,,architectural ,,antiquities ,,of ,,normandy1 ,,by ,,john ,,sell ,,cotman2 ,,accompanied ,,by ,,historical ,,and ,,descriptive ,,notices ,,by ,,dawson ,,turner1 ,,esq4 ,f4,r4 ,,and ,a4,s4 ,,volume ,,the ,,first4 ,illustration3 ,coat of arms of the ,duchy of ,normandy4 ,emblems of the towns of ,rouen and ,caen4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,,john ,,and ,,arthur ,,arch1 ,,cornhill2 ,,and ,j4 ,s4 ,,cotman1 ,,yarmouth4 ,,mdcccxxii4 ,illustration ,,preface4 ,an artist1 engaged in the illustration of the ,architectural ,antiquities of ,england1 could scarcely do otherwise than often cast a wistful look towards the opposite shores of ,normandy2 and such would particularly be the case1 if1 like ,mr4 ,cotman1 to a strong attachment to his profession and the subject1 he should chance to add a residence in ,norfolk4 ,this portion of the kingdom of the ,east-,angles1 in its language and in its customs1 but especially in the remains of its ancient ecclesiastical architecture1 abounds in vestiges of its ,teutonic colonists4 ,the richly ornamented door-ways of its village churches have1 in particular1 long been the theme of admiration among antiquaries4 ,bred up in the midst of these1 and warmly partaking in the admiration of them1 ,mr4 ,cotman devoted his pencil and his graver to the diffusion of their fame4 ,common report1 aided by the suffrages of the learned1 and in some degree by locality1 designated them as ,saxon3 at the same time1 when they were compared with what is left in ,britain1 of workmanship avowedly ,norman1 the points of dissimilarity appeared trifling or altogether vanished4 ,was it then to be inferred that1 between ,norman and ,saxon architecture1 there was really no difference2 and1 carrying the inference one step farther1 that the hordes of barbarians denominated by these different appellations1 although they might not have embarked at the same port1 were only cognate tribes of one common origin1 if not in reality the same8 ,the solution of the first of these questions1 the only one immediately in view1 seemed best to be sought in that province of ,france1 where the ,norman power had been most permanently established1 and where it was therefore reasonably to be expected1 that genuine productions of ,norman art might1 if any where1 be found4 ,with this view1 ,mr4 ,cotman crossed the channel2 and the result of three successive journies1 in the years #ahag1 #ahah1 and #ahbj1 is here submitted to the public4 ,those who find pleasure in inquiries of this description1 will join in the regret1 that an undertaking like the present was so long delayed4 ,incalculable had been the advantages1 had it but commenced previously to the period of the ,french revolution4 ,that fearful storm burst with tremendous violence upon the castles of barons1 the palaces of kings1 and the temples of religion4 ,many of the most sumptuous edifices1 which had mocked the hand of time1 and had been respected amidst the ravages of foreign or domestic warfare1 were then swept from the face of the earth4 ,others1 degraded1 deserted1 neglected1 and dilapidated1 are at this moment hastening fast to their decay4 ,yet no small portion of what is valuable has been happily left4 ,the two royal abbeys of ,caen1 though shorn of much of their former grandeur1 are still nearly entire4 ,chteau ,gaillard1 the pride of ,richard's lion heart1 and the noble castles of ,arques and of ,falaise1 retain sufficient of their ancient magnificence1 to testify what they must have been in the days of their splendor3 the towns and chteaus1 which were the cradles of the ,harcourts1 ,vernons1 ,tancarvilles1 ,gurneys1 ,bruces1 ,bohuns1 ,grenvilles1 ,st4 ,johns1 and many others of the most illustrious ,english families1 are still in existence2 and1 of more modern date1 when the ,british ,edwards and ,henrys resumed the ,norman sceptre1 numerous buildings of the highest beauty are every where to be met with4 ,in his researches after these1 ,mr4 ,cotman had the advantage of being assisted by the kindness of three of the most distinguished antiquaries of the present day1 ,m4 le ,prevost1 ,m4 ,rondeau1 and ,m4 de ,gerville1 but particularly by the last1 whose friendly help has likewise extended towards the preparing of the letter-press for many of the articles from the western part of the province4 ,it were ungrateful not to acknowledge the assistance derived from ,mr4 ,cohen1 in the same department4 ,the value of his aid1 which has been most freely contributed1 can be duly appreciated by those alone who have had opportunities of judging of the accuracy and extent of his knowledge4 ,in the selection of subjects for engraving1 attention has been principally paid to two points1 excellence in the objects themselves1 and certainty as to dates2 but the greatest stress has been laid upon the latter4 ,the author of a work which professes to be in any degree didactic1 can never impress too strongly upon his mind the value of the ,roman precept1 prodesse qum delectare2 and an artist1 accustomed by his habits to the contemplation of the beautiful and the picturesque1 requires above all men to be warned on this head4 ,many of the buildings here represented1 might easily have been exchanged for others1 more perfect1 more elegant1 or more ornamented2 but it is hoped that they could not have been exchanged for those that would have been more instructive4 ,the main object of the publication has been to exhibit a series of specimens of ,norman architecture1 as they actually exist in ,normandy itself2 and1 by taking those whose dates are best defined1 to enable the antiquary and the amateur of other countries1 not only to know the state of this extraordinary people1 as to their arts1 at the epoch of their greatest glory1 but also to compare what is in ,normandy with what they find at home4 ,another volume1 devoted to the illustration of the same description of architecture1 in the south of ,france1 in ,italy1 and in ,sicily1 would fill a hiatus1 whose existence has long been regretted4 ,in ,germany1 ,denmark1 and ,sweden1 it is to be feared that little remains2 and1 thanks to the spirit of ,english artists and to the patronage of the ,english public1 what is in this country is already in a great measure recorded4 ,to an ,englishman1 it is hoped it may be a source of venial self-congratulation1 that the first publication upon ,norman architecture originates in his own island3 he will likewise probably not be displeased to find1 that this collection of the finest remaining specimens of ,norman art upon the continent1 contains nothing which he cannot rival1 indeed surpass1 at home4 ,but1 at the same time that the principal end proposed in this work has been to set before the public those edifices1 whether sacred1 military1 or domestic1 which were erected during the age most properly designated as ,norman1 the ra anterior to the union of the ducal coronet with the crown of ,france1 it has been felt that1 in whatever light the publication might be regarded1 it would be incomplete without the addition of other buildings of a subsequent period4 ,a farther number of specimens has therefore been admitted1 conducting the series through the style of architecture1 commonly termed ,gothic1 down to the time when that style finally disappeared before an ,italian model1 more or less debased4 ,in the descriptive portion of these volumes1 attention has been almost exclusively directed to two points1 the historical and the architectural4 ,on the latter of these1 so much has been said under each separate article1 that whatever might be added in this place could be little more than repetition2 and the history of ,normandy1 from the establishment of the dukedom to the beginning of the thirteenth century1 is so interwoven with that of ,england1 that it has been considered needless here to insert an epitome of it1 as had at first been intended4 ,in lieu of this1 a ,table is subjoined1 exhibiting the succession1 marriages and progeny of the ,norman ,princes1 copied from ,du ,moulin2 and such ,table can scarcely be regarded otherwise than useful1 as bringing the whole under the eye in a single point of view3 a ,chronological ,index1 it is hoped1 may in a great measure answer the same purpose as to architecture4 ,it is only justice1 however1 to add1 that1 in this ,index1 much has necessarily been left to conjecture2 and1 where it is so1 the author naturally expects that others will occasionally differ from him in opinion2 especially as no opportunity is afforded him of detailing the grounds whereby he has formed his own4 ,upon the subject most likely to create doubts and difficulties1 the very early date assigned to the employment of the pointed arch1 he begs the attention of the reader to those authorities1 which1 in his judgment1 warrant the conclusion he has drawn4 ,if mistaken in this1 or in any other point1 he will be most thankful for correction2 and1 in the language of that author1 who is1 as he long has been and probably always will be1 more than any other the object of quotation1 he takes leave1 with the well-known valedictory lines1 ,vive1 vale2 si quid novisti rectius istis1 ,candidus imperti2 si non1 his utere mecum4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,of ,,querqueville ,,near ,,cherbourg ,,subjects ,,chronologically ,,arranged4 ,in the following list1 an ,obelisk is affixed to the dates which depend upon conjecture4 ,those preceded by an ,asterisk denote the year of the dedication of the building4 ,,no4 ,,of ,,plates4 ,,date4 #ec4 ,rouen1 ,crypt in the ,church of ,st4 ,gervais before #ajjj #ac4 ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 ,castle before #ajjj #fi4 ,lillebonne1 ,castle #ajjj #dh4 ,caen1 ,chapel in the ,castle #ajjj #hi1 #ij4 ,falaise1 ,castle--,keep of #ajjj #hc4 ,st4 ,sanson sur ,rille1 ,church #ajbj #fg4 ,anisy1 ,church #ajcj #fh4 ,perriers1 ,church--,nave of #ajcj #ig4 ,cerisy1 ,abbey ,church #ajdj #ie4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 ,abbey ,church--,nave of #ajdh #hg1 #hh4 ,st4 ,lo1 ,church of the ,holy ,cross--7some of the sculpture probably of the ninth century7 #ajej #a4 ,arques1 ,castle #ajej #hd4 ,foullebec1 ,western door-way of the ,church #ajej #gj4 ,briquebec1 ,castle--7the multangular tower probably of the fourteenth century7 #ajej #e-aj4 ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 ,abbey ,church #ajej #ib-id4 ,coutances1 ,cathedral 99 #ajef #ag4 ,tamerville1 ,church #ajfj #dd-df4 ,lry1 ,church #ajfj #ed4 ,rouen1 ,church of ,st4 ,paul #ajfj #gc-ge4 ,lisieux1 ,church of ,st4 ,peter #ajfj #ee1 #ef4 ,caen1 ,church of ,st4 ,nicholas #ajff #bd-cc4 ,ditto1 ,abbey ,church of the ,holy ,trinity 99 #ajff #hb4 ,montivilliers1 ,abbey ,church--,towers and door-way #ajff #b1 #c4 ,jumieges1 ,abbey ,church 99 #ajfg #fj1 #fa4 ,fontaine-le-,henri1 ,church #ajgj #ba-bc4 ,caen1 ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,stephen 99 #ajgg #eg4 ,cheux1 ,church #ajhj #ih4 ,oyestraham1 ,church #ajhj #eh1 #ei4 ,bieville1 ,church #ajhj 99 #cc4 ,caen1 ,tombstone of ,queen ,matilda #ajhc #cg4 ,haute ,allemagne1 ,tower of ,church #aajj #af4 ,than1 ,church #aajj #ah4 ,caen1 ,tower of the ,church of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles #aajj #ab4 ,grville1 ,church #aajj #ii1 #ajj4 ,sez1 ,cathedral 99 #aabf #ad4 ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 ,abbey ,church #aacj #if4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 ,knights' ,hall #aacj #ci-da4 ,gournay1 ,church of ,st4 ,hildebert--,interior of the nave1 and capitals of columns #aadj #bj4 ,statue of ,william the ,conqueror #aaej #ia4 ,creully1 ,church #aaej #aa4 ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 ,sculpture in the ,chapter ,house #aagj #db1 #dc4 ,rouen1 ,chapel of the ,hospital of ,st4 ,julien #aaij #hj1 #ha4 ,chteau ,gaillard #aaie #ea1 #eb4 ,rouen ,cathedral1 ,west front--,northern ,tower #abjj #dg4 ,colomby1 ,church #abjj #fh4 ,perriers1 ,church--,choir #abcj #ch4 ,gournay1 ,church of ,st4 ,hildebert--,west front #abej #d4 ,jumieges1 ,entrance to the ,knights' ,hall #abhj #gf4 ,rouen1 ,church of ,st4 ,ouen #acdj #ga4 ,fcamp1 ,southern entrance of the ,church of ,st4 ,stephen #acdj #ce4 ,dieppe1 ,church of ,st4 ,jacques--,western front--7the tower probably fifty years earlier7 #acej #gb4 ,eu1 ,screen in the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence #acfj #ff4 ,trport1 ,church #acgj #ai4 ,caen1 ,south ,porch of the ,church of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles #achj #hb4 ,montivilliers1 ,abbey ,church--,chapter-,house #acij #cf4 ,dieppe1 ,eastern end of the ,church of ,st4 ,jacques #adjj #gi4 ,louviers1 ,south porch of the ,church #adbj #he1 #hf4 ,tancarville1 ,castle #adbj #hi1 #ij4 ,falaise1 ,castle--,talbot's ,tower #adcj #cd4 ,dieppe1 ,castle #adej #ea1 #eb4 ,rouen ,cathedral1 ,western front--,southern ,tower #adhe #ie4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 ,abbey ,church--,choir #aejj #gh4 ,rouen1 ,palace of ,justice #aejj #gg4 ,ditto1 ,fountain of the ,stone ,cross #aejj #fh4 ,caen1 ,house in the ,rue ,st4 ,jean #aejj #fb1 #fc4 ,fontaine-le-,henri1 ,chteau #aejj #di1 #ej4 ,rouen ,cathedral1 ,southern ,transept #aejj #ea1 #eb4 ,ditto1 ,western ,front--,porch #aeji #ae4 ,andelys1 ,great ,house #aecj #fd4 ,rouen1 ,house in the ,place de la ,pucelle #aedj ,,plates ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,volume4 ,,plate4 #a4 ,castle of ,arques to face page #a #b4 ,abbey ,church of ,jumieges1 ,west ,front #b #c4 -- -- -- -- ,parts of the ,nave #c #d4 -- -- -- -- ,arch on the ,west ,front #c #e4 ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 ,west ,front #d #f4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,general ,view #d #g4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,west ,entrance #e #h4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,south ,transept #e #i4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,sculptured ,capitals #e #aj4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,ditto #f #aa4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,sculptures in the ,cloisters #f #ab4 ,church of ,grville #g #ac4 ,castle of ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte #h #ad4 ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte #aa #ae4 ,great ,house at ,andelys #ac #af4 ,church of ,than #af #ag4 ,church of ,tamerville #ag #ah4 ,tower of the ,church of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles1 ,caen #ah #ai4 ,north ,porch of ,ditto #ah #bj4 ,statue of ,william1 ,duke of ,normandy #bj #ba4 ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,etienne1 ,caen1 ,west ,front #ba #bb4 _/ #bc4 -- -- -- -- ,compartments of the ,nave #bd #bd4 ,abbey ,church of the ,holy ,trinity1 ,caen #bg #be4 -- -- -- -- ,east ,end #cb #bf4 -- -- -- -- ,east ,end of ,interior #cb #bg4 -- -- -- -- ,north ,side of the ,choir #cb #bh4 -- -- -- -- ,arches under the central ,tower #cc #bi4 -- -- -- -- ,east ,side of ,south ,transept #cc #cj4 -- -- -- -- ,interior of the ,nave #cc #ca4 -- -- -- -- ,south ,side of the ,nave #cd #cb4 -- -- -- -- ,crypt #cd #cc4 -- -- -- -- ,capitals #cd #cc499 ,inscription on the ,tomb of ,queen ,matilda #ce #cd4 ,castle of ,dieppe #ce #ce4 ,church of ,st4 ,jacques1 at ,dieppe1 ,west ,front #ch #cf4 -- -- -- -- ,east ,end #ch #cg4 ,tower of the ,church of ,haute ,allemagne1 near ,caen #ci #ch4 ,collegiate ,church of ,st4 ,hildebert1 at ,gournay1 ,west ,front #ci #ci4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,view across the ,nave #da #dj4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,capitals #db #da4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,capitals #db #db4 ,chapel in the ,hospital of ,st4 ,julien1 near ,rouen1 ,south ,side #dc #dc4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,interior #dd #dd4 ,church of ,lry1 near ,pont de l',arche1 ,general ,view #de #de4 -- -- -- -- -- ,west ,front #df #df4 -- -- -- -- -- ,interior #df #dg4 ,elevation of the ,church of ,colomby1 near ,valognes #dg #dh4 ,chapel in the ,castle at ,caen #dh #di4 ,cathedral ,church of ,notre ,dame1 of ,rouen1 ,south ,transept #ej #ej4 _/ #ea4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,west ,front #ea #eb4 _/ #ec4 ,crypt in the ,church of ,st4 ,gervais1 at ,rouen #ef #ed4 ,church of ,st4 ,paul1 at ,rouen1 ,east ,end #eg ,,genealogy ,,of ,,the ,,norman ,,dukes4 ,n4 ,,prince ,,of ,,lower ,,denmark4 --------------------- ,,gourin1 killed in ,denmark4 #bnd wife1 ,,poppeia1 ,,rollo1 #ast ,duke #ast wife1 ,,gisla1 daughter daughter of ,berenger1 of ,normandy4 of ,charles the ,simple1 ,count of the ,bessin4 ,a4,d4 #iaa4 ,king of ,france4 -------------------------- ,,sprote1 daughter of ,,william1 ,,longa-,,spatha1 ,,gerloc1 wife to the ,count of ,senlis4 #bnd ,duke of ,normandy4 ,william1 ,count of ,a4,d4 #iag4 ,poitiers4 -------- #ast wife1 ,,emma1 daughter ,,richard ,i4 #crd #bnd wife1 ,,gonnor1 of ,hugues le ,grand1 ,duke ,duke of ,normandy4 originally his of ,france4 ,a4,d4 #idd4 concubine4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,robert1 ,,mauger1 ,,emma1 ,,havoise1 ,,matilda1 ,archbishop of ,count of ,queen of wife of wife of ,rouen1 ,count ,corbeil4 ,england4 ,geoffrey1 ,eudes1 of ,evreux4 ,duke of ,count of --------------------- ,brittany4 ,chartres4 #bnd wife1 ,,richard ,,ii4 called #ast wife1 ,,judith1 da4 ,,paphie1 or ,,the ,,good1 #dth of ,geoffrey1 ,duke of ,,poppea4 ,duke of ,normandy4 ,brittany4 ,a4,d4 #iif4 ------------- ,,mauger1 ,,william ,,of ,,arques1 ,archbishop ,count of ,talou4 of ,rouen4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,richard ,,iii4 ,,william1 ,,alice1 ,,eleanor1 ,,papie1 ,n4 died #eth ,duke of ,monk at wife of wife of wife unmarried4 ,normandy4 ,fcamp4 ,rinaldo1 ,baldwin1 of ,guibert ,a4,d4 #ajbf4 ,count of ,count of of ,st4 ,burgundy4 ,flanders4 ,vallery4 ,,nicolas1 ,abbot of ,st4 ,ouen3 and two daughters1 one of them married to ,walter of ,st4 ,vallery1 the other to the ,viscount of ,bayeux3--all illegitimate4 ---------------------------- ,,robert1 #fth ,,arlette1 ,duke of daughter ,normandy4 of ,foubert1 ,a4,d4 #ajbh4 citizen of ,falaise4 ,,william ,,the ,,conqueror1 ,,matilda1 daughter #gth ,duke of ,normandy1 of ,baldwin1 ,count and ,king of ,england4 of ,flanders4 ,a4,d4 #ajce4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,richard1 ,,william ,,rufus1 ,,cecilia4 killed in ,king of ,england4 ,,constance4 the ,new ,,alice4 ,forest4 --------------- ,,agatha4 ,n4 his ,,robert1 ,,court-,,hose1 ,,sibilla1 ,,mistress4 #hth ,duke of daughter ,normandy4 of ,william1 ,a4,d4 #ajhg4 ,count of ,conversans4 ---------------------- ---------------------------- ,,richard1 ,,william1 ,n4 wife to ,n4 da4 of ,marquis ,,william1 died from a killed in ,hlie de ,renier1 and sister ,count of surfeit1 in the ,st4 ,saen4 to the ,queen of ,flanders4 hunting4 ,crusades4 ,france4 ------------ ,,adela4 ,,stephen1 ,count of ,blois4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,william4 ,,theobald1 ,,henry1 ,,stephen1 ,,matilda of ,earl of ,bishop of ,king of ,boulogne4 ,blois4 ,winchester4 ,england4 --------------- ,,eustace1 #ajth ,duke of ,normandy4 ,a4,d4 #aace4 ------------------------------------ #ast wife1 ,,henry ,i4 ,king #bnd wife1 ,,matilda1 da4 of ,england1 ,,adeliza1 of ,malcolm1 and #ith ,duke daughter of ,king of of ,normandy4 the ,duke of ,scotland4 ,a4,d4 #aajg4 ,louvain4 -------------------------- ,,william ,,adelin1 #ast hus4 ,,matilda4 #bnd hus4 drowned after his ,,henry ,v4 ,,geoffrey1 marriage4 ,emperor4 ,count of ,anjou1 and #aath ,duke of ,normandy4 ,a4,d4 #aadc4 ------------------------------- ,,eleanor1 ,,henry ,,plantagenet1 ,,geoffrey1 ,,william4 ,countess of #abth ,count of ,poitiers and ,duke of ,normandy4 ,nantes4 ,duchess of ,a4,d4 #aaej3 ,aquitaine4 ,count of ,anjou1 ,touraine1 and ,maine1 and ,king of ,england4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,william4 ,,richard ,,coeur- ,,john ,,lackland1 ,king ,,de-,,lion1 ,king of of ,england1 #adth ,,margaret1 ,,henry ,,the ,england1 and #acth and last ,duke of of ,france4 ,,young1 ,duke of ,normandy4 ,normandy4 ,a4,d4 #aaii4 crowned ,king ,a4,d4 #aahi4 of ,england4 ----- ,,geoffrey1 ,count ,,constance1 of ,brittany4 daughter of ---------- ,conan1 ,duke of ,brittany4 ,,arthur1 ,duke of ,brittany1 killed by his uncle ,john4 ,,the ,,architectural ,,antiquities ,,of ,,normandy4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,castle ,,of ,,arques4 ,illustration3 ,plate #a4 ,,castle ,,of ,,arques4 ,the town of ,arques1 situated in the immediate vicinity of ,dieppe1 is a spot consecrated by the historical muse1 and one upon which a ,frenchman always dwells with pleasure1 as the place that fixed the sceptre in the hands of the most popular monarch of the nation1 ,henry ,,iv4 ,the sovereign1 fleeing from the superior forces of the league1 here1 in the very confines of his kingdom1 finally resolved to make his last stand2 urged to the measure by the ,marshal de ,biron1 but doubtful in his own mind1 whether it would not be the wisest as well as the safest plan1 to seek refuge in the friendly ports of ,england4 ,reduced to the utmost extremity1 a king without a kingdom1 a husband without a wife1 and a warrior without money1 he stopped at ,arques1 in a state bordering upon despair2 and yet1 when the ,count de ,belin1 who was brought in prisoner shortly before the battle1 assured his majesty1 that1 in two hours1 an army of forty thousand men would be upon him1 and that he saw no forces there to resist them1 the king replied1 with that gaity of mind that never forsook him1 ,you see not all1 ,m4 ,belin1 for you reckon not ,god1 and my just claim1 who fight for me4 ,henry's whole army consisted of only three thousand infantry and six hundred cavalry3 the hostile forces amounted to more than thirty thousand1 commanded by the ,duke of ,mayenne1 one of the ablest leaders of the league1 but the ,fabius rather than the ,marcellus of the party4 ,the occasion1 however1 needed the sword rather than the buckler3 ,henry's soldiers fought with the courage of desperation2 but every thing seemed lost1 when1 according to the account given by ,sully1 the fog1 which had been very thick all the morning1 cleared suddenly away1 and afforded the garrison in the castle of ,arques a full view of the enemy's army1 against which they discharged four pieces of artillery with such effect1 as to kill great numbers of them4 ,their progress was thus effectually stopped2 and the guns from the castle continuing to play upon them1 they were soon thrown into disorder1 and retreated to their original position4 ,from this time1 the aspect of the king's affairs changed3 his well-known laconic epistle to ,crillon1 hang thyself1 brave ,crillon1 for we have fought at ,arques without thee1 shewed his own sense of the important results that might be expected from the battle4 ,the most important of all was1 that he was immediately joined by an auxiliary force of four thousand ,english and ,scotch1 sent by ,queen ,elizabeth to his aid2 and that1 almost immediately afterwards1 another1 still more considerable reinforcement1 was brought him by the ,count of ,soissons1 ,henry of ,orleans1 ,duke of ,longueville1 ,d',aumont1 and ,biron2 so that the ,duke of ,mayenne was obliged to retreat in his turn1 and ,henry saw himself within a few days under the walls of the capital2 in a situation to dictate terms to his rebellious subjects4 ,the castle of ,arques had on this occasion essentially served the royal cause2 but it seems to have been suffered from that time forwards to fall into decay4 ,all mouldering1 however1 and ruined as it is1 its walls and towers may yet for many centuries bid defiance to wind and weather1 unless active measures are used for their demolition4 ,at the revolution the castle became national property1 and as such was sold3 it has now fallen into the hands of a lady who resides in the neighbouring town4 ,the present plate1 which represents the principal entrance1 will serve to convey some idea of the general character of the building1 as well as of the immense size of the massy towers1 and of the crumbling appearance of their surface4 ,two piers only remain of the draw-bridge1 by which they were approached2 and the three successive arches of the gateway are torn into little more than shapeless rents4 ,it would be very difficult to convey1 by means of any engraving1 an adequate idea of the grand character of the whole ruin1 or of its imposing situation4 ,still more difficult would be the attempt to represent its masonry4 ,the walls have certainly been in most places1 and probably in all1 covered with a facing of brick1 of comparatively modern date2 and in some parts this facing still remains1 or1 where it is torn off1 nothing but rubble is visible4 ,in other places they appear to have been constructed of alternate layers of brick and flint1 disposed with the same regularity as in ,roman buildings2 and the thin form of these bricks leads also to the impression that they are of ,roman workmanship4 ,if such a supposition may be allowed to be well founded1 the first establishment of a fortress in this situation is probably but little posterior to the ,christian ra2 and many antiquarians are disposed to believe that such was really the case4 ,at the same time1 even allowing the truth of this surmise in its fullest extent1 it is most probable that the ,roman castle had fallen into ruin and disuse long before the ,norman conquest4 ,both ,william of ,jumieges and the chronicle of ,st4 ,wandrille expressly mention1 that ,william1 son to ,duke ,richard ,,ii4 received from his nephew1 the conqueror1 the earldom of ,arques1 and built a castle there4 ,other writers ascribe the origin of the fortress to the eighth century1 and others to the latter part of the twelfth4 ,nothing is now left sufficiently perfect to determine the point1 nor any thing that can justly be considered decisive of the style of its architecture4 ,the situation of the castle is very bold3 it crowns the extremity of a ridge of chalk hills of considerable height1 which commencing to the west of ,dieppe1 and terminating at this spot1 have full command of the valley below4 ,the fosse which surrounds the walls is wide and deep4 ,the outline of the fortress is oval1 but not regularly so2 and it is varied by towers of uncertain shape1 placed at unequal distances4 ,the two entrance towers1 and those nearest to them to the north and south1 are considerably larger than the rest4 ,one of these larger lateral towers#a is of a most unusual form4 ,it appears as if the original intention of the architect had been to make it circular2 but that1 changing his design in the middle of his work1 he had attached to it a triangular appendage1 probably by way of a bastion4 ,three others adjoining this are square1 and indeed appear to partake as much of the character of buttresses as of towers4 ,the castle is internally divided into two wards1 the first of which1 on entering1 is every where rough with the remains of foundations3 the inner1 which is by far the largest1 is approached by a square gate-house with high embattled walls1 and contains towards its farther end the quadrangular keep1 whose shell alone is standing4 ,the walls of this are of great height3 in their perfect state they were carefully faced with large square stones1 but these are principally torn away4 ,the crypts beneath the castle are spacious1 and may still be traversed for a considerable length4 ,,notes3 #a ,see ,account of a ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #cg1 t4 #c4 ,,plates ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,jumieges4 ,before the revolution despoiled ,france of her monastic institutions1 the right bank of the ,seine1 from ,rouen to the ,british ,channel1 displayed an almost uninterrupted line of establishments of this nature4 ,within a space of little more than forty miles1 were included the abbeys of ,st4 ,wandrille1 ,jumieges1 ,ducler1 and ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #b4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,jumieges4 ,west ,front4 ,the most illustrious of these was ,jumieges2 it occupied a delightful situation in a peninsula1 formed by the curvature of the stream1 where the convent had existed from the reign of ,clovis ,,ii4 and had1 with only a temporary interruption1 caused by the invasion of the ,normans1 maintained1 for eleven centuries1 an even course of renown2 celebrated alike for the beauty of its buildings1 the extent of its possessions1 and the number and sanctity of its inmates4 ,philibert1 second abbot of ,rebais1 in the diocese of ,meaux1 was the founder of this monastery4 ,he migrated hither with only a handfull of monks2 but the community increased with such surprising rapidity1 that in the time of ,alcadrus1 his immediate successor1 the number was already swelled to nine hundred1 and1 except upon the occasion just mentioned1 this amount never appears to have experienced any sensible diminution4 ,the monastery of ,jumieges reckoned among its abbots men of the most illustrious families of ,france4 ,in early times1 ,hugh1 the grandson of ,charlemagne1 held the pastoral staff3 it afterwards passed through the hands of ,louis d',amboise1 brother to the cardinal1 and of different members of the houses of ,clermont1 ,luxembourg1 d',este1 and ,bourbon4 ,the abbatial church1 as it now stands1 7if indeed it does now stand1 for in #ahah1 when drawings were made for these plates1 its demolition was proceeding with rapidity17 was chiefly built in the eleventh century1 by ,robert the ,abbot1 who was translated from ,jumieges to the bishopric of ,london1 and thence to the archiepiscopal throne of ,canterbury4 ,the western front 7see plate #b7 is supposed to be certainly of that period1 and all very nearly of the same ra1 though the southern tower is known to be somewhat the most modern4 ,the striking difference in the plan of these towers1 might justly lead to the inference1 that there was also a material difference in their dates1 and that they were not both of them part of the original plan2 but there do not appear to be any grounds for such a supposition4 ,on the other hand1 the contrary seems to be well established2 and those who are best acquainted with the productions of ,norman architects1 will scarcely be surprised at anomalies of this nature4 ,illustration3 ,plate #c4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,jumieges4 ,parts of the ,nave4 ,the interior of the nave 7plate #c7 is also a work of the same period1 except the lofty pillars that support the cornice1 and the symbols of the evangelists that are placed near the windows of the clerestory4 ,these were additions made towards the latter end of the seventeenth century4 ,the pillars were rendered necessary by the bad state of the roof3 the symbols were added only by way of ornament4 ,they are of beautiful sculpture1 and1 as such1 have lately been engraved upon a larger scale1 in an ,account of a ,tour in ,normandy1 in #ahah1 7,,ii4 p4 #bg7 which work also contains a general view of the ruins of ,jumieges1 and a representation of some ancient trefoil arches that are very remarkable4 ,of the square central tower one side only is now remaining4 ,this tower was despoiled of its spire in #aeeg4 ,the ,choir and ,lady-,chapel are almost entirely gone4 ,they were of pointed architecture2 and it appears that they were erected during some of the latter years of the thirteenth century1 or at the commencement of the fourteenth4 ,in the ,lady-,chapel lay the heart of ,agnes ,sorel1 who died at the neighbouring village of ,mesnil1 on the ninth of ,february1 #adej1 while her royal lover1 ,charles ,,vii4 was residing at ,jumieges1 intent upon the siege of ,honfleur4 ,her body was interred in the collegiate church of ,loches in ,touraine4 ,upon her monument at ,jumieges was originally placed her effigy1 in the act of offering her heart to the ,virgin4 ,but this statue was destroyed by the ,huguenots1 who are said to have been guilty of the most culpable excesses in this monastery4 ,agnes' tomb remained till the revolution1 when it was swept away with all the rest1 and1 among others1 with one of great historical curiosity in the neighbouring church dedicated to ,st4 ,peter2 for the convent of ,jumieges contained two churches1 the larger under the invocation of the ,holy ,virgin1 and a smaller by its side1 sacred to the chief of the apostles4 ,the tomb here alluded to was called by the name of le tombeau des ,enerves1 or de ,gemellis2 and so much importance was attached to it1 that it has even been supposed that the ,latin name of ,jumieges1 ,gemeticum1 was a corruption from the word gemellis4 ,upon the monument were figures of two young noblemen1 intended1 as it is said1 to represent twin sons of ,clovis and ,bathilda1 who1 for sedition1 were punished by being hamstrung and confined in this monastery4 ,illustration3 ,plate #d4 ,,abbey ,,of ,,jumieges4 ,arch on the ,west ,front4 ,the third plate of ,jumieges1 which is copied from a drawing by ,miss ,elizabeth ,turner1 represents a noble arch-way1 the entrance to a porch that leads to a gallery adjoining the former cloisters1 and known by the name of the ,knight's ,hall4 ,it is a remarkably fine specimen of a very early pointed arch1 still preserving all the ornaments of the semi-circular style1 and displaying them in great richness and beauty4 ,there is no authority for the date of this gallery3 nor does it appear that any historical record is preserved respecting it4 ,the style of the architecture would lead to the referring of it1 without much hesitation1 to the latter part of the thirteenth century4 ,,plates ,v4-,,xi4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,west ,front4 ,in a work like the present1 devoted expressly to the elucidation of the ,architectural ,antiquities of ,normandy1 and more particularly intended to illustrate that style of architecture which prevailed during the time when the province was governed by its own ,dukes1 it has appeared desirable to select one or two objects1 and to exhibit them1 as far as possible1 in their various details4 ,under this idea1 the abbey church of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville has been taken from the upper division of the province1 and that of the ,holy ,trinity at ,caen from the lower4 ,both of these are noble edifices2 both are in nearly the same state in which they were left by the ,norman architects2 and both of them are buildings whose dates may be cited with positive certainty4 ,the abbey of ,st4 ,georges was situated upon an eminence on the right bank of the ,seine1 two leagues below ,rouen4 ,it owed its origin to ,ralph de ,tancarville1 lord of the village1 about the year #ajej4 ,a rage for the building and endowing of monastic establishments prevailed at that period throughout ,normandy2 and this nobleman1 who had been the preceptor to ,duke ,william in his youth1 and was afterwards his chamberlain1 unwilling to be outdone by his compeers in deeds of piety and magnificence1 founded this monastery and built the church in honor of the ,virgin and ,st4 ,george4 ,both the conqueror and his queen assisted the pious labour by endowments to the convent2 and ,ordericus ,vitalis relates how1 upon the decease of the monarch1 the monks of ,st4 ,gervais1 at ,rouen1 where he died1 made a solemn procession to the church of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 there to offer up their prayers for the soul of their departed sovereign4 ,at the revolution the abbatial church was fortunate enough to become parochial1 and it thus escaped the ruin in which nearly the whole of the monastic buildings throughout ,france were at that time involved4 ,its previous good fortune in having been so very little exposed to injury or to alteration1 is even more to be wondered at4 ,illustration3 ,plate #f4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,general view4 ,the general view of the church1 7plate #f7 for the drawing of which the author is indebted to ,miss ,elizabeth ,turner1 is calculated to convey a faithful idea of the effect of the whole4 ,whatever is here seen is purely ,norman1 except the spire2 and upon the subject of spires antiquaries are far from being agreed3 some regarding them as a comparatively modern invention1 while others1 on the contrary1 believe that the use of them may be traced to a very remote period4 ,the semi-circular east end1 with a roof of high pitch1 the windows separated by shallow buttresses1 or by slender cylindrical pillars1 and the grotesque corbel-table1 are1 all of them1 characteristics of the early ,norman style3 a greater peculiarity of the present building1 and one indeed that is found in but few others1 lies in the small semi-circular chapels attached to the sides of the transepts4 ,the west front 7plate #e7 exhibits a deviation from the general style of the church1 in the two towers with which it is flanked4 ,the shape of the arches in these plainly indicates a later ra2 but they are early instances of pointed architecture4 ,the grand entrance is displayed upon a larger scale in the seventh plate4 ,the ornaments to this door-way are rich and varied1 and there are but few finer portals in ,normandy4 ,but in specimens of this description the duchy is far from being able to bear a comparison with ,england4 ,it would be difficult1 perhaps impossible1 to assign a satisfactory reason for this circumstance2 and yet the fact is so obvious1 that it cannot fail to have occurred to every one who has paid any attention to the architecture of the two countries4 ,in the interior of the church there is scarcely an architectural anomaly to be discovered4 ,the only alterations are those which were rendered necessary by the injuries done to the building in the religious wars1 during the sixteenth century2 and the repairs on that occasion extended only to a portion of the roof1 and of the upper part of the wall on the south side of the nave4 ,as a satisfactory specimen of the character of the whole of the inside1 the south transept has been selected for the subject of the eighth plate4 ,in this1 however1 as well as in the opposite one1 there is a peculiarity which requires to be noticed2 that1 within the church1 at the distance of a few feet from the end wall1 is placed a column1 from which an arch springs on either side1 occupying the whole width of the transept1 and thus forming an open screen4 ,the screen terminates1 above1 in a plain flat wall1 which is carried to but a very short distance higher than the arches1 so as to be nearly on a line with the triforium4 ,the same arrangement exists also in some other churches in ,normandy2 as in that of the royal abbey of ,st4 ,stephen at ,caen1 in the abbey church at ,cerisy1 in the abbey church at ,fcamp1 and in the cathedral at ,sez4 ,in the two last mentioned buildings1 it is found connected with the pointed architecture4 ,at ,cerisy1 a church1 erected ,a4,d4 #ajcj1 by ,robert1 father to the ,conqueror1 the screen is surmounted by a row of seventeen semi-circular arches1 which rise to about half the height of the columns of the triforium1 and form an elegant parapet4 ,it is possible that there may have been originally some decoration of the same kind at ,st4 ,georges4 ,at ,fcamp1 the screen is carried up to the roof by three tiers1 each consisting of three arches2 and the recess thus made1 is still used as a chapel1 having an altar at the east end1 and1 in the centre1 an ancient font4 ,such may have been originally the case at ,st4 ,georges2 and thus we may account for the small semi-circular additions to the transepts1 one of which is visible in the general view of the church4 ,mr4 ,cotman1 however1 suggests another idea1 which may have entered into the mind of the architect of ,st4 ,georges2 that1 by means of this screen at the end of the transepts1 the aisles of the nave would receive apparent length2 from the columns1 which form the screen1 ranging in a line with those of the outer walls of the church4 ,among our ,english ecclesiastical buildings1 there are similar screens in the transepts of ,winchester cathedral#b1 where the portion of the church that remains in its original state1 greatly resembles1 in its architecture1 the church of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 and is known to have been erected at nearly the same date#c4 ,illustration3 ,plate #g4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,west entrance4 ,illustration3 ,plate #h4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,south ,transept4 ,illustration3 ,plate #i4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,sculptured ,capitals4 ,within the spandrils of the arches1 just mentioned1 are two highly curious bas-reliefs1 figured here in the tenth plate1 and marked ,a and ,b4 ,they are on square tablets1 cut out of the solid stone1 in the same manner as the blocks of a stone engraving2 the rims being left elevated1 so as to form rude frames4 ,one of them represents a prelate1 who holds a crozier in his left hand1 while the first two fingers of the right are elevated in the action of giving the blessing4 ,below him are two small heads2 but it would be as difficult to conjecture what they are intended to typify1 or why they are placed there1 as it would be to state the meaning of the artist1 in having represented the whole of his vestment as composed of parallel diagonal lines4 ,in the opposite bas-relief1 are seen two knights on horseback1 in the act of jousting2 as rude a piece of sculpture1 especially with respect to the size and form of the steeds1 as can well be imagined2 and yet it possesses a degree of spirit1 worthy of a better age4 ,the shields of the riders are oblong2 their tilting spears pointless2 their conical helmets terminate in a nasal below1 like the figures in the ,bayeux tapestry4 ,this coincidence1 as has been observed elsewhere#d1 is interesting1 as deciding a point of some moment towards establishing the antiquity of that celebrated relic1 by setting it beyond a doubt1 that such helmets were used anterior to the conquest2 for it is certain1 that these basso-relievos are coeval with the building that contains them4 ,the nave of the church of ,st4 ,georges is1 in its height1 divided into three compartments3 the lowest consists of a row of square1 massy piers1 varied only by a few small columns attached to their angles1 and connected by wide arches1 which are generally without any other ornament than plain fluted mouldings2 the second compartment1 or triforium1 is composed of a uniform series of small arches1 broken1 at intervals1 by the truncated columns2 which1 supporting the groinings of the roof above1 terminate abruptly below1 nearly upon a level with the capitals of the lowest arches2 in the clerestory1 the arches are also simple and unornamented2 their size nearly intermediate between those of the first and second tiers4 ,it is almost needless to mention1 that1 in a perfect building1 of such a date1 the whole of the arches are semi-circular4 ,the same is equally the case in the choir2 but this part of the edifice is considerably richer in its architectural decorations2 and the noble arch1 which separates it from the nave1 is surrounded with a broad band of the embattled moulding1 inclosing two others of the chevron moulding4 ,a string-course1 of unusual size1 formed of what is called the cable ornament1 goes round the whole interior of the building4 ,the general effect of the semi-circular east end1 shews a striking resemblance between the church of ,st4 ,georges and ,norwich cathedral2 and those who take pleasure in researches of this description1 will do well to trace the points of similarity through other parts of the edifices4 ,the two kingdoms can scarcely boast more noble1 or more perfect buildings1 of the ,norman style2 and there is the farther advantage1 that the difference between the periods of their respective erection is but small4 ,our ,english cathedral rose in the early part of the reign of ,william ,rufus1 when his follower1 ,herbert de ,losinga1 who1 not content with having purchased the bishopric for #aijj1 bought also the abbacy of ,winchester for his father1 for #ajjj1 was cited before the ,pope for this double act of simony1 and1 with difficulty1 retained his mitre1 upon the condition of building sundry churches and monasteries4 ,norwich has1 indeed1 a superiority in its tower1 in regard to which1 it may safely be put in competition with any edifice of the same style1 in ,normandy or in ,england4 ,for beauty1 richness1 variety1 and purity of ornament1 there is nothing like it4 ,on the other hand1 ,norwich has undergone various alterations1 as well in its interior1 as its exterior#e1 and it has no decoration of the same description comparable with the capitals in the church of ,st4 ,georges4 ,these are so curious1 that it has been thought right to devote to them the ninth and tenth plates of this work#f4 ,the capitals near the west end of the church1 are comparatively simple3 they become considerably more elaborate on advancing towards the choir2 and it is most interesting to observe in them1 how the ,norman architects appear1 in some instances1 to have been intent upon copying the ,roman model1 or even adding to it a luxury of ornament1 which it never knew1 yet still preserving a classical feeling and a style of beauty1 of which the proudest ages of architecture need not be ashamed2 while1 in other cases1 the rudeness of the design and execution is such1 that it can scarcely be conceived1 but that they were executed by a barbarous people1 just emerged from their hyperborean woods1 and equally strangers to the cultivation of art1 and the finer feelings of humanity4 ,and yet1 even in some of those of the latter description1 attentive observation may lead to traces of classical fables1 or representations of the holy mysteries of ,christianity4 ,thus1 one of the capitals#g seems designed to portray the good ,shepherd and the ,lamb2 another#h appears to allude to the battle between the followers of neas and the ,harpies4 ,it would not1 perhaps1 be going too far1 to say1 that many of the others have reference to the northern mythology1 and some of them1 probably1 to ,scandinavian history4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aj4 ,,capitals ,,in ,,the ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aa4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,georges ,,de ,,bocherville4 ,sculpture in the ,cloisters4 ,in the chapter-house1 which stands between the church and the monastic buildings1 the capitals are decidedly historical1 and exhibit an apparent connection very unusual in similar cases4 ,the eleventh plate contains some of these#i4 ,another1 and of the greatest curiosity1 now lost1 has been etched in ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 from a drawing by ,m4 ,langlois1 a very able and indefatigable artist of ,rouen4 ,it represents a series of royal minstrels1 playing upon different musical instruments4 ,this part of the building is known to have been erected towards the close of the twelfth century1 and is consequently an hundred years posterior to the church4 ,it is now extremely dilapidated1 and employed as a mill4 ,the capitals here figured1 are taken from three arches that formed the western front4 ,the sculpture in the upper line1 and in a portion of the second1 most probably refers to some of the legends of ,norman story3 the remainder seems intended to represent the miraculous passage of ,jordan and the capture of ,jericho1 by the ,israelites1 under the command of ,joshua4 ,the detached moulding on the same plate1 is copied from the archivolt of one of these arches3 the style of its ornament is altogether peculiar4 ,to the pillars that support the same arches1 are attached whole-length figures1 in high relief1 of less than the natural size4 ,two of them represent females2 the third1 a man2 and one of the former has her hair disposed in long braided tresses1 that reach on either side to a girdle4 ,all of them hold labels with inscriptions1 which fall down to their feet in front4 ,the braided locks1 and the general style of sculpture1 shew a resemblance between these statues and those on the portals of the churches of ,st4 ,denys and ,chartres1 as well as those which stood formerly at the entrance of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 at ,paris1 all which are figured by ,montfaucon1 in his ,monumens de la ,monarchie ,franaise1 and by him referred to the sovereigns of the ,merovingian dynasty2 but have been believed1 by subsequent writers1 to be the productions of the eleventh or twelfth century1 an opinion which the statues at ,st4 ,georges may be considered to confirm4 ,,notes3 #b ,see ,britton's ,winchester ,cathedral1 ground plan and plate #ab4 #c ,milner's ,winchester1 ,i4 p4 #aid4--,other authors1 ,i am well aware1 and those of great weight1 have said much with regard to the ,saxon work at ,winchester2 but1 though ,i have examined the building itself1 and the various publications respecting it1 with some care1 ,i confess ,i have met with no portion that did not appear to me to be truly ,norman4 #d ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aj4 #e ,the complete uniformity of style throughout the church of ,st4 ,georges1 joined to the absence of all screens or other objects whatever1 that might intercept the sight from west to east1 produces an effect1 not only grand1 but altogether deceptive4 ,it is impossible not to admit the superior judgment of the ,french1 in thus keeping their religious edifices free from incumbrances2 it is scarcely possible1 too1 not to feel persuaded1 that the ,norman church is larger than the ,english1 though their respective dimensions are in reality as follows3 ,,norwich4 ,,st4 ,,georges4 ,length of nave #bjj feet #ace feet -------- choir #ahc #ib -------- transepts #ahj #ajb ,width of the nave with aisles #gj #fd-a_/b #f ,in the former of these plates1 the capitals1 marked ,nos4 #a1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 and #ab1 are taken from the exterior of the east end2 ,nos4 #b1 #f1 and #g1 from the nave2 and ,nos4 #c1 #d1 and #aa1 from the door-way4 ,in the latter plate1 the exterior of the east end has supplied ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 and #aj2 the nave1 ,nos4 #d and #i2 and the door-way1 ,no4 #e4 #g ,plate #aj1 ,no4 #h4 #h ,plate #aj1 ,no4 #e4 #i ,it may be well to remark1 that this plate contains five capitals1 the extent of each of which may be distinguished by the small crosses above4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,church ,,of ,,gr,,ville4 7,,end ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,transept47 ,illustration3 ,plate #ab4 ,,church ,,of ,,gr,,ville4 ,the church of ,grville1 like that of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 though now parochial1 was1 before the revolution1 monastic1 being attached to the priory of the same name1 beautifully situated on an eminence near the mouth of the ,seine1 at the distance of half a league from ,havre de ,grce4 ,the origin of this monastery is referred1 in the ,neustria ,pia#aj1 to about the year #aajj2 but nothing is known with certainty respecting it till #abjc1 when ,walter1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 confirmed1 by his approbation1 the foundation of regular canons established here by ,william ,malet1 lord of the village1 which is called in the ,latin of those times1 ,girardi ,villa1 or ,geraldi ,villa4 ,the modern name of ,grville is supposed to be an abbreviation of these4 ,the canons thus fixed here1 had been brought from ,st4 ,barbe in ,auge1 and were endowed by the founder with all the lands he possessed in ,normandy and ,england4 ,by subsequent deeds1 one of them dated as late as the end of the fifteenth century1 different members of the same family continued their donations to the priory4 ,the last mentioned was ,louis ,malet1 admiral of ,france1 whose name is also to be found among the benefactors to ,rouen cathedral1 as having given a great bell of six hundred and sixty-six pounds weight1 which1 previously to the revolution1 hung in the central tower4 ,william ,malet1 the founder of ,grville1 was one of the ,norman chieftains who fought under the ,conqueror at the battle of ,hastings#aa2 and he is said to have been selected by his prince1 on that occasion1 to take charge of the body of ,harold1 and see it decently interred4 ,writers1 however1 are not agreed upon this point3 ,knighton1 on the authority of ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 asserts that1 though ,harold fell in the battle1 he was not slain2 but1 escaping1 retired to a cell near ,st4 ,john's church1 in ,chester1 and died there an anchoret1 as was owned by himself in his last confession1 when he lay dying2 in memory whereof1 they shewed his tomb when ,knighton wrote4 ,rapin1 on the other hand1 in his ,history of ,england observes1 that an ancient manuscript in the ,cottonian library1 relates1 that the king's body was hard to be known1 by reason of its being covered with wounds2 but that1 it was at last discovered by one who had been his mistress1 by means of certain private marks1 known only to herself2 whereupon the duke sent the body to his mother without ransom1 though she is said to have offered him its weight in gold4 ,nearly the same story is told in the ,gesta ,gulielmi ,ductis#ab1 written by ,william1 archdeacon of ,lisieux1 a contemporary author4 ,ordericus ,vitalis#ac mentions ,william ,malet two years afterwards1 as commanding the ,conqueror's forces in ,york1 when besieged by the ,danes and a large body of confederates1 under the command of ,edgar ,atheling and other chieftains2 and we find that his son1 ,robert1 received from the same king1 the honor of ,eye1 in ,suffolk1 together with two hundred and twenty-one lordships in the same county2 and many others in ,hampshire1 ,essex1 ,lincoln1 ,nottingham1 and ,york4 ,this ,robert held the office of great chamberlain of ,england1 in the beginning of the reign of ,henry ,i2 but1 only in the second year of it1 he attached himself to the cause of ,robert ,curthose1 for which he was disinherited and banished4 ,with him appears to have ended the greatness of the family1 in ,england4 ,the church of ,grville was dedicated to ,st4 ,honorina1 a virgin martyr1 whose relics were preserved there in the times anterior to the ,norman invasion2 but were then transported to ,conflans upon the ,marne4 ,peter de ,natalibus1 copious as he is in his ,hagiology1 has no notice of ,honorina1 whose influence was nevertheless most extraordinary in releasing prisoners from fetters2 and whose altars were accordingly hung round with an abundance of chains and instruments of torture4 ,the author of the ,neustria ,pia1 who attests many of her miracles of this description1 relates1 that her sanctity extended even to the horse which she rode1 insomuch1 that1 when the body of the beast was thrown1 after its death1 as carrion to the dogs1 they all refused to touch it2 and the monks1 in commemoration of the miracle1 employed the skin for a covering to the church door1 where it remained till the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,except towards the west end1 which is in ruins1 and has quite lost the portal and towers that flanked it1 the church of ,grville still continues tolerably entire3 in its style and general outline1 but particularly in its central tower and spire1 it bears a considerable resemblance to that of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville4 ,architecturally regarded1 however1 it is very inferior to that noble edifice2 but the end of the north transept1 selected for the subject of the present plate1 will1 in point of interest1 scarcely yield to any other building in ,normandy4 ,the row of sculptures immediately above the windows1 is probably unique3 among them is the ,sagittary1 very distinctly portrayed2 and near him1 an animal1 probably designed for a horse1 whose tail ends in a decided fleur-de-lys1 while he holds in his mouth what appears intended to represent another4 ,the figure of the ,sagittary is also repeated upon one of the capitals of the nave1 which are altogether of the same style of art1 as the most barbarous at ,st4 ,georges1 and not less fanciful4 ,the interlaced arches1 with flat surfaces1 that inclose the windows immediately beneath the sculptures1 may be matched by similar rows in the exterior of the abbey church of ,st4 ,stephen1 at ,caen1 and on the end of the north transept of ,norwich cathedral4 ,it appears likewise1 from ,mr4 ,carter's work on ,early ,english ,architecture1 7plate #bc7 that others1 resembling them1 line the lowest story of the east end of ,tickencote church1 in ,rutlandshire4 ,this circumstance is the rather mentioned here1 as that able antiquary regards the church as a specimen of true ,saxon architecture2 whereas it may safely be affirmed1 that there is no part of it1 as figured by him1 but may be exactly paralleled from ,normandy4 ,the same may also be said of almost every individual instance that he has produced as illustrations of the style in use among our ,saxon progenitors4 ,in ,grville1 a series of similar arches is continued along the west side of the north transept2 and1 judging from the general appearance of the church1 it may be believed that it is of a prior date to any of the others just mentioned4 ,a considerable portion of the monastic buildings is still remaining2 but they are comparatively modern4--,a lithographic plate of this monastery was published at ,paris1 by ,bourgeois1 in #ahah4 ,,notes3 #aj ,p4 #hfa4 #aa ,bankes' ,extinct ,peerage1 ,i4 p4 #abf4 #ab ,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #bjd4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #eab4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,castle ,,of ,,st4 ,,sauveur ,,le ,,vicomte4#ad ,the origin of the castle1 here figured1 is coeval with the establishment of the ,normans1 in the province which now bears their name4 ,the inventory of the ancient barony of ,st4 ,sauveur1 shews that1 in #iab1 the year when ,charles the ,simple ceded ,normandy to ,rollo1 the new duke granted this great lordship1 under the common obligations of feudal tenure1 to ,richard1 one of the principal chieftains who had attended him from ,norway4 ,in #iac1 ,richard founded in his castle a chapel1 which1 in the following year1 was dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity1 by ,herbert1 ,bishop of ,coutances4 ,many of the descendants of ,richard bore the name of ,nel2 and it was upon the first of those so called1 that ,duke ,william ,longue ,epe conferred the title of viscount1 about the year #ich4 ,in #iih1 ,richard1 the second of that name1 established in his castle of ,st4 ,sauveur1 with the sanction of ,hugh1 ,bishop of ,coutances1 a collegiate church1 consisting of four prebends4 ,at the beginning of the reign of ,william the ,conqueror1 ,nel de ,st4 ,sauveur took up arms against the disputed title of that sovereign1 in consequence of which1 his lands were confiscated1 and he himself compelled to seek an asylum in ,brittany4 ,this is supposed to have happened in #ajdg2 but the anger of the offended duke was short-lived2 for the very next year1 there is an account of ,william's restoring to ,nel the lordship of ,st4 ,sauveur1 in consideration of the services he had rendered him4 ,the same lenity1 however1 was not shewn with regard to ,nel's lordship of ,nehou2 for this was permanently alienated1 and was granted to the family of ,riviers1 or ,redvers1 who1 some years afterwards1 became powerful in ,england1 where they had a grant of the ,isle of ,wight1 in fee1 and were created1 by ,henry ,i4 ,earls of ,devonshire4 ,the collegiate church1 founded in the castle of ,st4 ,sauveur during the preceding century1 was suppressed in #ajdh1 on account of some umbrage taken by the chieftain at the conduct of the canons2 and he established1 in their room1 a convent of ,benedictines1 whose successors1 removing without the precincts of the fortress1 erected the abbey1 the subject of the following plate4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ac4 ,,castle ,,of ,,st4 ,,sauveur ,,le ,,vicomte4 ,the name of ,st4 ,sauveur is to be found in the list of officers who accompanied the ,conqueror to ,england2 and the records of those times also preserve the remembrance of one ,nel1 who was slain at ,cardiff1 in #ajgh4 ,the troops1 however1 of the ,ctentin1 were at the conquest1 commanded by ,robert1 ,count of ,mortain1 half-brother to the duke1 who1 most probably1 was indebted to this near degree of relationship for so proud a mark of distinction4 ,the family of ,nel did not retain much longer possession of ,st4 ,sauveur3 the lord of the castle died in #ajib1 leaving only a daughter1 named ,ltitia1 who married ,jourdain ,taisson1 or ,tesson1 and brought to him these possessions as her dowry4 ,after the expiration of about a century1 a similar event deprived the ,taissons of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,jane1 the last of that family1 formed an alliance with the ,harcourts1 and with them the lordship remained till the middle of the fourteenth century1 when the domains of ,goffroy d',harcourt were confiscated for felony1 and the castle would have passed into the hands of a new master1 had not the successes of our sovereign1 ,edward ,,iii4 interfered1 and stopped the effects of the confiscation4 ,history1 from this time forward1 speaks more decidedly as to the strength of the fortress3 at the time of the battle of ,poitiers1 ,goffroy d',harcourt maintained himself here1 at the head of a numerous garrison1 composed of troops from ,england and ,navarre1 and1 not only bade defiance to the superior force of the ,french generals1 but extended his ravages over the whole of ,lower ,normandy4 ,the abbey of ,lessay1 and cathedral of ,coutances1 particularly suffered from his attacks4 ,to the latter1 he had actually laid siege1 when a detachment sent against him1 by the regent and the states of the kingdom1 obliged him to turn his attention homeward2 and his forces were defeated1 and himself slain4 ,the castle1 on this occasion1 afforded safe shelter to the fugitives2 and1 in consequence of ,harcourt's death1 passing into the hands of the ,king of ,england1 was1 by him1 supplied with a garrison of four hundred men1 under the command of ,jehan ,lisle1 and was almost immediately afterwards bestowed1 by ,edward1 upon ,sir ,john ,chandos1 as a reward for his eminent services4 ,the fortifications1 under the care of this able captain1 underwent a thorough repair in the year #acfj2 and it is believed that1 upon this occasion1 the keep was principally1 if not altogether1 rebuilt2 the same broad square tower1 which is now standing1 and is the principal feature in the ruins4 ,the labor thus bestowed upon ,st4 ,sauveur1 rendered it one of the principal posts of the duchy4 ,rymer1 by whom it is repeatedly mentioned1 expressly states1 that our countrymen maintained in it a numerous garrison1 who1 after the battle of ,auray1 lorded it without restraint over the neighboring parts1 and were guilty of such excesses1 that1 in #acgd1 ,charles ,v4 then ,king of ,france1 was induced to send against them a powerful armament1 both by sea and land1 under ,sir ,john of ,vienne1 admiral of the kingdom1 assisted by all the barons and knights of ,brittany and ,normandy4 ,st4 ,sauveur was1 at that time1 in the hands of ,sir ,aleyne ,boxhull1 to whom ,edward had given it1 after the death of ,sir ,john ,chandos2 but he1 himself1 was then in ,england2 and1 according to ,froissart#ae1 he had left there as governor a squire1 called ,carenton1 or ,katrington1 with ,sir ,thomas ,cornet1 ,john de ,burgh1 and the three brothers ,maulevriers1 with whom there might be about six score companions1 all armed1 and ready for defence4 ,this handful of men made a long and obstinate resistance1 which1 at length1 terminated in a truce for six weeks1 accompanied with a stipulation1 that1 unless previously relieved1 the fortress should be surrendered upon a certain day of ,july1 #acge4 ,the time came2 no relief arrived2 and the ,french took possession of ,st4 ,sauveur2 though not without many remonstrances on the part of the besieged1 who contended1 that the treaty of ,bruges1 which had been signed in the interim by the two sovereigns1 and had established a general truce1 ought also to have the effect of superseding all partial treaties4 ,mention is made1 upon this occasion1 of a considerable sum of money1 which was to be paid to the garrison1 upon their evacuating the castle4 ,the fact1 though unnoticed by ,froissart and ,holinshed1 could not but have been notorious2 for it appears1 that ,john of ,vienne assembled the three states of the province at ,bayeux1 for the purpose of raising the money2 and ,rymer tells us1 that the papal legates were appointed by the respective parties1 as depositaries1 both of the money and the castle1 till all the stipulations should be fulfilled4 ,in this circumstance1 we find an explanation of the death of ,katrington1 on which ,holinshed dwells at considerable length1 giving a most curious and interesting account of the circumstances attending it#af4 ,sir ,john ,anneslie1 who had married the niece of ,sir ,john ,chandos1 and1 on that account1 claimed the inheritance of ,st4 ,sauveur1 with the lands appertaining to the castle1 charged ,katrington with treason1 in the matter of the surrender2 and1 after considerable difficulties1 prevailed upon ,king ,richard ,,ii in the third year of his reign1 to suffer the point to be established by single combat4 ,the event of the contest was considered to make good the charge4 ,according to ,holinshed1 ,katrington1 who was a very strong man1 while his adversary was much the contrary1 was so grievously wounded in the fight1 that he died the following day4 ,dugdale and ,fabian1 however1 state1 that he was dragged to ,tyburn1 and there hanged for his treason4 ,the ,king of ,france1 upon recovering possession of ,st4 ,sauveur1 conferred the lordship upon ,bureau de la ,riviere1 his chamberlain3 from him1 it passed1 in #acib1 into the hands of ,john ,charles1 ,lord of ,evry1 who still held it in #adag1 when our ,king ,henry once more brought it under the sway of the ,english sceptre4 ,during the succeeding unfortunate reign1 this castle shared1 in #adej1 the fate of all the other ,british possessions in ,normandy2 and1 like most of the rest1 it offered but a feeble resistance to the victorious arms of ,france4 ,a few days' siege was sufficient to induce its garrison1 of two hundred men1 to surrender1 what the contemporary historians admit to have been one of the finest and strongest places in the duchy4 ,st4 ,sauveur1 from this time1 is no longer celebrated in history1 as a fortress2 nor1 indeed1 does it even appear to be mentioned as such1 except in the ,memoirs of ,marshal de ,matignon1 where a demand is stated to have been made for thirty men to garrison it4 ,in all probability1 the change produced in the art of warfare1 by the introduction of cannon1 caused it silently to pass into insignificance1 and then gradually to sink into its present wretched state of dilapidation4 ,towards the close of the seventeenth century1 an hospital was established within its walls2 and the same still subsists1 but in great poverty1 in consequence of the funds having been alienated1 or lost1 during the revolution4 ,of the ancient fortifications of the castle1 the greater part exists1 either entire1 or sufficiently so to be traced4 ,the most important of all1 the keep1 is perfect in its exterior1 but has been so completely gutted within1 that the original situation of the floors and beams is not to be discovered without difficulty4 ,the two ballia likewise remain3 the larger1 which defended the keep2 the lesser1 in the form of a crescent1 designed to oppose the approach of an enemy on the side of the town4 ,towards the north1 the small river1 the ,ouve1 formed a natural defence4 ,on the south1 are still to be seen two gates1 of which1 that leading to the dungeon was considerably the stronger4 ,it was defended by the works1 commonly employed from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century1 for the protection of the entrances to fortresses2 and1 under it1 there yet remain1 on either side1 freestone seats1 designed for the guard1 capable of containing from fifteen to twenty persons4 ,the rest of the outworks1 which were many1 have now disappeared2 but people are still living in the town1 who remember to have seen the fosses filled with water4 ,at present they are obliterated2 and their site is occupied by houses and gardens4 ,the following is a list of the lords of ,st4 ,sauveur1 from the year #adej1 to the revolution4--,charles ,,vii4 when first he wrested the castle from the ,english1 conferred it1 together with its extensive domain1 upon ,andrew de ,villequier1 and his heirs male2 and it remained in this family till #aecf1 when1 from default of such heirs1 it reverted to the crown1 and was kept in the hands of ,francis ,i4 and his successors1 till #aegb4 ,at that time ,charles ,,ix4 granted it to ,christopher de ,bassompierre1 from whom it passed to ,francis de ,bassompierre1 ,marshal of ,france4 ,in #afab1 it again returned to the throne1 then filled by ,mary of ,medicis1 widow of ,henry ,,iv4 whose son1 ,louis ,,xiii4 alienated it in #afbj1 to ,john ,phlipeaux de ,villesavey1 and he held it till #afca4 ,after him1 the families of ,de la ,guiche and ,gran were1 for thirty-eight years1 possessors of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,at the expiration of this term1 the lordship became once more incorporated in the royal domain1 till ,louis ,,xiv4 in #afih1 conferred it upon his natural son1 the ,count of ,toulouse1 whose son1 ,louis ,jean ,marie de ,bourbon1 ,duc de ,penthievre1 succeeded to it1 by inheritance1 in #agbg4 ,he shortly after gave it1 in part of her portion1 to his daughter1 who married ,louis ,philippe ,joseph d',orleans1 ,duc de ,chartres2 and it thenceforward continued in the possession of the ,orleans family1 till the period of the revolution4 ,,notes3 #ad ,the author has to express his acknowledgments1 and he begs to do it in the strongest terms1 to the kindness of ,m4 de ,gerville of ,valognes1 for very many communications towards the furtherance of this work2 but particularly for those relating to the church and abbey of ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 which have been so copious1 that little has been necessary1 but to translate them into ,english4 #ae ,johnes' ,translation1 octavo edit4 ,,iv4 p4 #bfh4 #af ,quarto edit4 ,,ii4 p4 #gbf4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,sauveur ,,le ,,vicomte4 7,,north-,,east ,,view47 ,illustration3 ,plate #ad4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,sauveur ,,le ,,vicomte4 ,the remains of the abbey of ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 are situated within a very short distance of the castle of the same name1 in the department of ,la ,manche1 near the western extremity of ,normandy1 about eighteen miles south of ,valognes1 and fifty north of ,coutances4 ,the addition of the term ,vicomte1 to the appellation of this domain1 may have been owing to a two-fold cause2--to denote the importance of its possessor1 and to distinguish the monastery from other religious establishments in the duchy1 also dedicated to the ,holy ,savior1 especially from the nunnery of ,st4 ,sauveur1 at ,evreux4 ,it has been necessary1 under the preceding article1 briefly to allude to the establishment of this convent1 which took its rise from the collegiate church1 founded in the year #iih1 in the castle of ,st4 ,sauveur1 by ,richard ,nel1 the second viscount2 a foundation1 which1 only fifty years afterwards1 was suppressed1 and replaced by a society of ,benedictines from ,jumieges4 ,changes of this description were by no means unfrequent in those unsettled times3 indeed1 regarding the character of the chieftains and the clergy1 it is rather matter of surprise1 that they did not occur more commonly2 and greater astonishment may be entertained at the ,viscount of ,st4 ,sauveur having suffered a body of men1 naturally imperious1 and necessarily guided by interests different from his own1 to remain about a century under his roof1 than to find him afterwards removing them to the spot which they subsequently continued to occupy4 ,the original charter1 granted by ,nel to the monks from ,jumieges1 is preserved among the documents in the ,gallia ,christiana4 ,his brother1 ,roger1 is said to have superintended the erection of the new monastery1 in which pious task1 he was assisted by ,ltitia1 his niece1 sole heiress of ,nel1 and now married to ,jourdain ,taisson1 who had1 in her right1 become lord of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,this ,jourdain1 with his wife1 and their three sons1 was present at the dedication of the church2 so that the building of it may safely be referred to the early part of the twelfth century4 ,m4 de ,gerville1 upon the authority of the ,memoirs of the ,harcourt ,family1 states1 that some of these latter also assisted in the construction2 and yet he is unwilling to admit that any portion of it was erected in the following century1 when the ,harcourts became possessed of the domain4 ,he contends1 that the whole style of the building indicates a period approaching the year #aajj2 at which time the struggle existed between the pointed and the semi-circular architecture4 ,setting aside the long-contested question concerning the date of the introduction of the pointed arch1 ,i cannot help1 for my own part1 suspecting1 that the ,lady-,chapel was a subsequent erection1 and1 probably1 of the ra of the ,harcourts4 ,its narrow trefoil-headed windows above1 and the plainer ones below1 seem decisively to indicate such a period2 and the deep buttresses afford another1 not less positive1 mark4 ,the lower part of this portion of the church1 exhibits an architectural peculiarity deserving of notice3 the wall is considerably widest1 where it unites with the ground2 after which1 it gradually decreases in size1 by successive tiers1 for a few feet upwards1 and then it rises perpendicularly4 ,what remains of the western portal1 is of the earlier style4 ,it was entered by a semi-circular arch1 bordered by a fillet of the nail-head moulding4 ,in the nave1 the lower arches1 with the columns and their capitals1 as well as the false row of arches in the triforium1 are wholly ,norman2 while the windows of the clerestory and their accompanying ornaments1 are as completely gothic4 ,the transepts and the choir shew a similar medley4 ,the ,harcourts1 who held ,st4 ,sauveur till the middle of the fourteenth century1 bestowed much pains upon the preservation of the abbey2 but the last of this noble family was scarcely dead1 when the convent was exposed to all the calamities of war4 ,it was repeatedly pillaged by the contending parties1 and was finally almost destroyed by the orders of ,king ,edward ,,iii4 who foreseeing1 from the unfortunate complexion of affairs1 that the ,french would be likely soon to besiege the castle1 was desirous at least to deprive them of the advantage they might derive from having possession of the monastery4 ,the heterogeneous character of the architecture of the church1 is attributable to the injuries received on this occasion1 and to those inflicted during the wars in the following century4 ,the lower portion of the building1 most probably1 remained for a considerable length of time in the same ruined and neglected state in which it had been left after the execution of the orders of ,edward ,,iii42 the clerestory and arches above1 were not added till the return of a tranquil ra4 ,indeed1 it is matter of historical notoriety1 that the finances of the monastery were1 at this period1 in the same state of dilapidation as the walls2 insomuch1 that ,thomas du ,bigard1 who was elected abbot in #acgf1 and held the post for fourteen years1 lay all that time under a papal interdict for the non-payment of his annats2 nor did his successor1 ,denis ,loquet1 venture to accept the crozier1 till he had made a journey to ,avignon1 and obtained1 from ,clement ,,vii4 the remission of what was due1 as well on the election of his predecessor1 as on his own4 ,in #adbb1 the official of ,valognes was charged by the three states of ,normandy1 assembled at ,vernon1 with the consent of the ,duke of ,bedford1 to make inquiry into the losses sustained by the abbey4 ,his report upon the subject is a curious historical document1 little known1 and1 unfortunately1 nearly twenty feet long4 ,m4 de ,gerville has kindly supplied the following extracts from it4 ,sylvester de la ,cervelle1 ,yvon de ,galles1 and ,bertrand de ,glesquin1 were1 with the admiral1 ,john de ,vienne1 in command of the army1 at the siege of the castle of ,st4 ,sauveur1 ,a4,d4 #acge4--,the ,english had1 previously to the siege1 destroyed the abbey and the adjacent buildings1 lest their enemies should establish themselves there1 and annoy them4--,the monks of ,st4 ,sauveur had1 at first1 taken refuge in the abbey of the ,vow1 near ,cherbourg1 and afterwards in ,jersey1 where the convent had some property3 certain among them had also retired to foreign monasteries1 there to seek a subsistence1 which their own could no longer afford them4--,at their return1 the abbot and the clergy found their buildings destroyed2 and1 at the period of the inquisition1 notwithstanding all their efforts and the money they could raise1 they were still obliged to celebrate divine service in the refectory4--,the monks and abbot1 who had sought shelter at ,jersey1 had been obliged to quit that retreat1 because the ,king of ,england put their property there under sequestration4--,those who returned first to the monastery1 built themselves sheds against a wall1 and there made a fire to dress1 their victuals1 while1 for lodging-places1 they had recourse to some vaults that were still left4--,so great was their poverty1 that it is stated by one of the witnesses1 in his deposition1 that they had not wherewithal to buy peciam mutonis vel aliarum carnium4--,another deposes that1 during the siege1 the ,french fired with such violence at one of the towers1 that it was destroyed1 fueruntque combust nov campan1 quarum una habebat octo buccellos ad mensuram ,sti4 ,salvatoris4 ,after the final expulsion of the ,english1 ,john ,caillot1 who was appointed abbot in #adea1 rebuilt1 to use the words of the ,gallia ,christiana1 the monastery destroyed by our countrymen2 and the credit must be given him of having endeavoured to make his additions in a style conformable to the original4 ,but the difference in the workmanship is obvious to the eye2 and various ornaments have been added1 inconsistent with the simplicity of early times4 ,the length of the church was about two hundred ,french feet4--,a list of forty-three abbots is given in the ,gallia ,christiana2#ag and1 from the time of the publication of that work1 till the breaking out of the revolution1 there were two others1 of whom ,m4 de ,nicolai was the last4 ,,notes3 #ag ,,xi4 p4 #ibc4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,house ,,at ,,great ,,andelys4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ae4 ,,great ,,house4 ,andelys4 ,about forty miles1 in a south-westerly direction from ,rouen1 upon the right bank of the ,seine1 and on the western frontiers of the ancient duchy of ,normandy1 stands the town of ,great ,andelys1 so called1 not by reason of its own positive magnitude1 but to distinguish it from a village of the same name1 situated in its immediate vicinity4 ,in early times1 few places could boast to a greater degree than ,andelys1 the odor of sanctity4 ,it was indebted for its celebrity1 and1 probably also1 for its existence1 to a nunnery1 founded here by ,st4 ,clotilda1 which1 in the seventh century1 the time of the venerable ,bede1 enjoyed the highest reputation4 ,but its fame was short-lived3 it fell during the incursions of the ,normans1 and1 unlike most others1 seems to have possessed none of the phoenix-power of reviviscence4 ,in its place1 arose afterwards1 a collegiate church1 which ,m4 de ,harlay1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 by a formal act1 dated #afcd1 honored with the title of first collegiate church of the diocese4 ,the distinction1 thus obtained1 was due not only to its antiquity1 but to the unusual number of its ecclesiastics1 particularly those who composed its chapter4 ,though ,st4 ,clotilda's convent1 however1 was destroyed1 the inhabitants of ,andelys continued to enjoy her especial protection4 ,the church was under her invocation2 but her favor was more eminently vouchsafed to an ancient chapel and an adjacent fountain1 both of which bore her name4 ,the latter was1 from the earliest times1 celebrated for its miraculous qualities in the cure of various disorders2 and it continues to be so to the present day4 ,st4 ,clotilda1 at the period of the erection of the monastery1 turned its waters into wine1 for the benefit of the fainting workmen4 ,the clergy of ,andelys1 in commemoration of the miracle1 used annually1 before the revolution1 upon the return of her festival1 to pour large pitchers of wine into the spring4 ,during the revolutionary fervor1 ,st4 ,clotilda1 together with the rest of the ,romish hierarchy1 lost her credit in ,france4 ,she is now rapidly recovering it3 miracles are again wrought at her shrine2 and1 in all probability1 the time is not far distant1 when the belief will be as strong1 the processions as splendid1 the throng of votaries as great1 and the cures as certain1 as ever4 ,it is only to be hoped1 that the good sense and the superior morality of the age1 may prevent the recurrence of those indecent and scandalous scenes1 which1 we are told by eye-witnesses1 were formerly too often practised on the occasion4 ,human nature must be strangely altered1 before the mind of man will cease to prefer the surfeit of superstition1 to the wholesome diet of sound religion3 no one1 but a fool or a rogue1 would ever advise it to have recourse to the starvation of infidelity4 ,at the close of the eleventh century1 ,andelys appears with some historical notoriety1 in the well-known exchange made between ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion and ,walter1 ,archbishop of ,rouen2 when the king1 desirous1 as he states1 to prevent the incursions of the enemy into his duchy1 purchased of the prelate the town and manor of ,andelys1 by the cession of the towns of ,dieppe1 ,bouteilles and ,louviers1 together with the forest of ,aliermont1 and the mills of ,rouen4 ,the bargain was a hard one2 but the erection of ,chteau ,gaillard1 in the immediate vicinity of ,andelys1 proved the correctness of the monarch's views4 ,a subsequent treaty1#ah executed in the year #abjj1 between ,king ,john and the same archbishop1 confirmed the exchange4 ,in modern times1 ,andelys has been celebrated on no other account1 than as the birth-place of ,poussin and ,adrian ,turnebus1 and as the burial-place of ,corneille4 ,the ,great ,house at ,andelys1 the subject of the plate1 existed in #ahah1 as it is here represented1 shorn1 indeed1 of much of its ancient splendor1 reduced from the residence of a nobleman to a granary1 and most probably curtailed of full two-thirds of its size1 as retaining apparently little more than that portion of the square which fronted the court-yard1 together with a small part of one of its wings4 ,it can now 7in #ahba7 only be spoken of as a building that did exist3 last year saw it levelled with the ground4 ,the following description of it is transcribed from ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy3#ai ,andelys possesses a valuable specimen of ancient domestic architecture4 ,the ,great ,house is a most sumptuous mansion1 evidently of the age of ,francis ,i42 but ,i could gain no account of its former occupants or history4 ,i must again borrow from my friend's vocabulary1 and say1 that it is built in the ',burgundian style4' ,in its general outline and character1 it resembles the house in the ,place de la ,pucelle1 at ,rouen4 ,its walls1 indeed1 are not covered with the same profusion of sculpture3 yet1 perhaps1 its simplicity is accompanied by greater elegance4--,the windows are disposed in three divisions1 formed by slender buttresses1 which run up to the roof4 ,they are square-headed1 and divided by a mullion and transom4--,the portal is in the centre3 it is formed by a ,tudor arch1 enriched with deep mouldings1 and surmounted by a lofty ogee1 ending with a crocketed pinnacle1 which transfixes the cornice immediately above1 as well as in the sill of the window1 and then unites with the mullion of the latter4--,the roof takes a very high pitch4--,a figured cornice1 upon which it rests1 is boldly sculptured with foliage4--,the chimneys are ornamented by angular buttresses4--,all these portions of the building assimilate more or less to our ,gothic architecture of the sixteenth century2 but a most magnificent oriel window1 which fills the whole of the space between the centre and the left-hand divisions1 is a specimen of pointed architecture in its best and purest style4 ,the arches are lofty and acute4 ,each angle is formed by a double buttress1 and the tabernacles affixed to these are filled with statues4 ,the basement of the oriel1 which projects from the flat wall of the house1 after the fashion of a bartizan1 is divided into compartments1 studded with medallions1 and intermixed with tracery of great variety and beauty4 ,on either side of the bay1 there are flying buttresses of elaborate sculpture1 spreading along the wall4--,as1 comparatively speaking1 good models of ancient domestic architecture are very rare1 ,i would particularly recommend this at ,andelys to the notice of every architect1 whom chance may conduct to ,normandy4--,this building1 like too many others of the same class in our own counties of ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 is degraded from its station4 ,the great house is used merely as a granary1 though1 by a very small expense1 it might be put into habitable repair4 ,the stone retains its clear and polished surface2 and the massy timbers are undecayed4--,the inside corresponds with the exterior1 in decorations and grandeur3 the chimney pieces are large and elaborate1 and there is abundance of sculpture on the ceilings and other parts which admit of ornament4 ,,notes3 #ah ,copies of both these instruments are preserved in the ,gallia ,christiana1 ,,xi4 ,inst4 pp4 #bg and #cj4 #ai ,,ii4 p4 #ee4--;,in a note to this passage1 ,mr4 ,turner states an intention1 on the part of ,mr4 ,cotman1 to devote a second plate to this building1 for the purpose of doing more justice to the beauty and elaborate decorations of the oriel window2 and it is very much to be desired that such should be the case2 but it is feared that the number and importance of other subjects1 will prevent the intention from being realized4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,church ,,of ,,than4 7,,elevation ,,and ,,details47 ,illustration3 ,plate #af4 ,,church ,,of ,,than4 ,elevation and details4 ,the small village of ,than lies about ten miles distant from ,caen1 in a north-easterly direction1 in a valley washed by the diminutive stream1 the ,meu1 a little to the north of the road which leads to ,bayeux4 ,of its short and simple annals1 few have come to the knowledge of the writer of this article2 and for those few1 he is wholly indebted to the kindness of ,m4 de ,gerville1 who1 last year1 discovered at ,mortain the book containing the charters of the abbey of ,savigny1 many of which make mention of the church of ,than4 ,the following is an extract from the most important among them3 the deed itself is without a date1 but is clearly of the time of ,henry ,i4 ,its being anterior to #aace1 is distinctly proved by the title of ,earl of ,mortain1 which it gives to ,stephen of ,blois4--,in nomine ,ste et individue trinitatis1 notum sit universis tam presentibus quam futuris1 qd4 ego ,guillelmus de ,sto ,claro1 concedente ,hamone fratre meo et cis1 dono et concedo in perpetuam elimosinam ecclie ,ste trinitatis de ,savigneio et monachis ibidem ,deo servientibus totam possessionem de ,thaun1 quam ego et antecessores mei1 sive in terra dominica sive in hominibus sive in quibuslibet aliis rebus1 unquam habuimus omnino quietam1 ab omni consuetudine absolutam1 perpetuo jure ab eadem ecclesia possidendam4 ,predictam autem donacionem concessit et ab omnib4 consuetudinibus absolutam confirmavit ,stephanus ,comes ,moritonii1 ad cujus feodum predicta possessio pertinet1 c4--,in addition to the information contained in the above charter1 there is only to be added1 that ,cardinal ,le ,moine1 when dean of ,bayeux1 at the close of the thirteenth century1 founded here a chapel1 dedicated to ,st4 ,john2 and that a lord of ,than was among the companions of the ,conqueror in his descent upon ,england4 ,the church has been selected by ,mr4 ,cotman as a specimen of a religious edifice in the true ,norman style1 unaltered1 and also uninjured1 except by the loss of the southern aisle2 and the removal of this is so far fortunate1 as it affords an opportunity of shewing the form and disposition of the columns and arches of the nave1 seen1 as they are1 in the lower part of the left-hand side of the plate1 imbedded in the modern wall1 which now constitutes the exterior of the building4 ,subjects like this1 however necessary for a work expressly devoted to architectural antiquities1 obviously afford no room for picturesque beauty1 or for an attempt1 on the part of the artist1 to produce what is called effect4 ,horace's line is altogether applicable to them1 that ,ornari res ipsa negat1 contenta doceri4 ,the great hope to be entertained is1 that they may be rendered intelligible2 and this1 it is trusted1 will be effected by means of the following references2 though the multitude of parts that it seemed necessary to introduce1 may have given rise to an appearance of confusion1 which the author could only have avoided1 by subjecting his subscribers to the expense of an additional plate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4,a4,a4 ,elevation of the tower1 nave1 and chancel4 ,the roof of the tower is of stone2 and the angles are faced with slender cylindrical columns1 as in the part below1 terminating1 in both instances1 in little hooks1 beneath which1 the pillars are banded to the part adjoining4 ,this kind of termination1 or1 as it might almost be denominated1 decoration1 is in itself remarkable1 and perhaps unique2 but it is rendered considerably more interesting1 if regarded as the probable origin of the crocket1 one of the most distinguished ornaments in the decorated style of pointed architecture4 ,the date of the introduction of the crocket1 and the source whence it sprung1 have been the subject of many inquiries among antiquaries3 neither ,mr ,cotman1 nor the writer of these remarks1 recollects to have seen any other approach to it in ,norman buildings2 though the towers of many churches in ,lower ,normandy are capped with stone roofs of similar form1 and of undoubted antiquity4 ,such1 in particular1 are those of ,haute ,allemagne1 of ,basse ,allemagne1 and of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles1 at ,caen3 such also is the roof at the east end of the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 in the same town2 and1 in the three last-mentioned specimens1 the angles are edged with the same small pillars by way of moulding4 ,it is farther to be observed of this church1 that the windows of the tower are simple1 bold1 and1 for the elegance of their proportions1 scarcely to be surpassed by those of any other ,norman building2 that the capitals of the pillars throughout the church are destitute of sculpture2 and that the walls of the clerestory are altogether without buttresses4 ,this last peculiarity is likewise observable in the nave of the church at ,tollevast1 an edifice of the plainest and earliest architecture4 ,at ,than1 the clerestory is externally decorated with twenty-nine arches1 of which every sixth 7reckoning from the westward17 is narrower than the rest1 and is pierced with a window4 ,the surface of the blank ones is cut into squares1 which are alternately depressed4 ,on the corbels are not only represented grotesque heads1 but some of the simplest heraldic charges1 as the chief1 chief indented1 pale1 bend1 bendlets undy1 fess1 saltier1 crosses of various kinds1 chevron1 c4 ,such ordinaries occasionally occur in similar situations on other ,norman religious edifices1 but only on the most ancient4 ,they are to be seen at ,tollevast1 ,martinvast1 the church of ,st4 ,croix at ,st4 ,lo1 ,st4 ,matthieu1 and ,octeville4 ,at ,st4 ,matthieu1 they are found in conjunction with other sculptures1 fit only for a temple dedicated to ,priapus2 and at ,octeville1 with what is probably the earliest representation of the ,lord's ,supper1 that is known to exist from the hand of a ,norman artist4 ,b4 ,elevation of the west front4 ,the lower part of the door-way is considerably sunk in the ground4 ,c4 ,elevation of the east end4 ,the irregularity of the architecture of this part of the building requires to be noticed4 ,in the two lower compartments1 the southern portion is left quite plain1 while the northern is decorated with a double tier of arches1 very much resembling those which still exist in the outer wall of the chancel1 and which1 most probably1 were originally continued along the wall of the nave that is now destroyed4 ,the broad shallow buttress which divides the east end into two parts1 is not placed in the centre4 ,here1 and indeed throughout the building1 each small arch is hewn out of a single block of stone4 ,one of the upper ones in this front1 is surmounted with a broad square band1 made in the imitation of a drip-stone1 composed of quatrefoils1 of a form not known to exist in ,norman architecture1 though of common occurrence in the succeeding style4 ,d4 ,portion of the clerestory in the nave4 ,e4 ,portion of the clerestory in the chancel4 ,f4 ,capital and part of the arch of the western door-way4 ,g4,g4,g4 ,string-mouldings4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,church ,,of ,,tamerville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ag4 ,,church ,,of ,,tamerville4 ,this church is situated at the distance of half a league from the town of ,valognes1 near the road which leads to ,barfleur and ,la ,hougue4 ,the whole building is ancient1 with the exception of the western portal and a chapel to the north of the choir4 ,its general style of architecture1 the columns which support the tower1 the buttresses1 the corbels1 and the small windows of the nave1 especially those fronting the north1 are all indicative of a production of the early days of ,norman rule1 and1 probably1 of the period immediately preceding the descent upon ,england4 ,this period of comparative peace and tranquillity was a time1 when1 to use the language of two nearly contemporary historians1 the noblemen of ,normandy emulated each other in erecting churches upon their domains3 they thus filled their continental territory2 and they shortly afterwards did the same in ,england4 ,the steeple represented in the plate is in excellent preservation3 it is of beautiful proportions2 and1 to an architect1 is peculiarly interesting for the cylindrical buttress1 which runs nearly to the top of the first story on the southern side1 and is probably the only instance of the kind known to exist4#bj ,to an ,english antiquary1 however1 it may be allowed to have a claim to greater interest1 on account of its general shape and proportions4 ,in these respects it forcibly recalls the round-towered churches of ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 most of them surmounted by octagonal lanterns4 ,two of the churches of the former county1 those at ,toft-,monks1 and at ,bokenham1#ba preserve the octagonal shape down to the ground2 but1 in both instances1 it is in conjunction with early pointed architecture2 and the church of ,tamerville1 it is feared1 would not be of itself sufficient1 as being an insulated specimen1 to justify the assigning of a ,norman origin to those just mentioned4 ,no churches with round towers have yet come under the author's knowledge in ,normandy2 and yet they might certainly have been expected in the duchy1 if there be any truth in the tradition which ascribes those in ,england to the ,danes4 ,on the other hand1 supposing such report to be altogether void of foundation1 it seems quite unaccountable that not one of them probably exists1 which does not retain some traces of ,norman architecture4 ,in early times1 the barons of this great province seldom1 if ever1 used a family name4 ,like the chieftains of the ,scottish clans of our own days1 they generally adopted for their surname1 that of their parish or fief4 ,the fief or manor of ,tamerville had1 from before the conquest1 borne the appellation of ,cyfrevast1 or ,sifrevast1 7,sifredi ,vassum27 and down to the period of the revolution1 the possessors of that fief were patrons of the advowson of the parochial church4 ,one of them1 and1 probably1 the very one who built the church now standing1 followed the ,conqueror into ,england1 and obtained from him considerable grants in ,oxfordshire and in ,dorsetshire4 ,in the latter county1 the family continued long to flourish4 ,hutchins states1 that the branch of them1 established at ,more-,crichel1 bore for their arms1 argent1 three bars gemels azure2 and he quotes the epitaph of one of them1 who died in #aeha1 from which the following is an extract3-- ,intombed here one ,cyfrevast does lie1 ,whom nature caused by death to yealde his due4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,lord of ,more-,crichel was he by ---- ,three hundred yeares possessed by line and descent4 ,another of the same family1 named ,john ,cyfrevast1 represented ,dorsetshire in parliament1 during the seventh1 sixteenth1 and eighteenth years of ,edward ,,ii42 and ,robert ,cyfrevast had the same honor in the eighteenth and twentieth years of the following reign4 ,about #adbd1 the fief of ,chiffrevast at ,tamerville1 passed1 by marriage1 into the house of ,anneville1 which had also supplied a companion to the ,conqueror2 and this family continued to possess it till the moment of the revolution1 the epoch of the abolition of all feudal rights4 ,in the burial-ground at ,tamerville1 have been found many coffins made of volcanic tuff3 similar ones are by no means of unfrequent occurrence throughout the diocese of ,coutances2 but they are never met with1 except in places which were formerly held in particular veneration4 ,,notes3 #bj ,the reader will observe1 that this pillar is probably imperfect2 for that there seems reason to believe1 that it was originally surmounted by a capital1 which united with the moulding above4 #ba ,see ,cotman's ,architectural ,antiquities of ,norfolk1 plate #cg4 ,,plates ,,xviii4 ,,and ,,xix4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,michel ,,de ,,vaucelles1 ,,at ,,caen4 7,,central ,,tower ,,and ,,north ,,porch47 ,illustration3 ,plate #ah4 ,,tower ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,michel ,,de ,,vaucelles1 ,,caen4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 in his excellent publication upon the town of ,caen1#bb does not furnish the satisfactory information which might have been hoped1 relative to the date of the erection of the church of ,st4 ,michael1 in the suburb of ,vaucelles4 ,he contents himself with observing1#bc that it is a work of different ras3 that the tower and its supporting pillars belong to a primitive church1 of which no account remains2 that a part of the nave may be seen1 from the circular form of the arches having been obviously altered into pointed1 to have belonged to the same church2 that the choir was raised and increased during the sixteenth century2 that the aisles are partly of the same century1 and partly of the preceding2 and that the other portion of the nave and the new tower1 are productions of our own days4 ,in all this there is nothing definite2 and1 unfortunately1 our knowledge of ,norman architecture is not such as will justify us in attempting to fix precise ras to the different specimens which are left us of it4 ,as far1 however1 as it may be allowed to judge from corresponding edifices1 ,mr4 ,turner seems correct in his opinion1 that the circular-headed arches in the short square tower1 and in a small round turret which is attached to it1 are early ,norman4#bd ,he subjoins the observation1 that they are remarkable for their proportions1 being as long and as narrow as the lancet-windows of the following ra4 ,the conical stone-roofed pyramid is1 with the exception of its lucarne windows1 most probably of the same date4 ,with regard to the porch1#be the subject of the nineteenth plate1 its general resemblance in style to the southern porch of the church of ,st4 ,ouen1 and its having1 like that1 its inner archivolt fringed with pendant trefoils1 are circumstances that have likewise been pointed out in the work just referred to4 ,both porches may probably be of nearly the same date1 the latter part of the fourteenth1 or beginning of the fifteenth century4 ,caen1 but a short time before the revolution1 contained another very similar architectural specimen in the western portal of the church of ,st4 ,sauveur du ,march1#bf now replaced by an entrance altogether modern4 ,the nave of the church of ,st4 ,sauveur was built1 according to ,de la ,rue1 in the fourteenth century2 and it may fairly be inferred1 that the portal was also of the same date2 but this porch wanted the pendant trefoils1 and was altogether less ornamented than that of ,st4 ,michael1 as the latter was than that at ,rouen4 ,both those at ,caen1 however1 agreed in the wall above the arch rising into a triangular gable covered with waving tracery1 a very peculiar1 and a very beautiful style of decoration4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ai4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,michel ,,de ,,vaucelles1 ,,caen4 ,north ,porch4 ,vaucelles is at this time the largest of the five parishes that compose the suburbs of ,caen4 ,it is separated from the town by the great canal of the ,orne1 the formation of which has somewhat circumscribed its limits2 for these formerly extended into the ,rue ,st4 ,jean1 and included the hospital1 called the ,htel ,dieu1 as well as that which derives its name from the ,conqueror4 ,during the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 the presentation to the living of ,vaucelles lay alternately between the two royal abbeys of ,caen4 ,queen ,matilda1 previously to the year #ajff1 purchased a moiety of the patronage and of the tythes1 together with a mill at ,montaigu1 and gave them to her abbey of the ,trinity2 and about eleven years afterwards1 ,ralph1 the curate of ,vaucelles1 the hereditary proprietor of the other half1 ceded his share to the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen1 on condition of being himself received into that monastery4 ,the latter establishment1 within less than one hundred and fifty years1 obtained the exclusive patronage1 upon the consideration of their making the nuns an annual payment of twenty sols1 and ninety-six bushels of barley4 ,in the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 the parish of ,vaucelles was in the hands of lords of its own2 among whom1 the most conspicuous were the ,fitz-,herberts4 ,an illegitimate son of ,prince ,henry1 afterwards ,henry ,i4 by a daughter of ,robert ,corbet1 was the origin of this family4 ,to his own name1 ,herbert1 he added that of ,fitz-,henry3 his sons became ,fitz-,herberts2 and each of their descendants1 in every successive generation1 commonly adopted the baptismal appellation of his respective father1 by way of a family name2 till1 towards the close of the thirteenth century1 the whole of them agreed upon ,fitz-,herbert as a patronymic4 ,their possessions were extensive in ,caen and the neighborhood2 and the records of those early times make frequent mention of their riches and liberality4 ,thus1 according to the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 from whom these historical particulars are derived1 this noble family1 still represented in our own country by the ,earls of ,pembroke1 was not only derived from the town of ,caen1 but had an origin different from what is assigned to it by ,dugdale1 ,collins1 and ,edmondson4#bg ,the first of the family noticed in ,england1 appears to have lived in the time of ,king ,stephen4 ,in #acjb1 ,vaucelles seems to have become exempt from all feudal conditions4 ,it was in that year1 that ,philip le ,bel sent ,william de ,gilly to ,caen1 to liberate his own vassals and those of the lords1 and to grant them all the privileges of burghers4 ,among the ministers of this parish1 was ,roger1 one of the most distinguished of our ,british prelates in the time of ,norman rule4 ,the tradition relates1 that1 during the wars for the succession among the ,conqueror's sons1 ,henry1 chancing to enter ,caen with his small army upon a ,sunday1 stopped to hear mass at the church of ,vaucelles2 and that ,roger performed the service with such spirit and rapidity1 that the officers were unanimous in their wish that he should accompany the army4 ,the invitation was accordingly given1 and the priest consented2 and he so completely gained the confidence of the prince1 by recommending economy as the surest means of carrying his point1 that he was soon appointed superintendant of the finances2 and1 in #aajb1 was honored with the mitre of ,salisbury4 ,at a subsequent period1 he was created ,chancellor of ,england2 and1 during the absence of the king in ,normandy1 constantly filled the high office of regent of the kingdom4 ,william of ,malmesbury1 who dwells at much length1 and with equal satisfaction1 upon his history1 states1 that many of our noblest edifices arose from his munificence4 ,in this respect1 his greatest works were at ,salisbury and ,malmesbury3 the former1 long since levelled with the ground2 the latter1 still lovely and venerable in its ruins1 and exhibiting1 even in our days1 one of the most noble remains of ,norman architecture4 ,,notes3 #bb ,essais ,historiques sur la ,ville de ,caen et son arrondissement4 ,caen1 #ahbj4 ,in #b vols4 #hvo4 #bc ,i4 p4 #bgi4 #bd ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aha4 #be ,over the door-way within this porch is sculptured a figure of ,st4 ,michael1 in high relief1 of apparently the same date as the porch4 #bf ,engraved in ,ducorel's ,tour in ,normandy1 p4 #gd4 #bg ,see ,bankes' ,extinct ,baronage1 ,i4 p4 #cja4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,statue ,,of ,,william ,,the ,,conqueror4 ,the statue here figured1 has been introduced into this work altogether as an historical curiosity2 and1 though it may seem to be somewhat misplaced in a publication devoted to the elucidation of the ,architectural ,antiquities of ,normandy1 it is hoped1 that a single deviation1 and in favor of such a subject1 may not only be deemed admissible1 but may also be acceptable to the reader4 ,at the time when ,de ,bourgueville wrote his ,antiquits de la ,ville de ,caen1 near the close of the sixteenth century1 this statue was attached to the gate adjoining the church of ,st4 ,stephen3 it has since been transferred to the wall of the church itself4 ,the worthy old magistrate says of it1 that it represented ,william the ,conqueror on horseback1 as if in the act of entering the town1 having under the feet of his horse the figure of the body of a young man2 while1 before him1 are kneeling a man and woman1 apparently in the act of demanding explanation respecting the death of their son4 ,he adds1 that it is a remarkable piece of antiquity2 but that he can tell nothing more of its history1 than is represented by the figures4 ,from the above account1 the only one apparently left us1 it is plain how much the statue1 or rather group1 has suffered in modern times2 but at what particular period1 or on what occasion1 is unknown4 ,it is equally plain1 that the supposing of it to be intended to represent the greatest of the dukes who swayed the ,norman sceptre1 is by no means a fiction of the present day4 ,this circumstance1 however1 and its age likewise1 have of late been much disputed4 ,the leading opinions upon these subjects1 have been collected by ,mr4 ,turner1#bh who inclines to think that it is really of the period of ,norman dominion1 and was actually designed for ,duke ,william4 ,he parallels it with a very similar piece of sculpture from the chapter-house of the abbey of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1#bi a performance of unquestionable antiquity4 ,his remarks upon the subject are as follows3--,one of the most learned antiquaries of the present time has found a prototype for the supposed figure of the ,duke among the sculptures of the ,trajan column4 ,but this1 with all due deference1 is far from a decisive proof that the statue in question was not intended for ,william4 ,similar adaptations of the antique model1 'mutato nomine1' frequently occur among the works of the artists of the middle ages2 and there is at least a possibility that1 had the face been left us1 we might have traced some attempt at a portrait of the ,norman duke4 ,upon the date of the sculpture1 or the style of the workmanship1 ,i dare not venture an opinion4 ,there are antiquaries1 ,i know1 7and men well qualified to judge17 who believe it ,roman3 ,i have heard it pronounced from high authority1 that it is of the eleventh century2 others suspect that it is ,italian1 of the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries2 while ,m4 ,le ,prevost and ,m4 ,de ,gerville maintain most strenuously that it is not anterior to the fifteenth4 ,de ,bourgueville certainly calls it 'une antiquit de grand remarque2' but we all know that any object which is above an hundred years old1 becomes a piece of antiquity in the eye of an uncritical observer2 and such was the good magistrate4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bj4 ,,statue ,,of ,,william ,,duke ,,of ,,normandy4 ,south side of the ,parish ,church of ,st4 ,etienne at ,caen4 ,the parish of ,st4 ,stephen1 at ,caen1 is generally distinguished by the epithet of the old1 whence an opinion has commonly prevailed1 that its church was one of those founded by ,st4 ,regnobert1 in the middle of the fourth century2 and that the present edifice1 if not actually in part the same1 is at least raised upon its foundations1 and is certainly one of the most ancient in ,caen4 ,this belief has been1 in a measure1 countenanced by ,de ,bourgueville and ,huet1 relying upon what appears to have been an inaccurate translation from ,robert ,cenalis#cj ,but1 on the contrary1 it appears from the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 that the author in question makes no mention whatever of this parish1 and that the appellation was first given it by the ,conqueror1 by way of distinguishing its church from the more sumptuous one erected by himself1 and also dedicated to the protomartyr2 a circumstance1 from which the ,abb justly observes1 that nothing more is to be deduced1 than that a church existed here anterior to his time2 but by no means necessarily of great antiquity4 ,the present building is of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries2 a medley of debased ,gothic and corrupted ,roman4 ,,notes3 #bh ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #agd4 #bi ,see plate #aa1 of this work1 right-hand figures in the upper line2 see also ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aa1 with a figure4 #cj ,essais ,historiques sur ,caen1 ,i4 p4 #bbe4 ,,plates ,,xxi4--,,xxiii4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen4 7,,west ,,front1 ,,and ,,elevation ,,of ,,compartments ,,of ,,the ,,nave47 ,illustration3 ,plates #ba-bb4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,etienne1 ,,caen4 ,the two royal ,abbeys of ,caen1 long the pride of the town1 while ,france1 not yet revolutionized1 suffered them to exist in their glory1 and while her sons felt honored by the monuments of the piety and greatness of their ancestors1 are still1 in their present state of degradation1 among the most interesting edifices which the province or the kingdom can boast ,the building and the endowment of them are often mentioned with admiration by the monastic historians of ,normandy1 one of whom1 ,william of ,jumieges1 gives the following account of their origin4 ,the marriage of ,duke ,william with ,matilda1 daughter of ,baldwin1 ,count of ,flanders1 the son of his father's sister1#ca was within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity1 and greatly scandalized the clergy of the duchy4 ,they frequently remonstrated with their sovereign upon the subject1 and at length they succeeded so far1 that he was induced to dispatch ambassadors to ,rome1 to consult the ,pope upon the steps necessary to be adopted4 ,his ,holiness1 prudently considering that a divorce would in all probability be followed by war between the ,flemings and ,normans1 determined to have recourse to a more pacific expedient2 and consented to grant them absolution1 upon condition of their performing penance4 ,the penance enjoined upon the occasion was the erection of two monasteries2 one for the religious of either sex4--,gratefully1 we are told1 did the noble pair accept the proffered terms2 and instantly did they apply themselves to the fulfilment of their task4 ,the abbey1 undertaken by the ,duke1 the subject of these plates1 is stated by ,huet1 and authors in general1 to have been completed in #ajfd1 two years prior to the conquest of ,england3#cb according to ,ordericus ,vitalis1 it was not dedicated till #ajgg4 ,but upon this latter point authors are not agreed3 some say that the dedication took place in #ajgc2 and others1 in #ajha4 ,however this may be1 it seems certain that the foundation-charter was granted subsequently to the year #ajff2 for in it ,william takes the title of king1 and among his many princely donations are enumerated various properties and privileges in different parts of ,britain2 decisive proofs that he was at that time in possession of the island1 and considered himself firmly fixed upon its throne4 ,the abbey thus raised1 was1 during the whole of the monarch's life1 honored with his especial favor2 and at his death1 he bequeathed it other lands1 together with his sceptre1 the crown he wore upon occasions of the highest solemnity1 his hand of justice1 a cup made of precious stone1 his golden candlesticks1 and all the royal ornaments which usually appertain to the crown4 ,still further to manifest his gracious regard1 he directed that the abbatial church should be the depository of his mortal remains2 and that a foundation1 so rich in worldly wealth1 might not lack the more precious possessions of sanctity1 he bought1 as we are told by the early writers1#cc at no small price1 a portion of the relics of the proto-martyr1 consisting of a part of his arm1 which was preserved in the city of ,besanon1 and a small phial containing some drops of blood1 averred to have flowed from the same limb4 ,at a subsequent time1 the ,king added to these a lock of the ,saint's hair1 together with a portion of the skin of his head1 and the stone with which he was killed4#cd ,the hair was white1 and as fresh as if it had only then been severed2 and it was kept in a beautiful crystal vessel2 so that1 to use the words of a contemporary manuscript1 totum fuit pulchrum3 capilli albi et pulchri2 lapis etiam unde percussus fuit albus2 vas pulchrum et album2 et aspicientibus rem adeo pulchram magnam faciunt admirationem4 ,the first abbot of the convent was ,lanfranc1 a native of ,italy1 who had established himself in the neighboring monastery of ,bec1 where the fame of his talents had acquired him a most extensive celebrity2 and the zeal with which he had applied himself to the task of education1#ce had increased it to a degree1 of which1 in these days1 we have little idea4 ,but he held the pastoral staff only a very short time1 for he was1 as early as the year #ajgj1 translated to the more important post of ,archbishop of ,canterbury2 and it was reserved to his successor1 ,william de ,bonne ,ame1 to have the honor of presiding over the community1 at the period when ,john of ,avranches1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 assisted by his suffragan bishops1 as well as by ,lanfranc himself1 with ,thomas1 his brother metropolitan1 and many abbots1 and a wonderful throng of people1 performed the ceremony of the dedication4#cf ,the ,conqueror's sons confirmed the various donations made to the abbey by their parent4 ,the eldest of them1 ,robert1 his successor in the dukedom1 added the privilege of a fair and a weekly market at ,cheux4 ,william ,rufus1 the second1 entered into a negociation with the monks1 to re-purchase his father's royal ornaments1 in exchange for the parish of ,coker1 in ,somersetshire2 but he died before the completion of the treaty2 and this was finally carried into effect by ,henry ,i4 with one only difference1 that ,brideton1 7now called ,burton7 in ,dorsetshire1 was substituted for ,coker4 ,it was ,henry1 according to the ,abb ,de la ,rue1#cg who raised the superb monument over his father's remains2 but ,ordericus ,vitalis expressly attributes the work to ,william ,rufus4#ch ,respecting its splendor1 all writers are unanimous3 the shrine placed upon the mausoleum1 was a mirificum memoriale1 quod ex auro et argento et gemmis competentr splenduit4 ,the care of building the tomb was committed to a goldsmith at ,caen1 of the name of ,otto1 who had received from the ,conqueror a grant of land in ,essex2 and whose descendants1 under the name of ,fitz-,othon1 had the principal direction of the ,english mint1 till the death of ,thomas ,fitz-,othon1 the last of the family1 in #abhb4 ,henry ,,ii4 in a very long charter1 confirmed the various endowments and privileges previously bestowed upon the convent1 and added others of his own4 ,from this time forward1 it continued to increase in wealth and power4 ,in the year #abej1 its revenues1 in ,normandy1 amounted to four thousand livres1 a sum equivalent to eighty-two thousand and sixteen livres of the present day4 ,in #affh1 when money in ,france was of about half its present value1 the abbot and monks divided an income of sixty-four thousand and four livres3 and in #aggd1 this income had swelled to one hundred and ninety-two thousand livres1 notwithstanding the immense losses suffered by the suppression of the alien priories in ,england4 ,thus an increase had taken place of nearly one hundred and ten thousand livres1 in about five hundred and twenty years4 ,the ecclesiastical patronage of the abbey1 at the time of the revolution1 extended over twelve churches4 ,its monks1 who were of the order of ,st4 ,benedict1 continued till the year #affc to belong to the class of ,benedictines1 called unreformed2 but the ,duchess of ,longueville1 wife of the then abbot1 introduced at that period the brethren of the congregation of ,st4 ,maur4 ,the privileges and immunities granted to the convent of ,st4 ,stephen1 are detailed at considerable length by ,du ,moustier1#ci who has also carefully collected the particulars of the life of ,lanfranc1 and has given a catalogue1 accompanied with short biographical notices1 of the rest of the abbots4 ,by far the greater number of these were men eminent for their rank or talents2 and some of them were subsequently promoted to higher dignities4 ,william de ,bonne ,ame1 the second abbot1 succeeded ,john de ,bayeux in the metropolitan throne of ,rouen2 ,hugh de ,coilly1 grandson of ,king ,stephen1 after being elected to preside over this monastery1 was almost immediately transferred to the archbishopric of ,york2#dj and ,charles de ,martigni1 abbot of ,st4 ,stephen's in the fifteenth century1 was successively honored with two episcopal mitres4 ,it was by him that the prelacy was first held in commendam1 an example too tempting not to be followed2 and the abbey1 thus constantly gaining in the dignity of its superiors1 as constantly lost in their real value4 ,seven cardinals1 7among whom were the celebrated ,cardinals of ,richelieu1 ,mazarine and ,fleury17 a natural son of ,king ,henry ,,iv4 an archbishop of ,lyons1 two of ,aix1 and one of ,rouen1 were among its most modern abbots4 ,another of them1 ,john ,le ,got1#da was present at the abjuration of ,henry ,,iv4 in the church of ,st4 ,denys1 on the twenty-fifth of ,july1 #aeic2 and by virtue of his office as apostolical prothonotary1 subscribed his name to the letter from the bishops to the ,pope1 declaring that nothing had taken place in the transaction1 inconsistent with the reverence due to his holiness4 ,a list of considerable length might also be made from among the monks of the convent1 of those who have been ennobled by their talents or dignities4 ,the monastic buildings appertaining to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,stephen were begun in #agjd1 and completed after a period of twenty-two years4 ,they are now attached to the royal ,college of ,caen1 to which establishment they were appropriated at the revolution2 and1 provided as they were with noble gardens1 they were an accession of the utmost importance to the institution4 ,but the value of the gift has1 within the ten last years1 been considerably lessened1 by the municipality having robbed the college of the greater part of the gardens1 for the purpose of converting them into an open square4 ,the plan of the buildings was furnished by a lay-brother of the ,benedictine order1 named ,william ,de la ,tremblaye1 who also erected those of the sister ,convent of the ,trinity1 at ,caen2 and those of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denis4 ,during the storms of the revolution1 the abbatial church happily suffered but little4 ,fallen1 though it be1 from its dignity1 and degraded to parochial1 it still stands nearly entire4 ,not indeed as it came from the hands of the ,norman architect1 but as it was left by the ,huguenots in the sixteenth century1 when1 with the violence which marked the transactions of that ra1 doors1 windows1 floors1 wood-work1 lead1 iron1 marble1 manuscripts1 and books1 were given up to indiscriminate destruction3 bells were broken1 roofs stripped1 altars profaned1 the very tombs opened2 and1 as if no point had been gained1 so long as aught was suffered to remain1 the central tower was undermined1 in the hope that its fall would involve the ruin of the whole edifice4 ,and fall1 indeed1 it did2 but happily only carried away with it a portion of the eastern end4 ,from this circumstance1 however1 have arisen discrepancies of style1 for which it would be difficult1 without such knowledge1 to account4 ,the nave and the transepts are the only pure remains of the original building3 the choir and aisles are of pointed architecture1 and are1 consequently1 not of equal antiquity4 ,even the western front partakes1 in a measure1 of the same mixture4 ,all1 to the top of the towers1 is genuine ,norman1 and of the eleventh century3 the spires1 with their surrounding turrets1 are of a later ra4#db ,at the same time it may reasonably be doubted how far the ,abb ,de la ,rue is right in ascribing them to the fourteenth century4 ,to differ from so able an antiquary and so competent a judge in matters of this description1 is always hazardous2 but the author of this article must1 nevertheless1 be allowed to hesitate before he gives a full assent4 ,it is known that the choir was enlarged1 and the apsis built as it now exists1 during the prelacy of ,simon de ,trevieres1 which extended from the year #acaf to #acdd2 but history is silent as to any other additions made at that period to the church2 and the style of the architecture of the spires does certainly appear to be earlier than that of the parts just mentioned4 ,no argument is to be drawn from the general aspect of the building2 for such is the great excellence of the ,caen stone1 and so little has it suffered in an atmosphere untainted by coal smoke1 and in a climate probably superior to our own1 that all the parts appear to be in equally good preservation1 and the whole looks as fresh as if but yesterday hewn from the quarry4 ,an opinion has commonly prevailed1 that an epitaph1 still visible on the exterior of the apsis1 is that of the builder of the church4 ,facsimiles of it have been given by ,ducarel#dc and ,gough1#dd the former of whom seems to have no doubt of the fact4 ,such1 however1 cannot be the case2 the very shape of the characters sufficiently disproves it3 they are altogether unlike those used on ,queen ,matilda's tomb1 a relic1 whose authenticity was never called in question4 ,the character of the architecture of the chapel affords a still more decisive contradiction4 ,indeed1 after what has already been said1 it needs scarcely be added1 that the building itself did not exist at the period assigned by ,ducarel to the epitaph1 which is most probably that of the person who erected the apsis1 and made the other alterations in the fourteenth century4 ,the western front of the church exhibits two different characters3 below1 all is simple1 almost to meanness3 the upper part abounds in ornament2 and here the good sense of the architect1 who added the pinnacles and spires1 merits commendation1 in having made them correspond so well in their decorations with the towers4 ,the plate sufficiently explains all that is to be said of this part of the building1 excepting as to the more minute ornaments of the door-ways1 which deserve to be exhibited in detail4 ,the architrave is composed of several bands of the simplest moulding1 inclosed within three of a different style2 the two outermost being formed of the chevron ornament1 with its angles unusually acute2 the inner1 of the billet moulding4 ,the capitals of the pillars are studded with small heads1 placed under the ,ionic volute1 exhibiting a mixture of classical and barbarous taste1 which is likewise to be found at ,crisy1 and upon one of the capitals in the abbey church of the ,trinity4 ,along the exterior of the upper part of the nave1 runs a row of twenty-four semi-circular arches1 with imposts and bases1 and all uniform1 except that eight of them are pierced for windows4 ,this portion of the building is entirely without buttresses4 ,upon the extremity of the north transept are three very shallow buttresses1 which rise from the ground to the bottom of the clerestory windows1 unbroken by any interruption whatever1 but here meet with a string-course1 beyond which the two outer ones are continued1 unchanged in form and appearance1 to the summit of the ends of the gable1 while the centre one1 though it is raised to an equal height1 loses more than half its width1 and is also much reduced in depth4 ,over this latter buttress is a window2 and between the buttresses are six others1 arranged in a double row4 ,each pair differs in size from the rest3 those nearest the ground are the largest1 and those immediately above them the least4 ,the lowest pair on each side is inclosed within a spacious arch1 which occupies nearly two-thirds of the gable4 ,eastward of the transepts is a series of blank intersecting arches1 remarkable for their mouldings1 which consist of a flat1 wide1 and very shallow band2#de and here the mixture of the pointed with the semi-circular architecture commences4 ,this portion of the building altogether resembles the cathedral of ,coutances in the disposition of its parts4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bc4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,etienne1 ,,caen4 ,elevation of compartment of the ,nave4 ,it would be difficult to describe the interior of the church in clearer or more comprehensive terms1 than has been done by ,mr4 ,cohen in ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour1#df from which work the following account is1 therefore1 extracted4--,without doubt1 the architect was conversant with ,roman buildings1 though he has ,normanized their features1 and adapted the lines of the basilica to a barbaric temple4 ,the ,coliseum furnished the elevation of the nave2--semi-circular arches surmounted by another tier of equal span1 and springing at nearly an equal height from the basis of the supporting pillars4 ,the architraves connecting the lower rows of pillars are distinctly enounced4 ,the arches which rise from them have plain bold mouldings4 ,the piers between each arch are of considerable width4 ,in the centre of each pier is a column1 which ascends as usual to the vault4 ,these columns are alternately simple and compound4 ,the latter are square pilasters1 each fronted by a cylindrical column1 which of course projects farther into the nave than the simple columns2 and thus the nave is divided into bays4 ,this system is imitated in the gothic cathedral at ,sens4 ,the square pilaster ceases at about four-fifths of its height3 then two cylindrical pillars rise from it1 so that1 from that point1 the column becomes clustered4 ,angular brackets1 sculptured with knots1 grotesque heads1 and foliage1 are affixed to the base of these derivative pillars4 ,a bold double-billeted moulding is continued below the clerestory1 whose windows adapt themselves to the binary arrangement of the bays4 ,a taller arch is flanked by a smaller one on the right or the left side1 as its situation requires4 ,these are supported by short massy pillars3 an embattled moulding runs round the windows4--,in the choir the arches become pointed1 but with ,norman mouldings3 the apsis is a reconstruction4 ,in that portion of the choir which seems original1 there are pointed windows formed by the interlacing of circular arches3 these light the gallery4--,the effect produced by the perspective of the interior is lofty and palatial4 ,the ancient masonry of the exterior is worthy of notice4 ,the stones are all small1 perhaps not exceeding nine or twelve inches3 the joints are about three-quarters of an inch4 ,to this description1 it may be well to add the following particulars concerning the dimensions of the church1 taken from the exterior3-- ,,feet4 ,length from east to west #hga ,height of western towers #ade ----------------------- with their spires #bfb -------- nave on the western front1 to the point of the gable #ih -------- northern transepts #hd ,width of ditto #db ,it may also not be amiss to observe1 that the nave is on either side divided into nine compartments1 the second and third of which1 reckoning from the west1 on the south side1 form the subject of the twenty-third plate4 ,the rest1 though diversified in their ornaments1 are uniform in their plan1 except only the one on either side1 immediately adjoining the entrance3 each of these contains a slender shallow arch1 not pierced to the transepts1 and rising from the pavement nearly to the top of the upper windows4 ,in that part of the church1 two peculiarities will not fail to be remarked3 the greater width of the arches of the triforium1 than that of those below2 and the balustrade of quatrefoils1 which is continued throughout this portion of the building4 ,immediately upon entering the church1 a doubt involuntarily suggests itself1 how far this balustrade may not be an addition of comparatively modern date4 ,but1 upon the whole1 there seems no reason to consider it so4 ,precisely the same ornament is found upon the tomb of ,berengaria1 wife to ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion1 which ,mr4 ,stothard has lately figured1 and believes to be coeval with the queen whom it commemorates4 ,the monument raised to ,william the ,conqueror1 in the middle of the choir of this church1 was violated and broken to pieces by the ,calvinists1 and its contents wantonly destroyed1 towards the close of the sixteenth century4 ,the account of the outrages then committed are given at length1 and with great navet1 as well as feeling1 by ,de ,bourgueville1#dg who was present on the occasion2 and they have lately been translated into ,english1#dh with the addition of some interesting details that accompanied the death and funeral of the monarch4 ,nearly a hundred years before that time1 a cardinal1 upon a visit to ,caen1 had opened the tomb through curiosity4 ,after the tumults caused by the ,huguenots had subsided1 the monks of the convent1 who had gotten possession of one of the thigh-bones that had been preserved by the ,viscount of ,falaise1 re-interred it1 and1 out of gratitude to their founder1 raised1 in #afdb1 a new monument of black marble1 at great expense4 ,one side of it bore the original metrical epitaph1 composed by ,thomas1 ,archbishop of ,york1 beginning with the following line3-- ,qui rexit rigidos ,normannos atque ,britannos2 on the other side1 was an inscription#di commemorative of the circumstances attendant on the tomb2 but this second tomb was also taken away in #agdb1 by virtue of an order from ,louis ,,xv4 empowering the governor of ,caen to remove the monarch's remains into the sanctuary1 as interfering1 in their original position1 with the ceremonies of the church4 ,a flat stone1 in front of the high altar1 succeeded to the monument2 and even this1 the democrats of #agic tore up4 ,it was1 however1 replaced by ,general ,dugua1 while ,prefect of ,caen1 and it still holds its situation4#ej ,there are no other monuments of any kind in the church4 ,extensive buildings were attached to the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen2 and1 among the rest1 what was generally supposed to have been a royal palace1 and passed commonly under the name of the ,palace of the ,conqueror4 ,as every thing connected with the abbey was naturally referred by the public to that sovereign1 it will not appear surprising that this edifice was so likewise1 however little ground there may have been for the appellation4 ,its having been called a palace1 arose probably from the circumstance of the ,french monarchs always residing in this monastery1 during their visits to ,caen4 ,the names of ,st4 ,louis1 of ,john1 of ,henry ,v4 and of ,francis ,i4 are to be found in the list of those who honored it with their presence4 ,the greater part of the palatial buildings were destroyed by the ,huguenots2 but portions of them were standing in #ageb1 when ,ducarel made his tour in ,normandy2 and he has figured them4 ,among these was the most interesting part of the whole1 the great hall1 the place in which the ,states of ,normandy used to assemble1 as often as they were convened at ,caen2 and where the ,exchequer repeatedly held its sittings1 after the recapture of ,normandy1 by the kings of ,france1 from its ancient dukes4 ,this hall even escaped the fury of revolutionists as well as ,calvinists2 but it was in the year #ahjb altered by ,general ,caffarelli1 the then prefect1 into rooms for the college2 and its superb painted windows were destroyed1 together with its pavement of glazed tiles1 charged with heraldic bearings4 ,the tiles have long afforded scope for the learning and ingenuity of antiquaries1 some of whom have believed them coeval with the ,conqueror2 while others1 who hesitate about going quite so far1 have regarded them as bearing the arms of his companions4 ,in the ,gallia ,christiana1 the placing of them is attributed to ,robert de ,chambray1 who is there stated to have been abbot from #ache to #acic1 a fact which the ,abb ,de la ,rue utterly disbelieves4 ,he1 however1 is of opinion1 that the tiles are of nearly the same date1 or a little earlier2 and he considers them as belonging to the families who had supplied abbots and monks to the convent4 ,,notes3 #ca ,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 pp4 #bgg and #bhb4 #cb ,so says ,huet1 in his ,origines de ,caen1 p4 #age1 upon the authority of the ,chronicle of the ,abbey of ,bec2 and no attempt was made to controvert this fact1 till the recent publication of the ,abb ,de la ,rue's ,essais ,historiques1 in which it is attempted to be proved1 from various indirect testimonies1 that the building could not have been finished till after the year #ajgj2 indeed1 that it could not even have been begun at the time fixed by ,huet for its completion1 inasmuch as the foundation charter1 which must be of a date posterior to #ajff1 uses the following expression4--,ego ,guillelmus1 ,anglorum ,rex1 ,normannorum et ,coenomanorum princeps1 ,coenobium in honorem ,dei ac ,beatissimi prothomartyris ,stephani1 intra ,burgum1 quem vulgari nomine vocant1 ,cadomum1 pro salute anim me1 uxoris1 filiorum ac parentum meorum1 disposui construendum4 #cc ,see ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #fci4 #cd ,dom ,blanchard1 a ,benedictine ,monk1 who left an unpublished history of this monastery1 says1 that the ,conqueror obtained about the same time from ,constantinople1 ,st4 ,stephen's skull2 and that the translation of it into the abbatial church was celebrated by an annual festival on the eighth of ,october4 ,the ,cathedral of ,soissons boasted of the possession of the same relic2 and of having also procured it from ,constantinople4--,too much confidence1 it is prudently observed by a catholic writer on this subject1 must not be placed in the authenticity of those relics1 which cannot be traced to the date of ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 the sixth century6 #ce ,lanfranc1 after having for some time directed at ,bec the first school ever established in ,normandy1 upon his translation to ,caen1 opened another in that town4 ,in the ,lives of the ,abbots of ,bec1 written in latin verse1 in the twelfth century1 by ,peter1 a monk of the convent of ,saint-,pierre-sur-,dives1 particular honor is given to ,lanfranc on the subject of his school at ,caen1 which had produced many men eminent for their proficiency in sacred and secular literature1 and was at that time flourishing4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue gives a long list of them4 ,essais ,historiques1 ,,ii4 p4 #gj4 #cf ,ordericus ,vitalis1 in ,duchesne's ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #edi4 #cg ,essais ,historiques1 ,,ii4 p4 #fd4 #ch ,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #ffc4 #ci ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #fdj4 #dj ,gallia ,christiana1 ,,ii4 p4 #dbe4 #da ,his name is not to be found in the list of abbots given in the ,neustria ,pia2 but the authors of the ,gallia ,christiana say1 7,,xi4 p4 #dhj17 that he was nominated to the prelacy upon the resignation of the thirty-fourth abbot1 ,charles d',o1 and was confirmed in it by the ,states of ,blois4 ,it is admitted1 however1 that1 notwithstanding his appointment in #aeif1 his predecessor continued to receive the emoluments of the office1 till #afbd1 and enjoyed a large pension arising from them1 till his death1 in #afbg4 #db ,in speaking of these1 the ,abb ,de la ,rue takes occasion to lay down a general rule1 7,essais ,historiques1 ,,ii4 p4 #fa7 that on ne trouve ordinairement en ,normandie1 que des arcades semi-circulaires dans les ,xe4 ,x,ie4 et ,x,i,ie4 sicles2 au contraire1 les arcades en pointes des nefs1 des fentres et des portes des glises1 autrement les arcades en ogive1 n'ont eu lieu chez nous que dans le ,x,i,i,ie4 sicle et les suivans4 ,on trouve galement ces deux styles en ,angleterre et aux mmes poques1 et leur diffrence est une des principales rgles qui servent aux antiquaires ,anglois1 pour discerner les constructions ,normandes et ,anglo-,normandes1 des constructions d'un autre genre4--,but ,mr4 ,turner1 in his inquiries respecting the former cathedral of ,lisieux1 7,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aca7 appears to have proved that the pointed arch must have had existence at a considerably earlier period in ,france2 and it is expected1 that some instances which will be adduced in the sequel of the work1 will have the effect of confirming his opinion4 #dc ,anglo-,norman ,antiquities1 p4 #eg4 #dd ,sepulchral ,monuments1 ,i4 p4 #bdg1 t4 #cj4--,the epitaph1 which1 in the original1 is full of contractions1 it is supposed by the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 should be read as follows3-- ,guillelmus jacet hic1 petrarum summus in arte3 ,iste novum perfecit opus2 det premia ,christus4 ,amen4 #de ,a similar row of arches is found on the north transept of ,norwich ,cathedral1 between the first and second tier of windows4--,see ,britton's ,norwich ,cathedral1 plate #aj4 #df ,,ii4 p4 #aie4 #dg ,antiquits de ,caen1 p4 #aga4 #dh ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #bjc4 #di ,see ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #fef4 #ej ,the inscription upon it1 which details the various events that had befallen the tomb1 is given in ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aig4 ,,plates ,,xxiv4--,,xxxiii4 ,,abbey ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bd4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity1 ,,caen4 ,west front4 ,mention has already been made1 under the preceding subject1 of the origin of the convent of the ,holy ,trinity1 whose church1 though not an equally extensive building as that of the monastery of ,st4 ,stephen1 is infinitely more rich in its decorations1 and has been left almost entirely in its original form4 ,a more perfect example of a ,norman abbatial church1 is perhaps no where to be found2 and1 as this edifice had the farther advantage of having been raised at the period when the province was at the acme of its power1 of having been erected by an individual of the highest rank1 and of having owed its existence to an occasion peculiarly calculated to call forth the exercise of the utmost liberality and splendor1 it has been conceived that the object of a work like the present1 could not be better answered1 than by exhibiting such a building in its fullest details4 ,with the churches of the ,trinity and of ,st4 ,georges before him1 the reader will best be enabled to judge what ,norman architecture really was3 no difficulty or doubt can arise as to the history or the date of either2 and he may rest satisfied1 that whatever has been selected from them1 is1 as far as human observation can decide1 exactly in the state in which it was left by the original builder4 ,the abbey of the ,holy ,trinity was founded in #ajff1 by ,matilda of ,flanders1 wife to ,william ,,ii4 ,duke of ,normandy2 and its church was dedicated on the eighteenth of ,june of the same year1 by ,maurilius1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 assisted by the bishops and abbots of the province1 and in the presence of the duke and duchess1 together with their principal barons4 ,the sovereign1 upon the same day1 presented at the altar his infant daughter1 ,cecilia1 devoting her to the service of ,god in this monastery1 in which she was accordingly educated1 and was its first nun and second abbess4 ,history has recorded the name of the first abbess1 ,matilda1 and relates that she was of one of the most noble families of the duchy2 but no farther particulars are known respecting her4 ,the foundation-charters of this convent1 which bear date in the years #ajff and #ajhb1 are full of donations in every respect princely2 and these1 not only on the part of the sovereign1 but also of his nobles1 whose signatures are likewise attached to the instruments4 ,the queen1 also1 at her decease1 left the monastery her crown1 sceptre1 and ornaments of state2#ea thus setting the example1 which was shortly afterwards followed by her royal consort1 with regard to the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,robert1 the ,conqueror's successor in the dukedom1 was not behind-hand with his father in his liberality to the convent of the ,trinity4 ,the latter1 in his charter1 dated #ajhc1 had reserved to himself the right of the fishery of the ,orne1 together with sundry possessions outside the walls of the town1 in the direction of the suburb of ,vaugeux4 ,all these were ceded by the new duke to his sister2 and out of the various grants1 on the part of the father and son1 was formed what was denominated the ,bourg l',abbesse1 or ,barony of ,st4 ,giles4 ,duke ,robert did yet more2 for1 after having distinguished himself at the capture of ,jerusalem1 and refused the crown of the ,holy ,land1 he brought home with him1 on his return to ,france1 and deposited in the abbatial church founded by his mother1 the great standard of the ,saracens1 wrested from them by his valor in the field of ,ascalon4 ,among the privileges conferred upon the abbey of the ,trinity1 by the ,norman princes1 was the right of holding a fair upon ,trinity-,sunday and the days that immediately preceded and followed it4 ,the abbess1 during these days1 was entitled to all the town dues2 and1 to leave no doubt of her right1 she was in the habit of sending some of her officers at vespers time on the ,friday1 to affix her armorial bearings to every entrance of the town4 ,the same officers also attached their own boxes for the receipt of customs to the gates1 in lieu of those of the farmer-general4 ,water alone could be brought in without payment of toll4 ,as long as the fair lasted1 the abbess was likewise treated with military honors2 the commandant of the garrison1 whatever his rank1 was bound to apply to her1 in person1 for the parole of the day4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 from whose work most of the historical facts concerning this convent are extracted1 states1 that he has himself seen the ,marchal de ,harcourt1 while governor of ,normandy1 wait upon the abbess for the purpose2 and he is of opinion1 that the custom existed from the very foundation of the monastery4 ,it will not be matter of surprise1 that an establishment1 thus gifted and distinguished1 should have been tenanted by the children of those who had contributed to the endowment4 ,the names of the daughters and nieces of the chief ,norman barons1 will be found in the catalogue of the first nuns4 ,such1 however1 was at that period the state of society1 that even an abbey1 so founded1 endowed1 and occupied1 was doomed to afford a remarkable instance of the capricious barbarity of the times4 ,no sooner was the death of the ,conqueror known1 than the very nobles1 who1 but a few years previously1 had been foremost as benefactors to the convent1 assumed the opposite character1 and did every thing in their power to despoil1 and to destroy it4 ,they had themselves subscribed the following denunciation3--,si quis ver horum omnium1 qu prdict ,s4 ,trinitatis ecclesi data ostensa sunt1 temerari prsumptione aliquando1 7quod absit7 violator effectus1 in su impudenti obstinatione perstiterit3 ,noverit ille se anathema factum a ,domino1 sanct ac beat fidelium omnium communione privatum ,divino judicio1 perpetualitr esse plectendum4--,but no consideration1 human or divine1 could restrain their rapacity3 they pillaged the lands2 seized the corn and cattle belonging to the monastery2 imprisoned some of the tenants and vassals1 and put others to the sword4 ,these1 and many other facts1 most curiously illustrative of the manners of the age1 are to be found in the collection of the charters of the abbey4 ,they prove indisputably1 7if such a fact needs proof7 that the days of chivalry were far from being days of honesty4 ,but they also shew1 what the reader may not be equally prepared to see1 that among these plunderers was ,henry himself1 the ,conqueror's youngest son1 who did not scruple to lay waste the lands given to the abbey by his mother2 and who1 as the ,abb de la ,rue remarks1 had probably1 even at that early period1 conceived the intention of seizing upon his paternal territory1 and might be engaged in the amassing of those pecuniary resources1 by the aid of which he ultimately succeeded in his usurpation of the throne4 ,among the possessions of the abbey of the ,holy ,trinity1 were several estates#eb and advowsons in ,england2 for the better administration of which1 the presence of the abbess was occasionally required on this side of the water4 ,the names of more than one of the holy ladies are on record1 who honored our island with their presence4 ,the journal of the tour of the abbess1 ,georgette du ,molley ,bacon1 states her to have embarked at ,caen1 on the sixteenth of ,august1 #aegj1 with fifteen persons in her suite1 and to have landed in ,london1 and proceeded to her manor-house at ,felsted1 in ,essex1 from which she did not return to ,normandy till ,trinity-,sunday in the following year4 ,hence it may be easily inferred1 that the rules of the convent were not of the strictest description4 ,the establishment indeed was1 from its origin1 under the regulation of the order of ,st4 ,benedict1 but the nuns1 though they lived under the same roof1 were not bound by vows3 they were accustomed to receive their friends in their own apartments2 and many of them had nieces or other relations with them1 whom they brought up4 ,the refectory was common2 and they ate meat several days in the week4 ,there were also stated times1 on which it was allowable for them to take the air in a garden at a short distance from the convent4 ,the abbess herself had her ,country-house at ,oistreham1 where she frequently resided2 and upon the occasion of those festivals which are distinguished by public processions1 the whole body of the community used to go in procession to each of the different churches of ,caen4 ,sometimes too the abbess attended with a party of her nuns at the performance of any mystery or similar scenical representation4 ,the account of the revenues of the monastery in #adbc1 shews how ,nicole de ,rupalley1 then abbess1 was present at the acting of the ,miracle of ,st4 ,vincent1 and rewarded the performers with a gratuity of ten sols1 a sum equivalent1 at that time1 to ten bushels of wheat4 ,about the year #aeae1 an attempt was made by the superior1 ,isabel of ,bourbon1 to curtail the indulgences of the sisterhood1 by keeping them more closely confined1 increasing the number of fast-days1 and generally introducing a system of greater rigor4 ,but the nuns remonstrated against the innovation1 and had recourse to the ,bishop of ,bayeux1 alledging the injustice of their being called upon to submit themselves to regulations1 to which they had not originally subscribed4 ,the prelate1 who felt the point to be a delicate one1 refused to decide2 and the matter ended in an appeal to the ,pope1 who1 finally1 allowed the nuns to retire into other convents1 where they might enjoy the freedom they claimed4 ,when1 after the capture of ,caen by ,edward1 in #acdf1 the inhabitants resolved upon fortifying the town anew1 the abbeys of ,st4 ,stephen and of the ,trinity1 both of which lay in the suburbs1 were excluded from the line of circumvallation2 and the consequence was their exposure to insults and pillage4 ,the monks and nuns were therefore obliged to look to their own defence2 and1 upon ,king ,john's coming to ,caen1 eight years afterwards1 they obtained from him letters patent1 authorizing them to encircle their convents with walls1 towers1 and fosses of their own4 ,hence originated the strange anomaly of a fortress and nunnery within the same precincts4 ,the sisterhood1 alarmed at their situation1 sold their plate1 and even the shrines of their relics1 to provide for their safety2 and permission was afterwards granted them to levy contributions upon their vassals1 for the purpose of expediting and completing the task4--,in the reign of ,henry ,,vi4 during the wane of the ,british power in ,france1 orders were issued by the monarch for the dismantling of the fort of the ,trinity1 lest it should be seized by the inhabitants of the neighborhood1 who were endeavoring to get possession of ,caen4 ,but the abbess resisted the royal edict2 and1 under an apprehension1 lest the attempt to carry it into effect should induce her to open the gates to the insurgents1 her resistance was allowed to be effectual4--,king ,charles repeatedly took up his quarters in this monastery1 while his army was laying siege to ,caen1 in #adej1 and mention continues to be made of the fortress till the commencement of the following century2 but after that time1 it appears to have been suffered to go to ruin4 ,m4 ,de la ,rue rejects1 as unfounded1 the statement of the ,bishop of ,avranches1 which has obtained general credence1 that the spires of the western towers of the abbey were destroyed in #acfj1 by ,charles the ,bad1 on account of their use for the detecting of the approach of an enemy4 ,his principal argument against the fact is1 that the ,king of ,navarre was at that very time at peace with ,france2 and therefore1 supposing it to be certain that they were taken down by that prince1 he is of opinion1 that their demolition must have been ordered to prevent them from serving as landmarks to the ,english4 ,at the same time1 he is evidently inclined to think that the towers were never surmounted by spires at all2 and he observes1 with much apparent justice1 that1 if there really were any1 and if they were really destroyed at the period alledged1 the towers must have been left for a long time in a ruined state1 as their present termination is known to be the work of the eighteenth century4 ,the original charters and title-deeds of the abbey of the ,trinity were lost during the revolution4 ,they perished in consequence of the extreme care of the last abbess1 who1 full of anxiety for their preservation1 secured them in trunks1 and hid them in the ceiling of the church4 ,but1 in those disastrous times1 the lead that covered the churches was among the earliest objects of plunder2 and the consequence was1 that the roof was stripped2 the boxes exposed to the rain2 the wood and paper wholly destroyed2 and the tin cases that held the charters so eaten by rust1 that their contents were rendered illegible4 ,it was in this state that they were found by the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 who was in possession of the secret1 and who1 on his return to ,france1 after the cessation of the troubles and the death of the abbess1 obtained permission from the prefect for the search to be made4 ,the church of the abbey of the ,trinity had its own peculiar rites2 and1 till the period of the revolution1 the community were in the habit of printing their liturgy annually in latin4 ,a very beautiful quarto volume1 containing the ritual1 was published at ,caen1 in #afbb1 by the order of ,laurence de ,budos1 then abbess4 ,it was probably from pride at a privilege of this nature1 and from a confidence in their strength1 that the nuns persisted in celebrating the ridiculous1 or1 it might almost be called1 blasphemous ,fte des ,fous1 for a hundred years after the ,council of ,basle had decreed the suppression of it throughout ,christendom4 ,in imitation too of the ,boy-,bishops of ,bayeux1 ,salisbury1 and other churches1 the nuns of the ,holy ,trinity had their ,girl-,abbesses4 ,the ancient rolls of the monastery make mention1 under the head of expenses in #adbc1 of six sols given1 by way of offering1 on ,innocents'-,day1 aux petites ,abbesses4 ,this was the day on which the ,girl-,abbess was elected3 the superior of the convent resigned to her the abbatial stall and crozier at vespers1 as soon as they came to the verse of the ,magnificat1 beginning ,deposuit potentes de sede2 and the farce was kept up till the same hour the succeeding evening4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 who mentions this fact1 observes with justice1 that another circumstance1 which appears from these accounts1 is still more extraordinary2--that1 even as late as #aedf1 the abbess was in the habit of making an annual payment of five sols to the cathedral of ,bayeux1 for its ,boy-,bishop4 ,the entry is in the following terms3 ,au petit vque de ,bayeux1 pour sa pension1 ainsi qu'il est accoutum1 ,v4 sous4 ,during the early part of the preceding century1 the abbot of ,st4 ,stephen was also accustomed to pay twenty sols per annum1 on the same account2 but his payment was probably discontinued immediately after the edict of the ,council of ,basle1 though the ceremony of the ,boy-,bishop was not suppressed at ,bayeux till #adhb4 ,indeed1 only six years before that time1 the inventory of the sacristy of the cathedral enumerated1 among its other valuables1 ,two mitres for the ,boy-,bishop1 ,the crozier belonging to the ,boy-,bishop1 ,the ,boy-,bishop's mittens1 ,and four small copes of scarlet satin1 for the use of the singing-boys on ,innocents'-,day4 ,the abbess of ,caen1 through the medium of her official1 exercised spiritual jurisdiction over the parishes of ,st4 ,giles1 ,carpiquet1 ,oistreham1 and ,st4 ,aubin-d',arquenay1 by virtue of a privilege granted by the bishops of ,bayeux1 as well for herself and her nuns1 as for the vassals of the several parishes4 ,this privilege1 however1 extended no farther than to an exemption from certain pecuniary fines1 which the diocesans1 in the middle ages1 exacted from their flocks2 and even in this confined acceptation1 it was more than once the subject of litigation between the convent and the see4 ,in like manner1 the civil and criminal jurisdiction claimed by the abbess over the same parishes1 brought her occasionally into disputes with the bailiff and viscount of ,caen3 her rights were repeatedly called in question1 and she was obliged to have recourse to legal tribunals to establish them4 ,the following very extraordinary suit is at once illustrative of the fact1 and of the character of the times3--,in the year #adhj1 an infant was eaten up in its cradle1 by a bestia porcina1 within the precincts of the parish of ,st4 ,giles4 ,the abbess' officers seized the delinquent1 and instituted a process for its condemnation before the seneschal of the convent4 ,during the time1 however1 that the question was pending1 the king's attorney-general interfered4 ,he summoned the abbess before the high-bailiff1 and1 maintaining that the crime had been committed within the cognizance of the bailiwick1 he claimed the beast1 and demanded that its trial should take place before one of the royal tribunals4 ,debates immediately arose as to the limits of their respective jurisdictions3 inquiries were set on foot2 memorials and counter-memorials were presented2 and the abbess finally succeeded in carrying her point1 only by dint of proving that she had1 some years previously1 burned a young woman in the ,place aux ,campions1 for having murdered a man in the self-same house where the hog devoured the child4 ,among the obligations originally imposed upon this convent1 was that of giving a dinner annually1 on ,trinity ,sunday1 to such of the inhabitants of the parish of ,vaux-sur-,saulles and their domestics1 as had resided there a year and a day4 ,the repast was served up within the abbey walls1 and in the following manner3--,after the guests had washed their hands in a tub of water1 they seated themselves on the ground1 and a cloth was spread before them4 ,a loaf1 of the weight of twenty-one ounces1 was then given to each individual1 and with it a slice of boiled bacon1 six inches square4 ,to this was added a rasher of bacon1 fried2 and the feast concluded with a basin of bread and milk for every person1 all of them having likewise as much beer and cider as they could drink4 ,the dinner1 as may naturally be supposed1 lasted from three to four hours2 and it will also not be difficult to imagine1 that the entertaining of such a motley throng on such a day1 could not fail to be attended with great annoyance to the nuns1 and with various inconveniences4 ,the convent had therefore1 from a very early date1 endeavored to free themselves from the obligation1 by the payment of a sum of money2 and1 in times of war1 the town of ,caen had occasionally interposed1 and forced the people to accept the composition1 from an apprehension1 lest the enemy should gain possession of the fort of the ,trinity1 by introducing themselves into it among the authorized guests4 ,it appears that1 in #adbi1 the abbess purchased an exemption at the price of thirty livres1 a sum equivalent to thirty-seven and a half quarters of corn1 at a time when wheat sold for two sols the bushel2 and twenty-two years subsequently1 ,charles ,,vii4 then ,king of ,france1 granted his letters patent1 abolishing the dinner altogether1 upon condition of a like sum being annually paid to the parochial chest4 ,to the abbey church of the ,trinity were attached several chapels1 as well without as within its walls3 the most remarkable of these was that of ,st4 ,thomas1 generally known by the name of ,st4 ,thomas l',abattu1 in the suburb of ,st4 ,giles4 ,it was1 in its original state1 an hospital1 and was called the ,hospital of ,st4 ,thomas the ,martyr in the fields1 whence ,de la ,rue infers that it was built in commemoration of ,thomas--,becket1 and was probably erected immediately after his canonization in #aagc4 ,huet1 on the contrary1 tells us1 that it had existed from time immemorial2 and ,ducarel1 who has described and figured it1#ec appears to have also regarded it as of very high antiquity4 ,the gradual disappearance of leprosy had caused it to be long since diverted from its original purpose4 ,in #aefi1 it was pillaged by the ,huguenots2 and1 as no pains were taken to repair the injuries then done1 it continued in a state of dilapidation1 imperceptibly wasting away1 till the period of the revolution1 when it was sold1 together with the other national property2 and even its ruins have now disappeared4 ,happily1 the abbatial church of the ,trinity was at that time more fortunate3 it was suffered to continue unappropriated1 till1 upon the institution of the ,legion of ,honor1 ,napolon applied it to some purposes connected with that body1 by whom it was a few years ago ceded for its present object1 that of a workhouse for the department4 ,the choir alone is now used as a church3 the nave serves for work-rooms2 and1 to render it the better applicable to this purpose1 a floor has been thrown across1 which divides it into two stories4 ,it has been observed in a recent publication1#ed that a finer specimen of the solid grandeur of ,norman architecture1 is scarcely to be found any where than in the west front of this church1 7the subject of the twenty-fourth plate47 ,the corresponding part of the rival abbey of ,st4 ,stephen1 is poor when compared to it2 and ,jumieges and ,st4 ,georges equally fail in the comparison4 ,in all these1 there is some architectural anomaly3 in the ,trinity none1 excepting indeed the balustrade at the top of the towers2 and this is so obviously an addition of modern times1 that no one can be misled by it4#ee ,this balustrade was erected towards the beginning of the seventeenth century1 when the oval apertures and scrolls1 seen in ,ducarel's print1#ef were introduced4--,it may be well to take the present opportunity of making a general observation1 that though1 in speaking of this and of other churches1 the term1 west front1 may commonly be applied to the part containing the principal entrance2 yet that this term must be received with a certain degree of latitude4 ,the ,norman religious edifices are far from being equally regular in their position as the ,english4 ,with a general inclination to the west1 they vary to every point of the compass4#eg ,the church of the abbey of the ,trinity fronts the north-west--,the architrave of the central door-way is composed of many surfaces of great depth3 two-thirds of them are flat and plain1 and recede so little1 as to afford but small opportunity for light and shade4 ,its decorations are few and simple1 consisting almost wholly of the billet and chevron moulding1 the former occupying the exterior1 the latter the interior1 circles4 ,in the outermost band1 the billets form a single row1 and take the curve of the arch2 the succeeding circle exhibits them with an unusual arrangement1 placed compound1 and all pointing to the centre of the door4 ,these1 with the addition of quatrefoils1 and of some grotesque heads1 which serve as key-stones to the mouldings over the windows of the triforium1 are the only ornaments which this front can boast4 ,the capitals throughout it are of the simplest forms1 being in general little more than inverted cones1 slightly truncated1 for the purpose of making them correspond with the columns below4 ,some few of them have the addition of small projecting knobs immediately below the angles of the impost2 while those in the square towers are formed by a short cylinder1 whose diameter exceeds that of the shaft1 surmounted by a square block1 by way of abacus4 ,the towers and buttresses decrease in size upwards4--,an architectural peculiarity deserving of notice in this front1 lies in the triangular mouldings1 observable in the spandrils of the arches of the clerestory4 ,the same are occasionally1 though rarely1 found in other buildings of unquestionably ,norman origin1 as in the church at ,falaise1 and in ,norwich ,cathedral#eh in our own country4 ,they are here more particularly noticed1 as serving to illustrate what has been considered an anomaly in the architecture of some of the round-towered churches in ,norfolk and ,suffolk1#ei where the windows are formed with heads of this shape4 ,antiquaries1 unwilling to admit that the flat-sided arch1 as it has been called by a perversion of terms1 was introduced into ,england prior to the fourteenth century1 have labored to prove that such windows were alterations of that period1 contrary to the evidence of every part of the building4 ,illustration3 ,plate #be4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity1 ,,caen4 ,east ,end4 ,the east-end of the choir 7plate twenty-five7 presents a bold termination1 pierced with ten spacious windows1 that give light to the choir1 each of them encircled with a broad band1 composed of the same ornaments as are found in the rest of the exterior of the edifice4 ,this part of the church is divided in its elevation into three compartments1 the lower containing a row of small blank arches1 while in each of the upper two is a window of an unusual size for a ,norman building1 but still without mullions or tracery4 ,the windows ore separated by thick cylindrical pillars1 which rise from immediately above a row of windows that give light to the crypt4 ,the heads of these windows are level with the surface of the ground2 and the wall1 in this subterranean part of the building1 is considerably thicker than it is above4 ,the balustrade of quatrefoils above appears coeval with the rest1 and may be regarded as tending to establish the originality of that in the nave of the abbey church of ,st4 ,stephen4#fj ,illustration3 ,plate #bf4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,east end1 interior4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,north side of the ,choir1 upper compartment4 ,the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh plates shew the interior of the choir1 as the thirty-third does the most remarkable of its capitals4 ,this part of the church1 in its general arrangement1 very much resembles the same portion in ,st4 ,georges and in ,norwich ,cathedral4 ,the second1 however1 of these buildings1 retains the original groinings of the roof1 which in our ,english church have been sacrificed1 to make room for large pointed windows2 while in the church of the ,trinity they have given place to a spacious dome1 painted with a representation of the ,assumption4 ,in the foreground of this picture1 is seen the royal foundress of the abbey2 and1 according to common tradition1 the portrait of a female dressed in the habit of a nun1 on the north side of the high altar1 is also intended for her4 ,but traditions of this nature are too vague for much reliance to be placed upon them4 ,the altar-piece itself is an ,adoration of the ,shepherds1 not devoid of merit4--,the plain arches1 with their truncated columns1 seen in the upper part of plate #bf1 near the front on either side1 and repeated in the following plate1 are those which terminate the flat part of the choir4 ,the wide unvaried extent of blank surface beneath them is attributable to modern masons1 who have filled up and covered arches without mercy or discretion1 and have pierced the walls anew with plain mean door-ways4 ,the windows are lofty1 and of fine proportions4 ,their glazing is probably of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 when the gorgeous splendor of painted glass gave way to the less beautiful and less appropriate ornaments1 supplied by the fancy of the plumbers4#fa ,the narrow passage formed in the thickness of the wall1 with its small arches variously decorated1 surrounds the whole building2 choir1 nave1 and transepts4 ,in the architectural arrangement of this portion of the edifice1 where every large arch of the windows is flanked by two lesser ones of the triforium1 the church of the ,trinity agrees with the cathedral at ,oxford1 as figured in ,mr4 ,carter's work on ancient architecture#fb and there treated as a genuine ,saxon building1 erected by ,king ,ethelred1 after the destruction of the monastery by the ,danes in #ajjd4 ,but the capitals of the columns in the two churches bear only a slight resemblance to each other4 ,those at ,oxford#fc are among the most beautiful left us by early architects1 consisting chiefly of foliage2 and1 in one instance1 of a very elegant imitation of a coronet4 ,in the abbatial church at ,caen1 they display the same mixture of ,grecian and barbarous taste1 the same beauties1 the same monstrosities1 and the same apparent aim at fabulous or emblematic history1 as has been previously remarked at ,st4 ,georges4 ,on the angles of one1 which contains four storks1 arranged in pairs1 will be found an obvious representation of the heraldic fleur-de-lys4 ,in that1 figured below it on the plate1 is a head placed over two lions1 commonly believed to be intended for a portrait of the ,conqueror4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bh4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,arches under the central ,tower looking from the ,south ,transept4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bi4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,east side of the ,south ,transept4 ,the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth plates are devoted to the transepts3 the first of them exhibits two of the arches which support the central tower4 ,finer specimens of the kind are scarcely to be seen in ,normandy2 and the decoration of them is very peculiar1 consisting altogether of numerous bands of quatrefoils in bas-relief4 ,the sculpture of the capitals is likewise remarkable3 that of one of them represents entire rams2 while the opposite one has only the heads of the same animal at its angles1 accompanied with an ornament1 which the writer of this article does not remember to have met with elsewhere4 ,the arch that separates the tower from the nave1#fd rises higher than any of the rest1 and is obtusely pointed2 but its decorations correspond with those of the others1 and it appears to be of the same date4#fe ,for the purpose of more effectually marking the connection of the twenty-eighth plate with the preceding1 it may be well to observe1 that the string-course1 seen in the former through the first arch and adjoining the base of the truncated column1 is the same which1 in plate twenty-seven1 forms the base-line of the windows4 ,the same string-course in the choir runs immediately below the gallery2 but in the transepts1 this gallery is upon a different line1 being elevated by the interposition of a very beautiful range of small blank arches1 between the larger arches below and the windows of the clerestory2 and these latter1 in conjunction with the small arches1 only occupy the same space as the windows of the choir4 ,the southern transept has been here selected for publication1 as being the most perfect4 ,had the opposite one been equally so1 it would have been preferable1 from the curious character of its capitals1 many of which are taken from scripture-history4 ,but these are1 unfortunately1 much mutilated4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cj4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,interior of the ,nave looking west4 ,in the thirtieth plate is given a general view of the upper half of the interior of the nave1 shewing the western extremity1 with the three compartments nearest to it on either side2 and here1 as in the two preceding plates1 it is impossible not to regret the existence of the floor1 which1 by dividing the church into different stories1 greatly injures the effect of the whole4 ,neither in this nor in any other part of the building1 are there side-chapels or aisles4 ,the architecture of the nave1 in its general arrangement1 resembles that of the transepts2 except as to the arches of the second row1 which are peculiar4 ,upon an attentive examination too1 it will be found that1 notwithstanding the apparent uniformity1 no two compartments are precisely alike1 while the capitals are infinitely varied4 ,this playfulness of ornament is remarkable in a building1 whose architect appears1 at first view1 to have contemplated only grandeur and solidity4 ,at the farther end of the nave1 are seen the five windows of the principal front1 together with a portion of the great arch of entrance4 ,the remaining part of this arch1 as well as of the others of the lower tier1 with the pillars that support them1 are concealed by the floor4 ,the gallery1 it will be remarked1 sinks at the western end1 as in the choir1 and is connected with the sides by a staircase4 ,the roof is only of lath and plaster1 painted in imitation of masonry4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ca4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,south side of the ,nave1 exterior4 ,the thirty-first plate exhibits three of the eight compartments of the clerestory1 on the south side of the nave1 as seen externally4 ,the cloisters and conventual buildings hide the whole of the opposite side of the church2 and1 perfect as is the part here represented1 there is nothing to be seen below2 for a range of work-shops and of sheds has obstructed the view of the exterior1 as effectually as the floor has of the corresponding portion within4 ,the corbel-table1 with its monsters of all descriptions1 affords a curious specimen of the sculpture of the age4 ,the string-course above it is rich and beautiful4 ,the same is also the case with the decorations of the windows1 as well as of the blank arches with which they are flanked1 while the intervening flat buttresses1 edged by slender cylindrical pilasters1 likewise indicate a degree of care and of taste which is very pleasing1 and which is the more remarkable1 when considered in union with the architecture of the exterior of the contemporary abbey of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cb4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,crypt4 ,the crypt 7plate thirty-two7 occupies the space under the choir4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 who terms it une jolie chapelle1 says that1 in the fifteenth century1 it was denominated the subterranean chapel of ,st4 ,nicholas2 but previously to the revolution1 had assumed the name of the chapel of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,it was originally entered by two narrow staircases from the transepts4 ,its length from east to west is about thirty feet3 its width1 about twenty-seven4 ,the simple vaulted roof is supported by thirty-two slender columns1 sixteen of them half imbedded in the wall1 and rising from a stone bench1 with which this crypt is surrounded1 in the same manner as that of the church of ,st4 ,gervais1 at ,rouen4 ,this chapel was1 till lately1 paved with highly-polished vitrified bricks1 each about two inches square1 diversified with very vivid colors1 but of a description altogether unlike those in the ,conqueror's palace4 ,it is lighted by narrow windows1 which widen considerably inwards1 the wall being here of great thickness2 and1 according to all probability1 there were originally eleven of them1 though the greater part are now closed4 ,one of them was lately filled with bones1 and bricked up4 ,upon the place it occupied is to be seen the following inscription1 placed between a couple of vases of antique form3--,ossemens trouvs dans l'ancien chapitre des dames de la ,trinit1 et dposs dans ce lieu le ,,iv4 ,mars1 ,,mdcccxviii4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cc4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,trinity ,,at ,,caen4 ,capitals in the ,choir4 ,in the same year1 at the time when these drawings were made1 no tombs whatever existed in the church of the ,trinity4 ,there had formerly been many here2 but the revolution had swept them all away4#ff ,among the rest were those of the royal foundress1 of her daughter ,ccilia1 the first abbess1 and of two other daughters of ,english kings1 who likewise wore the ducal coronet of ,normandy4 ,the most celebrated of all was that of ,matilda3 according to ,ordericus ,vitalis1 it was of exquisite workmanship1 and richly ornamented with gold and precious stones4 ,but the ,calvinists demolished it in #aefb2 and1 not content with plundering the monument of all that was valuable1 tore open the ,queen's coffin1 and dispersed her remains4 ,towards the close of the same century1 ,anne de ,montmorenci1 then abbess1 caused the royal bones to be collected1 and again to be deposited in the original stone coffin2 and things continued in this state till the year #agjh1 when the abbess1 ,gabrielle ,franoise ,fronlay de ,tess1 raised a second altar-tomb of black marble1 a representation of which has been preserved by ,ducarel4 ,in addition to this1 she inclosed the bones of the princess for greater security in a leaden box1 which she laid in the coffin2 and these happily escaped violation in #agic1 when the revolutionists destroyed the monument1 because the arms of ,normandy1 with which it was ornamented1 sinned against the doctrines of the liberty and equality of man4 ,france being once more settled under a monarchical form of government1 a fresh search was instituted in ,march1 #ahai1 by the prefect of the department1 in the presence of the bishop of the diocese and ,mr4 ,spencer ,smythe1 for the discovery of ,matilda's remains2 and they were found and verified1 and re-interred in their original situation4--,another tomb1 similar to that which was destroyed at the revolution1 is also raised over them4 ,the engraved stone in plate twenty-six1 marks the place which it occupies4 ,upon it is laid the original slab with the epitaph1 which1 by great good fortune1 escaped unhurt from the hands both of democrats and ,huguenots2 and1 as many of the subscribers to this work have expressed a desire that a fac-simile of it should be inserted1 as illustrative of the form of the letters1 as well as of the manner of writing in use at that period1 ,mr4 ,cotman has had a pleasure in meeting their wishes1 at the same time1 that he has not considered it as sufficiently belonging to the publication1 to justify him in making it an object of charge4 ,the inscription1 divided into lines1 and written in modern characters1 is as follows3-- ,egregie pulchri tegit hec structura sepulcri ,moribus insigne germen regale ,matildem ,dux ,flandrita pater huic extitit ,adala mater ,francor gentis ,rotberti filia regis ,et soror ,henrici regali sede potiti ,regi magnifico ,wlllelmo juncta marito ,presentem sedem presente fecit et edem ,tam multis terris quam multis rebus honestis ,a se ditatam se procurante dicatam ,hec consolatrix inopum pietatis amatrix ,gazis dispersis pauper sibi dives egenis ,sic infinite petiit consortia vite ,in prima mensis post primam luce ,novembris4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cc994 ,a fac simile of the inscription upon the tomb of ,queen ,matilda in the ,abbey ,church of the ,holy ,trinity at ,caen4 ,,notes3 #ea ,the will of the ,queen has been printed by the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 7,essais ,historiques ,,ii4 p4 #dcg7 from a manuscript in the royal library at ,paris2 but the writer of the present article is not aware that it has ever yet appeared in any ,english publication2 and he therefore considers it desirable here to reprint it1 for the antiquaries of his own country4--,ego ,mathildis ,regina do ,sanct ,trinitati ,cadomi casulam quam apud ,wintoniam ,winchester operatur uxor ,aldereti1 et clamidem operatam ex auro qu est in camera mea ad cappam faciendam1 atque de duabus ligaturis meis aureis in quibus cruces sunt1 illam qu emblematibus est insculpta1 ad lampadem suspendendam coram ,sancto altare1 candelabraque maxima qu fabricantur apud ,sanctum ,laudum1 coronam quoque et sceptrum1 calicesque ac vestimentum1 atque aliud vestimentum quod operatur in ,anglia1 et cum omnibus ornamentis equi1 atque omnia vasa mea1 exceptis illis qu antea dedero alicubi in vita mea2 et ,chetehulmum ,quetehou en ,cotentin in ,normannia1 et duas mansiones in ,anglia do ,sanct ,trinitati ,cadomi4 ,hc omnia concessu domini mei ,regis facio4 ,ex cartulario ,sanct ,trin4 ,bibl4 ,reg4 ,paris4 no4 #efej4 #eb ,the annual income arising from these1 is stated by ,odon ,rigaud1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 in the procs-verbal of his visit to this abbey in #abej1 to have amounted to one hundred and sixty pounds sterling2 a sum nearly equivalent to eighty thousand livres of the present day4 #ec ,anglo-,norman ,antiquities1 p4 #ge1 t4 #g4--;,in this figure1 which represents the south side of the building1 a striking resemblance will be observed with the architecture of the church of ,than1 figured in this work1 pl4 #af4--;,ducarel1 in speaking of the pillars in the inside of the chapel1 says they are of a peculiar construction1 and widely different from all others that have fallen under his consideration2 but he has unfortunately furnished no engraving of them1 and has even omitted to mention wherein their peculiarity lay4 #ed ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahd4 #ee ,still less can any one be so by the alteration of the arches of entrance into modern windows1 which ,mr4 ,turner did not think it worth while to mention4 #ef ,anglo-,norman ,antiquities1 plate #e4 #eg ,see ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aga4 #eh ,see ,britton's ,norwich ,cathedral1 plate #d1 ,f4 p4 #cb4 #ei ,hadisco church1 figured in ,cotman's ,architectural ,antiquities of ,norfolk1 plate #ch1 affords an excellent specimen of these windows4 #fj ,see plate #bc4 #fa ,see ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #beb1 under the head of ,bayeux ,cathedral1 the windows of which are remarkable for the complicated patterns of the lead-work4--,see also ,carter's ,ancient ,architecture1 ,i4 plate #gi1 p4 #ed1 where this laborious author states himself to have collected nearly all the remains of this description of art in ,england4 ,he is inclined to refer it to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries4--,in the second volume of the same work1 plate #bg1 fig4 ,f4 #b1 is represented one of the borders of the west window of the nave in ,york ,cathedral1 which almost exactly resembles one of these at ,caen4 #fb ,i4 plate #bh1 fig4 ,a4 #fc ,see ,britton's ,oxford ,cathedral1 plate #d4 #fd ,in ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahf1 this arch is1 by a lapsus calami1 called the eastern1 instead of the western4 #fe ,mr4 ,cotman thought that he could discover visible traces of its having been originally semi-circular1 and subsequently raised and pointed3 and it is certainly most probable that such has been the case4 #ff ,drawings of them all are fortunately preserved by the ,abb ,de la ,rue2 and it is hoped some ,french antiquary will be found sufficiently patriotic to cause them to be engraved4 ,,plates ,,xxxiv4--,,xxxvi4 ,,castle ,,and ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,james1 ,,at ,,dieppe4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cd4 ,,castle ,,at ,,dieppe4 ,the anonymous author of the ,history of ,dieppe1#fg published towards the close of the last century1 traces the origin of the town as high as the year #hji1 when ,charlemagne visited this part of the coast of his empire1 and1 observing how much it was exposed to hostile attacks1 ordered the construction of a fort upon the beach4 ,the fort was honored with the name of the emperor's daughter1 ,bertha2 and as the protection thus afforded1 joined to the advantageous nature of the position1 caused the fortress1 within a short time1 to be surrounded by the cottages of the neighboring fishermen1 an establishment insensibly grew up1 which acquired the appellation of ,bertheville4 ,but the irruptions of the ,normans1 towards the close of the same1 or the commencement of the succeeding1 century1 gave a new color to affairs in ,neustria3 places changed their names with their masters2 and1 no respect being paid to the emperor or his descendants1 ,bertheville ceased to be known under any other denomination than that of ,dyppe1 a ,norman word1 expressive of the depth of water in its harbor4 ,under ,rollo1 we are told that ,dieppe became the principal port in the duchy4 ,that politic sovereign was too well versed in nautical affairs1 not to be aware of the importance of such a station2 and he had the interest of his newly-acquired territory too much at heart1 not to labor at the improving of it4 ,it was at ,dieppe that he embarked the troops1 which he dispatched1 in #iac1 for the assistance of his countrymen1 the ,danes1 in their attempts to conquer ,england2 and the town flourished under his sway1 and then laid the foundation for that maritime greatness to which it has subsequently risen4 ,from this time forward1 ,dieppe is frequently mentioned in history3 ,william the ,conqueror honored it with his presence in #ajdg1 and received in person the homage of its inhabitants1 on his return from ,arques1 when the surrender of that important fortress by his uncle1 ,telo1 put an end to the troubles occasioned by the illegitimacy of his birth4 ,the same monarch1 during the preparations for his descent upon ,britain1 made a particular call on the people of ,dieppe1 to arm their vessels for the transport of his troops4 ,they obeyed the summons2 and they boast that their ships were the first that arrived at the place of rendezvous4 ,no port in ,normandy derived equal advantage from the conquest3 the intercourse between the sister countries was naturally conducted through this channel2 and such continued the case till #aaid1 when ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion1 defeated under the walls of ,arques1 was compelled to leave this part of the province a prey to the victorious arms of ,philip-,augustus4 ,upon this occasion1 the ,french monarch appears to have singled out ,dieppe as an object of particular vengeance1 and he conducted himself towards it with a cruelty for which it would be difficult to assign an adequate reason4 ,not content with burning the town and its shipping1 he transported the inhabitants into the ulterior parts of ,france1 that they might never re-assemble and raise it from its ashes4 ,brito1 at the same time that he glosses over the more flagrant part of the transaction1 tells enough to leave no doubt of its truth2 and his passage upon the subject deserves attention1 particularly as being decisive with regard to the state of ,dieppe at that period3 ,haud procul hinc portus fam celeberrimus atque ,villa potens opibus florebat nomine ,deppen4 ,hanc primm ,franci sub eodem tempore gazis ,omnibus expoliant1 spoliatam denique totam ,in cinerem redigunt2 et sic ditatus abivit ,coetus ovans1 qud tot vill non esse vel urbe ,divitias aut tam pretiosas diceret unquam4-- ,in the course of the succeeding year1 the treaty of ,gaillon restored ,dieppe and ,arques1 with their dependencies1 to ,richard1 who almost immediately afterwards surrendered the former town to ,walter1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 as one of the articles of compensation for the injury done to that prelate1 by the erection of ,chteau ,gaillard upon his territory4 ,dieppe appears to have recovered itself with surprising rapidity3 a new church1 under the invocation of ,st4 ,james1 was erected in #abej1 that of ,st4 ,remi being no longer sufficient for the accommodation of its inhabitants2 and these1 however cruelly they had been injured by ,philip-,augustus1 were among the foremost in their demonstrations of loyalty to him as their sovereign1 when the cold-blooded tyranny of ,john had bereft him of the ,norman diadem4 ,in one of the first years of the succeeding century1 ,john ,baliol1 more properly called ,de ,bailleul1 a fugitive from ,scotland1 sought refuge in ,dieppe1 and finally retired to his paternal domain in the valley of the ,yaulne1 five leagues distant from the port4 ,the remainder of his days were spent here in the village that bears his name2 and the parochial church1 which still contains his ashes1 was1 till lately1 ornamented with his tomb1 charged with an inscription1 reciting the various events of his life4 ,during the wars of ,edward ,,iii4 the ships from ,dieppe took the lead in the great naval engagement in #accg2 and their admiral1 ,bhuchet1 so distinguished himself1 as to draw down upon him the marked resentment of that prince4 ,he was himself made prisoner and hanged2 and a detachment of ,english and ,flemings was dispatched to destroy the harbor4 ,the injuries1 however1 now sustained1 were repaired with the same rapidity as before3 ,philip shewed himself no less ready to reward services1 than his opponent had been to resent offences4 ,his letters patent1 bearing date in ,february1 #acde1 exempted the inhabitants from the payment of all taxes and dues1 for the purpose of enabling them to rebuild their walls4--,dieppe1 in #adab1 was again attacked by the ,english1 and1 on this occasion1 both by land and sea2 but the inhabitants made a gallant and an effectual resistance4 ,their opposition1 though unavailing1 was not at all less spirited in the following reign1 when they were compelled1 in common with the rest of ,france1 to acknowledge the power of the fifth ,henry4 ,but they again disengaged themselves from the ,english crown in #adca1 after having remained in subjugation to it for eleven years2 and the subsequent siege1 conducted by ,talbot himself in person1 in #addb1 only added to their military character4 ,during this siege1 which was of great length1 the ,english general erected the formidable fortress1 known by the name of the ,bastille1 in the suburb of ,pollet4 ,the following year saw the ,french become in their turn the assailants3 ,louis ,,ii4 then dauphin1 joined the troops of the ,comte de ,dunois in ,dieppe1 and the ,bastille fell1 after a most murderous attack4 ,it was afterwards levelled with the ground in #afhi1 though1 at a period of one hundred and twenty years after it was originally taken and dismantled1 it had again been made a place of strength by the ,huguenots1 and was still farther fortified under ,henry ,,iv4 ,the pious dauphin1 who ascribed the capture of this almost impregnable castle to the especial grace of the ,virgin ,mary1 would not quit ,dieppe without leaving behind him an equally signal mark of gratitude on his part4 ,he accordingly repaired in person to the church of ,st4 ,james1 there to place the town under her especial protection2 and1 not content with this1 he instituted the ,guild of the ,assumption1 charging the members annually to commemorate the day of their deliverance by a solemn festival4#fh ,after this time1 ,dieppe appears to have been exposed to no farther calamities from warfare1 except what it suffered1 in common with a great part of ,france1 during the religious troubles1 and also excepting the bombardment by the ,english fleet in #afid4 ,from the earliest rise of ,calvinism in ,france1 the inhabitants of ,dieppe had distinguished themselves in favor of the reformation2 and they were already prepared to go to the utmost lengths in its support1 when ,john ,knox1 one of the most devoted apostles of the new faith1 landed there in #aefj1 on his way from ,scotland to ,geneva4 ,the presence of such a man produced the effect which might naturally be expected1 of kindling the spark into a flame2 and ,dieppe continued for two years in open rebellion to the court4 ,the inhabitants1 in #aefb1 alarmed by the capture of ,rouen1 consented to receive a garrison from our ,queen ,elizabeth1 rather than submit to renounce their creed2 but they were obliged1 in the course of the same year1 to surrender to the royal troops4 ,notwithstanding all this1 the ,protestants of ,dieppe1 through the wisdom and moderation of the governor1 escaped unhurt from the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,the town was nevertheless one of the first in ,france to declare1 in #aehi1 for ,henry ,,iv4 when1 pursued by the victorious forces of the league1 he sought shelter in these walls1 and here collected the handful of troops1 with which he almost immediately afterwards gained the important victory of ,arques4 ,the same prince also retired hither three years subsequently1 and remained ten days in the midst of ses bons ,dieppois1 as he was in the habit of styling them1 to be cured of the wounds received in the battle of ,aumale4 ,among the various royal personages1 with whose presence ,dieppe has been honored on different occasions1 were ,mary of ,guise1 widow of ,james ,v4 of ,scotland1 and mother to the unfortunate princess of the same name1 who succeeded her on the ,scottish throne4 ,she landed here in #aedi1 and was immediately joined by ,henry ,,ii4 who was at that time at ,rouen4 ,in #aefd1 ,catherine of ,mdicis came hither1 attended by her son1 ,charles ,,ix4 with a view of healing the wounds occasioned by the religious dissentions2 and1 in #afah1 ,louis ,,xiii4 after holding an assembly of the states of ,normandy at the capital of the duchy1 repaired to ,dieppe1 to visit one of the most important sea-ports of his kingdom4 ,the same attention was shewn to the town twenty-nine years subsequently1 by ,louis ,,xiv4 then in his minority1 accompanied by the ,queen ,regent2 and1 in our own days1 it has been equally distinguished by ,napolon4 ,in this short outline of the principal events connected with the history of ,dieppe1 no notice has been taken of the honor acquired by its sailors1 who have1 however1 on all occasions1 distinguished themselves4 ,they did so particularly in the year #aeee1 when1 unassisted by their king1 or by any other part of ,france1 they armed their merchant vessels1 and attacked and defeated1 and nearly destroyed1 the ,flemish fleet1 consisting of twenty-four sail of ships of war4 ,at all times they have been considered as supplying some of the best men to the ,french navy1 so that the ,president de ,thou pronounced them to be entitled to the highest glory in nautical affairs4 ,they lay claim to the honor of having first planted the standard of ,christianity upon the coast of ,guinea1 where they established a settlement in the fourteenth century2 of having been the first who discovered the great river of the ,amazons2 and also the first who sailed up that of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,even to the present day1 they carry on a considerable traffic in small ornaments made of ivory1 a humiliating memento of their connection with ,senegal3 but all the rest of their commerce is dwindled into the fishery1 and a small portion of coasting-trade4 ,the castle1 7the subject of plate thirty-four17 stands upon a steep hill2 and1 on approaching the town from the sea1 has a grand and imposing appearance4 ,its walls1 flanked with towers and bastions1 cause it to retain the look of strength1 the reality of which has long since departed4 ,the earliest portion of the building is probably a high quadrangular tower1 with lofty pointed pannels1 in the four walls4 ,even this1 however1 cannot have been erected anterior to the year #addc2 for it is upon record that the ,sieur des ,marts1 the first governor of the place1 then began to build a castle here1 to protect the town from any farther attacks on the part of the ,english army4 ,the inhabitants1 during the reign of ,henry ,,iv4 obtained permission to add to it a citadel2 but the whole was suffered almost immediately afterwards to fell into decay4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ce4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,jacques1 ,,at ,,dieppe4 ,west front4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cf4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,jacques1 ,,at ,,dieppe4 ,east end4 ,the church of ,st4 ,jacques1 figured in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth plates1 is the largest1 and considerably the most interesting of the two parochial churches of the place4 ,it had the singular good fortune of escaping1 together with the castle1 nearly uninjured from the bombardment1 during the reign of our third ,william1 which laid the town in ashes4 ,it was begun about the year #abfj1 but was little advanced at the commencement of the following century2 nor were its nineteen chapels1 the works of the piety of individuals1 completed before #acej4 ,the roof of the choir remained imperfect till ninety years afterwards2 while that of the transept is as recent as #afbh4 ,thus it is a valuable specimen of the ecclesiastical architecture of successive ages4 ,in the lines of the transepts are traces of the early pointed style1 apparently coeval with the church at ,eu3 the friezes are ornamented with small pierced quatrefoils1 as in that building2 and the portals1 now mutilated1 are in the same style4--,the nave is of much later date2 and the vaulting1 though ,gothic1 is intermixed with ,grecian members and scrolls4--,the triforium in the choir is filled with elegant perpendicular tracery4 ,the ,lady-,chapel is perhaps one of the last specimens of ,gothic art1 but still very pure1 except in some of the smaller members1 such as the niches in the tabernacles1 which end in scallop-shells1 instead of terminating with a groined canopy4 ,the bosses of the groined roof are of the most delicate filagree work1 and the vaulting is also ornamented with knots pendant from the ribs4--,the pannel-work round the chapel takes circular terminations in each pannel2 but filled within with an elegant tracery1 terminating with the acanthus4--,the windows of the chapel are acutely pointed4--,the horizontal mullions1 7an unusual feature in ,french architecture17 are ornamented on the outside with the ovolo4 ,the nave is supported by flying buttresses1 each filled with tracery of eight mullions4--,the tower at the south angle of the west front is lofty1 and in the perpendicular style4 ,in the north aisle of the choir is an elegant screen1 which probably incloses a chantry-chapel1 and1 like the lady-chapel1 exhibits a singular mixture of pointed forms1 interspersed with ,roman members3 parts of it resemble the tomb of ,bishop ,fox1 at ,winchester4 ,,notes3 #fg ,mmoires ,chronologiques pour servir l',histoire de ,dieppe et celle de la ,navigation ,franaise1 ,paris1 #aghe4--7b vols4 #hvo47 #fh ,this festival was attended with ceremonies of the most absurd description1 which were continued till the time of the revolution4 ,they are detailed at length in the ,histoire de ,dieppe ,i4 p4 #fh2 and a brief account has lately been given of them in ,english1 in ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #bd4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,tower ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,at ,,haute ,,allemagne1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,the village of ,haute ,allemagne is situated at the distance of about a league to the south of ,caen4 ,mention of it is to be found in the latin charters of the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 under the appellation of ,alamannia1 or ,alemannia2 and the older historians contend that it derived this name from having been the site of a colony of the ,alani1 a ,scythian tribe1 who ravaged a portion of ,gaul in the early years of the fifth century1 and afterwards1 with the consent of the ,roman emperors1 established themselves in various parts of the country4 ,this opinion1 in the judgment of the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 receives confirmation from the circumstance of there being another village called ,allemagne1 in the vicinity of ,valence1 where it is known that a body of the same people was fixed2 and it may perhaps be adduced as a still farther proof of its correctness1 that the village of ,allemagne1 near ,caen1 formerly embraced a considerably greater extent of country4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cg4 ,,tower ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,haute ,,allemagne ,,near ,,caen4 ,allemagne was one of the domains granted by the ,conqueror to his abbey of ,st4 ,stephen2 and in the charter1 he states that he cedes it with its dependencies4 ,the meaning of this latter term is explained in the subsequent charter from his son ,henry1 in which four neighboring villages are expressly said to be dependent upon ,allemagne4 ,allemagne was itself also divided into two parishes1 the upper and lower4 ,at present it is only remarkable for its quarries1 from which the stones are dug1 known in ,france by the name of ,carreaux d',allemagne1 and commonly used for floors to rooms1 not only in the province of ,normandy1 but throughout the whole kingdom4 ,there is also a considerable export of them for the same purpose4 ,it was in these quarries that the fossil crocodile was discovered in #ahag2 which1 as being extraordinarily perfect1 and the first specimen ever found with scales1 has excited an uncommon degree of interest among naturalists4 ,of the history of the parish of ,allemagne1 nothing is known4 ,the portion of its church here figured1 has been selected for engraving1 as an instance of a ,norman tower of unquestionable antiquity1 and in the highest preservation4 ,the pyramidal stone roof1 similar to that of the church of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles1 at ,caen1 appears to be quite in its original state4 ,even the small lucarne window in it looks coeval with the rest4 ,the row of intersecting arches below is beautiful and peculiar4 ,,plates ,,xxxviii4--,,xli4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,hildebert1 ,,at ,,gournay4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ch4 ,,collegiate ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,hildebert ,,at ,,gournay4 ,west front4 ,the town of ,gournay is generally supposed to rival1 in point of antiquity1 almost any other in this part of ,france4 ,tradition refers its origin to the days of ,julius ,csar1 during the latter part of whose government in ,gaul1 a dangerous conspiracy broke out among the ,bellovaci1 the ,caletes1 and the ,velliocasses1 assisted by the inhabitants of other neighboring districts4 ,this confederacy is supposed to have given rise to ,gournay4 ,the situation of the town is upon the frontiers of the territories of the two first tribes just mentioned1 the present inhabitants of the ,pays de ,caux and of the ,beauvaisis1 in a marshy spot1 subject to frequent inundations from two small rivers1 the ,epte and the ,st4 ,aubin1 whose waters flow beneath the walls of the place4 ,hence1 an inference has naturally arisen1 that the necessity for communication between people so near in point of position1 and yet so effectually separated1 first suggested the advantages to be derived from a bridge over the ,epte1 in a place otherwise impassable2 and that the bridge was shortly afterwards followed by a cause-way1 which1 in its turn1 held out inducements to settlers1 so that the town imperceptibly grew out of the traffic thus occasioned4 ,the historical celebrity acquired by ,gournay1 far exceeds what might have been expected from its size or importance1 and has altogether arisen from the power and the high military character of its ,norman lords4 ,rollo1 at the time that he parcelled out the lands of his newly-acquired sovereignty1 amongst his companions in arms1 bestowed ,gournay1 together with the whole of the ,norman division of the ,pays de ,brai1 upon a chieftain of the name of ,eudes1 to be held as a fief of the duchy1 under the usual military tenure2 binding him and his successors to furnish to the prince1 in times of war1 twelve of their vassals1 and to arm all their dependents for the defence of the adjacent frontier4 ,eudes had a son of the name of ,hugh2 and he it is who is reported to have first directed his attention towards making ,gournay a place of strength4 ,the ancient records ascribe to him the erection of a citadel in the immediate vicinity of the church of ,st4 ,hildebert1 surrounded with a triple wall and double fosse2 and farther secured by a tower1 which was called after his name1 la ,tour ,hue1 and which continued in existence till the beginning of the seventeenth century4 ,such was the reported strength of this fortress1 that ,brito1 a chronicler1 but1 it must be remembered1 a poetical one1 declares that it was able to resist an hostile attack1 even without a single soldier within the walls6 ,his whole account of the place1 in the time of ,philip-,augustus1 and of its capture by that monarch1 in the sixth book of his ,philippiad1 is curious and interesting4 ,a second ,hugh de ,gournay1 born after a lapse of about a century from the death of the son of ,eudes1 is usually accounted the head of the family1 because it is from him that the regular series of their descent is to be traced4 ,he was a man of whose military prowess many instances are recorded3 among his other exploits1 he is supposed to have been the chieftain1 who1 carrying his arms into the district of ,beauvais1 made himself master of the four villages there1 which1 from their subjection to him1 have retained the name of ,les ,conquts and which continued for many centuries under the administration of the lords of ,gournay4 ,he also attended the ,conqueror to ,england1 where he was rewarded for his services by a grant of land which he held from that prince in capite4 ,upon a former occasion1 he had been employed by him in a place of high trust1 having been appointed to command1 in conjunction with ,taillefer1 half-brother to the duke1 and three other ,norman nobles1 the fleet sent to the protection of ,edward the ,confessor1 against the claims of ,harold4 ,his name is also found in #ajei1 among the leaders of the ,norman army1 which defeated the ,french forces at ,couppegueule1 near ,mortimer4 ,at last1 disgusted with earthly affairs1 he retired to the abbey of ,bec1 and there1 in the monastic robe1 ended a life which had been devoted to pursuits of the most opposite tendency4--,this ,hugh de ,gournay had a son of the name of ,girald1 who married the sister of ,william1 ,earl ,warren1 and accompanied ,robert1 ,duke of ,normandy1 to the ,holy ,land4--,the third1 and last ,hugh de ,gournay1 grandson of ,girald1 was in the number of those who followed ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion in a similar expedition1 and was appointed his commissioner to receive the ,english share of the spoil after the battle of ,acre4 ,he was also among the barons who rose against ,king ,john4 ,but his attachment to the ,english cause ultimately lost him his possessions in ,normandy2 for no sooner was ,philip-,augustus master of ,gournay1 than he declared him a traitor1 and banished him from ,france4 ,philip added to the fortifications a new castle1 in the direction of ,ferrieres4 ,this1 however1 has been long since destroyed2 and indeed the probability is1 that the walls and towers of ,gournay were neglected and suffered to fall into decay1 shortly after the annexation of the duchy to ,france4 ,there can be little doubt but that the town originally owed its importance1 as a fortress1 to its position upon the frontiers of ,france and ,normandy2 and the consequence would therefore naturally follow1 that1 as soon as the ducal and regal crowns were united on the same head1 it would cease to be maintained as a place of strength4--,about a hundred years after the capture of ,gournay by ,philip-,augustus1 ,philip the ,bold1 great grandson of that monarch1 bestowed the town and lordship upon his youngest son1 ,charles of ,valois1 at whose death it became a part of the dower of his widow1 ,matilda of ,chatillon4 ,again1 in like manner1 on the decease of ,philip of ,valois1 in #acej1 ,gournay was separated from the ,crown1 and assigned to the widowed queen1 ,blanche of ,navarre4 ,by this princess it was held for forty-eight years1 when it once more reverted to the royal domains4 ,but early in the succeeding century1 the town fell1 together with the rest of ,france1 under the victorious arms of our sovereign ,henry ,v4 and upon his demise1 it was a third time selected as a portion of the dower of the royal widow1 ,catherine1 daughter of the ,french monarch1 ,charles ,,vi4 ,her death1 in #adch1 restored it to ,england3 but only to be held for the short term of eleven years1 at which time1 the reverses sustained by the ,british troops1 occasioned the expulsion of our monarchs from their continental dominions4--,from that period to the revolution1 the lordship of ,gournay1 with the title of count1 was constantly added by the ,french kings to the dignities of some one of the principal families of the realm2 and in this manner1 it successively passed through different branches of the houses of ,harcourt1 ,orlans1 ,longueville1 and ,montmorenci4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ci4 ,,collegiate ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,hildebert ,,at ,,gournay4 ,view across the ,nave into the ,north transept4 ,the church of ,st4 ,hildebert1#fi the subject of these plates1 was1 previously to the revolution1 both parochial and collegiate4 ,its foundation is supposed to be of very high antiquity4 ,there is1 however1 no proof of the precise period of the establishment of the chapter here4 ,the earliest records upon the subject1 bear date in the year #aahj1 and merely mention it as being then in existence2 but1 according to tradition1 it was first fixed at the neighboring village of ,brefmoutier1 and was removed to ,gournay by ,hugh1 the last of the ,norman counts4 ,the same ,hugh is generally reported to have commenced the erection of the present church2 but it is sufficiently known with how little accuracy the early historians are wont to express themselves on these subjects4 ,the term1 to rebuild1 often means no more than to repair2 so that it is in many cases more safe to judge from the style of a building itself1 than from the records preserved to us respecting it4 ,the architecture of the church of ,st4 ,hildebert would lead to the supposition1 that a considerable portion of it was standing in its present state1 at least one hundred years anterior to the time of ,hugh2 and1 even admitting such to have been the case1 there is still sufficient discrepancy in the rest of the edifice to account for the well attested circumstance1 that1 at the close of the thirteenth century1 the church yet remained incomplete4 ,the imperfect state of the building did not prevent its receiving the honor of a dedication3 this ceremony was performed in one of the last years of the twelfth century1 by ,walter1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 in person1 attended1 as commonly happened1 by a great concourse of the nobles and clergy of the province2 and1 in the first year of the following century1 ,herbert1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 passed over from ,england for the express purpose of doing honor by his presence to the translation of the reliques of ,st4 ,hildebert4 ,the banishment of ,hugh de ,gournay and confiscation of his property1 which took place shortly after these events1 deprived the canons of their liberal and powerful benefactor4 ,poverty caused the progress of the building to be suspended2 and it was only by the aid of repeated indulgences1 granted by the popes and archbishops1#gj that it was finally brought to a state of completion4 ,the two western towers are of a considerably more recent period3 they were erected in their present state1 of wood1 roofed with slate1 in the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,the timber was supplied by the ,duchess of ,longueville1 whose husband was at that time ,count of ,gournay2 and the rest of the charge was defrayed by the sale of the materials of a ruined chapel1 dedicated to ,st4 ,julian1 and of a small central tower1 the only one originally attached to the building4 ,the church is in the form of a cross2 consisting of a nave with aisles1 choir1 and transepts4 ,the west front 7plate thirty-eight7 is in the earliest style of pointed architecture1 and evidently of the period of the same ,hugh de ,gournay1 by whom the whole edifice is said to be raised4 ,if compared with the same portion of the churches known to have been erected at a similar period in ,england1 the closest resemblance will be traced between them4 ,that of ,salisbury cathedral1 the most noble instance of the kind in ,britain1 is later1 and infinitely more richly ornamented4 ,but in this at ,gournay1 the windows are the only portion that have altogether escaped mutilation or alteration4 ,the side portals were evidently1 in their original state1 fronted with porches1 which have now disappeared4 ,such has likewise been the case with the arches of entrance2 and mention has already been made of the posterior date of the tower4 ,the thirty-ninth plate exhibits a portion of the older part of the interior of the church1 and displays a style of architecture considerably prior to the period assigned for its rebuilding2 so that no one can well doubt but that1 as has been hinted above1 though it may be said to owe its existence to ,hugh de ,gournay1 this assertion is to be taken only in a qualified sense4 ,this plate contains the last compartment of the north side of the nave1 and also admits a portion of the transept4 ,flanking the nave1 on either hand1 is a row of seven columns1 supporting six arches4 ,it is scarcely possible for the most casual observer not to be struck1 immediately upon entering the building1 with the extreme massiveness and solidity of the piers4 ,they are for the most part square1 and only varied with a semi-cylindrical shaft attached to each of the four sides4 ,similar piers are to be found in many of the village churches upon the coasts of ,sussex and ,surrey1 the part of our island which1 from its situation nearest to ,normandy1 is most likely to retain genuine specimens of the earliest and purest ,norman architecture4 ,but the most remarkable character attending the piers at ,gournay is1 that the sculpture upon them1 instead of being confined as usual to the capitals of the pillars1 is also continued over the flat intermediate surface of the piers1 extending to the same depth as the capitals1 as if intended1 by forming a band round the whole1 to connect it more closely in a kind of architectural unity4 ,the pattern1 however1 in general varies as applied to the flat or circular sides4 ,the arches of the nave of the church are of a shape between what is generally termed the semi-circular and the horse-shoe arch2 their centre being somewhat higher than the spring1 but not remarkably so4 ,the clerestory windows above are all ,norman2 and the same is the case with the great arches1 originally intended to support the central tower2 excepting1 indeed1 in that to the north1 which has evidently undergone an alteration4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dj4 ,,collegiate ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,hildebert ,,at ,,gournay4 ,capitals4 ,illustration3 ,plate #da4 ,,collegiate ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,hildebert ,,at ,,gournay4 ,capitals4 ,plates forty and forty-one#ga are devoted to the capitals1 the most characteristic feature of the building4 ,a more remarkable or a more interesting set1 is not to be seen in any church throughout ,normandy4 ,their character is by no means altogether the same as that of those at ,st4 ,georges1 or in the abbatial church of the ,trinity at ,caen4 ,there are indeed monsters among them1 but they are of unfrequent occurrence2 and1 if the expression may be allowed1 they are not equally monstrous4 ,nor are they of a description to appear to bear any reference to mythology1 or to history4 ,on the contrary1 the sculpture on them is for the most part of great beauty2 and the patterns display a fertile1 and an elegant1 if not a classical1 taste on the part of the architects4 ,the greatest peculiarity among them1 and one that is believed to be wholly confined to this church1 is1 that seven or eight of the pillars have1 by way of capitals1 a narrow projecting rim1 carved with undulating lines4 ,so frequent a repetition of the same ornament1 and of an ornament so very singular1 removes the idea of accident4 ,it has therefore been supposed1 that the intention of the sculptor was to exhibit a kind of hieroglyphical representation of water4 ,perhaps1 as has been observed elsewhere1#gb it is the chamber of ,sagittarius2 or1 perhaps1 it is a fess-wavy1 to which the same signification has been assigned by heralds4--,if this interpretation be correct1 the symbol is allusive to the ancient situation of the town1 built in a marsh1 intersected by two streams4 ,the aisles of the church are in all parts ancient3 their vaulting resembles that of ,norwich cathedral1 an arch springing from each capital4--,large windows of the decorated ,english style1 and consequently comparatively modern1 have been inserted1 at the east end of the church1 and at the extremity of the south transept2 but1 in both these parts1 sufficient is left to shew the original design of the architect4 ,in the latter1 it is evident that there once were1 as there still remain in the opposite transept1 four semi-circular-headed windows1 disposed1 to speak in heraldic language1 #a1 #b1 and #a2 while1 in the former1 were seven1 placed #a1 #b1 and #d4 ,of the four lowest of these1 the two outermost gave light to the aisles4 ,each window was separated from the rest by a shallow undivided ,norman buttress1 built of squared freestone1 and interrupting the herring-bone masonry1 which occupies the rest of the east end1 to the height of about five feet from the ground4 ,,notes3 #fi ,st4 ,hildebert is a name of rare occurrence in hagiology4 ,he was bishop of ,meaux in the seventh century1 but was not honored with a place in the calendar1 till about three hundred years after his decease2 at which time his reliques were carried to different parts of ,france1 and finally interred at ,gournay4 ,the church1 on this occasion1 changed its patron1 an event which commonly happened in those ages1 and placed itself under the protection of the new saint1 instead of the proto-martyr1 to whom it had been originally dedicated4--,peter de ,natalibus1 in his ,catalogus ,sanctorum1 says1 that ,st4 ,hildebert ended his life as ,archbishop of ,tours2 and that he died in that city1 and was there buried1 ibique jacens in miraculis vivit4 ,he speaks of him likewise as an elegant scholar1 and the author of a work1 de contemptu hujus vit1 written partly in verse1 and partly in prose4 #gj ,of the last of these1 which bears date in #abgh1 a copy1 translated from the ,archiepiscopal ,archives1 is printed in the ,concilia ,normannica1 7,,ii4 p4 #he17 and is here inserted1 not only on account of the information it affords concerning the church1 but as a curious specimen of similar compositions3-- ,,guillelmus ,,de ,,flavacuria ,,indulgentias ,,ecclesi ,,gornacensi ,,concedit ,,anno ,,christi ,,mcclxxviii4 ,guillelmus permissione divin ,rotomagensis ,archiepiscopus1 universis prsentes literas inspecturis1 salutem in ,domino ,jesu ,christo4 ,cum1 sicut accepimus1 ,ecclesia de ,gournayo nostr ,diocesis1 in qua ,corpus ,b4 ,hildeverti requiescit1 ita graviter sit oppressa1 qud ad sustentationem pauperum ,clericorum ibi deservientium1 necnon et ad redificationem dict ,ecclesi propri facultates non suppetant nisi fidelium subventionibus adjuvetur1 maxim cm prdicta ,ecclesia amiserit redditus quos in ,anglia solebat percipere annuatim4 ,nos de omnipotentis ,dei misericordia et ,b4 ,mari semper ,virginis genitricis ejus1 beatorum ,petri et ,pauli1 ac beatorum ,confessorum ,romani et ,audoni1 et omnium ,sanctorum meritis et intercessione confisi3 ,omnibus ver poenitentibus et confessis1 qui ad dictam ,ecclesiam caus peregrinationis ,dominic in qua canitur3 ,isti sunt dies1 et die ,sabbathi et die ,veneris immediat prcedentibus accesserint1 vel prnominat ,ecclesi manum suam porrexerint1 adjutorium dictis diebus vel aliis eleemosynas largiendo1 #dj dies de injunctis sibi poenitentiis misericorditer relaxamus4 ,datum ,gournaii anno ,domini #abgh1 die ,veneris ante ,festum ,b4 ,dionysii4 #ga ,the capitals in the former of these plates are all selected from the nave2 in the latter1 those marked ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 are taken from the columns placed at the intersection of the transepts2 and ,g1 ,i1 ,k1 and ,o1 from the choir4 ,l and ,n represent consols to ribs in the aisles4 #gb ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #dd4 ,,plates ,,xlii4 ,,and ,,xliii4 ,,chapel ,,of ,,the ,,hospital ,,of ,,st4 ,,julien1 ,,near ,,rouen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #db4 ,,chapel ,,of ,,the ,,hospital ,,of ,,st4 ,,julien1 ,,near ,,rouen4 ,south side4 ,the chapel figured in these plates is all that now remains of a monastery1 which1 at the period of the revolution1 was one of the most magnificent in the vicinity of ,rouen4 ,it was then likewise almost altogether new3 ,farin1 in his history of the city1 printed in #agca1 states that1 at the time when he wrote1 the monks of the order of the ,chartreux1 the then occupants of the priory1 had just began to rebuild the great cloister1 according to a very simple and magnificent design4#gc ,but the revolutionary commotions levelled the whole with the ground1 sparing only the unassuming chapel1 which has since served as a wood-house for the neighboring farmer4 ,the convent itself underwent many changes of owners4 ,it was originally founded in #aahc1 by ,henry ,,ii4 ,king of ,england and ,duke of ,normandy1 as a priory1 under the invocation of ,st4 ,julien1 for the reception of unmarried females of rank1 who1 having the misfortune to be affected with leprosy1 devoted themselves to a religious life4 ,that terrible disease1 happily almost unknown except by tradition1 in our days1 was in those times of so frequent occurrence1 that legislative enactments were repeatedly necessary to restrain its ravages4 ,in the history of the councils of the ,norman church1 allusions to the subject are often to be found4 ,lepers were forbidden to migrate1 even from one lazar-house to another2 they were not allowed to set their foot in any city or fortress2 and1 in the event of their transgressing this order1 and being ill-treated in consequence of such disobedience1 no redress was to be afforded them4 ,they could take rest in no inn1 even for necessary refreshment4#gd ,by an especial order of the church of ,bayeux1 no one could give alms to a leper1 under pain of excommunication2#ge and the church of ,coutances went still further1 enjoining them never to appear without a particular kind of cope1 by way of distinction1 and never to attempt to dispose of the hogs which they were in the habit of fatting1 except to such as labored under the same disease4 ,disobedience to this last order1 exposed both buyer and seller to a punishment1 which sounds rather strange at this time1 being ad boni viri arbitrium4#gf ,in another case1 and nearly at the time of the foundation of the priory of ,st4 ,julien1 it is upon record1 that lepers were charged as engaged in a horrible communion of crime with ,jews4 ,the latter were expelled from ,france in #acba1 upon the plea of their having been guilty of administering to the people potions of a poisonous quality2 and the lepers were accused of having lent themselves as instruments in aiding and abetting4#gg ,in the foundation-charter of the priory of ,st4 ,julien1 ,henry endows it with an annual rental of two hundred livres1 for the clothing and maintenance of the nuns2 and he gives them1 in addition1 the meadow of ,quevilli1 in which parish the convent was situated1 together with the privilege of cutting their fire-wood1 and feeding their cattle1 in the forest there4 ,hence the monastery was indiscriminately known by the name of ,salle du ,roi1 ,salle des ,pucelles1 ,notre ,dame du ,quevilli1 and ,st4 ,julien du ,parc4 ,in the year #acff1 ,charles ,v4 ,king of ,france1 being then at ,rouen1 transferred1 by his letters patent1 the convent of ,st4 ,julien1 with all its appurtenances1 which had by that time considerably increased1 to the great hospital of the city1 called the ,magdalen4 ,the prior of the latter establishment was enjoined to take charge of the nuns1 and to visit them daily1 for the purpose of recommending the soul of the king to their prayers1 in commemoration of the great benefits bestowed by him upon the monastery4 ,even down to the time of the revolution1 this custom was to a certain degree maintained4 ,the priest on duty during the week was bound to pronounce daily1 with a loud voice1 at the close of the evening service1 ,ames dvotes priez pour ,charles ,v4 ,roi de ,france1 et pour nos autres bienfaiteurs2 and this was followed by the one hundred and twenty-ninth psalm1 and an appropriate prayer4 ,the same ceremony was at the same time performed by one of the nuns1 among the females4 ,after the union of the convent of ,st4 ,julien to the ,magdalen1 the superior of the hospital was in the habit of keeping a monk at the priory1 as a superintendant over the religious duties of the occupants and temporal possessions of the foundation2 and this state of things continued till #afjj1 when1 upon the destruction of the abbey upon ,mont ,ste ,catherine1 the friars of the latter establishment obtained from the hospital the cession of the deserted monastery1 and occupied it for sixty-seven years4 ,they then also in their turn resigned it1 and it fell into the hands of the ,carthusians of ,gaillon1 who1 uniting with their brethren of the same order at ,rouen1 formed a very opulent community1 and resided here till the period when all monastic institutions ceased throughout ,france4 ,architecturally considered1 the chapel is a building of great interest4#gh ,a more pure1 or more perfect specimen of the ,norman ra1 is perhaps no where to be found4 ,without spire or tower1 and divided into three parts of unequal length and height1 the nave1 the choir1 and the circular apsis1 it resembles one of the meanest of our parish churches in ,england4 ,in its design1 it is externally quite regular1 being divided throughout its whole length1 into small compartments1 by a row of shallow buttresses1 which rise from the ground to the eaves of the roof1 without any partition into splays4 ,those on the south side1 7see plate forty-two7 are all1 except the most eastern1 still in their primeval state2 but a buttress of a subsequent1 though not very recent1 date1 has been built up against almost every one of the original buttresses on the north side1 by way of support to the edifice4 ,each division contains a single narrow circular-headed window2 beneath which is a plain moulding1 continued uninterruptedly over the buttresses as well as the wall4 ,another plain moulding runs nearly on a level with the tops of the windows1 and takes the same circular form2 but it is confined to the spaces between the buttresses4 ,there are no others4--,the entrance was by circular-headed doors1 at the west end and south side1 both of them very plain2 but particularly the latter4 ,the few ornaments of the western are as perfect and as sharp1 as if the whole were the work of yesterday4 ,this part of the church has1 however1 been exposed to considerable injury1 owing to its having joined the conventual buildings4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dc4 ,,chapel ,,of ,,the ,,hospital ,,of ,,st4 ,,julien1 ,,near ,,rouen4 ,interior4 ,choir and part of the ,nave4 ,the interior of the chapel1 however degraded from its original purpose1 continues1 like the exterior1 almost perfect2 but it is much more rich1 uniting to the common ornaments of ,norman architecture capitals of great labor4 ,the ceiling is covered with paintings of scriptural subjects1 which still remain4 ,this discrepance of style between the outside of the building and the inside1 might lead to a suspicion that they had been erected at different times2 but there really seems to be no sufficient ground for such an opinion4 ,those who attempt to decide upon the dates of ,norman edifices1 judging from the character of their ornaments1 or the comparative profusion of their decorations1 will do well to reflect1 that almost every building contains in itself a medley of what is barbarous and classical1 while no two can well vary more in the quantity of their ornaments1 than the two abbatial churches of ,caen2 and yet they were both of them1 beyond dispute1 productions of the self-same ra4--,it deserves remark likewise1 that two theories of directly opposite tendency1 both of them perhaps equally plausible1 have been started upon this point4 ,the partisans of one of these maintain1 that the ,normans1 on their arrival in the more southern parts of ,europe1 found highly ornamented buildings1 and1 being themselves altogether ignorant of art1 were content with copying what already existed2 so that their progress in art was in a retrograde direction1 from a classical style1 to one comparatively barbarous4 ,on the other hand1 it is averred1 that these reputed savages really imported with them the kind of architecture now generally known by their name2 and1 in proportion as they improved in wealth1 luxury1 and refinement1 drew nearer and nearer to the ,roman model1 either by dint of their own observations1 or by the importation of ,italian artists4 ,the balance of probability appears at the first glance to incline in favor of the latter of these opinions1 as most consonant to the general march of human affairs4 ,perhaps1 however1 upon a more attentive consideration1 the former may appear nearer to the truth3 it is certain1 that the style in architecture1 which immediately succeeded what is commonly called ,norman1 is still farther removed from the ,roman or the ,greek2 and it is equally certain1 that the ,norman itself has different characters in different parts of ,europe4 ,that of ,england varies to a certain degree from what is seen in ,normandy3 the latter still more so from the ,german1 and the ,german from that of the south of ,france2 while1 in the north of ,italy1 and in ,sicily1 it is again found with features unlike those of other countries1 and equally unlike those of each other4 ,in all1 the discrepancies most probably arise from the styles peculiar to the several nations1 previously to the irruptions of the northern hordes4 ,the subject is1 at all events1 deserving of investigation and reflection4 ,,notes3 #gc ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #cgj4 #gd ,concilia ,normannica1 ,,ii4 p4 #gb4 #ge ,ibidem1 p4 #bci4 #gf ,ibidem1 p4 #ede4 #gg ,ibidem1 ,i4 p4 #age4 #gh ,the greater part of what follows is borrowed from ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #abh4 ,,plates ,,xliv4--,,xlvi4 ,,church ,,of ,l,,ry4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dd4 ,,church ,,of ,l,,ry1 ,,near ,,pont-,,de-,l',,arche4 ,general view looking south east4 ,it is not in the vicinity of ,rouen1 nor indeed in any portion of the district formerly known under the denomination of ,upper ,normandy1 that the curious traveller must seek for the most interesting remains of early ecclesiastical architecture in the province4 ,the village churches1 throughout this portion of the duchy1 are for the most part small and insignificant1 and of comparatively modern erection2 while1 in the vicinity of ,caen1 and indeed in the whole of the departments of ,calvados and of ,la ,manche1 a large proportion of them are unquestionably referable to the times of ,norman dominion1 and exhibit some of the purest specimens of real ,norman art4 ,the solution of this question must in all probability be sought for in the political state of the province2 and no more obvious answer seems to present itself1 than is afforded by a reference to the local character of its two great divisions1 of which1 ,upper ,normandy1 consisting greatly of a border country1 exposed to the continual ravages of warfare from its more powerful neighbor1 with difficulty preserved such of its public buildings as were defended by the walls of the fortresses2 and often gladly compounded for the secure existence of these1 by the sacrifice of the harvest1 the cottage1 and the parochial church4 ,yet1 even here1 some of the ecclesiastical buildings have escaped the hand of time and violence2 and among these1 few1 if any1 more completely than that of ,lry1 a village situated upon the right bank of the ,eure1 at a distance of about two miles from ,pont de l',arche1 and nearly the same from ,louviers4 ,lry gives its name to the adjoining commune2 and it may reasonably be inferred1 that it was in former times a place of more importance1 than would be imagined from its present appearance4 ,the ingenious and estimable ,m4 ,langlois1 of ,rouen1 in a work#gi which he commenced upon the antiquities of ,normandy1 and in which he has figured the west front of this church1 tells us1 that but a few years since1 ,lry could boast of several specimens of domestic architecture of unusual size and embellishment4 ,of one of these1 an engraving has lately been given by ,m4 ,willemin1 in his exquisite ,monumens ,indits de la ,france4 ,it was known by the name of the ,palace of ,queen ,blanche2 and if1 by the ,blanche in question1 is to be understood the ,princess of ,navarre1 consort of ,philip ,,vi4 who died in #acej1 there is nothing in the exterior of the building to prevent its being ascribed to that ra4 ,it was entered by a flat door-way1 under a wide1 pointed1 crocketed arch2 the transom-stone enriched with a trefoil-headed moulding2 and the whole portal surmounted with a balustrade of quatrefoils4 ,but1 unfortunately1 nothing more can now be said of the building1 than is supplied by the plate in question4 ,it had1 in its earlier time1 repeatedly suffered from the effects of fire2 and a similar calamity completed its ruin1 during the month of ,june1 #ahad4 ,the lower part of the walls and the gothic portal are all that are left standing1 to attest the original size and magnificence of the palace4 ,the church of ,lry is referred by ,m4 ,langlois to the ra of the ,carlovingian dynasty1 a period that extended from the middle of the seventh century1 to the concluding years of the tenth4 ,its claim to so extraordinarily high a degree of antiquity1 is founded1 in his opinion1 upon the resemblance borne by the columns and capitals of the west front1 particularly those of the windows1 to the same parts in the crypt of the abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 generally supposed to be the joint work of ,pepin and of ,charlemagne4 ,but these latter decidedly partake more of the character of the classical model1#hj while every member throughout the whole front of ,lry1 7see plate forty-five7 may find a parallel in other ,norman churches2 or1 if an exception is to be made to so sweeping an assertion1 it can only be in favor of the second and largest moulding in the archivolt of the portal1 which is very peculiar4 ,the two lateral pointed windows are obviously an introduction of a subsequent period2 and a doubt may likewise perhaps be entertained with regard to the buttresses4 ,this front is small indeed1 but elegant3 it is more richly ornamented than that of the chapel in the castle at ,caen2#ha and1 though less so than that of the abbey church of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 yet can it scarcely be said to be inferior in beauty4 ,a recent tourist#hb has remarked1 with much apparent probability1 that the churches of ,st4 ,georges and of ,lry may1 from the general conformity in the style of both1 reasonably be regarded as of nearly the same ra1--the time of the ,norman conquest2 and he goes on to add that1 through these1 the ,english antiquary may be enabled to fix the date to a specimen of ancient architecture in his own country1 more splendid than either1--the church of ,castle-,rising1#hc in ,norfolk1 whose west front is so much on the same plan1 that it can scarcely have been erected at a very different period4 ,the church of ,lry 7see plate forty-four7 is built in the form of a cross1 having in the centre a short square tower1 to which has been attached1 in modern times1 a wretched wooden spire4 ,this ,mr4 ,cotman has very judiciously omitted1 as adding nothing to the interest of the plate1 and merely tending to deform what is otherwise seen in nearly the same state in which it left the hands of the original builders4 ,the corbel-table1 observable immediately under the top of the tower1 and in some parts of the choir and transepts1 exhibits the same description of monsters1 as in the church of ,st4 ,paul at ,rouen1 of the ,holy ,trinity at ,caen1 and other ,norman religious buildings4--,two peculiarities attending upon the exterior of the church are1 that the east end is flat1 and that the transepts are altogether without buttresses4 ,illustration3 ,plate #de4 ,,church ,,of ,l,,ry1 ,,near ,,pont-,,de-,l',,arche4 ,west ,front4 ,illustration3 ,plate #df4 ,,church ,,of ,l,,ry1 ,,near ,,pont-,,de-,l',,arche4 ,interior4 ,in the interior 7plate forty-six7 it is impossible not to be struck with the extraordinary simplicity and solidity of the whole4 ,the only aim of the architect appears to have been to erect an edifice that should last for ever4 ,a double row of pillars and arches separates the nave into three parts of unequal width2 and another arch1 of greater span1 divides it from the chancel4 ,the arches are in every instance devoid of mouldings2 the capitals are altogether without ornamental sculpture of any description2 and the pillars are even unsupported by bases4 ,indeed1 the pillars are nothing more than rounded piers2 and they are not less remarkable for their proportions1 than for their simplicity1 their diameter being equal to full two-thirds of their height4 ,hence it is scarcely possible not to entertain the suspicion that the floor may have been raised2 but there is nothing in the appearance of the church to justify such an idea4 ,it is scarcely necessary to mention1 that the figures of saints placed upon brackets against the spandrils of the arches1 are all modern4 ,their execution is wretched2 and its imperfection is rendered but the more apparent1 by their having been painted in imitation of living nature4 ,the string-course1 which runs immediately above their heads1 is placed in a very uncommon situation4 ,it is composed of the nail-head ornament1 in itself a sufficient proof of its antiquity2 and also1 as is observed by ,mr4 ,cotman1 of such rarity in ,normandy1 that he does not recollect to have met with another instance of it4 ,the windows of the church of ,lry were formerly filled with painted glass1 representing very curious subjects1 taken from the life of ,st4 ,louis2 but every vestige of the kind has now disappeared4 ,from the church-yard1 which stands upon a considerable elevation1 immediately above the banks of the ,eure1 are seen1 upon an opposite hill beyond the river1 the ruins of the once celebrated convent1 known by the name of the ,priory of the ,two ,lovers4 ,,notes3 #gi ,recueil de quelques vues de sites et ,monumens de la ,france1 spcialement de ,normandie1 et des divers ,costumes des ,habitans de cette ,province4--,of this work1 the first number1 containing eight plates1 appeared in ,rouen1 in #ahaf2 but1 unfortunately1 it did not meet with sufficient encouragement to be ever followed by a second4 #hj ,see ,howlett's ,plan and ,views of the ,abbey ,royal of ,st4 ,denis1 plate #f4 #ha ,see plate #dh4 #hb ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #ahh4 #hc ,cotman's ,architectural ,antiquities of ,norfolk1 plate #ce4 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,church ,,of ,,colomby4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dg4 ,,elevations ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,colomby ,,near ,,valognes4 ,the church of ,colomby1 to use the language of ,m4 de ,gerville1 is one of the last of the religious edifices built by those powerful barons1 whose sway extended equally over ,normandy and ,england4 ,no records1 indeed1 are left either as to the actual time of its erection1 or the name of its founder4 ,with respect1 however1 to the former1 the style of the architecture is sufficiently decisive2 and there is as little cause for hesitation in referring its origin to a nobleman allied to the family of the ,conqueror4 ,baldwin de ,brionis1 or de ,molis1 who accompanied that monarch in his expedition against ,england1 and was afterwards married to his niece1 was rewarded by him for his services1 with the barony of ,okehampton1 where he resided1 as well as with the custody of the county of ,devon1 and the government of ,exeter castle1 in fee4 ,the earldom of the same county1 together with a grant of the ,isle of ,wight1 was conferred by ,henry ,i4 upon the son of ,baldwin1 ,richard de ,redvers2 and1 either in the same or the following generation1 this powerful family obtained a still farther accession to its riches and honors1 in the possession of ,nhou1 a considerable portion of the barony of ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 which ,nel1 ,viscount of the ,cotentin1 had forfeited in #ajdg4 ,the domain of ,nhou included a collegiate church2 and one of the prebends of this was attached to the second portion of the church of ,colomby4 ,it appears from three inquiries instituted at different times by the bishops of ,coutances1 with a view to ascertain the value of the livings in their diocese1 that1 in the years #abee1 #afff1 and #agcg1 ,colomby was under two separate ministers2 one of them nominated by the lord1 the other by the abbey of ,montbourg4#hd ,almost all the noblemen of the family of ,redvers1 who1 after the conquest of ,england1 commonly assumed the additional name of ,vernon1 were distinguished by the baptismal appellation of ,baldwin1 ,william1 or ,richard4 ,the first of the ,richards laid the foundation of the monastery of ,montbourg4 ,he died there in #aajg1 after having enriched his rising convent with numerous donations1 and1 among others1 with the second portion of ,colomby4 ,baldwin1 his son and successor1 confirmed the donations3 he took arms against ,king ,stephen1 and was forced by that monarch to flee from ,england in #aacf2 shortly after which time he completed the abbey begun by his father1 and caused it to be dedicated in #aaeb3 three years subsequently1 he died4 ,a second ,richard1 who succeeded him in his honors1 as ,earl of ,devonshire and ,lord of ,nhou1 died in #aafb2 and a third of the same name1 in #aahd4 ,this last1 not content with merely confirming the donations made by his ancestors to ,montbourg1 materially increased them3 he also added to the collegiate church of ,nhou1 a fifth prebend1 which he conferred upon one of the ministers of ,colomby2 and it was by him1 according to the opinion of ,m4 de ,gerville1 that the church1 the subject of the present article1 was built4 ,a few years only elapsed after the decease of this chieftain1 before ,normandy became re-united to the crown of ,france2 and one of the first acts of ,philip-,augustus1 who then sat upon the throne1 was to register the fiefs of his new province1 their several possessors1 and the service owed by each4 ,this took place in the year #abjg2 and ,nhou1 which was bound to furnish the monarch with five horse-soldiers1 was at that time in the possession of ,richard of ,vernon1 a nobleman of whom no notice is to be found in the genealogy of the lords of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,the register records the fact in the following terms3--,ric4 de ,vernon tenet baroniam de ,neahou per servicium quimque militum4 ,guillelmus de ,vernon tenet inde duo feoda et dimidium4-- ,the church of ,colomby is in perfect preservation1 unspoiled and undefaced by modern alterations or additions1 saving only that of a porch at the western extremity4 ,for simplicity and uniformity it cannot be surpassed2 nor can any building be better qualified to afford a specimen of the religious architecture of the times4 ,though destitute both of transept and aisles1 the tower is central3 the east end terminates in a flat wall4 ,the columns within are clustered and light2 formed of stone1 which unites1 in an eminent degree1 the advantage of great strength with that of yielding easily to the chisel1 and which is dug from the quarries of ,yvetot1 near ,valognes4 ,the same quarries also furnished the principal part of the stone employed in the construction of the cathedral of ,coutances4 ,the plate exhibits at ,c4 the elevation of the south side of the church2 to which have been added1 for the more complete understanding of the subject1 ,a4 ,the west front4 ,b4 ,east end4 ,d4 ,south door-way to the chancel4 ,e4 ,a single window4 ,,notes3 #hd ,the words used upon this subject in the ,inquisition of #abee1 made by ,jean d',essey1 then bishop of ,coutances1 are as follows3--,eccli de ,colombeo patronus ,abbas ,montisburgi pro medietate et percipit duas garbas de portione sua4 ,rector percipit terciam cum altalagio4 ,gulielmus de ,rivers patronus pro alia medietate4 ,rector percipit omnia4--,the two following inquisitions state in express terms1 that the first portion was under the patronage of the lord4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,chapel ,,in ,,the ,,castle ,,at ,,caen4 ,the ,castle at ,caen was built by ,william the ,conqueror1 whose son1 ,henry ,i4 though commonly reputed its founder1 in reality confined himself to raising the walls and adding the keep1 which latter was levelled with the ground1 by virtue of a decree of the ,national ,convention1 dated #fth ,august1 #agic4 ,by the same decree1 it was still farther enacted1 that the castle itself should be demolished2 but the wisdom of the representatives of the sovereign people failed in this1 as in many other instances1 by not duly appreciating the difficulties attendant upon the execution of their edict3 these proved to be so great1 that the workmen were compelled to desist1 when comparatively but little progress had been made in the work of destruction4 ,it is expressly stated in the ,norman ,chronicle1 that a castle1 though of smaller size1 previously existed upon the same spot4 ,in opposition1 however1 to this assertion1 we are told by ,robert ,wace1 that at the time when ,henry ,i4 of ,france1 in his expedition against the ,conqueror1 in #ajed1 advanced with his army as far as the banks of the ,seville1 he traversed the town of ,caen without resistance3 it being sans chastel1 and the ,duke not having yet surrounded it with walls4 ,but may not this apparent contradiction be reconciled1 by admitting that the words of the historian are only to be taken in a comparative sense8 ,it is possible1 that ,wace intended to convey no farther meaning than that the town was not then fortified1 as in his time2 and such a supposition would cause every difficulty to vanish4 ,the ,castle1 as early as the eleventh century1 was placed under the superintendance of a constable2 and the office was1 in #aajf1 made hereditary in the family of ,robert ,fitz-,hamon1 ,lord of ,creuly1 by whom1 and his heirs1 it continued to be held till the closing year of the same century4 ,under the reign of the last of the ,norman ,dukes1 the keep had a governor of its own1 distinct from that of the castle2 and he was dignified with the title of ,constable of the ,tower of ,caen2 but1 upon the reduction of the province by ,philip-,augustus1 ,caen itself1 together with the castle and its dungeon1 was all committed to the charge of a single officer1 denominated the ,captain4 ,such also appears to have continued the case1 except during the reign of ,louis ,,xi4 when one ,raymond d',argeau is recorded to have been the ,garde particulier du ,donjon4 ,the timid policy of a suspicious prince might naturally suggest the idea of greater safety1 in not allowing the power over so important a fortress to be vested in any single hand4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dh4 ,,chapel ,,in ,,the ,,castle ,,at ,,caen4 ,the ,castle at ,caen was the place on which the different lordships1 attached to the dignity of ,viscount of ,caen1 directly or indirectly1 depended4 ,almost all of them were held upon the condition of some annual contribution1 consisting either of arrows1 or quivers1 or bows1 or swords1 or cuirasses1 or other description of ancient armor4 ,in time of war1 the vassals of these different lords were likewise bound to mount guard at the castle2 but most of the parishes purchased an exemption from this service1 by means of a pecuniary payment4 ,thus it is upon record that1 in the year #achc1 the parish of ,mry compounded for fifty-six livres annually1 and that of ,clville for thirty-two livres ten sols4 ,by the tenure of others among the dependencies of the bailiwick1 it was stipulated1 according to ,m4 de ,bourgueville1 that they should supply the castle with provisions1 in the event of war4 ,the sums arising from these various contributions1 were employed for the pay and maintenance of the garrison3 in #acfi1 the salary of the governor of ,caen was fixed at one thousand livres annually2 half of it arising from the revenues of the ,viscounty of ,caen1 the other moiety from those of the ,viscounty of ,bayeux4 ,the garrison1 during the fourteenth century1 was limited in time of peace to six esquires and ten crossbow-men4 ,even during the short period of ,english power1 the governor was allowed for the defence of the place only thirty heavy-armed soldiers and ninety archers1 half of their number being mounted4 ,upon the capture of ,caen by ,charles ,,vii4 in #adej1 that monarch left in the castle a garrison amounting to nearly three hundred soldiers2 and this number was not reduced below one hundred and forty1 upon the conclusion of the peace4 ,the above particulars1 translated almost verbatim from the ,abb ,de la ,rue's recent publication upon ,caen1#he do not place the castle1 as a fortress1 in the important light which might reasonably have been expected1 considering its reputed strength and its great extent4 ,monstrelet1#hf speaking of it in his own time1 says1 it is the strongest in all ,normandy1 fortified with high and great bulwarks of a very hard stone1 situated upon a rock1 and containing in extent as much as the whole town of ,corbeil4 ,de ,bourgueville#hg enters1 as might be expected1 more at large into the subject4 ,his description is full and interesting4#hh ,a short time previously to the revolution1 when ,caen was visited by ,ducarel1#hi the greater part of the castle was much out of order1 having been altogether neglected2 but the dungeon had then lately undergone a thorough repair1 and was used as a place of confinement for state prisoners1 and for such others1 as by lettres de cachet1 obtained at the joint request of their family1 were deprived of their liberty1 in order to prevent their incurring the disgrace1 after having been exposed to the misfortune1 of poverty4 ,on the subject of its present condition1 we learn from ,mr4 ,turner1#ij that1 degraded as it is in its character by modern innovation1 it is more deserving of notice as an historical1 than as an architectural1 relic2 but that it still claims to be reckoned as a place of defence1 though it retains but few of its original features4 ,the spacious1 lofty circular towers1 which flanked its ramparts1 known by the names of the black1 the white1 the red1 and the grey horse1 have been brought down to the level of the platform4 ,the dungeon-tower is destroyed2 and all the grandeur of the ,norman castle is lost1 though the width of its ditches1 and the thickness of its walls1 still testify its ancient strength4--,the same author proceeds to state1 that there are reasons for supposing that ,caen1 when first founded1 only occupied the site of the present castle2 and that1 when it became advisable to convert the old town into a fortress1 the inhabitants migrated into the valley below4--,he adds1 upon the authority of ,de ,bourgueville1 that six thousand infantry could be drawn up in battle array1 within the outer ballium2 and that so great was the number of houses and of inhabitants1 inclosed within the area1 that it was thought expedient to build in it a parochial church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,george1 besides two chapels4 ,one of these chapels has been supposed to be the subject of the present plate2 but the high authority of the ,abb ,de la ,rue#ia seems to render such a supposition at least doubtful4 ,indeed1 the reverend author enumerates no fewer than six chapels within the precincts of the castle1 without1 however1 entering upon a description of the remains of any one of them4 ,at the same time1 he particularly notices the religious building here figured1 evidently regarding it as having served formerly for a parochial church4 ,at present1 it is desecrated1 and is devoted to the office of a military storehouse4 ,m4 ,de la ,rue regards it as being not only the oldest architectural relic in ,caen1 but as an erection of the tenth century4 ,he founds this opinion upon its construction1 destitute of any tower2 upon the circular arches of its door and windows2 upon its zig-zag mouldings2 upon the monsters of its corbel-table2 and1 above all1 upon the peculiarity of its position2 the choir being turned to the west1 and the front to the east4 ,it was1 according to him1 in the eleventh century1 that the practice1 now uniformly adopted1 of placing churches in an opposite direction1 was first introduced4 ,the irregularity of the early ,norman religious edifices1 in this latter respect1 has already been noticed under a preceding article4#ib ,,notes3 #he ,essais ,historiques1 ,,ii4 p4 #bgb4 #hf ,chronicles1 7,johnes' ,translation7 ,,iii4 p4 #dgb4 #hg ,recherches et ,antiquitez de la ,ville de ,caen1 p4 #ai4 #hh ,indeed1 so detailed and curious is this account1 that1 though rather long1 it appears desirable here to insert it4--,reste present descrire la situation de ce superbe chasteau1 lequel est apparent et haut eslev comme une couronne et propugnacle ceste grande ville1 il a est de tout tems l'un des premiers de ce royaume en beaut1 grandeur1 et forteresse pour estre assis sur un roc naturel1 venteux1 non sujet la mine1 ny escalade1 accompaign de son donjon1 au mitan duquel est eslevee une tour carree d'une admirable grosseur et hauteur1 circuye de fortes murailles1 et aux coings quatre grosses et hautes tours rondes plate forme plusieurs estages1 que l'on a nommees1 l'une le cheval blanc1 l'autre le cheval noir1 la tierce le cheval rouge1 et la quatre le cheval grix1 lesquelles seruent par aucunes fois pour enfermer les plus insignes voleurs1 les fossez de ce donion sont fonds de cuue comme ceux de ce chasteau d'une epouuantable profondeur1 tellement qu'ils ne sont suiets l'escalade1 le belle ou basse court de ce chasteau est de si ample estendue qu'on y peut mettre en ordre de bataille pour combatre cinq ou six mil hommes de pied1 et y peut on loger nombre de caualerie pour faire des saillies sur un camp adversaire1 les croniques contiennent qu'il y a plusieurs villes en ,france moindres que ce chasteau1 comme ,corbeil et ,mont ,ferant1 i'y aiousterai ,quarantan en basse ,normandie1 il y a si bon nombre de maisons et habitans1 qu'il contient une eglise parrochiale en son circuit fondee de saint ,george1 et deux chapeles1 l'une de saint ,gabriel1 et l'autre de saint ,agnen1 son contour contient un bon nombre de carneaux de visieres et de tours1 et l'enclos du donion contient aussi nombre de carneaux1 et quatre grosses tours sans celle du parmy1 il y a encores au de l du donjon une grande terrasse1 qu'on appele la ,roqueste d'une admirable forteresse de rampars1 puis une grande place que l'on appele la garenne connins1 o l'on peut mettre en seuret un bon nombre de bestaux pour la fourniture de viures de ce chasteau durant un siege4 ,et la verit les grands seigneurs et chefs de guerre qui ont veu cette place1 la remarquent1 et tiennent comme inexpugnables1 d'autant mme qu'elle est fortifiee de rampars de trente ou quarante pieds de largeur1 et ne se peut vaincre sans trahison1 faute de coeur ou de viures1 aussi noz ,rois y ont tousiours pourueus de vaillans seigneurs et capitaines4 #hi ,anglo-,norman ,antiquities1 p4 #di4 #ij ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #agj4 #ia ,essais ,historiques sur la ,ville de ,caen1 ,i4 p4 #hc4 #ib ,see the ,description of the ,abbey ,church of the ,holy ,trinity1 at ,caen1 p4 #cj4 ,,plates ,,xlix4--,,lii4 ,,cathedral ,,at ,,rouen4 ,illustration3 ,plates #di-ej4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,south transept from the ,place de la ,calende4 ,the merit of first introducing the light of ,christianity into that part of ,france1 which has subsequently been known by the different appellations of ,westria1 ,neustria1 and ,normandy1 is commonly attributed to ,st4 ,nicaise2 whose name is therefore generally permitted to stand at the head of the prelates of the archiepiscopal see of ,rouen4 ,st4 ,nicaise1 according to the traditions of the ,norman church1 lived about the middle of the third century1 and was dispatched from ,rome1 in company with the more illustrious ,st4 ,denis1 upon an express mission from ,pope ,clement1 to preach the gospel at ,rouen1 then the capital of the gallic tribe1 the ,velocasses4 ,but it is admitted on all hands1 that he never reached the place of his destination4 ,the many miracles he wrought by the way1 consisting principally of the destruction of dragons#ic and conversion of pagan priests1 had rendered him obnoxious to ,fescenninus1 the ,roman governor of the province2 and the saint was consequently doomed to suffer the pains1 not without receiving the palm1 of martyrdom4 ,illustration3 ,plates #ea-eb4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,west front from the ,place ,notre ,dame4 ,to ,nicaise1 succeeded ,st4 ,mello1 a native of ,england1 who1 in the performance of his duty1 to carry the annual tribute from ,britain to the ,roman emperor1 was converted by the pontiff2 and1 if credit may be given to the legends recounted by ,pommeraye1#id was1 in the presence of the ,pope1 invested by an angel from heaven with the pastoral staff2 and1 at the same time1 enjoined to take upon himself the spiritual jurisdiction over ,rouen and its vicinity4 ,a mission thus constituted1 and still farther verified by the gift of miracles1 could not fail of the desired end4 ,st4 ,mello not only succeeded in converting the lower class of the pagans1 but he likewise reckoned many of the principal citizens among his disciples2 and one of these1 of the name of ,precordius1 ceded to him his house1 on the site of which was built the first ,christian place of worship known in ,rouen4 ,hence1 in the following distich1 ,ordericus ,vitalis1 entirely passing over ,nicaise1 places ,st4 ,mello at the head of the line of the ,norman prelates3-- ,antistes sanctus ,mellonus1 in ordine primus1 ,excoluit plebem doctrin ,rothomagensem4-- ,of the duration or history of the church thus erected1 nothing is known2 but it is certain that1 from that time forward1 ,christianity continued to gain ground in ,normandy1 and the annals of the see have preserved an uninterrupted catalogue of the bishops4 ,indeed1 the conversion of ,constantine1 which happened only a few years after the death of ,st4 ,mello1 necessarily gave a new aspect to the religion of the ,roman empire4 ,succeeding prelates are stated in general terms to have manifested their zeal1 in building new churches1 as well as in enlarging and ornamenting that of the capital2 and ,pommeraye suggests1#ie but only as a matter of great probability1 that a second cathedral was raised by ,victrice1 or some one of his immediate successors1 in the fifth century4 ,with an equal1 or still stronger degree of probability1 it has been inferred that1 admitting a new church had been erected1 it could not fail to have been destroyed during the incursions of the heathen ,normans1 whose track throughout ,neustria was ever marked by fire and sword1 and whose avarice prompted them1 no less powerfully than their superstition1 to make the religious edifices the principal objects of their vengeance4 ,prior to the arrival of these barbarians1 the archiepiscopal chair had been filled by four prelates1 eminent for their sanctity1 ,st4 ,godard1 ,st4 ,pretextat1 ,st4 ,romain1 and ,st4 ,ouen4 ,the second of these1 assassinated before the altar1 at the instigation of ,fredegond1 queen of ,chilperic1 holds nearly the same place in the martyrology of the ,gallican church1 as ,thomas--,becket in that of ,england4 ,st4 ,ouen was a prelate who had few rivals in munificence and splendor4 ,numerous monasteries throughout the province1 and1 above all1 the splendid one that bore his name1 testify the greatness of his mind1 as well as the extent of his power3 his sovereign1 ,dagobert1 honored him with his friendship1 and conferred upon him the dignity of chancellor of the realm4 ,but the fame of ,st4 ,ouen1 and of all the others1 was eclipsed by that of ,st4 ,romain1 by virtue of whose privilege1 as it was generally called1 the chapter of the cathedral continued till the revolution annually to exercise the right of delivering a criminal1 whatever his offence1 except treason1 from the hand of the secular power4 ,this singular privilege1 according to general tradition1 had been earned by the destruction of a dragon1 called the ,gargouille1 which was long the terror of the adjacent country2 and in his expedition the saint had been unable to procure himself any other aid than that of a murderer1 already under sentence of death4 ,hence1 the prelate has commonly been regarded as little less than the tutelar divinity of the city4 ,portraits of him1 all of them designated by the attendant dragon and criminal1 were to be seen on the celebrated windows of stained glass in the church of ,st4 ,godard1 as well as at the entrance of the town by the porte ,bouvreuil1 and probably in many other places3 a building at the top of the staircase1 leading into the cloth-hall1 was called his chapel2 another chapel is to the present day consecrated to him in the cathedral itself2 the northern tower of the same building bears his name2 his shrine is still preserved among the choicest treasures of the sacristy2 and even the bases of some of the pillars of the nave are carved into a fanciful resemblance of the fabulous ,gargouille4 ,dom ,pommeraye1 than whom no author was ever more superstitious and more credulous1 at the same time that he terms this privilege one of the most valuable and most noble rights of the church of ,rouen1#if admits that the origin of it is lost in obscurity4 ,he adduces1 however1 an historical document1 to prove its existence during the reign of the ,norman ,dukes2 and1 while he candidly states the difference of opinion among learned men on the subject1 some of them treating the story as allegorical1 others setting it wholly aside1 and regarding the privilege merely as a special act of grace conceded to the church1 in honor of the ,ascension1 on the anniversary of which festival it was exercised1 he takes care to record his own firm belief in the miracle1 and he calls upon all pious ,christians to unite with him in supporting its authenticity4 ,upon the conversion of ,rollo to ,christianity1 and the consequent erection of ,normandy into a distinct dukedom1 ,rouen1 as the metropolis of the new state1 necessarily acquired additional importance1 and its church additional lustre4 ,questions have arisen as to the spot where the first church was built1 but no doubt is to be entertained of the existence of the cathedral1 during the reign of ,rollo1 on the same site which it occupies at present2 for that prince himself was buried in it1 as was his son1 ,william ,longue-,epe1 and their remains continue there till this time#ig4 ,richard ,i4 the son of ,william1 and his successor on the ducal throne1 is expressly stated by ,dudo of ,st4 ,quintin1 to have made great additions1 both in length1 width1 and height1 to the admirable church 7mirabile monasterium7 at ,rouen1 dedicated to the ,holy ,virgin4#ih ,the same author says1 in terms which admit of no misconstruction1 that ,robert1 the son to this ,duke1 who was archbishop of ,rouen1 and by the splendor of his works won to himself the epithet of the magnificent1 completed the church1 by the addition of the whole choir1 and by the work on the eastern side4 ,the church1 raised by ,robert1 was dedicated by ,archbishop ,maurilius1 in #ajfc2 but its term of duration appears to have been unaccountably short2 for it is recorded that1 after the lapse of less than a century1 the clergy of the cathedral directed their attention towards the building of a new one2 and that the year #abjj had not arrived before some progress was already made in the execution of their plan4 ,all precise dates1 however1 connected with this subject1 are lost3 the various wars that have ravaged this part of ,france2 the numerous sieges to which the city of ,rouen itself has been exposed2 and the repeated changes of masters it has undergone2--these1 with the addition of occasional injuries from fire and pillage1 have effectually destroyed the archives of the town and cathedral4 ,authors have differed strangely regarding the remains of the church erected by the ,norman ,dukes4 ,some of them1 and indeed the greater number1 assert that no small part of the structure now in existence belonged to the building consecrated by ,maurilius3 others maintain1 that not one stone of this latter has been left upon another4 ,the truth seems to be1 that a small portion of the eastern side of the present northern tower1 known by the name of the tower of ,st4 ,romain1 is really of ,norman workmanship1 but that nothing else throughout the cathedral is so1 excepting1 possibly1 the lateral doorways in the western front4 ,the whole of the tower just mentioned1 up to its highest tier of windows1 is evidently the most ancient part of the building1 and is apparently of the architecture of the latter part of the twelfth century4 ,the church1 considered collectively1 is so obviously the work of different ras1 that there can be little risk in hazarding the assertion1 that it has been raised by piece-meal1 on various occasions1 as may either have been suggested by the piety of potentates and prelates1 or may have been required by the state of religion or of the edifice itself4 ,what is known as to the dates of the building is1 that the southern tower was begun in #adhe1 and completed in #aejg2 that the first stone of the central portal was laid in #aeji2 and that the ,lady-,chapel1 though commenced during some of the earliest years of the fourteenth century1 and finished in the middle of the fifteenth1 contains work of the year #aech4 ,at this last period1 ,cardinal ,georges d',amboise restored the roof of the choir1 which had been injured in #aead1 by the destruction of the spire4 ,the square short central tower was erected ,a4,d4 #abjj3 it replaced one that had been damaged eighty years before1 when the original stone spire of the church was struck by lightning4 ,from that time forward1 no attempt had been made to rebuild the spire1 except with wood1 of which material1 that now in existence is the second4 ,the first was destroyed by a fire1 occasioned by the negligence of plumbers1 in the beginning of the sixteenth century2 the present suffered material injury from a similar accident1 in #agac1 and narrowly escaped entire destruction4 ,the western front of the cathedral1 represented in plate fifty-one1 offers a tout-ensemble of the most imposing character4 ,the very discrepancy in the different parts1 by increasing the variety1 adds to the effect of the whole4 ,all1 with the exception of the northern tower1 is rich1 even to exuberance2 and the simplicity of this1 at the same time that it appears to lay claim to a certain dignity for itself1 places in a stronger light the gorgeous splendor of the rest4 ,the opposite tower1 the work of the celebrated ,cardinal ,georges d',amboise1 and formerly the receptacle of the great bell that bore his name1 commonly passes by the appellation of the ,tour de ,beurre4 ,tradition tells1 or1 to use the words of ,dom ,pommeraye1 every body knows that it obtained this name from its being built with the money raised from the indulgence granted by the ,cardinal1 ,william d',estouteville1 to the pious catholics throughout the dioceses of ,rouen and ,evreux1 allowing them to make use of milk and butter during ,lent1 when oil only could otherwise have been employed by way of sauce to vegetables and fish4 ,the bull issued upon the occasion1 by ,pope ,innocent ,,viii4 is stated to be still in existence4#ii ,the architecture of this tower may almost be regarded as the perfection of what has been called the decorated ,english style3 it is copiously enriched with pinnacles and statues1 and terminates in a beautiful octagonal crown of open stone-work4 ,its height is two hundred and thirty ,french feet4#ajj ,the central portal1 for the erection of which the cathedral is likewise indebted to its great benefactor1 ,georges d',amboise1 projects beautifully and boldly1 like a porch1 before the rest3 every side of it is filled with niches1 tier over tier1 all crowded with endless figures of saints and martyrs4 ,in the middle of it rises a pyramidal canopy of open stone-work2 and upon the wide transom-stone over the door1 is sculptured the genealogical tree of ,christ1 arising from the root of ,jesse4 ,the carving over the north entrance is yet more peculiar1 and evidently far older4 ,it represents the decapitation of the ,baptist1 with ,salome dancing in an attitude1 which perchance was often assumed by the tombesteres of the elder day2 affording1 by her position1 a graphical comment upon the ,anglo-,saxon version of the text1 in which it is said1 that she tumbled before ,king ,herod4#aja ,four turrets flank the central portal3 one of them only is now capped by a spire3 the pinnacles of the remaining three were swept away by a storm which traversed ,normandy for a considerable extent1 on the twenty-fifth of ,june1 #afhc1 marking its progress with a devastation that is scarcely to be conceived4#ajb ,the spire of the central tower1 however vaunted and admired by the ,french themselves1 looks to an unprejudiced eye mean and shabby2 and principally from its being made of wood1 which ill accords with the apparent solidity of the rest of the building4 ,the entrances to the transepts1 however inferior in splendor to the grand western front1 are still not such as to disgrace it2 and1 considered attentively as to their sculptured medallions1 they are even more curious4 ,the northern one is approached through a passage lined with rows of the meanest houses1 formerly the shops of transcribers and calligraphists2 and hence the singular gate-way that incloses the court1 passes commonly under the name of ,le ,portail des ,libraires4 ,the opposite transept1 7see plate forty-nine17 is called ,le ,portail de la ,calende1 an appellation borrowed from the ,place de la ,calende1 upon which it opens2 and which1 though in reality far from spacious1 appears altogether so by comparison4 ,on each side of the entrances to both the transepts1 is a lofty square tower1 such as are usually seen only in the western front of a cathedral2 the upper story perforated by a gigantic window1 divided by a single mullion or central pillar1 not exceeding one foot in circumference1 and nearly sixty feet in height4 ,these windows are entirely open2 and the architect never intended they should be glazed4 ,an extraordinary play of light and shade results from this construction4#ajc ,the rose windows1 which are placed as well over the entrances of the transepts1 as over the greater one to the west1 are no less magnificent in their dimensions1 than beautiful in their patterns1 and gorgeous in their colors4 ,much of the stained glass of the cathedral is also very rich4 ,mr4 ,dibdin1 in his splendidly-illustrated ,tour1#ajd remarks with much justice1 that a person1 on entering the church by the western door1 cannot fail to be struck with the length and loftiness of the nave1 and with the lightness of the gallery which runs along the upper part of it1 and which is continued also throughout the choir4 ,he goes on to add1 perhaps the nave is too narrow for its length4 ,the lantern of the central large tower is beautifully light and striking4 ,it is supported by four massive clustered pillars1 about forty feet in circumference2 but the eye1 on looking downwards1 is shocked at the tasteless division of the choir from the nave1 by what is called a ,grecian screen2 and the interior of the transepts has also undergone a like tasteless restoration4 ,the cathedral at ,rouen was the burial-place of many men of eminence and distinction4 ,rollo and ,william ,longue ,epe have already been mentioned as interred here4 ,the church also contained the lion-heart of the first ,english ,richard1 and the remains of his elder brother1 ,henry2 together with those of ,william1 son of ,geoffrey ,plantagenet2 of the ,regent ,duke of ,bedford2 and of ,charles ,v4 of ,france4 ,the tombs of these1 and of various other individuals of high rank1 are described at length by ,pommeraye2 but the outrages of the ,calvinists and the democrats1 added to the removals occasioned by the alterations made at various times in the building1 have now destroyed nearly the whole of them1 excepting those raised to the two ,cardinals ,d',amboise1 both of them archbishops of ,rouen1 and that which commemorates ,louis de ,brez1 ,grand ,seneschal of ,normandy4 ,these monuments are placed on opposite sides of the ,lady-,chapel2 the former as conspicuous for its many sumptuous ornaments1 as the latter for its chaste simplicity4 ,the archbishop of ,rouen1 prior to the revolution1 took the title of ,primate of ,neustria2 and his spiritual jurisdiction then extended over six suffragans1 the bishops of ,bayeux1 ,avranches1 ,evreux1 ,sez1 ,lisieux1 and ,coutances4 ,not many years previously1 it had also embraced the ,canadian churches1 together with the whole of ,french ,north-,america2 but the appointment of a bishop at ,quebec1 deprived it of its trans-atlantic sway2 and the concordat1 in the time of ,napolon1 reduced the number of the suffragan prelates to four1 taking the mitres from ,avranches and ,lisieux4 ,a still more important alteration has been occasioned by modern times1 in the archiepiscopal revenues4 ,it had been customary throughout ,france1 before the recent changes1 in speaking of the see of ,rouen1 to designate it by the epithet1 rich2 an appellation that would now be wofully misapplied4 ,the archbishop then possessed1 in addition to the usual sources of ecclesiastical income1 a peculiar privilege1 entitled the right of ,dport2 by virtue of which1 he claimed the receipt of the first year's proceeds of every benefice which might become vacant in his diocese1 whether by the resignation or death of the incumbent4#aje ,a station so enviable as that of archbishop of ,rouen1 has been at almost all times in the hands of some individual belonging to one of the principal families of the kingdom4 ,among others1 those of ,luxembourg1 ,bourbon1 ,d',estouteville1 ,d',amboise1 ,joyeuse1 ,harlay1 ,colbert1 and ,tressan1 have successively held it4 ,to sum up the catalogue1 in the words of ,pommeraye1 the cathedral has furnished many saints for heaven1 one pope for the apostolic chair1 and thirteen cardinals to the church2 nine of its prelates have belonged to the royal family of ,france2 and many others1 eminent for their birth1 have been still more so for their own merit1 and for the services they have rendered to the catholic church and the state4 ,,notes3 #ic ,the destroying of dragons1 or fiery serpents1 or similar monsters1 appears to have been the most common of all miracles1 in the early ages of ,christianity4 ,after the exploits of ,st4 ,michael1 ,st4 ,margaret1 and ,st4 ,george1 ecclesiastical history abounds in similar legends4 ,st4 ,romain1 ,st4 ,marcel1 ,st4 ,julian1 ,st4 ,martial1 ,st4 ,bertrand1 ,st4 ,martha1 and ,st4 ,clement1 make but a small proportion of the saints who distinguished themselves by these acts of pious heroism4 ,the dragons of ,rouen and of ,metz were of sufficient celebrity to acquire the distinct names of the ,gargouille1 and the ,graouilli4--,it has been commonly supposed1 that these various miracles were allegorical1 and intended to typify the confining of rivers within their channels1 or the limiting of the incursions of the sea4 ,other authors have been inclined to account for their prevalence1 as having reference to the sun1 or to astronomical phnomena2 but surely the most simple and satisfactory mode of explaining them1 lies in considering the dragon as the emblem of evil1 and the various victories gained over dragons1 as so many conquests obtained by virtue over vice4--,a considerable fund of curious information1 on this subject1 will be found in the ,magasin ,encyclopdique for ,january1 #ahab1 p4 #a-bd1 in a paper by ,m4 ,eusbe ,salverte1 entitled ,lgendes du ,moyen ,age4 #id ,histoire des ,archevques de ,rouen1 p4 #dj4 #ie ,histoire de la ,cathdrale de ,rouen1 p4 #ai4 #if ,histoire de la ,cathdrale de ,rouen1 p4 #fbe4 #ig ,not1 however1 in the identical spot in which they were originally deposited3 they were at first laid in the immediate vicinity of the high altar1 but were1 before the close of the eleventh century1 removed to the situations they now occupy1 in chapels on opposite sides of the upper end of the nave4 ,the following account of their tombs1 with the statues and inscriptions1 is transcribed from ,gilbert's ,description ,historique de l',eglise de ,notre ,dame de ,rouen1 p4 #eg3--,le tombeau de ,rollon est plac dans un enfoncement cintr1 pratiqu dans le mur de la chapelle2 il consiste en un sarcophage de stuc1 marbre de ,portor1 sur lequel se voit la statue couche de ce prince1 dont la tte est appuye sur un coussin4 ,rollon est vtu d'une longue tunique1 par-dessus laquelle est un manteau couleur de pourpre1 ou espce de chlamyde attache l'paule droite2 il porte sur sa tte une couronne4 ,cette statue a t un peu mutile4 ,au-dessus de l'arcade dans laquelle est le tombeau1 on lit l'inscription suivante1 grave en lettres d'or sur un marbre noir3 ,,hic ,,positus ,,est ,,rollo ,,normanni ,a ,,se ,,territae ,,vastat ,,restitut ,,primus ,,dux ,,conditor ,,pater ,a ,,francone ,,archiep4 ,,rotom4 ,,baptizatus ,,anno ,,dccccxiii ,,obiit ,,anno ,,dccccxvii ,,ossa ,,ipsius ,,in ,,veteri ,,sanctuario ,,nunc ,,capite ,,navis ,,primum ,,condita1 ,,translato ,,altari1 ,,collocata ,,sunt ,a ,b4 ,,maurilio ,,archiep4 ,,rotom4 ,,an4 ,,mlxiii4 ,au-dessus de cette inscription est une urne en stuc1 marbre de ,portor4 ,l'archivolte de l'arcade est en stuc blanc vein de gris1 ainsi que le lambris qui dcore le pourtour de la chapelle4 ,tous ces ouvrages sont modernes1 l'exception de la statue du duc ,rollon1 qui paroit avoir t excute dans le treizime sicle4 ,dans la chapelle de ,saint-,anne1 situe de l'autre ct de la nef1 se voit le tombeau de ,guillaume ,longue-,epe1 fils de ,rollon1 et second duc de ,normandie1 mort victime de la plus infme trahison1 dans l'entrevue qu'il eut ,pecquigny1 le #ah ,dcembre1 #idd1 avec ,arnoul1 comte de ,flandres4 ,le corps du duc ,guillaume fut apport ,rouen et inhum dans la cathdrale4 ,voyez ,servin1 ,hist4 de ,rouen1 tom4 ,i4 p4 #aah et #aai4 ,sur le sarcophage en stuc1 marbre de ,portor1 est place la statue du duc1 vtu d'une longue tunique1 et tenant la main un sceptre qui a t mutil4 ,au-dessus de l'arcade enfonce1 dans laquelle est la spulture du prince1 on lit l'inscription suivante1 grave en lettres d'or sur un marbre noir3 ,,hic ,,positus ,,est ,,guillelmus ,,dictus ,,longa ,,spata ,,rollonis ,,filius ,,dux ,,normanni ,,proditorie ,,occisus ,,dccccxxxxiv ,,ossa ,,ipsius ,,in ,,veteri ,,sanctuario1 ,,ubi ,,nunc ,,est ,,caput ,,navis ,,primum ,,condita1 ,,translato ,,altari1 ,,hic ,,collocata ,,sunt ,a ,b4 ,,maurilio ,,archiepisc4 ,,rotom4 ,,anno ,,mlxiii4 #ih ,rotomagensi namque urbe in honore genetricis ,dei ampliavit mirabile monasterium1 longitudinis1 latitudinisque1 atque altitudinis honorific exspatiatum incremento4--,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #aec4 #ii ,pommeraye1 ,histoire de l',eglise ,cathdrale de ,rouen1 p4 #cf4 #ajj ,the following are the dimensions of the principal parts of the cathedral1 in ,french measure1 copied from ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #adg3-- ,,feet4 ,length of the interior #djh ,width of ditto #hh ,length of nave #baj ,width of ditto #bg ,ditto of aisles #ae ,length of choir #aaj ,width of ditto #ce-a_/b ,ditto of transept #be-a_/b ,length of ditto #afd ,ditto of ,lady-,chapel #hh ,width of ditto #bh ,height of spire #chj ,ditto of towers at the west end #bcj ,ditto of nave #hd ,ditto of aisles and chapels #db ,ditto of interior of central tower #aeb ,depth of chapels #aj #aja ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #aci4--,the mention of this sculpture affords an opportunity of pointing out what appears a singular error on the part of the late ,m4 ,millin1 in his ,voyage dans les ,dpartemens du ,midi de la ,france4 ,he has figured1 in the atlas to that work1 plate twelve1 a bas-relief of the eleventh century1 representing the assassination of ,count ,dalmace1 by the hands of his son-in-law1 ,robert ,i4 ,duke of ,burgundy2 and1 in the lower compartment1 containing a banquet1 he explains one of the figures 7,i4 p4 #aij7 to be the ,earl falling from the table2 whereas1 a comparison with the sculpture at ,rouen will scarcely leave a doubt1 that it was designed for a dancing-girl1 introduced for the amusement of the company4 #ajb ,pommeraye1 ,histoire de l',eglise ,cathdrale de ,rouen1 p4 #cc4 #ajc ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #add4 #ajd ,bibliographical1 ,antiquarian1 and ,picturesque ,tour in ,france and ,germany1 ,i4 p4 #ej4 #aje ,pommeraye1 ,histoire des ,archevques de ,rouen1 p4 #bb4 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,,crypt ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,gervais1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,it has been inferred1 and with much apparent probability1 from the silence of ,julius ,csar1 that the proud capital of ,normandy had either no existence in the time of that general1 or was at most only a place of small importance4 ,there have not1 however1 been wanting1 among the historians of ,rouen1 some1 who1 jealous1 as usual1 for the honor of their city1 ascribe to it an antiquity beyond the deluge1 and trust to the latter half of its classical name1 for bearing them out in the assertion1 that its foundations were laid by ,magus1 the son and successor of ,samothes1 first king of ,gaul4 ,others1 more moderate1 have contented themselves with the belief1 that1 although ,csar does not make mention of ,rothomagus1 there is still no reason to question its existence before the ,christian ra1 or to doubt that it was then the chief town of the ,velocasses1 as ,lillebonne was of the neighboring tribe of the ,caletes1 the inhabitants of the present ,pays de ,caux4 ,it is at least known with certainty1 that1 in the division of ,gaul1 which took place not very long afterwards1 into seventeen provinces1 ,rouen became the metropolis of the ,lugdunensis ,secunda2 and that1 from that time forwards1 it continued gradually to rise in consequence1 till the establishment of ,neustria into an independent sovereignty stamped it with the title of the capital of a nation4 ,at the present time1 ,rouen can shew scarcely any remains of ,roman antiquity3 the wide waste of all-devouring years1 has effaced those vestiges which that powerful people seldom failed to have impressed1 wherever their dominion had once been firmly established4 ,the small church of ,st4 ,gervais1 derives therefore a peculiar interest1 as exhibiting proofs1 sufficiently decided1 though far from important1 of a connection with ,italy4 ,these proofs rest principally upon the ,roman bricks and other dbris1 some of them rudely sculptured1 which have been employed in the construction of the piers of the crypt1 and upon the sculpture of the capitals of some columns on the exterior of the apsis4 ,the church of ,st4 ,gervais is situated at a short distance without the walls of ,rouen1 upon a slight eminence1 adjoining the ,roman road to ,lillebonne1 and near a rising ground1 commonly called the ,mont aux ,malades1 as having been1 in the eleventh century1 the site of a monastery1 destined for the reception of lepers4 ,according to ,farin1#ajf the church was originally an abbey1 and is expressly recognized as such in a charter of ,duke ,richard ,,ii4 dated ,a4,d4 #ajbj2 in which1 among other donations to his favorite monastery at ,fcamp1 he enumerates1 item ,abbatiam ,sancti ,gervasii1 qu est juxta civitatem ,rothomagum1 et quicquid ad ipsam pertinet4 ,the authors of the ,gallia ,christiana#ajg add that1 at the time when this abbey was conferred upon ,fcamp1 it was taken from the monks of ,st4 ,peter at ,chartres4 ,two centuries subsequently1 ,st4 ,gervais appears to have sunk into the rank of a simple priory1 under the immediate control of the monks of ,fcamp1 who assumed the title of its priors4 ,in process of time1 the still humbler name and dignity of a parochial church were alone left2 but the period at which this last change took place1 is not recorded4 ,the abbot of ,fcamp continued1 however1 till the period of the revolution1 to exercise spiritual jurisdiction over what was termed the barony of ,st4 ,gervais2 including not only this single parish2 but some others dependent upon it4 ,he nominated to the livings1 directed the religious establishments1 had entire control over the prisons1 and was entitled to all privileges arising from the fair of ,st4 ,gervais1 which was annually held at ,rouen1 in the ,fauxbourg ,cauchoise1 on the twentieth of ,june4 ,it is even on record1 that in the year #adjj1 the abbot ventured upon the bold experiment of forbidding ,william de ,vienne1 then archbishop of ,rouen1 either to carry his cross1 or to give his benediction within the precincts of his jurisdiction2 but so daring an assumption of power was not to be tolerated1 and the matter was accordingly referred to the parliament of ,paris1 who decided in this instance against the abbot4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ec4 ,,crypt ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,gervais ,,at ,,rouen4 ,adjoining to the church of ,st4 ,gervais1 stood originally one of the palaces of the ,norman ,dukes and it was to this#ajh that ,william the ,conqueror caused himself to be conveyed1 when attacked with his mortal illness1 after having wantonly reduced the town of ,mantes to ashes4 ,here1 too1 that mighty monarch breathed his last1 and left a sad warning to future conquerors2 deserted by his friends and physicians1 the moment he was no more2 while his menials plundered his property1 and his body lay naked and deserted in the hall4 ,the ducal palace1 and the monastic buildings1 are now wholly destroyed4 ,fortunately1 however1 the church still remains1 and preserves some portions of the original structure1 more interesting from their features than their extent4 ,the exterior of the apsis is very curious3 it is obtusely angular1 and faced at the corners with large rude columns1 of whose capitals1 some are ,doric and ,corinthian1 others as wild as the fancies of the ,norman lords of the country4 ,none reach so high as the cornice of the roof2 it having been the design of the original architect1 that a portion of work should intervene between the summits of the capitals and this member4 ,a capital to the north is remarkable for the eagles carved upon it1 as if with some allusion to ,roman power4 ,but the most singular part of this church is the crypt under the apsis1 represented in the plate2 a room about thirty feet long1 by fourteen wide1 and sixteen high1 of extreme simplicity1 and remote antiquity4 ,round it runs a plain stone bench2 and it is divided into two unequal parts by a circular arch1 devoid of columns or of any ornament whatever4 ,here1 according to ,ordericus ,vitalis1#aji was interred the body of ,st4 ,mello1 the first archbishop of ,rouen1 and one of the apostles of ,neustria2 and here his tomb1 and that of his successor1 ,avitien1 are shewn to this day1 in plain niches1 on opposite sides of the wall4 ,st4 ,mello's remains1 however1 were not suffered to rest in peace2 for1 about five hundred and seventy years after his death1 which happened in the year #cad1 they were removed to the castle of ,pontoise1 lest the canonized corpse should be violated by the heathen ,normans4 ,the existence of these tombs1 and the antiquity of the crypt1 recorded as it is by history1 and confirmed by the style of its architecture1 have given currency to the tradition1 which points it out as the only temple where the primitive ,christians of ,neustria dared to assemble for the performance of divine service4 ,many stone coffins have also been discovered in the vicinity of the church4 ,these sarcophagi serve to confirm the general tradition2 they are of the simplest form1 and apparently as ancient as the crypt2 and they were so placed in the ground1 that the heads of the corpses were turned to the east1 a position denoting that the dead received ,christian burial4 ,,notes3 #ajf ,histoire de la ,ville de ,rouen1 v4 p4 #a4 #ajg ,,xi4 p4 #abd4 ,a4 #ajh ,the whole of the remainder of this article is transcribed from ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #abe4 #aji ,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #eeh4 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ed4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,east ,end4 ,next to the church of ,st4 ,gervais1 that of ,st4 ,paul is the most interesting relic of ancient architecture among the ecclesiastical buildings at ,rouen4 ,indeed1 it may be considered as the only other of an early date2 the round tower attached to the abbatial church of ,st4 ,ouen#aaj being altogether inconsiderable1 and indebted for its principal interest to its connection with an abbey endowed with such extensive possessions1 and gifted with so much reported sanctity4 ,the foundation of the church of ,st4 ,paul is of very remote antiquity3 it is said to have been laid by ,st4 ,romain1 in memory of his great victory over heathenism1 when1 triumphant1 he erected the banner of the cross upon the ashes of the temple of ,venus4 ,impure was the goddess1 and most impure were her rites2 so that1 to use the words of ,taillepied1 in speaking of this same temple1 l dedans la jeunesse1 bride avalle1 souloit se souiller et polluer par ordre luxure et paillardise abominable1 ne ayant gard qu'auprs de ce lieu y avoit un repaire de malins esprits qui faisoyent sortir une fume tant puante et infecte que la mortalit s'en ensuyvoit par aprs4 ,this very remark concerning the infectious vapor1 seems decisive as to the feet of the church of ,st4 ,paul occupying the site of the pagan fane4 ,it stands without the walls of the town1 upon elevated ground1 at a very short distance to the right of the barrier below ,mont ,st4 ,catherine1 on the road to ,paris1 in the immediate vicinity of some mineral springs1 strongly impregnated with iron4 ,prior to the revolution1 the church was under the jurisdiction of the monastery of ,montivilliers4 ,the abbess had the right of nomination to the vacant benefice2 and1 till the middle of the seventeenth century1 she was in the habit of regarding ,st4 ,paul's as a priory1 and fixing there a colony of her nuns4 ,but they were all recalled in #afej1 and were never afterwards succeeded by a fresh establishment4 ,respecting the various changes of the edifice1 ,farin contents himself with the brief remark1 that it was repeatedly destroyed during the wars1 and rebuilt by the liberality of the ,norman ,dukes4#aaa ,the eastern part of what is now standing is evidently of ,norman time2 and1 architecturally considered1 it is a most curious specimen1 being probably the only church in existence which terminates to the east in three semi-circular compartments4 ,of these1 the central division is considerably the most lofty1 as well as the most prominent2 and the arrangement of the corbel-table1 which is carried equally round them all1 proves that it must always have been so4 ,the sculpture of this corbel-table is viewed by the ,norman antiquaries with peculiar interest3 some of the heads1 with widely distended jaws1 beset with teeth of enormous size1 represent wolves2 others1 with human features and whiskered upper lips1 are supposed to be intended for the ,saxon foe1 who1 at the time of the ,norman invasion1 were induced1 we are told1 by the smooth faces of their opponents1 to entertain the erroneous belief1 that the approaching host was but an army of priests4 ,mr4 ,cotman1 who has observed in similar situations1 in many other parts of ,normandy1 faces equally shadowed with whiskers1 has been led to the suspicion1 that they were intended in derision of the ,saxons4 ,internally1 the triple circular ending of the church is no longer observable4 ,both of the lateral divisions are parted off at the extremity1 and formed into distinct apartments3 the southern is applied to the purpose of a sacristy1 while the northern serves merely as a lumber-room4 ,the nave1 which is thrice the width of the chancel1 and is clearly of a date comparatively modern1 is separated from the more eastern portion of the building by a semi-circular arch4 ,the sculpture upon the capitals appears of ,roman design3 that on one of them1 exhibits a row of graceful figures in a pure classical taste1 intent upon some action1 but so much mutilated1 that it would be now no easy task to conjecture the object of the artist4 ,the aisles of the chancel are divided from the central compartment by double arches1 a larger and a smaller being united together1 all of them semi-circular1 and all of the ,norman style of architecture4 ,attached to the eastern end of the church1 within the lumber-room just mentioned1 stands a piece of ,roman sculpture1 supposed by ,m4 ,le ,prevost to have served originally for an altar4 ,mr4 ,turner has given a figure of it in his ,tour2 and he conjectures1 that it was of the workmanship of the fourth century2 a supposition founded upon the resemblance borne by its ornaments1 to those upon the pedestal of the obelisk raised by ,theodosius1 in the ,hippodrome at ,constantinople1 as represented in the elaborate publication of the late ,m4 ,seroux d',agincourt4#aab ,,notes3 #aaj ,figured in ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #abg4 #aaa ,histoire de la ,ville de ,rouen1 v4 p4 #h4 #aab ,histoire de la dcadence de l',art1 pl4 #aj1 ,sculpture1 fig4 #d-g4 ,,architectural ,,antiquities ,,of ,,normandy1 ,,by ,,john ,,sell ,,cotman2 ,,accompanied ,,by ,,historical ,,and ,,descriptive ,,notices ,,by ,,dawson ,,turner1 ,,esq4 ,f4,r4 ,,and ,a4,s4 ,,volume ,,the ,,second4 ,illustration3 ,coat of arms of the ,duchy of ,normandy4 ,emblems of the towns of ,rouen and ,caen4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,,john ,,and ,,arthur ,,arch1 ,,cornhill2 ,,and ,j4 ,s4 ,,cotman1 ,,yarmouth4 ,,mdcccxxii4 ,,plates ,,in ,,the ,,second ,,volume4 ,,plate4 #ee4 ,church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 at ,caen1 ,west ,end to face page #ei #ef4 -- -- -- -- ,east ,end #fj #eg4 ,church at ,cheux1 near ,caen1 from the ,north-,east #fb #eh4 ,church at ,bieville1 from the ,north-,west #fc #ei4 -- -- ,elevations and ,details #fd #fj4 ,church at ,fontaine-le-,henri1 near ,caen1 ,north ,side of ,chancel #fe #fa4 -- -- -- -- -- ,elevations #ff #fb4 ,chteau at ,fontaine-le-,henri1 near ,caen #fg #fc4 -- -- -- -- -- ,elevation of central ,compartment #fh #fd4 ,house in the ,place de la ,pucelle1 at ,rouen #fi #fe4 ,house in the ,rue ,st4 ,jean1 at ,caen #gj #ff4 ,tower of the ,church at ,trport1 near ,caen #ga #fg4 ,church of ,anisy1 near ,caen #gc #fh4 ,church of ,perriers1 near ,caen #gd #fi4 ,castle of ,lillebonne #ge #gj4 ,castle of ,briquebec #gg #ga4 ,church of ,st4 ,stephen's1 at ,fcamp #gi #gb4 ,screen in the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence1 at ,eu #ha #gc4 ,church of ,st4 ,peter1 at ,lisieux1 ,west ,front #hc #gd4 _/ #ge4 -- -- -- -- ,south ,transept #hf #gf4 ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,ouen1 at ,rouen #hg #gg4 ,fountain of the ,stone ,cross1 at ,rouen #ij #gh4 ,palace of ,justice1 at ,rouen #ia #gi4 ,church of ,louviers1 ,south ,porch #ic #hj4 ,chteau ,gaillard1 ,north-,east ,view #ie #ha4 -- -- ,south-,west ,view #if #hb4 ,abbey ,church of ,montivilliers1 ,west ,end #ig #hc4 ,church of ,st4 ,sanson sur ,rille #ii #hd4 ,church of ,foullebec1 ,west ,door-way #ajj #he4 ,castle at ,tancarville #aja #hf4 ,entrance to the ,castle at ,tancarville #ajc #hg4 ,church of the ,holy ,cross1 at ,st4 ,lo1 ,west ,door-way #ajd #hh4 -- -- -- -- -- ,sculpture #ajf #hi4 ,castle of ,falaise1 ,north-,west ,view #ajg #ij4 -- -- ,north ,view #aji #ia4 ,interior of the ,church of ,creully #aaj #ib4 ,cathedral ,church of ,notre ,dame1 at ,coutances1 ,west ,front #aaa #ic4 _/ #id4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,elevation of the ,nave #aae #ie4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 on the ,approach from ,pontorson #aaf #if4 -- -- ,interior of the ,knights' ,hall #abj #ig4 ,abbey ,church of ,cerisy1 ,interior of the ,choir #aba #ih4 ,church at ,oyestraham1 ,west ,front #abb #ii4 ,cathedral ,church of ,notre ,dame1 at ,sez1 ,west ,front #abc #ajj4 -- -- -- -- -- ,elevation of the ,nave #abe ,the ,figure referred to in the ,note1 p4 #aag1 is inserted at the beginning of the ,preface4--,as a ,vignette1 at the end of the ,preface1 is introduced a ,view of the ,church of ,querqueville1 near ,cherbourg1 a building of unquestionable antiquity1 and here figured1 as the only instance in ,normandy1 or possibly in existence1 of a church whose transepts1 as well as the chancel1 terminate in a semi-circular form4 ,in these parts1 the walls are formed of herring-bone masonry1 which is not the case with the tower or nave1 which are more modern4 ,the tower is1 however1 probably of the ,norman ra2 and the peculiar masonry which distinguishes the chancel1 is still observable for a few feet above its junction with the nave4 ,its ornaments may be compared with those of ,st4 ,peter's church1 at ,barton-upon-,humber1 and ,earl's-,barton church1 ,northamptonshire1 both of them figured in the fifth volume of ,britton's ,architectural ,antiquities1 and both evidently ,norman4 ,the church of ,querqueville has no buttresses4 ,its length1 from east to west1 is forty-eight feet and six inches2 from north to south1 forty-three feet and four inches2 the width of the nave is nine feet and nine inches4 ,,plates ,,lv4 ,,and ,,lvi4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,nicholas1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ee4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,nicholas1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,west end4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 in his ,historical ,essays upon ,caen1 contents himself with remarking1 with regard to the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 that it is the only specimen of real ,norman architecture now left entire in the town2 for that the abbatial church of the ,holy ,trinity1 a building of the same period and style1 has been so disguised by the alterations made with the view of adapting it to its present purpose1 that1 considered as a whole1 it is no longer to be recognized as a type of the religious edifices of the ,normans4 ,such being the case1 it is the more to be lamented that the church here figured1 should not only have been degraded from its original application1 but should have been appropriated to an object eminently liable to expose it to injury4 ,it is now used as a stable for cavalry2 but1 fortunately1 it has still been suffered to remain entire2 and hopes are entertained1 that it may yet be one day again employed as a place of worship4 ,the exterior of the building has not altogether escaped uninjured or unaltered4 ,in the western front1 7see plate fifty-five17 both the lateral towers have lost their original terminations1 and have been reduced to a level with the roof of the nave4 ,one of them still remains in a state of dilapidation3 to the other has been added a square tower1 of rather elegant proportions1 surmounted by a small crocketed pinnacle1 the workmanship probably of the fourteenth century4 ,the rest of this part of the church is as it was first built1 except that the great arches of entrance are entirely blocked up4 ,the whole is of extreme simplicity1 and vies in that respect with the same portion of the adjoining church of the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen2 the different members of the two being nearly the same1 though disposed in a dissimilar manner4 ,the central tower of the church of ,st4 ,nicholas is square and small1 and so low as to admit only a single tier of semi-circular-headed windows1 four on each side4 ,it terminates in a ridged roof1 and apparently1 never was higher2 though1 as far as may be judged from analogy1 a greater elevation was probably designed by the architect4 ,along the sides of the church1 immediately beneath the roof1 runs a bold projecting cornice1 of antique pattern1 formed of numerous horizontal mouldings2 and1 under this1 the corbel-table presents only a row of plain knobs1 instead of the monsters commonly found in ,norman buildings4 ,the clerestory1 throughout both the nave and choir1 is filled with narrow arches1 alternately pierced for windows1 and left blank4 ,all these arches1 as well as the windows of the transepts and of the projecting aisles below1 are without the accompaniment of pillars or ornaments of any description1 excepting a broad flat moulding of the simplest kind1 which wholly encircles them4 ,the disposition of the windows in the lower part of the nave1 differs from that of those above1 in their being separated from each other by shallow buttresses1 which hold the place of the blank arches4 ,a plain string-course also is continued the whole length of the church beneath the windows1 as in the west front4 ,on the south side is a door1 the only one now in use in the church1 which is entered by a very noble ,norman arch1 composed of a great number of cylindrical mouldings1 arranged in three broad bands1 but without pillars or capitals1 and with no other variation than that of size1 and of the addition of the billet-moulding to the outer row4 ,the transome-stone of this arch is unquestionably coeval with the arch itself1 the sculpture of the masonry being interwoven with it4 ,attached to the eastern side of both the transepts1 is a circular chapel1 as in the churches of ,st4 ,georges1 of ,st4 ,taurin at ,evreux1 of ,fcamp1 of ,cerisy1 and in several other ancient religious buildings in ,normandy4 ,nor is ,england altogether without specimens of the same kind3 a similar chapel1 now in a ruinous state1 and called by ,blomefield1 the sexterie or ancient vestry1 is joined to the north transept of ,norwich cathedral2 and near the eastern extremity of the same church1 are four others4 ,but the principal characteristic of those at ,st4 ,nicholas'1 is the extremely high pitch of the stone roof1 a peculiarity equally observable in the roof of the choir2 and hence the following remarks on the part of ,mr4 ,turner#aac3--;,here we have the exact counterpart of the ,irish stone-roofed chapels1 the most celebrated of which1 that of ,cormac in ,cashel cathedral1 appears1 from all the drawings and descriptions ,i have seen of it1 to be altogether a ,norman building4 ,ledwich asserts that 'this chapel is truly ,saxon1 and was erected prior to the introduction of the ,norman and ,gothic styles4'#aad ,if we agree with him1 we only obtain a proof1 that there is no essential difference between ,norman and ,saxon architecture2 and this proposition ,i believe1 will soon be universally admitted4 ,we now know what is really ,norman2 and a little attention to the buildings in the north of ,germany1 may terminate the long-debated questions relative to ,saxon architecture1 and the stone-roofed chapels in the sister isle4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ef4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,nicholas1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,east end4 ,in the east end of the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 7see plate fifty-six17 may be remarked a sensible approximation in point of style1 to the same part in the church of the ,trinity4 ,the circular apsis is divided into compartments by slender cylindrical pillars2 and each intercolumniation is filled by a couple of windows of comparatively large size1 placed one above the other1 while a row of narrow blank arches occupies the lower part4 ,the head of each of these smaller arches is hewn out of a single stone4 ,the height of the roof1 in this part of the church1 is so much greater than in the choir1 as almost to justify the suspicion that it was no part of the original plan1 but was an addition of a subsequent1 though certainly not of a remote1 ra4 ,were the line of it continued to the central tower1 it would wholly block up and conceal the windows there4 ,the discrepancy observable in the style of its architecture1 may also possibly be regarded as enforcing the same opinion4 ,but1 indeed1 as has already been more than once observed in this work1 no inferences drawn from style must be admitted without the utmost hesitation4 ,a very sensible discussion upon this point1 as illustrated by the church of ,st4 ,nicholas itself1 and the two adjoining churches of the ,trinity and of ,st4 ,stephen1 has lately appeared in one of the most popular ,english periodical publications1 from the pen of a writer possessed of the deepest knowledge of the subject1 and gifted with the most comprehensive and clearest views#aae4 ,it were an injustice to the readers of this work1 not to extract it upon the present occasion4 ,it will supersede the necessity of any labored description of the interior of the building4-- ,when a distinct gradation of style is observable1 it is natural to conclude1 that these architectural varieties1 emanating from one prototype1 each clearly to be discriminated1 yet dying into another by imperceptible shades1 were successively developed at certain intervals of time4 ,this reasoning1 though it advances upon legitimate premises1 may be fallacious1 as is proved at ,caen1 where three coeval churches1 probably erected by the same architect1 are distinguished by such remarkable modifications of the ,norman ,romanesque style1 that were we not acquainted with the facts1 we might well suppose that they marked the progress of architecture during three half centuries4--,st4 ,nicholas1 the first of these edifices1 was built by the monks of ,st4 ,stephen's ,abbey some time between the years #ajff and #ajhc4 ,the original lines are characterized by simplicity and regularity4 ,all the capitals of the columns1 embedded in the side walls1 are of one order2 and the capitals of the pier-columns1 which nearly resemble the others1 are equally uniform4 ,the east end terminates by an apsis1 of which the elevation resembles the exterior of the cathedral of ,pisa4 ,three circular arches1 supported by ,corinthianizing pilasters1 form the western portal4 ,the original cross-vaulting of the side-aisles still remains3 it is without groins1 and of ,roman construction1 and the whole interior shews that the architect was endeavoring to recollect the models of the great city4--,if we pass from hence to the adjacent abbey church of ,st4 ,stephen1 erected at the same period1 we shall observe that the conception of the architect is more ,norman than in the church which we have quitted4 ,the nave is divided into bays by piers1 alternating with circular pillars of smaller diameter4 ,the pier consists of a pilaster fronted by a cylindrical column1 continuing to about four-fifths of the height of the roof4 ,two cylindrical columns then rise from it2 so that from this point upwards1 the pier becomes a clustered column3 angular brackets sculptured into knots1 grotesque heads1 and foliage1 are affixed to the bases of the derivative pillars4 ,a bold double-billeted moulding is continued below the clerestory1 whose windows adapt themselves to the binary arrangement of the bays of the nave2 that is to say1 a taller arch is flanked by a smaller one1 on its right side1 or on its left side1 as the situation requires2 these are supported by short massy pillars2 and an embattled moulding runs round the windows4 ,these features are ,norman2 but in other portions of the church1 the architect ,romanises again1 as in ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,the piers of the aisle-arches are of considerable width3 the pillars at each angle are connected by an architrave1 distinctly enounced1 running along the front of the pier1 and interposed between the capitals and the springing of the well-turned semi-circular arch4 ,the triforium is composed of a tier of semi-circular arches1 nearly of equal span with those below4 ,the perspective of the building is grand and palatial4 ,in the evening1 when it is illuminated only by a few faintly-burning tapers1 the effect of the gleams of light1 reflected from the returns of the arches and pillars1 is particularly fine4 ,beyond the central arch which supports the tower1 all is lost in gloom1 except that at the extremity of the choir1 the star-light just breaks through the topmost windows above the altar4--,in the church of ,st4 ,stephen1 the leading ideas of the architect were still influenced by the ,roman basilica2 a third and more fanciful modification is to be observed in the coeval church of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,here the piers are narrower2 the columns supporting the aisle-arches are consequently brought closer together1 and the architrave is less prominent than at ,st4 ,stephen's3 there the embattled moulding is confined to the clerestory2 in the present church1 it runs round the principal arches2 and1 instead of the lofty triforium which there surmounts the side-aisles1 the walls which we now describe are threaded by a gallery supported by misproportioned pillars1 whose capitals exhibit every possible variety of grotesque invention4 ,the bold archivolts beneath the central tower are chased with the ,norman lozenge3 they are circular2 but the eastern arch1 which runs higher than the others1 is obtusely pointed1 though it is evidently of the same date with its companions4 ,the parish of ,st4 ,nicholas is placed without the walls of ,caen1 in that portion of the suburbs known by the name of ,le ,bourg-l',abb1 as having been1 before the revolution1 under the jurisdiction of the abbot of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,in the same quarter was also included the parish of ,st4 ,ouen1 as was a portion of those of ,st4 ,stephen and ,st4 ,martin4 ,the two last-mentioned churches were ceded1 in the earliest period of the history of ,caen1 by the ,chapter of the ,cathedral of ,bayeux1 to ,queen ,matilda1 in exchange for some other preferment1 and were by her bestowed upon the nuns of her new convent of the ,trinity4 ,but the increasing power of the rival monastery1 built by her husband1 naturally caused its occupants to turn a wistful eye towards churches so immediately in their vicinity4 ,disputes succeeded2 and the monks of ,st4 ,stephen erected the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 that their suburb might no longer be without a religious building which depended wholly upon themselves4 ,peace was at length restored by means of a charter from the ,duke1 dated in the year #ajhc1 whereby ,st4 ,nicholas was recognized as parochial1 an equivalent was given to the abbess by the extension of her power in her own quarter of ,st4 ,giles1 and the respective parishes of ,st4 ,stephen and ,st4 ,martin were allowed to retain all they possessed in the ,bourg-l',abb1 except five families expressly designated in the charter4 ,these five were transferred to ,st4 ,nicholas2 and1 to secure to the saint a certain increase of votaries hereafter1 a proviso was added1 enacting that every house which might be built in future1 in that suburb1 should belong to his parish4 ,hence1 the two other saints retained nothing more than the ground covered by the tenements then standing1 sixty-seven in number2 and the necessary consequence was1 that from that period till the year #agij1 when the whole was remodelled1 the limits of the several parishes were confused and irregular in the extreme4 ,not only did adjoining dwellings belong to different parishes1 but the line frequently ran between the various apartments of the same house1 or even separated the apartment themselves4 ,the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 as indebted for its existence to the monks of the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen1 continued for some time to receive its pastors from among the brethren of that convent4 ,at a subsequent period1 the monks1 after they had transferred to substitutes the performance of their religious duties1 still endeavored to preserve their supremacy2 but they were finally obliged to relinquish it2 and the ministers of ,st4 ,nicholas enjoyed the same rights as the other clergy of ,caen1 though the ecclesiastical privileges of the abbot remained inviolate4 ,to the church of ,st4 ,nicholas was attached a guild1 in the early lists of whose members were included names of the greatest distinction in the town and neighborhood4 ,st4 ,nicholas was in remote times an object of especial devotion2 and the company incorporated under his patronage1 naturally partook of his celebrity4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue also states1 that it was from within this church1 that what were termed the ,apostolic decrees1 were delivered in the twelfth century4 ,they derived their name from being pronounced by commissioners delegated by the ,pope1 to decide in matters touching the canon law2 and the numerous appeals to the court of ,rome1 at that period1 rendered the necessity for such decisions of frequent occurrence4 ,,notes3 #aac ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #agf4 #aad ,antiquities of ,ireland1 p4 #aea4 #aae ,quarterly ,review for ,june1 #ahba1 p4 #abj4 ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,,church ,,of ,,cheux4 ,illustration3 ,plate #eg4 ,,church ,,of ,,cheux ,,near ,,caen4 ,from the ,north ,east4 ,the earliest mention which occurs of ,cheux1 a small country town1 about nine miles to the west of ,caen1 is to be found in the charter1 granted about the year #ajgg1 by the ,conqueror1 for the foundation of his abbey of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,the king1 in this instrument1 after a pious proem1 reciting that he has been led to the holy task by the expectation of obtaining remission for his sins and a hundred-fold reward in heaven1 places1 as the very first of the gifts destined for the endowment of the rising monastery1 the town of ,cheux4 ,he also expressly designates ,cheux1 and the four places immediately following1 as villas juris mei1 thereby meaning1 as ,m4 de ,gerville justly remarks1 to draw a distinction between those donations which came immediately from himself1 and those which originated with any of his subjects1 and stood in need of nothing more than a ratification on his part4 ,another remark may1 perhaps1 not impertinently be made upon this part of the charter1 as curiously illustrative of the manners of the times as to the nature of feudal tenures1 and the mode of recruiting the army4 ,in the very next paragraph1 a distinction is drawn between the rights of two different classes of men1 the coloni and conditionarii1 the latter being explained by the words of the charter itself1 to mean free men 7liberos homines47 ,the ,duke assigns to the abbey1 the towns themselves1 together with their inhabitants1 mills1 waters1 meadows1 pastures1 and woods2 and also with all the revenues and customs derivable from them1 as they have been enjoyed by himself1 or any of his predecessors4 ,he likewise expressly stipulates1 that such of the people of ,cheux and ,rotz1 as do not hold frank-tenements1 7qui francam terram non tenent17 should be exclusively devoted to the service of the church and the monks1 so as not to be subject to any call arising from military expeditions1 or other cause1 unless the ,prince himself should personally1 or by letter1 direct the abbot to send them4 ,even in the latter case1 he binds himself to summon each by name1 and never to call them out1 except the province should be invaded by a foreign foe2 nor on any account to require their services beyond the limits of the duchy4 ,at the same time that the ,conqueror's children confirmed all the donations made by their father to the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen1 ,robert1 his successor upon the ducal throne1 added the privilege of an annual fair at ,cheux1 and a weekly market3 the latter was held upon a ,sunday1 during the twelfth century1 but was afterwards1 by an order from ,king ,john1 changed to a ,tuesday4 ,upon the accession of ,henry ,,ii4 to the dukedom1 another charter of great length was granted in favor of the royal abbey2 and in this1 ,cheux is again mentioned4 ,the ,king not only follows the example of his predecessors1 in renouncing all right to it1 but he gives his royal assent1 in the following terms1 to two purchases which had been made in it3--,concedo emptionem1 quam fecit ,willelmus ,abbas1 ,joanni1 filii ,conani1 ,canonico ,bajocensi1 scilicet1 totam terram suam de ,ceusio1 qu est de feudo ,s4 ,stephani2 #bc libr4 annual2 et emptionem quam fecit ,willelmus ,abbas1 a ,radulpho1 fratre ,vitalis1 scilicet1 sex acras terr1 quam tenebat in feodu de prdicto sancto in ,ceusio1 pro quibus faciebat serraturas portarum ,ceusii1 pro ,c4 solid4 census4 ,from that time to the revolution1 ,cheux continued to be one of the principal domains of the abbot of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,according to the territorial division of ancient ,france1 it formed a part of what was termed the ,election of ,caen1 and was included in the archdeaconry of ,bayeux1 and the deanery of ,fontenay4 ,the revolution1 introducing a new arrangement1 together with a new set of terms1 has placed it in the arrondissement of ,caen1 and in the canton of ,tilly4 ,the church is a fine specimen of ,norman architecture2 remarkable as to its plan1 in having the choir of considerably greater width than the nave4 ,the portion east of the tower is composed of three distinct parts1 unequal in size1 the central being the narrowest1 as is strikingly the case in the church at ,great ,yarmouth2 but all of the same height1 and each of the lateral ones exactly equalling in its width the length of the transept to which it is attached2 and thus1 also1 the choir and transepts1 taken collectively1 form nearly a square1 except that1 to the end of the middle compartment1 is attached a circular apsis1 of an unusually small size2 and1 seen from the inside of the church1 this disproportion becomes even more conspicuous3 the great thickness of the wall necessarily subtracting much from the space4 ,it even strikes the eye as being less than it really is1 from being subdivided into a number of small arches2 which1 with the vaulted roof1 lighted by the extremely narrow windows below1 and the larger ones above1 give this end of the church a very peculiar appearance4 ,,plate ,,lviii4 ,,and ,,lix4 ,,church ,,of ,,bieville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #eh4 ,,church ,,of ,,bieville ,,near ,,caen4 ,from the ,north ,west4 ,it is only when considered as a curious relic of ancient ecclesiastical architecture1 that the church of ,bieville can lay claim to any attention whatever4 ,history1 even in its lowest department1 topography1 is altogether silent with regard both1 to the building and the parish1 except so far as to record that the church was among the dependencies of the royal abbey of ,st4 ,stephen1 at ,caen2 though even in this character1 it does not appear till the middle of the fourteenth century1 when it is mentioned in one of the registers of the diocese of ,bayeux4 ,its situation is about four miles north of ,caen4 ,taken as a whole1 the church of ,bieville has probably no parallel in ,normandy or in ,england4 ,the upper story of the tower alone is of a subsequent ra1 and that1 the earliest style of pointed architecture3 all the rest of the structure is purely ,norman1 and of extreme simplicity4 ,the church of ,st4 ,peter1 at ,northampton1 said to have been erected by ,simon de ,st4 ,liz1 during the reign of ,william the ,conqueror1 is encircled at the height of the clerestory by a row of small arches1 similar in their proportions and decorations to those at ,bieville2 but they are there continued in an uninterrupted line round the building1 while at ,bieville they occupy only a comparatively small portion of it4 ,in the nave of this latter church1 they are disposed regularly in triplets1 the central one only pierced for a window1 and each three separated by a flat ,norman buttress4 ,the western front1 represented in plate fifty-eight1 is divided by plain string-courses into three stories of irregular height3 the basement contains only the door1 which is entered by a richly-ornamented arch1 7see plate fifty-nine1 fig4 ,b47 surmounted by a broad drip-stone1 decorated with quatrefoils1 and terminating at each end in a human head of classical character4 ,the lowest moulding of this arch is considerably more flattened than the upper1 a peculiarity that is likewise observable in the interior arch to the great door-way at ,castle-,acre ,priory1 in ,norfolk4#aaf ,in the second story are six arches1 supported by eight pillars1 with capitals and bases of ordinary character3 even these1 contiguous as they stand1 are divided into two equal sets1 by the intervention of a flat space in the centre1 so narrow1 as to wear the appearance of a pilaster4 ,here1 too1 as in the nave1 the central arch of each compartment is alone pierced for a window4--,the upper story has only a single window1 precisely resembling those below1 but flanked on each side by a circular one1 similar to that in the front of the neighboring chapel of the ,dlivrande3#aag or1 if a comparison be sought among ,norman edifices in ,england1 to those in the tower of ,norwich cathedral2#aah in the same part of the church of ,st4 ,james1 at ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds2#aai and in the east end of the church of the ,hospital of ,st4 ,cross4#abj ,in point of general character1 the western front of the church of ,bieville may not unaptly be compared with that of the chapel of the ,dlivrande1 or of the hospital of ,st4 ,leonard1 at ,stamford1 as figured by ,carter4#aba ,the tower of the church at ,bieville is well calculated to serve as a specimen of the towers of the village churches1 comprized in a circuit of twenty miles round ,caen4 ,among others1 those of ,soumont1 ,ifs1 ,soulangy1 ,potigny1 and the ,lower ,allemagne1 to the south1 and of ,lyons1 ,oyestraham1 and several more1 to the north1 greatly resemble it4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ei4 ,,church ,,of ,,bieville ,,near ,,caen4 ,elevation and ,details4 ,plate fifty-nine1 as being altogether architectural1 will best be understood by a set of regular references to the different subjects it embraces4 ,a4 ,door-way on the north side of the nave1 remarkable for its lintel or transom-stone in the figure of a pediment1 from which the arch rises1 encircled with a single1 wide1 plain1 flat moulding4 ,there is a similar instance in the church of ,martinvast1 near ,cherbourg2 but the pediment there assumes a form more decidedly conical4#abb ,transom-stones occur frequently in ,normandy1 and are variously sculptured2 from the rude cross1 either alone or encompassed with the cable-moulding1 to the elaborate representations of the crucified ,saviour1 or other subjects from holy writ4 ,profane subjects1 which are of so frequent occurrence on transom-stones in ,england1 are very seldom found in the duchy3 the writer of the present article never recollects to have met with any2 and ,mr4 ,cotman's more extensive researches have brought him acquainted only with a single instance1 a centaur1 in the act of discharging his arrow at a stag1 in the church of ,urville1 near ,valognes4 ,b4 ,great western entrance1 7already described47 ,c4 ,first compartment of the nave from the west1 showing the structure and disposition of the arches1 and the very flat buttresses with a double projection1 the first only equalling that of the corbels4 ,the square-headed door is modern4 ,several of the sculptures on the corbels are close imitations of those upon the church of the ,holy ,trinity1 at ,caen4 ,d4 and ,e4 ,portions of other compartments of the nave1 to obtain a complete idea of which1 it is only necessary to produce the dotted lines below1 to the same length as that at ,c2 the parts and their disposition being precisely the same1 with the exception of the door4 ,f4 ,elevation of the choir1 which is divided into two equal portions by a flat buttress1 flanked on each side by a slender cylindrical column4 ,of these parts1 one is quite plain1 except only the corbel-table and ornamented frieze below4 ,the other has two arches1 recently blocked up1 similar to those of the nave1 but with a richer exterior moulding4 ,the door below these has the same peculiarity1 in the drip-stone rising from sculptured heads1 as in the western entrance4 ,the frieze beneath the corbels very much resembles that in the same situation in the church of the ,holy ,trinity1 7see plate thirty-one17 and is likewise continued over the buttresses1 as well as along the receding part between4 ,,notes3 #aaf ,figured in ,britton's ,architectural ,antiquities1 ,,iii4 pl4 #b4 #aag ,figured in ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #bie4 #aah ,britton's ,norwich ,cathedral1 p4 #cc1 pl4 #f4 #aai ,britton's ,architectural ,antiquities1 ,,iii4 p4 #hj4 #abj ,antiquarian and ,topographical ,cabinet1 ,v4 #aba ,ancient ,architecture1 pl4 #bd4--;,in the description of this building1 page #cc1 ,mr4 ,carter speaks of it as being of ,saxon origin2 and1 in the chronological table attached to his work1 he classes it in the third of the four ras into which he divides his specimens of ,saxon architecture4 #abb ,a still more remarkable example occurs in ,essington church1 ,gloucestershire1 figured by ,carter1 in his ,ancient ,architecture1 pl4 ,,xv4 fig4 ,x4 ,the transom-stone is there formed of part of an octagon1 rising from an horizontal torus moulding1 which finishes in a spiral direction round two heads4 ,a lion and a griffin fill the space within4 ,,plate ,,lx4 ,,and ,,lxi4 ,,church ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fj4 ,,church ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri ,,near ,,caen4 ,north side of the ,chancel4 ,the parish of ,fontaine-le-,henri lies about eight miles north of ,caen1 immediately adjoining ,than1 whose church has already been figured in this work4 ,the register of the livings appertaining to the diocese of ,bayeux1 made about the year #acej1 and commonly known by the name of the livre pelut1 7liber pelutus1 or the parchment book17 contains only the following brief notice of it3--,ecclesia de ,fontibus ,henrici ,,lx ,libras4--,dnus dicte ville4--,archidiaconatus de ,cadomo4--,decanatus de ,dovra4 ,in the ,gallia ,christiana1 and other similar works1 no mention whatever is made of this parish4 ,according to the modern division of ,france1 ,fontaine-le-,henri is included in the canton of ,creilly3 the name of the village1 to whose deanery it formerly appertained1 cannot fail to strike the ear of an ,englishman1 as being the same with that of the celebrated harbor in his own island1 the common landing-place from ,calais4 ,but the ,english ,dover1 from having been originally a ,roman station1 is generally supposed to have derived its appellation from the ,romans2 and ,darell1 in his ,history of the castle1 published by ,grose1#abc gives it as his opinion that1 among the ancient ,britons1 it was called ,rupecester1 but1 on the ,roman invasion1 got the new name of ,dofris1 ,dobris1 or ,doris1 in consequence of the filling or damming up of the harbor2 ,doafer1 as he observes a few pages before1 signifying1 in the language of those times1 a harbor shut up1 or of difficult access4 ,a still higher authority1 the learned ,bishop ,huet1#abd classes the word1 ,douvres1 among those whose origin is to be sought in the ancient language of ,gaul1 and proposes two derivations3 one from ,dufyrrha1 a rising ground2 the other from ,dvvr1 the term for water4 ,thus1 without giving any opinion of his own1 he leaves the matter to his reader1 with a utrum horum mavis elige4 ,the ,norman village of ,douvres is celebrated upon more than one account3 it was the birth-place of ,thomas of ,dover1 almoner to the ,conqueror1 and by him created archbishop of ,york in #ajgj2 of ,sampson of ,dover1 his brother1 made bishop of ,worcester in #ajig2 and of a second ,thomas of ,dover1 nephew to the first of the name1 who1 in #aaji1 had the singular honor of being elected at once to the episcopal throne of ,london1 and the archiepiscopal throne of ,york2 the latter of which he accepted4 ,his brother1 ,richard1 wore at the same time the mitre of ,bayeux4--,douvres was the principal place of one of the seven baronies1 which formed the episcopal manse of the bishops of ,bayeux4 ,during the thirteenth1 and the two following centuries1 it was also selected for their country-seat4 ,within its limits stands the chapel of the ,dlivrande1#abe said to have been founded by ,st4 ,regnobert1 the second bishop of the diocese1 and still held in the highest repute for its sanctity4 ,of the church of ,fontaine-le-,henri1 the architecture is decidedly ,norman1 and is distinguished by a bold and noble style1 resembling in its general character1 as well as in its individual features1 the abbatial churches of ,st4 ,george1 and of the ,trinity4 ,hence1 though no record is left of the actual founder1 there is little room for doubt as to the ra of the foundation4 ,it may be observed on this occasion1 that in ,normandy1 as in ,england1 it very seldom happens that information is to be obtained on these particulars1 when the same individual united in his person the characters of lord of the village and patron of the living4 ,it was only where benefices were in the hands of religious houses1 that events so generally unimportant as the building and repairing of village churches1 were considered deserving of being recorded4 ,with regard to the various proprietors of ,fontaine-le-,henri1 much information is to be gleaned from ,laroque's ,history of the ,house of ,harcourt4 ,the laborious author1 after having completed his general account of the ,norman nobility1 in a single folio volume1 devoted four others to the genealogy and fortunes of this one illustrious family4 ,from him it appears that1 during the period when ,normandy was under the sway of its own ,dukes1 the parish of ,fontaine-le-,henri was in the hands of the family of ,tilly1 one of whom is to be found among the companions of the ,conqueror1 in his descent upon ,england4 ,early in the thirteenth century1 during the reign of ,king ,john1 they held the lordship of ,fontaine-le-,henri conjointly with the castellany of ,tilly4 ,mention of them occurs repeatedly in the ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,ordericus ,vitalis1 as well as in the annals of the abbeys of ,st4 ,stephen and of ,ardennes1 near ,caen2 and it was from the baptismal name of ,henry1 commonly borne by that branch of them1 who were possessors of ,fontaine1 that the parish took its present distinctive appellation2 a distinction not a little needed1 considering that there are fifteen other places in ,normandy1 called by the general name of ,fontaine4 ,john de ,tilly1 the last of the male line of the family1 who were lords of ,fontaine-le-,henri1 died about the year #achj3 he was succeeded in the inheritance by his sister1 ,jane1 who1 in #achb1 married ,philip ,d',harcourt1 and thus added the property to the immense domains of the ,harcourts4 ,the first of the plates appropriated to this building1 embraces only a portion of the western compartment of the south side of the chancel1 drawn in rapid perspective1 the view being taken from immediately beneath the corbel-table1 for the sake of embracing the soffit of the arches1 and the projecting mouldings4 ,here1 as at ,bieville1 the lintel or transom-stone of the arch of entrance#abf assumes the form of a pediment1 but rests upon the jambs of the door-way1 on a level with the capitals4 ,to the instances of a similar formation1 adduced under the preceding article1 should be added the very remarkable one at ,pen church1 in ,somersetshire1 figured in the ,antiquarian and ,topographical ,cabinet4 ,on the lintel is sculptured the ,lamb bearing the ,cross1 enclosed within a circle1 flanked on either side by a nondescript animal2 the whole supported by two crowned heads placed in niches in the jambs4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fa4 ,,church ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri ,,near ,,caen4 ,elevations of the ,east end of the ,south side of the ,chancel4 ,the following is a description of the different parts of plate sixty-one3#abg-- ,a4 ,east end of the chancel4--,the central buttress1 flanked1 like the two lateral ones1 with cylindrical pillars1 divides this portion of the church into two equal portions4 ,the general appearance of these buttresses1 and the circumstance of their being supported upon a fillet and plinth1 would almost warrant the calling of them pilasters2 and those upon the northern side of the chancel1 ,figure ,b1 assume that character even more decidedly1 having no projection beyond the cornice1 which they support as an entablature4--,it will be remarked1 that the whole building is raised upon a plinth of a bold character2 and ,mr4 ,cotman justly observes1 that the chancel may be regarded as a model for beautiful proportions and exquisite finishing4 ,as respecting ,norman buttresses1 he is of opinion1 that the edifices of highest antiquity will be found to be altogether without any2 and that they were first added merely by way of ornament1 to break the monotonous appearance of a long uninterrupted space of level wall4 ,indeed1 the ,norman walls1 commonly from six to ten feet in thickness1 could scarcely require any additional strength from extrinsic objects2 and least of all1 could they receive it from a projection of not more than the same number of inches4 ,even where buttress has been added to buttress1 as in the north side of the chapel of the hospital of ,st4 ,julien1 near ,rouen1#abh and in some other instances1 it may almost be questioned1 if support was the only circumstance contemplated by the architect4 ,the double buttresses at ,st4 ,julien's1 could scarcely fail to be coeval with the building1 as appears from the string-course being continued in an unbroken line over them1 a fact that was omitted to be noticed in the description of the chapel4 ,,notes3 #abc ,history of ,dover ,castle1 p4 #h4 #abd ,origines de ,caen1 p4 #cae4 #abe ,see ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #bie2 where this chapel is described and figured4 #abf ,mr4 ,cotman observes1 that much might be said in connection with this door-way1 upon the subject of the decorations of the semi-circular-headed arches in ,normandy and in ,england4 ,but1 confining himself to heads of the peculiar grotesque character1 sculptured upon the arch at ,fontaine-le-,henri1 he remarks1 that such1 though far from being very uncommon in ,britain1 are of extremely rare occurrence in the duchy2 insomuch1 that he can recal no other specimens of them1 than those upon a large arch which separates the nave from the chancel1 in the church of ,berigny1 near ,st4 ,lo1 and upon another on the south side of the church of ,bracheville prs le ,grand4 ,the heads1 in this last instance1 are precisely like those at ,iffley church1 in ,oxfordshire1 7see ,britton's ,chronological and ,historical ,illustrations of ,ancient ,architectures27 but they are confined to the archivolt alone1 while1 at ,iffley1 they are disposed in a double row1 and form broad bands1 that encircle the pillars as well as the top of the arch4 ,in ,england are the following instances1 most of them figured in the works of ,britton and ,carter3-- ,south door-way of ,st4 ,peter's church1 ,oxford4 ---------------- ,st4 ,peter's church1 at ,rasen1 in ,lincolnshire4 ---------------- ,earls-,barton church1 ,northamptonshire4 ,north door-way of ,lullington church1 ,somersetshire4 ,architrave on the east side of the cemetery-gate1 ,canterbury cathedral4 ,west door-way of ,kenilworth church4 ,south door-way of ,moorvinstowe church1 ,cornwall4 ,arches in the nave of ditto4 -------------------- ,wymondham church1 ,norfolk4 ,west door-way of the church of ,barton ,st4 ,mary1 ditto4 #abg ,in the title of this plate1 it is unfortunately stated to represent the ,east end ,,of the ,,south side of the chancel1 instead of the ,east end ,,and the ,,north side of the chancel4 #abh ,see p4 #dd4 ,,plates ,,lxii4-,,lxv4 ,,chate,u ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri4 ,,central ,,compartment ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri4 ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,place ,,de ,,la ,,pucelle1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,rue ,,st4 ,,jean1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fb4 ,,ch,,teau ,,at ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,it neither falls within the scope of this work to attempt any thing in the form of a dissertation upon the ancient domestic architecture of ,normandy1 nor1 supposing such an object to be desirable1 would the present state of the duchy afford materials for the purpose4 ,the lover of researches into architectural antiquity no sooner directs his attention to that branch of his subject1 which1 as tending to elucidate the habits of his forefathers1 would be peculiarly interesting1 than he finds an insuperable obstacle opposed to his progress4 ,the zeal of churchmen and the pride of barons1 have preserved us many noble relics of ecclesiastical and castellated buildings2 but the private residence of the more humble individual has1 in no portion of the globe1 been able to secure to itself any thing approaching to a durable existence4 ,what was raised for comfort alone1 was not in itself designed for perpetuity2 and the varying tastes of successive occupants1 the changes of fashions1 or1 what operate even more powerfully than all1 the changes of fortune1 have conspired to subject this portion of human labor1 in an eminent degree1 to that mutability which is the general lot of human undertakings4 ,in early times1 also1 the state of society operated powerfully towards the production of the same destructive effect4 ,when even the monarch could no otherwise provide for the safety of his palace1 than by encircling it with the fortifications of the castle1 a life of continual alarm afforded his subjects no encouragement for the cultivation of the arts of peace4 ,society knew no other classes than the lord and his vassals3 the former1 enthroned in military state2 the latter1 too poor to raise his aim beyond the necessaries of life2 or1 where riches existed1 too depressed by servitude to dare to let them appear4 ,hence1 during the prevalence of the feudal system1 very little1 if any thing1 more is known of domestic architecture1 than is to be collected from the rude illuminations of missals1 or the unsatisfactory descriptions of chroniclers4 ,the monuments themselves have disappeared from the face of the earth2 or1 if any instances can be adduced1 tending to disprove so comprehensive an assertion1 they are few in number1 and worthless in quality4 ,the utmost to be hoped for are such mutilated remains1 as ,winwal-,house1 in ,norfolk1 lately figured by ,mr4 ,britton1 in his ,chronological and ,historical ,illustrations of the ,ancient ,architecture of ,great-,britain2 remains that are calculated to excite no other emotions than regret1 and to awaken1 without being by any means able to satisfy1 curiosity4--,nor indeed have ,mr4 ,cotman's extensive researches enabled him to meet with any of this description1 all poor as they are1 within the limits of ,normandy4 ,at the same time it has appeared right1 conformably with the plan that has been adopted in this work1 as to ecclesiastical edifices1 to lay before the reader some specimens of the domestic architecture of the duchy1 which1 though far removed from ,norman times1 are almost equally so from our own days4 ,even these are rapidly disappearing2 it is more than possible1 that the three subjects here selected for publication may1 in the course of a few years1 be recorded only in these plates4 ,one of them is already levelled with the ground2#abi while the more interesting house in the ,place de la ,pucelle1 at ,rouen1 though it has been suffered to continue in existence1 has been so much injured in its exterior1 and is degraded to so mean a purpose1 that its demolition would at no time be matter for surprise4--,specimens1 like these1 are curious in the history of the arts3 they shew the progress which architecture had made in ,normandy1 at one of the most interesting epochs in ,french history2 they also shew its relative state1 as respectively applied to civil and religious purposes4 ,and1 if they be all three productions of nearly the same ra1 they are sufficiently characterised each from the other1 by marks of distinction4 ,a history of the civil and domestic architecture of the middle ages1 is yet a desideratum2 and unless this task is soon accomplished in ,england1 the opportunity will be lost for ever4 ,the very sensible author1 from whom this sentence is quoted1 goes on to say1 ,the halls of ,elizabeth's days are almost worn out4 ,the mansions of the time of ,charles ,i4 are falling apace1 and in every quarter of a century a class must disappear1 by the conjoined operations of repair and decay4 ,the towns of ,england perhaps afford the worst and poorest specimens of the dwelling houses3 the best and richest are found in the ,netherlands4 ,we can hardly qualify this assertion by recollecting the magnificent range of palaces which bordered the ,strand1 in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,our own dwelling-houses are usually composed of timber frames filled in with plaster4 ,troyes1 in ,champagne1 is built entirely in this fashion1 every street is the perfect 'counterfeit' of old ,cheapside4 ,beauvais is built in the same manner1 but the houses are profusely varied with carving1 and a good artist might employ himself there for a twelvemonth4 ,many of the ancient houses at ,caen are of chesnut timber4 ,the ,abb ,de la ,rue supposes that they were built by the ,english1 after the place was taken by ,henry ,v4 in #adag4 ,his 'bombards' destroyed a great part of the town during the siege2 and after he had regained possession1 he granted the sites of the demolished tenements to his ,english subjects4 ,in choosing this material1 they may have been guided partly by choice1 as being a domestic fashion1 and partly by necessity2 for the use of stone was restricted by ,henry1 to the building and repairing of 'eglises1 chasteaulx1 et forteresses4' ,the king1 by letters-patent1 declared that the 'quarries of white stone' were to remain to him and his heirs for ever3 this monopoly proves the value in which the ,caen stone was held4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fc4 ,,ch,,teau ,,of ,,fontaine-,,le-,,henri1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,elevation of ,central ,compartment4 ,some account has already been given1 under the preceding article1 of the changes of proprietors which the domain of ,fontaine-le-,henri underwent1 during the reigns of the ,norman ,dukes1 and down to the conclusion of the fourteenth century4 ,the estate then passed into the possession of the ,harcourts1 in whose hands it continued a considerable length of time3 it has since been subject to various owners1 and has now finally become the property of the ,viscount de ,canisy4 ,the ,chteau 7see plates sixty-two and sixty-three7 is a noble building1 and a very characteristic specimen of the residences of the ,french noblesse1 during the latter part of the fifteenth century1 at which period there is no doubt of its having been erected1 although no records whatever are left upon the subject4 ,fontaine-le-,henri was then still in the possession of the family of ,harcourt1 whose fortune and consequence might naturally be expected to give rise to a similar building4--,as compared with the mansions of the ,english nobility1 the chteau at ,fontaine-le-,henri may be advantageously viewed in conjunction with ,longleat1 in ,wiltshire1#acj the noble seat of the ,marquess of ,bath4 ,the erection of the latter was not commenced till the year #aefg1 thus leaving an interval of at least half a century between them2 a period1 probably1 much the same as may be presumed from other documents to have intervened between the introduction of the ,italian style of architecture in ,france and in ,england4 ,longleat was built by ,john of ,padua1 who is stated by ,mr4 ,britton1 to have been an architect of some note at the time2 as is evinced by his being termed ,devizor of his ,majesty's buildings1 and by the grant made him by ,henry ,,viii4 and renewed in the third year of ,edward ,,vi4 ,fontaine-le-,henri was also the production of trans-alpine architects4 ,both of them bear decided marks of the nation to which they owe their origin2 but in the ,english mansion1 the ,italian features are most decidedly enounced2 while1 in the ,french1 they are strikingly modified by the peculiarities of their adopted country4 ,the central compartment 7plate sixty-three7 has been selected by ,mr4 ,cotman for publication1 as being the portion of the structure which is in the purest taste4 ,this also most resembles ,longleat4 ,but it is on the other hand by far the least ornamented4 ,the rest of the front of the building is covered with the richest profusion of medallions1 scrolls1 friezes1 canopies1 statues1 and arabesques1 in bas-relief1 worked with extraordinary care1 and of great beauty4 ,their style is that of the ,loggie of ,raphael2 or1 to compare them with another ,norman subject of the same ra1 of the sculptures upon the mausoleum raised to the ,cardinal d',amboise1 in ,rouen cathedral3 indeed1 for delicacy of workmanship1 they may almost compete with the ornaments upon this far-famed monument4#aca ,illustration3 ,plate #fd4 ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,place ,,de ,,la ,,pucelle1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,for the drawing of the second of the houses here figured1 that in the ,place de la ,pucelle1 at ,rouen1 7see plate sixty-four17 ,mr4 ,cotman has to acknowledge himself indebted to the pencil of ,miss ,mary ,turner4 ,rouen abounds in buildings1 whose fronts are ornamented in a somewhat similar manner1 but none among them will bear a comparison with this for the sumptuousness of its decorations4#acb ,in another and more important point of view1 the house in question stands still more decidedly unrivalled2 for a wing of it1 which is not shewn in the present plate1 exhibits a series of representations1 illustrative of different events connected with the chivalrous meeting in the field of cloth of gold4 ,these figures have been already engraved3 they were first published by ,montfaucon2 then copied by ,ducarel2 and1 very recently1 two of them have again appeared in the publications of ,mr4 ,dibdin#acc and ,mr4 ,turner4#acd ,the latter of these gentlemen has been copious in his description of this building2 and the following account of it is borrowed nearly verbatim from his pages3-- ,in the square which has acquired an ill-omened celebrity by the barbarous execution of the ,maid of ,arc1 stands a house within a court1 now occupied as a school for girls1 of the same ra as the ,palais de ,justice1 and in the same ,burgundian style1 but far richer in its sculptures4 ,the entire front is divided into compartments by slender and lengthened buttresses and pilasters4 ,the intervening spaces are filled with basso relievos1 evidently executed at one period1 though by different masters4 ,a banquet beneath a window in the first floor1 is in a good cinque-cento style4 ,others of the basso-relievos represent the labors of the field and the vineyard2 rich and fanciful in their costume1 but rather wooden in their design3 the salamander1 the emblem of ,francis ,i4 appears several times amongst the ornaments1 and very conspicuously4 ,i believe there is not a single square foot of this extraordinary building1 which has not been sculptured4--,on the north side extends a spacious gallery4 ,here the architecture is rather in ,holbein's manner3 foliaged and swelling pilasters1 like antique candelabra1 bound the arched windows4 ,beneath1 is the well-known series of bas-reliefs1 executed on marble tablets1 representing the interview between ,francis ,i4 of ,france1 and ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 in the ,champ du ,drap d'or1 between ,guisnes and ,ardres4 ,they were first discovered by the venerable father ,montfaucon1 who engraved them in his ,monumens de la ,monarchie ,franaise2 but to the greater part of our antiquaries at home1 they are1 perhaps1 more commonly known by the miserable copies inserted in ,ducarel's work1 who has borrowed most of his plates from the ,benedictine4--,these sculptures are much mutilated1 and so obscured by smoke and dirt1 that the details cannot be understood without great difficulty4 ,the corresponding tablets above the windows are even in a worse condition2 and they appear to have been almost unintelligible in the time of ,montfaucon1 who conjectures that they were allegorical1 and probably intended to represent the triumph of religion4 ,each tablet contains a triumphal car1 drawn by different animals--one by elephants1 another by lions1 and so on1 and crowded with mythological figures and attributes4--,a friend of mine1 who examined them this summer1 tells me1 that he thinks the subjects are either taken from the triumphs of ,petrarch1 or imitated from the triumphs introduced in the ,polifilo4 ,graphic representations of allegories are susceptible of so many variations1 that an artist1 embodying the ideas of the poet1 might produce a representation bearing a close resemblance to the mythological processions of the 'mystic dream4'--,the interior of the house has been modernized3 so that a beam covered with small carvings is the only remaining object of curiosity4 ,on the top1 a bunch of leaden thistles has been a sad puzzle to antiquaries1 who would fain find some connection between the building and ,scotland2 but neither record nor tradition throw any light upon their researches4 ,montfaucon1 copying from a manuscript written by the ,abb ,noel1 says1 ',i have more than once been told1 that ,francis ,i4 on his way through ,rouen1 lodged at this house2 and it is most probable1 that the bas-reliefs in question were made upon some of these occasions1 to gratify the king by the representation of a festival1 in which he particularly delighted4' ,the gallery-sculptures are very fine1 and the upper tier is much in the style of ,jean ,goujon4 ,it is not generally known that ,goujon re-drew the embellishments of ,beroald de ,verville's translation of the ,polifilo2 and that these1 beautiful as they are in the ,aldine edition1 acquired new graces from the ,french artist--,i have remarked1 that the allegorical tablets appear to coincide with the designs of the ,polifilo3 a more accurate examination might1 perhaps1 prove the fact2 and then little doubt would remain4 ,the building is much dilapidated2 and1 unless speedily repaired1 these basso-relievos1 which would adorn any museum1 will utterly perish4 ,in spite of neglect and degradations1 the aspect of the mansion is still such that1 as my friend observed1 one would expect to see a fair and stately matron standing in the porch1 attired in velvet1 waiting to receive her lord4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fe4 ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,rue ,,st4 ,,jean1 ,,at ,,caen4 ,to the house at ,caen#ace 7figured in plate sixty-five7 are attached no historical mementos2 nor is any record preserved as to its founder or possessor4 ,it is not even honored by the slightest mention in the ,abb ,de la ,rue's recent publication1 or in those of ,de ,bourgueville or ,huet4 ,in all probability it owes its existence to some wealthy citizen1 during the reigns of ,charles ,,viii4 or ,louis ,,xii4 as it was principally at that period1 that the practice prevailed in ,france1 of ornamenting the fronts of the houses with medallions4 ,the custom died away under ,francis ,i4#acf--;,according to this theory1 the houses at ,caen and at ,fontaine-le-,henri may be placed in exactly the same ra1 and about forty years anterior to that at ,rouen4 ,caen can show another remarkable instance of domestic architecture1 a castellated building1 which1 it has been remarked1 might easily mislead the studious antiquary4 ,this building1 commonly known by the name of the ,chteau de la ,gendarmerie1 but more properly called the ,chteau de ,calix1 is generally believed by the inhabitants of the town to have been erected for the purpose of commanding the river1 while it flowed in its ancient1 but now deserted1 bed4 ,according1 however1 to the ,abb ,de la ,rue1 no fortification of any description ever existed in the same place2 but the structure1 however martial in its appearance1 was in its character altogether pacific1 and was built during some of the latest years of the fifteenth1 or earliest of the sixteenth1 century1 by ,girard de ,nollent1 then owner of the property4#acg ,two statues1 apparently intended to represent heathen divinities1 but now absurdly called ,gendarmes1 frown over its battlements1 which1 like those of the adjacent wall1 and like the face of the principal tower1 are still charged with medallions1 though the ebullition of revolutionary enthusiasm has destroyed the arms of the ,nollents4 ,previously to dismissing this subject1 it may be worth while to remark1 that the ogee canopy1 surmounting the window placed between the two medallions in the house in the ,rue ,st4 ,jean1 at ,caen1 is nearly a fac-simile of that which is still seen over the door that led to what was once the great hall in the ,conqueror's palace1 adjoining the abbey of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,the resemblance between them is so great1 that it would be difficult to believe that they are of very different dates4 ,but the palace was unquestionably the production of more than one ra2 and in the scarcity of materials for the forming of a correct opinion upon the subject1 it is impossible to say1 whether the door in question may not have been inserted some time after its erection1 or even whether the ornamental part may not have been added to it at a period subsequent to its formation4 ,,notes3 #abi ,the house at ,caen1 is that which is here alluded to4--,it has already been mentioned1 that the ,great ,house at ,andelys has suffered the same fate4 ,since the account of that circumstance was written1 the author of the present article has been favored with the following extract from a letter from ,lord ,compton1 dated in ,august last3--,the noble grande maison d',andelys1 is now1 alas1 no more6 ,we made a dtour by a horrible road1 for the purpose of visiting it2 but great was our mortification to find only a small piece of unornamented wall1 the sole vestige which the barbarians had left standing2 and that is now probably destroyed--and 'green grass grows where ,troy-town stood4' ,i need hardly say1 that ,i derived a great deal of pleasure from a three-days' stay at ,rouen2 after which we made an excursion to ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville and ,jumieges1 and were highly interested and pleased by both4--,oh6 that the ,vandals would leave the abbey of ,jumieges1 even in its present state of dilapidation6 ,in a few years1 with the mellowing tints of time1 and the ornament of a little ivy and vegetation1 it would be one of the most picturesque and beautiful ruins in ,europe2 but1 alas6 it is in vain to hope it4 ,cotman's representations of ,jumieges and ,andelys will now be doubly valuable4 #acj ,figured and described in ,britton's ,architectural ,antiquities1 ,,ii4 p4 #aje4 #aca ,see ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #aeg4 #acb ,one of the most curious buildings of this description1 the ancient abbey of ,st4 ,amand1 was not only rich to the greatest degree of profusion in its decorations1 but derived a peculiar interest from their being almost wholly carved in wood4 ,this building is now nearly destroyed2 but1 fortunately1 some of its principal features are recorded in four of the plates of ,m4 de ,jolimont's ,monumens de la ,normandie4 #acc ,bibliographical1 ,antiquarian1 and ,picturesque ,tour through ,france1 c4 ,i4 p4 #aja4 #acd ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #bjj4 #ace ,on the front of the new house1 which has lately been erected upon the spot that was occupied by this1 have been fastened the two medallions here represented3 these alone were saved from the general destruction4 #acf ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #agj4 #acg ,essais ,historiques sur la ,ville de ,caen1 ,i4 p4 #caj4 ,,plate ,,lxvi4 ,,church ,,of ,,tr,,port4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ff4 ,,tower ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,tr,,port1 ,,near ,,eu4 ,trport is an insignificant fishing-town1 situated at the mouth of the small river1 the ,bresle1 near the western extremity of ,normandy4 ,but1 however unimportant its present state1 most writers agree in regarding it as venerable for antiquity1 assigning to it an existence coeval with the days of ,julius ,csar4 ,that illustrious general speaks of a harbor1 opening into the ,british ,channel1 under the denomination of ,ulterior ,portus2 and by this name he is supposed to have intended to designate ,trport4 ,the modern ,latin historians of ,france apply the title without scruple3 it is even so used in the charter for the foundation of the abbey1 dated in the middle of the eleventh century4 ,the very sensible author of the ,description of ,upper ,normandy1 is1 however1 of opinion1 that such application is not warranted2 and1 after discussing the subject at some length1 he inclines to think it more probable that ,trport may have been termed by the ,romans1 ,citerior ,portus2 though he candidly admits that he finds no mention of a place so called among their writers4#ach ,the modern name of the town he derives from the ,celtic word1 ,treiz2 or1 as it is sometimes spelt1 ,traiz1 ,trais1 or ,treaz2 a word still in use in ,lower ,brittany1 to signify the passage of an arm of the sea1 or of a river towards its mouth4 ,according to the same author1 there is no reason to believe that ,trport was a place of note1 either during the period of the dominion of the ,gauls1 or of the ,romans4 ,from the beginning of the twelfth century1 however1 it has excited1 at different times1 a greater or less degree of interest4 ,various attempts have been made to raise it into commercial importance2 and1 sunk as it is at present1 it once could boast rows of handsome1 well-built streets1 a considerable number of inhabitants1 and as many as a hundred vessels1 fishing-boats included1 belonging to the port4--,henry ,i4 one of the earliest ,counts of ,eu1 turned in #aaja1 the course of the ,bresle1 so as to bring it more immediately under the walls of ,trport3 it was he also who dug the first harbor4 ,another of the same line of ,counts1 ,charles of ,artois1 repaired this harbor in #adge1 and undertook the greater work of cutting a navigable canal as far as ,eu4 ,the task1 however1 was suspended long before its completion2 but the vestiges still remain1 and even to the present day pass under the name of the ,canal d',artois4 ,in #aaed1 a fresh attempt was made1 and by a far greater man1 to raise the prosperity of ,trport4 ,henry1 ,duke of ,guise1 caused a basin to be formed here1 capable of containing ships of three hundred tons burthen2 and added to it a jetty1 defended by strong palisades4 ,the whole was shortly after swept away2 nor did better success attend the labors of the celebrated ,vauban1 who1 admiring the situation of the town1 undertook1 after a lapse of one hundred and thirty-four years1 to repair the works of the ,duke of ,guise4 ,but the sea is not the only enemy with which ,trport has had to contend3 its misfortunes have also been in great measure attributable to its defenceless state1 situated as it is1 in the immediate vicinity of ,england4 ,the ,british fleet effected a landing in #accj1 and destroyed the town with fire and the sword4 ,in the course of the succeeding year1 they returned with the same design2 and again in #adac2 on which last occasion1 not content with burning ,trport itself1 they likewise set fire to many neighboring villages4 ,the religious wars during the following century were the source of almost equal calamities2 but neither the sea nor warfare have inflicted such fatal wounds upon ,trport1 as causes emanating immediately from the prosperity of ,france4 ,its proximity to the flourishing harbor of ,dieppe1 has naturally diverted its trade to that quarter3 the restoration of ,calais to the ,french monarchy1 caused it a yet more irreparable injury2 for1 previously to that time1 ,trport was the principal place in the channel1 for the baking of biscuit1 and for the landing and curing of the herrings caught by the fishermen of ,france in the ,german ,ocean4 ,trport was one of the first ,french towns that afforded a residence for the ,knights ,templars4 ,a colony of them established themselves here in #aada4 ,in the middle of the preceding century1 its abbey of ,benedictines1 dedicated to the ,archangel ,michael1 had been founded by ,robert1 ,earl of ,eu4 ,the foundation-charter is preserved1 both in the ,neustria ,pia and ,gallia ,christiana2 and a very curious document it is1 as illustrative of the manners of the times4 ,robert appears in it in the light of a most liberal1 and a most wealthy1 benefactor4 ,not the least extraordinary of his donations1 is the permission which he bestows upon the monks1 of getting whatever they can in the towns of ,eu and of ,trport3 immediately after this1 succeed particular grants relative to sturgeons and grampuses1 fish that are now of extremely rare occurrence in the channel1 but which would scarcely have there been noticed1 had not the case in those times been far different2 and had they not also been held in high estimation4#aci ,just one hundred years subsequently to the foundation of the monastery1 ,john1 ,count of ,eu1 confirmed to it whatever donations it had previously received2 in doing which1 he makes use of this singular expression1 that he places them all with his own hands upon the altar4 ,his piety1 however1 appears to have been but short-lived4 ,a few years only elapsed before the same nobleman was guilty of flagrant sacrilege in the very abbey that he had sworn to protect4 ,his crime and his penitence are together recorded in an instrument printed in the ,neustria ,pia4#adj ,what is further known relative to the convent1 is little and unimportant4 ,the most remarkable circumstance1 is the extreme poverty to which the monks were reduced in #achd2 when1 on being called upon to pay the sum of forty-six shillings and eight-pence1 they pleaded their utter inability1 and presented to the king the following piteous remonstrance3--,cette ,abbae1 tant frontiere de l',anglois1 n'aant ni chteau ni dfense1 a t arse et mise en un si chetif point1 qu'il y a peu de lieux o nous puissions habiter1 si ce n'est s demeurans des anciens edifices1 et s vieilles masures4444444444 ,notre grande ,eglise est arse depuis trente ans1 et une autre petite ,eglise qu'avions depuis refaite1 grand meschief est ruine et chue jusqu'en terre1 avec la closture et tout le dortoir ars1 ensemble nos biens et nos lits4444 ,de plus sommes endettez en ,cour de ,rome pour les finances dez ,abbez qu'avons eus en brief temps2 et devons encore plusieurs persones de grosses sommes de deniers que n'avons pu1 et ne pouvons encore acquitter2 dont c'est piti4444 finalement pour paer #aj livres sur les #ef livres demandes par le ,receveur1 avons engag nos ,calices sans les pouvoir retirer4 ,,notes3 #ach ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,i4 p4 #ac4 #aci ,the whole of the passage is curious4--,item in ,ulteriori ,portu et in ,auco oppido2 decimam denariorum de ,vice-comitatibus1 et in utrque vill quicquid abbas et monachi acquirere poterunt4 ,quod si homines ,abbatis piscem1 qui vocatur ,turium1 capiunt1 totus erit ,s4 ,michaelis3 crassus piscis si captus fuerit1 ala una et medietas caud erit monachis4--,from this passage1 it is plain what importance was attached to the crassus piscis1 under which denomination were probably included the porpesse1 the dolphin1 and all kinds of cetaceous animals1 as well as the grampus4 ,ducange1 with his usual ability and learning1 has brought together a considerable quantity of curious matter upon the subject1 under the word1 ,craspiscis4 ,from him it appears that1 in the year #abga1 the question was argued before the ,norman parliament1 to whom such fish belonged1 in the event of its being thrown upon the shore2 and the decision was in the following words4--,quod consuetudo generalis est in ,normanni1 quod1 quando talis piscis invenitur in littore maris1 nec ,baro1 nec ,miles1 nec alius1 qui a ,rege teneat1 talem piscem habet1 si valeat ultra #ej libras1 nisi per cartam eum habeat4--,see also ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #ba1 respecting the existence of a whale-fishery near ,jumieges1 upon the authority of the writer of the ,gesta ,sancti ,philiberti4 #adj ,p4 #ehi4--,notum sit universis ,ecclesi ,dei filiis1 quod ego ,joannes1 ,comes ,auci1 pro stipendio militum et servientium1 quos tenui per guerram ,regis1 invadiavi maximam partem et optimam ,thesauri ,ecclesi ,s4 ,michalis de ,ulterior-,portu1 duos videlicet ,textus prtiosos1 et duo ,thuribula prtiosa1 unum calicem argenteum1 et optim deauratum2 cappas caras viginti quatuor3 casulam peratam et bonam3 ,prterea1 tot et tantis gravaminibus prfatam ,ecclesiam tam sp gravavi1 qum vices gravaminum numerare non possem3 quare pro multis pauca1 pro magnis parua1 rependens1 concedo1 et in perpetuum do prdict ,ecclesi1 avenam et frumentum de ,verleio1 qu pertinet ad ,forestagium4 ,diligenter autem hredes exoro1 ne ,ecclesias terr su gravent1 sed honorent et protegant4 ,et si quid eis pro salute anim me et parentum meorum dedi1 vel pro ablatis reddidi1 in pace stabiliter tenere faciant3 recordantes1 quod ipsi morituri sunt3 ,sicut prdecessores nostri mortui sunt4 ,,plate ,,lxvii4 ,,church ,,of ,,anisy4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fg4 ,,church ,,of ,,anisy1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,the present plate has been introduced into this work1 with the view of exhibiting a ,norman village church of unquestionable antiquity1 having its walls1 on either side1 built of a coarse dark stone1 fashioned like ,roman bricks1 and disposed in a zig-zag1 or1 as it is more commonly termed1 a herring-bone direction4 ,a similar disposition of the masonry is observable in a portion of the church of ,perriers1 the subject of the following plate3 it is still more conspicuous at the neighboring church of ,st4 ,matthieu1 already mentioned in this work4#ada ,the old church of ,st4 ,croix1 at ,st4 ,lo1 and the lower part of the east end of the church of ,st4 ,hildebert1 at ,gournai1 exhibit the same peculiarity1 which1 according to ,mr4 ,turner1 likewise exists in portions of the outer walls of the castle at ,arques1 as well as in the keep of the castle at ,falaise4#adb ,these various instances1 all of them taken from structures which are beyond a doubt of ,norman origin1 will remove any hesitation as to the ,normans having practised this mode of building4 ,still farther confirmation will be found in the ,english castles of ,tamworth and ,colchester1 both of the same early ra3#adc the stones1 in the latter1 are disposed precisely as here figured3 in the former1 horizontal strata regularly alternate with the inclined1 as if in imitation of various ,roman remains4#add ,and1 indeed1 that they were really constructed with such an intention1 appears highly probable2 as1 according to ,sir ,henry ,englefield1 whose authority is unquestionable1 the same style of masonry is seen at ,silchester1 which is most certainly a pure ,roman relic3 it is even stated1 that the old walls of the city of ,rome were so built4#ade ,abstracted from the peculiarity just noticed1 there is little in the church of ,anisy to excite interest4 ,a flat moulding1 not less wide than a buttress1 and surmounted by a narrow string-course of the plainest character1 is continued round the whole nave1 and divides it into two stories of equal height2 while four ,norman buttresses1 on either side1 separate it into three compartments4 ,in the original state of the church1 the windows were confined to the upper portion alone1 and alternated with the buttresses3 they rose from the string-course1 narrow1 circular-headed1 surrounded with squared freestone1 and having no other ornament than a slender cylindrical moulding above4 ,in succeeding times1 either the want of a sufficient quantity of light1 or a desire for improvement1 led to the introduction of larger cinquefoil-headed windows1 occupying equal portions of the upper and lower stories4 ,throughout the whole of this part of the church1 the apertures made by the scaffolding are left2 and1 what is remarkable1 are edged with freestone4 ,the corbels are grotesque2 and the subjects of some indecent4--,in the west front there is nothing remarkable3 the door-way and window above are of the most common character of ,norman architecture3 neither in this part of the church1 nor in the chancel1 is the herring-bone masonry continued2 nor does the horizontal moulding extend over either of them4 ,,notes3 #ada ,p4 #af4 #adb ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #cg4 #adc ,it is hoped1 that this assertion is not too bold4--,the accounts of ,tamworth castle1 as a building1 are indeed particularly unsatisfactory3 neither ,leland1 in his ,itinerary1 nor ,shaw1 in his ,history of ,staffordshire1 throw any light upon the ra of its construction4 ,yet1 even from the wretched plate given in the latter work1 the castle1 all altered as it is1 appears to preserve somewhat of the character of its ,norman origin2 while the fact of its having belonged to the powerful family of ,marmion1 immediately after the conquest1 adds historical probability to the opinion4 ,with regard to ,colchester1 no one who has seen it will feel hesitation on the subject1 although the quantity of ,roman bricks visible in every part1 very naturally lead to the conclusion1 that it was raised upon the ruins of a far earlier edifice4 #add ,carter's ,ancient ,architecture1 p4 #cf1 pl4 #db1 fig4 ,e4 #ade ,strutt's ,manners and ,customs of the ,anglo-,saxons1 c4 ,i4 p4 #bh4 ,,plate ,,lxviii4 ,,church ,,of ,,perriers4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fh4 ,,church ,,of ,,perriers1 ,,near ,,caen4 ,the upper half of this plate exhibits a north-west view of the church of ,perriers3 the lower represents it in the opposite direction4 ,from both it will be observed1 that the different parts of the building are the productions of two different ras1 the nave having been erected during the prevalence of the semi-circular architecture1 while the chancel exhibits a specimen of probably the very earliest period of the pointed style4 ,in reference to the preceding plate1 it is not uninteresting to remark1 that the herring-bone masonry is1 in this instance1 altogether confined to the more early portion of the structure1 the whole of which is composed of it1 with the exception of the buttresses4 ,the great western door-way to the church of ,perriers is very peculiar4 ,mr4 ,cotman regards it as the only instance1 in the duchy1 of a real ,norman building having its principal entrance square-headed4 ,its massive lintel1 shaped1 as at ,bieville1 into a pediment1 and surmounted by an arch1 which is rather the segment of an ellipsis than of a circle1 is likewise remarkable4 ,but the very large arch on the northern side of the nave1 adjoining the west end1 is by far the most striking architectural feature of the building4 ,it would be difficult1 if not impossible1 to assign any satisfactory reason for its existence4 ,its situation precludes the idea of its having been placed there by way of support to the tower3 its size forbids the supposition1 that it ever served as an entrance4 ,had there been an aisle or chapel beyond1 it certainly might have been the medium of their communication with the main building2 but the buttress contiguous to it1 proves that the wall in which it is inserted1 was the outer wall of the church4 ,as it is1 it appears a perfect anomaly1 and must remain as a crux for the ingenuity of future antiquaries4 ,the similar arch1 now blocked up1 at the western extremity of the chancel1 places it almost beyond a doubt that the church had a central tower4 ,the windows of the chancel far exceed1 in point of length and narrowness1 any others that have yet appeared in this work4 ,they are wholly destitute of mouldings or decoration of any description2 but1 like those at ,anisy1 are edged with freestone1 as are the apertures left by the scaffolding1 which in this building are disposed with unusual regularity1 as if with the intention of their being ornamental4 ,this introduction of white smooth stone1 assorts ill with the dull reddish-brown mass all around it1 and produces a glaring and disagreeable effect4 ,the indented cornice is similar to that observed by ,mr4 ,turner upon the gate-tower1 leading to the monastery of the ,holy ,trinity1 at ,caen4#adf ,,notes3 #adf ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahc4 ,,plate ,,lxix4 ,,castle ,,of ,,lillebonne4 ,illustration3 ,plate #fi4 ,,castle ,,of ,,lillebonne4 ,julius ,csar1 the principal source of information respecting ancient ,gaul1 at the same time that he mentions the ,caletes1 the inhabitants of the modern ,pays de ,caux1 is altogether silent with regard to the principal city of their territory4 ,from ,ptolemy1 however1 and the ,itinerary of ,antoninus1 it appears1 that such city was called ,juliobona2#adg and1 notwithstanding the attempts of ,cluvier and ,adrien de ,valois to establish ,dieppe as the site of this ,caletian metropolis1#adh the learned of the present day seem unanimously agreed to fix it at ,lillebonne2 and there are but few who are not also of opinion1 that the present ,french name is a corruption of the ancient ,roman one4 ,some ,latin writers of the twelfth century make mention of ,insula ,bona2 and the word1 ,lillebonne1 spelt1 as it not uncommonly is1 ,l',ilebonne1 might be regarded as originating from that appellation1 of which1 indeed1 it is a literal translation4 ,but the point is not worth arguing3 it is equally possible1 that ,insula ,bona may be no other than ,lillebonne latinized4 ,leaving all discussions of this kind1 and equally passing by the attempts which have been made to derive the name of ,lillebonne from ,celtic roots1#adi it is at least certain1 that the place was a ,roman settlement2 and the undoubted fact of no fewer than five ,roman roads branching from it1 to different parts of the country1#aej justifies the inference1 that it was likewise a settlement of some importance4 ,the subterraneous passages and foundations of ancient buildings1 scattered over a wide extent of ground1 attest a place of no small size4 ,the remains of a theatre1#aea added to abundance of vases1 cinerary urns1 sepulchral lamps1 and coins and medals1 both of the upper and lower empire1 which have been from time to time dug up here1 prove it to have been occupied by the ,romans during a considerable period4 ,but no records remain1 either of its greatness or overthrow4 ,it fell1 in all probability1 in consequence of the irruptions of the northern hordes1 and was swept away1 like other neighboring towns1 ,unknown their arts1 and lost their chroniclers4 ,in the midst of the general destruction1 it is possible that some remains of the city may have been left1 that attracted the notice of the new lords of the country3 or1 possibly1 their choice was fixed by the lovely situation of ,lillebonne1 in a valley upon the eastern bank of the ,seine1 not far from the mouth of that majestic stream4 ,while ,normandy was ruled by its own princes1 ,lillebonne was the seat of a ducal palace2 and tradition1 whose accuracy in this instance there is no reason to impugn1 teaches that the actual remains of such palace are to be seen in the building here figured4 ,it even goes farther1 and maintains that this hall is the very spot in which ,william assembled his barons1 for the purpose of hearing their counsel1 and marshalling their forces1 preparatory to his descent upon ,england4#aeb ,his actual residence at ,lillebonne at various times is clear1 from a number of charters which bear date from this place4 ,in one of these1 granted in the year #ajgd1 for the sake of establishing#aec harmony between the ,abbot of ,st4 ,wandrille and the ,count of ,evreux1 the sovereign styles himself gloriosus rex ,anglorum and he dates it a ,castro ,julio-,bona4 ,at another time1 in consequence of a dispute respecting the succession to the abbacy of ,st4 ,evroul1 ,ordericus ,vitalis relates1 that one of the rival competitors repaired to the ,duke1 who was then holding his court at ,lillebonne and who1 incensed at the interference of the ,pope on the occasion1 exhibited a strong trait of his natural character1 by swearing1 that if any monk belonging to his territory1 should dare to calumniate him abroad1 he would hang him by his cowl upon the highest tree in the neighboring wood4#aed ,this happened in the year #ajfc3 in #ajhj1 there was held here1 by order of the same prince1 a provincial synod1 which passes in the annals of the ,norman churches1 under the name of the ,concilium ,julio-,bonense4 ,its canons are preserved1 and are reported at length by ,bessin1 with the intention1 as he remarks1 of enabling posterity to judge of the character of the laws in ,normandy1 during the reign of ,duke ,william4#aee ,lillebonne is at present a poor small country town1 whose inhabitants carry on an inconsiderable trade in tanning1 and in the manufacturing of cotton4 ,the ruins of the castle1 however1 are far from unimportant4 ,not only is the whole plan of the structure still distinctly to be traced2 but there remain1 in addition to the great hall1 here figured1 extensive portions of other buildings1 some of which are altered into a modern farm-house4 ,a noble circular tower1 surrounded by a deep moat1 and approached by a draw-bridge1 appears at first view to be the great character of the ruin2 but it is obviously an addition of a subsequent period1 and1 indeed1 of a time considerably posterior to the hall4 ,the pointed arches of its windows1 and the elegant bosses of its ceiling1 denote an ra when the arts had arrived at a high state of perfection4--,of the date1 or cause of the decay of the castle1 nothing is recorded4 ,the hall has the appearance of having been erected by ,italian architects4 ,its features are distinctly ,roman2 and it may be regarded as holding1 in this respect1 the same place among the castellated buildings of ,normandy1 as the church of ,st4 ,stephen1 at ,caen1 occupies among the ecclesiastical4 ,the broken cornice at the top of the walls1 is a decided imitation of that upon the tomb of ,ccilia ,metella1 the arch of ,constantine1 and the colosseum at ,rome2 and the windows may be likened to those of ,mcenas' villa at ,tivoli1 in which there is the same arrangement of arch within arch4 ,but the ,norman architect has introduced a peculiarity1 scarcely to be paralleled1 in the transom1 which1 placed upon a line with the capitals1 divides each window into two unequal parts1 and at once supports1 and is supported by1 the central pillar1 that subdivides the lower moiety4 ,the ,church at ,lillebonne is also an object deserving of observation1 especially in the principal entrance3 the great arch is flanked by two square massy projections1 in the form of buttresses1 each of them faced by a row of small cylindrical pillars in high relief1 broken towards the centre1 to give place for canopied saints1 and ending at the top in ornaments1 apparently intended to convey the idea of a series of antique candelabra4 ,,notes3 #adg ,ordericus ,vitalis1 on the other hand1 says1 but he is borne out by no classical authority1 that ,lillebonne occupies the site of an old ,belgic town1 called ,caletus which was destroyed by ,julius ,csar2 who built on its foundation a new one1 and named it ,julio-bona1 after himself4 ,the passage1 which is curious1 is as follows3--,antiqua urbs fuit1 qu ,caletus ab incolis dicta est4 ,hanc 7ut in antiquis ,romanorum legitur gestis7 ,caius ,julius ,csar obsedit1 et pro nimia bellatorum obstinatione intus acerrim repugnantium subvertit4 ,deinde postquam hostes ibidem ad libitum compressit1 considerata opportunitate loci1 prsidium ,romanorum provid constituit1 et a nomine suo ,juliam-bonam 7quam barbari nunc corrupto nomine ,ille-bonam nuncupant7 appellavit4--,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #eed4 #adh ,these authors were led to this opinion by the difficulty of reconciling the distances1 as stated by ,antoninus1 between ,julio-bona and the adjacent towns1 with the actual distance of the same places from the modern ,lillebonne4 #adi ,see ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,i4 p4 #f1 where it is suggested1 that the word1 ,l',ilebonne1 may be derived from the two ,celtic words1 ,ile1 signifying a current of water1 and ,bonne1 which denotes the termination of any thing4 ,the towns of ,bonne1 upon the ,rhine1 and of ,libourne1 are supposed to have taken their names from these words4 #aej ,noel1 ,essais sur le ,dpartement de la ,seine ,infrieure1 ,,ii4 p4 #abf4 #aea ,figured in the ,voyages ,pittoresques et ,romantiques dans l',ancienne ,france1 par ,nodier1 ,taylor1 et ,de ,cailleux4--,in the section of this publication1 comprising ,normandy1 the authors have devoted nine plates to the illustration of ,lillebonne4 #aeb ,in the ,gallia ,christiana1 ,,xi4 p4 #ca1 it is said on this subject1 in speaking of ,maurilius1 archbishop of ,rouen1 that adfuit ,juliobonensibus ,comitiis pro expeditione ,anglicana1 in #ajff4 #aec ,see ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #afh4 #aed ,duchesne1 ,scriptores ,normanni1 p4 #dhh4 #aee ,concilia ,normannica1 ,i4 p4 #fg4 ,,plate ,,lxx4 ,,castle ,,of ,,briquebec4#aef ,illustration3 ,plate #gj4 ,,castle ,,of ,,briquebec1 ,,near ,,valognes4 ,briquebec is an extensive parish1 situated about seven miles to the south of ,valognes1 with a population of four thousand five hundred inhabitants1 a weekly market on ,mondays1 and several considerable fairs4 ,its castle claims an antiquity1 nearly1 if not altogether1 coeval with the days of ,rollo4 ,when that ,duke1 on gaining peaceable possession of ,normandy1 parcelled out the land among his companions in arms1 the portion that included ,briquebec was one of the most considerable4 ,the lord of ,briquebec held in the ,norman exchequer the third place among the barons of the ,cotentin1 the present department of ,la ,manche4#aeg ,his services and his rank1 to which may probably also be added1 his relationship to ,rollo1 entitled him to this proud distinction4 ,after the assassination of ,william ,longue ,epe1 second ,duke of ,normandy1 in #idb1 ,amlech1 or1 as he is sometimes called1 ,lancelot1 of ,briquebec1 was appointed one of the council of regency1 during the minority of the young prince1 ,richard1 the son to the deceased1 and heir to the throne4 ,in this capacity he was also one of those deputed to receive ,louis d',outremer1 ,king of ,france1 at ,rouen4--,amlech had a son1 named ,turstin of ,bastenburg1 and he left two sons1 one of whom1 ,william1 was lord of ,briquebec4--,the other1 ,hugh1 commonly called the bearded1 was the head of the family of ,montfort1 which produced the famous ,count1 ,pierre1 slain at the battle of ,evesham1 while commanding the barons in revolt against ,henry ,,iii4--,the line of the lords of ,briquebec was continued in the posterity of ,william1 whose son1 of the same name1 attended the ,conqueror into ,england4 ,seven of his descendants successively bore the name of ,robert ,bertrand1 and successively possessed the barony of ,briquebec4 ,the last died in the middle of the fourteenth century1 leaving his extensive domains1 including this castle1 to his eldest daughter1 ,jane1 with whom it passed in marriage to ,william ,paisnel1 baron of ,hambye4#aeh ,the name of ,paisnel will be found1 as well as that of ,bertrand1 in the roll of chieftains engaged in the conquest of ,england4 ,duke ,william recompensed the services of ,ralph ,paisnel1 his companion in arms1 with various domains in different counties of his newly-acquired kingdom1 and particularly in ,yorkshire1 ,buckinghamshire1 and ,somersetshire4 ,his descendants1 who were numerous in ,great ,britain1 possessed1 among other distinguished lordships1 those of ,huntley and of ,dudley4--,in the ,cotentin1 their family was equally extensive and powerful4 ,william1 son of ,jane ,bertrand and of ,william ,paisnel1 succeeded his parents as lord of ,briquebec and of ,hambye4--,he1 in his turn1 was followed by another ,william1 who1 by a marriage with his cousin1 daughter of ,oliver ,paisnel1 lord of ,moyon1 united that great barony to a property1 which was previously immense4 ,upon the death of ,william1 without children1 ,fulk ,paisnel1 his brother1 became his heir2 and1 as he likewise died childless1 the fortune devolved upon a younger brother1 ,nicholas4 ,this ,nicholas1 who was previously lord of ,chanteleu1 married ,jane de la ,champagne1 baroness of ,gaie1 and left an only daughter1 by whose marriage with ,louis d',estouteville1 in #adac1 the baronies of ,gaie1 ,moyon1 ,hambye1 and ,briquebec1 passed at once from the family of ,paisnel4 ,briquebec1 at the same time that it thus again changed masters1 was still possessed by a descendant of one of those powerful barons1 who had shared in the glory of the conquest of ,england4--,robert de ,huteville1 one of the ,conqueror's companions in arms1 had received from that sovereign a princely recompense1 particularly in the county of ,york4 ,but after the death of ,william ,rufus1 he espoused the party of the eldest brother1 against ,henry ,i4 and was taken prisoner at the battle of ,tinchbray1 when his property was confiscated1 and given to ,nel d',aubigny4--,the name of his son1 ,robert1 is to be found among the ,yorkshire barons1 who defeated the ,scotch army at ,north ,allerton2 and it again occurs in the twentieth year of the reign of ,henry ,,ii4 at the battle of ,alnwick1 where he made the ,king of ,scotland prisoner4 ,to return to the possessor of ,briquebec1 who was destined to afford a striking example of the mutability of fortune--scarcely had he become by his marriage the most powerful lord in the ,cotentin1 or possibly in ,normandy1 when ,henry ,v4 of ,england1 invaded the duchy1 gained the battle of ,agincourt1 and shortly afterwards made himself master of the whole province1 except ,mount ,st4 ,michael4 ,in this trying emergency1 ,louis d',estouteville remained faithful to his sovereign1 and was1 consequently1 deprived of his possessions4 ,henry immediately bestowed ,hambye and ,briquebec upon one of his favorite generals1 ,william de la ,pole1 ,earl of ,suffolk1#aei who1 in #adbg1 still continued lord of ,briquebec1 in which capacity he confirmed to the abbey of ,cherbourg1 a rent of fifty sols1 that had been given by his predecessor1 ,robert ,bertrand1 in #acbi4 ,the act of confirmation yet exists3 it is dated in the year just mentioned2 two years after which1 the ,earl of ,suffolk1 who had always previously been victorious1 experienced a reverse of fortune1 and was made prisoner at ,gageau1 together with his brothers1 ,alexander and ,john de la ,pole4 ,the consequence was1 that he was compelled to sell his lands in the ,cotentin to pay his ransom4 ,they were purchased by ,sir ,bertyn ,entwyssle1 a knight of the county of ,lancaster1 who1 in the archives of the castle of ,briquebec1 dated about the year #addj1 is styled ,admiral of ,england2 as his brother1 ,henry ,entwyssle1 in the same documents1 bears the title of the ,king of ,england's ,lieutenant-,general in ,normandy4 ,in the hands of this nobleman1 ,briquebec continued1 till the battle of ,formigny compelled the ,british to evacuate ,normandy4 ,sir ,bertyn afterwards took part with ,henry ,,vi4 against the ,duke of ,york1 and was slain at the battle of ,st4 ,albans1 in #adee4 ,upon the restoration of the province to the crown of ,france1 the family of ,d',estouteville were replaced in the lordship of ,briquebec4 ,they had deserved eminently well of the ,french ,king1 for whom ,louis ,d',estouteville had continued to hold possession of ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 the only fortress that offered an availing resistance to the ,english4 ,in succeeding times1 ,briquebec and ,hambye passed1 by different marriages1 into the families of ,bourbon ,st4 ,pol1 and of ,orleans ,longueville2 but at the close of the sixteenth century1 ,mary of ,orleans1 ,duchess of ,nemours1 sold this property to ,jaques ,gougon de ,matignon1 ,marshal of ,france4--,the descendants of the marshal continued lords of ,briquebec till the revolution4 ,it had shortly before that event fallen into the hands of a female1 the only survivor of that family1 and she had married the eldest son of the ,duke de ,montmorency4 ,but the revolution swept away the whole of their fortune4 ,a few detached fragments of the property1 which had not been alienated1 have recently been restored to them3 the rest has long since been sold1 including the castle1 the only habitable part of which now serves for an ale-house4 ,all the remainder is hastening fast to decay4 ,the walls of the castle inclose a considerable space of ground2 and1 at the time when they were perfect1 they comprised eight towers1 of different sizes and forms1 including the multangular keep1 the principal feature of the plate4 ,this tower1 which is a hundred ,french feet in height1 is still nearly perfect4 ,the sides towards the west and south-west1 from which ,mr4 ,cotman has made his drawing1 are entirely so4--,in an architectural point of view1 ,briquebec offers specimens of the workmanship of many different epochs4--,the case is widely different between fortresses and churches3 the latter1 whatever the date of their construction1 commonly exhibit a certain degree of unity in their plan3 in castles1 on the other hand1 the means provided for defence have usually had reference to those employed in attack4 ,both the one and the other are found to vary ad infinitum1 according to time and localities4 ,briquebec shews some traces of the architecture of the eleventh century1 but many more of the fourteenth1 fifteenth1 and sixteenth4 ,the chapel1 the magazines1 the stables1 and the present dwelling-house1 were the parts last built4 ,of these1 the two first have been for some years destroyed3 the others are in a state of extreme neglect2 and1 neither in the dwelling-house1 nor in the apartments over the great gate1 does there now remain any thing curious4 ,,notes3 #aef ,for the whole of this article1 the author has to express his acknowledgments to his friend1 ,m4 de ,gerville1 from whose manuscript it is almost verbatim translated4 #aeg ,masseville1 ,histoire de ,normandie1 ,,iii4 p4 #df4 #aeh ,while one branch of the ,bertrand family continued in possession of the barony of ,briquebec1 another branch established itself in ,northumberland1 where it received from the ,conqueror many manors4 ,under the reign of ,henry ,i4 ,william ,bertrand1 or1 as he is called by ,tanner1 ,bertram1 founded the priory of ,brinkburn4 ,roger1 one of his descendants1 was conspicuous among the barons who revolted against ,king ,john2 at the death of which prince1 he espoused the party of ,henry ,,iii42 but his son1 ,roger1 took arms against this latter monarch1 and was made prisoner at ,northampton4 ,a third ,roger succeeded him1 and was the last baron of ,brinkburn4--,richard ,bertram1 who lived under ,henry ,,ii4 had a son called ,robert1 baron of ,bothal1 whose son ,richard joined the confederate barons against ,king ,john4 ,a descendant of his1 of the name of ,robert1 lived under ,edward ,,iii4 and enjoyed the title of ,lord ,bothal1 and was sheriff of ,northumberland1 and governor of ,newcastle4 ,he was present at the battle of ,durham1 where he made ,william ,douglas prisoner4 ,his only daughter1 the heiress to his property1 married ,sir ,robert ,ogle2 and thus the family of ,bertram became extinct both in ,france and ,england nearly at the same time4 #aei ,the instrument1 which is curious1 is still in existence1 and is as follows3--,henricus dei gracia rex ,francie et ,anglie et dnus hybernie oibus ad quos psentes littere puenerint salutem4 ,sciatis qd de gracia nostra speciali et ob grata et laudabilia obsequia nobis per carissimum consanguineum nostrum ,guillelmum1 ,comitem de ,suffolk1 huc usque mirabiliter impensa dedimus et concessimus eidem comiti castra et dominia de ,hambye et de ,briquebec cum ptinenciis suis una cum oibus feodis1 aliis hereditatibus et possessionibus quibuscumque quas tenuit fouques ,paisnel chevalier defunctus intra ducatum meum ,normannie habendis et tenendis prefato comiti et heredibus suis masculis de corpore suo nascentibus ad valorem #cejj scutorum per annum1 cum omnibus dignitatibus1 libertatibus1 franchesiis1 juribus1 donationibus1 reversionibus1 forisfacturis1 etallis1 proficiis1 commoditatibus et emolumentis quibuscumq4 ad pdicta castra et dominia vel altera eorum seu ad feoda hereditates et possessiones predictas aliqualiter ptinentibus seu spectantibus intra ducatum nostrum ,normannie adeo plene perfecte et integre et eodem modo sicut pdictus fouques vel aliquis alius tenebat et possidebat per homagium nobis et heredibus nostris faciendum et reddendo unum scutum de ,armis ,sci ,georgii ad festum suum apud castrum nostrum de ,cherbourg1 singulis annis in perpetuum reservata tamen nobis et heredib4 nostris alta et summa justicia et omni alio jure quod ad nos poterit pertinere proviso semper qd idem comes et heredes sui predicti sex homines ad arma et #ab sagittarios ad equitandum nobiscum seu heredibus nostris vel locum tenente nostro durante presenti guerra qui ad sumptus suos servire tenebuntur funtaque presenti guerra hujus modi et servicia in parte debita faciet et supportabit1 et ulterius de uberiori gracia dedimus et concessimus444444 in cujus rei testimonium has litteras nostras fieri fecimus patentes4--,teste meipso apd civitatem nram de ,bayeux1 ,,xiii4 die ,martii1 anno regni nri quinto4 ,l4 ,s4 ,per ipsum regem ,,storgeon4 ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen1 ,,at ,f,,camp4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ga4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen1 ,,at ,f,,camp4 ,southern entrance4 ,fcamp1 like many other towns in ,normandy1 has fallen from its original greatness to a state of extreme poverty4 ,the sun of its prosperity has set1 to rise no more4 ,neglect immediately followed upon the removal of the ducal throne to ,england3 the annexation of ,normandy to the crown of ,france1 completed the ruin of the town2 and the great change in the habits of mankind1 from warlike to commercial1 leaves no hopes for the restoration of the importance of a place1 whose situation holds out no advantages for trade4 ,hence1 ,fcamp at present appears desolate and decayed2 and1 though the official account of the population of ,france still allows the number of its inhabitants to amount to seven thousand1 the great quantity of deserted houses1 calculated to amount to more than a third of all those in the town1 impress the beholder with a strong feeling of depopulation and ruin4#afj ,but1 in the earliest periods of ,french history1 long before the foundation of the ,norman throne1 ,fcamp was honored as a regal residence4 ,the palace is said to have been rebuilt by ,william ,longue-,epe1 with extraordinary magnificence4 ,that prince took great pleasure in the chace2 and he and his immediate successors frequently lived here4 ,he also selected the castle as a place of retirement for his duchess1 during her pregnancy with ,richard4 ,his choice1 in this respect1 was probably not altogether guided by his partiality for the place2 but1 threatened at that time with a dangerous war1 he was desirous of fixing his wife and infant heir in a situation1 whence they might1 in case of necessity1 be with ease removed to the friendly shores of ,england4--,richard1 born at ,fcamp1 preserved through life an attachment to the town1 and omitted no opportunity of benefiting it4 ,he rebuilt1 endowed1 and enriched the abbatial church at vast expense2 and he finally ordered it to be the resting-place for his bones1 which1 however1 he would not permit to be interred in any spot whatever within the structure1 but1 with his dying breath1 expressly enjoined his son to deposit them on the outside1 immediately beneath the eaves1 in order that1 to use the words put by the monastic historians into his mouth upon the occasion1 stillantium guttarum sacro tecto diffluens infusio abluat jacentis ossa1 qu omnium peccatorum tabe foedavit et maculavit negligens et neglecta vita mea4--,a curious question might be raised1 whether the monarch1 in this injunction1 was solely impressed with the feeling of his own unworthiness1 or whether he had also in view1 the mystic doctrine of the efficacy of water towards the ablution of sins4 ,richard ,,ii4 and the succeeding dukes1 appear to have regarded ,fcamp with an equally friendly eye2 till1 in process of time1 the increasing splendor of its monastery altogether eclipsed the waning honors of the town2 and ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 finally sealed its downfall1 by making a regular donation of the town to the abbey1 from which period till the revolution1 the latter was every thing1 the former nothing4 ,fcamp1 as it is remarked by ,nodier1 was to the ,dukes of ,normandy1 what the pyramids were to the ,egyptian monarchs1--a city of tombs3 ,richard ,,ii4 rested there by the side of ,richard ,i4 and1 near him1 his brother ,robert1 his wife ,judith1 and his son ,william4#afa--,the list might be lengthened by the addition of many other scarcely less noble names4 ,the abbey of ,fcamp is said to have been founded in the year #ffd or #fff1 for a community of nuns1 by ,waning1 the count or governor of the ,pays de ,caux1 a nobleman who had already contributed to the endowment of the monastery of ,st4 ,wandrille4 ,st4 ,ouen1 ,bishop of ,rouen1 dedicated the church in the presence of ,king ,clotaire2 and so rapidly did the fame of the sanctity of the abbey extend1 that the number of its inmates amounted1 in a very short period1 to more than three hundred4 ,the arrival1 however1 of the ,normans1 under ,hastings1 in #hda1 caused the dispersion of the nuns2 and the same story is related of the few who remained at ,fcamp1 as of many others under similar circumstances1 that they voluntarily cut off their noses and their lips1 rather than be an object of attraction to their conquerors4 ,the abbey1 in return for their heroism1 was levelled with the ground2 and it did not rise from its ashes till the year #ihh1 when the piety of ,duke ,richard ,i4 built the church anew1 under the auspices of his son1 ,robert1 archbishop of ,rouen4 ,departing1 however1 from the original foundation1 he established therein a chapter of regular canons1 who soon proved so irregular in their conduct1 that within ten years they were doomed to give way to a body of ,benedictine monks1 headed by an abbot1 named ,william1 from a convent at ,dijon4 ,from his time the monastery continued to increase in splendor4 ,three suffragan abbeys1 that of ,notre ,dame at ,bernay1 of ,st4 ,taurin at ,evreux1 and of ,ste4 ,berthe de ,blangi1 in the diocese of ,boullogne1 owned the superior power of the abbot of ,fcamp1 and supplied the three mitres1 which he proudly bore on his abbatial shield4 ,kings and princes1 in former ages1 frequently paid the abbey the homage of their worship and their gifts2 and1 in a more recent period1 ,casimir of ,poland1 after his voluntary abdication of the throne1 selected it as the spot in which he sought for repose1 when wearied with the cares of royalty4 ,the ,english possessions of ,fcamp do not appear to have been large2 but1 according to the author of the ,history of ,alien ,priories1 the abbot presented to one hundred and thirty benefices1 some in the diocese of ,rouen1 others in those of ,bayeux1 ,lisieux1 ,coutances1 ,chartres1 and ,beauvais2 and it enjoyed so many estates1 that its income was said to be forty thousand crowns per annum4#afb ,the work1 from which this account of the abbey of ,fcamp has been extracted1 also contains some details relative to a few of the principal miracles connected with the convent1 and relative to the precious blood1 to the possession of which ,fcamp was indebted for no small portion of its celebrity4 ,but the reader must be referred for all these to the ,neustria ,pia1 where he will find them recorded at great length4 ,the author of that most curious volume1 appears to have treated no subject more entirely con amore than ,fcamp2 and if the more enlightened progeny of the present day incline1 in the plentitude of their wisdom1 to think their fathers fools for listening to such tales1 let it at least be recollected1 that even these tales1 with all their absurdity1 are most interesting documents of the progress of the human mind2 and1 above all1 let it never be forgotten1 that books of this description contain a mass of materials for the elucidation of the manners and customs of the age1 which would in vain be sought for in any other quarter4 ,the abbatial church of ,fcamp is still standing uninjured1 and is a work of various ages4 ,some circular chapels attached to the sides of the choir1 are probably remains of the building erected by ,duke ,richard3 the rest is all of the pointed style of architecture2 and the earliest part is scarcely anterior to the end of the twelfth century4--,the church of ,st4 ,stephen1 selected here for publication1 is undeserving of notice1 except for its southern portal1 which is an elegant specimen of what is called by ,mr4 ,rickman1 the decorated ,english architecture4 ,,notes3 #afj ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #fj4 #afa ,voyages ,pittoresques et ,romantiques dans l',ancienne ,france1 ,i4 p4 #aaj4--,seven plates in this work are devoted to the illustration of the religious buildings at ,fcamp4 #afb ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #fb4 ,,plate ,,lxxii4 ,,screen ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,lawrence1 ,,at ,,eu4 ,illustration3 ,plate #gb4 ,,screen ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,lawrence1 ,,at ,,eu4 ,the town of ,eu has1 by some writers1 been supposed to have been the capital of the ,gallic tribe mentioned in ,csar's ,commentaries1 under the name of the ,essui2 but a conjecture of this description1 founded altogether upon the similarity of the name1 and unsupported by any collateral testimony1 must be allowed to be at best only problematical2 and ancient geography presents so wide a field for the display of ingenuity and learning1 that it is in no department of science more necessary to be upon the guard against plausible theories4--,there are others who contend for the ,teutonic origin of the town1 and refer to etymology with equal zeal1 and with greater plausibility4 ,the word ,eu1 otherwise spelt ,ou or ,au signifies a meadow1 in ,saxon2 and the same name was likewise originally applied to the river ,bresle1#afc which washes the walls of ,eu1 within a distance of two miles from its confluence with the ocean at ,trport4#afd ,the first mention that occurs of ,eu in history1 is in the pages of ,flodoard1 according to whom1 the town was in existence in the year #ibe2 but1 whether the ,roman or the ,saxon derivation of its name be preferred1 in either case etymology would fairly allow the inference1 that its foundation was considerably more ancient4 ,during the reign of ,louis ,,xi4 ,eu obtained a melancholy celebrity3 a report was circulated in the summer of #adge1 that it was the intention of the ,english to make a descent upon the coast of ,france1 and to establish themselves there for the winter4 ,at the same time1 this town was confidently mentioned as the place where they proposed to fix their quarters4 ,to deprive them of such an advantage1 the ,french monarch had recourse to a measure which could only be justified by the most urgent necessity3 he ordered the ,marchal de ,gamaches to enter the place with four hundred soldiers1 on the eighteenth of ,july1 and to set fire to the houses of the citizens1 together with the castle4 ,his commands were executed2 and the whole was reduced to a heap of ashes1 with the exception of the churches4 ,the neighboring towns of ,dieppe1 ,st4 ,valeri1 and ,abbeville1 profited from the misfortunes of ,eu1 which has never recovered its prosperity1 notwithstanding the various privileges subsequently granted to it4--,the present population consists of about three thousand four hundred inhabitants1 whose only trade is a trifling manufactory of lace4 ,from as early a period as the year #aajb1 the title of ,count was bestowed by ,richard ,i4 ,duke of ,normandy1 upon the lords of ,eu1 who1 in #adeh1 received the additional dignity of ,comtes et ,pairs2 probably as some recompense for the misery inflicted upon the place three years before4 ,in the number of these counts1 was the celebrated ,duc de ,guise1 commonly known by the name of ,le ,balafr4 ,his monument of black and white marble1 in the church of the ,jesuits at ,eu1 was executed by ,genoese artists2 as was that of his wife1 the ,duchess of ,cleves4 ,both of them have long been subjects of admiration4#afe ,the last of the line of counts of ,eu1 was the ,duc de ,penthivre1 a nobleman of the most estimable character3 the title was his at the breaking out of the revolution2 and it is not a little to his honor1 that a writer of the most decidedly republican principles could be found1 in the midst of that stormy period1 to bear the following testimony in his favor3--,n au milieu d'une cour1 o la corruption et les vices avoient pris le nom de la sagesse et des vertus1 il ddaigna leurs dlices funestes2 il repoussa l'air empest de ,versailles2 suprieur leurs prestiges1 il oublia sa naissance2 il prouva enfin1 par de longues annes consacres faire le bien1 qu'il toit digne d'tre n simple citoyen4#aff--,the castle1 the residence of the counts1 is now converted into a military hospital4 ,the abbey of ,eu is said to have been founded in #ajjb1afg by ,william1 first count of the place1 natural son of ,richard ,sans-peur1 ,duke of ,normandy4 ,it was at its origin dedicated to the ,virgin2 but1 after a lapse of somewhat more than two hundred years1 was placed under the invocation of ,st4 ,lawrence1 archbishop of ,dublin4 ,that prelate had1 in the year #aaha1 crossed into ,normandy1 with the view of restoring a friendly understanding between the ,king of ,ireland1 his brother1 and the ,king of ,england2 and1 at the moment of his approaching ,eu1 and beholding the lofty towers of the abbey1 he is said to have exclaimed in strains of pious fervor1 ,hc requies mea in seculum seculi3 hic habitabo1 quoniam elegi eam4 ,having accomplished the object of his mission1 he died shortly after at the convent1 and was there interred2 and the fame of his sanctity attracting crowds of devotees to his tomb1 he was canonized by a papal bull1 dated the #aath of ,december1 #abah1 since which time the monastery has borne his name4 ,the church of ,st4 ,lawrence1 though no longer abbatial1 has been suffered to exist2 even before the revolution1 it served at once as the church to the convent and to the first parish of ,eu4 ,the screen here figured1 a beautiful specimen of the decorated ,english architecture1 is placed at the entrance of one of the chapels4 ,another chapel contains a ,holy ,sepulchre1 said to be superior1 in point of the execution of the figures1 to any other in ,france4 ,in the south transept is a spirally-banded column of extraordinary elegance4 ,the church stands upon the foundations of an earlier building1 erected at the close of the twelfth century1 and destroyed by lightning in #adbf4 ,according to the records of the monastery1 it was either wholly1 or in great measure1 rebuilt by ,john de ,vallier1 the twenty-fourth abbot1 in #adfd4afh--,the following description of the building is borrowed from the journal of a very able friend of the writer of this article1 who visited ,eu in ,september1 #ahai3--,the abbey church of ,eu is plain and massy on the outside of the nave and transepts4 ,the east end of the choir is highly enriched with flying buttresses1 c4 ,the windows of the nave are lancet-headed1 and very tall3 on the outside is a circular arch1 which may be a restoration4 ,the west window has been in three lancet divisions1 which have been filled up with more modern tracery4 ,the nave is singularly elegant3 the triforium1 or rather the upper tier of arches1 is new in design1 and most extraordinary4 ,in the choir1 the triforium is composed of tracery4 ,the north transept is something like ,winchester1 only the arches are pointed3 there are two arches4 ,this arrangement is probably general2 as ,i saw it at ,troyes and other places4 ,in a side-chapel is an entombment3 the figures as large as life1 or nearly so1 and richly painted2 quite perfect4 ,inscriptions on the hems of the garments4 ,the culs de lampe are of the most elegant reticulated work4 ,in the north transept is a circular window filled with late tracery4 ,no towers at the west end4 ,east end1 a polygon1 as usual4--,this church1 which is well worthy of an attentive study1 is quite distinct in character from the churches in the east of ,france3 it has no marigold window2 no row of niches over the portal2 no massed door-way2 so that the general outline of the front agrees wholly with the earliest pointed style4 ,but the exterior is more chaste than any thing we have in ,england2 and its architectural unity is better preserved4 ,on the other hand1 its parts are less elaborate4 ,,notes3 #afc ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,i4 p4 #de4 #afd ,le pas d',auge a tir son nom de ses prairies4 ,au1 ,avv1 ,avve1 et ,ou1 en ,allemand1 signifient un ,pr4444 ,aventin est mon tmoin dans son explication des noms ,allemans4 ,la ville d',eu1 situe dans des prairies1 a tir son nom de la mme origine4 ,elle est nomme dans les vieux ,ecrivains1 ,auga1 ,augam1 et ,aucum2 et dans les auteurs ,anglois ,ou1 d'o est form le nom d',eu4 ,de cette mme origine vient le nom d',au1 qu'on a depuis crit et prononc ,o1 et que portent plusieurs ,seigneuries de ,normandie et d'ailleurs1 et qui est le mme que celui d',ou4 ,ou est une ,comt qui a appartenue ce ,robert1 que ,robert du ,mont qualifie ,comte d',ou4 ,ces mots d',eu1 d',au1 et d',ou1 se trouvent encore dans la composition de plusieurs noms de terres et de ,seigneuries4 ,eu1 dans le nom d',eucourt1 d',eumesnil1 et d',eulande1 terre dans le pas d',auge1 entre le ,mare-,aupoix et ,angerville1 et ce nom est le mme1 sans aucune diffrence1 que celui d',oelande1 isle de la mer ,baltique1 du domaine de la couronne de ,suede4 ,les ,suedois et les ,danois prononcent ,oelande ce que nous prononons ,eulande4 ,au dans ,aubeuf1 ,aubose1 ,aumesnil1 ,aumont1 ,auvillers4 ,ou dans ,ouville4 ,pour ,auge on a dit ,alge en quelques lieux2 et c'est de l que vient le nom d'une terre au pas de ,bray1 qui ne consiste presque qu'en prairies4 ,le mme nom d',auge1 que portent quelques familles1 montre assez qu'il a t appellatif4 ,mais la chartre de confirmation de la fondation de l',abbaye de ,st4 ,etienne1 donne par ,henry ,,ii4 ,roy d',angleterre1 le montre incontestablement par ces paroles1 cum sylv et algi et cum terris4--,huet1 ,origines de ,caen1 p4 #bid4 #afe ,the church of ,st4 ,lawrence likewise contained the monuments of several distinguished personages1 as appears by the following extract from the ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,i4 p4 #gb4--,l sont inhumez ,jean d',artois1 ,comte d',eu1 fils de ,robert d',artois1 ,comte de ,beaumont le ,roger1 et de ,jean de ,valois1 mort le #f ,avril1 #achf3 ,isabelle de ,melun1 son epouse3 ,isabelle d',artois1 leur fille1 dans la chapelle de ,saint ,denys1 sous une belle table de marbre noir1 qui sert de table d'autel3 ,charles d',artois1 ,comte d',eu1 sous l'autel de la chapelle de ,saint ,laurent3 ,jeanne de ,saveuse1 sa premiere femme3 ,helne de ,melun1 sa seconde femme1 dans la chapelle de ,saint ,antoine1 dite aujourd'hui de ,saint ,crepin3 le ,coeur de ,catherine de ,cleves1 ,comtesse d',eu1 au bas du ,sanctuaire1 sous une magnifique colonne de marbre noir3 ,n4444 de ,bourbon1 dit le ,duc d',aumale1 fils de ,louis-,auguste de ,bourbon1 legitim de ,france1 ,duc de ,maine1 mort le #h ,septembre1 #agjh3 enfin ,philippe d',artois1 ,comte d',eu1 et ,conntable de ,france1 mort selon son epitaphe ,micalice en ,turquie1 c'est--dire ,nicopoli1 le #af ,juin1 #acig4 ,le ,mausole de celui-ci1 qui est de marbre1 est enferm dans une espece de ,cage de fer1 dont les barreaux n'empchent point qu'on ne puisse en approcher et y porter la main4 ,le ,prince y est represent arm1 mais sans casque et sans gantelets1 pour marquer1 dit-on1 qu'il est mort la guerre1 mais non dans le combat3 il a deux petits chiens ses pieds1 pour signifier1 ajoute-t-on1 qu'il est mort dans son lit3 enfin la grille qui l'environne represente1 dit-on encore1 qu'il est mort en prison4 ,le monument1 selon l',ecrivain de qui j'emprunte ces conjectures1 n'a cot que #ajj livres4 #aff ,noel1 ,essais sur le ,dpartement de la ,seine ,infrieure1 ,i4 p4 #hd4 #afg ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #fid4 #afh ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #gjj4 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4-,,lxxv4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter1 ,,at ,,lisieux4 ,illustration3 ,plates #gc-gd4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter ,,at ,,lisieux4 ,the effects produced by the ,french revolution upon the religious state of the country1 were scarcely less important than upon the political4 ,in both cases1 the nation hurried1 with the blindest fury1 from extreme to extreme2 in both1 they followed phantoms of ideal perfection through an unexampled series of excesses and sufferings2 in both1 they rested at length from exhaustion much more than from conviction2 and1 happily for mankind and for themselves1 they finally attained in both nearly the same end1 reverting indeed to their original constitutions1 but tempering them with a most seasonable mixture of civil and ecclesiastical liberty4 ,the concordat effected for the church1 what the charter did for the state4 ,the former of these was one of the master-pieces of ,napoleon's policy1 and was likewise one of the earliest acts of his power4 ,it was established in the year #ahja1 while ,france yet retained the name of a republic1 and the ambition of its ruler had not ventured to grasp1 at more than the consular dignity4 ,by this instrument1 the whole ecclesiastical constitution was changed2 and not only was all the power placed in the hands of the chief of the state1 but the provinces and dioceses were entirely remodelled2 and1 instead of twenty-three archbishoprics and one hundred and thirty-four bishoprics1 the number of the former1 notwithstanding the vast extension of the ,french territory1 was reduced to ten1 and that of the latter to fifty4 ,the archbishop of ,rouen was one of those who suffered least upon the occasion4 ,his dignity was curtailed only by the suppression of two of his suffragans1 the bishops of ,avranches and of ,lisieux4#afi ,the church1 here figured1 then resigned the mitre1 which it had conferred from the middle of the sixth century1 upon an illustrious1 though not an uninterrupted1 line of prelates4 ,it is admitted1 in the annals of the cathedral1 that either the see must have been vacant for the space of four hundred years1 or at least that the names of those who filled it during that period1 are lost4 ,ordericus ,vitalis1 who resided fifty-six years in the diocese1 and has collected1 in the sixth book of his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 whatever was to be found in his time1 relative to its early state1 acknowledges the chasm1 and accounts for it by the following general remarks4--,pirat de ,dani egressi sunt1 in ,neustriam venerunt1 et christian fidei divinique cults penits ignari1 super fidelem populum immanitr debacchati sunt4 ,antiquorum scripta cum basilicis et dibus incendio deperierunt1 qu fervida juniorum studia1 quamvis insatiabilitr sitiant1 recuperare nequiverunt4 ,nonnulla ver1 qu per diligentiam priscorum manibus barbarorum solertr erepta sunt1 damnabili subsequentium negligenti interierunt4 ,the city of ,lisieux represents the capital of the ,gallic tribe1 mentioned by ,csar1 and other almost contemporary writers1 under the name of ,lexovii2 and it is supposed by modern geographers1 that the territory occupied by these latter1 was nearly co-extensive with the late bishopric of ,lisieux4 ,on this subject it has been observed1 that it is to be remarked1 that the bounds of the ancient bishoprics of ,france were usually conterminal with the ,roman provinces and prefectures4#agj ,neomagus or ,noviomagus ,lexoviorum1 the capital of the ,lexovii1 had always been supposed to have occupied the site of the present town1 till some excavations made in the year #aggj1 for the purpose of forming a chausse between ,lisieux and ,caen1 proved the ancient and the modern city to have been placed at the distance of about three quarters of a mile from each other4 ,extensive ruins of buildings1 situated in a field1 called ,les ,tourettes1 were then brought to light2 and among them were dug up various specimens of ancient art4 ,the researches of more modern times1 principally conducted by ,m4 ,louis ,dubois1 a very able antiquary of ,lisieux1 have materially added to the number as well as the value of these discoveries2 and the quantity of ,roman coins and medals that have rewarded his researches1 would have left little doubt as to the real site of ,neomagus1 even if the circumstance had not within a very few years been established almost beyond a question1 by the detection of a ,roman amphitheatre in a state of great perfection4 ,tradition1 which there is in this instance no reason to impugn1 relates that the ,gallo-,roman capital disappeared during the incursions of the ,saxons1 about the middle of the fourth century4 ,in farther confirmation of such opinion1 it is to be observed1 that none of the medals dug up within the ruins1 or in their vicinity1 bear a later date than the reign of ,constantine2 and that1 though the city is recorded in the ,itinerary of ,antoninus1 no mention of it is to be found in the curious chart1 known by the name of the ,tabula ,peutingeriana1 formed under the reign of ,theodosius the ,great2 so that it then appears to have been completely swept away and forgotten4 ,modern ,lisieux is supposed to have risen at no distant period of time after the destruction of ,neomagus4 ,in the writings of the monkish historians1 it is indifferently called ,lexovium1 ,lexobium1 ,luxovium1 ,lixovium1 and ,lizovium1 names obviously borrowed from the classical appellation of the tribe1 as the ,french word ,lisieux is clearly derived from them4 ,in the early portion of ,norman history1 ,lisieux is mentioned as having felt the vengeance of these invaders1 during one of their predatory excursions from the ,bessin1 about the year #hgg4 ,it was shortly afterwards sacked by ,rollo himself1 when that conqueror1 elated with the capture of ,bayeux1 was on his march to take possession of the capital of ,neustria4 ,but the territory of ,lisieux was still the last part of the duchy which owned ,rollo as its lord3 it was not ceded to him by ,charles the ,simple1 till #ibc1 at which time he had for eleven years been the undisputed sovereign of the rest of ,normandy4 ,neither under the ,norman dukes1 nor at a subsequent period1 does ,lisieux appear to have taken any prominent part in political transactions4 ,its central situation1 by securing it against the attacks of the ,french in former times1 and more recently of the ,english1 also prevented it from obtaining that historical celebrity1 which1 from its size and opulence1 it could scarcely have failed to have otherwise gained4 ,the principal events connected with it1 upon record1 are the following3--,it was the focus of the civil war in #aaja1 when ,ralph ,flambart1 bishop of ,durham1 escaping from the prison to which he had been committed by his sovereign1 fled hither1 and raised the standard of rebellion against ,henry1 in favor of his brother4--,in #aacf1 ,lisieux was attacked by the forces of ,anjou1 under the command of ,geoffrey ,plantagenet1 husband of the ,empress ,maude1 joined by those of ,william1 ,duke of ,poitiers2 and the garrison1 composed of ,bretons1 seeing no hope of resistance or of rescue1 burned the town4--,thirty-three years subsequently1 the city was honored by being selected by ,thomas--,becket1 as the place of his retirement during his temporary disgrace4 ,arnulf1 then bishop of ,lisieux1 had labored diligently1 though ineffectually1 to restore amity between the sovereign and the prelate1 espousing1 indeed1 decidedly the cause of the latter1 but at the same time never forfeiting the friendship of the former1 for whom1 after the murder of ,becket1 he wrote a letter of excuse to the supreme pontiff1 in the joint names of all the bishops of ,england4--,lisieux1 in #abac1 passed from under the dominion of the ,norman dukes1 to the sway of the ,french monarch4 ,it opened its gates to ,philip-,augustus1 immediately after the fall of ,caen and ,bayeux2 and its surrender was accompanied with that of ,coutances and ,sez1 all of them without a blow1 as the king's poetical chronicler1 ,brito1 relates in the following lines3-- ,cumque diocesibus tribus illi tres sine bello ,sese sponte su prclari nominis urbes ,subjiciunt1 ,sagium1 ,constantia1 ,lexoviumque4 ,in subsequent times1 ,lisieux suffered severely1 when taken by the ,english army under ,henry ,v4 in #adag4 ,its recapture by ,charles ,,vii4 thirty-two years afterwards1 was unstained by bloodshed4 ,a great part of the preceding account of ,lisieux has been borrowed from ,mr4 ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy3 what follows1 relative to the church here figured1 will be entirely so3--,the cathedral1 now the parish church of ,st4 ,peter1 derived one advantage from the revolution4 ,another church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,germain1 which had previously stood immediately before it1 so as almost to block up the approach1 was taken down1 and the west front of the cathedral was made to open upon a spacious square4--,solid1 simple grandeur are the characters of this front1 which1 notwithstanding some slight anomalies1 is1 upon the whole1 a noble specimen of early pointed architecture4--,it consists of three equal compartments1 the lateral ones rising into short square towers of similar height4 ,the southern tower is surmounted by a lofty stone spire1 probably of a date posterior to the part below4 ,the spire of the opposite tower fell in #aeec1 at which time much injury was done to the building1 and particularly to the central door-way1 which1 even to the present day1 has never been repaired4--,contrary to the usual elevation of ,french cathedrals1 the great window over the principal entrance is not circular1 but pointed3 it is divided into three compartments by broad mullions1 enriched with many mouldings4 ,the compartments end in acute pointed arches4 ,in the north tower1 the whole of the space from the basement story is occupied by only two tiers of windows4 ,each tier contains two windows1 extremely narrow1 considering their height2 and yet1 narrow as they are1 each of them is parted by a circular mullion or central pillar4 ,you will better understand how high they must be1 when told that1 in the southern tower1 the space of the upper row is divided into three distinct tiers2 and still the windows do not appear disproportionately short4 ,they also are double1 and the interior arches are pointed2 but the arches1 within which they are placed1 are circular4 ,in this circumstance lies the principal anomaly in the front of the cathedral2 but there is no appearance of any disparity in point of dates2 for the circular arches are supported on the same slender mullions1 with rude foliaged capitals1 of great projection1 which are the most distinguishing characteristics of this style of architecture4 ,the date of the building establishes the fact of the pointed arch being in use1 not only as an occasional variation1 but in the entire construction of churches upon a grand scale1 as early as the eleventh century4--,sammarthanus tells us that ,bishop ,herbert1 who died in #ajdi1 began to build this church1 but did not live to see it completed2 and ,ordericus ,vitalis expressly adds1 that ,hugh1 the successor to ,herbert1 upon his death-bed1 in #ajgg1 while retracing his past life1 made use of these words3--',ecclesiam ,sancti ,petri1 principis apostolorum1 quam venerabilis ,herbertus1 prdecessor meus1 coepit1 perfeci1 studios adornavi1 honorific dedicavi1 et cultoribus necessariisque divino servitio vasis aliisque apparatibus copios ditavi4'--,language of this kind appears too explicit to leave room for ambiguity1 but an opinion has still prevailed1 founded probably upon the style of the architecture1 that the cathedral was not finished till near the expiration of the thirteenth century4 ,admitting1 however1 such to be the fact1 ,i do not see how it will materially help those who favor the opinion2 for the building is far from being1 as commonly happens in great churches1 a medley of incongruous parts2 but it is upon one fixed plan2 and1 as it was begun1 so it was ended4--,the exterior of the extremity of the south transept 7see plate seventy-five17 is a still more complete example of the early pointed style than the west front2 this style1 which was the most chaste1 and1 if ,i may be allowed to use the expression1 the most severe of all1 scarcely any where displays itself to greater advantage4 ,the central window is composed of five lancet divisions1 supported upon slender pillars3 massy buttresses of several splays bound it on either side4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ge4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter ,,at ,,lisieux4 ,south ,transept4 ,the same character of uniformity extends over the interior of the building4 ,on each side of the nave is a side-aisle2 and1 beyond the aisles1 chapels4 ,the pillars of the nave are cylindrical1 solid1 and plain4 ,their bases end with foliage at each corner1 and foliage is also sculptured upon the capitals4 ,the arches which they support are acute4--,the triforium is similar in plan to the part below2 but the capitals of the columns are considerably more enriched1 with an obvious imitation of the antique model1 and every arch encircles two smaller ones4 ,in the clerestory the windows are modern4--,the transepts appear the oldest parts of the cathedral1 as is not unfrequently the case2 whether they were really built before the rest1 or that1 from being less used in the services of the church1 they were less commonly the objects of subsequent alterations4 ,they are large2 and each of them has an aisle on the eastern side4 ,the architecture of the choir resembles that of the nave1 except that the five pillars1 which form the apsis1 are slender1 and the intervening arches more narrow and more acute4--,the ,lady-,chapel1 which is long and narrow1 was built towards the middle of the fifteenth century1 by ,peter ,cauchon1 thirty-sixth bishop of ,lisieux1 who1 for his steady attachment to the ,anglo-,norman cause1 was translated to this see1 in #adbi1 when ,beauvais1 of which he had previously been bishop1 fell into the hands of the ,french4 ,he was selected1 in #adca1 for the invidious office of presiding at the trial of the ,maid of ,orleans4 ,repentance followed2 and1 as an atonement for his unrighteous conduct1 according to ,ducarel1 he erected this chapel1 and therein founded a high mass to the ,holy ,virgin1 which was duly sung by the choristers2 in order1 as is expressed in his endowment-charter1 to expiate the false judgment which he pronounced4#aga--,the two windows by the side of the altar in this chapel have been painted of a crimson color1 to add to the effect produced upon entering the church2 and1 seen as they are1 through the long perspective of the nave and the distant arches of the choir1 the glowing tint is by no means unpleasing4--,the central tower is open within the church to a considerable height3 it is supported by four arches of unusual boldness1 above which runs a row of small arches1 of the same character as the rest of the building2 and still higher1 on each side1 are two lancet-windows4--,the vaulting of the roof is very plain1 with bosses slightly pendant and carved4 ,at the extremity of the north transept is an ancient stone sarcophagus1 so built into the wall1 that it appears to have been incorporated with the edifice1 at the period when it was raised4 ,the character of the heads1 the crowns1 and the disposition of the foliage1 may be considered as indicating that it is a production1 at least of the ,carlovingian period1 if it be not indeed of earlier date4 ,i believe it is traditionally supposed to have been the tomb of a saint1 perhaps ,st4 ,candidus2 but ,i am not quite certain whether ,i am accurate in the recollection of the name4--,above are two armed statues1 probably of the twelfth or thirteenth centuries4 ,these have been engraved by ,willemin1 in his useful work1 ,les ,monumens ,franais1 under the title of ,two ,armed ,warriors1 in the ,nave of the ,cathedral1 at ,lisieux2 and both are there figured as if in all respects perfect1 and with a great many details which do not exist1 and never could have existed2 though at the same time the draftsman has omitted the animals at the feet of the statues1 one of which is yet nearly entire4--,this may be reckoned among the innumerable proofs of the total disregard of accuracy which pervades the work of ,french antiquaries4 ,a ,french designer never scruples to sacrifice correctness to what he considers effect4--,willemin describes the monuments as being in the nave of the church4 ,i suspect that he has availed himself of the unpublished collection of ,gaignat1 in this and many other instances4 ,it is evident that1 originally1 the statues were recumbent2 but ,i cannot ascertain when their position was changed4--,no other tombs now exist in the cathedral3 the brazen monument raised to ,hannuier1 an ,englishman1 the marble that commemorated the bishop1 ,william d',estouteville2 founder of the ,collge de ,lisieux at ,paris1 that of ,peter ,cauchon in the ,lady-,chapel1 and all the rest1 were destroyed during the revolution4 ,,notes3 #afi ,the following account of the bishopric of ,lisieux1 is extracted from the ,gallia ,christiana1 ,,xi4 p4 #gfb1 to enable the reader to form an opinion of its extent and importance4--,ecclesia hc cteris ,neustri episcopatibus facultatibus haud impar1 patronum agnoscit ,s4 ,petrum ,apostolorum principem4 ,episcopus1 qui et episcopus est capituli1 comes est et civitatis4 ,hunc comitatum septem componunt baroni1 de ,nonanto in ,bajocassino1 de ,thibervilla1 de ,glos et ,courthona1 de ,gaceio1 de ,touqua1 de ,canapvilla et de ,bonnavilla la ,louvet1 omnes in dioecesi4 ,episcopus prterea conservator est privilegiorum academi ,cadomensis4 ,dignitates omnes et prbendas ecclesi ,lexoviensis confert1 excepto decano qui eligitur a capitulo1 nec a quoquam confirmatur4 ,prter decanum1 capitulum octo constat dignitatibus1 cantore1 qui residere tenetur1 thesaurario1 capicerio1 magistro scholarum et quatuor archidiaconis2 #a4 de ,lievino cui subsunt quatuor decanatus rurales1 ,moyaux1 ,cormeilles1 ,bernai1 et ,orbec1 in quibus #aci parochi1 rectori vero seu cur #adh2 #b4 de ,algia1 cui subsunt tres decanatus1 ,mesnil-,mauger1 ,beuvron et ,beaumont1 in quibus #abh parochi1 rectori vero #acg2 #c4 de ,ponte ,audomaro1 cui subsunt tres decanatus1 ,touques1 ,honfleur1 et ,pontaudemer1 in quibus #hi parochi1 rectori #ic2 #d4 denique de ,gaceio1 cui subsunt quatuor decanatus1 ,gacey1 ,livarot1 ,montreul1 et ,vimontier1 in quibus #aaa parochi1 et #aag rectori4 ,post dignitates sunt #ca prbend integr cum duabus semiprbendis1 e quibus undecim antiqu fundationis1 quas qui tenent barones vocantur4 ,sunt et ali sex prbend ,volantes dict1 qu quotidianis non gaudent distributionibus4 ,sunt adhuc in eadem ecclesia #d vicarii1 quorum tres revocabiles1 et #cj capellani1 quorum septem episcopus1 et #bc instituit capitulum4 ,prter parochias supra memoratas1 sunt et ali undecim in urbe et baleuca ,lexoviensi1 rectori duodecim3 quatuor in exemtione de ,nonanto prope ,bajocas1 quarum sex rectores1 et quinque in exemtione ,s4 ,candidi senioris in urbe et dioecesi ,rotomagensi1 quarum unam1 scilicet ,s4 ,candidi senioris collegiatam simul et parochialem administrant quatuor canonici1 qui alternis vicibus parochialia obeunt munia2 decanatus enim annexus est episcopo ,lexoviensi qui jurisdictionem exercet in quinque illas ecclesias4 ,tota denique dioecesis ,lexoviensis #dhg parochias continet1 rectorias #ebj4 #agj ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #aci4 #aga ,anglo-,norman ,antiquities1 p4 #dg4 ,,plate ,,lxxvi4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,ouen1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #gf4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,ouen1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,north ,east ,view4 ,the beauty of the church of ,st4 ,ouen has been a frequent theme of admiration among the lovers of ancient ecclesiastical architecture4 ,the excellencies of the building have been denied by none1 while some have gone so far as to consider it as the very perfection of that style1 which has generally1 however improperly1 obtained the name of ,gothic4 ,a recent ,english traveller1 whose attention was expressly directed to the different departments of the arts1 bears the following testimony in its favor3 ,beyond all comparison1 the finest specimen of ,gothic architecture which we have met with in ,france1 is ,saint ,ouen1 the secondary church at ,rouen4 ,contrasted with ,salisbury cathedral1 it is small2 but it does not1 ,i think1 yield to that or any other structure ,i have ever seen1 in elegance1 lightness1 or graceful uniformity4#agb ,previously to the suppression of monasteries in ,france1 the church of ,st4 ,ouen made part of the abbey of the same name1 one of the most celebrated and most ancient in ,normandy4 ,it is now a parochial church1 and is happily in nearly a perfect state1 having suffered comparatively but little from the mad folly of the ,calvinists of the sixteenth century1 or the democrats of the eighteenth2 though every studied insult was offered to it by the former1 and in the fury of the revolution it was despoiled and desecrated--degraded at one time to a manufactory for the forging of arms1 and at another to a magazine for forage4--,different accounts are given of the foundation of the convent3 some writers contend for its having taken place as early as the last year of the fourth century1 and having been the work of the piety of ,saint ,victrice1 then bishop of ,rouen2 others1 and these the greater number1 are content with tracing it from the reign of ,clothair4 ,those who adopt the latter opinion are again divided1 as to whether that prince himself was the actual founder1 or only ratified by his royal sanction what was really the establishment of ,archbishop ,flavius4 ,in either case1 however1 they agree in dating the origin of the abbey from the year #ece4 ,an historian1 who lived as early as the middle of the tenth century1 speaks of the original church of ,st4 ,ouen1 as an edifice deserving of admiration3--44444 miro opere1 quadris lapidibus1 manu ,gothic14444 olim nobilitr constructa4#agc--,the abbey was at first placed under the invocation of the ,holy ,apostles generally3 it was afterwards dedicated to ,st4 ,peter alone2 but1 from the year #fib1 it has owned no other patron than ,st4 ,ouen1#agd whose body was three years before interred in the church1 which he had protected with his especial favor while living1 and which derived still greater benefits from him after his death1 owing to the concourse of pilgrims attracted by the miracles that were wrought at his tomb4 ,upon the irruption of the ,normans in the ninth century1 this abbey shared the common fate of the ,neustrian convents2 and1 like the rest1 it rose from its ashes with greater magnificence1 after the conversion of these barbarians to ,christianity4 ,nicholas1 the fourth abbot of the convent1 son of ,duke ,richard ,,ii4 and of ,judith of ,brittany1 is said by ,ordericus ,vitalis to have commenced a new church of wonderful size and elegance4 ,but though he presided over the fraternity nearly sixty years1 he did not live to see the building finished3 the bringing of the task to perfection was reserved for ,william ,balot1 the next but one to him in the succession2 and even he died in the very year of the dedication1 which did not take place till #aabf4 ,this church1 which it had cost eighty years to build1 was suffered to exist but a short time after its completion3 only ten years had elapsed from its dedication1 when it fell a prey to a conflagration1 which was at the same time destructive to the greater part of the city3 another church1 built shortly after1 and chiefly by the munificence of ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion1 shared the same fate in #abdh4 ,but even these repeated disasters in no wise abated the spirit of the monks3 they had retired with the wreck of their property to one of their estates near ,rouen1 and there1 by economy on their own part1 and liberality on that of others1 they soon found themselves in a state to undertake the erection of a fourth convent1 of greater extent than any of the former1 and to inclose it with high walls4 ,the honor of laying the first stone of the new church1 the same that is now standing1 is attributed to one of the most celebrated of the abbots1 ,john ,roussel1 more commonly known by the name of ,marcdargent4#age ,he had been elected to the prelacy in #acjc2 and1 fifteen years afterwards1 he commenced the structure4 ,he presided over the monastery thirty-seven years1 and was buried in the ,lady-,chapel of the church1 which he had completed as far westward as the transepts4 ,the pomp with which his funeral was conducted1 is recorded at length in the ,neustria ,pia2 and the same work has also preserved the following inscription1 engraved upon his coffin1 which describes1 with great precision1 the progress made by him in the building3-- ,,hic ,,jacet ,,frater ,,joannes ,,marcdargent ,,alias ,,roussel1 ,,quondam ,,abbas ,,istius ,,monasterii1 ,,qui ,,coepit ,,dificare ,,istam ,,ecclesiam ,,de ,,novo2 ,,et ,,fecit ,,chorum ,,et ,,capellas1 ,,et ,,pilliaria ,,turris1 ,,et ,,magnam ,,partem ,,turris ,s4 ,,audoeni1 ,,monasterii ,,dicti4 ,the remaining parts of the church were not finished till the beginning of the sixteenth century1 when it was brought to its present state by the thirty-fourth abbot1 ,anthony ,bohier1 who1 in the annals of the convent1 bears the character of having been a magnificent restorer and repairer of ancient monasteries4 ,admirable as is the structure1 the original design of the architect was never completed4 ,the western front remains imperfect2 and this is the more to be regretted1 as that part is naturally the first that meets the eye of the stranger1 who thus receives an unfavorable impression1 which it is afterwards difficult wholly to banish4 ,the intention was1 that the portal should have been flanked by magnificent towers1 ending in a combination of open arches and tracery1 corresponding with the outline and fashion of the central tower4 ,an engraving1 though a wretched one1 of this intended front1 is given in ,pommeraye's ,history of the ,abbey1 from a sketch preserved among the records of the convent4 ,the view of this church1 etched by ,mr4 ,cotman1 is copied from a drawing made by ,miss ,elizabeth ,turner4 ,it represents the building1 as seen from a seat in the gardens formerly belonging to the monastery1 but now open to the public2 and it is well calculated to convey a general idea of the character of the exterior of the building1 including the central tower1 which is wholly composed of open arches and tracery1 and terminates1 like the south tower of the cathedral1 with an octangular crown of fleurs-de-lys4 ,the plate also exhibits a portion of a circular chapel1 now commonly known by the name of la ,chambre des ,clercs1 the only remaining part of the church built by ,william ,balot1 in the beginning of the twelfth century4 ,this chapel1 the south porch1 the central tower1 and a specimen of ancient sculpture in the church1 have been engraved by ,mr4 ,turner1 in his ,tour in ,normandy4 ,the two first1 of the same subjects1 together with the western front1 a general view of the church from the south1 the curious bas-relief over the southern entrance1 and a representation of the interior1 have since been lithographized in ,m4 ,jolimont's ,monumens de la ,normandie4 ,considerable pains have been devoted in both these works1 to the description and the history of the building2 and to them the reader must be referred1 who is unwilling to engage with the ponderous folio of ,pommeraye4 ,,notes3 #agb ,milton's ,letters on the ,fine ,arts1 written from ,paris in the year #ahae4 p4 #ahc4 #agc ,jolimont1 from whom this quotation is borrowed1 states1 that it is to be found in the chronicle of an author of the name of ,fridegode2 and he proceeds with the following observations3--,the expression appears remarkable1 as warranting the inference1 that the style of architecture1 which ,fridegode calls ,gothic1 was in use in ,france as early as the commencement of the sixth century1 the time assigned by him for the building of the first church of ,st4 ,ouen4 ,but it is equally to be inferred1 from the manner in which he notices it1 that this style was not then common2 and his subjoining1 that it was made of square stones1 7in opposition1 most probably1 to rubble7 serves to point out that such an edifice was an extraordinary building for ,rouen at that period4 ,this idea receives confirmation1 from the reflection1 that the materials for forming the city were originally supplied out of the forests that inclosed it2 so that1 not only the houses of individuals1 but the public edifices1 were merely of wood4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours1 speaking1 in his fifth book1 of a church at ,rouen1 dedicated to ,st4 ,martin1 uses the following expression3--',qu super muros civitatis ligneis tabulis fabricata est4'--,indeed1 the few stone-buildings then at ,rouen1 were almost exclusively devoted to the purposes of fortification1 and were of flint or sand-stone1 rather than of free-stone4 ,every thing too tends to prove that architecture was then in its infancy in the capital of ,neustria2 or1 if it ever had been more advanced there1 which could have been only under the ,roman sway1 that it had retrograded into a barbarous state4--,moreover1 the ,gothic style1 mentioned by ,fridegode1 was no other than a degeneration of the ,roman1 or1 more properly1 of the ,lombardic architecture1 distinguished by the circular arch1 by insulated columns1 by a paucity of ornaments1 and by a general massiveness4 ,it is by no means to be confounded with the style which has since passed under the same name1 a style introduced about the beginning of the twelfth century1 immediately after the crusades1 with its ogee forms1 slender clustered columns1 and every portion of the building characterized by extreme lightness1 yet still loaded with a profusion of crowded ornaments4 ,if1 however1 this ,lombardic style was practised as early as the fifth or sixth century1 in a town so backward in the science of architecture as ,rouen1 what date is to be assigned for its introduction into other parts of ,france1 where the knowledge of the fine arts disappeared for a much shorter period8--,it must be left to the decision of antiquaries1 whom this passage in ,fridegode seems to have escaped1 to determine how far the foregoing observations are just1 and may serve to throw light upon the history of the style of architecture called ,gothic1 the origin of which in ,france has always been attended with great obscurity4 #agd ,st4 ,ouen was born ,a4,d4 #fjj1 at the village of ,sanci1 near ,soissons4 ,he was of a noble family1 and was educated in the abbey of ,st4 ,mdar1 at ,soissons1 whence he was removed1 at an early age1 to the court of ,clothair ,,ii4 ,at the court1 he contracted an intimate friendship with ,st4 ,eloi2 and1 under ,dagobert1 became the favorite of the monarch1 as well as his chancellor and minister of state4 ,during the whole of his life1 his strong turn to religion rendered him a warm patron of monastic establishments2 and1 among others1 he founded the celebrated abbey of ,rebais en ,brie4 ,he was still young when he renounced the world1 embraced the ecclesiastical state1 and devoted himself to the preaching of the gospel2 shortly after which1 at the request of the inhabitants of ,rouen1 he was appointed to succeed ,st4 ,romain1 as their pastor4 ,his consecration took place in #fdf1 and was performed in the church of the monastery of ,st4 ,peter1 since-called ,st4 ,ouen4 ,it was also at his own particular desire1 that he was there interred4 ,his name occurs among those of the prelates who were present at the council of ,chlons1 in #fej2 he was likewise entrusted by the king with various important negociations2 and1 after an earthly career1 passed1 according to his historians1 in the practice of every civil and apostolic virtue1 he died at ,clichy1 near ,paris1 in the year #fhi4 #age ,the following extract from the ,neustria ,pia1 p4 #ce1 bears witness at once to the merits of the abbot1 and the light in which the building was regarded throughout ,france4--,hic ,abbatiam reperit bonis omnibus sufficienter munitam1 pecunia et commeatu haud indigentem3 quam et ipse sapienter ac religios gubernavit1 locupletavit1 et vehementer adauxit2 tum possessionibus et redditibus1 tum dificiis ac reparationibus3 ,basilicam iliam admirabili structura compositam1 totiusque ,galli speciosissimam1 construere coepit1 anno #acah1 die festo ,s4 ,urbani2 quam continuavit ad ann4 usque #acci1 in festo ,apostolorum ,,ss4 ,petri et ,pauli3 quo in opere expendit #fcjcf libras argenti1 et quinque solidos ,turonensis3 7qu nunc haud posset compleri dificio pro #ffcjcf libris1 etiam aureis7 quorum omnium tesserem vetera hujusce domus inclyt monimenta nunc usque accurat continent4 ,de hujusmodi celeberrima de1 sic quidam neotericus ver locutus est4 ,nunc est ,s4 ,audoeni3 cujus mirabilis structura1 hodieque dubium relinquit1 si alia per ,galliam splendidior et elegantior3 ,monasterium est tota quidem ,europa1 celeberrimum1 sed ,patroni sui sanctitate magis stimandum4 cui alii adstipulantur4 ,et hoc1 consilio et auxilio ,d4 ,caroli1 ,comitis ,valesii3 cui operi ,carolus ,valesius ,,vi4 ,rex ann4 #achj1 dono dedit tria millia librarum ad instantiam ,burgundi ,ducis1 sui patruelis4 ,,plate ,,lxxvii4 ,,fountain ,,of ,,the ,,stone ,,cross1 ,,at ,,rouen4#agf ,illustration3 ,plate #gg4 ,,fountain ,,of ,,the ,,stone ,,cross ,,at ,,rouen4 ,rouen has long boasted a pre-eminence over the greater part of the cities of ,france1 with respect to its public fountains4 ,the chalk hills1 with which it is surrounded1 furnish an abundant supply of excellent springs2 and the waters of these1 led into different parts of the town1 contribute in no less a degree to the embellishment of the city1 than to the comfort of the inhabitants4 ,the form of some1 and the ornaments of others1 are well deserving of attention1 notwithstanding the injuries that have inevitably occurred from time1 or the more cruel ones that have been caused by wanton mutilation4 ,it is upon historical record1 that there were several fountains at ,rouen1 as early as the twelfth century1 but their number1 which now exceeds thirty1 received its principal increase towards the beginning of the sixteenth century2 and it was then also that the idea seems first to have been conceived of making1 what was originally designed only for convenience1 subservient to beauty4 ,for this new supply of ornamental fountains1 ,rouen is indebted to its great benefactor1 the ,cardinal ,georges d',amboise1 who1 uniting the ,norman archiepiscopal mitre to the office of prime minister1 under ,louis ,,xii4 was no less able than he was willing1 to render the most essential services to the seat of his spiritual jurisdiction4 ,it was under the auspices of this archbishop1 that the fountain here figured1 one of the earliest of that period1 was erected4 ,he caused it to be built in the year #aejj4 ,the spot which it occupies1 is the cross-way formed by the union of the streets1 called ,st4 ,vivien1 ,st4 ,hilaire1 and ,coqueraumont1 a spot which1 previously to the reign of ,st4 ,louis1 was not included within the walls of the town1 and which1 even at the distance of one hundred years after that time1 had not begun to be inhabited4 ,so ancient is the practice of placing stone crosses at the junction of roads in the vicinity of cities1 that it would be difficult to assign any probable time for the erection of that which was replaced by the fountain that still bears its name4 ,the waters of this fountain have their origin in a spring1 which flows at the foot of a hill near the village of ,st4 ,lger1 at some distance from ,rouen4 ,the execution of the structure unites a happy mixture of boldness in outline1 and delicacy in details3 its pyramidal form is graceful4 ,it consists of three stories1 gradually diminishing in height and diameter as they rise1 and terminating in a cross1 whose clumsy shape only renders the destruction of that which it replaces the more to be regretted4 ,the form is octagon throughout2 and upon every compartment in each of the stories1 is carved1 at a short distance from its base1 a narrow cinquefoil-headed arch1 surmounted by a triangular crocketed canopy4 ,but the crockets and finials have been in most instances destroyed4 ,the water issues from four pipes in the basement4 ,each of the arches of the lower tier serves as a tabernacle for a wooden statue of a ,madonna1 or saint1 of wretched execution1 a poor substitute for those that occupied the same niches previously to the troubles of #agib1 at which time the religious character of the fountain marked it out as an object of popular vengeance4 ,it was suffered to continue in its mutilated and degraded state1 from that period till the year #ahaf1 when the inhabitants of this part of the town undertook to restore it at their own expense4 ,their labors have hitherto proceeded no farther than filling the niches afresh with images1 and doing such repairs as were absolutely necessary to keep the whole structure from falling into ruin4 ,even by this1 however1 they have secured themselves the good will of the archbishop1 who consecrated the fountain with great pomp anew1 on the #bdth of ,august1 #ahaf4 ,the resemblance between the ,fountain of the ,stone ,cross1 at ,rouen1 and the monumental crosses erected in ,england by ,king ,edward ,i4 to perpetuate the memory of his consort1 ,eleanor of ,castillo1 will not fail to strike the ,british antiquary4 ,it is more than probable1 that the idea of the former was borrowed from the latter1 to which1 however1 it is very inferior in point of richness of ornaments1 or beauty of execution4 ,,notes3 #agf ,it is right to observe1 that the accounts here given of this and the following article1 are little more than a translation1 in the second instance materially abridged1 of what is published upon the same subjects1 in ,jolimont1 ,monumens de la ,normandie4 ,,plate ,,lxxviii4 ,,palace ,,of ,,justice1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #gh4 ,,palace ,,of ,,justice1 ,,at ,,rouen4 ,the building here figured was1 from its foundation1 devoted to the purpose of the administration of justice2 and1 notwithstanding the many mutilations to which it has at different times been exposed1 it still remains an interesting1 and1 in the city of ,rouen1 almost a unique specimen of the sumptuous architectural taste of the age in which it was erected4 ,down to as late a period as the year #adii1 there existed in ,normandy no stationary court of judicature2 but the execution of the laws was confided to an ambulatory tribunal1 established1 according to the chroniclers1 by ,rollo himself1 and known by the name of the ,exchequer4 ,the sittings of this ,norman exchequer were commonly held twice a year1 in spring and autumn1 after the manner of the ancient parliaments of the ,french kings2 the places of session depending upon the pleasure of the sovereign1 or being determined in general1 like the ,english ,aula ,regia1 by his presence4 ,the inconveniences attendant upon such a mode of administering justice1 became of course the more heavily felt1 in proportion as the country increased in population and civilization4 ,accordingly1 the states-general of the province1 assembled in the last year of the fifteenth century1 under the presidency of the ,cardinal d',amboise1 petitioned ,louis ,,xii4 who was then upon the throne1 to appoint in the metropolis of the duchy a permanent judicature1 in the same manner as had been previously done in others of the principal cities of the realm4 ,the king was graciously pleased to accede to their request2 and1 by the words of the royal edict1 not only was the exchequer rendered permanent in the good city of ,rouen1 but permission was also granted to the members to hold their sittings in the great hall of the castle1 till such time as a suitable place should be prepared for their reception4 ,it was on this occasion that the ,palace of ,justice was built2 a piece of ground was selected for the purpose1 that had been known by the name of the ,jews' ,close1 from the time when ,philip-,augustus expelled the children of ,israel from ,france2 and the foundations of the new structure were laid within a few months after the obtaining of the royal sanction4 ,the progress1 however1 of the work1 was not commensurate1 in point of rapidity1 with the haste with which it was undertaken2 even in #aejf the labors were not brought to a conclusion1 though1 in that year1 the exchequer was installed by the king in person1 with great pomp1 in the new palace4 ,the sitting will long be memorable in the ,norman annals1 not only as being the first1 but as having been selected by the sovereign1 as an opportunity for bestowing various important favors upon the city and duchy4 ,the palace1 in its present state1 is composed of three distinct buildings1 erected at different times1 and forming collectively three sides of a parallelogram1 whose fourth side is merely a wall4 ,the court thus enclosed is spacious4 ,one of these buildings1 the front in the plate1 goes by the name of the ,salle des ,procureurs4 ,its erection was six years anterior to that of the right-hand building1 more properly called the ,palace of ,justice2 and the object in raising it was1 according to the edict of the bailiff upon the occasion1 to serve as an exchange to the merchants1 and put a stop to the impious practice of assembling1 even upon feast-days1 in the cathedral1 for purposes of business4 ,at a subsequent time1 this hall was added to the ,palace of ,justice1 and there was then built to it a chapel1 now destroyed1 in which mass was regularly celebrated twice a year1--upon the anniversary of the feast of ,st4 ,martin1 the day of the meeting of parliament1 and upon ,ascension-,day4 ,the service on the first of these days1 went by the name of la messe rouge1 because the members always attended in their scarlet robes3 on the second1 and more important occasion1 it was called la messe de la fierte1 being performed in commemoration of the deliverance of the prisoner1 by virtue of the privilege of ,st4 ,romain4#agg--,the exterior of the ,salle des ,procureurs is comparatively simple3 the most highly decorated part of it is the gable1 which is flanked by two octangular turrets1 ornamented with crocketed pinnacles and flying buttresses4 ,within1 it consists of a noble hall1 one hundred and sixty ,french feet in length1 and fifty in width1 with a coved roof of timber1 plain and bold1 and destitute either of the open tie-beams and arches1 or the knot-work and cross-timber that usually adorn the old ,english roofs4 ,below the hall is a prison4 ,the southern building1 erected exclusively for the sittings of the exchequer1 is far more sumptuous in its decorations1 both without and within4 ,the lucarne windows may even vie with those in the house in the ,place de la ,pucelle4#agh ,those below them find almost exact counterparts in the chteau at ,fontaine-le-,henri1 also figured in this work4#agi ,to use the language of the ,french critics1 this front1 which is more than two hundred feet in width1 est decore de tout ce que l'architecture de ce temps-l prsente de plus dlicat et de plus riche4 ,the oriel or tower of enriched workmanship1 which1 by projecting into the court1 breaks the uniformity of the elevation1 is perhaps the part that more than any other merits such encomium4 ,but it is only half the front that has been allowed to continue in its original state3 the other half has been degraded by alterations1 or stripped of its ornaments4--,the room in which the parliament formerly met1 and which is now employed for the trial of criminal causes1 still remains comparatively uninjured4 ,its ceiling of oak1 nearly as black as ebony1 divided into numerous compartments1 and covered with a profusion of carving and of gilt ornaments1 not only affords a gorgeous example of the taste of the time1 but immediately strikes the stranger as well suited to the dignity of the purpose to which the apartment was appropriated4 ,but the open-work bosses of this ceiling are gone1 as are the doors enriched with sculpture1 and the ancient chimney1 and the escutcheons charged with sacred devices1 and the great painting1 by which1 before the revolution1 witnesses were made to swear4#ahj ,the building that fronts the ,salle des ,procureurs1 and forms the third side of the court1 was not erected till after the year #agjj4 ,its front is an imitation of the ,ionic order1 a style which harmonizes so ill with the rest of the quadrangle1 as to produce an unfavorable effect ,an accident which happened to the wood-work of the upper part of this front1 on the #ast of ,april1 #ahab1 unfortunately involved the destruction of a painting held in the highest estimation2 the representation of ,jupiter hurling his thunderbolts at ,vice1 executed by ,jouvenet1 upon the ceiling of an apartment called la seconde ,chambre des ,enqutes4 ,jouvenet1 who commonly passes under the name of the ,michelagnolo of ,france1 was born at ,rouen1 in #affd2 and1 in conjunction with ,fontenelle and the great ,corneille1 forms the triumvirate1 of which the city has most reason to feel proud4 ,the painting in the ,palace of ,justice was regarded as one of the happiest efforts of his pencil1 and was not the less remarkable for having been executed with his left hand1 after a paralytic stroke had deprived him of the use of the other4 ,,notes3 #agg ,see p4 #ea4 #agh ,see plate #fd4 #agi ,plate #fc4 #ahj ,upon this subject ,mr4 ,turner is in error3 it appears1 from his ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #aic1 that he was informed that the painting1 now actually over the judges' bench1 is the same by which it was originally customary to take the oath2 but ,m4 ,jolimont1 who is1 unquestionably1 better authority1 states the contrary in the following note3--,le tableau1 sur lequel on faisait jurer les tmoins1 et qui avait prs de douze pieds d'lvation1 consistait en trois portions ou bandes horizontales runies dans un grand cadre sculpt la manire du temps4 ,la premire1 et la plus leve1 prsentait quatre cussons aux armes de ,france1 parsems de fleurs de lis d'or2 celle du milieu offrait1 sous cinq arcades en ogives avec fleurons1 un ,christ entre la ,vierge et saint ,jean1 et les quatre ,evangelistes2 au-dessous1 un ,moyse1 et les tables de la loi3 il existait encore au moment de la rvolution2 on l'a remplac1 au mois de janvier #ahaf1 par un autre1 d'environ quatre pieds de hauteur1 donn 7dit l'inscription moderne mise au bas7 par ,louis ,,xii l',echiquier1 lorsqu'il l'tablit au palais4 ,ce second tableau1 recueilli pendant la rvolution par les soins de ,m4 ,gouel1 graveur1 et dont il a bien voulu faire hommage la ,cour royale 7voir1 ce sujet1 le ,journal de ,rouen1 du #cj janvier #ahaf71 est compos de deux parties3 l'une renferme un ,christ entre saint ,jean et la ,vierge2 l'autre1 en forme de couronnement1 prsente deux figures mi-corps1 avec des lgendes2 mais ces deux parties htrognes ne sont que deux fragmens ajusts ensemble4 ,le premier1 qui reprsente le ,christ1 est videmment la portion qui remplissait une des cinq arcades du grand tableau dont nous venons de parler1 et l'autre est une partie seulement du tableau donn par ,louis ,,xii1 et qui orna1 pendant plus de deux sicles1 le manteau de la belle chemine de la chambre du ,conseil que nous citons ci-aprs4 ,les deux figures1 aujourd'hui mutiles1 taient en pied1 et reprsentaient le ,roi ,louis ,,xii et le ,cardinal d',amboise1 avec ces mots crits sur des bandelettes1 que les deux personnages semblent s'adresser3 ,pontifices1 agite3 ,magistrats1 agissez2--et vos ,reges1 dicite justa3 et vous ,rois1 soyez justes4 ,ces fragmens de deux tableaux diffrens1 runis1 avec assez d'art1 et qui paraissent tre seuls chapps la destruction1 sont encore fort curieux1 et l'on doit savoir gr ,m4 ,gouel de leur conservation1 et de la gnrosit avec laquelle il les a rendus leur destination primitive4 ,,plate ,,lxxix4 ,,south ,,porch ,,of ,,the ,,church1 ,,at ,,louviers4 ,illustration3 ,plate #gi4 ,,church ,,of ,,louviers4 ,south ,porch4 ,louviers is one of the most considerable of the numerous manufacturing towns which surround ,rouen in every direction1 depending altogether for their prosperity upon the state of commerce in the provincial capital4 ,its population consists of about seven thousand inhabitants4 ,its position is beautiful1 in a small island formed by the ,eure1 which divides1 in the immediate vicinity of the town1 into two streams1 flowing through a valley of the most luxuriant fertility1 enclosed by hills covered for the greater part with extensive forests4 ,the name of ,louviers1 in ,latin ,locoveris1 occurs upon more than one occasion1 in the early ,norman chronicles2 and the town1 though never fortified1 has obtained a considerable degree of historical celebrity4 ,when ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion1 escaped from his captivity in the east1 hastened to punish the perfidy with which he had been on all sides assailed during his absence1 and ,normandy became the theatre of a most bloody warfare1 ,louviers had the honor of being selected as the place in which these differences were composed4 ,the treaty signed upon this occasion1 in #aaie1 prescribed new bounds to the duchy2 and the old historians1 who always delight in consecrating the recital of any memorable event by a mixture of the marvellous1 tell how1 at the moment when the kings were engaged in the conference which led to this treaty1 a serpent of enormous size darted from the foot of the tree beneath which they were standing1 and approached them with marks of great fury1 hissing violently at both1 as if in the act to attack them4 ,the monarchs1 who were alone1 instantly laid their hands upon their swords2 and the armies1 who stood at a short distance on either side arranged in battle array1 alarmed at such hostile demonstrations1 had well nigh joined in a fresh combat4--,only the following year1 ,louviers was one of the towns ceded by ,richard to ,walter1 archbishop of ,rouen1 by way of compensation for the infringement of the rights of the see1 of which he had been guilty in the erection of ,chteau ,gaillard4 ,the possession of ,louviers was peculiarly acceptable to the prelate1 as being in the immediate vicinity of the village of ,pinterville1 where the archbishops of ,rouen then had their country seat3 they continued to occupy the same till the reign of ,st4 ,louis1 when that monarch conferred upon them the castle of ,gaillon1 which they held till the revolution4 ,louviers was taken in #acde1 by the ,english army under ,king ,edward ,,iii4 then on his march for ,paris1 after the battle of ,caen2 and ,froissart1 in relating the circumstance1 takes occasion to mention the importance of the place1 stating that the town was then a great one1 and the chief town of all ,normandy for drapery and riches1 and full of merchandize4 ,but1 not being closed1 the hostile army soon entered it4 ,he goes on to add1 not much to the credit of the invading host1 that they overran1 and spoiled and robbed without mercy2 and that they won there great riches4--,in #acfj1 ,louviers was once more chosen as the spot where peace was signed3 the treaty that had been concluded at ,bretigny1 was confirmed at ,paris by the ,regent1 and was finally ratified by the ,black ,prince in this town4--,during the subsequent wars1 under ,henry ,v4 and ,,vi4 ,louviers is repeatedly mentioned2 but principally for opposing a resistance of twenty-six days to the ,english in #adah4--;,in the time of the league1 it distinguished itself most unfortunately by its devoted attachment to the ,catholic cause2 in consequence of which1 it was pillaged by the royalists shortly after the battle of ,ivry4#aha ,the church of ,louviers is an imposing structure3 though materially injured1 and reduced to no more than a nave with its four aisles1 it is still a spacious and handsome building4 ,the great western door is closed1 and the front defaced3 the eastern end is likewise altogether modern4 ,the central tower is handsome1 though square and short4 ,two windows1 very similar to those of the tower of ,st4 ,romain1 in ,rouen cathedral1 light it on either side2 and saints1 placed under canopies1 ornament the angles behind the buttresses4 ,a second tower1 to the west1 is surmounted with a truncated cone4 ,the south porch1#ahb here figured1 is the great feature of the exterior2 and1 for beauty and elegance in the formation or disposition of its parts1 it may safely be put in competition with any similar portion of an ecclesiastical building1 either in ,normandy or in ,england4 ,yet1 even here1 the saints have been torn from their pedestals by the wanton violence of ,calvinists or of democrats4 ,internally1 the church is a fine specimen of the pointed architecture of the thirteenth century2#ahc but1 to use the words of ,mr4 ,turner1 from whose ,tour#ahd a great part of the preceding description has been borrowed1 the whole is so concealed and degraded by ornaments in the worst of taste1 and by painted saints in the most tawdry dresses1 that the effect is disgusting4 ,in the windows of the church there still remains a considerable quantity of painted glass2 and a bas-relief on the right of the choir is well deserving of attention4 ,it is placed under a niche1 which in all probability was originally filled with a statue of ,st4 ,hubert2 as the sculpture pourtrays a well-known legend1 recorded in his history--the miraculous stag with a cross between his antlers1 seen by the hunter-knight4--,the foliage at the base of the niche is executed with particular elegance and skill4 ,in the town of ,louviers is an old house1 said to have belonged to the ,knights ,templars4 ,its gable1 pierced with numerous windows1 generally in the form of flatly pointed arches1 each of them containing a couple of arches with trefoil-heads1 has given currency to the tale of its original destination4 ,it was figured some time since by ,m4 ,langlois1 in a work commenced to illustrate the ,antiquities of ,normandy1 but of which the first number only appeared2 and it has recently been lithographized by ,m4 ,nodier4 ,but1 from the style of its architecture1 it does not appear to have been erected anterior to the fourteenth century1 however confidently it is referred by ,m4 ,langlois to the twelfth or thirteenth4 ,,notes3 #aha ,sully1 in his ,memoirs1 ,i4 p4 #bed1 7,english translation7 gives the following account of its capture3--,the ,king succeeded better at ,louviers3 this town kept a priest in its pay2 who1 from the top of a belfry1 which he never left1 played the part of a spy with great exactness4 ,if he saw but a single person in the field1 he rung a certain bell1 and hung out at the same side a great flag4 ,we did not despair of being able to corrupt his fidelity1 which two hundred crowns1 and a promise of a benefice worth three thousand livres a year1 effected4 ,there remained only to gain some of the garrison2 the ,sieur du ,rollet took this upon himself1 and succeeded4 ,he addressed himself to a corporal and two soldiers1 who easily prevailed upon the rest of the garrison to trust the guard of one of the gates to them only4 ,every thing being thus arranged1 the ,king presented himself before ,louviers1 at twelve o'clock in the night4 ,no one rung the bell1 nor was there the least motion in the garrison4 ,du ,rollet entered1 and opened the gate1 through which the ,king passed1 without the smallest resistance1 into the centre of the town4 ,fontaine ,martel made some ineffectual efforts to draw the garrison together3 as for the citizens1 they were employed in concealing their wives and daughters4 ,the town1 whose chief riches consisted in its magazines of linen and leather1 was wholly pillaged3 ,i had a gentleman with me1 called ,beaugrard1 a native of ,louviers1 who was of great use to us in discovering where these sort of goods were concealed1 and a prodigious quantity of them was amassed together4 ,the produce of my share amounted to three thousand livres4 ,the ,king consigned to ,du ,rollet the government of ,louviers4 #ahb ,mr4 ,cotman very much regrets that it was not in his power to do this porch the justice it deserved1 in consequence of the continual interruptions to which he was exposed from the lower class of the inhabitants4 #ahc ,m4 ,nodier1 in his ,voyages ,pittoresques et ,romantiques1 has figured the interior of this church1 the erection of which he refers 7p4 #ah7 to the time of the first crusades2 but a comparison of the building with others of that ra1 would scarcely warrant such a conclusion4 #ahd ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhg4 ,,plate ,,lxxx4 ,,and ,,lxxxi4 ,,ch,,teau ,,gaillard4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hj4 ,,ch,,teau ,,gaillard4 ,north ,east ,view4 ,on the building of ,chteau ,gaillard1 the following account is given by ,masseville1 in his ,history of ,normandy3#ahe--;,in the year #aaif1 a few months after the treaty of ,louviers had been concluded between ,philip-,augustus and ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion1 the ,norman ,duke1 considering how frequently inroads had been made into his territories1 by the way of ,andelys1 resolved to strengthen himself by means of a formidable barrier in that quarter4 ,with this view1 he built a fortress upon an island in the ,seine1 opposite the village of ,lesser ,andelys2 and1 at the same time1 erected upon the brow of the rock that overhung the river1 a castle of the greatest possible strength1 without1 however1 reflecting how far these works were likely to affect the rights1 or to diminish the revenues1 of the see of ,rouen1 to whom the ground belonged4 ,but ,walter1 who then wore the archiepiscopal mitre1 was by no means of a character patiently to submit to an invasion of his privileges4 ,he complained loudly during the progress of the works1 menaced the artificers1 and even the prince himself1 with the vengeance of the church2 and1 finally1 finding his threats and his remonstrances equally disregarded1 had recourse to the bold measure of laying the whole of ,normandy under a spiritual interdict4 ,the king1 alarmed at so decisive a step1 appealed to the papal see1 and sent the bishops of ,durham and of ,lisieux1 as his ambassadors to ,rome4 ,the archbishop also repaired thither to plead his own cause2 and the affair was finally compromised by an exchange1 in virtue of which1 the castles were allowed to stand1 and the secular seigniory of ,andelys was ceded to the duke1 who1 in return for this acquisition1 and to obtain his reconciliation to the church1 gave up to the primate the towns and lordships of ,dieppe and ,louviers1 the land and forest of ,alihermont1 the land and lordship of ,bouteilles1 and the mills of ,rouen4--,the contract was considered of so much importance1 that the archbishop of ,canterbury1 together with several other ,english prelates1 as well as almost all those of ,normandy1 and many of the principal abbots and noblemen of the province1 were summoned to sanction the execution of it by their presence4 ,such were the benefits it was supposed to bestow upon the church1 that it has passed in ecclesiastical history1 under the significant appellation of the celebris permutatio4 ,but the king also congratulated himself1 and not without reason1 upon having opposed an impregnable barrier to the inroads of his more powerful1 and scarcely less active1 neighbor4 ,he delighted in ,chteau ,gaillard1 the very name of which is said to have had its origin in proud mockery and defiance2 and he himself1 in his public acts1 designated it his beautiful castle of the rock4 ,many of his charters bear date from this fortress2 so that1 though only begun three years before the death of the monarch1 it is plain that it was already habitable in his life-time4 ,it may likewise safely be inferred1 that it was then quite finished2 for his dastardly successor1 engaged either in distant wars1 or in intrigues at home1 from the moment of his mounting the throne1 had bestowed no thought upon the strengthening of his hereditary continental dominions1 till he found himself1 in the year #abjb1 attacked by ,philip-,augustus at the head of an overwhelming army1 while his own subjects were but little disposed to assist a prince1 whose hands were reeking with his nephew's blood4 ,it was at this time that ,chteau ,gaillard supported the siege which will render its name for ever memorable in history4 ,long1 and curious1 and interesting details of the occurrences connected with the capture of the castle1 are given by ,father ,daniel3 ,du ,moulin also briefly enumerates a few of the many stratagems to which the ,french king was obliged to have recourse4 ,but those who delight in narratives of this kind1 or who desire to obtain full information relative to the attacks and defence1 combined with a lively picture of the strength of the fortress1 must be referred to ,brito1 the poetical chronicler of the exploits of ,philip-,augustus4 ,the whole of the seventh book of the ,philippiad of that author1 containing no fewer than eight hundred and forty-one lines1 are devoted to this single subject2 so eventful was the history of the siege1 and so great the importance attached to the capture of the place4 ,the fall of ,chteau ,gaillard was almost immediately followed by the total subversion of the power of the ,norman ,dukes2 but1 as to the fortress itself1 though its situation was no longer such as to give it importance1 ,brito expressly states1 that ,philip bestowed great pains upon the restoring of its damaged works1 and upon augmenting its strength by the addition of new ones3-- ,rex ita ,gaillardo per prlia multa potitus1 ,cuncta redificat vel ab ipso diruta1 vel qu ,improbus appositis destruxerat ignibus hostis1 ,in triplo melis et fortis ints et extr1 ,antea qum fuerint muros et ctera firmans4 ,fortunately for ,france1 the subsequent state of the kingdom rendered precautions of this description unnecessary2 ,chteau ,gaillard appears no more in history as a formidable fortress1 except upon the occasion of the occupation of the ,gallic throne by ,henry ,v4 and of the expulsion of his successor4 ,in the former case1 the castle did not surrender to the ,english army1 till after a vigorous resistance of sixteen months2#ahf and even then its garrison1 though composed of only one hundred and twenty men1 would not have yielded1 had not the ropes of their water-buckets been worn out and destroyed3 in the latter instance1 it was one of the last of the strong holds of ,normandy that held out for the successors of its ancient dukes2 and the siege of six weeks1 sustained by a dispirited army1 was scarcely less honorable to its defenders1 than the far longer resistance opposed on former occasions4 ,even after the final re-union of the duchy1 ,chteau ,gaillard was neither purposely destroyed1 nor suffered to fall through neglect into decay1 like the greater number of the ,norman fortresses4 ,during the religious wars1 it still continued to be a military post1 as well as a royal palace2 and it was honored with the residence of ,henry ,,iv4 whose father1 ,anthony of ,bourbon1 died here in #aefb4 ,its importance ceased in the following reign4 ,the inhabitants of the adjacent country petitioned the ,king to give orders that the castle should be dismantled4 ,they dreaded1 lest its towers should serve as an asylum to some of the numerous bands of marauders1 by whom ,france was then infested4 ,it was consequently undermined1 and reduced to its present state of ruin4 ,if the name of this castle is to be found at other times1 in the historian's ample page1 it is only in the comparatively unimportant character of a place of safe confinement for state prisoners1 or1 on one occasion1 as a temporary residence for a fugitive monarch4 ,in the latter capacity1 it opened its gates to ,david ,bruce1 in #acca1 when the ,scottish prince1 received by ,philip de ,valois1 with all the honours due to an exiled sovereign1 had this palace assigned him as a regal residence1 and was permitted to maintain here1 for a while1 the pageantry of a court4 ,as a prison1 ,chteau ,gaillard was frequently employed3 it was in particular distinguished with an unenviable preference in one of the most disgraceful ras of the history of ,france4 ,margaret of ,burgundy1 the ,queen of ,louis ,x4 and ,blanche1 the consort of his brother1 ,charles le ,bel1 were both of them confined here1 after having been tried and convicted of adultery2 together with ,jane1 another princess of the house of ,burgundy1 the wife to ,philip1 brother to ,louis and ,charles4 ,margaret was shortly after murdered in this castle2 when ,louis1 intent upon a fresh marriage with the princess ,clementia of ,hungary1 found an obstacle to his wishes in the protracted existence of his former queen4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ha4 ,,ch,,teau ,,gaillard4 ,south ,west ,view4 ,of the extent1 the magnificence1 the commanding situation1 or the imposing appearance of ,chteau ,gaillard1 it is almost equally difficult to convey an adequate idea by the pencil or by the pen4 ,the faithful eye can alone give satisfaction upon such subjects4 ,mr4 ,turner's account of the present state of the ruin1 has the merit of being the most copious that has yet appeared2 and the following extract from it shall therefore conclude this article3--,our expectations respecting ,chteau ,gaillard were more than answered4 ,considered as to its dimensions and its situation1 it is by far the finest castellated ruin ,i ever saw4 ,conway1 indeed1 has more beauty2 but ,chteau ,gaillard is infinitely superior in dignity4 ,its ruins crown the summit of a lofty rock1 abruptly rising from the very edge of the ,seine1 whose sinuous course here shapes the adjoining land into a narrow peninsula4 ,the chalky cliffs on each side of the castle are broken into hills of romantic form1 which add to the impressive wildness of the scene4 ,towards the river1 the steepness of the cliff renders the fortress unassailable3 a double fosse of great depth1 defended by a strong wall1 originally afforded almost equal protection on the opposite side4 ,the circular keep is of extraordinary strength1 and in its construction differs wholly from any of our ,english dungeon-towers4 ,it may be described as a cylinder1 placed upon a truncated cone4 ,the massy perpendicular buttresses1 which are ranged round the upper wall1 whence they project considerably1 lose themselves at their bases in the cone from which they arise4 ,the building1 therefore1 appears to be divided into two stories4 ,the wall of the second story is upwards of twelve feet in thickness4 ,the base of the conical portion is perhaps twice as thick4 ,it seldom happens that the military buildings of the middle ages have such a talus or slope1 on the exterior face1 agreeing with the principles of modern fortification2 and it is difficult to guess why the architect of ,chteau ,gaillard thought fit to vary from the established model of his age4 ,the masonry is regular and good4 ,the pointed windows are evidently insertions of a period long subsequent to the original erection4 ,the inner ballium is surrounded by a high circular wall1 which consists of an uninterrupted line of bastions1 some semi-circular and others square4 ,the whole of this part of the castle remains nearly perfect4 ,there are also traces of extensive foundations in various directions1 and of great out-works4 ,chteau ,gaillard was1 in fact1 a citadel1 supported by numerous smaller fortresses1 all of them communicating with the strong central hold1 and disposed so as to secure every defensible post in the neighborhood4 ,the wall of the outer ballium1 which was built of a compact white and grey stone1 is in most places standing1 though in ruins4 ,the original facing only remains in those parts which are too elevated to admit of its being removed with ease4--,beneath the castle1 the cliff is excavated into a series of subterraneous caverns1 not intended for mere passages or vaults1 as at ,arques and in most other places1 but forming spacious crypts supported by pillars roughly hewn out of the living rock1 and still retaining every mark of the workman's chisel4 ,the keep cannot be ascended without difficulty4 ,we ventured to scale it2 and we were fully repaid for our labor by the prospect which we gained4 ,the ,seine1 full of green willowy islands1 flows beneath the rock in large lazy windings3 the peninsula below is flat1 fertile1 and well wooded3 on the opposite shores1 the fantastic chalky cliffs rise boldly1 crowned with dark forests4 ,,notes3 #ahe ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aac4 #ahf ,so says ,monstrelet2 and he has generally been followed2 but1 according to ,masseville1 7,histoire de ,normandie1 ,,iv4 p4 #hd7 the ,norman ,chronicle limits the duration of the siege to only seven months4 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4 ,,church ,,of ,,montivilliers4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hb4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,montivilliers4 ,west ,end4 ,montivilliers is a town of about four thousand inhabitants1 situated in a beautiful valley upon a small stream1 called the ,lezarde1 near the western extremity of the ,pays de ,caux1 within the distance of six leagues from ,fcamp1 and two from ,havre de ,grace4 ,its fortifications1 now in ruins1 were erected near the close of the fourteenth century1 till which time it was altogether defenceless2 but the state of ,france1 just recovered from one ,english invasion and threatened with another1 turned the thoughts of the government towards the securing of all vulnerable points on the northern frontier2 and the trade of the place1 though at present trifling1 was at that period far otherwise4 ,the cloths of ,montivilliers were then considered to rival those of ,flanders2 and the preservation of the manufacture was regarded of so much consequence1 that sundry regulations respecting it are to be found in the royal ordinances4 ,the two circular towers of one of the gates now standing1 afford a good specimen of the military architecture of the time4 ,montivilliers is called in ,latin1 ,monasterium villare2 and in old ,french1 ,monstier ,vieil3 the present name of the town is obviously a corruption of these2 and the same fact also denotes that the place derived its importance1 if not its existence1 from the monastery4 ,among the ,norman historians1 the foundation of ,montivilliers is referred to the seventh century2 during the latter half of which1 ,st4 ,philibert1 abbot of ,jumieges1 built a convent here for a community of nuns4 ,the monastery was richly endowed2 but no records are left of its history previously to the incursions of the ,normans1 under whose hands it at first suffered the same destruction as the other religious houses in ,neustria1 and afterwards rose1 like them1 from its ashes1 with increased splendor and opulence4 ,the immediate successors of ,rollo rebuilt the abbey1 but without restoring it to its original destination4 ,richard ,,ii4 conferred it1 with all its dependencies1 upon the more favored monks of ,fcamp2 and1 in the donation1 he makes use of the strong expression1 ut ex eo facerent quicquid vellent1 tamquam ex proprio alodo4 ,the union of the two establishments was1 however1 but short lived3 either under the same prince1 or1 as some authors say1 under his son ,robert1 ,montivilliers once more resumed a state of independence1 and became once more the retreat of holy virgins4 ,the duke was moved to this step by the solicitation of his aunt ,beatrice1 who retired hither1 and took the veil1 and presided over the sisterhood2 and the monastery of ,st4 ,taurin at ,evreux was1 on this occasion1 ceded to ,fcamp1 in exchange for ,montivilliers4 ,a portion of the charter is preserved in the ,neustria ,pia2 and1 according to this work1 the instrument was subsequently ratified by the signatures of ,william the ,conqueror1 and of ,philip le ,bel4 ,at different times1 various papal bulls were issued1 for the purpose of placing the abbey of ,montivilliers under the especial protection of the holy see1 and of granting it sundry privileges and immunities4 ,these are also recorded in the same publication4 ,one of them1 originating in a dispute between the archbishop of ,rouen and the abbess of ,montivilliers1 is but little to the credit of either party4 ,it represents the lady-abbess as by no means free from irregularities in the performance of her office2 it charges one of her nuns with dissolute life2 and it arraigns the primate himself of being the cause1 if not the immediate instrument1 of scandal3--,siquidem1 ex parte abbatiss fuit propositum et probatum1 qud quidam1 qui cum eodem archiepiscopo et suis prdecessoribus venerant ad monasterium memoratum1 turpia qudam et illicita commiserunt contra honestatem observanti regularis1 in scandalum plurimorum3 volumus et mandamus1 ut1 cm archiepiscopus ,rothomagensis ad monasterium ipsum1 caus visitationis1 accesserit1 ab ingressu claustri aliarumque domorum1 in quibus habitant moniales1 familiam suam talitr studeat coercere1 qud de ctero similia non contingant4 ,ipse quoque archiepiscopus1 ejusdem monasterii claustrum vel capitulum intraturus1 non nisi cum moderat societate accedat1 qu vit et moribus sit honesta2 ut per officium visitationis ejusdem1 non dissolutionis vel scandali1 sed dificationis potis materia ministretur4--,the instrument1 which is of considerable length1 goes on to accuse the prelate of affording protection to some refractory nuns1 and enjoins him never to suffer his clergy to frequent the abbey upon any pretext1 or upon any occasion4 ,the church of ,montivilliers1 represented in the present plate1 is the same as before the revolution belonged to the abbey4 ,the portion to the north is the chapter-house1 and is the work of the fourteenth century4 ,the greater part of the rest of the building1 though altered in some places1 may safely be referred to the eleventh2 at which time it is upon record1 that ,elizabeth1 who succeeded ,beatrice as abbess1 nearly1 if not altogether1 rebuilt the whole4 ,at subsequent periods1 the church underwent many considerable repairs and alterations4 ,a sum of seven hundred florins was expended upon it in #acgj1 the proceeds of a fine imposed upon the town1 for some injuries done to the nuns2 and ,toussaints ,varrin1 archbishop of ,thessalonica1 dedicated the edifice1 in #aeac1 under the invocation of the ,holy ,virgin4 ,five years subsequently1 the abbess1 ,jane ,mustel1 repaired the ceiling and painted windows1 and made the stalls in the choir4#ahg--,the exterior of the ,lady-,chapel affords a fine example of early pointed architecture2 its lofty narrow windows are separated by slender cylindrical pillars1 as in the church of the ,holy ,trinity1 at ,caen4 ,the embattled ornament round the southern door of the western front1 is far from commonly seen in such situations4 ,in the interior of the nave1 the same massive semi-circular architecture prevails as in the towers2 but it is mixed with some peculiarities that will scarcely be found elsewhere1 particularly a flat band in the form of a pilaster1 enriched with losenges1 which is attached to the front of one of the columns1 and is continued over the roof1 and again down the pillar on the opposite side4 ,mr4 ,turner noticed a small gallery1 or pulpit1 of elegant filigree stone-work1 at the west end1 near the roof2#ahh and1 upon the authority of the well-known antiquary1 ,john ,carter1 he supposed it most probably intended to receive a band of singers on high festivals4 ,but some corresponding erections in ,england would make it seem more likely that this gallery communicated with the apartments of the superior1 and was placed here for the purpose of affording her the means of paying her devotions in private1 when1 either from the weather1 or any other cause1 she might not wish to occupy her throne in the choir4 ,mr4 ,turner has also remarked upon the capitals of the columns at ,montivilliers1 which are very peculiar4 ,some of them are obvious imitations of the antique pattern1 and of great beauty4 ,others are as rude and wild as any of those already figured in this work1 from the churches of ,st4 ,georges or ,gournay4 ,the mysteries of ,christianity1 and the fables and allegories of heathenism1 the latter1 as well in its most refined as its most barbarous forms1 occur in endless variety in almost every part of the edifice4 ,one of the capitals contains a representation of the fabulous ,sphynx1 with her tail ending in a fleur-de-lys3 upon another1 is sculptured a figure of ,christ in the act of destroying the ,dragon1 by thrusting the end of a crosier into its mouth4 ,two others1 figured in the ,tour in ,normandy1 exhibit a group of ,centaurs1 and the allegorical psychostasia3 the remarks of the author of that publication1 upon the latter of these1 shall close the present article3--,in this you observe an angel weighing the good works of the deceased against his evil deeds2 and1 as the former are far exceeding the avoirdupois upon which ,satan is to found his claim1 he is endeavoring most unfairly to depress the scale with his two-pronged fork4--,this allegory is of frequent occurrence in the monkish legends4--,the saint1 who was aware of the frauds of the fiend1 resolved to hold the balance himself4--,he began by throwing in a pilgrimage to a miraculous virgin4--,the devil pulled out an assignation with some fair mortal ,madonna1 who had ceased to be immaculate4--,the saint laid in the scale the sackcloth and ashes of the penitent of ,lenten-time4--,satan answered the deposit by the vizard and leafy robe of the masker of the carnival4 ,thus did they still continue equally interchanging the sorrows of godliness with the sweets of sin2 and still the saint was distressed beyond compare1 by observing that the scale of the wicked thing 7wise men call him the correcting principle17 always seemed the heaviest4 ,almost did he despair of his client's salvation1 when he luckily saw eight little jetty black claws just hooking and clenching over the rim of the golden basin4 ,the claws at once betrayed the craft of the cloven foot4 ,old ,nick had put a little cunning young devil under the balance1 who1 following the dictates of his senior1 kept clinging to the scale1 and swaying it down with all his might and main4 ,the saint sent the imp to his proper place in a moment2 and instantly the burthen of transgression was seen to kick the beam4--,painters and sculptors also often introduced this ancient allegory of the balance of good and evil1 in their representations of the last judgment3 it was even employed by ,lucas ,kranach4 ,,notes3 #ahg ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,,ii4 p4 #ajh4 #ahh ,tour in ,normandy1 ,i4 p4 #fi4 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,sanson ,,sur ,,rille4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hc4 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,sanson ,,sur ,,rille4 ,remains of capitals4 ,normandy1 throughout the whole of its extent1 can scarcely boast a lovelier stream than the ,rille4 ,originating in the southern part of the duchy1 this little river advances in a northerly direction1 rolling its sparkling waters in rapid course1 through a valley of the most brilliant verdure1 till they mingle with the ,british ,channel1 at a very short distance from the west of the mouth of the ,seine4 ,the ,rille1 in every part of its current1 is varied by an infinity of islands1 formed by the division of its waters4 ,hence its principal beauty1 and hence also considerable benefit for the purpose of manufacture2 but the same circumstance is fatal to the more important objects of commerce2 for it is in a great measure owing to this multiplicity of channels1 that the river is navigable to only a very short way above ,pont ,audemer2 a distance scarcely exceeding ten miles from its confluence with the ocean4 ,the small village of ,st4 ,sanson is situated upon the right bank of the ,rille1 within a league of its mouth4 ,its church1 the same most probably as is figured in this plate1 is enumerated among the possessions confirmed to the ,benedictine monastery of ,st4 ,martin1 at ,troarn1 by a bull of ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 dated in the year #abaj4 ,in after-times1 the presentation to the living was in the hands of the bishops of ,dol1 in ,brittany1 who likewise continued till the revolution to be both temporal and spiritual lords of the parish1 in right1 as they alledged1 of the ancient barony of ,st4 ,sanson1 which was annexed to their see4#ahi ,other writers asserted1 that the bishops held their authority here1 as successors to the superiors of an abbey1 founded upon this spot in the middle of the sixth century1 by ,childebert ,i4 in favor of ,st4 ,sanson1 then bishop of ,dol4 ,but the monastery fell during the earliest incursions of the ,normans1 and never rose again4 ,old traditions state it to have been called in ,french1 ,pentale2 and in ,latin1 ,monasterium ,pentaliense3 a corruption1 as it is supposed1 of ,poenitentiale4 ,a neighboring chapel1 under the invocation of ,notre ,dame de ,pentale1 gives color to the report4 ,of the church of ,st4 ,sanson1 nothing more is now left than is exhibited in the plate3 the remains consist only of the chancel1 and the arch which separated it from the nave4 ,but even these1 inconsiderable as they appear1 have been judged deserving of a place among the more remarkable of the architectural antiquities of ,normandy3 the peculiar character of the capitals1 and the small size of the whole1 have entitled them to this distinction4 ,upon regarding the arch1 it is scarcely possible but to be struck with the impression1 that1 though in its present state its height is barely sufficient to allow of a man walking upright through it1 there must originally have been an inner member1 which has now disappeared4 ,the capitals differ materially from any others ever seen by ,mr4 ,cotman in ,normandy2 but ,mr4 ,joseph ,woods1 whose authority is unquestionable1 says that similar ones are to be found in the ,temple of ,bacchus1 at ,teos4 ,there are also several1 which in shape resemble these at ,st4 ,sanson1 in the very remarkable church of ,st4 ,vitalis1 at ,ravenna1#aij and in the cloisters of the monastery of ,st4 ,scolastica1#aia at ,subiaco3 the latter also exhibit a certain degree of similarity in the sculpture4 ,,notes3 #ahi ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 ,,ii4 p4 #ggg4 #aij ,seroux d',agincourt1 ,histoire de la ,dcadence de l',art4 ,architecture1 t4 #bc4 f4 #g1 #h2 and t4 #fi4 f4 #ad4 #aia ,ibid4 t4 #bi4 f4 #c1 #d4 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv4 ,,western ,,door-,,way ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,foullebec4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hd4 ,,church ,,of ,,foullebec4 ,west ,door-way4 ,the church of ,foullebec1 a small village situated upon the ,rille1 nearly opposite to ,st4 ,sanson1 is a building of ,norman times2 but the only portion of it particularly calculated to recommend it to attention1 is the arch figured in this plate4 ,this arch exhibits two peculiarities1 which it would be difficult1 if not impossible1 to parallel in ,normandy2 the ornamented shafts of the pillars1 and the extraordinary width of the southern capital1 which is more than double that of the column below4 ,the same was also1 in all probability1 the case with the capital1 now destroyed1 on the opposite side of the door-way2 and as it is plain that there never was a second pillar1 either on the one side or the other1 the only satisfactory mode of accounting for this singularity1 is upon the supposition1 that it was the original intention of the architect to have placed such1 but that circumstances occurred which induced him to leave his design unfinished4--,ornamented shafts of columns1 however unfrequently found in ,normandy1 are far from being of very uncommon occurrence in the specimens that are left of genuine ,norman art in ,great-,britain4 ,mr4 ,carter1 in his elaborate work upon ancient ,english architecture1 has collected a variety of similar enrichments in his thirty-third plate2 and some of them extremely beautiful4 ,several others are to be found in the more splendid volumes of ,mr4 ,britton4--,the sculpture upon the archivolt is also deserving of observation3 upon one of the central stones1 is represented the bannered lamb2 upon the other1 a figure1 probably intended for a representation of our ,savior entering ,jerusalem upon an ass4 ,the heads on either side are of an unusual character4 ,the church at ,foullebec1 as well in its nave as chancel1 is externally divided by plain ,norman buttresses into a series of regular compartments1 each containing a single circular-headed window4 ,in the nave are four2 in the chancel only two4 ,the tower is square and low3 it is placed at the west end1 which is only pierced for the door-way1 and is otherwise quite plain1 except a buttress at each corner4 ,internally1 the only object to be noticed is an ancient cylindrical font2 its sides sculptured with semi-circular arches1 and a narrow moulding round the rim4 ,,plate ,,lxxxv4 ,,and ,,lxxxvi4 ,,castle ,,at ,,tancarville4 ,illustration3 ,plate #he4 ,,castle ,,at ,,tancarville4 ,m4 ,nodier1 who1 in his ,voyages ,pittoresques1 has devoted six plates to the illustration of the noble ruins of the castle at ,tancarville1 remarks with great justice1 that1 magnificent as the building must have been1 it is one that recals but few historical recollections4 ,at the same time he gives the following quotation from the old ,norman ,chronicle3--,during the reign of ,king ,philip le ,bel1 after the knight of the green lion had conquered the ,king of ,arragon1 a great dissention arose between two powerful barons in ,normandy1 the ,lord of ,harecourt and the ,chamberlain of ,tancarville4 ,the cause of their strife was a mill1 of which the ,dwarf of ,harecourt1 assisted by forty of his people in arms1 had taken forcible possession1 mistreating the vassals of the ,chamberlain4 ,the latter1 incensed at the outrage1 summoned his friends and attendants2 and1 having collected them to the number of two hundred1 marched upon ,lillebonne1 where the ,lord of ,harecourt and the ,dwarf1 his brother1 were at that time residing4 ,many and bitter were the reproaches uttered on either side2 and severe was the contest that followed2 for the ,lord of ,harecourt issued from the barriers with all his forces1 and they defended themselves valiantly2 and several lives were lost4 ,the king1 on receiving the tidings1 was greatly discomforted1 and bade the ,sieur ,enguerrand de ,marigni summon the offending parties to appear before him4 ,it chanced most untowardly1 that they met as they were travelling towards the court2 and the ,lord of ,harecourt attacked the ,chamberlain1 and with his gauntlet put out his left eye1 and then returned to his own people4 ,no sooner was he of ,tancarville healed1 than he repaired to the royal presence1 and defied the ,lord of ,harecourt to single combat4 ,the pledge was accepted by ,m4 ,charles de ,valois1 brother of the king1 on behalf of his friend4 ,on the other hand1 ,m4 ,enguerrand de ,marigny1 privy counsellor of the monarch1 maintained that ,harecourt had been guilty of treason4 ,this was denied by ,m4 ,charles1 to whom ,enguerrand in consequence gave the lie2 and the former took the affront so cruelly to heart1 that ,enguerrand1 brave man as he was1 was afterwards hanged in consequence of it4 ,when the conditions of battle were arranged1 the ,lord of ,harecourt came into the field with his armor emblazoned with fleurs-de-lys2 and the combatants fought with the utmost valor1 till the ,kings of ,england and of ,navarre1 who were present1 besought the monarch of ,france to stay the fight2 for that it would be great pity that two so valiant chiefs should fall by each other's hand4 ,upon this1 the king cried ',ho6' and both parties were satisfied2 and peace was made between them by the foreign sovereigns1 in the year #acjj4 ,the same circumstance is related1 though with some trifling variations in the details1 by ,masseville1 in his ,history of ,normandy1 a work of which almost every volume bears frequent testimony to the greatness of the house of ,tancarville4 ,this family enjoyed the hereditary dignity of chamberlain to the ,norman dukes2 but at what period it was conferred upon them1 is lost in the obscurity of early history4 ,ralph de ,tancarville1 who founded the abbey of ,st4 ,georges de ,bocherville1 about the year #ajej1aib is styled in the ,neustria ,pia1 under the account of that monastry1 as ,tancardi-,vill ,toparcha1 prfectus hreditarius cubiculo ,guillelmi secundi4 ,in #ajff1 the name of the ,count of ,tancarville#aic is enumerated among those who attended the ,conqueror into ,england4 ,the chamberlain of ,tancarville is recorded both by ,ordericus ,vitalis and ,masseville1 in the list of ,norman knights that distinguished themselves in the wars of ,philip-,augustus4 ,william of ,tancarville1 the same chieftain1 probably1 or his immediate predecessor1 had previously suffered himself to be seduced by the arts of ,eleanor1 queen of ,henry ,,ii4 to join in the conspiracy of the sons of that monarch1 against their father3 he subsequently signalized his valor1 when the banners of the lion-hearted ,richard were unfurled upon the plains of ,palestine4 ,in #aaig1 ,ralph of ,tancarville was one of the witnesses to the treaty of exchange1 already more than once mentioned in this work1 made between the sovereign and the archbishop of ,rouen1 in consequence of the building of ,chteau ,gaillard2 and when1 eight years afterwards1 ,philip1 having become undisputed master of ,normandy1 conciliated the favor of the clergy by important concessions1 the signature and seal of the chamberlain of ,tancarville were attached to the instrument4--,the task were easy1 by multiplying quotations from ,masseville and the early chroniclers1 to extend to a great length the instances in which the noblemen of the house of ,tancarville acted a prominent part in ,norman history4 ,it will be sufficient1 upon the present occasion1 to adduce two circumstances1 as indisputable proofs of their importance4 ,the name of ,tancarville is found among the seventy-two members of the nobility1 who1 in the beginning of the fourteenth century1 were summoned to the ,norman exchequer2 and1 in the same century1 in the year #acbj1 after ,philip ,,vi4 upon his accession to the throne of ,france1 had received at ,amiens the homage of ,edward ,,iii4 for the dukedom of ,aquitaine and earldom of ,ponthieu1 the ,count of ,tancarville was selected for the important office of ambassador to ,england1 in conjunction with the ,duke of ,bourbon and the ,earl of ,harcourt1 to obtain from the monarch some explanations that were considered indispensable for the dignity of the crown of ,france4 ,as late as the year #adea1 the ,lord of ,tancarville appears as one of the generals of the ,french forces1 which1 under the command of the ,count of ,longueville1 finally succeeded in expelling the ,english from ,normandy4 ,from that time forward1 ,masseville makes no mention of the family4 ,respecting the castle1 he is altogether silent1 except upon the occasion of its capture by the ,french in #adce1 and its surrender to them again in #addi4 ,it may have been observed in the preceding brief enumeration of a few principal facts connected with the family of ,tancarville1 that the ,lords of that house have1 on more than one occasion1 been designated as ,counts3 the author of the ,description de la ,haute ,normandie1 however1 expressly states that this property was not raised into an earldom till the reign of ,king ,john of ,france1 who ennobled it with that dignity in #acea2 at which time it was composed of all the fiefs1 castellanies1 baronies1 and other lands of every description1 in the duchy of ,normandy1 occupied by ,john de ,melun1 and ,jane ,crepin his wife4 ,from the house of ,melun1 this same earldom passed into that of ,harcourt1 by the union of ,jane of ,melun with ,william of ,harcourt--their daughter1 who inherited the property1 afterwards carried it in dower to ,john1 ,count of ,dunois and of ,longueville4 ,in the year #aeje1 when ,louis ,,xii4 added to the earls of ,longueville the higher honor of the dukedom1 ,tancarville was comprised among the dependencies of the new dignity2 and when1 shortly afterwards1 the duchy of ,longueville escheated to the crown1 the earldom of ,tancarville1 remaining united to ,longueville1 shared the same fate4 ,mary of ,orleans1 duchess of ,nemours and ,estouteville1 having become possessed of ,tancarville1 sold it in ,september1 #agjf1 to ,anthony ,crozat1 the king's secretary2 and1 at the same time1 the monarch conferred all the rights and privileges attached to the domain1 upon ,louis de la ,tour d',auvergne1 ,count of ,evreux4 ,twelve years subsequently1 the king1 by his letters patent1 separated ,tancarville from ,longueville1 and ordered that the ,lords of ,tancarville should thenceforth be summoned to the parliament at ,rouen4 ,the title of ,earl of ,tankerville is at the present day to be found in the ,english peerage4 ,it is borne by a descendant of ,charles ,bennet1 second ,lord of ,ossulston1 upon whom it was conferred by ,george ,i4 in #agad1 after he had married the daughter and heiress of ,ford1 ,lord ,grey of ,wark1 ,earl of ,tankerville4 ,one of the family of this ,lord ,grey1 ,sir ,john ,grey1 ,knight1 ,captain of ,maunt1 in ,normandy1 had originally been rewarded with the title by ,king ,henry ,v4 for his eminent services in the ,french wars4 ,but his grandson1 ,richard1 ,earl of ,tankerville1 was attainted in the thirty-eighth year of the succeeding reign2 and the title remained dormant till re-granted by ,king ,william ,,iii4 to ,ford1 ,lord ,grey1 just mentioned1 who was lineally descended from the brother of the first earl4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hf4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,the ,,castle ,,at ,,tancarville4 ,different opinions have prevailed with respect to the origin of the name of ,tancarville4 ,ordericus ,vitalis calls it ,tanchardi ,villa3 ,m4 de ,valois1 in his ,notitia ,galli1 is disposed to claim for it the more imposing appellation of ,tancredi ,villa4 ,the point will in all probability never be settled3 it is more to be regretted1 that no account is to be found of the building of the castle1 whose lofty towers still frown in the pride of old baronial grandeur1 from the summit of a steep cliff upon the right bank of the ,seine1 which here1 so near its mouth1 rather assumes the character of an estuary than a river4 ,the wide extent of the ruins sufficiently bespeaks the importance of its former possessors3 at present1 nothing can be more forlorn and desolate4 ,mr4 ,dibdin1 who visited the remains in #ahai1 has traced the following animated sketch of their present appearance with his lively pencil2 and ,mr4 ,lewis1 who accompanied him1 has enriched his splendid ,tour with a lovely view of the buildings and surrounding scenery3-- ,we ascended to the castle3 the day grew soft1 and bright1 and exhilarating4444 but1 alas2 for the changes and chances of this transitory world4 ,where was the warder8 ,he had ceased to blow his horn for many a long year4 ,where was the harp of the minstrel8 ,it had perished two centuries ago1 with the hand that had struck its chords4 ,where was the attendant guard8--or pursuivants8--or men at arms8 ,they have been swept from human existence1 like the leaves of the old limes and beech trees1 by which the lower part of the building was surrounded4 ,the moat was dry2 the rampart was a ruin3--the rank grass grew within the area4444 nor can ,i tell you how many vast relics of halls1 banqueting rooms1 and bed rooms1 with all the magnificent appurtenances of old castellated architecture1 struck the eager eye with mixed melancholy and surprise6 ,the singular half-circular1 and half-square1 corner towers1 hanging over the ever-restless wave1 interested us exceedingly4 ,the guide shewed us where the prisoners used to be kept--in a dungeon1 apparently impervious to every glimmer of day-light1 and every breath of air4 ,i cannot pretend to say at what period even the oldest part of the castle of ,montmorenci#aid was built3 but ,i saw nothing that seemed to be more ancient than the latter end of the fifteenth century4 ,perhaps the greater portion may be of the beginning of the sixteenth2 but1 amidst unroofed rooms1 ,i could not help admiring the painted borders1 chiefly of a red color1 which run along the upper part of the walls1 or wainscots--giving indication not only of a good1 but of a splendid1 taste4 ,did ,i tell you that this sort of ornament was to be seen in some part of the eastern end of the abbey of ,jumieges8 ,here1 indeed1 they afforded evidence--an evidence mingled with melancholy sensations on conviction--of the probable state of magnificence which once reigned throughout the castle4 ,between the corner towers1 upon that part which runs immediately parallel with the ,seine1 there is a noble terrace1 now converted into garden ground1 which commands an immediate and extensive view of the embouchure of the river4 ,it is the property of a speculator residing at ,havre4 ,parallel with this terrace1 runs the more modernised part of the castle1 which the last residing owner inhabited4 ,it may have been built about fifty years ago1 and is--or rather the remains of it are--quite in the modern style of domestic architecture4 ,the rooms are large1 lofty1 and commodious2--yet nothing but the shells of them remain4 ,the revolutionary patriots completely gutted them of every useful and every valuable piece of furniture2 and even the bare walls are beginning to grow damp1 and threaten immediate decay4 ,i made several memoranda upon the spot1 which have been unluckily1 and ,i fear irretrievably1 misplaced2 so that1 of this once vast1 and yet commanding and interesting edifice1 ,i regret that ,i am compelled to send you so short and so meagre an account4 ,farewell--a long and perhaps perpetual farewell--to the ,castle of ,montmorenci6 ,,notes3 #aib ,according to ,masseville1 7,histoire de ,normandie1 ,,ii4 p4 #aib17 this abbey was not founded till the year #aaad2 but such a statement is irreconcileable with the fact of the dead body of the ,conqueror having been carried there in #ajhg2 and1 moreover1 both the ,gallia ,christiana and ,neustria ,pia expressly state that it was in #aaad that ,william1 fifth son of the founder1 and himself also hereditary chamberlain of ,normandy1 removed from ,st4 ,georges the canons established there by his father1 and replaced them with monks from ,st4 ,evroul4 #aic ,so called by ,masseville1 ,i4 p4 #bje4 #aid ,mr4 ,dibdin uniformly calls this castle1 the ,castle of ,montmorenci2 but on no occasion does he state his authority for so doing2 the author of these remarks never heard it so styled in ,normandy1 nor can he find it mentioned under that name by ,nodier1 or any other author4 ,if1 as appears probable1 the people of the neighborhood are in the habit of so designating it1 the probability is1 that the modern part 7see plate eighty-five7 was erected at a period when ,tancarville belonged to some member of the noble family of ,montmorenci4 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii4 ,,and ,,lxxxviii4 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross1 ,,at ,,st4 ,,lo4 7,,western ,,door-,,way1 ,,and ,,various ,,specimens ,,of ,,sculpture47 ,illustration3 ,plate #hg4 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross ,,at ,,st4 ,,lo4 ,western ,entrance4 ,the town of ,st4 ,lo is said to owe its origin to the ,emperor ,charlemagne1 and to have been founded by him in the fifth year of the ninth century4 ,it is situated in the western part of ,normandy1 upon the small river1 ,vire1 about five leagues to the east of ,coutances2 and at this time it contains nearly seven thousand inhabitants4 ,old chroniclers relate that the name originally given to the place was ,ste ,croix2 but that1 soon after its foundation1 it exchanged that appellation for the present1 upon being selected as the spot to be honored with the reception of the relics of ,st4 ,lo1 or1 as he is called in ,latin1 ,st4 ,laudus1 who was the fifth bishop of ,coutances1 and presided over that see the greater part of the sixth century4 ,of the merits of the saint1 the miracles he performed both living and dead1 and the various places that have1 at different times1 received his mortal remains1 a copious account is given by ,m4 ,rouault1 in his ,history of the ,bishops of ,coutances4 ,it is sufficient1 in the present instance1 to state1 that1 upon the translation of the body of ,st4 ,lo to the spot now dignified with his name1 a magnificent church was built under his invocation2 and the town was encompassed with fortifications of great strength1 to defend it against the inroads of the ,normans4 ,these heathen plunderers had at this time just begun their ravages in ,neustria1 when1 notwithstanding its new walls1 ,st4 ,lo was soon obliged1 in common with the rest of the province1 to submit to their sway2 and they emptied upon the ,christian city the full phials of pagan wrath1 by burning it to the ground4 ,in subsequent1 and probably not distant1 times1 ,st4 ,lo was again converted into a place of defence2 and mention of it as such repeatedly occurs in the various unquiet periods of ,french history4 ,even at the present day1 when fortifications in that part of the kingdom have long been neglected1 there remain sufficient vestiges of them at ,st4 ,lo1 to convey the most imposing idea of their original strength1 aided as they must have been1 by their situation upon the summit of a lofty and inaccessible rock4--,st4 ,lo was one of the last towns in ,lower ,normandy that opened their gates to the victorious arms of the ,empress ,maude3 it remained unshaken in its allegiance till #aadb1 only two years before the death of the ,english monarch4--,in the third year of the following century1 it surrendered without bloodshed to ,philip-,augustus1 then on his march towards the capture of ,mount ,st4 ,michael2 nor does it appear to have offered more than a trifling resistance to ,edward ,,iii4 by whom it was taken in #acdf4 ,froissart1 upon that occasion1 gives the following details relative to the ,english army1 as well as to the state of the town and its capture3--,the ,king of ,england and ,prince of ,wales had1 in their battalion1 about three thousand men at arms1 six thousand archers1 and ten thousand infantry1 without counting those that were under the marshals2 and they marched in the manner ,i have before mentioned1 burning and destroying the country1 but without breaking their line of battle4 ,they did not turn towards ,coutances1 but advanced to ,st4 ,lo1 in ,coutantin1 which1 in those days1 was a very rich and commercial town1 and worth three such towns as ,coutances4 ,in the town of ,st4 ,lo was much drapery1 and many wealthy inhabitants2 among them you might count eight or nine score that were engaged in commerce4 ,when the ,king of ,england was come near the town1 he encamped3 he would not lodge in it for fear of fire4 ,he sent1 therefore1 his advanced guard forward1 who soon conquered it at a trifling loss1 and completely plundered it4 ,no one can imagine the quantity of riches they found in it1 nor the number of bales of cloth4 ,if there had been any purchasers1 they might have bought them at a cheap rate4 ,in #acgi1 when the ,english arms1 during the minority of the second ,richard1 obtained in ,france an ephemeral superiority1 ,st4 ,lo was the only town in the ,ctentin1 except ,carentan1 which the ,french monarch considered of sufficient strength to justify him in entrusting it with a garrison4--,it was taken by the ,english1 under ,henry ,v4 in #adah2 and was again restored to the ,french1 by capitulation1 thirty-one years subsequently4--,in the beginning of the following tumultuous reign1 ,st4 ,lo and ,valognes were appointed as the places of residence for ,clarence and ,warwick1 and the other leaders of the ,lancastrian party2 after their short-lived success1 in favor of the deposed ,henry1 had been followed by their own utter defeat1 and the final discomfiture of their hopes4 ,during the religious wars of the sixteenth century1 ,st4 ,lo was once more so unfortunate as to act a prominent part4 ,early in the troubles1 it distinguished itself by a decided devotion to the cause of ,protestantism2 and1 though often obliged1 by the current of affairs1 to yield a reluctant submission to the opposite party1 it continued throughout the whole of the struggle1 unshaken in its attachment to the ,huguenots4 ,hence1 when finally summoned to surrender to the ,catholics1 in #aegd1 it rather chose to expose itself to all the miseries of a siege1 as well as to the still greater one of being taken by assault2 and the severity of its sufferings is recorded by the historians of the conquering party1 who themselves admit1 that it was sacked with a horrible carnage4#aie ,its ,protestant places of worship were not1 however1 finally rased1 till #afhe1 the period of the revocation of the edict of ,nantes4 ,st4 ,lo was the seat of an abbey of ,augustine friars1 said to have been founded in the middle of the twelfth century1 and to have been of such celebrity1 that1 according to ,quercetanus1 the bishops of ,coutances were contented for a time to be styled bishops of ,st4 ,lo4#aif,the principal church in the place1 that of ,notre ,dame1 greatly resembles the cathedral of ,coutances1 of which it is even said to be a copy4 ,it was not begun to be built till the period of ,english rule in ,normandy1 during the fifteenth century4 ,the older1 or clock-tower1 was erected in #adcj3 the opposite tower and western entrance1 in #adfd4 ,other parts of it were not completed till the following century2 and the northern spire is a work of as late a period as #afhe4 ,the very ancient church of ,ste ,croix1 7the subject of these plates17 was connected with the abbey1 of which little now remains4 ,there is a tradition in the town1 that it was once a temple of ,ceres2 and such traditions1 however uncritical or even absurd1 deserve to be noticed1 as generally originating in a confused knowledge of the remote date of the building to which they are attached4 ,in the opinion of ,m4 de ,gerville1 a portion1 at least1 of the church1 belongs to the edifice raised by ,charlemagne1 in #hje4 ,the actual erection of such an edifice1 and its dedication to the holy cross1 are facts distinctly stated in the ,neustria ,pia3 its identity with the present church does not appear to be doubted1 either by ,du ,monstier1 or the ,abb de ,billy1 the historian of ,st4 ,lo4 ,at the same time1 neither the one nor the other of these writers was ignorant of the positive assertion in the ,gesta ,normannorum1 that1 under those successful invaders--,sancti ,laudi castrum1 interfectis habitatoribus1 terr quatum est4 ,but1 in opposition to this1 ,m4 de ,gerville contends that1 either this strong assertion is to be received with a certain degree of latitude1 or that1 by the word castrum1 is to be understood only the citadel2 so that1 while that was destroyed1 the domestic and religious edifices were suffered to escape4 ,he even thinks that the parts of the building ascribable to the period of the ,carlovingian dynasty1 may be distinguished by a practised eye1 from the reparations of the eleventh century4 ,he traces them especially in the western front1 in its door-way1 7plate eighty-seven7 and in some herring-bone masonry1 observable over a narrow circular-headed window towards the south4 ,but he founds his opinion still more upon the bas-relief1 representing the ,deity attended by angels1 7plate eighty-eight1 fig4 ,b47 now built into the wall at the end of the nave1 on the south side4 ,the character of the sculpture and the form of the letters appear to him to be almost decisive4 ,with regard to the latter1 he observes2--it is well known that the ,roman characters were restored by ,charlemagne1 especially after he had been proclaimed emperor4 ,this fact is sufficiently attested by the various monuments still left us of his time1 as well as by the coins which were struck in the latter part of his reign1 and during that of ,louis le ,dbonnaire4 ,elegance and simplicity in the shape of the letters1 characterized the writing of this epoch2 and the latter1 at least1 of these qualities1 is eminently to be found in the inscription at ,st4 ,lo4 ,on the other hand1 correct orthography was not equally one of the excellencies of the age4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hh4 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross ,,at ,,st4 ,,lo4 ,sculpture4 ,pursuing the subject yet farther1 ,m4 de ,gerville gives it as his opinion1 that the different epochs in the architecture1 commonly designated as ,norman1 may be determined with some degree of precision2 and he thinks he can trace1 in several churches of the vicinity1 an evident imitation of this at ,st4 ,lo2 while he regards the superior antiquity of the latter decisively established by the sculpture over the western entrance2 by the medallion of the ,deity1 already noticed2 and by several of the capitals of the interior2 particularly those that have reference to the legends of ,st4 ,eloy1 7plate eighty-eight1 fig4 ,f47 and ,st4 ,hubert1 7fig4 ,d471 both at that period quite recent2 and two of the others1 7fig ,c4 and ,e47 in the latter of which1 the devil is roasting unfortunate sinners1 while the former1 exhibiting the psychostasia1 affords a graphic illustration of two lines of the well-known hymn of the ,roman ,catholic church3-- ,statera facta corporis1 ,prdamque tulit ,tartari4 ,in the western front of the church of ,ste ,croix have been inserted1 above the door-way1 three windows of the earliest pointed style4 ,the whole of the sculpture over the architraves of the arch1 is1 both in its design and execution1 curious4 ,the knotted serpents1 terminating at either end in heads of devils2 the two men tugging at rings1 attached to a chain twisted round the neck of a decapitated demon1 whom1 two dogs are baying2 and the structure of the chain itself1 are all peculiar2 and scarcely less so is the medallion below4#aig--,the church ends at the east with a large circular arch1 which is now closed1 and has always been so since the memory of man2 but probably1 at some former time1 it led into a chancel or sanctuary4 ,there is a south transept1 which terminates in a similar arch3 the arches of the nave1 which are likewise circular1 are each of them surrounded with a double architrave of the zig-zag moulding3 the capitals to the pillars supporting these arches1 ,mr4 ,cotman considers as being for the greater part of the best class of ,norman sculpture4 ,he has selected for engraving those that are most rude3 the others commonly exhibit broad interlaced bands1 foliage1 and fruits4 ,the abaci1 too1 though they are in general plain1 are in some instances enriched with similar sculpture1 as in the churches of ,grville1 of ,cerisy1 and of the ,holy ,trinity at ,caen4 ,in the clerestory1 over every arch below1 were originally two smaller semi-circular-headed arches2 but these are now closed1 and their place is occupied by a single1 narrow1 pointed window1 that opens into a large recess4 ,the corbels without1 7plate eighty-eight1 fig4 ,a47 may bear a comparison1 in point of singularity1 with those of any other ,norman church4 ,the sacred emblem of the ,christian faith1 the wimpled nun1 the whiskered ,saxon1 and the wolf1 the scourge of ,neustria1 are found among them1 side by side with the ,atlas and ,cyclops of heathen mythology2 and1 as if the legends of ,rome and ,greece could not furnish sufficient subjects for the sculptor's chisel1 he appears to have extended his researches into the more remote regions1 bordering upon the ,nile1 and thence to have imported a rude imitation of the ,egyptian head1 and one still more rude1 of the mystic ,scarabus4 ,,notes3 #aie ,st4 ,lo was then commanded by ,m4 ,colombieres1 who was so resolute in the cause1 that1 rather than surrender1 he placed himself in the middle of the breach1 with his two young sons1 on either side of him1 each holding a javelin in his hand1 and then awaited the attack1 exhorting his children to perish bravely1 rather than be left to infidels and apostates4 ,the ,catholic army was headed by ,m4 de ,matignon1 who had1 on a former occasion1 distinguished himself by his lenity towards the inhabitants of the place4 ,the lordship of ,st4 ,lo1 with the title of a barony1 continued in his family as late as the year #agbb1 when ,masseville published his ,history of ,normandy4 #aif ,for the following details1 and indeed the greater part of the remainder of this article1 the author has to express his obligations to ,m4 de ,gerville1 whose kind assistance1 throughout the whole of the work1 cannot be too often1 or too distinctly1 acknowledged4 #aig ,the bas-relief upon this medallion represents the most impressive of the miracles connected with the history of ,st4 ,lo1 and one that was performed at the very moment when he was about to enter upon the duties of his episcopacy1 to which1 by a manifest interposition of the ,deity1 he had been elected at the early age of twelve years4 ,rouault1 in his ,abrg de la ,vie des ,evques de ,coutances1 p4 #ha1 gives the following details respecting it2 and his account1 which is curious1 is here inserted1 as adding probability to the opinion of ,m4 de ,gerville1 that this medallion at least belonged to the original structure1 whatever may be thought of the rest of the church4--,comme l'lection et la conscration de ,s4 ,lo avoient t miraculeuses1 ,dieu fit voir par des signes qui n'toient pas moins surprenants que tout s'toit fait selon sa volont3 car la premire entre que le jeune ,prlat fit dans son ,eglise1 la divine ,puissance voulut prouver ,st4 ,gildard1 aux autres ,prlats qui toient encore presents1 et toute l',eglise de ,cotances1 que tout ce qu'ils avoient fait lui toit trs-agrable4 ,ce qui fut confirm par un ,miracle des plus clatans dans la personne d'une ,femme aveugle ne1 qui s'tant faite conduire la porte de la ,cathdrale1 y attendoit le nouvel ,evque1 dans l'esperance de recevoir la ve par son intercession4 ,en effet1 lorsqu'elle apprit qu'il approchoit1 elle le conjura haute voix de lui faire voir la lumiere4 ,le ,saint frapp d'une telle demande en rougit1 et crut que c'toit tenter ,dieu que d'attendre de lui des ,miracles4 ,mais cette pauvre femme ne cessant de crier comme l',aveugle de l',evangile1 le ,saint poussa un profond soupir1 et ayant plus d'gard la foi de la suppliante qu' son propre mrite1 il invoqua le secours du saint ,esprit1 fit avec confiance le signe de la croix sur les yeux de l',aveugle1 et au mme instant la ve lui fut rendu la grande admiration de tous les assistans1 qui bnirent et remercirent ,dieu de leur avoir donn un ,pasteur qui prouvoit sa vocation par un si grand ,miracle1 en reconnoissance duquel on leva au mme lieu deux ,status1 l'une de ,saint ,lo1 et l'autre de la femme gurie1 telles qu'on les voit encore aujourd'hui au ,portail de l',eglise1 o on a aussi conserv fort soigneusement la ,pierre sur laquelle toit ,saint ,lo lorsqu'il opera ce ,miracle4 ,c'est encore sur elle que les ,seigneurs ,evques de ,cotances s'arrtent leur premiere entre1 pour faire les sermens et promesses accoutumes en pareille ,cremonie1 et qu'ils y reoivent les complimens et applaudissemens de la ,ville1 pour conserver la mmoire d'un si grand ,miracle4 ,,plate ,,lxxxix4 ,,and ,,xc4 ,,castle ,,of ,,falaise4 ,illustration3 ,plate #hi4 ,,castle ,,of ,,falaise4 ,north ,west ,view4 ,whoever can take pleasure in the wildest extravagancies of absurd fiction1 displayed in theories destitute of even the slender basis of tradition1 yet raised with plausibility1 connected with ingenuity1 and supported by learning1 may find abundant gratification in the early history of ,falaise4 ,the town1 as stated in a manuscript gazetteer of ,normandy1 written in the seventeenth century1 was not only among the most ancient in ,gaul1 but was founded by one of the grandsons of ,noah4 ,according to another yet more grave authority1 its antiquity soars still higher1 and mounts to the period of the deluge itself4 ,it so far exceeds that of the ,roman empire1 that1 long before the building of the immortal city1 colonies were sent from ,falaise into ,italy1 where they were known by the ,aborigines1 under the names of ,falisci1 or ,falerii4 ,a third writer1 ,m4 ,langevin1 author of the ,recherches ,historiques sur ,falaise1 assures his readers that ,falaise was1 from time immemorial1 a station consecrated to religion2 and1 in a dissertation full of the most recondite information relative to the worship of ,belenus and ,abrasax1 ,isis and ,fel1 he so connects and intermingles the rites of those deities with the place and its vicinity1 that he can scarcely be said to do it less honor than his predecessors4 ,to turn from historians of this sanguine complexion to those of a more sober temperament1 there will appear no reason for believing that the town of ,falaise had existence prior to the incursions of the ,saxons1 or the establishment of the ,normans1 in ,neustria4 ,no mention of it whatever is to be found previous to the latter of these times2 and its very name1 obviously derived from the ,german word for a rock1 fels1 whence the ,french subsequently borrowed their appellation for cliffs1 falaise1 seems decisive as to the foundation of the town by some people of ,teutonic origin4 ,it is at the same time altogether characteristic of its situation4 ,that ,falaise was built by the ,saxons1 may probably1 with justice1 be inferred from the fact of its being casually mentioned during the reign of ,rollo1 as one of the places through which he passed in the year #iab1 while visiting the different parts of his duchy4 ,the town cannot but have been of importance in the time of his son1 ,william ,longue-,epe2 as that prince is stated to have received great assistance from the inhabitants of ,falaise1 and the district of the ,himois1 when engaged in a war with the people of ,brittany4 ,it is more than possible that the fortifications were added1 and the castle erected1 by one or the other of these sovereigns4#aih ,their immediate successor1 ,richard ,sans-,peur1 is stated to have made considerable additions to the works of the place1 which1 in the early part of the following century1 under ,richard ,,iii4 the fifth of the ,norman dukes1 was unquestionably one of the strongest holds of the province4 ,not long afterwards1 ,falaise rose into new importance1 as the residence of ,robert1 father to the ,conqueror1 and the birth-place of that sovereign himself1 to whom it rendered acceptable service during his youth1 upon the occasion of the formidable conspiracy of the ,norman barons1 headed by ,guy de ,bourgogne1 in #ajdf4 ,the prince1 then at ,valognes1 escaped with difficulty from the poniards of the assassins to ,falaise1 where he was received with open arms4 ,falaise was at that time the capital of the ,himois4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 the castle was used as a state prison1 and was selected as the place of confinement of ,robert1 ,earl of ,leicester1 when taken prisoner in #aagc1 commanding the ,french forces in ,england4 ,at a subsequent1 but not far distant period1 ,brito1 the poetical chronicler of the deeds of ,philip-,augustus1 in speaking of the final subjection of ,normandy to that king1 mentions the town of ,falaise and its capture1 in the following verses3-- ,vicus erat scabr circumdatus undique rupe1 ,ipsius asperitate loci ,falsa vocatus1 ,normann in medio regionis1 cujus in alt ,turres rupe sedent et moenia1 sic ut ad illam ,jactus nemo putet aliquos contingere posse4 ,hunc rex innumeris circumdedit undique signis1 ,perque dies septem varia instrumenta parabat1 ,moenibus ut fractis vill potiatur et arc3 ,verm burgenses et prcipue ,lupicarus1 ,cui patri curam dederat rex ,anglicus omnem1 ,elegere magis illsum reddere castrum1 ,omni re salv cum libertatis honore1 ,qum belli tentare vices et denique vinci4 ,the foregoing was the fourth of the nine sieges that have rendered the name of ,falaise memorable in ,norman history4 ,the first of them had taken place in #ajbg1 when ,falaise presumed to shelter ,robert1 the father of the ,conqueror1 during his rebellion against his brother1 ,duke ,richard ,,iii4 ,in point of importance1 none of the sieges were equal to those of #adag and #aehi4 ,upon the former of those occasions1 ,henry ,v4 flushed by the success that had unremittingly attended his arms1 since his glorious victory at ,agincourt1 led his troops in person against the town1 which he expected would fall an easy prey4 ,but it resisted an incessant bombardment for three months1 and did not finally surrender1 till the fortifications had sustained such essential injuries1 that the repairing of them by the besieged1 at their own charge1 was made one of the leading articles of the capitulation4 ,it was upon this occasion1 that the lofty circular tower1 one of the principal objects in both these plates1 was added to the castle4 ,tradition ascribes its erection to the celebrated ,english general1 ,talbot1 then governor of the town2 and1 even to the present day1 it bears his name4#aii ,the last siege of ,falaise1 that of ,december1 #aehi1 was occasioned by the devoted adherence of the inhabitants to the ,league1 and their consequent refusal to recognize ,henry ,,iv4 as their sovereign1 on account of his attachment to the ,protestant faith4 ,in defence of their creed1 they had already sustained one siege in the month of ,july of the same year2 and1 headed by the ,count de ,brissac1 governor of the castle1 had repulsed the royal troops under the command of the ,duke de ,montpensier4 ,but the new sovereign was not a man to be trifled with2 and when ,brissac1 upon being summoned to surrender1 replied1 according to the words of ,de ,thou1 religione se prohiberi2 sumpto quippe ,dominici corporis sacramento1 fidem suis obligsse de deditione se prorss non acturum2 the king is reported1 by the same noble historian1 to have returned in answer1 se menses ad totidem dies contracturum1 intra quos illum1 sed magno suo cum damno1 religione soluturus esset4 ,the garrison1 notwithstanding these threats1 did not relax in their opposition1 and the town was finally taken by assault1 the frost enabling the assailants to cross the moat4 ,on this1 the ,count de ,brissac retired to the castle1 which he surrendered about a month afterwards4 ,falaise appears in the religious annals of ,normandy1 as the seat of an abbey1 founded in #aabg1 and first occupied by regular canons of the order of ,st4 ,augustine1 and placed under the invocation of ,st4 ,michael1 the ,archangel2 but shortly afterwards transferred to the ,prmonstratensian friars1 and dedicated to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,the monastery is said to have taken its rise from an hospital1 established by a wealthy inhabitant1 in consequence of a beggar having died of cold and hunger in his barn4 ,a bull from ,pope ,sextus ,,iv4 dated in #adge1 conferred upon the abbots the privilege of wearing the mitre1 ring1 and pontifical insignia1 together with various other honorary distinctions4 ,the revolution deprived ,falaise of its abbey and eight churches4 ,it now retains only four2 two within the walls1 and two in the suburbs4 ,its population is estimated at about ten thousand inhabitants4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ij4 ,,castle ,,of ,,falaise4 ,north ,view4 ,the castle of ,falaise is with justice regarded by ,mr4 ,turner1 as one of the proudest relics of ,norman antiquity4 ,the following description of it1 as more copious than any other that has yet appeared1 is transcribed verbatim from the ,tour#bjj of that author3--,it is situated on a very bold and lofty rock1 broken into singular and fantastic masses1 and covered with luxurious vegetation4 ,the keep which towers above it is of excellent masonry3 the stones are accurately squared1 and put together with great neatness1 and the joints are small2 and the arches are turned clearly and distinctly1 with the key-stone or wedge accurately placed in all of them4 ,some parts of the wall1 towards the interior ballium1 are not built of squared freestone2 but of the dark stone of the country1 disposed in a zig-zag1 or1 as it is more commonly called1 in a herring-bone direction1 with a great deal of mortar in the interstices3 the buttresses1 or rather piers1 are of small projection1 but great width4 ,the upper story1 destroyed about forty years since1 was of a different style of architecture4 ,according to an old print1#bja it terminated with a large battlement1 and bartizan towers at the angles4 ,this dungeon was formerly divided into several apartments1 in one of the lower of which was found1 about half a century ago1 a very ancient tomb1 of good workmanship1 ornamented with a sphynx at each end1 but bearing no inscription whatever4 ,common report ascribed the coffin to ,talbot1 who was for many years governor of the castle2 and at length an individual engraved upon it an epitaph to his honor3 but the fraud was discovered1 and the sarcophagus put aside1 as of no account4 ,the second1 or principal1 story of the keep1 now forms a single square room1 about fifty feet wide1 lighted by circular-headed windows1 each divided into two by a short and massy central pillar1 whose capital is altogether ,norman4 ,on one of the capitals is sculptured a child leading a lamb1#bjb a representation1 as it is foolishly said1 of the ,conqueror1 whom tradition alledges to have been born in the apartment to which this window belonged3 another pillar has an elegant capital1 composed of interlaced bands4--,connected with the dungeon by a stone staircase is a small apartment1 very much dilapidated1 but still retaining a portion of its original facing of ,caen stone4 ,it was from the window of this apartment1 as the story commonly goes1 that ,duke ,robert first saw the beautiful ,arlette1 drawing water from the streamlet below1 and was enamoured of her charms1 and took her to his bed4--,according to another version of the tale1 the earliest interview between the prince and his fair mistress1 took place as ,robert was returning from the chace1 with his mind full of anger against the inhabitants of ,falaise1 for having presumed to kill the deer which he had commanded should be preserved for his royal pastime4 ,in this offence the curriers of the town had borne the principal share1 and they were therefore principally marked out for punishment4 ,but1 fortunately for them1 ,arlette1 the daughter of one ,verpray1 the most culpable of the number1 met the offended ,duke while riding through the street1 and with her beauty so fascinated him1 that she not only obtained the pardon of her father and his associates1 but became his mistress1 and continued so as long as he lived4 ,from her1 if we may give credence to the old chroniclers1 is derived our ,english word1 harlot4 ,the fruit of their union was ,william the ,conqueror1 whose illegitimate birth1 and the low extraction of his mother1 served on more than one occasion as a pretext for conspiracies against his throne1 and were frequently the subject of personal mortification to himself4--,the walls in this part of the castle are from eight to nine feet thick4 ,a portion of them has been hollowed out1 so as to form a couple of small rooms4 ,the old door-way of the keep is at the angle2 the returns are reeded1 ending in a square impost2 the arch above is destroyed4--,talbot's tower1 thus called from having been built by that general1 in #adcj and the two subsequent years1 is connected with the keep by means of a long passage with lancet windows1 that widen greatly inwards4 ,it is more than one hundred feet high1 and is a beautiful piece of masonry1 as perfect1 apparently1 as on the day when it was erected1 and as firm as the rock on which it stands4 ,this tower is ascended by a staircase concealed within the substance of the walls1 whose thickness is full fifteen feet towards the base1 and does not decrease more than three feet near the summit4 ,another aperture in them serves for a well1 which thus communicates with every apartment in the tower4 ,most of the arches in this tower have circular heads3 the windows are square4--,the walls and towers which encircle the keep are of much later date2 the principal gate-way is pointed4 ,immediately on entering1 is seen the very ancient chapel1 dedicated to ,st4 ,priscus1 or1 as he is called in ,french1 ,st4 ,prix4 ,the east end with three circular-headed windows1 retains its original lines3 the masonry is firm and good4 ,fantastic corbels surround the summit of the lateral walls4 ,within1 a semi-circular arch resting upon short pillars with sculptured capitals1 divides the choir from the nave4 ,in other respects the building has been much altered4 ,henry ,v4 repaired it in #adah1 and it has been since dilapidated and restored4 ,a pile of buildings beyond1 wholly modern in the exterior1 is now inhabited as a seminary1 or college4 ,there are some circular arches within1 which shew that these buildings belonged to the original structure4--,altogether the castle is a noble ruin4 ,though the keep is destitute of the enrichments of ,norwich or ,castle-,rising1 it possesses an impressive character of strength1 which is much increased by the extraordinary freshness of the masonry4 ,the fosses of the castle are planted with lofty trees1 which shade and intermingle with the towers and ramparts2 and on every side they groupe themselves with picturesque beauty4 ,it is said that the municipality intend to restore ,talbot's tower and the keep1 by replacing the demolished battlements2 but ,i should hope that no other repairs may take place1 except such as may be necessary for the preservation of the edifice2 and ,i do not think it needs any1 except the insertion of clamps in the central columns of two of the windows1 which are much shattered4 ,,notes3 #aih ,at the same time that no record whatever has been preserved relative to the date of the building of the castle at ,falaise1 the ,norman chroniclers have carefully recorded the ras of the erection of the other castles in the neighborhood4 ,that of ,domfront1 according to them1 was built ,a4,d4 #ajaa and #ajad1 by the ,counts of ,alenon2 that of ,caen1 by ,william the ,conqueror1 but much increased by his son1 ,henry ,i42 that of ,vignats1 a league and a half from ,falaise1 about the year #ajif1 during the dukedom of ,robert1 by ,robert of ,montgomery1 ,count of ,alenon1 and ,viscount of ,himes and of ,falaise2 and that of ,argentan1 by ,henry ,i4 ,king of ,england1 by way of protection against his son-in-law1 ,geoffrey ,plantagenet4--,recherches ,historiques sur ,falaise1 p4 #bb4 #aii ,according to ,langevin1 p4 #cj1 ,talbot likewise added to the castle1 some noble apartments1 ornamented with paintings1 which also passed under his name1 and of which some portions were still standing a few years ago4 #bjj ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bff4 #bja ,this print has lately been copied into ,mr4 ,dibdin's ,tour1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aa4 #bjb ,mr4 ,turner appears to be in error with regard to this capital3 ,mr4 ,cotman1 who examined it more attentively1 found the child to be holding two animals in a leash2 and he supposes them to be greyhounds1 comparing them with a very similar piece of sculpture upon one of the capitals in the bishop's palace1 in the castle at ,durham1 erected by the ,conqueror4--,see ,carter's ,ancient ,architecture1 ,i4 pl4 #ag1 fig4 ,p4 ,,plate ,,xci4 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,creully4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ia4 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,creully4 ,creully1 whose church has been here selected for publication1 as a favorable specimen of genuine ,norman architecture1 is a small market-town of the diocese of ,bayeux1 situated about six miles to the east of the city of that name1 and fifteen miles north-west of ,caen4 ,it is an ancient barony1 having been honored with that distinction by ,henry ,i4 in favor of his natural son1 the ,earl of ,glocester1 many of whose descendants1 according to ,masseville1 were still living in ,normandy in the eighteenth century1 and bore the name of ,creully4 ,the same author makes mention of the ,lords of ,creully1 on more than one occasion1 in the course of his ,norman history4--,they are to be found in the list of the barons that accompanied ,duke ,robert to the ,holy ,land1 in #ajii2 and when the ,genoese1 in #acij1 called upon the ,king of ,france for succours against the infidels of the coast of ,barbary1 and the pious monarch sent an army to their relief1 under the command of the ,duke of ,bourbon1 the name of the ,seigneur de ,creully stands prominent among those who embarked upon that unfortunate expedition4 ,again1 in #acjb1 the ,baron of ,creully held the fifth place among the nine lords from the bailiwick of ,caen1 who were summoned to sit in the ,norman exchequer4 ,from the days of the ,earl of ,glocester to the breaking out of the ,french revolution1 the barony of ,creully continued to be held by different noble families4 ,in the early part of the eighteenth century1 when ,masseville published his work1 it was in the hands of the heirs of ,m4 de ,seigneley-,colbert1 who likewise possessed other considerable domains in ,normandy4 ,the last that had the title was a member of the family of ,montmorenci4--,his emigration caused the estate to be confiscated1 and sold as national property2 but the baronial castle is now standing1 and displays1 in two of its towers1 and in a chimney of unusual form1 a portion of its ancient character4 ,the rest of the building is modernized into a spruce1 comfortable residence1 which1 in #ahah1 was occupied by an ,english general of the name of ,hodgson4#bjc ,the writer of this article has met with no records connected with the church of ,creully4--,externally1 it is wholly modernized2 but within1 the nave1 side-aisles1 and choir1 are all purely ,norman1 except at the extremities4 ,the piers are very massy2 the arches wide and low2 the capitals covered with rude1 but remarkable sculpture1 which is varied on every pillar2 and the walls are of extraordinary thickness4 ,,notes3 #bjc ,turner's ,tour in ,normandy1 ,,ii4 p4 #bfd4 ,,plates ,,xcii4--,,xciv4 ,,cathedral ,,at ,,coutances4 ,illustration3 ,plates #ib-ic4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,,coutances4 ,west ,front4 ,the diocese of ,coutances1 embracing the north-western portion of ,celtic ,gaul1 appears to have been the last part of the country that was visited by the light of ,christianity2 but its historians boast that the tardy approach of the rays of gospel-truth has been more than compensated by their subsequent brilliancy2 for that in no other of the ,norman dioceses has the sun of revelation blazed with equal splendor1 or given birth to fruits of equal excellence4 ,thus1 according to ,rouault1#bjd as early as the fifth century1 and during the whole of the two following1 and a portion of the eighth1 the ,ctentin was so celebrated1 by reason of the great number of saints1 who were either natives of the country1 or had retired thither as to a place of safe retreat1 that it was regarded as being honored with the divine favor1 beyond any other district in ,france4 ,no fewer than fifteen holy men1 enshrined in the ,roman calendar1 are said to have resided there at or near the same period2 and1 while their lustre irradiated the episcopal mitre1 its beams extended to the remote fastnesses of the desert of ,scycy1 near ,granville1 then celebrated for the sanctity of its hermits4 ,at a time not long subsequent1 ,st4 ,algeronde and ,theodoric1 both of them bishops of ,coutances1 and the martyrs1 ,leo1 ,philip1 and ,gervais1 three natives of ,carentan1 became principal instruments towards the conversion of the heathen ,normans4 ,history also records1 that it was in the house of ,st4 ,clair1 one of the protectors of this diocese1 that the treaty was finally concluded1 in conformity with which1 the chief of the infidels was1 with his followers1 admitted within the pale of the church4 ,the foundation of the see of ,coutances is commonly supposed to have taken place about the middle of the fifth century1 during the latter years of the papacy of ,celestine ,i4 and of the reign of ,pharamond1 in ,france4 ,the see lays claim to the proud distinction of having enriched the beatified calendar with the names of at least fifteen of its bishops2 of having added one to the list of the successors of ,st4 ,peter2 of having supplied six cardinals to the holy college2 and of having produced an equal number of martyrs4 ,and if to this catalogue1 already great1 be joined the many anchorites of ,scycy and of ,nanteuil1 who have been promoted to the episcopal dignity1 a whole legend1 to use the words of a pious author1 may be filled with the lives and the miracles of the holy men of ,coutances4 ,in turning from the ecclesiastical to the secular annals of the diocese1 the barons of the ,ctentin scarcely occupy a less distinguished place4 ,the histories of the ,crusades1 in particular1 abound with their exploits4 ,hauteville1 near ,coutances1 boasts to have given birth and title to ,tancred1 of immortal memory2 who1 either himself1 or by his descendants1 founded the kingdoms of ,naples and ,sicily1 and reigned over almost the whole of ,italy2 while1 with their victorious forces1 they exterminated the ,saracens1 protected the holy see1 supported the ,cretans in the east1 and carried their conquering arms to the utmost confines of the ,greek empire4 ,to them1 also1 the chivalrous institution of the ,golden ,fleece owes its origin2 and so extraordinary were their exploits1 that they might pass for fabulous1 had they occurred in a more remote age1 and did not the concurring testimony of historians unite to stamp them with the seal of truth4 ,according to the ecclesiastical division of ,france before the revolution1 the diocese of ,coutances was bounded to the south by that of ,avranches1 and to the east by that of ,bayeux1 while1 in the two remaining divisions1 its limits were circumscribed by the ocean4#bje ,at present1 it includes the whole department of ,la ,manche2 the suppression of the bishopric of ,avranches having added considerably to its extent4--,in ,roman ,gaul1 ,coutances was included in the province called the ,lugdunensis secunda3 but1 on the subject of the foundation or early history of the city1 authors are1 as commonly happens1 much at variance1 ascribing to it1 according to their fancies or their prejudices1 very different degrees of antiquity4 ,those who are most disposed to do it honor in this respect1 contend that it was the capital of the tribe mentioned by ,csar1 in his ,commentaries1 under the name of ,unelli2 and called by ,pliny1 ,venelli2 and by ,ptolemy1 ,veneli4 ,they are guided in this opinion exclusively by locality4 ,others1 with a greater appearance of probability1 at least as far as any reliance may be placed upon etymology1 maintain that ,coutances had no existence before the days of the ,emperor1 ,constantius ,chlorus1 father to ,constantine the ,great4 ,there have also not been wanting writers who have referred its origin to ,constantine himself1 or who have maintained that it was indebted for its name to its constant and vigorous opposition to the ,roman power4 ,the second of these opinions appears to have obtained general credence in the time of ,ordericus ,vitalis1 who1 in speaking of ,constantius1 expressly says1 ,hic in ,neustri civitatem condidit1 quam a nomine suo ,constantiam nominavit4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus adds strength to the same belief1 when he calls ,coutances1 ,constantia castra4 ,it is probable that the city was in reality the seat of the ,emperor's camp1 at the time when he was about to lead his forces into ,britain4 ,of the future progress of the town1 and the steps by which it rose to its present eminence1 no account whatever is left4 ,history1 so profuse in details respecting many other places in ,normandy1 far inferior in size and in distinction1 has done little more with regard to the capital of the ,ctentin1 than record the bare facts1--that it was pillaged by the ,normans in #hhh2 was sold by ,duke ,robert to his brother1 ,henry ,i4 in #ajhg2 was taken by the ,count of ,anjou1 in the twelfth year of the following century2 was1 thirty years subsequently1 surrendered to the ,empress ,maude2 was wrested from ,john1 by ,philip-,augustus1 in #abjb2 in #adah1 opened its gates to the victorious arms of ,henry ,v42 and1 after remaining for thirty-one years in the hands of the ,english1 was finally re-united to the crown of ,france4 ,in #adfe1 ,coutances lost its military character3 its walls were then destroyed1 and the fortifications rased1 by order of ,louis ,,xi4 as a punishment upon the inhabitants for their conduct1 in aiding the treasonable attempt of ,charles1 the brother of the monarch1 to obtain forcible possession of the dukedom of ,normandy4#bjf ,not long subsequently1 ,francis ,i4 gladdened the city with the royal presence1 on his return from his pilgrimage to ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 in #adhg2 and his grandson1 ,henry ,,iii4 bestowed upon it the distinction of being the capital of the bailiwick2 soon after which1 it suffered severely during the religious wars1 especially when it fell into the power of the ,calvinists1 in #aefb4 ,those merciless religionists pillaged it with an unsparing hand1 even consigning a portion of it to the flames3 they sacked the churches1 and carried off the prelate1 whom they forced to accompany them upon an ass1 with his face turned to its tail4 ,of the bishops of ,coutances1 it will be sufficient here to mention three--,richard de ,longueuil1 who was nominated in #adee1 one of the four commissioners to revise the process of the ,maid of ,arc1 and declared her innocent2 ,nicholas de ,briroy1 who1 at the end of the following century1 obtained from the ,pope1 ,paul ,v4 in return for his extensive charities1 the enviable title of ,father of the ,poor2 and ,geoffrey de ,montbray1 a prelate honored with the especial favor of the ,conqueror1 to whom he frequently rendered the most essential service1 as well in arms as in peace4 ,he it was1 who performed mass in the ,norman camp1 preparatory to the battle of ,hastings1 and who preached at the coronation of the monarch1 from whom he is said1 by ,ordericus ,vitalis1 to have received no fewer than two hundred and eighty manors in ,england4 ,the present population of ,coutances amounts to between eight and nine thousand inhabitants4 ,the remains of the noble aqueduct in the neighborhood1 though commonly ascribed to the times of ,roman power1 are said to be with more justice referable to a nobleman of the family of ,haye-,paisnel1 and to have been erected in the thirteenth century4 ,the principal feature and great ornament of the city is its noble cathedral1 which1 regarded as a whole1 may1 in the opinion of ,m4 de ,gerville1 challenge a comparison with any other in ,france4 ,its architecture1 according to the same able antiquary1 affords a satisfactory proof that the pointed arch was really used in ,france1 full half a century before the epoch generally assigned to its introduction4 ,upon this latter subject1 there has already been an opportunity of speaking in the present work1 while treating of the ,church of ,lisieux2 and the opinion there stated by ,mr4 ,turner1 must be allowed to derive the strongest confirmation from the cathedral of ,coutances4 ,the point is one that has frequently exercised the ingenuity of architects1 and of the learned3 the concluding portion1 therefore1 of this article1 will be principally devoted to that subject4#bjg ,it was1 in the twelfth century1 according to ,mr4 ,whittington1 that the pointed arch began to shew itself in the edifices of ,france and the neighboring countries2 and1 having originated in the east1 naturally followed this direction in its course towards ,england4 ,on the other hand1 the sentiments of another1 at least equally learned1 author1 the reverend ,dr4 ,milner1 have been given on more than one occasion1 that the architecture1 commonly denominated ,gothic1 really commenced in ,england1 but did not appear till after the year #aacj2 the pointed arches in the church of ,st4 ,cross1 erected by ,henry of ,blois1 bishop of ,winchester1 and brother of ,king ,stephen1 being probably the earliest specimen of the kind that is any where to be found4 ,m4 de ,gerville combats this latter opinion1 by adducing the churches of ,mortain and of ,coutances2 the first of them1 like ,st4 ,cross1 an example of the mixed style1 its upper arches being semi-circular1 its lower pointed2 the other1 wholly of the latter description4 ,the church of ,mortain was founded in #ajhb1 and must have been sufficiently finished for the performance of divine worship1 within nine years after that period2 as it is expressly recorded that ,geoffrey de ,montbray1 bishop of ,coutances1 who died in #ajic1 was present at the ceremony of the consecration4 ,with regard to the cathedral of ,coutances1 there is fortunately in existence a highly-curious document1 written by an eye-witness to the building of the church1 and printed in the ,gallia ,christiana#bjh from the black book or chartulary of the diocese1 which was compiled by order of ,john d',essey1 who wore the mitre in the middle of the thirteenth century4 ,the memoir commences by reciting a portion of the hardships undergone by the see of ,coutances1 in common with other parts of the north of ,france1 from the ,norman invasion2 and then tells how ,herbert ,,ii4 who succeeded to the episcopal throne in #ajbj1 expelled1 as useless and illiterate1 the canons in possession of the church of ,coutances1 and took the whole of the ecclesiastical revenues into his own hands1 because sibi mins urbani minsque faceti videbantur6 ,it goes on to state1 that his successor1 ,robert1 far from restoring what had been seized under so extraordinary a plea1 alienated the property by parcelling it out among his kindred2 but that1 notwithstanding this1 a beginning was made in his time towards the erection of the church1 which was founded by the ,countess ,gonora1 widow of ,duke ,richard ,,ii4 with the aid of contributions from various quarters4#bji ,to ,robert1 in the year of our ,lord1 #ajdh1 succeeded the celebrated ,geoffrey de ,montbray1 who finally completed the great work commenced by his predecessor4 ,the first stone of the cathedral had been laid in #ajcj2 the dedication took place in #ajef1 and was performed in the presence of the ,duke himself1 the archbishop1 his suffragans1 and a large proportion of the ,norman nobility4 ,some ,english barons likewise crossed the sea to attend upon the occasion4 ,the vigor of ,geoffrey's character was never more strikingly exemplified1 than in connection with this fabric4#baj ,in the earliest years of his prelacy1 he undertook a voyage to ,apulia1 for the express purpose of obtaining from ,robert ,guischard1 and his companions in arms1 pecuniary assistance towards the building2 and1 during the whole course of a long life1 he appears to have been unremitting in his endeavors to add whatever might contribute to its dignity1 its splendour1 and its utility4#baa ,the following lines1 traced by his dying hand1 well mark the man himself1 and the temper of the age1 and the prevalence of the ruling passion3--,gaufridus1 misericordia ,dei1 ,constantiensis episcopus1 omnibus sub christiana regeneratione degentibus1 tam clericis quam lacis1 salutem1 prosperitatem et pacem4 ,constantiensem ecclesiam quam hucusque licet indigne tenueram1 tamen miserante ,deo1 populo me pravitatis augmentum et honorare studui1 et extrema444444 eam amplius factis adjuvare nequeo verbis quantum tutari et defensare cupio4 ,quicumque igitur qui sub christiana professione vocatus1 prfatam ecclesiam honorare1 consolari et defensare voluerit1 auctoritate ,domini nostri ,jesu ,christi ejusque sanctissim genetricis1 in apostolica nostraque confirmatione benedictus1 ab eodem ,domino nostro ,jesu ,christo omnium bonorum retributore mercedem recipiat in futuro1 et anima ejus inter choros angelorum et archangelorum1 apostolorum et martyrum1 confessorum et virginum requiem possideat in paradiso4 ,quod si aliquis irreverens et contumeliosus1 avariti vel cupiditatis stimulis agitatus1 eam de terris suis1 sive legibus et consuetudinibus1 sive ornamentis absque justa et necessaria eidem ecclesi ratione et clericorum assensione1 minorari et decurtare prsumpserit1 ab his omnibus suprascriptis ordinibus maledictus1 et perpetu damnationis anathemate circumseptus1 priusquam vita decedat terribilissimi divini examinis judicio prosequente1 omnibus in commune tanti sacrilegii violator appareat1 et in perpetuum cum ,juda traditore1 et ,herode1 ,pilato et ,caipha1 cunctisque sanct ecclesi adversariis ignem ternum possideat1 semperque cum diabolo et angelis ejus crucietur1 nec ullam in secula seculorum misericordi scintillam mereatur1 nisi priusquam anima illa tenebrosa de corpore exierit resipuerit1 et ad satisfactionem venerit4 ,fiat1 amen4 ,and the clergy were not wanting in their endeavors to do honor to the memory of so noble a benefactor4 ,as the ,roman historians and the ,mantuan bard concur in attesting the various prodigies that foretold the approaching end of ,julius ,csar1 so the monkish chroniclers relate that earth and sky united in presaging the death of ,geoffrey2 and1 though they could not succeed in obtaining for his name admission into the calendar1 they would allow of no doubt as to his reception into heaven2 the details of which were communicated in a vision to one of the monks of ,cerisy4--,there appeared to me1 said the monk1 a palace of transcendent magnificence1 in which a queen was seated1 of more than earthly beauty1 surrounded by a numerous court2 and1 while each in his turn was making his obeisance1 suddenly a messenger arrived1 exclaiming aloud1 ',madam1 ,geoffrey1 bishop of ,coutances1 is here1 and is at this moment mounting the steps of the palace4' ,no sooner were the tidings heard1 than she descended from her seat to meet the prelate2 and1 having welcomed him with a most gracious salutation1 caused her attendants to disrobe him of his cope and boots1 and then1 taking the veil from her own head1 wiped the wounds upon his body1 and1 leading him by the hand1 conducted him to her room of state1 and placed him near to herself upon the throne4 ,the decease of the prelate1 which took place on the following day1 left no doubt as to the interpretation or the inspiration of the vision4 ,of the identity of the church built by ,geoffrey with that now standing1 it is impossible to entertain a reasonable doubt4 ,the details1 and they are many1 contained in the document above quoted1 all correspond with the present building4 ,a still more decisive proof is afforded by the silence of succeeding historians1 who could never have passed unnoticed so important a fact as the rebuilding of a cathedral1 the repairs of which they have recorded on various occasions4 ,the principal of these took place during the prelacy of ,sylvester de la ,corvelle1 and were occasioned by the wars of ,edward ,,iii4 in the course of which1 the edifice incurred the most imminent danger1 and would probably have been destroyed in #acef1 had not the timely arrival of the ,french troops caused the invading army to raise the siege of the city4 ,a battering ram1 used upon that occasion1 was still shewed in ,coutances1 in the beginning of the last century4 ,the king of ,france bestowed upon the chapter1 in #acgb1 a sum of six hundred livres1 in gold1 for the express purpose of repairing the church1 bellis attrit et imminut4 ,at that time the ,lady-,chapel was added2 the great windows were inserted in the aisles2 the exterior part of the choir towards the palace was built2 and a portion of the work of the western front1 between the towers1 was repaired1 and probably altered4 ,this last has in particular tended to mislead the antiquary2--but to sum up the account1 in the words of ,m4 de ,gerville1--,en y regardant plus attentivement1 un antiquaire exerc facilement dmlera l'ancienne partie de l'difice1 qui est encore de beaucoup la plus considrable4 ,cette ancienne partie offre un modle bien caractris de fentres en lancettes4 ,c'est surtout aux deux tours occidentales qu'on en voit des plus troites4 ,celles de la tour1 ou lanterne1 sont gmines4 ,ces lancettes1 que les antiquaires ,anglois rapportent au regne de ,henry ,,ii4 se montrent ici dans un difice antrieur ce prince de prs d'un sicle2 et1 ce qui est encore plus surprnant1 elles y sont sans aucun mlange d'architecture ,romane ou ,saxonne4#bab ,illustration3 ,plate #id4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,,coutances4 ,elevation of the ,nave4 ,in the interior of the building1 7plate ninety-four7 the same uniformity of style prevails as in the exterior2 and if1 in conjunction with the cathedral of ,coutances1 be considered that of ,lisieux1 a contemporary building1 and so much alike in character1 that it may reasonably be doubted if they were not the production of the same architect1 it will scarcely be assuming too much1 to say that the date of the introduction of the pointed architecture in ,france1 may safely be placed as early as the middle of the eleventh century4 ,,notes3 #bjd ,abrg de l',histoire des ,evques de ,coutances1 p4 #dh4 #bje ,at that time1 its length was twenty-five leagues1 and its width ten1 without comprising the islands of ,guernsey and ,jersey1 over which it still held a titular sway4 ,in it were included the district of the ,ctentin2 the city of ,coutances2 the towns of ,st4 ,lo1 ,granville1 ,carentan1 ,vallognes1 and ,cherbourg2 twenty-four smaller market towns2 four archdeaconries2 twenty-two rural deaneries2 ten abbeys2 twenty-four other convents2 and five hundred and fifty parishes4 ,the chapter consisted of twenty-six canons and eight dignitaries4 #bjf ,the following are the words of ,robertus ,cenalis upon this subject3--,carolo1 ,ludovici ,,xi4 germano1 quorundam procerum principumque suggestione ducatum ,normanni non precario1 sed vi impense ambiente1 cum via sibi per posticum episcopalis domus aperta esset1 rex idcirco indignatus incolis qui a fide defecerant1 cavit decreto suo in poenam criminis1 quod funditus a solo everterentur civitatis moenia1 qu nulla vel pretii1 vel precum sollicitatione restitui potuerunt4--,cenalis then proceeds to say1--,habet in templi sui meditullio merito suspiciendum spectaculum mir architectur contextum1 e cujus abside si quis lapillum dejecerit1 nunquam a puncto designato ultra citrave dimovebitur instar latern vitre in sublime erectum3 vitream arcem merito dixeris1 opus sane venustum et elegans4 ,urbem prterea insigniter ornat aquductus ad milliaris semissem1 ingenti impensa et opera arcuatim suppositis fornicibus longo ductu protensus1 cujus artificii ope civitas alluitur et rigatur4 ,denique si moenibus conclusa foret1 quis vetet civitatem illam ,constantinopolim ,neustri maritim appellari6--,gallia ,christiana1 p4 #hfc4 #bjg ,in the following part of the description of the church of ,coutances1 considerable use has been made of a manuscript dissertation1 kindly communicated by ,m4 de ,gerville to the author1 who only laments that the limits of this publication would not allow him to insert it entire4 #bjh ,among the ,instrumenta ,ecclesi ,constantiensis1 p4 #bah4 #bji ,hujus tamen temporibus incoepta et ex parte constructa est ,constantiensis ecclesia1 fundante et coadjuvante ,gonorra comitissa1 auxiliantibus etiam canonicis1 reditibus medietatis altaris ad tempus operi concessis1 cooperantibus quoque baronibus et parochianis fidelibus1 quod usque hodie contestantur aliquot ipsorum nomina insculpta lapidibus in ecclesi arcubus4--,gallia ,christiana1 ,inst4 p4 #bah4 #baj ,anno igitur ,dominic ,incarnationis1 ,,mxlviii4 duodecim tantum diebus ipsius anni restantibus1 id est ,,iv idus ,aprilis1 indictione ,,ii1 venerandus ,gaufridus post ,robertum ,constantiensis episcopus ,rotomagi consecratur1 nobilium baronum prosapia ortus1 statura procerus1 vultu decorus1 prudentia consilioque providus1 quanquam spissime curialibus negotiis regiisque obsecundationibus irretitus1 tamen ad dificationem et incrementum ecclesi su omni nisu et voluntate per noctem erat et per diem1 qui ut eandem ecclesiam celebrem gloriosamque restitueret1 in ,apuliam et ,calabriam adire ,robertum cognomine ,guischardum parochianum suum1 aliosque barones consanguineos suos1 et alumnos1 et notos peregre profectus1 multum in auro1 et argento1 et gemmis1 et palliis variisque divitiarum donariis acquisivit1 tresque asportavit phialas plenas puro opobalsamo1 aliaque pretiosissima quibus postea prfatam ecclesiam intus et extus locupletavit1 majoremque crucifixum largis sumtibus et tempore longo construxit4 ,cum autem non haberet in civitate1 sive in suburbio tantum possessionis ecclesia1 ubi maneret episcopus1 vel proprius equus ejus posset stabulari1 sed neque propriam domum1 nisi quoddam appendicium humile1 quod pendebat de parietibus ecclesi1 ipse prudentia sua et probitate valentiorem medietatem civitatis1 suburbii1 et telonei1 et vectigalis1 cum molendinis et multa ,grimoldi viaca a ,guillelmo invictissimo duce ,normannorum1 postea quoque glorioso rege ,anglorum trecentis libris comparavit et acquietavit4 ,postea vero episcopalem aulam et reliquas officinas construxit1 virgultum et vineam non modicam plantavit1 capitium navis ecclesi cum area1 et hinc inde duo majora capitia nobiliora et ampliora construxit4 ,duas turres posteriores a fundamentis1 tertiamque supra chorum opere spectabili sublimavit1 in quibus classicum consonans et pretiosum imposuit1 et hc omnia plumbo cooperuit4--,gallia ,christiana1 ,inst4 p4 #bah4 #baa ,the instrument1 above quoted1 abounds in examples of this spirit4 ,among the rest1 after detailing at length various estates which he had purchased or obtained as presents for the enriching of his church1 it proceeds to say1--,cterum ornamenta ecclesiastica et ustencilia1 calices1 cruces1 capsas1 phylacteria1 candelabra1 thuribula1 bacinos1 siculam et ampullas aurea contulit et argentea1 casulas quoque1 dalmaticas1 tunicas1 planetas1 albas1 cappas mirifici operis1 necnon dorsalia serica et lanea1 cortinas et tapeta1 sed et bibliothecas1 passionales1 omeliares1 missales aureis litteris duos sufficientesque et competentes libros subrogavit3 super hc omnia pretiosum famosumque clerum1 quo nihil pretiosius in ecclesia et utilius in officium et servitium divini cultus delegavit1 septemque canonicos quos episcopus ,hugo ,rotomagi in ecclesia ,s4 ,laudi irregulariter constituerat1 apostolica auctoritate ecclesi matri revocavit1 itemque duos alios adjecit4 ,cantorem quoque1 et succentorem1 et rectorem scholarum1 et custodes ecclesi1 clericos quoque prbendarios1 aurifabros1 fabrumque ferrarium1 carpentarios et magistrum coementarium in opus ecclesi constituit4 ,o virum prudentem et domui su bene prsidentem1 qui de vivis et electis lapidibus domum suam composuit1 et mirabilibus columnis eam sustentavit6--,gallia ,christiana1 ,inst4 p4 #bai4 #bab ,the following remarks upon the architecture of the cathedral of ,coutances1 transcribed from the journal of a most able friend of the author's1 cannot fail to be acceptable to the reader3--,the cathedral is most singular in its aspect4 ,it is pointed throughout1 except the circular arches in the vaulting over the side-chapels1 and one or two segments of circles which form the door-ways1 within the porches on the north and south sides4 ,it is really a difficult task to come at any conclusion respecting the ra of the building1 from an inspection of it4 ,if it is of the ,norman age1 then the pointed style arose at once from a transfusion of ,arabian or ,tartarian architecture4 ,the whole is of a piece1 complete in conception and execution2 and there are no intersecting arches from which a pointed arch may have arisen4 ,the circles in the spandrils are in the same oriental style as at ,bayeux4 ,the peculiarities of the cathedral are--the side-porches close behind the towers2 the screens of mullioned tracery1 which divide the side-chapels2 and the excessive height of the choir1 which1 having no triforium1 has only a balustrade just before the clerestory windows4 ,the centre tower is wonderfully fine in the exterior3 it is apparently an expansion of the plain ,norman lantern1 as at ,caen2 but most airy and graceful4 ,there is a double aisle round the ambit and altars are placed in the bays1 as if they were distinct chapels1 for which purpose they were originally intended2 but the line continues unbroken4 ,the perspective of these aisles1 and also of the choir1 seen from the ,lady-,chapel1 is very fine4 ,the round pillars of the choir are double1 as at ,canterbury and ,senlis4 ,the apsis is half a duodecagon4 ,the pointed windows above are in two lancet divisions1 surmounted by a trefoil2 but the dividing masonry is not a mullion3 it is the unperforated part of the wall4 ,this perhaps is arabesque4 ,there is a second arch within1 which is really divided by a mullion or small pillar4 ,a curious leaf projects above4 ,some of the painted glass is in the oldest style3 dispersed patterns in a black outline1 on a grey ground4 ,in a side-chapel are painted tiles1 brown and yellow as usual1 displaying knots and armorial bearings4 ,in the same chapel are fresco paintings3 many more are on the east side of the wall that divides the last choir-aisle from the south transept4 ,they represent ,st4 ,michael and the ,devil1 the ,deity between angels1 c4 ,in all of them1 the outline is formed by a thick black line4 ,,plate ,,xcv4 ,,and ,,xcvi4 ,,mount ,,st4 ,,michael4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ie4 ,,mount ,,st4 ,,michael4 ,on the approach from ,pontorson4 ,religion1 history1 poetry1 and painting1 have all united in giving celebrity to ,st4 ,michael's ,mount4 ,the extraordinary sanctity of its monastery1 the striking peculiarities of its form and situation1 and the importance acquired by the many sieges it supported1 or the almost endless pilgrimages it received1 have so endeared it to the man of taste and the philosopher1 that scarcely a spot is to be found in ,europe1 more generally known1 or more universally interesting4 ,the legendary mist with which ,st4 ,michael's ,mount is now densely involved1 has continued1 from a period of remote antiquity1 to float around its summit4 ,tradition delights in relating how1 in times prior to the ,christian ra1 it was devoted to the worship of the great luminary of heaven1 under his ,gallic name of ,belenus1#bac a title probably derived from the ,hebrew ,baal1 and the ,assyrian ,belus4 ,the same tradition recounts how1 at a more recent epoch1 it reared its majestic head1 embosomed in a spacious tract of woods and thickets1 while the hermits who had fixed themselves upon its summits1 received their daily bread from the charity of the priest of the neighboring parish of ,beauvoir2 an ass spontaneously undertaking the office of conveying it to them1 till on the road he fell a prey to a wolf1 who was then constrained by ,providence to devote himself to the same pious labor4 ,at length1 about the year #gji1 it was decreed that the rock should at once change its designation and its patron4 ,to the clouds of ,paganism1 succeeded the sun of ,christianity2 and the original heathen appellation1 ,tumba1 was replaced by one of the most elevated names of holy writ4 ,st4 ,michael1 the chief of the angels and of the host of heaven1 the protector of the ,hebrew synagogue of yore1 as now of the ,catholic church1 the conqueror of the old serpent1 and the leader of souls to heaven1 condescended to be worshipped here upon the western coast1 as on ,mount ,garganus in the east1 and with this view appeared to ,st4 ,aubert1 then bishop of ,avranches1 commanding him to erect a church to his honor upon the mount4 ,another legend relates1 how there had previously existed upon the same spot1 a religious edifice1 which had passed under the name of the ,monasterium ad duas ,tumbas1 being equally appropriated to the adjoining rock of ,tombeleine4 ,however this may have been1 it is admitted on all sides that a church was built1 and that the hill knew thenceforth no other name than that of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount2 though ,aubert1 tardy in his belief1 had refused to obey the injunction1 till it had been repeated three several times1 upon the last of which1 the archangel touched the head of the saint1 and left imprinted in his skull the marks of his fingers1 which the author1 here quoted1 relates that he himself saw1 to his great delight1 in the years #afab and #afda4 ,to the miraculous vision1 succeeded other occurrences of similar import4 ,a tethered bull pointed out the spot where the holy edifice should be erected1 and at the same time circumscribed its limits2 a rock1 that opposed the progress of the workmen1 and was immoveable by human art1 spontaneously withdrew at the touch of an infant's foot2 and the earth opening1 on being struck with ,st4 ,aubert's staff1 gave birth to a spring of water1 at once of the utmost use to the inhabitants1 and gifted with the most sanative powers4 ,at about the same period also1 the sea ingulphed the neighboring forests1#bad insulating the rock2 so that three messengers1 who had been dispatched to ,mount ,garganus1 thence to bring a portion of red cloth1 the gift of ,st4 ,michael1 together with a fragment of the stone on which he himself had sate1 found on their return the aspect of things so changed1 that they thought they must have entered into a new world4 ,history1 from this period1 assumes a character of comparative authenticity4 ,the ,norman conquest threatened for awhile the extinction of ,christianity3 the baptism of ,rollo1 rekindling its dying embers1 made them blaze forth with a light and warmth unknown before4 ,the duke himself1 on the fourth day after he had presented himself at the holy font1 endowed the monastery of ,st4 ,michael1 then styled ecclesiam in periculo maris supra montem positam4--,no further mention occurs of the convent1 during the reign of this monarch1 or of his son1 ,william ,longue-,epe2 but their immediate successor1 ,richard ,i4 amply atoned for any neglect on their part4 ,he built1 according to ,dudo of ,st4 ,quentin1 a church of wondrous size1 together with spacious buildings1 for a body of monks of the ,benedictine order1 whom he established there in #ihh1 displacing the regular canons1 whose irregular lives had been the subject of much scandal4 ,this munificence on the part of ,richard1 has even caused him to be regarded by some writers as the founder of the convent4--,his son and successor1 of the same name1 selected ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 as the favored spot1 where1 in the beginning of his reign1 he received the hand of the fair ,judith1 sister to ,geoffrey1 one of the principal counts of ,brittany4 ,an opportunity was almost immediately afterwards afforded him of testifying at once his liberality and his devotion1 as well as his love2 for1 on the first year of the eleventh century1 the church1 which had then been completed only five years1 was burned to the ground4 ,the prince1 however1 appears to have been somewhat tardy on the occasion2 no attempt was made towards replacing the loss1 till ,hildebert ,,ii4 succeeded as abbot4 ,during his prelacy1 in #ajbb1 the foundations of a new church were laid1 upon a still more extensive scale4--,twenty-six years more were suffered to elapse1 and the abbatial mitre had adorned the brows of four successive abbots1 when ,ralph de ,beaumont witnessed the completion of the work4 ,the church then built is expressly stated by the authors of the ,gallia ,christiana1 to be the same as was in existence at the time of the publication of that work2#bae and ,m4 de ,gerville confirms their remark by his own personal observation1 at least as far as relates to the nave4 ,this indeed has been shortened of late2 but he is persuaded1 that whatever still remains is really of the architecture of the days of ,duke ,richard4--,robert1 the following duke1 repaired to ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 to superintend his forces1 upon the occasion of the revolt of ,alain1 ,count of ,dol2 and it was hither1 also1 that the archbishop of ,rouen brought the humbled count1 to make his peace with his offended sovereign4--,at the period of the conquest1 the monks of ,st4 ,michael furnished six transports towards that eventful expedition2 and when1 after the death of ,william1 the dominion over the mount passed by purchase from ,robert to ,henry1 they distinguished themselves by their attachment to their new sovereign1 who here supported a siege on the part of his two elder brothers1 and was finally driven to surrender only by famine4 ,the elder of these brothers1 at an advanced period of his life1 re-visited the church in a far different guise2 and1 to discharge his vows to the archangel for his safe return from the crusade1 prostrated himself before the shrine which he had erst assaulted with the fury of his arms4--,the year #aaeh was1 almost above every other1 memorable in the history of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount4 ,henry ,plantagenet1 who1 two years before1 had there received the homage of his subjects of ,brittany1 then returned in pilgrim weeds1 accompanied by ,louis ,,vii4 whose repudiated wife1 ,eleanor of ,aquitaine1 he had married2 and the two monarchs1 attended by a numerous throng of secular nobility1 as well as by several cardinals1 archbishops1 and bishops1 kneeled in amity at the holy altar4 ,during the reign of the ill-starred ,john1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount passed1 in common with the rest of ,normandy1 under the sceptre of ,france1 and suffered severely upon the occasion4 ,guy of ,thouars1 then in alliance with ,philip-,augustus1 advanced against it at the head of an army of ,britons2 and1 experiencing on the part of the inhabitants but a feeble resistance1 set fire to the palisades1 the principal defence of the place4 ,the flames communicated to the houses2 and the church also fell a prey to them4 ,to use the words of ,brito1 vis ignea sursm ,scandit1 et ecclesi decus omne1 locumque sacratum1 ,resque monasterii cremat insatiabilis omnes4 ,philip lamented the injury1 and did all in his power to repair it2 but1 considering that one great source of the misfortunes of the holy place had sprung from the impiety of the ,anglo-,norman monarchs1 in placing their trust in ramparts made by human hands1 rather than in the protection of the archangel1 he levelled with the ground the few works of defence that remained4#baf ,his pious successor1 the sainted ,louis1 was far from entertaining a similar feeling4 ,on the other hand1 when his devotion led him to the shrine of ,st4 ,michael1 after returning from his unfortunate expedition to ,damietta1 the chronicles expressly state1 that he placed1 with his own hand1 a considerable sum of money upon the altar1 for the purpose of repairing the fortifications4 ,and it appears probable that1 at a period not very distant1 the money thus expended stood the crown of ,france in good stead2 for1 during the war at the beginning of the fifteenth century1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount was the only place that successfully resisted the ,english arms4 ,the siege it supported upon that occasion1 is one of the few brilliant events that give lustre to a period of ,french history1 generally dark and gloomy4 ,two cannon1 of prodigious size1 constructed for the discharge of stone balls1 above a foot in diameter1 testify to the present moment the heroic defence of the garrison1 and the defeat of the assailants4 ,at a subsequent period of ,french history1 during the times when party1 under the mask of pious zeal1 deluged the kingdom with blood1 and virtuous men of every creed joined in the lamentation1 that tantum ,religio potuit suadere malorum1 the ,huguenots made many and most brave and memorable1 though vain1 attempts to render themselves masters of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount4 ,from that time forward1 the rock has been suffered to continue in tranquillity1 though still retaining its character as a fortification4 ,its designation of late has been a departmental prison3 during the reign of terror1 it was applied to the disgraceful purpose of serving as a receptacle for three hundred ecclesiastics1 whose age or infirmities would not allow of their being transported2 and who1 with cruel mockery1 were incarcerated within the walls1 long gladdened with the comforts1 dignified with the pomp1 and sanctified with the holiness of religion4 ,prisoners of importance1 especially those charged with crimes against the state1 were chiefly confined here before the revolution1 when the iron cage1 and the vaults1 known by the ominous names of the ,oubliettes1 or the ,in ,pace1 gave the mount a melancholy notoriety4 ,in this short outline of the history of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 mention has been repeatedly made of ,french sovereigns who have proceeded thither in pilgrimage4 ,the task were long to enumerate all those princes and monarchs who distinguished it with this mark of their veneration4 ,but there is one other instance too important in its consequences to be passed over in silence4 ,louis ,,xi4 after having expelled the rebellious ,britons from ,normandy in #adfc1 not content with paying his devotions to the archangel at his shrine1 and bestowing upon the monks a donation of six hundred crowns of gold1 sent them the image of ,st4 ,michael1 together with the golden chain that he had himself worn upon his neck2 and directed that the three escalop shells1 formerly borne upon the abbatial shield1 should be enriched by the addition of four others1 and three lilies4 ,nor satisfied with this1 he1 six years afterwards1 still further testified his devotion1 by various privileges granted to the community1 and by the institution of the noble military order of ,st4 ,michael1#bag whose collar was composed of silver escalop shells1 while the medal bore a representation of the archangel trampling upon the dragon1 with the legend1 ,immensi tremor oceani4--,even in this enlightened age1 the concourse of pilgrims to the mount is by no means at an end3 they are still to be seen repairing to the church2 and1 if the female ,druids have ceased for many a century to sell to the sailors their enchanted arrows1 of power to still the angry ocean1 when hurled into its waves by a maiden hand1 the ,pythonesses of the present day find a no less plentiful source of emolument in their chaplets1 and rosaries1 and crosses1 and medals1 of ,st4 ,michael4 ,the annals of the world abound in details of the changes of form and feature which superstition has assumed in different ages2 but it is humiliating to human nature to reflect1 that the conquests obtained by philosophy over her great adversary1 are in reality very small4 ,superstition1 like the fabled ,proteus1 appears under an endless variety of forms2 but she is also1 like the god1 still one and the same4 ,the list of abbots of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 contains names of the highest consequence in ,france3 the ,cardinal d',estouteville1 and the still more illustrious ,cardinal de ,joyeuse1 ,henry of ,lorraine1 son of the ,duke de ,guise1 and ,charles ,maurice1 of the noble family of ,broglio1 have1 in times comparatively modern1 presided over the community4 ,the privileges and honorary distinctions attached to the office1 were also considerable4 ,the names of the superiors of the monastery stand recorded on various occasions1 as men selected for important trusts2 and they were formally empowered1 by a bull of ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 dated from ,avignon1 to bestow the benediction1 even in the church of ,avranches1 and in the presence of the bishop or the metropolitan himself1 and to wear the mitre1 and all other episcopal insignia4 ,the powers and immunities of the convent were likewise extensive and important4 ,its annual income was estimated by the author of the ,alien ,priories1 in the middle of the last century1 at forty thousand livres2 but it is at the same time stated in that work1 that1 at an earlier period1 it was far more considerable4 ,among the transmarine possessions of the abbey1 was its namesake in ,cornwall1 which was annexed to it by ,robert1 ,earl of ,moreton and ,cornwall1 before the year #ajhe1 and was also renowned for its sanctity at a very remote epoch4 ,the coincidence in form and situation between the two is most remarkable4 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 in ,normandy1 is situated near the extremity of the province1 towards ,brittany2 to the south of ,granville1 the south-west of ,avranches1 and the north of ,pontorson and ,dol4 ,it is a conical mass of granite1 which1 from a base of about one-fourth of a league in circumference1 towers to the height of above four hundred feet1 including the buildings that crown its summit4 ,it stands insulated and alone1 except the neighboring rock of ,tombeleine1 in the midst of a dreary level of white sand1 that presents a surface of more than twelve square leagues1 extending on all sides1 almost as far as the eye can reach1 and unvaried1 unless where it is intersected with branches of different rivers4 ,the whole of this space is at high water entirely covered with the sea1 while the receding tide leaves it bare2 yet still so1 that it is difficult and dangerous to traverse it without a guide4 ,the base of the mount is surrounded with high thick walls1 flanked with semi-circular towers all machicolated1 and bastions4 ,towards the west and north1 its sides present only steep1 black1 bare1 pointed rocks3 the portions that lie in an opposite direction1 incline in a comparatively easy slope1 and are covered with houses that follow in successive lines1 leaving but a scanty space for some small gardens1 in which the vine1 the fig-tree1 and the almond1 flourish in great luxuriance4 ,the walls of the castellated abbey impend1 and jut out in bold decided masses2 and the whole is crowned by the florid choir of the abbey church4 ,the architects of the latter time seemed to have wished to adapt this glorious building to its site4 ,all its divisions of parts1 windows1 and pinnacles1 are narrower and more lofty than usual2 and the projections are bolder1 so as to be distinctly visible from below4 ,the stranger is admitted to the mount by a gate1 of the time of ,louis ,,xii4 or ,francis ,i4 ,he proceeds along the walls1 which continue leading upwards2 and1 traversing desolate towers1 and staircases above staircases1 hanging on the sides of the rock1 all forlorn1 grassy1 and mouldering1 he is conducted to the gate of the abbey4 ,the outside of the first gate-way has round towers3 the second has a pointed arch4 ,one pile of buildings has a row of small arches round the top4 ,the present population of the town amounts to about two hundred and fifty inhabitants1 who derive their chief support from the fishery4 ,of the church itself1 a view is given in the ,bayeux tapestry2 rude indeed1 but curious1 as coeval4--,the following is a short chronological summary of the principal events connected with the building3-- ,in #aajc1 the roof fell in1 and involved in its ruins a portion of the dormitory4 ,ten years afterwards1 on the twenty-third of ,april1 #aaac1 the lightning set fire to the abbey1 which was wholly consumed1 except the crypt and the great columns of the nave1 and some other parts of the church4 ,roger1 then abbot1 repaired the injury1 rebuilding the refectory and the dormitory1 and the splendid apartment1 called the ,knights' ,hall4 ,illustration3 ,plate #if4 ,,mount ,,st4 ,,michael4 ,interior of the ,knights' ,hall4 ,bernard1 who was abbot from #aace to #aadj1 rebuilt the north part of the church1 and erected the tower between the nave and the choir4 ,of the works done at the beginning of the thirteenth century1 in consequence of the injuries received by the church during the wars of ,philip-,augustus1 no particulars are preserved4 ,it is only said in general terms1 that they were considerable4 ,richard ,turstin1 abbot in #abge1 began buildings upon an extensive scale1 between the extremity of the cloisters and the barracks4 ,on the thirteenth of ,july1 #acjj1 the lightning again struck the church1 and great part of it was burned1 and the bells melted1 and many houses in the town reduced to ashes4 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist was added by ,john ,de la ,porte1 the twenty-seventh abbot1 who died in #accd4 ,in #acej1 a fresh injury was sustained from a tempest2 but so great was the zeal employed in repairing it1 that the monastery is said to have been1 a very short time subsequently1 in a better state than it had almost ever been before3 it raised its head1 however1 above these misfortunes1 only to experience new ones1 and from the same source1 in #acgj4 ,the damage was then greater1 but was soon repaired2 and the chapel of ,st4 ,catherine was erected4 ,this happened during the prelacy of ,geoffrey de ,servin4 ,peter le ,roy1 the following abbot1 is ranked among the greatest benefactors to the convent3 no one contributed more to the diffusion of its fame1 or the increase of learning within its precincts2 but he does not appear to have done any thing to its buildings4 ,his successor1 ,robert ,jolivet1 surrounded the mount with the walls and towers that now remain1 with the view of defending it against the ,english1 whom he afterwards joined4 ,in #adba1 the whole roof of the choir fell in4 ,the foundations of the new choir1 the remains of which are now standing1 were laid by the ,cardinal d',estouteville1 in #adeb2 and he continued the work till his death1 which happened thirty years afterwards4 ,during his prelacy1 the chapels of the choir were completed1 and roofed with lead2 and the choir and the columns that surround the high altar1 were raised to the height of the chapels4 ,in #aeji1 another accident arose from lightning3 the steeple1 and the bells1 and the wood-work of the nave1 were destroyed2 but the damage was soon repaired by ,william de ,lamps1 then abbot1 who also built the abbatial palace and alms-house1 and raised the part of the church that was unfinished1 as high as the second tier of windows4--,the choir was completed under the prelacy of his brother1 ,john de ,lamps1 who was next but one to him in the succession1 and wore the mitre from #aeac to #aebc4 ,from that time forward1 till the period of the revolution1 the abbacy of ,st4 ,michael's ,mount was held in commendam2 and the abbots1 regardless of a charge in which they did not feel themselves personally concerned1 ceased to bestow care or expense upon the buildings4 ,some of them even refused to do the necessary repairs2 and more than one instance is on record1 where they resisted the decrees of the ,norman parliament to that effect4 ,from the preceding details1 it will easily be imagined1 that the church upon ,st4 ,michael's ,mount can scarcely fail to present a medley of different kinds of architecture4 ,two1 however1 predominate3 in the choir1 which was finished at the beginning of the sixteenth century1 all is pointed and lofty3 the naves and transepts are ,norman4 ,beneath are crypts1 which extend under every part of the church1 supported upon short columns with capitals of foliage1 c4 the arches mostly ribbed1 and circular4 ,the shortening of the nave has destroyed the western front4 ,the cloister1 according to the observations of a friend of the author1 is strangely moresque in its appearance4 ,the position of the pillars in it he regards as quite unique4 ,the ,knights' ,hall1 7see plate ninety-six17 is an arched chamber1 ninety-eight feet in length1 by sixty-eight in width1 noble and church-like in its aspect4 ,its groined stone roof rests upon eighteen cylindrical columns1 with bases and capitals2 the latter1 in very high relief1 of beautiful design and delicate execution4 ,,notes3 #bac ,it may be allowed1 that this idea receives a certain degree of confirmation from the present name of the neighboring rock1 ,tombeleine1 the natural derivation of which appears to be ,tumba ,beleni4 #bad ,the tradition of the mount speaks of the monster that haunted the drowned forest2 and when the author's friend1 ,mr4 ,cohen1 visited ,st4 ,michael's ,mount in #ahai1 his guide1 ,jacques ,du ,pont1 referred to the subject1 and called the beast a monster of a ,turk that ate the ,christians4 ,the figure represented on the wrapper of this work1 was pointed out as a figure of the identical monster4 ,it was formerly on the outside of the wall in a niche2 it is now just within the gate4 ,there1 said ,jacques1 look at his teeth and his claws2 how savage he is4--,the tradition is certain2 but the image is nothing more than a griffin grasping a shield charged with an armorial bearing2 its date #ae44 #bae ,a4 ,d4 #agei4 #baf ,of old1 says ,brito1 the place 444444 satis angelicis gaudebat tutus haberi ,prsidiis1 nullo dispendia tempore passus2 ,at simul dificans muros ibi cura ,johannis ,prtulit humanas vires coelestibus armis1 ,quemque tuebatur coelesti milite ,christus1 ,munivit sacrum humano munimine montem1 ,ex tunc causa loco pereundi inventa sacrato4 ,the author goes on to add1 that the king 444444 ne fiat eis deinceps injuria talis1 ,prcipit ut pereat munitio toto ,johannis2 ,et sua militi coelesti castra resignans1 ,humanis bonus excubiis locra sacra resignat1 ,largifluque manu monachos juvat in renovando ,sarta tecta1 libros1 et ctera qu furor ignis ,solverat in cinerem1 qu nobiliore paratu ,qum pris extiterant jam restaurata videmus4 ,phillip4 lib4 #h1 l4 #aad4 #bag ,in the preamble of the statutes of this order1 the monarch expresses himself in the following terms--,nous1 la gloire de ,dieu1 notre crateur ,tout-puissant1 et revrence de glorieuse ,vierge ,marie1 et en l'honneur de ,monseigneur ,st4-,michel ,archange1 premier ,chevalier1 qui pour la querelle de ,dieu1 d'estoc et de taille1 se battit contre l'ennemi dangereux de l'humain lignage1 et du ,ciel le trbucha1 et qui en son lieu et oratoire appell ,mont-,st4 ,michel a toujours particulirement gard1 prserv et dfendu1 sans tre pris1 subjugu1 ni mis s mains des anciens ennemis de notre royaume1 et afin que tous bons et nobles courages soient excits et plus particulirement mus toutes vertueuses oeuvres2 le #a;er4 jour d',aot de l'an #adfi avons cr1 institu et ordonn1 et par ces prsentes crons1 constituons et ordonnons un ,ordre de fraternit ou amiable compagnie de certain nombre de ,chevaliers1 jusqu' trente six1 lequel nous voulons tre nomm l',ordre de ,saint-,michel4 ,,plate ,,xcvii4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,cerisy4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ig4 ,,abbey ,,church ,,of ,,cerisy4 ,interior of the ,choir4 ,cerisy1 a small market-town1 upon the road leading from ,bayeux to ,st4 ,lo1 and equally distant about four leagues from each of those places1 is wholly indebted to its abbey for the celebrity it has enjoyed4 ,in the secular history of the duchy1 its name occurs upon only two occasions4 ,the lord of ,cerisy is enumerated among the companions in arms of ,robert1 son of the ,conqueror1 in his expedition to the ,holy ,land1 in #ajji2 and the abbot of ,cerisy was one of the twenty-one ecclesiastics from the bailiwick of ,caen1 cited by ,philip le ,bel to the ,norman exchequer1 in the beginning of the fourteenth century4 ,the convent1 which was at all times of the ,benedictine order1 is said to have been founded as early as the year #efj4 ,it was under the invocation of ,st4 ,vigor1 ninth bishop of ,bayeux2 and1 according to some authors1 was established by that saint himself4 ,du ,monstier1 in the ,neustria ,pia1 recites the history of its origin at great length3 how the prelate1 moved by the entreaties of a rich man1 of the name of ,volusian1 destroyed1 by virtue of the sign of the cross1 a monstrous serpent that ravaged the country2 and how ,volusian1 in gratitude1 ceded to him the domain of ,cerisy1 upon which he immediately erected a monastery1 and endowed it with the revenues of the property4 ,the annals of the convent being lost1 what is recorded of its history is very short4 ,after the general destruction of religious establishments by the ,saxons and ,normans1 that of ,cerisy appears to have been left in its ruins far longer than most others4 ,no hand is said to have been lifted towards its restoration1 till the reign of ,robert1 father of the ,conqueror4 ,by him the monastic writers all agree that a beginning was made towards the rebuilding of this monastery2 and one of them1 ,william of ,jumieges1 adds1 that his care of it suffered no diminution from time or distance2 for that1 during his wars in the ,holy ,land1 when the patriarch of ,jerusalem rewarded his pious zeal with a present of some precious relics1 he immediately directed them to be here deposited4 ,his more illustrious successor1 in one of the first years of his reign1 completed and richly endowed the convent begun by his father1 whose remains he commanded should be brought from ,palestine1 for the express purpose of their being interred at ,cerisy4 ,but they were allowed to proceed no further than ,apulia4 ,in the ,neustria ,pia is preserved a charter of ,king ,charles ,,vi4 dated #acih1 in which the various donations conferred upon the abbey of ,cerisy1 by the ,norman ,dukes1 ,robert1 ,william1 and ,henry1 are enumerated and confirmed4 ,its annual income1 in the middle of the eighteenth century1 was estimated by ,de ,masseville at twenty thousand livres4 ,the only property it appears ever to have possessed in ,england1 was a priory of ,benedictine monks at ,west ,shirburne1 in ,hampshire4 ,architecturally considered1 the church of ,cerisy is an interesting relic of ,norman workmanship4 ,the certainty of its date1 not far removed from the year #ajcb1 and the comparatively few alterations it has undergone1 render it one of those landmarks1 by the aid of which the observer of the present day can alone attain to any certainty in his inquiries into ancient art4 ,and yet1 in the portion here selected for engraving1 the upper row of windows is of an ra posterior to the rest2 and the great arch in front has evidently changed its semi-circular form for a pointed one4 ,its height is unusual and impressive4 ,both taken collectively and in its parts1 the church bears a strong resemblance to that nearly coeval at ,st4 ,georges2 like which1 it is now appropriated to parochial purposes1 and is still of great size1#bah though the whole of the portion originally parochial1 and which extended one hundred and twenty-four feet beyond what remains of the nave1 has been recently pulled down4 ,the principal front of the building1 which faced the north1 its position being north and south1 has been consequently destroyed4 ,the style of the edifice is characterized by a noble and severe simplicity3 the capitals of the columns are1 indeed1 enriched with sculptured foliage or animals1 or occasionally with small heads placed in the middle of a surface otherwise plain2 but elsewhere the decorations are very sparingly distributed4 ,they are confined to the chevron and billet mouldings2 the latter the most ancient and most rare among the ,norman ornaments4 ,both the transepts are parted off1 as at ,st4 ,georges1 by screens near the extremities3 these screens at ,cerisy are surmounted by an elegant parapet of semi-circular arches1 a singular and very beautiful addition4 ,,notes3 #bah ,the following are the dimensions of the church1 according to ,mr4 ,cotman4 ,,feet4 ,length of the nave #ih ,ditto of choir #fd ,ditto of transepts and intervening part of the nave #aah ,width of nave #gc ,ditto of transepts #ca ,ditto of choir1 without the side-chapels #bh ,height of nave #gj ,before the demolition of the western extremity1 the nave was two hundred and twenty-six feet long1 and the total length of the building two hundred and ninety feet4 ,,plate ,,xcviii4 ,,church ,,at ,,oyestraham4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ih4 ,,church ,,of ,,oyestraham4 ,west ,front4 ,oyestraham1 or1 as it is more commonly written1 ,estreham1 is a village situated upon the left bank of the ,orne1 near its confluence with the channel4 ,its name1 derived from the ,saxon1#bai seems to point it out as a settlement made by those daring invaders3 its church1 one of the first objects that presents itself to the ,english traveller1 on his entering ,france in the direction of ,caen1 is well calculated to impress him with a forcible idea of the magnificence of the ,norman lords of the duchy4 ,that it was built in the time of their sway1 is a fact which cannot be doubted2 but1 in an architectural point of view1 it is so full of anomalies1 that opinions would be likely to vary considerably with regard to the actual date of its erection4 ,and here1 unfortunately1 no records remain to guide the judgment4 ,in the western front1 indeed6 7the subject of the plate7 the whole is of the semi-circular style1 and uniform4 ,the upper tier of arches will find a parallel in the towers of the abbey of ,jumieges1 built during the reign of the ,conqueror2 and most of the other members and decorations are of frequent occurrence in erections of the same ra4 ,a peculiarity is alone observable in the smaller arches of the second row1 in which the artist has indulged himself in what may be termed an architectural conceit1 lengthening1 to a very disproportionate degree1 and almost in the moorish fashion1 the part above the capital1 in order that the whole might range in a line with the larger arch in the centre4 ,the truncated appearance of the wall on either side1 leads to the obvious inference1 that either this front had originally towers1 like the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 at ,caen1 or that it was intended there should have been such4 ,a central tower now alone remains1 of square form1 with massive buttresses of unusual size1 projecting towards the south4 ,this tower1 as well as the portion of the church to the east of it1 exhibits the ,norman and ,gothic architecture mixed in a very uncommon manner4 ,of three rows of arches1 the lowest and highest belong to the latter style2 the central one only to the former4 ,in the nave1 all is ,norman1 excepting only two lancet windows of the upper tier1 placed near the west end1 on the south side1 and excepting also the flying buttresses that extend from between the windows of the clerestory to the projecting aisles below4 ,within the choir1 the trefoil-headed arch takes1 in some instances1 the place of the pointed in the lower row1 which is wholly blank2 and the capitals of the pillars1 according to ,mr4 ,cotman1 shew an extraordinary playfulness of design4 ,the arches above them are pierced for windows4 ,both the semi-circular ones of the second tier1 and the pointed ones above1 are extremely narrow1 seen from without1 but widen greatly within2 the wall being of more than ordinary thickness4 ,the piers of the nave are six feet five inches in diameter1 while the intervening spaces scarcely exceed ten feet4 ,,notes3 #bai ,on this subject1 see ,huet1 ,origines de ,caen1 p4 #bii4--;,estreham est le nom d'un bourg situ l'embouchure de l',orne1 et d'un autre dans le ,bessin4 ,mr4 ,bochart le faisoit1 venir d',easter1 ,desse des anciens ,saxons4 ,et comme il avoit entrepris de rapporter les anciennes origines la langue et la doctrine des ,phniciens il prtendoit que cette ,easter toit la mme qu',astart4 ,ses sacrifices se faisoient au commencement du printems2 et de la vient que les ,saxons appellerent ,easter le mois auquel se clebre la ,pque4 ,skinnerus ne s'loigne pas beaucoup de ce sentiment dans son ,etymologique de la langue ,angloise4 ,mr4 ,valois tire le nom d',estreham du ,latin ,strata1 et de l',allemand ,hamum1 pour marquer une ,demeure btie sur un chemin public1 ou au bout d'un chemin public1 comme si le bourg d',estreham toit sur un grand chemin1 ou au bout d'un chemin public3 et qu'il ne ft pas sur une extrmit de terre qui ne mene rien1 ayant la mer d'un ct1 et l'embouchure de la riviere d',orne de l'autre3 ou comme si tous les villages du monde ne pouvoient pas tre censez terminer des grand chemins4 ,mais ces opinions sont dtruites par l'ancienne orthographe du nom d',estreham1 qui est constamment crit dans les vieux ,titres1 et par ,mr4 de ,bras1 ,oistreham1 pour ,westerham1 c'est--dire1 ,village ,occidental3 car il se trouve plac l',west de l'embouchure de l',orne4 ,,plate ,,xcix4 ,,and ,c4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,at ,s,,ez4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ii4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,s,,ez4 ,west ,front4 ,the city of ,sez1 though dignified by being the seat of a bishopric1 is in itself small and unimportant1 its population not exceeding five thousand five hundred inhabitants4 ,of the early history of either the town or the diocese1 little is known with certainty2 and authors have scarcely felt it worth their while to exercise their ingenuity1 or to display their learning1 upon a subject ill calculated to add dignity to their researches4 ,those who have entered upon the inquiry1 have given it as their opinion1 that the ,civitas ,sagiorum1 mentioned in the earliest ,notitia ,galli1 as the fifth in rank among the cities of the province1 ,lugdunensis ,secunda1 was no other than the modern ,sez2 and1 carrying their conjecture one step farther1 they have inferred from locality1 that the ,sagii1 otherwise called ,saii1 must have been the ,sesuvii of ,csar's ,commentaries4 ,hence1 in more modern ,latinity1 ,sez has generally acquired the name of ,sagium2 though ,ordericus ,vitalis occasionally calls it ,salarium1 and ,magno1 ,saius4 ,in some maps it is likewise styled ,saxia1 whence an idea has arisen that it owed its origin to the ,saxons2 and that the words1 ,saii and ,sagii1 were in reality nothing more than a corruption of ,saxones or ,sassones4 ,the favorers of this opinion have brought ,sez within the limits of the ,otlingua ,saxonia1 a district in ,normandy1 whose situation and extent has been the subject of much literary controversy4 ,the learned ,huet1 alluding to this very point1#bbj observes1 with great justice1 that it is more easy to tell what is not1 than what is2 and that1 though the limits of bishoprics serve in general to mark the divisions of the ancient ,gallic tribes1 yet length of time has introduced many alterations4 ,able men1 he adds1 have been of opinion1 that ,hiesmes was originally an episcopal see1 and that its diocese was afterwards dismembered into three archdeaconries2 one of them fixed at ,sez1 a second at ,lisieux1 and a third at ,bayeux4 ,such1 however1 he says1 is not his own belief2 but he thinks that ,hiesmes was originally the seat of the bishopric of ,sez4 ,a report to the same effect will be found in the ,concilia ,normannica2 and it is adopted by ,rouault1#bba who argues in its favor2 first1 that ,sez was too insignificant1 at the time of the preaching of the gospel in ,neustria1 to be dignified with the presence of a bishop2 the apostles and earliest popes having directed that bishops should only be appointed to considerable towns3 and1 secondly1 that ,hiesmes was really then a place of importance1 and probably continued so till the nineteenth year of the reign of ,king ,henry ,i4 of ,england1 when that prince destroyed it1 as a punishment upon the inhabitants for their revolt4 ,ecclesiastical history refers the establishment of the bishopric of ,sez to the fourth or fifth century4 ,the earliest1 however1 of the prelates1 of whom any certain mention is to be found1 is ,litaredus1 whose name appears1 under the title of ,oximensis ,episcopus1 subscribed to the council of ,orleans in #eaa4 ,azo1 who succeeded to the mitre in one of the last years of the tenth century1 erected the first cathedral that is upon record at ,sez4 ,william of ,jumieges relates of him1 that he destroyed the walls of the city1 and with their stones built a church in honor of ,st4 ,gervais1 the martyr1 ubi sedes episcopalis longo post tempore fuerat4 ,the same author tells that1 in consequence of this church having been turned into a place of refuge by some rebels1 about fifty years afterwards1 ,ivo1 the third from ,azo upon the episcopal throne1 set fire to the adjoining houses for the purpose of dislodging them1 and the church fell a victim to the flames4 ,the act1 though unintentional1 brought upon the prelate a severe reprimand from the pope2 and ,ivo1 to repair his fault1 undertook a journey to his relatives and friends in ,apulia and ,constantinople1 whence he returned1 loaded with rich presents1 by the aid of which he undertook the erection of a new church upon so large a scale1 that his successors1 ,robert1 ,gerard1 and ,serlo1 were unable to complete it in fifty years4 ,the cathedral then raised is said to be the same as is now standing2 and1 according to what has already been recorded of the cathedrals of ,lisieux and ,coutances1 there is nothing in its architecture to discredit such an opinion4 ,the first stone was laid about the year #ajec3 the dedication took place in #aabf4 ,godfrey1 archbishop of ,rouen1 performed the ceremony in the presence of ,henry1 then duke1 who1 at the same time1 endowed the church with an annual income of ten pounds4 ,the diocese of ,sez is surrounded by those of ,lisieux1 ,evreux1 ,mans1 and ,bayeux4 ,according to ,de ,masseville1#bbb it extended1 before the revolution1 twenty-five leagues in length1 and from eight to ten in width1 comprising the districts of le ,houme1 les ,marches1 and a part of le ,perche4 ,the towns of ,sez1 ,alenon1 ,argentan1 ,falaise1 ,hiesmes1 ,mortagne1 and ,bellme1 together with several smaller towns1 and five hundred villages1 were also included in its limits2 as were five archdeaconries1 six rural deaneries1 and many abbeys and other religious houses4 ,the episcopal revenue was estimated at only ten thousand livres4 ,the late concordat1 by reducing the number of the ,norman dioceses1 has of course added to the extent of those that remained4 ,seven of the early bishops of ,sez are inscribed among the saints of the ,roman calendar3 in later times1 no names appear of greater eminence than those of ,frogerius and ,john de ,bertaut4 ,the first of these prelates was much in the confidence of ,henry ,,ii4 to whom he rendered acceptable service in his unfortunate disputes with ,thomas--,becket4 ,he was not only one of the very few bishops who then preserved their fidelity to their sovereign inviolate1 but he undertook a mission to the ,french king1 for the purpose of remonstrating upon the favorable reception given to the primate1 on which occasion he received the following memorable answer3--,tell your master1 that if he cannot submit to the abolition of the ordinances1 which he designates as the customs of his ancestors1 because he thinks it would compromise the dignity of his crown1 although1 as it is reported1 they are but little conformable to the will of ,god1 still less can ,i consent to sacrifice a right that has always been enjoyed by the kings of ,france4 ,i mean the right of giving shelter to all persons in affliction1 but principally to those who are exiled for justice sake1 and of affording them1 during their persecution1 all manner of protection and assistance4--,john de ,bertaut lived in the beginning of the seventeenth century3 he was principal almoner to ,mary de ,medicis1 and was afterwards in high favor with ,henry ,,iv4 to whose conversion he is said to have mainly contributed4 ,he likewise distinguished himself as a poet4--,a third bishop of ,sez1 ,serlo1 already mentioned1 was a man of such commanding eloquence1 that1 when he had the honor of preaching before ,henry ,i4 and his court1 at ,carentan1 in #aajf1 he declaimed with so much effect against the effeminate custom of wearing long beards and long hair1 that the sovereign declared himself a convert1 and the bishop1 extractis e mantic forcipibus1 primo regem tum cteros optimates attondit4#bbc ,illustration3 ,plate #ajj4 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,s,,ez4 ,elevation of the ,nave4 ,the church of ,sez may be compared in its architecture with those of ,coutances and of ,lisieux3 they are unlike1 indeed1 but by no means different4 ,the points of resemblance exceed those of a contrary description4 facies non omnibus una1 ,nec diversa tamen1 qualem decet esse sororum4 ,severe simplicity characterizes ,lisieux3 ,coutances is distinguished by elegance1 abounding in decoration3 ,sez1 at the same time that it unites the excellencies of both1 can rival neither in those which are peculiarly its own4 ,on the first view of the church1 its mean and insignificant western tower strikes the spectator with an unfavorable impression1 which1 on a nearer approach1 the mutilated and encumbered state of the western front is by no means calculated to remove4 ,and yet this western front1 all degraded as it is1 cannot fail to derive importance from the great depth of the central door-way1 which is no less than forty-seven feet1#bbd a projection exceeding that of the galilee of ,peterborough cathedral4 ,it is in the interior that the beauty of the church of ,sez is conspicuous4 ,the noble lofty arches below2 the moresque ornament1 like those at ,bayeux and at ,coutances1 in the spandrils2 the double lancet arches of the triforium placed in triplets2 and the larger pointed arches above1 arranged two or three together1 and encircled with arches of the ,norman form1 though not of the ,norman style2--all these beauties1 added to the enrichments of the sculptured walls and windows of the aisles1 render the cathedral1 if not the first of ,norman religious buildings1 at least in the number of those of the first class1 ,extremi primorum1 extremis usque priores4 ,,notes3 #bbj ,origines de ,caen1 p4 #e4 #bba ,abrg de la ,vie des ,evques de ,coutances1 p4 #dj4 #bbb ,etat ,gographique de ,normandie1 p4 #cjd4 #bbc ,gallia ,christiana1 ,,xi4 p4 #fhd4 #bbd ,the following are the dimensions of the other parts of the building4 ,,feet4 ,length of nave 7including a space of sixty-four feet under the towers7 #bah ,ditto of choir #eg ,ditto of aisle behind the choir #ad ,ditto of ,lady-,chapel #be ,ditto of each transept #ci ,width of nave and choir1 including aisles #gb ,ditto of ,lady-,chapel #bj ,ditto of transepts #cj ,height of nave and choir #hj ,ditto of north-west spire #bcb ,ditto of south-west ditto #baj ,,the ,,end4 ,,leicester3 ,,printed ,,by ,,thomas ,,combe1 ,,junior4 ,,index ,,of ,,plates4 ,,no4 ,,of ,,plate4 ,andelys1 ,great ,house #ae ,anisy1 ,church #fg ,arques1 ,castle #a ,bieville1 ,church #eh1 #ei ,bocherville1 ,st4 ,georges de1 ,church #e-aa ,briquebec1 ,castle #gj ,caen1 ,abbey ,church of the ,holy ,trinity #bd-cc ------ ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,stephen #ba-bc ------ ,chapel in the ,castle #dh ------ ,church of ,st4 ,nicholas #ee1 #ef ------ ,church of ,st4 ,michel de ,vaucelles #ah1 #ai ------ ,house in the ,rue ,st4 ,jean #fe ,cerisy1 ,abbey ,church #ig ,chteau ,gaillard #hj1 #ha ,cheux1 ,church #eg ,colomby1 ,church #dg ,coutances1 ,cathedral #ib-id ,creully1 ,church #ia ,dieppe1 ,castle #cd -------- ,church of ,st4 ,jacques #ce1 #cf ,eu1 ,screen in the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence #gb ,falaise1 ,castle #hi1 #ij ,fcamp1 ,church of ,st4 ,stephen #ga ,fontaine-le-,henri1 ,chteau #fb1 #fc ------------------- ,church #fj1 #fa ,foullebec1 ,western door-way of ,church #hd ,gournay1 ,church of ,st4 ,hildebert #ch-da ,grville1 ,church #ab ,haute ,allemagne1 ,tower of ,church #cg ,jumieges1 ,abbey ,church #b-d ,lry1 ,church #dd-df ,lillebonne1 ,castle #fi ,lisieux1 ,church of ,st4 ,peter #gc-ge ,louviers1 ,south porch of ,church #gi ,matilda1 ,queen1 ,tombstone of #cc99 ,montivilliers1 ,abbey ,church #hb ,mount ,st4 ,michael #ie1 #if ,oyestraham1 ,church #ih ,perriers1 ,church #fh ,rouen1 ,cathedral #di-eb ------- ,chapel in the ,hospital of ,st4 ,julien #db1 #dc ------- ,church of ,st4 ,ouen #gf ------- ,church of ,st4 ,paul #ed ------- ,crypt in the ,church of ,st4 ,gervais #ec ------- ,fountain of the ,stone ,cross #gg ------- ,house in the ,place de la ,pucelle #fd ------- ,palace of ,justice #gh ,st4 ,lo1 ,church of the ,holy ,cross #hg1 #hh ,st4 ,sanson sur ,rille1 ,ruins of the ,church #hc ,st4 ,sauveur le ,vicomte1 ,abbey ,church #ad ------------------------ ,castle #ac ,sez1 ,cathedral #ii1 #ajj ,tamerville1 ,church #ag ,tancarville1 ,castle #he1 #hf ,than1 ,church #af ,trport1 ,church #ff ,william the ,conqueror1 ,statue of #bj ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,original spelling1 even where inconsistent1 and punctuation have been preserved4 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,in the list of ,,subjects--,,chronologically ,,arranged1 a has been used in place of the original obelisk4 ,typographical errors corrected in the text 7in brackets the original73 #ag4 ,church of ,tamerville ,tancarville in the tenth ninth plate1 and marked ,a and ,b daughters and nieces neices of the chief ,norman barons marking the connection of the twenty-eighth twentieth plate rendered the necessity for such decisions dicisions