file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #cjaab-;h4htm  
or #cjaab-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cjaab_/pg#cjaab-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjaa
b_/cjaab-;h4zip7   ,transcrib]'s note3  
,passages 9 italics are enclos$ betwe5  
und]scores       7italics74             
,additional spac+ aft] "s ( ! quotations
 is int5tional       to indicate bo? !  
end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a        
new p>agraph z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4
      ,contributions f ! ,museum (      
,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 ,unit$ ,/ates     
,national ,museum ,bullet9 #bah1 ,pap]  
#e1 7pages #fi-gi7  ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!
 ,,phonograph ,,at ,,alex&] ,,graham    
,,bell',s ,,volta ,,laboratory  ,,leslie
 ,j4 ,,newville   ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!  
,,phonograph ,,at ,,alex&] ,,graham     
,,bell',s ,,volta ,,laboratory  by      
,,leslie ,j4 ,,newville            ,!   
fame ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison re/s mo/      
securely on 8 g5ius =      mak+         

practical application ( ! ideas ( o!rs4 
,h[ev]1 x      0 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 
long a ,smi?sonian ,reg5t & fri5d (     
its ?ird ,secret>y ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 :o1
 ) 8 ,volta ,laboratory      associates 
made practical ! phonograph1 :i* has be5
 call$      ,edison's mo/ orig9al       
inv5tion4       ,,! ,,au?or3 ,leslie ,j4
 ,newville wrote ?is pap] :ile he 0     
atta*$ to ! (fice ( ! curator ( ,sci5ce 
& ,te*nology 9      ! ,smi?sonian       
,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national   
,museum4   ,! /ory ( ,alex&] ,graham    
,bell's inv5tion ( ! telephone has be5  
told & retold4 ,h[ he became involv$ 9 !
 difficult task ( mak+ practical        
phonograph records1 & succe$$ 79        
association ) ,*>les ,sumn] ,ta9t] &    
,*i*e/] ,bell71 is n s well kn[n4  ,b   
mat]ial collect$ ?r\gh ! ye>s by ! ,u4  
,s4 ,national ,museum ( ! ,smi?sonian   
,in/itution n[ makes cle> h[ ,bell & two
 associates took ,edison's t9foil ma*9e 
& made x reproduce s\nd f wax in/ead (  
t9foil4 ,!y began _! "w 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 

,c41 9 #ahgi1 & cont9u$ until grant$    
basic pat5ts 9 #ahhf = record+ 9 wax4   
,pres]v$ at ! ,smi?sonian are "s #bj    
pieces ( exp]im5tal app>atus1 includ+ a 
numb] ( complete ma*9es4 ,_! fir/       
exp]im5tal ma*9e 0 seal$ 9 a box &      
deposit$ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ar*ives 9      
#ahha4 ,! o!rs 7 deliv]$ by ,alex&]     
,graham ,bell to ! ,national ,museum 9  
two lots 9 #aiae & #aibb4 ,bell 0 an old
 man by ?is "t1 busy ) 8 a]onautical    
exp]im5ts 9 ,nova ,scotia4  ,x 0 n until
 #aidg1 h[ev]1 t ! ,museum receiv$ ! key
 to ! exp]im5tal ,graphophones1 z !y 7  
call$ to diff]5tiate !m f ! ,edison     
ma*9e4 ,9 t ye> ,mrs4 ,laura ,f4 ,ta9t] 
donat$ to ! ,museum #aj b\nd notebooks1 
along ) ,ta9t]'s unpubli%$              
autobiography4#a ,?is mat]ial describes 
9 detail ! /range ma*9es & ev5 /rang]   
exp]im5ts :i* l$ 9 #ahhf to a greatly   
improv$ phonograph4  ,?omas ,a4 ,edison 
_h inv5t$ ! phonograph 9 #ahgg4 ,b !    
fame be/[$ on ,edison = ?is />tl+       
inv5tion 7sometimes call$ 8 mo/ orig9al7

 0 n due to its effici5cy4 ,record+ ) ! 
t9foil phonograph is too difficult to be
 practical4 ,! t9foil te>s easily1 & ev5
 :5 ! /ylus is prop]ly adju/$1 !        
reproduction is di/ort$ & squeaky1 &    
good = only a few playbacks4 ,nev]!less 
"y ,edison1 ! wiz>d z he 0 call$1 _h hit
 ^u a secret ( :i* m5 _h dream$ =       
c5turies4#b ,imm$iately aft] ?is        
discov]y1 h[ev]1 he did n improve x1    
alleg$ly because ( an agreem5t to sp5d !
 next five ye>s develop+ ! ,new ,york   
,city electric light & p[] sy/em4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,,*>les     
,,sumn] ,,ta9t] 7#ahed-aidj7 f a        
photograph tak5 9 ,san ,diego1          
,cali=nia1 #aiai4 7,smi?sonian photo    
#dbgbi-;,a47   ,mean:ile ,bell1 always a
 sci5ti/ & exp]im5t] at he>t1 aft] 8    
inv5tion ( ! telephone 9 #ahgf 0 look+ =
 new worlds to conqu]4 ,if we accept    
,ta9t]'s v]sion ( ! /ory1 x 0 ?r\gh     
,g>d9] ,gre5 ,hubb>d t ,bell took up !  
phonograph *all5ge4 ,bell _h m>ri$      
,hubb>d's daught] ,mabel 9 #ahgi4       

,hubb>d 0 !n presid5t ( ! ,edison       
,speak+ ,phonograph ,co41 & 8           
organization1 :i* _h pur*as$ ! ,edison  
pat5t1 0 hav+ tr\ble ) its f9ances      
because p did n l to buy a ma*9e :i*    
seldom work$ well & prov$ difficult = an
 unskill$ p]son to op]ate4  ,9 #ahgi    
,hubb>d got ,bell int]e/$ 9 improv+ !   
ma*9e1 & x 0 agre$ t a laboratory %\ld  
be set up 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also 
to be conduct$ on ! transmission ( s\nd 
by light1 & ?is result$ 9 ! sel5ium-cell
 ,photophone1 pat5t$ 9 #ahha4 ,bo? !    
,hubb>ds & ! ,bells decid$ to move to ! 
,capital4 ,:ile ,bell took 8 bride to   
,europe = an ext5d$ honeymoon1 8        
associate ,*>les ,sumn] ,ta9t]1 a "y    
in/rum5t mak]1 0 s5t on to ,wa%+ton f   
,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 to />t !     
laboratory4#c ,bell's c\s91 ,*i*e/]     
,bell1 :o _h be5 tea*+ college *emi/ry 9
 ,london1 agre$ to come z ! ?ird        
associate4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,europe ,bell  
receiv$ ! #ej1jjj-;franc 7#aj1jjj7      
,volta prize1 & x 0 ) ?is money t !     

,wa%+ton project1 ! ,volta ,laboratory  
,association1#d 0 f9anc$4               
,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,,photograph+
 ,,s\nd ,,9 #ahhd4 ,a r>e photograph    
tak5 at ,volta ,laboratory1 ,wa%+ton1   
,d4 ,c41 by ,j4 ,h>ris ,rog]s1 a fri5d (
 ,bell & ,ta9t] 7,smi?sonian photo      
#ddcab-;,e74  ,a description ( !        
proc$ure us$ is f\nd on page #fg1 (     
,ta9t]'s unpubli%$ autobiography 7see   
footnote #a74 ,!re1 ,ta9t] quotes       
,*i*e/] ,bell z foll[s3  ,a jet (       
bi*romate ( pota% solution1 vibrat$ by !
 voice1 0 direct$ aga9/ a glass plate   
imm$iately 9 front ( a slit1 on :i*     
light 0 conc5trat$ by means ( a l5s4 ,! 
jet 0 s arrang$ t ! light on its way to 
! slit _h to pass ?r\gh ! nappe & z !   
?ickness ( ?is 0 con/antly *ang+1 !     
illum9ation ( ! slit 0 also v>i$4 ,by   
means ( a l5s 444 an image ( ?is slit 0 
?r[n ^u a rotat+ gelat9e-bromide plate1 
on :i* accord+ly a record ( ! voice     
vibrations 0 obta9$4   ,ta9t]'s /ory1 9 
8 autobiography1 ( ! e/abli%m5t ( !     

laboratory1 %[s its comp>ative          
simplicity3  ,i !re=e w\nd up my bus9ess
 affairs 9 ,cambridge1 pack$ up all ( my
 tools & ma*9es1 & 444 w5t to ,wa%+ton1 
& aft] mu* se>*1 r5t$ a vacant h\se on  
,l ,/reet1 betwe5 #ac? & #ad? ,/reets1 &
 fitt$ x up = our purpose4#e444 ,!      
,smi?sonian ,in/itution s5t u ov] a mail
 sack ( sci5tific books f ! libr>y ( !  
,in/itution1 to consult1 & prim$ ) all  
we c\ld le>n 444 we w5t to "w4#f444 ,we 
7 l ! explor]s 9 an entirely unkn[n l&1 
:]e "o has to select ! pa? t seems to be
 mo/ likely to get y to y\r de/9ation1 )
 no k ( :at is ahead4  ,9 conduct+ our  
"w we _h fir/ to design an exp]im5tal   
app>atus1 !n hunt ab\t1 (t5 9           
,philadelphia & ,new ,york1 = ! mat]ials
 ) :i* to con/ruct x1 :i* 7 usually h>d 
to f9d1 & f9ally build ! models we ne$$1
 ourselves4#g   ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#c4--,,page ,,f ,,notebook ( ,*>les     
,sumn] ,ta9t]1 describ+ an exp]im5t 9   
s\nd record+4 ,! ,ta9t] notebooks1      
pres]v$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1  

describe exp]im5ts at ! ,volta          
,laboratory1 9 ! #ahhj's4 ,!            
,graphophone pat5ts ( #ahhf1 7 ! result 
( ?is rese>*4 7,smi?sonian photo        
#ddcab47   ,! exp]im5tal ma*9es built at
 ! ,volta ,laboratory include bo? disc &
 cyl9d] types1 & an int]e/+ tape        
record]4 ,! records us$ ) ! ma*9es & n[ 
9 ! collections ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national   
,museum1 are believ$ to be ! olde/      
reproducible records pres]v$ any:]e 9 ! 
_w4 ,:ile "s are scrat*$ & crack$1 o!rs 
are /ill 9 good condition4  ,by #ahha ! 
,volta associates _h succe$$ 9 improv+  
an ,edison t9foil ma*9e to "s ext5t4    
,wax 0 put 9 ! grooves ( ! heavy iron   
cyl9d]1 & no t9foil 0 us$4 ,r ?an apply 
= a pat5t at t "t1 h[ev]1 !y deposit$ ! 
ma*9e 9 a seal$ box at ! ,smi?sonian1 & 
specifi$ t x 0 n to be op5$ )\t ! cons5t
 ( two ( ! ?ree m54 ,9 #aicg ,ta9t]     
7fig4 #a7 0 ! only "o /ill liv+1 s ! box
 0 op5$ ) 8 p]mission4  ,= ! occasion1 !
 heirs ( ,alex&] ,graham ,bell ga!r$ 9  
,wa%+ton1 b ,ta9t] 0 too old & too ill  

to come f ,san ,diego4  ,! s\nd         
vibrations _h be5 ind5t$ 9 ! wax :i* _h 
be5 appli$ to ! ,edison phonograph4 ,!  
foll[+ is ! text ( ! record+3 ,!re are m
 ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ?an are   
dream$ ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,i am a      
graphophone & my "m 0 a phonograph4     
,rem>k$ ,mrs4 ,gilb]t ,grosv5or1#h      
,bell's daught]1 :5 ! box 0 op5$ 9      
#aicg1 ,t is j ! sort ( ?+ fa!r w\ld h  
said4 ,he 0 always quot+ f ! classics4  
,figure #d4--,,pat5t ,,draw+s f ,u4 ,s4 
pat5t #cdabad1 grant$ ,may #d1 #ahhf1 to
 ,*i*e/] ,bell & ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]4   ,!   
me?od ( reproduction us$ on ! ma*9e1    
h[ev]1 is ev5 m int]e/+ ?an ! quotation4
 ,r ?an a /ylus & diaphragm1 a jet ( air
 "u high pressure 0 us$4  ,?is ev5+ ab\t
 #g ,p4 ,m41 ,ta9t] not$ on ,july #g1   
#ahha1 ,! app>atus be+ ready ! valve ^u 
! top ( ! air cyl9d] 0 op5$ slightly    
until a pressure ( ab\t #ajj lbs4 0     
indicat$ by ! gage4 ,! phonograph cyl9d]
 0 !n rotat$1 & ! s\nds produc$ by !    
escap+ air c\ld be he>d1 & ! words      

und]/ood a di/ance ( at lea/ #h feet f !
 phonograph4 ,! po9t ( ! jet is glass1 &
 c\ld be direct$ at a s+le groove4      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,,exp]im5tal
 ,,graphophone photograph$ 9 #ahhd at ! 
,volta ,laboratory4 ,?is is simil> to "o
 pres]v$ at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4  
7,smi?sonian photo #ddcab-;,d47   ,! o!r
 exp]im5tal ,graphophones indicate an   
amaz+ range ( exp]im5tation4 ,:ile !    
me?od ( cutt+ a record on wax 0 ! "o    
lat] exploit$ comm]cially1 ev]y?+ else  
seems to h be5 tri$ at lea/ once4  ,!   
foll[+ 0 not$ on ,w$nesday1 ,m>* #bj1   
#ahha3 ,a f\nta9 p5 is atta*$ to a      
diaphragm s z to be vibrat$ 9 a plane   
p>allel to ! axis ( a cyl9d]--,! ink us$
 9 ?is p5 to conta9 iron 9 a f9ely      
divid$ /ate1 & ! p5 caus$ to trace a    
spiral l9e ar\nd ! cyl9d] z x turn$4 ,! 
cyl9d] to be cov]$ ) a %eet ( pap] ^u   
:i* ! record is made4444 ,?is ink 444 c 
be r5d]$ magnetic by means ( a p]man5t  
magnet4 ,! s\nds 7 to be reproduc$ by   
simply sub/itut+ a magnet = ! f\nta9    

p54444  ,! result ( ^! ideas = magnetic 
reproduction result$ 9 pat5t #cdabhg1   
grant$ on ,may #d1 #ahhf2 x deals solely
 ) ! reproduction1 ?r\gh ! action (     
magnetism1 ( s\nds by means ( records 9 
solid sub/ances4   ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #f4--;,,ano!r ,,exp]im5tal             
,,graphophone1 photograph$ at ! ,volta  
,laboratory 9 #ahhd4 7,smi?sonian photo 
#ddcab-;,f47   ,! air jet us$ 9         
reproduc+ has already be5 describ$4 ,o!r
 jets1 ( molt5 metal1 wax1 & wat]1 7    
also tri$4 ,on ,saturday1 ,may #ai1     
#ahhc1 ,ta9t] wrote 7see fig4 #c73      
,made ! foll[+ exp]im5t today3       ,! 
cyl9d] ( ! ,edison phonograph 0 cov]$ ) 
! coat+      ( p>aff9e-wax & !n turn$ (f
 true & smoo?4       ,a cutt+ /yle ,a41 
secur$ to ! end ( a lev] ,b 0 !n        
adju/$ ov] ! cyl9d]1 z %[n4 ,lev] ,b 0  
pivot$ at !      po9ts ,c-,d1 & ! only  
pressure ex]t$ to =ce ! /yle into      !
 wax 0 due to ! weight ( ! p>ts4        
,^u ! top ( ,a 0 fix$ a small brass     
disk1 & imm$iately      ov] x a s5sitive

 wat] jet adju/$1 s t ! /ream ( wat]    
at its s5sitive "p fell ^u ! c5t] ( !   
brass disk4       ,! ,phonograph cyl9d] 
,e1 0 rotat$ :ile words & s\nds 7       
%\t$ to ! support to :i* ! wat] jet 0   
atta*$1 & a      record t 0 q visible to
 ! unaid$ eye 0 ! result4   ,! tape     
record]1 an unusual in/rum5t :i* record$
 me*anically on a #c_/af-;in* /rip (    
wax-cov]$ pap]1 is "o ( ! ma*9es        
describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 pat5t    
#cdabad1 dat$ ,may #d1 #ahhf 7see fig4  
#d74 ,! /rip 0 coat$ by dipp+ x 9 a     
solution ( beeswax & p>aff9e 7"o "p :ite
 beeswax1 two p>ts p>aff9e1 by weight71 
!n scrap+ "o side clean & all[+ ! o!r   
side to h>d54   ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#g4--,,orig9al ,,plans ,,= ,a ,,disc    
,,graphophone ,,pat5t$ ,,by ,,sumn]     
,,ta9t] ,,9 #ahhh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,pat5t      
#chehhf4   ,! ma*9e ( /urdy wood & metal
 con/ruction1 is h& p[]$ by means ( a   
knob fa/5$ to ! fly :eel4 ,f ! fly-:eel 
%aft p[] is transf]r$ by a small        
friction :eel to a v]tical %aft4 ,at !  

bottom ( ?is %aft a ,v-pulley transf]s  
motion by belts to correspond+          
,v-pulleys b5ea? ! horizontal reels4  ,!
 wax /rip passes f "o #h-;in* reel ar\nd
 ! p]iph]y ( a pulley 7) guide flanges7 
m\nt$ above ! ,v-pulleys on ! ma9       
v]tical %aft1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! 
record+ or reproduc+ /ylus4 ,x is !n    
tak5 up on ! o!r reel4  ,! %>p record+  
/ylus1 actuat$ by a vibrat+ mica        
diaphragm1 cuts ! wax f ! /rip4 ,9      
reproduc+1 a dull1 loosely m\nt$ /ylus1 
atta*$ to a rubb] diaphragm1 c>ri$ s\nds
 ?r\gh an e> tube to ! li/5]4  ,bo?     
record+ & reproduc+ heads1 m\nt$        
alt]nately on ! same two po/s1 c\ld be  
adju/$ v]tically s t sev]al records c\ld
 be cut on ! same #c_/af-;in* /rip4     
,:ile ?is ma*9e 0 nev] develop$         
comm]cially1 x is an int]e/+ ance/or ( !
 mod]n tape record]1 :i* x resembles    
some:at 9 design4 ,h[ practical x 0 or j
 :y x 0 built we d n "k4 ,! tape is n[  
brittle1 ! heavy pap] reels w>p$1 & !   
reproduc+ head miss+4 ,o!rwise1 ) "s    

recondition+1 x c\ld be put into work+  
condition4  ,mo/ ( ! disc ma*9es design$
 by ! ,volta associates _h ! disc m\nt$ 
v]tically 7see figs4 #e & #f74 ,!       
explanation is t 9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts1 !  
turntable1 ) disc1 0 m\nt$ on ! %op la!1
 along ) ! record+ & reproduc+ heads4   
,lat]1 :5 ! complete models 7 built1 mo/
 ( !m featur$ v]tical turntables4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,,ano!r     
,,page ,,( ,,! ,,plans ,,%[n ,,9        
,,figure #g4 ,! exp]im5tal ,graphophone 
built f ^! plans is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4         
,national ,museum 7cat4 no4 #bhgffe74   
,an int]e/+ exception has a horizontal  
#g-;in* turntable 7see figs4 #g & #h74  
,?is ma*9e1 al?\gh made 9 #ahhf1 is a   
duplicate ( "o made e>li] b tak5 to     
,europe by ,*i*e/] ,bell4 ,ta9t] 0      
grant$ ,u4 ,s4 pat5t #chehhf = x on     
,july #aj1 #ahhh4  ,! play+ arm is      
rigid1 except = a pivot$ v]tical motion 
( #ij degrees to all[ removal ( ! record
 or a return to />t+ position4 ,:ile    
record+ or play+1 ! record n only       

rotat$1 b mov$ lat]ally "u ! /ylus1 :i* 
?us describ$ a spiral1 record+ #aej     
grooves to ! in*4  ,! ,bell & ,ta9t]    
records1 pres]v$ at ! ,smi?sonian1 are  
bo? ( ! lat]al cut & hill-&-dale types4 
,edison = _m ye>s us$ ! hill-&-dale     
me?od ) bo? cyl9d] & disc records1 &    
,emile ,b]l9] is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( !
 lat]al cut ,gramophone record 9 #ahhg4 
,! ,volta associates1 h[ev]1 _h be5     
exp]im5t+ ) bo? types1 z e>ly z #ahha1 z
 is %[n by ! foll[+ quotation f         
,ta9t]3#i       ,! record on !          
electro-type 9 ! ,smi?sonian package is 
( !      o!r =m1 :]e ! vibrations are   
impress$ p>allel to !      surface ( !  
record+ mat]ial1 z 0 done 9 ! old ,scott
      ,phonautograph ( #aheg1 ?us =m+ a 
groove ( uni=m dep?1 b      ( wavy "*1 9
 :i* ! sides ( ! groove act ^u !        
trac+ po9t in/ead ( ! bottom1 z is !    
case 9 ! v]tical      type4 ,?is =m we  
nam$ ! zig-zag =m1 & ref]r$ to x 9      
t way 9 our notes4 ,its important       
advantage 9 guid+ !      reproduc+ ne$le

 ,i fir/ call$ att5tion to 9 ! note on  
p4      #i-,vol #a-;,home ,notes on ,m>*
 #bi-ahha1 & endeavor$ to use x 9 my    
e>ly "w1 b enc\nt]$ s mu* difficulty 9  
gett+ a =m (      reproduc] t w\ld "w ) 
! s(t wax records )\t      te>+ !       
groove1 we us$ ! hill & valley type (   
record m      (t5 ?an ! o!r4   ,9 #ahhe1
 :5 ! ,volta associates 7 sure t !y _h a
 numb] ( practical inv5tions1 !y fil$   
applications = pat5ts4 ,!y also began to
 look ar\nd = inve/ors4 ,aft] giv+      
sev]al demon/rations 9 ,wa%+ton1 !y ga9$
 ! necess>y support1 & ! ,am]ican       
,graphophone ,co4 0 organiz$ to         
manufacture & sell ! ma*9es4 ,! ,volta  
,graphophone ,co4 0 =m$ to control !    
pat5ts4  ,! ,h[e sew+ ma*9e factory at  
,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 became !     
,am]ican ,graphophone plant2 ,ta9t] w5t 
!re to sup]vise ! manufactur+1 & cont9u$
 8 inv5tive "w = _m ye>s4 ,?is          
,bridgeport plant is /ill 9 use today by
 a successor firm1 ! ,dictaphone        
,corporation4  ,! "w ( ! ,volta         

associates laid ! f\ndation = !         
successful use ( ! dictat+ ma*9e 9      
bus9ess1 = _! wax record+ process 0     
practical & _! ma*9es /urdy4 ,b x 0 to  
take sev]al m ye>s & ! r5ew$ "w (       
,edison & fur!r developm5ts by ,b]l9] & 
_m o!rs1 be=e ! talk+ ma*9e indu/ry     
really got "u way & became a major      
factor 9 home ent]ta9m5t4#aj   ,,pat5ts 
,,:i* ,,result$ ,,f ,,! ,,volta         
,,laboratory ,,association    ,pat5t    
,numb]   ,ye>        ,pat5t             
,inv5tors   #bbidie     #ahhj           
,telephone call regi/]      ,c4 ,s4     
,ta9t]   #bcedif     #ahhj              
,photophone transmitt]       ,a4 ,g4    
,bell1                                  
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #bcedig     #ahhj      
,sel5ium cells               ,a4 ,g4    
,bell1                                  
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #bceeij     #ahjj      
,sel5ium cells               ,c4 ,s4    
,ta9t]   #bdaiji     #ahha              
,photophonic receiv]         ,a4 ,g4    
,bell1                                  

,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #bdcfeg     #ahha      
,telephone transmitt]        ,c4 ,s4    
,ta9t]   #bhigbe     #ahhc    ,electric 
conductor           ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]      
#ccfjha     #ahhf    ,transmitt] =      
electric     ,c4 ,a4 ,bell              
telephone l9es   #ccfjhb     #ahhf      
,jet microphone =           ,c4 ,a4     
,bell                        transmitt+ 
s\nds                        by means ( 
jets   #ccfjhc     #ahhf    ,telephone  
transmitt]        ,c4 ,a4 ,bell         
#ccfagc     #ahhf    ,telephone         
transmitt]        ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]        
#cdabab     #ahhf    ,reproduc+ s\nds   
,a4 ,g4 ,bell1                        f 
phonograph              ,c4 ,a4 ,bell1  
records                      ,c4 ,s4    
,ta9t]   #cdabac     #ahhf    ,reproduc+
 &              ,a4 ,g4 ,bell1          
record+ s\nds by          ,c4 ,a4 ,bell1
                        radiant en]gy   
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #cdabad     #ahhf      
,record+ & reproduc+    ,c4 ,a4 ,bell1  
spee* & o!r s\nds     ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]    

#cdabhg     #ahhf    ,record+ &         
reproduc+    ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]             
s\nds   #cdabhh     #ahhf    ,app>atus =
 record+      ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]            
& reproduc+ s\nds   #cgdacc     #ahhg   
,pap] cyl9d] =           ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t] 
graphophonic records   #cgeegi     #ahhg
    ,app>atus = record+      ,c4 ,s4    
,ta9t]                       & reproduc+
 spee*                       & o!r s\nds
   #chjece     #ahhh    ,graphophone    
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #chehhf     #ahhh      
,graphophone                  ,c4 ,s4   
,ta9t]   #chehhg     #ahhh              
,graphophonic tablet          ,c4 ,s4   
,ta9t]   #chhdfb     #ahhh    ,ma*9e =  
mak+           ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]           
pap] tubes   #cibgfc     #ahhh    ,m\nt+
 = diaphragms      ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]       
= ac\/ical                              
in/rum5ts   #cicaij     #ahhh    ,tablet
 = use 9            ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]      
graphophones   #cicaia     #ahhh        
,support = graphophonic     ,c4 ,s4     
,ta9t]                        tablets   

#dafifi     #ahhi    ,spe$ regulator    
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #dbadej     #ahij      
,graphophone tablet           ,c4 ,s4   
,ta9t]   #dbhfdf     #ahij    ,ma*9e = !
 manufacture  ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]            
( wax coat$ tablets =                   
graphophones   #ejfcdh    #ahic    ,co9 
controll$ graphophone   ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]  
#eajfef    #ahic    ,reproduc] =        
graphophones   ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]   #fgjddb 
#aija    ,graphophone record            
,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]                          
duplicat+ ma*9e   #gcjihf    #aijc      
,graphophone                   ,c4 ,s4  
,ta9t]  ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,small ,,*e/     
,,receiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,smi?sonian         
,,in/itution ,,f ,,mrs4 ,,laura ,f4     
,,ta9t]1 #aidg  ,books 7#aj7 conta9+ !  
home notes1 volumes #a to #h & #aa &    
#ab1     inclusive1 ,m>* #ahha-,novemb] 
#ahhc4 7,vols1 #i1 #aj1 & #ac 7 burn$   
9 a laboratory fire1 ,septemb] #ahig47  
,b9d] conta9+ draw+s & notes = multiple 
record duplicator1     ,octob] #h1      
#ahig-aijh1 & miscellane\s inquiries1   

log1 telegraph     record]1 diet1 home  
plans4  ,b9d] conta9+ pr9t$             
specifications ( pat5ts1 ,s4 ,ta9t]1 ,a4
 ,g4     ,bell1 & ,c4 ,a4 ,bell1 ,june  
#bi1 #ahhj to ,june #af1 #aijc4  ,m$al1 
,exposition ,int]nationale              
d',electricite1 ,p>is1 #ahha1 m>k$      
,ta9t]4  ,m$al1 ,panama-,pacific        
,exposition1 ,san ,francisco1 #aiae1    
,m$al ( ,aw>d4  ,sev5 purple lapel      
rosettes 7871 "o ) ribbon & palms1 9    
boxes     m>k$ #ahij4 ,notes 9 newspap] 
clipp+4  ,records ( te/imony ( ,c4 ,s4  
,ta9t] 9 v>i\s suits involv+ !          
phonograph3 ,volta ,graphophone ,co4 vs4
 ,columbia ,phonograph ,co41     no4    
#adecc1 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict (   
,columbia1 dat$ ,janu>y #ac1     #ahid2 
,am]ican ,graphophone ,co4 vs4 ,u4 ,s4  
,phonograph ,co41 ,u4 ,s4     ,circuit  
,c\rt1 ,new ,j]sey1 dat$ ,may #ad1      
#ahie2 ,am]ican ,graphophone ,co4       
vs4 ,edw4 ,h4 ,amet1 ,u4 ,s4 ,circuit   
,c\rt1 ,nor!rn ,di/rict1 ,ill9ois1     9
 equity1 dat$ ,febru>y #ad1 #ahif2      

,am]ican ,graphophone ,co4 vs4     ,u4  
,s4 ,phonograph ,co41 et al41 ,u4 ,s4   
,circuit ,c\rt1 ,new ,j]sey1 9          
equity1 no date2 ,am]ican ,graphophone  
,co4 vs4 ,le$s et al41 ,u4 ,s4          
,circuit ,c\rt1 ,two ,di/rict1 ,new     
,york1 ,n4 ,y41 no date2 te/imony m>k$  
,que/ions ask$ 9 ,edison ,co4 suits     
7duplicate copies7 no date1 no          
citation4  ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,small ,,*e/  
,,receiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,smi?sonian         
,,in/itution ,,f ,,mrs4 ,,laura ,f4     
,,ta9t]1 #aiej  ,typ$                   
manuscript--,memoirs ( ,*>les ,sumn]    
,ta9t] 7plus _m     photo/ats ( notes & 
articles7 #d-a_/b in*es ?ick1 pp4 #a-ga 
to     ab\t #ahgh1 pp4 #a to #ajd to    
factory at ,bridgeport1 "s pages miss+4 
,box--conta9+ h&writt5 notes = memoirs  
includes copies ( text     ( above 7less
 photo/ats72 copies ( %ort biography2   
agreem5t     creat+ ,am]ican            
,graphophone ,co42 lett] ( election to  
life     memb]%ip 9 ! ,am]ican          
,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 

,b9d]--exhibits ( ,ta9t] draw+s 9       
,am]ican ,graphophone ,co4 vs4          
,edison ,phonograph ,works41 vol4 #a1   
,u4 ,s4 ,circuit ,c\rt1 ,new ,j]sey4    
,fold]--clipp+s & photo/ats relat+ to ! 
ma*9es deposit$ 9     ,smi?sonian4      
,c]tificate ( appo9tm5t ,(fic] de       
l',in/ruction publique1 ,france1        
,octob] #ca1 #ahhi1 = exhibition (      
,graphophone1 ,exposition               
,univ]selle1 #ahhi4  ,fram$ photo (     
,b]l9]  ,ta9t]1 #aiai4  ,photo ( ,ta9t]1
 #aiai4  ,sep>ate package conta9+ gold  
m$al1 c]tificate1 ,panama-,pacific      
,exposition1 ,san ,francisco1 #aiae2    
gold m$al1 c]tificate1 ,exposition      
,int]nationale ,electricite1 ,p>is1     
#ahha4     ,footnotes3  #a ,*>les ,sumn]
 ,ta9t] 7#ahed-aidj71 ,! talk+ ma*9e &  
"s little kn[n facts 9 connection ) its 
e>ly developm5t1 unpubli%$ manuscript 9 
! collections ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national     
,museum4  #b ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+        
prophecies 0 writt5 9 #afef by ,cyrano  
de ,b]g]ac1 9 8 ,comic hi/ory ( ! /ates 

& empires ( ! ,moon3  ',i began to /udy 
closely my books & _! cov]s :i* impress$
 me = _! ri*ness4 ,"o 0 decorat$ ) a    
s+le diamond1 m brilliant by f> ?an     
ours4 ,! second seem$ b a s+le pe>l     
cleft 9 twa94  ',:5 ,i op5$ ! cov]s1 ,i 
f\nd inside some?+ made ( metal1 n      
unlike our clocks1 full ( my/]i\s little
 spr+s & almo/ invisible me*anisms4     
',tis a book1 'tis true1 b a miracul\s  
book1 :i* has no pages or lett]s4       
,inde$1 'tis a book :i* to enjoy ! eyes 
are useless2 only e>s suffice4 ,:5 a man
 desires to read1 !n1 he surr\nds ?is   
contrivance ) _m small t5dons ( e k9d1  
!n he places ! ne$le on ! *apt] to be   
he>d &1 at ! same "t1 !re come1 z f !   
m\? ( a man or f an in/rum5t ( music1   
all ^? cle> & sep>ate s\nds :i* make up 
! ,lun>ians' tongue4' 7,see ,a4 ,coeuroy
 & ,g4 ,cl>5ce1 ,le phonographe1 ,p>is1 
#aibi1 p4 #i1 #aj47  #c ,ta9t] reta9$ a 
lifelong admiration = ,alex&] ,graham   
,bell4 ,?is is ,ta9t]'s description ( _!
 fir/ meet+ 9 ,cambridge3 444 "o day ,i 

receiv$ a visit f a v di/+ui%$ look+    
g5tleman ) jet black hair & be>d1 :o    
ann\nc$ himself z ,mr4 ,a4 ,graham      
,bell4 ,8 *>m ( mann] & conv]sation     
attract$ me greatly4444 ,ta9t]1 op4 cit4
 7footnote #a71 p4 #b4  #d ,a4 ,g4 ,bell
 app>5tly sp5t little "t 9 ! ,volta     
,laboratory4 ,! ,dr4 ,bell ref]r$ to 9  
,ta9t]'s notebooks is ,*i*e/] ,a4 ,bell4
 ,! basic graphophone pat5t 7,u4 ,s4    
pat5t #cdabad7 0 issu$ to ,c4 ,a4 ,bell 
& ,ta9t]4 ,! ,ta9t] mat]ial reveals ,a4 
,g4 ,bell z ! man :o sugge/$ ! basic    
l9es ( rese>* 7& furni%$ ! money71 & !n 
all[$ 8 associates to get ! cr$it = _m (
 ! inv5tions t result$4  #e ,ta9t]1 op4 
cit4 7footnote #a71 p4 #c4  #f ,ibid41  
p4 #e4  #g ,ibid41 p4 #cj4  #h ,z quot$ 
by ,! ,wa%+ton ,h]ald1 ,octob] #bh1     
#aicg4  #i ,ta9t]1 op4 cit4 7footnote   
#a71 pp4 #bh1 #bi4  #aj ,! basic        
di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ ,edison pat5t1 &
 ! ,bell & ,ta9t] pat5t ( #ahhf 0 !     
me?od ( record+4 ,edison's me?od 0 to   
ind5t ! s\nd waves on a piece ( t9-foil 

7wax 0 includ$ z a record+ mat]ial 9 8  
,engli% pat5t72 ! ,bell & ,ta9t]        
improvem5t call$ = cutt+ or engrav+ !   
s\nd waves into a wax record1 ) a %>p   
record+ /ylus4  ,! /r5g? ( ,bell &      
,ta9t] pat5t is indicat$ by ! foll[+    
exc]pt f a lett] writt5 by a ,wa%+ton   
pat5t attorney1 ,s4 ,t4 ,cam]on1 :o 0 a 
memb] ( ! law firm :i* c>ri$ on         
litigation = ! ,am]ican ,graphophone    
,co4 ,! lett] is dat$ ,decemb] #h1      
#aiad1 & is address$ to ,george ,c4     
,mayn>d1 ,curator ( ,me*anical          
,te*nology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum3  
,subsequ5t to ! issuance ( ! ,bell &    
,ta9t] pat5t ,no4 #cdabad1 ,edison      
ann\nc$ t he w\ld %ortly produce 8 'new 
phonograph' :i*1 :5 x appe>$1 0 9 fact  
no?+ b ! ,bell & ,ta9t] record set =? 9 
_! pat5t #cdabad1 be+ a record cut or   
engrav$ 9 wax or wax-l mat]ial1 al?\gh  
,edison always insi/$ on call+ ?is      
record an 'ind5t$' record1 d\btless     
because 8 orig9al t9-foil record 0 an   
'ind5t$' record4 ,edison 0 compell$ to  

ackn[l$ge t 8 'new phonograph' 0 an     
infr+em5t ( ! ,bell & ,ta9t] pat5t      
#cdabad1 & took out a lic5se "u ! ,bell 
& ,ta9t] pat5t & made 8 records "u t    
pat5t z ! result ( t lic5se4