k h] approa*1 !y say to ea* o!r 7old & wise & we>y ) sorr[s ?\gh !y be73-- ',small blame is !irs1 if bo? ! ,trojan knights ,& braz5-mail$ ,a*aians h endur$ ,s long s _m evils = ! sake ,( t "o woman4' --7,bryant's ,v]sion47 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance 9 mod]n lit]ature ( ! use ( ?is exp$i5t is ,mr4 ,kipl+'s tale ( ,mrs4 ,ba?ur/4 ,! /ory is all ab\t ! woman f :om x takes its title2 b %e nev] = a mom5t appe>s ^u ! sc5e ( action1 & is portray$ entirely ?r\gh h] effect ^u sev]al diff]5t m54 ,"h is a bit ( conv]sation conc]n+ h]4 ,note h] effect ^u ! humor\s & n especially s5sitive ,pyecr(t4-- ,said ,pyecr(t sudd5ly3-- ',h[ _m wom5 h y be5 intimate ) all ov] ! _w1 ,prit*8' ,prit*>d blu%$ plum color to ! %ort hairs ( 8 sev5te5-in* neck4 '',undr$s1' said ,pyecr(t4 ',s've ,i4 ,h[ _m ( 'em c y rememb] 9 y\r own m9d1 sett9' aside ! fir/--an' p]'aps ! la/--& "o m8' ',few1 wond]ful few1 n[ ,i tax myself1' said ,s]geant ,prit*>d1 reliev$ly4 ',an' h[ _m times might y 'ave be5 at ,aukl&8' ',"o--two1' he began4 ',:y1 ,i c't make x m ?an ?ree times 9 t5 ye>s4 ,b ,i c rememb] e "t t ,i ev] saw ,mrs4 ,b4' ',s c ,i--an' ,i've only be5 to ,aukl& twice--h[ %e /ood an' :at %e 0 say9' an' :at %e look$ l4 ,t's ! secret4 ',tisn't beauty1 s to speak1 nor good talk necess>ily4 ,x's j ,x4 ,"s wom5'll /ay 9 a man's memory if !y once walk$ d[n a /reet1 b mo/ ( 'em y c live ) a mon? on end1 an' next commission y'd be put to x to c]tify :e!r !y talk$ 9 _! sleep or n1 z "o might say4' #d4 ,by ,environm5t4--,ano!r v delicate exp$i5t is to sugge/ a "* ?r\gh a c>eful pres5tation ( 8 habitual environm5t4 ,we le>n a great deal ab\t ,rod]ick ,u%] f ! melan*oly aspect ( 8 ,h\se4 ,x is possible to describe a liv+-room 9 su* a way z to convey a v def9ite s5se ( its occupant be=e he ent]s x4 ,notice1 = example1 h[ mu* we le>n ab\t ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,b(f9 7especially ! latt]7 f ?is descriptive passage ( ,*apt] ,v ( ,our ,mutual ,fri5d4 ,silas ,wegg has come to fulfill 8 engagem5t to read al\d to !m ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire3-- ,x 0 ! que]e/ ( rooms1 fitt$ & furni%$ m l a luxuri\s amateur tap-room ?an any?+ else )9 ! k5 ( ,silas ,wegg4 ,!re 7 two wood5 settles by ! fire1 "o on ei!r side ( x1 ) a correspond+ table be=e ea*4 ,on "o ( ^! tables ! eight volumes 7 rang$ flat1 9 a r[ l a galvanic batt]y2 on ! o!r1 c]ta9 squat case-bottles ( invit+ appe>ance seem$ to /& on tiptoe to ex*ange glances ) ,mr4 ,wegg ov] a front r[ ( tumbl]s & a bas9 ( :ite sug>4 ,on ! hob1 a kettle /eam$2 on1 ! he>?1 a cat repos$4 ,fac+ ! fire betwe5 ! settles1 a s(a1 a foot/ool1 & a little table =m$ a c5trepiece devot$ to ,mrs4 ,b(f94 ,!y 7 g>i% 9 ta/e & color1 b 7 exp5sive articles ( draw+-room furniture t _h a v odd look beside ! settles & ! fl>+ gaslight p5dant f ! ceil+4 ,!re 0 a fl[]y c>pet on ! floor2 b1 in/ead ( rea*+ to ! fireside1 its gl[+ vegetation /opp$ %ort at ,mrs4 ,b(f9's foot/ool1 & gave place to a region ( s& & sawdu/4 ,mr4 ,wegg also notic$1 ) admir+ eyes1 t1 :ile ! fl[]y l& display$ su* holl[ ornam5tation z /uff$ birds1 & wax5 fruits "u glass %ades1 !re 71 9 ! t]ritory :]e vegetation ceas$1 comp5satory %elves on :i* ! be/ "p ( a l>ge pie & likewise ( a cold jo9t 7 pla9ly disc]nible among o!r solids4 ,! room itself 0 l>ge1 ?\gh l[2 & ! heavy frames ( its old-fa%ion$ w9d[s1 & ! heavy beams 9 its crook$ ceil+1 seem$ to indicate t x _h once be5 a h\se ( "s m>k /&+ alone 9 ! c\ntry4 ,nei!r ,b(f9 nor ,mrs4 ,b(f9 appe>s 9 ?is descriptive p>agraph2 yet _m ( ! idiosyncrasies ( ea* are sugge/$ by ! conglom]ation ( que] belong+s t !y h ga!r$ r\nd !m4 ,! /ud5t ( ! art ( fiction may f9d pr(itable ex]cise 9 practis+ sep>ately ! v>i\s means ( portray+ "* :i* h be5 illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt]2 b1 z 0 /at$ at ! outset1 he %\ld always rememb] t ^! means are seldom us$ by ! great arti/s s+ly1 b are g5]ally employ$ to complem5t ea* o!r 9 contribut+ to a c5tral impression4 ,! "* ( ,becky ,%>p1 = in/ance1 is del9eat$ indirectly ?r\gh h] spee*1 h] actions1 h] environm5t1 & h] effect on o!r p1 & at ! same "t is del9eat$ directly ?r\gh comm5ts made ^u h] by ! au?or & by o!r figures 9 ! /ory1 ?r\gh analysis ( h] ?\ghts & h] emotions1 ?r\gh expository /atem5ts ( h] traits1 & ?r\gh occasional descriptions ( h]4 ,9 all ( ^! ways does ,?ack]ay ex]t himself to give ! _w assurance ( a woman4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be extremely difficult to imag9e ,becky ,%>p divorc$ f h] environm5t ( ,london high society4 ,%e is a "p ( h] sett+1 & h] sett+ is a "p ( h]4 ,we h j notic$1 9 ! case ( t que] room ( ! ,b(f9s'1 h[ ! m]e repres5tation ( sett+ may contribute to ! del9eation ( "*4 ,b sett+ is important 9 _m o!r ways2 & x is to a special consid]ation ( t elem5t ( n>rative t we mu/ next turn our att5tion4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at comb9ation ( traits makes a "* wor? kn[+8 #b4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! me?od ( allegory & ! me?od ( c>icature4 #c4 ,imag9e a fictiti\s p]son2 &1 aft] y h become suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ?is imag9>y "*1 write eight di/9ct !mes1 9 ea* ( :i* ! selfsame figure is project$ 9 accordance ) a diff]5t me?od ( del9eation3--#a4 ,by ,exposition1 #b4 ,by ,description1 #c4 ,by ,psy*ological ,analysis1 #d4 ,by ,reports f ,o!r ,*>act]s1 #e4 ,by ,spee*1 #f4 ,by ,action1 #g4 ,by ,effect on ,o!r ,*>act]s1 & #h4 ,by ,environm5t4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,bliss ,,p]ry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction--,*apt] ,v1 on ,! ,*>act]s4 ,read at great] l5g? ^? passages ( fam\s fiction f :i* h be5 select$ ! illu/rative quotations cit$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,sett+ ,evolution ( ,backgr\nd 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+--,! ,fir/ ,/age--,! ,second ,/age--,! ,?ird ,/age--,simil> ,evolution ( ,sett+ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,fiction3 ,! ,fir/ ,/age--,! ,second ,/age--,! ,?ird ,/age3 #a4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,action--#b4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,*>act]ization--,emotional ,h>mony 9 ,sett+--,! ,pa!tic ,fallacy--,emotional ,contra/ 9 ,sett+--,irony 9 ,sett+--,arti/ic & ,philosophical ,employm5t--#a4 ,sett+ z a ,motive t[>d ,action--#b4 ,sett+ z an ,influ5ce on ,"*--,sett+ z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative--,uses ( ! ,wea!r--,romantic & ,reali/ic ,sett+s--,a ,romantic ,sett+ by ,edg> ,allan ,poe--,a ,reali/ic ,sett+ by ,george ,eliot--,! ,quality ( ,atmosph]e1 or ,local ,color--,recapitulation4 ,evolution ( ,backgr\nd 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+3 ,! ,fir/ ,/age4--,9 ! hi/ory ( figure pa9t+ x is int]e/+ to /udy ! evolution ( ! elem5t ( backgr\nd4 ,?is elem5t is non-exi/5t 9 ! e>lie/ examples ( pictorial art4 ,! figures 9 ,pompeiian frescoes are limn$ ^u a blank bright wall1 mo/ frequ5tly deep r$ 9 color4 ,! fa!r ( ,italian pa9t+1 ,cimabue1 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! ,byzant9e mosaci/s1 ^: "w he _h d\btless /udi$ at ,rav5na1 drew 8 figures aga9/ a backgr\nd devoid ( di/ance & p]spective & detail2 & ev5 9 ! "w ( 8 great] & m natural pupil1 ,giotto1 ! elem5t ( backgr\nd rema9s comp>atively insignificant4 ,:at int]e/s u 9 ,giotto's "w at ,padua & ,assisi is fir/ ( all ! /ory t he has to tell1 & secondly ! human quality ( ! *>act]s t he exhibits4 ,8 s5se ( sett+ is extremely slight2 & ! homely details t he pres5ts = ! purpose ( sugge/+ ! "t & place & circum/ances ( 8 action are v crudely depict$4 ,8 frescoes are all =egr\nd4 ,x is ! figures 9 ! =efront ( 8 pictures t arre/ our eye4 ,8 build+s & 8 l&scapes are conv5tionaliz$ out ( any real ref]5ce to 8 p4 ,^! are examples ( ! fir/ /age ( evolution--! /age 9 :i* ! elem5t ( backgr\nd be>s no significant relation to ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! picture4 ,! ,second ,/age4--,9 ! second /age1 ! backgr\nd is br\ght into an arti/ic1 or decorative1 relation ) ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,?is phase is exhibit$ by ,italian pa9t+ at its p]iod ( maturity4 ,! great ,flor5t9es drew _! figures aga9/ a backgr\nd ( decorative l9e1 ! great ,v5etians aga9/ a backgr\nd ( decorative color4 ,b ev5 9 ! "w ( ! greate/ ( !m ! backgr\nd exi/s usually to fulfil a purpose m]ely decorative1 a purpose ) imm$iate ref]5ce to art b )\t imm$iate ref]5ce to life4 ,!re is no real reason1 ) ref]5ce to life itself1 :y ! ,mona ,lisa ( ,leon>do %\ld smile inscrutably ^u u be=e a backgr\nd ( jagg$ rocks & cl\dy sky2 & ! curta9s 9 ,raphael's ,si/9e ,madonna are introduc$ m]ely z a detail ( composition1 & are n int5d$ z a lit]al /atem5t t curta9s hung ^u a rod exi/ 9 heav54 ,! ,?ird ,/age4--,9 ! ?ird /age1 :i* is exhibit$ by lat] pa9t+1 ! backgr\nd is br\ght into liv+ relation ) ! figures ( ! =egr\nd1--a relation sugge/$ n m]ely by ! exig5cies ( art b r by ! conditions ( life itself4 ,?us ! great ,dut* g5re pa9t]s1 l ! y\ng] ,t5i]s1 %[ _! *>act]s 9 imm$iate human relation to a c>efully detail$ int]ior2 or if1 l ,adrian van ,o/ade1 !y take !m out ( doors1 x is to %[ !m entirely at home 9 an accu/om$ l&scape4 ,?is /age1 9 its mod]n developm5t1 exhibits an absolutely ess5tial relation betwe5 ! =egr\nd & ! backgr\nd--! figures & ! sett+--s t nei!r c\ld be imag9$ exactly z x is )\t ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,su* an ess5tial h>mony is %[n 9 ! ,angelus ( ,jean-,franois ,millet4 ,! p exi/ = ! sake ( giv+ mean+ to ! l&scape2 & ! l&scape exi/s = ! sake ( giv+ mean+ to ! p4 ,! ,angelus is nei!r figure pa9t+ nor l&scape pa9t+ m]ely2 x is bo?4 ,simil> ,evolution ( ,sett+ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,fiction3 ,! ,fir/ ,/age4--,9 ! hi/ory ( fiction we may note a simil> evolution 9 ! elem5t ( sett+4 ,! e>lie/ folk-tales ( e nation happ5 once ^u a "t1 & )\t any def9ite localization4 ,9 ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1 t m$ieval repository ( accumulat$ n>ratives1 ! elem5t ( sett+ is ne>ly z non-exi/5t z ! elem5t ( backgr\nd 9 ! frescoes ( ,pompeii4 ,ev5 9 ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio ! /ories are seldom localiz$3 !y happ5 almo/ any:]e at almo/ any "t4 ,! int]e/ 9 ,boccaccio's n>rative1 l ! int]e/ 9 ,giotto's pa9t+1 is c5tr$ fir/ ( all 9 ! elem5t ( action1 & secondly 9 ! elem5t ( "*4 ,b 8 /ories are all =egr\nd4 ,:5 ! sc5e is out ( doors1 x is set vaguely 9 a conv5tional l&scape3 :5 x is indoors1 x is set vaguely 9 a conv5tional palace4 ,because ( ?is1 8 n>rative is lack+ 9 visual appeal4 ,mo/ ( 8 novelle read l summ>ies ( novels1--sett+ =? an ab/ract synopsis ( ! action r ?an a concrete repres5tation ( x4 ,he tells y :at happ5s1 in/ead ( mak+ x happ5 be=e ! eye ( y\r imag9ation4 ,8 *>act]s are drawn 9 outl9e m]ely1 in/ead ( be+ liv+ly project$ 9 relation to a def9ite environm5t4 ,! defect ( 8 n>rative1 l ! defect ( ,giotto's pa9t+1 is ma9ly lack ( backgr\nd4 ,! ,second ,/age4--,some:at lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( fiction1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( figure pa9t+1 we f9d in/ances 9 :i* ! elem5t ( sett+ is us$ = a decorative purpose1 & is br\ght into an arti/ic relation ) ! elem5ts ( action & "*4 ,su* a use is made ( l&scape1 = example1 9 ! ,orl&o ,furioso ( ,ario/o & ! ,fa]ie ,que5e ( ,sp5s]4 ,! sett+s depict$ by ^! n>rative poets are ess5tially pictorial1 & are us$ z a decorative backgr\nd to ! action r ?an z "p & p>cel ( x4 ,if we seek an example 9 prose r ?an 9 poetry1 we ne$ only turn to ! ,arcadia ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,9 ?is aga9 ! sett+ is beautifully fa%ion$1 b is employ$ m]ely = a decorative purpose4 ,! backgr\nd ( pa/oral l&scape be>s no necess>y relation to ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,x exi/s = ! sake ( art r ?an = ! sake ( life4 ,?is employm5t ( ! elem5t ( sett+ = a purpose ess5tially pictorial subsi/s 9 _m lat] works ( fiction1 l ! ,paul & ,virg9ia ( ,b]n>d9 de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,9 ?is ! sett+ is compos$ & pa9t$ = ! sake ( its own s5tim5tal beauty1 & is obtrud$ ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! m vital elem5ts ( "* & action4 ,! /ory is1 z x 71 m]ely a motive = decorative composition4 ,! ,?ird ,/age3 #a4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,action4--,x is only 9 fiction ( a m mod]n _s t ! elem5t ( sett+ has be5 br\ght into liv+ relation ) ! action & ! *>act]s2 & x is only 9 ! la/ c5tury t ! mo/ intimate possibilities ( su* a relation h be5 appreciat$ & appli$4 ,( c\rse ! mo/ elem5t>y means ( mak+ ! sett+ "p & p>cel ( ! bus9ess ( ! /ory is to employ x z a utilit>ian adjunct to ! action4 ,grant$ c]ta9 incid5ts t are to happ51 c]ta9 sc5]y & prop]ties are useful1 9 ! novel j z 9 ! !atre2 & if ^! are suppli$ advis$ly1 ! sett+ w1 z x 71 become a "p ( :at is happ5+ in/ead ( rema9+ m]ely a decorative backgr\nd to ! incid5ts4 ,! fir/ ,engli% au?or to e/abli% firmly ?is utilit>ian relation betwe5 ! sett+ & ! action 0 ,daniel ,defoe4 ,defoe 0 by pr(ession a j\rnali/2 & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic quality ( 8 m9d 0 an habitual matt]-(-factness4 ,plausibility 0 :at he mo/ desir$ 9 8 fictions2 & he disc]n$ in/9ctively t ! readie/ means ( mak+ a /ory plausible 0 by repres5t+ ) entire concret5ess & great weal? ( specific detail ! physical adjuncts to ! action4 ,! multitud9\s p>ticul>s ( ,crusoe's isl& are !re=e exhibit$ concretely to ! read] "o by "o1 z ,crusoe makes use ( !m successively 9 :at he does4 #b4 ,sett+ z an ,aid to ,*>act]ization4--,b ?\gh 9 ,defoe ! elem5t ( sett+ is m]g$ ) ! elem5t ( action1 x is n br\ght into intimate relation ) ! elem5t ( "*4 ,! isl& is a "p ( :at ,crusoe does1 r ?an a "p ( :at he is4 ,b ! dwell+-room ( ! ,b(f9s1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ! p>agraph f ,our ,mutual ,fri5d quot$ t[>d ! end ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 is a "p ( :at ! ,b(f9s are1 r ?an ( :at !y d4 ,! sett+ 9 ! latt] case is us$ z an adjunct to ! elem5t ( "* in/ead ( to ! elem5t ( action4 ,field+ & 8 contempor>ies 7 ! fir/ ,engli% noveli/s to make ! sett+ 9 ?is way repres5tative ( p]sonality z well z useful to ! plot2 b ! f9] possibilities ( ! relation betwe5 sett+ & "* 7 n fully realiz$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury au?ors1 9 s f> z !y elaborat$ ! elem5t ( sett+1 seem to h done s ma9ly = ! sake ( great] vividness4 ,! appeal ( sett+ be+ visual1 ! elem5t 0 employ$ to illu/rate ! action & to make ! *>act]s cle>ly evid5t to ! eye4 ,by r5d]+ a /ory m concrete1 a def9ite sett+ r5d]$ x m cr$ible4 ,?is ! eighte5?-c5tury noveli/s disc]n$2 b only ) ! rise ( ! romantic movem5t 0 ! elem5t appli$ to subtl] uses4 ,emotional ,h>mony 9 ,sett+4--,a new & v int]e/+ attitude t[>d l&scape sett+ 0 disclos$ by ,r\sseau 9 ! ,n\velle ,hloise & develop$ by 8 num]\s foll[]s 9 e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury romance4 ,! writ]s :o advocat$ a return to nature spell$ nature ) a capital ,n & consid]$ x usually z an an?ropomorphic pres5ce4 ,z a result ( ?is1 :5 !y develop$ a natural backgr\nd = _! /ories1 !y e/abli%$ a sympa!tic int]*ange ( mood betwe5 ! *>act]s & ! l&scape1 & imag9$ 7to use ! fam\s phrase ( ,leibnitz7 a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! %ift+ moods ( nature & ( man4 ,?us ! sett+ 0 employ$ no long] m]ely to subs]ve ! ne$s ( action or to give a great] vividness ( visual appeal1 b 0 us$ r to symbolize & repres5t ! human emotions evok$ 9 ! *>act]s at significant mom5ts ( ! plot4 ,:5 ! h]o 0 suff]+ ) sadness1 ! sky 0 hung ) heavy cl\ds2 & :5 8 m9d grew illum9$ ) a glimm]+ ( hope1 ! sun broke ?r\gh a cl\d-rift1 ca/+ light ov] ! l&4 ,dick5s is especially fond ( imag9+ an emotional h>mony betwe5 8 sett+s & 8 incid5ts4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! foll[+ well-kn[n passage f ! fun]al ( ,little ,nell 7,! ,old ,curiosity ,%op1 ,*apt] ,,lxxii73-- ,along ! cr[d$ pa? !y bore h] n[2 pure z ! newly-fall5 sn[ t cov]$ x2 ^: day on e>? _h be5 z fleet+4 ,"u ! por*1 :]e %e _h sat :5 ,heav5 9 its m]cy br\ght h] to t peaceful spot1 %e pass$ aga92 & ! old *ur* receiv$ h] 9 its quiet %ade4 ,!y c>ri$ h] to "o old nook1 :]e %e _h _m & _m a "t sat mus+1 & laid _! burd5 s(tly on ! pavem5t4 ,! light /ream$ on x ?r\gh ! col\r$ w9d[--a w9d[ :]e ! b\ghs ( trees 7 ev] ru/l+ 9 ! summ]1 & :]e ! birds sang sweetly all day long4 ,) e brea? ( air t /irr$ among ^? bran*es 9 ! sun%9e1 "s trembl+1 *ang+ light w\ld fall ^u h] grave4444 ,!y saw ! vault cov]$1 & ! /one fix$ d[n4 ,!n1 :5 ! dusk ( ev5+ _h come on1 & n a s\nd di/urb$ ! sacr$ /illness ( ! place--:5 ! bright moon p\r$ 9 h] light on tomb & monum5t1 on pill>1 wall1 & ar*1 & mo/ ( all 7x seem$ to !m7 ^u h] quiet grave--9 t calm "t1 :5 outw>d ?+s & inw>d ?\ghts teem ) assurances ( immortality1 & worldly hopes & fe>s are humbl$ 9 ! du/ be=e !m--!n1 ) tranquil & submissive he>ts1 !y turn$ away1 & left ! *ild to ,god4 ,"h ! mood ( ! sc5e is express$ almo/ entirely ?r\gh ! elem5t ( sett+2 & ! human emotion ( ! m\rn]s is realiz$ & repres5t$ by ! aspect ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,! ,pa!tic ,fallacy4--,! excessive use ( ?is exp$i5t is deplor$ by ,john ,rusk9 9 a *apt] ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s entitl$ ,! ,pa!tic ,fallacy4 ,8 po9t is t1 s9ce concrete objects d n actually exp]i5ce human emotions1 x is a violation ( arti/ic tru? to ascribe su* emotions to !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is indubitably true t human be+s habitually translate _! own ab/ract feel+s into ! concrete t]ms ( _! surr\nd+s2 & !re=e1 9 a subjective s5se at lea/1 an emotional h>mony frequ5tly does exi/ betwe5 ! mood ( a man & ! aspect ( 8 environm5t4 ,! same place may at ! same "t look gloomy to a melan*oly man & *e]ful to a m]ry "o2 & !re is !re=e a c]ta9 human fitness 9 describ+ x z gloomy or z *e]ful1 accord+ to ! feel+ ( ! "* obs]v+ x4 ,d\btless to a man trem5d\sly b]eav$ ! v ra9 may seem a weep+ ( high heav52 & surely !re are times :5 x is deeply true1 subjectively1 to say t ! morn+ />s all s+ toge!r4 ,:at we may call emotional simil>ity ( sett+ is !re=e n necess>ily a fallacy4 ,ev5 :5 x subv]ts ! actual1 z 9 ! fable ( ! morn+ />s1 x may yet be repres5tative ( reality4 ,9 its common] & less exagg]ative phases x is v useful = purposes ( sugge/ion2 & only :5 x becomes blatant ?r\gh abuse may x be said to belie ! laws ( life4 ,emotional ,contra/ 9 ,sett+4--,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 emotional simil>ity betwe5 ! sett+ & ! *>act]s is less s]viceable1 = ! sake ( emphasis1 ?an emotional contra/4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 ! s]5e & p]fect happ9ess ( ,hold5 & ,ame]a is emphasiz$ by contra/ ) ! night-aspect ( ! plague-infe/$ city3-- ',my "l & my love1 let !re be no m fooli% talk ( go+ away4 ,:]e ?\ art1 ,i am4 ,x is en\gh4' ,%e put an arm r\nd 8 neck & a h& on 8 m\?4 ,!re are n _m happ9esses s complete z ^? t are snat*$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! sword4 ,!y sat toge!r & laugh$1 call+ ea* o!r op5ly by e pet "n t c\ld move ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,! city bel[ !m 0 lock$ up 9 its own torm5ts4 ,sulphur fires blaz$ 9 ! /reets2 ! con*es 9 ! ,h9du temples scream$ & bell[$1 = ! gods 7 inatt5tive 9 ^? days4 ,!re 0 a s]vice 9 ! great ,mahom$an %r9e1 & ! call to pray] f ! m9>ets 0 almo/ unceas+4 ,!y he>d ! wail+ 9 ! h\ses ( ! dead1 & once ! %riek ( a "m :o _h lo/ a *ild & 0 call+ = its return4 ,9 ! gray dawn !y saw ! dead borne out ?r\gh ! city gates1 ea* litt] ) its own little knot ( m\rn]s4 ,:]e=e !y kiss$ ea* o!r & %iv]$4 ,irony 9 ,sett+4--,an emotional contra/ ( ?is nature betwe5 ! mood ( ! *>act]s & ! mood ( ! sett+ may be pu%$ to ! po9t ( irony4 ,9 a /ory by ,alphonse ,daudet1 entitl$ ,! ,elixir ( ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,gau*]1 a c]ta9 mona/]y is sav$ f f9ancial ru9 by ! sale ( a cordial :i* ,fa!r ,gau*] has inv5t$ & di/ill$4 ,b ! necessity ( sampl+ ! cordial frequ5tly dur+ ! process ( manufactur+ x leads ! rev]5d fa!r ev5tually to become an habitual drunk>d4 ,& t[>d ! end ( ! /ory an ironic contra/ is drawn betwe5 ! solemn mona/]y1 murmur\s ) *ants & pray]s1 & ,fa!r ,gau*] 9 8 di/ill]y hil>i\sly s++ a ribald dr9k+-song4 ,arti/ic & ,philosophical ,employm5t4--,! uses ( sett+ t h be5 ?us f> consid]$ h be5 arti/ic r ?an philosophical 9 nature2 b v rec5t writ]s h gr[n to use ! elem5t n only = ! sake ( illu/rat+ "* & action b also = ! sake ( det]m9+ !m4 ,! sociologi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h come to reg>d circum/ance z a prime motive = action1 & environm5t z a prime influ5ce on "*2 & rec5t writ]s h appli$ ?is philosophic !sis 9 _! employm5t ( ! elem5t ( sett+4 #a4 ,sett+ z a ,motive ,t[>d ,action4--,! way 9 :i* ! sett+ may sugge/ ! action is ?us disc\rs$ ^u by ,/ev5son 9 8 ,gossip on ,romance3-- ,drama is ! poetry ( conduct1 romance ! poetry ( circum/ance4 ,! pleasure t we take 9 life is ( two sorts--! active & ! passive4 ,n[ we are consci\s ( a great comm& ov] our de/9y2 anon we are lift$ up by circum/ance1 z by a break+ wave1 & da%$ we "k n h[ into ! future4 ,n[ we are pleas$ by our conduct1 anon m]ely pleas$ by our surr\nd+s4 ,x w\ld be h>d to say :i* ( ^! modes ( satisfaction is ! m effective1 b ! latt] is surely ! m con/ant4444 ,"o ?+ 9 life calls = ano!r2 !re is a fitness 9 ev5ts & places4 ,! sight ( a pleasant arb\r puts x 9 our m9d to sit !re4 ,"o place sugge/s "w1 ano!r idl5ess1 a ?ird e>ly ris+ & long rambles 9 ! dew4 ,! effect ( night1 ( any fl[+ wat]1 ( light$ cities1 ( ! peep ( day1 ( %ips1 ( ! op5 ocean1 calls up 9 ! m9d an army ( anonym\s desires & pleasures4 ,some?+1 we feel1 %\ld happ52 we "k n :at1 yet we proce$ 9 que/ ( x4 ,& _m ( ! happie/ h\rs ( life fleet by u 9 ?is va9 att5dance on ! g5ius ( ! place & mom5t4 ,x is ?us t tracts ( "y fir1 & l[ rocks t rea* into deep s\nd+s1 p>ticul>ly torture & delight me4 ,some?+ mu/ h happ5$ 9 su* places1 & p]haps ages back1 to memb]s ( my race2 & :5 ,i 0 a *ild ,i tri$ 9 va9 to inv5t appropriate games = !m1 z ,i /ill try1 j z va9ly1 to fit !m ) ! prop] /ory4 ,"s places speak di/9ctly4 ,c]ta9 dank g>d5s cry al\d = a murd]2 c]ta9 old h\ses dem& to be haunt$2 c]ta9 coa/s are set ap>t = %ipwreck4 ,o!r spots aga9 seem to abide _! de/9y1 sugge/ive & imp5etrable1 'mi*+ malle*o4' ,! inn at ,bur=d ,bridge1 ) its arb\rs & gre5 g>d5 & sil5t1 eddy+ riv]--?\gh x is kn[n already z ! place :]e ,keats wrote "s ( 8 ,endymion & ,nelson p>t$ f 8 ,emma--/ill seems to wait ! com+ ( ! appropriate leg5d4 ,)9 ^! ivi$ walls1 beh9d ^! old gre5 %utt]s1 "s fur!r bus9ess sm\ld]s1 wait+ = its h\r4 ,! old ,hawes ,inn at ! ,que5's ,f]ry makes a simil> call ^u my fancy4 ,!re x /&s1 ap>t f ! t[n1 beside ! pi]1 9 a climate ( its own1 half inl&1 half m>9e--9 front1 ! f]ry bubbl+ ) ! tide & ! gu>d%ip sw++ to h] an*or2 beh9d1 ! old g>d5 ) ! trees4 ,am]icans seek x already = ! sake ( ,lovel & ,oldbuck1 :o d9$ !re at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,antiqu>y4 ,b y ne$ n tell me--t is n all2 !re is "s /ory1 unrecord$ or n yet complete1 :i* mu/ express ! mean+ ( t inn m fully4444 ,i h liv$ bo? at ! ,hawes & ,bur=d 9 a p]petual flutt]1 on ! heels1 z x seem$1 ( "s adv5ture t %\ld ju/ify ! place2 b ?\gh ! feel+ _h me to b$ at night & call$ me aga9 at morn+ 9 "o unbrok5 r\nd ( pleasure & susp5se1 no?+ befell me 9 ei!r wor? rem>k4 ,! man or ! h\r _h n yet come2 b "s day1 ,i ?9k1 a boat %all put (f f ! ,que5's ,f]ry1 fraught ) a de> c>go1 & "s fro/y night a horseman1 on a tragic err&1 rattle ) 8 :ip ^u ! gre5 %utt]s ( ! inn at ,bur=d4 ,9 ?is way1 ! sett+ may1 9 _m cases1 exi/ z ! initial elem5t ( ! n>rative1 & sugge/ an action appropriate to itself4 ,b x may d m ?an t4 ,9 c]ta9 special in/ances ! sett+ may n only sugge/1 b may ev5 cause1 ! action1 & rema9 ! decid+ factor 9 det]m9+ its c\rse4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s /ory1 ,at ! ,end ( ! ,passage1 :i* op5s ?us3-- ,f\r m51 ea* entitl$ to 'life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1' sat at a table play+ :i/4 ,! !rmomet] m>k$--= !m--"o hundr$ & "o degrees ( heat4 ,! room 0 d>k5$ till x 0 only j possible to di/+ui% ! pips ( ! c>ds & ! v :ite faces ( ! play]s4 ,a tatt]$1 rott5 punkah ( :itewa%$ calico 0 puddl+ ! hot air & :9+ dolefully at ea* /roke4 ,outside lay gloom ( a ,novemb] day 9 ,london4 ,!re 0 nei!r sky1 sun1 nor horizon--no?+ b a br[n purple haze ( heat4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ! e>? 7 dy+ ( apoplexy4 ,f "t to "t cl\ds ( tawny du/ rose f ! gr\nd )\t w9d or w>n+1 flung !mselves tableclo?-wise among ! tops ( ! p>*$ trees1 & came d[n aga94 ,!n a :irl+ du/-devil w\ld scutt] across ! pla9 = a c\ple ( miles1 break1 & fall outw>d1 ?\gh !re 0 no?+ to *eck its flight save a long l[ l9e ( pil$ railway-sleep]s :ite ) ! du/1 a clu/] ( huts made ( mud1 condemn$ rails1 & canvas1 & ! "o squat f\r-room$ bungal[ t belong$ to ! assi/ant eng9e] 9 *>ge ( a section ( ! ,gaudh>i ,/ate ,l9e !n "u con/ruction4 ,! t]rible tale t foll[s c\ld happ5 only z a result ( ! fe>ful lonel9ess &1 m especially1 ! madd5+ heat ( su* a place z is describ$ 9 ^! op5+ p>agraphs4 ,! sett+ 9 ?is /ory causes & det]m9es ! action4 #b4 ,sett+ z an ,influ5ce on ,"*4--,b 9 _m o!r tales by rec5t writ]s ! sett+ is us$ n s mu* to det]m9e ! action z to influ5ce & mold ! *>act]s2 & :5 employ$ = ?is purpose1 x becomes expressive ( "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s tru?s ( human life4 ,= :at a man is at any p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce is l>gely ! result ( ! int]action ( two =ces1--namely1 ! innate t5d5cies ( 8 nature & ! %ap+ p[] ( 8 environm5t4 ,george ,m]$i?1 & m especially ,mr4 ,?omas ,h>dy1 !re=e devote a great deal ( att5tion to sett+ z an influ5ce on "*4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! foll[+ brief passage f ,mr4 ,h>dy's ,tess ( ! ,d',ub]villes3-- ,amid ! ooz+ fatness & w>m f]m5ts ( ,froom ,vale1 at a season :5 ! ru% ( juices c\ld almo/ be he>d bel[ ! hiss ( f]tilization1 x 0 impossible t ! mo/ fanciful love %\ld n gr[ passionate4 ,! ready he>ts exi/+ !re 7 impregnat$ by _! surr\nd+s4 ,zola1 9 8 essay on ,! ,exp]im5tal ,novel1 /ates t ! prop] function ( sett+ is to exhibit ! environm5t :i* det]m9es & completes ! man2 & ! philosophic /udy ( environm5t react+ ^u "* is "o ( ! ma9 features ( 8 own monum5tal s]ies ( novels devot$ to ! ,r\gon-,macqu>t family4 ,8 example has be5 foll[$ by a ho/ ( rec5t writ]s2 & a new s*ool ( fiction has gr[n up1 ! ma9 purpose ( :i* is to exhibit ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 c>efully /udi$ social1 natural1 bus9ess1 or pr(essional conditions on ! sort ( p :o live & "w among !m4 ,?is inc5tive has be5 develop$ to manife/ advantage 9 ,am]ica by su* noveli/s z ,mrs4 ,m>y ,e4 ,wilk9s ,freeman1 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,cable1 ,mr4 ,haml9 ,g>l&1 ,mrs4 ,edi? ,:>ton1 ,frank ,norris1 ,jack ,london1 ,mr4 ,boo? ,t>k+ton1 & ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,edw>d ,:ite4 ,ea* ( ^! au?ors--& _m o!rs might be m5tion$--has atta9$ a special sort ( em95ce by /udy+ m9utely ! effect ^u impressionable *>act]s ( a p>ticul> environm5t4 ,! manifold div]sity ( life 9 ! _m diff]5t di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates af=ds our fiction-writ]s a pr$e/9$ opportunity to endeavor to make ! nation acqua9t$ ) itself4 ,sett+ z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative4--,if ! sett+ be us$ bo? to det]m9e ! action & to mold ! *>act]s1 x may /& =? z ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( n>rative4 ,9 ,victor ,hugo's ,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 ! ca!dral is ! lead+ factor ( ! /ory4 ,claude ,frollo w\ld be a v diff]5t p]son if x 7 n = ! *ur*2 & _m ( ! ma9 ev5ts1 su* z ! ultimate tragic sc5e :5 ,quasimodo hurls ,frollo f ! t[]-top1 c\ld n happ5 9 any o!r place4 ,9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s v subtle /ory entitl$ ,an ,habitation ,en=c$1 :i* is includ$ 9 8 ,actions & ,reactions1 ! sett+ is really ! h]o ( ! n>rative4 ,an ,am]ican millionaire & 8 wife1 ^: ance/ors 7 ,engli%1 settle = a brief vacation 9 ! c\nty ( ,engl& f :i* ! wife's family orig9ally came4 ,gradually ! old h\se & ! ,engli% l&scape take hold ( !m2 ance/ral feel+s rise to dom9ate !m2 & !y rema9 =ev] aft] 9 en=c$ habitation on ! anci5t soil4 ,uses ( ! ,wea!r4--,all t has be5 said ?us f> ( sett+ 9 g5]al applies ( c\rse to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( its elem5ts1--! wea!r4 ,9 simple /ories l ! usual nurs]y tale1 ! wea!r may be non-exi/5t4 ,or x may exi/ ma9ly = a decorative purpose1 l ! frequ5t gold5 ori5tal dawns ( ,sp5s]'s poem or ! sup]b & colorful symphonies ( sky & sea 9 ,pi]re ,loti's ,icel& ,fi%]man4 ,x may be us$ z a utilit>ian adjunct to ! action3 at ! end ( ,! ,mill on ! ,floss1 z we h already not$1 ! ra9s desc5d & ! flood comes m]ely = ! purpose ( dr[n+ ,tom & ,maggie4 ,or x may be employ$ to illu/rate a "*3 we are told ( ,cl>a ,middleton1 9 ,! ,egoi/1 t %e possesses ! art ( dress+ to suit ! season & ! sky2 & !re=e ! look ( ! atmosph]e at any h\r helps to convey to u a s5se ( h] appe>ance4 ,some:at m arti/ically1 ! wea!r may be plann$ 9 pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ) ! mood ( ! *>act]s3 ?is exp$i5t is wond]fully us$ 9 ! wild & w9d-swept tales ( ,fiona ,mac,leod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wea!r may /& 9 emotional contra/ ) ! *>act]s3 ! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae & ,mr4 ,h5ry fight _! duel on a night ( absolute /illness & /ifl+ cold4 ,aga91 ! wea!r may be us$ to det]m9e ! action3 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s e>ly /ory call$ ,false ,dawn1 ! bl9d+ s&/orm causes ,saum>ez to propose to ! wrong girl4 ,or x may be employ$ z a controll+ influ5ce ov] "*3 ! trem5d\s /orm t[>d ! end ( ,ri*>d ,fev]el1 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,nature ,speaks1 det]m9es ! return ( ! h]o to 8 wife4 ,9 "s cases1 ev51 ! wea!r itself may be ! real h]o ( ! n>rative3 ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ,! ,la/ ,days ( ,pompeii dom9ates ! t]m9ation ( ! /ory4 ,al?\gh ! wea!r is a subject ^u ev]ybody's tongue1 !re are v few p :o are capable ( talk+ ab\t x ) intellig5ce & art4 ,v few writ]s ( fiction--& ne>ly all ( !m are rec5t--h exhibit$ a ma/]y ( ! wea!r1--a ma/]y bas$ at once ^u a detail$ & accurate obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a & a philosophic s5se ( ! relation betwe5 ^! ph5om5a & ! conc]ns ( human be+s4 ,p]haps 9 no o!r detail ( craftsman%ip does ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son s cle>ly prove 8 ma/]y z 9 8 m>%all+ ( ! wea!r1 always vividly & tru?fully describ$1 to s]ve a purpose always fitt+ to 8 fictions4 ,romantic & ,reali/ic ,sett+s4--,let u next consid] ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]its ( a good romantic & a good reali/ic sett+4 ,s9ce ! reali/ leads u to a compreh5sion ( 8 tru? ?r\gh a c>eful imitation ( ! actual1 ! ?+ mo/ to be desir$ 9 a reali/ic sett+ is fidelity to fact2 & ?is c be atta9$ only by accurate obs]vation4 ,b s9ce ! romantic is n b\nd to imitate ! actual1 & fabricates 8 inve/iture m]ely = ! sake ( embody+ 8 tru? cle>ly & consi/5tly1 ! ?+ mo/ to be desir$ 9 a romantic sett+ is imag9ative fitness to ! action & ! *>act]s2 & ?is c sometimes be atta9$ by arti/ic inv5tiv5ess alone1 )\t display ( obs]vation ( ! actual4 ,v]isimilitude is ( c\rse ! highe/ m]it ( ei!r sort ( sett+2 b :]eas v]isimilitude ) ! reali/ lies 9 resemblance to actuality1 v]isimilitude ) ! romantic lies r 9 arti/ic fitness4 ,! di/9ction may p]haps be be/ obs]v$ 9 ! hi/orical novels produc$ by ! "o & by ! o!r s*ool4 ,9 ! sett+ ( reali/ic hi/orical novels1 l ,george ,eliot's ,romola & ,flaub]t's ,salammb1 :at ! au?ors h ma9ly /riv5 = has be5 accuracy ( detail2 b 9 romantic hi/orical novels1 l ^? ( ,scott & ,dumas pre1 ! au?ors h s\ght r = imag9ative fitness ( sett+4 ,! reali/s h foll[$ ! lett]1 & ! romantics ! _s1 ( o!r times & l&s4 ,a ,romantic ,sett+ by ,edg> ,allan ,poe4--,z an example ( a pure romantic sett+1 f> remov$ f actuality & yet ?or\ghly tru?ful 9 arti/ic fitness to ! action & ! *>act]s1 we c d no bett] ?an exam9e ! (t5-quot$ op5+ ( ,poe's ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]3-- ,dur+ ! :ole ( a dull1 d>k1 & s\ndless day 9 ! autumn ( ! ye>1 :5 ! cl\ds hung oppressively l[ 9 ! heav5s1 ,i _h be5 pass+ alone1 on horseback1 ?r\gh a s+ul>ly dre>y tract ( c\ntry2 & at l5g? f\nd myself1 z ! %ades ( ! ev5+ drew on1 )9 view ( ! melan*oly ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,i "k n h[ x 0--b1 ) ! fir/ glimpse ( ! build+1 a s5se ( insuff]able gloom p]vad$ my _s4 ,i say insuff]able2 = ! feel+ 0 unreliev$ by any ( t half-pleasurable1 because poetic1 s5tim5t ) :i* ! m9d usually receives ev5 ! /]ne/ natural images ( ! desolate or t]rible4 ,i look$ ^u ! sc5e be=e me--^u ! m]e h\se1 & ! simple l&scape features ( ! doma91 ^u ! bleak walls1 ^u ! vacant eye-l w9d[s1 ^u a few rank s$ges1 & ^u a few :ite trunks ( decay$ trees--) an utt] depression ( s\l :i* ,i c comp>e to no e>?ly s5sation m prop]ly ?an to ! aft]-dream ( ! revel] ^u opium3 ! bitt] lapse into e-day life1 ! hide\s dropp+ (f ( ! veil4 ,!re 0 an ic9ess1 a s9k+1 a sick5+ ( ! he>t1 an unr$eem$ dre>9ess ( ?\ght :i* no goad+ ( ! imag9ation c\ld torture into aught ( ! sublime4444 ,x 0 possible1 ,i reflect$1 t a m]e diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! sc5e1 ( ! details ( ! picture1 w\ld be suffici5t to modify1 or p]haps to annihilate1 its capacity = sorr[ful impression2 & act+ ^u ?is idea1 ,i re9$ my horse to ! precipit\s br9k ( a black & lurid t>n t lay 9 unruffl$ lu/re by ! dwell+1 & gaz$ d[n--b ) a %udd] ev5 m ?rill+ ?an be=e--^u ! remodell$ & inv]t$ images ( ! gray s$ge1 & ! gha/ly tree-/ems1 & ! vacant & eye-l w9d[s4 ,c]ta9ly ?is sett+ be>s v little resemblance to ! actual2 b j z c]ta9ly its arti/ic fitness to ! tale ( t]ror :i* x preludes gives x an imag9ative v]isimilitude4 ,a ,reali/ic ,sett+ by ,george ,eliot4--,z an example ( a reali/ic sett+1 closely copy+ ! actual1 let u exam9e ! foll[+ passage f ,adam ,b$e 7,*apt] ,,xviii73-- ,y might h kn[n x 0 ,sunday if y _h only wak$ up 9 ! f>my>d4 ,! cocks & h5s seem$ to "k x1 & made only croon+ subdu$ noises2 ! v bull-dog look$ less savage1 z if he w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) a small] bite ?an usual4 ,! sun%9e seem$ to call all ?+s to re/ & n to labor2 x 0 asleep itself on ! moss-gr[n c[-%$2 on ! gr\p ( :ite ducks ne/l+ toge!r ) _! bills tuck$ "u _! w+s2 on ! old black s[ /ret*$ languidly on ! /raw1 :ile h] l>ge/ "y "o f\nd an excell5t spr+-b$ on 8 "m's fat ribs2 on ,alick1 ! %eph]d1 9 8 new smock-frock1 tak+ an uneasy sie/a1 half-sitt+1 half-/&+ on ! gran>y /eps4 ,!re is no obvi\s imag9ative fitness 9 ?is passage1 s9ce 9 ! *apt] :]e x occurs ! *ief *>act]s are go+ to a fun]al2 b x has an extraord9>y v]isimilitude1 ow+ to ! au?or's accurate obs]vation ( ! details ( life 9 rural ,engl&4 ,! ,quality ( ,atmosph]e1 or ,local ,color4--,^! two passages diff] v widely f ea* o!r4 ,9 "o ?+1 & "o only1 are !y alike4 ,ea* ( !m exhibits ! subtle quality call$ atmosph]e4 ,?is quality is v difficult to def9e1 ?\gh its pres5ce may be recogniz$ in/9ctively 9 any "w ( graphic art1 l a pa9t+ or a description4 ,)\t attempt+ to def9e x1 we may discov] ! te*nical basis = its pres5ce if we seek out ! sole delib]ate device 9 :i* ^! two passages1 diff]5t z !y are 9 e o!r feature1 are at "o4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ea* ( !m ! details select$ = pres5tation h be5 *os5 solely = ! sake ( a common quality inh]5t 9 !m--! quality ( sombr5ess & gloom 9 ! "o case1 & ! quality ( ,sabba? quietude 9 ! o!r--& t !y h be5 m>%all$ to convey a complete s5se ( ?is c5tral & p]vad+ quality4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t :at is call$ atmosph]e 9 a description is dep5d5t ^u ! sett+ =? ( a multiplicity ( details2 b ?is popul> conception is a fallacy4 ,atmosph]e is dep5d5t r ^u a /rict selection ( details p]vad$ by a common quality1 a rigor\s rejection ( all o!rs t are dissonant 9 mood1 & an arrangem5t ( ^? select$ ) a view to exhibit+ _! common quality z ! p]vad+ _s ( ! sc5e4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! te*nical basis = ! atmosph]e ( a purely imag9>y sett+ l t ( ! melan*oly ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,! effect is und5iably produc$ by ! suppression ( all details t d n contribute to ! c5tral s5se ( gloom4 ,b ! same device und]lies 7less obvi\sly1 to be sure7 all su* descriptions ( actual places z are ri* 9 atmosph]e4 ,:at is call$ local color--! v look & tone ( a def9ite locality--is produc$ n by photographic multiplicity ( details1 b by a m>%all+ ( mat]ials c>efully select$ to sugge/ ! c5tral _s ( ! place to be depict$4 ,! cam]a frequ5tly defeats itself by fl++ into emphasis details t are dissonant ) ! in=m+ _s ( ! sc5e x seeks to reproduce3 s also does ! au?or :o ov]cr[ds 8 picture ) multif>i\s details1 h[ev] fai?ful !y may be to fact4 ,! true triumphs ( local color+ h be5 made by m5 :o h /ruck at ! he>t & _s ( a place--h caught its tone & timbre z ,george ,du ,mauri] did ) ! ,qu>ti] ,lat9--& h set =? only su* details z t+l$ ) ?is spiritual tone4 ,recapitulation4--,we h /udi$ ! _m uses ( ! elem5t ( sett+1 & h se5 t 9 ! be/-develop$ fiction x has gr[n to be entirely cord9ate ) ! elem5ts ( "* & action4 ,noveli/s h come to consid] t any giv5 /ory c happ5 only 9 a giv5 set ( circum/ances1 & t if ! sett+ be *ang$ ! action mu/ be alt]$ & ! *>act]s be diff]5tly drawn4 ,x is !re=e impossible1 9 ! be/ fiction ( ! pres5t day1 to consid] ! sett+ z divorc$ f ! o!r elem5ts ( ! n>rative4 ,!re 0 a "t1 to be sure1 :5 description = its own sake exi/$ 9 ! novel1 & ! action 0 halt$ to p]mit ! introduction ( pictorial passages be>+ no necess>y relation to ! bus9ess ( ! /ory1--blocks ( sett+1 z x 71 :i* might be remov$ )\t detrim5t to ! progression ( ! n>rative4 ,b ! practice ( ! be/ contempor>y noveli/s is summ$ up & express$ by ,h5ry ,james 9 ?is emphatic s5t5ce f 8 essay on ,! ,art ( ,fiction3--,i _c imag9e composition exi/+ 9 a s]ies ( blocks1 nor conceive1 9 any novel wor? discuss+ at all1 ( a passage ( description t is n 9 its int5tion n>rative4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,expla9 & illu/rate ! ?ree hi/oric /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! elem5t ( sett+4 #b4 ,:at did ,rusk9 mean by ! pa!tic fallacy8 #c4 ,:at are ! mod]n uses ( ! elem5t ( sett+8 #d4 ,expla9 ! process ( atta9+ atmosph]e1 or local color4 #e4 ,adduce orig9al in/ances ( emotional h>mony1 emotional contra/1 & irony 9 sett+4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son3 ,a ,gossip on ,romance4 ,,bliss ,,p]ry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction--,*apt] ,,vii1 on ,! ,sett+4 ,read at great] l5g? ^? passages ( fam\s fiction f :i* h be5 select$ ! illu/rative quotations cit$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,9 ,,n>rative ,! ,importance ( ! ,po9t ( ,view--,two ,classes1 ,! ,int]nal & ! ,ext]nal--,i4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,fir/ ,class3 #a4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ! ,lead+ ,actor2 #b4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ,"s ,subsidi>y ,actor2 #c4 ,! ,po9ts ( ,view ( ,diff]5t ,actors2 #d4 ,! ,epi/ol>y ,po9t ( ,view4--,,ii4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,second ,class3--#a4 ,! ,omnisci5t ,po9t ( ,view2 #b4 ,! ,limit$ ,po9t ( ,view2 #c4 ,! ,rigidly ,re/rict$ ,po9t ( ,view--,two ,tones ( ,n>rative1 ,imp]sonal & ,p]sonal3 #a4 ,! ,imp]sonal ,tone2 #b4 ,! ,p]sonal ,tone--,! ,po9t ( ,view z a ,factor 9 ,con/ruction--,! ,po9t ( ,view z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative4 ,! ,importance ( ! ,po9t ( ,view4--,we h n[ exam9$ 9 detail ! elem5ts ( n>rative1 & mu/ next consid] ! v>i\s po9ts ( view f :i* !y may be se5 &1 9 consequ5ce1 be repres5t$4 ,grant$ a giv5 s]ies ( ev5ts to be set =?1 ! /ructure ( ! plot1 ! means ( "* del9eation1 ! use ( sett+1 ! entire tone & t5or ( ! n>rative1 are all dep5d5t directly on ! answ] to ! "q1 ,:o %all tell ! /ory8 ,= a giv5 tra9 ( incid5ts is diff]5tly se5 & judg$1 accord+ to ! /&po9t f :i* x is obs]v$4 ,! evid5ce 9 mo/ important murd] trials consi/s ma9ly ( successive n>ratives told by diff]5t witnesses2 & x is v int]e/+ to notice1 9 comp>+ !m1 h[ v diff]5t a tone & t5or is giv5 to ! same ev5t by ea* ( ! obs]v]s :o rec\nts x4 ,x rema9s = ! jury to det]m9e1 if possible1 f a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s views ( ! v>i\s witnesses1 :at x 0 t actually happ5$4 ,b ?is1 9 _m cases1 is extremely difficult4 ,"o witness saw ! action 9 "o way1 ano!r 9 ano!r2 "o =m$ a c]ta9 judgm5t ( ! "* ( ! accus$1 ano!r =m$ a judgm5t diametrically diff]5t2 ea* has 8 sep>ate s5se ( ! tra9 ( causation t culm9at$ 9 ! act2 ! accus$ himself w\ld disagree ) all ! witnesses1 if inde$ he 7 capable ( look+ on ! facts )\t consci\s or unconsci\s self-deception2 & we may be c]ta9 t an infallible omnisci5t m9d1 cognizant ( all ! hidd5 motives1 w\ld see ! matt] diff]5tly /ill4 ,! task ( ! jury is1 9 ! ma91 to induce f all ^! tragic inconsi/5cies an absolute outlook ^u ! real tru? t und]lies ! facts s diff]5tly se5 & s v>i\sly judg$4 ,su* an absolute outlook is h>dly possible to ! f9ite m9d ( man2 & ?\gh x is (t5 assum$ by ! writ] ( fiction 9 ! tell+ ( 8 tale1 x c seldom be consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,x is !re=e saf] to ackn[l$ge t ! absolute tru? ( a /ory1 :e!r actual or fictiti\s1 c nev] be entirely told2 t ! same tra9 ( incid5ts looks diff]5t f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 & t !re=e ! v>i\s po9ts ( view f :i* any /ory may be look$ ^u %\ld be /udi$ c>efully = ! purpose ( det]m9+ f :i* ( !m x is possible1 9 a giv5 case1 to approa* mo/ ne>ly a cle> vision ( ! tru?4 ,two ,classes1 ,! ,int]nal & ! ,ext]nal4--,! po9ts ( view f :i* a /ory may be se5 & told are _m & v>i\s2 b !y may all be gr\p$ into two classes1 ! int]nal & ! ext]nal4 ,a /ory se5 int]nally is n>rat$ 9 ! fir/ p]son by "o ( its p>ticipants2 a /ory se5 ext]nally is n>rat$ 9 ! ?ird p]son by a m9d alo( f ! ev5ts depict$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m v>iations1 bo? ( ! int]nal & ( ! ext]nal po9t ( view4 ,^! 9 turn mu/ be exam9$1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! special advantages & disadvantages ( ea*4 ,i4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,fir/ ,class3 #a4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ! ,lead+ ,actor4--,fir/ ( all1 a /ory may be told by ! lead+ actor 9 its s]ies ( ev5ts1--! h]o1 z 9 ,h5ry ,esmond1 or ! h]o9e1 z 9 ,jane ,eyre4 ,?is po9t ( view is ( especial value 9 n>ratives 9 :i* ! elem5t ( action is pr$om9ant4 ,! multif>i\s adv5tures ( ,gil ,blas s\nd at once m vivid & m plausible n>rat$ 9 ! fir/ p]son ?an !y w\ld s\nd n>rat$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,:5 :at is done is ei!r /range or /rik+1 we pref] to be told ab\t x by ! v man :o did x4 ,treasure ,isl& is n>rat$ by ,jim ,hawk9s1 ,kidnapp$ by ,david ,balf\r2 & mu* ( ! vividness ( ^! excit+ tales dep5ds ^u ! fact t !y are told 9 ea* case by a boy :o /ood ev] 9 ! =efront ( ! action4 ,! plausibility ( ,rob9son ,crusoe is increas$ by ! conv5tion t ! h]o is n>rat+ 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce3 9 fact ,defoe1 9 all 8 fictions1 pref]r$ to write 9 ! fir/ p]son1 because :at he s\ght prim>ily 0 plausibility ( tone4 ,?is po9t ( view is also ( supreme advantage 9 rec\nt+ p]sonal emotion4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,kidnapp$ 7,*apt] ,x73-- ,i d n "k if ,i 0 :at y call afraid2 b my he>t beat l a bird's1 bo? quick & little2 & !re 0 a dimness came be=e my eyes :i* ,i cont9ually rubb$ away1 & :i* cont9ually return$4 ,z = hope1 ,i _h none2 b only a d>kness ( despair & a sort ( ang] aga9/ all ! _w t made me long to sell my life z de> z ,i 0 able4 ,i tri$ to pray1 ,i rememb]1 b t same hurry ( my m9d1 l a man runn+1 w\ld n suff] me to ?9k ^u ! words2 & my *ief wi% 0 to h ! ?+ beg9 & be done ) x4 ,n[1 = ! sake ( exp]im5t1 let u g ?r\gh ! passage1 sub/itut+ ! pron\n he = ! pron\n ,i4 ,?us3-- ,he 0 h>dly :at is call$ afraid2 b 8 he>t beat l a bird's1 bo? quick & little2 & !re 0 a dimness came be=e 8 eyes :i* he cont9ually rubb$ away1 & :i* cont9ually return$4 ,z = hope1 he _h none4444 & s =?4 ,notice h[ mu* vividness is lo/1--h[ mu* imm$iacy ( emotion4 ,! ze/ & tang ( ! exp]i5ce is sacrific$1 because ! read] is =c$ to /& alo( & obs]ve x f af>4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! lead+ actor makes = vividness 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,x necessitates an absolute concret5ess & objectivity 9 ! del9eation ( ! subsidi>y *>act]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x precludes analysis ( _! emotions & _! ?\ghts4 ,! h]o c tell u only :at !y said & did1 h[ !y look$ 9 action & 9 spee*1 & :at !y seem$ to him to ?9k & feel4 ,b he _c ent] _! m9ds & delve among _! motives4 ,fur!rmore1 he _c1 )\t sacrific+ naturalness ( mood1 analyze to any great ext5t 8 own m5tal processes4 ,consequ5tly x is almo/ impossible to tell f ! h]o's po9t ( view a /ory 9 :i* ! ma9 ev5ts are m5tal or subjective4 ,we c h>dly imag9e ,george ,eliot writ+ 9 ! fir/ p]son3 ! psy*ological novel dem&s ! ?ird4 ,b ! *ief difficulty 9 tell+ a /ory f ! lead+ actor's po9t ( view is ! difficulty ( *>act]iz+ ! n>rator4 ,all means ( direct del9eation are tak5 f him4 ,he _c write essays on 8 m]its or 8 faults2 he c nei!r describe nor analyze himself2 he _c see himself z o!rs see him4 ,we mu/ d]ive our s5se ( :o & :at he is1 solely f ! ?+s he does & says1 & f 8 mann] ( tell+ u ab\t !m4 ,& al?\gh x is n especially difficult1 )9 a brief compass1 to del9eate a "* ?r\gh 8 way ( tell+ ?+s ,notice ,laughton ,o4 ,zigl]1 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,! ,captive1 ^: spee* has be5 exam9$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 x is extremely difficult to ma9ta9 ?is exp$i5t consi/5tly ?r\gh\t a l5g?y novel4 ,fur!rmore1 an ext5d$ /ory c be told only by a p]son ) a well-tra9$ s5se ( n>rative2 & x is (t5 h>d to conc$e to ! h]o ! n>rative ability t he displays4 ,h[ is x1 we may ask1 t ,jim ,hawk9s is capable ( su* ma/]ly description z t ( ! br[n old seaman1 ) ! sabre cut1 9 ! second p>agraph ( ,treasure ,isl&8 ,h[ is x t ,david ,balf\r1 an untutor$ boy1 is capable ( writ+ ! rhy?mic prose ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 ma/] ( /yle8 ,& 9 _m cases x is also difficult to conc$e to ! h]o an adequate motive = tell+ 8 own /ory4 ,:y is x t1 9 ! sequel to ,kidnapp$1 ,david ,balf\r %\ld write out all ! intimate details ( 8 love = ,catriona8 ,& h[ is x conceivable t ,jane ,eyre %\ld tell to any "o1 & lea/ ( all to ! g5]al public1 ! pr(\nd privacies ( emotion evok$ by h] relation ) ,mr4 ,ro*e/]8 ,! answ] is1 ( c\rse1 t su* violations ( ! h>d t]ms ( actuality are ju/ifi$ by lit]>y conv5tion2 & t if ! ga9 9 vividness be great en\gh1 ! read] w be will+ to conc$e1 fir/1 t ! /ory %all be told by ! lead+ actor1 reg>dless ( motive1 & second1 t he %all be grant$ ! requisite ma/]y ( n>rative4 ,b ! fact rema9s t x is v h>d = ! h]o to draw 8 own "* except 9 outl9e2 & !re=e if ! emphasis is to lie less on :at he does ?an on ! sort ( p]son t he is1 ! exp$i5t w be ineffectual4 ,! ma9 /ructural advantage ( tell+ ! /ory ?r\gh ! p]son ( ! h]o is t 8 pres5ce z ! c5tral figure 9 e ev5t n>rat$ makes = coh]5ce & gives ! /ory unity4 ,b att5dant disadvantages are t x is (t5 difficult to acc\nt = ! h]o's pres5ce 9 e sc5e1 t he _c be an eye-witness to ev5ts happ5+ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t places1 & t x is h>d to acc\nt = 8 possession ( k reg>d+ ^? details ( ! plot :i* h no imm$iate be>+ on himself4 ,x seems always some:at lame to /ate1 z h]oes tell+ _! own /ories are frequ5tly oblig$ to d1 ,^! ?+s ,i did n "k at ! "t1 & f\nd out only aft]w>d2 b ,i ins]t !m "h1 because x is at ?is po9t 9 ! plot t !y belong4 #b4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view ( ,"s ,subsidi>y ,actor4--,_m ( ^! disadvantages may be ov]come by tell+ ! tale f ! po9t ( view1 n ( ! lead+ actor1 b ( "s m9or p]sonage 9 ! /ory4 ,9 ?is case aga91 analysis ( "* is preclud$2 b ! n>rator may del9eate ! lead+ actor directly1 ?r\gh descriptive & expository comm5t4 ,9 /ories :]e ! h]o is an extraord9>y p]son1 & c\ld n )\t immode/y descant ^u 8 own unusual capabilities1 x is ( obvi\s advantage to repres5t him f ! po9t ( view ( an admir+ fri5d4 ,?us :5 ,poe inv5t$ ! detective /ory1 he wisely decid$ to exhibit ! extraord9>y analytic p[] ( ,dup9 ?r\gh a n>rative told n by ! detective himself b by a man :o knew him well2 & ,sir ,ar?ur ,conan ,doyle1 foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 has inv5t$ ,dr4 ,watson to tell ! tales ( ,%]lock ,holmes4 ,! actual in/ance ( ,boswell & ,johnson sub/antiates ! possibility ( a m9or actor's kn[+ intimately all phases ( a h]o's life & "*4 ,& s9ce ! po9t ( view ( ! second>y p]sonage is j z int]nal to ! ev5ts !mselves z t ( ! lead+ actor1 ! /ory may be told ) an imm$iacy1 a vividness1 & a plausibility approximat+ closely ! effect d]iv$ f a n>rative told by ! h]o4 ,& !re is n[ less difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! n>rator's k ( all ! details ( ! plot4 ,he c witness m9or necess>y sc5es at :i* ! h]o is n pres5t2 he c "k ?+s 7& tell !m to ! read]7 :i* at ! "t ! h]o did n "k2 & if 8 pres5ce be )held f an important incid5t1 ! h]o c n>rate x to him aft]w>d4 ,nev]!less1 x is (t5 v difficult to ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t a long /ory ! po9t ( view ( a m9or actor 9 ! plot4 ,?ack]ay breaks d[n completely 9 8 attempt to tell ,! ,newcomes f ! po9t ( view ( ,ar?ur ,p5d5nis1 ! h]o ( a =m] novel4 ,/ev5son assigns to ,mackell> ! task ( n>rat+ ,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae3 b :5 ! ,ma/] disappe>s & ,mackell> rema9s at home ) ,mr4 ,h5ry1 x is necess>y = ! au?or to inv5t a second p]sonage1 ! ,*evali] de ,burke1 to tell ! /ory ( ! ,ma/]'s w&]+s4 #c4 ,! ,po9ts ( ,view ( ,diff]5t ,actors4--,?is la/ in/ance leads u to consid] ! possibility ( tell+ diff]5t sections ( ! /ory f ! po9ts ( view ( diff]5t *>act]s1 assign+ to ea* ! p>ticul> phase ( ! n>rative t he is especially fitt$ to rec\nt4 ,?ree qu>t]s ( ! ,/range ,case ( ,doctor ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde is n>rat$ 9 ! ?ird p]son1 ext]nally2 b ! f9al intimate vividness ( horror is ga9$ by %ift+ to an int]nal po9t ( view = ! two conclud+ *apt]s1--! fir/ writt5 by ,dr4 ,lanyon1 & ! la/ by ,jekyll himself4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ has develop$ to v subtle uses ! exp$i5t ( op5+ a /ory f ! po9t ( view ( a n>rator :o is nam$ simply ,i & :o is n *>act]iz$ 9 any way at all1 & !n lett+ ! /ory prop] be told to ?is imp]sonal n>rator by sev]al *>act]s :o are cle>ly del9eat$ ?r\gh _! spee* & ?r\gh ! p>ts t !y h play$ 9 ! tale t !y are tell+4 ,?is device is us$ 9 ne>ly all ! /ories ( ! ,soldi]s ,?ree4 ,! n>rator meets ,mulvaney1 ,or!ris1 & ,le>oyd "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ga!rs f !m bit by bit ! v>i\s features ( ! /ory1--"o detail be+ contribut$ by "o ( ! actors1 ano!r by ano!r1 until out ( ! successive fragm5ts ! /ory is built up4 ,x is 9 ?is way also1 z we h already not$1 t ! tale ( ,mrs4 ,ba?ur/ is set be=e ! read]4 #d4 ,! ,epi/ol>y ,po9t ( ,view4--,a conv5i5t means ( %ift+ ! burd5 ( ! n>rative at any po9t to a c]ta9 special "* is to introduce a lett] writt5 by t "* to "o ( ! o!r p 9 ! plot4 ,?is exp$i5t is employ$ ) extraord9>y clev]ness by ,george ,m]$i? 9 ,evan ,h>r+ton4 ,mo/ ( ! tale is told ext]nally2 b e n[ & !n ! clev] & witty ,c\ntess de ,sald> writes a lett] 9 :i* a lead+ incid5t is illum9at$ f h] p]sonal po9t ( view4 ,ev] s9ce ! days ( ,ri*>dson ! device has frequ5tly be5 us$ ( tell+ an entire /ory ?r\gh a s]ies ( lett]s ex*ang$ among ! *>act]s4 ,! ma9 advantage ( ?is me?od is ! con/ant %ift+ ( ! po9t ( view1 :i* makes x possible = ! read] to see e important incid5t ?r\gh ! eyes ( ea* ( ! *>act]s 9 turn4 ,fur!rmore1 x is comp>atively easy to *>act]ize 9 ! fir/ p]son :5 ! ?+ t is writt5 is s intimate & p]sonal z a lett]4 ,b ! disadvantage ( ! device lies 9 ! fact t x t5ds t[>d incoh]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! n>rative4 ,x is h>d = ! au?or to /ick to ! po9t at e mom5t )\t violat+ ! casual & discursive tone t ! epi/ol>y /yle dem&s4 ,( c\rse a c]ta9 unity may be ga9$ if ! lett]s us$ are all writt5 by a s+le "*4 ,! *ief advantage ( ?is me?od ov] a direct n>rative writt5 by "o ( ! actors is ! add$ motive = ! revelation ( intimate matt]s :i* is furni%$ by ! fact t ! n>rator is writ+1 n = ! public at l>ge1 b only = ! fri5d1 or fri5ds1 to :om ! lett]s are address$4 ,b a s]ies ( lett]s writt5 by "o p]son only is v likely to become monoton\s2 & m is usually ga9$ ?an lo/ by assign+ ! epi/ol>y rle successively to diff]5t *>act]s4 ,,ii4 ,subdivisions ( ! ,second ,class4--,we h se5 t1 al?\gh ! employm5t ( an int]nal po9t ( view gives a n>rative vividness ( action1 objectivity ( obs]vation1 imm$iacy ( emotion1 & plausibility ( tone1 x is att5d$ by sev]al difficulties 9 ! del9eation ( ! *>act]s & ! con/ruction ( ! plot4 ,x is !re=e 9 _m cases m advisable = ! au?or to look ^u ! n>rative ext]nally & to write x 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,b !re are sev]al diff]5t ways ( do+ ?is2 = ?\gh a /ory view$ ext]nally is told 9 e case by a m9d di/9ct f t ( any ( ! *>act]s1 !re are _m diff]5t /ations 9 :i* t m9d may set itself1 & _m diff]5t moods 9 :i* x may rec\nt ! /ory4 #a4 ,! ,omnisci5t ,po9t ( ,view4--,fir/ ( all 7to />t ) a phase t contra/s mo/ widely ) ! int]nal po9t ( view7 ! ext]nal m9d may set itself equidi/ant f all ! *>act]s & may assume t[>d !m an attitude ( absolute omnisci5ce4 ,! /ory1 9 su* a case1 is told by a sort ( god1 :o is cognizant ( ! pa/ & future ( ! action :ile he is look+ at ! pres5t1 & :o sees into ! m9ds & he>ts ( all ! *>act]s at once & und]/&s !m bett] ?an !y d !mselves4 ,! ma9 practical advantage 9 assum+ ! god-l po9t ( view is t ! n>rator is nev] oblig$ to acc\nt = 8 possession ( intimate in=mation4 ,he c obs]ve ev5ts :i* happ5 at ! same "t 9 places widely sep>at$4 ,d>kness _c dim 8 eyes2 lock$ doors _c %ut him out4 ,he c be ) a "* :5 t "* is mo/ alone4 ,he c make cle> to u ! ?\ghts t d n tremble into spee*1 ! emotions t falt] & subside into inaction4 ,he c "k1 & c convey to u1 h[ mu* ( a p]son's real ?\ght is express$1 & h[ mu* is conceal$1 by ! language t he uses4 ,& ! read] seeks no motive to acc\nt = ! n>rator's revelation ( ! p]sonal secrets ( ! *>act]s4 ,! omnisci5t po9t ( view is ! only "o t p]mits ^u a l>ge scale ! depiction ( "* ?r\gh m5tal analysis4 ,x is !re=e usually us$ 9 ! psy*ological novel4 ,x 0 employ$ always by ,george ,eliot1 & 0 select$ almo/ always by ,george ,m]$i?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 invaluable = tell+ ! sort ( /ory ^: ma9 ev5ts are m5tal1 or subjective4 ,a spiritual exp]i5ce :i* does n translate itself into concrete action c be view$ adequately only f ! god-l po9t ( view4 ,b :5 x is employ$ 9 ! n>ration ( objective ev5ts1 ! writ] runs ! dang] ( undue ab/ractness4 ,a c]ta9 vividness--a c]ta9 imm$iacy ( obs]vation--are likely to be lo/1 because ( ! alo(ness f ! *>act]s ( ! m9d t sees !m4 ,?is po9t ( view is at once ! mo/ easy & ! mo/ difficult t ! au?or may assume4 ,te*nically x is ! easie/1 because ! writ] is absolutely free 9 ! selection & ! patt]n+ ( 8 n>rative mat]ials2 b humanly x is ! mo/ difficult1 because x is h>d = any man consi/5tly to play ! god1 ev5 t[>d 8 own fictiti\s creatures4 ,al?\gh ,george ,eliot assumes omnisci5ce ( ,daniel ,d]onda1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion among m5 ( s\nd judgm5t is t %e does n really "k h] h]o4 ,d]onda is 9 tru? a less] p]son ?an %e ?9ks him2 & h] assumption ( omnisci5ce breaks d[n4 ,9 fact1 unless an au?or is gift$ ) ! god-l wisdom ( ,george ,m]$i?1 he is almo/ sure to break d[n 9 ! ef=t to su/a9 ! omnisci5t attitude consi/5tly ?r\gh\t a complicat$ novel4 #b4 ,! ,limit$ ,po9t ( ,view4--,!re=e1 9 assum+ a po9t ( view ext]nal to ! *>act]s1 x is usually wis] = ! au?or to accept a compromise & to impose c]ta9 def9ite limits ^u 8 own omnisci5ce4 ,?us1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! pr]ogative to ent] at any mom5t ! m9ds ( "o or m ( 8 *>act]s1 he may limit 8 obs]vation ( ! o!rs to :at 0 actually se5 & he>d ( !m by ^? ( ^: m9ds he is omnisci5t4 ,9 su* a case1 al?\gh ! au?or tells ! /ory 9 ! ?ird p]son1 he virtually sees ! /ory f ! po9t ( view ( a c]ta9 actor1 or ( c]ta9 actors1 9 x4 ,! only phase ( ?is device :i* we ne$ to exam9e is t :]e9 ! noveli/'s omnisci5ce is limit$ to a s+le "*4 ,?is special po9t ( view is employ$ ) consummate art by ,jane ,au/54 ,9 ,emma1 = example1 %e portrays e intimate detail ( ! h]o9e's ?\ghts & feel+s1 ent]+ ,emma's m9d at w1 or look+ at h] f ! outside ) omnisci5t eyes4 ,b 9 deal+ ) ! o!r *>act]s1 ! au?or limits h] own k to :at ,emma knew ab\t !m1 & sees !m consi/5tly ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! h]o9e4 ,h5ce ! /ory1 al?\gh writt5 by ,jane ,au/5 9 ! ?ird p]son1 is really se5 by ,emma ,woodh\se & ?\ght ( 9 ! fir/4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,pride & ,prejudice1 ,elizabe? ,b5net is ! only "* t ! au?or p]mits h]self to analyze at any l5g?3 ! o!rs are se5 objectively1 m]ely z ,elizabe? saw !m4 ,! read] is made acqua9t$ ) e /ep 9 ! h]o9e's gradual *ange ( feel+ t[>d ,mr4 ,d>cy2 b ( ! *ange 9 ,d>cy's ?\ghts & feel+s t[>d ,elizabe? ! read] is told no?+ until %e h]self discov]s x4 ,( c\rse1 9 apply+ ?is device1 x is possible = ! au?or1 at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! n>rative1 to %ift 8 limit$ omnisci5ce f "o ( ! *>act]s to ano!r4 ,9 su* a case1 al?\gh ! /ory is told ?r\gh\t consi/5tly 9 ! ?ird p]son1 "o sc5e may be view$ f ! /&po9t ( "o ( ! *>act]s1 ano!r f t ( ano!r "*1 & s on4 ,imag9e = a mom5t two adjac5t rooms ) a s+le door betwe5 !m :i* is lock$2 & suppose a "* alone 9 ea* ( ! rooms1--ea* p]son ?9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,n[ an au?or assum+ absolute omnisci5ce c\ld tell u :at ea* ( !m 0 ?9k+ at ! selfsame mom5t3 ! lock$ door w\ld n be a b> to him4 ,b an au?or tell+ ! /ory f ! attitude ( limit$ omnisci5ce c\ld tell u only :at "o ( !m 0 ?9k+1 & w\ld n be able to see beyond ! door4 ,:e!r or n he w\ld f9d himself at lib]ty to *oose :i* room he %\ld be cognizant (1 w\ld dep5d ( c\rse on :e!r he 0 ma9ta9+ ! same po9t ( view ?r\gh\t 8 /ory or 0 select+ x anew = e sc5e4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! "o "* :om he c\ld see w\ld be det]m9$ 9 advance3 9 ! o!r1 he %\ld h to decide f ! po9t ( view ( :i* ( !m t special sc5e c\ld be ! m effectively set =?4 ,! attitude ( limit$ omnisci5ce is m easy to ma9ta9 ?an t ( a god-l m9d intimately cognizant ( all ! *>act]s at once2 & fur!rmore1 ! employm5t ( ! m re/rict$ po9t ( view is m likely to produce ! illusion ( life4 ,9 actual exp]i5ce1 we see only "o m9d int]nally1--our own2 all o!r p we look ^u ext]nally3 & a /ory1 !re=e1 :i* lays b>e to u "o m9d & only "o is m 9 tune ) life itself ?an a /ory 9 :i* _m m9ds are se>*$ by an all-see+ eye4 ,also1 a /ory told 9 ! ?ird p]son f ! po9t ( view :i* has be5 illu/rat$ f ,jane ,au/5's novels enjoys ne>ly e advantage ( a n>rative told 9 ! fir/ p]son by ! lead+ actor1 )\t be+ encumb]$ by c]ta9 ( ! mo/ noticeable disadvantages4 #c4 ,! ,rigidly ,re/rict$ ,po9t ( ,view4--,= ! sake ( concret5ess1 h[ev]1 x is (t5 advisable = ! au?or writ+ 9 ! ?ird p]son to re/rict 8 po9t ( view /ill fur!r1 &1 =ego+ absolutely ! pr]ogative ( omnisci5ce1 to limit himself to an attitude m]ely obs]vant & entirely ext]nal to all ! *>act]s4 ,9 su* a case ! au?or we>s1 z x 71 an invisible cap l t ( ,=tunatus1 :i* p]mits him to move unnotic$ among 8 *>act]s2 & he reports to u ext]nally _! looks1 _! actions1 & _! spee*1 )\t ev] assum+ an ability to delve into _! m9ds4 ,?is rigidly ext]nal po9t ( view is employ$ frequ5tly by ,guy de ,maupassant 9 8 brief] fictions2 b al?\gh x is especially valuable 9 ! %ort-/ory1 x is extremely difficult to ma9ta9 ?r\gh ! ext5sive compass ( a novel4 ,! ma9 advantage ( ?is po9t ( view is t x necessitates ^u ! "p ( ! au?or an attitude t[>d 8 /ory :i* is at all mom5ts visual r ?an intellectual4 ,he does n give a ready-made int]pretation ( 8 incid5ts1 b m]ely projects !m be=e ! eyes ( 8 read]s & all[s to ea* ! privilege ( int]pret+ !m = himself4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! read] loses ! advantage ( ! noveli/'s sup]ior k ( 8 creatures3 &1 except 9 dramatic mom5ts :5 ! motives are self-evid5t f ! action1 may miss ! human purport ( ! sc5e4 ,two ,tones ( ,n>rative1 ,imp]sonal & ,p]sonal3 #a4 ,! ,imp]sonal ,tone4--,9 employ+ e phase ( ! ext]nal po9t ( view except ! "o :i* has be5 la/ discuss$1 ! au?or is free to *oose betwe5 two v diff]5t tones ( n>rative1--! imp]sonal & ! p]sonal4 ,he may ei!r oblit]ate or emphasize 8 own p]sonality z a factor 9 ! /ory4 ,! great epics & folk-tales h all be5 told imp]sonally4 ,:atev] sort ( p]son ,hom] may h be51 he nev] obtrudes himself into 8 n>rative2 & we may read bo? ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey )\t d]iv+ any m def9ite s5se ( 8 p]sonality ?an may be drawn f ! h9ts :i* are giv5 u by ! ?+s he kn[s ab\t4 ,no "o kn[s ! au?or ( ,be[ulf or ( ! ,nibelung5 ,li$4 ,^! /ories seem to tell !mselves4 ,!y are se5 f nobody's po9t ( view1 or f anybody's--:i*ev] way we *oose to say x4 ,_m mod]n au?ors1 l ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 in/9ctively assume ! epic attitude t[>d _! *>act]s & incid5ts3 !y look ^u !m ) a l>ge unconsci\sness ( self & depict !m j z any "o w\ld see !m4 ,o!r au?ors1 l ,mr4 ,william ,dean ,h[ells1 /rive delib]ately to keep ! p]sonal note out ( _! /ories3 self-consci\sly !y triumph ov] self 9 ! endeavor to leave _! *>act]s alone4 #b4 ,! ,p]sonal ,tone4--,b noveli/s ( ano!r class pref] to admit frankly to ! read] t ! n>rator :o /&s ap>t f all ! *>act]s & writes ab\t !m 9 ! ?ird p]son is ! au?or himself4 ,!y give a p]sonal tone to ! n>rative2 !y ass]t _! own peculi>ities ( ta/e & judgm5t1 & nev] let y =get t !y1 & !y alone1 are tell+ ! /ory4 ,! read] has to see x ?r\gh _! eyes4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 = example1 t ,?ack]ay displays 8 /ories1--pity+ 8 *>act]s1 admir+ !m1 mak+ fun ( !m1 or lov+ !m1 & nev] lett+ slip an opportunity to *at ab\t ! matt] ) 8 read]s4 ,mr4 ,h[ells1 9 ,section ,,xv ( 8 ,criticism & ,fiction1 comm5ts adv]sely on ,?ack]ay's t5d5cy to /& ab\t 9 8 sc5e1 talk+ x ov] ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets1 int]rupt+ ! action1 & spoil+ ! illusion 9 :i* alone ! tru? ( art resides2 & 9 a fur!r s5t5ce he condemns him z a writ] :o _h s little arti/ic s5sibility1 t he nev] hesitat$ on any occasion1 great or small1 to make a =ay among 8 *>act]s1 & cat* !m up to %[ !m to ! read] & tell him h[ beautiful or ugly !y 72 & cry out ov] _! amaz+ prop]ties4 ,?is sweep+ condemnation ( ! n>rative attitude ( "o ( ! be/-belov$ ( ! great ma/]s s\nds j a little bigot$4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! /ricte/ arti/s 9 fiction1 l ,guy de ,maupassant1 pref] to tell _! tales imp]sonally3 !y leave _! *>act]s rigidly alone1 & all[ ! read] to see !m )\t look+ ?r\gh ! au?or's p]sonality4 ,b !re is a type ( lit]ature :]e9 ! *ief *>m = ! read] lies 9 ! fact t he is p]mitt$ to see ?+s ?r\gh ! au?or's m9d4 ,:5 we read ,*>les ,lamb's essay on ,! ,s\? ,sea ,h\se1 we read x n s mu* to look at ! des]t$ & memorable build+ z to look at ,elia look+ at x4 ,simil>ly _m read]s return aga9 & aga9 to ,! ,newcomes n s mu* = ! pleasure ( see+ ,london high society z = ! pleasure ( see+ ,?ack]ay see x4 ,! m]it1 or ! defect1 ( ! me?od 9 any case is a "q n ( rules & regulations b ( ! tone & quality ( ! au?or's m9d4 ,:e!r or n he may safely obtrude himself into 8 fictions dep5ds entirely on :o he is4 ,?is is a matt] m ( p]sonality ?an ( art3 & :at might be insuff]able ) "o au?or may /& z ! ma9 m]it ( ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! greate/ *>m ( ,sir ,james ,b>rie's novels emanates f ! au?or's habit ( emphasiz+ ! p]sonal relation betwe5 himself & 8 *>act]s4 ,! au?or's _m-mood$ attitude t[>d ,s5tim5tal ,tommy is a matt] ( human int]e/ j z mu* z any?+ t ,tommy feels himself4 ,let u admit1 !n1 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,h[ells1 t ! au?or ( fiction has a "r to ass]t himself z ! n>rator1 provid$ t he be a p]son ( int]e/ & *>m4 ,x rema9s = u to consid] ! v>i\s moods 9 :i*1 9 su* a case1 ! writ] may look ^u 8 /ory4 ,! self-oblit]at+ au?or endeavors to hide 8 own op9ion ( ! *>act]s1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! read]'s indep5d5ce ( judgm5t conc]n+ !m2 b ! au?or :o writes p]sonally does n hesitate to reveal1 nor ev5 to express directly1 8 admiration ( a "*'s m]its or 8 deprecation ( a "*'s defects4 ,y w seek 9 va91 9 /udy+ ! fictiti\s p ( ,guy de ,maupassant1 = any indication ( ! au?or's approval or disapproval ( !m2 & !re is some?+ v admirable 9 ?is absolute impassiv5ess ( art4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !re is a c]ta9 salut>y humanness ab\t an au?or :o loves or hates 8 *>act]s j z he w\ld love or hate ! same sort ( p 9 actual life1 & writes ab\t !m ) ! gl[ ( p]sonal emotion4 ,sir ,james ,b>rie (t5 disapproves ( ,tommy2 sometimes he feels =c$ to scold him2 b he loves him = a' t3 & we feel in/9ctively t ! h]o is ! m tru?fully del9eat$ = be+ repres5t$ by a fri5d4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view z a ,factor 9 ,con/ruction4--,x w be ga!r$ f ! =ego+ discussion ( ! v>i\s po9ts ( view 9 n>rative t no "o ( !m may be pron\nc$ absolutely bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,b ?is mu* may be said dogmatically3 !re is always "o be/ po9t ( view f :i* to tell any giv5 %ort-/ory2 & al?\gh 9 plann+ a novel ! au?or works ) f> less te*nical re/riction1 !re is almo/ always "o be/ po9t ( view f :i* to tell a giv5 novel4 ,!re=e1 x is advisable = ! au?or to det]m9e z e>ly z possible1 f a /udi\s consid]ation ( 8 mat]ials1 :at is ! be/ po9t ( view f :i* to tell ! /ory he is plann+1 & !reaft] to contemplate 8 n>rative f t /&po9t & t only4 ,fur!rmore1 ! int]e/ ( art dem&s t ! po9t ( view select$ %all1 if possible1 be ma9ta9$ consi/5tly ?r\gh\t ! tell+ ( ! /ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v difficult matt]2 & only 9 v rec5t ye>s h ev5 ! be/ writ]s gr[n to ma/] x4 ,! novels :i* h be5 told )\t a s+le violation ( ?is pr9ciple are v few 9 numb]4 ,b ! fact rema9s t any unw>rantable breakd[n 9 ! po9t ( view select$ diseconomizes ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,x is un=tunate1 = in/ance1 t ,?omas ,bailey ,aldri*1 9 ,m>jorie ,daw1 %\ld h f\nd x necess>y1 aft] tell+ almo/ ! entire tale 9 lett]s1 to %ift sudd5ly to ! ext]nal po9t ( view & end ! /ory ) a few pages ( direct n>rative4 ,su* an unexpect$ v>iation ( me?od />tles & to "s ext5t disrupts ! att5tion ( ! read]1 & !reby detracts f ! effect ( ! ?+ to be convey$4 ,h5ry ,james & ,mr4 ,kipl+ exhibit1 9 _! sev]al ways1 extraord9>y ma/]y ( po9t ( view2 & _! works may v pr(itably be /udi$ = examples ( ?is special phase ( arti/ry 9 n>rative4 ,! v title ( ,:at ,maisie ,knew1 by ,h5ry ,james1 proclaims ! rigidly re/rict$ /&po9t f :i* ! n>rative mat]ial is se54 ,9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s tale1 ,a ,deal 9 ,cotton1 :i* is includ$ 9 ,actions & ,reactions1 ! int]e/ is d]iv$ *iefly f ! trick ( tell+ ! /ory twice1--fir/ f ! po9t ( view ( ,adam ,/rickl&1 & ! second "t f ! po9t ( view ( ,adam's native body-s]vant1 :o knew _m matt]s t 7 hidd5 f 8 ma/]4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view z ! ,h]o ( ! ,n>rative4--,9 c]ta9 special cases ! po9t ( view has be5 made1 s to speak1 ! real h]o ( ! /ory4 ,"s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,br&] ,mat!ws1 9 collaboration ) ! late ,h4 ,c4 ,bunn]1 devis$ a v clev] n>rative entitl$ ,! ,docum5ts 9 ! ,case4 ,x consi/$ m]ely ( a s]ies ( numb]$ docum5ts1 widely diff]5t 9 nature1 pres5t$ ) nei!r introduction nor comm5t by ! au?ors4 ,! s]ies conta9$ clipp+s f v>i\s newspap]s1 p]sonal lett]s1 ,i4 ,o4 ,u's1 race-track reports1 pawn-tickets1 lett]-heads1 telegrams1 !atre programmes1 adv]tisem5ts1 receipt$ bills1 envelopes1 etc4 ,9 spite ( ! div]sity ( ^! mat]ials1 ! au?ors succe$$ 9 fabricat+ a n>rative :i* 0 entirely coh]5t & at all po9ts cle>4 ,! ma9 int]e/1 h[ev]1 lay 9 ! novelty & clev]ness ( ! po9t ( view2 & ?\gh su* an exagg]at$ te*nical exp$i5t may be s]viceable n[ & !n = a special sort ( /ory1 x is n ( any g5]al value4 ,a po9t ( view t attracts att5tion to itself necess>ily di/racts att5tion f ! /ory t is be+ repres5t$2 & 9 a n>rative ( s]i\s import1 ! ma9 emphasis %\ld be ?r[n ^u ! ?+ t is told r ?an ^u ! way ( tell+ x4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,9 :at ways is ! impression ( a n>rative dep5d5t on ! po9t ( view select$ by ! au?or8 #b4 ,imag9e a fictiti\s ev5t2 & aft] y h become suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ?is imag9>y incid5t1 write sev5 di/9ct !mes1 9 ea* ( :i* ?is incid5t is project$ f a diff]5t po9t ( view3--#a4 ,z se5 by ! lead+ actor2 #b4 ,z se5 by a m9or actor2 #c4 ,z se5 by diff]5t actors2 #d4 ,z told 9 lett]s2 #e4 ,f an omnisci5t po9t ( view2 #f4 ,f a limit$ po9t ( view2 & #g4 ,f a rigidly re/rict$ po9t ( view4 #c4 ,imag9e a fictiti\s ev5t2 & write two di/9ct !mes1 9 "o ( :i* ?is ev5t is rec\nt$ p]sonally1 & 9 ! o!r imp]sonally4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,read ! mo/ important works ( fiction t h be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,emphasis ,,9 ,,n>rative ,ess5tial & ,contributory ,features--,art ,di/+ui%es ,betwe5 ! ,two by ,emphasis--,_m ,te*nical ,devices3 #a4 ,emphasis by ,t]m9al ,position2 #b4 ,emphasis by ,initial ,position2 #c4 ,emphasis by ,pause ,fur!r ,discussion ( ,emphasis by ,position2 #d4 ,emphasis by ,direct ,proportion2 #e4 ,emphasis by ,inv]se ,proportion2 #f4 ,emphasis by ,it]ation2 #g4 ,emphasis by ,anti!sis2 #h4 ,emphasis by ,climax2 #i4 ,emphasis by ,surprise2 #aj4 ,emphasis by ,susp5se2 #aa4 ,emphasis by ,imitative ,movem5t4 ,ess5tial & ,contributory ,features4--,! features ( any object t we contemplate may ) intellig5t judgm5t be divid$ into two classes1 accord+ z !y are inh]5tly ess5tial1 or else m]ely contributory1 to ! exi/5ce ( t object z an individual entity4 ,if any "o ( its inh]5tly ess5tial features %\ld be alt]$1 t object w\ld cease to be itself & w\ld become ano!r object2 b if any or all ( its m]ely contributory features %\ld be *ang$1 ! object w\ld /ill reta9 its individuality1 h[ev] mu* its aspect might be alt]$4 ,& 9 g5]al x may be said t we d n und]/& an object until we are able to set intellig5tly 9 "o gr\p or ! o!r e feature x pres5ts to our att5tion4 ,art ,di/+ui%es ,betwe5 ! ,two by ,emphasis4--,9 contemplat+ natural objects1 x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% ^? features :i* are m]ely contributory f ^? :i* are inh]5tly ess5tial2 b x ought n to be difficult to d s 9 contemplat+ a "w ( art4 ,= x is possible = ! arti/--9 fact x is incumb5t ^u him--to help ! obs]v] to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! contributory details ( ! object he has fabricat$4 ,by employ+ c]ta9 te*nical exp$i5ts 9 exhibit+ 8 "w1 ! arti/ is able to communicate to ! obs]v] 8 own intellig5t di/9ction betwe5 its m important1 & its less important1 features4 ,he does ?is by ca/+ emphasis ^u ! necess>y details & ga!r+ out ( emphasis ! subsidi>y ones4 ,! importance ( ! pr9ciple ( emphasis is recogniz$ 9 all ! arts2 = x is only by an application ( ?is pr9ciple t ! arti/ c ga!r & gr\p 9 ! backgr\nd ! subsidi>y elem5ts ( 8 "w1 :ile he fl+s into vivid relief ^? elem5ts t embody ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ he has to say4 ,! halo ) :i* ! ,byzant9e mosaci/s surr\nd$ ! faces ( _! sa9ts1 ! glory ( gold5 light t gleams ab\t ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 heav5 9 ,t9toretto's decorations1 ! blank bright walls ( ! ,doge's palace und]m9$ by d>kl+ & %ad[y arcades1 ! refra9 ( a ,prov5al song1 ! %>p %ad[ "u ! visor ( ,v]roc*io's eque/rian /atue1 ! ?\ght-provok+ *i>oscuro ( ,rembr&t's figure pa9t+s--^! exp$i5ts are all design$ to attract att5tion to ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a :ole ( _m p>ts4 ,by te*nical devices su* z ^!1 emphasis mu/ be giv5 to ! c5tral tru? ( a "w ( art 9 ord] t ! obs]v] may n look in/ead at ! m]e accid5ts ( its inve/iture4 ,:]e _m elem5ts are ga!r$ toge!r = ! purpose ( repres5t+ an idea1 "s ( !m mu/ be m important ?an ! o!rs because !y are to a great] ext5t imbu$ ) x inh]5tly2 & ! arti/ w fail ( 8 purpose unless he indicates cle>ly :i* elem5ts are ess5tial & :i* are m]ely subsidi>y4 ,_m ,te*nical ,devices4--,sc>cely any o!r "w ( art1 except+ a ,go?ic ca!dral or a !atrical p]=mance1 is made ( elem5ts m multif>i\s ?an ^? ( a fictiti\s n>rative4 ,! details ( a novel are s _m & s v>i\s t ! au?or ne$s at all times a nice und]/&+ & a c>eful application ( ! pr9ciple ( emphasis4 ,x is !re=e advisable t ! pres5t *apt] %\ld be devot$ to ! enum]ation & illu/ration ( ! diff]5t te*nical devices :i* are employ$ by arti/s 9 n>rative to ca/ ! ne$$ emphasis on ! ess5tial features ( _! /ories4 #a4 ,emphasis by ,t]m9al ,position4--,fir/ ( all1 x is obvi\sly easy to emphasize by position4 ,9 any n>rative1 or section ( a n>rative1 t is design$ to be read 9 a s+le sitt+1 ! la/ mom5ts are ( necessity emphatic because !y are ! la/4 ,:5 ! read] lays ! n>rative aside1 he rememb]s mo/ vividly ! la/ ?+ t has be5 pres5t$ to 8 att5tion2 & if he ?9ks back to ! e>li] portions ( ! /ory1 he mu/ d s by ?9k+ ?r\gh ! conclud+ passage4 ,!re=e1 x is necess>y 9 ! %ort-/ory1 & advisable 9 ! *apt]s ( a novel1 to res]ve = ! ultimate position "o ( ! mo/ inh]5tly important features ( ! n>rative2 = surely x is bad art to wa/e ! natural emphasis ( position by ca/+ x ^u a subsidi>y feature4 ,! importance ( ?is simple exp$i5t w readily be recogniz$ if ! /ud5t w ga!r toge!r a hundr$ %ort-/ories writt5 by ackn[l$g$ ma/]s & exam9e ! la/ p>agraph ( ea*4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! f9al s5t5ces ( ,m>kheim1 :i* we h already quot$ 9 ano!r connection3-- ,he confront$ ! maid ^u ! ?re%old ) some?+ l a smile4 ',y _h bett] g = ! police1' said he3 ',i h kill$ y\r ma/]4' ,! entire /ory is summ$ up 9 ! conclud+ phrase2 & ! f9al s5t5ce r+s ev] aft] 9 ! read]'s memory4 ,"h1 to cite a new example1 is ! conclusion ( ,poe's ,! ,masque ( ! ,r$ ,dea?3-- ,& n[ 0 ackn[l$g$ ! pres5ce ( ! ,r$ ,dea?4 ,he _h come l a ?ief 9 ! night4 ,& "o by "o dropp$ ! revell]s 9 ! blood-b$ew$ halls ( _! revel1 & di$ ea* 9 ! despair+ po/ure ( 8 fall4 ,& ! life ( ! ebony clock w5t out ) t ( ! la/ ( ! gay4 ,& ! flames ( ! tripods expir$4 ,& ,d>kness & ,decay & ! ,r$ ,dea? held illimitable dom9ion ov] all4 ,! s5se ( absolute ru9 :i* we d]ive f ?is impressive p>agraph is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 due to ! emphasis x ga9s f its f9ality4 ,! effect w\ld unque/ionably be subtract$ f1 if ano!r p>agraph %\ld be app5d$ & %\ld /eal away its importance ( position4 ,9 ord] to d]ive ! utmo/ emphasis f ! t]m9al position1 ! great arti/ ,guy de ,maupassant1 9 8 %ort-/ories1 develop$ a p]iodicity ( /ructure by means ( :i* he res]v$ ! solution ( ! n>rative1 :5ev] possible1 until ! f9al s5t5ces4 ,?is p]iodic /ructure is employ$1 = example1 9 8 well-kn[n /ory ( ,! ,necklace 7,la ,p>ure74 ,x deals ) a poor woman :o loses a diamond necklace t %e has borr[$ f a ri* fri5d 9 ord] to we> at a ball4 ,%e buys ano!r exactly l x & returns ?is 9 its place4 ,= t5 ye>s %e & h] husb& labor day & night to pay (f ! debts !y h incurr$ to pur*ase ! sub/itut$ jewels4 ,aft] ! debts are all paid1 ! woman tells h] fri5d ( :at _h happ5$4 ,!n foll[s ?is la/ s5t5ce ( ! /ory3-- ',oh1 my poor ,ma?ilde4 ,b m9e 7 false4 ,at mo/ !y 7 wor? five hundr$ francs6' ,! p]iodic patt]n ( ,guy de ,maupassant 0 s$ul\sly copi$ by ,o4 ,h5ry2 b ?is popul> contributor to ! ,am]ican magaz9es w5t ev5 fur!r ?an 8 ma/] & develop$ a d\ble surprise to be deliv]$ sudd5ly at ! conclusion ( ! n>rative4 ,a typical example ( 8 "w is ,! ,gift ( ! ,magi1 :]e9 an unexpect$ outcome is imm$iately capp$ by a second outcome /ill m unexpect$4 ,! success ( ,o4 ,h5ry ) ! read+ public may be attribut$ ma9ly to 8 clev]ness 9 tak+ full advantage ( ! p[]ful exp$i5t ( emphasis by t]m9al position4 ,8 te*nical adroitness may be /udi$ be/ by read+ rapidly ! f9al p>agraphs ( any hundr$ ( 8 /ories4 ,he _h ! happy faculty ( say+ la/ ! be/ & brighte/ ?+ he _h to say4 #b4 ,emphasis by ,initial ,position4--,next to ! la/ position1 ! mo/ emphatic place 9 a brief n>rative1 or section ( a n>rative1 is ( c\rse ! fir/4 ,! m9d ( ! read] receives ) an especial vividness :atev] is pres5t$ to x at ! outset4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y 9 ! %ort-/ory1 & advisable 9 ! *apt]s ( a novel1 to beg9 ) mat]ial t n only is inh]5tly ess5tial1 b also /rikes ! key-note ( ! n>rative t is to foll[4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe is especially arti/ic 9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple ( emphasis by initial position4 ,we h already quot$1 9 ano!r connection1 ! solemn op5+ ( ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]1 ) its sugge/ion ( immitigable gloom ( sett+ z ! dom9ant note ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ,! ,cask ( ,amontillado1 :]e9 ! ?+ to be emphasiz$ is ! elem5t ( action1 ,poe beg9s ) ?is s5t5ce3 ,! ?\s& injuries ( ,=tunato ,i _h borne z ,i be/ c\ld2 b :5 he v5tur$ ^u insult1 ,i v[$ rev5ge3 & we "k already t ! /ory is to set =? a signal act ( v5geance4 ,9 ,! ,tell-,tale ,he>t1 :i* is a /udy ( murd]\s madness1 & deals prim>ily ) ! elem5t ( "*1 ! au?or op5s ?us3-- ,true6--n]v\s--v1 v dreadfully n]v\s ,i _h be5 & am2 b :y w y say t ,i am mad8 ,! disease _h %>p5$ my s5ses--n de/roy$--n dull$ !m4 ,above all 0 ! s5se ( he>+ acute4 ,i he>d all ?+s 9 ! heav5 & 9 ! e>?4 ,i he>d _m ?+s 9 hell4 ,h[1 !n1 am ,i mad8 ,he>k56 & obs]ve h[ heal?ily--h[ calmly ,i c tell y ! :ole /ory4 #c4 ,emphasis by ,pause4--,9 g5]al x may be said t any pause 9 a n>rative emphasizes by position :atev] imm$iately prec$es x1 & also 7?\gh to a consid]ably less ext5t7 :atev] imm$iately foll[s x4 ,= ?is reason _m ma/]s ( ! %ort-/ory1 l ,daudet & de ,maupassant1 con/ruct _! n>ratives 9 sections1 9 ord] to multiply ! numb] ( t]m9al & initial positions4 ,a/]isks /rung across ! page n only make ! read] aw>e ( ! completion ( an integral portion ( ! /ory1 b also focus 8 att5tion emphatically on ! la/ ?+ t has be5 said be=e ! int]ruption4 ,! employm5t ( po9ts de susp5sion--a m>k ( punctuation consi/+ ( a s]ies ( successive dots 444--:i* is s frequ5t ) ,fr5* au?ors1 is a device :i* is us$ to int]rupt a s5t5ce solely = ! sake ( emphasis by pause4 ,fur!r ,discussion ( ,emphasis by ,position4--,! in/ances :i* we h select$ to illu/rate ! exp$i5t ( emphasiz+ by position h be5 *os5 = conv5i5ce f %ort-/ories2 b ! same pr9ciple may be appli$ ) simil> success 9 con/ruct+ ! *apt]s ( a novel4 ,c]ta9 great b in>ti/ic noveli/s1 l ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 %[ !mselves to be s+ul>ly obtuse to ! advantage ( plac+ emphatic mat]ial 9 an emphatic position4 ,scott is almo/ always c>eless ( 8 *apt] end+s3 he all[s ! sections ( 8 n>rative to drift & /raggle1 in/ead ( r\nd+ !m to an emphatic close4 ,b m arti/ic noveli/s1 l ,victor ,hugo = example1 nev] fail to take advantage ( ! t]m9al position4 ,consid] ! close ( ,book ,,xi1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ( ,notre ,dame de ,p>is4 ,! gypsy-girl1 ,esm]alda1 has be5 hang$ 9 ! ,place de ,grve4 ,! hun*back1 ,quasimodo1 has flung ! ar*deacon1 ,claude ,frollo1 f ! t[]-top ( ,notre ,dame4 ,?is p>agraph !n br+s ! *apt] to an end3-- ,quasimodo !n rais$ 8 eye to ! gypsy1 ^: body he saw1 dep5d+ f ! gibbet1 %udd] af> "u h] :ite robe ) ! la/ trembl+s ( dea?-agony2 !n he l[]$ x to ! ar*deacon1 /ret*$ out at ! foot ( ! t[] & no long] hav+ human =m2 & he said ) a sob t made 8 deep *e/ heave3 ',oh6 all t ,i h lov$6' ,a *apt] end+ may be arti/ically plann$ ei!r 7z 9 ! =ego+ in/ance7 to sum up ) absolute f9ality ! n>rative accompli%m5t ( ! *apt]1 or else1 by vaguely =e%ad[+ ! subsequ5t progress ( ! /ory1 to lure ! read] to proce$4 ,! eld] ,dumas possess$ 9 a rem>kable degree ! faculty ( s t]m9at+ "o *apt] z to allure ! read] to an imm$iate comm5cem5t ( ! next4 ,he did ?is mo/ frequ5tly by introduc+ a new ?read ( n>rative 9 a phrase ( ! conclud+ s5t5ce1 & !reby excit+ ! read]'s curiosity to foll[ up ! ?read4 ,! exp$i5t ( emphasis by t]m9al & by initial position _c1 ( c\rse1 be appli$ )\t res]vation to an entire novel4 ,! la/ *apt] ( a novel ) a complicat$ plot is (t5 ( necessity devot$ to ty+ or unty+ m9or knots 9 ! /raggl+ ?reads ( ! g5]al network4 ,!re=e1 ! mo/ emphatic place 9 an ext5d$ n>rative is n at ! v end1 b r at ! close ( ! *apt] :i* sets =? ! culm9ation4 ,also1 al?\gh _m great novels1 l ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 h begun at an emphatic mom5t 9 ! plot1 _m o!rs h op5$ sl[ly & h pres5t$ no important mat]ial until ! n>rative 0 well "u way4 ,! ,talisman ( ,scott1 ,! ,spy ( ,f5imore ,coop]1 & _m ano!r e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury romance1 began ) a solit>y horseman :om ! read] 0 =c$ to foll[ = sev]al pages be=e any?+ :atev] happ5$4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 noveli/s h le>n$ f writ]s ( %ort-/ories ! art ( op5+ emphatically ) mat]ial important to ! plot4 #d4 ,emphasis by ,direct ,proportion4--,ano!r means ( emphasis 9 n>rative is by proportion4 ,m "t & m att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ess5tial sc5es ?an to matt]s ( subsidi>y int]e/4 ,! mo/ important *>act]s %\ld be giv5 mo/ to say & d2 & ! am\nt ( att5tion devot$ to ! o!rs %\ld be proportion$ to _! importance 9 ! action4 ,becky ,%>p /&s out %>ply f ! half a hundr$ o!r *>act]s 9 ,vanity ,fair1 because m "t is devot$ to h] ?an to any ( ! o!rs4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,emma & 9 ,pride & ,prejudice1 z we h not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! h]o9e is 9 ea* case emphasiz$ by ! fact t %e is set =? f a m intimate po9t ( view ?an ! m9or p 9 ! /ory4 ,x is wise1 = ! sake ( emphasis by proportion1 to draw ! major *>act]s m completely & m c>efully ?an ! m9or2 & mu* may !re=e be said1 on ?is gr\nd1 9 def5ce ( ,dick5s's habit ( draw+ humanly only ! lead+ *>act]s 9 8 novels & m]ely sket*+ 9 c>icature ! subsidi>y actors4 #e4 ,emphasis by ,inv]se ,proportion4--,x is sometimes possible1 9 special cases1 to emphasize ironically by inv]se proportion4 ,an au?or may delib]ately devote sev]al successive pages to dwell+ on subsidi>y matt]s1 only to emphasize %>ply a sudd5 p>agraph or s5t5ce 9 :i* he turns to ! "o ?+ t really c\nts4 ,b ?is ironical exp$i5t is1 ( c\rse1 less frequ5tly s]viceable ?an t ( emphasis by direct proportion4 #f4 ,emphasis by ,it]ation4--,und\bt$ly ! easie/ means ( inculcat+ a detail ( n>rative is to repeat x aga9 & aga94 ,emphasis by it]ation is a favorite device ( ,dick5s4 ,! read] is nev] all[$ to =get ! cat*-phrase ( ,micawb] or ! moral look ( ,pecksniff4 ,9 _m cases1 to be sure1 ! read] wi%es t he might escape ! con/antly recurr5t repetition2 b ,dick5s occasionally applies ! exp$i5t ) subtle emotional effect4 ,9 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 = example1 ! repeat$ ref]5ces to e*o+ foot/eps & to ! knitt+ ( ,madame ,def>ge contribute a great deal to ! s5se ( imm95t cata/rophe4 ,c]ta9 mod]n au?ors h develop$ a phase ( emphasis by it]ation :i* is simil> to ! employm5t ( ! leit-motiv 9 ! music-dramas ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,9 ! ,wagn]ian op]as a c]ta9 musical !me is devot$ to ea* ( ! *>act]s1 & is wov5 into ! score :5ev] ! "* appe>s4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! lat] plays ( ,h5rik ,ibs51 c]ta9 phrases are repeat$ frequ5tly1 to indicate ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 dramatic moods4 ,?us1 9 ,rosm]%olm1 ref]5ce is made to ! weird symbol ( :ite horses1 :5ev] ! mood ( ! mom5t>y sc5e =e%ad[s ! d\ble suicide :i* is to t]m9ate ! play4 ,/ud5ts ( ,h$da ,gabl] ne$ n be rem9d$ ( ! emphasis flung by it]ation on ! phrases1 ,v9e-leaves 9 8 hair1 ,fancy t1 ,h$da61 ,wavy-hair$ ,!a1 ,! "o cock on ! f[l-roo/1 & ,p don't d su* ?+s6 ,! same device may be employ$ j z effectively 9 ! %ort-/ory & ! novel4 ,a s+le in/ance w suffice = illu/ration4 ,notice1 9 exam9+ ! impressive talk ( ! old lama 9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,kim1 h[ mu* emphasis is d]iv$ f ! cont9ual recurr5ce ( c]ta9 phrases1 l ! ,se>* = ! ,riv]1 ! ju/ice ( ! ,:eel1 to acquire m]it1 & s =?4 ,a n>rative exp$i5t sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 effect f simple it]ation is ! device ( p>allelism ( /ructure4 ,= example1 9 ,haw?orne's /ory ( ,! ,:ite ,old ,maid1 ! fir/ sc5e & ! la/1 al?\gh !y are sep>at$ 9 "t by _m1 _m ye>s1 take place 9 ! same spaci\s *amb]1 ) ! moonbeams fall+ 9 ! same way ?r\gh two deep & n>r[ w9d[s1 :ile wav+ curta9s produce ! same gho/ly semblance ( expression on a face t is dead4 #g4 ,emphasis by ,anti!sis4--,emphasis 9 n>rative is also atta9$ by anti!sis1--an exp$i5t employ$ 9 e art4 ,9 mo/ /ories x is well s to select ! *>act]s t !y w set ea* o!r (f by contra/4 ,9 ! great duel sc5e ( ! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae1 f :i* a selection has be5 quot$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! phlegmatic calm ( ,mr4 ,h5ry is contra/$ %>ply ) ! m]curial hot-head$ness ( ! ,ma/]2 & ea* "* /&s =? m vividly because ( its opposition to ! o!r4 ,( ! two wom5 :o are lov$ by ,tito ,melema1 ! "o1 ,tessa1 is simple & *ildi%1 ! o!r1 ,romola1 complex & intellectual4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ /ories pres5t a con/ant contra/ ( mutually foil+ p]sonalities2 & :5ev] *>act]s ( v>i$ views & oppos+ aims come nobly to ! grapple 9 a /ruggle t vitally conc]ns !m1 ! t5sity ( ! situation w be augm5t$ if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *>act]s is m>k$4 ,?is exp$i5t is !re=e ( especial importance 9 ! drama4 ,o!llo seems m poignantly emotional 9 ! pres5ce ( ! coldly intellectual ,iago4 ,9 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al1 ,*>les & ,joseph ,surface are mu* m effective toge!r ?an ei!r ( !m w\ld be alone4 ,! :olehe>t$ & happy-g-lucky recklessness ( ! "o sets (f ! smoo? & smug dissimulation ( ! o!r2 ! fir/ gives light to ! play1 & ! second %ade4 ,hamlet's wit is %>p5$ by ! g>rul\s obtus5ess ( ,polonius2 ! sad _w-wisdom ( ,paula ,tanqu]ay is acc5tuat$ by ! innoc5ce ( ,ellean4 ,simil>ly1 to return to ! novel = examples1 we ne$ only in/ance ! contra/ 9 m9d betwe5 ,%]lock ,holmes & ,dr4 ,watson1 ! contra/ 9 mood betwe5 ,claude ,frollo & ,phoebus de ,*teaup]s1 ! contra/ 9 ideals betwe5 ,daniel ,d]onda & ,gw5dol5 ,gr&c\rt4 ,! exp$i5t ( anti!sis is also employ$ effectively 9 ! balance ( sc5e aga9/ sc5e4 ,! absolute desolation :i* t]m9ates ,! ,masque ( ! ,r$ ,dea? is prec$$ by a mask$ ball ( ! mo/ unusual magnific5ce4 ,9 ,scott's ,k5ilwor?1 we pass f ! sup]b fe/ivities :i* ,leice/] in/itutes 9 honor ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 to ! lonely prison :]e ,amy ,robs>t1 8 disc>d$ wife1 is langui%+4 ,victor ,hugo is1 9 mod]n fiction1 ! greate/ ma/] ( anti!sis ( mood betwe5 sc5e & sc5e4 ,8 mo/ emphatic effects are atta9$1 l ^? ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 by a juxtaposition ( ! grotesque & ! sublime4 ,(t51 to be sure1 he ov]works ! anti!tic2 & entire sections ( 8 n>rative move l ! walk+-beam ( a f]ry-boat1 tilt+ n[ to ?is side1 n[ to t4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 excess 9 employ+ ?is device1 8 practice %\ld be /udi$ c>efully2 = at 8 be/ he illu/rates m conv9c+ly ?an any o!r au?or ! effectiv5ess ( emphasis by contra/4 ,! subtle/ way ( employ+ ?is exp$i5t is to pres5t an anti!sis ( mood )9 a s+le sc5e4 ,dame ,quickly's acc\nt ( ,fal/aff's dea? t\*es at once ! heights ( humor & ! dep?s ( pa?os4 ,at ! close ( ,mrs4 ,ba?ur/1 ! tragic n>rative is int]rupt$ by ! passage ( a picnic-p>ty s++ a light love-song4 ,%ylock1 9 8 great dialogue ) ,tubal1 is at ! same mom5t plung$ 9 melan*oly ov] ! defection ( 8 daught] & flu%$ ) triumph because he has ,antonio at la/ )9 8 clut*es4 ,ea* emotion seems m pot5t because x is contra/$ ) ! o!r4 ,9 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,love-o'-,wom51 ! tragic effect is enhanc$ by ! fact t ! tale is told by ! humor\s ,mulvaney4 ,?us3-- ',an' n[8' %e sez1 look9' at him2 an' ! r$ pa9t /ud lone on ! :ite av h] face l a bull's-eye on a t>get4 ,he lift$ up 8 eyes1 sl[ an' v sl[1 an' he look$ at h] long an' v long1 an' he tuk 8 spa*e betune 8 tee? wid a wr5* t %uk him4 ',i'm dy9'1 ,aigypt--dy9'1' he says2 ay1 ^? 7 8 words1 = ,i remimb] ! "n he call$ h]4 ,he 0 turn9' ! dea?-color1 b 8 eyes niv] r[l$4 ,!y 7 set--set on h]4 ,wid\t ^w or w>n9' %e op5$ h] arms full /ret*1 an' ',"h6' %e sez4 7,oh1 f:at a gold5 m]icle av a voice ut 047 ',die "h1' %e sez2 an' ,love-o'-,wom5 dhropp$ =w>d1 an' %e hild him up1 = %e 0 a f9e big woman4 #h4 ,emphasis by ,climax4--,ano!r rhetorical exp$i5t f :i* emphasis may be d]iv$ is1 ( c\rse1 ! use ( climax4 ,! mat]ials ( a %ort-/ory1 or ( a *apt] ( n>rative1 %\ld 9 ne>ly e case be assembl$ 9 an asc5d+ ord] ( importance1--ea* incid5t c>ry+ ! int]e/ to a high] level ?an t ( ! prec$+4 ,! same is true ( ! /ructure ( a novel f ! outset to ! mom5t ( ! culm9ation2 b ( c\rse x is r>ely possible 9 ! dn\em5t to c>ry ! int]e/ any high] ?an ! level x atta9$ at ! po9t ( greate/ complication4 ,climact]ic progressiv5ess ( /ructure is effectively exhibit$ 9 ,h5ry ,james' tale ( my/]y & t]ror1 ,! ,turn ( ! ,screw4 ,! au?or on horror's head horrors accumulates1 9 a /eadily asc5d+ scale4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m /ories h be5 m>r$ by ! introduction ( a v /rik+ sc5e too e>ly 9 ! /ructure1 aft] :i* !re has succe$$ ( necessity an appreciable dim9ution 9 ! int]e/4 ,! reason :y sequels to great novels h r>ely be5 successful is t x has be5 impossible = ! au?or 9 ! second volume to su/a9 a climact]ic rise ( int]e/ f ! level :]e he left (f 9 ! fir/4 #i4 ,emphasis by ,surprise4--,a means ( emphasis less te*nical & m psy*ological ?an ^? :i* h be5 hi!rto discuss$ is t :i* owes its orig9 to surprise4 ,:atev] hits ! read] unexpect$ly w hit him h>d4 ,he w be mo/ impress$ by t = :i* he has be5 lea/ prep>$4 ,*apt] ,,xxxii ( ,vanity ,fair passes 9 ,brussels dur+ ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,! read] is kept 9 ! city ) ! wom5 ( ! /ory :ile ! m5 are fight+ on ! field a doz5 miles away4 ,all day a di/ant cannonad+ rumbles on ! e>4 ,at nightfall ! noise /ops sudd5ly4 ,!n1 at ! end ( ! *apt]1 ! read] is told3-- ,no m fir+ 0 he>d at ,brussels--! pursuit roll$ miles away4 ,d>kness came d[n on ! field & city3 & ,amelia 0 pray+ = ,george1 :o 0 ly+ on 8 face1 dead1 ) a bullet ?r\gh 8 he>t4 ,?is /atem5t ( ,george ,osborne's dea? is emphasiz$ 9 sev]al ways at once4 ,x is made emphatic by position1 s9ce x is plac$ at ! v end ( a long *apt]2 by inv]se proportion1 s9ce x is set =? 9 a s+le phrase aft] _m pages t h be5 devot$ to less important matt]s2 b mo/ ( all by ! />tle ( surprise ) :i* x /rikes ! read]4 ,likewise1 ! la/ s5t5ce ( de ,maupassant's ,! ,necklace1 quot$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt]1 is emphatic by surprise z well z by position2 & ! same is true ( ! clev] & unexpect$ close ( ,h4 ,c4 ,bunn]'s ,a ,si/]ly ,s*eme1 9 _m ways a little ma/]piece ( art4 ,9 tales ( my/]y1 ! int]e/ is ma9ta9$ *iefly by ! deft manipulation ( surprise2 b ev5 9 novels :]e9 ! aim to my/ify is v f> f be+ ! prim>y purpose ( ! au?or1 x is (t5 wise to keep a secret f ! read] = ! sake ( ! emphasis by surprise :i* may be d]iv$ at ! mom5t ( revelation4 ,9 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d ! read] is l$ = a long "t to suppose t ! "* ( ,mr4 ,b(f9 is *ang+ = ! worse2 & 8 int]e/ is /imulat$ ke5ly :5 he discov]s ultimately t ! app>5t deg5]ation has be5 only a pret5se4 ,9 ! drama ?is exp$i5t mu/ be us$ ) great delicacy1 because a sudd5 & />tl+ %ock ( surprise is likely to scatt] ! att5tion ( ! spectators & flurry !m out ( a true conception ( ! sc5e4 ,! read] ( a novel1 :5 he discov]s ) surprise t he has be5 skilfully deceiv$ ?r\gh sev]al pages1 may pause to recon/ruct 8 conception ( ! n>rative1 & may ev5 re-read ! entire passage ?r\gh :i* ! secret has be5 )held f him4 ,b 9 ! !atre1 ! spectators _c /op ! play :ile !y recon/ruct 9 retrospect _! judgm5t ( a situation2 & !re=e1 9 ! drama1 a mom5t ( surprise %\ld be c>efully l$ up to by anticipatory sugge/ion4 ,be=e ,lady ,macbe? is disclos$ walk+ 9 h] sleep1 h] doctor & h] wait+-g5tlewoman are s5t on to tell ! audi5ce ( h] slumb]y agitation4 ,?is is excell5t art 9 ! !atre2 b x w\ld be bad art 9 ! pages ( a novel4 ,9 a /ory writt5 to be read1 surprise is mo/ effective :5 x is complete4 #aj4 ,emphasis by ,susp5se4--,an ev5 m int]e/+ =m ( emphasis 9 n>rative is emphasis by susp5se4 ,wilkie ,coll9s is accr$it$ ) hav+ said t ! secret ( hold+ ! att5tion ( "o's read]s lay 9 ! ability to d ?ree ?+s3 ,make 'em laugh2 make 'em weep2 make 'em wait4 ,/ill abide ^! ?ree2 & ! greate/ is ! la/4 ,! ability to make ! read] wait1 ?r\gh _m pages & at times ?r\gh _m *apt]s1 is a v valuable asset ( ! writ] ( fiction2 b ?is ability is appli$ to be/ advantage :5 x is ex]cis$ )9 c]ta9 limitations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no use 9 mak+ ! read] wait unless he is fir/ giv5 an inkl+ ( :at he is to wait =4 ,! read] %\ld be tantaliz$2 he %\ld be made to long = ! fruit t is j beyond 8 grasp2 & he %\ld n be left 9 ignorance z to ! nature ( ! fruit1 le/ he %\ld long = x half-he>t$ly4 ,a vague s5se ( some?+ ev]more ab\t to be is n s int]e/+ to ! read] z a vivid s5se ( ! imm95ce ( "s p>ticul> occurr5ce t he wi%es ard5tly to witness4 ,! exp$i5t ( susp5se is mo/ effective :5 ei!r ( two ?+s & only two1 bo? ( :i* ! read] has imag9$ 9 advance1 is j ab\t to happ51 & ! read]1 desir\s ( ! "o & appreh5sive ( ! o!r1 is kept wait+ :ile ! balance trembles4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is seldom any use 9 mak+ ! read] wait unless he is giv5 9 ! end ! ?+ he has be5 wait+ =4 ,a %ort-/ory may occasionally set =? a susp5se :i* is nev] to be satisfi$4 ,frank ,r4 ,/ockton's fam\s tale1 ,! ,lady or ! ,tig]81 ends ) a "q :i* nei!r ! read] nor ! au?or is able to answ]2 & ,bay>d ,taylor's fasc9at+ %ort-/ory1 ,:o ,0 ,%e81 nev] reveals ! allur+ secret ( ! h]o9e's id5tity4 ,b 9 an ext5d$ /ory an unsatisfi$ susp5se is (t5 less emphatic ?an no susp5se at all1 because ! read] 9 ! end feels *eat$ by ! au?or :o has made him wait = no?+4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions to ?is /atem5t4 ,9 ,! ,m>ble ,faun1 ,haw?orne is und\bt$ly "r 9 nev] reveal+ ! %ape ( ,donatello's e>s1 ev5 ?\gh ! read] cont9ually expects ! revelation2 b1 9 ! same novel1 x is difficult to see :at1 if any?+1 is ga9$ by mak+ ! read] wait 9 va9 = ! tru? ab\t ! %ad[y pa/ ( ,miriam4 #aa4 ,emphasis by ,imitative ,movem5t4--,emphasis 9 n>rative may also be atta9$ by imitative movem5t4 ,:atev] is imag9$ to h happ5$ quickly %\ld be n>rat$ quickly1 9 few words & 9 rapid rhy?m2 & :atev] is imag9$ to h happ5$ sl[ly %\ld be n>rat$ 9 a m leisurely mann]1--sometimes 9 a great] numb] ( words ?an are absolutely necessitat$ by ! s5se alone1--! words be+ arrang$1 fur!rmore1 9 a rhy?m ( appreciable sluggi%ness4 ,9 ,m>kheim1 ! deal] is murd]$ 9 a s+le sudd5 s5t5ce3 ,! long1 skew]like dagg] fla%$ & fell4 ,b1 lat] on 9 ! /ory1 x takes ! h]o a :ole p>agraph1 conta9+ no less ?an ?ree hundr$ words1 to m\nt ! f\r-&-tw5ty /eps to ! fir/ floor ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage f ,! ,masque ( ! ,r$ ,dea?1 notice h[ mu* ( ! effect is due to imitative movem5t 9 ! n>rative3-- ,b f a c]ta9 nameless awe ) :i* ! mad assumptions ( ! mumm] _h inspir$ ! :ole p>ty !re 7 f\nd none :o put =? h& to seize him2 s t1 unimp$$1 he pass$ )9 a y>d ( ! ,pr9ce's p]son2 &1 :ile ! va/ assembly1 z if ) "o impulse1 %rank f ! c5tres ( ! rooms to ! walls1 he made 8 way un9t]rupt$ly1 b ) ! same solemn & measur$ /ep :i* _h di/+ui%$ him f ! fir/1 ?r\gh ! blue *amb] to ! purple--?r\gh ! purple to ! gre5--?r\gh ! gre5 to ! orange--?r\gh ?is aga9 to ! :ite--& ev5 !nce to ! violet1 ere a decid$ movem5t _h be5 made to arre/ him4 ,x 0 !n1 h[ev]1 t ! ,pr9ce ,prosp]o1 madd5+ ) rage & ! %ame ( 8 own mom5t>y c[>dice1 ru%$ hurri$ly ?r\gh ! six *amb]s1 :ile none foll[$ him on acc\nt ( a deadly t]ror t _h seiz$ ^u all4 ,! spectre & ! ,pr9ce pass successively ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( rooms2 b x takes ! =m] fifty-"o words to cov] ! di/ance1 :]eas x takes ! latt] only six4 ,9 e /ory t is arti/ically fa%ion$1 ! me?ods ( emphasis enum]at$ 9 ?is *apt] w be f\nd to be cont9ually appli$4 ,its ess5tial features w be r5d]$ prom95t by position 7t]m9al or initial71 by pause1 by proportion 7direct or inv]se71 by it]ation or p>allelism1 by anti!sis1 by climax1 by surprise1 by susp5se1 by imitative movem5t1 or by a comb9ation ( any or all ( ^!4 ,! necessity ( emphasis is ev] pres5t2 ! means ( emphasis are simple2 & any writ] ( n>rative :o kn[s 8 art w endeavor to employ !m always to ! be/ advantage4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at reasons acc\nt = ! importance ( ! pr9ciple ( emphasis 9 art8 #b4 ,imag9e a fictiti\s ev5t ( suffici5t complexity2 select ! "o detail t seems to be ! mo/ ess5tial2 & !n write elev5 di/9ct !mes1 n>rat+ ?is same incid5t1 & emphasiz+ ?is detail successively1 #a4 ,by ,t]m9al ,position2 #b4 ,by ,initial ,position2 #c4 ,by ,pause2 #d4 ,by ,direct ,proportion2 #e4 ,by ,inv]se ,proportion2 #f4 ,by ,it]ation2 #g4 ,by ,anti!sis2 #h4 ,by ,climax2 #i4 ,by ,surprise2 #aj4 ,by ,susp5se1 & #aa4 ,by ,imitative ,movem5t4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,victor ,,hugo3 ,notre ,dame de ,p>is4--,?is is "o ( ! great novels ( ! _w2 & x illu/rates1 at _m mom5ts1 e te*nical device ( emphasis t has be5 exp\nd$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,epic1 ,,! ,,drama1 ,,& ,,! ,,novel ,fiction a ,g5]ic ,t]m--,n>rative 9 ,v]se & ,n>rative 9 ,prose--,?ree ,moods ( ,fiction3 ,i4 ,! ,epic ,mood--,,ii4 ,! ,dramatic ,mood3 #a4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,actor2 #b4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,!atre2 #c4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,audi5ce--,dramatiz$ ,novels--,,iii4 ,! ,noveli/ic ,mood4 ,fiction a ,g5]ic ,t]m4--,?r\gh\t ! pres5t volume1 ! ^w fiction has be5 us$ ) a v broad significance1 to include e type ( lit]>y composition ^: purpose is to embody c]ta9 tru?s ( human life 9 a s]ies ( imag9$ facts4 ,! reason = ?is has be5 t ! same g5]al arti/ic me?ods1 ) v slight & obvi\s modifications1 are applicable to e sort ( n>rative :i* sets =? imag9$ p 9 a s]ies ( imag9$ acts4 ,ne>ly all ( ! te*nical pr9ciples :i* h be5 outl9$ 9 ! six prec$+ *apt]s apply n only to ! novel & ! %ort-/ory1 b likewise to ! epic & ! less] n>rative 9 v]se1 & also 7?\gh ) c]ta9 evid5t limitations7 to ! drama4 ,! mat]ials & me?ods ( fiction may be /udi$ 9 ! works ( ,hom]1 ,%akespe>e1 & ev5 ,br[n+1 z well z 9 ! works ( ,balzac1 ,turgnieff1 & ,mr4 ,kipl+4 ,! nature ( n>rative is necess>ily ! same1 :atev] be its mood or its m$ium4 ,! me?ods ( con/ruct+ plots1 ( del9eat+ *>act]s1 ( employ+ sett+s1 d n diff] appreciably :e!r a n>rative be writt5 9 v]se or 9 prose2 & 9 ei!r case ! same selection ( po9t ( view & v>iety ( emphasis are possible4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is volume1 no attempt has hi!rto be5 made to di/+ui% "o type ( fictiti\s n>rative f ano!r4 ,n>rative 9 ,v]se & ,n>rative 9 ,prose4--,su* a di/9ction1 if x be attempt$ at all1 %\ld be made only on ! broade/ & mo/ g5]al l9es4 ,fir/ ( all1 x %\ld be admitt$ t1 9 an inquiry conc]n$ solely ) ! me?ods ( fiction1 no te*nical di/9ction is possible betwe5 ! n>rative t is writt5 9 v]se & ! n>rative t is writt5 9 prose4 ,! two diff] 9 ! mood ( _! mat]ials & ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y are express$2 b !y d n diff] di/9ctly 9 me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,z f> z plot & *>act]s & sett+ are conc]n$1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott w5t to "w 9 ! ,wav]ley ,novels1 :i* are writt5 9 prose1 j z he _h gone to "w 9 ,m>mion & ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake1 :i* are writt5 9 v]se4 ,9 8 v]se he said ?+s ) ! bett] art1 9 8 prose he _h m ?+s to say2 b 9 ea* case 8 c5tral purpose 0 ! same3 & no?+ c be ga9$ f a critical dictum t ,ivanhoe is fiction & t ,m>mion is n4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( e nation1 fiction has be5 writt5 e>lie/ 9 v]se & only aft]w>ds 9 prose4 ,:at we loosely call ! novel 0 develop$ late 9 lit]ature1 at a "t aft] prose _h supplant$ v]se z ! natural m$ium = n>rative4 ,!re=e1 & !re=e only1 h we come to reg>d ! novel z a type ( prose lit]ature4 ,= !re is no inh]5t reason :y a novel may n be writt5 9 v]se4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,aurora ,leigh1 ,ow5 ,m]$i?'s ,lucile1 & ,cov5try ,patmore's ,! ,angel 9 ! ,h\se1 to m5tion works ( v diff]5t quality & calibre1 may be reg>d$ m prop]ly z novels ?an z poems4 ,! /ory ( ,maud inspir$ ,t5nyson to poetic utt]ance1 & he told ! tale 9 a s]ies ( exquisite lyrics2 b ! same /ory might h be5 us$ by a diff]5t au?or z ! basis = a novel 9 prose4 ,! subject ( ,evangel9e 0 sugge/$ to ,longfell[ by ,haw?orne2 & if ! great prose poet _h writt5 ! /ory himself1 x w\ld n h diff]$ ess5tially 9 mat]ial or 9 /ructural me?od f ! n>rative z we "k x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! v]se romanc]4 ,franois ,coppe has compos$ admirable %ort-/ories 9 v]se z well z 9 prose4 ,! ,/rike ( ! ,iron-,work]s 7,la ,grve des ,=g]ons71 :i* is writt5 9 rhym$ ,alex&r9es1 does n diff] m>k$ly 9 n>rative me?od f ,! ,sub/itute 7,le ,remplaant71 :i* is writt5 9 prose4 ,to be sure1 ! =m] is a poem & ! latt] is n2 b only a v n>r[-m9d$ critic w\ld call ! latt] a %ort-/ory )\t apply+ ! same t]m also to ! =m]4 ,!re=e1 ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 fictiti\s tale %\ld be told 9 v]se or 9 prose has no place 9 a g5]al discussion ( ! mat]ials & me?ods ( fiction4 ,x is a matt] ( expression m]ely1 & mu/ be decid$ 9 ea* case by ! temp]am5tal attitude ( ! au?or t[>d 8 subject-matt]4 ,?ree ,moods ( ,fiction4--,elim9at+1 !re=e1 z unpr(itable any attempt at a critical di/9ction betwe5 fiction t is writt5 9 v]se & fiction t is writt5 9 prose1 we may yet d]ive a c]ta9 pr(it f a di/9ction along broad & g5]al l9es betwe5 ?ree lead+ moods ( fiction1--! epic1 ! dramatic1 & :at 7lack+ a m precise t]m7 we may call ! noveli/ic4 ,c]ta9 mat]ials ( fiction are inh]5tly epic1 or dramatic1 or noveli/ic1 z ! case may be4 ,also1 an au?or1 accord+ to 8 m5tal attitude t[>d life & t[>d ! subject-matt] ( 8 fictions1 may ca/ 8 /ories ei!r 9 ! epic1 ! dramatic1 or ! noveli/ic mood4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is di/9ction1 we mu/ exam9e ! nature ( ! epic & ! drama1 & !n /udy ! novel 9 comp>ison ) ^! two eld] types ( fiction4 ,i4 ,! ,epic ,mood4--,! great epics ( ! _w1 :e!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,norse sagas & possibly ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 !y h be5 a gradual & undelib]ate aggregation ( traditional ballads1 or else1 z 9 ! case ( ! neid & ,p>adise ,lo/1 !y h be5 ! delib]ate production ( a s+le consci\s arti/1 h atta9$ _! *ief significance f ! fact t !y h summ$ up )9 !mselves ! entire contribution to human progress ( a c]ta9 race1 a c]ta9 nation1 a c]ta9 organiz$ religion4 ,! glory t 0 ,greece is epitomiz$ & sung =ev] 9 ! ,iliad1--! gr&eur t 0 ,rome1 9 ! neid4 ,all t ! ,middle ,ages gave ! _w is ga!r$ & express$ 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y ( ,dante3 all ( m$ieval hi/ory1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 s*ol>%ip1 poetry1 religion may be recon/ruct$ f a "r read+ & entire und]/&+ ( ?is s+le monum5tal poem4 ,if y w\ld "k ,portugal 9 h] great age ( discov]y & conque/ & national expansion1 read ! ,lusiads ( ,camons4 ,if y w\ld "k ,*ri/ianity militant aga9/ ! embattl$ legions ( ! ,s>ac5s1 read ! ,j]usalem ,lib]at$ ( ,tasso4 ,if y w\ld "k :at ! ,puritan religion once meant to ! greate/ m9ds ( ,engl&1 read ! ,p>adise ,lo/ ( ,milton4 ,! great epics h atta9$ ?is resumptive & hi/orical significance only by exhibit+ z subject-matt] a va/ & communal /ruggle1 9 :i* an entire race1 an entire nation1 an entire organiz$ religion has be5 conc]n$1--a /ruggle imag9$ z s va/ t x has %ak5 heav5 z well z e>? & call$ to conflict n only m5 b also gods4 ,! epic has dealt always ) a /ruggle1 at once human & div9e1 to e/abli% a great communal cause4 ,?is cause1 9 ! neid1 is ! f\nd+ ( ,rome2 9 ! ,j]usalem ,lib]at$ x is ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re2 9 ! ,fa]ie ,que5e x is ! triumph ( ! virtues ov] ! vices2 9 ! ,lusiads x is ! discov]y & conque/ ( ! ,indies2 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y x is ! salvation ( ! human s\l4 ,:atev] nations1 :atev] races1 :atev] gods oppose ! f\nd+ ( ,rome or ! lib]ation ( ,j]usalem mu/ be conqu]$1 because 9 ei!r case ! epic cause is righte\s & pr$e/9$ to prevail4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ! *>act]s 9 ! great epics are memorable ma9ly because ( ! "p t !y play 9 advanc+ or ret>d+ ! victory ( ! va/ & social cause :i* is ! subject ( ! /ory4 ,_! virtues & _! faults are communal & repres5tative3 !y are n adjudg$ z individuals1 ap>t f ! conflict 9 :i* !y figure3 &1 z a consequ5ce1 !y are r>ely int]e/+ 9 _! individual traits4 ,x is 9 r5d]+ ! m intimate & p]sonal phases ( human "* t epic lit]ature %[s itself1 :5 comp>$ ) ! mod]n novel1 ineffici5t4 ,! epic au?or exhibits little sympa?y = any individual :o /ruggles aga9/ ! cause t is to be e/abli%$4 neas dally+ ) ,dido & subsequ5t des]tion ( h] is ( little int]e/ to ,virgil on ! gr\nd ( individual p]sonality3 :at int]e/s him ma9ly is t s long z neas l+]s ) ! ,c>?ag9ian que51 ! f\nd+ ( ,rome is be+ ret>d$1 & t :5 at la/ neas leaves h]1 he does s to advance ! epic cause4 ,!re=e ,virgil reg>ds ! des]tion ( ,dido z an act ( h]oic virtue on ! "p ( ! man :o sails away to f\nd a nation4 ,a mod]n noveli/1 h[ev] 7& ?is is ! ma9 po9t to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection71 w\ld conceive ! :ole matt] m p]sonally4 ,he w\ld be f> less int]e/$ at ! mom5t 9 ! ultimate f\nd+ ( ,rome ?an he w\ld be 9 ! mis]y ( ! des]t$ woman2 & in/ead ( consid]+ neas z a model ( h]oic virtue1 w\ld adjudge him z p]sonally base4 ,f ?is we see t ! noveli/ic attitude t[>d "* is mu* m intimate ?an ! epic attitude4 ,! wra? ( ,a*illes is significant to ,hom]1 n s mu* because x is an exhibition ( individual p]sonality z because x is a factor 9 jeop>diz+ ! victory ( ! ,greeks4 ,consid]$ z types ( individual "*1 mo/ ( ,hom]'s h]oes are m]e boys4 ,x is ! cause = :i* !y fight t gives !m dignity3 embattl$ ,greece mu/ repossess ! beauty :i* a less] race has reft away f x4 ,ev5 ,hel5 h]self is m]ely an idea to be f\ght =2 %e is n1 z a woman1 int]e/+ humanly4 ,x is only 9 infrequ5t passages1 su* z ! sc5e ( p>t+ betwe5 ,&roma*e & ,hector1 t ! anci5t epics reveal ! intimate attitude t[>d "* to :i* we h gr[n accu/om$ 9 ! mod]n novel4 ,because ! epic au?ors h be5 int]e/$ always 9 communal conflict r ?an 9 individual p]sonality1 !y h seldom made any use ( ! elem5t ( love1--! mo/ intimate & p]sonal ( all emotions4 ,!re is no love 9 ,hom]1 & sc>cely any love 9 ,virgil & 9 ,milton4 ,tasso1 to be sure1 uses a love motive z ! basis = ea* ( ! ?ree lead+ /r&s ( 8 /ory2 b because ( ?is1 8 epic1 ?\gh ga9+ 9 mod]nity & *>m1 loses some?+ ( ! communal imm5sity--! imp]sonal dignity--( ! ,iliad & ! neid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 noveli/ic au?ors1 s9ce !y h be5 int]e/$ ma9ly 9 ! revelation ( intimate phases ( individual p]sonality1 h seiz$ ^u ! elem5t ( love z ! lead+ motive ( _! /ories4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! ma9 diff]5ces1 on ! side ( cont5t1 betwe5 epic & noveli/ic fiction4 ,c]ta9 great works ( fiction /& ^u ! bord]l& betwe5 ! epic & ! novel4 ,don ,quixote is1 = in/ance1 su* a "w4 ,x is epic 9 t x sums up & expresses ! entire contribution ( ,spa9 to ! progress ( humanity4 ,x is resumptive ( ! nation t produc$ x3 all phases ( ,spani% life & "*1 ideals & temp]am5t1 are epitomiz$ )9 x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is noveli/ic 9 ! emphasis x ca/s on individual p]sonality1--! intimacy ) :i* x focusses ! int]e/ n s mu* ^u a nation z ^u a man4 ,! epic1 9 ! anci5t s5se1 is dead to-day4 ,facility ( int]communication betwe5 ! nations has made u all citiz5s ( ! _w2 & an increas$ s5se ( ! relativity ( national & religi\s ideals has made u ca?olic ( o!r sy/ems ?an our own4 ,consequ5tly we h lo/ belief 9 a communal conflict s absolutely j & necess>y z to call to battle p[]s n only human b div9e4 ,also1 s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 we h gr[n to set ! "o above ! _m1 & to believe t1 ( "r1 society exi/s = ! sake ( ! individual r ?an ! individual = ! sake ( society4 ,!re=e ! novel1 :i* deals ) individual p]sonality 9 & = itself1 is m attun$ to mod]n life ?an ! epic1 :i* pres5ts ! individual ma9ly 9 relation to a communal cause :i* he /rives to advance or to ret>d4 ,! epic note1 h[ev]1 survives 9 c]ta9 mom5t\s mod]n novels4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 = example1 is less important m]ely z a novel ?an z ! epic ( ! great cause ( abolition4 ,und]ly+ _m ( ! works ( ,erckmann-,*atrian is an epic purpose to advance ! cause ( univ]sal peace by a depiction ( ! horrors ( w>4 ,balzac _h 9 m9d ! resumptive phase ( epic composition :5 he plann$ 8 ,human ,com$y 7*oos+ 8 title 9 evid5t imitation ( t ( ,dante's poem71 & />t$ out to sum up all phases ( human life 9 a s+le monum5tal s]ies ( n>ratives4 ,s also ! late ,frank ,norris _h an epic idea 9 8 imag9ation :5 he plann$ a trilogy ( novels 7:i* unhappily he di$ be=e complet+7 to exhibit :at ! great :eat indu/ry means to ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ! broad & social s5se1 ! epic is und5iably a great] type ( fiction ?an ! novel1 because x is m resumptive ( life 9 ! l>ge1 & looks ^u humanity ) a va/] sweep ( vision2 b 9 ! deep & p]sonal s5se1 ! novel is ! great]1 because x is m capable ( an intimate /udy ( individual emotion4 ,& x is possible1 z we h se51 t mod]n fiction %\ld be at once epic & noveli/ic 9 cont5t & 9 mood1--epic 9 resum+ all aspects ( a c]ta9 phase ( life & 9 exhibit+ a social /ruggle1 & noveli/ic 9 ca/+ emphasis ^u p]sonal details ( "* & 9 depict+ intimate emotions4 ,probably no o!r au?or has succe$$ bett] ?an ,emile ,zola 9 comb9+ ! epic & ! noveli/ic moods ( fiction2 & ! novels 9 ! ,r\gon-,macqu>t s]ies are at once communal & p]sonal 9 _! significance4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dramatic ,mood4--,x is some:at simpl] to trace a di/9ction bo? 9 cont5t & 9 me?od betwe5 noveli/ic & dramatic fiction1 because ! latt] is produc$ "u special conditions :i* impose def9ite limitations ^u ! au?or4 ,a drama is1 9 ess5ce1 a /ory devis$ to be pres5t$ by actors on a /age be=e an audi5ce4 ,! dramati/1 !re=e1 works ev] "u ! sway ( ?ree influ5ces to :i* ! noveli/ is n submitt$3--namely1 ! temp]am5t ( ! actors by :om 8 plays are to be p]=m$1 ! physical conditions ( ! !atre 9 :i* !y are to be produc$1 & ! psy*ologic nature ( ! audi5ce be=e :i* !y are to be pres5t$4 ,! comb9$ =ce ( ^! ?ree ext]nal influ5ces ^u ! dramati/ acc\nts = all ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! drama & ! novel4 #a4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,actor4--,fir/ ( all1 because ( ! influ5ce ( 8 actors1 ! dramati/ is oblig$ to draw "* ?r\gh action1 & to elim9ate f 8 "w almo/ e o!r means ( *>act]ization4 ,he mu/ !re=e select f life su* mom5ts z are active r ?an passive4 ,8 *>act]s mu/ con/antly be do+ some?+2 !y may n pause = c>eful contemplation4 ,consequ5tly ! noveli/ has a wid] range ( subject ?an ! dramati/1 because he is able to consid] life m calmly1 & to conc]n himself1 if ne$ be1 ) ?\ghts & feel+s t d n translate !mselves into action4 ,9 depict+ objective ev5ts 9 :i* ! elem5t ( action is p>am\nt1 ! drama is m imm$iate & vivid2 b ! novel may depict subjective ev5ts :i* are q beyond ! pres5tation ( actors 9 a !atre4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce he is n oblig$ to ?9k ( actors1 ! noveli/ has a great] fre$om 9 creat+ *>act]s ?an ! dramati/4 ,! great *>act]s ( ! drama h be5 devis$ by playwrights :o h already atta9$ comm& ( ! !atre ( _! place & "t1 & :o !re=e h fa%ion$ _! p>ts to fit ! individual actors !y h f\nd ready to p]=m !m4 ,consequ5tly !y h end[$ _! *>act]s ) ! physical1 & ev5 to "s ext5t ! m5tal1 *>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 actual actors4 ,m4 ,ro/&'s ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac is n m]ely ,cyrano1 b also ,con/ant ,coquel92 ,s>d\'s ,la ,tosca is n m]ely ,la ,tosca1 b also ,mme4 ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt2 ,molire's ,climne is n m]ely ,climne1 b also ,mlle4 ,molire2 ,%akespe>e's ,hamlet is n m]ely ,hamlet1 b also ,ri*>d ,burbage4 ,9 work+ ?us ) "o eye ^u ! actual1 ! dramati/ is extremely likely to be betray$ into untru?fulness4 ,9 ! la/ sc5e ( ,hamlet1 ! ,que5 says ( ! ,pr9ce1 ,he's fat & scant ( brea?4 ,?is l9e 0 ( c\rse occasion$ by ! fact t ,ri*>d ,burbage 0 corpul5t dur+ ! season ( #afjb4 ,b ! et]nal tru? is t ,pr9ce ,hamlet is a sl5d] man2 & ,%akespe>e has "h be5 =c$ to belie ! tru? 9 ord] to subs]ve ! fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dramati/ is und\bt$ly aid$ 9 8 great aim ( creat+ *>act]s by hold+ 9 m9d c]ta9 actual p :o h be5 select$ to repres5t !m2 & :at ! noveli/ ga9s 9 range & fre$om ( *>act]ization1 he is likely to lose 9 concret5ess ( del9eation4 #b4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,!atre4--,secondly1 ! =m & /ructure ( ! drama 9 any age is impos$ ^u ! dramati/ by ! size & %ape & physical appo9tm5ts ( ! !atre he is writ+ =4 ,plays mu/ be built 9 "o way to fit ! !atre ( ,dionysus1 9 ano!r way to fit ! ,globe ^u ! ,bankside1 9 /ill ano!r way to fit ! mod]n electric-light$ /age beh9d a picture-frame prosc5ium4 ,! dramati/ 9 con/ruct+ 8 /ory is h$g$ 9 by a multitude ( physical re/rictions1 ( :i* he mu/ make a special /udy 9 ord] to =ce !m to contribute to ! pres5tation ( 8 tru? in/ead ( detract+ f x4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 aga91 ! noveli/ works ) great] fre$om4 ,seldom is 8 labor subject$ to m]ely physical re/rictions f )\t4 ,sometimes1 to be sure1 c]ta9 arbitr>y conditions ( ! trade ( publi%+ h ex]cis$ an influ5ce ov] ! /ructure ( ! novel4 ,9 ,engl&1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 easi] to sell a ?ree-volume novel ?an a tale ( less] compass2 & _m a /ory ( ! "t _h to be piec$ out beyond its natural & tru?ful l5g? 9 ord] to meet ! dem&s ( ! public & ! publi%]s4 ,b su* a case1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! novel1 is exceptional4 ,9 g5]al1 ! noveli/ may build z he *ooses4 ,he may tell a tale1 long or %ort1 happ5+ 9 few places or 9 _m2 & is n1 l ! mod]n dramati/1 conf9$ 9 place to no m ?an f\r or five diff]5t sett+s1 & 9 "t to ! two h\rs' traffic ( ! /age4 ,! novel1 !re=e1 is f> m s]viceable ?an ! drama z a m$ium = exhibit+ ! gradual gr[? ( "*1--! developm5t ( p]sonality "u influ5ces ext5d+ ov] long p]iods ( "t & ex]t$ 9 _m diff]5t places4 #c4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,audi5ce4--,?irdly1 ! v cont5t ( ! drama is det]m9$ by ! fact t a play mu/ be devis$ to int]e/ a multitude r ?an an individual4 ,! noveli/ writes = a read] sitt+ alone 9 8 libr>y3 :e!r t5 su* read]s or a hundr$ ?\s& ultimately read a book1 ! au?or speaks to ea* ( !m ap>t f all ! o!rs4 ,b ! dramati/ mu/ plan 8 /ory to int]e/ simultane\sly a multitude ( het]og5e\s obs]v]s4 ,! drama1 !re=e1 mu/ be ri*] 9 popul> appeal2 b ! novel may be subtl] 9 appeal+ to ! "o in/ead ( to ! _m4 ,s9ce ! noveli/ addresses himself to a s+le p]son only1 or to a limitless succession ( s+le p]sons1 he may *oose ! sort ( read] he w write =2 b ! dramati/ mu/ please ! _m1 & is !re=e at ! m]cy ( ! multitude4 ,he writes less freely ?an ! noveli/1 s9ce he _c pick 8 auditors4 ,8 !mes1 8 ?\ghts1 & 8 emotions are re/rict$ by ! limits ( popul> appreciation4 ,?is important condition is pot5t 9 det]m9+ ! prop] cont5t ( dramatic fiction4 ,= x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t ! "o ?+ mo/ likely to int]e/ a cr[d is a /ruggle betwe5 "* & "*4 ,speak+ empirically1 ! late ,f]d9& ,brunetire1 9 8 preface to ,annales du ,?tre et de la ,musique = #ahic1 /at$ t ! drama has dealt always ) a /ruggle betwe5 human wills2 & 8 /atem5t1 =mulat$ 9 ! cat*-phrase1 ,no /ruggle1 no drama1 has s9ce become a commonplace ( dramatic criticism4 ,! reason = ?is is simply t *>act]s are int]e/+ to a cr[d ma9ly 9 ^? crises ( emotion t br+ !m to ! grapple4 ,a s+le individual1 l ! read] ( a novel1 may be int]e/$ intellectually 9 ^? g5tle influ5ces b5ea? :i* a "* unfolds itself z mildly z a bl[+ rose2 b to ! ga!r$ multitude a "* does n appeal except 9 mom5ts ( cont5tion4 ,h5ce ! drama1 to int]e/ an audi5ce1 mu/ pres5t its *>act]s 9 "s /ruggle ( ! wills1--:e!r x be m]ely flippant1 z 9 ! case ( ,b5$ick & ,beatrice1 or g5tle1 z 9 t ( ,viola & ,ors9o1 or t]rible1 ) ,macbe?1 or pite\s1 ) ,le>4 ,! drama1 !re=e1 is ak9 to ! epic1 9 t x mu/ repres5t a /ruggle2 b x is m ak9 to ! novel1 9 t x deals ) human "* 9 its individual1 r ?an its communal1 aspects4 ,b 9 range ( repres5t+ *>act]s1 ! drama is m re/rict$ ?an ! novel2 = ?\gh ! noveli/ is at lib]ty to exhibit a /ruggle ( individual human wills :5ev] he may *oose to d s1 he is n1 l ! dramati/1 prohibit$ f repres5t+ any?+ else4 ,9 cov]+ ?is special prov9ce1 ! drama is und5iably m vivid & emphatic2 b _m mom5t\s phases ( human exp]i5ce are n cont5ti\s b contemplative2 & ^! ! novel may reveal s]5ely1 )\t employm5t ( ! s\nd & fury ( ! drama4 ,s9ce ! m9d ( ! multitude is m emotional ?an intellectual1 ! dramati/1 = 8 mo/ effective mom5ts1 is oblig$ to set =? action ) emotion = its motive4 ,b ! noveli/1 9 motivat+ action1 may be m consid]ate & intellectual1 s9ce 8 appeal is made to ! individual m9d4 ,9 its psy*ologic processes1 ! cr[d is m commonplace & m traditional ?an is ! individual4 ,! drama1 !re=e1 is less s]viceable ?an ! novel z a vehicle = convey+ unaccu/om$ & advanc$ ideas ( life4 ,! cr[d has no speculation 9 its eyes3 x is impati5t ( orig9al ?\ght1 & ( any b inh]it$ emotion3 x ev9ces little favor = ! orig9al1 ! que/ion+1 ! new4 ,!re=e if an au?or holds ideas ( religion1 or ( politics1 or ( social law t are 9 advance ( 8 "t1 he w d bett] to embody !m 9 a novel ?an 9 a drama2 because ! =m] makes its appeal to ! individual m9d1 :i* has m pati5ce = intellectual consid]ation4 ,fur!rmore1 ! noveli/ ne$ n1 l ! dramati/1 subs]ve ! imm$iate necessity = popul> appeal4 ,! dramatic au?or1 s9ce he plans 8 /ory = a het]og5e\s multitude ( p1 mu/ incorporate 9 ! same s+le "w ( art elem5ts t w int]e/ all classes ( mank9d4 ,b ! noveli/ic au?or1 s9ce he is at lib]ty to pick 8 auditors at w1 may1 if he *oose1 write only = ! be/-develop$ m9ds4 ,x is an elem5t ( ,%akespe>e's greatness t 8 mo/ mom5t\s plays1 l ,hamlet & ,o!llo1 are ( int]e/ to p :o c nei!r read nor write1 z well z to p ( educat$ s5sibilities4 ,b x is an evid5ce ( ,m]$i?'s greatness t 8 novels are cavi>e to ! g5]al4 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,!y is ! great] /ory because x def5ds itself f be+ und]/ood by ^? x is n really =4 ,9 exhibit+ ! subtl] & m delicate phases ( human exp]i5ce1 ! novel f> transc5ds ! drama4 ,! drama1 at its deepe/1 is m poignant2 b ! novel1 at its highe/1 is m exquisite4 ,dramatiz$ ,novels4--,! prop] mat]ial = ! drama is1 z we h se51 a /ruggle betwe5 individual human wills1 motivat$ by emotion r ?an by intellect1 & express$ 9 t]ms ( objective action4 ,9 repres5t+ su* mat]ial1 ! drama is supreme4 ,b ! novel is wid] 9 range2 = besides exhibit+ 7?\gh less emphatically7 ?is special aspect ( human life1 x may embody _m o!r & sc>cely less important phases ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,( late1 an ef=t has be5 made to break d[n ! b>ri] betwe5 ! novel & ! drama3 _m /ories1 :i* h be5 told fir/ 9 ! noveli/ic mood1 h aft]w>d be5 recon/ruct$ & retold = pres5tation 9 ! !atre4 ,?is attempt has succe$$ sometimes1 b has m (t5 fail$4 ,yet x ought to be v easy to di/+ui% a novel t may be dramatiz$ f a novel t may n4 ,c]ta9 sc5es 9 noveli/ic lit]ature1 l ! duel 9 ,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae1 are ess5tially dramatic bo? 9 cont5t & 9 mood4 ,su* sc5es may be adapt$ ) v little labor to ! uses ( ! !atre4 ,c]ta9 novels1 l ,jane ,eyre1 :i* exhibit an emphatic /ruggle betwe5 individual human wills1 are inh]5tly capable ( !atric repres5tm5t4 ,b any novel 9 :i* ! ma9 s\rce ( int]e/ is n ! cla% ( "* on "*1 9 :i* ! elem5t ( action is subord9ate1 or 9 :i* ! *ief appeal is made to ! individual 7in/ead ( ! collective7 m9d1 is n capable ( be+ dramatiz$ successfully4 ,,iii4 ,! ,noveli/ic ,mood4--,x is impossible to det]m9e :e!r1 at ! pres5t day1 ! novel or ! drama is ! m effective m$ium = embody+ ! tru?s ( human life 9 a s]ies ( imag9$ facts4 ,dramatic fiction has ! great] dep?1 & noveli/ic fiction has ! great] bread?4 ,! latt] is m ext5sive1 ! =m] m int5sive1 9 its arti/ry4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 may be decid$ def9itely4 ,! novel1 at its greate/1 may require a va/] sweep ( wisdom on ! "p ( ! au?or2 b ! drama is te*nically m difficult1 s9ce ! dramati/1 besides ma/]+ all ( ! g5]al me?ods ( fiction :i* he necess>ily employs 9 common ) ! noveli/1 mu/ labor 9 con=mity ) a special set ( conditions to :i* ! noveli/ is n submitt$4 ,george ,m]$i? may be a great] au?or ?an ,sir ,ar?ur ,w+ ,p9]o2 b ,p9]o is ( necessity m rigid 9 8 ma/]y ( /ructure4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,def9e ! ?ree moods ( fiction1--epic1 dramatic1 & noveli/ic4 #b4 ,:at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! epic mood8 #c4 ,expla9 ! ?ree influ5ces "u :i* ! dramati/ mu/ always d 8 "w1--t ( ! actor1 t ( ! !atre1 & t ( ! audi5ce4 #d4 ,:at sort ( novel c be dramatiz$ successfully8 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,/udy1 comp>atively1 ! "* ( neas 9 ,virgil's epic1 ! "* ( ,macbe? 9 ,%akespe>e's drama1 & ! "* ( ,s5tim5tal ,tommy 9 ,sir ,james ,b>rie's novels4 ,/ud5ts :o desire to pursue a special /udy ( ! mat]ials & me?ods ( ! drama w f9d a full discussion ( ^! topics 9 ?ree books by ,clayton ,hamilton1 entitl$ ,! ,!ory ( ! ,!atre1 ,/udies 9 ,/agecraft1 & ,problems ( ! ,playwright4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,novel1 ,,! ,,novelette1 ,,& ,,! ,,%ort-,,/ory ,novel1 ,novelette1 & ,%ort-,/ory--,! ,novel & ! ,novelette--,! ,%ort-,/ory a ,di/9ct ,type--,! ,dictum ( ,poe--,! ,=mula ( ,br&] ,mat!ws--,def9ition ( ! ,%ort-,/ory--,explanation ( ,?is ,def9ition3 #a4 ,s+le ,n>rative ,effect2 #b4 ,greate/ ,economy ( ,means2 & #c4 ,utmo/ ,emphasis--,brief ,tales ,t ,are ,n ,%ort-,/ories--,%ort-,/ories ,t ,are ,n ,brief--,bliss ,p]ry's ,annotations--,! ,noveli/ & ! ,writ] ( ,%ort-,/ories--,! ,%ort-,/ory ,m ,arti/ic ,?an ! ,novel--,! ,%ort-,/ory ,almo/ ,necess>ily ,romantic4 ,novel1 ,novelette1 & ,%ort-,/ory4--,turn+ our att5tion f ! epic & ! drama1 & conf9+ x to ! g5]al type ( fiction :i* 9 ! la/ *apt] 0 loosely nam$ noveli/ic1 we %all f9d x possible to di/+ui% some:at %>ply1 on ! basis ( bo? mat]ial & me?od1 betwe5 ?ree sev]al =ms1--! novel1 ! novelette1 & ! %ort-/ory4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o are m precise ?an we 9 _! use ( d5otative t]ms1 are accu/om$ to divide _! noveli/ic fiction into :at !y call ! roman1 ! n\velle1 & ! conte4 ,novel & novelette are j z s]viceable t]ms z roman & n\velle2 9 fact1 s9ce novelette is ! dim9utive ( novel1 !y express ev5 m cle>ly ?an _! ,fr5* equival5ts ! relation betwe5 ! two =ms !y designate4 ,b x is greatly to be regrett$ t we d n h 9 ,engli% a di/9ctive ^w t is ! equival5t ( conte4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe us$ ! ^w tale ) simil> mean+2 b ?is t]m is s indef9ite & vague t x has be5 disc>d$ by lat] critics4 ,x is cu/om>y at ! pres5t day to use ! ^w %ort-/ory1 :i* ,pr(essor ,br&] ,mat!ws has sugge/$ spell+ ) a hyph5 to indicate t x has a special & te*nical significance4 ,! ,fr5* apply ! t]m roman to ext5sive works l ,notre ,dame de ,p>is & ,eugnie ,gr&et2 & !y apply ! t]m n\velle to works ( brief] compass b simil> me?od1 l ! ,colomba & ! ,c>m5 ( ,prosp] ,mrime4 ,9 ,engli% we may class z novels works l ,k5ilwor?1 ,! ,newcomes1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans1 ,! ,rise ( ,silas ,lapham2 & we may class z novelettes works l ,daisy ,mill]1 ,! ,treasure ( ,fran*>d1 ,! ,light ,t ,fail$4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely t ! novelette 7or n\velle7 is a "w ( less ext5t1 & cov]s a small] canvas1 ?an ! novel 7or roman74 ,! di/9ction is quantitative b n qualitative4 ,! novelette deals ) few] *>act]s & incid5ts ?an ! novel2 x usually limits itself to a /rict] economy ( "t & place2 x pres5ts a less ext5sive view ( life1 ) 7mo/ frequ5tly7 a m int5sive art4 ,b ^! diff]5ces are n def9ite en\gh to w>rant its be+ consid]$ a species di/9ct f ! novel4 ,except = ! re/rictions impos$ by brevity ( compass1 ! writ] ( novelettes employs ! same me?ods z ! writ] ( novels2 &1 fur!rmore1 he sets =? simil> mat]ials4 ,! ,novel & ! ,novelette4--,m & m 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! novel has t5d$ to %ort5 to ! novelette4 ,a /rict] s5se ( art has l$ to ! exclusion ( digressive & discursive passages2 & ! hurry & preoccupation ( contempor>y read]s has militat$ aga9/ ! leisurely & rambl+ habit ( ! au?ors ( an e>li] "t4 ,! lesson ( excision & cond5sation has be5 taught by writ]s z diff]5t 9 tone z ,mrime1 ,turgnieff1 & ,/ev5son4 ,! ?ree-volume novel is ext9ct1 z ,mr4 ,kipl+ /at$ 9 ! motto prefix$ to ! poem call$ ,! ,?ree-,deck]1 9 :i*1 ) a comm+l+ ( satire & s5tim5t1 he *ant$ its requiem4 ,x 0 ne>ly always1 9 ! matt] ( /ructure1 a slov5ly =m2 & !re is !re=e little cause = regret t ! novelette seems de/9$ to supplant x4 ,= ! novelette accompli%es ! same purpose z ! novel1 ) necess>ily a m int5sive emphasis ( art1 & ) a tax consid]ably less ^u ! "t & att5tion ( ! read]4 ,! ,%ort-,/ory a ,di/9ct ,type4--,b ! conte1 or %ort-/ory1 diff]s f ! novel & ! novelette n only quantitatively1 b also qualitatively1 n only 9 l5g?1 b also 9 k9d4 ,9 su* contes z ,! ,necklace ( de ,maupassant & ,! ,la/ ,class ( ,daudet1 9 su* %ort-/ories z ,ligeia1 ,! ,ambiti\s ,gue/1 ,m>kheim1 & ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 ! aim ( ! au?or is q di/9ct f t ( ! writ] ( novels & ( novelettes4 ,9 mat]ial & 9 me?od1 z well z 9 ext5t1 ^! /ories repres5t a type t is noticeably diff]5t4 ,! %ort-/ory1 z well z ! novel & ! novelette1 has always exi/$4 ,! p>able ( ,! ,prodigal ,son1 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 is j z surely a %ort-/ory 9 mat]ial & me?od z ! books ( ,ru? & ,e/h] are novelettes 9 =m4 ,b ! critical consci\sness ( ! %ort-/ory z a species ( fiction di/9ct 9 purpose & 9 me?od f ! novel dates only f ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ,edg> ,allan ,poe :o fir/ designat$ & realiz$ ! %ort-/ory z a di/9ct =m ( lit]>y art4 ,9 ! s*ol>ly & ?or\gh introduction to 8 collection ( ,am]ican ,%ort ,/ories1#c ,pr(essor ,*>les ,se>s ,baldw9 po9ts out t ,poe1 m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! art ( fiction1 felt n>rative z /ructure4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ reject$ f ! tale ev]y?+ t 01 f ! /&po9t ( n>rative =m1 extrane\s1 & made ! n>rative progress m direct4 ,! ess5tial features ( 8 /ructure 7 7to use ,pr(essor ,baldw9's words7 h>monization1 simplification1 & gradation4 ,he /ripp$ 8 /ories ( e lea/ incongruity4 ,:at he taught by 8 example 0 r$uction to a /raight pr$et]m9$ c\rse2 & he made cle> to succe$+ writ]s ! necessity ( /riv+ = unity ( impression ?r\gh /rict unity ( =m4 ,! ,dictum ( ,poe4--,poe 0 a critic z well z a tell] ( tales2 & :at he inculcat$ by example he also /at$ by precept4 ,9 8 n[ fam\s review ( ,haw?orne's ,tales1 publi%$ orig9ally 9 ,graham's ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahdb1 he ?us outl9$ 8 !ory ( ! species3-- ,! ord9>y novel is objectionable1 f its l5g?1 = reasons already /at$ 9 sub/ance4 ,z x _c be read at "o sitt+1 x deprives itself1 ( c\rse1 ( ! imm5se =ce d]ivable f totality4 ,worldly int]e/s int]v5+ dur+ ! pauses ( p]usal1 modify1 annul1 or c\nt]act1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! impressions ( ! book4 ,b simple cessation 9 read+ w\ld1 ( itself1 be suffici5t to de/roy ! true unity4 ,9 ! brief tale1 h[ev]1 ! au?or is enabl$ to c>ry out ! fulness ( 8 int5tion1 be x :at x may4 ,dur+ ! h\r ( p]usal ! s\l ( ! read] is at ! writ]'s control4 ,!re are no ext]nal or extr9sic influ5ces--result+ f we>9ess or int]ruption4 ,a skilful lit]>y arti/ has con/ruct$ a tale4 ,if wise1 he has n fa%ion$ 8 ?\ghts to accommodate 8 incid5ts2 b hav+ conceiv$1 ) delib]ate c>e1 a c]ta9 unique or s+le effect to be wr\ght out1 he !n inv5ts su* incid5ts--he !n comb9es su* ev5ts z may be/ aid him 9 e/abli%+ ?is preconceiv$ effect4 ,if 8 v initial s5t5ce t5d n to ! outbr++ ( ?is effect1 !n he has fail$ 9 8 fir/ /ep4 ,9 ! :ole composition !re %\ld be no ^w writt51 ( :i* ! t5d5cy1 direct or indirect1 is n to ! "o pre/abli%$ design4 ,& by su* means1 ) su* c>e & skill1 a picture is at l5g? pa9t$ :i* leaves 9 ! m9d ( him :o contemplates x ) a k9dr$ art1 a s5se ( ! fulle/ satisfaction4 ,! idea ( ! tale has be5 pres5t$ unblemi%$1 because undi/urb$2 & ?is is an end unatta9able by ! novel4 ,undue brevity is j z exceptionable "h z 9 ! poem2 b undue l5g? is yet m to be avoid$4 ,! ,=mula ( ,br&] ,mat!ws4--,f ! v outset1 ! curr5cy ( ,poe's %ort-/ories 0 int]national2 & 8 concrete example 9 /riv+ = totality ( impression ex]t$ an imm$iate influ5ce n only 9 ,am]ica b ev5 m 9 ,france4 ,b 8 ab/ract !ory1 :i* 7= obvi\s reasons7 did n become s widely kn[n1 0 n receiv$ into ! g5]al body ( critical ?\ght until mu* lat] 9 ! c5tury4 ,x rema9$ = ,pr(essor ,br&] ,mat!ws1 9 8 well-kn[n essay on ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,%ort-/ory1 pr9t$ orig9ally 9 ,lipp9cott's ,magaz9e = ,octob]1 #ahhe1d to /ate explicitly :at _h la9 implicit 9 ! passage ( ,poe's criticism already quot$1 & to give a g5]al curr5cy to ! !ory t ! %ort-/ory diff]s f ! novel ess5tially1--& n m]ely 9 ! matt] ( l5g?4 ,9 ! second section ( 8 essay1 ,pr(essor ,mat!ws /at$3-- ,a true %ort-/ory is some?+ o!r & some?+ m ?an a m]e /ory :i* is %ort4 ,a true %ort-/ory diff]s f ! novel *iefly 9 its ess5tial unity ( impression4 ,9 a f> m exact & precise use ( ! ^w1 a %ort-/ory has unity z a novel _c h x4 ,(t51 x may be not$ by ! way1 ! %ort-/ory fulfills ! ?ree false unities ( ! ,fr5* classic drama3 x %[s "o action1 9 "o place1 on "o day4 ,a %ort-/ory deals ) a s+le "*1 a s+le ev5t1 a s+le emotion1 or ! s]ies ( emotions call$ =? by a s+le situation4 ,poe's p>adox t a poem _c greatly exce$ a hundr$ l9es 9 l5g? "u p5alty ( ceas+ to be "o poem & break+ into a /r+ ( poems1 may s]ve to sugge/ ! precise diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ort-/ory & ! novel4 ,! %ort-/ory is ! s+le effect1 complete & self-conta9$1 :ile ! novel is ( necessity brok5 into a s]ies ( episodes4 ,?us ! %ort-/ory has1 :at ! novel _c h1 ! effect ( 'totality1' z ,poe call$ x1 ! unity ( impression4 ,( a tru?1 ! %ort-/ory is n only n a *apt] out ( a novel1 or an incid5t or an episode extract$ f a long] tale1 b at its be/ x impresses ! read] ) ! belief t x w\ld be spoil$ if x 7 made l>g]1 or if x 7 incorporat$ into a m elaborate "w4444 ,9 fact1 x may be said t no "o has ev] succe$$ z a writ] ( %ort-/ories :o _h n +5uity1 orig9ality1 & compression2 & t mo/ ( ^? :o h succe$$ 9 ?is l9e _h also ! t\* ( fantasy4 ,def9ition ( ! ,%ort-,/ory4--,on ! basis ( ^! !ories1 ! pres5t writ] essay$ a few ye>s ago to =mulate )9 a s+le s5t5ce a def9ition ( ! %ort-/ory4 ,?us3 ,! aim ( a %ort-/ory is to produce a s+le n>rative effect ) ! greate/ economy ( means t is consi/5t ) ! utmo/ emphasis4#e ,explanation ( ,?is ,def9ition3 #a4 ,s+le ,n>rative ,effect4--,because ( its succ9ctness1 ?is s5t5ce ne$s a little explanation4 ,a n>rative effect necess>ily involves ! ?ree elem5ts ( action1 *>act]s1 & sett+4 ,9 aim+ to produce a n>rative effect1 ! %ort-/ory1 !re=e1 diff]s f ! sket*1 :i* may conc]n itself ) only "o ( ^! elem5ts1 )\t involv+ ! o!r two4 ,! sket* mo/ (t5 deals ) "* or sett+ dive/$ ( ! elem5t ( action2 b 9 ! %ort-/ory some?+ has to happ54 ,9 ?is reg>d1 ! %ort-/ory is relat$ m closely to ! novel ?an to ! sket*4 ,b al?\gh 9 ! novel any two1 or all ?ree1 ( ! n>rative elem5ts may be s intimately int]relat$ t no "o ( !m /&s out cle>ly f ! o!rs1 x is almo/ always cu/om>y 9 ! %ort-/ory to ca/ a m>k$ prepond]ance ( emphasis on "o ( ! elem5ts1 to ! subv]sion ( ! o!r two4 ,%ort-/ories1 !re=e1 may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ z ! effect :i* !y purpose to produce is prim>ily an effect ( action1 or ( "*1 or ( sett+4 ,! ,masque ( ! ,r$ ,dea? produces an effect ( sett+1 ,! ,tell-,tale ,he>t an effect ( "*1 & ,! ,cask ( ,amontillado an effect ( action4 ,= ! sake ( economy x is incumb5t on ! au?or to sugge/ at ! outset :i* ( ! ?ree sorts ( n>rative effect ! /ory is int5d$ to produce4 ,! way 9 :i* ,poe accompli%$ ?is 9 ! ?ree /ories j m5tion$ may be se5 at once ^u exam9ation ( ! op5+ p>agraph ( ea*4 ,hav+ select$ 8 effect ! au?or ( a %ort-/ory %\ld conf9e 8 att5tion to produc+ t1 & t alone4 ,he %\ld /op at ! v mom5t :5 8 pre/abli%$ design has be5 atta9$2 & nev] dur+ ! progress ( 8 composition %\ld he turn aside = ! sake ( a less] effect n absolutely inh]5t 9 8 s+le n>rative purpose4 ,/ev5son insi/$ on ?is focus ( att5tion 9 a passage ( a p]sonal lett] address$ to ,sir ,sidney ,colv93-- ,make ano!r end to x8 ,ah1 yes1 b t's n ! way ,i write2 ! :ole tale is impli$2 ,i nev] use an effect :5 ,i c help x1 unless x prep>es ! effects t are to foll[2 t's :at a /ory consi/s 94 ,to make ano!r end1 t is to make ! beg9n+ all wrong4 ,! dn\em5t ( a long /ory is no?+1 x is j 'a full close1' :i* y may approa* & accompli% z y please--x is a coda1 n an ess5tial memb] 9 ! rhy?m2 b ! body & end ( a %ort-/ory is bone ( ! bone & blood ( ! blood ( ! beg9n+4 #b4 ,greate/ ,economy ( ,means2 & #c4 ,utmo/ ,emphasis4--,! phrase s+le n>rative effect1 ) all its implications1 %\ld n[ be cle>4 ,! phrase ) ! greate/ economy ( means implies t ! writ] ( a %ort-/ory %\ld tell 8 tale ) ! fewe/ necess>y numb] ( *>act]s & incid5ts1 & %\ld project x 9 ! n>r[e/ possible range ( place & "t4 ,if he c get along ) two *>act]s1 he %\ld n use ?ree4 ,if a s+le ev5t w suffice = 8 effect1 he %\ld conf9e himself to t4 ,if 8 /ory c pass 9 "o place at "o "t1 he mu/ n disp]se x ov] sev]al times & places4 ,b 9 /riv+ always = ! greate/ possible concis5ess1 he mu/ n neglect ! equally important ne$ ( produc+ 8 effect ) ! utmo/ emphasis4 ,if he c ga9 m>k$ly 9 emphasis by violat+ ! /ricte/ possible economy1 he %\ld d s2 =1 z ,poe /at$1 undue brevity is exceptionable1 z well z undue l5g?4 ,?us ! p>able ( ,! ,prodigal ,son1 :i* might be told ) only two *>act]s--! fa!r & ! prodigal--ga9s suffici5tly 9 emphasis by ! introduction ( a ?ird--! good son--to w>rant ?is violation ( economy4 ,! greate/ /ructural problem ( ! writ] ( %ort-/ories is to /rike j ! prop] balance betwe5 ! ef=t = economy ( means--:i* t5ds to concis5ess--& ! ef=t = ! utmo/ emphasis--:i* t5ds to amplitude ( treatm5t4 ,brief ,tales ,t ,are ,n ,%ort-,/ories4--,!re c be no d\bt t ! %ort-/ory1 ?us rigidly def9$1 exi/s z a di/9ct =m ( fiction1--a def9ite lit]>y species obey+ laws ( its own4 ,n[ & aga9 be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x appe>$ unconsci\sly4 ,s9ce ,poe1 x has gr[n consci\s ( itself1 & has be5 delib]ately develop$ to p]fection by lat] ma/]s1 l ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ frankly t brief tales h always exi/$1 & /ill cont9ue to exi/1 :i* /& entirely outside ! scope ( ?is rigid & r n>r[ def9ition4 ,pr(essor ,baldw91 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! hundr$ tales 9 ,boccaccio's ,decam]on1 conclud$ t only two ( !m 7 %ort-/ories 9 ! mod]n critical s5se1#f & t only ?ree o!rs approa*$ ! totality ( impression t dep5ds on consci\s unity ( =m4 ,if we %\ld select at r&om a hundr$ brief tales f ! be/ contempor>y magaz9es1 we %\ld f9d1 ( c\rse1 t a l>g] proportion ( !m w\ld fulfill ! def9ition2 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! majority ( !m w\ld /ill be /ories t m]ely happ5 to be %ort1 in/ead ( true %ort-/ories 9 ! mod]n critical s5se4 ,yet ^! brief fictions1 :i* are n %ort-/ories1 & = :i* we h no "n1 are none ! less e/imable 9 cont5t1 & sometimes pres5t a wid] view ( life ?an c\ld be encompass$ )9 ! rigid limits ( a te*nical %ort-/ory4 ,haw?orne's tales /& high] 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature ?an ,poe's1 because !y reveal a deep] insight into life1 ev5 ?\gh ! great ,new ,engl& dream] (t5 violates ! pr9ciple ( economy ( means1 & con/ructs less firmly ?an ! ma!matically-m9d$ ,poe4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s brief tales1 su* z ,rip ,van ,w9kle & ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 :i* are n %ort-/ories 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! t]m1 are f> m valuable z repres5tations ( humanity ?an _m a /ructural ma/]piece ( ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,= my "p1 ,irv+ wrote to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ,i consid] a /ory m]ely z a frame on :i* to /ret* ! mat]ials2 x is ! play ( ?\ght1 & s5tim5t1 & language1 ! weav+ 9 ( *>act]s1 lightly yet expressively del9eat$2 ! famili> & fai?ful exhibition ( sc5es 9 common life2 & ! half-conceal$ ve9 ( humor t is (t5 play+ ?r\gh ! :ole1--^! are among :at ,i aim at1 & ^u :i* ,i felicitate myself 9 proportion z ,i ?9k ,i succe$4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 favor ( ?is me&]+ & leisurely me?od2 & au?ors too int5t ^u a m]ely te*nical accompli%m5t may lose ! g5ial bread? ( outlook ^u life :i* m5 l ,irv+ h s *>m+ly display$4 ,let u admit1 !re=e1 t ! /ory-:i*-is-m]ely-%ort is j z wor?y ( cultivation z ! te*nical %ort-/ory4 ,%ort-,/ories ,t ,are ,n ,brief4--,b if !re exi/ _m brief tales :i* are n %ort-/ories1 s also !re exi/ c]ta9 %ort-/ories :i* are n brief4 ,! ,turn ( ! ,screw1 by ,h5ry ,james1 is a %ort-/ory1 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! t]m1 al?\gh x conta9s betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ pages4 ,assur$ly x is n a novelette4 ,x aims to produce "o n>rative effect1 & only "o2 & x is difficult to imag9e h[ ! full =ce ( its cumulative my/]y & t]ror c\ld h be5 creat$ ) great] economy ( means4 ,x is a long %ort-/ory4 ,/ev5son's ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde1 :i* is conceiv$1 & = ! mo/ "p execut$1 z a %ort-/ory1 is long] ?an ! same au?or's ,! ,bea* ( ,fales1 :i* is conceiv$ & execut$ z a novelette4 ,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale's fam\s %ort-/ory1 ,! ,man ,)\t a ,c\ntry1 is long en\gh to be pr9t$ 9 a little volume by itself4 ,! po9t to be rememb]$1 !re=e1 is t ! two diff]5t types ( brief fiction are to be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r n by comp>ative l5g? b by /ructural me?od4 ,! critic may =mulate ! te*nical laws ( ! /rict] type2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! laws d n apply 7& !re is no reason :atev] t !y %\ld7 to ^? o!r e/imable n>ratives :i*1 ?\gh brief1 /& outside ! def9ition ( ! %ort-/ory4 ,bliss ,p]ry's ,annotations4--,be>+ 9 m9d ?is limitation ( ! subject1 we may proce$ to a fur!r /udy ( ! /rict %ort-/ory type4 ,9 an admirable essay on ,! ,%ort ,/ory1#g ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry _h discuss$ at l5g? its requirem5ts & re/rictions4 ,admitt+ t writ]s ( %ort-/ories usually ca/ a m>k$ prepond]ance ( emphasis on "o ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( n>rative1 to ! subv]sion ( ! o!r two1 ,pr(essor ,p]ry calls att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! %ort-/ory ( "*1 ! *>act]s mu/ be unique1 orig9al en\gh to cat* ! eye at once4 ,! writ] does n h suffici5t "t at 8 disposal to reveal ! full human significance ( ! commonplace4 ,if 8 !me is "*-developm5t1 !n t developm5t mu/ be ha/5$ by /rik+ exp]i5ces4 ,h5ce ?is class ( %ort-/ory1 z comp>$ ) ! novel1 mu/ set =? *>act]s m unusual & unexpect$4 ,b 9 ! %ort-/ory ( action1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plot may be suffici5t unto itself1 & ! *>act]s may be ! m]e/ lay figures4 ,! h]o9e ( ,! ,lady or ! ,tig]1 = example1 is simply a woman--n any woman 9 p>ticul>2 & ! h]o ( ,! ,pit & ! ,p5dulum is simply a man--n any man 9 p>ticul>4 ,! situation itself is suffici5t to hold ! read]'s int]e/ = ! brief space ( ! /ory4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh1 9 ! %ort-/ory ( "*1 ! lead+ actor is likely to be /rik+ly individualiz$1 ! %ort-/ory ( action may cont5t itself ) entirely colorless *>act]s1 devoid ( any p]sonal traits :atev]4 ,pr(essor ,p]ry adds t 9 ! class ( %ort-/ory :i* ca/s ! ma9 emphasis on sett+1 bo? *>act]s & action may be almo/ )\t significance2 & he cont9ues1--,if ! au?or c discov] to u a new corn] ( ! _w1 or sket* ! famili> sc5e to our he>t's desire1 or illum9e "o ( ! great human occupations1 z w>1 or comm]ce1 or indu/ry1 he has x 9 8 p[]1 ?r\gh ?is means alone1 to give u ! fulle/ satisfaction4 ,f ! fact t ! %ort-/ory does n keep ! p[]s ( ! read] long ^u ! /ret*1 ,pr(essor ,p]ry d$uces c]ta9 opportunities af=d$ to %ort-/ory writ]s b d5i$ to noveli/s1--opportunities1 namely1 = innoc5t didacticism1 = pos+ problems )\t answ]+ !m1 = /at+ arbitr>y premises1 = omitt+ unlovely details &1 conv]sely1 = mak+ beauty out ( ! horrible1 & f9ally = poetic symbolism4 ,pass+ on to a consid]ation ( ! dem&s :i* ! %ort-/ory makes ^u ! writ]1 he ass]ts t1 at its be/1 x calls = visual imag9ation ( a high ord]3 ! p[] to see ! object2 to p5etrate to its ess5tial nature2 to select ! "o *>act]i/ic trait by :i* x may be repres5t$4 ,fur!rmore1 x dem&s a ma/]y ( /yle1 ! v]bal magic t recreates = u :at ! imag9ation has se54 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to write a %ort-/ory requires no su/a9$ p[] ( imag9ation2 nor does ! %ort-/ory dem& ( its au?or ess5tial sanity1 bread?1 & tol]ance ( view4 ,s9ce he deals only ) fleet+ phases ( exi/5ce--n ) :oles1 b ) fragm5ts--! writ] ( ! %ort-/ory ne$ n be consi/5t2 he ne$ n ?9k ?+s ?r\gh4 ,h5ce1 9 spite ( ! te*nical difficulties :i* beset ! au?or ( %ort-/ories1 8 "w is1 on human gr\nds1 m easy ?an t ( ! noveli/1 :o mu/ be sane & consi/5t1 & mu/ be able to su/a9 a prolong$ ef=t ( int]pretive imag9ation4 ,! ,noveli/ & ! ,writ] ( ,%ort-,/ories4--,^! po9ts h be5 s fully cov]$ & s admirably illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,p]ry t !y d n call = any fur!r discussion 9 ?is place4 ,b p]haps some?+ may be add$ conc]n+ ! diff]5t equipm5ts t are requir$ by au?ors ( novels & au?ors ( %ort-/ories4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 9 a well-kn[n sonnet1 spoke ( ,sophocles z a man :o saw life /eadily & saw x :ole2 & if we judge ! noveli/ & ! writ] ( %ort-/ories by _! attitudes t[>d life1 we may say t !y divide ?is v]se betwe5 !m4 ,balzac1 ,george ,eliot1 & ,m]$i? look at life 9 ! l>ge2 !y try to see x :ole & to reproduce ! *aos ( its intricate relations3 b ,poe1 de ,maupassant1 & ,mr4 ,kipl+ aim r to see /eadily a limit$ phase ( life1 to focus _! m9ds ^u a s+le po9t ( exp]i5ce1 & !n to depict ?is po9t briefly & /rik+ly4 ,x foll[s t ! noveli/ requires an exp]i5ce ( life f> m ext5sive ?an t :i* is requir$ by ! writ] ( %ort-/ories4 ,! great noveli/s h all be5 m5 ( mature ye>s & accumulat$ wisdom4 ,b if an au?or kn[s "o little po9t ( life pr(\ndly1 he may fa%ion a great %ort-/ory1 ev5 ?\gh t "o ?+ be ! only ?+ he kn[s4 ,( life z x is actually liv$1 ( g5u9e humanity ( "*1 ( moral responsibility 9 human int]c\rse1 ,edg> ,allan ,poe knew no?+2 & yet he 0 fully equipp$ to produce :at rema9 until ?is day ! mo/ p]fect examples ( ! %ort-/ory 9 our language4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t1 al?\gh ! great novels ( ! _w h be5 writt5 = ! mo/ "p by m5 ov] =ty ye>s ( age1 ! great %ort-/ories h be5 writt5 by m5 9 _! tw5ties & _! ?irties4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ wrote two or ?ree %ort-/ories :i* are almo/ great :5 he 0 only sev5te54 ,/ead9ess ( vision is a quality ( m9d q di/9ct f ! ability to see ?+s :ole4 ,pla9 ,tales f ! ,hills are 9 _m ways ! bett] /ories = be+ ! "w ( a lad ( tw5ty3 :atev] ,mr4 ,kipl+ saw at t v e>ly age he envisag$ /eadily & express$ ) ! glori\s triumphant /r5g? ( y\?4 ,b if at ! same p]iod he _h attempt$ a novel1 ! _w und\bt$ly w\ld h f\nd out h[ v "y he 04 ,he w\ld h be5 incapable ( slic+ a cross-section clean ?r\gh ! va/itude ( human life1 ( see+ x :ole1 & ( repres5t+ ! appall+ intricacy ( its int]relations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! mature m5 :o h be5 wise en\gh to d ! latt]1 h %[n !mselves incapable ( focuss+ _! m9ds /eadily ^u a s+le po9t ( exp]i5ce4 ,:ol5ess & /ead9ess ( vision--few are ! m5 :o1 l ,sophocles1 h possess$ !m bo?4 ,! same au?or1 !re=e1 has almo/ nev] be5 able to write great %ort-/ories & great novels4 ,scott wrote only "o %ort-/ory1--,w&]+ ,willie's ,tale 9 ,r$gauntlet2 ,dick5s also wrote only "o t is wor?y ( be+ consid]$ a ma/]piece ( art1--,a ,*ild's ,dream ( a ,/>2 & ,?ack]ay1 ,coop]1 ,george ,eliot1 & ,m]$i? h writt5 none at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,poe c\ld n possibly h writt5 a novel2 ,guy de ,maupassant %[s himself less ma/]ly 9 8 m ext5d$ works2 & ,mr4 ,kipl+ has yet to prove t ! novel is )9 8 p[]s4 ,haw?orne is ! "o mo/ notable example ( ! man :o1 beg9n+ z a writ] ( %ort-/ories1 has develop$ 9 matur] ye>s a ma/]y ( ! novel4 ,! ,%ort-,/ory ,m ,arti/ic ,?an ! ,novel4--,unlike ! %ort-/ory1 ! novel aims to produce a s]ies ( effects1--a cumulative comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( n>rative1--& ackn[l$ges no re/riction to economy ( means4 ,x foll[s t ! novel1 z a lit]>y =m1 requires f> less att5tion ?an ! %ort-/ory to m9ute details ( art4 ,great novels may be writt5 by au?ors z c>eless z ,scott1 z lazy z ,?ack]ay1 or z cumb]some z ,george ,eliot2 = if a noveli/ gives u a criticism ( life :i* is new & true1 we =give him if he fails 9 ! nic] po9ts ( /ructure & /yle4 ,b )\t ^! nic] po9ts1 ! %ort-/ory is impossible4 ,! economy ( means t x dem&s c be cons]v$ only by rigid re/riction ( /ructure2 & ! necess>y emphasis c be produc$ only by p]fection ( /yle4 ,! great ma/]s ( ! %ort-/ory1 l ,poe & ,haw?orne1 ,daudet & de ,maupassant1 h all be5 c>eful arti/s3 !y h n1 l ,?ack]ay1 be5 slov5ly 9 /ructure2 !y h n1 l ,scott1 be5 reg>dless ( /yle4 ,! arti/ic in/9ct %[s itself almo/ always at a v e>ly age4 ,if a man is de/9$ to be an arti/1 he usually exhibits a surpris+ precocity ( expression at a p]iod :5 z yet he has v little to express4 ,?is is ano!r reason :y ! %ort-/ory1 z oppos$ to ! novel1 belongs to y\? r ?an to age4 ,?\gh a "y writ] may be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge inf]iority to 8 eld]s 9 maturity ( message1 he may n infrequ5tly transc5d !m 9 f95ess ( te*nical accompli%m5t4 ,! ,%ort-,/ory ,almo/ ,necess>ily ,romantic4--,ano!r po9t t rema9s to be consid]$1 be=e we rel9qui% ?is g5]al discussion 9 ord] to devote our att5tion m p>ticul>ly to a te*nical /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! %ort-/ory1 is t1 al?\gh ! novel may be ei!r reali/ic or romantic 9 g5]al me?od1 ! %ort-/ory is almo/ ( necessity oblig$ to be romantic4 ,9 ! brief space allott$ to him1 x is practically impossible = ! writ] ( %ort-/ories to induce a g5]al tru? f p>ticul> imag9$ facts imitat$ f actuality3 x is f> simpl] to d$uce ! imag9$ details ( ! /ory f a c5tral !sis1 held securely 9 ! au?or's m9d & sugge/$ to ! read] at ! outset4 ,x is a quick] process to ?9k f ! tru? to facts ?an to ?9k f facts to ! tru?4 ,daudet & de ,maupassant1 :o work$ reali/ically 9 _! novels1 work$ romantically 9 _! contes2 & ! great %ort-/ories ( our own language h ne>ly all be5 writt5 by romantic au?ors1 l ,poe1 ,haw?orne1 ,/ev5son1 & ,mr4 ,kipl+4 #c ,a contribution to ,! ,wampum ,libr>y2 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aijd4 #d ,?is pap]1 lat] includ$ 9 ,p5 & ,ink1 #ahhh1 has s9ce be5 publi%$ by itself 9 a little volume3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aija4 #e ,?is def9ition 0 pr9t$ fir/ 9 ! ,bookman = ,febru>y1 #aijd1 & lat] 9 ! ,read] = ,febru>y1 #aijf4 ,x has subsequ5tly be5 repeat$ 9 ne>ly e book t deals ) ?is special aspect ( ! art ( fiction4 #f ,! second /ory ( ! second day1 & ! six? /ory ( ! n9? day4 ,see ,am]ican ,%ort ,/ories1 p4 #bh4 #g ,publi%$ fir/ 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,augu/1 #aijb1 & s9ce includ$1 z ,*apt] ,,xii4 9 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #aijd4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! novel1 ! novelette1 & ! %ort-/ory4 #b4 ,def9e ! %ort-/ory4 #c4 ,expla9 ! contributions made by ,edg> ,allan ,poe & ,br&] ,mat!ws to ! consci\sness ( ! %ort-/ory z a special =m ( art4 #d4 ,:at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! %ort-/ory z comp>$ ) ! novel8 #e4 ,is realism possible 9 ! %ort-/ory8 ,if n1 :y n8 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,edg> ,,allan ,,poe3 ,review ( ,haw?orne's ,tales4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws3 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,%ort-,/ory4 ,,bliss ,,p]ry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction--,*apt] ,,xii1 on ,! ,%ort ,/ory4 ,,*>les ,,se>s ,,baldw93 ,introduction to ,am]ican ,%ort ,/ories4 ,,h5ry ,,seidel ,,canby3 ,! ,%ort ,/ory 9 ,engli%4 ,,*>les ,,raymond ,,b>rett3 ,%ort ,/ory ,writ+4 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws3 ,introduction to ,! ,%ort-,/ory3 ,specim5s ,illu/rat+ ,its ,developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,%ort-,,/ory ,only ,"o ,be/ ,way to ,con/ruct a ,%ort-,/ory--,problems ( ,%ort-,/ory ,con/ruction--,! ,initial ,position--,! ,t]m9al ,position--,poe's ,analysis ( ,! ,rav5--,analysis ( ,ligeia--,analysis ( ,! ,prodigal ,son--,/yle ,ess5tial to ! ,%ort-,/ory4 ,only ,"o ,be/ ,way to ,con/ruct a ,%ort-,/ory4--,s9ce ! aim ( a %ort-/ory is to produce a s+le n>rative effect ) ! greate/ economy ( means t is consi/5t ) ! utmo/ emphasis1 x foll[s t1 giv5 any s+le n>rative effect--any !me1 9 o!r words1 = a %ort-/ory--!re c be only "o be/ way to con/ruct ! /ory bas$ ^u x4 ,a novel may be built 9 any ( a multitude ( ways2 & ! selection ( me?od dep5ds m ^u ! temp]am5t & ta/e ( ! au?or ?an ^u inh]5t logical necessity4 ,b 9 a %ort-/ory ! problem ( ! au?or is prim>ily /ructural2 & /ructure is a matt] ( intellect in/ead ( a matt] ( temp]am5t & ta/e4 ,n[1 ! intellect diff]s f ! ta/e 9 be+ an absolute & g5]al1 r ?an an individual & p]sonal1 quality ( m9d4 ,!re is no disput+ matt]s ( ta/e1 z ! ,lat9 prov]b ju/ly says2 b matt]s ( intellect may be disput$ logically until a def9ite decision is arriv$ at4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! plann+ ( a novel mu/ be left to ! individual au?or1 ! /ructure ( a %ort-/ory may be consid]$ z a matt] imp]sonal & absolute1 l ! work+ out ( a geometrical proposition4 ,problems ( ,%ort-,/ory ,con/ruction4--,! initial problem ( ! writ] ( %ort-/ories is to f9d out by intellectual means ! "o be/ way ( con/ruct+ ! /ory t he has to tell2 &1 9 ord] to solve ?is problem1 !re are _m que/ions he mu/ take up & decide4 ,fir/ ( all1 he mu/ cons]ve ! ne$ = economy ( means by consid]+ h[ _m1 or r1 h[ few1 *>act]s are necess>y to ! n>rative1 h[ few di/9ct ev5ts he c get along )1 & h[ n>r[ is ! compass ( "t & place )9 :i* he may compact 8 mat]ial4 ,he mu/ next consid] all ! available po9ts ( view f :i* to tell ! giv5 /ory1 & mu/ decide :i* ( !m w be/ subs]ve 8 purpose4 ,next1 9 decid+ on 8 means ( del9eat+ *>act]s1 ( repres5t+ action1 ( employ+ sett+1 he mu/ be guid$ always by ! endeavor to /rike a j balance betwe5 7on ! "o h&7 ! greate/ economy ( means & 7on ! o!r7 ! utmo/ emphasis4 ,& f9ally1 to cons]ve ! latt] ne$1 he mu/1 9 plann+ ! n>rative /ep by /ep1 be guid$ by ! pr9ciple ( emphasis 9 all its phases4 ,! ,initial ,position4--,! natural emphasis ( ! initial & ! t]m9al position is1 9 ! %ort-/ory1 a matt] ( prime importance4 ,! op5+ ( a p]fectly con/ruct$ tale fulfills two purposes1 "o ( :i* is intellectual & ! o!r emotional4 ,intellectually1 x indicates cle>ly to ! read] :e!r1 9 ! n>rative t foll[s1 ! elem5t ( action1 or ( "*1 or ( sett+ is to be pr$om9ant1--9 o!r words1 :i* ( ! ?ree sorts ( n>rative effect ! /ory is int5d$ to produce4 ,emotionally1 x /rikes ! key-note & sugge/s ! tone ( ! entire /ory4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe1 9 8 greate/ tales1 plann$ 8 op5+s infallibly to fulfill ^! purposes4 ,he began a /ory ( sett+ ) description2 a /ory ( "* ) a rem>k made by1 or made ab\t1 ! lead+ actor2 & a /ory ( action ) a s5t5ce pregnant ) pot5tial incid5t4 ,fur!rmore1 he convey$ 9 8 v fir/ s5t5ce a subtle s5se ( ! emotional tone ( ! entire n>rative4 ,9 op5+ 8 %ort-/ories1 ,haw?orne %[$ himself f> inf]ior to 8 great contempor>y4 ,only unaw>es did he occasionally hit ^u ! inevitable fir/ s5t5ce4 ,(t5 he wa/$ "t at ! beg9n+ by writ+ an unnecess>y introduction2 & frequ5tly he began ^u ! wrong track1 by sugge/+ "* at ! outset ( a /ory ( action1 or sugge/+ sett+ at ! outset ( a /ory ( "*4 ,! tale ( ,! ,g5tle ,boy1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ to attract att5tion to 8 g5ius1 beg9s unnecess>ily ) an hi/orical essay ( ?ree pages2 & x is n until ! n>rative is well on its way t ! read] is able to s5se ! "o ?+ t x is all ab\t4 ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 9 8 e>li] /ories1 employ$ a me?od ( op5+ :i* is wor?y ( c>eful critical consid]ation4 ,9 ,pla9 ,tales f ! ,hills & ! sev]al volumes t foll[$ x )9 ! next few ye>s1 8 habit 0 to beg9 ) an expository essay1 fill+ ! space ( a p>agraph or two1 9 :i* he /at$ ! !me ( ! /ory he 0 ab\t to tell4 ,?is is :at ! /ory is to deal )1 he w\ld say succ9ctly3 ,n[ li/5 to ! tale itself4 ,?is me?od is extremely advantage\s on ! score ( economy4 ,x gives ! read] at ! outset an intellectual possession ( ! !me2 & kn[+ f ! v beg9n+ ! effect design$ to be produc$1 he c foll[ ) ! great] economy ( att5tion ! n>rative t produces x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! me?od is in>ti/ic1 9 t x pres5ts explicitly :at might ) great] subtlety be convey$ implicitly1 & subv]ts ! mood ( n>rative by obtrud+ exposition4 ,9 8 lat] /ories1 ,mr4 ,kipl+ has disc>d$ = ! mo/ "p ?is conv5i5t b too obvi\s exp$i5t1 & has reveal$ 8 !me implicitly ?r\gh ! n>rative t5or & emotional tone ( 8 initial s5t5ces4 ,t ! latt] me?od ( op5+ is ! m arti/ic w be se5 at once f a comp>ison ( examples4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ,?r[n ,away1 an e>ly /ory3-- ,to re> a boy "u :at p>5ts call ! '%elt]$ life sy/em' is1 if ! boy mu/ g into ! _w & f5d = himself1 n wise4 ,unless he be "o 9 a ?\s& he has c]ta9ly to pass ?r\gh _m unnecess>y tr\bles2 & may1 possibly1 come to extreme grief simply f ignorance ( ! prop] proportions ( ?+s4 ,let a puppy eat ! soap 9 ! ba?-room or *ew a newly black$ boot4 ,he *ews & *uckles until1 by & by1 he f9ds out t black+ & ,old ,br[n ,w9dsor made him v sick2 s he argues t soap & boots are n :olesome4 ,any old dog ab\t ! h\se w soon %[ him ! unwisdom ( bit+ big dogs' e>s4 ,be+ "y1 he rememb]s & goes abroad1 at six mon?s1 a well-mann]$ little bea/ ) a *a/5$ appetite4 ,if he _h be5 kept away f boots1 & soap1 & big dogs till he came to ! tr9ity full-gr[n & ) develop$ tee?1 consid] h[ fe>fully sick & ?ra%$ he w\ld be6 ,apply t notion to ! '%elt]$ life1' & see h[ x works4 ,x does n s\nd pretty1 b x is ! bett] ( two evils4 ,!re 0 a ,boy once :o _h be5 br\ght up "u ! '%elt]$ life' !ory2 & ! !ory kill$ him dead4444 ,& s on4 ,at ?is po9t1 aft] ! expository introduction1 ! n>rative prop] beg9s4 ,consid] n[ ! op5+ ( a lat] /ory1 ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,?is is ! fir/ s5t5ce3--,b if x be a girl8 ,notice h[ mu* has already be5 said & sugge/$ 9 ?is little "q ( six words4 ,surely ! beg9n+ ( ?is /ory is conduct$ ) ! bett] art4 ,! expository op5+ 0 copi$ f ,mr4 ,kipl+ by ,o4 ,h5ry & e/abli%$ by ?is writ] z a fa%ion :i* is /ill cont9u$ by contributors to ,am]ican magaz9es4 ,b a popul> exp$i5t is n necess>ily to be reg>d$ z a p]man5t contribution to ! me?ods ( fiction2 & ,mr4 ,kipl+1 9 8 lat] /ories1 is a f9] arti/ ?an ,miss ,edna ,f]b] or any o!r ( ! _m imitators ( ,o4 ,h5ry4 ,! ,t]m9al ,position4--,b1 9 ! /ructure ( ! %ort-/ory1 ! emphasis ( ! t]m9al position is an ev5 m important matt]4 ,9 ?is reg>d aga9 ,poe %[s 8 arti/ry1 9 /opp+ at ! v mom5t :5 he has atta9$ completely 8 pre/abli%$ design4 ,8 conclusions rema9 to ?is day unsurpass$ 9 ! s5se !y give ( absolute f9ality4 ,haw?orne 0 f> less firm 9 ma/]+ ! end+s ( 8 /ories4 ,8 p]sonal pr$ilection = po9t+ a moral to adorn 8 tale l$ him frequ5tly to app5d a passage ( homiletic comm5t :i* 0 n bone ( ! bone & blood ( ! blood ( ! n>rative itself4 ,9 ! *apt] on emphasis1 we h already call$ att5tion to ,guy de ,maupassant's device ( p]iodic /ructure1 by means ( :i* ! solution ( ! /ory is )held till ! conclud+ s5t5ces4 ,?is exce$+ly effective exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 is applicable only 9 ! sort ( /ory :]e9 ! elem5t ( surprise is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! !me4 ,9 no o!r s+le feature ( con/ruction may ! "w ( ! inexp]i5c$ au?or be s readily detect$ z 9 ! f9al passage ( 8 /ory4 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,lispe? 7! fir/ ( ,pla9 ,tales f ! ,hills71 :i* 0 writt5 at a v e>ly age1 began p]fectly ! fir/ ^w is ,%e & proce$$ well2 b :5 he approa*$ 8 conclusion1 ! "y au?or did n "k :]e to /op4 ,8 /ory really end$ at ! words1 ,& %e nev] came back2 = at t po9t 8 pre-e/abli%$ design _h be5 entirely effect$4 ,b in/ead ( clos+ !re1 he app5d$ f\r unnecess>y p>agraphs1 deal+ ) ! subsequ5t life ( 8 h]o9e--all ( :i* 01 to use 8 own famili> phrase1 ano!r /ory4 ,poe & de ,maupassant w\ld n h made ?is mi/ake2 & nei!r w\ld ,mr4 ,kipl+ aft] he _h gr[n into ma/]y ( arti/ic me?od4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ /ories ( ,o4 ,h5ry1 entitl$ ,! ,gift ( ! ,magi1 ! au?or made ! te*nical mi/ake ( app5d+ a sup]flu\s p>agraph aft] 8 logical patt]n _h be5 complet$4 ,poe's ,analysis ( ,! ,rav54--,9 8 v int]e/+ pap] on ,! ,philosophy ( ,composition1 ,edg> ,allan ,poe outl9$ /ep by /ep ! intellectual processes by :i* he develop$ ! /ructure ( ,! ,rav5 & fa%ion$ a f9i%$ poem f a preconceiv$ effect4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t he did n write a simil> essay outl9+ 9 detail ! successive /ages 9 ! con/ruction ( "o ( 8 %ort-/ories4 ,) 8 extraord9>ily cle> & analytic intellect1 he fa%ion$ 8 plots ) ma!matical precision4 ,s rigor\sly did he "w t 9 8 be/ /ories we feel t ! removal ( a s5t5ce w\ld be an amputation4 ,he succe$$ absolutely 9 giv+ 8 n>rative ! utmo/ emphasis ) ! greate/ economy ( means4 ,analysis ( ,ligeia4--,if we le>n ?r\gh & ?r\gh h[ a s+le p]fect /ory is con/ruct$1 we %all h gone f> t[>d und]/&+ ! te*nic ( /ory-build+ z a :ole4 ,let u !re=e analyze "o ( ,poe's %ort-/ories--foll[+ 9 ! ma9 ! me?od :i* he himself pursu$ 9 8 analysis ( ,! ,rav5--9 ord] to le>n ! successive /eps by :i* any excell5t %ort-/ory may be develop$ f its !me4 ,let u *oose ,ligeia = ! subject ( ?is /udy1 because x is v widely kn[n1 & because ,poe himself consid]$ x ! greate/ ( 8 tales4 ,let u see h[1 />t+ ) ! !me ( ! /ory1 ,poe develop$ /ep by /ep ! /ructure ( 8 f9i%$ fabric2 & h[1 grant$ 8 pre/abli%$ design1 ! progress ( 8 plan 0 9 e /ep inevitable4#h ,! !me ( ,ligeia 0 evid5tly sugge/$ by ^? l9es f ,joseph ,glanvill :i*1 quot$ z a motto = ! /ory1 are ?rice repeat$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! n>rative3-- ,& ! w !re9 lie?1 :i* die? n4 ,:o kn[e? ! my/]ies ( ! w1 ) its vigor8 ,= ,god is b a great w1 p]vad+ all ?+s by nature ( its int5tness4 ,man do? n yield himself to ! angels1 nor unto dea? utt]ly1 save only ?r\gh ! weakness ( 8 feeble w4 ,poe recogniz$1 ) ! ,engli% morali/1 t ! human w is /rong & c conqu] _m ( ! ills t fle% is heir to4 ,if x 7 /ill /rong]1 x c\ld d m mighty ?+s2 & if x 7 v mu* /rong]1 x is ev5 conceivable t x might vanqui% dea?1 its la/ & /]ne/ foe4 ,n[ x 0 legitimate = ! purposes ( fiction to imag9e a "* end[$ ) a w /rong en\gh to conqu] dea?2 & a /rik+ n>rative effect c\ld c]ta9ly be produc$ by sett+ =? ?is moral conque/4 ,?is1 !n1 became ! purpose ( ! /ory3 to exhibit a "* ) a sup]human w1 & to %[ h[1 by %e] =ce ( volition1 ?is p]son conqu]$ dea?4 ,hav+ ?us decid$ on 8 !me1 ! writ] ( ! /ory 0 fir/ =c$ to consid] h[ _m1 or r h[ few1 *>act]s 7 necess>y to ! n>rative4 ,"o1 at lea/1 0 obvi\sly ess5tial1--! p]son ) ! sup]human w4 ,= e/hetic reasons ,poe made ?is "* a woman1 & call$ h] ,ligeia2 b x is evid5t t /ructurally ! /ory w\ld h be5 ! same if he _h made ! "* a man4 ,! resultant n>rative w\ld h be5 diff]5t 9 mood & tone2 b x w\ld n h be5 diff]5t 9 /ructure4 ,giv5 ?is c5tral "*1 x 0 n p]haps evid5t at fir/ t ano!r p]son 0 ne$$ = ! tale4 ,b 9 all /ories :i* set =? an extraord9>y be+1 x is necess>y to introduce an ord9>y "* to s]ve z a /&>d by :i* ! unusual capabilities ( ! c5tral figure may be measur$4 ,fur!rmore1 9 /ories :i* treat ( ! miracul\s1 x is necess>y to h at lea/ "o eye-witness to ! extraord9>y circum/ances beside ! p]son prim>ily conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,h5ce ano!r "* 0 absolutely ne$$ 9 ! tale4 ,?is second p]son1 moreov]1 _h to be intimately associat$ ) ! h]o9e1 = ! two reasons already consid]$4 ,! mo/ intimate relation imag9able 0 t ( husb& & wife2 he mu/ !re=e be ! husb& ( ,ligeia4 ,beside ^! two p1--a woman ( sup]human w1 & h] husb&1 a man ( ord9>y p[]s1--no o!r "* 0 necess>y2 & !re=e ,poe did n 7& c\ld n1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! %ort-/ory7 introduce ano!r4 ,! ,lady ( ,trema9e1 z we %all see lat] on1 is n1 te*nically consid]$1 a "*4 ,! ma9 outl9e ( ! /ory c\ld n[ be plott$4 ,ligeia & h] husb& mu/ be exhibit$ to ! read]2 & !n1 9 h] husb&'s pres5ce1 ,ligeia mu/ conqu] dea? by ! vigor ( h] w4 ,b 9 ord] to d ?is1 %e mu/ fir/ die4 ,if %e m]ely ex]t$ h] w to w>d (f ! attacks ( dea?1 ! read] w\ld n be conv9c$ t h] recov]y _h be5 accompli%$ by o!r ?an ord9>y means4 ,%e mu/ die1 !re=e1 & mu/ aft]w>ds resurrect h]self by a p[]ful ex]tion ( volition4 ,! read] mu/ be fully conv9c$ t %e did really die2 & !re=e1 be=e h] resurrection1 %e mu/ be laid = "s "t 9 ! grave4 ,! /ory1 !n1 divid$ itself into two p>ts3 ! fir/1 9 :i* ,ligeia 0 alive1 t]m9at$ ) h] dea?2 & ! second1 9 :i* %e 0 dead1 end$ ) h] resurrection4 ,hav+ ?us arriv$ at ! ma9 outl9e ( 8 plot1 ,poe 0 next =c$ to decide on ! po9t ( view f :i* ! /ory %\ld be told4 ,"u ! exi/+ conditions1 any "o ( ?ree di/9ct po9ts ( view may h seem$1 at ! fir/ glance1 available3 t ( ! *ief "*1 t ( ! second>y "*1 & t ( an ext]nal omnisci5t p]sonality4 ,b only a little consid]ation 0 necess>y to %[ t only "o ( ^! ?ree c\ld successfully be employ$4 ,obvi\sly1 ! /ory c\ld n be n>rat$ by ,ligeia3 = x w\ld be awkw>d to let an extraord9>y woman disc\rse ab\t h] own unusual qualities2 & fur!rmore1 %e c\ld h>dly n>rate a /ory involv+ z "o ( its *ief features h] /ay among ! dead )\t be+ expect$ to tell ! secrets ( h] prison-h\se4 ,x 0 likewise impossible to tell ! tale f ! po9t ( view ( an ext]nal omnisci5t p]sonality4 ,9 ord] t ! f9al & miracul\s incid5t might seem conv9c+1 x _h to be n>rat$ n imp]sonally b p]sonally1 n ext]nally b by an eye-witness4 ,!re=e1 ! /ory mu/1 ( c\rse1 be told by ! husb& ( ,ligeia4 ,at ?is po9t ! ma9 outl9e 0 complet$4 ,x !n became necess>y = ,poe to plan ! two divisions ( ! /ory 9 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ "p1 no action 0 necess>y1 & v little att5tion _h to be paid to sett+4 ,x 0 ess5tial t all ( ! writ]'s /ress %\ld be laid on ! elem5t ( "*2 = ! sole purpose ( ?is initial division ( ! /ory mu/ be to produce ^u ! read] an extremely emphatic impression ( ! extraord9>y p]sonality ( ,ligeia4 ,z soon z ! read] c\ld be suffici5tly impress$ ) ! =ce ( h] "*1 %e mu/ be made to die2 & ! fir/ "p ( ! /ory w\ld be f9i%$4 ,b at ?is po9t ,poe 0 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 ! direct & ! indirect means ( del9eat+ "*4 ,%\ld ,ligeia be depict$ directly by h] husb&1 or indirectly1 ?r\gh h] own spee*8 ,9 o!r words1 %\ld ?is fir/ half ( ! /ory be a description or a conv]sation8 ,! matt] 0 easy to decide4 ,! me?od ( conv]sation 0 unavailable2 because a dialogue betwe5 ,ligeia & h] husb& w\ld keep ! att5tion ( ! read] hov]+ f "o to ! o!r1 :]eas x 0 necess>y = ! purpose ( ! tale to focus all ( ! att5tion on ,ligeia4 ,%e mu/1 !re=e1 be depict$ directly by h] husb&4 ,hav+ conclud$ t he mu/ devote ! entire fir/ half ( 8 /ory to ?is description1 ,poe employ$ all 8 p[]s to make x adequate & emphatic4 ,! description mu/1 ( c\rse1 be l>gely subjective & sugge/ive1 & mu/ be p]vad$ ) a s5se ( some?+ unfa?omable ab\t ! p]son describ$4 ,9 ord] t 7rev]t+ to ! language ( ,poe's own critical dictum7 8 v initial s5t5ce might t5d to ! outbr++ ( ?is effect1 ! au?or wrote1 ,i _c = my s\l rememb] h[1 :51 or ev5 precisely :]e ,i fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! ,lady ,ligeia2 & ! /ory 0 begun4 ,x 0 m difficult to h&le ! second division ( ! tale1 :i* 0 to deal ) ! p]iod betwe5 ,ligeia's dea? & h] resurrection4 ,! ma9 /ress ( ! /ory n[ ceas$ to be laid on ! elem5t ( "*4 ,! elem5t ( action1 fur!rmore1 0 subsidi>y 9 ! second "p ( ! tale1 z x _h be5 already 9 ! fir/4 ,all t _h to happ5 0 ! resurrection ( ,ligeia2 & ?is ! read] _h be5 =c$ by ! v !me ( ! /ory to =esee4 ,! *ief int]e/ 9 ! second "p mu/ !re=e lie 9 det]m9+ :]e & :5 & h[ ?is resurrection 0 accompli%$4 ,a wor?y sett+ mu/ be f\nd = ! culm9at+ ev5t4 ,poe c\ld lose no "t 9 prep>+ a place = 8 climax2 & !re=e he 0 oblig$1 z soon z he _h laid ,ligeia 9 ! grave1 to beg9 an elaborate description ( ! /age sett+s ( 8 f9al sc5e4 ,! place mu/ be wild & weird & arabesque4 ,x mu/ be wor?y to receive a resurrect$ mortal revisit+ ! glimpses ( ! moon4 ,! place 0 f\nd1 ! "t--midnight--decid$ ^u3 b ! "q rema9$1--h[ %\ld ,ligeia be resurrect$8 ,& "h arose almo/ an insup]able difficulty4 ,ligeia _h be5 buri$ 7mu/ h be5 buri$1 z we h se571 & h] body _h be5 giv5 to ! worms4 ,yet n[ %e mu/ be reviv$4 ,& x w\ld n be suffici5t to let h] m]ely walk bodily into ! fanta/ic ap>tm5t :]e h] husb&1 dream-haunt$1 0 wait+ to receive h]2 = ! po9t to be emphasiz$ 0 n s mu* ! m]e fact ( h] be+ once m alive1 z ! fact t %e _h won h] way back to life by ! ex]tion ( h] own extraord9>y w4 ,! read] mu/ be %[n n only ! result ( h] triumph ov] dea?1 b ! v process ( ! /ruggle ?r\gh :i* by %e] volition %e =c$ h] s\l back into ! bodily life4 ,if only h] body 7 pres5t1 s t ! read] c\ld be %[n its gradual obsession by h] s\l1 all w\ld be easily accompli%$2 b1 by ! conditions ( ! /ory1 h] body c\ld n be pres5t3 & ! difficulty ( ! problem 0 extreme4 ,b "h ,poe hit ^u a solution ( ! difficulty4 ,w\ld n ano!r dead body d z well8 ,surely ,ligeia c\ld brea! h] life into any disc>d$ female =m4 ,!re=e1 ( c\rse1 h] husb& mu/ m>ry aga91 solely 9 ord] t 8 second wife %\ld die4 ,! ,lady ,r[5a ,trevanion ( ,trema9e is1 !re=e1 z ,i h already h9t$1 n really a "*1 b only a necess>y adjunct to ! f9al sc5e1 an indisp5sable piece ( /age prop]ty4 ,9 ord] to indicate ?is fact1 ,poe 0 oblig$ to ab/a9 c>efully f describ+ h] 9 detail1 & to seek 9 e possible way to prev5t ! read]'s att5tion f dwell+ long ^u h]4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh1 9 writ+ ! fir/ "p ( ! /ory1 he devot$ sev]al pages to ! description ( ! h]o9e1 he dismiss$ ! ,lady ,r[5a1 9 ! second "p1 ) only two descriptive epi!ts1--fair-hair$ & blue-ey$1 to di/+ui% h] briefly f ! d>k-ey$ & rav5-hair$ ,ligeia4 ,) ! help ( ?is conv5i5t body1 x 0 easy = ,poe to develop 8 f9al sc5e4 ,! int5se /ruggle ( ,ligeia's s\l to w9 its way back to ! _w c\ld be work$ up ) en?rall+ susp5se3 & :5 at la/ ! climax 0 rea*$ & ! husb& realiz$ t 8 lo/ love /ood liv+ be=e him1 ! purpose ( ! /ory w\ld be accompli%$1 ,ligeia's w w\ld h done its "w1 & !re w\ld be no?+ m to tell4 ,poe wrote1 ,^! are ! full1 & ! black1 & ! wild eyes--( my lo/ love--( ! ,lady--( ! ,lady ,ligeia3 & ! /ory 0 end$4 ,= x mu/ be absolutely und]/ood t ) :atev] may h happ5$ aft] t mom5t ( entire recognition ?is p>ticul> /ory does n1 & _c1 conc]n itself4 ,:e!r 9 ! next mom5t ,ligeia dies aga9 irrevocably1 or :e!r %e lives an ord9>y lifetime & !n ultimately dies =ev]1 or :e!r %e rema9s alive et]nally z a result ( ! triumph ( h] w1 are que/ions entirely beyond ! scope ( ! /ory & h no?+ to d ) ! s+le n>rative effect :i* ,poe1 f ! v outset1 0 plann+ to produce4 ,at no o!r po9t does he m cle>ly display 8 ma/]y ?an 9 8 *oice ( ! p]fect mom5t at :i* to end 8 /ory4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be idle to ass]t t ,poe dispos$ ( all ! n>rative problems :i* confront$ him :ile con/ruct+ ?is /ory precisely 9 ! ord] ,i h indicat$4 ,un=tunately1 he nev] expla9$ 9 pr9t ! g5esis ( any ( 8 /ories1 & we c only imag9e ! process ( 8 plans ) ! aid ( 8 c>eful analysis ( ! developm5t ( ,! ,rav54 ,b ,i ?9k x has be5 cle>ly %[n t ! /ructure ( ,ligeia is at all po9ts inevitably condition$ by its !me1 & t no detail ( ! /ructure c\ld be alt]$ )\t injur+ ! effect ( ! /ory2 & ,i am confid5t t "s intellectual process simil> to t :i* has be5 outl9$ mu/ be foll[$ by e au?or :o seeks to con/ruct /ories z p]fect 9 =m z ,poe's4 ,analysis ( ,! ,prodigal ,son4--,! /ud5t ( %ort-/ory /ructure is !re=e advis$ to submit sev]al o!r ma/]pieces ( ! =m to a process ( intellectual analysis simil> to t :i* we h j pursu$4 ,by s do+ he w become impress$ ) ! inevitability ( e /ructural exp$i5t t is employ$ 9 ! be/ examples ( ! type4 ,= a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is inevitability ( /ructure1 let u look = a mom5t at ! p>able ( ,! ,prodigal ,son 7,luke xv41 beg9n+ ) ! elev5? v]se71 :i*1 al?\gh x 0 writt5 d[n _m c5turies ago1 fulfills ! mod]n critical concept ( ! %ort-/ory1 9 t x produces a s+le n>rative effect ) ! greate/ economy ( means t is consi/5t ) ! utmo/ emphasis4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is /udy1 let u set aside ! religi\s implications ( ! p>able1 & consid] x z an ord9>y "w ( fiction4 ,! /ory %\ld m prop]ly be call$ ,! ,=giv+ ,fa!r1 r ?an ,! ,prodigal ,son2 because ! s+le n>rative effect to be wr\ght out is ! ext5t ( a fa!r's =giv5ess t[>d 8 err+ *ildr54 ,two *>act]s are obvi\sly ne$$ = ! tale1--fir/1 a fa!r to ex]cise =giv5ess1 & second1 a *ild to be =giv54 ,:e!r ?is *ild 7 a son or a daught] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h no effect on ! m]e /ructure ( ! /ory4 ,9 ! n>rative z we "k x1 ! err+ *ild is a son4 ,9 pursuance ( ! greate/ economy ( means1 ! /ory might be told ) ^! two *>act]s only1 because ! effect to be wr\ght out is bas$ on ! p]sonal relation betwe5 !m1--a relation involv+ no "o else4 ,b fa!rly =be>ance ex]cis$ t[>d an only *ild might seem a trait ( human weakness in/ead ( patri>*al /r5g?2 & ! fa!r's =giv5ess w be greatly acc5tuat$ if1 beside ! prodigal1 he has o!r *ildr5 less liable to error4 ,!re=e1 9 pursuance ( ! utmo/ emphasis1 x is necess>y to add a ?ird "*1--ano!r son :o is n allur$ into ! way ( ! transgressor4 ,! /ory mu/ necess>ily be n>rat$ by an ext]nal omnisci5t p]sonality3 x mu/ be se5 & told f a po9t ( view alo( & god-l4 ,! fa!r c\ld n tell x1 because ! !me ( ! tale is ! beauty ( 8 own "*2 & nei!r ( ! two sons is 9 a position to see ! /ory :ole & to n>rate x )\t prejudice4 ,! /ory op5s p]fectly1 ) ! v simple s5t5ce1 ,a c]ta9 man _h two sons4 ,already ! read] kn[s t he is to be told a /ory ( "* 7r ?an ( action or ( sett+7 conc]n+ ?ree p1 ! mo/ important ( :om is ! c]ta9 man :o has be5 m5tion$ fir/4 ,consid]1 9 pass+1 h[ faulty w\ld h be5 su* ano!r op5+ z ?is1 = in/ance1--,n long ago1 9 a city ( ,judea4444 ,su* an initial s5t5ce w\ld h sugge/$ sett+1 in/ead ( sugge/+ "*1 z ! lead+ elem5t 9 ! /ory4 ,v prop]ly1 ! fir/ ( ! two sons to be s+l$ out specifically is ! m important ( ! two1 ! prodigal3 ,& ! y\ng] ( !m said to 8 fa!r1 ',fa!r1 give me ! portion ( goods t falle? to me4' ,?us1 9 only two s5t5ces1 ! read] is giv5 ! entire basis ( ! /ory4 ,! swift & simple n>rative t foll[s is ma/]ly 9 absolute concis5ess4 ,! y\ng] son takes 8 j\rney into a f> c\ntry1 wa/es 8 sub/ance 9 riot\s liv+1 beg9s to be 9 want1 suff]s & rep5ts1 & returns to seek ! =giv5ess ( 8 fa!r4 ,wond]fully1 beautifully1 8 fa!r loves & pities & =gives him3 ,= ?is my son 0 dead & is alive aga92 he 0 lo/1 & is f\nd4 ,at ?is po9t ! /ory w\ld end1 if x 7 told ) only two *>act]s in/ead ( ?ree4 ,b emphasis dem&s t ! eld] son %\ld n[ make an entirely reasonable objection to ! reception ( ! prodigal2 because ! great love :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! fa!r's "* w %9e =? mu* m brightly :5 he ov]rules ! objection4 ,he does s 9 ! same words he _h us$ 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( emotion3 ,= ?is ?y bro!r 0 dead1 & is alive aga92 & 0 lo/1 & is f\nd4 ,^! beautiful words1 :i* n[ receive ! emphasis ( it]ation z well z ! emphasis ( t]m9al position1 sum up & complete ! entire pre/abli%$ design4 ,?is /ory1 :i* conta9s only five hundr$ words1 is a little ma/]piece ( /ructure4 ,x embodies a n>rative !me ( pr(\nd human import2 x exhibits ?ree *>act]s s cle>ly & completely drawn t ! read] kn[s !m bett] ?an he kn[s _m a h]o ( a l5g?y novel2 & x displays an absolute adju/m5t betwe5 economy & emphasis 9 its succ9ct yet t\*+ tra9 ( incid5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 x is also1 9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,k+ ,james translators1 a little ma/]piece ( /yle4 ,! words are simple1 homely1 & direct4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ,saxon orig91 & ! majority are monosyllabic4 ,less ?an half a doz5 words 9 ! entire n>rative conta9 m ?an two syllables4 ,& yet !y are set s delicately toge!r t !y fall into rhy?ms pot5t ) emotional effect4 ,h[ mu* ! /ory ga9s f ?is ma/]y ( prose may be felt at once by comp>+ ) ! ,k+ ,james v]sion p>allel passages f ! /&>d ,fr5* ,bible4 ,! ,engli% monosyllabic refra91 ) its t\*+ balance ( rhy?m1 loses ne>ly all ( its e/hetic effect 9 ! ,fr5* translation3 ,c> mon fils1 que voici1 tait mort1 mais il e/ ressuscit2 il tait p]du1 mais il e/ retr\v4 ,& t v mov+ s5t5ce ab\t ! eld] son1 ,& he 0 angry1 & w\ld n g 93 !re=e came 8 fa!r out & entreat$ him1 becomes 9 ! ,fr5* ,bible1 ,mais il se mit en colre1 et ne v\lut po9t entr]2 et son pre tant sorti1 le priait d'entr]4 ,no especial nicety ( e> is necess>y to notice t ! fir/ is greatly writt51 & ! second is n4 ,/yle ,ess5tial to ! ,%ort-,/ory4--,& ?is leads u to ! g5]al consid]ation t ev5 a p]fectly con/ruct$ /ory w fail ( ! utt]mo/ effect unless x be at all po9ts adequately writt54 ,aft] ,poe _h1 ) 8 intellect1 outl9$ /ep by /ep ! /ructure ( ,ligeia1 he 0 oblig$ to confront a fur!r problem1--! problem ( writ+ ! /ory ) ! ?rill+ & en?rall+ h>mony ( t l[1 musical language :i* haunts u l ! e*o ( a dream4 ,x is "o ?+ to build a /ory2 x is q ano!r ?+ to write x3 & 9 ,poe's case x is evid5t t an appreciable int]val ( "t mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 8 accompli%m5t ( ! fir/1 & 8 und]tak+ ( ! second1 ef=t4 ,he built 8 /ories intellectually1 9 cold blood2 he wrote !m emotionally1 9 e/hetic exaltation3 & ! two moods are s di/9ct & mutually exclusive t !y mu/ h be5 successive in/ead ( coexi/5t4 ,"s au?ors build bett] ?an !y write2 o!rs write bett] ?an !y build4 ,seldom1 v seldom1 is a man equipp$1 z ,poe 01 ) an equal ma/]y ( /ructure & ( /yle4 ,yet ?\gh unity ( =m may be atta9$ ?r\gh /ructure alone1 unity ( mood is dep5d5t ma9ly ^u /yle4 ,! language %\ld be pit*$ ?r\gh\t 9 tune ) ! emotional significance ( ! n>rative effect to be produc$4 ,any s5t5ce :i* is tun$ out ( h>mony w jangle & disrupt ! unity ( mood1 :i* is z necess>y to a great %ort-/ory z x is to a great lyric poem4 ,haw?orne1 ?\gh 8 /ructure 0 frequ5tly at fault1 prov$ ! greatness ( 8 art by ma9ta9+1 ?r\gh %e] ma/]y ( /yle1 an absolute unity ( mood 9 e /ory t he und]took4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ has n always done s1 because he has frequ5tly us$ language m ) mann] ?an ) /yle2 b 9 8 be/ /ories1 l ,! ,bru%wood ,boy & ,!y1 !re is a unity ( tone ?r\gh\t ! writ+ t sets !m on ! plane ( highe/ art4 #h ,! analysis ( ,ligeia :i* foll[s 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! ,read] = ,febru>y1 #aijf4 ,x is "h resum$ ) a few revisions ( detail4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at are ! ma9 po9ts to be consid]$ 9 con/ruct+ a %ort-/ory8 #b4 ,expla9 ! te*nical importance ( ! la/ p>agraph1 & ! fir/ p>agraph1 ( a %ort-/ory4 #c4 ,analyze a great %ort-/ory accord+ to ! me?od illu/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ analyses ( ,ligeia & ,! ,prodigal ,son4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,,edg> ,,allan ,,poe3 ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,,na?aniel ,,haw?orne3 ,! ,:ite ,old ,maid4 ,,bret ,,h>te3 ,t5nessee's ,p>dn]4 ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son3 ,m>kheim4 ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+3 ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,,k5ne? ,,grahame3 ,! ,roman ,road4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,/imson3 ,mrs4 ,knollys4 ,,guy ,,de ,,maupassant3 ,! ,necklace4 ,,alphonse ,,daudet3 ,! ,la/ ,class4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,bunn]3 ,a ,si/]ly ,s*eme4 ,o4 ,,h5ry3 ,a ,municipal ,report4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,factor ,,( ,,/yle ,/ructure & ,/yle--,/yle a ,matt] ( ,feel+--,/yle an ,absolute ,quality--,! ,tw(old ,appeal ( ,language--,concrete ,examples--,onomatopoetic ,words--,memorable ,words--,! ,patt]n+ ( ,syllables--,/ev5son on ,/yle--,! ,patt]n ( ,rhy?m--,! ,patt]n ( ,lit]ation--,/yle a ,f9e ,art--,/yle an ,important ,aid to ,fiction--,! ,h]esy ( ! ,accid5tal--,/yle an ,intuitive ,quality--,me?ods & ,mat]ials--,cont5t & ,=m--,! ,fusion ( ,bo? ,elem5ts--,! ,au?or's ,p]sonality--,recapitulation4 ,/ructure & ,/yle4--,! elem5t ( /yle1 :i* has j be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ref]5ce to ! %ort-/ory1 mu/ n[ be consid]$ 9 its broad] aspect z a factor ( fiction 9 g5]al4 ,hi!rto1 9 exam9+ ! me?ods ( fiction1 we h conf9$ our att5tion = ! mo/ "p to ! /udy ( /ructural exp$i5ts4 ,! reason is t /ructure1 be+ a matt] m]ely ( ! intellect1 c be analyz$ cle>ly & exp\nd$ def9itely4 ,l any o!r intellectual subject--geometry1 = in/ance--/ructure may be taught4 ,b /yle1 al?\gh x is 9 fiction a factor sc>cely less important1 is n a matt] m]ely ( ! intellect4 ,x is n s easily p]missible ( cle> analysis & def9ite exposition2 & al?\gh x is true t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x may be le>n$1 x is also true t x _c be taught4 ,/yle a ,matt] ( ,feel+4--,! ^w /yle comes tripp+ly to ! tongue ( e critic2 b x has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily def9$4 ,fam\s phrases h be5 made ab\t x1 to be sure2 b mo/ ( ^!1 l t corrupt$ f ,buffon's cursory rem>k 9 8 disc\rse ( reception into ! ,academy--,le /yle e/ de l'homme mme1--are l(ty admissions ( ! impossibility ( def9ition4 ,by ?is fact we are =tifi$ 9 our op9ion t /yle is a matt] ( feel+ r ?an ( intellect4 ,avoid+1 !re=e1 z unwise any attempt at def9ition1 we may yet succe$ 9 cl>ify+ our ideas reg>d+ /yle if we circle r\nd ! subject4 ,/yle an ,absolute ,quality4--,at ! outset1 9 ord] to n>r[ ! compass ( ! circle1 let u admit t ! famili> phrase bad /yle is a contradiction ( t]ms4 ,basically1 !re is no su* ?+ z good /yle or bad4 ,ei!r a lit]>y utt]ance is made ) /yle1 or else x is made )\t x4 ,?is initial di/9ction is absolute1 n relative4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ( two utt]ances made ) /yle1 ! "o may be m imbu$ ) t quality ?an is ! o!r2 b ev5 ?is second>y di/9ction is a matt] ( m & less1 r ?an ( bett] & worse4 ,/yle1 !n1 is a quality possess$ 9 a great] or less degree1 or else n possess$ at all4 ,?is mu* be+ grant$1 we may inve/igate ) cle>] m9ds ! philosophic aspect ( ! subject4 ,! ,tw(old ,appeal ( ,language4--,language makes to ! m9d ( ! read] or ! li/5] an appeal :i* is tw(old4 ,fir/1 x conveys to 8 intellect a def9ite mean+ ?r\gh ! cont5t ( ! words t are employ$2 & secondly1 x conveys to 8 s5sibilities an indef9ite sugge/ion ?r\gh _! s\nd4 ,consci\sly1 he receives a mean+ f ! d5otation ( ! words2 subconsci\sly1 he receives a sugge/ion f _! connotation4 ,n[1 an utt]ance has ! quality ( /yle :5 ^! two appeals ( language--! d5otative & ! connotative1 ! def9ite & ! indef9ite1 ! intellectual & ! s5su\s--are s cord9at$ z to produce ^u ! read] or ! li/5] an effect :i* is1 n dual1 b indissolubly s+le4 ,& an utt]ance is devoid ( ! quality ( /yle :51 al?\gh x conveys a mean+ to ! intellect ?r\gh ! cont5t ( ! words1 x does n re9=ce t conveyance ( mean+ by a cognate & h>monic appeal to ! s5ses ?r\gh _! s\nd4 ,9 ! latt] case ! language produces ^u ! recipi5t an effect :i* is1 n s+le1 b dual & divorc$4 ,concrete ,examples4--,! matt] may be made m cle> by ! exam9ation ( concrete examples4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce1 = in/ance1 is devoid ( /yle3 ,! squ>e on ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es on ! o!r two sides3 =1 al?\gh by its cont5t x conveys to ! intellect a mean+ :i* is entirely cle> & absolutely def9ite1 x does n by its s\nd convey to ! s5ses a sugge/ion :i* is cognate4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ l9es f ,t5nyson's ,! ,pr9cess are ri* 9 /yle1 because ! appeals to ! intellect & to ! e> are s cord9at$ z to produce a s+le simultane\s effect3-- ,myriads ( rivulets hurry+ ?ro' ! lawn1 ,! moan ( doves 9 immemorial elms1 ,& murmur+ ( innum]able bees4 ,9 ^! l9es1 fully z mu* is convey$ to ! read] by ! m]e melody ( m's & r's & l's z by ! cont5t1 or d5otation1 ( ! words4 ,= in/ance1 ! ^w innum]able1 :i* d5otes to ! intellect m]ely incapable ( be+ numb]$1 is 9 ?is connection made to sugge/ to ! s5ses ! murmur+ ( bees4 ,t "o ^w1 !re=e1 accompli%es a dual s]vice1 & contributes to ! expression ( ! g5]al idea 9 "o way ?r\gh its cont5t & 9 ano!r ?r\gh its s\nd4 ,onomatopoetic ,words4--,?is cord9ation ( ! two appeals is ! orig9 & ! ess5ce ( ! quality ( /yle4 ,b ! "q n[ dem&s to be consid]$1--h[ may ?is cord9ation be effect$8 ,! fir/ detail we mu/ att5d to is ! *oice ( words4 ,t5nyson's task1 9 ! l9es t we h j consid]$1 0 comp>atively easy4 ,he 0 writ+ ab\t c]ta9 s\nds2 & x 0 n especially difficult = him to imitate ^? s\nds ) ! words t he select$ to d5ote !m4 ,8 device 0 ! obvi\s "o :i* is call$1 by rhetoricians1 onomatopoeia4 ,9 e language ^? words :i* are d5otative ( s\nds are ne>ly always also imitative ( !m4 ,su* words1 z1 = example1 :isp]1 ?und]1 rattle1 are 9 !mselves /yli/ic4 ,alone1 & ap>t f any context1 !y incorporate t cognate appeal ( significance & s\nd :i* is ! secret ( /yle4 ,?us f> ! matt] is extremely simple4 ,b !re are also _m words :i* d5ote o!r ?+s ?an s\nds & yet someh[ convey subtly to ! e> a s5su\s sugge/ion ( _! cont5t4 ,su* words1 = in/ance1 are mud1 nev]more1 & tremul\s4 ,any *ild c\ld tell y t words l ^! s\nd j l :at !y mean2 & yet x w\ld be impossible = ! critical intellect to expla9 exactly :]e9 lies ! fitness betwe5 s\nd & s5se 9 su* a ^w z mud4 ,! fitness1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly !re4 ,if we select f sev]al languages words :i* are id5tical 9 d5otation1 we are likely to f9d t1 because ( _! diff]5ce 9 s\nd1 !y connote diff]5t phases ( ! idea :i* !y conta94 ,= example1 ! ,engli% ^w dea? has a spiritual s\nd2 :]eas ! ,g]man d] ,tod s\nds horrible & grim1 & ! ,fr5* la mort s\nds fe>some & biz>re4 ,9 cont5t1 ^! ?ree words are indi/+ui%able2 b 9 /yle !y diff] v widely4 ,_! div]sity ( connotation is obvi\sly inh]5t 9 _! s\nd2 & yet1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce may be he>d at once1 x seems inexplicable by ! intellect4 ,memorable ,words4--,b by f> ! greate/ numb] ( /yli/ic words owe _! connotation n s mu* to _! s\nd alone1 z to _! capacity = evok+ memories4 ,!y awake ! psy*ologic process ( association4 ,su* are ! words :i* lie close to ! he>t ( e "o's exp]i5ce1--words l home1 sorr[1 "m1 y\?1 & fri5ds4 ,:5ev] su* a ^w is us$1 x conveys to ! read] or ! li/5] n only ! specific mean+ int5d$ by ! mom5t>y context1 b also a subsidi>y & subconsci\s recollection ( _m phases ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,all ( ! indisputably magic words possess ?is associative or memorable quality4 ,say+ "o ?+ def9itely1 !y evoke a concordant h>mony ( subconsci\s & %ad[y sugge/ion4 ,express+ a message 9 ! pres5t1 !y recall rememb]$ beauty f ! pa/4 ,?us x is ) ! words ( ^? two en*ant$ l9es ( ,keats1-- ,*>m'd magic casem5ts1 op5+ on ! foam ,( p]il\s seas1 9 fa]y l&s =lorn4 ,!y say mu* m ?an :at !y say4 ,convey+ "o mean+ to ! read]1 !y rem9d him ( _m1 _m o!rs4 ,! ,patt]n+ ( ,syllables4--,b ! *oice ( sugge/ive & memorable words is only ! fir/ /ep t[>d ma/]y ( /yle4 ,! p]fect m>riage ( significance & s\nd is dep5d5t n s mu* ^u ! words !mselves z ^u ! way 9 :i* !y are arrang$4 ,! art ( /yle1 l e o!r art1 proce$s by an initial selection ( mat]ials & a subsequ5t arrangem5t ( !m 9 accordance ) a patt]n4 ,9 /yle1 ! patt]n is ( prime importance2 & !re=e1 9 ord] to und]/& ! wit*]y ( writ+1 we mu/ next consid] te*nically ! patt]n+ ( words4 ,/ev5son on ,/yle4--,?is phase ( ! subject has be5 cle>ly exp\nd$ & deftly illu/rat$ by ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son 9 8 essay ,on ,"s ,te*nical ,elem5ts ( ,/yle 9 ,lit]ature4#i ,?is essay is1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only exi/+ treatise on ! te*nic ( /yle :i* is ( any practical value to ! incipi5t arti/4 ,x %\ld !re=e be read _m times & ma/]$ ?or\ghly by e /ud5t ( ! my/]y ( writ+4 ,s9ce x is n[ easily accessible1 x w n be necess>y "h to d m ?an summ>ize its lead+ po9ts1--/at+ !m 9 a slightly diff]5t way 9 ord] t !y may bett] fit ! pres5t context4 ,! ,patt]n ( ,rhy?m4--,e normal s5t5ce1 unless x be extremely brief1 conta9s a knot1 or hit*4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ?\ght is progressively complicat$2 aft] t1 x is resolv$4 ,n[1 ! art ( /yle dem&s t ?is natural implication & explication ( ! ?\ght %\ld be att5d$ by a cognate implication & explication ( ! movem5t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,unless ! hit* 9 ! rhy?m co9cides ) ! hit* 9 ! ?\ght1 ! two appeals ( ! s5t5ce 7to ! intellect & to ! e>7 w conte/ aga9/ ea* o!r in/ead ( comb9+ to accompli% a common effect4 ,!re=e ! fir/ necessity 9 weav+ a web ( words is to conqu] an accordance betwe5 ! intellectual progression ( ! ?\ght & ! s5su\s progression ( ! s\nd4 ,! appeal ( rhy?m to ! human e> is basic & elem5tal2 & /yle dep5ds = its effect m ^u a ma/]y ( rhy?mic phrase ?an ^u any o!r individual detail4 ,9 v]se1 ! te*nical problem is tw(old3 fir/1 to sugge/ to ! e> ( ! read] a rhy?mic patt]n ( /&>d regul>ity2 & !n1 to v>y f ! regul>ity sugge/$1 z deftly & z frequ5tly z may be possible )\t ev] all[+ ! read] = a mom5t to =get ! fundam5tal patt]n4 ,9 prose1 ! writ] works ) great] fre$om2 & 8 problem is !re=e at once m easy & m difficult4 ,in/ead ( />t+ ) a /&>d patt]n1 he has to inv5t a web ( rhy?m :i* is suit$ to ! s5se he wi%es to convey2 & !n1 )\t ev] disappo9t+ ! e> ( ! read] by unnecess>ily )hold+ an expect$ fall ( rhy?m1 he mu/ %att] e inkl+ ( monotony by cont9ual & ta/eful v>iation4 ,! ,patt]n ( ,lit]ation4--,b language1 by its v nature1 (f]s to ! e> n only a patt]n ( rhy?m b also a patt]n ( lett]s4 ,a ma/]y ( lit]ation is !re=e a necess>y elem5t ( /yle4 ,effects indisputably pot5t 9 sugge/ion may be ga9$ by runn+ a recurr5ce ( c]ta9 lett]s1 deftly = a "t )held1--s9ce blatancy mu/ always be avoid$1--yet triumphant 9 h>moni\s return4 ,! great s5t5ces ( lit]ature :i* e*o 9 our e>s because _! s\nd is m>ri$ to _! mean+ w be f\nd ^u exam9ation to incorporate an intricate patt]n ( ta/efully select$ lett]s4 ,?us x is ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne's1 :]e9 x is difficult to decide :e!r ! rhy?m or ! lit]ation contributes ! l>g] %>e to its symmetry ( s\nd3--,b ! iniquity ( oblivion bl9dly scatt]e? h] poppy1 & deals ) ! memory ( m5 )\t di/9ction to m]it ( p]petuity4 ,?us x is1 aga91 ) ?is s5t5ce f ,rusk9's ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture3--,!y are b ! re/s & monotones ( ! art2 x is to its f> happi]1 f> high]1 exaltation t we owe ^? fair fronts ( v>iegat$ mosaic1 *>g$ ) wild fancies & d>k ho/s ( imag]y1 ?ick] & qua9t] ?an ev] fill$ ! dep?s ( midsumm] dream2 ^? vault$ gates1 trellis$ ) close leaves2 ^? w9d[-labyr9?s ( twi/$ trac]y & />ry light2 ^? mi/y masses ( multitud9\s p9nacle & diadem$ t[]2 ! only witnesses1 p]haps1 t rema9 to u ( ! fai? & fe> ( nations4 ,s x is also ) ^! s5t5ces f ,de ,qu9cey's ,! ,engli% ,mail-,coa*3--,! sea1 ! atmosph]e1 ! light1 bore ea* an or*e/ral "p 9 ?is univ]sal lull4 ,moonlight1 & ! fir/ timid trembl+s ( ! dawn1 7 by ?is "t bl5d+2 & ! bl5d+s 7 br\ght into a /ill m exquisite /ate ( unity by a slight silv]y mi/1 motionless & dreamy1 t cov]$ ! woods & fields1 b ) a veil ( equable transp>5cy4 ,/yle a ,f9e ,art4--,a m detail$ /udy ( /yle along ^! l9es w\ld lead u to consid]ations too m9utely te*nical = ! purpose ( ! pres5t volume4 ,/yle1 9 its highe/ developm5t1 belongs only to ! f9e/ art ( lit]ature2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t lit]ature is n always1 nor ev5 p]haps mo/ frequ5tly1 a f9e art4 ,( ! f\r rhetorical moods1 or me?ods1 ( disc\rse1 exposition l5ds itself ! lea/ to ! assi/ance ( ! quality ( /yle4 ,explanations are communicat$ f intellect to intellect4 ,words1 9 exposition1 mu/ be *os5 *iefly ) a view to def9ite d5otation4 ,! expository writ] mu/ be cle> at any co/2 he mu/ aim to be precise r ?an to be sugge/ive4 ,/yle is consid]ably m important z an adjunct to argum5tation2 s9ce 9 ord] really to p]suade1 a writ] mu/ n only conv9ce ! read]'s intellect b also r\se & conqu] 8 emotions4 ,b x is 9 n>rative & 9 description t ! quality ( /yle is mo/ contributive to ! maximum effect4 ,to evoke a picture 9 ! read]'s m9d1 or to convey to 8 consci\sness a s5se ( movem5t1 x is advisable 7,i am tempt$ to say necess>y7 to play ^u 8 s5sibilities ) ! s\nd ( ! v s5t5ces t are fram$ to convey a cont5t to 8 intellect4 ,/yle an ,important ,aid to ,fiction4--,s9ce n>rative is ! natural mood ( fiction1 & s9ce description is m (t5 introduc$ ?an ei!r argum5t or exposition1 x foll[s t ! writ] ( fiction mu/ always reckon ) ! factor ( /yle4 ,x is true t /ories may be writt5 )\t /yle2 x is ev5 true t _m ( ! greate/ /ories h be5 devoid ( ?is indef9able quality3 b x is n !re=e logical to argue t ! factor ( /yle may be neglect$4 ,h[ mu* x may be made to contribute to ! atta9m5t ( ! aim ( fiction w be recogniz$ in/9ctively ^u exam9ation ( any wond]fully writt5 passage4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 ! foll[+ p>agraphs f ,m>kheim4 ,aft] ,m>kheim has kill$ ! deal]1 & gone up/airs to ransack ! belong+s ( ! murd]$ man1 he suff]s an int]val ( quietude amid al>ms4-- ,) ! tail ( 8 eye he saw ! door--ev5 glanc$ at x f "t to "t directly1 l a besieg$ comm&] pleas$ to v]ify ! good e/ate ( 8 def5ses4 ,b 9 tru? he 0 at peace4 ,! ra9 fall+ 9 ! /reet s\nd$ natural & pleasant4 ,pres5tly1 on ! o!r side1 ! notes ( a piano 7 wak5$ to ! music ( a hymn1 & ! voices ( _m *ildr5 took up ! air & words4 ,h[ /ately1 h[ com=table 0 ! melody6 ,h[ fre% ! y\?ful voices6 ,m>kheim gave e> to x smil+ly1 z he sort$ out ! keys2 & 8 m9d 0 ?rong$ ) answ]able ideas & images2 *ur*-go+ *ildr5 & ! peal+ ( ! high organ2 *ildr5 afield1 ba!rs by ! brookside1 rambl]s on ! brambly common1 kite-fli]s 9 ! w9dy & cl\d-navigat$ sky2 & !n1 at ano!r cad5ce ( ! hymn1 back aga9 to *ur*1 & ! somnol5ce ( summ] ,sundays1 & ! high g5teel voice ( ! p>son 7:i* he smil$ a little to recall7 & ! pa9t$ ,jacobean tombs1 & ! dim lett]+ ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 9 ! *ancel4 ,& z he sat ?us1 at once busy & abs5t1 he 0 />tl$ to 8 feet4 ,a fla% ( ice1 a fla% ( fire1 a bur/+ gu% ( blood1 w5t ov] him1 & !n he /ood transfix$ & ?rill+4 ,a /ep m\nt$ ! /air sl[ly & /eadily1 & pres5tly a h& 0 laid ^u ! knob1 & ! lock click$1 & ! door op5$4 ,anybody :o has e>s to he> w imm$iately appreciate h[ mu* ! effect ( ?is passage is enhanc$ by ! ma/]ly employm5t ( e phase ( /yle :i* we h hi!rto discuss$4 ,if1 in/ead ( writ+1 ,pres5tly ! notes ( a piano 7 wak5$ to ! music ( a hymn1 ,/ev5son _h writt51 ,soon a piano began to play a hymn1 he w\ld h sugge/$ to ! e> a jangle l ! bang+ ( t9 pans1 in/ead ( ! measur$ melody he _h 9 m9d4 ,& let x be p>ticul>ly not$ t ! phrase sugge/$ = comp>ison is1 9 intellectual cont5t alone1 sc>cely di/9ct f ! orig9al4 ,h[ little is ! diff]5ce 9 d5otation1 h[ great ! diff]5ce 9 sugge/ion6 ,! brief phrase1 ,kite-fli]s 9 ! w9dy & cl\d-navigat$ sky1 seems to bl[ u bodily upw>d into ! air3--"h is ma/]y ( rhy?m4 ,! somnol5ce ( summ] ,sundays1 is :isp]y & murmur\s ) s's1 m's1 & n's3--"h 7m obvi\sly7 is ma/]y ( lit]ation4 ,9 ! second p>agraph1 notice h[ ! rhy?m sudd5ly hurries :5 ,m>kheim is />tl$ to 8 feet2 & 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 consid] ! monoton\s & measur$ sl[ness ( ! movem5t1 om9\s ) pauses4 ,! ,h]esy ( ! ,accid5tal4--,e n[ & !n a critic /eps =w>d ) ! /atem5t t /yle 9 fiction is n a delib]ate & consci\s conque/1 t ! s\nd ( s5t5ces is accid5tal & may !re=e n be m>%al$ to contribute to ! s5se1 & t preoccupation ) details ( rhy?m & ( lit]ation is an evid5ce ( a f9ical & n>r[ m9d4 ,to su* a /atem5t no answ] is necess>y b ! :olesome advice to re-read1 al\d & c>efully1 sev]al passages on a p> ) t f ,m>kheim :i* we h j exam9$4 ,v evid5tly ,/ev5son knew intuitively :at he 0 ab\t :5 he plann$ 8 rhy?mic patt]ns & 8 lit]ate or*e/ral h>monies4 ,/yle ,an ,intuitive ,quality4--,i say intuitively1 because1 z ,i admitt$ at ! outset1 /yle is1 ) ! au?or1 a matt] ( feel+ r ?an ( intellect4 ,b matt]s may be plann$ ) s5sibility z well z ) intellig5ce4 ,! writ] ) ! gift ( /yle =ehe>s a rhy?mic patt]n into :i* he weaves su* words z may be d5otative ( 8 ?\ght2 & all ! :ile t he is /riv+ to be def9ite & cle>1 he c>ries 9 8 m9d a subtle s5se ( ! h>monic accompanim5t ( consonants1 ! melodi\s eloqu5ce ( v[els4 ,by :at means a writ] may atta9 to ma/]y ( /yle is a "q n to be answ]$ by ! intellect4 ,matt]s ( s5sibility are p]sonal1 & e man mu/ solve !m = himself4 ,! au?or ( ,m>kheim1 z he tells u 9 8 essay on ,a ,college ,magaz9e1 taught himself to write by play+ ! s$ul\s ape to _m ma/]s2 & ?is me?od may be recomm5d$ to aspirants ) an imitative e>4 ,b !re c be no g5]al rule2 because1 al?\gh 9 ! process ( pure reason all m5 rightly m9d$ ?9k alike1 ea* man diff]s f e o!r 9 ! process ( emotion4 ,?is is ! reason :y /yle1 besides be+ 7z we ass]t$ at ! outset7 an absolute quality1 possess$ or n possess$ by any lit]>y utt]ance1 is also 9 e case a quality p]sonal to ! au?or :o atta9s x4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 ,buffon 0 "r 9 /at+ t /yle is a phase ( ! man himself4 ,any "w t is accompli%$ by ! intellect alone belongs to man 9 g5]al r ?an to "o man 9 p>ticul>2 b any "w t is accompli%$ by ! s5sibilities incorporates ^? pr(\nd] qualities by virtue ( :i* ea* man /&s di/9ct f e o!r4 ,by /udy+ ! /ructure ( an au?or's "w1 we c e/imate 8 intellect3 by /udy+ ! /yle1 we c e/imate t subtl] entity :i* is ! man himself4 ,me?ods & ,mat]ials4--,at ! close ( our /udy ( ! mat]ials & me?ods ( fiction1 x is advisable t we %\ld consid] 9 g5]al ! relation betwe5 =m & cont5t1--! respective value ( me?ods & mat]ials4 ,prim>ily1 !re are two gr\ps ( wor?y fiction1--t :i* is great ma9ly on acc\nt ( its cont5t1 & t :i* is great ma9ly on acc\nt ( its =m4 ,x w\ld be unwise1 ( c\rse1 to ov]e/imate ! s+le & inh]5t value ( ei!r mat]ial or me?od4 ,"s comp>ison1 h[ev]1 may be made betwe5 ! m]its ( ! "o gr\p & ! o!r4 ,cont5t & ,=m4--,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be not$ t1 z f> z ! g5]al read] is conc]n$1 ! appeal ( any "w ( fiction dep5ds f> m ^u its cont5t ?an ^u its =m4 ,! av]age read] kn[s little & c>es less ab\t ! te*nical me?ods ( ! art4 ,:at he dem&s above all is int]e/+ subject-matt]4 ,he seeks1 9 ! popul> phrase1 a good /ory2 he wi%es to be told int]e/+ ?+s ab\t int]e/+ p2 & he does n feel especially conc]n$ ab\t ! "q :e!r or n ^! ?+s are told him 9 an int]e/+ way4 ,! matt]1 r ?an ! mann]1 is ! elem5t t mo/ allures him4 ,!re are _m reasons t tempt ! critic to accept )\t res]vation ! g5]al read]'s view4 ,= in/ance1 _m ( ! mo/ important works ( fiction h be5 ineffici5t 9 m]e art4 ,! ,don ,quixote ( ,c]vantes is indubitably "o ( ! v greate/ novels 9 all lit]ature1 = ! reason t x conta9s s va/ a _w4 ,yet x is v faulty bo? 9 /ructure & 9 /yle4 ,! au?or seems to h built x little by little1 z he w5t along2 & he *ang$ 8 plan s (t5 dur+ ! process ( con/ruction t ! resultant edifice1 l ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 is ar*itecturally incoh]5t4 ,he %[$ s little reg>d = unity t he did n hesitate to halt 8 novel = half a hundr$ pages :ile he set be=e ! read] ! totally extrane\s novelette ( ,! ,curi\s ,imp]t95t1 :i* he happ5$ to f9d ly+ idle 9 8 desk4 ,h[ little he 0 a ma/] ( m]e /yle may be felt at once by comp>+ 8 plays ) ^? ( ,cald]on4 ,yet ^! te*nical consid]ations d n c\nt aga9/ ! value ( 8 ma/]piece4 ,all ( ,spa9 is !re resum$ & utt]$1 all pa9s t ! ideali/ 9 any age mu/ suff]1 all ! pity & ! glory ( aspiration misappli$4 ,scott has no /yle1 & ,?ack]ay has no /ructure2 b ^! te*nical defects g d[n be=e _! magnitude ( message4 ,scott tea*es u ! glory & ! greatness ( be+ heal?y1 "y1 adv5tur\s1 & happy2 & ,?ack]ay1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes t humanize ! sne] ^u 8 lips1 tea*es u t ! ?+ we call ,society1 ) a capital ,s1 is b a vanity ( vanities4 ,if we turn f ! novel to ! %ort-/ory1 we %all notice t c]ta9 !mes are 9 !mselves s int]e/+ t ! resultant /ory c\ld n fail to be effective ev5 7 x badly told4 ,x is p]haps unfair to take z an example ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,/imson's tale call$ ,mrs4 ,knollys1 because 8 /ory is bo? correctly con/ruct$ & beautifully writt52 b m]ely 9 !me ?is tale is s effective t x c\ld h endur$ a less accompli%$ h&l+4 ,! /ory runs z foll[s3#aj--;,a girl & h] husb&1 bo? ( :om are v "y1 g to ! ,alps = _! honeymoon4 ,! husb&1 9 cross+ a glaci]1 falls into a crevasse4 ,8 body _c imm$iately be recov]$2 b ,mrs4 ,knollys le>ns f a ,g]man sci5ti/ :o is mak+ a /udy ( ! movem5t ( ! ice t 9 =ty-five ye>s ! body w be c>ri$ to ! end ( ! glaci]4 ,!reaft] %e reg>ds h] husb& z abs5t b n lo/1 & lives h] life 9 cont9u\s imag9$ communion ) him4 ,at ! end ( ! allott$ "t1 %e returns & f9ds 8 body4 ,%e is !n a woman 9 h] sixties2 b h] husb& is1 9 aspect1 /ill a boy ( tw5ty-"o4 ,%e has dreamt ( him z gr[+ old beside h]3 %e f9ds him sund]$ f h] by half a c5tury ( *ange4--,ev5 9 a bald & ineffective summ>y ! int]e/ ( ?is n>rative effect mu/ be app>5t4 ,! /ory sc>cely ne$$ to be told s well z ,mr4 ,/imson told x4 ,we mu/ admit1 !n1 t1 f ! /&po9t ( ! au?or z well z f t ( ! g5]al read]1 mat]ial may (t5 be reg>d$ z m important ?an me?od4 ,b ! critic is n !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t /yle & /ructure may be neglect$ ) impunity4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! books t h liv$ ! longe/ are ^? :i* h be5 execut$ ) admirable art4 ,! decl9e 9 ! fame ( ,f5imore ,coop] is a case 9 po9t4 ,m]ely 9 subject-matt]1 8 books are m important n[ ?an !y 7 at ! "t ( _! orig9al publication2 = ! conditions ( life 9 ! =e/ primeval mu/ necess>ily assume a m especial int]e/ to a _w t1 9 its imm$iate exp]i5ce1 is rapidly =gett+ !m4 ,b ,coop] wrote v c>elessly & v badly2 & z we advance to a f9] appreciation ( ! art ( fiction1 we gr[ m & m di/ract$ f ! contemplation ( 8 message by 8 prepo/]\s inequalities ( craftsman%ip4 ,novels l ! ,lea!r/ock+ ,tales may be mo/ enjoy$ 7,i _h almo/ said appreciat$ be/7 by read]s ) an undevelop$ s5se ( art4 ,?is w\ld seem a v /range admission at ! close ( a /udy devot$ to ! art ( fiction1 7 x n = ! exi/5ce ( t o!r gr\p ( /ories ^: importance lies 9 me?od ev5 m ?an 9 mat]ial4 ,a less] ?+ done p]fectly is (t5 m significant ?an a bigg] ?+ done badly4 ,jane ,au/5 is likely to live long] ?an ,george ,eliot1 because %e convey$ h] message1 less mom5t\s ?\gh x 71 ) a f9] & a firm] art4 ,jane ,au/5's subjects seem1 at ! fir/ glance1 to be ( v small acc\nt4 ,f ,engli% middle-class society %e selects a gr\p ( p :o are 9 no reg>d rem>kable1 & !reaft] conc]ns h]self *iefly ) ! simple "q ( :o w ultimately m>ry :om4 ,b by s$ul\sly dwell+ on ! non-ess5tials ( life1 %e contrives to rem9d ! read] ( its va/ ess5tials4 ,by talk+ to u skilfully ab\t ! _m ?+s t d n matt]1 %e sugge/s to u1 inv]sely & ) unobtrusive irony1 ! few ?+s t really d4 ,h] v message1 !re=e1 is imm$iately dep5d5t ^u h] faultless art4 ,if %e _h done h] "w less well1 ! result w\ld h be5 non-significant & we>isome4 ,poe & de ,maupassant are %9+ examples ( ! class ( au?ors :o are de/9$ to live by _! art alone4 ,poe1 9 8 %ort-/ories1 said no?+ ( importance to ! _w2 & de ,maupassant said _m matt]s :i* might m decor\sly h rema9$ untalk$ (4 ,b ! ?+ !y meant to d1 !y did unfalt]+ly2 & p]fect workman%ip is 9 itself a virtue 9 ?is _w ( %oddy compromise & ragg$ ef=t4 ,long aft] p h ceas$ to c>e = battle1 murd]1 & sudd5 dea?1 ! ?rill & urge ( buoyant adv5ture1 !y w re-read ! boyi% tales ( ,/ev5son = ! sake ( _! swiftness ( propulsion & exultant eloqu5ce ( /yle4 ,& fully to appreciate ?is class ( fiction1 "s te*nical k ( ! art is necess>y4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s ef=ts mu/1 to a great ext5t1 be lo/ on read]s :o are lack+ 9 ! e> = /yle4 ,he _h v little to say1--m]ely t ! ,hudson is beautiful1 t ! greate/ sadness ^u e>? arises f ! e>ly dea? ( "o we love1 t laught] & te>s are at _! deepe/ indi/+ui%able1 & t x is v pleasant to sit be=e ! fire ( an old b>onial hall & rememb] mus+ly2 b he said ?is little l a g5tleman1--) a *>m1 a grace1 an easy urbanity ( demeanor1 t set 8 "w =ev] 9 ! class ( :at has be5 well done by good & fai?ful s]vants4 ,!re is a v f9e pleasure 9 wat*+ ) aw>5ess ! do+ ( ?+s t are done well4 ,h5ce1 ev5 = ! casual read]1 x is advisable to /udy ! me?ods ( fiction 9 ord] to develop a m ref9$ delight 9 read+4 ,x w\ld seem t a detective /ory1 9 :i* ! int]e/ is c5tr$ ma9ly 9 ! long )hold+ ( a my/]y1 w\ld lose its *>m = a read] to :om its secret has be5 once reveal$4 ,b ! read] ) a develop$ consci\sness ( me?od f9ds an int]e/ ev]more r5ew$ 9 return+ aga9 & aga9 to ,poe's ,murd]s 9 ! ,rue ,morgue4 ,aft] 8 fir/ surprise has be5 abat$1 he c enjoy m fully ! deftness ( ! au?or's art4 ,aft] he has view$ ! play f a /all 9 ! or*e/ra1 he may d]ive ano!r & a diff]5t int]e/ by wat*+ x f ! w+s4 ,to use a famili> =m ( words1 ,jane ,au/5 is ! noveli/'s noveli/1 ,/ev5son ! writ]'s writ]1 ,poe ! build]'s build]2 & 9 ord] fully to appreciate ! "w ( arti/s su* z ^!1 x is necess>y 79 ,poe's words7 to contemplate x ) a k9dr$ art4 ,! ,fusion ( ,bo? ,elem5ts4--,b ! critic %\ld n !re=e be allur$ into sett+ me?od high] ?an mat]ial & ov]e/imat+ =m at ! exp5se ( cont5t4 ,! ideal to be /riv5 = 9 fiction is su* an intimate int]relation betwe5 ! ?+ said & ! way ( say+ x t nei!r may be contemplat$ ap>t f ! o!r4 ,we are t\*+ n[ ^u a ?ird & small] gr\p ( fiction1 :i* comb9es ! special m]its ( ! two gr\ps already not$4 ,su* a novel z ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 su* a %ort-/ory z ,! ,bru%wood ,boy1 belong 9 ?is ?ird & m extraord9>y class4 ,:at ,haw?orne has to say is se>*+ & pr(\nd1 & he says x ) an equal ma/]y ( /ructure & ( /yle4 ,! ,sc>let ,lett] w\ld be great because ( its mat]ial alone1 ev5 _h its au?or be5 a bungl]2 x w\ld be great because ( its art alone1 ev5 _h he be5 less humanly end[$ ) und]/&+4 ,b x is great] z we "k x1 9 its absolute comm+l+ ( ! two great m]its ( important subject & comm5surate art4 ,! ,au?or's ,p]sonality4--,b 9 /udy+ ,! ,sc>let ,lett] we are consci\s ( yet ano!r elem5t ( int]e/1--an int]e/ d]iv$ f ! p]sonality ( ! au?or4 ,! same /ory told ) equal art by "s "o else w\ld int]e/ u v diff]5tly4 ,& n[ we are t\*+ on /ill ano!r gr\p ( wor?y fiction4 ,_m /ories endure m because ( ! p]sonality ( ! m5 :o wrote !m ?an because ( any inh]5t m]it ( mat]ial or me?od4 ,*>les ,lamb's ,dream-,*ildr52 ,a ,rev]y1 :i*1 al?\gh x is numb]$ among ! ,essays ( ,elia1 may be reg>d$ z a %ort-/ory1 is important ma9ly because ( ! nature ( ! man :o p5n$ x1--a man :o1 9 an age infect$ ) ! fev] ( gr[+ up1 rema9$ at he>t a little *ild1 look+ ^u ! memorable _w ) eyes ( wond]4 ,recapitulation4--,^!1 !n1 are ! ?ree m]its to be /riv5 = 9 equal measure by aspirants to ! art ( fiction3 mom5t\s mat]ial1 ma/]ly me?od1 & important p]sonality4 ,to discov] c]ta9 tru?s ( human life t are em95tly wor? ! tell+1 to embody !m 9 imag9$ facts ) a ma/]y bo? ( /ructure & ( /yle1 &1 beh9d & beyond ! "w itself1 to be all ! "t a p]son wor?y ( be+ li/5$ to3 ?is is1 = ! fiction-writ]1 ! ultimate ideal4 ,seldom1 v seldom1 h ^! ?ree contr>i\s conditions reveal$ !mselves 9 a s+le au?or2 seldom1 !re=e1 h works ( fiction be5 creat$ t are absolutely great4 ,x w\ld be difficult = ! critic to select (f-h& a s+le novel :i* may be accept$ 9 all ways z a /&>d ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,b if ! t]m fiction be reg>d$ 9 its broade/ significance1 x may be consid]$ to include ! "o greate/ "w ( art ev] fa%ion$ by ! m9d ( man4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is supreme 9 subject-matt]4 ,! facts ( its cosmogony h be5 disprov$ by mod]n sci5ce1 ! religion ( :i* x is ! monum5t has fall5 into disbelief1 ! nation & ! epo* t x summ>izes h be5 trampl$ "u ! progress ( ! c5turies2 b 9 c5tral & inh]5t tru?1 9 its exposition ( ! /ruggle ( ! beleagu]$ human s\l to w9 its way to light & life1 x rema9s p]5nial & new4 ,x is supreme 9 art4 ,) unfalt]+ & undeject$ ef=t ! ma/]-build] upre>$ 9 symmetry its c5tury ( cantos2 ) faultless eloqu5ce he translat$ into song all moods ! human he>t has ev] kn[n4 ,& x is supreme 9 p]sonality2 because 9 e l9e ( x we feel ourselves 9 contact ) ! va/e/ individual m9d t ev] yet inhabit$ ! body ( a man4 ,we "k 7to quote ! ,poet's mo/ appreciative translator7-- f :at agonies ( he>t & bra91 ,:at exultations trampl+ on despair1 ,:at t5d]ness1 :at te>s1 :at hate ( wrong1 ,:at passionate outcry ( a s\l 9 pa91 ,uprose ?is poem ( ! e>? & air1 ,?is m$ieval miracle ( song4 ,8 labor kept him lean = tw5ty ye>s2 & _m a "t he le>n$ h[ salt 8 food :o f>es ^u ano!r's bread1--h[ /eep 8 pa? :o treade? up & d[n ano!r's /airs4 ,b ,dante saw & conqu]$1--realiz+ :at he _h to d1 kn[+ h[ to d x1 be+ wor?y ( 8 "w4 ,!re=e1 s+ly among au?ors1 he des]ves ! epi!t 8 c\ntrym5 apply to him1--div9e4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is ! supreme epic ( ! _w4 ,! supreme novel rema9s to be writt54 ,x is d\btful if human lit]>y art may atta9 complet5ess m ?an once4 ,b z our au?ors labor to embody tru?s ( human life 9 arrang$ imag9$ facts1 !y %\ld con/antly be guid$ & inspir$ by ! allurem5t ( ! ultimate ideal4 ,! noble/ "w is ev]more accompli%$ by foll[]s ( ! gleam4 ,let u1 9 p>t+ company1 p>aphrase ! s5se ( a rem>k made c5turies ago by ,sir ,philip ,sidney1--t model ( a s*ol> & a g5tleman3--,x is well to %oot our arr[s at ! moon2 = ?\gh !y may miss _! m>k1 !y w yet fly high] ?an if we _h flung !m into a bu%4 #i ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,april1 #ahhe2 & n[ includ$ 9 ,volume ,,xxii ( ! ,?i/le ,edition3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #aj ,mrs4 ,knollys is n[ easily accessible 9 ,! ,%ort ,/ory3 ,specim5s ,illu/rat+ ,its ,developm5t4 ,edit$ by ,br&] ,mat!ws4 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 #aijh4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is meant by /yle 9 lit]ature8 #b4 ,make ?ree patt]ns ( words1--! 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,end ( ! ,passage1 #aaj4 ,aubignac1 ,abb d'1 xviii1 xx2 ,pratique du ,?tre1 xviii4 ,aurora ,leigh1 #aeh4 ,au/51 ,jane1 #g1 #ba1 #bi1 #ij1 #acj1 #aca1 #bba1 #bbb2 ,emma1 #ij1 #acj1 #adf2 ,pride & ,prejudice1 #aca1 #adf4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 #cd4 ,baldw91 ,*>les ,se>s1 #agd1 #age1 #ahj2 ,am]ican ,%ort ,/ories1 #agd4 ,balf\r1 ,graham1 #ed4 ,balzac1 ,honor de1 xiv1 xvi1 xvii1 #ee1 #eh1 #aeg1 #afc1 #ahd2 ,eugnie ,gr&et1 #agc2 ,human ,com$y1 #afc4 ,b>rie1 ,sir ,james ,mat!w1 xxiv1 #ac1 #bh1 #ace1 #acf4 ,bea* ( ,fales1 ,!1 #ahb4 ,be[ulf1 #acc4 ,b]nh>dt1 ,s>ah1 #afe4 ,besant1 ,sir ,walt]1 xxiv1 #cg2 ,! ,art ( ,fiction1 #cg4 ,beyle1 ,h5ri1 see ,/5dhal4 ,boccaccio1 ,giovanni1 xiv1 #fd1 #aja1 #ahj2 ,decam]on1 #fd1 #aja1 #ahj4 ,boswell1 ,james1 #abe4 ,bront1 ,*>lotte1 #ac2 ,jane ,eyre1 #ac1 #abb1 #abd1 #agj4 ,br\gham1 ,"l1 xxiii4 ,br[ne1 ,sir ,?omas1 #bac4 ,br[n+1 ,elizabe? ,b>rett1 #aeh2 ,aurora ,leigh1 #aeh4 ,br[n+1 ,rob]t1 #aeg4 ,brunetire1 ,f]d9&1 xiv1 #afg2 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,fr5* ,lit]ature1 #ad4 ,bru%wood ,boy1 ,!1 #bh1 #ce1 #bje1 #bbc4 ,buffon1 ,comte de1 #bjg1 #bah4 ,bunn]1 ,h5ry ,cuyl]1 #acg1 #aeb2 ,a ,si/]ly ,s*eme1 #aeb2 ,! ,docum5ts 9 ! ,case1 #acg4 ,bunyan1 ,john1 #ha2 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 #fe1 #ha4 ,burbage1 ,ri*>d1 #afe4 ,cable1 ,george ,wa%+ton1 #aaa4 ,cald]on1 #bai4 ,camons1 #afj2 ,! ,lusiads1 #afj4 ,captive1 ,!1 #ia1 #abd4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 #aj2 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip1 #aj4 ,c>m51 #agc4 ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 #ah4 ,cask ( ,amontillado1 ,!1 #adc1 #agh4 ,c]vantes1 xiv1 #h1 #bai2 ,don ,quixote1 xxv1 #afb1 #bai2 ,! ,curi\s ,imp]t95t1 #bai4 ,*ateaubri&1 ,r5 de1 #ah4 ,*ild's ,dream ( a ,/>1 ,a1 #ahe4 ,cimabue1 #ii4 ,coll9s1 ,wilkie1 #ah1 #ea1 #ge1 #aec2 ,! ,moon/one1 #ge4 ,colomba1 #agc4 ,colv91 ,sir ,sidney1 #agi4 ,coop]1 ,james ,f5imore1 xvi1 #bi1 #adf1 #ahf1 #bbj2 ,lea!r/ock+ ,tales1 #bba2 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans1 #agc2 ,! ,spy1 #adf4 ,coppe1 ,franois1 #aei2 ,! ,/rike ( ! ,iron-,work]s1 #aei2 ,! ,sub/itute1 #aei4 ,coquel91 ,con/ant1 #afe4 ,corneille1 ,pi]re1 xx4 ,craw=d1 ,f4 ,m>ion1 xxiv1 #bf2 ,! ,novel3 ,:at ,x ,is1 #bf4 ,criticism & ,fiction1 #dj1 #acd4 ,curi\s ,imp]t95t1 ,!1 #bai4 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac1 #afe4 ,daisy ,mill]1 #agc4 ,daniel ,d]onda1 #acj1 #adi4 ,d',annunzio1 ,gabriele1 #g1 #ah4 ,dante ,alighi]i1 #cb1 #afj1 #bbe2 ,! ,div9e ,com$y1 #afj1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,daudet1 ,alphonse1 #gi1 #ajg1 #add1 #agd1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,sapho1 #ai1 #gi2 ,! ,elixir ( ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,gau*]1 #ajg2 ,! ,la/ ,class1 #agd4 ,david ,copp]field1 #gb4 ,david ,swan1 #fe4 ,deal 9 ,cotton1 ,a1 #acg4 ,decam]on1 #fd1 #aja1 #ahj4 ,defoe1 ,daniel1 xv1 #ajc1 #abb2 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 #ajc1 #abb4 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,?omas1 #aj1 #bad2 ,! ,engli% ,mail-,coa*1 #bad4 ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 xx1 #bc1 #gj1 #gb1 #ha1 #ajd1 #adg1 #ahe2 ,a ,*ild's ,dream ( a ,/>1 #ahe2 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 #fh1 #adg2 ,david ,copp]field1 #gb2 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit1 #hf2 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d1 #gj1 #if1 #ajc1 #aeb2 ,pickwick ,pap]s1 xxv2 ,! ,old ,curiosity ,%op1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,div9e ,com$y1 ,!1 #afj1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,docum5ts 9 ! ,case1 ,!1 #acg4 ,doyle1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,conan1 #abe1 #adi4 ,dream-,*ildr51 #bbc4 ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde1 ,/range ,case (1 xxii1 #cc1 #ch1 #abf1 #ahb4 ,dryd51 ,john1 xx4 ,dumas1 ,alex&ra1 pre1 xvi1 xxiii1 #i1 #db1 #ej1 #ade4 ,du ,mauri]1 ,george1 #aag4 ,eck]mann1 ,j4 ,p41 xx4 ,egoi/1 ,!1 #gb1 #hd1 #ib1 #aac4 ,elia1 ,essays (1 #bbc4 ,eliot1 ,george1 xvii1 xxiii1 #f1 #ac1 #bj1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #cg1 #da1 #de1 #ea1 #fg1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #hc1 #hg1 #hh1 #aaf1 #abc1 #abi1 #acj1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #bba2 ,adam ,b$e1 #bj1 #cc1 #aaf2 ,daniel ,d]onda1 #acj1 #adi2 ,middlem>*1 #gj1 #gi2 ,romola1 #bh1 #cg1 #aad1 #adh2 ,silas ,m>n]1 #bi1 #fg2 ,! 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,end ( ! ,passage1 #aaj2 ,false ,dawn1 #aac2 ,h[ ! ,elephant ,got ,8 ,trunk1 #aa2 ,j ,s ,/ories1 #bc2 ,kim1 #fg1 #adh2 ,lispe?1 #aic2 ,love-o'-,wom51 #aej2 ,mrs4 ,ba?ur/1 #ie1 #abg1 #aej2 ,only a ,subalt]n1 #ad2 ,pla9 ,tales f ! ,hills1 #ahe1 #aia1 #aic2 ,soldi]s ,?ree1 #abg2 ,! ,bru%wood ,boy1 #bh1 #ce1 #bje1 #bbc2 ,! ,captive1 #ia1 #abd2 ,! ,light ,t ,fail$1 #agc2 ,! ,?ree-,deck]1 #agd2 ,!y1 #bb1 #ce1 #hg1 #afi1 #bje2 ,?r[n ,away1 #aib2 ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 #ba1 #ajf1 #agd1 #aib4 ,kreutz] ,sonata1 ,!1 xxi4 ,lady ( ! ,lake1 ,!1 #aeh4 ,lady or ! ,tig]8 ,!1 #aed1 #ahc4 ,lamb1 ,*>les1 #ace1 #bbc2 ,dream-,*ildr51 #bbc2 ,essays ( ,elia1 #bbc2 ,! ,s\? ,sea ,h\se1 #ace4 ,lant]n-,be>]s1 ,!1 #bc4 ,la/ ,class1 ,!1 #agd4 ,la/ ,days ( ,pompeii1 ,!1 #aac4 ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans1 ,!1 #agc4 ,lea!r/ock+ ,tales1 #bba4 ,le ,breton1 ,&r1 xiv1 xxiii4 ,lee1 ,sir ,sidney1 #ga4 ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 ,!1 #aha4 ,leibnitz1 ,b>on ,g4 ,w4 von1 #ajd4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #ajj4 ,le ,sage1 ,ala9 ,r51 #ff2 ,gil ,blas1 #ff1 #abb4 ,les ,fa*eux1 #ff4 ,les ,misrables1 #bf4 ,l',et\rdi1 #ff4 ,lewes1 ,george ,h5ry1 #ea4 ,ligeia1 #agd1 #aid1 #aie1 #bja1 #bjd4 ,light ,t ,fail$1 ,!1 #agc4 ,lispe?1 #aic4 ,little ,wom51 #gh4 ,london1 ,jack1 #aaa4 ,longfell[1 ,h5ry ,wadswor?1 #aei1 #bbe2 ,evangel9e1 #aei4 ,loti1 ,pi]re1 #aab2 ,! 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