,! ,canon ( ! ,bible3 ,its ,=mation1 ,hi/ory1 ,& ,fluctuations ,by ,samuel ,davidson1 ,d4,d4 ,( ,halle1 ,& ,,ll4,d4 ,f ! ,?ird ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,new ,york ,pet] ,eckl] ,publi%+ ,co4 #ahgg ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon ,f ,its ,beg9n+ ,to ,its ,close4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,sam>itan ,& ,alex&rian ,canons4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,numb] ,& ,ord] ,( ,! ,sep>ate ,books4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,use ,( ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,by ,! ,fir/ ,*ri/ian ,writ]s1 ,& ,by ,! ,fa!rs ,till ,! ,"t ,( ,orig54 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon ,9 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,bible ,canon ,f ,! ,f\r? ,c5tury ,to ,! ,re=mation4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,ord] ,( ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,books4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,summ>y ,( ,! ,subject4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,canon ,9 ,! ,confession ,( ,diff]5t ,*ur*es4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,canon ,f ,seml] ,to ,! ,pres5t ,"t1 ,) ,reflections ,on ,its ,readju/m5t4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,! sub/ance ( ! pres5t "w 0 writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! ye> #ahge = ! new edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,hav+ be5 abridg$ & mutilat$1 contr>y to ! au?or's wi%es1 be=e its publication !re1 he resolv$ to pr9t x entire4 ,) t view x has und]gone repeat$ revision ) enl>gem5t 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & be5 made z complete z ! limits ( an essay appe>$ to all[4 ,z no?+ ( importance has be5 kn[+ly omitt$1 ! writ] hopes x w be f\nd a compreh5sive summ>y ( all t conc]ns ! =mation & hi/ory ( ! ,bible canon4 ,! place occupi$ by x 0 vacant4 ,no ,engli% book reflect+ ! processes ( results ( rec5t criticism1 gives an acc\nt ( ! canon 9 bo? ,te/am5ts4 ,articles & essays ^u ! subject !re are2 b _! /&po9t is usually apologetic n sci5tific1 traditional r ?an imp>tial1 unreasonably cons]vative )\t be+ critical4 ,! topic is weighty1 involv+ ! consid]ation ( great que/ions1 su* z ! inspiration1 au!nticity1 au?ority1 & age ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! au?or has tri$ to h&le x fairly1 f\nd+ 8 /atem5ts on su* evid5ce z seem$ conv9c+1 & cond5s+ !m into a mod]ate compass4 ,if ! read] wi%es to "k ! evid5ce1 he may f9d x 9 ! writ]'s ,introductions to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 :]e ! sep>ate books ( ,scripture are discuss$2 & 9 ! late treatises ( o!r critics4 ,:ile 8 expositions are capable ( expansion1 x is believ$ t !y w n be easily %ak54 ,he comm5ds ! "w to ! att5tion ( all :o h an int]e/ 9 ! progress ( !ology1 & are seek+ a f\ndation = _! fai? less prec>i\s ?an books h[ev] v5]able4 ,x has n be5 ! writ]'s purpose to *ronicle phases ( op9ion1 or to refute :at he believes to be error 9 ! newe/ hypo!ses ab\t ! age1 au?ority1 & composition ( ! books4 ,8 aim has be5 r to set =? ! mo/ correct view ( ! que/ions involv$ 9 a hi/ory ( ! canon1 :e!r x be m or less rec5t4 ,"s may ?9k t ! late/ or mo/ curr5t acc\nt ( su* que/ions is ! be/2 b t is n 8 op9ion4 ,h5ce1 ! fa%ionable belief t mu* ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,book ( ,leviticus :olly1 ) l>ge p>ts ( ,exodus & ,numb]s1 9 a ^w1 t all ! laws relat+ to div9e wor%ip1 ) mo/ ( ! *ronological tables or /ati/ics1 belong to ,ezra1 :o is metamorphos$ 9 fact into ! fir/ ,elohi/1 is unnotic$4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! e>lie/ gospel is n decl>$ to be ,m>k's4 ,nei!r has ! au?or v5tur$ to place ! f\r? gospel at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 z ,ewald & ,weitzsck] d1 aft] ! mann] ( ! old critics2 or ) ,keim s e>ly z #aaj-aae ,a4,d4 ,_m ev9ce a re/less anxiety to f9d some?+ novel2 & to dep>t f well-e/abli%$ conclusions = ! sake ( orig9ality4 ,?is %[s a morbid /ate ( m9d4 ,amid ! fev]i% outlook = discov]ies & ! slight reg>d = :at is safe1 cons]vatism is a comm5dable ?+4 ,"s aga9 desire to return1 z f> z !y c1 to or?odoxy1 f9d+ betwe5 t extreme & rationalism a middle way :i* (f]s a re/+-place to fai?4 ,! num]\s *anges :i* criticism pres5ts are n a symptom ( s\ndness4 ,! writ] is f> inde$ f ?9k+ t e "q connect$ ) ! books ( ,scripture is f9ally settl$2 b ! majority und\bt$ly are1 ?\gh sev]al already fix$ by great s*ol>s cont9ue to be op5$ up afre%4 ,he does n pr(ess to adopt ! phase ( criticism :i* is fa%ionable at ! mom5t2 x is en\gh to /ate :at approves itself to 8 judgm5t1 & to hold x fa/ amid ! contr>ieties ( conjecture or ! crav+s ( curiosity4 ,pres5t excresc5ces or ab]rations ( belief w h _! day & disappe>4 ,l>ge portions ( ! ,p5tateu* w cease to be consign$ to a po/-exile "t1 & ! gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke w aga9 be c\nt$ ! *ief s\rces ( ,m>k's4 ,x w also be ackn[l$g$ t ! fir/ z x n[ exi/s1 is ( mu* lat] orig9 ?an ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,nor w !re be s great anxiety to %[ t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? gospel1 & ow$ 8 ,logos-doctr9e *iefly to x4 ,! diff]5ce ( t5 or tw5ty ye>s 9 ! date ( a gospel w n be consid]$ ( ess5tial importance 9 e/imat+ its "*4 ,! pres5t edition has be5 revis$ ?r\gh\t & sev]al p>ts re-writt54 ,! au?or hopes t x w be f\nd /ill m wor?y ( ! favor ) :i* ! fir/ 0 receiv$4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,z introductory to ! foll[+ diss]tation1 ,i %all expla9 & def9e c]ta9 t]ms t frequ5tly occur 9 x1 especially canon1 apocryphal1 ecclesia/ical1 & ! l4 ,a "r appreh5sion ( ^! w make ! obs]vations advanc$ respect+ ! canon & its =mation pla9]4 ,! words h n be5 tak5 9 ! same s5se by all1 a fact t obscures _! s5se4 ,!y h be5 employ$ m or less vaguely by diff]5t writ]s4 ,v>y+ ideas h be5 atta*$ to !m4 ,! ,greek orig9al ( canon7#a7 means prim>ily a /raight rod or pole2 & metaphorically1 :at s]ves to keep a ?+ upright or /raight1 a rule4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x occurs 9 ,gal4 vi4 #af & #b ,cor4 x4 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 signify+ 9 ! =m]1 a measure2 9 ! latt]1 :at is measur$1 a di/rict4 ,b we h n[ to d ) its ecclesia/ical use4 ,!re are ?ree op9ions z to ! orig9 ( its application to ! writ+s us$ by ! *ur*4 ,accord+ to ,tol&1 ,:i/on1 ,seml]1 ,baur1 & o!rs1 ! ^w _h orig9ally ! s5se ( li/ or catalogue ( books publicly read 9 ,*ri/ian assemblies4 ,o!rs1 z ,/e9]1 suppose t s9ce ! ,alex&rian gramm>ians appli$ x to collections ( ,old ,greek au?ors z models ( excell5ce or classics1 x meant classical 7canonical7 writ+s4 ,accord+ to a ?ird op9ion1 ! t]m includ$ f ! fir/ ! idea ( a regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,?is is ! m probable1 because ! same idea lies 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t use ( ! n\n1 & p]vades its applications 9 ! language ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs d[n to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 z ,cr$n] has %[n47#b7 ,! 8canon ( ! *ur*0 9 ! ,clem5t9e homilies27#c7 ! 8ecclesia/ical canon107#d7 & 8! canon ( ! tru?10 9 ,clem5t & ,ir5u27#e7 ! 8canon0 ( ! fai? 9 ,polycrates17#f7 ! regula fidei ( ,t]tullian17#g7 & ! libri regul>es ( ,orig517#h7 imply a normative pr9ciple4 ,b we _c ass5t to ,cr$n]'s view ( ! ,greek ^w = canon be+ an abbreviation ( 8,scriptures ( canon107#i7 equival5t to ,scriptur legis 9 ,diocletian's ,act7#aj7--;a view too artificial1 & unsanction$ by usage4 ,x is true t ! ^w canon 0 employ$ by ,greek writ]s 9 ! s5se ( a m]e li/2 b :5 x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,scripture books1 x includ$ ! idea ( a regulative & normal p[]--a li/ ( books =m+ a rule or law1 because ! newly-=m$ ,ca?olic ,*ur* requir$ a /&>d ( appeal 9 opposition to ! ,gno/ics ) _! arbitr>y use ( sacr$ writ+s4 ,!re is a lack ( evid5ce on behalf ( its use be=e ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 p>allel$ ) ^? ( ! ,old 9 au?ority & inspiration4 ,! e>lie/ example ( its application to a catalogue ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t books occurs 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ,orig5's homily on ,jo%ua1 :]e ! orig9al seems to h be5 8canon407#aa7 ,! ^w itself is c]ta9ly 9 ,amphilo*ius17#ab7 z well z 9 ,j]ome17#ac7 & ,ruf9us47#ad7 ,z ! ,lat9 translation ( ,orig5 has canonicus & canonizatus1 we inf] t he us$ 8canonical107#ae7 oppos$ z x is to apocryphus or secretus4 ,! fir/ occurr5ce ( 8canonical0 is 9 ! fifty-n9? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 :]e x is contra/$ ) two o!r ,greek words47#af7 8,canoniz$ books107#ag7 is fir/ us$ 9 ,a?anasius's #ci? fe/al epi/le4 ,! k9d ( rule :i* ! e>lie/ fa!rs attribut$ to ! ,scriptures c only be conjectur$2 x is c]ta9 t !y believ$ ! ,old ,te/am5t books to be a div9e & infallible guide4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 n s consid]$ till t[>ds ! close ( ! second c5tury :5 ! conception ( a ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 realiz$4 ,! latt] collection 0 n call$ ,scripture1 or put on a p> ) ! ,old ,te/am5t z sacr$ & inspir$1 till ! "t ( ,!ophilus ( ,antio* 7ab\t #ahj ,a4,d47 ,h5ce1 ,ir5u applies ! epi!ts div9e & p]fect to ! ,scriptures2 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria calls !m inspir$4 ,:5 di/9ctions 7 made among ! ,biblical writ+s o!r words7#ah7 7 employ$1 synonym\s ) 8canoniz$407#ai7 ,! canon 0 ?us a catalogue ( writ+s =m+ a rule ( tru?1 sacr$1 div9e1 reveal$ by ,god = ! in/ruction ( m54 ,! rule 0 p]fect = its purpose4 ,! ^w apocryphal7#bj7 is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses1 :i* x is difficult to trace *ronologically4 ,apocryphal books are1-- #a/1 ,su* z conta9 secret or my/]i\s ?+s1 books ( ! high] wisdom4 ,x is ?us appli$ to ! ,apocalypse by ,gregory ( ,nyssa47#ba7 ,ak9 to ?is is ! second mean+4 #bnd1 ,su* z 7 kept secret or )drawn f public use4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w corresponds to ! ,hebrew ganuz47#bb7 ,s ,orig5 speak+ ( ! /ory ( ,susanna4 ,! opposite ( ?is is read 9 public17#bc7 a ^w employ$ by ,eusebius47#bd7 #crd1 ,x 0 us$ ( ! secret books ( ! h]etics by ,clem5t7#be7 & ,orig517#bf7 ) ! accessory idea ( spuri\s1 pseudepigraphical17#bg7 9 opposition to ! canonical writ+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! book ( ,eno* & simil> productions 7 s *>act]iz$47#bh7 #d?1 ,j]ome appli$ x to ! books 9 ! ,septuag9t :i* are abs5t f ! ,hebrew canon1 i4e41 to ! books :i* 7 read 9 ! *ur*1 ! ecclesia/ical ones7#bi7 occupy+ a rank next to ! canonical4 ,9 do+ s he _h respect to ! correspond+ ,hebrew epi!t4 ,?is 0 a misuse ( ! ^w apocryphal1 :i* _h a prejudicial effect on ! "* ( ! books 9 aft]-times47#cj7 ,! ^w1 :i* he did n employ 9 an injuri\s s5se1 0 adopt$ f him by ,prote/ants aft] ! ,re=mation1 :o gave x p]haps a %>p] di/9ction ?an he int5d$1 s z to imply a contra/ some:at disp>ag+ to writ+s :i* 7 publicly read 9 _m *ur*es & put beside ! canonical ones by di/+ui%$ fa!rs4 ,! ,lu!rans h adh]$ to ,j]ome's mean+ long] ?an ! ,re=m$2 b ! decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t _h "s effect on bo?4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! canonical & apocryphal writ+s 0 c>ri$ to its utmo/ l5g? by ! ,we/m9/] div9es1 :o ass]t$ t ! =m] are inspir$1 ! latt] n4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,canon ,,f ,,its ,,beg9n+ ,,to ,,its ,,close4 ,! fir/ important "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t put toge!r z a :ole 0 ! ,p5tateu*1 or r1 ! five books ( ,moses & ,jo%ua4 ,?is 0 prec$$ by small] docum5ts1 :i* "o or m r$actors embodi$ 9 x4 ,! e>lie/ ?+s committ$ to writ+ 7 probably ! t5 words proce$+ f ,moses himself1 aft]w>ds enl>g$ into ! t5 comm&m5ts :i* exi/ at pres5t 9 two rec5sions 7,exod4 xx41 ,deut4 v47 ,x is true t we h ! olde/ =m ( ! decalogue f ! ,jehovi/ n ! ,elohi/2 b t is no valid objection aga9/ ! antiquity ( ! nucleus1 out ( :i* x arose4 ,x is also probable t sev]al legal & c]emonial enactm5ts belong1 if n to ,moses himself1 at lea/ to 8 "t2 z also ! ,elohi/ic li/ ( /ations 9 ,numb]s xxxiii4 ,to ! same "t belongs ! song ( ,miriam 9 ,exodus xv41 probably consi/+ ( a few l9es at fir/1 & subsequ5tly enl>g$2 ) a triumphal ode ov] ! fall ( ,he%bon 7,numb]s xxi4 #bg-cj74 ,! little poetical piece 9 ,numb]s xxi4 #ag1 #ah1 aft]w>ds misund]/ood & s tak5 lit]ally1 is po/-,mosaic4 ,dur+ ! unsettl$ times ( ,jo%ua & ! ,judges !re c\ld h be5 comp>atively little writ+4 ,! song ( ,deborah appe>$1 full ( poetic =ce & fire4 ,! p]iod ( ! e>ly k+s 0 *>act]iz$ n only by a rem>kable developm5t ( ! ,hebrew p & _! consolidation into a national /ate1 b by fre% lit]>y activity4 ,laws 7 writt5 out = ! guidance ( prie/s & p2 & ! political organization ( ! rapidly gr[+ nation 0 promot$ by poetical productions 9 :i* spiritual life express$ its aspirations4 ,s*ools ( prophets 7 in/itut$ by ,samuel1 ^: lit]>y ef=ts t5d$ to purify ! wor%ip4 ,david 0 an accompli%$ poet1 ^: psalms are compos$ 9 l(ty /ra9s2 & ,solomon may h writt5 a few odes4 ,! build+ ( ! temple1 & ! arrangem5ts connect$ ) its wor%ip1 contribut$ mat]ially to a writt5 legislation4 ,dur+ ?is e>ly & fl\ri%+ p]iod appe>$ ! book ( ! ,w>s ( ,jehovah17#ca7 a h]oic an?ology1 celebrat+ w>like de$s2 & ! book ( ,ja%>17#cb7 also poetical4 ,jeho%aphat is m5tion$ z c\rt-annali/ to ,david & ,solomon47#cc7 ,above all1 ! ,elohi/s n[ appe>$1 ! fir/ ( :om1 9 ! reign ( ,saul1 0 au?or ( annals1 beg9n+ at ! e>lie/ "t :i* 7 di/+ui%$ by g5ealogical & *ronological details z well z sy/ematic m9ut5ess1 by ar*aic simplicity1 & by legal prescriptions m !oretical ?an practical4 ,! long g5ealogical regi/]s ) an artificial *ronology & a /atem5t ( ! ye>s ( m5's lives1 ! dry n>ratives1 ! precise acc\nts ( ! gradual enl>gem5t ( div9e laws1 ! copi\s description ( ! tab]nacle & ! in/itution ( div9e wor%ip1 are we>isome1 ?\gh p]vad$ by a !oretic int]e/ :i* looks at ev]y?+ f a legal po9t ( view4 ,a second or junior ,elohi/ 0 less me?odical & m fragm5t>y1 supply+ additional in=mation1 furni%+ new !ocratic details1 & sett+ =? ! relation ( ,israel to hea!n nations & to ,god4 ,9 contra/ ) 8 pr$ecessor1 he has great beauty ( description1 :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,isaac's sacrifice & ! hi/ory ( ,joseph2 9 picturesque & graphic n>ratives int]sp]s$ ) few reflections4 ,8 p>allels to ! lat] writ] commonly call$ ! ,jehovi/1 are num]\s4 ,! ?ird au?or1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,uzziah1 ?\gh m my?ological ?an ! ,elohi/s1 0 less =mal4 ,8 /&-po9t is prophetic4 ,! ?ird docum5t incorporat$ ) ! ,elohi/ic ones =m$ an important "p ( ! :ole1 exhibit+ a vividness :i* ! fir/ lack$2 ) descriptions ( p]sons & ?+s f ano!r /&-po9t4 ,! ,jehovi/ belong$ to ! nor!rn k+dom2 ! ,elohi/s 7 ( ,judah4 ,! /ate ( ! nation aft] ,rehoboam 0 unfavorable to lit]ature4 ,:5 ! p 7 ?reat5$ & attack$ by o!r nations1 divid$ among !mselves 9 wor%ip & all high] int]e/s1 r5t by conflict+ p>ties1 ! !ocratic pr9ciple :i* 0 ! true bond ( union c\ld n ass]t itself ) effect4 ,! p 7 corrupt2 _! religi\s life debas$4 ,! example ( ! k+s 0 usually prejudicial to political heal?9ess4 ,contact ) =eign]s z well z ) ! old] inhabitants ( ! l&1 h9d]$ progress4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! prophets 7 ! true re=m]s1 ! advocates ( political lib]ty1 expositors ( ! pr9ciples t give life & /ability to a nation4 ,9 ,judah1 ,joel wrote prophetic disc\rses2 9 ,israel1 ,amos & ,hosea4 ,n[1 too1 a r$actor put toge!r ! ,elohi/ic & ,jehovi/ic docum5ts1 mak+ v>i\s *anges 9 !m1 add+ ?r\gh\t s5t5ces or words t seem$ desirable1 & suppress+ :at 0 unsuit$ to 8 ta/e4 ,sev]al psalm-writ]s enri*$ ! national lit]ature aft] ,david4 ,le>n$ m5 at ! c\rt ( ,hezekiah reca/ & enl>g$ 7,prov]bs xxv4-xxix47 ! national prov]bs1 :i* bore ,solomon's "n because ! nucleus ( an old] collection belong$ to t mon>*4 ,^! lit]>y c\rti]s 7 n prophets1 b r scribes4 ,! book ( ,job 0 writt51 ) ! exception ( ,elihu's lat] disc\rses1 :i* 7 n ins]t$ 9 x till aft] ! return f ,babylon2 & ,deut]onomy1 ) ,jo%ua1 0 add$ to ! prec$+ collection 9 ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,! gift$ au?or ( ,deut]onomy1 :o 0 evid5tly imbu$ ) ! prophetic _s1 complet$ ! ,p5tateu*1 i4e41 ! five books ( ,moses & ,jo%ua1 revis+ ! ,elohi/-,jehovi/ic "w1 & mak+ v>i\s additions & alt]ations4 ,he did ! same ?+ to ! hi/orical books ( ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s2 :i* receiv$ f him _! pres5t =m4 ,imm$iately be=e & dur+ ! exile !re 7 num]\s au?ors & compil]s4 ,new psalms appe>$1 m or less national 9 _s4 ,ezekiel1 ,j]emiah & o!rs prophesi$2 especially an unkn[n se] :o describ$ ! pres5t condition ( ! p1 pr$ict+ _! com+ glories & r5ovat$ wor%ip 9 /ra9s ( f>-rea*+ import47#cd7 ,?is great prophet expect$ ! reg5]ation ( ! nation f ! pi\s portion ( x1 ! prophets 9 p>ticul>1 n f a k+ly ,messiah z ,isaiah did2 = ! hopes re/+ on rul]s out ( ,david's h\se _h be5 disappo9t$4 ,8 aspirations turn$ to spiritual means4 ,he 0 n m]ely an en?usia/ic se] ) compreh5sive glance1 b also a practical philosoph] :o set =? ! doctr9e ( ! innoc5t suff]+ = ! guilty2 diff]+ !re9 f ,ezekiel's !ory ( individual rew>d & puni%m5t 9 ! pres5t _w--a !ory out ( h>mony ) ! circum/ances ( actual life4 ,! v mis=tunes ( ! nation1 & ! signs ( _! return1 excit$ )9 ! nobl] spirits hopes ( a bright] future1 9 :i* ! fl\ri%+ reign ( ,david %\ld be surpass$ by ! univ]sal wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! outw>d condition1 ! prophets ( ! exile 7 usually writ]s1 l ,ezekiel1 n public speak]s2 & _! ann\ncem5t ( glad tid+s c\ld only be transmitt$ privately f p]son to p]son4 ,?is expla9s 9 "p ! oblivion into :i* _! names fell2 s t ! au?or or r$actor ( ,j]emiah l41 li42 ! au?or ( *apt]s xiii4-xiv4 #bc1 xxi4 #a-aj1 xxiv4-xxvii41 xxxiv41 xxxv41 ins]t$ 9 ,isaiah2 &1 above all1 ! ,babylonian ,isaiah1 :om ,hitzig improbably id5tifies ) ! high-prie/ ,jo%ua1 are unkn[n4 ,aft] ! return f ,babylon ! lit]>y _s manife/$ itself 9 ! prophets ( ! re/oration--,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i--:o wrote to recall _! c\ntrym5 to a s5se ( religi\s duties2 ?\gh _! ideas 7 borr[$ 9 "p f old] prophets ( m orig9al g5ius4 ,! book ( ,e/h] appe>$1 to make ! obs]vance ( ! purim fea/1 :i* 0 ( ,p]sian orig91 m g5]al 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! l>ge hi/orical "w compris+ ! books ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,*ronicles1 0 compil$ p>tly out ( mat]ials writt5 by ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 p>tly out ( old] hi/orical records :i* =m$ a portion ( ! national lit]ature4 ,sev]al temple-psalms 7 also compos$2 a "p ( ! pres5t book ( ,prov]bs2 ,ecclesia/es1 ^: tone & language betray its late orig92 & ,jonah1 ^: diction puts its date aft] ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,! ,maccabean age call$ =? ! book ( ,daniel & v>i\s psalms4 ,9 addition to new productions !re 0 an incl9ation to collect =m] docum5ts4 ,to ,ze*>iah's au!ntic prophecies 7 add$ ! e>li] ones conta9$ 9 *apt]s ix4-xiv42 & ! ,psalms 7 gradually br\ght toge!r1 be+ made up into divisions at diff]5t times2 ! fir/ & second divisions proce$+ f "o r$actor1 ! ?ird f ano!r1 ! f\r? & fif? f a /ill lat]4 ,v>i\s writ+s besides _! own 7 gr\p$ ar\nd ! names ( e>li] prophets1 z 0 ! case ) ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,! lit]ature is m indebt$ = its be/ con/itu5ts to ! prophetic ?an to ! prie/ly ord]1 because ! prophets 7 prea*]s ( rep5tance & righte\sness ^: great aim 0 to make ,israel a ,jehovah-wor%ipp+ nation to ! exclusion ( o!r gods4 ,_! utt]ances 7 ess5tially e?ical & religi\s2 _! pictures ( ! future subjective & ideal4 ,!re 0 sil5tly elaborat$ 9 _! s*ools a spiritual mono!ism1 ov] aga9/ ! crude poly!ism ( ! p g5]ally--a !ocratic ideal inadequately appreh5d$ by gross & s5su\s ,israel--,jehovism simple & sublime amid a sac]dotal wor%ip :i* left ! he>t impure :ile cleans+ ! h&s4 ,in/ead ( tak+ _! /& ^u ! law1 ) its rules ( wor%ip1 its c]emonial precepts & p5alties aga9/ transgressors1 ! prophets set !mselves above x1 speak+ slight+ly ( ! =ms & cu/oms :i* ! p took = ! :ole ( religion4 ,to ! view ( su* z 7 prep>$ to receive a fai? t look$ = its realization to ! future1 !y help$ to create a mill5nium1 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah alone %\ld become ! basis ( a univ]sal religion = humanity4 ,9 addition to ! prophetic lit]ature prop]1 !y wrote hi/orical works also4 ,h[ sup]ior ?is lit]ature is to ! prie/ly1 appe>s f a comp>ison ( ! ,k+s & ,*ronicles4 ,! subjective und]lies ! "o2 ! objective di/+ui%es ! o!r4 ,fai? 9 ,jehovah1 clo!d1 x may be 9 s5sible or hi/orical =ms1 *>act]izes ! "o2 ref]5ce ( an outw>d ord] to a div9e s\rce1 ! o!r4 ,! sanctity ( a p "u ! gov]nm5t ( a righte\s ,god1 is ! object ( ! "o2 ! sanctity ( in/itutions1 t ( ! o!r4 ,ev5 :5 ! prophets wrote hi/ory1 ! facts are subord9ate to ! belief4 ,subjective purposes color$ _! repres5tation ( real ev5ts4 ,to !m we are indebt$ = ! ,messianic idea1 ! hope ( a bett] "t 9 :i* _! high ideal ( ! !ocracy %\ld be realiz$4 ,) su* belief 9 ! future1 ) pi\s aspirations enliv5+ _! patriotism1 did !y com=t & enc\rage _! c\ntrym54 ,! hope1 g5]al or indef9ite at fir/1 0 aft]w>ds atta*$ to ! h\se ( ,david1 out ( :i* a re/or] ( ! !ocracy 0 expect$1 a k+ pre-em95t 9 righte\sness1 & m>vel\sly gift$4 ,x 0 n m]ely a political b a religi\s hope1 imply+ ! ?or\gh purification ( ! nation1 ! ext9ction ( idolatry1 ! g5]al spread & triumph ( true religion4 ,! pi\s wi%es ( ! prophets1 (t5 repeat$1 became a sort ( doctr9e1 & contribut$ to su/a9 ! fail+ _s ( ! p4 ,! indef9ite idea ( a gold5 age 0 common] ?an t ( a p]sonal pr9ce :o %\ld reign 9 equity & peace4 ,nei!r 0 "p ( ! national fai?1 l ! law1 or ! doctr9e ( sacrifice2 & b a few ( ! prophets portray$ a k+1 9 _! description ( ! p]iod ( ideal prosp]ity4 ,! man :o fir/ gave public sanction to a portion ( ! national lit]ature 0 ,ezra1 :o laid ! f\ndation ( a canon4 ,he 0 ! lead] 9 re/or+ ! !ocracy aft] ! exile1 8a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses1 :o _h prep>$ 8 he>t to seek ! law ( ! ,"l & to tea* 9 ,israel /atutes & judgm5ts40 ,z we are told t he br\ght ! book ( ! law ( ,moses be=e ! congregation & read x publicly1 ! idea naturally arises t he 0 ! f9al r$actor ( ! ,p5tateu*1 sep>at+ x f ! hi/orical "w consi/+ ( ,jo%ua & ! subsequ5t writ+s1 ( :i* x =m$ ! comm5cem5t4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ canon giv5 to ! ,jewi% ,*ur* aft] its recon/ruction--ready = temple s]vice z well z synagogue use4 ,h5ce=w>d ! ,mosaic book became an au?oritative guide 9 spiritual1 ecclesia/ical1 & civil matt]s1 z we inf] f v>i\s passages 9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah & f ! *ronicl]'s own /atem5ts 9 ! book be>+ 8 "n4 ,! do+s ( ,ezra ) reg>d to ! ,scriptures are d$uc$ n only f :at we read ( him 9 ! ,biblical book t be>s 8 "n1 b also f ! leg5d 9 ! f\r? book ( ,ezdras17#ce7 :]e x is relat$ t he dictat$ by inspiration to five ready writ]s n9ety-f\r books2 ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r ( :i* he 0 ord]$ to publi% op5ly t ! wor?y & unwor?y might read1 b res]v$ ! la/ sev5ty = ! wise4 ,?\gh ! tw5ty-f\r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _c be attribut$ to him1 ! fact t he copi$ & wrote portions ne$ n be que/ion$4 ,he edit$ ! law1 mak+ ! fir/ canon or collection ( books1 & giv+ x an au?ority :i* x _h n be=e4 ,talmudic acc\nts associate ) him ! m5 ( ! great synagogue4 ,x is true t !y are leg5d>y1 b !re is a f\ndation ( fact b5ea? ! fanciful sup]/ructure4 ,z to ,ezra's treatm5t ( ! ,p5tateu*1 or 8 specific mode ( r$action1 we are left = ! mo/ "p to conjecture4 ,yet x is safe to affirm t he add$2--mak+ new precepts & practices ei!r 9 place ( or beside old] ones4 ,"s ?+s he remov$ z unsuit$ to ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! p2 o!rs he modifi$4 ,he ?rew back lat] enactm5ts into e>li] times4 ,x is difficult to discov] all ! p>ts t betray 8 h&4 ,"s elaborate prie/ly details %[ 8 au?or%ip mo/ cle>ly4 ,if 8 h& be n visible 9 ,leviticus1 *ap4 xvii4-xxvi42 a writ] n f> remov$ f 8 "t is obs]vable2 ,ezekiel or "s o!r4 ,x is cle> t "s ( ! portion 7xxv4 #ai-bb2 xxvi4 #c-de7 is mu* lat] ?an ! ,elohi/s1 & belongs to ! exile or po/-exile p]iod4 ,b great difficulty atta*es to ! sep>ation ( ! s\rces "h us$2 ev5 aft] ,kays]'s acute h&l+ ( !m4 ,x is also p]ceptible f ,ezekiel xx4 #be1 #bf1 t ! clause 9 ,exodus xiii4 #ae1 8b all ! fir/-born ( my *ildr5 ,i r$eem10 0 add$ aft] ! exile1 s9ce ! prophet %[s 8 unacqua9tance ) x4 ,! /atute t all :i* op5e? ! womb %\ld be burnt 9 sacrifice to ,jehovah1 appe>$ inhuman n only to ,ezekiel1 b to ,ezra or 8 associates 9 re-edit+ ! law2 & !re=e ! clause ab\t ! r$emption ( e fir/-born male 0 subjo9$4 ,ezra1 a second ,moses 9 ! eyes ( ! lat] ,jews1 did n scruple to ref] to ,moses :at 0 ( rec5t orig91 & to deal freely ) ! national lit]ature4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ canon--t ( ,ezra ! prie/ & scribe4 ,! orig9 ( ! great synagogue is notic$ 9 ,ezra x4 #af1 & describ$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ,nehemiah viii4-x41 ! memb]s be+ app>5tly enum]at$ 9 x4 #a-bg2 at lea/ ! ,megila ,j]4 7i4 #e7 & ,midra% ,ru? 7 #c7 speak ( an assembly ( eighty-five eld]s1 :o are probably f\nd 9 ! la/ passage4 ,"o "n1 h[ev]1 is want+1 = only eighty-f\r are giv52 & z ,ezra is n m5tion$ among !m1 ! conjecture ( ,kro*mal t x has dropp$ out ( x4 #i1 may be all[$4 ,ano!r tradition gives ! numb] z "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 :i* may be got by add+ ! 8*ief ( ! fa!rs0 enum]at$ 9 ,ezra viii4 #a-ad to ! hundr$ & two heads ( families 9 ,ezra ii4 #b-eh4 ,:e!r ! numb] 0 ! same at ! comm5cem5t z aft]w>ds is unc]ta94 ,late ,jewi% writ]s1 h[ev]1 su* z ,ab>banel1 ,abraham b5 ,david1 ,b5 ,maimun1 c41 speak z if x consi/$ ( ! l>g] numb] at ! beg9n+2 & h no scruple 9 pron\nc+ ,ezra presid5t1 r ?an ,nehemiah47#cf7 ,! olde/ extra-biblical m5tion ( ! synagogue1 is 9 ! ,mi%nic treatise ,pirke ,abo?1 :]e x is said1 8,moses receiv$ ! laws f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & deliv]$ x to ,jo%ua1 ,jo%ua to ! eld]s1 ! eld]s to ! prophets1 & ! prophets deliv]$ x to ! m5 ( ! great synagogue4 ,^! la/ spake ^! words3 #8,be sl[ 9 judgm5t2 appo9t _m disciples2 make a h$ge = ! law4' 07#cg7 ,9 ! ,talmudic ,baba ,ba?ra1 _! biblical do+s are describ$3 8,moses wrote 8 book1 ! section ab\t ,balaam & job4 ,jo%ua wrote 8 book & eight v]ses ( ! law4 ,samuel wrote 8 book & judges & ,ru?4 ,david wrote ! book ( ,psalms by 7877#ch7 t5 eld]s1 by ,adam ! fir/ man1 by ,mel*iz$ek1 by ,abraham1 by ,moses1 by ,heman1 by ,j$u?un1 by ,asaph1 & ! ?ree sons ( ,korah4 ,j]emiah wrote 8 book1 ! books ( ,k+s & ,lam5tations4 ,hezekiah & 8 fri5ds wrote ,isaiah1 ,prov]bs1 ,canticles1 & ,cohele?2 ! m5 ( ! great synagogue1 ,ezekiel1 ! twelve prophets1 ,daniel & ,e/h]4 ,ezra wrote 8 own book & ! g5ealogies ( ,*ronicles d[n to himself407#ci7 ,?is passage has its obscurities4 ,:at is meant by ! v]b write67#dj7 ,does x mean composition & !n some?+ else2 ! =m] 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! passage1 & edit+ 9 ! second8 ,ra%i expla9s x ( composition ?r\gh\t1 :i* introduces absurdity4 ,! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation is t :i* und]/&s ! v]b ( writ+ 9 "o place1 & edit+ 9 ! second4 ,b x is improbable t ! au?or %\ld h us$ ! same ^w 9 diff]5t s5ses1 9 "o & ! same passage4 ,blo*7#da7 und]/&s x ( copy+ or writ+ out1 a s5se t suits ! proc$ure ( ! m5 ( ! great synagogue 9 reg>d to ,ezekiel1 ! twelve prophets1 c41 b is inapplicable to ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,samuel1 ,david1 ,j]emiah1 c4 ,x is probable en\gh t ! synagogue scribes put into _! pres5t =m & made ! fir/ au?oriz$ copies ( ! works specifi$4 ,! ,borai?a1 h[ev]1 is n cle>1 & may only express ! op9ion ( a private individual 9 a confus$ way4 ,simon ! ,j is said to h belong$ to ! remnants ( ! synagogue4 ,z ,ezra is call$ 8a ready scribe10 & 8 labors 9 connection ) ! law 7 important1 he may h organiz$ a body ( lit]>y m5 :o %\ld "w 9 h>mony1 att5d+1 among o!r ?+s1 to ! collection & pres]vation ( ! national lit]ature2 or !y may h be5 an association ( patriotic m5 :o volunt>ily ralli$ r\nd ! heads ( ! new /ate1 to support !m 9 _! fundam5tal re=ms4 ,! company ( scribes m5tion$ 9 #a ,maccabees does n probably relate to x47#db7 ,a succession ( prie/s & scribes1 excit$ at fir/ by ! re=m+ zeal ( "o :om lat] ,jews look$ ^u z a second ,moses1 labor$ 9 "o dep>tm5t ( lit]>y "w till ! corporation ceas$ to exi/ soon aft]1 if n 9 ! "t ( ,simon1 i4e41 f ab\t #dde ,b4,c4 till ab\t #bjj2 = we id5tify ! ,simon celebrat$ 9 ,sira* l4 #a-bf ) ,simon ,,ii41 son ( ! high-prie/ ,onias ,,ii41 ,b4,c4 #bba-bjb2 n ) ,simon ,i41 son & successor ( ! high-prie/ ,onias ,i41 ,b4,c4 #caj-bia4 ,josephus's op9ion1 inde$1 is contr>y2 b lead+ ,jewi% s*ol>s1 su* z ,zunz1 ,h]zfeld1 ,kro*mal1 ,d]5b\rg1 ,jo/1 & ,blo* diff] f him4 ,to ! great synagogue mu/ be ref]r$ ! compilation ( ! second canon1 conta9+ ,jo%ua1 ,judges ) ,ru?1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah ) ,lam5tations1 ,ezekiel & ! twelve m9or prophets4 ,x 0 n complet$ prior to #cjj ,b4,c41 because ! book ( ,jonah 0 n writt5 be=e4 ,?is "w may be call$ a hi/orical p>able compos$ = a didactic purpose1 giv+ a mild]1 l>g] view ( ,jehovah's favor ?an ! or?odox "o1 t exclud$ ! ,g5tiles4 ,ru?1 conta9+ an idyllic /ory ) an unf9i%$ g5ealogy atta*$1 meant to glorify ! h\se ( ,david1 & pres5t+ a k9dr$ _s t[>ds a p uni=mly hat$1 0 app5d$ to ,judges2 b 0 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! ?ird canon4 ,x 0 writt5 imm$iately aft] ! return f ! ,babylonian captivity2 = ! ,*aldais+ language po9ts to ?is date1 not)/&+ ! suppos$ ar*aisms discov]$ 9 x by "s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,lam5tations1 orig9ally add$ to ,j]emiah1 7 aft]w>ds put into ! lat] or ?ird canon4 ,jo%ua1 :i* _h be5 sep>at$ f ! five books ( ,moses ) :i* x 0 closely jo9$ at fir/1 =m$1 ) ! o!r hi/orical portion 7,judges1 ,samuel1 ,k+s71 ! prop] cont9uation ( ,ezra's canon4 ,! prophets includ$ ! ?ree great] & twelve m9or4 ,) ,isaiah's au!ntic oracles 7 incorporat$ ! la/ tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s1 belong+ = ! mo/ "p to an anonym\s prophet ( ! exile1 besides sev]al late pieces ins]t$ 9 ! fir/ ?irty-n9e *apt]s4 ,m5 ( prophetic gifts wrote 9 ! "n ( di/+ui%$ prophets1 & put _! productions ) ^? ( ! latt]1 or adapt$ & wrote !m ov] aft] _! own fa%ion4 ,! fiftie? & fifty-fir/ *apt]s ( ,j]emiah %[ su* ov]-writ+4 ,to ,ze*>iah's au!ntic oracles 7 atta*$ *apt]s ix4-xiv41 !mselves made up ( two p>ts 7ix4-xi41 xii4-xiv47 belong+ to diff]5t times & au?ors prior to ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% /ate by ! ,babylonians4 ,! "* ( ! synagogue's proce$+s 9 reg>d to ! books ( ,scripture c only be d$uc$ f ! conduct ( ,ezra himself1 z well z ! prevail+ views & wants ( ! times4 ,! scribes :o began ) ,ezra1 see+ h[ he act$1 w\ld naturally foll[ 8 example1 n hesitat+ to revise ! text 9 sub/ance z well z =m47#dc7 ,!y did n refra9 f *ang+ :at _h be5 writt51 or f ins]t+ fre% matt]4 ,"s ( _! novelties c be disc]n$ ev5 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,_! *ief "w1 h[ev]1 relat$ to ! =m ( ! text4 ,!y put into a prop] =m & /ate ! text ( ! writ+s !y /udi$1 p]ceiv+ less ne$ = revis+ ! matt]4 ,:at !y did 0 9 good fai?1 ) hone/ int5tion4 ,! prophetic canon end$ ) ,mala*i's oracles4 ,& x 0 made sometime aft] he prophesi$1 because ! g5]al consci\sness t ! function ceas$ ) him requir$ a consid]able p]iod = its gr[?4 ,! fact t x includ$ ,jonah & ,ru? br+s ! completion aft] #cjj ,b4,c41 z already /at$4 ,!re are no def9ite allusions to x till ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,daniel speaks ( a passage 9 ,j]emiah be+ 9 8! books0 or 8writ+s207#dd7 & ! prologue ( ,jesus ,sira* presupposes its =mation4 ,su* 0 ! second canon1 :i* _h be5 made up gradually 7#ddd-bij ,b4,c47 ,ano!r view ( ! collection 9 "q has be5 tak5 by v>i\s s*ol>s4 ,accord+ to a passage 9 ! second book ( ,maccabees1 ! second canon orig9at$ ) ,nehemiah1 :o 8ga!r$ toge!r ! acts ( ! k+s & ! prophets & 7psalms7 ( ,david1 & ! epi/les ( ! k+s conc]n+ ! holy gifts407#de7 ,^! words are obscure4 ,!y occur 9 a lett] purport+ to be s5t by ! ,sanh$rim at ,j]usalem to ! ,jews 9 ,egypt1 :i* conta9s apocryphal ?+s2 a lett] :i* assigns to ,nehemiah ! m]it ( v>i\s arrangem5ts r belong+ to ,ezra4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ! mean+ ( 8! epi/les ( ! k+s conc]n+ ! (f]+s40 ,if !y 7 ! docum5ts ( hea!n or ,p]sian k+s favorable to ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem & its temple1 w\ld !y n h be5 reject$ f a collection ( sacr$ books belong+ to ! *os5 p8 ,!y might p]haps h be5 adopt$ _h !y be5 int]wov5 ) ! holy books !mselves1 l portions ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah2 b !y c\ld n h =m$ a di/9ct "p ( ! national lit]ature1 because !y 7 =eign & hea!n4 ,aga91 8! psalms ( ,david0 _c h exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,nehemiah1 if ! phrase includes ! :ole collection4 ,x may p]haps ref] to ! fir/ ?ree divisions ( ! book1 z ,h]zfeld ?9ks2 b ^! conta9 _m odes :i* are n ,david's2 :ile e>li] ones belong to ! la/ two divisions ( ! ,psalm-book4 ,9 l mann]1 8! prophets0 c\ld n all h belong$ to ?is canon2 nei!r ,mala*i1 :o 0 lat]1 nor ,jonah4 ,! acc\nt w n be> /rict exam9ation1 & mu/ be pron\nc$ apocryphal4 ,nehemiah 0 a /atesman1 n a prie/ or scribe2 a politician1 n a lit]>y man4 ,x is true t he may h _h assi/ants1 or committ$ ! "w to compet5t h&s2 b ?is is conjectural4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 suppos$ canon h>dly comm5ds itself by inh]5t tru?fulness or probability1 ?\gh x is accept$ by ,ewald & ,bleek4 ,:5 ! great synagogue ceas$1 !re 0 an int]val dur+ :i* x is n cle> :e!r ! sacr$ books 7 neglect$1 except by private individuals2 or :e!r !y 7 /udi$1 copi$1 & collect$ by a body ( scribes4 ,p]haps ! scribes & eld]s ( ! ,hasmonan "t 7 active at int]vals 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! in/itution ( a s5ate by ,judas ,maccabaeus is suppos$ to be favor$ by #b ,maccabees 7*apt] i4 #aj-;ii4 #ah72 b ! passage furni%es poor evid5ce ( ! ?+4 ,judas is !re made to write to ,egypt 9 ! ye> ( ! ,seleucidae #ahh1 ?\gh he di$ ?irty-six ye>s be=e1 i4e41 #aeb4 ,o!r places h be5 add$ z corroborative1 viz41 #b ,maccab4 iv4 #dd1 xi4 #bg2 #a ,maccab4 vii4 #cc4 ,"s g s f> z to /ate t ,jose b5 ,joes] 0 appo9t$ its fir/ presid5t at t "t4 ,! ,midra% 9 ,b]e%i? ,rabba 7 #fe7 makes him "o ( ! sixty ,hassidim :o 7 trea*]\sly murd]$ by ,alcimus2 b ?is is nei!r 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,maccabees 7*apt] vii47 nor 9 ,josephus17#df7 & mu/ be pron\nc$ conjectural4 ,x is impossible to fix ! exact date ( ,jose b5 ,joes] 9 ! ,hasmonean p]iod4 ,pirke ,abo? leaves x indef9ite4 ,jona?an1 ,judas ,maccabaeus's successor1 :5 writ+ to ! ,lac$aemonians1 speaks ( ! g]usia or s5ate z well z ! p ( ! ,jews2 :5ce we le>n t ! body exi/$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,judas47#dg7 ,aga91 ,demetrius writes to ,simon1 z also to ! eld]s & nation ( ! ,jews47#dh7 ,aft] ,jona?an & ,simon1 x may h be5 susp5d$ = a :ile1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]secution & an>*y prevail+ 9 ,judea2 till ! great ,sanh$rim at ,j]usalem succe$$ x1 "u ,hyrcanus ,i4 ,?\gh ! traces ( a s5ate 9 ! ,maccabaean epo* are slight1 ! ,talmud c\nt5ances its exi/5ce47#di7 ,we believe t x 0 e>li] ?an ,judas ,maccabaeus4 ,( its con/itution no?+ is kn[n2 b x 0 probably ari/ocratic4 ,! ,hasmonean pr9ce w\ld naturally ex]t a comm&+ influ5ce ov] x4 ,! great synagogue _h be5 a k9d ( democratic c\ncil1 consi/+ ( scribes1 doctors or tea*]s1 & prie/s47#ej7 ,l _! pr$ecessors ( ! great synagogue1 ! ,hasmonan eld]s revis$ ! text freely1 putt+ into x explanatory or corrective additions1 :i* 7 n always improvem5ts4 ,! way 9 :i* !y us$ ! book ( ,e/h]1 employ+ x z a m$ium ( ,hala*ite prescription1 %[s a treatm5t involv+ little idea ( sacr$ness atta*+ to ! ,hagiographa4 ,we are aw>e t ! exi/5ce ( ?is body is liable to d\bt1 & t ! expressions belong+ to x 9 ,jewi% books1 :e!r eld]s or g]usia1 h be5 appli$ to ! great synagogue or to ! ,sanh$rim at ,j]usalem1 or ev5 to ! eld]s ( any little t[n or hamlet2 b x is difficult to expla9 all on t hypo!sis1 )\t attribut+ confusion to ! places :]e !y occur4 ,if ! body 9 "q be n all[$1 an int]val ( ab\t sixty ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! great synagogue & ! ,sanh$rim1 dur+ :i* ! hagiographical writ+s 7 comp>atively neglect$1 ?\gh lit]>y activity did n cease4 ,no au?oritative association1 at lea/1 dealt ) !m4 ,?is is improbable4 ,x is true t we read ( no di/+ui%$ tea*]s 9 ! int]val1 except ,antigonus ( ,so*o1 disciple ( ,simon ! ,j2 b ! sil5ce c h>dly weigh aga9/ a reasonable presumption4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 viz41 t ,antigonus did n rea* d[n to ! "t ( ! fir/ pair t presid$ ov] ! ,sanh$rim4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ?ird canon1 i4e41 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,canticles1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]1 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,*ronicles1 ! =mation ( :i* we assign to ! ,hasmonan g]usia1 7 multif>i\s1 diff]+ widely f "o ano!r 9 age1 "*1 & value--poetical1 prophetic1 didactic1 hi/orical4 ,su* z seem$ wor?y ( pres]vation1 ?\gh !y _h n be5 includ$ 9 ! second canon1 7 ga!r$ toge!r dur+ ! space ( an hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! olde/ "p consi/$ ( psalms suppos$ to belong to ,david4 ,! fir/ psalm1 :i* conta9s )9 itself traces ( late au?or%ip1 0 prefix$ z an introduction to ! :ole collection n[ put into ! ?ird canon4 ,next to ! ,psalms 7 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,canticles1 :i*1 ?\gh non-prophetic & probably exclud$ on t acc\nt f ! second canon1 mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! exile4 ,enri*$ ) ! late/ additions1 !y surviv$ ! national disa/]s1 & claim$ a place next to ! ,psalms4 ,!y 7 b a portion ( ! lit]ature curr5t 9 & aft] ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c41 z may be inf]r$ f ! epilogue to ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,sira*4 ,! hi/orical "w compil$ by ! *ronicle-writ] 0 sep>at$1 ,ezra be+ put fir/ z ! mo/ important "p1 & ref]r+ also to ! *ur* ( ! #f? & #e? c5turies ^: hi/ory _h n be5 writt54 ,! ,*ronicles !mselves 7 plac$ la/1 be+ consid]$ ( less value ?an ! fir/ "p1 z !y conta9$ ! summ>y ( a p]iod already describ$1 ?\gh ) num]\s adaptations to po/-exile times4 ,! y\nge/ portion consi/$ ( ! book ( ,daniel1 n writt5 till ! ,maccabean p]iod 7betwe5 #agj & #afj ,b4,c4727#ea7 & probably ( sev]al ,psalms 7#dd1 #fj1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #hi1 #aaj1 #aah7 :i* 7 ins]t$ 9 diff]5t places ( ! collection to make ! :ole numb] #aej4 ,^! late odes savor ( ! ,maccabean "t2 & are fitly illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory giv5 9 ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees4 ,! li/ cont9u$ op52 dom9at$ by no /r+5t pr9ciple ( selection1 & ) a "* some:at indef9ite4 ,x 0 call$ c'tubim1 i4e41 writ+s7#eb7 a g5]al epi!t suit$ to ! cont5ts4 ,sev]al books put into ! ?ird canon1--z ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ! great] numb] ( ! ,psalms1 c41--exi/$ :5 ! second 0 made4 ,b ! latt] collection 0 pre-em95tly prophetic2 & x 0 t idea ( ! orig9 & cont5ts ( ! books 9 x :i* regulat$ its ext5t4 ,blo*'s supposition t ! p>ts ( ! ?ird collection !n exi/+ 7 n look$ ^u z holy1 b m]ely z productions embody+ human wisdom1 & 7 !re=e exclud$1 is improbable4 ,we d n ?9k t an alt]ation ( op9ion ab\t !m 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury or m1 by :i* !y became div9e & holy in/ead ( human1 is a satisfactory explanation4 ,! ,psalms ( ,david & ! book ( ,job mu/ h be5 z highly e/eem$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! great synagogue's exi/5ce z !y 7 at a lat] "t4 ,o!r consid]ations besides ! div9ity & hol9ess ( books contribut$ to _! introduction into a canon4 ,ecclesia/es 0 tak5 into ! ?ird collection because x 0 attribut$ to ,solomon4 ,! ,song ( ,songs 0 und]/ood allegorically1--a fact :i*1 9 addition to its suppos$ ,solomonic au?or%ip1 det]m9$ its adoption4 ,& ev5 aft] _! canonical reception1 :e!r by ! great synagogue or ano!r body1 ! "* ( books 0 canvass$4 ,x 0 s ) ,ecclesia/es1 9 spite ( ! suppos$ sanction x got f ! great synagogue conta9$ 9 ! epilogue1 add$1 z "s ?9k1 by t body to atte/ ! sacr$ness ( ! book47#ec7 ,:ile ! ?ird canon 0 be+ made1 ! s(]im1 z ! successors ( ! prophets1 7 active z be=e2 & ?\gh int]pretation 0 _! *ief duty1 !y mu/ h revis$ & correct$ ! sacr$ books to "s ext5t4 ,we ne$ n hesitate to all[ t !y sometimes arrang$ p>ts1 & ev5 add$ matt] ( _! own4 ,9 ! "t ( ! canon's entire prep>ation1 !y & ! prie/s1 ) writ]s & s*ol>s g5]ally1 r$act$ ! national lit]ature1 exclud+ or sanction+ su* portions ( x z !y ?\ght fit4 ,at ?is "t appe>$ ! pres5t five-fold p>tition ( ! ,psalms1 prec$$ z x _h be5 by o!r divisions1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 v simil> to ! "o t became f9al4 ,sev]al inscriptions & hi/orical notices 7 prefix$4 ,! inscriptions1 h[ev]1 belong to v diff]5t times1 _! hi/orical p>ts be+ usually old] ?an ! musical2 & date f ! fir/ collection to ! p]iod ( ! ,hasmonean college1 :5 ! f9al r$action ( ! entire ,psalt] took place4 ,^? 9 ! fir/ ?ree books exi/$ at ! "t :5 ! latt] 7 made up2 ^? 9 ! la/ two 7 prefix$ p>tly at ! "t :5 ! collections !mselves 7 made1 & p>tly 9 ! ,maccabean age4 ,h[ (t5 !y are out ( h>mony ) ! poems !mselves1 ne$s no rem>k4 ,!y are bo? traditional & conjectural4 ,! e>lie/ atte/ation ( ! ?ird canon is t ( ! prologue to ,jesus ,sira* 7#acj ,b4,c471 :]e n only ! law & ! prophets are specifi$1 b 8! o!r books ( ! fa!rs10 or 8! re/ ( ! books407#ed7 ,no in=mation is giv5 z to its ext5t1 or ! p>ticul> books includ$4 ,!y may h be5 = ! mo/ "p ! same z ! pres5t ones4 ,! passage does n %[ t ! ?ird li/ 0 clos$4 ,! bett] writ+s ( ! fa!rs1 su* z t5d$ to le>n+ & wisdom1 are n exclud$ by ! def9ite article4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r ,philo nor ! ,new ,te/am5t gives exact in=mation z to ! cont5ts ( ! division 9 "q4 ,inde$1 sev]al books1 ,canticles1 ,e/h]1 ,ecclesia/es1 are unnotic$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! argum5t drawn f ,mat!w xxiii4 #ce1 t ! ,*ronicles 7 !n ! la/ book ( ! canon1 is inconclusive2 z ! ,ze*>iah !re nam$ 0 probably diff]5t f ! ,ze*>iah 9 #b ,*ronicles xxiv4 ,none ( ^! witnesses proves t ! ?ird canon 0 f9ally clos$4 ,a m def9ite te/imony respect+ ! canon is giv5 by ,josephus t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 8,= we h n an innum]able multitude ( books among u1 444 b only tw5ty-two books1 :i* conta9 ! records ( all ! pa/ times2 :i* are ju/ly believ$ to be div9e4 ,& ( !m five belong to ,moses4444 ,b z to ! "t f ! dea? ( ,moses till ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 ! prophets :o 7 aft] ,moses wrote d[n :at 0 done 9 _! times 9 ?irte5 books4 ,! rema9+ f\r books conta9 hymns to ,god & precepts = ! conduct ( human life4 ,x is true our hi/ory has be5 writt5 s9ce ,artax]xes v p>ticul>ly1 b has n be5 e/eem$ ( ! l au?ority ) ! =m] by our =efa!rs1 because !re has n be5 an exact succession ( prophets s9ce t "t3 & h[ firmly we h giv5 cr$it to ^! books ( our own nation is evid5t by :at we d2 = dur+ s _m ages z h already pass$1 no "o has be5 s bold z ei!r to add any?+ to !m1 to take any?+ f !m1 or to make any *ange 9 !m2 b x has become natural to all ,jews imm$iately & f _! v bir?1 to e/eem ^! books to conta9 div9e doctr9es1 & to p]si/ 9 !m1 & if occasion be1 will+ly to die = !m407#ee7 ,?is li/ agrees ) our pres5t canon1 %[+ t ! ,pale/9ian ,jews 7 tol]ably unanim\s z to ! ext5t ( ! collection4 ,! ?irte5 prophets include ,job2 ! f\r lyric & moral books are ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es & ,canticles4 ,x is n likely t ! ,hasmonan s5ate _h a long exi/5ce4 ,x 0 replac$ by ! ,sanh$rim1 a m def9ite & /ate in/itution1 int5d$ z a c\nt]-balance to ! influ5ce ( ! ,hasmonan pr9ces4 ,! notices ( ! latt] rea* no fur!r back ?an ,hyrcanus ,i41 i4e41 ab\t #ace ,b4,c47#ef7 ,josephus speaks ( x "u ,hyrcanus ,,ii47#eg7 ,x _c be ref]r$ to an e>li] p]iod ?an ,hyrcanus ,i4 ,frankel7#eh7 inde$1 f9ds a notice ( x 9 #b ,*ronicles xix4 #h1 #aa2 b ! acc\nt !re is indi/9ct1 & ref]s to ! great synagogue4 ,! compil] hav+ no c]ta9 in=mation ab\t :at 0 long pa/1 transf]s ! orig9 ( ! c\rt he speaks ( to ,jeho%aphat1 9 ord] to glorify ! h\se ( ,david4 ,x is impossible to date ! ,sanh$rim1 ) ,frankel1 9 ! ,grecian era1 9 :i* case x mu/ h be5 dissolv$ dur+ ! ,maccabean insurrection1 & aft]w>ds recon/ruct$2 x 0 n con/itut$ till ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 ,:e!r x 0 model$ aft] ! great synagogue or ! ,hasmonan s5ate1 is unc]ta94 ,! idea ( x may h be5 sugge/$ by ! latt] r ?an ! =m]1 = its basis 0 ari/ocratic4 ,! ,hasmonan g]usia mu/ h be5 less =mal & def9ite ?an ! ,sanh$rim2 ?\gh ! latt] arose be=e ! family ceas$ to be 9 p[]1 & diff]$ mat]ially f its pr$ecessor4 ,x cont9u$ f #acj ,b4,c4 till ,a4,d4 #ahj1 surviv+ ! t]rible disa/]s ( ! nation47#ei7 ,! clos+ ( ! ?ird canon _c be assign$1 ) ,blo*1 to ! great synagogue4 ,if ! college ceas$ ) or be=e ,simon1 i4e41 ab\t #bjj-aib1 & ! "w ( ,daniel did n appe> till ab\t #agj ,b4,c41 tw5ty ye>s at lea/ int]v5$ betwe5 ! ext9ction ( ! great synagogue & ,daniel's book4 ,?is holds good1 :e!r we assume1 ) ,kro*mal1 ! synagogue's r$action ( ! "w1--m correctly ! putt+ toge!r ( ! indep5d5t p>ts ( :i* x is said to be compos$2 or equally s1 if ! tak+ ( x into ! canon z a book already complet$1 be attribut$ to ! same body4 ,b we are unable to see t ,kro*mal's reason+ ab\t ! synagogue putt+ ,daniel's "w toge!r & "o ( ! memb]s writ+ ! book ( ,e/h] is probable4 ,9 l mann]1 ,maccabean psalms are adv]se to ! hypo!sis t ! great synagogue complet$ ! ?ird canon4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! late productions1 x is impossible to ass]t t ! m5 ( ! synagogue 7 ! r$actors ( ! ,psalt] z x is4 ,x is true t ! collection 0 made be=e ! ,*ronicles & _m o!r books ( ! hagiographical canon2 b ! complete ,psalt] did n appe> till ! ,maccabean p]iod4 ,! canon1 h[ev]1 0 n consid]$ to be f9ally clos$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e & ! next aft] ,*ri/4 ,!re 7 d\bts ab\t "s portions4 ,! book ( ,ezekiel gave (f5ce1 because "s ( its /atem5ts seem$ to contradict ! law4 ,d\bts ab\t o!rs 7 ( a m s]i\s nature2 ab\t ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,canticles1 ,e/h]1 & ! ,prov]bs4 ,! fir/ 0 impugn$ because x _h contradictory passages & a h]etical t5d5cy2 ! second1 because ( its worldly & s5sual tone2 ,e/h] = its want ( religi\sness2 & ,prov]bs on acc\nt ( inconsi/5cies4 ,?is scepticism w5t f> to procure ! exclusion ( ! suspect$ works f ! canon1 & _! relegation to ! class ( ! g5uzim47#fj7 ,b x did n prevail4 ,hananiah1 son ( ,hezekiah1 son ( ,g>on1 ab\t #cb ,b4,c41 is said to h reconcil$ ! contradictions & quiet$ ! d\bts47#fa7 ,b ^! traces ( resi/ance to ! fixity ( ! canon 7 n ! la/4 ,!y reappe>$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe1 z we le>n f ! ,talmud17#fb7 :5 ! controv]sy turn$ ma9ly ^u ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es1 :i* ! s*ool ( ,%ammai1 :o _h ! majority1 oppos$2 s t ! book 0 probably exclud$47#fc7 ,! "q em]g$ aga9 at a lat] synod at ,jabneh or ,jamnia1 :5 ,r4 ,eleas> b5 ,as>ia 0 *os5 patri>*1 & ,gamaliel ! second1 depos$4 ,"h x 0 decid$1 n unanim\sly h[ev]1 b by a majority ( ,hillelites1 t ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs 8pollute ! h&s10 i4e41 belong prop]ly to ! ,hagiographa47#fd7 ,?is 0 ab\t #ij ,a4,d47#fe7 ,?us ! "q ( ! canonicity ( c]ta9 books 0 discuss$ at two synods4 ,passages 9 ! ,talmud h be5 adduc$ to %[ t ! ,%ammaite objections to ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es 87 ov]rul$ by ! positive decl>ation f ! #gb eld]s1 be+ a te/imony ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era t ,cohele? is canonical2 b !y d n support ! op9ion407#ff7 8,! sages0 ref]r$ to 9 ! treatise ,sabbat & else:]e is a vague expression1 re/+ app>5tly on no hi/oric tradition--a m]e op9ion ( comp>atively late date4 ,if x ref] to ! ,j]usalem synod ,a4,d4 #fe1 ! ,hillelites 7 simply outnumb]$ !re by ! ,%ammaites4 ,! matt] 0 debat$ ha/ily1 & det]m9$ = ! "t by a majority4 ,b ! synod at ,jamnia consi/$ ( #gb p]sons2 & a passage 9 ! treatise ,yadayim ref]s to x47#fg7 ,! te/imony ( ! #gb eld]s to :om ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,asai "h alludes1 s f> f belong+ to an anti-*ri/ian era1 belongs to a date ab\t #ij ,a4,d4 ,& ! fact t ! synod at ,jamnia took up aga9 a "q already debat$ at ,j]usalem ,a4,d4 #fe1 proves t no f9al settlem5t ( ! canon _h tak5 place be=e4 ,! canon 0 virtually settl$ at ,jamnia1 :]e 0 confirm$ :at ,r4 ,akiba said ( ! ,canticles 9 8 usual extravagant way3 8,no day 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w is ( s mu* wor? z ! "o 9 :i* ! ,song ( ,songs 0 giv5 to ,israel2 = all ! ,scriptures are holy2 b ! ,song ( ,songs is mo/ holy407#fh7 ,z ! ,hagiographa 7 n read 9 public1 ) ! exception ( ,e/h]1 op9ions ( ! ,jewi% rabb9s might /ill diff] ab\t ,canticles & ,ecclesia/es1 ev5 aft] ! synod ( ,jamnia4 ,9 opposition to ^! rem>ks1 x is /r5u\sly argu$ by ,blo* t nei!r ! passage 9 ! ,mi%nic treatise ,yadayim1 nor any o!r1 ref]s to ! canonical "* ( ! books to :i* ,jewi% eld]s rais$ sev]al objections4 ,b 8 argum5ts are m vehem5t ?an valid4 ,anxi\s to assign ! f9al settlem5t ( ! entire canon to an au?oritative body l ! great synagogue1 he affirms t all p>ties 7 unit$ 9 op9ion ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/1--,assiim1 ,p]u%im1 & ,z$dukim2 ,%ammaites & ,hillelites4 ,b x requires m ?an 8 +5uity to expla9 away ! mean+ ( ,yadayim #c1 #e1 ,adoyot v4 #c1 ,sabbat #a4 ,to :at did su* div]sity ( op9ion relate1 if n to ! canonical "* ( ! books8 ,a specific answ] to ! "q is n giv5 by ! le>n$ writ]17#fi7 :o is too eag] 9 8 endeavor to attribute ! settlem5t ( ! ?ird canon to ! great synagogue1 & to smoo? away all div]sities ( op9ion ab\t sev]al books1 aft] t "t1 z if none c\ld aft]w>ds "q ! au?oritative settlem5t by t body4 ,he w n ev5 all[ a wid] canon to ! ,alex&rian ,jews ?an t ( _! ,pale/9ian bre?r51 ?\gh he _c b admit t ! =m] read & highly e/eem$ v>i\s apocryphal books because ( _! !ocratic "*4 ,surely ! practical use ( writ+s is an evid5ce ( _! canonicity z /rong z !oretical op9ions4 ,! d\bts ab\t sev]al books to :i* we h allud$1 "s ( :i* ,hananiah is said to h resolv$ 9 8 old age1 imply a dilig5t /udy ( ! national lit]ature1 if n a revision ( ! text2 & ! ,tannaite college at ,jabneh mu/ h c>$ = ! same ?+s1 z x _h to deal ) simil> objections4 ,aft] ! la/ canon 0 made m ?an a c5tury ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! text 0 n consid]$ inviolate by ! le>n$ ,jews2 x receiv$ subsequ5t modifications & int]polations4 ,! process ( r$action _h n ceas$ be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,?is 0 ow+1 among o!r causes1 to ! /ate ( p>ties among ! ,jews1 z well z ! intrusion ( ,greek lit]ature & culture1 ^: influ5ce ! ,pale/9ian ,jews !mselves 7 n able altoge!r to )/&4 ,:5 ,j]emiah accus$ ! ,scribes ( falsify+ ! law by _! ly+ p5 7viii4 #h71 x may be inf]r$ t ! same process took place aft]w>ds2 t (f5sive ?+s 7 remov$1 & alt]ations made cont9u\sly d[n to ! close ( ! canon1 & ev5 aft]4 ,! corrections consi/$ ( additions & *anges ( lett]s1 be+ indicat$ 9 "p by ! mo/ anci5t v]sions & ! traditions ( ! ,jews !mselves :o (t5 knew :at /ood 9 ! text at fir/1 & :y x 0 alt]$4 ,!y are also indicat$ by ! nature ( ! passage itself view$ 9 ! light ( ! /ate ( religion at ! "t4 ,"h1 sob] judgm5t mu/ gu>d aga9/ unnecess>y conjectures4 ,"s *anges are app>5t1 z ! plural oaks 9 ,g5esis xiii4 #ah1 xiv4 #ac1 xviii4 #a1 ,deut]onomy xi4 #cj1 = ! s+ul> oak2 & ! plural gods 9 ,exodus xxxii4 #d1 = ! s+ul> god4 ,s #b ,sam4 ,vii4 #bc1 7comp4 #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #ba1 & ,,lxx727#gj7 & ,deut]onomy xxxii4 #h17ga7 h be5 alt]$4 ,popp] & ,geig] h probably assum$ too mu* correction on ! "p ( ! ,scribes & o!rs2 ?\gh !y h drawn att5tion to ! subject 9 ! _s ( orig9al criticism4 ,jewi% lit]ature began to deg5]ate aft] ! captivity1 & x cont9u$ to d s4 ,x lean$ ^u ! pa/ m & m1 hav+ an ext]nal & =mal "* ) little ( ! liv+ s\l4 ,! indep5d5ce ( _! religi\s lit]ature disappe>$ ) ! national indep5d5ce ( ! ,jews2 & ! g5ius ( ! p 0 too exclusive to receive mu* expansion f ! _s ( nations ) :om !y came 9 contact4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 amid ! g5]al consci\sness ( pres5t mis=tune :i* ! hope ( a bright] future c\ld n dispel1 & regretful retrospects ( ! pa/ t+$ ) ideal spl5dor1 ! exact "t ( draw+ a l9e betwe5 books t might be includ$ 9 ! ?ird division ( ! canon mu/ h be5 arbitr>y4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a normal pr9ciple to det]m9e selection1 ! productions 7 arbitr>ily sep>at$4 ,n t !y 7 badly adju/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! canon z a :ole 0 settl$ wisely4 ,yet ! critical _s ( le>n$ ,jews 9 ! future c\ld n be ext+ui%$ by anticipation4 ,! canon 0 n really settl$ = all "t by a synodical ga!r+ at ,jamnia2 = ,sira* 0 add$ to ! ,hagiographa by "s rabb9s ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #d? c5tury27#gb7 :ile ,b>u* circulat$ long 9 ,hebrew1 & 0 publicly read on ! day ( atonem5t 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 accord+ to ! ,apo/olic con/itutions47#gc7 ,^! two books 7 9 high repute = a consid]able "t1 possess+ a k9d ( canonical cr$it ev5 among ! le>n$ ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,rab1 ,jo*anan1 ,elas>1 ,rabba b> ,m>e1 occasionally ref] to ,sira* 9 ! way 9 :i* ! c'tubim 7 quot$3 ! writ] ( ,daniel us$ ,b>u*2 & ! translator ( ,j]emiah put x into ,greek4 ,if x be ask$ on :at pr9ciple books 7 admitt$ into ! canon1 a s+le answ] does n suffice4 ,"o & ! same crit]ion did n det]m9e ! process at all times4 ,! lead+ pr9ciple ) :i* ! fir/ canon-mak]s set out 0 to collect all ! docum5ts ( ,hebrew antiquity4 ,?is seems to h guid$ ,ezra1 if n ! great synagogue aft] him4 ,! nation1 e>ly imbu$ ) ! !ocratic _s & believ+ itself ! *os5 ( ,god1 0 favorably incl9$ t[>ds docum5ts 9 :i* t /&po9t 0 assum$4 ,! legal & e?ical 7 specially valu$4 ,! prophetic claim$ a div9e orig92 ! lyric or poetic t\*$ & elevat$ ! ideal faculty on :i* religion acts4 ,b ! lead+ pr9ciple :i* actuat$ ,ezra & ! great synagogue 0 gradually modifi$1 amid ! gr[+ compass ( ! national lit]ature & ! consci\sness t prophecy ceas$ ) ,mala*i4 ,:5 ! late/ "p ( ! canon _h to be select$ f a lit]ature almo/ contemporane\s1 reg>d 0 _h to su* productions z resembl$ ! old 9 _s4 ,or?odoxy ( cont5ts 0 ! dom9ant crit]ion4 ,b ?is 0 a difficult ?+1 = v>i\s works really anonym\s1 ?\gh we>+ ! g>b ( old names & hi/ories1 7 9 exi/5ce1 s t ! b\nd>y ( ! ?ird "p became unc]ta9 & fluctuat+4 ,! pr9ciple t actuat$ ,ezra 9 mak+ ! fir/ canon 0 a religi\s & patriotic "o4 ,f 8 treatm5t ( ! olde/ law books we inf] t he did n look ^u !m z inviolable4 ,v5]able !y 71 & s f> sacr$2 b nei!r p]fect nor complete = all "t4 ,9 8 view !y 7 n unconditionally au?oritative4 ,d\btless !y _h a high value z ! productions ( inspir$ lawgiv]s & m5 ( a prophetic _s2 b ! r$action to :i* he submitt$ !m %[s no sup]/iti\s rev]5ce4 ,) him canonical & holy 7 n id5tical4 ,nor does ! idea ( an imm$iate1 div9e au?ority appe> to h dom9at$ ! m9d ( ! great synagogue 9 ! selection ( books4 ,l ,ezra1 ^! s*ol>s rev]5c$ ! productions ( ! prophets1 poets1 & hi/orians to :om _! c\ntrym5 7 indebt$ 9 ! pa/ = religi\s or political progress2 b !y did n look ^u !m z ! (fspr+ ( un]r+ wisdom4 ,h[ c\ld !y1 :ile witness+ repetitions & m9or contradictions 9 ! books collect$8 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! ?ird canon4 ,direct div9ity ( orig9 0 n ! crit]ion :i* det]m9$ ! reception ( a book into x2 b ! "* & au?or%ip ( ! book4 ,did x brea! ! old _s1 or proce$ f "o v5]at$ = 8 wisdom8 ,0 x l ! old or?odox productions2 or did x be> ! "n ( "o r5[n$ = 8 piety & k ( div9e ?+s8 ,! /amp ( antiquity 0 necess>y 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 b ! !ocratic _s 0 ! lead+ consid]ation4 ,ecclesia/es 0 admitt$ because x bore ! "n ( ,solomon2 & ,daniel's apocalyptic writ+s1 because veil$ "u ! "n ( an old prophet4 ,new psalms 7 tak5 9 because ( _! association ) mu* old] ones 9 ! temple s]vice4 ,yet ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees 0 exclud$1 ?\gh writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,x is /ill m rem>kable t ,sira* 0 put among ! ext]nal productions2 b ?is 0 ow+ n s mu* to its rec5t orig91 = x is old] ?an ! book ( ,daniel1 z to its be+ an app>5t e*o ( ! ,prov]bs1 & !re=e unnecess>y4 ,yet x 0 long aft] assign$ to ! ,hagiographa1 & quot$ z su* by sev]al rabbis4 ,b>u* 0 also left out1 ?\gh x is z old z ,daniel1 if n old]2 & pr(esses to h be5 writt5 by ,j]emiah's fri5d1 9 ,babylon4 ,t r$actors dealt freely ) ! text ( ! second & ?ird canons especially1 )\t a sup]/iti\s belief 9 its sacr$ness1 is app>5t f ! d\ble rec5sion :i* exi/$ :5 ! ,egyptian ,jews translat$ ! books into ,greek4 ,if ! "o t =m$ ! basis ( ! ,alex&rian v]sion be less correct ?an ! ,pale/9ian 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 x is /ill sup]ior 9 _m4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 (t5 rem>kable1 prove t ^? :o _h mo/ to d ) ! books did n gu>d !m z !y w\ld h done _h !y ?\ght !m infallibly inspir$4 ,pale/9ians & ,alex&rians subject$ ! text to r$action2 or _h suff]$ x to fall into a /ate inconsi/5t ) ! assumption ( its sup]natural orig94 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ! ,masoretes r$uc$ to "o type all exi/+ copies ( _! ,scriptures1 introduc+ an uni=mity imp]atively dem&$ 9 _! op9ion by multipli$ discrepancies4 ,:atev] div9e "* ! reflect+ attribut$ to ! canonical books1 x mu/ h am\nt$ to ! same ?+ z t assign$ to human attributes & physical ph5om5a--a div9ity result+ f ! ov]-leap+ ( second causes1 9 ! abs5ce ( inductive philosophy4 ,"h ! imp]fection condition$ by ! nature ( ! creat$ _c be hid4 ,yet ! books may be truly said to h conta9$ ! ^w ( ,god4 ,( ! ?ree divisions1 ! ,law or ,p5tateu* 0 mo/ highly v5]at$ by ! ,jews4 ,x 0 ! fir/ translat$ into ,greek2 & 9 ,philo's view 0 inspir$ 9 a way peculi> to itself4 ,! ,prophets1 or second division1 occupi$ a some:at l[] place 9 _! e/imation1 b 7 read 9 ! public s]vices z ! law _h be5 be=e4 ,! c'tubim1 or ?ird division1 0 n look$ ^u z equal to ! ,prophets 9 importance3 only ! five ,megilo? 7 publicly read4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( ! collection pres5t ! ?ree gradations ( sanctity :i* ! books assum$ successively 9 ,israelite e/imation4 ,a c]ta9 rev]5ce 0 atta*$ to all z soon z !y 7 made canonical2 b ! rev]5ce 0 n ( equal height1 & ! suppos$ au?ority 0 proportionally v>i$47#gd7 ,! consci\sness ( prophetism be+ ext9ct soon aft] ! return f ,babylon1 0 a g5u9e in/9ct4 ,) ! ext9ction ( ! ,jewi% /ate ! religi\s _s almo/ evaporat$4 ,! idealism :i* ! old prophets proclaim$ 9 contra/ ) ! symbolic religion ( ! /ate gave place to ! =ms & an atta*m5t to ! writt5 law4 ,religion came to be a ?+ ( ! und]/&+1 ! subject ( le>n$ treatm5t2 & its ess5ce 0 r$uc$ to dogmas or precepts4 ,?us x ceas$ to be a spiritual elem5t 9 :i* ! he>t _h free scope = its highe/ aspirations4 ,9 addition to all1 a =eign metaphysical !ology1 ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( spirits1 0 introduc$1 :i* seem$ to enl>ge ! sph]e ( speculation1 b really ret>d$ ! free ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,z ! ext]nal side ( religion _h be5 previ\sly direct$ to ! p]=mance ( good works1 ?is ext]nality 0 n[ det]m9$ by a writt5 law4 ,ev5 ! prophetism t appe>$ aft] ! re/oration 0 little m ?an an e*o ( ! pa/1 fall+ 9 ) an outw>d & writt5 legalism4 ,! lit]ature ( ! p det]iorat$ 9 quality1 & prophecy became apocalypse4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! adv5t ( a new man 0 ne$$ to re/ore ! free life ( religion 9 high] p[]4 ,*ri/ appe>$ 9 ! fullness ( "t to d ?is effectually by proclaim+ ! div9e ,fa!rhood1 & f\nd+ a wor%ip 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,ris+ above ! symbolic wrapp+s ( ! ,mosaic religion1 & rely+ ^u ! native p[] ( ! _s itself1 he %[$ h[ man may m\nt up to ! ?rone ( ,god1 ador+ ! ,supreme )\t ! int]v5tion ( temple1 sacrifice1 or c]emony4 ,:5 ! ?ree divisions 7 unit$1 ! ecclesia/ical respect :i* _h ga!r$ r\nd ! law & ! prophets f anci5t times began to be transf]r$ to ! c'tubim4 ,a belief 9 _! sanctity increas$ apace 9 ! #a/ c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 s t sacr$ness & canonicity 7 almo/ id5tical4 ,! d\bts ( individuals1 x is true1 7 /ill express$ respect+ c]ta9 books ( ! c'tubim1 b !y _h no p]ceptible effect ^u ! curr5t op9ion4 ,! sanctity atta*+ to ! la/ division z well z ! o!rs did n p]mit ! total displacem5t ( any "p4 ,! passage 9 ,josephus already quot$ %[s ! /ate ( ! canon ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,accord+ to x1 he consid]$ x to h be5 clos$ at ! "t ( ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 :om he id5tifies ) ! ,ahasu]us ( ,e/h]1 #dfd-dbd ,b4,c4 ,! books 7 div9e1 s t none d>$ to add to1 subtract f1 or alt] !m4 ,to him ! canon 0 some?+ belong+ to ! v5]able pa/1 & inviolable4 ,9 o!r words1 all ! books 7 peculi>ly sacr$4 ,al?\gh we call sc>cely ?9k ?is to be 8 private op9ion m]ely1 x is probably express$ 9 exagg]at$ t]ms1 & h>dly tallies ) 8 use ( ! ?ird ,esdras 9 pref]5ce to ! canonical texts47#ge7 ,8 au?ority1 h[ev]1 is small4 ,blo*'s e/imate ( x is too high4 ,x is utt]ly improbable t ,josephus's op9ion 0 univ]sally held by ! ,jews 9 8 day4 ,8 division ( ! books is peculi>3 five ,mosaic1 ?irte5 hi/orical1 f\r conta9+ religi\s songs & rules ( life4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t z he _h ! same tw5ty-two books we n[ h1 ,ru? 0 /ill atta*$ to ,judges1 & ,lam5tations to ,j]emiah2 b 8 cr$it is n on a p> ) t ( a ,jew :o adh]$ to 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! "t ( _! calamity4 ,he wrote = ! ,romans4 ,"o :o believ$ t ,e/h] 0 ! y\nge/ book 9 ! canon1 :o look$ ^u ,ecclesia/es z ,solomon's1 & ,daniel z an exile production1 _c be a compet5t judge4 ,9 8 "t ! hi/orical s5se ( ! book ( ,daniel 0 misappreh5d$2 = aft] ! ,grecian dyna/y _h fall5 )\t ! fulfillm5t ( ! ,messianic prophecy connect$ ) x1 ! ,roman empire 0 put into its place4 ,h5ce v>i\s allusions 9 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,w>s47#gf7 ,! passage 9 ! ,antiquities17#gg7 ab\t ,alex&] ! ,great & ! prie/s 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem is apocryphal4 ,9 any case1 ,josephus does n furni% a g5u9e li/ ( ! canonical books any m ?an ,philo4 ,! ,ph>isaic view ( 8 "t is und\bt$ly giv51 t ! canon 0 !n complete & sacr$4 ,! decision proce$$ f t "p ( ! nation :o rul$ bo? ov] s*ool & p1 & rega9$ supremacy aft] ! de/ruction ( ! temple2 i4e41 f ! ,ph>isee-sect to :i* ,josephus belong$4 ,x 0 a conclusion ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,) true critical in/9ct1 ,sp9oza says t ! canon 0 ! "w ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! ?ird collection 0 und\bt$ly made "u _! influ5ce4 ,! orig9 ( ! ?reefold division ( ! canon is n1 z ,oehl] supposes17#gh7 a reflection ( ! diff]5t /ages ( religi\s developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! nation pass$1 z if ! f\ndation 7 ! ,law1 ! ult]ior t5d5cy 9 its objective aspect ! ,prophets1 & its subjective aspect ! ,hagiographa4 ,! books ( ,*ronicles & o!rs refute ?is arbitr>y conception4 ,! triplicity lies 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! books 7 collect$4 ,m5 :o belong$ to diff]5t p]iods & possess$ diff]5t degrees ( culture1 work$ successively 9 ! =mation ( ! canon2 :i* arose out ( ! circum/ances ( ! times1 & ! subjective ideas ( ^? :o made x4 ,! places ( ! sep>ate books )9 ! fir/ division or ,torah1 7 det]m9$ by ! succession ( ! hi/orical ev5ts n>rat$4 ,! second division naturally beg9s ) ,moses's successor1 ,jo%ua4 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s foll[ accord+ to ! regul> *ronology4 ,to ! =m] prophets1 z ,jo%ua--,k+s 7 call$1 ! latt] 7 atta*$1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel2 succe$$ by ! twelve m9or prophets1 arrang$ = ! mo/ "p accord+ to _! times1 ?\gh ! l5g? ( individual prophecies & simil>ity ( cont5ts also influ5c$ _! position4 ,! arrangem5t ( books 9 ! ?ird division dep5d$ on _! age1 "*1 & au?ors4 ,! ,psalms 7 put fir/1 because ,david 0 suppos$ to be ! au?or ( _m1 & on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic value 9 promot+ ! religi\s life ( ! p4 ,aft] ! ,psalms came ! ?ree poetical works attribut$ to ,solomon1 ) ! book ( ,job among !m1--,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,canticles1 ,ecclesia/es4 ,! book ( ,e/h] foll[$1 s9ce x 0 int5d$ to fur!r ! obs]vance ( ! ,purim fea/2 ) ! late book ( ,daniel4 ,! position ( ,daniel among ! c'tubim arises solely f ! fact ( its po/]ior orig9 to ! prophetic writ+s1 n except+ ! book ( ,jonah itself2 & ! attempt to acc\nt = its place 9 ! ?ird division on ! gr\nd ( its pr$om9ant subjectivity is bas$ on ! unf\nd$ assumption t ! objective /ate ( religion is repres5t$ 9 ! second division & ! subjective 9 ! ?ird4 ,_h ! book exi/$ be=e #djj ,b4,c41 x w\ld d\btless h /ood 9 ! second division4 ,b ! cont5ts !mselves demon/rate its date2 contempor>y hi/ory be+ wrapp$ 9 a prophetic =m4 ,hav+ "s aff9ity to ,e/h] z reg>ds hea!nism & ,greek life1 ! book 0 put next to ! latt]4 ,to ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :i* 7 adopt$ be=e ! o!r "p ( ! ,*ronicle book & sep>at$ f x1 7 add$ ! s-call$ ,*ronicles4 ,su* 0 ! orig9al succession ( ! ?ird division or c'tubim2 b x did n rema9 unalt]$4 ,= ! use ( ! synagogue1 ! five ,megilo? 7 put toge!r2 s t ,ru?1 :i* 0 orig9ally app5d$ to ,judges1 & ! ,lam5tations affix$ at fir/ to ,j]emiah's prophecies1 7 tak5 out ( ! second & put into ! ?ird canon4 ,?is caus$ a sep>ation ( ,canticles & ,ecclesia/es4 ,! new arrangem5t 0 made = liturgical purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sam>itan ,,& ,,alex&rian ,,canons4 ,! ,sam>itan canon consi/s ( ! ,p5tateu* alone4 ,?is re/rict$ collection is ow+ to ! fact1 t :5 ! ,sam>itans sep>at$ f ! ,jews & began _! wor%ip on ,g]izim1 no m ?an ! ,mosaic writ+s _h be5 inve/$ by ,ezra ) canonical dignity4 ,! ho/ile feel+ betwe5 ! rivals h9d]$ ! reception ( books subsequ5tly canoniz$4 ,! idea ( _! hav+ ! olde/ & mo/ sacr$ "p 9 its entirety satisfi$ _! spiritual wants4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! ,sadducees1 :o already exi/$ z a p>ty be=e ! ,maccabean p]iod1 agre$ ) ! ,sam>itans 9 reject+ all b ! ,p5tateu*2 yet ?is is d\btful4 ,x is true t ! ,sam>itans !mselves say s27#gi7 & t "s ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & o!rs agree2 b little reliance c be put on ! /atem5t4 ,! latt]1 p]haps1 conf\nd$ ! ,sam>itans & ,sadducces4 ,x is also notewor?y t ,*ri/ 9 refut+ ! ,sadducees appeals to ! ,p5tateu* alone2 yet ! conclusion1 t he did s because ( _! admitt+ no m ?an t portion does n foll[4 ,! ,alex&rian canon diff]$ f ! ,pale/9ian4 ,! ,greek translation commonly call$ ! ,septuag9t conta9s "s lat] productions :i* ! ,pale/9ian ,jews did n adopt1 n only f _! av]sion to ,greek lit]ature g5]ally1 b also f ! rec5t orig9 ( ! books1 p]haps also _! want ( prophetic sanction4 ,! clos+ l9e ( ! ?ird "p 9 ! ,alex&rian canon 0 m or less fluctuat+--capable ( admitt+ rec5t writ+s appe>+ "u ! g>b ( old names & hi/ories1 ( embrac+ religi\s subjects2 :ile ! ,pale/9ian collection 0 pretty well det]m9$1 & all b f9ally settl$4 ,! judgm5t ( ! ,alex&rians 0 fre] ?an t ( _! bre?r5 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,!y _h ev5 sep>at$ 9 a measure f ! latt]1 by erect+ a temple at ,leontopolis2 & _! enl>gem5t ( ! canon 0 ano!r /ep ( div]g5ce4 ,nor _h !y ! crit]ion ( language = ! sep>ation ( canonical & uncanonical2 bo? classes 7 be=e !m 9 ! same tongue4 ,! enl>g$ canon 0 n =mally sanction$2 x _h n ! approval ( ! ,sanh$rim2 yet x 0 to ! ,alex&rians :at ! ,pale/9ian "o 0 to ! ,pale/9ians4 ,if ,jews :o 7 n well acqua9t$ ) ,hebrew1 us$ ! apocryphal & canonical books alike1 x 0 a matt] ( feel+ & cu/om2 & if ^? :o knew ! old language bett]1 adh]$ to ! canonical m closely1 x 0 a matt] ( tradition & language4 ,! =m] set little value on ! preval5t consci\sness ( ! race t ! _s ( prophecy 0 ext9ct2 _! view ( ! ,_s's op]ation 0 l>g]4 ,! latt] clung to ! pa/ ) all ! m t5acity t ! old life ( ! nation _h deg5]at$4 ,! ,alex&rian ,jews op5$ _! m9ds to ,greek culture & philosophy1 appropriat+ new ideas1 & expla9+ _! ,scriptures 9 accordance ) wid] conceptions ( ! div9e pres5ce2 ?\gh su* adaptation turn$ aside ! orig9al s5se4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly !y 7 prep>+ ,judaism 9 "s degree to be ! religion ( humanity4 ,b ! ,rabb9s %ut out ^? enl>g+ influ5ces1 conf9+ _! religion )9 ! n>r[ traditions ( "o p4 ,! process by :i* !y cons]v$ ! old belief help$ to qu5* its _s1 s t x became an antique skeleton1 p[]less beside ! new civilization :i* _h foll[$ ! wake ( ,alex&]'s conque/s4 ,rabb9ical ,judaism prov$ its incapacity = reg5]at+ ! _w2 hav+ no aff9ity = ! philosophy ( second causes1 or = ! ex]cise ( reason b5ea? ! love ( a ,fa!r :o sees ) equal eye z ,god ( all4 ,its isolation n\ri%$ a sect>ian t5d5cy4 ,tradition1 hav+ no creative p[] l revelation1 _h tak5 ! place ( x2 & x c\ld n w>d (f ! s5ility ( ,judaism2 = its creations are b feeble e*oes ( prophetic utt]ances1 weak imitations ( poetic inspiration or ( fre% wisdom4 ,!y are ( ! und]/&+ r ?an ! reason4 ,! tradition :i* ,geig] describes z ! life-giv+ s\l ( ,judaism--! daught] ( revelation1 enjoy+ ! same rights ) h] "m--a spiritual p[] t cont9ues ev] to "w--an emanation f ! div9e ,_s--is n1 inde$1 ! ?+ :i* has /iff5$ ,judaism into ,rabb9ism2 b nei!r is x tradition prop]2 x is reason work+ ^u revelation1 & m\ld+ x into a new sy/em4 ,su* tradition s]ves b to %[ ! inability ( g5u9e ,judaism to assimilate philosophic ?\ght4 ,rationaliz+ %\ld n be /yl$ ! op]ation ( tradition4 ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks is evid5t f a comp>ison ( two books1 exemplify+ ,alex&rian & ,pale/9ian ,judaism respectively4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon %[s ! enl>g+ effect ( ,greek philosophy4 ,ov]pass+ ,jewi% p>ticul>ism1 x (t5 approa*es ,*ri/ianity 9 doctr9e & _s1 s t "s7#hj7 h ev5 assum$ a ,*ri/ian orig9 = x4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira* has n ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,dea? is !re an et]nal sleep1 & retribution takes place 9 ?is life4 ,! ,jewi% !ocracy is ! c5tre ( hi/ory2 ,israel ! elect p2 & all wisdom is embodi$ 9 ! law4 ,! writ] is %ut up )9 ! old national ideas1 & leans ^u ! writ+s 9 :i* !y are express$4 ,?us ! ,hagiographical canon ( ,judea1 cons]vative z x is1 & pur] 9 a s5se1 pres5ts a n>r[] type ?an ! be/ specim5s ( ! ,alex&rian "o4 ,! g5ial brea? ( ,aryan culture _h n exp&$ its ,semitism4 ,! id5tity ( ! ,pale/9ian & ,alex&rian canons mu/ be ab&on$1 not)/&+ ! contr>y argum5ts ( ,ei*horn & ,mov]s4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t ,philo nei!r m5tions nor quotes ! ,greek additions2 b nei!r does he quote sev]al canonical books4 ,accord+ to ,ei*horn1 no few] ?an eight ( ! latt] are unnotic$ by him47#ha7 ,besides1 he _h peculi> views ( inspiration1 & quot$ loosely f memory4 ,believ+ z he did 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,greek v]sion z a :ole1 x is difficult to ?9k t he made a di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,9 "o passage he ref]s to ! sacr$ books ( ! ,!rapeutae1 a fanatical sect ( ,jews 9 ,egypt1 z 8laws1 oracles ( prophets1 hymns & o!r books by :i* k & piety are increas$ & p]fect$107#hb7 b ?is pres5ts little in=mation z to ! canon ( ! ,egyptian ,jews g5]ally2 = x is prec>i\s argum5tation to say ) ,h]b/ t !y prove a tw(old canon4 ,ev5 if ! ,alex&rian & ,pale/9ian canons be id5tical1 we _c be sure t ! o!r books :i* ! ,!rapeutae read z holy besides ! law1 ! prophets & hymns1 diff]$ f ! hagiographa1 & s con/itut$ ano!r canon ?an ! g5]al ,egyptian "o4 ,x is q possible t ! hymns mean ! ,psalms2 & ! o!r books1 ! re/ ( ! hagiographa4 ,! argum5t = ! id5tity ( ! two canons d$uc$ f #d ,esdras xiv4 #dd1 c41 z if ! tw5ty-f\r op5 books 7 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r writ+s dictat$ to ,ezra1 is ( no =ce1 because v]isimilitude requir$ t an ,egyptian ,jew himself mu/ make ,ezra con=m to ! old ,pale/9ian canon4 ,x is also alleg$ t ! gr&son ( ,jesus ,sira*1 :o translat$ 8 gr&fa!r's "w dur+ 8 abode 9 ,egypt1 knew no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ,greek canon1 ?\gh he speaks ( ! ,greek v]sion2 b he speaks z a ,pale/9ian1 )\t hav+ occasion to allude to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! canonical books ( ! ,pale/9ian & ,egyptian ,jews4 ,! latt] may h reckon$ ! apocryphal writ+s 9 ! ?ird division2 & !re=e ! translator ( ,jesus ,sira* c\ld recognize !m 9 ! ord9>y classification4 ,! m5tion ( ?ree classes is n oppos$ to _! pres5ce 9 ! ?ird4 ,! g5]al use ( an enl>g$ canon 9 ,egypt _c be d5i$1 ?\gh x 0 some:at loose1 n reg>d$ z a complet$ collection1 & )\t express rabb9ical sanction4 ,if !y did n =mally recognize a canon ( _! own1 z ,de ,wette says ( !m1 !y _h & us$ "o l>g] ?an ! ,pale/9ian1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t a =mal sanction = x by a body ( ,rabbis at ,j]usalem or else:]e4 ,_! canon 0 n id5tical ) t ( ! ,pale/9ians1 & all ! argum5tation f\nd$ ^u ,philo's non-quotation ( ! apocryphal books1 fails to prove ! contr>y4 ,! v way 9 :i* apocryphal are ins]t$ among canonical books 9 ! ,alex&rian canon1 %[s ! equal rank assign$ to bo?4 ,esdras fir/ & second succe$ ! ,*ronicles2 ,tobit & ,judi? are betwe5 ,nehemiah & ,e/h]2 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ,sira* foll[ ,canticles2 ,b>u* succe$s ,j]emiah2 ,daniel is foll[$ by ,susanna & o!r productions ( ! same class2 & ! :ole closes ) ! ?ree books ( ,maccabees4 ,su* is ! ord] 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,! ?reefold division ( ! canon1 indicat+ ?ree /ages 9 its =mation1 has cont9u$4 ,josephus1 inde$1 gives ano!r1 bas$ on ! nature ( ! sep>ate books1 n on ,,mss4 ,we le>n no?+ f him ( its hi/ory1 :i* is some:at rem>kable1 consid]+ t he did n live two c5turies aft] ! la/ "w _h be5 add$4 ,! acc\nt ( ! canon's f9al arrangem5t 0 evid5tly unkn[n to him4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,sep>ate ,,books4 ,! numb] ( ! books 0 v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,josephus gives tw5ty-two1 :i* 0 ! usual numb] among ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies1 hav+ be5 d]iv$ p]haps f ! lett]s ( ! ,hebrew alphabet4 ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & o!rs h x4 ,x cont9u$ longe/ among ! tea*]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & is ev5 9 ,nicephorus's /i*ometry47#hc7 ,! enum]ation 9 "q has ,ru? ) ,judges1 & ,lam5tations ) ,j]emiah4 ,9 ,epiphanius7#hd7 ! numb] tw5ty-sev5 is f\nd1 made by tak+ ! alphabet enl>g$ ) ! five f9al lett]s1 & divid+ ,samuel1 ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles into two books ea*4 ,?is is probably an +5i\s comb9ation belong+ to ! fa!r himself4 ,! ,talmud has tw5ty-f\r17#he7 a numb] :i* did n orig9ate 9 ! ,greek alphabet1 else ! ,pale/9ian ,jews w\ld n h adopt$ x4 ,! synagogue did n fix x (ficially4 ,aft] ! ,p5tateu* & ! =m] prophets1 :i* are 9 ! usual ord]1 x gives ,j]emiah z ! fir/ ( ! lat]1 succe$$ by ,ezekiel & ,isaiah ) ! twelve m9or prophets4 ,! ,talmud kn[s no o!r reason = su* an ord] ?an t x 0 made accord+ to ! cont5ts ( ! prophetic books1 n accord+ to ! times ( ! writ]s4 ,?is solution is unsatisfactory4 ,x is m probable t *ronology _h to d ) ! arrangem5t47#hf7 ,aft] ! anonym\s collection or second "p ( ,isaiah _h be5 jo9$ to ! fir/ or au!ntic prophecies1 ! lat5ess ( ^! oracles br\ght ,isaiah into ! ?ird place among ! great] prophets4 ,! ,talmudic ord] ( ! ,hagiographa is ,ru?1 ,psalms1 ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,lam5tations1 ,daniel1 ,e/h]1 ,ezra1 ,*ronicles4 ,"h ,ru? prec$es ! ,psalt]1 com+ z ne> ! =m] prophets z possible2 = x prop]ly belongs to !m1 ! cont5ts associat+ x ) ! ,judges' "t4 ,! ,talmudic ord] is t usually adopt$ 9 ,g]man ,,mss4 ,:at is ! true e/imate ( x8 ,is x a prop] ,talmudic regulation8 ,p]haps n1 else ! ,hebrew ,,mss4 ( ! ,fr5* & ,spani% ,jews w\ld n s readily h dep>t$ f x4 ,blo* supposes t ,baba ,ba?ra1 :i* gives ! arrangem5t ( ! books1 is "o ( ! apocryphal ,borai?as t proce$$ f an individual tea*] & _h no b9d+ au?ority47#hg7 ,! ,masoretic arrangem5t diff]s f ! ,talmudic 9 putt+ ,isaiah be=e ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel4 ,! ,hagiographa are1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,canticles1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]1 ,daniel1 ,ezra 7) ,nehemiah71 ,*ronicles47#hh7 ,?is is usually adopt$ 9 ,spani% ,,mss4 ,b ,,mss4 (t5 diff] arbitr>ily1 because transcrib]s did n consid] !mselves b\nd to any "o arrangem5t47#hi7 ,accord+ to "s1 a v old te/imony to ! comm5c+ & conclud+ books ( ! ?ird division is giv5 by ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,luke xxiv4 #dd2 ,mat!w xxiii4 #ce71 agreeably to :i* ! ,psalms 7 fir/ & ! ,*ronicles la/2 b ?is is inconclusive4 ,! ,alex&rian translators1 z we h se5 already1 plac$ ! books diff]5tly f ! ,pale/9ian ,jews4 ,9 _! v]sion ,daniel comes aft] ,ezekiel1 s t x is put beside ! great] prophets4 ,0 ?is done by ,jews or ,*ri/ians8 ,p]haps by ! latt]1 :o put x betwe5 ! great] & less] prophets1 or 9 o!r words1 out ( ! ?ird into ! second division1 because ( dogmatic gr\nds1 & s effac$ a trace ( ! correct *ronology4 ,little importance1 h[ev]1 c be atta*$ to ! ord] ( ! books 9 ! ,septuag9t2 because ! "w 0 done at diff]5t times by diff]5t p]sons4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts :5 ! :ole 0 complete1 we "k t x 0 di/urb$ by ,prote/ants sep>at+ ! apocryphal writ+s & putt+ !m all toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,by ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,till ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,orig54 ,! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %[ ! au?ors' acqua9tance ) ! apocryphal books4 ,!y h expressions & ideas d]iv$ f !m4 ,/i] collect$ "o hundr$ & two passages :i* be> "s resemblance to o!rs 9 ! ,apocrypha27#ij7 b !y ne$$ sift+1 & 7 cut d[n to a mu* small] numb] by ,bleek4 ,!y are ,james i4 #ai1 f ,sira* v4 #aa & iv4 #bi2 #a ,pet] i4 #f1 #g1 f ,wisdom iii4 #c-g2 ,hebrews xi4 #cd1 #ce1 f #b ,maccabees vi4 #ah-vii4 #db2 ,hebrews i4 #c1 f ,wisdom vii4 #bf1 c42 ,romans i4 #bj-cb1 f ,wisdom xiii4-xv42 ,romans ix4 #ba1 f ,wisdom xv4 #g2 ,eph4 vi4 #ac-ag1 f ,wisdom v4 #ah-bj2 #a ,cor4 ii4 #aj1 c41 f ,judi? viii4 #ad4 ,o!rs are less probable47#ia7 ,:5 ,bi%op ,cos9 says1 t 89 all ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d n any "o passage ( ! apocryphal books to h be5 alleg$ ei!r by ,*ri/ or ,8 apo/les = ! confirmation ( _! doctr9e107#ib7 ! argum5t1 ?\gh bas$ on fact1 is sc>cely conclusive2 else ,e/h]1 ,canticles1 ,ecclesia/es1 & o!r works might be equally discr$it$4 ,yet x is probable t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 ?\gh quot+ ! ,septuag9t mu* m ?an ! orig9al1 7 dis9cl9$ to ! additional p>ts ( ! ,alex&rian canon4 ,!y 7 ,pale/9ian !mselves1 or _h 9 view ,judais]s ( a n>r[ cre$4 ,prud5tial motives1 no less ?an a pr$isposition 9 favor ( ! old national canon1 may h h9d]$ !m f expressly cit+ any apocryphal production4 ,! apo/le ,paul & probably ! o!r writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 believ$ 9 ! lit]al inspiration ( ! ,biblical books1 = he uses an argum5t 9 ! ,galatian epi/le :i* turns ^u ! s+ul> or plural ( a n\n47#ic7 ,& z ! inspiration ( ! ,septuag9t translation 0 commonly held by ! ,*ri/ians ( ! e>ly c5turies1 x may be t ! apo/les & evangeli/s made no di/9ction betwe5 its p>ts4 ,jude quotes ,eno*1 an apocryphal "w n 9 ! ,alex&rian canon2 s t he at lea/ _h no rigid notions ab\t ! diff]5ce ( canonical & uncanonical writ+s4 ,/ill we "k t ! compass ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon 0 some:at unsettl$ to ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury1 z x 0 to ! ,hell5i/ ,jews !mselves4 ,x is true t ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,psalms 7 univ]sally recogniz$ z au?oritative2 b ! ext5t ( ! ?ird division 0 indef9ite1 s t ! non-citation ( ! ?ree books respect+ :i* !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! ,jews may n h be5 accid5tal4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews receiv$ m books ?an _! ,pale/9ian bre?r51 ! apo/les & _! imm$iate successors 7 n :olly dis9cl9$ to ! use ( ! apocryphal productions4 ,! undef9$ b\nd>y ( ! canon facilitat$ also ! recognition ( all primitive records ( ! new ,revelation4 ,! e>ly fa!rs1 :o wrote 9 ,greek1 us$ ! ,greek ,bible1 z almo/ all ( !m 7 ignorant ( ,hebrew4 ,?us re/rict$2 !y naturally consid]$ its p>ts alike1 cit+ apocryphal & canonical 9 ! same way4 ,accord+ly1 ,ir5u7#id7 quotes ,b>u* "u ! "n ( 8,j]emiah ! prophet207#ie7 & ! additions to ,daniel z 8,daniel ! prophet407#if7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria7#ig7 uses ! apocryphal books l ! canonical ones1 = explanation & pro( indiscrim9ately4 ,he is fond ( ref]r+ to ,b>u*1 :i* he cites upw>ds ( tw5ty-f\r times 9 ! second book ( 8 ,pdagogus1 & 9 a mann] to %[ t he e/eem$ x z highly z _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a passage f ,b>u* is introduc$ by ! phrase17#ih7 8! div9e ,scripture says20 & ano!r f ,tobit by7#ii7 8,scripture has briefly signifi$ ?is1 say+40 ,assum+ t ,wisdom 0 writt5 by ,solomon1 he uses x z canonical & inspir$1 designat+ x div9e47#ajj7 ,judi? he cites ) o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t7#aja72 & ! ,song ( ! ?ree *ildr5 9 ! furnace is us$ z ,scripture47#ajb7 ,ecclesia/icus also is s treat$47#ajc7 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria7#ajd7 cites ,ecclesia/icus 7xvi4 #bf71 introduc+ ! passage ) 8he> div9e oracles407#aje7 ,! same book is else:]e cit$1 *apt]s xliii4 #bi1 #cj7ajf7 & i4 #h4 #i47ajg7 ,s is ,wisdom1 vii4 #ae7ajh7 & #be47aji7 ,b>u* 7iii4 #ab-ae7 is also quot$47#aaj7 ,! fa!rs :o wrote 9 ,lat9 us$ "s ( ! old ,lat9 v]sions ( :i* ,augu/9e speaks2 "o ( !m1 & t ! olde/ probably dat+ soon aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 be+ kn[n to u z ! ,itala4 ,z ?is 0 made f ! ,septuag9t1 x _h ! usual apocryphal books4 ,j]ome's critical revision or new v]sion did n supplant ! old ,lat9 till "s "t aft] 8 dea?4 ,t]tullian7#aaa7 quotes ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon expressly z ,solomon's27#aab7 & introduces ,sira* by 8z x is writt5407#aac7 ,he cites ,b>u* z ,j]emiah47#aad7 ,he also believes 9 ! au!nticity ( ! book ( ,eno*1 & def5ds x z ,scripture at "s l5g?47#aae7 ,cyprian (t5 cites ! ,greek additions to ! ,pale/9ian canon4 ,he introduces ,tobit ) ! words 8z x is writt5107#aaf7 or 8div9e ,scripture tea*es1 say+207#aag7 & ,wisdom )1 8! ,holy ,_s %[s by ,solomon407#aah7 ,ecclesia/icus is introduc$ )1 8x is writt5207#aai7 & ,b>u* )1 8! ,holy ,_s tea*es by ,j]emiah407#abj7 #a & #b ,maccabees are us$ z ,scripture27#aba7 z are ! additions to ,daniel47#abb7 ,! ,african fa!rs foll[ ! ,alex&rian canon )\t scruple4 ,hippolytus ( ,rome 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj71 :o wrote 9 ,greek1 quotes ,b>u* z ,scripture27#abc7 & int]prets ! additions to ,daniel1 su* z ,susanna1 z ,scripture likewise47#abd7 ,melito ( ,s>dis7#abe7 made x 8 special bus9ess to inquire among ! ,pale/9ian ,jews ab\t ! numb] & names ( _! canonical books2 & ! result 0 ! foll[+ li/3--! five books ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 f\r books ( ,k+s1 two ( ,*ronicles1 ! ,psalms ( ,david1 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 ,job1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ! twelve 9 "o book1 ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 ,ezra47#abf7 ,"h ,ezra includes ,nehemiah2 & ,e/h] is abs5t1 because ! ,jews :om he consult$ did n consid] x canonical4 ,orig5's7#abg7 li/ does n diff] mu* f ! ,pale/9ian "o4 ,aft] ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 ,k+s fir/ & second1 ,samuel1 ,*ronicles1 come ,ezra fir/ & second1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah ) ,lam5tations & ! epi/le1 ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 ,job1 ,e/h]4 ,besides ^! !re are ! ,maccabees1 :i* are inscrib$ ,s>be? ,s>bane el47#abh7 ,! twelve prophets are omitt$ 9 ! ,greek2 b ! mi/ake is rectifi$ 9 ,ruf9us's ,lat9 v]sion1 :]e !y foll[ ,canticles1 z 9 ,hil>y & ,cyril ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is rem>kable t ,b>u* is giv51 & :y8 ,because ,orig5 took x f ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,septuag9t he _h be=e him1 9 :i* ! epi/le is attribut$ to ,j]emiah4 ,b ! catalogue _h no influ5ce ^u 8 practice4 ,he foll[$ ! prevail+ view ( ! ext5d$ canon4 ,sira* is introduc$ by 8= ?is also is writt5027#abi7 ! book ( ,wisdom is cit$ z a div9e ^w27#acj7 ! writ] is call$ a prophet27#aca7 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z speak+ 9 x ?r\gh ,solomon27#acb7 & ,wisdom vii4 #ag is adduc$ z ! ^w ( ,*ri/ himself47#acc7 ,tobit is cit$ z ,scripture47#acd7 ,8 view ( ! additions to ! books ( ,daniel & ,e/h]1 z well z 8 op9ion ab\t ,tobit1 are suffici5tly express$ 9 ! epi/le to ,africanus1 s t scatt]$ quotations f ^! p>ts ( ,scripture c be prop]ly e/imat$4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ,susanna he v5tures to say t ! ,jews )drew x on purpose f ! p47#ace7 ,he seems to argue 9 favor ( books us$ & read 9 ! *ur*es1 ?\gh !y may be put out ( ! canon by ! ,jews4 ,z div9e ,provid5ce _h pres]v$ ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 no alt]ation %\ld be made 9 ! ecclesia/ical tradition respect+ books sanction$ by ! *ur*es ?\gh !y be ext]nal to ! ,hebrew canon4 ,mo/ ( ! writ+s ( ,me?odius1 ,bi%op ( ,tyre7#acf7 are lo/1 s t we "k little ( 8 op9ions respect+ ! books ( ,scripture4 ,b x is c]ta9 t he employ$ ! ,apocrypha l ! o!r writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?us ,sira* 7xviii4 #cj & xix4 #b7 is quot$ 9 ! same way z ! ,prov]bs47#acg7 ,wisdom 7iv4 #a-c7 is cit$17#ach7 & ,b>u* 7iii4 #ad747aci7 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,canon ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,c5turies4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians reli$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t z _! *ief religi\s book4 ,to !m x 0 ( div9e orig9 & au?ority4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s came into gradual use1 by ! side ( ! old] ,jewi% docum5ts1 accord+ to ! times 9 :i* !y appe>$ & ! names ( _! reput$ au?ors4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,paul 7 ! e>lie/ writt52 aft] :i* came ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & o!r docum5ts1 all 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,aft] ! fir/ gospel _h und]gone a process ( translation1 re-writ+1 & int]polation1 f ! ,aramaic basis1 ! disc\rses17#adj7 ( :i* ,papias ( ,hi]apolis speaks1 until ! traces ( ano!r orig9al ?an ! ,greek 7 all b effac$2 x appe>$ 9 its pres5t =m e>ly 9 ! second c5tury4 ,soon aft]1 t ( ,luke 0 compos$1 ^: prevail+ ,paul9e t5d5cy 0 n all[$ to suppress v>i\s features ( a ,jewi% ,ess5e type4 ,! second gospel1 :i* be>s evid5ces ( its d]ivation f ! o!r synopti/s1 0 foll[$ by ! f\r?4 ,! la/ docum5t 0 ! s-call$ second ,epi/le ( ,pet]4 ,x is manife/ t tradition assum$ v>i\s =ms aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus2 t leg5d & my? spe$ily surr\nd$ ,8 sacr$ p]son2 t ! unkn[n writ]s 7 influ5c$ by ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* !y /ood ) respect to ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity2 & t _! uncritical age dealt consid]ably 9 ! m>vel\s4 ,t ! life ( ! great ,f\nd] %\ld be ov]laid ) extrane\s mat]ials1 is special matt] = regret4 ,h[ev] consci5ti\s & tru?-lov+ !y may h be51 ! report]s 7 unequal to _! "w4 ,x is also rem>kable t s _m ( !m %\ld be unkn[n2 productions be+ atta*$ to names ( repute to give !m great] curr5cy4 ,:5 ,m>cion came f ,pontus to ,rome 7#add ,a4,d417 he br\ght ) him a ,scripture-collection consi/+ ( t5 ,paul9e epi/les4 ,) true critical in/9ct he did n include ^? address$ to ,timo?y & ,titus1 z also ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! gospel ( ,m>cion 0 ,luke's 9 an alt]$ /ate4 ,f ?is & o!r facts we conclude t ext]nal p>ties 7 ! fir/ :o c>ri$ out ! idea ( collect+ ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & ( putt+ !m ei!r beside or ov] aga9/ ! sacr$ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 support ( _! sy/ems4 ,z to ,basilides 7#abe ,a4,d471 8 suppos$ quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,hippolytus are too prec>i\s to be tru/$47#ada7 ,te/imonies to ! 8ackn[l$g$0 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ,scripture h be5 transf]r$ f 8 foll[]s to himself2 s t 8 e>ly witness to ! canon breaks d[n4 ,x is inf]r$ f /atem5ts 9 ,orig5 & ,j]ome t he _h a gospel ( 8 own some:at l ,/4 ,luke's1 b extra-canonical4 ,8 son ,isidore & succe$+ disciples us$ ,mat!w's gospel4 ,j]ome says t ,m>cion & ,basilides d5i$ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! pa/oral ones47#adb7 ,x is also d\btful :e!r ,val5t9us's 7#adj-aff ,a4,d47 alleg$ citations f ! ,new ,te/am5t c be reli$ ^u4 ,! passages ( ?is k9d ascrib$ to him by ! fa!rs belong 9 a great measure to 8 disciples4 ,! fragm5t ( a lett] pres]v$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ! second book ( ! ,/romata1 has be5 ?\ght to conta9 ref]5ces to ! gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke2 b ! fact is d\btful4 ,nor has ,h5rici prov$ t ,val5t9us us$ ,john's gospel47#adc7 ,b 8 foll[]s1 includ+ ,ptolemy 7#ahj ,a4,d47 & ,h]acleon 7#ahe-bjj ,a4,d471 quote ! ,gospels & o!r portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#add7 ,f ,hippolytus's acc\nt ( ! ,ophites1 ,p]at1 & ,se?ians1 we inf] t ! ,*ri/ian writ+s 7 mu* employ$ by !m4 ,!y r>ely cite an apocryphal "w4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ & sixty citations f ! ,new ,te/am5t h be5 ga!r$ out ( _! writ+s47#ade7 ,we may admit t ^! ,ophites & ,p]at 7 ( e>ly orig91 ! =m] be+ ! olde/ kn[n ( ! ,gno/ic p>ties2 b !re is no pro( t ! acqua9tance ) ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* ,hippolytus attributes to !m belongs to ! fir/ r ?an ! second half ( ! second c5tury4 ,! e>ly exi/5ce ( ! sect does n %[ an e>ly citation ( ! ,*ri/ian books by x1 especially ( ,john's gospel2 unless its prim>y 7 its la/ /age4 ,lat] & e>li] ,ophites are n di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,philosophum5a4 ,h5ce !re is a presumption t ! au?or _h ! =m] 9 view1 :i* is favor$ by no m5tion ( !m occurr+ 9 ! 8,adv]sus omnes ,hreses0 usually app5d$ to ,t]tullian's ,prscriptiones ,hreticorum1 & by ,ir5u's d]ivation ( _! h]esy f t ( ,val5t9us4 ,! latt] fa!r does n ev5 speak ( ! ,p]at4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria is ! fir/ :o alludes to !m4 ,! e>ly h]etics 7 desir\s ( confirm+ _! peculi> op9ions by ! writ+s curr5t among ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians1 s t ! =mation ( a canon by !m began soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! second c5tury1 & cont9u$ till ! end ( x2 contemporane\sly ) ! developm5t ( a ,ca?olic ,*ur* & its necess>y adjunct a ,ca?olic canon4 ,no ,new ,te/am5t canon1 except a p>tial & unau?oritative "o1 exi/$ till ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury1 t is1 till ! idea ( a ,ca?olic *ur* began to be ent]ta9$4 ,! liv+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its e>ly /ages _h no ne$ ( books = its nurture4 ,b 9 ! developm5t ( a *ur* organization ! int]nal rule ( consci\sness 0 *ang$ into an ext]nal "o ( fai?4 ,! ,ebionites or ,jewi% ,*ri/ians _h _! favorite ,gospels & ,acts4 ,! gospel ( ,mat!w 0 highly priz$ by !m1 exi/+ z x did 9 v>i\s rec5sions1 ( :i* ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 "o4 ,o!r docum5ts1 su* z ! ,revelation ( ,john2 & ! prea*+ ( ,pet]1 a ,jewi%-,*ri/ian hi/ory subsequ5tly re-writt5 & employ$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions & ,homilies1 7 also 9 e/eem4 ,ev5 s late z #age-ahj ,a4,d41 ,hegesippus1 a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 does n seem to h _h a canon consi/+ ( ! f\r gospels & ,paul's ,epi/les1 b appeals to 8! law & ! prophets & ! ,"l10 s t 8 lead+ pr9ciple 01 ! id5tity ( ,jesus's words ) ! ,old ,te/am5t2 agreeably to ! t5ets ( ! p>ty he belong$ to4 ,! s\rce :5ce he drew ! words ( ,jesus 0 probably ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 a docum5t :i* we "k he us$1 on ! au?ority ( ,eusebius4 ,he does n ref] to ,paul except by implication 9 a passage giv5 9 ,photius f ,/eph5 ,gob>17#adf7 :]e he says t su* z us$ ! words 8,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d10 c41 falsifi$ ! ,div9e ,scriptures & ! ,"l's words1 8,bless$ are y\r eyes = !y see10 c4 ,z ,paul quot$ ! condemn$ language1 he is blam$47#adg7 ,?\gh he knew ,paul's epi/les1 he does n look ^u !m z au?oritative4 ,he betrays no acqua9tance ) ! f\r? gospel2 = ! "q1 8,:at is ! door to ,jesus80 does n presuppose ! k ( ,john x4 #b1 #g1 #i4 ,nsg5 has fail$ to prove ,hegesippus's ,jewi% desc5t2 & ,holtzmann's m$iat+ view ( him is incorrect47#adh7 ,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7#afa-ahj ,a4,d47 us$ ! f\r canonical gospels ev5 ! f\r? 7:i* is some:at s+ul> 9 a writ] :o d5ies ! deity ( ,*ri/71 & assign$ x to ! apo/le ,john4 ,! gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians 0 also employ$4 ,paul's epi/les 7 reject$ ( c\rse1 z well z ! ,acts2 s9ce ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 0 po9t$ at 9 ,simon ,magus1 :om ,pet] refutes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t a collection ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s c\ld make little progress among ! ,ebionites ( ! second c5tury4 ,_! rev]5ce = ! law & ! prophets h9d]$ ano!r canon4 ,among ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ! =mation ( a canon took place m rapidly1 ?\gh ,judaic influ5ces ret>d$ x ev5 !re4 ,aft] ,paul's epi/les 7 int]*ang$ betwe5 *ur*es1 a few ( !m w\ld soon be put toge!r4 ,a collection ( ?is k9d is impli$ 9 #b ,pet] iii4 #af4 ,! pa/oral epi/les1 :i* %[ _! dep5d5ce on ! au!ntic ,paul9e ones1 ) ^? ( ,pet]1 presuppose a simil> collection2 :i* along ) ! ,synopti/s1 exi/$ be=e ! f\r? gospel4 ,! ,apocalypse & ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7 obnoxi\s to ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 z ,paul's lett]s 7 to ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ones4 ,h5ce ! =m] 7 outside ! ,paul9e collections4 ,! apo/olic fa!rs quote f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 sacr$ & inspir$ to !m4 ,!y h sc>cely any express citations f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,allusions occur1 especially to ! epi/les4 ,! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians 7ab\t #abj ,a4,d471 implies acqua9tance ) sev]al ( ! epi/les1 ) ^? to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 ,hebrews1 & p]haps o!rs4 ,two passages h also be5 adduc$ z d]iv$ f ! gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 viz41 9 *apt]s xiii4 #b & xlvi4 #h2 b probably "s o!r s\rce suppli$ !m1 su* z oral tradition4 ,x has also be5 argu$ t ! quotation 9 ! fifte5? *apt]1 8,! ,scripture says some:]e1 ,?is p honore? me ) _! lips1 b _! he>t is f> f me10 comes f ,m>k vii4 #f 9 :i* x v>ies f ! ,hebrew ( ,isaiah xxix4 #ac1 z well z ! ,septuag9t v]sion4 ,clem5t !re=e1 s x is said1 quotes ! ,old ,te/am5t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! gospels 7,mat!w xv4 #h1 ,m>k vii4 #f74 ,b ! argum5t is inconclusive because ! words agree closely en\gh ) ! ,septuag9t to r5d] ! supposition v probable t !y are a memoriz$ citation f x4 ,z !y /&1 !y co9cide exactly nei!r ) ,m>k nor ! ,septuag9t47#adi7 ,?us we diss5t f ! op9ion ( ,gebh>dt & ,h>nack4 ,:]ev] 8,scripture0 is cit$1 or ! expression 8x is writt50 occurs1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is meant4 ,h]mas 7ab\t #adj ,a4,d47 seems to h us$ ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians & p]haps t to ! ,hebrews1 z well z ! epi/le ( ,james2 b !re is great unc]ta9ty ab\t ! matt]1 = !re is no express or c]ta9 quotation f any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! writ] (t5 alludes to words ( ,jesus1 f\nd 9 ,mat!w's gospel1 s t he may h be5 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,keim7#aej7 & o!rs h discov]$ ref]5ces to ! f\r? gospel2 b !y are invalid4 ,!re is no allusion to ! ,acts 9 vis4 iv4 #b1 #d4 ,! only ,scripture cit$ is ! apocryphal book ,eldat & ,modat1 n[ lo/47#aea7 ,! writ] seems to h kn[n sev]al ,jewi% ,apocalypses47#aeb7 ,b>nabas 7ab\t #aai ,a4,d47 has b "o quotation f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 if1 inde$1 x be su*4 ,app>5tly1 ,mat!w xx4 #af or xxii4 #ad is introduc$ by 8z x is writt510 %[+ t ! gospel 0 consid]$ ,scripture47#aec7 ,?is is ! e>lie/ trace ( canonical au?ority be+ transf]r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,b ! citation is n c]ta94 ,! orig9al may be #d ,esdras1 viii4 #c2 & ev5 if ! writ] took ! words f ,mat!w's gospel1 x is possible t he us$ 8x is writt50 ) ref]5ce to _! prototype 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,( su* int]*anges1 examples occur 9 writ]s ( ! second c5tury2 & x is ! m probable t ?is is "o1 f ! fact t #d ,esdras is else:]e consid]$ a prophet & ref]r$ to 9 ! same way z ,ezekiel47#aed7 ,b>nabas's citation ( a gospel z canonical is :olly improbable1 s9ce ev5 ,ju/91 ?irty ye>s aft]1 nev] quotes ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s z ,scripture4 ,! ?+ w\ld be anomal\s & oppos$ to ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,:5 ^! po/-apo/olic productions appe>$1 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s did n /& on ! same level ) ! ,old1 & 7 n yet e/eem$ sacr$ & inspir$ l ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,! ,holy ,_s 0 ?\ght to dwell 9 all ,*ri/ians1 )\t be+ conf9$ to a few writ]s2 & 8 influ5ce 0 ! common h]itage ( believ]s4 ,!re are evid5ces ( ,b>nabas's acqua9tance ) ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ,cor9?ians2 nor is x improbable t he knew ! canonical gospel ( ,mat!w1 ?\gh "o passage appe>s to contradict ,mat!w xxviii4 #aj1 c41 )\t necess>ily imply+ ignorance ( :at lies 9 x1 viz41 t ! asc5sion ( ,jesus took place on ! day ( 8 resurrection47#aee7 ,/rangely en\gh1 ,keim ?9ks t ! writ] _h ,john's gospel be=e him2 b ?is op9ion is refut$ by ! end ( ,b>nabas's fif? *apt]47#aef7 ,holtzmann has ably dispos$ ( ! consid]ations adduc$ by ,keim47#aeg7 ,b>nabas quotes ! book ( ,eno* z ,scripture27#aeh7 & an apocryphal prophecy is introduc$ )1 8ano!r prophet says407#aei7 ,z f> z we c judge f ,eusebius's acc\nt ( ,papias7#afj7 7ab\t #aej ,a4,d471 t writ] knew no?+ ( a ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,he speaks ( ,mat!w & ,m>k2 b x is mo/ probable t he _h docum5ts :i* ei!r =m$ ! basis ( our pres5t ,mat!w & ,m>k1 or 7 tak5 into !m & writt5 ov]47#afa7 ,accord+ to ,&reas ( ,cs>ea he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,apocalypse ( ,john2 :ile ,eusebius te/ifies to 8 k ( #a ,pet] & #a ,john4 ,b he _h no conception ( canonical au?ority atta*+ to any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 language implies ! opposite1 9 t he pref]s unwritt5 tradition to ! gospel he speaks (4 ,he nei!r felt ! want nor knew ! exi/5ce ( inspir$ gospels4 ,we ne$ n notice ! ?ree %ort ,syriac epi/les attribut$ to ,ignatius1 z we d n believe !m to be 81 b ( lat] orig94 ,traces ( lat] ideas ab\t ! canonicity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t appe> 9 ! %ort] ,greek rec5sion ( ! ,ignatian epi/les 7ab\t #age ,a4,d47 ,!re ! ,gospel & ! ,apo/les are recogniz$ z ! con/itu5ts ( ! book47#afb7 ,! writ] also us$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 = !re is a quotation f x 9 ! epi/le to ! ,smyrnians47#afc7 ,! second "p ( ! collection seems to h want$ ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians47#afd7 ,! two lead+ p>ties1 long antagoni/ic1 _h n[ become unit$2 ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul be+ m5tion$ toge!r47#afe7 ,9 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! twelve patri>*s 7ab\t #agj ,a4,d471 ,paul's life is said to be describ$ 9 8holy books10 i4e41 8 own epi/les & ! ,acts47#aff7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7#aej ,a4,d47 knew ! fir/ & ?ird ( ! synoptic gospels4 ,8 use ( ,m>k's does n appe>4 ,8 k ( ! f\r? is d5i$ by _m1 & zeal\sly def5d$ by o!rs4 ,?oma f9ds pro(s t ,ju/9 knew x well1 & us$ x freely z a text-book ( gnosis1 )\t recogniz+ x z ! hi/orical "w ( an apo/le2 an hypo!sis encumb]$ ) difficulties47#afg7 ,:atev] be said ab\t ,ju/9's acqua9tance ) ?is gospel2 its exi/5ce be=e #adj ,a4,d4 is incapable ei!r ( decisive or probable pro(2 & ?is fa!r's ,logos-doctr9e is less develop$ ?an ! ,johann9e1 because x is encumb]$ ) ! notion ( miracul\s bir? by a virg94 ,! ,johann9e au?or%ip has rec$$ be=e ! tide ( mod]n criticism2 & ?\gh ?is tide is arbitr>y at times1 x is "h irresi/ible4 ,apologi/s %\ld ab/a9 f /rong ass]tions on a po9t s difficult1 z t ea* 8gospel is di/9ctly recogniz$ by him20 = ! not$ passage 9 ! dialogue ) ,trypho does n support !m47#afh7 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t he employ$ an extra-canonical gospel1 ! s-call$ gospel ( ! ,hebrews4 ,?is ,petr9e docum5t may be ref]r$ to 9 a passage :i* is un=tunately capable ( a d\ble int]pretation47#afi7 ,he _h also ! old] ,acts ( ,pilate4 ,paul's epi/les are nev] m5tion$1 ?\gh he d\btless knew !m4 ,hav+ little sympa?y ) ,paul9ism he atta*$ 8 belief mu* m to ! primitive apo/les4 ,! ,apocalypse1 #a ,pet]1 & #a ,john he e/eem$ highly2 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,acts he treat$ 9 ! same way z ! ,paul9e writ+s4 ,ju/9's canon1 z f> z div9e au?ority & inspiration are conc]n$1 0 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he 0 m]ely on ! ?re%old ( a div9e canon made up ( primitive ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & attribut$ no exclusive sanctity to ^? he us$ because !y 7 n to him ! only s\rce ( doctr9e4 ,ev5 ( ! ,apocalypse he says1 8,a man among u nam$ ,john1 c41 wrote x407#agj7 ,9 8 "t none ( ! gospels _h be5 canoniz$1 n ev5 ! synopti/s1 if1 inde$1 he knew !m all4 ,oral tradition 0 ! *ief f\nta9 ( ,*ri/ian k1 z x _h be5 = a c5tury4 ,9 8 op9ion ?is tradition 0 embodi$ 9 writ+2 b ! docum5ts 9 :i* he look$ = all t relat$ to ,*ri/ 7 n ! gospels alone4 ,he us$ o!rs freely1 n look+ ^u any z inspir$1 = t idea c\ld arise only :5 a selection 0 made among ! curr5t docum5ts4 ,he reg>d$ !m all z hav+ be5 writt5 d[n f memory1 & judg$ !m by crit]ia ( evid5ce con=mable to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,?\gh lessons out ( ,gospels 7"s ( our pres5t ones & o!rs71 z also out ( ! prophets1 7 read 9 assemblies on ! fir/ day ( ! week17#aga7 ! act ( conv]t+ ! ,*ri/ian writ+s into ,scripture 0 po/]ior2 = ! m]e read+ ( a gospel 9 *ur*es on ,sunday does n prove t x 0 consid]$ div9ely au?oritative2 & ! use ( ! epi/les1 :i* =m$ ! second & less valu$ "p ( ! collection1 mu/ /ill h be5 limit$4 ,ju/9's disciple1 ,tatian 7#afj-ahj ,a4,d471 wrote a ,diatess>on or h>mony ( ! gospels1 :i* began1 accord+ to ,ephrem ,syrus1 ) ,john i4 #a2 b our k ( x is unc]ta94 ,! au?or omitt$ ! g5ealogies ( ,jesus & ev]y?+ belong+ to ,8 ,davidic desc5t4 ,he seems also to h put into x p>ticul>s d]iv$ f extra-canonical s\rces su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,d\btless he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,paul's writ+s1 z /atem5ts made 9 !m are quot$2 b he dealt freely ) !m accord+ to ,eusebius1 & ev5 reject$ sev]al epi/les1 probably fir/ & second ,timo?y47#agb7 ,9 ,polyc>p's epi/le 7ab\t #afj ,a4,d471 :i* is liable to /rong suspicions ( hav+ be5 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ! bi%op17#agc7 !re are rem9isc5ces ( ! synoptic gospels2 & mo/ ( ,paul's epi/les z well z ,i ,pet] 7 us$ by ! writ]4 ,b ! idea ( canonical au?ority1 or a peculi> inspiration belong+ to ^! writ+s1 is abs5t4 ,! au?or ( ! second ,clem5t9e epi/le 7ab\t #aej-afj7 _h n a ,new ,te/am5t canon made up ( ! f\r gospels & epi/les4 ,8 ,scripture 0 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to :i* is appli$ ! epi!t 8! ,books0 or 8! ,bible20 & ! words ( ,*ri/4 8,! ,apo/les0 imm$iately subjo9$ to 8! ,books10 does n mean ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or a special collection ( ! apo/olic epi/les1 z has be5 suppos$47#agd7 ,! prea*] employ$ a gospel or gospels z ,scripture2 p]haps ^? ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 n ! :ole docum5ts1 b ! p>ts conta9+ ! words ( ,*ri/47#age7 ,he also us$ ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians z an au?oritative docum5t1 & quot$ 8 s\rces freely4 ,) ! ,johann9e writ+s he seems to h be5 unacqua9t$47#agf7 ,a!nagoras ( ,a!ns wrote an apology address$ to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#agf ,a4,d474 ,9 x he uses writt5 & unwritt5 tradition1 te/+ all by ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* 0 8 only au?oritative canon4 ,he makes no ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian docum5ts1 b adduces words ( ,jesus ) ! v]b 8he says40 ,x is n cle> :e!r he quot$ f ! ,synoptics2 p]haps ! passages :i* are p>allel to ,mat!w v4 #dd1 #de1 #df17agg7 & ,m>k x4 #f17agh7 7 tak5 f ^!2 b ! matt] is some:at unc]ta94 ,8 treatise on ! resurrection appeals to a passage 9 "o ( ,paul's epi/les47#agi7 ,dionysius ( ,cor9? 7 #agj ,a4,d47 compla9s ( ! falsification ( 8 writ+s1 b consoles himself ) ! fact t ! same is done to ! 8,scriptures ( ! ,"l10 i4e41 ! gospels conta9+ ! ,"l's words2 or r ! two p>ts ( ! e>ly collection1 8! gospel0 & 8! apo/le0 toge!r2 :i* agrees be/ ) ! age & t5or ( 8 lett]s47#ahj7 ,if su* be ! mean+1 ! collection is put on a p> ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & reg>d$ z inspir$4 ,9 ! second epi/le ( ,pet] 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj7 ,paul's epi/les are reg>d$ z ,scripture 7iii4 #af47 ,?is seems to be ! e>lie/ example ( ! canoniz+ ( any ,new ,te/am5t portion4 ,"h a bro!rly recognition ( ! ,g5tile apo/le & 8 productions takes ! place ( =m] opposition4 ,a false int]pretation ( 8 epi/les is ev5 suppos$ to h induc$ a dep>ture f primitive apo/olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,! lett] ( ! *ur*es at ,vi5ne & ,lyons 7#agg ,a4,d47 has quotations f ! epi/les to ! ,romans1 ,philippians1 #a ,timo?y1 #a ,pet]1 ,acts1 ! gospels ( ,luke & ,john1 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! la/ is expressly call$ ,scripture47#aha7 ,?is %[s a fusion ( ! two orig9al t5d5cies1 ! ,petr9e & ,paul9e2 & ! =mation ( a ,ca?olic *ur* ) a common canon ( au?ority4 ,accord+ly1 ! two apo/les1 ,pet] & ,paul1 are m5tion$ toge!r4 ,!ophilus ( ,antio* 7#ahj ,a4,d47 0 famili> ) ! gospels & mo/ ( ,paul's epi/les1 z also ! ,apocalypse4 ,passages are cit$ f ,paul z 8! div9e ^w407#ahb7 ,he ascribes ! f\r? gospel to ,john1 call+ him an inspir$ man1 l ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets47#ahc7 ,we also le>n f ,j]ome t he comm5t$ on ! gospels put toge!r by way ( h>mony47#ahd7 ,! au?or ( ! epi/le to ,diognetus 7ab\t #bjj ,a4,d47 %[s 8 acqua9tance ) ! gospels & ,paul's epi/les2 b he nev] cites ! ,new ,te/am5t by way ( pro(4 ,words are introduc$ into 8 disc\rse1 9 pass+ & f memory47#ahe7 ,! conception ( a ,ca?olic canon 0 realiz$ ab\t ! same "t z t ( a ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s f ! com+ ( ,*ri/ elaps$ be=e ! collection assum$ a =m t c>ri$ ) x ! idea ( holy & inspir$47#ahf7 ,! way 9 :i* x 0 done 0 by rais+ ! apo/olic writ+s high] & high] till !y 7 ( equal au?ority ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s t ! *ur* might h a rule ( appeal4 ,b by lift+ ! ,*ri/ian productions up to ! level ( ! old ,jewi% ones1 injury 0 done to t liv+ consci\sness :i* feels ! opposition betwe5 _s & lett]2 ! latt] writ+s tacitly assum+ or keep+ ! "* ( a p]fect rule ev5 z to =m4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n br\ght d[n to ! ,new2 ! ,new 0 rais$ to ! ,old4 ,x is cle> t ! e>lie/ *ur* fa!rs did n use ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z sacr$ docum5ts clo!d ) div9e au?ority1 b foll[$ = ! mo/ "p1 at lea/ till ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 apo/olic tradition orally transmitt$4 ,!y 7 n solicit\s ab\t a canon circumscrib$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,9 ! second half1 !n1 ( ! second c5tury !re 0 a canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t consi/+ ( two p>ts call$ ! gospel7#ahg7 & ! apo/le47#ahh7 ,! fir/ 0 complete1 conta9+ ! f\r gospels alone2 ! second1 :i* 0 incomplete1 conta9$ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & epi/les1 i4e41 ?irte5 lett]s ( ,paul1 "o ( ,pet]1 "o ( ,john1 & ! ,revelation4 ,h[ & :]e ?is canon orig9at$ is unc]ta94 ,its bir?place may h be5 ,asia ,m9or1 l ,m>cion's2 b x may h gr[n ab\t ! same "t 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,alex&ria1 & ,we/]n ,africa4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,ir5u1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,t]tullian agree 9 recogniz+ its exi/5ce4 ,ir5u _h a canon :i* he adopt$ z apo/olic4 ,9 8 view x 0 ( b9d+ =ce & au?oritative4 ,?is conta9$ ! f\r gospels1 ! ,acts1 ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john1 & ! ,revelation4 ,he _h also a sort ( app5dix or deut]o-canon1 :i* he highly e/eem$ )\t putt+ x on a p> ) ! receiv$ collection1 consi/+ ( ,john's second epi/le1 ! fir/ ( ,pet]1 & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4 ,! la/ he calls ,scripture47#ahi7 ,! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ( ,jude1 ,james's1 second ,pet]1 & ?ird ,john he ignor$4 ,clem5t's collection 0 m ext5d$ ?an ,ir5u'4 ,8 app5dix or deut]o-canon includ$ ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 #b ,john1 ,jude1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,epi/les ( ,clem5t & ,b>nabas4 ,he recogniz$ no obligatory canon1 di/9ct & ( p>am\nt au?ority4 ,b he sep>at$ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s by _! traditionally apo/olic "* & ! degree ( importance atta*$ to !m4 ,he did n atta* ! mod]n idea ( canonical 9 opposition to non-canonical1 ei!r to ! f\r gospels or any o!r "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b>nabas is cit$ z an apo/le47#aij7 ,s is ! ,roman ,clem5t47#aia7 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is spok5 ( z div9e47#aib7 ,?us ! l9e ( ! ,homolog\m5a is n m>k$ (f ev5 to ! same ext5t z 9 ,ir5u4 ,t]tullian's canon consi/$ ( ! gospels1 ,acts1 ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 ! ,apocalypse1 & #a ,john4 ,z an app5dix he _h ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ( ,jude1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 #b ,john probably1 & #a ,pet]4 ,?is deut]o-canon 0 n reg>d$ z au?oritative4 ,no trace occurs 9 8 works ( ,james' epi/le1 #b ,pet]1 & #c ,john4 ,he us$ ! ,%eph]d1 call+ x ,scripture17#aic7 )\t imply+1 h[ev]1 t he put x on a p> ) ! usually ackn[l$g$ canonical writ+s2 b aft] he became a ,montani/1 he repudiat$ x z ! apocryphal ,%eph]d ( adult]]s1 8put among ! apocryphal & false1 by e c\ncil ( ! *ur*es407#aid7 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 reckon$ among ! spuri\s & false writ+s1 ei!r at ,rome or ,c>?age1 9 ! "t ( ,t]tullian4 ,x 0 m]ely plac$ outside ! univ]sally receiv$ works by ! we/]n *ur*es ( t day4 ,^! ?ree fa!rs did n fix ! canon absolutely4 ,its limits 7 /ill unsettl$4 ,b !y sanction$ mo/ ( ! books n[ accept$ z div9e1 putt+ "s extra-canonical productions almo/ on ! same level ) ! re/1 if n 9 !ory1 at lea/ 9 practice4 ,! canon ( ,muratori is a fragm5t>y li/ :i* 0 made t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury 7#agj ,a4,d474 ,its bir?place is unc]ta91 ?\gh !re are traces ( ,roman orig94 ,its translation f ! ,greek is assum$1 b t is unc]ta94 ,x beg9s ) ! f\r gospels 9 ! usual ord]1 & proce$s to ! ,acts1 ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 ! epi/les ( ,john1 t ( ,jude1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 #a & #b ,pet]1 #a ,john & ,james are n nam$4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] is also m5tion$1 b z n univ]sally receiv$4 ,( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 x is /at$ t x may be read 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! epi/le 8to ! ,laodiceans0 may ei!r be t to ! ,ephesians1 :i* _h su* sup]scription 9 ,m>cion's canon1 or less probably ! supposititi\s epi/le m5tion$ 9 ! codex ,bo]n]ianus17#aie7 aft] t to ,philemon1 & (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! middle ages47#aif7 ,t 8to ! ,alex&rians0 is probably ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 ?\gh ?is has be5 d5i$ )\t suffici5t reason4 ,accord+ to ! usual punctuation1 bo? are said to h be5 =g$ 9 ,paul's "n1 an op9ion :i* may h be5 ent]ta9$ among ,roman ,*ri/ians ab\t #agj ,a4,d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 reject$ 9 ! we/1 & may h be5 ?\ght a supposititi\s "w 9 ! int]e/s ( ,paul9ism1 ) "s reason because ( its int]nal "*17#aig7 :i* is at lea/ semi-,paul9e1 ?\gh its ,judai/ic basis is app>5t4 ,! /ory ab\t ! orig9 ( ! f\r? gospel ) its apo/olic & episcopal atte/ation1 ev9ces a desire to e/abli% ! au!nticity ( a "w :i* _h n obta9$ univ]sal acceptance at ! "t47#aih7 ,x is difficult to make out ! mean+ 9 v>i\s places2 & !re is consid]able div]sity ( op9ion among expositors ( ! docum5t47#aii7 ,9 accord ) ^! facts we f9d ,s]apion bi%op ( ! *ur* at ,rhossus1 9 ,cilicia17#bjj7 all[+ ! public use ( ! gospel ( ,pet]27#bja7 :i* %[s t !re 0 no exclusive gospel-canon at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 at lea/ 9 ,syria4 ,! pres5t canon _h n !n p]vad$ ! *ur*es 9 g5]al4 ,:at is ! result ( an exam9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature belong+ to ! second c5tury8 ,is x t a canon 0 !n fix$1 sep>at+ "s books f o!rs by a l9e s cle>1 t ^? on "o side ( x 7 alone reckon$ inspir$1 au?oritative1 ( apo/olic orig9 or sanction2 :ile ^? on ! o!r 7 consid]$ un9spir$1 unau?oritative1 )\t claim to apo/olicity1 unau!ntic8 ,0 ! sep>ation betwe5 !m made on any cle> pr9ciple or dem>cation8 ,x _c be said s4 ,! c5tury witness$ no su* fact1 b m]ely ! incipi5t ef=ts to br+ x ab\t4 ,! discrim9at+ process 0 begun1 n complet$4 ,x 0 p>tly =c$ ^u ! prom95t advocates ( a policy :i* s\ght to consolidate ! ,jewi% & ,g5tile-,*ri/ian p>ties1 aft] ! decl9e ( _! mutual antagonism1 into a unit$ *ur*4 ,!y 7 glad to transf] ! curr5t belief 9 ! infallible inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to select$ ,*ri/ian writ+s1 z an effective means ( def5ce aga9/ ^? :om !y consid]$ outside a new organization--! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! /i*ometrical li/ ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! ,cl]mont ,,ms4 7,d71 0 t read 9 ! ,african ,*ur* 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,x is peculi>4 ,aft] ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 & ! hi/orical books1 foll[ ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,wisdom1 ,sira*1 ! twelve m9or prophets1 ! f\r great]2 ?ree books ( ! ,maccabees1 ,judi?1 ,esdras1 ,e/h]1 ,job1 & ,tobit4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! f\r gospels1 ,mat!w1 ,john1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 are succe$$ by t5 epi/les ( ,paul1 two ( ,pet]1 ! epi/le ( ,james1 ?ree ( ,john1 & t ( ,jude4 ,! epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7*>act]iz$ z t ( ,b>nabas71 ! ,revelation ( ,john1 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,revelation ( ,pet]1 foll[4 ,! la/ ?ree con/itute a sort ( app5dix2 & ! numb] ( _! v]ses is giv54 ,x is possible t ! c>elessness ( a transcrib] may h caus$ "s ( ! s+ul>ities obs]vable 9 ?is li/2 su* z ! omission ( ! epi/les to ! ,philippians & ,!ssalonians2 b ! end %[s a fre] idea ( books fit = read+ ?an :at 0 usual ev5 at t e>ly "t 9 ! ,african ,*ur*47#bjb7 ,9 ,syria a v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! use ( ! *ur* 0 made e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,?is "w1 commonly call$ ! ,pe%ito1 wants #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john1 ,jude1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 all ! o!r books1 includ+ ! epi/le ( ,james & t to ! ,hebrews4 ,! la/ two 7 receiv$ z apo/olic4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,orig5's7#bjc7 te/imony respect+ ! ,canon is ( great value4 ,he seems to h di/+ui%$ ?ree classes ( books--au!ntic ones1 ^: apo/olic orig9 0 g5]ally admitt$1 ^? n au!ntic1 & a middle-class n g5]ally recogniz$ or 9 reg>d to :i* 8 own op9ion wav]$4 ,! fir/ conta9$ ^? already adopt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ) ! ,apocalypse1 & ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews s f> z x conta9s ,paul9e ideas27#bjd7 to ! second belongs ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ?\gh he sometimes hesitat$ a little ab\t x17#bje7 ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! gospel ( ! ,egyptians1 & ! prea*+ ( ,pet]27#bjf7 to ! ?ird1 ! epi/le ( ,james1 t ( ,jude1 #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john47#bjg7 ,! sep>ation ( ! v>i\s writ+s is n =mally made1 nor does ,orig5 give a li/ ( !m4 ,8 classification is ga!r$ f 8 works2 & ?\gh its application admitt$ ( consid]able latitude1 he is cauti\s en\gh1 appeal+ to ! tradition ( ! *ur*1 & ?r[+ 9 qualify+ expressions47#bjh7 ,! ,canon ( ,eusebius7#bji7 is giv5 at l5g? 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory47#baj7 ,he divides ! books into ?ree classes1 conta9+ ^? writ+s g5]ally receiv$17#baa7 ^? controv]t$17#bab7 & ! h]etical47#bac7 ,! fir/ has ! f\r gospels1 ! ,acts1 ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 #a ,john1 #a ,pet]1 ! ,apocalypse47#bad7 ,! second class is subdivid$ into two1 ! fir/ correspond+ to ,orig5's mix$7#bae7 or int]m$iate writ+s1 ! second to 8 spuri\s7#baf7 ones4 ,! =m] subdivision conta9s ! epi/le ( ,james1 #b ,pet]1 ,jude1 #b & #c ,john2 ! latt]1 ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,%eph]d1 ! ,revelation ( ,pet]1 ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ?ird class has ! gospels ( ,pet]1 ( ,?omas1 ! traditions ( ,mat?ias1 ! ,acts ( ,pet]1 ,&rew1 & ,john4 ,! subdivisions ( ! second class are indef9ite4 ,! only di/9ction :i* ,eusebius puts betwe5 !m is t ( ecclesia/ical use4 ,?\gh he classes z spuri\s ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,%eph]d1 ! ,revelation ( ,pet]1 ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & does n apply ! epi!t to ! epi/le ( ,james1 ! #b ( ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john2 he uses ( ,james's 9 "o place ! v]b to be c\nt$ spuri\s47#bag7 ,9 l mann] he speaks ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] & ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas z controv]t$47#bah7 ,! mix$ or spuri\s ( ,orig5 are vaguely sep>at$ by ,eusebius2 bo? come "u ! g5]al head ( ! controv]t$2 = aft] specify+ !m sep>ately he sums up1 8all ^! w belong to ! class ( ! controv]t$10 ! v class already describ$ z conta9+ 8books well kn[n & recogniz$ by mo/10 imply+ also t !y 7 read 9 ! *ur*es47#bai7 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ,eusebius does n m5tion ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians 9 ?is li/4 ,b he speaks ( x 9 ano!r place z a production ^: au!nticity 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$17#bbj7 & ( its public use 9 mo/ *ur*es bo? =m]ly & 9 8 own "t4 ,?is wide-spread read+ ( x did n necess>ily imply canonicity2 b ! mode 9 :i* ,eusebius *>act]izes x1 & its ext5sive use 9 public1 favor ! idea t 9 _m *ur*es x 0 almo/ put on equality ) ! productions commonly reg>d$ z au?oritative4 ,! canonical li/ 0 n fix$ immovably 9 ! "t ( ,eusebius4 ,op9ions ab\t books v>i$1 z !y _h done be=e4 ,! te/imony ( ,eusebius reg>d+ ! canon1 important z x is1 has less weight because ( ! hi/orian's cr$ulity4 ,"o :o believ$ 9 ! au!nticity ( ,abg>'s lett]s to ,*ri/1 & 9 ! canon ( ! f\r gospels at ! "t ( ,trajan1 _c take rank z a judici\s collector or sift] ( facts4 ,ab\t #ccb ,a4,d4 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e entru/$ ,eusebius ) ! commission to make out a complete collection ( ! sacr$ ,*ri/ian writ+s = ! use ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,h[ ?is ord] 0 execut$ we are n told4 ,b ,cr$n] is probably correct 9 say+ t ! code consi/$ ( all t is n[ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except ! ,revelation4 ,! fifty copies :i* 7 made mu/ h suppli$ ,con/ant9ople & ! ,greek ,*ur* = a consid]able "t ) an au?oritative canon4 ,eusebius's catalogue agrees 9 sub/ance ) t ( ,orig5's4 ,! hi/orian foll[$ ecclesia/ical tradition4 ,he inquir$ dilig5tly into ! prevail+ op9ions ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es & writ]s1 ) ! views held by o!rs be=e & contemporane\sly ) himself1 b c\ld n atta9 to a decid$ result4 ,8 hesitation /ood 9 ! way ( a cle>1 firm1 view ( ! "q4 ,! tradition respect+ c]ta9 books 0 /ill wav]+1 & he 0 unable to fix x4 ,au?ority fett]$ 8 indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,t he 0 inconsi/5t & confus$ does n ne$ to be %[n4 ,! exact pr9ciples t guid$ ! =mation ( a canon 9 ! e>lie/ c5turies _c be discov]$4 ,/rictly speak+ !re 7 none4 ,def9ite gr\nds = ! reception or rejection ( books 7 n appreh5d$4 ,! *oice 0 det]m9$ by v>i\s circum/ances1 ( :i* apo/olic orig9 0 ! *ief1 ?\gh ?is itself 0 insuffici5tly atte/$2 = if x be ask$ :e!r all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s proce$$ f ! au?ors ^: names !y be>1 criticism _c reply 9 ! affirmative4 ,! example & influ5ce ( *ur*es to :i* ! writ+s _h be5 fir/ address$ mu/ h act$ ^u ! reception ( books4 ,above all1 individual tea*]s "h & !re saw ! necessity ( meet+ h]etics ) _! own weapons1 9 _! own way1 ) apo/olic records in/ead ( oral tradition4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ! or?odox 7 plac$ l$ to ?is /ep1 effect+ a bond ( union ^: ne$ mu/ h be5 felt :ile ea* *ur* 0 isolat$ "u its own bi%op & ! collective body c\ld n take measures 9 common4 ,writ+s ( m rec5t orig9 w\ld be receiv$ ) great] facility ?an su* z _h be5 9 circulation = _m ye>s1 especially if !y pr(ess$ to come f a prom95t apo/le4 ,a code ( apo/olic writ+s1 div9e & p]fect l ! ,old ,te/am5t1 _h to be pres5t$ z soon z possible aga9/ ,gno/ic & ,mani*an h]etics ^: doctr9es 7 injuri\s to objective ,*ri/ianity2 :ile ! multiplication ( apocryphal works ?reat5$ to ov]:elm g5u9e tradition ) a heap ( sup]/ition4 ,! ,petr9e & ,paul9e ,*ri/ians1 n[ amalgamat$ to a great ext5t1 agre$ 9 ha/5+ ! canon-process4 ,! infancy ( ! canon 0 cradl$ 9 an uncritical age1 & rock$ ) traditional ease4 ,consci5ti\s c>e 0 n direct$ f ! fir/ to ! well-au!nticat$ te/imony ( eye-witnesses4 ,( ! ?ree fa!rs :o contribut$ mo/ to its e>ly gr[?1 ,ir5u 0 cr$ul\s & blund]+2 ,t]tullian passionate & "o-sid$2 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 imbu$ ) ! treasures ( ,greek wisdom1 0 ma9ly occupi$ ) ecclesia/ical e?ics4 ,ir5u argues t ! gospels %\ld be f\r 9 numb]1 nei!r m nor less1 because !re are f\r univ]sal w9ds & f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! ,^w or ,ar*itect ( all ?+s gave ! gospel 9 a f\rfold %ape4 ,accord+ to ?is fa!r1 ! apo/les 7 fully in=m$ conc]n+ all ?+s1 & _h a p]fect k1 aft] _! ,"l's asc5sion4 ,mat!w wrote 8 gospel :ile ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ 9 ,rome & f\nd+ ! *ur*47#bba7 ,su* ass]tions %[ bo? ignorance & exagg]ation4 ,t]tullian affirms t ! tradition ( ! apo/olic *ur*es gu>antees ! f\r gospels17#bbb7 & ref]s 8 read]s to ! *ur*es ( ,cor9?1 ,philippi1 ,ephesus1 c41 = ! au!ntic epi/les ( ,paul47#bbc7 ,:at is ?is b ! rhetoric ( an en?usia/8 ,9 l mann] he /ates t bi%ops 7 appo9t$ by ! apo/les1 & t !y exi/$ f t "t d[nw>d1 ! succession orig9at+ s e>ly47#bbd7 ,clem5t contradicts himself 9 mak+ ,pet] au?orize ,m>k's gospel to be read 9 ! *ur*es2 :ile 9 ano!r place he says t ! apo/le nei!r 8=bad nor enc\rag$ x407#bbe7 ,! ?ree fa!rs ( :om we are speak+1 _h nei!r ! ability nor ! incl9ation to exam9e ! g5esis ( docum5ts surr\nd$ ) an apo/olic halo4 ,no analysis ( _! au!nticity & g5u95ess 0 s]i\sly attempt$ ei!r by !m or by ! m5 ( _! "t4 ,9 its abs5ce1 cu/om1 accid5t1 ta/e1 practical ne$s direct$ ! t5d5cy ( tradition4 ,all ! rhetoric employ$ to ?r[ ! value ( _! te/imony z f> back z possible1 ev5 up to or at lea/ v ne> ! apo/le ,john is ( ! vague/ sort4 ,appeals to ! cont9uity ( tradition & ( *ur* doctr9e1 to ! exceptional v5]ation ( ^! fa!rs = ! gospels1 to _! op9ions be+ =m$ e>li] ?an ! composition ( ! works 9 :i* !y are express$1 possess no =ce4 ,! ends :i* ! fa!rs 9 "q _h 9 view1 _! polemic motives1 _! uncritical1 inconsi/5t ass]tions1 _! want ( sure data1 detract f _! te/imony4 ,_! decisions 7 mu* m ! result ( pi\s feel+ bias$ by ! !ological speculations ( ! times1 ?an ! conclusions ( a s\nd judgm5t4 ,! v argum5ts !y use to e/abli% c]ta9 conclusions %[ weakness ( p]ception4 ,:at are ! manife/ations ( spiritual feel+1 comp>$ ) ! results ( logical reason+8 ,are !y m tru/wor?y ?an ! latt]8 ,c]ta9ly n1 at lea/ 9 relation to que/ions ( evid5ce4 ,x is true t _! te/imony has a value2 b x is "o proportionate to ! degree ( cr$ibility atta*+ to witnesses circum/anc$ z !y 71 ^: sep>ation ( canonical f uncanonical gospels1 or r _! canoniz+ ( c]ta9 writ+s ap>t f o!rs1 & _! claim+ ( inspiration = ! au?ors ( ! =m]1 mu/ be judg$ by ! reasonabl5ess ( ! ?+ itself1 9 connection ) m5 ( _! type4 ,! second c5tury ab\nd$ 9 pseudonym\s lit]ature2 & ! e>ly fa!rs1 z well z ! *ur*es1 7 occupi$ ) o!r ?+s ?an ! sift+ ( evid5ce connect$ ) writ+s consid]ably prior to _! own "t4 ,! increase ( su* apocryphal productions1 gospels1 acts1 & apocalypses among ! h]etical p>ties /imulat$ ! or?odox bi%ops & *ur*es to make an au!ntic collection2 b x increas$ ! difficulties ( ! task4 ,textual criticism has be5 employ$ to discr$it ! true dates ( ! pres5t gospels2 & ! mo/ exagg]at$ descriptions h be5 giv5 ( ! frequ5t transcription ( ! text & its great corruption 9 ! second c5tury4 ,! process ( corruption 9 ! c\rse ( frequ5t transcription has be5 transf]r$ ev5 to ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x is true t ! gospels at ! end ( t c5tury exhibit$ a text :i* be>s m>ks ( transcription1 int]polation1 & addition2 b !y 7 n ! complete works z we h !m n[1 be+ !n b 9 progress1 except ! f\r?4 ,! assumption t 8advanc$ corruption0 exi/$ 9 ! pres5t text ( ! synopti/s z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury is gratuit\s2 unless ! process by :i* !y 7 gradually built up is s call$4 ,no attempt to get a long hi/ory beh9d ! canonical gospels at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury out ( 8advanc$ corruption0 c be successful4 ,x is atte/$ by no ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! c5tury2 & ^? 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second1 bo? h]etical & or?odox1 did !mselves treat ! text 9 a mann] f> %ort ( its impli$ infallibility4 ,! v>i\s read+s ) :i* !y _h to d1 d n c>ry up ! canonical gospels f> into ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! transcription1 enl>gem5t1 & int]polation ( ! mat]ials :i* make up ! body ( !m1 mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) ! corruption ( _! complet$ texts1 9 ord] t ! latt] may be relegat$ to an e>ly p]iod2 = ! synopti/s did n come =? full-bl[n1 ea* f ! h& ( a s+le p]son4 ,! old ,lat9 v]sion or v]sions us$ by ,t]tullian & ! int]pret] ( ,ir5u1 h be5 press$ into ! same s]vice1 b 9 va94 ,9 l mann] ! ,curetonian ,syriac v]sion ( ! gospels has be5 put z e>ly z possible into ! second c5tury1 ?\gh x c h>dly h be5 prior to ! v close ( x1 or r to ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird4 ,"h ! /rong ass]tions ( apologetic writ]s h be5 freely scatt]$ abroad4 ,b ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! au?ors traditionally assign$ to ! gospels & "s ( ! epi/les1 is /ill unc]ta94 ,a wide gap int]v5es betwe5 eye-witnesses ( ! apo/les or apo/olic m5 t wrote ! sacr$ books1 & ! e>lie/ fa!rs :o ass]t su* au?or%ip4 ,! traditional bridge betwe5 !m is a prec>i\s "o4 ,z ! *asm _c be fill$ by adequate ext]nal evid5ce1 we are ?r[n back on ! int]nal "* ( ! works !mselves4 ,"o ?+ appe>s f ! e>ly corruption ( ! sacr$ records spok5 ( by ,ir5u1 ,orig51 & o!rs1 t !y 7 n reg>d$ ) ! v5]ation necess>ily atta*+ to infallible docum5ts4 ,_! be+ freely h&l$ excludes ! idea ( rigid canonization4 ,! m5 :o fir/ canoniz$ !m _h no c]ta9 k ( _! au?ors4 ,to !m1 t k _h be5 obscur$ or lo/2 ?\gh a sagaci\s criticism might h arriv$ at ! true /ate ( ! "q ev5 9 _! day4 ,9 ! sub-apo/olic age ,ebionitism pass$ into ,ca?olicism1 ,jewi% into ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 ! my?ical & m>vel\s into ! dogmatic1 ! traditional into ! hi/oric1 ! leg5d>y into ! lit]>y4 ,! conflict ( p>ties )9 ! sph]e ( ,*ri/ianity gave rise to productions ( v>i\s t5d5cies :i* reflect$ ! circum/ances out ( :i* !y arose4 ,^! 7 accept$ or reject$ by ! *ur*es accord+ to ! prevail+ op9ions ( ! p]sons compos+ ! *ur*es4 ,common usage l$ to ! au?orization ( "s2 o!rs 7 neglect$4 ,! /ate ( ! second c5tury 9 its beliefs1 cr$ulity1 idiosyncracies ( prom95t tea*]s1 antagoni/ic op9ions & my/ic speculations1 ?r[s a light ^u ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s & especially on ! =mation ( ! canon1 :i* expla9s _! g5esis4 ,two ?+s /& out mo/ cle>ly1 ! comp>atively late idea ( a canonical ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature2 & ! abs5ce ( critical pr9ciples 9 det]m9+ x4 ,! =m] 0 n ent]ta9$ till ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,! conception ( canonicity & inspiration atta*+ to ,new ,te/am5t books did n exi/ till ! "t ( ,ir5u4 ,:5 x is ask$1 to :om d we owe ! canon8 ! usual answ] is1 to ! ,*ur*4 ,?is is true only 9 a s5se4 ,! unity attribut$ to ,*ri/ians be=e ,ir5u & ,t]tullian1 consi/$ 9 _! religi\s consci\sness4 ,x 0 subjective4 ,! idea ( ! *ur* 0 t ( inw>d fell[%ip--! fell[%ip ( ! _s r ?an an outw>d organism4 ,! pres]vation ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s 0 ow+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! congregations to :om !y 7 s5t1 & ! neighbor+ ones ) :om su* congregations _h fri5dly connection4 ,! c>e ( !m devolv$ on ! mo/ influ5tial tea*]s1--on ^? :o occupi$ lead+ positions 9 ! *ief cities1 or 7 mo/ int]e/$ 9 apo/olic writ+s z a s\rce ( in/ruction4 ,! ,*ri/ian books 7 mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( ! bi%ops4 ,9 process ( "t ! canon 0 ! c>e ( assemblies or c\ncils4 ,b x _h be5 made be=e ! fir/ g5]al c\ncil by a few lead+ fa!rs t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! =mation ( a ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ( a canon 0 simultane\s4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ! collection orig9at$ 7 unfavorable to ! au!nticity ( its mat]ials1 = tradition _h be5 busy ov] !m & _! au?ors4 ,in/ead ( attribut+ ! =mation ( ! canon to ! ,*ur*1 x w\ld be m correct to say t ! important /age 9 x 0 due to ?ree tea*]s1 ea* work+ sep>ately & 9 8 own way1 :o 7 int5t ^u ! creation ( a ,*ri/ian society :i* did n appe> 9 ! apo/olic age1--a visible organization unit$ 9 fai?1--:]e ! discordant op9ions ( apo/olic & sub-apo/olic times %\ld be f9ally m]g$4 ,! canon 0 n ! "w ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* s mu* z ( ! m5 :o 7 /riv+ to =m t ,*ur*1 & c\ld n get beyond ! m\ld receiv$ by primitive ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a ,ca?olic ,*ur* occurs 9 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 an epi/le t _c be dat$ e>li] ?an #afj ,a4,d41 & may p]haps be t5 ye>s lat]4 ,b ?\gh ! idea is !re1 its e/abli%$ use is due to ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 & ,cyprian4 ,! expression has a diff]5t & n>r[ s5se 9 ! sev5 ,ignatian epi/les :i* we believe to be supposititi\s & lat] ?an ,ju/94 ,nei!r ! ?ree epi/les publi%$ 9 ,syriac by ,cureton1 nor ! sev5 ,greek ones enum]at$ by ,eusebius are au!ntic2 ?\gh ,zahn has tri$ to prove ! latt] su*1 dat+ !m ,a4,d4 #add4 ,8 argum5ts1 h[ev]1 are f> f conv9c+2 & ! :ole /ory (7#bbf7 ,ignatius's m>tyrdom at ,rome r ?an ,antio* is /ill d\btful2 = ! circum/ances "u :i* he is said to h be5 dragg$ to ,rome1 & 8 writ+ lett]s to ! *ur*es by ! way1 are highly improbable4 ,! te/imony ( ,malalas t ,ignatius suff]$ at ,antio* 9 ,decemb]1 #aae1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan1 may be q z good z t ( ,*ryso/om & ! ,syriac mon?ly cal5d> on :i* ,zahn relies s confid5tly4 ,! fact ( ! priority ( ! la/ two to ,malalas is ( little weight z evid5ce4 ,! ma9 po9t is ! locality 9 :i* ,ignatius suff]$2 :i* ,malalas1 himself a native ( ,antio* & a hi/orian1 ought to h kn[n bett] ?an ,*ryso/om1 because he copi$ prec$+ hi/orians4 ,x is necess>y to be precise on ?is subject because "s speak ( ! *ur* z ?\gh x 7 contempor>y ) ! apo/les !mselves1 or at lea/ ) _! imm$iate disciples2 & proce$ to argue t diss5sions arose soon aft] 8)9 ! *ur*0 r5d]+ an appeal to ! writt5 ^w necess>y4 ,:5 ! au?ority ( traditional tea*+ gave way to t ( a writt5 rule1 a *ange came ov] ! condition ( ! *ur*4 ,su* a view t5ds to mislead4 ,!re 7 diss5sions among ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians4 ,! apo/les !mselves 7 by no means unanim\s4 ,important diff]5ces ( belief divid$ ! ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians f ! beg9n+4 ,! types ( ,*ri/ian tru? exi/+ f ! fir/ gradually coalesc$ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury2 :5 h]etics1 especially ! ,gno/ics1 appe>$ s =midable t a ca?olic *ur* 0 develop$4 ,along ) ?is process1 & z an important elem5t 9 x1 ! writ+s ( apo/les & apo/olic m5 7 uncritically tak5 f tradition & elevat$ to ! rank ( div9e docum5ts4 ,x 0 n ! rise ( new diss5sions 8)9 ! *ur*0 :i* l$ to ! fir/ =mation ( a ,*ri/ian canon2 r did ! new idea ( 8a ca?olic *ur*0 require a /&>d ( appeal 9 apo/olic writ+s1 :i* 7 n[ inve/$ ) an au?ority t did n belong to !m f ! beg9n+4 ,orig5 0 ! fir/ :o took a some:at sci5tific view ( ! relative value belong+ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! biblical collection4 ,8 exam9ation ( ! canon 0 critical4 ,be=e him ! lead+ books _h be5 reg>d$ z div9e & sacr$1 ! s\rce ( doctr9al & hi/oric tru?4 ,f ?is /&-po9t he did n dep>t4 ,) him ecclesia/ical tradition 0 a prevail+ pr9ciple 9 ! recognition ( books belong+ ( "r to ! ,new ,te/am5t collection4 ,he 0 also guid$ by ! inspiration ( ! au?ors2 a crit]ion arbitr>y 9 its application1 z 8 own /atem5ts %[4 ,9 8 "t1 h[ev]1 ! collection 0 be+ gradually enl>g$2 8 ?ird class4 i4e41 ! mix$1 approa*+ reception into ! fir/4 ,b amid all ! fluctuations ( op9ion to :i* c]ta9 portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 subject1 & ! unsci5tific proc$ure bo? ( fa!rs & *ur*es 9 ! matt]1 ?\gh c\ncils _h n met to discuss x1 & vague tradition _h /r5g!n$ ) "t1 a c]ta9 spiritual consci\sness manife/$ itself ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 ! matt] ( ! canon4 ,tol]able unanimity ensu$4 ,! result 0 a rem>kable "o1 & calls = our gratitude1 not)/&+ its defects4 ,?\gh ! developm5t 0 p]vad$ by no critical or def9ite pr9ciple1 x end$ 9 a canon :i* has ma9ta9$ its validity = c5turies4 ,x is sometimes said t ! hi/ory ( ! canon %\ld be s\ght f def9ite catalogues1 n f isolat$ quotations4 ,! latt] are suppos$ to be ( slight value1 ! =m] to be ! result ( delib]ate judgm5t4 ,?is rem>k is m speci\s ?an solid4 ,9 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! catalogues giv5 by ! fa!rs1 z by ,melito & ,orig51 re/ solely on ! tradition ( ! ,jews2 ap>t f :i* !y h no indep5d5t au?ority4 ,z none except ,j]ome & ,orig5 knew ,hebrew1 _! li/s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books are simply a reflection ( :at !y le>n$ f o!rs4 ,if !y deviate 9 practice f _! ma/]s by quot+ z ,scripture o!r ?an ! canonical books1 !y %[ _! judgm5t ov]-rid+ an ext]nal !ory4 ,! v m5 :o give a li/ ( ! ,jewi% books ev9ce an incl9ation to ! ,*ri/ian & enl>g$ canon4 ,s ,orig5 says1 9 8 ,epi/le to ,africanus1 t 8! *ur*es use ,tobit40 ,9 expla9+ ! prophet ,isaiah1 ,j]ome employs ,sira* vi4 #f1 9 pro( ( 8 view1 rem>k+ t ! apocryphal "w is 9 ! ,*ri/ian catalogue4 ,9 l mann] ,epiphanius1 9 a passage aga9/ ,aetius1 aft] ref]r+ to ! books ( ,scripture1 adds1 8z well z ! books ( ,wisdom1 i4e41 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*2 f9ally1 all ! o!r books ( ,scripture40 ,9 ano!r place he gives ! canon ( ! ,jews hi/orically1 & excludes ! apocryphal ,greek books2 "h he includes "s ( ! latt]4 ,we also le>n f ,j]ome t ,judi? 0 9 ! numb] ( ! books reckon$ up by ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil4 ,?us ! fa!rs :o give catalogues ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %[ ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% & a ,*ri/ian canon 9 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! latt] wid] ?an ! =m]2 _! private op9ion be+ m favorable to ! "o1 ?\gh ! o!r 0 hi/orically transmitt$4 ,9 relation to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! synods :i* drew up li/s ( ! sacr$ books %[ ! view ( "s lead+ fa!r l ,augu/9e1 along ) :at cu/om _h sanction$4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t no memb] ( ! synod ex]cis$ 8 critical faculty2 a numb] toge!r w\ld decide su* que/ions summ>ily4 ,bi%ops proce$ 9 ! track ( tradition or au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,bible ,,canon ,,f ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury ,,to ,,! ,,re=mation4 ,x w n[ be conv5i5t to treat ( ! two ,te/am5ts toge!r1 i4e41 ! canon ( ! ,bible4 ,! canons ( bo? h be5 consid]$ sep>ately to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury2 !y may be h5ce=w>d discuss$ toge!r4 ,we proce$1 !re=e1 to ! ,bible-canon ( ! f\r? c5tury1 fir/ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* & !n 9 ! ,lat94 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 7,a4,d4 #cfc71 at :i* !re 0 a pr$om9ant semi>ian influ5ce1 =bad ! read+ ( all non-canonical books4 ,! #ei? canon enacts1 t 8private psalms mu/ n be read 9 ! ,*ur*1 nor uncanoniz$ books2 b only ! canonical ones ( ! ,new & ,old ,te/am5t40 ,! #fj? canon proce$s to give a li/ ( su*4 ,all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are enum]at$1 b 9 a peculi> ord]1 some:at l ! ,septuag9t "o4 ,) ,j]emiah is specifi$ ,b>u*1 !n ! ,lam5tations & ,epi/le4 ,! prophets are la/2 fir/ ! m9or1 next ! major & ,daniel4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t li/ are ! usual sev5 ,ca?olic epi/les1 & f\rte5 ( ,paul1 includ+ t to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,apocalypse alone is want+4 ,cr$n] has prov$ t ?is #fj? canon is n orig9al1 & ( mu* lat] date47#bbg7 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions give a k9d ( canon l t 9 ! #ei? ( ,laodicea4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! books ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,k+s1 ,*ronicles1 ^? belong+ to ! return f ! captivity1 ^? ( ,job1 ,solomon1 ! sixte5 prophets1 & ! ,psalms ( ,david2 our ,acts1 ! epi/les ( ,paul1 & ! f\r gospels are m5tion$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,ca?olic epi/les are n giv54 ,t !y are indicat$ "u ,acts is altoge!r improbable4 ,! ,antio*ian ,*ur* ( t "t d\bt$ or d5i$ ! apo/olicity ( ^! lett]s1 z is se5 f ,!odore1 ,cosmas1 & o!rs4 ,h5ce1 _! abs5ce f ^! ,con/itutions1 :i* are a collection belong+ to diff]5t times2 ! olde/ portion n e>li] p]haps ?an ! ?ird c5tury47#bbh7 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 :o took "p 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea17#bbi7 gives a li/ 8( ! div9e ,scriptures40 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are tw5ty-two1 & ! arrangem5t is ne>ly t :i* is 9 ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,) ,j]emiah is associat$ 8,b>u* & ! ,epi/le40 ,all ! ,new ,te/am5t books are giv5 except ! ,apocalypse4 ,! li/ agrees v ne>ly ) t ( ,eusebius1 by tak+ ! latt]'s 8controv]t$0 writ+s into ! class ( ! 8g5]ally receiv$407#bcj7 ,! writ] insi/s on ! necessity ( unity 9 ! ,*ur* ^u ! subject1 & =bids ! read+ ( writ+s n g5]ally receiv$4 ,none b ^! are all[$4 ,yet he ref]s to ,b>u* 7iii4 #cf-ch7 z ! prophet27#bca7 & 9 adduc+ ! te/imonies ( ! prophets = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! la/ he gives is ,daniel xiii4 #da1 #de4 ,sira* iii4 #ba1 #bb is cit$27#bcb7 ,wisdom is quot$ z ,solomon's 7xiii4 #e727bcc7 ! song ( ! ?ree *ildr5 is us$ 7v]se #ee77bcd7 ) v]ses #bg1 #bi27bce7 & ,daniel 7xiii4 #bb1 #de7 is quot$47#bcf7 ,9 ,a?anasius's fe/al epi/le 7#cfe ,a4,d47 ! ar*bi%op und]takes 8to set =? 9 ord]1 ! books t are canonical & h&$ d[n & believ$ to be div9e40 ,8 li/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ne>ly agrees ) ,cyril's1 except t ,e/h] is omitt$ & ,ru? c\nt$ sep>ately1 to make out ! tw5ty-two books4 ,he adds1 8!re are o!r books n canonical1 design$ by ! fa!rs to be read by ^? j jo9+ u & wi%+ to be in/ruct$ 9 ! doctr9e ( piety20 i4e41 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ! ,wisdom ( ,sira*1 & ,e/h] & ,judi? & ,tobit1 & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les s call$1 & ! ,%eph]d2 8^? be+ canonical1 & ^! be+ read1 let !re be no m5tion ( apocryphal writ+s10 c4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t li/ is ! same z ,cyril's1 ) ! addition ( ! ,apocalypse47#bcg7 ,he quotes sev]al ( ! apocryphal books 9 ! same way z he does ! canonical4 ,?us he introduces ,judi? 7viii4 #af7 ) 8! ,scripture said207#bch7 & ,b>u* 7iii4 #ab7 is cit$ z if x 7 ,scripture47#bci7 ,wisdom 7vi4 #bf7 has ! epi!t ,scripture appli$ to x47#bdj7 ,sira* 7xv4 #i7 is introduc$ ) 8:at is said by ! ,holy ,_s407#bda7 ,b>u* 7iv4 #bj1 #bb7 & ,daniel 7xiii4 #db7 are ref]r$ to 9 ! same way z ,isaiah47#bdb7 ,tobit 7ii4 #g7 has 8x is writt50 prefix$ to x47#bdc7 ,canonical & apocryphal are m5tion$ toge!r2 & simil> language appli$ to !m4 ,eusebius ( ,caes>ea cites ,wisdom z a div9e oracle27#bdd7 & aft] adduc+ sev]al passages f ,prov]bs1 subjo9+ to !m o!rs f ! same book ) ! introductory =mula 8^! are also said to be ! same writ]s10 he concludes ) 8su* is ! scripture407#bde7 ,sira* is cit$ z ,solomon's along ) v>i\s passages f ,prov]bs47#bdf7 ,aft] quot+ ,b>u*1 he says1 8!re is no ne$ to appeal to ! div9e voices1 :i* cle>ly confirm our proposition407#bdg7 ,! additions to ,daniel are also treat$ z ,scripture47#bdh7 ,basil ( ,caes>ea7#bdi7 _h a canon agree+ ) t ( ,a?anasius4 ,along ) ! usual books reckon$ z belong+ to ! canon1 he us$ ! apocryphal productions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?us ! book ( ,wisdom 7i4 #d77bej7 is quot$ by him4 ,s are ,sira* 7xx4 #b727bea7 ,b>u*1 7iii4 #cf77beb7 call$ ,j]emiah's2 ,judi? 7ix4 #d727bec7 & ,daniel 7xiii4 #ej747bed7 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus7#bee7 puts 8 li/ into a poetical =m4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x agrees ) ,a?anasius's exactly1 except t he m5tions none b ! canonical books4 ,l ,a?anasius1 he omits ,e/h]4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t he deviates f ,a?anasius1 by leav+ out ! ,apocalypse1 :i* he puts among ! spuri\s47#bef7 ,he does n ignore ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b quotes ,daniel xiii4 #e47beg7 ,amphilo*ius ( ,iconium7#beh7 gives a metrical catalogue ( ! ,biblical books4 ,! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! usual "o1 except t he says ( ,e/h] at ! end1 8"s judge t ,e/h] %\ld be add$ to ! =ego+40 ,he notices none ( ! apocryphal books4 ,8 ,new ,te/am5t canon agrees ) ! pres5t1 only he excludes ! ,apocalypse z spuri\s2 :i* is giv5 z ! judgm5t ( ! majority4 ,he alludes to ! d\bts t exi/$ z to ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 b reg>ds x z ,paul9e2 & to ! numb] ( ! ca?olic epi/les 7sev5 or ?ree747#bei7 ,! conclud+ words %[ t no li/ 0 univ]sally receiv$ at t "t4 ,epiphanius7#bfj7 foll[s ,a?anasius 9 8 canon4 ,z to ! numb] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 he hesitates betwe5 tw5ty-two & tw5ty-sev52 b ! cont5ts are ! same4 ,at ! end ( ! tw5ty-sev5 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,wisdom & ,sira* are m5tion$ z 8div9e writ+s20 else:]e !y are *>act]iz$ z 8d\btful407#bfa7 ,8 practice %[s 8 s5tim5ts cle>ly en\gh1 :5 ,sira* 7vii4 #a7 is introduc$ ) 8! ,scripture0 te/ifies7#bfb72 vii4 #i is else:]e quot$7#bfc72 ,wisdom 7i4 #d7 is cit$ z ,solomon's27#bfd7 ,b>u* 7iii4 #cf7 is introduc$ )1 8z ! ,scripture says107#bfe7 & ,daniel 7xiii4 #db7 is quot$ )1 8z x is writt5407#bff7 ,he m5tions ! fact t ! epi/les ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 7 read 9 ! *ur*es47#bfg7 ,didymus ( ,alex&ria7#bfh7 speaks aga9/ #b ,pet] t x is n 9 ! canons47#bfi7 ,*ryso/om7#bgj7 does n speak ( ! canon2 b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t he nev] quotes ! la/ f\r ca?olic epi/les or ! ,apocalypse4 ,all ! o!r p>ts he uses ?r\gh\t 8 num]\s works17#bga7 includ+ ! ,apocrypha4 ,?us he introduces ,wisdom 7xvi4 #bh7 ) 8,scripture says407#bgb7 ,he quotes ,b>u* 7iii4 #cf1 #ch727bgc7 & ,sira* 7iv4 #a4747bgd7 ,didymus ( ,alex&ria7#bge7 cites ,b>u* 7iii4 #ce7 z ,j]emiah17#bgf7 & treats x l ! ,psalms47#bgg7 ,daniel 7xiii4 #de7 is also quot$47#bgh7 ,he says ( ,pet]'s ,second ,epi/le t x is n 9 ! canon4 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia7#bgi7 0 mu* fre] ?an 8 contempor>ies 9 deal+ ) ! books ( ,scripture4 ,x seems t he reject$ ,job1 ,canticles1 ,*ronicles1 & ! ,psalm-inscriptions2 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! epi/le ( ,james1 & o!rs ( ! ca?olic ones4 ,b ,leontius's acc\nt ( 8 op9ions _c be adopt$ )\t suspicion47#bhj7 ,! canon ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria7#bha7 does n diff] f ,a?anasius's4 ,l o!r writ]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 8 day he uses along ) ! canonical ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he quotes #a 7iii47 ,esdras 7iv4 #cf7 ) 8inspir$ ,scripture says407#bhb7 ,wisdom 7vii4 #f7 is introduc$ )1 8accord+ to t :i* is writt5407#bhc7 ,9 ano!r place x has ! prefix 8= x is writt50 7i4 #g727bhd7 & is treat$ z ,scripture 7ii4 #ab747bhe7 ,sira* 7i4 #a7 is cit$47#bhf7 ,b>u* also 7iii4 #ce-cg7 is introduc$ )1 8ano!r ( ! holy prophets said407#bhg7 ,! catalogues ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ 9 ! manuscripts ,b1 ,c1 & ne$ n be giv51 z !y are m]ely codices ( ! ,septuag9t1 & h or _h ! books canonical & apocryphal belong+ to t v]sion4 ,! li/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books 9 ,b is l t ( ,a?anasius4 ,imp]fect at ! end1 ! ,,ms4 mu/ h _h at fir/ ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ,philemon1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,c 7cod4 ,ephraemi rescriptus7 has fragm5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 :i* %[ t x _h orig9ally all ! pres5t books 9 ! same ord] z ,a?anasius's4 or ! ,s9aitic manuscript has ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 9 addition to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! progress made by ! ,greek ,*ur* ( ! f\r? & =m] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 9 its conception ( ! canon seems to be1 t ! idea ( ecclesia/ical settlem5t1 or public1 legal1 def9itive e/abli%m5t 0 atta*$ to ! orig9al "o4 ,a writ+ 0 consid]$ canonical :5 a well-atte/$ tradition put x among ^? compos$ by inspir$ m51 apo/les or o!rs2 & x _h on t acc\nt a det]m9+ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,books :i* s]v$ z a rule ( fai? & 7 def9itively set =? by ! ,*ur* z div9ely au?oritative1 7 n[ t]m$ canonical4 ,! canon consi/$ ( writ+s settl$ or det]m9$ by ecclesia/ical law47#bhh7 ,su* 0 ! idea add$ to ! orig9al acceptation ( canon4 ,to canonical 7 oppos$ apocryphal writ+s1 i4e41 h]etical & fabricat$ ones2 :ile an int]m$iate class consi/$ ( ^? read 9 ! *ur*es1 :i* 7 useful1 b n decisive 9 matt]s ( belief4 ,ano!r advance 9 ! matt] ( ! canon at ?is p]iod 0 ! g5]al adoption ( ! ,hebrew canon1 ) a relegation ( ! ,greek additions 9 ! ,septuag9t to ! class publicly read47#bhi7 ,yet d\bts ab\t ! reception ( ,e/h] into ! numb] ( ! canonical books 7 /ill ent]ta9$1 ?\gh x 0 "o ( ! ,jewi% canon2 d\btless on acc\nt ( its want ( h>mony ) ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,& ! ca?olic epi/les :i* _h be5 d\bt$ be=e1 ,jude1 ,james1 ,second ,pet]1 7 n[ g5]ally receiv$4 ,b !re 0 a division ( op9ion ab\t ! ,apocalypse4 ,we come to ! p]iod ( ! ,lat91 correspond+ to t ( ! ,greek ,*ur* :i* has j be5 notic$4 ,augu/9e7#bij7 gave great att5tion to ! subject1 labor+ to e/abli% a complete canon1 ! necessity ( :i* 0 g5]ally felt4 ,accord+ to him ! ,scriptures :i* 7 receiv$ & ackn[l$g$ by all ! *ur*es ( ! day %\ld be canonical4 ,( ^? n univ]sally adopt$1 su* z are receiv$ by ! majority & ! weighti] ( ! *ur*es %\ld be pref]r$ to ^? receiv$ by ! few] & less important *ur*es4 ,9 8 enum]ation ( ! =ty-f\r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he gives1 aft] ,*ronicles1 o!r hi/ories 8:i* are nei!r connect$ ) ! ord]0 specifi$ 9 ! prec$+ context1 8nor ) "o ano!r10 i4e41 ,job1 ,tobit1 ,e/h]1 ,judi?1 ! two books ( ! ,maccabees1 & ,esdras4 ,wisdom & ,ecclesia/icus1 he ?9ks1 %\ld be numb]$ among ! prophets1 z des]v+ ( au?ority & hav+ a c]ta9 lik5ess to ,solomon's writ+s47#bia7 ,he says ( ! ,maccabees t ?is 8,scripture has be5 receiv$ by ! ,*ur* n uselessly1 if x be read or he>d sob]ly407#bib7 ,! fam\s passage 9 ! treatise on ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :]e he enum]ates ! :ole canon1 is qualifi$ by no o!r2 = ?\gh he knew ! di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical books ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews & ! s-call$ apocryphal ones1 z well z ! fact ( "s ,new ,te/am5t writ+s n be+ receiv$ univ]sally1 he ?\ght *ur*-reception a suffici5t w>rant = canonical au?ority4 ,h5ce1 he consid]$ ! books ( ! ,maccabees canonical1 because s receiv$ by ! ,*ur*2 :ile he says ( ,wisdom & ,sira* t !y m]it$ au?oritative reception & numb]+ among ! prophetic ,scriptures47#bic7 ,( ! =m] 9 p>ticul> he speaks /rongly 9 "o place1 ass]t+ t x is wor?y to be v5]at$ by all ,*ri/ians z ( div9e au?ority47#bid7 ,b he aft]w>ds retract$ 8 op9ion ( ! canonical au?ority ( ,sira*47#bie7 ,he raises1 n l[]s1 ! au?ority ( ! s-call$ apocryphal books :i* he m5tions4 ,he enum]ates all ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 specify+ ! ,paul9e epi/les z f\rte51 & s reckon+ t to ! ,hebrews z ! apo/le's2 b he speaks ( x else:]e z an epi/le ab\t :i* "s 7 unc]ta91 pr(ess+ t he 0 influ5c$ to admit x z canonical by ! au?ority ( ! ,ori5tal *ur*es47#bif7 ,9 v>i\s places he speaks hesitat+ly ab\t its ,paul9e au?or%ip4 ,9 #cic1 ! ,african bi%ops held a c\ncil at ,hippo :]e ! canon 0 discuss$4 ,! li/ ( ! canonical ,scripture giv5 includes1 besides ! ,pale/9ian "o1 ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 & ! two books ( ,maccabees4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t canon seems to h agre$ exactly ) our pres5t "o47#big7 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age 7#cig7 repeat$ ! /atute ( its pr$ecessor1 enum]at+ ! same books ( ! ,bible z canonical47#bih7 ,augu/9e 0 ! animat+ _s ( bo? c\ncils1 s t !y may be tak5 z express+ 8 views on ! subject4 ,j]ome7#bii7 gives a li/ ( ! tw5ty-two canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! same z t ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews1 rem>k+ t "s put ,ru? & ,lam5tations among ! ,hagiographa1 s mak+ tw5ty-f\r books4 ,all besides %\ld be put among ! ,apocrypha4 ,wisdom1 ,sira*1 ,judi?1 ,tobit1 ! ,%eph]d are n 9 ! canon4 ,! two books ( ,maccabees he reg>d$ 9 ! same light47#cjj7 ,b ?\gh ,j]ome's words imply ! apocryphal position ( ^! extra-canonical books1 he all[s ( _! be+ read 9 public = ! edification ( ! p1 n to confirm ! au?ority ( doctr9es2 i4e41 !y belong to 8! ecclesia/ical books0 ( ,a?anasius4 ,8 idea ( 8apocryphal0 is wid] & mild] ?an t ( "s o!rs 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ by ,welte17#cja7 t ! conclusions ( ! ,african c\ncils 9 #cic & #cig influ5c$ ,j]ome's views ( ! canon1 s t 8 lat] writ+s allude to ! apocryphal works 9 a m favorable mann] ?an t ( ! ,prologus galeatus or ! preface to ,solomon's books4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t he quotes diff]5t passages f ! ,apocrypha along ) o!rs f ! ,hebrew canon4 ,9 8 lett] to ,eu/o*ius1 ,sira* iii4 #cc 7,lat97 comes betwe5 citations f ,mat!w & ,luke2 & is introduc$ by :i* is writt51 9 a lett] to ,pamma*ius2 & xxii4 #f has div9e ,scripture appli$ to x47#cjb7 ,ru?1 ,e/h]1 & ,judi? are spok5 ( z holy volumes4 ,! practice ( ,j]ome diff]$ f 8 !ory2 or r he became less positive1 & alt]$ 8 views some:at ) ! progress ( "t & k4 ,z to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he gives a catalogue ( all t n[ belongs to x1 rem>k+ ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ( ! ,apocalypse t he adopts bo? on ! au?ority ( anci5t writ]s1 n ( pres5t cu/om4 ,8 op9ion ab\t !m 0 n decid$47#cjc7 ,9 ano!r "w he gives ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas at ! end ( ! canonical li/4 ,he also /ates ! d\bts ( _m respect+ ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 & ab\t #b ,pet]1 ,jude1 #b & #c ,john4 ,accord+ to him ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 0 publicly read 9 "s *ur*es47#cjd7 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s7#cje7 seems to h foll[$ ,orig5's catalogue4 ,he gives tw5ty-two books1 specify+ 8! epi/le0 ( ,j]emiah2 & rem>ks t "s add$ ,tobit & ,judi?1 mak+ tw5ty-f\r1 aft] ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet4 ,he cites ,wisdom & ,sira* z 8prophets407#cjf7 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t he nev] quotes ,james1 ,jude1 #b & #c ,john1 nor #b ,pet]4 #b ,maccabees 7vii4 #bh7 is introduc$ ) 8accord+ to ! prophet207#cjg7 ,sira* 7xxxi4 #a7 is introduc$ ) 8nor d !y he> ! ,"l say+207#cjh7 ,wisdom is cit$ z ,solomon's 7viii4 #b727cji7 ,judi? 7xvi4 #c7 is cit$27#caj7 s is ,b>u* 7iii4 #cf727caa7 & ,daniel xiii4 #db47cab7 ,optatus ( ,mela7#cac7 has ! usual canonical books1 b omits ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,he uses ! apocrypha )\t scruple1 introduc+ ,sira* 7iii4 #cj7 ) 8x is writt5207#cad7 & ,wisdom 7i4 #ac7 ) 8x is writt5 9 ,solomon407#cae7 ,lucif] ( ,cagli>i7#caf7 uses ! apocrypha equally ) ! canonical books4 ,?us #a ,maccabees 7i4 #dc7 is quot$ z 8holy ,scripture407#cag7 ,s is #b ,maccab4 7vi4 #a747cah7 ,judi? 7ix4 #b7 is cit$17#cai7 z are also ,wisdom 7xvii4 #a1 #b727cbj7 ,tobit 7iv4 #f727cba7 & ,daniel 7xiii4 #bj747cbb7 ,ambrose ( ,milan7#cbc7 _h ! same canon z mo/ ( ! ,we/]ns 9 8 "t4 ,) "s o!rs1 he consid]$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews to h be5 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t he us$ ! apocryphal books pretty freely4 ,wisdom 7vii4 #bb7 is cit$ z au?oritative ,scripture47#cbd7 ,sira* 7xi4 #cj7 is also cit$ z ,scripture47#cbe7 ,b>u* 7iv4 #ai7 is quot$27#cbf7 ,daniel 7xiii4 #dd1 #de7 is treat$ z ,scripture & prophetic27#cbg7 & ,tobit is exp\nd$ l any o!r book ( ,scripture47#cbh7 ,ruf9us7#cbi7 enum]ates ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts :i* 8are believ$ to be inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s itself1 accord+ to ! tradition ( our ance/ors1 & h be5 h&$ d[n by ! ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/40 ,all ! books ( ! ,hebrew canon & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are specifi$4 ,aft] ! li/ he says1 8^! are !y :i* ! fa!rs includ$ 9 ! canon1 by :i* !y wi%$ to e/abli% ! ass]tion ( our fai?40 ,he adds t !re are o!r books n canonical1 b ecclesia/ical--! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ,sira*1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 & ! books ( ! ,maccabees4 ,besides ! usual ,new ,te/am5t works1 he speaks ( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & ! 8,judgm5t ( ,pet]0 z read 9 ! *ur*es1 b n z au?oritative 9 matt]s ( fai?47#ccj7 ,phila/rius7#cca7 ( ,brescia gives "s acc\nt ( ! ,scriptures & _! cont5ts 9 8 "t4 ,! canonical ,scriptures1 :i* alone %\ld be read 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 are said to be ! law & ! prophets1 ! gospels1 ,acts1 ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 & sev5 o!rs1 i4e41 two ( ,pet]1 ?ree ( ,john1 "o ( ,jude1 & "o ( ,james4 ,( ! ,old ,te/am5t apocrypha he ass]ts t !y ought to be read = ! sake ( morals by ! p]fect1 b n by all4 ,he speaks ( h]etics :o reject ,john's gospel & ! ,apocalypse4 ,respect+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews :i* is omitt$ 9 8 canon1 he speaks at l>ge1 b n v decid$ly1 affirm+ t "s attribut$ its au?or%ip to ,b>nabas1 or ,clem5t ( ,rome1 or ,luke4 8,!y wi% to read ! writ+s ( ! bless$ apo/le1 & n rightly p]ceiv+ "s ?+s 9 ! epi/le1 x is n !re=e read by !m 9 ! *ur*4 ,?\gh read by "s1 x is n read to ! p 9 ! *ur*2 no?+ b ,paul's ?irte5 epi/les1 & t to ! ,hebrews sometimes407#ccb7 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ ^u ! ,we/ appe>s 9 ! /atem5ts ( ?is fa!r ^u ! subject4 ,he _h sev]al canonical li/s be=e him2 "o at lea/ f an ,ori5tal-,arian s\rce1 :i* expla9s "s ass]tions1 p>ticul>ly 8 omission ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,innoc5t ,i4 ( ,rome wrote to ,exsup]ius 7#dje ,a4,d471 bi%op ( ,t\l\se1 giv+ a li/ ( ! canonical books4 ,besides ! ,hebrew canon1 he has ,wisdom & ,sira*2 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ! two ,maccabees4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t li/ is id5tical ) ! pres5t4 ,he also ref]s to pseudepigraphical writ+s :i* ought n only to be reject$ b condemn$47#ccc7 ,a canonical li/ appe>s 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms be>+ ! names ( ,damasus 7#cff-chd71 ,gelasius ,i4 7#dib-dif71 & ,hormisdas 7#ead-ebc74 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are arrang$ 9 ?ree ord]s4 ,9 ! fir/ are ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 f\r ,k+s1 two ,*ronicles1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,wisdom1 & ,ecclesia/icus2 9 ! second1 all ! prophets1 includ+ ,b>u*2 9 ! ?ird1 ,job1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ,e/h]1 ,esdras1 two ,maccabees4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t books are ! f\r gospels1 f\rte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 ! ,apocalypse1 & ,acts1 ) sev5 ,ca?olic epi/les4 ,t :i* is call$ ! ,decree ( ,gelasius is almo/ id5tical ) ! prec$+4 ,x wants ,b>u* & ,lam5tations4 ,x has also two ,esdrases in/ead ( "o4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews is abs5t4 ,! ,hormisdas-=m has ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah3 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,,mss4 ( ^! li/s pres5t "s div]sity2 & ,cr$n] supposes ! ,damasus-li/ a fiction4 ,b ,?iel has v9dicat$ its au!nticity4 ,x is possible t "s int]polations may exi/ 9 ! la/ two2 ! fir/1 :i* is ! %orte/1 may well belong to ! "t ( ,damasus47#ccd7 ,9 #dai ,a4,d4 ano!r c\ncil at ,c>?age1 at :i* ,augu/9e 0 pres5t1 repeat$ ! =m] li/ ( books ) a s+le alt]ation1 viz41 f\rte5 epi/les ( ,paul 7in/ead ( ?irte5747#cce7 ,! prec$+ notices & catalogues %[ a g5]al desire 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* to settle ! canon4 ,! two mo/ influ5tial m5 ( ! p]iod 7 ,augu/9e & ,j]ome1 :o did n entirely agree4 ,bo? 7 unfitt$ = a critical exam9ation ( ! topic4 ,! =m] 0 a gift$ spiritual man1 lack+ le>n+ & indep5d5ce4 ,tradition dom9at$ all 8 ideas ab\t ! difficult or disput$ books4 ,he did n ent] ^u ! "q sci5tifically1 on ! basis ( c]ta9 pr9ciples2 b 0 cont5t to take refuge 9 au?ority--! prevail+ au?ority ( lead+ *ur*es4 ,8 judgm5t 0 weak1 8 sagacity mod]ate1 & 8 want ( _m-sid$ness h9d]$ a critical result4 ,j]ome1 aga91 0 le>n$ b timid1 lack+ ! c\rage to face ! "q fairly or fundam5tally2 & ! indep5d5ce necess>y to its "r inve/igation4 ,belong+ z he did to bo? *ur*es1 he recomm5d$ ! practice ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,he1 too1 0 *iefly influ5c$ by tradition2 by ,jewi% tea*]s 9 respect to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & by g5]al cu/om z to ! ,new4 ,! "q 0 n susceptible ( advancem5t "u su* manipulation2 nor c\ld x be settl$ on a legitimate basis4 ,comp>$ ) ! ea/]n ,*ur*1 ! we/]n accept$ a wid] canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 tak+ "s books into ! class ( ! canonical :i* ! =m] put among ^? to be read4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 all ! ,ca?olic epi/les & ev5 ! ,apocalypse 7 receiv$4 ,! ,african *ur*es & c\ncils g5]ally adopt$ ?is l>g] canon1 because ! old ,lat9 v]sion or v]sions ( ! ,bible curr5t 9 ,africa 7 daught]s ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,if ! ,lat9s app>5tly look$ ^u ! ,greek z ! orig9al itself1 ! apocryphal books w\ld soon get rank ) ! canonical4 ,yet ! m le>n$ fa!rs1 ,j]ome1 ,ruf9us & o!rs1 favor$ ! ,hebrew canon 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 canonical & ecclesia/ical books4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/]n ^u ! ,we/]n ,*ur* is /ill visible1 ?\gh x c\ld n ext+ui% ! prevail+ desire to include ! disput$ books4 ,! ,greek view 0 to receive no?+ :i* _h n app>5tly a good atte/ation ( div9e orig9 & apo/olic au?ority2 ! ,lat9 0 to exclude no?+ hall[$ by desc5t & prov$ by cu/om4 ,! =m] ,*ur* look$ m to ! s\rces ( doctr9e2 ! latt] to ^? ( edification4 ,! "o desir$ to contract ^? s\rces1 s z n to be too ri*2 ! o!r to enl>ge ! spr+s ( edification1 n to be too poor4 ,nei!r _h ! prop] res\rces = ! "w1 nor a "r p]ception ( ! way 9 :i* x %\ld be set ab\t2 & !re=e !y 7 n =tunate 9 _! conclusions1 diff]+ z !y did 9 reg>d to po9ts :i* affect ! f\ndation ( a satisfactory solution4 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s endeavors bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ to settle ! canon dur+ ! #d? & #e? c5turies1 x 0 n f9ally clos$4 ,! d\bts ( individuals 7 /ill express$2 & succe$+ ages te/ifi$ to ! want ( univ]sal agreem5t respect+ sev]al books4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 0 practically det]m9$4 ,no mat]ial *ange occurr$ aga9 9 ! absolute rejection or admission ( books4 ,) "s fluctuations1 ! canon rema9$ v mu* z x 0 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,tradition %ap$ & e/abli%$ its "*4 ,g5]al usage gave x a p]man5cy :i* x 0 n easy to di/urb4 ,no def9ite pr9ciples guid$ ! c\rse ( its =mation1 or fix$ its pres5t /ate4 ,x 0 dom9at$ fir/ & la/ by circum/ances & ideas :i* philosophy did n actuate4 ,its hi/ory is ma9ly objective4 ,uncritical at its comm5cem5t1 x 0 equally s 9 ! two c5turies :i* h j be5 consid]$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! canon 9 ! ,syrian *ur* _c be trac$ ) mu* exactness4 ,! ,pe%ito v]sion _h only ! ,hebrew canonical books at fir/2 mo/ ( ! apocryphal 7 r5d]$ f ! ,greek & add$ 9 ! ,ne/orian rec5sion4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x want$ f\r ( ! ca?olic epi/les & ! ,apocalypse4 ,ephrem 7,a4,d4 #cgh7 uses all ! books 9 our canon1 ! apocryphal z well z ! canonical4 ,! =m] are cit$ by him 9 ! same way z ! latt]4 ,sira* ii4 #a is quot$ ) z ! ,scripture says27#ccf7 & ,wisdom iv4 #g ) x is writt547#ccg7 ,daniel xiii4 #i1 belong+ to ! ,greek additions1 is also cit$ ) z x is writt547#cch7 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! quotations giv5 are all f ,ephrem's ,greek1 n ,syriac1 works2 & t suspicions h be5 rais$ ab\t ! =m] be+ tamp]$ )4 ,! ,syrian v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t made by ,polyc>p at ! reque/ ( ,philox5us ( ,mabug1 _h ! f\r ca?olic epi/les want+ 9 ! ,pe%ito4 ,x _h also ! two epi/les ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 if we may judge by ! ,h>clean rec5sion1 ,a4,d4 #faf2 = a ,,ms4 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y conta9s ^? epi/les imm$iately aft] ! ,ca?olic ones1 & be=e ^? ( ,/4 ,paul2 s t !y are put on an equality ) ! canonical writ+s4 ,! ,apocalypse is want+4 ,junilius1 7?\gh an ,african bi%op ab\t #eej ,a4,d471 says t he got 8 k f a ,p]sian ( ! "n ( ,paulus :o receiv$ 8 education 9 ! s*ool ( ,nisibis4 ,he may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ a witness ( ! op9ions ( ! ,syrian *ur* at ! beg9n+ ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,divid+ ! biblical books into ^? ( p]fect1 ^? ( int]m$iate1 & ^? ( no au?ority1 he makes ! fir/ ! canonical2 ! second1 ^? add$ to !m by _m 7plures72 ! ?ird1 all ! re/4 ,9 ! fir/ li/ he puts ,ecclesia/icus4 ,among ! second he puts #a & #b ,*ronicles1 ,job1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ,judi?1 ,e/h]1 #a & #b ,maccabees2 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,james1 #b ,pet]1 ,jude1 #b & #c ,john4 ,he also says t ! ,apocalypse ( ,john is mu* d\bt$ by ! ,ori5tals4 ,9 ! ?ird li/ i4e41 books ( no au?ority add$ by "s 7quidam7 to ! canonical1 are put ,wisdom & ,canticles47#cci7 ,! catalogue is confus$1 & errone\s at lea/ 9 "o respect1 t ,j]ome is ref]r$ to1 z sanction+ ! division giv5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 = nei!r he nor ! ,jews agree ) x4 ,! canon ( ! ,abyss9ian *ur* seems to h _h at fir/ all ! books 9 ! ,septuag9t1 canonical & apocryphal toge!r1 little di/9ction be+ made betwe5 !m4 ,along ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,greek ,bible !re 7 ,eno*1 #d ,esdras1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 ! ,jubilees1 ,ass5e?1 c4 ,t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t agrees ) ! pres5t ,greek "o4 ,at a lat] p]iod 9 ! ,arabic age a li/ 0 made & con/itut$ ! legal "o = ! use ( ! *ur*1 hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! ,jacobite canons ( ! apo/les4 ,?is gives1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 ,judi?1 ,k+s1 ,*ronicles1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]1 ,tobit1 two books ( ,maccabees1 ,job1 ,psalms1 five books ( ,solomon1 m9or & great] prophets4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,sira* 7= tea*+ *ildr57 & ! book ( ,joseph b5 ,gorion1 i4e41 t ( ! ,maccabees1 are ext]nal4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t has f\r gospels1 ,acts1 sev5 apo/olic epi/les1 f\rte5 ( ,paul1 & ! ,revelation ( ,john4 ,lat] catalogues v>y mu*1 & are (t5 enl>g$ ) ! book ( ,eno*1 #d ,esdras1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,isaiah1 c4 ,! canon ( ! ,e?iopic *ur* 0 fluctuat+47#cdj7 ,! canon ( ! ,arm5ians _h at fir/ ! ,pale/9ian books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 tw5ty-two 9 numb]1 & ! usual ,new ,te/am5t ones1 except ! ,apocalypse4 ,x 0 made f ! ,syriac 9 ! fif? c5tury by ,sahak & ,mesrob4 ,! deut]o-canonical books & additions 7 app5d$1 aft] ! disciples ( ^? two m5 :o _h be5 s5t by !m into diff]5t places1 br\ght back au!ntic copies ( ! ,greek ,bible f ! patri>* ,maximian1 by :i* ! v]sion already made 0 int]polat$ & correct$2 z x 0 subsequ5tly correct$ by o!rs despat*$ to ,alex&ria & ,a!ns1 :o1 h[ev]1 did n return till _! tea*]s 7 dead4 ,! ,,mss4 ( ?is v]sion 7 aft]w>ds int]polat$ f ! ,vulgate2 ,oskan himself translat+ = 8 edition 7:i* 0 ! fir/ pr9t$ "o1 ,a4,d4 #afff71 ,sira*1 #d ,esdras & ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah f ! ,lat94 ,! book ( ,revelation does n seem to h be5 translat$ till ! eigh? c5tury4 ,zohrab's critical edition 7#ahje7 has ,judi?1 ,tobit1 ! ?ree books ( ,maccabees1 ,wisdom1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,b>u* among ! canonical books2 & 9 an app5dix1 ! f\r? book ( ,esdras1 ! pray] ( ,manasseh1 ! ,epi/le ( ! ,cor9?ians to ,paul & 8 answ]1 ! ,re/ 7end7 ( ! apo/le & evangeli/ ,john1 ! pray] ( ,eu?alius4 ,l ! edition ( ,oskan1 ?is has all ! deut]o-canonical books1 :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! ,septuag9t1 & incorporat$ by ! fir/ translators ) _! orig9al v]sion4 ,ano!r edition publi%$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh 7#ahag71 = ! use ( ! ,jacobite ,*ur*1 has ! pray] ( ,manasses & #d ,esdras aft] ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,georgian v]sion consi/$ ( ! books & additions 9 ! ,greek translation f :i* x 0 made4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t has ! canonical books 9 ! usual ord]4 ,jesus ,sira* & two books ( ! ,maccabees 7#b;d & #c;d7 7 n 9 ! ,georgian ,,ms4 us$ by ,pr9ce ,arcil = ! edition ( #agdc1 b 7 r5d]$ out ( ! ,russian4 ,! ,mosc[ ,bible pr9t$ "u ! direction & at ! co/ ( ,arcil1 ,bac*> & ,wakuset1 is ! au?oriz$ edition ( ! ,georgian ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,bible canon ( ! ,ea/]n *ur* 9 ! middle ages %[s no real advance4 ,endeavors 7 made to remove ! unc]ta9ty aris+ f ! exi/5ce ( num]\s li/s2 b =m] decisions & decrees ( c\ncils 7 repeat$ in/ead ( a new1 indep5d5t canon4 ,"h belongs ! catalogue 9 ! ,alex&rian ,,ms41 ( ! fif? c5tury1 :i* is peculi>4 ,aft] ! prophets come ,e/h]1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 #d ,maccabees1 ,psalms1 ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ! all-virtu\s ,wisdom1 ! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ( ,sira*4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,apocalypse is foll[$ by two epi/les ( ,clem5t4 ,! li/ 0 probably made 9 ,egypt4 ,t ( ,ana/asius ,s9aita17#cda7 patri>* ( ,antio*1 is simil> to ,nicephorus's ,/i*ometry1 :i* we %all m5tion aft]w>ds4 ,b>u* is among ! canonical books2 ,e/h] among ! antilegom5a4 ,! ,apocalypse is unnotic$4 ,! #he? ( ! ,apo/olic canons gives a li/ ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t books1 9 :i* ! usual canonical ones ( ! =m] are supplem5t$ by ,judi? & #c ,maccabees2 ^? ( ! latt] by ! two epi/les ( ,clem5t1 ) ! ,apo/olic con/itutions4 ,?is catalogue _c be put e>li] ?an ! fif? or six? c5tury1 & is subject to ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 int]polat$4 ,we h also ,nicephorus's ,/i*ometry 7#hjf-hae277cdb7 ( :i* we may rem>k t ,b>u* is among ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :ile ! ,revelation is put ) ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 among ! antilegom5a ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is also surpris+ t ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] & ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews are n among ! ,apocrypha1 :]e ,clem5t's epi/les ) ! productions ( ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 & ,h]mas appe>4 ,! li/ is probably old] ?an t ( ! ,antio* patri>* ,ana/asius ,s9aita4 ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es 7#ece7 nev] m5tions ! sev5 ,ca?olic epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t or ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,trullan c\ncil 7,a4,d4 #fib7 adopts ! eighty-five ,apo/olic canons1 reject+1 h[ev]1 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions4 ,photius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople17#cdc7 foll[s ! eighty-fif? ,apo/olical canon ( ! ,trullan ,c\ncil47#cdd7 ,b 9 8 ,biblio!ca7#cde7 he speaks diff]5tly reg>d+ ! epi/les ( ,clem5t1 & does n treat !m z canonical4 ,?\gh ! fir/ 0 ?\ght wor?y to be read 9 public1 ! second 0 reject$ z spuri\s2 & 8 own op9ion 0 n altoge!r favorable to !m4 ,john ( ,damascus27#cdf7 ! second ,nic5e c\ncil 7#ghg72 ! ,synopsis div9 ,scriptur ,vet4 et ,novi ,te/4 7ab\t #ajjj72 ,zon>as 7ab\t #aabj72 ,alexius ,ari/5us 7ab\t #aafj72 & ,nicephorus ,calli/us 7#accj71 call = no rem>k4 ,9 ! ,we/]n *ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages1 div]sity ( op9ion respect+ c]ta9 books cont9u$4 ,?\gh ! views ( ,augu/9e 7 g5]ally foll[$1 ! /rict] ones ( ,j]ome f\nd _m adh]5ts4 ,! canon 0 fluctuat+1 & ! practice ( ! *ur*es 9 reg>d to x some:at lax4 ,"h belong ,cassiodorus 7ab\t #eej72 ! li/ 9 ! ,codex ,amiat9us 7ab\t #eej72 ,isidore ( ,seville7#cdg7 :o1 aft] enum]at+ ?ree classes ( ,old ,te/am5t books gives a f\r? n 9 ! ,hebrew canon4 ,"h he specifies ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 say+ t ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ puts !m among ! div9e books1 honors & highly e/eems !m47#cdh7 ,!re are also ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7#fcb72 ,gregory ! ,great7#cdi7 ,notk] ,labeo27#cej7 ,ivo 7ab\t #ajib72 ,b$e27#cea7 ,alcu927#ceb7 ,rabanus ,maurus27#cec7 ,hugo de ,/ ,victor27#ced7 ,pet] ( ,clugny27#cee7 ,john ( ,salisbury27#cef7 ,?omas ,aqu9as27#ceg7 ,hugo de ,/ ,*]27#ceh7 ,wycliffe27#cei7 ,nicolaus ( ,lyra17#cfj7 c41 c4 ,sev]al ( ^!1 z ,hugo de ,/ ,victor1 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ,hugo de ,/ ,*]1 & ,nicolaus ( ,lyra1 foll[$ ,j]ome 9 sep>at+ ! canonical & apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t47#cfa7 ,! ,re=m]s g5]ally return$ to ! ,hebrew canon1 divid+ (f ! additional books ( ! ,septuag9t or ^? atta*$ to ! ,vulgate4 ,^! !y call$ apocryphal1 aft] ,j]ome's example4 ,?\gh consid]$ ( no au?ority 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 !y 7 pron\nc$ useful & edify+4 ,! pr9cipal reason t weigh$ ) ! ,re=m]s 01 t ,*ri/ & ! apo/les te/ifi$ to none ( ! ,septuag9t additions4 ,besides ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,lu!r translat$ ,judi?1 ,wisdom1 ,tobit1 ,sira*1 ,b>u*1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 ! ,greek additions to ,e/h] & ,daniel1 ) ! ,pray] ( ,manasseh4 ,8 judgm5t respect+ sev]al ( ^! is express$ 9 ! prefaces to !m4 ,) reg>d to #a ,maccabees1 he ?9ks x almo/ equal to ! o!r books ( ,holy ,scripture1 & n unwor?y to be reckon$ among !m4 ,( ,wisdom1 he says1 he 0 long 9 d\bt :e!r x %\ld be numb]$ among ! canonical books2 & ( ,sira* t x is a "r good book proce$+ f a wise man4 ,b he speaks unfavorably ( sev]al o!r apocryphal productions1 z ( ,b>u* & #b ,maccabees4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t he consid]$ all he translat$ ( "s use to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,he ?\ght t ! book ( ,e/h] %\ld n belong to ! canon4 ,lu!r's judgm5t respect+ "s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books 0 fre] ?an mo/ ,prote/ants n[ are dispos$ to approve4 ,he ?\ght ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 nei!r ,paul's nor an apo/le's1 b proce$$ f an excell5t & le>n$ man :o may h be5 ! disciple ( apo/les4 ,he did n put x on an equality ) ! epi/les writt5 by apo/les !mselves4 ,! ,apocalypse he consid]$ nei!r apo/olic nor prophetic1 b put x almo/ on ! same level ) ! #d? book ( ,esdras1 :i* he spoke else:]e ( toss+ into ! ,elbe4 ,?is judgm5t 0 aft]w>ds modifi$1 n retract$4 ,james's epi/le he pron\nc$ unapo/olic1 8a "r /rawy epi/le40 ,9 l mann]1 he did n believe t ,jude's epi/le proce$$ f an apo/le4 ,consid]+ x to h be5 tak5 f #b ,pet]1 & n well extract$ ei!r1 he put x l[] ?an ! suppos$ orig9al4 ,! ,re=m]1 z also 8 successors1 made a di/9ction betwe5 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t simil> to t ( ! ,old2 ! g5]ally receiv$ 7homolog\m5a7 & controv]t$ books 7antilegom5a72 b ! ,calv9i/s aft]w>ds oblit]at$ x1 z ! ,roman ,ca?olics at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t did ) ! old ,te/am5t47#cfb7 ,! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ^? ( ,jude & ,james1 ) ! ,apocalypse1 belong to ! latt] class4 ,! di/9ction 9 "q proce$$ f g5u9e critical tact on ! "p ( ! e>ly ,lu!ran ,*ur* :i* _h canonical & deut]o-canonical writ+s ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection4 ,nor did ! ,re=m]s consid] x a dang]\s ?+ to br+ ! fact be=e ! p4 ,to make x palpable1 ,lu!r atta*$ cont9u\s numb]s to ! fir/ tw5ty-?ree books ( 8 v]sion1 br++ ! f\r antilegom5a aft] ^!1 )\t numb]s2 & ?is mode ( m>k+ ! diff]5ce cont9u$ till ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury47#cfc7 ,lu!r 0 "r 9 assign+ a great] or less value to ! sep>ate writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 leav+ e "o to d ! same4 ,he reli$ on _! int]nal value m ?an tradition2 tak+ ! ^w ( ,god 9 a deep] & wid] s5se ?an its co9cid5ce ) ! ,bible4 ,bod5/e9 ( ,c>l/ad exam9$ ! "q ( canonicity m ?or\ghly ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 & foll[$ out ! pr9ciple ( private judgm5t 9 reg>d to x4 ,he divides ! biblical books into ?ree classes--#a4 ,books ( ! highe/ dignity1 viz41 ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,gospels2 #b4 ,books ( ! second dignity1 i4e41 ! works t]m$ prophetic by ! ,jews1 & ! fifte5 epi/les univ]sally receiv$2 #c4 ,books ( ! ?ird & l[e/ au?ority1 i4e41 ! ,jewi% ,hagiographa & ! sev5 ,antilegom5a epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,among ! ,apocrypha he makes two classes--su* z are out ( ! canon to ! ,hebrews yet hagiographical 7,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,judi?1 ,tobit1 ! two ,maccabees71 & ^? t are cle>ly apocryphal & to be reject$ 7?ird & f\r? ,esdras1 ,b>u*1 ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 a good "p ( ! ?ird *apt] ( ,daniel1 & ! la/ two *apt]s ( ,daniel477#cfd7 ,zw+li ass]ts t ! ,apocalypse is n a biblical book47#cfe7 ,oecolampadius says--8,we d n despise ,judi?1 ,tobit1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,b>u*1 ! la/ two ,esdras1 ! ?ree ,maccabees1 ! la/ two *apt]s ( ,daniel1 b we d n attribute to !m div9e au?ority ) ^? o!rs407#cff7 ,z to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t he w\ld n comp>e ! ,apocalypse1 ,james1 ,jude1 #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john ) ! re/47#cfg7 ,calv9 did n ?9k t ,paul 0 ! au?or ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 or t #b ,pet] 0 writt5 by ! apo/le himself2 b bo? 9 8 op9ion are canonical4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,books4 ,i4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts compris+ ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 fluctuat+ 9 ! second c5tury2 less s 9 ! ?ird4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ord] :i* ! books _h commonly assum$ 9 ,greek ,,mss4 & writ]s 02 ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 ! ,paul9e1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,?is sequ5ce appe>s 9 ! ,vatican1 ,s9aitic1 ,alex&rian & ,ephrem 7,c7 ,,mss42 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 9 ! #fj? ,canon ( ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil1 ,a?anasius1 ,leontius ( ,byzantium1 c4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r ord] prevail$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 viz41 ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,?is appe>s 9 ,melito1 ,ir5u1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,augu/9e1 ,j]ome1 ! ,vulgate1 ! ,c\ncils ( ,c>?age1 held 9 ,a4,d4 #cig & #dai2 & is n[ ! usual arrangem5t4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! two g5]al arrangem5ts j m5tion$1 !re 7 _m v>iations4 ,?us we f9d 9 relation to ! gospels4 ,,iii4 7a7 ,mat!w1 ,john1 ,luke1 ,m>k2 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! old ,italic m>k$ a1 b1 d1 e1 ff1 & 9 ! cod4 arg5teus ( ,ulfila's ,go?ic v]sion4 7b7 ,mat!w1 ,john1 ,m>k1 ,luke2 9 ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus ,a4,d4 #dca1 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 ,!odoret1 ! /i*ometry ( ! ,cl]mont ,,ms4 ,su* 0 ! usual ord] 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ( ! fif? c5tury4 7c7 ,m>k is put fir/1 foll[$ by ,mat!w2 9 ! fragm5t ( a ,bobbian ,,ms4 ( ! ,itala at ,tur9 m>k$ k4 7d7 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,john1 ,luke2 9 ! ,curetonian ,syriac gospels4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! same ord] 9 ,orig5's ,i4 ,homily on ,luke4 ,! reason ( ! ord] 91 7a7 & 7b7 lies 9 apo/le%ip4 ,! works ( apo/les prec$e ^? ( evangeli/s4 ,! e/abli%$ sequ5ce1 :i* is already sanction$ by ,ir5u & ,orig51 has respect to ! suppos$ dates ( ! gospels4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria says t anci5t tradition suppos$ ^? gospels hav+ ! g5ealogies to h be5 writt5 be=e ! o!rs4 ,,iv4 ,z to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 n only is ?is "w put imm$iately aft] ! gospels1 :i* is ! ord] 9 ! ,muratorian canon1 b we f9d x 9 o!r positions4 7a7 ,gospels1 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ,acts2 9 ! ,s9aitic ,,ms41 ! ,pe%ito17#cfh7 ,j]ome17#cfi7 & ,epiphanius4 7b7 ,gospels1 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 ,acts2 9 ,augu/9e1 ! ?ird c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 ,isidore1 ,innoc5t ,i41 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 & ! ,spani% ,*ur* g5]ally4 7c7 ,gospels1 ,paul9e1 ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 ,apocalypse1 ,acts2 9 ! /i*ometry ( ! ,cl]mont ,,ms4 ,v4 ,z to ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 besides ! place !y n[ occupy 9 our ,bibles1 !y sometimes foll[ ! gospels imm$iately4 7a7 ,gospels1 ,paul9e ,epi/les2 ! ,s9aitic ,,ms41 ,j]ome1 ,epiphanius1 ,augu/9e1 ! ?ird c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 ,isidore1 ,innoc5t ,i41 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 ! /i*ometry ( ! ,cl]mont ,,ms4 7b7 ,! usual ord] ( ! ,greek ,*ur* is1 ,gospels1 ,acts1 ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 ,paul9e1 c41 z 9 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil 7#fj71 ,a?anasius1 ,leontius ( ,byzantium1 ! ,,mss4 ,a4 ,b41 b n 4 ,! critical ,greek ,te/am5ts ( ,la*mann & ,tis*5dorf adopt ?is ord]4 7c7 ,!y are plac$ la/ ( all 9 a homily attribut$ to ,orig51 b ?is does n necess>ily %[ t fa!r's op9ion47#cgj7 7d7 ,!y /& fir/ ( all 9 a ,gallican ,sacram5t>ium cit$ by ,hody47#cga7 ,,vi4 ,) respect to ! ord] ( ! individual epi/les1 ! curr5t "o has be5 ?\ght z old z ,t]tullian & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,b ! pro( ( ?is is prec>i\s4 ,x appe>s 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & may h be5 prior to t4 ,x is 9 ,epiphanius1 :o supposes t ! arrangem5t 0 ! apo/le's own4 ,n only 0 x ! preval5t "o 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 b also 9 ! ,lat9 z we see f ! codex ,amiat9us1 & ! ,vulgate ,,mss4 g5]ally4 ,x re/s ^u ! ext5t ( ! epi/les & ! relative importance ( ! localities 9 :i* ! believ]s address$ resid$4 7a7 ,m>cion _h b t5 ,paul9e epi/les 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,galatians1 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 #a & #b ,!ssalonians1 ! ,laodiceans1 7,ephesians71 ,colossians1 ,philemon1 ,philippians4 7b7 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 ,galatians1 #a & #b ,!ssalonians1 ,romans1 ,philemon1 ,titus1 #a & #b ,timo?y1 to ! ,laodiceans1 ! ,alex&rians 7! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews72 9 ! ,muratorian canon4 7c7 ,romans1 ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,!ssalonians1 ,colossians1 ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ,philemon1 ,hebrews2 9 ,augu/9e1 & sev]al ,,mss4 ( ! ,vulgate 9 ,engl&47#cgb7 7d7 ,romans1 ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,!ssalonians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ,philemon1 ,hebrews2 9 ! s-call$ decree ( ,gelasius 9 ! "n ( ,hormisdas1 9 ,labbe's text4 ,b "h diff]5t ,,mss4 v>y 9 reg>d to ! position ( ! ,!ssalonian epi/les4 ,,vii4 ,! ,laodicean lett] 0 ins]t$ ei!r be=e ! pa/oral epi/les1 z 9 sev]al ,,mss4 ( ! ,vulgate 9 ,engl&2 or be=e ! ,!ssalonian epi/les prec$+ !m2 or at ! end ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 z 9 a ,,ms4 ( ! ,lat9 ,bible at ,lembe?4 ,its ins]tion 9 copies ( ! ,vulgate 0 ow+ to ! au?ority ( ,gregory ! ,great1 :o look$ ^u x z au!ntic4 ,,viii4 ,! position ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews usually 0 ei!r be=e ! pa/oral epi/les1 i4e41 imm$iately aft] ^? to ! ,!ssalonians2 or aft] ! pa/oral ones & ,philemon4 ,! =m] me?od 0 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* f ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! latt] prevail$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* f ,augu/9e onw>d4 7a7 ,paul9e epi/les to *ur*es 7! la/ be+ ! second to ! ,!ssalonians71 ,hebrews1 ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ,philemon2 9 ! ,,mss4 1 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,h41 ,a?anasius1 ,epiphanius2 ,eu?alius17#cgc7 ,!odoret4 ,j]ome m5tions x aft] ! epi/les ( ,paul to ! sev5 *ur*es z an eigh? exclud$ by ! majority1 & proce$s to specify ! pa/oral ones4 ,b ,amphilo*ius & ,eb$jesu ! ,syrian h ! we/]n ord]1 viz41 ! foll[+-- 7b7 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ,hebrews 7foll[+ imm$iately t to ,philemon72 9 ,augu/9e & ! ,vulgate v]sion g5]ally4 ,x is s 9 ! canons ( ! c\ncils at ,hippo & ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #cic & #cig71 & 9 ! ,,mss4 ,d4 & ,g41 9 ,isidore ( ,spa91 & ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,,ix4 ,) respect to ! ord] ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 :i* 7 n all adopt$ into ! canon till ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury2 ,eusebius putt+ all except #a ,john & #a ,pet] among ! antilegom5a2 :ile ,j]ome1 & ! c\ncil ( ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #cig7 admit !m unres]v$ly2 ! usual ord]1 viz41 ,james1 #a & #b ,pet]1 ,john1 ,jude1 prevail$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,x is 9 ! ,pe%ito or old ,syriac v]sion1 ,eusebius1 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,epiphanius1 ! #fj? ( ! ,laodicean canons1 ,a?anasius1 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 ,amphilo*ius1 ! /i*ometry ( ,nicephorus1 ! ,,mss4 4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c41 & mo/ ,greek ,,ms4 ,b ! #gf? ( ! ,apo/olic canons has ,pet]1 ,john1 ,james & ,jude4 ,! canon1 h[ev]1 is comp>atively late4 7a7 ,pet]1 ,john1 ,jude1 ,james2 9 ,phila/rius ( ,brescia4 ,if we may rely on ,cassiodorus's acc\nt ( ,augu/9e1 ! ,african fa!r foll[$ ! same arrangem5t4 7b7 ,pet]1 ,james1 ,jude1 ,john2 9 ,ruf9us4 7c7 ,pet]1 ,john1 ,james1 ,jude2 9 ! c\ncils ( ,c>?age1 ,a4,d4 #cig1 #dai1 ,cassiodorus1 & a ,gallican ,sacram5t>ium4 ,! ,vulgate & c\ncil ( ,tr5t foll[ ?is arrangem5t4 7d7 ,john1 ,pet]1 ,jude1 ,james2 9 ! li/ giv5 by ,innoc5t ,i41 & ! ?ird c\ncil ( ,tol$o4 ,! ,ea/]n *ur* naturally set ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 at ! head ( ! o!rs2 :ile ! ,we/]n put ,pet]1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 9 ! same place4 ,x4 ,! ,revelation v>i$ little 9 position4 7a7 ,9 ! decree ( ,galasius1 accord+ to its ?ree rec5sions1 ! ,revelation foll[s ,paul's epi/les1 prec$+ ^? ( ,john & ! o!r ,ca?olic ones4 7b7 ,9 ,d or ! ,cl]mont ,,ms4 x foll[s ! ,ca?olic epi/les1 & prec$es ! ,acts2 :i* la/ is ?r[n to ! end ( all ! books1 z if x 7 an app5dix to ! writ+s ( ! apo/les47#cgd7 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 7a7 ,9 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! prevail+ t5d5cy 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* 0 to foll[ ! ,pale/9ian canon4 ,diff]5t li/s appe>$ f "t to "t 9 :i* ! endeavor !re to exclude apocryphal1 i4e41 spuri\s works1 0 app>5t4 ,9 addition to ! canonical1 a class ( ecclesia/ical books 0 judg$ fit = read+ 9 ! ,*ur*1--a class int]m$iate betwe5 ! canonical & apocryphal4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical & ecclesia/ical writ+s appe>s 9 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,a?anasius1 ,epiphanius1 c4 ,! ,lat9 ,*ur* %[$ a disposition to elevate ! ecclesia/ical books ( ! ,greek ,*ur* to ! rank ( ! canonical1 mak+ ! l9e betwe5 ! two indi/9ct2 z we see f ! acts ( ! c\ncils at ,hippo & ,c>?age1 9 ! end ( ! f\r? & beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 :]e ,augu/9e's1 influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant4 ,b not)/&+ ?is deviation f ! /rict] me?od ( ! ,greeks1 le>n$ m5 l ,j]ome adh]$ to ! ,pale/9ian canon1 & ev5 /yl$ ! ecclesia/ical books apocryphal1 transf]r+ ! epi!t f "o class to ano!r4 ,hil>y & ,ruf9us also foll[$ ! ,greek usage4 ,dur+ ! six? & foll[+ c5turies1 x _c be said t ! canon ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 0 def9itely clos$1 not)/&+ ! decrees ( c\ncils & ref]5ces to old] au?orities4 ,op9ions /ill v>i$ ab\t c]ta9 books1 su* z ,e/h]2 ?\gh ! ,pale/9ian li/ 0 commonly foll[$4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! enl>g$ canon ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 :i* w5t f> to aboli% ! di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical & deut]o-canonical books1 prevail$ 9 ! ,we/1 at lea/ 9 practice2 ?\gh "s foll[$ ! %ort] "o1 sanction$ z x _h be5 by ,j]ome4 ,z bo? li/s exi/$1 no complete or f9al settlem5t ( ! "q 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,ea/ nor 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t really clos$2 = ?\gh ! /rict] pr9ciple ( sep>ation prevail$ 9 !ory1 x 0 n c>ri$ out 9 practice consi/5tly or univ]sally4 ,! two m5 mo/ influ5tial ab\t ! canon 7 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e2 ! "o repres5t+ its ,pale/9ian1 ! o!r its ,alex&rian type4 ,aft] !m no legal or comm&+ voice fix$ ei!r1 to ! absolute exclusion ( its rival4 7b7 ,! *>ge ( ,con/ant9e to ,eusebius to make out a li/ ( writ+s = ! use ( ! ,*ur* & its p]=mance may be consid]$ z t :i* fir/ put ! subject on a broad & p]man5t basis4 ,its consequ5ces 7 important4 ,if x _c be call$ ! completion or close ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 x det]m9$ x l>gely4 ,eusebius made a ,greek ,bible conta9+ ! usual books1 except ! ,revelation4 ,?\gh ! hi/orian ( ! *ur* 0 n well fitt$ = ! task1 be+ defici5t 9 critical ability & trammel$ by tradition1 he d\btless us$ 8 be/ judgm5t4 ,h5ce1 ab\t ! ye> #ccg1 ! ,con/ant9ian ,*ur* receiv$ a ,bible :i* _h an influ5tial orig94 ,no b9d+ au?ority inde$ atta*$ to ! li/ ( ! ,*ri/ian books x pres5t$2 b x _h weight 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,x did n prev5t diff]5t op9ions1 nor det] individuals f diss5t4 ,?us ,a?anasius1 :o dislik$ ,eusebius & 8 p>ty1 issu$ a li/ ( ! sacr$ writ+s :i* includ$ ! ,revelation4 ,! canon ( ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil 7,a4,d4 #cfc7 agre$ ) ! ,con/ant9e "o4 ,t v>iations /ill exi/$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* is %[n by ! li/s :i* vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 prec$5ce4 ,! apo/olic canons adopt$ ! sev5 g5]al epi/les1 :ile ! apo/olic con/itutions exclud$ !m4 ,! ,alex&rian ,,ms4 add$ to ! ord9>y books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,clem5t's two epi/les2 & ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es omitt$ ! g5]al epi/les z well z ! ,apocalypse4 ,at l5g? ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 usually call$ ! ,trullan 7,a4,d4 #fib71 laid d[n positions t fix$ ! canon = ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! endeavor 9 x 0 to atta9 to a conclusion :i* %\ld unite ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,?is c\ncil did n enum]ate ! sep>ate books1 b ref]r$ to old] au?orities1 to ! eighty-five canons ( ! apo/les1 ! decrees ( ! synods ( ,laodicea1 ,ephesus1 ,c>?age1 & o!rs2 to ,a?anasius1 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 ,amphlio*ius ( ,iconium1 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 ,g5nadius1 c4 ,aft] ! f\r? c5tury !re 0 a g5]al desire to fall back on apo/olic times1 to appeal to ! ,*ur*1 to asc]ta9 ! op9ion ( synods or assemblies2 9 a ^w1 to rely on au?ority4 ,less discrepancy & activity 7 manife/$ ab\t ! canon 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,"h ! *ief d\bts 7 direct$ to ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! sev5 g5]al ones4 ,! =m] 0 e>ly exclud$1 & cont9u$ to be s ev5 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome4 ,! latt] 7 adopt$ mu* soon]4 ,! impulse giv5 by ,con/ant9e to det]m9e ! books ( ,scripture re-act$ on ! ,we/1 :]e ! ,*ur* consid]$ x its own privilege4 ,augu/9e's influ5ce contribut$ mu* to ! settlem5t ( ! "q4 ,! synods ( ,hippo 7,a4,d4 #cic7 & ( ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #cig7 receiv$ ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! sev5 g5]al ones1 ?us fix+ ! ,new ,te/am5t canon z x n[ is4 ,9 #dai ! ,african bi%ops1 9 ! pres5ce ( a ,papal delegate1 repeat$ _! =m] decision4 ,aft] ! ,we/ ,go?s jo9$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! ,romi% & ,spani% ,*ur*es gave prom95ce to ! fact ( accept+ bo? ! ,apocalypse & ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! canon ( ! ,we/ 0 n[ virtually clos$2 ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7,a4,d4 #fcb7 at :i* ,isidore 0 pres5t1 agree+ ) ! ,augu/9ian li/1 ratifi$ z t li/ _h be5 by ,innoc5t ! ,fir/4 ,! reception ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 facilitat$ by ! objections ( ! ,arians & ,semi>ians2 :ile opposition to ! ,priscilliani/s 9 ,spa9 /r5g!n$ adh]5ce to ! traditional canon4 ,augu/9e & ! ,trullan ,c\ncil fix$ ! numb] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books z !y are n[4 ,) reg>d to ! ,bible canon 9 g5]al1 we see t c\ncils _h weight :5 !y enum]at$ ! sacr$ books2 t prom95t tea*]s deliv]$ _! op9ion on ! subject ) effect1 & t tradition contribut$ to "o result2 b no g5]al c\ncil clos$ ! canon once = all1 till t ( ,tr5t promulgat$ its decrees4 ,?is body1 h[ev]1 c\ld only settle ! subject = ,romani/s1 s9ce1 :ile ! "r ( private judgm5t is ex]cis$1 no corporation c decl>e "s books inspir$ & o!rs n1 "s au?oritative 9 matt]s ( fai?1 o!rs n1 )\t presumption4 ,?\gh ! pres5t ,bible canon re/s ^u ! judgm5t ( good & le>n$ m5 ( diff]5t times1 x c nev] be f9ally or infallibly settl$1 because ! critical p[]s ( read]s diff]1 & all d n accept *ur* au?ority ) unhesitat+ ass5t4 ,x is ! way ( m5 to def] unduly to ! op9ions express$ by synods & c\ncils1 especially if !y be prop\nd$ dogmatically2 to acquiesce 9 _! decisions ) facility r ?an in/itute indep5d5t inquiry4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! canon1 :]e ! fallibility ( su* bodies 9 det]m9+ canonicity is conspicu\s4 ,x is s 9 ! g5]al reception ( ! book ( ,e/h]1 :ile ! old poem1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 0 call$ 9 "q at ! synod ( ,jamnia2 9 ! omission ( ! ,revelation f ! canonical li/ by _m belong+ to ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :ile ! epi/les to ,timo?y & ,titus 7 receiv$ z ,/4 ,paul's f ! beg9n+ almo/ univ]sally4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,canon ,,9 ,,! ,,confession ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,*ur*es4 ,! second ,helvetic ,confession 7,a4,d4 #aeff7 speaks ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z ^? :i* ! anci5ts wi%$ to be read 9 ! *ur*es1 b n z au?oritative 9 matt]s ( fai?47#cge7 ,! ,gallic ,confession 7,a4,d4 #aeei7 makes a di/9ction betwe5 canonical & o!r books1 ! =m] be+ ! rule & norm ( fai?1 n only by ! cons5t ( ! ,*ur*1 b mu* m by ! te/imony & intr9sic p]suasion ( ! ,_s1 by ^: sugge/ions we are taught to di/+ui% !m f o!r ecclesia/ical books1 :i*1 ?\gh useful1 are n ( ! k9d t any article ( fai? c be con/itut$ by !m47#cgf7 ,! ,belgic ,confession 7,a4,d4 #aefa7 makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! sacr$ & apocryphal books4 ,! latt] may be read by ! ,*ur*1 b no doctr9e c be d]iv$ f !m4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,new ,te/am5t books giv5 !re are f\rte5 epi/les ( ,paul47#cgg7 ,! canon ( ! ,wald5ses mu/ h co9cid$ at fir/ ) t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 = ! ,dubl9 ,,ms4 conta9+ ! ,new ,te/am5t has atta*$ to x ! ,book ( ,wisdom & ! fir/ tw5ty-?ree *apt]s ( ,sira*2 :ile ! ,zuri* codex ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has m>g9al ref]5ces to ! ,apocrypha2 to ,judi?1 ,tobit1 #d ,esdras1 ,wisdom1 ,sira*1 & ,susanna4 ,! ,nobla ,leyczon conta9+ a brief n>ration ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts confirms ?is op9ion4 ,x opposes1 h[ev]1 ! old law to ! new1 mak+ !m antagoni/ic4 ,! hi/orical docum5t conta9+ ! articles ( 8,! ,union ( ! ,valleys10 ,a4,d4 #aega1 sep>ates inde$ ! canonical & apocryphal books1 purport+ to be f\nd$ on a ,confession ( ,fai? z old z ,a4,d4 #aabj2 b ! latt] is my?ical1 z appe>s f a comp>ison ( x ) ! epi/le :i* ! legates ( ! ,wald5sians gave to colampadius4 ,! articles ( t 8,union0 are copi$ f ,morel's acc\nt ( 8 transactions ) colampadius & ,buc] 9 #aecj4 ,! lit]ature ( ?is p 0 alt]$ by ,hussite influ5ces & ! ,re=mation2 s t ?\gh diff]+ little f ! ,romani/s at fir/ except 9 ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 !y div]g$ widely aft]w>ds by adopt+ ! ,prote/ant canon & doctr9es47#cgh7 ,h5ce1 ! ,confession issu$ 9 #afee enum]ates z ,holy ,scripture no?+ b ! ,jewi% ,pale/9ian canon1 & ! usual books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47#cgi7 ,! canon ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* 7#aefb71 giv5 9 ! six? article ( religion1 def9es holy ,scripture to be 8^? canonical books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 ( ^: au?ority 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! ,*ur*40 ,aft] giv+ ! names & numb] ( ! canonical books1 ! article prefaces ! apocryphal ones )1 8,& ! o!r books 7z ,hi]ome sai?7 ! ,*ur* do? read = example ( life & in/ruction ( mann]s2 b yet do? x n apply !m to e/abli% any doctr9e8 ,su* are ^! foll[+10 c41 c4 ,at ! end x is /at$ t 8all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z !y are commonly receiv$1 we d receive & acc\nt !m canonical40 ,! article is ambigu\s4 ,if ! canonical books enum]at$ are ^? meant 9 ! phrase 8( ^: au?ority 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! ,*ur*10 ! /atem5t is incorrect4 ,if a di/9ction is impli$ betwe5 ! canonical books & su* canonical ones z h nev] be5 d\bt$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! mean+ is obscure4 ,9 ei!r case ! language is n explicit4 ,! ,scotti% or ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai? gives a li/ ( all ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts z ! ,^w ( ,god writt52 add+ t ^? call$ ! apocrypha are n ( div9e inspiration1 & no "p ( ! canon1--( no au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*1 nor to be approv$ or made use ( o!rwise ?an human writ+s4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic canon 0 f9ally det]m9$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aedf71 :i* adopt$ all ! books 9 ! ,vulgate z sacr$ & canonical1 )\t di/9ction4 ,?ird & f\r? ,esdras1 ?ird ,maccabees1 & ! pray] ( ,manasseh 7 n includ$2 ?\gh ! fir/ & la/ appe>$ 9 ! orig9al ,clem5t9e edition ( #aeib1 b ap>t f ! canonical books4 ,!y are n 9 ! ,sixt9e edition ( #aeij47chj7 ,a c\ncil at ,flor5ce 9 #adda _h set ! example :i* 0 foll[$ at ,tr5t4 ,b ?is /r+5t decree did n prev5t individual ,ca?olics f mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! books1 9 assum+ a fir/ & second canon or proto-canonical & deut]o-canonical books2 z did ,sixtis ,s55sis1 ,b4 ,lamy1 ,anton a matre ,dei1 ,jahn1 & o!rs2 ?\gh x is h>dly consi/5t ) or?odox ,ca?olicism or ! view ( ^? :o pass$ ! decree4 ,:5 ! writ+s are said to be ( diff]5t au?ority--"s m1 o!rs less--! int5t ( ! c\ncil is violat$4 ,! ,vatican c\ncil 7#ahgj7 confirm$ ! ,trid5t9e decree respect+ ! canon4 ,! ,greek ,*ur*1 aft] sev]al ineffectual attempts to uphold ! old di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical & ecclesia/ical books by ,metrophanes ,critopulus patri>* ( ,alex&ria 9 #afbe1 & ,cyril ,luc>is patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 7#afch ,a4,d4717#cha7 came to ! same decision ) ! ,romi%1 & canoniz$ all ! apocrypha4 ,?is 0 done at a ,j]usalem synod "u ,dosi!us 9 #afgb4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,canon ,,f ,,seml] ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t1 ,,) ,,reflections ,,on ,,its ,,readju/m5t4 ,seml]7#chb7 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s s*ol> aft] ! ,re=mation :o und]took to correct ! prevail+ ideas respect+ ! canon4 ,acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ,tol& & ,morgan1 he adopt$ "s ( _! views1 & prosecut$ 8 inquiries on _! l9es *iefly 9 relation to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he _h no def9ite pr9ciples to guide him1 b judg$ books *iefly by _! *ri/ian value & use to ! ,*ur*4 ,?\gh 8 views are sometimes "o-sid$ & 8 essays ill-dige/$1 he plac$ ! subject 9 new lights1 & r5d]$ a s]vice to tru? :i* bore abundant fruit 9 aft] ye>s47#chc7 ,he dealt tradition sev]e bl[s1 & fre$ !ology f ! yoke ( ! lett]4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 disciple ,corrodi1 by ,g4 ,l4 ,o$]1 ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 ,h]d]1 ,less+1 & ,ei*horn1--mo/ ( :om recomm5d$ _! views by a fre%ness ( /yle :i* ,seml] did n comm&4 ,! m rec5t works ( ,ges5ius1 ,de ,wette1 ,zunz1 ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,geig] & ,h]zfeld h contribut$ to =m a ju/] op9ion ( ! true position :i* ! books ( ! ,bible occupy4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! writ+s ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur h op5$ up a new me?od ( inve/igat+ ! canon1 :i* promises important & la/+ results4 ,proce$+ 9 ! track ( ,seml]1 he prosecut$ 8 rese>*es into primitive ,*ri/ianity ) great acut5ess & s+ul> p[] ( comb9ation4 ,?\gh 8 sep>ation ( ,petr9e & ,paul9e *ri/ianity is n new1 he has appli$ x 9 ways :i* nei!r ,tol& nor ,morgan 0 compet5t to manage4 ,^! writ]s p]ceiv$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lead+ pr9ciple ( ! twelve & t ( ,paul1 !y _h "s f>-see+ glimpses ( ! orig9 & diff]5ces ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s17#chd7 b !y prop\nd$ !m 9 an unsy/ematic way along ) unt5able conjectures4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,tb+5 pr(essor to elaborate ! hypo!sis ( an ,ebionite or primitive *ri/ianity 9 contra-di/9ction f a ,paul9e1 apply+ x to ! orig9 & con/itution ( *ri/ian lit]ature2 9 a ^w1 to use a t5d5z-kritik = op5+ up ! g5ius ( ! sacr$ writ+s z well z ! /ages ( e>ly *ri/ianity out ( :i* !y arose4 ,! head ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 x is true1 has c>ri$ out ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,petr9e & ,paul9e *ri/ians too rigor\sly1 & invad$ ! au!nticity ( ! sacr$ writ+s to excess2 = x is haz>d\s to make a !ory extremely /r+5t to ! comp>ative neglect ( modify+ circum/ances1 :i*1 ?\gh increas+ ! difficulty ( criticism1 contribute to ! security ( its processes4 ,yet he has prop]ly emphasiz$ int]nal evid5ce2 & _m ( 8 conclusions ab\t ! books w /&4 ,he has ?r[n mu* light on ! orig9al relations ( p>ties imm$iately aft] ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & di/urb$ an organic unity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* _h be5 m]ely assum$ by traditionali/s4 ,! be/ ,introductions to ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ accept !m to "s ext5t4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool is ! application ( hi/oric criticism to ! g5esis ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 irrespective ( tradition--a /riv+ to discov] ! circum/ances or t5d5cies out ( :i* ! books orig9at$4 ,baur's t5d5z-pr9ciple judici\sly appli$ _c b produce good results4 ,we h se5 t s\nd critical consid]ations did n regulate ! =mation ( ! ?ree collections :i* made up ! entire canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_h x be5 s1 ! ,p5tateu* w\ld n h be5 attribut$ to ,moses4 ,nei!r w\ld a numb] ( latt] prophecies h be5 accept$ z ,isaiah's & incorporat$ ) ! prophet's au!ntic productions4 ,all ! ,prov]bs1 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,song ( ,songs w\ld n h be5 assign$ to ,solomon2 ,jonah w\ld h be5 sep>at$ f ! prophets1 & ,daniel mu/ h _h a lat] position 9 ! ,hagiographa4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 cr$it ! collectors or editors ( ! books ) great critical sagacity4 ,b !y did _! be/ 9 ! circum/ances1 pres]v+ invaluable records ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,9 l mann]1 x has appe>$1 t ! ecclesia/ics to :om we owe ! ,new ,te/am5t collection 7 n %>p-sight$ 9 ! lit]ature ) :i* !y _h to d4 ,x is true t well-f\nd$ d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ab\t sev]al portions1 su* z ! second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 c41 b ! ,revelation 0 ne$lessly discr$it$4 ,!y accept$ )\t hesitation ! pa/oral epi/les z ,paul9e1 b d\bt$ "s ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 :i* be> ! impress ( au!nticity m /rongly1 su* z ,james4 ,x is !re=e incorrect to say t #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john1 ,james1 ,jude1 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,apocalypse 8h be5 receiv$ into ! canon on evid5ce less complete0 ?an t belong+ to ! o!rs4 ,! v g5]al admission ( ! f\r? gospel z ! apo/le ,john's1 is a curi\s example ( facile traditionalism4 ,biblical criticism1 h[ev]1 sc>cely exi/$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,x is = u to set ! subject 9 ano!r light1 because our means ( judg+ are sup]ior4 ,if ! res\rces ( ! e>ly fa!rs 7 inadequate to ! prop] sift+ ( a copi\s lit]ature1 !y %\ld be mildly judg$4 ,! "q ( ! canon is n settl$4 ,x is probably ! "w ( successive inquir]s to set x on a "r basis1 & adju/ ! v>i\s p>ts 9 a mann] consi/5t ) hi/oric criticism1 s\nd reason1 & religion4 ,! absolute & relative wor? ( books2 ! degrees 9 :i* !y regulate e?ics & conduct2 _! v>y+ values at ! times ( _! fir/ appe>ance & our own2 _! places 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( human progress--all ^! mu/ be det]m9$ be=e ! docum5ts ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity be classifi$ aright4 ,_! pres5t arrangem5t is ext]nal4 ,bas$ on no int]ior pr9ciple1 x furni%es little help t[>d a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! :ole4 ,^? :o look ^u ! "q z hi/orical & lit]>y take a "o-sid$ view4 ,x has a !ological "* also4 ,x ne$s ! application1 n only ( hi/oric criticism1 b ! imm$iate consci\sness belong+ to e ,*ri/ian4 ,! two ,te/am5ts %\ld be sep>at$1 & _! respective positions assign$ to ea*--! ,old hav+ be5 prep>atory to ! ,new4 ,%\ld x be said bluntly1 z x is 9 ! #g? ,article ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 t ! ,old is n contr>y to ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,lu!r at lea/ express$ 8 op9ion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m pretty cle>ly27#che7 ?\gh ! !ologians ( ,g]many aft] him ev9c$ a desire to m9imise ! diff]5ce47#chf7 ,%\ld ! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* t ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is n subord9ate to t ( ! ,new1 be rigidly upheld8 ,accord+ to "o aspect ( ! =m] x may be s1 viz41 its prophetic & !ological aspect1 t 9 :i* x is br\ght into close union ) ! latt]2 ! ess5ce ( ! "o be+ =e%ad[$ or impli$ 9 ! o!r1 z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr suppos$4 ,& ?is view has nev] lo/ support]s1 :o by ! help ( d\ble s5ses1 types1 & symbols1 ) assum$ pr$iction ( ! def9ite & di/ant future1 trans=m ! old disp5sation into an outl9e picture ( ! new2 tak+ into x a body ( div9ity :i* is ali5 f its nature4 ,accord+ to ano!r aspect1 viz41 ! moral & hi/orical1 ! equality c sc>cely be all[$4 ,s*lei]ma*] is "r 9 say+ t ! ,old ,te/am5t seems to be no?+ b a sup]flu\s au?ority = doctr9e2 an op9ion co9cid+ ) t ( ! e>ly ,soc9ians1 :o held t x has a hi/orical1 n a dogmatic1 value4 ,only su* ( our pi\s emotions z are ( a g5]al nature are accurately reflect$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & all t is mo/ decid$ly ,jewi% is ( lea/ value to *ri/ians4 ,! alleg$ co9cid5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ) ! ,new mu/ be modifi$ by ! doctr9e ( developm5t4 ,x has be5 fo/]$ by types & prophecies suppos$ to ref] to *ri/ian times2 by ! assum$ dictation ( all ,scripture by ! ,holy ,_s2 by fanci$ ref]5ces ( ! "o disp5sation to ! o!r2 by ! conf\nd+ ( a ,jewi% ,messiah sket*$ 9 v>i\s prophets1 ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 z if ! latt] _h n *ang$1 exalt$ & purifi$ ! ,messianic idea to suit 8 sublime purposes ( human reg5]ation4 ,! times & circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures appe>$1 ! mann]s1 usages1 civilization1 intellectual & moral /age ( ! ,semitic race comb9e to give !m a l[] position ?an t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books :i* arose out ( a m develop$ p]ception ( ! relations betwe5 ,god & m54 ,spiritual appreh5sion _h got beyond ,jewi% p>ticul>ism1 especially 9 ! case ( ! apo/le ,paul1 :o gave ! new religion a di/9ct vitality by sev]+ x f its ,jewi% pr$ecessor4 ,! agreem5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books ) !mselves mu/ be modifi$ by ! same doctr9e ( developm5t4 ,jewi% & ,paul9e *ri/ianity appe> 9 diff]5t works1 necess>ily imp>t+ a diff]5ce ( views & expression2 or !y are bl5d$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 z 9 ! epi/les to ! ,hebrews & ! fir/ ( ,pet]4 ,h5ce1 absolute h>mony _c be look$ =4 ,if ! /&po9ts ( ! writ]s 7 s div]se1 h[ c _! productions co9cide8 ,! alleg$ co9cid5ce c only be int]sect$ ) v>ieties proportion$ to ! measures 9 :i* ! au?ors possess$ ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,^! v>ieties affect ! matt] z well z ! mann] ( ! writ+s4 ,x is !re=e unphilosophical to treat ! ,bible z a :ole :i* 0 dictat$ by ! ,_s & direct$ to "o end4 ,its uni=mity is *equ]$ ) v>iety2 its h>mony ) disagreem5t4 ,x is a bundle ( books2 a selection f a wid] lit]ature1 reflect+ _m div]sities ( religi\s appreh5sion4 ,aft] ! two ,te/am5ts h be5 rightly e/imat$ accord+ to _! respective m]its1 ! cont5ts ( ea* %\ld be duly apportion$--int]nal evid5ce be+ ! te/ ( _! relative importance1 irrespective ( a priori assumptions4 ,_! traditional orig9 & au?ority mu/ be subord9at$ to ! inh]5t value !y be>1 or ! con=mity ( ! ideas to ! w ( ,god4 ,! gradual =mation ( bo? canons sugge/s an analysis ( ! classes into :i* !y came to be put2 = ! same canonical dignity 0 n attribut$ by ! ,jews to ! books conta9$ 9 ! ?ree divisions2 & ! controv]t$ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f\nd gradual recognition v sl[ly4 ,lu!r made important di/9ctions betwe5 ! canonical books27#chg7 & ,c>l/adt put ! ,antilegom5a ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on a p> ) ! ,hagiographa ( ! ,old4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ?ree classes or canons h be5 g5]ally e/imat$ by ! ,jews accord+ to _! respective antiquity2 ?\gh ! sacrificial wor%ip enjo9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* nev] =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! ,jewi% religion2 ! be/ prophets hav+ set small value ^u x4 ,! pure mono!i/ic doctr9e ( ^! la/ writ]s1 *iefly conta9$ 9 ! second canon1 lifts t class up to ! highe/ rank2 yet ! ,decalogue 9 ! ,p5tateu* is suffici5t to /amp ! fir/ canon ) great wor?4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mosaic law 0 meagre1 9 ! doma9 ( pure e?ics2 & t x promot$ among ! p a slavi% _s ( positivism by lay+ m /ress on acts ?an dispositions1 & insi/+ on small regulations4 ,= ?is reason1 ! prophets combat$ its n>r[ ext]nality4 ,! ?ree canons 7 reg>d$ ) a degree ( v5]ation correspond+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&4 ,to apportion _! respective values to ! individual p>ts ( !m is a difficult task4 ,z to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 we ?9k t "s ( !m might conv5i5tly occupy ! position ( deut]o-canonical1 equival5t to ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hav+ t title4 ,we allude to #b & #c ,john1 ,jude1 ,james1 #b ,pet]1 ! ,revelation4 ,x is true t a few ( ^! 7 prior 9 "t to "s ( ! univ]sally-receiv$ gospels or epi/les2 b "t is n an important factor 9 a good classification4 ,among ! ,paul9e epi/les !mselves1 classification might be adopt$2 = ! pa/oral lett]s are und\bt$ly po/-,paul9e1 & inf]ior to ! au!ntic ones4 ,9 classify+ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 ?ree ?+s might be consid]$--! reception !y met ) f ! fir/1 _! au!nticity1 above all1 _! int]nal excell5ce4 ,! subject is n easy1 because critics are n univ]sally agre$ ab\t ! prop] rank & au!nticity ( a few docum5ts4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 = example1 creates p]plexity2 t to ! ,ephesians is less emb>rass+1 its po/-,paul9e orig9 be+ tol]ably cle>4 ,:at is want$ is a rational hi/oric criticism to mod]ate ! !ological hypo!sis ) :i* ! old] ,prote/ants set out1 ! sup]natural inspiration ( ! books1 _! int]nal insep>ability1 & _! direct ref]5ce to ! "w ( salvation4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t _m po9ts are indep5d5t ( dogmatics2 & t ! "r decision 9 ?+s hi/orical may be rea*$ ap>t f any ecclesia/ical /&po9t4 ,aga91 %\ld ! di/9ction betwe5 ! apocryphal & canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be emphasiz$ z x is by _m8 ,%\ld a %>p l9e be put betwe5 ! two1 z ?\gh ! "o class1 ) ! p]iod x belong$ to1 7 *>act]iz$ by ! errors & ana*ronisms ( its hi/ory2 ! o!r by simplicity & accuracy2 ! "o1 by books writt5 "u fictiti\s names2 ! o!r1 by ! p[] to di/+ui% tru? f falsehood or by hone/y ( purpose8 ,%\ld ! "o be a sign ( ! want ( tru?fulness & disc]nm5t2 ! o!r1 ( religi\s simplicity8 ,c ?is aggregation ( ! ,apocrypha ov] aga9/ ! ,hagiographa1 s]ve ! purpose ( a j e/imate8 ,h>dly s2 = "s ( ! latt]1 su* z ,e/h] & ,ecclesia/es1 _c be put above ,wisdom1 #a/ ,maccabees1 ,judi?1 ,b>u*1 or ,ecclesia/icus4 ,! doctr9e ( immortality1 cle>ly express$ 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 is n 9 ,ecclesia/es2 nei!r is ,god once nam$ 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h] z au?or ( ! m>vel\s deliv]ances :i* ! *os5 p are said to h exp]i5c$4 ,! hi/ory n>rat$ 9 #a/ ,maccabees is m cr$ible ?an t 9 ,e/h]4 ,x is !re=e mislead+ to m>k (f all ! apocryphal works z human & all ! canonical ones z div9e4 ,! div9e & ! human elem5ts 9 man are too intimately bl5d$ to admit ( su* sep>ation4 ,! be/ :i* he produces p>takes ( bo?4 ,! human elem5t /ill p]meates !m z long z ,god speaks ?r\gh man2 & ,he nei!r dictates nor speaks o!rwise4 ,9 ! attributes claim$ = ! canonical books no rigid l9e c be drawn4 ,x may be t ! inspiration ( _! au?ors diff]$ 9 degree2 t ! writ] ( ,ecclesia/es1 = example1 0 m philosophical ?an ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*2 b diff]5t degrees ( inspiration belong to ! canonical writ]s !mselves4 ,undue exaltation ( ! ,hebrew canon does inju/ice to ! wid] ,alex&rian "o4 ,yet "s /ill speak ( 8! pure ,hebrew canon10 id5tify+ x ) t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,we admit t hi/ory _h become leg5d>y1 t x 0 writt5 9 an oratorical /yle by ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 & 0 us$ = didactic purposes z 9 ,tobit & ,judi?4 ,gnomic poetry _h surviv$ 9 ! book ( ,sira*2 prophecy1 9 ,b>u* & ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah1 ?\gh "h ! language is already prosaic4 ,imitation is too obs]vable 9 ! matt] & mann] ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,!y h p>allels1 h[ev]1 among ! ,hagiographa1 :i* orig9at$ 9 an age :5 ! g5u9e brea? ( prophetic inspiration _h ceas$2 :5 hi/ory & prophecy _h deg5]at$2 s t ! transition f ,e/h] & ,mala*i to ,judi? & ,b>u*1 z also f ,prov]bs to ,wisdom1 is n great4 ,! ,talmudic canon is g5]ally adopt$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 univ]sally receiv$ ev5 by ! ,jews2 = ,e/h] 0 omitt$ out ( x by ^? f :om ,melito got 8 catalogue 9 ,pale/9e2 :ile ,sira* 0 annex$ to x z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,b>u* 0 also add$ 9 sev]al ,jewi% circles1 d\btless on acc\nt ( its suppos$ au?or%ip4 ,?us 8! pure ,hebrew canon0 0 n "o & ! same among all ,jews2 & !re=e ! phrase is mislead+4 ,nei!r is x correct to say t x is ! only canon di/9ctly recogniz$ dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 unless ! usage ( ! e>ly fa!rs be set ov] aga9/ _! assum$ contr>y judgm5t2 nor c all :o foll[$ ! ,alex&rian canon be pron\nc$ uncritical1 includ+ ,orig5 himself4 ,a /]eotyp$ canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ei!r among ,jews or ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 :i* exclud$ all ! apocryphal books & includ$ all ! canonical ones1 _c be %[n4 ,& 9 reg>d to 8! critical judgm5t0 ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 t p]iod x is arbitr>y to suppose t su* z adopt$ ! pres5t canonical books alone 7 m disc]n+ ?an o!rs4 ,!y 7 m traditional & cons]vative2 _! discrim9at+ faculty n correspond+ to ! degree ( _! reliance on ! pa/4 ,! aim ( ! inquir] %\ld be to f9d f compet5t witnesses--f contemporane\s or succe$+ writ]s ( tru/wor?y "*--! au?ors & ages ( ! biblical books4 ,:5 evid5ce ( ?is k9d is n available z (t5 happ5s1 ! only res\rce is ! int]nal4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce 9 favor ( ! canon is all b exhau/$1 & no?+ ( importance c be add$ to x n[4 ,its /r5g? has be5 br\ght out2 its weakness has n be5 equally exhibit$4 ,! problem resolves itself into an exam9ation ( int]nal *>act]i/ics1 :i* may be /rong en\gh to modify or c\nt]balance ! ext]nal4 ,! latt] h _h an artificial prepond]ance 9 ! pa/2 h5ce=w>d !y mu/ be regulat$ by ! int]nal4 ,! ma9 conclusion %\ld be drawn f ! cont5ts ( ! books !mselves4 ,& ! example ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 to :om we owe ! ,bible canon1 %[s t classification is necess>y4 ,?is is admitt$ bo? by ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s & or?odox ,prote/ants4 ,a gloss-writ] on :at is usually call$ ! 8decree ( ,gratian10 i4e41 ! ,bolognese canoni/ ( ! #ab? c5tury1 rem>ks ab\t ! canonical books1 8all may be receiv$ b may n be held 9 ! same e/imation40 ,john ,g]h>d speaks ( a second ord]1 conta9+ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ab\t ^: au?ors !re 7 "s d\bts 9 ! ,*ur*27#chh7 & ,qu5/$t simil>ly specifies proto-canonical & deut]o-canonical ,new ,te/am5t books1 or ^? ( ! fir/ & second ord]47#chi7 ,:at are degrees or k9ds ( inspiration assum$ by _m1 b a tacit ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t books v>y 9 intr9sic value z !y are m or less impregnat$ ) div9e tru? or diff] 9 ! proportion ( ! et]nal & temporal elem5ts :i* comm+le 9 e reveal$ religion8 ,d\btless ! au?ors f :om ! sep>ate books proce$$1 if discov]able1 %\ld be reg>d$2 ! inspiration ( an ,isaiah is high] ?an t ( a ,mala*i1 & an apo/le is m au?oritative ?an an evangeli/2 b ! au?ors are (t5 unkn[n4 ,besides1 ! process ( r$action ?r\gh :i* _m ( ! writ+s pass$1 h9d]s an exact k ( au?or%ip4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! books !mselves mu/ det]m9e ! position !y %\ld occupy 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o are look+ at records ( ! pa/ to help _! spiritual life4 ,& if x be ask$1 ,:at pr9ciple %\ld lie at ! basis ( a ?or\gh classification8 ! answ] is1 ! normative elem5t conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic :i* %\ld regulate classification4 ,! "t :5 a book appe>$1 its au?or1 ! surr\nd+ circum/ances t influ5c$ him1 are ( less consequ5ce ?an its be>+ ^u ! spiritual education ( mank9d4 ,! ext5t ( its adequacy to promote ?is end det]m9es ! rank4 ,su* books z embody ! inde/ructible ess5ce ( religion ) ! fewe/ accid5ts ( "t1 place & nature--:i* pres5t conditions n easily dis5gag$ f ! imp]i%able life ( ! s\l1 des]ve ! fir/ rank4 ,:atev] ,scriptures express ideas consonant ) ! nature ( ,god z a holy1 lov+1 j & good ,be+--z a b5evol5t ,fa!r n will+ ! de/ruction ( any ( 8 *ildr52 ! ,scriptures pres5t+ ideas ( ,him consi/5t ) pure reason & man's highe/ in/9cts1 besides su* z set =? our s5se ( dep5d5ce on ! inf9ite2 ! books1 9 %ort1 t conta9 a revelation f ,god ) lea/ admixture ( ! human conditions "u :i* x is transmitt$--^! belong to ! highe/ class4 ,if !y lead ! read] away f op9ion to practice1 f dogma to life1 f non-do+ to ob$i5ce to ! law ( moral duty1 f ! notion t ev]y?+ 9 salvation has be5 done = him to ! keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 f p>ticul>i/ conceptions ab\t ! div9e m]cy to ! wide/ belief ( its ov]%ad[+ pres5ce--su* books ( ,scripture are 9 t same proportion to be rank$ among ! be/4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 con=mity to ,*ri/'s tea*+ w det]m9e rank2 or1 :i* is tantam\nt1 con=mity to t pure reason :i* is ,god's natural revelation 9 man2 a crit]ion :i* assigns v>i\s ranks to su* ,scriptures z appe>$ among a ,semite race at a c]ta9 /age ( its developm5t4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! words & precepts ( ,jesus h a "* ( _! own1 ?\gh x is v difficult to select !m f ! gospels4 ,! supposition t ! apo/les' productions possess a high] au?ority ?an ^? ( _! disciples1 is natural4 ,b ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,*ri/ did n all /& on "o plat=m4 ,diff]+ f "o ano!r ev5 9 important pr9ciples1 x is possible1 if n c]ta91 t "s ( _! disciples' composition may be ( high] value4 ,! _s ( ,god may h wr\ght )9 ! apo/les g5]ally ) great] p[] & cle>ness ?an 9 o!r tea*]s2 b its op]ation is condition$ n m]ely by outw>d factors b by individual idiosyncrasy2 s t "o :o _h n se5 ! ,"l & 0 !re=e n an apo/le prop]1 may h appreh5d$ 8 m9d bett] ?an an imm$iate disciple4 ,paul /ood above ! primitive apo/les 9 ! ext5t to :i* he fa?om$ ! pregnant say+s ( ,jesus & develop$ _! lat5t g]ms4 ,?us ! normative elem5t--t :i* det]m9es ! v>y+ degrees ( au?ority belong+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t--does n lie 9 apo/olic au?or%ip b int]nal wor?2 9 ! cle>ness & p[] ) :i* ! div9e ,_s enabl$ m5 to grasp ! tru?4 ,by di/+ui%+ ! temporal & ! et]nal 9 *ri/ianity1 ! writ+s necess>ily rise or s9k 9 proportion to ^! elem5ts4 ,! et]nal is ! ess5ce & gem ( reveal$ tru?4 ,p]fectibility belongs only to ! temporal2 x _c be pr$icat$ ( ! et]nal4 ,! multitud9\s collection ( books conta9$ 9 ! ,bible is n p]vad$ by unity ( purpose or plan1 s z to make a good classification easy4 ,lea/ ( all is x dom9at$ by su* sub/antial unity z has be5 connect$ ) "o man2 = ! conception ( a ,messiah 0 nev] ! national belief ( ,judaism1 b a notion project$ by prophets into ! future to com=t ! p 9 times ( disa/]2 ! =eca/+ ( aspirations doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,f ! collection pres5t+ v>i\s degrees ( intellectual & moral developm5t1 x is difficult to see a suffici5t reason = "s be+ canoniz$ to ! exclusion ( bett] works :i* 7 relegat$ to ! class ( ! apocryphal4 ,mr4 ,jones's7#cij7 /atem5t t ! primitive ,*ri/ians are prop] judges to det]m9e :at book is canonical1 requires great modification1 be+ too vague to be s]viceable2 = 8primitive ,*ri/ians0 is a phrase t ne$s to be def9$4 ,h[ f> d !y ext5d8 ,h[ mu* ( ! fir/ & second c5turies d !y cov]8 ,7 n ! primitive ,*ri/ians divid$ 9 _! beliefs8 ,did ! ,jewi% & ! ,paul9e ones unite 9 accept+ ! same writ+s8 ,n = a consid]able "t1 until ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! real au?ors ( ! books & ! ability to d s 7 lack+4 ,z to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,pale/9ian ,jews det]m9$ ! canonical books by gradually contract+ ! li/ & /opp+ x at a "t :5 _! calamities ?r[+ !m back on ! pa/ = spr+s ( hope1 _h /iff5$ !m )9 a n>r[ traditionalism2 b _! bre?r5 9 ,egypt1 t\*$ by ,alex&rian culture & ,greek philosophy1 receiv$ lat] productions into _! canon1 "s ( :i* at lea/ are ( equal value ) ,pale/9ian ones4 ,9 any case1 ! degree ( au?ority atta*+ to ! ,biblical books grew f less to great]1 till x culm9at$ 9 a div9e "*1 a sacr$ness ris+ ev5 to infallibility4 ,d\btless ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e di/+ui%$ ! canonical f ! apocryphal or deut]o-canonical books on gr\nds satisfactory to !mselves2 b _! judgm5t 0 n infallible4 ,a s5ate ( ,rabbis "u ! old disp5sation might err1 z easily z a synod ( prie/s "u ! new4 ,?\gh !y may h be5 g5]ally correct1 x mu/ n be assum$ t !y 7 always s4 ,_! disc]nm5t may be comm5d$ )\t be+ magnifi$4 ,! g5]al feel+ ( lean+ ^u ! pa/ 0 a s\nd "o1 = ! be/ times ( ,judaism _h dep>t$1 & ) !m ! mo/ orig9al effusions2 yet ! wave ( ,platonism t pass$ ov] ,alex&ria c\ld n b quick5 ev5 ! cons]vative m9d ( ! ,jew4 ,greek ?\ght bl5d$ ) e*oes ( ! pa/1 ?\gh 9 dull$ =m4 ,/ill a l9e _h to be drawn 9 ! national lit]ature2 & x 0 well drawn on ! :ole4 ,! feel+ exi/$ t ! collection mu/ be clos$ ) works ( a c]ta9 p]iod & a c]ta9 "*2 & x 0 clos$ accord+ly1 )\t prev5t+ individuals f putt+ _! private op9ions ov] aga9/ au?ority1 & diss5t+4 ,at ! pres5t day a new arrangem5t is necess>y2 b :]e is ! ecclesia/ical body bold en\gh to und]take x8 ,& if x 7 attempt$ or c>ri$ out by non-ecclesia/ical p>ties1 w\ld ! *ur*es approve or adopt ! proce$+8 ,we v5ture to say1 t if "s books be sep>at$ f ! collection & o!rs put 9 _! place--if ! classification ( "s be alt]$1 & _! au?ority rais$ or l[]$--good w be done2 ! ,bible w h a fair] degree ( normal p[] 9 doctr9e & morals1 & cont9ue to promote spiritual life4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ prec$es fai? 9 books4 ,unless criticism be ne$lessly negative x _c remove ?is "t-honor$ legacy f ! position x is entitl$ to1 else ! spiritual consci\sness ( humanity w rebel4 ,:ile ! subject is treat$ rev]5tly1 & ! love ( tru? ov]rides dogmatic prejudices1 ! canon w come =? 9 a diff]5t =m f t :i* x has _h = c5turies--a =m on :i* fai? may re/ )\t misgiv+4 ,! canon 0 a "w ( div9e provid5ce1 because hi/ory1 9 a religi\s view1 necess>ily implies ! fact4 ,x 0 a "w ( inspiration1 because ! ag5cy ( ! ,holy ,_s has always be5 ) ! p ( ,god z a pr9ciple influ5c+ _! life4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! result ( a special or peculi> act ( div9e inspiration at any "o "t1 b ( a gradual illum9at+ process1 %ap$ by influ5ces m or less active 9 ! div9e economy4 ,! canonical au?ority ( ,scripture does n dep5d on any *ur* or c\ncil4 ,! e>ly *ur* may be cit$ z a witness = x2 t is all4 ,canonical au?ority lies 9 ,scripture itself1 & is inh]5t 9 ! books s f> z !y conta9 a decl>ation ( ! div9e w4 ,h5ce1 !re is tru? 9 ! /atem5t ( old !ologians t ! au?ority ( ,scripture is f ,god alone4 ,x 0 ! e>ly *ur* inde$ t made ! canon1 select+ ! books :i* appe>$ to h be5 writt5 by apo/les or apo/olic m51 & c>ry+ ov] to !m au?ority f alleg$ au!nticity m ?an int]nal value4 ,b ! latt] is ! real index ( au?ority2 & ,god is ! f\nta9 f :om spiritual end[m5ts proce$47#cia7 ,! canonicity ( ! books is a di/9ct "q f t ( _! au!nticity4 ,! latt] is a ?+ ( hi/oric criticism2 ! =m] ( doctr9al belief4 ,_! ecclesia/ical au?ority re/s on outw>d atte/ation2 _! normal1 on fai? & feel+4 ,,footnotes #a 4 #b ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,kanons1 pp #c-fh4 #c ,clem5t4 ,hom4 ap4 ,cotel]1 vol4 i4 p4 #fjh4 #d ,/romata1 vi4 #ae1 p4 #hjc1 ed4 ,pott]4 #e ,adv4 ,hres41 i4 #ie4 #f ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 v4 #bd4 #g ,de prscript4 ,hreticorum1 *s4 #ab1 #ac4 #h ,comm5t4 9 ,mat4 iii4 p4 #iaf2 ed4 ,del>ue4 #i 4 #aj ,monum5ta vet]a ad ,donati/>um hi/oriam pet95tia1 ed4 ,dup91 p4 #afh4 #aa 4 #ab ,at ! end ( ! ,iambi ad ,seleucum1 on ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he adds1 4 #ac ,prologus galeatus 9 ii4 ,reg4 #ad ,expos4 9 ,symb4 ,apo/41 #cg1 p4 #cgd1 ed4 ,migne4 #ae 4 #af & 4 #ag 4 #ah ,su* z 1 4 #ai or 4 #bj 4 #ba ,orat4 de ,ord941 vol4 ii4 p4 #dd4 #bb 4 ,! ,jews appli$ ! ^w g5uzim to books )drawn f public use1 ^: cont5ts 7 ?\ght to be out ( h>mony ) ! doctr9al or moral views ( ,judaism :5 ! canon 0 clos$4 ,see ,fr/'s ,d] ,kanon des alt5 ,te/am5ts1 p4 #abg1 note2 & ,geig]'s ,urs*rift1 p4 #bja4 #bc 4 #bd ,h4 ,e4 ,il4 #bc1 ,,iii4 #c-af4 #be ,/romata1 lib4 iii4 p4 #aacd1 ed4 ,migne4 #bf ,prolog4 ad ,cant41 opp41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cf4 #bg 1 4 #bh ,see ,suic]'s ,!saurus1 s4v4 #bi 1 libri ecclesia/ici4 #cj ,9 8 epi/le to ,laeta he uses ! epi!t 9 its cu/om>y s5se1 ( books unau!ntic1 n proce$+ f ! au?ors ^: names !y be>4 ,opp4 vol4 i4 p4 #hgg1 ed4 ,migne4 #ca ,num4 xxi4 #ad4 #cb ,jo%ua x4 #ab1 #ac2 #b ,sam4 i4 #ah4 #cc #b ,sam4 viii4 #af2 #a ,k+s iv4 #c4 #cd ,isaiah1 xl4-lxvi4 #ce ,*ap4 xiv4 #bc-ej1 c4 ,see ,hilg5feld's ,messias ,judrorum1 p4 #ajg4 #cf ,see ,buxtorf's ,tib]ias1 *ap4 x41 p4 #hh1 c42 & ,h]zfeld's ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 vol4 i4 p4 #chj1 c4 ,zwlft] ,excursus4 #cg ,*apt] i4 #ch 4 ,does ?is mean =1 in/ead (1 z ,blo* und]/&s x8 ,waehn] ins]ts1 to fill up ! s5se1 8"s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 compos$ by20 b ?is is f>-fet*$4 ,see ,antiquitates ,ebrorum1 p4 #ac4 #ci ,fol4 #ae1 #a4 #dj 4 #da ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,sammlung d] al!bris*5 ,lit]atur1 p4 #abg1 c4 #db vii4 #ab1 1 n 4 #dc ,t ! ,scribes always adh]$ to ! prohibition to write no religi\s laws & ord9ances _c be held1 ev5 9 ! face ( ! ,talmudic say+1 7writ]s ( ,halaco? are l a burn] ( ! law74 ,?is may apply to ! late scribes or bookm51 n to ! e>li]4 ,! great] "p ( ,geig]'s ,urs*rift is bas$ on ! opposite idea4 ,z ! rev]5ce = =m] s*ol>s increas$1 ! ,talmudic say+ might be accept$4 ,see ,temura1 #ad b4 #dd ,*apt] ix4 #b4 #de ,*apt] ii4 #ac4 #df ,antiq4 xii4 #aj1 #a4 #dg ,josephus's ,antiq41 xiii4 #e1 #h2 #a ,maccab41 xii4 #ce4 #dh #a ,maccab41 xiii4 #cf4 #di ,sota1 #bd a4 #ej 1 ,nehemiah viii4 #c4 #ea ,talmudic tradition1 :i* attributes ! r$action ( ! book to ! m5 ( ! great synagogue :o are said to h act$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9e _s1 sep>ates ! ?ree apocryphal pieces f ! re/2 b ?is arose f ! desire ( disc\nt5anc+ ! idea t ! "w consi/s ( romance & leg5d4 ,su* lat] tradition took curi\s ways ( ju/ify+ ! canonicity ( ,daniel & ! r$action ( x by ! great synagogue1 ex gr41 ! assumption t ! second "p arose out ( a s]ies ( unconnect$ ,megilo? :i* 7 n r$uc$ to *ronological ord]4 ,/ill ! ,midra% ma9ta9s t ,daniel1 or ! p]son writ+ 9 8 "n1 0 no prophet1 l ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i1 b a man ( visions1 an apocalypti/4 ,x 0 a g5]al belief1 t visions _h come into ! place ( prophecy :5 ! book appe>$4 ,! ,greek translation c\ld n h be5 long aft] ! orig9al1 because x is us$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek 0 inconsid]able4 ,! translator n only dep>t$ f1 b add$ to1 ! orig9al1 ins]t+ su* important pieces z ! ,pray] ( ,az>ias1 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ! hi/ory ( ,susanna1 & t ( ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,:e!r any ( ^! _h be5 writt5 be=e is unc]ta94 ,mo/ ( ! traditions !y embody 7 probably r$uc$ to writ+ by ! translator1 & pres5t$ 9 8 peculi> /yle4 ,! ass]tion1 t ,josephus 0 unacqua9t$ ) ^! additions is haz>d\s1 s9ce ! way 9 :i* he speaks ( ,daniel's fame 7,antiq4 x4 #aa1 #g71 & especially ( ! books he wrote 7 71 supposes "s relation to !m4 ,else:]e he speaks ( "o book 7x4 #aj1 #d2 xi4 #h1 #e71 :]e he may h ?\ght ( ! canonical "p4 #eb 1 translat$ by ! ,greek 1 hagiographa4 #ec ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! phrase 9 ! n9? v]se alludes to ! great c\ncil or synagogue4 ,?is conjecture is plausible on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,! reasons = attribut+ ! epilogue to a lat] "t ?an ! writ] ( ! book appe> to be /rong] ?an ^? assign+ x to ! orig9al au?or4 ,! #ac? & #ad? v]ses 9 p>ticul>1 are unlike ,cohele?4 #ed 2 4 ,! y\ng] ,sira* does n use 1 :i* w\ld h be5 a prop] translation ( c'tubim4 ,does n ?is imply ! non-application ( ! specific title c'tubim to ! hagiographa at t "t1 & !re=e ! idea t ! ?ird canon 0 /ill op58 #ee ,contra ,apion1 i4 #h4 #ef ,9 ,maas] ,%5i1 ,sota #bd4 #a1 ! duumvirate or suggo?1 consi/+ ( ! presid5t1 ,nasi1 & vice-presid5t1 ,ab-be?-d91 are ref]r$ to ,hyrcanus's creation4 ,zunz affirms t x orig9at$ 9 ! "t ( ,simon1 son ( ,matta?ias1 #adb ,b4,c4 #eg ,antiq41 xiv41 #i4 #eh ,d] g]i*tli*e ,beweis1 p4 #fh4 #ei ,! ,sanh$rim prop]ly s call$ ceas$ "u ,r4 ,judah ,i41 ,ha-,nasi1 :5 ! c\ncil ( sev5ty memb]s :i* sat at ,sepphoris be=e 8 patri>*ate1 transf]r$ its privileges to him1 on 8 removal to t place4 ,! c\rt 0 !n m]g$ 9 ! patri>*4 #fj lit]ally conceal$1 )drawn f public use4 #fa ,see ,fr/'s ,d] ,kanon des alt5 ,te/am5ts1 u4s4w4 pp4 #adg1 #adh4 #fb ,tract4 ,sabbat4 *4 i4 #fc ,because ( its pr(ane _s & ,epicurean ideas2 see ,adoyot v4 #c4 #fd ,yadayim v4 #c4 #fe ,see ,graetz's ,kohelet1 pp4 #afb1 #afc4 #ff ,! sages wi%$ to pron\nce ,cohele? apocryphal1 because its /atem5ts are contradictory4 ,& :y h !y n decl>$ x apocryphal8 ,because x beg9s ) words ( ! law1 & ends ) words ( ! law1 = x op5s ) ! words 8,:at advantage has man 9 all 8 labor :]e) he labors "u ! sun80 c41 c4--,sabbat4 #cj b4 ,s also 9 ! ,midra%3 8,! sages wi%$ to pron\nce ,cohele? apocryphal10 c41 c4--,vayyikra rabba #afa b4 #fg ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,asai said1 8,i h receiv$ x f ! m\? ( ! #gb eld]s 9 ! day t ,r4 ,eleas> b5 ,as>ia 0 appo9t$ eld]1 t ! ,song ( ,songs & ,cohele? pollute ! h&s40--,yadayim v4 #c4 #fh ,?is language 0 bas$ on a figurative int]pretation ( ! ,song4 ,"o :o said1 8,:oev] reads su* writ+s z ,sira* & ! lat] books loses all "p 9 ev]la/+ life10 c h no weight4 ,he ou!rod$ ! ,pale/9ian tradition respect+ ! ,jewi% productions ( lat] orig91 :i* m]ely affirms t !y 8d n pollute ! h&s40--7,toss4 ,yadayim1 c4 #b7 #fi ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te1 u4 s4 w41 p4 #aej1 c4 #gj ,geig]'s ,urs*rift1 p4 #bhh4 #ga ,see ,de ,goeje 9 ! ,!ologis* ,tijds*riff ,ja>gang ,,ii4 7#ahfh7 p4 #agi1 c4 #gb ,zunz's ,die gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge1 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 #gc ,v4 #bj1 p4 #abd1 ed4 ,ueltz54 #gd ,dillmann1 9 ! ,jahrb*] fr deuts*e ,!ologie1 dritt] ,b&1 p4 #dbb4 #ge ,9 8 ,antiq41 x4 #d1 #e1 & xi4 #a-e4 #gf iv4 #f1 sec4 #c1 & vi4 #b1 sec4 #a4 #gg xi4 #h1 sec4 #e4 #gh ,article 8,kanon0 9 ,h]zog's ,encyklopdie1 vol4 vii41 p4 #bec2 & ! same au?or's ,prolegom5a zur ,!ologie des alt4 ,te/41 pp4 #ia1 #ib4 #gi ,see ,abulfata*'s ,annal4 ,sam>41 p4 #ajb1 #i1 c4 #hj ,kirs*baum1 ,weisse1 & ,noack4 #ha ,e9leitung 9 das alte ,te/am5t1 vol4 i4 p4 #acc4 #hb ,de vita contemplativa1 ,opp4 ,tom4 ii41 ,p4 #dge1 ed4 ,mangey4 #hc ,see ,cr$n]'s ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,kanons1 p4 #abd4 #hd ,de m5s4 et pond41 *apt]s #bb1 #bc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahj1 ed4 ,petav4 #he ,baba ,ba?ra1 fol4 #ad1 #b4 #hf ,see ,fr/1 ,d] ,kanon u4 s4 w4 p4 #ad1 c4 #hg ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] altte/am5tli*e ,lit]atur1 u4 s4 w41 p4 #ah1 etc4 #hh ,hody ,de ,bibliorum textibus orig9alibus1 p4 #fdd4 #hi ,hody gives li/s ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! books /& 9 "s e>ly pr9t$ editions & 9 a few ,,mss41 p4 #fde4 #ij ,die ,apokryph51 u4 s4 w41 p4 #ad1 c4 #ia ,/udi5 und ,kritik5 = #ahec1 p4 #bfg1 c4 #ib ,a ,s*ola/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 p4 #bb4 #ic ,see ,ro!1 ,zur ,dogmatik1 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik5 = #ahfj1 p4 #fg1 c4 ,! apo/le's argum5t re/s on ! occurr5ce ( ! s+ul> 7se$1 7 9 ,g5esis xvii4 #h 7,,lxx471 n ! plural 7se$s1 72 ?\gh ! plural ( ! correspond+ ,hebrew ^w c\ld n h be5 us$1 because x has a diff]5t signification4 ,grammatical inaccuracy is made ! basis ( a c]ta9 !ological int]pretation4 ,^? :o wi% to see a specim5 ( labor$ +5uity unsuccessfully appli$ to ! ju/ification ( ,/4 ,paul's argum5t 9 ?is passage1 may consult ,?oluck's ,das alte ,te/am5t 9 neuem ,te/am5t1 p4 #fc1 etc4 ,vi]te ,auflage4 7,epi/4 to ! ,galatians iii4 #af47 #id ,di$ #bjb ,a4,d4 #ie ,adv]s4 ,h>es41 v4 #ce1 ref]r+ to ,b>u* iv4 #cf1 & v4 p4 #cce1 ed4 ,massuet4 #if ,ibid41 iv41 #bf1 ref]r+ to ,daniel xiii4 #bj 9 ! ,septuag9t4 #ig ,di$ #bbj;,a4,d4 #ih ,pdagog4 vi4 #c4 #ii ,/romata1 ii4 #bc4 #ajj ,/romata1 iv4 #af4 #aja ,ibid41 ii4 #g4 #ajb ,ex ,script4 prophet4 eclogae1 c4 #a4 #ajc ,/romateis1 ii4 #ae4 #ajd ,di$ #bfd ,a4,d4 #aje ,de ,natura2 ,r\?'s ,reliquiae ,sacrae1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cef4 #ajf ,fragm5t4 ,nicet41 9 ,reliq4 ,sacrae1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djd4 #ajg ,ibid41 p4 #djg4 #ajh ,ibid41 p4 #djf4 #aji ,epi/ola ad4 ,dionys4 ,roman1 9 ,reliq4 ,sacr41 vol4 iii4 p4 #aie4 #aaj ,reliq4 ,sacr41 vol4 ii4 p4 #djh4 #aaa ,di$ #bbj ,a4,d4 #aab ,adv]s4 ,val5t9ianos4 *4 #b4 #aac ,de ,exhortatione ,ca/itatis1 *4 #b4 #aad ,contra ,gno/icos1 *4 #h4 #aae ,de ,habitu ,muliebri1 *4 #c4 #aaf ,epi/4 #ee1 p4 #aaj1 ed4 ,fell4 #aag ,de ,orat4 ,dom94 p4 #aec4 #aah ,de ,exhortat4 ,m>tyrii1 *4 #ab1 p4 #ahb4 #aai ,de ,mortal1 p4 #afa4 #abj ,de ,orat4 ,dom941 p4 #ada4 #aba ,te/im4 iii4 #d1 p4 #fb4 #abb ,de ,lapsis1 p4 #acc1 c4 #abc ,adv4 ,noel4 v4 #abd ,see ,migne's edition1 p4 #fhi1 c4 #abe ,di$ aft] #aga4 #abf ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 lib4 iv4 *4 #bf4 #abg ,di$ #bed1 ,a4,d4 #abh ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 lib4 iv4 *4 #be4 #abi ,comm5t4 9 ,joann4 tom4 xxxii4 *4 #ad1 ed4 ,huet4 p1 #dji4 #acj ,contra ,cels4 iii4 #gb2 vol4 i4 p4 #did1 ed4 ,del>ue4 #aca ,9 ,exodus1 ,hom4 vi4 i2 ,levit4 ,hom4 v4 #b4 #acb ,9 ,levit41 ,hom4 xii4 #d4 #acc ,9 ,lukam1 ,hom4 #ba4 #acd ,de ,oratione1 ii4 p4 #bae4 #ace ,opp4 ed ,del>ue1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 #acf ,di$ #caa4 #acg ,convivium decem virg9um1 9 ,combefis's ,auct>ium biblio!cae ,graecorum patrum1 p4 #fi4 #ach ,ibid41 p4 #fi4 #aci ,ibid41 p4 #aji4 #adj 4 ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #ada ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,n4 ,te/am4 vol4 x4 p4 #chh4 #adb ,explanatio 9 ,epi/4 ad ,titum1 vol4 iv4 p4 #djg1 ed4 ,b5$ict4 #adc ,die ,val5t9ianis*e ,gnosis und die heilige ,s*rift1 p4 #ge4 #add ,a good deal ( manipulation has be5 ne$lessly employ$ = ! purpose ( plac+ ^! h]etics z e>ly z possible2 b no?+ def9ite c be extract$ f ,ir5u's notices ( !m4 ,hippolytus's use ( ! pres5t t5se1 9 speak+ ( !m1 r5d]s x probable t !y 7 ne>ly 8 contempor>ies4 #ade ,see ! ,indexes to ,dunck] & ,s*neidew9's edition4 #adf ,biblio!ca1 cod4 #bcb4 #adg ,x is an unf\nd$ assumption t ,paul cit$ ! passage by 8m]e accid5t20 on ! contr>y1 he gives x z canonical1 ) 8z x is writt50 7#a ,cor9?4 ii4 #i74 ,x may be t ! ,gno/ics are ref]r$ to z us+ ! objectionable passage2 b x is special plead+ to limit x to !m1 :5 ,paul has expressly us$ ! same1 d]iv+ x ei!r f ,isaiah lxiv4 #d1 or "s unkn[n docum5t2 j z x is special plead+ to id5tify /&+ beside 1 ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ^w excludes ,paul's ,epi/les f ! canon2 nor is !re any evid5ce to ! contr>y1 z has be5 alleg$1 9 ! two ,syriac epi/les attribut$ to ,clem5t1 :i* ,wet/e9 publi%$4 ,comp4 ,eusebius's ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bb1 ,photius's ,biblio!ca1 #bcb4 ,apologi/s h labor$ to prove ,hegesippus an or?odox ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 l ,ir5u2 b 9 va94 ,he 0 a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ( mod]ate type1 hold+ int]c\rse ) ,paul9e ,*ri/ians at ! "t :5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 be+ =m$4 #adh ,see ,hilg5feld's ,zeits*rift = #ahge-ahgh4 #adi ,!re is in/ead ( ! ,septuag9t's & ,m>k's 7,tis*5d47 4 #aej ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a1 vol4 #a1 p4 #add4 #aea ,see ,vision ii1 #c1 #d1 ) ! prolegom5a ( ,de ,gebh>dt3 & ,h>nack1 p4 lxxiii4 #aeb ,see ,holtzmann 9 ,hilg5feld's ,zeits*rift = #ahge1 p4 #dj1 c4 #aec ,epi/4 *4 iv4 #aed ,*apt] xii4 pp4 #cj1 #ca1 ed4 #b1 ,hilg5feld4 #aee ,see ,*apt] xv4 end1 ) ,hilg5feld's note1 ,b>nabae epi/ula ed4 alt]a1 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 #aef ,epis4 p4 #ac ed4 ,hilg5feld4 #aeg ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie1 #ahga1 ,p4 #ccf1 etc4 #aeh ,*apt]s xvi4 & iv4 ,9 ! =m] ! ref]5ce is to ,eno* lxxxix4 #ef1 #ff1 #fg1 b ! latt] is n 9 ! pres5t book ( ,eno*1 ?\gh ,hilg5feld ?9ks he has discov]$ x 9 lxxxix4 #fa-fd & xc4 #ag4 7,dillmann's ,das ,bu* ,h5o*1 pp4 #fa1 #fc74 ,0 ano!r apocryphal ,jewi% book curr5t 9 ! "t ( ,b>nabas1 "u ! "n ( ,eno*2 or did he conf\nd "o docum5t ) ano!r1 misl$ by ! ,greek translation ( an apocalyptic "w :i* _h fall5 into discr$it8 ,see ,hilg5feld's ,b>nabae ,epi/ula1 ed4 #b pp4 #gg1 #gh4 #aei ,*apt] xi4 #afj ,hi/4 ,eccles4 iii4 #ci4 #afa ,a small body ( lit]ature orig9at+ 9 ! fragm5t ( ,papias pres]v$ by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccles4 iii1 #ci1 #a-d7 has appe>$2 ?\gh x is difficult to obta9 satisfactory conclusions4 ,n only h ,weiff5ba* & ,leimba* writt5 treatises on ! subject1 b o!r s*ol>s h ent]$ into x m or less fully1--,zahn1 ,/eitz1 ,rigg5ba*1 ,hilg5feld1 ,lipsius1 ,keim1 ,m>t5s1 ,loman1 ,holtzmann1 ,hausra?1 ,tietz1 & ,lightfoot4 ,! fragm5t is n ( great weight 9 settl+ ! au!nticity ( ! f\r gospels4 ,indirectly inde$ x ?r[s "s light on ! connection ( two evangeli/s ) writt5 memoirs ( ! life ( ,jesus2 b x r sugge/s ?an solves v>i\s matt]s ( importance4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t ! gospels1 if su* !y may be call$1 ( :i* he speaks z writt5 by ,mat!w & ,m>k1 7 n id5tical ) ! works n[ exi/+ "u ! names ( ^! evangeli/s2 & t no safe conclusion c be drawn f ,papias's sil5ce ab\t ,john's & ,luke's z n !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,nei!r ! pres5t gospels nor any o!r _h be5 conv]t$ into ,scripture2 s9ce he reg>d$ oral traditions z m cr$ible ?an writt5 memoirs4 ,^? :o hold t ! presbyt] ,john 0 none o!r ?an ! apo/le1 ,eusebius hav+ misund]/ood ! fragm5t & made a diff]5t ,john f ! apo/le1 z well z ! critics :o d$uce f ! fragm5t ! fact t ,john suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,pale/9e1 h n e/abli%$ ^! conclusions4 ,papias ref]s to ! mat]ial he got = expla9+ ! 1 r ?an ! s\rce :5ce !y 7 drawn4 ,b :e!r he le>nt directly f ! eld]s1 or indirectly z ! preposition 77 w\ld seem to indicate1 & :e!r ! s5t5ce beg9n+ ) 8,:at ,&rew10 c41 7 4 4 47 /&s 9 apposition to ! 8words ( ! eld]s10 7 7 or n1 are ?+s unc]ta94 #afb ,epi/4 ad ,philadelph41 *4 #e ,see ,hefele's note on ! passage4 ,! o!r well-kn[n passage 9 *apt] viii4 is too unc]ta9 9 read+ & mean+ to be adduc$ "h4 #afc ,*apt] iii4 #afd ,to ! ,ephesians1 *apt] xii4 #afe ,epi/4 ad ,romanos1 iv4 #aff ,te/am4 ,b5j4 #aa1 p4 #bja1 ed4 ,s9k]4 #afg ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie1 #ahge1 p4 #dij1 et seq4 #afh 1 4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,"h 8! apo/les0 are n necess>ily ,mat!w & ,john4 ,apocryphal gospels !n curr5t bore ! "n ( apo/les or _! att5dants1--( ,pet]1 ,james1 ,nicodemus1 ,mat?ias1 c4 #afi 1 1 4 4 4 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #ajf4 ,"h ! pron\n probably ref]s to ,pet]4 ,& ! expression 88 memoirs0 c h>dly mean ,m>k's gospel1 s9ce ,j]ome is ! fir/ t calls x su*4 #agj ,dialogus1 "p ii41 p4 #cae1 ed4 ,?irlby4 ,comp4 on ,ju/91 ,tje5k-,will9k's ,ju/9us ,m>tyr 9 zijne ,v]h\d+ tot ,paulus4 #aga ,apolog4 i4 #ig1 ed4 ,?irlby4 #agb ,hi]onymi ,prooem4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,titum4 #agc ,comp4 *ap4 xii41 :]e is appli$ to ! apo/olic epi/les2 a title !y did n receive s e>ly z ! age ( ,polyc>p4 ,zahn himself admits ?is4 #agd ,*apt] xiv4 #b4 #age ,*apt] ii4 #d4 #agf ,see ,clem5tis ,romani ad ,cor9?ios quae discuntur epi/ulae1 ed4 de ,gebh>dt et ,h>nack1 #b41 sec4 #aj1 ,prolegom5a4 #agg ,legat4 pro ,*ri/4 ,,ii1 #ab4 #agh ,ibid4 #cc4 #agi ,*apt] xviii4 #ahj ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 iv4 #bc4 #aha ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 v4 #a1 p4 #add1 ed4 ,bright4 #ahb 4 ,ad ,autolycum1 iii4 #ad1 p4 #aada1 ed ,migne4 #ahc ,ibid41 ii4 #bb4 #ahd ,epi/4 #aea1 ad ,algasiam4 #ahe ,see ,ov]beck's ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] alt5 ,kir*e1 ,abh&lung ,i41 9 :i* ! date ( ! lett] is br\ght d[n till aft] ,con/ant9e4 ,surely ?is is too late4 #ahf ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejh1 c4 #ahg 4 #ahh 4 #ahi ,adves4 ,hres41 iv4 #bj1 #b4 #aij ,/romateis1 ii4 #f1 p4 #ife1 ed4 ,migne4 #aia ,ibid41 iv4 #ag1 p4 #acab4 #aib ,ibid41 i4 #bi1 p4 #ibh4 #aic ,de ,oratione1 cap4 #ab4 #aid ,de ,pudicitia1 cap4 #aj-bj4 #aie ,g4 ( ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 a ,,ms4 ( ! n9? c5tury accord+ to ,tis*5dorf4 #aif ,see ,ang]'s ,ueb] d5 ,laodic5] ,brief1 #ahdc4 #aig ,f]tur etiam ad ,laudec5ces alia ad ,alex&r9os ,pauli nom9e f9cte ad hesem ,m>cionis el alia plura qu 9 ,ca?olicam ecclesiam recepi non pote/4 ,p]haps a comma %\ld be put aft] nom9e1 & f9cte jo9$ to :at foll[s1 to ! alia plura said to be =g$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ,m>cion4 #aih ,qu>ti evangeliorum ,johannis ex discipulis cohortantibus condiscipulis et episcopis suis dixit conjejunate mihi odie triduo el quid cuique fu]it revelatum alt]utrum nobis enn>remus eadem nocte revelatum ,&re ex apo/olis ut recognisc5tibus cunctis ,johannis suo nom9e cuncta discrib]et4 #aii ,x is pr9t$ & l>gely comm5t$ on by ,cr$n] 9 8 ,ges*i*te des neute/am5tli*5 ,kanon edit$ by ,volkm>1 p4 #ada1 c41 & by ,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 ,app5dix ,c1 p4 #dff1 #b;d edition4 ,_m o!rs h expla9$ x2 especially ,hilg5feld4 #bjj ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij4 #bja ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #ab4 #bjb ,tis*5dorf edit$ ! ,paul9e epi/les f ?is ,,ms4 ,lipsi1 #aheb4 #bjc ,di$ #bed ,a4,d4 #bjd 1 1 4 #bje ,9 "o place1 h[ev]1 he calls x v useful & div9ely inspir$4 ,comm5t4 9 ep4 ad ,roman41 xvi4 #ad4 #bjf 4 #bjg ,ap4 ,euseb1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 vi4 #be2 iii4 #be1 4 #bjh ,see ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #be4 ,comm5t4 9 ,mal?41 iii4 p4 #dfc2 ,ibid41 p4 #had2 ,comm5t4 9 ep4 ad ,roman41 iv4 p4 #fhc2 9 ,mat?41 iii4 p4 #fdd2 ,homil4 viii4 9 ,numb41 ii4 p4 #bid2 ,contra ,cels41 i4 #fc1 p4 #cgh2 ,de ,pr9cipiis prf41 i4 p4 #di4 ,opp41 ed4 ,del>ue4 #bji ,di$ #cdj ,a4,d4 #baj ,hi/4 ,eccles41 iii4 #be2 also #ca1 #ci2 vi4 #ac1 #ad4 #baa 1 1 1 4 #bab 1 1 1 4 #bac 2 7iii4 #ca74 #bad ,?is la/ ) ! qualification 4 ,9 ano!r place he /ates t x 0 reject$ by "s1 & !re=e x is also along ) ! or 4 #bae 4 #baf 4 #bag 4 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 ii4 #bc4 ,*ri/ophorson1 ,s*mid1 & ,hug ?9k t ,eusebius gave ! op9ion ( o!rs 9 ?is ^w3 b x is m likely t he gave 8 own1 z ,valesius ?9ks4 ,see ! note 9 ,s*mid's ,hi/oria antiqua et v9dicatio ,canonis1 c41 p4 #ceh4 #bah ,ibid41 vi4 #ad4 #bai ,see ,web]'s ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des neute/am5tli*5 ,kanons1 p4 #adb1 c4 #bbj 4 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 iii4 #af4 #bba ,adv]sus ,hres1 iii41 ,,ii1 #h4 #bbb ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #e4 #bbc ,de prscript4 hret4 c4 #cf4 #bbd ,de prscript4 hret4 c4 #cb4 #bbe ,ap4 ,euseb4 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ii4 #ae & vi4 #ad4 #bbf ,ignatius von ,antio*i51 #ahgc2 & ,prolegom5a to ! ,patrum ,apo/olicorum op]a1 by de ,gebh>dt1 ,h>nack1 & ,zahn1 ,fasciculus1 ii4 #bbg ,ges*i*te des neute/4 ,kanon1 p4 #bag1 c4 #bbh ,see ,con/it4 ,apo/ol41 p4 #fg1 ed ,ueltz54 #bbi ,di$ #chf ,a4,d4 #bcj ,cate*41 iv4 #bb1 pp4 #ff1 #fg1 ed4 ,milles4 #bca ,ibid41 xi4 p4 #adb4 #bcb ,ibid41 vi4 p4 #hj4 #bcc ,ibid41 ix4 pp4 #aae1 #abb4 #bcd ,ibid41 ix4 p4 #aae4 #bce ,ibid41 ii4 p4 #ca4 #bcf ,ibid41 xvi4 p4 #bci4 #bcg ,a?anasii ,opp4 ed4 ,b5$ict4 i4 #b1 pp4 #ifb1 #ifc4 #bch ,orat4 contra ,arianos1 ii4 #ce1 vol4 i4 #ejc1 ed4 ,b5$ict4 #bci ,ibid41 ii4 #db1 i4 p4 #eaj4 #bdj ,ibid41 ii4 #gi1 i4 p4 #edf4 #bda ,epi/4 ad episcop4 gypt41 c41 i4 #a1 p4 #bgb4 #bdb ,contra ,arian41 i4 #ab1 i4 p4 #daf4 #bdc ,apolog4 contra ,arianos1 ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #acc4 #bdd ,praep> ,evan41 i4 #i4 #bde ,ibid41 xi4 #ad4 #bdf ,ibid41 xii4 #ah4 #bdg ,ibid41 vi4 #aa4 #bdh ,demon4 ,evang41 vi4 #ai4 #bdi ,di$ #cgi ,a4,d4 #bej ,homil4 9 pr9cip4 prov]b4 ,opp4 ed4 ,g>ni] alt]a1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adj4 #bea ,con/itutiones ,mona/41 c4 iii4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #ggi4 #beb ,adv4 ,eunom1 vol4 i4 p4 #dag4 #bec ,de ,spiritu ,sancto1 c4 viii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bc4 #bed ,9 ,pr9cip4 ,prov]b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeb4 #bee ,di$ #chi ,a4,d4 #bef ,opp4 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dgc1 #dgd4 #beg ,gregorii ,nazianz5i1 ,opp4 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dgc1 #dgd4 #beh ,di$ #cie ,a4,d4 #bei ,iambi ad ,seleucum2 9 ,greg4 ,naz4 ,opp4 ii4 p4 #aid4 #bfj ,di$ #djc ,a4,d4 #bfa 4 ,adv4 ,hres1 i4 p4 #ai4 ,see ,hres1 iii4 tom4 i4 p4 #ida4 ,de pond]4 et m5sur4 #bc4 #bfb ,adv]s4 ,hres1 lib4 i41 tom4 #b ed4 ,petav4 ,p>is1 #affb1 p4 #gb4 #bfc ,ibid41 lib4 ii4 tom4 ii4 p4 #gha4 #bfd ,ibid41 lib4 ii4 tom4 i4 p4 #ehj4 #bfe ,ibid41 lib1 ii4 tom4 i4 p4 #dha4 #bff ,ibid41 lib4 i4 tom4 ii4 p4 #aeg4 #bfg ,hres1 xxx4 #ae4 #bfh ,di$ #cib ,a4,d4 #bfi ,en>rat4 9 ep4 ,s4 ,petri secundam1 p4 #aggd ed ,migne4 #bgj ,di$ #djg ,a4,d4 #bga ,see ,montfaucon 9 8 edition ( ,*ryso/om's ,works1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 ed4 ,p>is1 #ahce4 #bgb ,expos4 9 ,psalm cix4 #g4 ,see also xi4 #a 9 ,g5es1 :]e ,wisdom xiv4 #c is cit$4 #bgc ,expos4 9 ,psalm xlix4 #c4 #bgd ,de ,laz>o1 ii4 #d4 #bge ,di$ #cib ,a4,d4 #bgf ,de ,tr9itate1 iii4 #b4 p4 #gib ed4 ,migne4 #bgg ,fragm5ta 9 ,epi/4 #b ad ,cor9?ios1 :5 ,b>u*1 iii4 #c1 is quot$ l ,psalm #aja1 p4 #afig4 #bgh ,de ,_s4 sanct4 i4 p4 #ajcc4 #bgi ,di$ #dbh ,a4,d4 #bhj ,see ,leontius ,byzant9us contra ,ne/orianos et ,euty*ianos1 lib4 iii4 9 ,gall&i ,biblio!ca1 xii4 p4 #fij4 ,comp4 ,fritzs*e ,de ,!odori ,mopsue/5i vita et scriptis1 ,hal1 #ahcf4 #bha ,di$ #ddd ,a4,d4 #bhb ,contra ,julian1 i4 p4 #eda1 ed4 ,migne4 #bhc ,ibid41 p4 #hae4 #bhd ,ibid41 p4 #iba4 #bhe ,9 ,isaim1 ed4 ,migne1 p4 #ic4 #bhf ,p4 #hei1 vol4 i4 #bhg ,p4 #iaj1 vol4 i41 ed4 ,migne4 #bhh 1 1 1 4 #bhi 4 #bij ,di$ #dcj ,a4,d4 #bia ,! =ty-f\r books are1 #e ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 #d ,k+s1 #b ,*ronicles1 ,job1 ,tobit1 ,e/h]1 ,judi?1 #b ,maccabees1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,psalms1 #c ( ,solomon1 ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 #ab ,prophets1 #d great] d4 ,de ,doctr9a ,*ri/iana ii4 #h4 #bib ,contra ,gaud5t4 i4 #ch4 ,opp4 ,p>is1 #ahcg1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ajjf4 #bic ,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii4 #h4 ,civitat4 ,dei4 xviii4 #bj1 #a4 #bid ,de ,praesde/4 ,sanct4 i4 #aa4 #bie ,retractt4 i4 #aj4 #bif ,de ,peccat4 m]it4 i4 #ej2 ,opp4 vol4 x4 p4 #acg1 ed4 ,migne4 #big ,mansi1 tom4 iii4 p4 #ibd4 #bih ,ibid41 p4 #hia4 #bii ,di$ #dbj ,a4,d4 #cjj ,prologus galeatus 9 ,libros ,regum4 ,epi/4 ad ,paul9um4 #cja ,9 ,h]b/'s ,e9leit41 er/] ,!il1 p4 #cg4 #cjb ,opp4 ed4 ,b5$ict41 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 #fgi1 #fhd1 #gej4 #cjc ,ep4 ad ,d>dan4 ,opp4 vol4 i4 ,p4 #aajc1 ed4 ,migne4 #cjd ,see ,onoma/ica ,sacra2 ,comm5t4 9 ,ep4 ad ,philem2 ,de ,viris illu/r4 #cje ,di$ #cfh ,a4,d4 #cjf ,prolog4 9 ,psalm41 ,opp4 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 #cjg ,de ,tr9itate iv4 #af4 #cjh ,ex4 ,op4 ,hi/4 ,fragm5tum1 iii4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgb ed4 ,migne4 #cji ,9 cxxvii4 ,psalm4 #caj ,9 ,psalm cxxvi4 #f4 #caa ,9 ,psalm lxviii4 #ai1 & ,de ,tr9itate1 iv4 #db4 #cab ,ibid41 iv4 #h4 #cac ,di$ ab\t #cgj ,a4,d4 #cad ,de ,s*ismate ,donati/1 iii4 #c4 #cae ,ibid41 ii4 #be4 #caf ,di$ ab\t #cgj ,a4,d4 #cag ,de non p>c5do1 c41 ed4 ,coleti1 p4 #aij4 #cah ,ibid41 p4 #bcf4 #cai ,ibid41 p4 #ahg4 #cbj ,pro ,a?anasio1 lib4 i4 p4 #ih4 #cba ,ibid41 p4 #aje4 #cbb ,ibid41 lib4 ii4 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 #cbc ,di$ #cig ,a4,d4 #cbd ,de ,spiritu ,sancto iii4 #ah4 #cbe ,de bono mortis viii4 #cbf ,9 ,psalm cxviii41 ,s]mo4 #aah1 #b4 #cbg ,de ,_s4 ,sancto4 iii41 vi4 #ci4 #cbh ,lib] de ,tobia4 #cbi ,di$ #daj ,a4,d4 #ccj ,expos4 9 ,symbol4 ,apo/ol41 pp4 #cgc1 #cgd1 ed4 ,migne4 #cca ,di$ ab\t #chg ,a4,d4 #ccb ,de ,hres4 *s4 #fj & #fa1 9 ,gall&1 vii4 pp4 #dbd1 #dbe4 #ccc ,apud ,mansi1 iii4 pp4 #ajdj1 #ajda4 #ccd ,cr$n]'s ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,kanons1 p4 #aea1 c41 & ,?iel's ,epi/ol ,romanorum ,pontificum g5u9ae1 tom4 i4 #cce ,mansi iv4 p4 #dcj4 #ccf ,opp4 ,grc41 tom4 ii4 ,p4 #cbg1 ed4 ,rom4 #agdf4 #ccg ,ibid41 tom4 i4 p4 #aja4 #cch ,tom4 iii4 p4 #fj4 #cci ,gall&1 xii4 p4 #gi1 c4 #cdj ,see ,dillmann 9 ,ewald's ,jahrb*]1 v4 p4 #add1 c4 #cda ,di$ #eii ,a4,d4 #cdb ,see ,cr$n]'s ,zur ,ges*4 des ,kanons1 p4 #ig1 c4 #cdc ,di$ #hia ,a4,d4 #cdd ,nomocanon1 ,titulus ,,iii41 cap4 #b1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ajej1 #ajea ed4 ,migne4 #cde ,see ,codd4 #aac1 #abf4 #cdf ,di$ #ged ,a4,d4 #cdg ,di$ #fcf ,a4,d4 #cdh ,etymolog4 vi4 #a4 #cdi ,di$ #fjd ,a4,d4 #cej ,di$ #iab ,a4,d4 #cea ,di$ #gce ,a4,d4 #ceb ,di$ #hjd ,a4,d4 #cec ,di$ #hef ,a4,d4 #ced ,di$ #aada ,a4,d4 #cee ,di$ #aaef ,a4,d4 #cef ,di$ #aahb ,a4,d4 #ceg #abgj ,a4,d4 #ceh ,di$ #abfc ,a4,d4 #cei ,di$ #achd ,a4,d4 #cfj ,di$ #acdj ,a4,d4 #cfa ,see ,hody1 p4 #fdh1 c4 #cfb ,*emnitz calls sev5 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t apocryphos1 because ( _! unc]ta9 au?or%ip 7see ,exam5 ,concilii ,trid5t9i1 p4 #de1 c47 #cfc ,see ,?oluck's ,komm5t> zum ,briefe an die ,hebrer1 zweite ,auflage1 pp4 #ee1 #hf4 #cfd ,c>l/adt's treatise is repr9t$ 9 ,cr$n]'s ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,kanons4 #cfe ,w]ke1 edit$ by ,s*ul] & ,s*ul!ss1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi4 #cff ,ep4 ad4 ,vald5ses1 #aecj1 apud4 ,sculteti annal4 evang4 r5ovat decas secunda1 pp4 #cac1 #cad4 #cfg ,ibid4 #cfh ,hug says t 8 copy ( ,widman/ad's edition _h ! ,acts imm$iately foll[+ ! ,gospels4 #cfi ,epi/4 ad ,paul9um4 #cgj ,hom4 vii4 9 ,josua4 #cga ,de ,bibliorum textibus orig9alibus1 c41 p4 #fed4 #cgb ,ibid41 p4 #ffd4 #cgc ,see ,zacagni's ,collectanea monum5torum vet]um ,praefat1 p4 lxxi41 c4 #cgd ,see ,volkm>'s ,anhang to ,cr$net's ,ges*i*te des ,n4 ,t4 ,kanon1 p4 #cda1 c42 & ,hody ,de ,bibliorum textibus orig9alibus1 p4 #fdd1 c4 #cge ,niemey]'s ,collectio ,confessionum1 p4 #dfh4 #cgf ,ibid41 p4 #ccj4 #cgg ,ibid41 pp4 #cfa1 #cfb4 #cgh ,see ,h]zog's ,die ,romanis*5 ,wald5s]1 p4 #ee1 c42 & 8 programm ,de orig9e et pri/9o /atu ,wald5sium1 c41 pp4 #ag1 #dj1 #da4 #cgi ,leg]'s ,hi/oire des ,eglises ,vaudoises1 vol4 i41 p4 #aab1 c4 #chj ,! reason giv5 = _! be+ add$ z a sep>ate app5dix is t !y are cit$ by "s fa!rs & f\nd 9 "s ,lat9 ,bibles4 #cha ,kimmel's ,monum5ta fidei eccles4 ori5t1 "p i4 p4 #dfg4 #chb ,di$ #gia ,a4,d4 #chc ,abh&lung von frei] ,unt]su*ung des ,canons1 #d p>ts1 ,halle1 #agga-agge4 #chd ,see ,tol&'s ,naz>5us1 p4 #be1 c41 second edition2 & ,morgan's ,moral ,philosoph]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ef1 c4 #che ,= example1 8,moses is dead2 8 rule w5t out :5 ,*ri/ came--he is ( no fur!r s]vice "h4444 ,we are will+ to reg>d him z a tea*]1 b we w n reg>d him z our lawgiv]1 unless he agree ) ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! law ( nature40 ,smmtli*e ,s*rift51 ed4 ,wal*4 dritt] ,!il41 pp4 #g1 #h4 #chf ,su* z ,calovius1 ,*emnitz1 ,john ,g]h>d1 ,w4 ,lys]1 ,qu5/$t1 ,bro*m&1 ,hollaz1 c4 ,melanc?on also makes no important di/9ction betwe5 ! two ,te/am5ts 9 8 ,loci !ologici4 ,calv9's !ology 0 d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t m ?an ! ,new4 #chg ,8 full say+s are collect$ 9 ,brets*neid]'s ,lu!r an uns]e ,zeit1 pp4 #ahf-bbd2 & 9 ,krause's ,opuscula !ologica1 pp4 #bje-bda4 #chh ,loci ,!ologici ,tom4 i4 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg1 ed4 ,cotta1 #agfb4 #chi ,!ologia ,didactico-polemica1 p4 #cdj4 #cij ,see ,jones's new & full me?od ( settl+ ! canonical au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p i41 *ap4 #e4 page #eb1 ed4 #agbf4 #cia ,ecclesia sua autoritate nullum librum facit canonicum1 quippe canonica scripturae autoritas e/ a solo ,deo1 c4 ,g]h>d's ,loci ,!ologici1 tom4 i4 p4 #d1 ed4 ,cotta4 ,autoritas scriptur quoad nos nihil allud e/1 quam manife/atio et cognitio unic illius div9 et summ autoritatis1 qu scriptum e/ int]na et insita4 ,ecclesia igitur non conf]t scriptur novam aliquam autoritatem quoad nos1 s$ te/ificatione sua ad agnitionem illius2 v]itatis nos d$ucit4 ,conc$imus1 ecclesiam esse scriptur sacr te/em1 cu/odem1 v9dicem1 praeconem1 et int]pretem2 s$ neg>nus1 ex eo effici1 quod autoritas scriptur sive simplicit] sive quoad nos ab ecclesia p5deat et quidem unice1 p5deat4--,ibid41 tomus secundus1 p4 #ci1 ed4 ,cotta4