,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,due to space con/ra9ts1 italics d5ot+ und]scores 7 n us$ 9 ! tables4 ,,! ,,encyclop,,dia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,viii slice ,,iii ,de/ructor to ,diamet] ,,de/ructor 7cont9u$ f volume #h1 slice #b1 page #jajh47 444 9 ma9 flues1 c4 7g7 ,! *imney draught mu/ be assi/$ ) =c$ draught f fans or /eam jet to a pressure ( #a 94 to #b 94 "u grates by wat]-gauge4 7h7 ,:]e a de/ructor is requir$ to "w )\t risk ( nuisance to ! neighb\r+ inhabitants1 its effici5cy z a refuse de/ructor plant mu/ be prim>ily kept 9 view 9 design+ ! works1 /eam-rais+ be+ reg>d$ z a second>y consid]ation4 ,boil]s %\ld n be plac$ imm$iately ov] a furnace s z to pres5t a l>ge cool+ surface1 :]eby ! temp]ature ( ! gases is r$uc$ be=e ! organic matt] has be5 ?or\ghly burn$4 7i7 ,:]e /eam-p[] & a high fuel effici5cy are desir$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( ,,co#b %\ld be s\ght 9 ! furnaces ) z little excess ( air z possible1 & ! flue gases %\ld be utiliz$ 9 heat+ ! air-supply to ! grates1 & ! fe$-wat] to ! boil]s4 7j7 ,ample boil] capacity & hot-wat] /orage fe$-tanks %\ld be includ$ 9 ! design :]e /eam-p[] is requir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,co/4 ,z to ! initial co/ ( ! erection ( refuse de/ructors1 few tru/wor?y data c be giv54 ,! outlay necess>ily dep5ds1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ^u ! difficulty ( prep>+ ! site1 ^u ! nature ( ! f\ndations requir$1 ! height ( ! *imney-%aft1 ! l5g? ( ! incl9$ or approa* roadway1 & ! v>y+ prices ( lab\r & mat]ials 9 diff]5t localities4 ,z an example may be m5tion$ ! case ( ,bri/ol1 :]e1 9 #ahib1 ! total co/ ( con/ruct+ a #af-;cell ,fry] de/ructor 0 #aa1dah1 ( :i* #biji 0 exp5d$ on f\ndations1 & #afhi on ! *imney-%aft2 ! co/ ( ! de/ructor prop]1 build+s & approa* road 0 !re=e #fhbj1 or ab\t #dbf p] cell4 ,! co/ p] ton ( burn+ refuse 9 de/ructors dep5ds ma9ly ^u--7a7 ,! price ( lab\r 9 ! locality1 & ! numb] ( %ifts or *anges ( workm5 p] day2 7b7 ! type ( furnace adopt$2 7c7 ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be consum$2 7d7 ! int]e/ on & repaym5t ( capital outlay4 ,! co/ ( burn+ ton = ton consum$1 9 high-temp]ature furnaces1 includ+ lab\r & repairs1 is n great] ?an 9 sl[-combu/ion de/ructors4 ,! av]age co/ ( burn+ refuse at tw5ty-f\r diff]5t t[ns ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 exclusive ( int]e/ on ! co/ ( ! works1 is #as4 #a;d4 p] ton burn$2 ! m9imum co/ is #f;d4 p] ton at ,brad=d1 & ! maximum co/ #bs4 #aj;d4 p] ton at ,batt]sea4 ,at ,%or$it* ! co/ p] ton = ! ye> end+ on ! #be? ( ,m>* #ahii1 includ+ lab\r1 sup]vision1 /ores1 repairs1 c4 7b exclusive ( int]e/ on co/ ( works71 0 #bs4 #f4i;d4 ,! quantity ( refuse burn$ p] cell p] day ( #bd h\rs v>ies f ab\t #d tons up to #bj tons4 ,! ord9>y l[-temp]ature de/ructor1 ) #be sq4 ft4 grate area1 burns ab\t #bj lb4 ( refuse p] squ>e foot ( grate area p] h\r1 or betwe5 #e & #f tons p] cell p] #bd h\rs4 ,! ,meldrum de/ructor furnaces at ,ro*dale burn z mu* z #ff lb4 p] squ>e foot ( grate area p] h\r1 & ! ,beaman & ,deas de/ructor at ,ll&udno #ga4g lb4 p] squ>e foot p] h\r4 ,! am\nt1 h[ev]1 always dep5ds mat]ially on ! c>e obs]v$ 9 /ok+1 ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 ! frequ5cy ( removal ( cl9k]1 & on ! "q :e!r ! :ole ( ! refuse pass$ into ! furnace is ?or\ghly cremat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,residues3 ,! am\nt ( residue 9 ! %ape ( cl9k] & f9e a% v>ies f #bb to #cg ( ! bulk dealt )4 ,f #be to #cj is a v usual am\nt4 ,at ,%or$it*1 :]e ! refuse consi/s ( ab\t #h ( /raw1 pap]1 %av+s1 c41 ! residue conta9s ab\t #bi cl9k]1 #b4g f9e a%1 4#e flue du/1 & 4#f old t9s1 mak+ a total residue ( #cb4h4 ,z ! residuum am\nts to f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ( ! total bulk ( ! refuse dealt )1 x is a "q ( ! utmo/ importance t "s pr(itable1 or at lea/ inexp5sive1 means %\ld be devis$ = its regul> disposal4 ,among o!r purposes1 x has be5 us$ = bottom+ = macadamiz$ roads1 = ! manufacture ( concrete1 = mak+ pav+ slabs1 = =m+ suburban footpa?s or c9d] footwalks1 & = ! manufacture ( mort>4 ,! la/ is a v g5]al1 & 9 _m places pr(itable1 mode ( disposal4 ,an entirely new outlet has also aris5 = ! disposal ( good well-vitrifi$ de/ructor cl9k] 9 connexion ) ! con/ruction ( bact]ia b$s = sewage disposal1 & 9 _m di/ricts its value has1 by ?is means1 become greatly enhanc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,=c$ draught4 ,?r\gh defects 9 ! design & managem5t ( _m ( ! e>ly de/ructors compla9ts ( nuisance frequ5tly arose1 & ^! h1 to "s ext5t1 br\ght de/ructor in/allations into disrepute4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! old] furnaces 7 decid$ (f5d]s 9 ?is respect1 t is by no means ! case ) ! mod]n improv$ type ( high-temp]ature furnace2 & (t51 7 x n = ! great prom95ce 9 ! l&scape ( a tall *imney-%aft1 ! exi/5ce ( a refuse de/ructor 9 a neighb\rhood w\ld n be g5]ally kn[n to ! inhabitants4 ,a mod]n furnace1 prop]ly design$ & work$1 w give rise to no nuisance1 & may be safely erect$ 9 ! mid/ ( a popul\s neighb\rhood4 ,to ensure ! p]fect cremation ( ! refuse & ( ! gases giv5 (f1 =c$ draught is ess5tial4 ,?is is suppli$ ei!r z air draught deliv]$ f a rapidly revolv+ fan1 or z /eam bla/1 z 9 ! ,horsfall /eam jet or ! ,meldrum bl[]4 ,) a =c$ bla/ less air is requir$ to obta9 complete combu/ion ?an by *imney draught4 ,! =c$ draught grate requires little m ?an ! quantity !oretically necess>y1 :ile ) *imney draught m ?an d\ble ! !oretical am\nt ( air mu/ be suppli$4 ,) =c$ draught1 too1 a mu* high] temp]ature is atta9$1 & if x is prop]ly work$1 little or no cold air w ent] ! furnaces dur+ /ok+ op]ations4 ,z f> z possible a balance ( pressure 9 ! cells dur+ cl9k]+ %\ld be ma9ta9$ j suffici5t to prev5t an inru% ( cold air ?r\gh ! flues4 ,! =c$ draught pressure %\ld n exce$ #b 94 wat]-gauge4 ,! effici5cy ( ! combu/ion 9 ! furnace is conv5i5tly measur$ by ! ,economet]1 :i* regi/]s cont9u\sly & automatically ! proportion ( ,,co#b pass+ away 9 ! wa/e gases2 ! high] ! p]c5tage ( ,,co#b ! m effici5t ! furnace1 provid$ !re is no =mation ( ,,co1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld indicate incomplete combu/ion4 ,! !oretical maximum ( ,,co#b = refuse burn+ is ab\t #bj2 &1 by ma9ta9+ an ev5 clean fire1 by admitt+ second>y air ov] ! fire1 & by regulat+ ! damp]s or ! air-pressure 9 ! a%-pit1 an am\nt approximat+ to ?is p]c5tage may be atta9$ 9 a well-design$ furnace if prop]ly work$4 ,if ! proportion ( free oxyg5 7i4e4 excess ( air7 is l>ge1 m air is pass$ ?r\gh ! furnace ?an is requir$ = complete combu/ion1 & ! heat+ ( ?is excess is cle>ly a wa/e ( heat4 ,! position ( ! economet] 9 te/+ %\ld be z ne> ! furnace z possible1 z !re may be consid]able air leakage ?r\gh ! brickwork ( ! flues4 ,! air supply to mod]n furnaces is usually deliv]$ hot1 ! inlet air be+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh an air-heat] ! temp]ature ( :i* is ma9ta9$ by ! wa/e gases 9 ! ma9 flue4 ,sid5ote3 ,calorific value4 ,! mod]n high-temp]ature de/ructor1 to r5d] ! refuse & gases p]fectly innocu\s & h>mless1 is work$ at a temp]ature v>y+ f #abej to #bjjj ,f41 & ! ma9t5ance ( su* temp]atures has v naturally sugge/$ ! possibility ( utiliz+ ?is heat-en]gy = ! production ( /eam-p[]4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t a consid]able am\nt ( en]gy may be d]iv$ f /eam-rais+ de/ructor /ations1 amply ju/ify+ a reasonable increase ( exp5diture on plant & lab\r4 ,! actual calorific value ( ! refuse mat]ial necess>ily v>ies1 b1 z a g5]al av]age1 ) suitably design$ & prop]ly manag$ plant1 an evaporation ( #a lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( refuse burn$ is a result :i* may be readily atta9$1 & af=ds a basis ( calculation :i* eng9e]s may safely adopt 9 practice4 ,_m de/ructor /eam-rais+ plants1 h[ev]1 give consid]ably high] results1 evaporations approa*+ #b lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( refuse be+ (t5 met ) "u fav\rable conditions4 ,f actual exp]i5ce x may be accept$1 !re=e1 t ! calorific value ( unscre5$ h\se refuse v>ies f #a to #b lb4 ( wat] evaporat$ p] p\nd ( refuse burn$1 ! exact proportion dep5d+ ^u ! quality & condition ( ! mat]ial dealt )4 ,tak+ ! evaporative p[] ( coal at #aj lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal1 ?is gives = dome/ic h\se refuse a value ( f #a_/aj to #a_/e t ( coal2 or1 ) coal at #bjs4 p] ton1 refuse has a comm]cial value ( f #bs4 to #ds4 p] ton4 ,9 ,london ! quantity ( h\se refuse am\nts to ab\t #a million tons p] annum1 :i* is equival5t to f #d cwt4 to #e cwt4 p] head p] annum4 ,if x be burn$ 9 furnaces giv+ an evaporation ( #a lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( refuse1 x w\ld yield a total p[] annually ( ab\t #ach million brake horse-p[] h\rs1 & equival5t co/ ( coal at #bjs4 p] ton = ?is am\nt ( p[] ev5 :5 calculat$ ^u ! v l[ e/imate ( #b lb4#a ( coal p] brake horse-p[] h\r1 works out at ov] #abc1jjj4 ,on ! same basis1 ! refuse ( a m$ium-siz$ t[n1 )1 say1 a population ( #gj1jjj yield+ refuse at ! rate ( #e cwt4 p] head p] annum1 w\ld af=d #aab indicat$ horse-p[] p] ton burn$1 & ! total indicat$ horse-p[] h\rs p] annum w\ld be #gj1jjj #e cwt4 --------------- #aab #a1ifj1jjj ,i4,h4,p4 h\rs annually4 #bj ,if ?is 7 appli$ to ! production ( electric en]gy1 ! electrical horse-p[] h\rs w\ld be 7) a dynamo effici5cy ( #ij7 #a1ifj1jjj #ij -------------- #a1gfd1jjj ,e4,h4,p4 h\rs p] annum2 #ajj & ! watt-h\rs p] annum at ! c5tral /ation w\ld be #a1gfd1jjj #gdf #a1cae1idd1jjj4 ,all[+ = a loss ( #aj 9 di/ribution1 ?is w\ld give #a1ahd1cdi1fjj watt-h\rs available 9 lamps1 or ) #h-;c&le-p[] lamps tak+ #cj watts ( curr5t p] lamp1 we %\ld h #a1ahd1cdi1fjj watt-h\rs ------------------------ #ci1dgh1cbj #h-;c4p4 lamp-h\rs p] annum2 #cj watts #ci1dgh1cbj t is1 ----------------- #efc #h-;c4p4 lamp h\rs p] annum p] #gj1jjj population head ( population4 ,tak+ ! loss due to ! /orage :i* w\ld be necess>y at #bj on ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total or #ae ^u ! :ole1 !re w\ld be #dgh #h-;c4p4 lamp-h\rs p] annum p] head ( ! population3 i4e4 if ! p[] develop$ f ! refuse 7 fully utiliz$1 x w\ld supply electric light at ! rate ( "o #h-;c4p4 lamp p] head ( ! population = ab\t #aa_/c h\rs = e night ( ! ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulties4 ,9 actual practice1 :5 ! electric en]gy is = ! purposes ( light+ only1 difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 fully utiliz+ ! !rmal en]gy f a de/ructor plant ow+ to ! want ( adequate means ( /orage ei!r ( ! !rmal or ( ! electric en]gy4 ,a de/ructor /ation usually yields a fairly def9ite am\nt ( !rmal en]gy uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! #bd h\rs1 :ile ! consumption ( electric-light+ curr5t is extremely irregul>1 ! maximum dem& be+ ab\t f\r times ! mean dem&4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! dem& exce$s ! mean is comp>atively %ort1 & does n exce$ ab\t #f h\rs out ( ! #bd1 :ile = a portion ( ! "t ! dem& may n exce$ #a_/bj? ( ! maximum4 ,?is difficulty1 at fir/ reg>d$ z some:at grave1 is sub/antially m9imiz$ by ! provision ( ample boil] capacity1 or by ! introduction ( fe$ !rmal /orage vessels 9 :i* hot fe$-wat] may be /or$ dur+ ! h\rs ( light load 7say #ah out ( ! #bd71 s t at ! "t ( maximum load ! boil] may be fill$ directly f ^! vessels1 :i* "w at ! same pressure & temp]ature z ! boil]4 ,fur!r1 ! difficulty above m5tion$ w disappe> entirely at /ations :]e !re is a fair day load :i* practically ceases at ab\t ! h\r :5 ! illum9at+ load comes on1 ?us equaliz+ ! dem& ^u bo? de/ructor & electric plant ?r\gh\t ! #bd h\rs4 ,?is arises 9 cases :]e curr5t is consum$ dur+ ! day = motors1 fans1 lifts1 electric tramways1 & o!r l purposes1 &1 z ! employm5t ( electric en]gy = ^! s]vices is rapidly becom+ g5]al1 no difficulty ne$ be anticipat$ 9 ! successful work+ ( comb9$ de/ructor & electric plants :]e ^! conditions prevail4 ,! m uni=m ! electrical dem& becomes1 ! m fully may ! p[] f a de/ructor /ation be utiliz$4 ,9 addition to comb9ation ) electric-light+ works1 refuse de/ructors are n[ v commonly in/all$ 9 conjunction ) v>i\s o!r classes ( p[]-us+ und]tak+s1 includ+ tramways1 wat]-works1 sewage-pump+1 artificial slab-mak+ & cl9k]-cru%+ works & o!rs2 & ! increas+ly l>ge sums :i* are be+ ye>ly exp5d$ 9 comb9$ und]tak+s ( ?is "* is p]haps ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ! practical value ( su* comb9ations :]e ^! sev]al classes ( "w mu/ be c>ri$ on4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,william ,h4 ,maxwell1 ,removal & ,disposal ( ,t[n ,refuse1 ) an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ,refuse ,de/ructor ,plants 7,london1 #ahii71 ) a special ,supplem5t embody+ lat] results 7,london1 #aije74 ,see also ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,municipal & ,c\nty ,eng9e]s1 vols4 xiii4 p4 #baf1 xxii4 p4 #baa1 xxiv4 p4 #bad & xxv4 p4 #ach2 also ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vols4 cxxii4 p4 #ddc1 cxxiv4 p4 #dfi1 cxxxi4 p4 #dac1 cxxxviii4 p4 #ejh1 cxxix4 p4 #dcd1 cxxx4 pp4 #bac & #cdg1 cxxiii4 pp4 #cfi & #dih1 cxxviii4 p4 #bic & cxxxv4 p4 #cjj4 7,w4 ,h4 ,,ma47 #a ,) m$ium-siz$ /eam plants1 a consumption ( #d lb4 ( coal p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r is a v usual p]=mance4 ,,de ,,tabley1 ,,john ,,byrne ,,leice/] ,,w>r51 #crd ,,b>on 7#ahce-ahie71 ,engli% poet1 elde/ son ( ,george ,flem+ ,leice/] 7aft]w>ds ,w>r571 #bnd ,b>on ,de ,tabley1 0 born on ! #bf? ( ,april #ahce4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :]e he took 8 degree 9 #ahef ) second classes 9 classics & 9 law & mod]n hi/ory4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aheh he w5t to ,turkey z unpaid atta* to ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe1 & two ye>s lat] 0 call$ to ! b>4 ,he became an (fic] 9 ! ,*e%ire ,yeomanry1 & unsuccessfully conte/$ ,mid-,*e%ire 9 #ahfh z a ,lib]al4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's second m>riage 9 #ahga he remov$ to ,london1 :]e he became a close fri5d ( ,t5nyson = sev]al ye>s4 ,f #ahgg till 8 succession to ! title 9 #ahhg he 0 lo/ to 8 fri5ds1 assum+ ! life ( a recluse4 ,x 0 n till #ahib t he return$ to ,london life1 & enjoy$ a sort ( r5aissance ( reputation & fri5d%ip4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life ,"l ,de ,tabley made _m new fri5ds1 besides reop5+ old associations1 & he almo/ seem$ to be ga!r+ ar\nd him a small lit]>y company :5 8 heal? broke1 & he di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #ahie at ,ryde1 9 8 sixty-fir/ ye>4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,little ,peov] 9 ,*e%ire4 ,al?\gh 8 reputation w live almo/ exclusively z t ( a poet1 ,de ,tabley 0 a man ( _m /udi\s ta/es4 ,he 0 at "o "t an au?ority on numismatics2 he wrote two novels2 publi%$ ,a ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,book ,plates 7#ahhj72 & ! fruit ( 8 c>eful rese>*es 9 botany 0 pr9t$ po/hum\sly 9 8 elaborate ,flora ( ,*e%ire 7#ahii74 ,poetry1 h[ev]1 0 8 fir/ & la/ passion1 & to t he devot$ ! be/ en]gies ( 8 life4 ,de ,tabley's fir/ impulse t[>ds poetry came f 8 fri5d ,george ,=tescue1 ) :om he %>$ a close companion%ip dur+ 8 ,ox=d days1 & :om he lo/1 z ,t5nyson lo/ ,hallam1 )9 a few ye>s ( _! tak+ _! degrees4 ,=tescue 0 kill$ by fall+ f ! ma/ ( ,"l ,drogh$a's ya*t 9 ,novemb] #ahei1 & ?is gloomy ev5t plung$ ,de ,tabley into deep depression4 ,betwe5 #ahei & #ahfb ,de ,tabley issu$ f\r little volumes ( pseudonym\s v]se 7by ,g4 ,f4 ,pre/on71 9 ! production ( :i* he _h be5 greatly /imulat$ by ! sympa?y ( ,=tescue4 ,once m he assum$ a pseudonym--8 ,praet]ita 7#ahfc7 be>+ ! "n ( ,william ,lanca/]4 ,9 ! next ye> he publi%$ ,eclogues & ,monodramas1 foll[$ 9 #ahfe by ,/udies 9 ,v]se4 ,^! volumes all display$ te*nical grace & mu* natural beauty2 b x 0 n till ! publication ( ,philoctetes 9 #ahff t ,de ,tabley met ) any wide recognition4 ,philoctetes bore ! initials ,m4,a41 :i*1 to ! au?or's dismay1 7 int]pret$ z mean+ ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,he at once disclos$ 8 id5tity1 & receiv$ ! congratulations ( 8 fri5ds1 among :om 7 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+ & ,glad/one4 ,9 #ahfg he publi%$ ,ore/es1 9 #ahgj ,rehe>sals & 9 #ahgc ,se>*+ ! ,net4 ,^! la/ two bore 8 own "n1 ,john ,leice/] ,w>r54 ,he 0 some:at disappo9t$ by _! lukew>m reception1 & :5 9 #ahgf ,! ,soldi] ( ,=tune1 a drama on :i* he _h be/[$ mu* c>eful lab\r1 prov$ a complete failure1 he retir$ altoge!r f ! lit]>y ar5a4 ,x 0 n until #ahic t he 0 p]suad$ to return1 & ! imm$iate success 9 t ye> ( 8 ,poems1 ,dramatic & ,lyrical1 enc\rag$ him to publi% a second s]ies 9 #ahie1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,! g5u9e int]e/ ) :i* ^! volumes 7 welcom$ did mu* to light5 ! la/ ye>s ( a some:at sombre & solit>y life4 ,8 po/hum\s poems 7 collect$ 9 #aijb4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,de ,tabley's poetry are pre-em95tly magnific5ce ( /yle1 d]iv$ f close /udy ( ,milton1 sonority1 dignity1 weight & col\r4 ,8 passion = detail 0 bo? a /r5g? & a weakness3 x l5t a lov+ fidelity to 8 description ( natural objects1 b x sometimes involv$ him 9 a loss ( simple effect f ov]-elaboration ( treatm5t4 ,he 0 always a /ud5t ( ! classic poets1 & drew mu* ( 8 inspiration directly f !m4 ,he 0 a true & a :ole-he>t$ arti/1 :o1 z a bro!r poet well said1 /ill climb$ ! cle> cold altitudes ( song4 ,8 ambition 0 always = ! heights1 a region naturally ice-b\nd at p]iods1 b always a c\ntry ( cle> atmosph]e & bright1 vivid outl9es4 ,see an excell5t sket* by ,e4 ,gosse 9 8 ,critical ,kit-,kats 7#ahif74 7,a4 ,,wa47 ,,detaille1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,d\>d 7#ahdh- 71 ,fr5* pa9t]1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #e? ( ,octob] #ahdh4 ,aft] work+ z a pupil ( ,meissoni]'s1 he fir/ exhibit$1 9 ! ,salon ( #ahfg1 a picture repres5t+ ,a ,corn] ( ,meissoni]'s ,/udio4 ,milit>y life 0 f ! fir/ a pr9cipal attraction to ! "y pa9t]1 & he ga9$ 8 reputation by depict+ ! sc5es ( a soldi]'s life ) e detail tru?fully r5d]$4 ,he exhibit$ ,a ,halt 7#ahfh72 ,soldi]s at re/1 dur+ ! ,manoeuvres at ! ,camp ( ,sa9t ,maur 7#ahfi72 ,engagem5t betwe5 ,cossacks & ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 #ahad 7#ahgj74 ,! w> ( #ahgj-ga furni%$ him ) a s]ies ( subjects :i* ga9$ him repeat$ successes4 ,among 8 m important pictures may be nam$ ,! ,conqu]ors 7#ahgb72 ,! ,retreat 7#ahgc72 ,! ,*>ge ( ! #i? ,regim5t ( ,cuirassi]s 9 ! ,village ( ,morsbronn1 #f? ,augu/ #ahgj 7#ahgd72 ,! ,m>*+ ,regim5t1 ,p>is1 ,decemb] #ahgd 7#ahge72 ,a ,reconnaissance 7#ahgf72 ,hail to ! ,w\nd$6 7#ahgg72 ,bonap>te 9 ,egypt 7#ahgh72 ! ,inauguration ( ! ,new ,op]a ,h\se--a wat]-col\r2 ! ,def5ce ( ,*ampigny by ,f>on's ,division 7#ahgi74 ,he also work$ ) ,alphonse de ,neuville on ! panorama ( ,rezonville4 ,9 #ahhd he exhibit$ at ! ,salon ! ,ev5+ at ,rezonville1 a panoramic /udy1 & ,! ,dream 7#ahhh71 n[ 9 ! ,luxemburg4 ,detaille record$ o!r ev5ts 9 ! milit>y hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry3 ! ,sortie ( ! ,g>rison ( ,hun+ue 7n[ 9 ! ,luxemburg71 ! ,v9c5don ,brigade1 & ,biz]te1 rem9isc5ces ( ! exp$ition to ,tunis4 ,aft] a visit to ,russia1 ,detaille exhibit$ ,! ,cossacks ( ! ,ataman & ,! ,h]$it>y ,gr& ,duke at ! ,head ( ! ,huss>s ( ! ,gu>d4 ,o!r important works are3 ,victims to ,duty1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales & ! ,duke ( ,connaught & ,pa/eur's ,fun]al4 ,9 8 picture ( ,*lons1 #i? ,octob] #ahif1 exhibit$ 9 ! ,salon1 #ahih1 ,detaille pa9t$ ! emp]or & empress ( ,russia at a review1 ) ,m4 ,flix ,faure4 ,detaille became a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute 9 #ahih4 ,see ,m>ius ,va*on1 ,detaille 7,p>is1 #ahih72 ,frdric ,masson1 d\>d ,detaille & 8 "w 7,p>is & ,london1 #ahia72 ,j4 ,cl>etie1 ,pe9tres et sculpteurs contempora9s 7,p>is1 #ahgf72 ,g4 ,goets*y1 ,les ,jeunes pe9tres militaires 7,p>is1 #ahgh74 ,,deta9] 7f deta91 ,lat4 det9]e71 9 law1 ! act ( keep+ a p]son aga9/ 8 w1 or ! wrongful keep+ ( a p]son's goods1 or o!r real or p]sonal prop]ty4 ,a writ ( deta9] 0 a =m = ! beg9n+ ( a p]sonal action aga9/ a p]son already lodg$ )9 ! walls ( a prison2 x 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,judgm5t ,act #ahch4 ,,det]m9ant1 9 ma!matics1 a function :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! solution ( a sy/em ( simple equations4 #a4 ,consid]+ ! equations ax by cz d1 a'x b'y c'z d'1 ax by cz d1 & proce$+ to solve !m by ! s-call$ me?od ( cross multiplication1 we multiply ! equations by factors select$ 9 su* a mann] t ^u add+ ! results ! :ole coeffici5t ( y becomes #j1 & ! :ole coeffici5t ( z becomes #j2 ! factors 9 "q are b'c - bc'1 bc - bc1 bc' - b'c 7values :i*1 z at once se51 h ! desir$ prop]ty72 we ?us obta9 an equation :i* conta9s on ! left-h& side only a multiple ( x1 & on ! "r-h& side a con/ant t]m2 ! coeffici5t ( x has ! value a7b'c - bc'7 a'7bc - bc7 a7bc' - b'c71 & ?is function1 repres5t$ 9 ! =m a1 b1 c 1 a'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c is said to be a det]m9ant2 or1 ! numb] ( elem5ts be+ #c1 x is call$ a det]m9ant ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! result+ equation is a1 b1 c x d1 b1 c a'1 b'1 c' d'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c d1 b1 c :]e ! expression on ! "r-h& side is ! l function ) d1 d'1 d 9 place ( a1 a'1 a respectively1 & is ( c\rse also a det]m9ant4 ,moreov]1 ! functions b'c - bc'1 bc - bc1 bc' - b'c us$ 9 ! process are !mselves ! det]m9ants ( ! second ord] b'1 c'1 b1 c1 b1 c 4 b1 c b1 c b'1 c' ,we h h]e9 ! sugge/ion ( ! rule = ! d]ivation ( ! det]m9ants ( ! ord]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c41 ea* f ! prec$+ "o1 viz4 we h a a1 a1 b ab' - a'b4 a'1 b' a1 b1 c ab'1 c' a'b1 c ab1 c 1 a'1 b'1 c' b1 c b 1 c b'1 c' a1 b1 c a1 b 1 c 1 d ab'1 c'1 d' - a'b 1 c 1 d a'1 b' 1 c' 1 d' b1 c1 d b'1 c'1 d' a1 b 1 c 1 d b'1 c'1 d' b 1 c 1 d a'1 b'1 c'1 d' ab'1 c'1 d' - a'b 1 c1 d 1 b 1 c 1 d b'1 c'1 d' b' 1 c' 1 d' b1 c1 d & s on1 ! t]ms be+ all = a det]m9ant ( an odd ord]1 b alt]nately & - = a det]m9ant ( an ev5 ord]4 #b4 ,x is easy1 by induction1 to arrive at ! g5]al results3-- ,a det]m9ant ( ! ord] n is ! sum ( ! #a4b4c444n products :i* c be =m$ ) n elem5ts out ( n elem5ts arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 no two ( ! n elem5ts be+ 9 ! same l9e or 9 ! same column1 & ea* su* product hav+ ! coeffici5t unity4 ,! products 9 "q may be obta9$ by p]mut+ 9 e possible mann] ! columns 7or ! l9es7 ( ! det]m9ant1 & !n tak+ = ! factors ! n elem5ts 9 ! dext] diagonal4 ,& we !nce d]ive ! rule = ! signs1 viz4 consid]+ ! primitive arrangem5t ( ! columns z positive1 !n an arrangem5t obta9$ !refrom by a s+le int]*ange 7inv]sion1 or d]angem5t7 ( two columns is reg>d$ z negative2 & s 9 g5]al an arrangem5t is positive or negative accord+ z x is d]iv$ f ! primitive arrangem5t by an ev5 or an odd numb] ( int]*anges4 ,?is implies ! !orem t a giv5 arrangem5t c be d]iv$ f ! primitive arrangem5t only by an odd numb]1 or else only by an ev5 numb] ( int]*anges1--a !orem ! v]ification ( :i* may be easily obta9$ f ! !orem 79 fact a p>ticul> case ( ! g5]al "o71 an arrangem5t c be d]iv$ f itself only by an ev5 numb] ( int]*anges4 ,& ?is be+ s1 ea* product has ! sign belong+ to ! correspond+ arrangem5t ( ! columns2 9 p>ticul>1 a det]m9ant conta9s ) ! sign ! product ( ! elem5ts 9 its dext] diagonal4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! rule gives z _m positive z negative arrangem5ts1 ! numb] ( ea* be+ #a4b444n4 ,! rule ( signs may be express$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,giv+ to ! columns 9 ! primitive arrangem5t ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c 444 n1 to obta9 ! sign belong+ to any o!r arrangem5t we take1 z (t5 z a l[] numb] succe$s a high] "o1 ! sign -1 &1 comp\nd+ toge!r all ^! m9us signs1 obta9 ! prop] sign1 or - z ! case may be4 ,?us1 = ?ree columns1 x appe>s by ei!r rule t #abc1 #bca1 #cab are positive2 #bac1 #cba1 #acb are negative2 & ! develop$ expression ( ! =ego+ det]m9ant ( ! ?ird ord] is ab'c - abc' a'bc - a'bc abc' - ab'c4 #c4 ,x fur!r appe>s t a det]m9ant is a l9e> function#a ( ! elem5ts ( ea* column !re(1 & also a l9e> function ( ! elem5ts ( ea* l9e !re(2 moreov]1 t ! det]m9ant reta9s ! same value1 only its sign be+ alt]$1 :5 any two columns are int]*ang$1 or :5 any two l9es are int]*ang$2 m g5]ally1 :5 ! columns are p]mut$ 9 any mann]1 or :5 ! l9es are p]mut$ 9 any mann]1 ! det]m9ant reta9s its orig9al value1 ) ! sign or - accord+ z ! new arrangem5t 7consid]$ z d]iv$ f ! primitive arrangem5t7 is positive or negative accord+ to ! =ego+ rule ( signs4 ,x at once foll[s t1 if two columns are id5tical1 or if two l9es are id5tical1 ! value ( ! det]m9ant is #j4 ,x may be add$1 t if ! l9es are conv]t$ into columns1 & ! columns into l9es1 9 su* a way z to leave ! dext] diagonal unalt]$1 ! value ( ! det]m9ant is unalt]$2 ! det]m9ant is 9 ?is case said to be transpos$4 #d4 ,by :at prec$es x appe>s t !re exi/s a function ( ! n elem5ts1 l9e> z reg>ds ! t]ms ( ea* column 7or say1 = %ortness1 l9e> z to ea* column71 & su* t only ! sign is alt]$ :5 any two columns are int]*ang$2 ^! prop]ties completely det]m9e ! function1 except z to a common factor :i* may multiply all ! t]ms4 ,if1 to get rid ( ?is arbitr>y common factor1 we assume t ! product ( ! elem5ts 9 ! dext] diagonal has ! coeffici5t #a1 we h a complete def9ition ( ! det]m9ant1 & x is int]e/+ to %[ h[ f ^! prop]ties1 assum$ = ! def9ition ( ! det]m9ant1 x at once appe>s t ! det]m9ant is a function s]v+ = ! solution ( a sy/em ( l9e> equations4 ,obs]ve t ! prop]ties %[ at once t if any column is #j 7t is1 if ! elem5ts 9 ! column are ea* #j71 !n ! det]m9ant is #j2 & fur!r1 t if any two columns are id5tical1 !n ! det]m9ant is #j4 #e4 ,rev]t+ to ! sy/em ( l9e> equations writt5 d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 consid] ! det]m9ant ax by cz - d 1 b 1 c 2 a'x b'y c'z - d'1 b'1 c' ax by cz - d1 b1 c x appe>s t ?is is xa 1 b 1 c yb 1 b 1 c zc 1 b 1 c - d 1 b 1 c 2 a'1 b'1 c' b'1 b'1 c' c'1 b'1 c' d'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c b1 b1 c c1 b1 c d1 b1 c viz4 ! second & ?ird t]ms ea* vani%+1 x is xa 1 b 1 c - d 1 b 1 c 4 a'1 b'1 c' d'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c d1 b1 c ,b if ! l9e> equations hold good1 !n ! fir/ column ( ! orig9al det]m9ant is #j1 & !re=e ! det]m9ant itself is #j2 t is1 ! l9e> equations give xa 1 b 1 c - d 1 b 1 c #j2 a'1 b'1 c' d'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c d1 b1 c :i* is ! result obta9$ above4 ,we might 9 a simil> way f9d ! values ( y & z1 b !re is a m symmetrical process4 ,jo9 to ! orig9al equations ! new equation alphax betay gammaz delta2 a l process %[s t1 ! equations be+ satisfi$1 we h alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta #j2 a 1 b 1 c 1 d a' 1 b' 1 c' 1 d' a 1 b 1 c 1 d or1 z ?is may be writt51 alpha1 beta1 gamma - delta a 1 b 1 c #j3 a 1 b 1 c 1 d a'1 b'1 c' a' 1 b' 1 c' 1 d' a1 b1 c a 1 b 1 c 1 d :i*1 consid]+ delta z /&+ h]e9 = its value alphax betay gammaz1 is a consequ5ce ( ! orig9al equations only3 we h ?us an expression = alphax betay gammaz1 an arbitr>y l9e> function ( ! unkn[n quantities x1 y1 z2 & by comp>+ ! coeffici5ts ( alpha1 beta1 gamma on ! two sides respectively1 we h ! values ( x1 y1 z2 9 fact1 ^! quantities1 ea* multipli$ by a 1 b 1 c 1 a'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c are 9 ! fir/ in/ance obta9$ 9 ! =ms #a 1 #a 1 #a 2 a 1 b 1 c 1 d a 1 b 1 c 1 d a 1 b 1 c 1 d a'1 b'1 c'1 d' a'1 b'1 c'1 d' a'1 b'1 c'1 d' a1 b1 c1 d a1 b1 c1 d a1 b1 c1 d b ^! are b 1 c 1 d 1 - c 1 d 1 a 1 d 1 a 1 b 1 b'1 c'1 d' c'1 d'1 a' d'1 a'1 b' b1 c1 d c1 d1 a d1 a1 b or1 :at is ! same ?+1 b 1 c 1 d 1 c 1 a 1 d 1 a 1 b 1 d b'1 c'1 d' c'1 a'1 d' a'1 b'1 d' b1 c1 d c1 a1 d a1 b1 d respectively4 #f4 ,multiplication ( two ,det]m9ants ( ! same ,ord]4--,! !orem is obta9$ v easily f ! la/ prec$+ def9ition ( a det]m9ant4 ,x is mo/ simply express$ ?us-- 7alpha1 alpha'1 alpha71 7beta1beta'1beta71 7gamma1gamma'1gamma7 --------------------------------------- 7a 1 b 1 c 7 7a'1 b'1 c'7 7a1 b1 c7 a 1 b 1 c 4 alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1 a'1 b'1 c' alpha'1 beta'1 gamma' a1 b1 c alpha1 beta1 gamma :]e ! expression on ! left side /&s = a det]m9ant1 ! t]ms ( ! fir/ l9e be+ 7a1 b1 c77alpha1 alpha'1 alpha71 t is1 aalpha balpha' calpha1 7a1 b1 c77beta1 beta'1 beta71 t is1 abeta bbeta' cbeta1 7a1 b1 c77gamma1 gamma'1 gamma71 t is agamma bgamma' cgamma2 & simil>ly ! t]ms 9 ! second & ?ird l9es are ! life functions ) 7a'1 b'1 c'7 & 7a1 b1 c7 respectively4 ,!re is an app>5tly arbitr>y transposition ( l9es & columns2 ! result w\ld hold good if on ! left-h& side we _h writt5 7alpha1 beta1 gamma71 7alpha'1 beta'1 gamma'71 7alpha1 beta1 gamma71 or :at is ! same ?+1 if on ! "r-h& side we _h transpos$ ! second det]m9ant2 & ei!r ( ^! *anges w\ld1 x might be ?\ght1 increase ! elegance ( ! =m1 b1 = a reason :i* ne$ n be expla9$1#b ! =m actually adopt$ is ! pref]able "o4 ,to indicate ! me?od ( pro(1 obs]ve t ! det]m9ant on ! left-h& side1 qua l9e> function ( its columns1 may be brok5 up into a sum ( 7#c 7 #bg det]m9ants1 ea* ( :i* is ei!r ( "s su* =m z alphabetagamma'a 1 a 1 b 1 a'1 a'1 b' a1 a1 b :]e ! t]m alphabetagamma' is n a t]m ( ! alphabetagamma-det]m9ant1 & its coeffici5t 7z a det]m9ant ) two id5tical columns7 vani%es2 or else x is ( a =m su* z alphabeta'gammaa 1 b 1 c 1 a'1 b'1 c' a1 b1 c t is1 e t]m :i* does n vani% conta9s z a factor ! abc-det]m9ant la/ writt5 d[n2 ! sum ( all o!r factors alphabeta'gamma is ! alphabetagamma-det]m9ant ( ! =mula2 & ! f9al result !n is1 t ! det]m9ant on ! left-h& side is equal to ! product on ! "r-h& side ( ! =mula4 #g4 ,decomposition ( a ,det]m9ant into complem5t>y ,det]m9ants4--,consid]1 = simplicity1 a det]m9ant ( ! fif? ord]1 #e #b #c1 & let ! top two l9es be a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e a'1 b'1 c'1 d'1 e' !n1 if we consid] h[ ^! elem5ts ent] into ! det]m9ant1 x is at once se5 t !y ent] only ?r\gh ! det]m9ants ( ! second ord] a 1 b 1 c41 :i* c be =m$ by select+ any two a'1 b' columns at pleasure4 ,moreov]1 repres5t+ ! rema9+ ?ree l9es by a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e a'1 b'1 c'1 d'1 e' a1 b1 c1 d1 e x is fur!r se5 t ! factor :i* multiplies ! det]m9ant =m$ ) any two columns ( ! fir/ set is ! det]m9ant ( ! ?ird ord] =m$ ) ! complem5t>y ?ree columns ( ! second set2 & x ?us appe>s t ! det]m9ant ( ! fif? ord] is a sum ( all ! products ( ! =m a 1 b c 1 d 1 e 1 a'1 b c'1 d'1 e' c1 d1 e ! sign be+ 9 ea* case su* t ! sign ( ! t]m ab'cd'e obta9$ f ! diagonal elem5ts ( ! compon5t det]m9ants may be ! actual sign ( ?is t]m 9 ! det]m9ant ( ! fif? ord]2 = ! product writt5 d[n ! sign is obvi\sly 4 ,obs]ve t = a det]m9ant ( ! n-? ord]1 tak+ ! decomposition to be #a 7n - #a71 we fall back ^u ! equations giv5 at ! comm5cem5t1 9 ord] to %[ ! g5esis ( a det]m9ant4 #h4 ,any det]m9ant a 1 b =m$ out ( ! elem5ts ( ! orig9al a'1 b' det]m9ant1 by select+ ! l9es & columns at pleasure1 is t]m$ a m9or ( ! orig9al det]m9ant2 & :5 ! numb] ( l9es & columns1 or ord] ( ! det]m9ant1 is n-#a1 !n su* det]m9ant is call$ a fir/ m9or2 ! numb] ( ! fir/ m9ors is n1 ! fir/ m9ors1 9 fact1 correspond+ to ! sev]al elem5ts ( ! det]m9ant--t is1 ! coeffici5t !re9 ( any t]m :atev] is ! correspond+ fir/ m9or4 ,! fir/ m9ors1 ea* divid$ by ! det]m9ant itself1 =m a sy/em ( elem5ts inv]se to ! elem5ts ( ! det]m9ant4 ,a det]m9ant is symmetrical :5 e two elem5ts symmetrically situat$ 9 reg>d to ! dext] diagonal are equal to ea* o!r2 if !y are equal & opposite 7t is1 if ! sum ( ! two elem5ts be #j71 ?is relation n ext5d+ to ! diagonal elem5ts !mselves1 :i* rema9 arbitr>y1 !n ! det]m9ant is skew2 b if ! relation does ext5d to ! diagonal t]ms 7t is1 if ^! are ea* #j71 !n ! det]m9ant is skew symmetrical2 ?us ! det]m9ants a1 h1 g2 a 1 nu1 - mu2 #j1 nu1 - mu h1 b1 f - nu1 b1lambda - nu1 #j1lambda g1 f1 c mu1-lambda1 c mu1- lambda1 #j are respectively symmetrical1 skew & skew symmetrical3 ,! !ory admits ( v ext5sive algebraic developm5ts1 & applications 9 algebraical geometry & o!r p>ts ( ma!matics4 ,= fur!r developm5ts ( ! !ory ( det]m9ants see ,,algebraic ,,=ms4 7,a4 ,,ca47 #i4 ,hi/ory4--,^! functions 7 orig9ally kn[n z resultants1 a "n appli$ to !m by ,pi]re ,simon ,laplace1 b n[ replac$ by ! title det]m9ants1 a "n fir/ appli$ to c]ta9 =ms ( !m by ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,gauss4 ,! g]m ( ! !ory ( det]m9ants is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibnitz 7#afic71 :o incid5tally discov]$ c]ta9 prop]ties :5 r$uc+ ! elim9ant ( a sy/em ( l9e> equations4 ,gabriel ,cram]1 9 a note to 8 ,analyse des lignes c\rbes algbriques 7#agej71 gave ! rule :i* e/abli%es ! sign ( a product z plus or m9us accord+ z ! numb] ( displacem5ts f ! typical =m has be5 ev5 or odd4 ,det]m9ants 7 also employ$ by ti5ne ,bez\t 9 #agfd1 b ! fir/ connect$ acc\nt ( ^! functions 0 publi%$ 9 #aggb by ,*>les ,augu/e ,v&]monde4 ,laplace develop$ a !orem ( ,v&]monde = ! expansion ( a det]m9ant1 & 9 #aggc ,joseph ,l\is ,lagrange1 9 8 memoir on ,pyramids1 us$ det]m9ants ( ! ?ird ord]1 & prov$ t ! squ>e ( a det]m9ant 0 also a det]m9ant4 ,al?\gh he obta9$ results n[ id5tifi$ ) det]m9ants1 ,lagrange did n discuss ^! functions sy/ematically4 ,9 #ahja ,gauss publi%$ 8 ,disquisitiones ari?meticae1 :i*1 al?\gh writt5 9 an obscure =m1 gave a new impetus to inve/igations on ?is & k9dr$ subjects4 ,to ,gauss is due ! e/abli%m5t ( ! important !orem1 t ! product ( two det]m9ants bo? ( ! second & ?ird ord]s is a det]m9ant4 ,! =mulation ( ! g5]al !ory is due to ,augu/9 ,l\is ,cau*y1 ^: "w 0 ! =]unn] ( ! brilliant discov]ies made 9 ! foll[+ decades by ,hon-,wronski & ,j4 ,b9et 9 ,france1 ,c>l ,gu/av ,jacobi 9 ,g]many1 & ,james ,joseph ,sylve/] & ,ar?ur ,cayley 9 ,engl&4 ,jacobi's rese>*es 7 publi%$ 9 ,crelle's ,j\rnal 7#ahbf-ahda74 ,9 ^! pap]s ! subject 0 reca/ & enri*$ by new & important !orems1 ?r\gh :i* ! "n ( ,jacobi is indissolubly associat$ ) ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! f>-rea*+ discov]ies ( ,sylve/] & ,cayley rank z "o ( ! mo/ important developm5ts ( pure ma!matics4 ,num]\s new fields 7 op5$ up1 & h be5 dilig5tly explor$ by _m ma!maticians4 ,skew-det]m9ants 7 /udi$ by ,cayley2 axisymmetric-det]m9ants by ,jacobi1 ,v4 ,a4 ,lebesque1 ,sylve/] & ,o4 ,hesse1 & c5tro-symmetric det]m9ants by ,w4 ,r4 ,f4 ,scott & ,g4 ,zehfuss4 ,cont9uants h be5 discuss$ by ,sylve/]2 alt]nants by ,cau*y1 ,jacobi1 ,n4 ,trudi1 ,h4 ,nagelba* & ,g4 ,g>bi]i2 circulants by ,e4 ,catalan1 ,w4 ,spottiswoode & ,j4 ,w4 ,l4 ,glai%]1 & ,wronskians by ,e4 ,b4 ,*ri/(fel & ,g4 ,frob5ius4 ,det]m9ants compos$ ( b9omial coeffici5ts h be5 /udi$ by ,v4 von ,zeipel2 ! expression ( def9ite integrals z det]m9ants by ,a4 ,tissot & ,a4 ,ennep]1 & ! expression ( cont9u$ fractions z det]m9ants by ,jacobi1 ,v4 ,na*re9]1 ,s4 ,gn!r & ,e4 ,fr/5au4 7,see ,t4 ,muir1 ,!ory ( ,det]m9ants1 #aijf74 #a ,! expression1 a l9e> function1 is "h us$ 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 a l9e> function )\t con/ant t]m2 :at is meant is t ! det]m9ant is 9 reg>d to ! elem5ts a1 a'1 a1 444 ( any column or l9e !re(1 a function ( ! =m ,aa ,a'a' ,aa 444 )\t any t]m indep5d5t ( a1 a'1 a 444 #b ,! reason is ! connexion ) ! correspond+ !orem = ! multiplication ( two matrices4 ,,det]m9ism 7,lat4 det]m9>e1 to prescribe or limit71 9 e?ics1 ! "n giv5 to ! !ory t all moral *oice1 s call$1 is ! det]m9$ or necess>y result ( psy*ological & o!r conditions4 ,x is oppos$ to ! v>i\s doctr9es ( ,free-,w1 kn[n z volunt>ism1 lib]t>ianism1 indet]m9ism1 & is f ! e?ical /&po9t m or less ak9 to necessit>ianism & fatalism4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( det]m9ism4 ,x may be held t e action is causally connect$ n only ext]nally ) ! sum ( ! ag5t's environm5t1 b also int]nally ) 8 motives & impulses4 ,9 o!r words1 if we c\ld "k exactly all ^! conditions1 we %\ld be able to =eca/ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty ! c\rse :i* ! ag5t w\ld pursue4 ,9 ?is !ory ! ag5t _c be held responsible = 8 action 9 any s5se4 ,x is ! extreme anti!sis ( ,indet]m9ism or ,indiff]5tism1 ! doctr9e t a man is absolutely free to *oose betwe5 alt]native c\rses 7! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce ( ord9>y consci\sness almo/ always goes to prove t ! individual1 especially 9 relation to future acts1 reg>ds himself z be+ free )9 c]ta9 limitations to make 8 own *oice ( alt]natives1 _m det]m9i/s g s f> z to admit t !re may be 9 any action :i* is nei!r reflex nor det]m9$ by ext]nal causes solely an elem5t ( fre$om4 ,?is view is corroborat$ by ! ph5om5on ( remorse1 9 :i* ! ag5t feels t he ought to1 & c\ld1 h *os5 a diff]5t c\rse ( action4 ,^! two k9ds ( det]m9ism are sometimes di/+ui%$ z h>d & s(t det]m9ism4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 det]m9ism & lib]t>ianism h+es l>gely on ! significance ( ! ^w motive2 inde$ 9 no o!r philosophical controv]sy has s mu* difficulty be5 caus$ by purely v]bal disputation & ambiguity ( expression4 ,h[ f>1 & 9 :at s5se1 c action :i* is det]m9$ by motives be said to be free8 ,= a long "t ! advocates ( free-w1 9 _! eag]ness to pres]ve moral responsibility1 w5t s f> z to d5y all motives z influ5c+ moral action4 ,su* a cont5tion1 h[ev]1 cle>ly defeats its own object by r$uc+ all action to *ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5tific doctr9e ( evolution has gone f> t[>ds oblit]at+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal compulsion1 e4g4 motives1 "* & ! l4 ,9 s f> z man c be %[n to be ! product (1 & a l9k 91 a long *a9 ( causal developm5t1 s f> does x become impossible to reg>d him z self-det]m9$4 ,ev5 9 8 motives & 8 impulses1 9 8 m5tal attitude t[>ds outw>d surr\nd+s1 9 8 appetites & av]sions1 inh]it$ t5d5cy & environm5t h be5 f\nd to play a v l>ge "p2 inde$ _m ?9k]s hold t ! :ole ( a man's developm5t1 m5tal z well z physical1 is det]m9$ by ext]nal conditions4 ,9 ! ,bible ! philosophical-religi\s problem is n[h]e discuss$1 b ,*ri/ian e?ics z set =? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t assumes ?r\gh\t ! fre$om ( ! human w4 ,x has be5 argu$ by !ologians t ! doctr9e ( div9e =e-k1 c\pl$ ) t ( ! div9e orig9 ( all ?+s1 necess>ily implies t all human action 0 =e-orda9$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,su* an inf]5ce is1 h[ev]1 cle>ly at v>iance ) ! :ole doctr9e ( s91 rep5tance & ! atonem5t1 z also ) t ( et]nal rew>d & puni%m5t1 :i* po/ulates a real measure ( human responsibility4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! free-w controv]sy see ! articles1 ,,w1 ,,pr$e/9ation 7= ! !ological problems71 ,,e?ics4 ,,det9ue 7,o4 ,fr4 det5ue1 f det5ir1 to hold back71 9 law1 an action :]eby "o :o has an absolute or a special prop]ty 9 goods seeks to recov] f ano!r :o is 9 actual possession & refuses to r$eliv] !m4 ,if ! pla9tiff succe$s 9 an action ( det9ue1 ! judgm5t is t he recov] ! *attel or1 if x _c be _h1 its value1 :i* is assess$ by ! judge & jury1 & also c]ta9 damages = deta9+ ! same4 ,an ord] = ! re/itution ( ! specific goods may be en=c$ by a special writ ( execution1 call$ a writ ( deliv]y4 7,see ,,contract2 ,,trov]47 ,,detmold1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 capital ( ! pr9cipality ( ,lippe-,detmold1 beautifully situat$ on ! ea/ slope ( ! ,teutoburg] ,wald1 #be m4 ,s4 ( ,m9d51 on ! ,h]=d-,alt5bek5 l9e ( ! ,prussian /ate railways4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1afd4 ,! resid5tial *teau ( ! pr9ces ( ,lippe-,detmold 7#aeej71 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle1 is an impos+ build+1 ly+ ) its pretty g>d5s ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n2 :il/ at ! entrance to ! l>ge p>k on ! s\? is ! ,new ,palace 7#agjh-agah71 enl>g$ 9 #ahej1 us$ z ! d[]-h\se4 ,detmold possesses a natural hi/ory museum1 !atre1 high s*ool1 libr>y1 ! h\se 9 :i* ! poet ,f]d9& ,freiligra? 7#ahaj-ahgf7 0 born1 & t 9 :i* ! dramati/ ,*ri/ian ,dietri* ,grabbe 7#ahja-ahcf71 also a native1 di$4 ,! lead+ indu/ries are l95-weav+1 tann+1 brew+1 horse-deal+ & ! qu>ry+ ( m>ble & gypsum4 ,ab\t #c m4 to ! s\?-we/ ( ! t[n is ! ,grot5burg1 ) ,ern/ von ,b&el's colossal /atue ( ,h]mann or ,arm9ius1 ! lead] ( ! ,*]usci4 ,detmold 7,?iatmelli7 0 9 #ghc ! sc5e ( a conflict betwe5 ! ,saxons & ! troops ( ,*>lemagne4 ,,detroit1 ! l>ge/ city ( ,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a41 & ! c\nty-seat ( ,wayne c\nty1 on ! ,detroit riv] opposite ,w9dsor1 ,canada1 ab\t #d m4 ,w4 f ! outlet ( ,lake ,/ ,clair & #ah m4 above ,lake ,erie4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #aaf1cdj2 7#ahij7 #bje1hgf2 7#aijj7 #bhe1gjd1 ( :om #if1ejc 7 =eign-born & #daaa 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #dfe1gff4 ,( ! =eign-born 9 #aijj1 #cb1jbg 7 ,g]mans & #aj1gjc 7 ,g]man ,poles1 #be1djc 7 ,engli% ,canadians & #ceda ,fr5* ,canadians1 #fcdg 7 ,engli% & #fdab 7 ,iri%4 ,detroit is s]v$ by ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral1 ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn1 ! ,waba%1 ! ,gr& ,trunk1 ! ,pre ,m>quette1 ! ,detroit ,tol$o ,%ore ,l9e1 ! ,detroit1 ,tol$o ,ironton & ! ,canadian ,pacific railways4 ,two belt l9es1 "o #b m4 to #c m41 & ! o!r #f m4 f ! c5tre ( ! city1 connect ! factory di/ricts ) ! ma9 railway l9es4 ,tra9s are f]ri$ across ! riv] to ,w9dsor1 & /eamboats make daily trips to ,clevel&1 ,wy&otte1 ,m\nt ,clem5s1 ,port ,huron1 to less important places betwe51 & to sev]al ,canadian ports4 ,detroit is also ! ,s4 t]m9us = sev]al l9es to m remote lake ports1 & electric l9es ext5d f "h to ,port ,huron1 ,fl9t1 ,pontiac1 ,jackson1 ,tol$o & ,gr& ,rapids4 ,! city ext5d$ 9 #aijg ov] ab\t #da sq4 m41 an increase f #bi sq4 m4 9 #aijj & #cf sq4 m4 9 #aije4 ,its area 9 proportion to its population is mu* great] ?an t ( mo/ ( ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,baltimore1 = example1 _h 9 #aijd ne>ly #gj m inhabitants 7e/imat$71 :ile its area at t "t 0 a little less & 9 #aijg 0 ne>ly "o-qu>t] less ?an t ( ,detroit4 ,! gr\nd )9 ! city limits z well z t = sev]al miles f>!r back is q level1 b rises gradually f ! riv] bank1 :i* is only a few feet 9 height4 ,! ,detroit riv]1 along :i* ! city ext5ds = ab\t #aj m41 is "h m4 wide & #cj ft4 to #dj ft4 deep2 its curr5t is q rapid2 its wat]1 a beautiful cle> blue2 at its m\? x has a wid? ( ab\t #aj m41 & 9 ! riv] !re are a numb] ( isl&s1 :i* dur+ ! summ] are popul> resorts4 ,! city has a #c m4 frontage on ! riv] ,r\ge1 an e/u>y ( ! ,detroit1 ) a #af ft4 *annel4 ,be=e ! fire by :i* ! city 0 de/roy$ 9 #ahje1 ! /reets 7 only #ab ft4 wide & 7 unpav$ & extremely dirty4 ,b :5 ! rebuild+ began1 sev]al av5ues f #ajj ft4 to #bjj ft4 wide 7--?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,augu/us ,b4 ,woodw>d 7c4 #agge-ahbg71 "o ( ! t]ritorial judges at ! "t & an admir] ( ! plan ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton--made to radiate f two c5tral po9ts4 ,f a half circle call$ ! ,gr& ,circus !re radiate av5ues #abj ft4 & #bjj ft4 wide4 ,ab\t m4 t[>d ! riv] f ?is 0 e/abli%$ ano!r focal po9t call$ ! ,campus ,m>tius1 #fjj ft4 long & #djj ft4 wide1 at :i* comm5ce radiat+ or cross /reets #hj ft4 & #ajj ft4 wide4 ,runn+ nor? f ! riv] ?r\gh ! ,campus ,m>tius & ! ,gr& ,circus is ,woodw>d ,av5ue1 #abj ft4 wide1 divid+ ! pres5t city1 z x did ! old t[n1 into ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,p>allel ) ! riv] is ,jeff]son ,av5ue1 also #abj ft4 wide4 ,! fir/ ( ^! av5ues is ! pr9cipal retail /reet along its l[] portion1 & is a resid5ce av5ue = #d m4 beyond ?is4 ,jeff]son is ! pr9cipal :olesale /reet at ! l[] end1 & a f9e resid5ce av5ue ,e4 ( ?is4 ,_m ( ! o!r resid5ce /reets are #hj ft4 wide4 ,! sett+ ( %ade trees 0 e>ly enc\rag$1 & l>ge elms & maples ab\nd4 ,! int]sections ( ! diagonal /reets left a numb] ( small1 triangul> p>ks1 :i*1 z well z ! l>g] ones1 are well %ad$4 ,! /reets are pav$ mo/ly ) asphalt & brick1 ?\gh c$> & /one h be5 mu* us$1 & kreodone block to "s ext5t4 ,9 few1 if any1 o!r ,am]ican cities ( equal size are ! /reets & av5ues kept s clean4 ,! ,gr& ,b\lev>d1 #aej ft4 to #bjj ft4 9 wid? & #ab m4 9 l5g?1 has be5 con/ruct$ ar\nd ! city except along ! riv] front4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! inhabitants ( ,detroit own _! homes3 !re are no l>ge conge/$ t5em5t-h\se di/ricts2 & _m /reets 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city are fac$ ) r[s ( l[ & humble cottages (t5 hav+ a g>d5 plot 9 front4 ,( ! public build+s ! city hall 7erect$ #ahfh-ahga71 ov]look+ ! ,campus ,m>tius1 is 9 ,r5aissance /yle1 9 ?ree /oreys2 ! flag/aff f ! top ( ! t[] rea*es a height ( #bjj ft4 ,on ! f\r corn]s above ! fir/ section ( ! t[] are f\r figures1 ea* #ad ft4 9 height1 to repres5t ,ju/ice1 ,indu/ry1 ,art & ,comm]ce1 & on ! same level ) ^! is a clock weigh+ #gfgj lb--"o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,9 front ( ! build+ /&s ! ,soldi]s' & ,sailors' monum5t1 #fj ft4 high1 design$ by ,r&olph ,rog]s 7#ahbe-ahib7 & unveil$ 9 #ahgb4 ,at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s 9 ea* ( ?ree sections ris+ "o above ! o!r are bronze eagles & figures repres5t+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry1 ,m>9e1 ,cavalry & ,artill]y1 also ,victory1 ,union1 ,emancipation & ,hi/ory2 ! figure by :i* ! monum5t is surm\nt$ 0 design$ to symbolize ,mi*igan4 ,a l>g] & m massive & /ately build+ ?an ! city hall is ! c\nty c\rt h\se1 fac+ ,cadillac ,squ>e1 ) a l(ty t[] surm\nt$ by a gild$ dome4 ,! ,f$]al build+ is a massive granite /ructure1 f9ely decorat$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,among ! *ur*es ( greate/ ar*itectural beauty are ! ,fir/ ,congregational1 ) a f9e ,byzant9e int]ior1 ,/ ,john's ,episcopal1 ! ,woodw>d ,av5ue ,bapti/ & ! ,fir/ ,presbyt]ian1 all on ,woodw>d ,av5ue1 & ,/4 ,anne's & ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,m>y1 bo? ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,! municipal museum ( art1 9 ,jeff]son ,av5ue1 conta9s "s unusually int]e/+ ,egyptian & ,japanese collections1 ! ,scripps' collection ( old ma/]s1 o!r valuable pa9t+s1 & a small libr>y2 free lectures on art are giv5 "h ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! public libr>y _h #bbh1ejj volumes 9 #aijh1 includ+ "o ( ! be/ collections ( /ate & t[n hi/ories 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a l>ge private collection1 own$ by ,c4 ,m4 ,burton & relat+ pr9cipally to ! hi/ory ( ,detroit1 is also op5 to ! public4 ,! city is n ri* 9 outdoor works ( art4 ,! pr9cipal ones are ! ,m]rill f\nta9 & ! soldi]s' monum5t on ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & a /atue ( ,mayor ,p+ree 9 ,we/ ,gr& ,circus ,p>k4 ,! p>ks ( ,detroit are num]\s & _! total area is ab\t #abjj acres4 ,by f> ! mo/ attractive is ,belle ,isle1 an isl& 9 ! riv] at ! ,e4 end ( ! city1 pur*as$ 9 #ahgi & hav+ an area ( m ?an #gjj acres4 ,! ,gr& ,circus ,p>k ( #d acres1 ) its trees1 fl[]s & f\nta9s1 af=ds a pleasant re/+ place 9 ! busie/ qu>t] ( ! city4 ,six miles f>!r out on ,woodw>d ,av5ue is ,palm] ,p>k ( ab\t #adj acres1 giv5 to ! city 9 #ahid & nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! donor4 ,cl>k ,p>k 7#bh acres7 is 9 ! ,w4 "p ( ! city1 & !re are v>i\s small] p>ks4 ,! pr9cipal cemet]ies are ,elmwood 7,prote/ant7 & ,m\nt ,elliott 7,ca?olic71 :i* lie adjo9+ 9 ! ,e4 "p ( ! city2 ,woodm]e 9 ! ,w4 & ,woodlawn 9 ! ,n4 "p ( ! city4 ,*>ity & ,education4--,among ! *>itable in/itutions are ! g5]al hospitals 7,h>p]1 ,grace & ,/ ,m>y's72 ! ,detroit ,em]g5cy1 ! ,*ildr5's ,free & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9e hospitals2 ,/ ,luke's hospital1 *ur* home1 & orphanage2 ! ,h\se ( ,provid5ce 7a mat]nity hospital & infant asylum72 ! ,woman's hospital & f\ndl+'s home2 ! ,home = convalesc5t *ildr51 c4 ,9 #ahid ! mayor1 ,haz5 ,s5t] ,p+ree 7#ahdb-aija71 in/itut$ ! practice ( prep>+1 ?r\gh municipal aid & sup]vision1 l>ge tracts ( vacant l& 9 & ab\t ! city = ! gr[+ ( potatoes & o!r vegetables & !n1 9 conjunction ) ! bo>d ( poor commission]s1 assign+ x 9 small lots to families ( ! unemploy$1 & furni%+ !m ) se$ = plant+4 ,?is plan s]v$ an admirable purpose ?r\gh ?ree ye>s ( indu/rial depression1 & 0 copi$ 9 o!r cities2 x 0 ab&on$ :51 ) ! r5ewal ( indu/rial activity1 ! necessity = x ceas$4 ,! lead+ p5al in/itution ( ! city is ! ,detroit ,h\se ( ,correction1 not$ = its effici5t re=matory "w2 ! inmates are employ$ t5 h\rs a day1 *iefly 9 mak+ furniture4 ,! h\se ( correction pays ! city a pr(it ( #ce1jjj to #dj1jjj a ye>4 ,! educational in/itutions1 9 addition to ^? ( ! g5]al public s*ool sy/em1 include sev]al p>o*ial s*ools1 s*ools ( art & ( music1 & comm]cial colleges2 ,detroit ,college 7,ca?olic71 op5$ 9 #ahgg2 ! ,detroit ,college ( ,m$ic9e1 op5$ 9 #ahhe2 ! ,mi*igan ,college ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y1 op5$ 9 #ahhh2 ! ,detroit ,college ( law1 f\nd$ 9 #ahia1 & a city normal s*ool4 ,comm]ce4--,detroit's location gives to ! city's %ipp+ & %ipbuild+ int]e/s a high importance4 ,all ! enorm\s traffic betwe5 ! upp] & l[] lakes passes ?r\gh ! ,detroit riv]4 ,9 #aijg ! numb] ( vessels record$ 0 #cd1adi1 ) regi/]$ tonnage ( #ec1iei1gfi1 c>ry+ #ga1bbf1hie tons ( freight1 valu$ at #fig1caa1cjb4 ,?is includes vessels :i* deliv]$ "p or all ( _! c>go at ,detroit4 ,! l>ge/ item 9 ! freights is iron ore on vessels b\nd d[n4 ,! next is coal on vessels up b\nd4 ,gra9 & lumb] are ! next l>ge/ items4 ,detroit is a port ( entry1 & its =eign comm]ce1 *iefly ) ,canada1 is ( gr[+ importance4 ,! city's exports increas$ f #aa1cbe1hjg 9 #ahif to #cg1jhe1jbg 9 #aiji4 ,! imports 7 #c1aec1fji 9 #ahif & #g1ajj1fei 9 #aiji4 ,z a manufactur+ city1 ,detroit holds high rank4 ,! total numb] ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 #ahij 0 #agdf1 ) a product = ! ye> valu$ at #gg1cea1edf2 9 #aijj !re 7 #bhdg e/abli%m5ts ) a product = ! ye> valu$ at #ajj1hib1hch2 or an increase ( #cj4d 9 ! decade4 ,9 #aijj ! e/abli%m5ts "u ! factory sy/em1 omitt+ ! h& trades & neighb\rhood indu/ries1 numb]$ #abei & produc$ goods valu$ at #hh1cfe1ibd2 9 #aijd e/abli%m5ts "u ! factory sy/em numb]$ #acfc & ! product _h increas$ #de4g to #abh1gfa1feh4 ,9 ! di/rict subsequ5tly annex$ ! product 9 #aijd 0 ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj1 mak+ a total ( #adj1jjj1jjj4 ,! output = #aijf 0 e/imat$ at #ahj1jjj1jjj4 ,! /ate factory inspectors 9 #aije visit$ #agba factories hav+ #hc1bca employees4 ,9 #aijf !y inspect$ #agij factories ) #ic1jga employees4 ,detroit is ! lead+ city 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! manufacture ( automobiles4 ,9 #aijd ! value ( its product 0 "o-fif? t = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,9 #aijf ! city _h tw5ty automobile factories1 ) an output ( #aa1jjj c>s1 valu$ at #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,detroit is probably ! l>ge/ manufactur] 9 ! c\ntry ( freight c>s1 /oves1 ph>maceutical prep>ations1 v>ni%1 soda a% & simil> alkal9e products4 ,o!r important manufactures are %ips1 pa9ts1 f\ndry & ma*9e %op products1 brass goods1 furniture1 boots & %oes1 clo?+1 mat*es1 cig>s1 malt liquors & fur goods2 & slaught]+ & meat pack+ is an important indu/ry4 ,! ,detroit ,bo>d ( ,comm]ce1 organiz$ 9 #aijc1 br\ght into "o association ! memb]s ( ?ree =m] bodies1 mak+ a compact organization ) civic z well z comm]cial aims4 ,! bo>d has br\ght into active co-op]ation ne>ly all ! lead+ bus9ess m5 ( ! city & _m ( ! pr(essional m54 ,_! unit$ ef=ts h br\ght _m new indu/ries to ! city1 h improv$ indu/rial conditions1 & h ex]t$ a b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! municipal adm9i/ration4 ,o!r bus9ess organizations are ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 devot$ to ! gra9 trade & k9dr$ l9es1 ! ,employ]s' ,association1 :i* seeks to ma9ta9 satisfactory relations betwe5 employ] & employ$1 ! ,build]s' ,trad]s' ,ex*ange1 & ! ,cr$it ,m5's ,association4 ,adm9i/ration4--,al?\gh ! city receiv$ its fir/ *>t] 9 #ahjf1 & ano!r 9 #ahae1 ! real p[] re/$ 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nor & judges ( ! t]ritory until #ahbd2 ! *>t]s ( #ahbd & #ahbg c5tr$ ! gov]nm5t 9 a c\ncil & made ! li/ ( elective (fic]s long2 ! *>t] ( #ahbg 0 revis$ 9 #aheg & aga9 9 #ahei & ! pres5t *>t] dates f #ahhc4 ,"u ?is *>t] only ?ree adm9i/rative (fic]s are elect$1--! mayor1 ! city cl]k & ! city treasur]1--elections be+ bi5nial4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! city dep>tm5ts is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( commissions4 ,!re is "o commission] ea*1 appo9t$ by ! mayor1 = ! p>ks & b\lev>ds1 police & public works dep>tm5ts4 ,! f\r memb]s ( ! heal? bo>d are nom9at$ by ! gov]nor & confirm$ by ! /ate s5ate4 ,! s*ool bo>d is an indep5d5t body1 consi/+ ( "o elect$ memb] f ea* w>d hold+ (fice = f\r ye>s1 b ! mayor has ! veto p[] ov] its proce$+s z well z ^? ( ! common c\ncil4 ,9 ea* case a two-?irds vote ov]rules 8 veto4 ,! o!r pr9cipal (fic]s & commissions1 appo9t$ by ! mayor & confirm$ by ! c\ncil1 are controll]1 corporation c\nsel1 bo>d ( ?ree assessors1 fire commission 7f\r memb]s71 public light+ commission 7six memb]s71 wat] commission 7five memb]s71 poor commission 7f\r memb]s71 & inspectors ( ! h\se ( correction 7f\r 9 numb]74 ,! memb]s ( ! public libr>y commission1 six 9 numb]1 are elect$ by ! bo>d ( education4 ,itemiz$ e/imates ( exp5ses = ! next fiscal ye> are furni%$ by ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts to ! controll] 9 ,febru>y4 ,he transmits !m to ! common c\ncil ) 8 recomm5dations4 ,! c\ncil has f\r weeks 9 :i* to consid] !m4 ,x may r$uce or increase ! am\nts ask$1 & may add new items4 ,! budget !n goes to ! bo>d ( e/imates1 :i* has a mon? = its consid]ation4 ,?is body consi/s ( two memb]s elect$ f ea* w>d & five elect$ at l>ge4 ,! mayor & heads ( dep>tm5ts are advisory memb]s1 & may speak b n vote4 ,! memb]s ( ! bo>d ( e/imates c hold no o!r (fice & !y h no appo9t+ p[]1 ! int5tion be+ to keep !m z free z possible f all political motives & influ5ces4 ,!y may r$uce or cut out any e/imates submitt$1 b _c increase any or add new ones4 ,no bonds c be issu$ )\t ! ass5t ( ! bo>d ( e/imates4 ,! budget is apportion$ among twelve committees :i* h almo/ inv>iably giv5 close & consci5ti\s exam9ation to ! actual ne$s ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,a r$uction ( #a1jjj1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj1 )\t impair+ ! s]vice1 has be5 a n unusual result ( _! delib]ations4 ,prud5t managem5t "u ?is sy/em has plac$ ! city 9 ! highe/ rank f9ancially4 ,its debt limit is #b on ! assess$ valuation1 & ev5 t l[ maximum is n (t5 rea*$4 ,! debt 9 #aijg 0 only ab\t #e1ejj1jjj1 a small] p] capita debt ?an t ( any o!r city ( ov] #ajj1jjj inhabitants 9 ! c\ntry2 ! assess$ valuation 0 #ccj1jjj1jjj2 ! city tax1 #ad4gj on ! ?\s& doll>s ( assess$ valuation4 ,bo? ! c\ncil & ! e/imators are hamp]$ 9 _! "w by legislative int]f]5ce4 ,ne>ly all ! l>ge sal>ies & _m ( ^? ( ! second grade are made m&atory by ! legislature1 :i* has also det]m9$ _m affairs ( a purely adm9i/rative "*4 ,detroit has made ?ree exp]im5ts ) municipal own]%ip4 ,on acc\nt ( inadequate & unsatisfactory s]vice by a private company1 ! city b\ght ! wat]-works z long ago z #ahcf4 ,! works h be5 twice mov$ & enl>gem5ts h be5 made 9 advance ( ! ne$s ( ! city4 ,9 #aijg !re 7 six eng9es 9 ! works ) a pump+ capacity ( #aeb1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,! daily av]age ( wat] us$ dur+ ! prec$+ ye> 0 #fa1ceg1jjj gallons4 ,! wat] is pump$ f ,lake ,/ ,clair & is ( exceptional purity4 ,! city began its own public light+ 9 ,april #ahie1 hav+ a l>ge plant on ! riv] ne> ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,x lights ! /reets & public build+s1 b makes no provision = comm]cial bus9ess4 ,! light+ is excell5t1 & ! co/ is probably less ?an c\ld be obta9$ f a private company4 ,! /reet light+ is done p>tly f pole & arm lights1 b l>gely f /eel t[]s f #ajj ft4 to #ahj ft4 9 height1 ) /rong reflect$ lights at ! top4 ,! city also owns two portable asphalt plants1 & ?us makes a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( /reet repair+ & resurfac+4 ,) a view ( effect+ ! r$uction ( /reet c> f>es to ?ree c5ts1 ! /ate legislature 9 #ahii pass$ an act = pur*as+ or leas+ ! /reet railways ( ! city1 b ! ,supreme ,c\rt pron\nc$ ?is act uncon/itutional on ! gr\nd t1 z ! con/itution prohibit$ ! /ate f engag+ 9 a "w ( int]nal improvem5t1 ! /ate c\ld n emp[] a municipality to d s4 ,c]ta9 te/ votes indicat$ an almo/ ev5 division on ! "q ( municipal own]%ip ( ! railways4 ,hi/ory4--,detroit 0 f\nd$ 9 #agja by ,anto9e ,laumet de la ,mo! ,cadillac 7c4 #affa-agcj71 :o _h po9t$ out ! importance ( ! place z a /rategic po9t = det]m9+ ! control ( ! fur trade & ! possession ( ! ,nor?-we/ & _h receiv$ assi/ance f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t soon aft] ,rob]t ,liv+/on 7#afed-agbe71 ! secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,indian ,commission]s 9 ,new ,york1 _h urg$ ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to e/abli% a =t at ! same place4 ,cadillac arriv$ on ! #bd? ( ,july ) ab\t #ajj foll[]s4 ,!y at once built a palisade =t ab\t #bjj ft4 squ>e ,s4 ( :at is n[ ,jeff]son ,av5ue & betwe5 ,griswold & ,%elby /reets1 & nam$ x ,=t ,pont*>tra9 9 hon\r ( ! ,fr5* colonial m9i/]4 ,indians at once came to ! place 9 l>ge numb]s1 b !y soon compla9$ ( ! high price ( ,fr5* goods2 !re 0 s]i\s cont5tion betwe5 ,cadillac & ! ,fr5* ,canadian ,fur ,company1 to :i* a monopoly ( ! trade _h be5 grant$1 z well z bitt] rivalry betwe5 him & ! ,jesuits4 ,aft] ! sev]al p>ties _h begun to compla9 to ! home gov]nm5t ! monopoly ( ! fur trade 0 transf]r$ to ,cadillac & he 0 exhort$ to cease qu>rell+ ) ! ,jesuits4 ,al?\gh ! inhabitants !n increas$ to #bjj or m1 dissatisfaction ) ! pat]nal rule ( ! f\nd] increas$ until #agaj1 :5 he 0 made gov]nor ( ,l\isiana4 ,! ye> be=e1 ! soldi]s _h be5 )drawn2 by ! second ye> aft] !re 0 s]i\s tr\ble ) ! ,indians1 & = sev]al ye>s foll[+ ! population 0 greatly r$uc$ & ! po/ ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,b 9 #agbb1 :5 ! ,mississippi c\ntry 0 op5$1 ! population once m increas$1 & aga9 9 #agdh1 :5 ! settlem5t ( ! ,ohio ,valley began1 ! gov]nor-g5]al ( ,canada (f]$ special inducem5ts to ,fr5*m5 to settle at ,detroit1 ) ! result t ! population 0 soon m ?an #ajjj & ! cultivation ( f>ms 9 ! vic9ity 0 begun4 ,9 #agfj1 h[ev]1 ! place 0 tak5 by ! ,briti% "u ,colonel ,rob]t ,rog]s & an ,engli% elem5t 0 introduc$ into ! population :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 almo/ exclusively ,fr5*4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 dur+ ! conspiracy ( ,pontiac1 ! =t fir/ n>r[ly escap$ capture & !n suff]$ f a siege la/+ f ! #i? ( ,may until ! #ab? ( ,octob]4 ,"u ,engli% rule x cont9u$ f ?is "t on z a milit>y po/ ) its population usually r$uc$ to less ?an #ejj4 ,9 #aggh a new =t 0 built & nam$ ,=t ,l]nault1 & dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce ! ,briti% s5t =? f "h sev]al ,indian exp$itions to ravage ! fronti]s4 ,) ! ratification ( ! treaty :i* conclud$ t w> ! title to ! po/ pass$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aghc1 b ! po/ itself 0 n surr5d]$ until ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #agif1 9 accordance ) ,jay's ,treaty ( #agid4 ,x 0 !n nam$ ,=t ,%elby2 b 9 #ahjb x 0 incorporat$ z a t[n & receiv$ its pres5t "n4 ,9 #ahje all except "o or two build+s 7 de/roy$ by fire4 ,g5]al ,william ,hull 7#agec-ahbe71 a vet]an ( ! ,w> ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 gov]nor ( ,mi*igan t]ritory 9 #ahje-ahab1 z comm&] ( ! nor?-we/]n army 9 #ahab occupi$ ! city4 ,fail+ to he> imm$iately ( ! decl>ation ( w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 he 0 cut (f f 8 supplies %ipp$ by ,lake ,erie4 ,he made f ,detroit on ! #ab? ( ,july an awkw>d & futile advance into ,canada1 :i*1 if m vigor\s1 might h result$ 9 ! capture ( ,mald5 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,am]ican troops 9 ,canada1 & !n retir$ to 8 =tifications4 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/ #ahab1 )\t any resi/ance & )\t consult+ 8 (fic]s1 he surr5d]$ ! city to ,g5]al ,brock1 = reasons ( humanity1 & aft]w>ds attempt$ to ju/ify himself by criticism ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul> ( ,g5]al ,h5ry ,de>born's armi/ice ) ,prevo/1 :i* _h n includ$ 9 its t]ms ,hull1 :om ,de>born _h be5 s5t out to re9=ce4#a ,aft] ,p]ry's victory on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] on ,lake ,erie1 ,detroit on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] 0 aga9 occupi$ by ! =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its gr[? 0 r sl[ until #ahcj1 b s9ce !n its progress has be5 unimp$$4 ,detroit 0 ! capital ( ,mi*igan f #ahje to #ahdg4 ,,au?orities4--,silas ,f>m]1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,detroit & ,mi*igan 7,detroit1 #ahhd & #ahhi71 & ,detroit1 ! ,que5 ,city1 9 ,l4 ,p4 ,p[ell's ,hi/oric ,t[ns ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aija72 ,d4 ,f4 ,wilcox1 ,municipal ,gov]nm5t 9 ,mi*igan & ,ohio1 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,/udies 7,new ,york1 #ahif72 ,c4 ,m4 ,burton1 ,cadillac's ,village or ,detroit "u ,cadillac 7,detroit1 #ahif72 ,francis ,p>kman1 ,a ,half ,c5tury ( ,conflict 7,bo/on1 #ahig72 & ,! ,conspiracy ( ,pontiac 7,bo/on1 #ahih72 & ! annual ,reports ( ! ,detroit ,bo>d ( ,comm]ce 7#aijd sqq474 #a ,hull 0 tri$ at ,albany 9 #ahad by c\rt m>tial1 ,g5]al ,de>born presid+1 0 f\nd guilty ( treason1 c[>dice1 neglect ( duty & un(fic]like conduct1 & 0 s5t5c$ to be %ot2 ! presid5t remitt$ ! s5t5ce because ( ,hull's s]vices 9 ! ,revolution4 ,,dett+51 a village ( ,g]many 9 ! k+dom ( ,bav>ia1 on ! ,ma91 & on ! ,frank=t-on-,ma9-,as*aff5burg railway1 #aj m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,as*aff5burg4 ,x is memorable z ! sc5e ( a decisive battle on ! #bg? ( ,june #agdc1 :5 ! ,engli%1 ,hanov]ians & ,au/rians 7! ,pragmatic army71 #db1jjj m5 "u ! comm& ( ,george ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 r\t$ ! num]ically sup]ior ,fr5* =ces "u ! duc de ,noailles4 ,x 0 9 memory ( ?is victory t ,h&el compos$ 8 ,dett+5 ,te ,deum4 ,,deucalion1 9 ,greek leg5d1 son ( ,prome!us1 k+ ( ,ph?ia 9 ,!ssaly1 husb& ( ,pyrrha1 & fa!r ( ,hell51 ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,:5 ,zeus _h resolv$ to de/roy all mank9d by a flood1 ,deucalion con/ruct$ a boat or ark1 9 :i*1 aft] drift+ n9e days & nights1 he l&$ on ,m\nt ,p>nassus 7accord+ to o!rs1 ,o?rys1 ,aetna or ,a?os7 ) 8 wife4 ,hav+ (f]$ sacrifice & inquir$ h[ to r5ew ! human race1 !y 7 ord]$ to ca/ beh9d !m ! bones ( ! great "m1 t is1 ! /ones f ! hillside4 ,! /ones ?r[n by ,deucalion became m51 ^? ?r[n by ,pyrrha1 wom54 ,see ,apollodorus i4 #g1 #b2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 i4 #bdc-dae2 ,apollonius ,rhodius iii4 #ajhe ff42 ,h4 ,us5]1 ,die ,s9tflutsag5 7#ahii74 ,,deuce 7a corruption ( ! ,fr4 deux1 two71 a t]m appli$ to ! two ( any suit ( c>ds1 or ( dice4 ,x is also a t]m us$ 9 t5nis :5 bo? sides h ea* scor$ ?ree po9ts 9 a game1 or five games 9 a set2 to w9 ! game or set two po9ts or games mu/ !n be won consecutively4 ,! e>lie/ in/ances 9 ,engli% ( ! use ( ! slang expression ! deuce1 9 exclamations & ! l1 date f ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! mean+ 0 simil> to t ( plague or mis*ief 9 su* phrases z plague on y1 mis*ief take y & ! l4 ,! use ( ! ^w z an euphemism = ! devil is lat]4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y ! mo/ probable d]ivation is f a ,l[ ,g]man das daus1 i4e4 ! deuce 9 dice1 ! l[e/ & !re=e ! mo/ unlucky ?r[4 ,! p]sonification1 ) a consequ5t *ange ( g5d]1 to d] daus1 came lat]4 ,! ^w has also be5 id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( a giant or gobl9 9 ,teutonic my?ology4 ,,deus1 ,,jo,o ,,de 7#ahcj-ahif71 ! greate/ ,portuguese poet ( 8 g5]ation1 0 born at ,san ,b>?olomeu de ,mess9es 9 ! prov9ce ( ,alg>ve on ! #h? ( ,m>* #ahcj4 ,matriculat+ 9 ! faculty ( law at ! univ]sity ( ,coimbra1 he did n proce$ to 8 degree b settl$ 9 ! city1 d$icat+ himself :olly to ! composition ( v]ses1 :i* circulat$ among pr(essors & und]graduates 9 manuscript copies4 ,9 ! volume ( 8 art1 z 9 ! conduct ( life1 he practis$ a rigor\s self-control4 ,he pr9t$ no?+ previ\s to #ahee1 & ! fir/ ( 8 poems to appe> 9 a sep>ate =m 0 ,la ,lata1 9 #ahfj4 ,9 #ahfb he left ,coimbra = ,beja1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ editor ( ,o ,bej5se1 ! *ief newspap] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,alemtejo1 & f\r ye>s lat] he edit$ ! ,folha d ,sul4 ,z ! pung5t satirical v]ses entitl$ ,eleies prove1 he 0 n an ard5t politician1 &1 ?\gh he 0 return$ z ,lib]al deputy = ! con/itu5cy ( ,silves 9 #ahfi1 he act$ indep5d5tly ( all political p>ties & promptly resign$ 8 m&ate4 ,! r5unciation impli$ 9 ! act1 :i* cut him (f f all advancem5t1 is 9 accord ) ne>ly all t is kn[n ( 8 l(ty "*4 ,9 ! ye> ( 8 election z deputy1 8 fri5d ,jos ,antonio ,g>cia ,blanco collect$ f local j\rnals ! s]ies ( poems1 ,flores d campo1 :i* is supplem5t$ by ! ,ramo de flores 7#ahfi74 ,?is is ,joo de ,deus's ma/]piece4 ,pires de ,m>malada 7#ahfi7 is an improvisation ( no great m]it4 ,! f\r !atrical pieces--,amemos o nosso proximo1 ,s] apres5tado1 ,ensaio de ,casam5to1 & ,a ,viva inconsolavel--are prose translations f ,mry1 clev]ly done1 b n wor? ! do+4 ,horacio e ,lydia 7#ahgb71 a translation f ,rons>d1 is a good example ( artifice 9 manipulat+ t dang]\sly monoton\s measure1 ! ,portuguese c\plet4 ,z an indication ( a /rong spiritual reaction ?ree prose fragm5ts 7#ahgc7--;,anna1 ,me de ,m>ia1 ,a ,virgem ,m>ia & ,a ,mulh] d ,levita de ,ephra9--translat$ f ,d>boy's ,femmes de la ,bible1 are full ( significance4 ,! ,folhas soltas 7#ahgf7 is a collection ( v]se 9 ! mann] ( ,flores d campo1 brilliantly effective & exquisitely ref9$4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s ! writ] turn$ 8 att5tion to educational problems1 & 9 8 ,c>tilha mat]nal 7#ahgf7 fir/ express$ ! conclusions to :i* 8 /udy ( ,pe/alozzi & ,frbel _h l$ him4 ,?is patriotic1 p$agogical apo/olate 0 a mis=tune = ,portuguese lit]ature2 8 educational mission absorb$ ,joo de ,deus completely1 & is responsible = num]\s controv]sial lett]s1 = a translation ( ,?odore-,h5ri ,b>rau's treatise1 ,des devoirs des enfants env]s leurs p>5ts1 = a prosodic diction>y & = _m o!r publications ( no lit]>y value4 ,a copy ( v]ses 9 ,antonio ,vieira's ,gr9alda de ,m>ia 7#ahgg71 ! ,loas ,virgem 7#ahgh7 & ! ,prov]bios de ,salomo are evid5ce ( a complete return to or?odoxy dur+ ! poet's la/ ye>s4 ,by a lam5table error ( judgm5t "s wor?less pornographic v]ses entitl$ ,crypt9as h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! complete/ edition ( ,joo de ,deus's poems--,campo de ,flores 7,lisbon1 #ahic74 ,he di$ at ,lisbon on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #ahif1 0 accord$ a public fun]al & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,national ,pan!on1 ! ,j]onymite *ur* at ,belem1 :]e repose ! rema9s ( ,camo5s1 ,h]culano & ,g>rett4 ,8 scatt]$ m9or prose writ+s & correspond5ce h be5 po/hum\sly publi%$ by ,dr ,!ophilo ,braga 7,lisbon1 #ahih74 ,next to ,camo5s & p]haps ,g>rett1 no ,portuguese poet has be5 m widely read1 m pr(\ndly admir$ ?an ,joo de ,deus2 yet no poet 9 any c\ntry has be5 m indiff]5t to public op9ion & m delib]ately c>eless ( p]sonal fame4 ,he is n responsible = any s+le edition ( 8 poems1 :i* 7 put toge!r by pi\s b ill-in=m$ en?usia/s1 :o ascrib$ to him v]ses t he _h n writt52 he kept no copies ( 8 compositions1 seldom tr\bl$ to write !m himself1 & 0 cont5t = ! mo/ "p to dictate !m to o!rs4 ,he has no great intellectual =ce1 no philosophic doctr9e1 is limit$ 9 !me z 9 outlook1 is curi\sly unc]ta9 9 8 t\*1 (t5 m>r+ a f9e poem ) a slov5ly rhyme or ) a misplac$ acc5t2 &1 on ! only occasion :5 he 0 induc$ to revise a set ( pro(s1 8 alt]ations 7 ne>ly all = ! worse4 ,& yet1 ?\gh he nev] appeal$ to ! patriotic _s1 ?\gh he wrote no?+ at all comp>able 9 =ce or maje/y to ! re/ra9$ spl5d\r ( ,os ,lusiadas1 ! popul> in/9ct :i* l9ks 8 "n ) t ( 8 great pr$ecessor is em95tly j4 ,= ,camo5s 0 8 model2 n ! ,camo5s ( ! epic1 b ! ,camo5s ( ! lyrics & ! sonnets1 :]e ! passion ( t5d]ness f9ds its supreme utt]ance4 ,braga has not$ five /ages ( developm5t 9 ,joo de ,deus's arti/ic life--! imitative1 ! idyllic1 ! lyric1 ! pessimi/ic & ! dev\t phases4 ,"u ea* ( ^! divisions is includ$ mu* t is ( extreme int]e/1 especially to contempor>ies :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! same succession ( emotional exp]i5ce1 & x is highly probable t ,caturras & ,gasp>1 pieces z witty z any?+ 9 ,bocage b free f ,bocage's co>se impiety1 w always int]e/ lit]>y /ud5ts4 ,b x is z ! s+] ( love t ,joo de ,deus w delight po/]ity z he delight$ 8 own g5]ation4 ,! elegiac music ( ,ra*el & ( ,m>9a1 ! melan*oly ( ,adeus & ( ,remo9ho1 ! t5d]ness & s9c]ity ( ,meu ca/a lirio1 ( ,lagrima cele/e1 ( ,descala & a score m songs are di/+ui%$ by ! l>ge1 vital simplicity :i* )/&s "t4 ,x is precisely 9 ! quality ( un/udi$ simplicity t ,joo de ,deus is incomp>ably /rong4 ,! temptations to a display ( virtuosity are almo/ irresi/ible = a ,portuguese poet2 he has ! tradition ( virtuosity 9 8 blood1 he has be=e him ! example ( all contempor>ies1 & he has at h& an in/rum5t ( wond]ful sonority & compass4 ,yet n once is ,joo de ,deus clamor\s or rhetorical1 n once does he indulge 9 idle ornam5t4 ,8 prevail+ note is t ( exquisite sweetness & ( rev]5t purity2 yet ) all 8 c>ess+ s(tness he is nev] s5tim5tal1 &1 ?\gh he has n ! /r5g? = a long fight1 emotion has seldom be5 set to m delicate music4 ,_h he includ$ among 8 o!r gifts ! gift ( selection1 _h he cont9u$ ! poetic discipl9e ( 8 y\? in/ead ( d$icat+ 8 p[]s to a task :i*1 well z he p]=m$ x1 might h be5 done no less well by a mu* less] man1 !re is sc>cely any height to :i* he might n h ris54 ,see also ,maxime ,=mont1 ,le ,m\vem5t potique contempora9 en ,portugal 7,lyon1 #ahib74 7,j4 ,f4-,k47 ,,deut]onomy1 ! "n ( "o ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is book 0 long ! /orm-c5tre ( ,p5tateu*al criticism1 or?odox s*ol>s boldly ass]t+ t any :o que/ion$ its ,mosaic au?or%ip r$uc$ x to ! level ( a pi\s fraud4 ,b ,biblical facts h at la/ triumph$ ov] tradition1 & ! non-,mosaic au?or%ip ( ,deut]onomy is n[ a commonplace ( criticism4 ,x is /ill in/ructive1 h[ev]1 to note ! successive phases ?r\gh :i* s*ol>ly op9ion reg>d+ ! composition & date ( 8 book has pass$4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury ! *>act]i/ics :i* s cle>ly m>k (f ,deut]onomy f ! o!r f\r books ( ! ,p5tateu* 7 frankly recogniz$1 b ! mo/ advanc$ critics ( t age 7 incl9$ to pron\nce x ! e>lie/ & mo/ au!ntic ( ! five4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury de ,wette />tl$ ! religi\s _w by decl>+ t ,deut]onomy1 s f> f be+ ,mosaic1 0 n kn[n till ! "t ( ,josiah4 ,?is !ory he f\nd$ on #b ,k+s xxii42 & ev] s9ce1 ?is *apt] has be5 "o ( ! recogniz$ foci ( ,biblical criticism4 ,! only o!r s+le *apt] ( ! ,bible :i* is responsible = hav+ br\ght ab\t a some:at simil> revolution 9 critical op9ion is ,ezek4 xliv4 ,f ?is *apt]1 "s sev5ty ye>s aft] de ,wette's discov]y1 ,wellhaus5 ) equal acum5 inf]r$ t ,leviticus 0 n kn[n to ,ezekiel1 ! prie/1 & !re=e c\ld n h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 8 day2 = _h ,leviticus be5 ! recogniz$ ,law-book ( 8 nation ,ezekiel c\ld n h repres5t$ z a degradation ! v position :i* t ,law-book describ$ z a special hon\r conf]r$ on ! ,levites by ,yahweh himself4 ,h5ce ,leviticus1 s f> f belong+ to an e>li] /ratum ( ! ,p5tateu* ?an ,deut]onomy1 z de ,wette ?\ght1 mu/ belong to a mu* lat] /ratum1 & be at lea/ exilic1 if n po/-exilic4 ,! title ,deut]onomy is due to a mi/ranslation by ! ,septuag9t ( ! clause 9 *ap4 xvii4 #ah1 r5d]$ & he %all write out = himself ?is ,deut]onomy4 ,! ,hebrew really means & he ! k+ %all write out = himself a copy ( ?is law1 :]e !re is n ! slighte/ sugge/ion t ! au?or int5d$ to describe ?is law deliv]$ on ! pla9s ( ,moab z a second code 9 contradi/9ction to ! fir/ code giv5 on ,s9ai ?irty-eight ye>s e>li]4 ,moreov] ! phrase ?is law is s ambigu\s z to raise a mu* great] difficulty ?an t caus$ by ! ,greek mi/ranslation ( ! ,hebrew ^w = copy4 ,h[ mu* does ?is law include8 ,x 0 long suppos$ to mean ! :ole ( our pres5t ,deut]onomy2 inde$1 x is on t supposition t ! traditional view ( ! ,mosaic au?or%ip is bas$4 ,b ! context alone c det]m9e ! "q2 & t is (t5 s ambigu\s t a sure inf]5ce is impossible4 ,we may safely ass]t1 h[ev]1 t n[h]e ne$ ?is law mean ! :ole book4 ,9 fact1 x inv>iably means v mu* less1 & sometimes1 z 9 xxvii4 #c1 #h1 s little t x c\ld all be engrav$ 9 l>ge lett]s on a few pla/]$ /ones set up beside an alt>4 ,deut]onomy is n ! "w ( any s+le writ] b ! result ( a long process ( developm5t4 ,! fact t x is legislative z well z hortatory is en\gh to prove ?is1 = mo/ ( ! laws x conta9s are f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 sometimes 9 less develop$1 sometimes 9 m develop$ =ms1 a fact :i* is conclusive pro( ( prolong$ hi/orical developm5t4 ,accord+ to ! all-p]vad+ law ( evolution1 ! less complex =m mu/ h prec$$ ! m complex4 ,/ill1 ! book does be> ! /amp ( "o ma/]-m9d4 ,its /yle is z easily recogniz$ z t ( ,deut]o-,isaiah1 be+ z rem>kable = its copi\s diction z = its dep?s ( moral & religi\s feel+4 ,! orig9al ,deut]onomy1 ,d1 read to ,k+ ,josiah1 _c h be5 s l>ge z our pres5t book1 = n only c\ld x be read at a s+le sitt+1 b x c\ld be easily read twice 9 "o day4 ,on ! day x 0 f\nd1 ,%aphan fir/ read x himself1 & !n w5t to ! k+ & read x al\d to him4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( its brevity is t x 0 read publicly to ! assembl$ p imm$iately be=e !y1 z well z _! k+1 pl$g$ !mselves to obey x2 & n a ^w is said z to ! task ( read+ x al\d1 s z to be he>d by su* a great multitude1 be+ long or difficult4 ,! legislative "p ( ,d consi/s ( fifte5 *apt]s 7xii4-xxvi471 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9 _m lat] ins]tions4 ,b ! impression made ^u ,josiah by :at he he>d 0 f> too deep to h be5 produc$ by ! legislative "p alone4 ,! k+ mu/ h li/5$ to ! curses z well z ! bless+s 9 *ap1 xxviii41 & no d\bt also to ! exhortations 9 *aps4 v4-xi4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! orig9al book consi/$ ( a c5tral mass ( religi\s1 civil & social laws1 prec$$ by a hortatory introduction & foll[$ by an effective p]oration4 ,! book read to ,josiah mu/ !re=e h compris$ mo/ ( :at is f\nd 9 ,deut4 v4-xxvi41 xxvii4 #i1 #aj & xxviii4 ,b some?+ l two c5turies elaps$ be=e ! book rea*$ its pres5t =m1 = 9 ! clos+ *apt]1 z well z else:]e1 e4g4 i4 #da-dc 7:]e ! jo9+ is n s deftly done z usual7 & xxxii4 #dh-eb1 !re are und\bt$ traces ( ! ,prie/ly ,code1 ,p1 :i* is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be po/-exilic4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! book z we n[ h x4 ,!re are two introductions1 ! fir/ i4-iv4 #dd1 m hi/orical ?an hortatory2 ! second v4-xi41 m hortatory ?an hi/orical4 ,^! may at fir/ h be5 prefix$ to sep>ate editions ( ! legislative portion1 b 7 ev5tually comb9$4 ,!n1 be=e ,d 0 unit$ to ,p1 five app5dices ( v v>i\s dates & embrac+ poetry z well z prose1 7 add$ s z to give a full] acc\nt ( ! la/ days ( ,moses & ?us lead up to ! n>rative ( 8 dea? ) :i* ! book closes4 7#a7 ,*ap4 xxvii41 :]e ! eld]s ( ,israel are introduc$ = ! fir/ "t z act+ along ) ,moses 7xxvii4 #a7 & !n ! prie/s1 ! ,levites 7xxvii4 #i74 ,"s ( ! curses ref] to laws giv5 n 9 ,d b 9 ,lev4 xxx41 s t ! date ( ?is *apt] mu/ be lat] ?an ,leviticus or at any rate ?an ! laws codifi$ 9 ! ,law ( ,hol9ess 7,lev4 xvii4-xxvi474 7#b7 ,! second app5dix1 *aps1 xxix4-xxxi4 #bi1 xxxii4 #de-dg1 gives u ! f>ewell address ( ,moses & is c]ta9ly lat] ?an ,d4 ,moses is repres5t$ z speak+ n ) any hope ( prev5t+ ,israel's apo/asy b because he kn[s t ! p w ev5tually prove apo/ate 7xxxi4 #bi71 a po9t ( view v diff]5t f ,d's4 7#c7 ,! ,song ( ,moses1 *ap4 xxxii4 ,t ?is didactic poem mu/ h be5 writt5 late 9 ! nation's hi/ory1 & n at its v beg9n+1 is evid5t f v4 #g3 ,rememb] ! days ( old1 ,consid] ! ye>s ( _m g5]ations4 ,su* words _c be int]pret$ s z to fit ! lips ( ,moses4 ,x mu/ h be5 compos$ 9 a "t ( natural gloom & depression1 aft] ,yahweh's ang] _h be5 provok$ by a v fr[>d g5]ation1 c]ta9ly n be=e ! ,assyrian ,empire _h loom$ up aga9/ ! political horizon1 aggressive & m5ac+4 ,"s critics br+ ! date d[n ev5 to ! "t ( ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel4 7#d7 ,! ,bless+ ( ,moses1 *ap1 xxxiii4 ,! fir/ l9e proves t ?is poem is n by ,d1 :o speaks inv>iably ( ,horeb1 nev] ( ,s9ai4 ,! situation depict$ is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) t ( ! ,song4 ,ev]y?+ is bright because ( promises fulfill$1 & ! future bids fair to be bright] /ill4 ,bru/on ma9ta9s ) reason t ! ,bless+1 /rictly s call$1 consi/s only ( vv4 #f-be1 & has be5 ins]t$ 9 a ,psalm celebrat+ ! goodness ( ,jehovah to 8 p on _! entrance into ,canaan 7vv4 #a-e1 #bf-bi74 ,! special prom95ce giv5 to ,joseph 7,ephraim & ,manasseh7 9 vv4 #ac-ag has l$ _m critics to assign ?is poem to ! "t ( ! greate/ w>rior-k+ ( ,nor!rn ,israel1 ,j]oboam ,,ii4 7#e7 ,! acc\nt ( ,moses' dea?1 *ap4 xxxiv4 ,?is app5dix1 conta9+1 z x does1 manife/ traces ( ,p1 proves t ev5 ,deut]onomy 0 n put into its pres5t =m until aft] ! exile4 ,f ! _m co9cid5ces betwe5 ,d & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,ex4 xx4-xxiii47 x is cle> t ,d 0 acqua9t$ ) ,e1 ! prophetic n>rative ( ! ,nor!rn k+dom2 b x is n q cle> :e!r ,d knew ,e z an indep5d5t "w1 or aft] its comb9ation ) ,j1 ! some:at e>li] prophetic n>rative ( ! ,s\!rn k+dom1 ! comb9$ =m ( :i* is n[ indicat$ by ! symbol ,,je4 ,kittel c]ta9ly puts x too /rongly :5 he ass]ts t ,d quotes always f ,e & nev] f ,j1 = "s ( ! passages allud$ to 9 ,d may j z readily be ascrib$ to ,j z to ,e1 cf4 ,deut4 i4 #g & ,g54 xv4 #ah2 ,deut4 x4 #ad & ,ex4 xxxiv4 #a-d4 ,consequ5tly ,d mu/ h be5 writt5 c]ta9ly aft] ,e & possibly aft] ,e 0 comb9$ ) ,j4 ,9 ,amos1 ,hosea & ,isaiah !re are no traces ( ,d's ideas1 :]eas 9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel _! influ5ce is ev]y:]e manife/4 ,h5ce ?is s*ool ( ?\ght arose betwe5 ! age ( ,isaiah & t ( ,j]emiah2 b h[ long ,d itself may h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e x 0 read 9 #fbb to ,josiah _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,_m argue t ,d 0 writt5 imm$iately be=e x 0 f\nd & t1 9 fact1 x 0 put into ! temple = ! purpose ( be+ f\nd4 ,?is !ory gives "s plausibility to ! *>ge t ! book is a pi\s fraud4 ,b ! n>rative 9 #b ,k+s xxii4 w>rants no su* inf]5ce4 ,! m natural explanation is t x 0 writt5 n 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,josiah's reign1 & ) ! cognizance ( ! temple prie/s !n 9 (fice1 b "s "t dur+ ! long reign ( ,manasseh1 probably :5 8 policy 0 mo/ reaction>y & :5 he fav\r$ ! wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav5 & set up alt>s to /range gods 9 ,j]usalem itself4 ,?is expla9s :y ! au?or did n publi% 8 "w imm$iately1 b plac$ x :]e he hop$ x w\ld be safely pres]v$ till opportunity %\ld arise = its publication4 ,"o ne$ n suppose t he actually =esaw h[ fav\rable t opportunity w\ld prove1 & t1 z soon z discov]$1 8 "w w\ld be promulgat$ z law by ! k+ & will+ly accept$ by ! p4 ,! au?or believ$ t ev]y?+ he wrote 0 9 full accordance ) ! m9d ( ,moses1 & w\ld contribute to ! national weal ( ,yahweh's cov5ant p1 & !re=e he did n scruple to repres5t ,moses z ! speak]4 ,x is n to be expect$ t mod]n s*ol>s %\ld be able to fix ! exact ye> or ev5 decade 9 :i* su* a book 0 writt54 ,x is en\gh to det]m9e ) some?+ l probability ! c5tury or half-c5tury :i* be/ fits its hi/orical data2 & ^! appe> to po9t to ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,betwe5 ,d & ,p !re are no v]bal p>allels2 b 9 ! hi/orical rsums ,,je is foll[$ closely1 :ole clauses & ev5 v]ses be+ copi$ practically v]batim4 ,z ,dr ,driv] po9ts out 9 8 c>eful analysis1 !re are only ?ree facts 9 ,d :i* are n also f\nd 9 ,,je1 viz4 ! numb] ( ! spies1 ! numb] ( s\ls t w5t d[n into ,egypt ) ,jacob1 & ! ark be+ made ( acacia wood4 ,b ev5 ^! may h be5 9 ,j or ,e orig9ally1 & left out :5 ,,je 0 comb9$ ) ,p4 ,/eu]nagel divides ! legal z well z ! hortatory p>ts ( ,d betwe5 two au?ors1 "o ( :om uses ! #bnd p]son plural :5 address+ ,israel1 & ! o!r ! #bnd p]son s+ul>2 b z a simil> alt]nation is con/antly f\nd 9 writ+s univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be by ! same au?or1 ?is clue seems any?+ b tru/wor?y1 dep5d+ z x does on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a s+le ,hebrew lett]1 & result+1 z x frequ5tly does1 9 ! division ( v]ses :i* o!rwise seem to be f ! same p5 7cf4 xx4 #b74 ,! inf]5ce z to div]sity ( au?or%ip is mu* m conclusive :5 diff]5ce ( /&po9t c be prov$1 cf4 v4 #c1 xi4 #b ff4 ) viii4 #b4 ,! fir/ two passages repres5t ,moses z address+ ! g5]ation t 0 alive at ,horeb1 :]eas ! la/ repres5ts him z speak+ to ^? :o 7 ab\t to pass ov] ,jordan a full g5]ation lat]2 & x may well be t ! "o au?or may1 9 ! hi/orical & hortatory p>ts1 h pref]r$ ! #bnd plural & ! o!r ! #bnd s+ul>2 )\t ! fur!r inf]5ce be+ ju/ifi$ t e law 9 :i* ! #bnd s+ul> is us$ mu/ be assign$ to ! latt]1 & e law 9 :i* ! #bnd plural occurs mu/ be due to ! =m]4 ,! law ( ! ,s+le ,sanctu>y1 "o ( ,d's out/&+ *>act]i/ics1 is1 = him1 an innovation1 b an innovation t[>ds :i* ev5ts _h long be5 t5d+4 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #i %[s t ev5 ! zeal ( ,josiah c\ld n c>ry out ! in/ructions laid d[n 9 ,d xviii4 #f-h4 ,josiah's acceptance ( ,d made x ! fir/ canonical book ( scripture4 ,?us ! religion ( ,judah became h5ce=w>d a religion :i* enabl$ its adh]5ts to le>n f a book exactly :at 0 requir$ ( !m4 ,d requires ! de/ruction n only ( ! high places & ! idols1 b ( ! ,a%]as 7wood5 po/s7 & ! ,mazzebas 7/one pill>s7 (t5 set up beside ! alt> ( ,jehovah 7xvi4 #ba74 ,^! re=ms made too heavy dem&s ^u ! p1 z 0 prov$ by ! reaction :i* set 9 at ,josiah's dea?4 ,inde$ ! c\ntry p w\ld look on ! de/ruction ( ! high places ) _! ,a%]as & ,mazzebas z sacrilege & w\ld consid] ,josiah's dea? 9 battle z a div9e puni%m5t = 8 sacrilegi\s de$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! exile ( ! p w\ld appe> to ^? :o _h obey$ ,d's in/ructions z a well-m]it$ puni%m5t = national apo/asy4 ,moreov]1 ,d reg>d$ religion z ( ! utmo/ mom5t to ea* individual ,israelite2 & x is c]ta9ly n by accid5t t ! decl>ation ( ! individual's duty t[>ds ,god imm$iately foll[s ! emphatic intimation to ,israel ( ,yahweh's unity4 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ,yahweh is our ,god1 ,yahweh is "o3 & ?\ %alt love ,yahweh ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t & ) all ?y s\l & ) all ?y /r5g? 7vi4 #d1 #e74 ,9 e/imat+ ! religi\s value ( ,deut]onomy x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ^u ?is passage ! greate/ eulogy ev] pron\nc$ on any scripture 0 pron\nc$ by ,*ri/ himself1 :5 he said on ^! words hang all ! law & ! prophets1 & x is also well to rememb] t :5 tempt$ 9 ! wild]ness he repell$ ea* sugge/ion ( ! ,tempt] by a quotation f ,deut]onomy4 ,nev]!less ev5 su* a writ] z ,d c\ld n escape ! influ5ce ( ! age & atmosph]e 9 :i* he liv$2 & despite ! _s ( love :i* brea!s s /rongly ?r\gh\t ! book1 especially = ! poor1 ! wid[ & ! fa!rless1 ! /rang] & ! homeless ,levite 7xxiv4 #aj-bb71 & ! humanity %[n t[>ds bo? bea/s & birds 7xxii4 #a1 #d1 #f f41 xxv4 #d71 !re are elem5ts 9 ,d :i* g f> to expla9 ! int5se exclusiv5ess & ! religi\s intol]ance *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism4 ,%\ld a man's son or fri5d de> to him z 8 own s\l seek to tempt him f ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 ,d's pitiless ord] to t man is ,?\ %alt surely kill him2 ?9e h& %all be fir/ ^u him to put him to dea?4 ,f ?is s+le in/ance we see n only h[ f> mank9d has travell$ along ! pa? ( religi\s tol]ation s9ce ,deut]onomy 0 writt51 b also h[ v f> ! criticism impli$ 9 ,*ri/'s me?od ( deal+ ) :at 0 said to !m ( old "t may be legitimately c>ri$4 7,j4 ,a4 ,p4997 ,,deuts*1 ,,immanuel ,,osc> ,,m5ahem 7#ahbi-ahgc71 ,g]man ori5tal s*ol>1 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,octob] #ahbi1 at ,neisse 9 ,prussian ,silesia1 ( ,jewi% extraction4 ,on rea*+ 8 sixte5? ye> he began 8 /udies at ! univ]sity ( ,b]l91 pay+ special att5tion to !ology & ! ,talmud4 ,he also ma/]$ ! ,engli% language & /udi$ ,engli% lit]ature4 ,9 #ahee ,deuts* 0 appo9t$ assi/ant 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,he work$ int5sely on ! ,talmud & contribut$ no less ?an #aij pap]s to ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia1 9 addition to essays 9 ,kitto's & ,smi?'s ,biblical ,diction>ies1 & articles 9 p]iodicals4 ,9 ,octob] #ahfg 8 article on ,! ,talmud1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 made him kn[n4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,russian1 ,sw$i%1 ,dut* & ,dani%4 ,he di$ at ,alex&ria on ! #ab? ( ,may #ahgc4 ,8 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 edit$ by ,lady ,/rang=d1 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 consi/+ ( n9ete5 pap]s on su* subjects z ,! ,talmud1 ,islam1 ,semitic ,culture1 ,egypt1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 ,semitic ,languages1 ,! ,t>gums1 ,! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 & ,arabic ,poetry4 ,,deuts*krone1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 k+dom ( ,prussia1 betwe5 ! two lakes ( ,ar5s & ,radau1 #ae m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,s*neidemhl1 a railway junction #fj m4 nor? ( ,pos54 ,pop4 7#aije7 #gbhb4 ,x is ! seat ( ! public (fices = ! di/rict1 possesses an ,evangelical & a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a synagogue1 & a gymnasium e/abli%$ 9 ! old ,jesuit college1 & has manufactures ( ma*9]y1 wooll5s1 tiles1 br&y & be]4 ,,deutz 7anc4 ,divitio71 =m]ly an indep5d5t t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian ,rh9e ,prov9ce1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e1 opposite to ,cologne1 ) :i* x has be5 incorporat$ s9ce #ahhh4 ,x conta9s ! *ur* ( ,/ ,h]ib]t1 built 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 cavalry b>racks1 artill]y magaz9es1 & gas1 porcela91 ma*9e & c>riage factories4 ,x has a h&some railway /ation on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 negotiat+ ! local traffic ) ,elb]feld & ,knigsw9t]4 ,! =tifications ( ! t[n =m "p ( ! def5ces ( ,cologne4 ,to ! ea/ is ! manufactur+ suburb ( ,kalk4 ,! old ca/le 9 ,deutz 0 9 #ajjb made a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y by ,h]ib]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,cologne4 ,p]mission to =tify ! t[n 0 9 #abcj grant$ to ! citiz5s by ! ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 betwe5 :om & ! c\nts ( ,b]g x 0 9 #abdj divid$4 ,x 0 burnt 9 #acgf1 #adde & #aehc2 & 9 #afgh1 aft] ! peace ( ,nijmweg51 ! =tifications 7 dismantl$2 rebuilt 9 #ahaf1 !y 7 aga9 raz$ 9 #ahhh4 ,,deux-,s,,vres1 an inl& dep>tm5t ( we/]n ,france1 =m$ 9 #agij ma9ly ( ! ?ree di/ricts ( ,poit\1 ,?\>sais1 ,gt9e & ,niortais1 add$ to a small portion ( ,sa9tonge & a /ill small] portion ( ,aunis4 ,area1 #bccg sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #cci1dff4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4 by ,ma9e-et-,loire1 ,e4 by ,vi5ne1 ,s4,e4 by ,*>5te1 ,s4 by ,*>5te-,infrieure & ,w4 by ,v5de4 ,! dep>tm5t takes its "n f two riv]s--! ,svre ( ,niort :i* trav]ses ! s\!rn portion1 & ! ,svre ( ,nantes 7an afflu5t ( ! ,loire7 :i* dra9s ! nor?-we/4 ,!re are ?ree regions--! ,gt9e1 occupy+ ! nor? & c5tre ( ! dep>tm5t1 ! ,pla9e 9 ! s\? & ! ,m>ais1--di/+ui%$ by _! geological "* & _! g5]al physical appe>ance4 ,! ,gt9e1 =m$ ( primitive rocks 7granite & s*i/s71 is ! cont9uation ( ! ,bocage ( ,v5de & ,ma9e-et-,loire4 ,its surface is irregul> & cov]$ ) h$ges & clumps ( wood or =e/s4 ,! sy/ematic application ( lime has mu* improv$ ! soil1 :i* is naturally poor4 ,! ,pla9e1 re/+ on oolite lime/one1 is treeless b f]tile4 ,! ,m>ais1 a l[-ly+ di/rict 9 ! extreme s\?-we/1 consi/s ( alluvial clays :i* also are extremely productive :5 prop]ly dra9$4 ,! highe/ po9ts1 sev]al ( :i* exce$ #gjj ft41 are f\nd 9 a l9e ( hills :i* beg9s 9 ! c5tre ( ! dep>tm5t1 to ! s\? ( ,p>!nay1 & /ret*es nor?-we/ into ! neighb\r+ dep>tm5t ( ,v5de4 ,x divides ! region dra9$ by ! ,svre ,nantaise & ! ,?\et 7bo? afflu5ts ( ! ,loire7 9 ! nor? f ! bas9s ( ! ,svre ,niortaise & ! ,*>5te 9 ! s\?4 ,! climate is mild1 ! annual temp]ature at ,niort be+ #ed ,fahr41 & ! ra9fall ne>ly #be 94 ,! w9t]s are cold] 9 ! ,gt9e1 ! summ]s w>m] 9 ! ,pla9e4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( ! entire area ( ,deux-,svres1 :i* is prim>ily an agricultural dep>tm5t1 consi/s ( arable l&4 ,:eat & oats are ! ma9 c]eals4 ,potatoes & mangold-wurzels are ! *ief root-crops4 ,niort is a c5tre = ! gr[+ ,( vegetables 7onions1 asp>agus1 arti*okes1 c47 & ( angelica4 ,consid]able quantities ( beetroot are rais$ to supply ! di/ill]ies ( ,melle4 ,colza1 hemp1 rape & flax are also cultivat$4 ,v9ey>ds are num]\s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bressuire 9 ! nor?1 & ( ,niort & ,melle 9 ! s\?4 ,! dep>tm5t is well kn[n = ! ,p>!nay bre$ ( cattle & ! ,poit\ bre$ ( horses2 & ! mules re>$ 9 ! s\!rn arrondissem5ts are mu* s\ght aft] bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,spa94 ,! sy/em ( co-op]ative dairy+ is practis$ 9 "s localities4 ,! apple-trees ( ! ,gt9e & ! walnut-trees ( ! ,pla9e br+ a good return4 ,coal is m9$1 & ! dep>tm5t produces build+-/one & lime4 ,a lead+ indu/ry is ! manufacture ( textiles 7s]ges1 druggets1 l951 h&k]*iefs1 flannels1 swan-sk9s & knitt$ goods74 ,tann+ & lea!r-dress+ are c>ri$ on at ,niort & o!r places1 & gloves are made at ,niort4 ,wool & cotton sp9n+1 hat & %oe mak+1 di/ill+1 brew+1 fl\r-mill+ & oil-ref9+ are also ma9 indu/ries4 ,! dep>tm5t exports cattle & %eep to ,p>is & ,poiti]s2 also c]eals1 oils1 w9es1 vegetables & its indu/rial products4 ,! ,svre ,niortaise & its tribut>y ! ,mignon furni% #ai m4 ( navigable wat]way4 ,! dep>tm5t is s]v$ by ! ,oue/-tat railway4 ,x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ,prote/ants1 especially 9 ! s\?-ea/4 ,! f\r arrondissem5ts are ,niort1 ,bressuire1 ,melle & ,p>!nay2 ! cantons numb] #ca1 & ! communes #cef4 ,deux-,svres is "p ( ! region ( ! ,,ix4 army corps1 & ( ! diocese & ! acadmie 7educational circumscription7 ( ,poiti]s1 :]e also is its c\rt ( appeal4 ,niort 7! capital71 ,bressuire1 ,melle1 ,p>!nay1 ,/ ,maix5t1 ,?\>s & ,oiron are ! pr9cipal places 9 ! dep>tm5t4 ,sev]al o!r t[ns conta9 features ( int]e/4 ,among ^! are ,airvault1 :]e !re is a *ur* ( ! #ab? & #ad? c5turies :i* once belong$ to ! abbey ( ,/ ,pi]re1 & an anci5t bridge built by ! monks2 ,celles-sur-,belle1 :]e !re is an old *ur* rebuilt by ,l\is ,,xi41 & aga9 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 & ,/ ,j\9-de-,m>nes1 ) a f9e ,romanesque *ur* ) ,go?ic re/oration1 :i* belong$ to "o ( ! mo/ anci5t abbeys ( ,gaul4 ,,deva 7,sanskrit heav5ly71 9 ,h9du & ,buddhi/ my?ology1 spirits ( ! light & air1 & m9or deities g5]ally b5efic5t4 ,9 ,p]sian my?ology1 h[ev]1 ! ^w is us$ = evil spirits or demons4 ,accord+ to ,zoroa/] ! devas 7 creat$ by ,ahriman4 ,,deva 7mod4 ,*e/]71 a ,roman legion>y =tress 9 ,brita9 on ! ,dee4 ,x 0 occupi$ by ,roman troops ab\t ,a4,d4 #dh & held probably till ! end ( ! ,roman dom9ion4 ,its g>rison 0 ! ,legio ,,xx4 ,val]ia ,victrix1 ) :i* ano!r legion 7,,ii4 ,adjutrix7 0 associat$ = a few ye>s1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ge-he4 ,x nev] develop$1 l _m ,roman legion>y =tresses1 into a t[n1 b rema9$ milit>y ?r\gh\t4 ,p>ts ( its nor? & ea/ walls 7f ,morgan's ,m\nt to ,pepp]gate7 & num]\s inscriptions rema9 to indicate its "* & area4 ,see ,f4 ,j4 ,hav]field1 ,catalogue ( ! ,grosv5or ,museum1 ,*e/] 7,*e/]1 #aijj71 ,introduction4 ,,devadatta1 ! son ( ,suklodana1 :o 0 y\ng] bro!r to ! fa!r ( ! ,buddha 7,mahava/u1 iii4 #gf74 ,bo? he & 8 bro!r ,an&a1 :o 7 consid]ably y\ng] ?an ! ,buddha1 jo9$ ! bro!rhood 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ! ,buddha's m9i/ry4 ,f\r o!r c\s9s ( !irs1 *iefs ( ! ,sakiya clan1 & a b>b] nam$ ,upali1 7 admitt$ to ! ord] at ! same "t2 & at _! own reque/ ! b>b] 0 admitt$ fir/1 s t z _! s5ior 9 ! ord] he %\ld take prec$5ce ( !m 7,v9aya ,texts1 iii4 #bbh74 ,all ! o!rs cont9u$ loyal disciples1 b ,devadatta1 fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 hav+ ga9$ ov] ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,magadha1 ,ajatasattu1 to 8 side1 made a =mal proposition1 at ! meet+ ( ! ord]1 t ! ,buddha %\ld retire1 & h& ov] ! lead]%ip to him1 ,devadatta 7,v9aya ,texts1 iii4 #bch2 ,jataka1 i4 #adb74 ,?is proposal 0 reject$1 & ,devadatta is said 9 ! tradition to h successfully in/igat$ ! pr9ce to ! execution ( 8 ag$ fa!r & to h made ?ree abortive attempts to br+ ab\t ! dea? ( ! ,buddha 7,v9aya ,texts1 iii4 #bda-bej2 ,jataka1 vi4 #aca71 %ortly aft]w>ds1 rely+ ^u ! feel+ ( ! p 9 fav\r ( asceticism1 he br\ght =w>d f\r propositions = ascetic rules to be impos$ on ! ord]4 ,^! be+ refus$1 he appeal$ to ! p1 />t$ an ord] ( 8 own1 & ga9$ ov] #ejj ( ! ,buddha's community to jo9 9 ! secession4 ,we he> no?+ fur!r ab\t ! success or o!rwise ( ! new ord]1 b x may possibly be ref]r$ to "u ! "n ( ! ,gotamakas1 9 ! ,angutt>a 7see ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha i4 #bbb71 = ,devadatta's family "n 0 ,gotama4 ,b 8 community 0 c]ta9ly /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! #d? c5tury ,a4,d41 = x is especially m5tion$ by ,fa ,hi51 ! ,*9ese pilgrim 7,legge's translation1 p4 #fb74 ,& x possibly la/$ till ! #g? c5tury1 = ,hsan ,tsang m5tions t 9 a mona/]y 9 ,b5gal ! monks !n foll[$ a c]ta9 regulation ( ,devadatta's 7,t4 ,watt]s1 ,on ,yuan ,*wang1 ii4 #aia74 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ! canon z to h[ or :5 ,devadatta di$2 b ! comm5t>y on ! ,jataka1 writt5 9 ! #e? c5tury ,a4,d41 has pres]v$ a tradition t he 0 swall[$ up by ! e>? ne> ,savat?i1 :5 on 8 way to ask p>don ( ! ,buddha 7,jataka1 iv4 #aeh74 ,! spot :]e ?is occurr$ 0 %[n to bo? ! pilgrims j m5tion$ 7,fa ,hi51 loc4 cit4 p4 #fj2 & ,t4 ,watt]s1 ,on ,yuan ,*wang1 i4 #cij74 ,x is a /rik+ example ( ! way 9 :i* su* leg5ds gr[1 t x is only ! late/ ( ^! au?orities1 ,hsan ,tsang1 :o says t1 ?\gh o/5sibly approa*+ ! ,buddha ) a view to reconciliation1 ,devadatta _h conceal$ poison 9 8 nail ) ! object ( murd]+ ! ,buddha4 ,,au?orities4--,v9aya ,texts1 translat$ by ,rhys ,davids & ,h4 ,old5b]g 7#c vols41 ,ox=d1 #ahha-ahhe72 ,! ,jataka1 edit$ by ,v4 ,fausbll 7#g vols41 ,london1 #ahgg-ahig72 ,t4 ,watt]s1 ,on ,yuan ,*wang 7ed4 ,rhys ,davids & ,bu%ell1 #b vols41 ,london1 #aijd-aije72 ,fa ,hian1 translat$ by ,j4 ,legge 7,ox=d1 #ahhf72 ,mahava/u 7ed4 ,t5ant1 #c vols41 ,p>is1 #ahhb-ahig74 7,t4 ,w4 ,r4 ,d47 ,,devaprayag 7,,deoprayag71 a village 9 ,tehri ,/ate ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ,india4 ,x is situat$ at ! spot :]e ! riv]s ,alakn&a & ,bhagira?i unite & =m ! ,ganges1 & z "o ( ! five sacr$ conflu5ces 9 ! hills is a great place ( pilgrimage = dev\t ,h9dus4 ,devaprayag /&s at an elevation ( #bbfe ft4 on ! side ( a hill :i* rises above x #hjj ft4 ,on a t]race 9 ! upp] "p ( ! village is ! temple ( ,raghuna?1 built ( huge uncem5t$ /ones1 pyramidical 9 =m & capp$ by a :ite cupola4 ,,dev5s1 ,,*>les 7#ahbj-ahia71 ,am]ican lawy] & juri/1 0 born 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #d? ( ,april #ahbj4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d ,college 9 #ahch1 & at ! ,h>v>d law s*ool 9 #ahdj1 & 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 ,frankl9 c\nty1 ,mass41 :]e he practis$ f #ahda to #ahdi4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh he 0 a ,:ig memb] ( ! /ate s5ate1 & f #ahdi to #ahec 0 ,unit$ ,/ates m>%al = ,massa*usetts1 9 :i* capacity he 0 call$ ^u 9 #ahea to rem& ! fugitive slave1 ,?omas ,sims1 to slav]y4 ,?is he felt con/ra9$ to d1 mu* aga9/ 8 p]sonal desire2 & subsequ5tly he attempt$ 9 va9 to pur*ase ,sims's fre$om1 & _m ye>s lat] appo9t$ him to a position 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice at ,wa%+ton4 ,dev5s practis$ law at ,worce/] f #ahec until #ahfa1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,civil ,w> s]v$ 9 ! ,f$]al army1 becom+ colonel ( volunte]s 9 ,july #ahfa & brigadi]-g5]al ( volunte]s 9 ,april #ahfb4 ,at ! battle ( ,ball's ,bluff 7#ahfa7 he 0 sev]ely w\nd$2 he 0 aga9 w\nd$ at ,fair ,oaks 7#ahfb7 & at ,*ancellorsville 7#ahfc71 :]e he comm&$ a division4 ,he lat] di/+ui%$ himself at ,cold ,h>bor1 & comm&$ a division 9 ,grant's f9al campaign 9 ,virg9ia 7#ahfd-fe71 8 troops be+ ! fir/ to occupy ,ri*mond aft] its fall4 ,brevet$ major-g5]al 9 #ahfe1 he rema9$ 9 ! army = a ye> z comm&] ( ! milit>y di/rict ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,he 0 a judge ( ! ,massa*usetts sup]ior c\rt f #ahfg to #ahgc1 & 0 an associate ju/ice ( ! supreme c\rt ( ! /ate f #ahgc to #ahgg1 & aga9 f #ahha to #ahia4 ,f #ahgg to #ahha he 0 attorney-g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! cab9et ( ,presid5t ,hayes4 ,he di$ at ,bo/on1 ,mass41 on ! #g? ( ,janu>y #ahia4 ,see 8 ,orations & ,addresses1 ) a memoir by ,john ,codman ,ropes 7,bo/on1 #ahia74 ,,dev5t]1 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ov]ysel1 ,holl&1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,ysel1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,s*ipbeek1 & a junction /ation #aj m4 ,n4 ( ,zutph5 by rail4 ,x is also connect$ by /eam tramway ,s4,e4 ) ,brokulo4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bf1bab4 ,dev5t] is a neat & prosp]\s t[n situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( prettily wood$ environs1 & conta9+ _m curi\s old build+s4 ,!re are ?ree *ur*es ( special int]e/3 ! ,groote ,k]k 7,/ ,lebu9us71 :i* dates f #accd1 & occupies ! site ( an old] /ructure ( :i* ! #aa?-c5tury crypt rema9s2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,bro$]k]k1 or ,bro!rs' ,*ur*1 conta9+ among its relics ?ree anci5t gospels said to h be5 writt5 by ,/ ,lebu9us 7,lebw971 ! ,engli% apo/le ( ! ,frisians & ,we/phalians 7d4 c4 #ggc72 & ! ,b]gk]k1 d$icat$ 9 #abjf1 :i* has two late ,romanesque t[]s4 ,! t[n hall 7#afic7 conta9s a rem>kable pa9t+ ( ! t[n c\ncil by ,t]burg4 ,9 ! f9e squ>e call$ ! ,br9k is ! old weigh-h\se1 n[ a s*ool 7gymnasium71 built 9 #aebh1 ) a l>ge ext]nal /aircase 7#afdd74 ,! gymnasium is desc5d$ f ! ,lat9 s*ool ( :i* ! celebrat$ ,alex&] ,hegius 0 ma/] 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :5 ! "y ,erasmus 0 s5t to x1 & at :i* ,adrian ,floreizoon1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,adrian ,,vi41 is said to h be5 a pupil ab\t ! same "t4 ,ano!r fam\s educational in/itution 0 ! ,a!naeum or high s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #afcj1 at :i* ,h5ri ,r5]y 7d4 #afci7 taught philosophy1 :ile ,johann ,fri$ri* ,gronov 7,gronovius7 7#afaa-afga7 taught rhetoric & hi/ory 9 ! middle ( ! same c5tury4 ,! ,a!naeum disappe>$ 9 #ahgf4 ,9 mod]n times ,dev5t] possess$ a fam\s tea*] 9 ,dr ,burg]sdyk 7d4 #aijj71 ! ,dut* translator ( ,%akespe>e4 ,! t[n libr>y1 also call$ ! libr>y ( ! ,a!naeum1 includes _m ,,mss4 & incunabula1 & a #ac?-c5tury copy ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,! ar*ives ( ! t[n are ( consid]able value4 ,besides a consid]able agricultural trade1 ,dev5t] has important iron f\ndries & c>pet factories 7! royal manufactory ( ,smyrna c>pets be+ especially fam\s72 :ile cotton-pr9t+1 rope-mak+ & ! weav+ ( wooll5s & silks are also c>ri$ on4 ,a public (ficial is appo9t$ to sup]vise ! prop] mak+ ( a =m ( g+]bread kn[n z ,dev5t] ,koek1 :i* has a reputation ?r\gh\t ,holl&4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,ba?m51 a village #e m4 ,e4 ( ,dev5t]1 "s #ad?-c5tury frescoes 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury ,dev5t] 0 ! c5tre ( ! fam\s religi\s & educational movem5t associat$ ) ! "n ( ,,g]h>d ,,groot 7q4v471 :o 0 a native ( ! t[n 7see ,,bro!rs ,,( ,,common ,,life74 ,,de ,,v]e1 ,,aubrey ,,?omas 7#ahad-aijb71 ,iri% poet & critic1 0 born at ,curragh ,*ase1 ,co4 ,lim]ick1 on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y #ahad1 be+ ! ?ird son ( ,sir ,aubrey de ,v]e ,hunt 7#aghh-ahdf74 ,9 #ahcb 8 fa!r dropp$ ! f9al "n by royal lic5ce4 ,sir ,aubrey 0 himself a poet4 ,wordswor? call$ 8 sonnets ! mo/ p]fect ( ! age4 ,^! & 8 drama1 ,m>y ,tudor1 7 publi%$ by 8 son 9 #ahge & #ahhd4 ,aubrey de ,v]e 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & 9 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye> publi%$ ,! ,wald5ses1 :i* he foll[$ up 9 ! next ye> by ,! ,se>* aft] ,pros]p9e4 ,!nce=w>d he 0 cont9ually engag$1 till 8 dea? on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #aijb1 9 ! production ( poetry & criticism4 ,8 be/-kn[n works are3 9 v]se1 ,! ,si/]s 7#ahfa72 ,! ,infant ,bridal 7#ahfd72 ,iri% ,odes 7#ahfi72 ,leg5ds ( ,/ ,patrick 7#ahgb72 & ,leg5ds ( ! ,saxon ,sa9ts 7#ahgi72 & 9 prose1 ,essays *iefly on ,poetry 7#ahhg72 & ,essays *iefly ,lit]>y & ,e?ical 7#ahhi74 ,he also wrote a picturesque volume ( travel-sket*es1 & two dramas 9 v]se1 ,alex&] ! ,great 7#ahgd72 & ,/ ,?omas ( ,cant]bury 7#ahgf72 bo? ( :i*1 ?\gh !y conta9 f9e passages1 suff] f diffus5ess & a lack ( dramatic _s4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,aubrey de ,v]e's poetry are high s]i\sness & a f9e religi\s en?usiasm4 ,8 rese>* 9 que/ions ( fai? l$ him to ! ,roman ,*ur*2 & 9 _m ( 8 poems1 notably 9 ! volume ( sonnets call$ ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s 7#ahhh71 he made ri* additions to devotional v]se4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,wordswor?1 ^: calm m$itative s]5ity he (t5 e*o$ ) great felicity2 & 8 affection = ,greek poetry1 truly felt & und]/ood1 gave dignity & weight to 8 own v]sions ( my?ological idylls4 ,b p]haps he w be *iefly rememb]$ = ! impulse :i* he gave to ! /udy ( ,celtic leg5d & lit]ature4 ,9 ?is direction he has _h _m foll[]s1 :o h sometimes assum$ ! appe>ance ( pione]s2 b aft] ,mat!w ,arnold's f9e lecture on ,celtic ,lit]ature1 no?+ p]haps did m to help ! ,celtic revival ?an ,aubrey de ,v]e's t5d] insight into ! ,iri% "*1 & 8 /irr+ reproductions ( ! e>ly ,iri% epic poetry4 ,a volume ( ,selections f 8 poems 0 edit$ 9 #ahid 7,new ,york & ,london7 by ,g4 ,e4 ,woodb]ry4 ,,device1 a s*eme1 plan1 simple me*anical contrivance2 also a patt]n or design1 p>ticul>ly an h]aldic design or emblem1 (t5 comb9$ ) a motto or leg5d4 ,device & its d\blet devise come f ! two ,old ,fr5* =ms devis & devise ( ! ,lat9 divisa1 ?+s divid$1 f divid]e1 to sep>ate1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( to arrange1 set out1 apportion4 ,devise1 z a sub/antive1 is n[ only us$ z a legal t]m = a disposition ( prop]ty by w1 by a mod]n conv5tion re/rict$ to a disposition ( real prop]ty1 ! t]m beque/ be+ us$ ( p]sonalty 7see ,,w74 ,?is use is directly due to ! ,m$ieval ,lat9 mean+ ( divid]e te/am5to dispon]e4 ,9 its v]bal =m1 devise is us$ n only 9 ! legal s5se1 b also 9 ! s5se ( to plan1 arrange1 s*eme4 ,,devil 7,gr4 ,greek3 diabolos1 sl&]]1 f ,greek3 diaballe91 to sl&]71 ! g5]ic "n = a _s ( evil1 especially ! supreme _s ( evil1 ! foe ( ,god & man4 ,! ^w is us$ = m9or evil spirits 9 mu* ! same s5se z demon4 ,f ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics associat$ ) ?is idea1 ! t]m has come to be appli$ by analogy 9 _m diff]5t s5ses4 ,f ! idea ( evil z degrad$1 contemptible & doom$ to failure1 ! t]m is appli$ to p]sons 9 evil plight1 or ( slight consid]ation4 ,9 ,engli% legal phraseology devil & devill+ are us$ ( b>ri/]s :o act z sub/itutes = o!rs4 ,any remun]ation :i* ! legal devil may receive is purely a matt] ( private arrangem5t betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! *anc]y division su* remun]ation is g5]ally 9 ! proportion ( "o half ( ! fee :i* ! cli5t pays2 9 ! k+'s b5* division remun]ation = 'devill+' ( briefs or assi/+ 9 draft+ & op9ions is n common 7see ,annual ,practice1 #aijg1 p4 #gag74 ,9 a simil> s5se an au?or may h 8 mat]ials collect$ & arrang$ by a lit]>y hack or devil4 ,! t]m pr9t]'s devil = ! err& boy 9 a pr9t+ (fice probably comb9es ?is idea ) t ( 8 be+ black ) ink4 ,! common notions ( ! devil z black1 ill-fav\r$1 malici\s1 de/ructive & ! l1 h occasion$ ! application ( ! t]m to c]ta9 animals 7! ,tasmanian devil1 ! devil-fi%1 ! coot71 to me*anical contrivances 7= te>+ up clo? or sep>at+ wool71 to pung5t1 highly season$ di%es1 broil$ or fri$4 ,9 ?is article we are conc]n$ ) ! prim>y s5se ( ! ^w1 z us$ 9 my?ology & religion4 ,! primitive philosophy ( animism involves ! ascription ( all ph5om5a to p]sonal ag5cies4 ,z ph5om5a are good or evil1 produce pleasure or pa91 cause weal or woe1 a di/9ction 9 ! "* ( ^! ag5cies is gradually recogniz$2 ! ag5ts ( good become gods1 ^? ( evil1 demons4 ,a t5d5cy t[>ds ! simplification & organization ( ! evil z ( ! good =ces1 leads t[>ds belief 9 out/&+ lead]s among ! =ces ( evil4 ,:5 ! div9e is mo/ completely conceiv$ z unity1 ! demonic is also s conceiv$2 & ov] aga9/ ,god /&s ,satan1 or ! devil4 ,al?\gh x is 9 connexion ) ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian mono!ism t ?is belief 9 ! devil has be5 mo/ fully develop$1 yet !re are approa*es to ! doctr9e 9 o!r religions4 ,9 ,babylonian my?ology ! old s]p5t goddess '! lady ,n9a' 0 trans=m$ into ! embodim5t ( all t 0 ho/ile to ! p[]s ( heav5 7,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bhc71 & 0 conf\nd$ ) ! dragon ,tiamat1 a t]rible mon/]1 reappe>+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s z ,rahab & ,levia?an1 ! pr9ciple ( *aos1 ! enemy ( ,god & man 7,t5nant's ,! ,fall & ,orig9al ,s91 p4 #dc71 & accord+ to ,gunkel 7,s*pfung und ,*aos1 p4 #chc7 ! orig9al ( ! 'old s]p5t' ( ,rev4 xii4 #i4 ,9 ,egyptian my?ology ! s]p5t ,apap ) an army ( mon/]s /rives daily to arre/ ! c\rse ( ! boat ( ! lum9\s gods4 ,:ile ! ,greek my?ology describ$ ! ,titans z en*a9$ once = all 9 _! d>k dungeons yet ,prome!us' ?reat rema9$ to di/urb ! tranquillity ( ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,9 ! ,g]man my?ology ! army ( d>kness is l$ by ,hel1 ! p]sonification ( twilight1 sunk to ! goddess :o en*a9s ! dead & t]rifies ! liv+1 & ,loki1 orig9ally ! god ( fire1 b aft]w>ds look$ ^u z ! fa!r ( ! evil p[]s1 :o /rips ! goddess ( e>? ( h] adornm5ts1 :o robs ,?or ( 8 f]tiliz+ hamm]1 & causes ! dea? ( ,bald] ! b5efic5t sun4 ,9 ,h9du my?ology ! ,m>uts1 ,indra1 ,agni & ,vi%nu wage w> ) ! s]p5t ,ahi to deliv] ! cele/ial c[s or sp\ses1 ! wat]s held captive 9 ! cav]ns ( ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! ,trimurti1 ,brahma 7! imp]sonal7 is manife/$ z ,brahma 7! p]sonal creator71 ,vi%nu 7! pres]v]71 & ,siva 7! de/roy]74 ,9 ,siva is p]petuat$ ! belief 9 ! god ( ,v$ic times ,rudra1 :o is repres5t$ z ! wild hunt] :o /orms ov] ! e>? ) 8 b&s1 & lays l[ ) arr[s ! m5 :o displease him 7,*antepie de la ,saussaye's ,religionsges*i*te1 #bnd ed41 vol4 ii4 p4 #be74 ,! evil "* ( ,siva is reflect$ 9 8 wife1 :o z ,kali 7! black7 is ! wild & cruel goddess ( de/ruction & dea?4 ,! opposition ( good & evil is mo/ fully c>ri$ out 9 ,zoroa/rianism4 ,oppos$ to ,ormuzd1 ! au?or ( all good1 is ,ahriman1 ! s\rce ( all evil2 & ! opposition runs ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se 7,d',alviella's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #aeh-afd74 ,! conception ( ,satan 7,heb4 ,hebrew3 ,satan1 ! adv]s>y1 ,gr4 ,greek3 ,satanas1 or ,greek3 ,satan1 #b ,cor4 xii4 #g7 belongs to ! po/-exilic p]iod ( ,hebrew developm5t1 & probably %[s traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian on ,jewi% ?\ght1 b x has also its roots 9 mu* old] beliefs4 ,an evil _s possesses ,saul 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ad71 b x is f ! ,"l4 ,! same ag5cy produces discord betwe5 ,abimele* & ! ,%e*emites 7,judges ix4 #bc74 ,a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8 prophets z ,yahweh's mess5g] entices ,ahab to 8 doom 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #bb74 ,gr[+ human corruption is trac$ to ! fle%y union ( angels & wom5 7,g54 vi4 #a-d74 ,b g5]ally evil1 :e!r z mis=tune or z s91 is assign$ to div9e causality 7#a ,sam4 xviii4 #aj2 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a2 #a ,k+s xxii4 #bj2 ,isa4 vi4 #aj1 lxiii4 #ag74 ,aft] ! ,exile !re is a t5d5cy to protect ! div9e transc5d5ce by ! introduction ( m$iat+ angelic ag5cy1 & to sep>ate all evil f ,god by ascrib+ its orig9 to ,satan1 ! enemy ( ,god & man4 ,9 ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah 7iii4 #a-b7 he /&s z ! adv]s>y ( ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/1 & is rebuk$ by ,yahweh = desir+ t ,j]usalem %\ld be fur!r puni%$4 ,9 ! book ( ,job he pres5ts himself be=e ! ,"l among ! sons ( ,god 7ii4 #a71 yet he is repres5t$ bo? z accus] & tempt]4 ,he disbelieves 9 ,job's integrity1 & desires him to be s tri$ t he may fall into s94 ,:ile1 accord+ to #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a1 ,god himself te/s ,david 9 reg>d to ! numb]+ ( ! p1 accord+ to #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a x is ,satan :o tempts him4 ,! developm5t ( ! conception cont9u$ 9 lat] ,judaism1 :i* 0 probably m /rongly influ5c$ by ,p]sian dualism4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,asmodeus 7q4v47 ( ! book ( ,tobit is ! same z ! ,ae%ma ,daewa ( ! ,bundahe%4 ,he is ! evil _s :o slew ! sev5 husb&s ( ,s>a 7iii4 #h71 & ! "n probably means ,de/roy]4 ,9 ! book ( ,eno* ,satan is repres5t$ z ! rul] ( a rival k+dom ( evil1 b "h are also m5tion$ ,satans1 :o are di/+ui%$ f ! fall5 angels & :o h a ?reefold function1 to tempt1 to accuse & to puni%4 ,satan possesses ! ungodly 7,ecclesia/icus xxi4 #bg71 is id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t ( ,g54 iii4 7,wisdom ii4 #bd71 & is probably also repres5t$ by ,asmodeus1 to :om lu/ful qualities are assign$ 7,tobit vi4 #ad72 ,g54 iii4 is probably ref]r$ to 9 ,psalms ( ,solomon xvii4 #di1 a s]p5t speak+ ) ! words ( transgressors1 words ( deceit to p]v]t wisdom4 ,! ,book ( ! ,secrets ( ,eno* n only id5tifies ,satan ) ! ,s]p5t1 b also describes 8 revolt aga9/ ,god1 & expulsion f heav54 ,9 ! ,jewi% ,t>gums ,sammael1 ! highe/ angel t /&s be=e ,god's ?rone1 caus$ ! s]p5t to s$uce ! woman2 he coalesces ) ,satan1 & has inf]ior ,satans z 8 s]vants4 ,! bir? ( ,ca9 is ascrib$ to a union ( ,satan ) ,eve4 ,z accus] affect+ man's /&+ be=e ,god he is greatly fe>$4 ,?is doctr9e1 /ripp$ ( mu* ( its grossness1 is reproduc$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,satan is ! ,greek3 diabolos 7,matt4 xiii4 #ci2 ,john xiii4 #b2 ,eph4 iv4 #bg2 ,heb4 ii4 #ad2 ,rev4 ii4 #aj71 sl&]] or accus]1 ! ,greek3 peirazn 7,matt4 iv4 #c2 #a ,!ss4 iii4 #e71 ! tempt]1 ! ,greek3 ponros 7,matt4 v4 #cg2 ,john xvii4 #ae2 ,eph4 vi4 #af71 ! evil "o1 & ! ,greek3 e*?ros 7,matt4 xiii4 #ci71 ! enemy4 ,he is app>5tly id5tifi$ ) ,beelzebub 7or ,beelzebul7 9 ,matt4 xii4 #bf1 #bg4 ,jesus appe>s to recognize ! exi/5ce ( demons belong+ to a k+dom ( evil "u ! lead]%ip ( ,satan ! pr9ce ( demons 7,matt4 xii4 #bd1 #bf1 #bg71 ^: works 9 demonic possessions x is 8 function to de/roy 7,m>k i4 #cd1 iii4 #aa1 vi4 #g2 ,luke x4 #ag-bj74 ,b he himself conqu]s ,satan 9 resi/+ 8 temptations 7,matt4 iv4 #a-aa74 ,simon is w>n$ aga9/ him1 & ,judas yields to him z tempt] 7,luke xxii4 #ca2 ,john xiii4 #bg74 ,jesus's cures are repres5t$ z a triumph ov] ,satan 7,luke x4 #ah74 ,?is ,jewi% doctr9e is f\nd 9 ,paul's lett]s also4 ,satan rules ov] a _w ( evil1 sup]natural ag5cies1 ^: dwell+ is 9 ! l[] heav5s 7,eph4 vi4 #ab73 h5ce he is ! pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air 7ii4 #b74 ,he is ! tempt] 7#a ,!ss4 iii4 #e2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #e71 ! de/roy] 7x4 #aj71 to :om ! (f5d] is to be h&$ ov] = bodily de/ruction 7v4 #e71 id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t 7,rom4 xvi4 #bj2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #c71 & probably ) ,beli> or ,belial 7vi4 #ae72 & ! surr5d] ( man to him br\ght dea? into ! _w 7,rom4 v4 #ag74 ,paul's own /ake 9 ! fle% is ,satan's mess5g] 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #g74 ,accord+ to ,hebrews ,satan's p[] ov] dea? ,jesus de/roys by dy+ 7ii4 #ad74 ,revelation describes ! w> 9 heav5 betwe5 ,god ) 8 angels & ,satan or ! dragon1 ! old s]p5t1 ! deceiv] ( ! :ole _w 7xii4 #i71 ) 8 ho/s ( d>kness4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,bea/ & ! k+s ( ! e>?1 ,satan is imprison$ 9 ! bottomless pit a ?\s& ye>s 7xx4 #b74 ,aga9 loos$ to deceive ! nations1 he is f9ally ca/ into ! lake ( fire & brim/one 7xx4 #aj2 cf4 ,eno* liv4 #e1 #f2 #b ,pet] ii4 #d74 ,9 ,john's ,gospel & ,epi/les ,satan is oppos$ to ,*ri/4 ,s9n] & murd]] f ! beg9n+ 7#a ,john iii4 #h7 & li> by nature 7,john viii4 #dd71 he enslaves m5 to s9 7viii4 #cd71 causes dea? 7v]se #dd71 rules ! pres5t _w 7xiv4 #cj71 b has no p[] ov] ,*ri/ or ^? :o are 8 7xiv4 #cj1 xvi4 #aa2 #a ,john v4 #ah74 ,he w be de/roy$ by ,*ri/ ) all 8 works 7,john xvi4 #cc2 #a ,john iii4 #h74 ,9 ! common fai? ( ! ,g5tile *ur*es aft] ! ,apo/olic ,age ! pres5t dom9ion ( evil demons1 or ( "o evil demon1 0 j z g5]ally presuppos$ z man's ne$ ( r$emption1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z a result ( t dom9ion4 ,! t5acity ( ?is belief may be expla9$ among o!r ?+s by ! liv+ impression ( ! poly!ism t surr\nd$ ! communities on e side4 ,by means ( ?is assumption too1 humanity seem$ to be unburd5$1 & ! presuppos$ capacity = r$emption c\ld1 !re=e1 be ju/ifi$ 9 its wide/ range 7,h>nack's ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 p4 #aha74 ,:ile ,*ri/'s ,fir/ ,adv5t deliv]$ believ]s f ,satan's bondage1 8 ov]?r[ w\ld be complet$ only by ! ,second ,adv5t4 ,! ,gno/ics held t ! pres5t _w sprang f a fall ( man1 or f an und]tak+ ho/ile to ,god1 & is1 !re=e1 ! product ( an evil or int]m$iate be+ 7p4 #beg74 ,"s taught t :ile ! future _h be5 assign$ by ,god to ,*ri/1 ! devil _h receiv$ ! pres5t age 7p4 #cji74 ,! fa!rs trac$ all doctr9es n held by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ! devil1 & ! virtues ( h]etics 7 reg>d$ z an in/ance ( ! devil trans=m+ himself into an angel ( light 7ii4 #ia74 ,ir5aeus ascribes ,satan's fall to pride & arrogance & envy ( ,god's creation2 & traces man's deliv]ance f ,satan to ,*ri/'s victory 9 resi/+ 8 temptations2 b also1 guid$ by c]ta9 ,paul9e passages1 repres5ts ! dea? ( ,*ri/ z a ransom paid to ! 'apo/asy' = m5 :o _h fall5 into captivity 7ii4 #bij74 ,he does n admit t ,satan has any lawful claim on man1 or t ,god practis$ a deceit on him1 z lat] fa!rs taught4 ,?is !ory ( ! atonem5t 0 =mulat$ by ,orig54 ,by 8 successful temptation ! devil acquir$ a "r ov] m54 ,god (f]$ ,*ri/'s s\l = t ( m54 ,b ! devil 0 dup$1 z ,*ri/ ov]came bo? him & dea? 7p4 #cfg74 ,x 0 held by ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 ,ambrose1 :o uses ! phrase pia fraus1 ,augu/9e1 ,leo ,i41 & ,gregory ,i41 :o expresses x 9 its wor/ =m4 ,! humanity ( ,*ri/ 0 ! bait2 ! fi%1 ! devil1 snapp$ at x1 & 0 left hang+ on ! invisible hook1 ,*ri/'s div9ity 7iii4 #cjg74 ,9 ,a?anasius ! relation ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ to ,satan retires into ! backgr\nd1 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus & ,john ( ,damascus felt scruples ab\t ?is view4 ,x is expressly repudiat$ by ,anselm & ,abel>d4 ,pet] ! ,lomb>d ass]t$ x1 disreg>d+ ^! objections4 ,b]n>d repres5ts man's bondage to ,satan z righte\sly p]mitt$ z a j retribution = s91 he be+ ! execution] ( ! div9e ju/ice4 ,ano!r !ory ( ,orig5's f\nd less acceptance4 ,! devil1 z a be+ result+ f ,god's w1 _c always rema9 a devil4 ,! possibility ( 8 r$emption1 h[ev]1 0 9 ! #e? c5tury br&$ z a h]esy4 ,p]sian dualism 0 br\ght into contact ) ,*ri/ian ?\ght 9 ! doctr9e ( ,mani2 & x is p]missible to believe t ! gloomy views ( ,augu/9e reg>d+ man's condition are due 9 "s measure to ?is influ5ce4 ,mani taught t ,satan ) 8 demons1 sprung f ! k+dom ( d>kness1 attack$ ! realm ( light1 ! e>?1 defeat$ man s5t aga9/ him by ! ,god ( light1 b 0 ov]?r[n by ! ,god ( light1 :o !n deliv]$ ! primeval man 7iii4 #cbd74 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 says ,tullo*1 ! belief 9 ! devil 0 absorb+--sa9ts conceiv$ !mselves & o!rs to be 9 con/ant conflict ) him4 ,?is sup]/ition1 p]haps at its /ronge/ 9 ! #ac? to ! #ae? c5tury1 pass$ into ,prote/antism4 ,lu!r 0 always consci\s ( ! pres5ce & opposition ( ,satan4 ,z ,i f\nd he 0 ab\t to beg9 aga91 says ,lu!r1 ,i ga!r$ toge!r my books1 & got into b$4 ,ano!r "t 9 ! night ,i he>d him above my cell walk+ on ! cloi/]1 b z ,i knew x 0 ! devil ,i paid no att5tion to him & w5t to sleep4 ,he held t ?is _w w pass away ) its pleasures1 z !re c be no real improvem5t 9 x1 = ! devil cont9ues 9 x to ply 8 d>+ & s$uctive devices 7vii4 #aia74 ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] 7,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 iii4 p4 #ic7 sums up ,prote/ant doctr9e z foll[s3--,he is br\ght into relation ) natural s9fulness1 & ! impulse to evil ?\ghts & de$s is ascrib$ to him4 ,! dom9ion ( evil ov] m5 is also repres5t$ z a slav]y to ,satan1 & ?is z puni%m5t4 ,he has 8 full p[] 9 ! extra-,*ri/ian _w4 ,b 8 p[] is brok5 by ,*ri/1 & by 8 ^w victory ov] him is to be won4 ,! p[] ( creat+ any?+ is also d5i$ ! devil1 & only ! p[] ( corrupt+ sub/ances is conc$$ to him4 ,b x is only at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t t 8 p[] is :olly annihilat$2 he is himself deliv]$ up to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,?is belief 9 ! devil 0 specially /rong 9 ,scotl& among bo? cl]gy & laity 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! devil 0 always & lit]ally at h&1 says ,buckle1 he 0 haunt+ !m1 speak+ to !m1 & tempt+ !m4 ,g :]e !y w\ld he 0 !re4 ,9 m rec5t times a great v>iety ( op9ions has be5 express$ on ?is subject4 ,j4 ,s4 ,seml] d5i$ ! reality ( demonic possession1 & held t ,*ri/ 9 8 language accommodat$ himself to ! views ( ! sick :om he 0 seek+ to cure4 ,kant reg>d$ ! devil z a p]sonification ( ! radical evil 9 man4 ,daub 9 8 ,judas ,i%c>io? argu$ t a f9ite evil presupposes an absolute evil1 & ! absolute evil z real mu/ be 9 a p]son4 ,s*ell+ reg>d$ ! devil z1 n a p]son1 b a real pr9ciple1 a _s let loose by ! fre$om ( man4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 an uncompromis+ oppon5t ( ! common belief4 ,! problem rema9s to seek evil r 9 self ?an 9 ,satan1 ,satan only %[+ ! limits ( our self-k4 ,dorn] has =mulat$ a !ory :i* expla9s ! developm5t ( ! conception ( ,satan 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures z 9 correspond5ce ) an evolution 9 ! "* ( ,satan4 ,satan appe>s 9 ,scripture "u f\r lead+ *>act]s3--fir/ z ! tempt] ( fre$om1 :o desires to br+ to decision1 secondly z ! accus]1 :o by virtue ( ! law retorts crim9ality on man2 ?irdly z ! in/rum5t ( ! ,div9e1 :i* br+s evil & dea? ^u m52 f\r?ly & la/ly he is describ$1 especially 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ! enemy ( ,god & man4 ,he supposes a *ange 9 ,satan 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! div9e revelation1 9 conflict ) :i* he came /ep by /ep to be a sworn enemy ( ,god & man1 especially 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t times1 9 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 8 p[] is brok5 at ! root by ,*ri/4 ,he argues t ! _w-ord]1 be+ 9 process z a moral ord]1 p]mits brea*es ev]y:]e into :i* ,satan c obta9 entrance 7pp4 #ii1 #ajb74 ,h4 ,l4 ,m>t5s5 gives ev5 fre] re9 to speculation4 ,! evil pr9ciple1 he says1 has 9 itself no p]sonality1 b atta9s a progressively univ]sal p]sonality 9 its k+dom2 x has no individual p]sonality1 save only 9 individual creatures1 :o 9 an especial mann] make !mselves its organs2 b among ^! is "o creature 9 :om ! pr9ciple is s hypo/asiz$ t he has become ! c5tre & head ( ! k+dom ( evil 7,dogmatics1 p4 #aii74 ,a4 ,rits*l gives no place 9 8 con/ructive doctr9e to ! belief 9 ! devil2 b recognizes t ! mutual action ( individual s9n]s on "o ano!r con/itutes a k+dom ( s91 oppos$ to ! ,k+dom ( ,god 7,a4 ,e4 ,g>vie1 ,! ,rits*lian ,!ology1 p4 #cjd74 ,kaftan affirms t a doctr9e ab\t ,satan c z little be e/abli%$ z ab\t angels1 z fai? c say no?+ ab\t x1 & no?+ is ga9$ by x = ! dogmatic explanation ( evil4 ,?is :ole prov9ce mu/ be left to ! imm$iate _w-view ( ! pi\s4 ,! idea ( ,satan w on acc\nt ( ! ,scriptures n disappe> f x1 & x w\ld be arrogant to wi% to set x aside4 ,only let ev]yone keep ! ?\ght t ,satan also /&s "u ! commission ( ! ,almighty ,god1 & t no "o mu/ suppose t by lead+ back 8 s9s to a ,satanic temptation he c get rid ( 8 own guilt4 ,to transgress ^! limits is to assail fai? 7,dogmatik1 p4 #cdh74 ,9 ! book entitl$ ,evil & ,evolution !re is an attempt to turn ! light ( mod]n sci5ce on to ! anci5t my/]y ( evil4 ,! au?or cont5ds t ! exi/5ce ( evil is be/ expla9$ by assum+ t ,god is confront$ ) ,satan1 :o 9 ! process ( evolution int]f]es ) ! div9e designs1 an int]f]5ce :i* ! in/ability ( su* an evolv+ process makes n incr$ible4 ,satan is1 h[ev]1 held to be a creature :o has by abuse ( 8 fre$om be5 e/rang$ f1 & oppos$ to 8 ,creator1 & :o at la/ w be conqu]$ by moral means4 ,w4 ,m4 ,alex&] 9 8 book on demonic possession ma9ta9s t ! confession ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah or ,son ( ,god is ! classical crit]ion ( g5u9e demonic possession 7p4 #aej71 & argues t1 z ! ,inc>nation indicat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( heav5 ^u e>?1 !re took place a c\nt] movem5t among ! p[]s ( d>kness1 ( :i* g5u9e demonic possession 0 "o ( ! manife/ations 7p4 #bdi74 ,int]e/+ z ^! speculations are1 x may be confid5tly affirm$ t belief 9 ,satan is n n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z an ess5tial article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 nor is x f\nd to be an indisp5sable elem5t ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,on ! "o h& sci5ce has s expla9$ _m ( ! processes ( out] nature & ( ! inn] life ( man z to leave no room = ,satanic ag5cy4 ,on ! o!r h& ! mod]n view ( ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures does n necessitate ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,scriptures on ?is subject z f9ally & absolutely au?oritative4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus ev5 9 ?is matt] may be acc\nt$ = z ei!r an accommodation to ! views ( ^? ) :om he 0 deal+1 or m probably z a pro( ( ! limitation ( k :i* 0 a necess>y condition ( ! ,inc>nation1 = x _c be cont5d$ t z reveal] ( ,god & r$eem] ( m5 x 0 imp]ative t he %\ld ei!r correct or confirm m5's beliefs 9 ?is respect4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits1 organiz$ "u "o lead] ,satan to tempt man & oppose ,god1 _c be d5i$2 ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce = su* evil ag5cy may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$2 ! necessity ( any su* belief = ,*ri/ian ?\ght & life _c1 !re=e1 be affirm$4 7,see also ,,demonology2 ,,possession47 7,a4 ,e4 ,g4997 ,,devizes1 a m>ket t[n & municipal bor\gh 9 ! ,devizes p>liam5t>y division ( ,wilt%ire1 ,engl&1 #hf m4 ,w4 by ,s4 ( ,london by ! ,great ,we/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #fecb4 ,its ca/le 0 built on a tongue ( l& flank$ by two deep rav9es1 & beh9d ?is ! t[n grew up 9 a semicircle on a /ret* ( b>e & expos$ tablel&4 ,its ma9 /reets1 9 :i* a few anci5t timb]$ h\ses are left1 radiate f ! m>ket place1 :]e /&s a ,go?ic cross1 ! gift ( ,"l ,sidm\? 9 #ahad4 ,! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal skirts ! t[n on ! ,n41 pass+ ov] ! high gr\nd ?r\gh a *a9 ( ?irty-n9e locks4 ,/ ,john's *ur*1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ,wilt%ire1 is cruci=m1 ) a massive c5tral t[]1 bas$ ^u two r\nd & two po9t$ ar*es4 ,x 0 orig9ally ,norman ( ! #ab? c5tury1 & ! *ancel ar* & l[ vault$ *ancel1 9 ?is /yle1 are v f9e4 ,9 ! int]ior sev]al anci5t monum5ts ( ! ,suttons & ,hea?cotes are pres]v$1 besides "s beautiful c>v$ /one "w1 & two ri* ceil+s ( oak ov] ! *apels4 ,/ ,m>y's1 a small] *ur*1 is p>tly ,norman1 b 0 rebuilt 9 ! #ae? & aga9 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,its l(ty cl]e/ori$ nave has an elaborately c>v$ timb] ro(1 & ! s\? por*1 ?\gh repair$ 9 #afab1 pres]ves its ,norman m\ld+s4 ,! wooll5 indu/ries ( ,devizes h lo/ _! prosp]ity2 b !re is a l>ge gra9 trade1 ) eng9e]+ works1 brew]ies1 & manufactures ( silk1 snuff1 tobacco & agricultural implem5ts4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a mayor1 six ald]m5 & eighte5 c\ncillors4 ,area1 #ijf acres4 ,devizes 7,divisis1 la ,devise1 ,de ,vies7 does n appe> 9 any hi/orical docum5t prior to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 :5 ! con/ruction ( a ca/le ( exceptional magnific5ce by ,rog]1 bi%op ( ,salisbury1 at once con/itut$ ! t[n an important political c5tre1 & l$ to its spe$y developm5t4 ,aft] ! disgrace ( ,rog] 9 #aaci ! ca/le 0 seiz$ by ! ,cr[n2 9 ! #ad? c5tury x =m$ "p ( ! d[ry ( ! que5s ( ,engl&1 & figur$ prom95tly 9 hi/ory until its capture & demolition by ,cromwell 9 ! ,civil ,w> ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,devizes became a bor\gh by prescription1 & ! fir/ *>t] f ,matilda1 confirm$ by successive lat] sov]eigns1 m]ely grants exemption f c]ta9 tolls & ! enjoym5t ( undi/urb$ peace4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 add$ a clause conf]r+ on ! t[n ! lib]ties ( ,m>lbor\gh1 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 in/itut$ a coron]4 ,a gild m]*ant 0 grant$ by ,edw>d ,i41 ,edw>d ,,ii4 & ,edw>d ,,iii41 & 9 #afad 0 divid$ into ! ?ree companies ( drap]s1 m]c]s & lea!rsell]s4 ,! pres5t gov]n+ *>t]s 7 issu$ by ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i41 ! latt] be+ little m ?an a confirmation ( ! =m]1 :i* in/itut$ a common c\ncil consi/+ ( a mayor1 a t[n cl]k & ?irty-six capital burgesses4 ,^! *>t]s 7 surr5d]$ to ,*>les ,,ii41 & a new "o 0 conf]r$ by ,james ,,ii41 b ab&on$ ?ree ye>s lat] 9 fav\r ( ! orig9al grant4 ,devizes return$ two memb]s to p>liam5t f #abie1 until depriv$ ( "o memb] by ! ,repres5tation ( ! ,p ,act ( #ahfg1 & ( ! o!r by ! ,r$i/ribution ,act ( #ahhe4 ,! wooll5 manufacture 0 ! /aple indu/ry ( ! t[n f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 until ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :5 compla9ts z to ! decay ( trade began to be preval5t4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! m>ket 0 held on ,monday1 & !re 7 two annual fairs at ! fea/s ( ! ,purification ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,decollation ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! m>ket 0 transf]r$ to ,?ursday 9 ! next reign1 & ! fairs 9 ! #ah? c5tury _h become sev5 9 numb]4 ,see ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,wilt%ire2 ,hi/ory ( ,devizes 7,devizes1 #ahei74 ,,devolution1 ,,w> ,,( 7#affg-fh71 ! "n appli$ to ! w> :i* arose out ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's claims to c]ta9 ,spani% t]ritories 9 "r ( 8 wife ,m>ia ,!resa1 ^u :om ! own]%ip 0 alleg$ to h devolv$4 7,see1 = ! milit>y op]ations1 ,,dut* ,,w>s47 ,! w> 0 end$ by ! treaty ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #affh4 ,,devon1 ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,f ! family ( ,de ,r$v]s 7,de ,ripu>iis2 ,rivi]s71 :o _h be5 e>ls ( ,devon f ab\t #aajj1 ?is title pass$ to ,hugh de ,c\rt5ay 7c4 #abge-acdj71 ! repres5tative ( a prom95t family 9 ! c\nty 7see ,gibbon's digression 9 *ap4 lxi4 ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 ed4 ,bury71 b 0 subsequ5tly =feit$ by ,?omas ,c\rt5ay 7#adcb-adfb71 a ,lanca/rian :o 0 behead$ aft] ! battle ( ,t[ton4 ,x 0 reviv$ 9 #adhe 9 fav\r ( ,edw>d ,c\rt5ay 7d4 #aeji71 ^: son ,sir ,william 7d4 #aeaa7 m>ri$ ,ca!r9e1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,too great proximity to ! ?rone l$ to 8 atta9d]1 b 8 son ,h5ry 7c4 #adih-aeci7 0 re/or$ 9 blood 9 #aeag z e>l ( ,devon1 & 9 #aebe 0 creat$ m>quess ( ,exet]2 8 second wife 0 a daught] ( ,william ,bl\nt1 #d? ,"l ,m\ntjoy4 ,! title aga9 suff]$ =feiture on ,h5ry's execution1 b 9 #aeec x 0 recreat$ = 8 son ,edw>d 7#aebf-aeef74 ,at ! latt]'s dea? x became dormant 9 ! ,c\rt5ay family1 till 9 #ahca a claim by a collat]al bran* 0 all[$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & ! e>ldom ( ,devon 0 re/or$ to ! pe]age1 /ill be+ held by ! head ( ! ,c\rt5ays4 ,! e>li] e>ls ( ,devon 7 ref]r$ to occasionally z e>ls ( ,devon%ire1 b ! =m] v>iant has prevail$1 & ! latt] is n[ solely us$ = ! e>ldom & duk$om held by ! ,cav5di%es 7see ,,devon%ire1 ,,e>ls ,,& ,,dukes ,,(1 & also ! article ,,c\rt5ay74 ,,devonian ,,sy/em1 9 geology1 ! "n appli$ to s]ies ( /ratifi$ fossilif]\s & igne\s rocks t 7 =m$ dur+ ! ,devonian p]iod1 t is1 9 ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! close ( ! ,silurian p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s2 x includes ! m>9e ,devonian & an e/u>9e ,old ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies ( /rata4 ,! "n ,devonian 0 introduc$ 9 #ahbi by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison & ,a4 ,s$gwick to describe ! old] rocks ( ,cornwall & ,devon :i* ,w4 ,lonsdale _h %[n1 f an exam9ation ( ! fossils1 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,! same two work]s also c>ri$ on fur!r rese>*es ^u ! same rocks ( ! cont95t1 :]e already sev]al o!rs1 ,f4 ,roem]1 ,h4 ,e4 ,beyri*1 c41 7 endeav\r+ to elucidate ! succession ( /rata 9 ?is portion ( ! ,transition ,s]ies4 ,! lab\rs ( ^! e>li] work]s1 includ+ 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$1 ! bro!rs ,f4 & ,g4 von ,s&b]g]1 ,a4 ,dumont1 ,j4 ,gosselet1 ,e4 ,j4 ,a4 d',ar*iac1 ,e4 ,p4 de ,v]neuil & ,h4 von ,de*51 al?\gh some:at modifi$ by lat] /ud5ts1 =m$ ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! mod]n classification ( ! ,devonian rocks is bas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ribution ( ,devonian ,rocks ,/ratigraphy ( ! ,devonian ,facies4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t x 0 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall t ! ,devonian rocks 7 fir/ di/+ui%$1 x is 9 c5tral ,europe t ! succession ( /rata is mo/ cle>ly made out1 & "h1 too1 _! geological position 0 fir/ indicat$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! sy/em1 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison4 ,cont95tal ,europe4--,devonian rocks occupy a l>ge area 9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 ext5d+ f ! ,ard5nes ?r\gh ! s\? ( ,belgium across ,rh5i% ,prussia to ,d>m/adt4 ,!y are be/ kn[n f ! picturesque gorges :i* h be5 cut ?r\gh !m by ! ,rh9e bel[ ,b+5 & by ! ,moselle bel[ ,treves4 ,!y reappe> f "u y\ng] =mations 9 ,brittany1 9 ! ,h>z & ,?ur+ia1 & are expos$ 9 ,franconia1 ,saxony1 ,silesia1 ,nor? ,moravia & ea/]n ,galicia4 ,! pr9cipal subdivisions ( ! sy/em 9 ! m typical areas are indicat$ 9 ,table ,i4 ,?is ?reefold subdivision1 ) a c5tral mass ( calc>e\s /rata1 is traceable we/w>ds ?r\gh ,belgium 7:]e ! ,calcaire de ,givet repres5ts ! ,/r+ocephalus lime/one ( ! ,eifel7 & ea/w>ds into ! ,h>z4 ,! rocks reappe> ) local petrographical modifications1 b ) a rem>kable p]si/5ce ( g5]al palaeontological *>act]s1 9 ,ea/]n ,?ur+ia1 ,franconia1 ,saxony1 ,silesia1 ! nor? ( ,moravia & ,ea/ ,galicia4 ,devonian rocks h be5 detect$ among ! crumpl$ rocks ( ! ,/yrian ,alps by means ( ! evid5ce ( abundant corals1 cephalopods1 ga/]opods1 lamellibran*s & o!r organic rema9s4 ,p]haps 9 o!r tracts ( ! ,alps1 z well z 9 ! ,c>pa?ian range1 simil> %ales1 lime/ones & dolomites1 ?\gh z yet unfossilif]\s1 b conta9+ ores ( silv]1 lead1 m]cury1 z9c1 cobalt & o!r metals1 may be ref]able to ! ,devonian sy/em4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 !re=e1 ! ,devonian rocks consi/ ( a va/ ?ickness ( d>k-grey s&y & %aly rocks1 ) occasional seams ( lime/one1 & 9 p>ticul> ) "o ?ick c5tral calc>e\s zone4 ,^! rocks are *>act]iz$ 9 ! l[] zones by num]\s broad-w+$ spirif]s & by peculi> trilobites 7,phacops1 ,homalonotus1 c47 :i*1 ?\gh g5]ically l ^? ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 are specifically di/9ct4 ,! c5tral calc>e\s zone ab\nds 9 corals & cr9oids z well z 9 num]\s bra*iopods4 ,9 ! highe/ b&s a pr(usion ( coil$ cephalopods 7,clym5ia7 occurs 9 "s ( ! lime/ones1 :ile ! %ales are cr[d$ ) a small b *>act]i/ic o/racod cru/acean 7,cyprid9a74 ,"h & !re traces ( fi%es h be5 f\nd1 m especially 9 ! ,eifel1 b seldom 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation z to w>rant _! be+ assign$ to any def9ite place 9 ! zoological scale4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ,e4 ,beyri* has describ$ f ,g]ol/e9 9 ! ,eifel an und\bt$ species ( ,pt]i*?ys1 :i*1 z x _c be c]ta9ly id5tifi$ ) any kn[n =m1 he names ,p4 ,rh5anus4 ,a ,cocco/eus has be5 describ$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,roem] f ! ,h>z1 & /ill lat] "o has be5 cit$ f ,bick5 ne> ,h]born by ,v4 ,ko552 b1 z ,beyri* po9ts out1 !re may be "s d\bt z to :e!r ! latt] is n a ,pt]i*?ys4 ,a ,ct5acan?us1 seem+ly undi/+ui%able f ! ,c4 ,bohemicus ( ,b>r&e's tage ,g1 has also be5 obta9$ f ! ,l[] ,devonian ,n]eit5s*i*t5 ( ,?ur+ia4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,holopty*ius nobilissimus has be5 detect$ 9 ! ,psammite de ,condroz1 :i* 9 ,belgium =ms a *>act]i/ic s&y portion ( ! ,upp] ,devonian rocks4 ,^! are int]e/+ facts1 z help+ to l9k ! ,devonian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one types toge!r4 ,b !y are z yet too few & unsupport$ to w>rant any l>ge d$uction z to ! correlations betwe5 ^! types4 ,x is 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,europe t ! ,devonian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one appe> to be unit$ into "o sy/em1 :]e ! lime/ones & m>9e organisms ( ! "o are int]/ratifi$ ) ! fi%-be>+ s&/ones & %ales ( ! o!r4 ,9 ,russia1 z 0 %[n 9 ! great "w ,russia & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s by ,mur*ison1 ,de ,v]neuil & ,keys]l+1 rocks int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one =mations cov] an ext5t ( surface l>g] ?an ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,?is wide developm5t arises n f ! ?ickness b f ! undi/urb$ horizontal "* ( ! /rata4 ,l ! ,silurian =mations describ$ else:]e1 !y rema9 to ?is day ne>ly z flat & unalt]$ z !y 7 orig9ally laid d[n4 ,judg$ by m]e v]tical dep?1 !y pres5t b a meagre repres5tative ( ! massive ,devonian greywacke & lime/one ( ,g]many1 or ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,brita94 ,yet va/ ?\gh ! area is ov] :i* !y =m ! surface rock1 x is probably only a small portion ( _! total ext5t2 = !y are f\nd turn$ up f "u ! new] =mations along ! flank ( ! ,ural *a94 ,x w\ld ?us seem t !y spread cont9u\sly across ! :ole bread? ( ,russia 9 ,europe4 ,?\gh almo/ ev]y:]e undi/urb$1 !y af=d evid5ce ( "s t]re/rial oscillation betwe5 ! "t ( _! =mation & t ( ! ,silurian rocks on :i* !y re/1 = !y are f\nd gradually to ov]lap ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian =mations4 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,brittany & ,/ages4 ,ard5nes4 ,rh9el&4 ,norm&y4 ,bohemia4 ,h>z4 _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,lime/one ( ,cyprid9a slates4 ,slates ( ,cyprid9a ,u ,etroeungt4 ,pn s&/one 7,sau]l&74 ,ro/ellec4 slates4 ,p ,fam5ni5 ,psammites ( ,crumbly lime/one 7,kram5- ,clym5ia ,p 7,clym5ia ,condroz 7s&y zelkalk7 ) ,clym5ia4 lime/one & ,e b$s74 s]ies74 ,neheim slates 9 ,sau]l&1 lime/one ( ,r ,slates ( ,fam5ne & diabases1 tuffs1 c41 ,alt5au4 7%aly s]ies74 9 ,dillmulde1 c4 ,d _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,e ,slates ( ,adorf lime/one ( ,waldeck ,lime/one ( ,ib]g lime/one ,v ,matagne4 & %ales ) ,goniatites ,cop-,*\x & ,w9t]b]g ,o ,frasni5 ,lime/ones1 m>ls 7,eifel & ,aix7 & gre5 lime/one2 ,n 7,intumesce- & %ale ( ,bude%eim] %ales4 slates ( also ,adorf ,i c5s b$s74 ,frasne1 & ,m>ls1 lime/one & dolomite ,travuliors4 lime/one & ,a r$ m>ble ( ) ,rhyn*onella cuboides %ales ,n ,fl&]s4 7,fl9z 9 "p74 7,bude%eim74 4 ,ib]g lime/one ( ,dillmulde4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ _/ ,lime/one ( ,/r+ocephalus lime/one1 ,lime/ones ,h#b 7( ,/r+ocephalus ,m ,givet4 iron/one ( ,brilon & ( ,*alonnes1 ,b>r&e7 d>k %ales ) ,i ,givri5 ,lahnmulde4 ,montjean & plant-be>+ ,flas] & ,d 7,/r+ocep- ,upp] ,l5ne %ales1 cr9oidal l',eco*re4 %ales4 ,knoll5kalk4 ,d halus b$s74 lime/one ( ,eifel1 r$ ,wiss5ba* ,l s&/ones ( ,aix4 slates4 ,e ,tuffs & diabases ( ,brilon ,h#a4 & ,lahnmulde4 ,d _/ ,r$ conglom]ate ( ,aix4 ,e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,v ,calceola slates ,calceola b$s1 ,wiss5ba* ,slates ( ,g#c ,cephalo- ,calceola b$s4 ,o & lime/ones slates1 ,l[] ,l5ne b$s1 ,porsgu51 pod lime/one4 ,n]eite slates1 ,n ,eifli5 ( ,c\v94 ,gntrod] lime/one & greywacke ,g#b ,t5tacu- slates ( ,i 7,calceola ,greywacke ) clay slate ( ,lahnmulde1 ( ,fret4 lite lime/one4 ,wi$a & ,a b$s74 ,spirif] ,dillmulde1 ,wildung51 ,g#c ,knoll5- lime/ones ( ,n cultrijugatus4 ,grief5/e9 lime/one1 kalk & ,hasselfeld4 4 ,ball]sba* lime/one4 mottl$ ,mn5ian lime/one4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ _/ ,cobl5tzi5 ,greywacke ( ,upp] ,cobl5tz slates4 ,lime/ones ,haupt qu>tzite ,l ,hi]ges4 ,r$ s&/one ( ,eifel1 ( ,erbray1 7( ,loss57 ,o ,%ales & conglom- ,cobl5tz qu>tzite1 l[] ,brulon1 ,vir ,rammelsb]g ,w erate ( ,burnot ,cobl5tz slates4 & ,nh\1 slates1 ,s*al- ,e ) qu>tzite1 ,hunsrck & ,sieg5] greywacke lk] slates ,r ( ,bi]l & greywacke & slates4 ( ,fa\1 ,kahleb]g r$ slates ( ,taunus qu>tzite & s&/one s&/one4 ,d ,vireux1 greywacke greywacke4 ( ,gah>d4 ,f-#b ( ,h]cynian slates ,e _/ ( ,montigny1 ,b>r&e4 & lime- ,v s&/one ( ,anor4 ,:ite ,konjeprus /ones4 ,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,lime/one ) ,n ,gd9ni5 ,slates ( ,/ ,hub]t ,slates ( ,gd9ne4 ,slates & ,h]cynian ,i & ,fooz1 slates qu>tzites fauna4 ,a ( ,mondrepuits1 ( ,pl\- ,n arkose ( ,weis- ga/el4 4 mes1 conglom]ate ( ,fp94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,russian rocks ( ?is age lies 9 ! fact1 fir/ signaliz$ by ,mur*ison & 8 associates1 t !y unite )9 !mselves ! *>act]s ( ! ,devonian & ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one types4 ,9 "s di/ricts !y consi/ l>gely ( lime/ones1 9 o!rs ( r$ s&/ones & m>ls4 ,9 ! =m] !y pres5t molluscs & o!r m>9e organisms ( kn[n ,devonian species2 9 ! latt] !y af=d rema9s ( fi%es1 "s ( :i* are specifically id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,! di/ribution ( ^! two palaeontological types 9 ,russia is trac$ by ,mur*ison to ! li?ological *>act]s ( ! rocks1 & consequ5t orig9al div]sities ( physical conditions1 r ?an to diff]5ces ( age4 ,inde$ cases occur :]e 9 ! same b& ( rock ,devonian %ells & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one fi%es lie comm+l$4 ,9 ! belt ( ! =mation :i* ext5ds s\?w>ds f ,ar*angel & ! ,:ite ,sea1 ! /rata consi/ ( s&s & m>ls1 & conta9 only fi% rema9s4 ,trac$ ?r\gh ! ,baltic prov9ces1 !y are f\nd to pass into r$ & gre5 m>ls1 clays1 ?9 lime/ones & s&/ones1 ) b$s ( gypsum4 ,9 "s ( ! calc>e\s b&s su* fossils occur z ,or?is /riatula1 ,spirif]9a prisca1 ,lepta5a productoides1 ,spirif] calc>atus1 ,spirorbis omphaloides & ,or?oc]as subfusi=me4 ,9 ! high] b$s ,holopty*ius & o!r well-kn[n fi%es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one occur4 ,foll[$ /ill f>!r to ! s\?1 z f> z ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,orel & ,voronezh1 ! ,devonian rocks lose _! r$ col\r & s&y "*1 & become ?9-b$d$ yell[ lime/ones1 & dolomites ) s(t gre5 & blue m>ls4 ,traces ( salt deposits are indicat$ by occasional sal9e spr+s4 ,x is evid5t t ! geographical conditions ( ! ,russian area dur+ ! ,devonian p]iod mu/ h closely resembl$ ^? ( ! ,rh9e bas9 & c5tral ,engl& dur+ ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,! ,russian ,devonian rocks h be5 classifi$ 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,!re is an unque/ionable passage ( ! upp]mo/ ,devonian rocks ( ,russia into ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nor?-,we/ ,russia4 ,c5tral ,russia4 ,pet*oral&4 ,ural ,region4 _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,u ,r$ s&/one ,lime/ones ) ,lime/ones ) ,domanik slates ,cyprid9a slates1 ,clym5ia ,p 7,old ,r$74 ,spirif] ,arca oreliana4 & lime/ones lime/ones 7,fam5ni574 ,p ,v]neuili & ,lime/ones ) ) ,sp4 ,lime/ones ) ,gephyoc]as ,e ,sp4 ,ar*iaci4 ,sp4 ,v]neuili ,v]neuili4 intumesc5s & ,r & ,sp4 ,rhyn*onella cuboides ,ar*iaci4 7,frasni574 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m _/ ,dolomites & lime/ones ,m>l ) ,lime/ones & slates ) ,i ) ,spirif] ,anoss(i ,sp4 ,anoss(i 7,givti574 ,d ,spirif] ,anoss(i4 & corals4 ,lime/ones & slates ) ,d ,p5tam]us bas*kiricus ,l ,l[] s&/one 7,old ,r$74 7,eifli574 ,e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- _/ ,lime/ones & slates ( ,l ! ,yuresan & ,ufa riv]s1 ,o ,abs5t4 slate & qu>tzite1 ,w m>ble ( ,byclaya & ,e ( ,bogoslovsk1 phyllitic ,r s*i/s & qu>tzite4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! ,l[] ,devonian ( ! ,h>z conta9s a fauna :i* is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,rh5i% region2 to ?is facies ! "n ,h]cynian has be5 appli$1 & ! correlation ( ! /rata has be5 a s\rce ( prolong$ discussion among cont95tal geologi/s4 ,a simil> fauna appe>s 9 ,l[] ,devonian ( ,bohemia1 9 ,brittany 7lime/one ( ,erbray7 & 9 ! ,urals4 ,! ,upp] ,devonian ( ! ,h>z passes up into ! ,culm4 ,9 ! ea/]n ,?ur+ian ,fi*telgebirge ! upp] division is repres5t$ by ,clym5ia lime/one & ,cyprid9a slates ) ,adorf lime/one1 diabase & ,plans*witz] tuff 9 ! l[] "p4 ,! middle division has diabases & tuffs at ! top ) ,t5taculite & ,n]eite %ales & lime/ones bel[4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,l[] ,devonian1 ! s&y %ale ( ,/e9a*1 re/s uncon=mably ^u ,silurian rocks4 ,9 ! ,c>nic ,alps are coral reef lime/ones1 ! equival5ts ( ! ,ib]g lime/one1 :i* atta9 an enorm\s ?ickness2 ^! are und]la9 by coral lime/ones ) fossils simil> to ^? ( ! ,konjeprus lime/one ( ,bohemia2 bel[ ^! are %ales & nodul> lime/ones ) goniatites4 ,! ,devonian rocks ( ,pol& are s&y 9 ! l[]1 & m calc>e\s 9 ! upp] p>ts4 ,!y are ( int]e/ because :ile ! upp] portions agree closely ) ! ,rh5i% facies1 f ! top ( ! ,cobl5tzi5 upw>ds1 9 ! s&y b$s ne> ! base ,old ,r$ ,s&/one fi%es 7,cocco/eus1 c47 are f\nd4 ,9 ,france ,devonian rocks are f\nd well develop$ 9 ,brittany1 z indicat$ 9 ! table1 also 9 ,norm&y & ,ma9e2 9 ! ,b\lonnais di/rict only ! middle & upp] divisions are kn[n4 ,9 s\? ,france 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cabrires1 ab\t ,montpelli] & 9 ! ,montagne ,noire1 all ?ree divisions are f\nd 9 a highly calc>e\s condition4 ,devonian rocks are recogniz$1 ?\gh frequ5tly mu* metamorphos$1 on bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn flanks ( ! ,pyr5ees2 :ile on ! ,spani% p59sula !y are ext5sively develop$4 ,9 ,a/urias !y are no less ?an #cbhj ft4 ?ick1 all ?ree divisions & mo/ ( ! c5tral ,european subdivisions are pres5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,l[] ,devonian fossils ( ,spa9 be> a m>k$ resemblance to ^? ( ,brittany4 ,asia4--,f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s ea/w>d1 ,devonian rocks h be5 trac$ f po9t to po9t "r across ,asia4 ,9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s !y are repres5t$ by lime/ones ( ,cobl5tzi5 age ) a fauna possess+ ,h]cynian features4 ,! same features are obs]v$ 9 ! ,devonian ( ! ,k\gnetsk bas91 & 9 ,turke/an4 ,well-develop$ qu>tzites ) slates & diabases are f\nd s\? ( ,y>k& & ,khotan4 ,middle & ,upp] ,devonian /rata are widespread 9 ,*9a4 ,upp] ,devonian rocks are record$ f ,p]sia1 & f ! ,h9du ,ku% on ! "r bank ( ! ,*itral riv]4 ,engl&4--,9 ,engl& ! orig9al ,devonian rocks are develop$ 9 ,devon & ,cornwall & we/ ,som]set4 ,9 nor? ,devon%ire ^! rocks consi/ ( s&/ones1 grits & slates1 :ile 9 s\? ,devon !re are1 9 addition1 ?ick b$s ( massive lime/one1 & int]calations ( lavas & tuffs4 ,! int]pretation ( ! /ratigraphy 9 ?is region is a difficult matt]1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( good exposures ) fossils1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! di/urb$ condition ( ! rocks4 ,! sy/em has be5 subdivid$ z %[n 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,nor? ,devon & ,we/ ,som]set4 ,s\? ,devon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- _/ ,pilton gr\p4 ,grits1 slates ,a%burton slates4 ,u & ?9 lime/ones4 ,livaton slates4 ,p ,baggy gr\p4 ,s&/ones ,r$ & gre5 ,entomis slates ,p & slates4 7,fam5ni574 ,e ,pickwell ,d[n gr\p4 ,r$ & grey slates ) ,r ,d>k slates & grits4 tuffs4 4 ,morte slates 7874 ,*udleigh goniatite lime/one ,pe!rwyn b$s 7,frasni574 ,m ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i _/ ,ilfracombe slates ) ,torquay & ,plym\? ,d l5ticles ( lime/one4 lime/ones & ,a%pr+ton ,d ,combe ,m>t9 grits & volcanic s]ies4 7,givti5 ,l slates4 & ,eifli547 ,e ,slates & lime/ones ( 4 ,hope's ,nose4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l _/ ,hangman grits & slates4 ,looe b$s 7,cornwall74 ,o ,lynton gr\p1 grits & ,meadfoot1 ,cock+ton & ,w calc>e\s slates4 ,w>b]ry s]ies ( slates ,e ,=el& grits & slates4 & greywackes4 7,cobl5tzi5 ,r & ,gd9ni547 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! fossil evid5ce cle>ly %[s ! close agreem5t ( ! ,rh5i% & s\? ,devon%ire areas4 ,9 nor? ,devon%ire ! ,devonian rocks pass upw>d )\t break into ! ,culm4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,devonian rocks are ext5sively develop$2 !y h be5 /udi$ mo/ closely 9 ! ,new ,york region1 :]e !y are classifi$ accord+ to ,table ,,iv4 ,! classification bel[ is n capable ( application ov] ! /ates g5]ally & fur!r details are requir$ f _m ( ! regions :]e ,devonian rocks h be5 recogniz$1 b ev]y:]e ! broad ?reefold division seems to obta94 ,9 ,m>yl& ! foll[+ arrangem5t has be5 adopt$--7#a7 ,held]b]g ,coeymans2 7#b7 ,oriskany2 7#c7 ,romney ,erian2 7#d7 ,j5n+s ,g5esee & ,portage2 7#e7 ,hamp%ire ,catskill 9 "p4 ,9 ! int]ior ! ,held]b]gian is miss+ & ! sy/em comm5ces ) 7#a7 ,oriskany1 7#b7 ,onondaga1 7#c7 ,hamilton1 7#d7 ,portage 7& ,g5esee71 7#e7 ,*emung4 ,! ,held]b]gian s]ies is ma9ly conf9$ to ! ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t2 !re is a nor!rn developm5t 9 ,ma9e1 & 9 ,canada 7,gasp1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia & ,montreal72 an ,appala*ian belt1 & a l[] ,mississippian region4 ,! s]ies z a :ole is ma9ly calc>e\s 7#bjjj ft4 9 ,gasp71 & ?9s out t[>ds ! we/4 ,! fauna has ,h]cynian aff9ities4 ,! ,oriskany =mation consi/s l>gely ( co>se s&/ones2 x is ?9 9 ,new ,york1 b 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia x is sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,x is m widespread ?an ! und]ly+ ,held]b]gian4 ,! ,l[] ,devonian appe>s to be ?ick 9 nor!rn ,ma9e & 9 ,gasp1 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia1 b nei!r ! palaeontology nor ! /ratigraphy has be5 completely work$ out4 ,9 ! ,middle ,devonian ! ?9 cla/ic deposits at ! base1 ,esopus & ,s*oh>ie grits1 h n be5 diff]5tiat$ we/ ( ! ,appala*ian region2 b ! ,onondaga lime/ones are mu* m ext5sive4 ,! ,erian s]ies is (t5 describ$ z ! ,hamilton s]ies outside ! ,new ,york di/rict1 :]e ! ,m>cellus %ales are gr\p$ toge!r ) ! ,hamilton %ales1 & num]\s local subdivisions are includ$1 z 9 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,! rocks are mo/ly %ales or slates1 b lime/ones pr$om9ate 9 ! we/]n developm5t4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! ,hamilton s]ies is f #aejj ft4 to #ejjj ft4 ?ick1 b 9 ! m calc>e\s we/]n ext5sion x is mu* ?9n]4 ,! ,m>cellus %ales are bitum9\s 9 places4 ,! ,s5ecan s]ies is compos$ ( %all[-wat] deposits2 ! ,tully lime/one1 a local b$ 9 ,new ,york1 ?9s out 9 places into a lay] ( pyrites :i* conta9s a rem>kable dw>f$ fauna4 ,! bitum9\s ,g5esee %ales are ?icke/ 9 ,p5nsylvania 7#cjj ft472 #be ft4 on ,lake ,erie4 ,! %ales & s&/ones ( ! ,portage =mation rea* #ajjj ft4 to #adjj ft4 9 we/]n ,new ,york4 ,9 ! ,*autauquan s]ies ! ,*emung =mation is n always cle>ly sep>able f ! ,portage b$s1 x is a s&/one & conglom]ate =mation :i* rea*es its maximum ?ickness 7#hjjj ft47 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b ?9s rapidly t[>ds ! we/4 ,9 ! ,catskill region ! ,upp] ,devonian has an ,old ,r$ facies--r$ %ales & s&/ones ) a fre%wat] & bracki% fauna4 ,,table ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,probable ,gr\ps4 ,=mations4 ,european ,equival5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- _/ ,*autauquan4 ,*emung b$s ) ,catskill ,fam5ni54 ,u z a local facies4 ,p ,p 7 ,portage b$s 7,naples1 ,i?aca ,frasni54 ,e 7 & ,oneonta %ales z local ,r ,s5ecan4 facies74 4 7 ,g5esee %ales4 7 ,tully lime/one4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,m _/ ,erian4 7 ,hamilton %ale4 ,givti54 ,i 7 ,m>cellus %ale4 ,d ,d 7 ,onondaga 7,cornif]\s7 ,eifli54 ,l ,ul/]ian4 7 lime/one4 ,e ,s*oh>ie grit4 4 7 ,esopus grit 7,caudagalli grit74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,l _/ ,oriskanian4 ,oriskany s&/one4 ,cobl5tzi54 ,o ,w 7 ,k+/on b$s4 ,gd9ni54 ,e ,held]be- 7 ,becraft lime/one4 ,r rgian4 ,new ,scotl& b$s4 4 7 ,coeymans lime/one4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,al?\gh ! correlation ( ! /rata has only advanc$ a %ort di/ance1 !re is no d\bt z to ! pres5ce ( undiff]5tiat$ ,devonian rocks 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s ?is sy/em appe>s to be abs5t1 b x is repres5t$ 9 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,wyom+1 ,montana1 ,cali=nia & ,arizona2 ,devonian rocks occur betwe5 ! ,si]ras & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 9 ! ,arbuckle ,m\nta9s ( ,oklahoma & 9 ,texas4 ,9 ! we/]n int]ior lime/ones pr$om9ate2 #fjjj ft4 ( lime/one are f\nd at ,eureka1 ,nevada1 b5ea? #bjjj ft4 ( %ale4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ metamorphism ( ! rocks is common1 & lava-fl[s & tuffs occur 9 !m4 ,9 ,canada1 besides ! occurr5ces previ\sly m5tion$ 9 ! ea/]n region1 ,devonian /rata are f\nd 9 consid]able =ce along ! c\rse ( ! ,mack5zie riv] & ! ,canadian ,rockies1 :5ce !y /ret* out into ,alaska4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t mu* t is n[ class$ z ,devonian 9 ,canada w prove on fossil evid5ce to be ,c>bonif]\s4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 c4--,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,devonian is well develop$2 9 ,arg5t9a1 ,bolivia1 ,brazil1 ,p]u & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ! palaeontological horizon is ab\t ! junction ( ! ,l[] & ,middle divisions1 & ! fauna has aff9ities ) ! ,hamilton %ales ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,devonian is t ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e !y are repres5t$ by ! ,bokkeveld b$s 9 ! ,cape sy/em4 ,9 ,au/ralia we f9d ,l[] ,devonian consi/+ ( co>se littoral deposits ) volcanic rocks2 & a ,middle division ) coral lime/ones 9 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&2 an ,upp] division has also be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! ,devonian is well expos$ 9 ! ,reefton m9+ field2 & x has be5 sugge/$ t mu* ( ! highly metamorphos$ rock may belong to ?is sy/em4 ,/ratigraphy ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,facies4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,brita91 accord+ to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 consi/s ( two subdivisions1 ! l[] ( :i* passes d[n con=mably into ! ,upp] ,silurian deposits1 ! upp] %ad+ (f 9 ! same mann] into ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 :ile !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an uncon=mability4 ,! ,old ,r$ /rata appe> to h be5 deposit$ 9 a numb] ( elongat$ lakes or lagoons1 approximately p>allel to "o ano!r1 ) a g5]al alignm5t 9 a ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 direction4 ,to ^! areas ( deposit ,sir ,a4 ,geikie has assign$ conv5i5t di/9ctive names4 ,9 ,scotl& ! two divisions ( ! sy/em are %>ply sep>at$ by a pron\nc$ uncon=mability :i* is probably indicative ( a prolong$ int]val ( erosion4 ,9 ! c5tral valley betwe5 ! base ( ! ,highl&s & ! s\!rn upl&s lay ,lake ,cal$onia4 ,"h ! l[] division is made up ( "s #bj1jjj ft4 ( %all[-wat] deposits1 r$di%-br[n1 yell[ & grey s&/ones & conglom]ates1 ) occasional corn/ones1 & ?9 lime/ones4 ,! grey flag/ones ) %ales are almo/ conf9$ to ,=f>%ire1 & are kn[n z ! ,arbroa? flags4 ,int]b$d$ volcanic rocks1 &esites1 dacites1 diabases1 ) agglom]ates & tuffs con/itute an important feature1 & atta9 a ?ickness ( #fjjj ft4 9 ! ,p5tl& & ,o*il hills4 ,a l9e ( old volcanic v5ts may be trac$ 9 a direction r\ghly p>allel to ! tr5d ( ! great c5tral valley4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,highl&s 0 ,lake ,orcadie1 presumably mu* l>g] ?an ! =ego+ lake1 ?\gh its b\nd>ies are n det]m9able4 ,x lay ov] ,moray ,fir? & ! ea/ ( ,ross & ,su!rl&1 & ext5d$ f ,cai?ness to ! ,orkney ,isl&s & ,s4 ,%etl&s4 ,x may ev5 h /ret*$ across to ,norway1 :]e simil> rocks are f\nd 9 ,sognefjord & ,dalsfjord1 & may h _h communications ) "s p>ts ( nor!rn ,russia4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( ?is area are ! ,cai?ness flags1 d>k grey & bitum9\s1 :i*1 ) ! r$ s&/ones & conglom]ates at _! base1 probably atta9 a ?ickness ( #af1jjj ft4 ,! some:at peculi> fauna ( ?is s]ies l$ ,mur*ison to class ! flags z ,middle ,devonian4 ,9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s contemporane\s volcanic rocks h be5 obs]v$4 ,ov] ! we/ ( ,argyll%ire lay ,lake ,lorne2 "h ! volcanic rocks pr$om9ate1 !y are int]calat$ ) %all[-wat] deposits4 ,a simil> set ( rocks occupy ! ,*eviot di/rict4 ,! upp] division ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one is repres5t$ 9 ,%rop%ire & ,s\? ,wales by a great s]ies ( r$ rocks1 %ales1 s&/ones & m>ls1 "s #aj1jjj ft4 ?ick4 ,!y conta9 few fossils1 & no break has yet be5 f\nd 9 ! s]ies4 ,9 ,scotl& ?is s]ies 0 deposit$ 9 bas9s :i* correspond only p>tially ) ^? ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,!y are well develop$ 9 c5tral ,scotl& ov] ! l[l&s bord]+ ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,int]b$d$ lavas & tuffs are f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,hoy4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ?is s]ies is ! occurr5ce ( great cr[ds ( fossil fi%es 9 "s localities1 notably at ,dura ,d5 9 ,fife4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ?is s]ies re/s uncon=mably ^u ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ & ! ,silurian4 ,flank+ ! ,silurian high gr\nd ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morl&1 & also 9 ! ,lamm]muir hills & 9 ,fl9t & ,anglesey1 a brecciat$ conglom]ate1 pres5t+ _m ( ! *>act]s ( a glacial deposit 9 places1 has (t5 be5 class$ ) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 b 9 p>ts1 at lea/1 x is m likely to belong to ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,9 ,irel& ! l[] division appe>s to be repres5t$ by ! ,d+le b$s & ,gl5g>iff grits1 :ile ! ,k]ry rocks & ! ,kiltorcan b$s ( ,cork are ! equival5ts ( ! upp] division4 ,rocks ( ,old ,r$ type1 bo? l[] & upp]1 are f\nd 9 ,spitzb]g5 & 9 ,be> ,isl&4 ,9 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia ! ,old ,r$ facies is ext5sively develop$4 ,! ,gasp s&/ones h be5 e/imat$ at #gjcf ft4 ?ick4 ,9 p>ts ( we/]n ,russia ,old ,r$ ,s&/one fossils are f\nd 9 b$s int]calat$ ) o!rs conta9+ m>9e fauna ( ! ,devonian facies4 ,devonian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,faunas4 ,! two types ( s$im5t =m$ dur+ ?is p]iod--! m>9e ,devonian & ! lagoonal ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--repres5t+ z !y d two diff]5t b ess5tially contemporane\s phases ( physical condition1 are occupi$ by two /rik+ly dissimil> faunas4 ,d\btless at all times !re 7 regions ( ! e>? t 7 m>k$ (f no less cle>ly f ! normal m>9e conditions ( :i* we h records2 b ?is p]iod is ! e>lie/ 9 :i* ^! v>iations ( environm5t are made obvi\s4 ,9 "s respects ! faunal break betwe5 ! old] ,silurian bel[ & ! y\ng] ,c>bonif]\s above is n /rongly m>k$2 & 9 c]ta9 areas a v close relation%ip c be %[n to exi/ betwe5 ! old] ,devonian & ! =m]1 & ! y\ng] ,devonian & ! latt]4 ,nev]!less1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! life ( ?is p]iod be>s a di/9ct /amp ( individuality4 ,! two mo/ prom95t features ( ! ,devonian seas are pres5t$ by corals & bra*iopods4 ,! corals 7 abundant individually & v>i$ 9 =m2 & !y are s di/9ctive ( ! p]iod t no ,devonian species has yet be5 f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,silurian or 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,!y built reefs1 z 9 ! pres5t day1 & contribut$ to ! =mation ( lime/one masses 9 ,devon%ire1 on ! cont95t ( ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,rugose & tabulate =ms prevail$2 among ! =m] ! cya?ophyllids 7,cya?ophyllum7 7 important1 ,phillipsa/raea1 ,zaphr5tis1 ,ac]vul>ia & ! curi\s ,calceola 7s&al9a71 an op]culate g5us :i* has giv5 palaeontologi/s mu* tr\ble 9 its diagnosis1 = x has be5 reg>d$ z a pelecypod 7hippurite7 & a bra*iopod4 ,! tabulate corals 7 repres5t$ by ,favosites1 ,mi*el9ia1 ,pleurodictyum1 ,fi/ulipora1 ,pa*ypora & o!rs4 ,heliolites & ,plasmopora repres5t ! alcyon>ians4 ,/romatoporoids 7 important reef build]s4 ,a well-kn[n fossil is ,receptaculites1 a g5us to :i* x has be5 difficult to assign a def9ite place2 x has be5 ?\ght to be a sponge1 x may be a calc>e\s alga1 or a curi\s repres5tative ( ! =am9if]a4 ,9 ! ,devonian p]iod ! bra*iopods rea*$ ! climax ( _! developm5t3 !y compose ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! kn[n fauna1 & m ?an #aajj species h be5 describ$4 ,*anges 7 tak+ place f ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod 9 ! relative importance ( g5]a2 sev]al ,silurian =ms dropp$ out1 & new types 7 com+ 94 ,a noticeable feature 0 ! developm5t ( broad-w+$ %ells 9 ! g5us ,spirif]1 o!r spirif]ids 7 ,ambocoelia1 ,uncites1 ,v]neuilia4 ,or?ids & p5tam]ids 7 wan+ 9 importance1 :ile ! productids 7,productella1 ,*onetes1 ,/rophalosia7 7 increas+4 ,! /rophom5ids 7 /ill fl\ri%+1 repres5t$ by ! g5]a ,lepta5a1 ,/ropheodonta1 ,kays]ella1 & o!rs4 ,! anci5t ,l+ula1 along ) ,crania & ,orbiculoidea1 occur among ! in>ticulate =ms4 ,ano!r long-liv$ & wide-rang+ species is ,atrypa reticul>is4 ,! a?yrids 7 v num]\s 7,a?yris1 ,retzia1 ,m]i/a1 ,m]i/ella1 ,kays]9a1 c472 & ! rhyn*onellids 7 well repres5t$ by ,pugnax1 ,hypo?yris1 & sev]al o!r g5]a4 ,! important gr\p ( t]ebratulids appe>s 9 ?is sy/em2 among/ !m ,/r+ocephalus is an em95tly *>act]i/ic ,devonian bra*iopod2 o!rs are ,dielasma1 ,cryptonella1 ,r5ssela]ia & ,oriskania4 ,! pelecypod molluscs 7 repres5t$ by ,pt]9ea1 abundant 9 ! l[] memb]s along ) o!r l>ge-w+$ =ms1 & by ,cucullella1 ,bu*iola & ,curtonotus 9 ! upp] memb]s ( ! sy/em4 ,o!r g5]a are ,act9odesma1 ,c>diola1 ,nucula1 ,megalodon1 ,aviculopect51 c4 ,ga/]opods 7 becom+ m important1 b ! simple capulid =ms prevail$3 ,platyc]as 7,capulus71 ,/rap>ollus1 ,pleurotom>ia1 ,mur*isonia1 ,macro*eil9a1 ,euomphalus4 ,among ! pt]opods1 ,t5taculites 0 v abundant 9 "s qu>t]s2 o!rs 7 ,conul>ia & ,/yliol9a4 ,9 ! ,devonian p]iod ! cephalopods began to make a di/9ct advance 9 numb]s1 & 9 developm5t4 ,! goniatites appe> ) ! g5]a ,an>ce/es1 ,agoniatites1 ,tornoc]as1 ,bactrites & o!rs2 & 9 ! upp] /rata ! clym5oids1 =]unn]s ( ! lat] ammonoids1 began to take def9ite %ape4 ,:ile sev]al new nautiloids 7,homaloc]as1 ,rytic]as1 c47 made _! appe>ance sev]al ( ! old] g5]a /ill liv$ on 7,or?oc]as1 ,pot]ioc]as1 ,act9oc]as74 ,cr9oids 7 v abundant 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,devonian sea1 ?\gh !y 7 relatively sc>ce 9 o!rs2 !y include ! g5]a ,melocr9us1 ,haplocr9us1 ,cupressocr9us1 ,calceocr9us & ,eleu?rocr9us4 ,! cy/ideans 7 fall+ (f 7,proteocy/is1 ,ti>acr9us71 b bla/oids 7 9 ! asc5dant 7,nucleocr9us1 ,coda/]1 c474 ,bo? brittle-/>s1 ,ophiura1 ,palaeophiura1 ,euga/]1 & true />fi%es1 ,palaea/]1 ,aspidosoma1 7 pres5t1 z well z ur*9s 7,lepidoc5trus74 ,:5 we turn to ! cru/aceans we h to deal ) two di/9ct assemblages1 "o purely m>9e1 trilobitic1 ! o!r ma9ly lacu/r9e or lagoonal ) a eurypt]idian facies4 ,! trilobites _h already begun to decl9e 9 importance1 & z happ5s n infrequ5tly ) deg5]at+ races ( bea/s & m51 !y began to develop /range ecc5tricities ( ornam5tation 9 "s ( _! g5]a4 ,a numb] ( ,silurian g5]a liv$ on into ! ,devonian p]iod1 & "s gradually develop$ into new & di/9ctive =ms2 su* 7 ,protus1 ,h>pes1 ,*eirurus1 ,bronteus & o!rs4 ,di/9ct species ( ,phacops m>k ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,devonian respectively1 :ile ! g5us ,dalmania 7,odonto*ile7 0 repres5t$ by species ) an almo/ _w-wide range4 ,! ,o/racod ,entomis 7,cyprid9a7 0 extremely abundant 9 places--,cyprid95-,s*ief]--:ile ! true ,cyprid9a 0 also pres5t along ) ,beyri*ia1 ,lep]ditia1 c4 ,! ,phylloc>ids1 ,e*9oc>is1 ,eleu?roc>is1 ,tropidoc>is1 are common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one t ! eurypt]ids are be/ pres]v$2 =emo/ among ^! 0 ,pt]ygotus2 ,p4 anglicus has be5 f\nd 9 ,scotl& ) a l5g? ( ne>ly #f ft42 ,eurypt]us1 ,slimonia1 ,/ylonurus 7 o!r g5]a4 ,insects appe> well develop$1 includ+ bo? or?opt]\s & neuropt]\s =ms1 9 ! ,new ,brunswick rocks4 ,mr ,scudd] believ$ he _h obta9$ a specim5 ( ,or?opt]a 9 :i* a /ridulat+ organ 0 pres5t4 ,a species ( ,ephem]a1 alli$ to ! mod]n may-fly1 _h a spread ( w+ ext5d+ to #e 94 ,9 ! ,scotti% ,old ,r$ ,s&/one myriapods1 ,kampec>is & ,ar*idesmus1 h be5 describ$2 !y are some:at simpl] ?an m rec5t =ms1 ea* segm5t be+ sep>ate1 & suppli$ ) only "o pair ( walk+ legs4 ,spid]s & scorpions also liv$ ^u ! l&4 ,! great numb] ( fi% rema9s 9 ! ,devonian & ,old ,r$ /rata1 c\pl$ ) ! truly rem>kable *>act]s possess$ by "s ( ! =ms1 has caus$ ! p]iod to be describ$ z ! age ( fi%es4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! cru/aceans1 ref]r$ to above1 we f9d "o assemblage m or less peculi> to ! fre%wat] or bracki% conditions ( ! ,old ,r$1 & ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! m>9e ,devonian2 on ! :ole ! =m] is ! ri*] 9 v>iety1 b !re seems little d\bt t q a numb] ( g5]a 7 capable ( liv+ 9 ei!r environm5t1 :atev] may h be5 ! real condition ( ! ,old ,r$ wat]s4 ,=emo/ 9 int]e/ are ! curi\s o/racod]ms1 a rem>kable gr\p ( creatures possess+ _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( fi%es1 b m probably belong+ to a di/9ct class ( organisms1 :i* appe>s to l9k ! v]tebrates ) ! ar?ropods4 ,!y _h come into exi/5ce late 9 ,silurian times2 b x is 9 ! ,old ,r$ /rata t _! rema9s are mo/ fully pres]v$4 ,!y 7 abundant 9 ! fre% or bracki% wat]s ( ,scotl&1 ,engl&1 ,wales1 ,russia & ,canada1 & are repres5t$ by su* =ms z ,pt]aspis1 ,cephalaspis1 ,cya?aspis1 ,tremataspis1 ,bo?riolepis & ,pt]i*?ys4 ,9 ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,old ,r$ s]ies ,dipt]us1 & 9 ! upp] memb]s ,phan]opleuron1 repres5t$ ! dipnoid lung-fi%es2 & x is ( extreme int]e/ to note t a few ( ^! curi\s =ms /ill survive 9 ! ,african ,protopt]us1 ! ,au/ralian ,c]atodus & ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,lepidosir51--all fre%wat] fi%es4 ,di/antly relat$ to ! lung-fi%es 7 ! s+ul> ar?rodirans1 a gr\p possess+ ! unusual faculty ( mov+ ! head 9 a v]tical plane4 ,^! comprise ! wide-rang+ ,cocco/eus ) ,homo/eus & ,d9i*?ys1 ! l>ge/ fi% ( ! p]iod4 ,! latt] probably rea*$ #bj ft4 9 l5g?2 x 0 arm$ ) exce$+ly p[]ful jaws provid$ ) turtle-l beaks4 ,%>ks 7 fairly prom95t d5iz5s ( ! sea2 "s 7 arm$ ) cutt+ tee?1 o!rs ) cru%+ d5tal plates2 & al?\gh !y 7 on ! :ole m>9e fi%es1 !y 7 evid5tly able to live 9 fre%] wat]s1 l "s ( _! mod]n repres5tatives1 = _! rema9s1 mo/ly tee? & l>ge d]mal sp9es1 are f\nd bo? 9 ! ,devonian & ,old ,r$ rocks4 ,mesacan?us1 ,diplacan?us1 ,climatius1 ,*eiracan?us are *>act]i/ic g5]a4 ,! crossopt]ygians1 ganoids ) a scaly lobe 9 ! c5tre ( ! f9s1 7 repres5t$ by ,holopty*ius & ,glyptopomus 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$1 & by su* g5]a z ,diplopt]us1 ,o/eolepis1 ,gyropty*ius 9 ! l[] division4 ,! ,polypt]us ( ! ,nile & ,calamoi*?ys ( ,s\? ,africa are ! mod]n exempl>s ( ?is gr\p4 ,*eirolepis1 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ( ,scotl& & ,canada1 is ! only ,devonian repres5tative ( ! act9opt]ygian fi%es4 ,! cyclo/ome fi%es h1 s f>1 be5 discov]$ only 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! t9y ,palaeospondylus4 ,amphibian rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,devonian ( ,belgium2 & footpr9ts suppos$ to belong to a creature ( ! same class 7,?9opus antiquus7 h be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,m>% f ! ,*emung =mation ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,plant ,life4--,9 ! lacu/r9e deposits ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one we f9d ! e>lie/ well-def9$ assemblage ( t]re/rial plants4 ,9 "s regions s abundant are ! vegetable rema9s t 9 places !y =m ?9 seams ( v]itable coal4 ,^! plants evid5tly fl\ri%$ ar\nd ! %ores ( ! lakes & lagoons 9 :i* _! rema9s 7 buri$ along ) ! o!r =ms ( life4 ,lycopods & f]ns 7 ! pr$om9ant types2 & x is important to notice t bo? gr\ps 7 already highly develop$4 ,! f]ns include ! g5]a ,sph5opt]is1 ,megalopt]is1 ,ar*aeopt]is1 ,neuropt]is4 ,among ! ,lycopods are ,lycopodites1 ,psilophyton1 ,lepidod5dron4 ,mod]n horsetails are repres5t$ by ,calamocladus1 ,a/]ocalamites1 ,annul>ia4 ,( great int]e/ are ! g5]a ,cordaites1 ,arauc>ioxylon1 c41 :i* 7 syn!tic types1 unit+ 9 "s degree ! ,conif]ae & ! ,cycad(ilicales4 ,) ! exception ( obscure m>k+s1 aquatic plants are n s well repres5t$ z might h be5 expect$2 ,p>ka1 a common fossil1 has be5 reg>d$ z a wat] plant ) a creep+ /em & two k9ds ( sporangia 9 sessile sporoc>ps4 ,physical ,conditions1 c4--,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ fact t is br\ght out by a /udy ( ! ,devonian rocks & _! fossils is ! gradual transgression ( ! sea ov] ! l&1 :i* took place quietly 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod4 ,:ile 9 mo/ places ! ,l[] ,devonian s$im5ts succe$ ! ,silurian =mations 9 a p]fectly con=mable mann]1 ! ,middle & ,upp] divisions1 on acc\nt ( ?is encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 re/ uncon=mably ^u ! old] rocks1 ! ,l[] division be+ unrepres5t$4 ,?is is true ov] ! great] "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 s f> z our limit$ k goes1 9 mu* ( ! we/]n side ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 we/]n ,russia1 9 ,?ur+ia & o!r p>ts ( c5tral ,europe4 ,( ! di/ribution ( l& & sea & ! position ( ! coa/ l9es 9 ,devonian times we c /ate no?+ ) precision4 ,! kn[n deposits all po9t to %all[ wat]s ( epicont95tal seas2 no abyssal =mations h be5 recogniz$4 ,e4 ,kays] has po9t$ out ! probability ( a ,eurasian sea prov9ce ext5d+ ?r\gh ,europe t[>ds ! ea/1 across nor? & c5tral ,asia t[>ds ,manitoba 9 ,canada1 & an ,am]ican sea prov9ce embrac+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,s\? ,africa4 ,at ! same "t !re exi/$ a great ,nor? ,atlantic l& area caus$ p>tly by ! uplift ( ! ,cal$onian range j be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 :i* /ret*$ across nor? ,europe to ea/]n ,canada2 on ! fr+e ( ?is l& ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 =m$4 ,9 ! ,european area ,c4 ,b>rois has indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( ?ree zones ( deposition3 7#a7 ,a nor!rn1 ,old ,r$1 region1 includ+ ,great ,brita91 ,sc&9avia1 ,european ,russia & ,spitzb]g52 "h ! l& 0 close at h&2 great bracki% lagoons prevail$1 :i* communicat$ m or less directly ) ! op5 sea4 ,9 ,european ,russia1 dur+ its g5]al advance1 ! sea occasionally ga9$ access to wide areas1 only to be driv5 (f aga91 dur+ pauses 9 ! relative subsid5ce ( ! l&1 :5 ! cont9u$ t]rig5\s s$im5tation once m e/abli%$ ! lagoonal conditions4 ,^! alt]nat+ phases 7 frequ5tly repeat$4 7#b7 ,a middle region1 cov]+ ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 ! ,ard5nes1 ! nor!rn "p ( ! l[] ,rh5i% m\nta9s1 & ! upp] ,h>z to ! ,poli% ,mittelgebirge2 "h we f9d evid5ce ( a %all[ sea1 cla/ic deposits & a sublittoral fauna4 7#c7 ,a s\!rn region rea*+ f ,brittany to ! s\? ( ! ,rh5i% m\nta9s1 l[] ,h>z1 ,?ur+ia & ,bohemia2 "h 0 a deep] sea ) a m pelagic fauna4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! above-m5tion$ regions are int5d$ to ref] to ! "t :5 ! ext5sion ( ! ,devonian sea 0 ne> its maximum4 ,9 ! case ( ,nor? ,am]ica x has be5 %[n t 9 e>ly & middle ,devonian "t m or less di/9ct faunas invad$ ! cont95t f five diff]5t c5tres1 viz4 ! ,held]b]g1 ! ,oriskany1 ! ,onondaga1 ! s\!rn ,hamilton & ! nor?-we/]n ,hamilton2 ^! rea*$ ! int]ior approximately 9 ! ord] giv54 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! p]iod1 :5 ! v>i\s local faunas _h m+l$ "o ) ano!r & a m g5]aliz$ life assemblage _h be5 evolv$1 we f9d _m =ms ) a v wide range1 indicat+ great uni=mity ( conditions4 ,?us we f9d id5tical species ( bra*iopods inhabit+ ! ,devonian seas ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 s\!rn ,asia & ,*9a2 su* are1 ,hypo?yris 7,rhyn*onella7 cuboides1 ,spirif] disjunctus & o!rs4 ,! fauna ( ! ,calceola %ales c be trac$ f we/]n ,europe to ,arm5ia & ,sib]ia2 ! ,/r+ocephalus lime/ones are repres5t$ 9 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 ! ,urals & ,canada2 & ! 7,gephyroc]as7 intumesc5s %ales are f\nd 9 we/]n ,europe & 9 ,manitoba4 ,! ,devonian p]iod 0 "o ( comp>ative quietude2 no viol5t cru/al movem5ts seem to h tak5 place1 & :ile "s *anges ( level occurr$ t[>ds its close 9 ,great ,brita91 ,bohemia & ,russia1 g5]ally ! passage f ,devonian to ,c>bonif]\s conditions 0 q gradual4 ,9 lat] p]iods ^! rocks h suff]$ consid]able movem5t & metamorphism1 z 9 ! ,h>z1 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 & 9 ! ,belgian coalfields1 :]e !y h frequ5tly be5 ?ru/ ov] ! y\ng] ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,volcanic activity 0 fairly widespread1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! middle portion ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! ,old ,r$ rocks ( ,scotl& !re is a great ?ickness 7#fjjj ft47 ( igne\s rocks1 includ+ diabases & &esitic lavas ) agglom]ates & tuffs4 ,9 ,devon%ire diabases & tuffs are f\nd 9 ! middle division4 ,9 we/ c5tral ,europe volcanic rocks are f\nd at _m horizons1 ! mo/ common rocks are diabases & diabase tuffs1 s*al/e94 ,felsitic lavas & tuffs occur 9 ! ,middle ,devonian ( ,au/ralia4 ,contemporane\s igne\s rocks are g5]ally abs5t 9 ! ,am]ican ,devonian1 b 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick !re appe> to be "s4 ,!re is little evid5ce z to ! climate ( ?is p]iod1 b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t local glacial conditions may h exi/$ 9 places1 z is sugge/$ by ! co>se conglom]ate ) /riat$ b\ld]s 9 ! upp] ,old ,r$ ( ,scotl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! preval5ce ( reef-build+ corals po9ts to mod]ately w>m temp]atures 9 ! ,middle ,devonian seas4 ,! economic products ( ,devonian rocks are ( "s importance3 9 _m ( ! metamorphos$ regions ve9s ( t91 lead1 copp]1 iron are exploit$1 z 9 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 ! ,h>z2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 gold ve9s occur4 ,an?racite ( ,devonian age is f\nd 9 ,*9a & a little coal 9 ,g]many1 :ile ! ,upp] ,devonian is ! *ief s\rce ( oil & gas ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania & s\?-we/]n ,new ,york4 ,9 ,ont>io ! middle division is oil-be>+4 ,black phosphates are work$ 9 c5tral ,t5nessee1 & 9 ,engl& ! m>ls ( ! ,old ,r$ are employ$ = brick-mak+4 ,,ref]5ces4--,! lit]ature ( ! ,devonian rocks & fossils is v ext5sive2 important pap]s h be5 contribut$ by ! foll[+ geologi/s3 ,j4 ,b>r&e1 ,c4 ,b>rois1 ,f4 ,bcl>d1 ,e4 ,w4 ,b5ecke1 ,l4 ,beu%aus51 ,a4 ,*amp]n[ne1 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 ,a4 ,d5ckmann1 ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]1 ,e4 ,dupont1 ,f4 ,fre*1 ,j4 ,f\rnet1 ,sir ,a4 ,geikie1 ,g4 ,gri*1 ,r4 ,ho]nes1 ,e4 ,kays]1 ,c4 & ,m4 ,ko*1 ,a4 von ,ko551 ,hugh ,mill]1 ,d4 ,p4 ,oehl]t1 ,c4 ,s4 ,pross]1 ,p4 de ,r\ville1 ,c4 ,s*u*]t1 ,t4 ,ts*]nys*ew1 ,e4 ,o4 ,ulri*1 ,w4 ,a4 ,e4 ,us%]1 ,p4 ,n4 ,w5juk(f1 ,g4 ,f4 ,:idborne1 ,j4 ,f4 ,:iteaves & ,h4 ,s4 ,williams4 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison's orig9al description appe>$ 9 ! ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 7#bnd s]ies1 vol4 v41 #ahci74 ,good g5]al acc\nts w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,a4 ,geikie's ,text-,book ( ,geology 7vol4 ii41 #d? ed41 #aijc71 9 ,e4 ,kays]'s ,lehrbu* d] ,geologie 7vol4 ii41 #bnd ed41 #aijb71 &1 = ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury's ,geology 7vol4 ii41 #aijf74 ,see ! ,index to ! ,geological ,magaz9e 7#ahfd-aijc71 & 9 subsequ5t annual volumes2 ,geological ,lit]ature add$ to ! ,geological ,society's ,libr>y 7,london71 annually s9ce #ahic2 & ! ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m941 ,geologie und ,palontologie 7,/uttg>t1 #b annual volumes74 ,! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey publi%es at int]vals a ,bibliography & ,index ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 c41 & ?is 7e4g4 ,bullet9 #cja1--! ,bibliog4 & ,index = #aija-aije7 conta9s num]\s ref]5ces = ! ,devonian sy/em 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 7,j4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,devonport1 a municipal1 c\nty & p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,devon%ire1 ,engl&1 contigu\s to ,ea/ ,/oneh\se & ,plym\?1 ! seat ( "o ( ! royal docky>ds1 & an important naval & milit>y /ation4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #gj1dcg4 ,x is situat$ imm$iately above ! ,n4,w4 angle ( ,plym\? ,s\nd1 occupy+ a triangul> p59sula =m$ by ,/oneh\se ,pool on ! ,e4 & ! ,hamoaze on ! ,w4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,london ,s\? ,we/]n railways4 ,! t[n prop] 0 =m]ly enclos$ by a l9e ( ramp>ts & a dit* excavat$ out ( ! lime/one1 b ^! are 9 great "p demoli%$4 ,adjo9+ ,devonport are ,ea/ ,/oneh\se 7an urban di/rict1 pop4 #ae1aaa71 ,/oke & ,morice ,t[n1 ! two la/ be+ suburbs ( ,devonport4 ,! t[n hall1 erect$ 9 #ahba-ahbb p>tly aft] ! design ( ! ,p>!non1 is di/+ui%$ by a ,doric portico2 :ile ne> x are ! public libr>y1 9 ,egyptian /yle1 & a conspicu\s ,doric column built ( ,devon%ire granite4 ,?is monum5t1 :i* is #ajj ft4 high1 0 rais$ 9 commemoration ( ! nam+ ( ! t[n 9 #ahbd4 ,o!r in/itutions are ! ,naval ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,keyham 7#ahhj72 ! municipal te*nical s*ools1 op5$ 9 #ahii1 ! majority ( ! /ud5ts be+ connect$ ) ! docky>d2 ! naval b>racks1 ,keyham 7#ahhe72 ! ,raglan b>racks & ! naval & milit>y hospitals4 ,on ,m\nt ,wise1 :i* 0 =m]ly def5d$ by a batt]y 7n[ a naval signall+ /ation71 /&s ! milit>y resid5ce1 or ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 occupi$ by ! comm&] ( ! ,plym\? ,coa/ ,def5ces2 & ne> at h& is ! pr9cipal naval resid5ce1 ! naval comm&]-9-*ief's h\se4 ,! prospect f ,m\nt ,wise ov] ! ,hamoaze to ,m\nt ,edgecumbe on ! opposite %ore is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,! mo/ notewor?y feature ( ,devonport1 h[ev]1 is ! royal docky>d1 orig9ally e/abli%$ by ,william ,,iii4 9 #afhi & until #ahbd kn[n z ,plym\? ,dock4 ,x is situat$ )9 ! old t[n b\nd>y & conta9s f\r docks4 ,to ?is 9 #ahec 0 add$ ,keyham /eamy>d1 situat$ high] up ! ,hamoaze beyond ! old b\nd>y & connect$ ) ! ,devonport y>d by a tunnel4 ,9 #ahif fur!r ext5sions 7 begun at ! ,keyham y>d1 :i* became kn[n z ,devonport ,nor? y>d4 ,be=e ^! 7 begun ! y>d compris$ two bas9s1 ! nor!rn "o be+ #i acres & ! s\!rn #g acres 9 area1 & ?ree docks1 hav+ floor-l5g?s ( #bie1 #cdg & #dac ft41 toge!r ) iron & brass f\ndries1 ma*9]y %ops1 eng9e] /ud5ts' %op1 c4 ,! new ext5sions1 op5$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #aijg1 cov] a total area ( #aah acres ly+ to ! nor?w>d 9 front ( ! ,naval ,b>racks1 & involv$ ! reclamation ( #gg acres ( mudflats ly+ bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,! s*eme pres5t$ ?ree lead+ features--a tidal bas91 a gr\p ( ?ree grav+ docks ) entrance lock1 & a l>ge enclos$ bas9 ) a coal+ dept at ! nor? end4 ,! tidal bas91 close to ! old ,keyham nor? bas91 is #gdj ft4 long ) a mean wid? ( #eij ft41 & has an area ( #aj acres1 ! dep? be+ #cb ft4 at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides4 ,x af=ds access to two grav+ docks1 "o ) a floor-l5g? ( #gde ft4 & #bj ft4 ( wat] ov] ! sill1 & ! o!r ) a l5g? ( #gda ft4 & #cb ft4 ( wat] ov] ! sill4 ,ea* ( ^! c be subdivid$ by means ( an int]m$iate caisson1 & 7:5 unoccupi$7 may s]ve z an entrance to ! clos$ bas94 ,! lock :i* leads f ! tidal to ! clos$ bas9 is #gcj ft4 long1 & if necess>y c be us$ z a dock4 ,! clos$ bas91 out ( :i* op5s a ?ird grav+ dock1 #ffj ft4 long1 measures #aeej ft4 by #ajjj ft4 & has an area ( #ce acres1 ) a dep? ( #cb ft4 at l[-wat] spr+s2 x has a direct entrance f ! ,hamoaze1 clos$ by a caisson4 ,! f\ndations ( ! walls are c>ri$ d[n to ! rock1 :i* 9 "s places lies cov]$ ) mud #ajj ft4 or m bel[ cop+ level4 ,compress$ air is us$ to "w ! slid+ caissons :i* close ! entrances ( ! docks & clos$ bas94 ,a rop]y at ,devonport produces half ! hemp5 ropes us$ 9 ! navy4 ,by ! ,re=m ,act ( #ahcb ,devonport 0 erect$ into a p>liam5t>y bor\gh includ+ ,ea/ ,/oneh\se & return+ two memb]s4 ,! gr\nd on :i* x /&s is = ! mo/ "p ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ ,aubyn family 7,b>ons ,/ ,levan71 ^: /ew>d holds a c\rt leet & a c\rt b>on annually4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a mayor1 sixte5 ald]m5 & =ty-eight c\ncillors4 ,area1 #cjdd acres4 ,,devonport1 ,,ea/ & ,,we/1 a t[n ( ,devon c\nty1 ,tasmania1 situat$ on bo? sides ( ! m\? ( ! riv] ,m]sey1 #aic m4 by rail ,n4,w4 ( ,hob>t4 ,pop4 7#aija71 ,ea/ ,devonport1 #fgc1 ,we/ ,devonport1 #baja4 ,!re is regul> communication f ?is port to ,melb\rne & ,sydney1 & x ranks z ! ?ird port 9 ,tasmania4 ,a celebrat$ regatta is held on ! ,m]sey annually on ,new ,ye>'s day4 ,,devon%ire1 ,,e>ls ,,& ,,dukes ,,(4 ,! ,devon%ire title1 n[ 9 ! ,cav5di% family1 _h previ\sly be5 held by ,*>les ,bl\nt 7#aefc-afjf71 #h? ,"l ,m\ntjoy1 great-gr&son ( ! #d? ,"l ,m\ntjoy 7d4 #aecd71 ! pupil ( ,erasmus2 he 0 creat$ e>l ( ,devon%ire 9 #afjc = 8 s]vices 9 ,irel&1 :]e he became fam\s 9 subdu+ ! rebellion betwe5 #afjj & #afjc2 b ! title became ext9ct at 8 dea?4 ,9 ! ,cav5di% l9e ! #a/ e>l ( ,devon%ire 0 ,william 7d4 #afbf71 second son ( ,sir ,william ,cav5di% 7q4v471 & ( ,elizabe? ,h>dwick1 :o aft]w>ds m>ri$ ! #f? e>l ( ,%rewsbury4 ,he 0 creat$ e>l ( ,devon%ire 9 #afah by ,james ,i41 & 0 succe$$ by ,william1 #bnd e>l 7#aeia-afbh71 & ! latt] by 8 son ,william 7#afag-afhd71 a prom95t royali/1 & "o ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o m>ri$ a daught] ( ! #bnd e>l ( ,salisbury4 ,,william ,,cav5di%1 #a/ duke ( ,devon%ire 7#afdj-agjg71 ,engli% /atesman1 elde/ son ( ! e>l ( ,devon%ire la/ m5tion$1 0 born on ! #be? ( ,janu>y #afdj4 ,aft] complet+ 8 education he made ! t\r ( ,europe accord+ to ! cu/om ( "y m5 ( 8 rank1 be+ accompani$ on 8 travels by ,dr ,killigrew4 ,on 8 return he obta9$1 9 #affa1 a seat 9 p>liam5t = ,d]by%ire1 & soon became conspicu\s z "o ( ! mo/ det]m9$ & d>+ oppon5ts ( ! g5]al policy ( ! c\rt4 ,9 #afgh he 0 "o ( ! committee appo9t$ to draw up articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ ! "l treasur] ,danby4 ,9 #afgi he 0 re-elect$ = ,d]by1 & made a privy c\ncillor by ,*>les ,,ii42 b he soon )drew f ! bo>d ) 8 fri5d ,"l ,russell1 :5 he f\nd t ! ,roman ,ca?olic int]e/ uni=mly prevail$4 ,he c>ri$ up to ! ,h\se ( ,lords ! articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice ,scroggs1 = 8 arbitr>y & illegal proce$+s 9 ! c\rt ( ,k+'s b5*2 & :5 ! k+ decl>$ 8 resolution n to sign ! bill = exclud+ ! duke ( ,york1 aft]w>ds ,james ,,ii41 he mov$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t a bill might be br\ght 9 = ! association ( all 8 maje/y's ,prote/ant subjects4 ,he also op5ly d5\nc$ ! k+'s c\nsellors1 & vot$ = an address to remove !m4 ,he appe>$ 9 def5ce ( ,"l ,russell at 8 trial1 at a "t :5 x 0 sc>cely m crim9al to be an accomplice ?an a witness4 ,aft] ! condemnation he gave ! utmo/ possible pro( ( 8 atta*m5t by (f]+ to ex*ange clo!s ) ,"l ,russell 9 ! prison1 rema9 9 8 place1 & s all[ him to effect 8 escape4 ,9 ,novemb] #afhd he succe$$ to ! e>ldom on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,he oppos$ arbitr>y gov]nm5t "u ,james ,,ii4 ) ! same consi/5cy & high _s z dur+ ! previ\s reign4 ,he 0 )drawn f public life = a "t1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( a ha/y & imprud5t act ( :i* 8 enemies knew h[ to avail !mselves4 ,fancy+ t he _h receiv$ an insult+ look 9 ! pres5ce *amb] f ,colonel ,colepepp]1 a swagg]] ^: att5dance at c\rt ! k+ enc\rag$1 he imm$iately av5g$ ! affront by *all5g+ ! colonel1 &1 on ! *all5ge be+ refus$1 /rik+ him ) 8 cane4 ,?is (f5ce 0 puni%$ by a f9e ( #cj1jjj1 :i* 0 an enorm\s sum ev5 to "o ( ! e>l's pr9cely =tune4 ,n be+ able to pay he 0 imprison$ 9 ! k+'s b5*1 f :i* he 0 releas$ only on sign+ a bond = ! :ole am\nt4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds cancell$ by ,k+ ,william4 ,aft] 8 dis*>ge ! e>l w5t = a "t to ,*atswor?1 :]e he occupi$ himself ) ! erection ( a new mansion1 design$ by ,william ,talman1 ) decorations by ,v]rio1 ,?ornhill & ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,! ,revolution aga9 br\ght him into prom95ce4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sev5 :o sign$ ! orig9al pap] invit+ ! pr9ce ( ,orange f ,holl&1 & 0 ! fir/ nobleman :o appe>$ 9 arms to receive him at 8 l&+4 ,he receiv$ ! ord] ( ! ,g>t] on ! occasion ( ! coronation1 & 0 made "l high /ew>d ( ! new c\rt4 ,9 #afij he accompani$ ,k+ ,william on 8 visit to ,holl&4 ,he 0 creat$ m>quis ( ,h>t+ton & duke ( ,devon%ire 9 #afid by ,william & ,m>y1 on ! same day on :i* ! head ( ! h\se ( ,russell 0 creat$ duke ( ,b$=d4 ,?us1 to quote ,macaulay1 ! two great h\ses ( ,russell & ,cav5di%1 :i* _h long be5 closely connect$ by fri5d%ip & by m>riage1 by common op9ions1 common suff]+s & common triumphs1 receiv$ on ! same day ! highe/ hon\r :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( ! cr[n to conf]4 ,8 la/ public s]vice 0 assi/+ to conclude ! union ) ,scotl&1 = negotiat+ :i* he & 8 elde/ son1 ! m>quis ( ,h>t+ton1 _h be5 appo9t$ among ! commission]s by ,que5 ,anne4 ,he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ #agjg1 & ord]$ ! foll[+ inscription to be put on 8 monum5t3- ,willielmus ,dux ,devon1 ,bonorum ,pr9cipum ,fidelis ,subditus1 ,inimicus et ,invisus ,tyrannis4 ,he _h m>ri$ 9 #affa ! daught] ( ,james1 duke ( ,ormonde1 & he 0 succe$$ by 8 elde/ son ,william z #bnd duke1 & by ! latt]'s son ,william z #crd duke 7vic]oy ( ,irel&1 #agcg-agdd74 ,! latt]'s son ,william 7#agbj-agfd7 succe$$ 9 #agee z #d? duke2 he m>ri$ ! daught] & heiress ( ,ri*>d ,boyle1 e>l ( ,burl+ton & ,cork1 :o br\ght ,lismore ,ca/le & ! ,iri% e/ates into ! family2 & f ,novemb] #agef to ,may #ageg he 0 prime m9i/]1 ma9ly 9 ord] t ,pitt1 :o w\ld n !n s]ve "u ! duke ( ,newca/le1 %\ld be 9 p[]4 ,8 son ,william 7#agdh-ahaa71 #e? duke1 is memorable z ! husb& ( ! beautiful ,georgiana ,sp5c]1 du*ess ( ,devon%ire 7#ageg-ahjf71 & ( ! intellectual ,elizabe? ,fo/]1 du*ess ( ,devon%ire 7#ageh-ahbd71 bo? ( :om ,ga9sbor\gh pa9t$4 ,8 son ,william1 #f? duke 7#agij-aheh71 :o di$ unm>ri$1 0 s5t on a special mission to ! coronation ( ! ts> ,ni*olas at ,mosc[ 9 #ahbf1 & became fam\s = 8 exp5diture on t occasion2 & x 0 he :o employ$ ,sir ,joseph ,paxton at ,*atswor?4 ,! title pass$ 9 #aheh to 8 c\s9 ,william 7#ahjh-ahia71 #bnd e>l ( ,burl+ton1 z #g? duke1 a man :o1 )\t play+ a prom95t "p 9 public affairs1 ex]cis$ great influ5ce1 n only by 8 position b by 8 di/+ui%$ abilities4 ,at ,cambridge 9 #ahbi he 0 second wrangl]1 fir/ ,smi?'s prizeman1 & eigh? classic1 & subsequ5tly he became *ancellor ( ! univ]sity4 ,,sp5c] ,,compton ,,cav5di%1 #h? duke 7#ahcc-aijh71 born on ! #bcrd ( ,july #ahcc1 0 ! son ( ! #g? duke 7!n e>l ( ,burl+ton7 & 8 wife ,lady ,blan*e ,h[>d 7si/] ( ! e>l ( ,c>lisle74 ,9 #ahed ,"l ,cav5di%1 z he !n 01 took 8 degree at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 9 #ahef he 0 atta*$ to ! special mission to ,russia = ! new ts>'s accession2 & 9 #aheg he 0 return$ to p>liam5t z ,lib]al memb] = ,nor? ,lanca%ire4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! new p>liam5t ( #ahei ! m>quis ( ,h>t+ton 7z he _h n[ become7 mov$ ! am5dm5t to ! address :i* ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t ( ,"l ,d]by4 ,9 #ahfc he became fir/ a "l ( ! admiralty1 & !n "u-secret>y = w>1 & on ! =mation ( ! ,russell-,glad/one adm9i/ration at ! dea? ( ,"l ,palm]/on he ent]$ x z w> secret>y4 ,he retir$ ) 8 colleagues 9 ,july #ahff2 b ^u ,mr ,glad/one's return to p[] 9 #ahfh he became po/ma/]-g5]al1 an (fice :i* he ex*ang$ 9 #ahga = t ( secret>y = ,irel&4 ,:5 ,mr ,glad/one1 aft] 8 defeat & resignation 9 #ahgd1 tempor>ily )drew f ! lead]%ip ( ! ,lib]al p>ty 9 ,janu>y #ahge1 ,"l ,h>t+ton 0 *os5 ,lib]al lead] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,"l ,granville be+ lead] 9 ! ,lords4 ,mr ,w4 ,e4 ,=/]1 :o _h tak5 a mu* m prom95t "p 9 public life1 0 ! only o!r possible nom9ee1 b he decl9$ to /&4 ,"l ,h>t+ton's rank no d\bt told 9 8 fav\r1 & ,mr ,=/]'s education bill _h (f5d$ ! ,noncon=mi/ memb]s1 :o w\ld probably h )held _! support4 ,"l ,h>t+ton's prud5t managem5t 9 difficult circum/ances laid 8 foll[]s "u great obligations1 s9ce n only 0 ! opposite p>ty 9 ! asc5dant1 b 8 own =m] *ief 0 indulg+ 9 ! fre$om ( indep5d5ce4 ,aft] ! complete defeat ( ! ,cons]vatives 9 ! g5]al election ( #ahhj1 a l>ge proportion ( ! p>ty w\ld h rejoic$ if ,"l ,h>t+ton c\ld h tak5 ! ,premi]%ip in/ead ( ,mr ,glad/one1 & ! que51 9 /rict con=mity ) con/itutional usage 7?\gh ,glad/one himself ?\ght ,"l ,granville %\ld h _h ! pref]5ce71 s5t = him z lead] ( ! ,opposition4 ,mr ,glad/one1 h[ev]1 0 cle>ly ma/] ( ! situation3 no cab9et c\ld be =m$ )\t him1 nor c\ld he reasonably be expect$ to accept a subord9ate po/4 ,"l ,h>t+ton1 !re=e1 gracefully abdicat$ ! lead]%ip1 & became secret>y ( /ate = ,india1 f :i* (fice1 9 ,decemb] #ahhb1 he pass$ to ! w> (fice4 ,8 adm9i/ration 0 memorable = ! exp$itions ( ,g5]al ,gordon & ,"l ,wolseley to ,kh>tum1 & a consid]able numb] ( ! ,cons]vative p>ty long held him *iefly responsible = ! betrayal ( ,gordon4 ,8 le?>gic mann]1 ap>t f 8 position z w> m9i/]1 help$ to associate him 9 _! m9ds ) a disa/] :i* emphasiz$ ! fact t ! gov]nm5t act$ too late2 b ,glad/one & ,"l ,granville 7 no less responsible ?an he4 ,9 ,june #ahhe he resign$ along ) 8 colleagues1 & 9 ,decemb] 0 elect$ = ! ,ross5dale ,division ( ,lanca%ire1 creat$ by ! new re=m bill4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ! great political opportunity ( ,"l ,h>t+ton's life came to him 9 ,mr ,glad/one's conv]sion to home rule = ,irel&4 ,"l ,h>t+ton's refusal to foll[ 8 lead] 9 ?is c\rse inevitably made him ! *ief ( ! new ,lib]al ,unioni/ p>ty1 compos$ ( a l>ge & influ5tial section ( ! old ,lib]als4 ,9 ?is capacity he mov$ ! fir/ resolution at ! fam\s public meet+ at ! op]a h\se1 & also1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 mov$ ! rejection ( ,mr ,glad/one's ,bill on ! second read+4 ,dur+ ! memorable electoral conte/ :i* foll[$1 no election excit$ m int]e/ ?an ,"l ,h>t+ton's = ! ,ross5dale division1 :]e he 0 return$ by a majority ( ne>ly #aejj votes4 ,9 ! new p>liam5t he held a position mu* resembl+ t :i* ,sir ,rob]t ,peel _h occupi$ aft] 8 fall f p[]1 ! lead] ( a small1 compact p>ty1 ! /&+ & ability ( ^: memb]s 7 out ( all proportion to _! numb]s1 g5]ally e/eem$ & tru/$ beyond any o!r man 9 ! c\ntry1 yet 9 8 own op9ion =bidd5 to ?9k ( (fice4 ,"l ,salisbury's (f]s to s]ve "u him z prime m9i/] 7bo? aft] ! g5]al election1 & aga9 :5 ,"l ,r&olph ,*ur*ill resign$7 7 decl9$1 & ,"l ,h>t+ton cont9u$ to dis*>ge ! delicate duties ( ! lead] ( a middle p>ty ) no less judgm5t ?an he _h %[n :5 lead+ ! ,lib]als dur+ ! int]regnum ( #ahge-ahhj4 ,x 0 n until #ahie1 :5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,cons]vatives & ,lib]al ,unioni/s _h become almo/ oblit]at$ by *ang$ circum/ances1 & ! habit ( act+ toge!r1 t ! duke ( ,devon%ire1 z he _h become by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahia1 cons5t$ to ent] ,"l ,salisbury's ?ird m9i/ry z presid5t ( ! c\ncil4 ,! duke ?us 0 ! nom9al repres5tative ( education 9 ! cab9et at a "t :5 educational que/ions 7 rapidly becom+ ( great importance2 & 8 own te*nical k ( ?is difficult & intricate "q be+ admitt$ly sup]ficial1 a good deal ( criticism f "t to "t result$4 ,he _h h[ev] by ?is "t an e/abli%$ position 9 public life1 & a reputation = weight ( "*1 :i* procur$ = him univ]sal respect & confid5ce1 & exempt$ him f bitt] attack1 ev5 f 8 mo/ det]m9$ political oppon5ts4 ,weal? & rank comb9$ ) "* to place him 9 a measure above p>ty2 & 8 succession to 8 fa!r z *ancellor ( ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge 9 #ahib indicat$ 8 em95ce 9 ! life ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! same ye> he _h m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ! #g? duke ( ,man*e/]4 ,he cont9u$ to hold ! (fice ( "l presid5t ( ! c\ncil till ! #crd ( ,octob] #aijc1 :5 he resign$ on acc\nt ( diff]5ces ) ,mr ,,balf\r 7q4v47 ov] ! latt]'s attitude t[>ds free trade4 ,z ,mr ,*amb]la9 _h retir$ f ! cab9et1 & ! duke _h n ?\ght x necess>y to jo9 ,"l ,george ,hamilton & ,mr ,rit*ie 9 resign+ a =tnight e>li]1 ! defection 0 unanticipat$ & 0 %>ply criticiz$ by ,mr ,balf\r1 :o1 9 ! re>rangem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 _h only j appo9t$ ! duke's nephew & heir1 ,mr ,victor ,cav5di%1 to be secret>y to ! treasury4 ,b ! duke _h come to ! conclusion t :ile he himself 0 sub/antially a free-trad]1#a ,mr ,balf\r did n mean ! same ?+ by ! t]m4 ,he necess>ily became ! lead] ( ! ,free ,trade ,unioni/s :o 7 nei!r ,balf\rites nor ,*amb]la9ites1 & 8 weight 0 ?r[n into ! scale aga9/ any association ( ,unionism ) ! con/ructive policy ( t>iff re=m1 :i* he id5tifi$ ) %e] ,protection4 ,a /ruggle at once began )9 ! ,lib]al ,unioni/ organization betwe5 ^? :o foll[$ ! duke & ^? :o foll[$ ,mr ,,*amb]la9 7q4v472 b ! latt] 7 9 ! majority & a reorganization 9 ! ,lib]al ,unioni/ ,association took place1 ! ,unioni/ free-trad]s sec$+ & becom+ a sep>ate body4 ,! duke !n became presid5t ( ! new organizations1 ! ,unioni/ ,free ,food ,league & ! ,unioni/ ,free ,trade ,club4 ,9 ! subsequ5t developm5ts ! duke play$ a dignifi$ b some:at sil5t "p1 & ! ,unioni/ r\t 9 #aijf 0 n unaffect$ by 8 op5 ho/ility to any ta9t ( compromise ) ! t>iff re=m movem5t4 ,b 9 ! autumn ( #aijg 8 heal? gave way1 & grave symptoms ( c>diac weakness necessitat$ 8 ab/a9+ f public ef=t & sp5d+ ! w9t] abroad4 ,he di$1 r sudd5ly1 at ,cannes on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #aijh4 ,! head ( an old & p[]ful family1 a weal?y t]ritorial magnate1 & an ,engli%man ) ?or\ghly national ta/es = sport1 8 weighty & dis9t]e/$ "* made him a /atesman ( ! fir/ rank 9 8 "t1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( %[y or brilliant qualities4 ,he _h no self-seek+ ambitions1 & on ?ree occasions pref]r$ n to become prime m9i/]4 ,?\gh 8 spee*es 7 direct & =cible1 he 0 n an orator1 nor clev]2 & he lack$ all subtlety ( intellect2 b he 0 conspicu\s = solidity ( m9d & /raight=w>dness ( action1 & = consci5ti\s application z an adm9i/rator1 :e!r 9 8 public or private life4 ,! fact t he once yawn$ 9 ! middle ( a spee* ( 8 own 0 commonly quot$ z *>act]i/ic2 b he comb9$ a great fund ( common s5se & k ( ! av]age op9ion ) a patriotic s5se ( duty t[>ds ! /ate4 ,?r\gh\t 8 c>e] he rema9$ an old-fa%ion$ ,lib]al1 or r ,:ig1 ( a type :i* 9 8 lat] ye>s 0 becom+ gradually m & m r>e4 ,!re 0 no issue ( 8 m>riage1 & he 0 succe$$ z #i? duke by 8 nephew ,,victor ,,*ri/ian ,,cav5di% 7b4 #ahfh71 :o _h be5 ,lib]al ,unioni/ memb] = ,we/ ,d]by%ire s9ce #ahia1 & 0 treasur] ( ! h\sehold 7#aijj to #aijc7 & f9ancial secret>y to ! treasury 7#aijc to #aije72 9 #ahib he m>ri$ a daught] ( ! m>quess ( ,lansd[ne1 by :om he _h two sons4 7,h4 ,,*47 #a ,8 own words to ,mr ,balf\r at ! "t 73 ,i believe t our pres5t sy/em ( free imports is on ! :ole ! mo/ advantage\s to ! c\ntry1 ?\gh ,i d n cont5d t ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s possess any su* au?ority or sanctity z to =bid any dep>ture f x1 = suffici5t reasons4 ,,devon%ire 7,,devon71 a s\?-we/]n c\nty ( ,engl&1 b\nd$ ,n4,w4 & ,n4 by ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 ,n4,e4 by ,som]set & ,dorset1 ,s4,e4 & ,s4 by ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & ,w4 by ,cornwall4 ,! area1 #bfjd4i sq4 m41 is exce$$ only by ^? ( ,york%ire & ,l9coln%ire among ! ,engli% c\nties4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! surface is unev5 & hilly4 ,! c\nty conta9s ! highe/ l& 9 ,engl& s\? ( ,d]by%ire 7except+ po9ts on ! s\? ,wel% bord]72 & ! sc5]y1 mu* v>i$1 is 9 mo/ p>ts /rik+ & picturesque4 ,! hea!r-clad upl&s ( ,exmoor1 ?\gh *iefly )9 ! bord]s ( ,som]set1 ext5d into ,nor? ,devon1 & are /ill ! haunt ( r$ de]1 & ( ! small h>dy ponies call$ aft] ! di/rict4 ,"h1 z on ,d>tmoor1 ! /reams are ri* 9 tr\t4 ,d>tmoor1 ! pr9cipal physical feature ( ! c\nty1 is a broad & l(ty expanse ( moorl& :i* rises 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,its highe/ po9t1 #bjci ft41 is f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/]n portion4 ,its r\gh wa/es contra/ f9ely ) ! wild b wood$ region :i* imm$iately surr\nds ! granite ( :i* x is compos$1 & ) ! ri* cultivat$ c\ntry ly+ beyond4 ,especially notewor?y 9 ?is f]tile tract are ! ,s\? ,hams1 a fruitful di/rict ( apple or*>ds1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,erme & ! ,d>t2 ! ri* mead[-l& ar\nd ,cr$iton1 9 ! vale ( ,exet]2 & ! r$ rocks ne> ,sidm\?4 ,two features :i* l5d a *>act]i/ic *>m to ! ,devon%ire l&scape are ! numb] ( picturesque old cottages ro($ ) ?at*2 & ! deep lanes1 sunk bel[ ! common level ( ! gr\nd1 bord]$ by tall h$ges1 & ov]%ad[$ by an ar* ( b\ghs4 ,! nor? & s\? coa/s ( ! c\nty diff] mu* 9 "*1 b bo? h gr& cliff & rock sc5]y1 n surpass$ by any 9 ,engl& or ,wales1 resembl+ ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d 9 its range ( col\r4 ,z a rule ! long combes or gl5s d[n :i* ! riv]s fl[ seaw>d are d5sely wood$1 & ! c\ntry imm$iately inl& is ( great beauty4 ,ap>t f ! ,tam>1 :i* con/itutes ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,devon & ,cornwall1 & fl[s into ! ,engli% ,*annel1 aft] =m+ 9 its e/u>y ! h>b\rs ( ,devonport & ,plym\?1 ! pr9cipal riv]s rise on ,d>tmoor4 ,^! include ! ,teign1 ,d>t1 ,plym & ,tavy1 fall+ into ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & ! ,taw fl[+ nor? t[>ds ,bide=d ,bay4 ,! riv] ,torridge1 also dis*>g+ nor?w>d1 receives "p ( its wat]s f ,d>tmoor ?r\gh ! ,okem5t1 b itself rises 9 ! angle ( high l& ne> ,h>tl& po9t on ! nor? coa/1 & makes a wide sweep s\?w>d4 ,! less] ,d>tmoor /reams are ! ,avon1 ! ,erme & ! ,vealm1 all runn+ s\?4 ,! ,exe rises on ,exmoor 9 ,som]set%ire2 b ! ma9 "p ( its c\rse is ?r\gh ,devon%ire 7:]e x gives "n to ,exet]71 & x is jo9$ on its way to ! ,engli% ,*annel by ! less] /reams ( ! ,culm1 ! ,cre$y & ! ,cly/4 ,! ,ott]1 ris+ on ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 also runs s\?1 & ! ,axe1 = "p ( its c\rse1 divides ! c\nties ( ,devon & ,dorset4 ,^! ea/]n /reams are comp>atively sl[2 :ile ! riv]s ( ,d>tmoor h a %ort] & m rapid c\rse4 ,geology4--,! greate/ area occupi$ by any "o gr\p ( rocks 9 ,devon%ire is t cov]$ by ! ,culm1 a s]ies ( slates1 grits & greywackes1 ) "s impure lime/ones & occasional radiol>ian *]ts z at ,codd5 ,hill2 b$s ( culm1 an impure v>iety ( coal1 are f\nd at ,bide=d & else:]e4 ,?is s]ies ( rocks occurs at ,bampton1 ,exet] & ,*udleigh & ext5ds !nce to ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,nor? & s\? ( ! ,culm an old] s]ies ( slates1 grits & lime/ones appe>s2 x 0 consid]$ s *>act]i/ic ( ! c\nty t x 0 call$ ! ,,devonian ,,sy/em 7q4v471 ! m>9e equival5t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,h]e=d & ,scotl&4 ,x lies 9 ! =m ( a tr\gh ) its axis runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,9 ! c5tral holl[ ! ,culm reposes1 :ile ! nor!rn & s\!rn rims rise to ! surface respectively nor? ( ! latitude ( ,b>n/aple & ,s\? ,molton & s\? ( ! latitude ( ,tavi/ock4 ,^! ,devonian rocks h be5 subdivid$ into upp]1 middle & l[] divisions1 b ! /ratigraphy is difficult to foll[ z ! b$s h suff]$ mu* crumpl+2 f9e examples ( contort$ /rata may be se5 almo/ any:]e on ! nor? coa/1 & 9 ! s\?1 at ,bolt ,head & ,/>t ,po9t !y h und]gone sev]e metamorphism4 ,lime/ones are only poorly develop$ 9 ! nor?1 b 9 ! s\? important masses occur1 9 ! middle & at ! base ( ! upp] subdivisions1 ab\t ,plym\?1 ,torquay1 ,brixham & betwe5 ,newton ,abbot & ,totnes4 ,fossil corals ab\nd 9 ^! lime/ones1 :i* are l>gely qu>ri$ & :5 poli%$ are kn[n z ,devon%ire m>bles4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! c\nty is f\nd an entirely diff]5t set ( rocks :i* cov] ! old] s]ies & dip away f !m g5tly t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! l[] & mo/ we/]ly situat$ memb]s ( ! y\ng] rocks is a s]ies ( breccias1 conglom]ates1 s&/ones & m>ls :i* are probably ( l[] ,bunt] age1 b by "s geologi/s h be5 class$ z ,p]mian4 ,^! r$ rocks are beautifully expos$ on ! coa/ by ,dawli% & ,teignm\?1 & !y ext5d inl&1 produc+ a r$ soil1 pa/ ,exet] & ,tiv]ton4 ,a long n>r[ /rip ( ! same =mation rea*es out we/w>d on ! top ( ! ,culm z f> z ,jacob/[4 ,f>!r ea/1 ! ,bunt] pebble b$s are repres5t$ by ! well-kn[n pebble deposit ( ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 :5ce !y are traceable inl& t[>ds ,rockbe>e4 ,^! are succe$$ by ! ,keup] m>ls & s&/ones1 well expos$ at ,sidm\?1 :]e ! upp] ,gre5s& plateau is cle>ly se5 to ov]lie !m4 ,! ,gre5s& cov]s all ! high gr\nd nor?w>d f ,sidm\? z f> z ! ,blackd[n ,hills4 ,at ,be] ,head & ,axm\? ! ,*alk is se51 & at ! latt] place is a fam\s l&slip on ! coa/1 caus$ by ! spr+s :i* issue f ! ,gre5s& bel[ ! ,*alk4 ,! ,l[] ,*alk at ,be] has be5 m9$ = build+ /one & 0 =m]ly 9 consid]able dem&4 ,at ! extreme ea/ ( ! c\nty1 ,rhaetic & ,lias b$s make _! appe>ance1 ! =m] ) a bone b$ be>+ ! rema9s ( saurians & fi%4 ,d>tmoor is a mass ( granite t 0 intrud$ into ! ,culm & ,devonian /rata 9 po/-,c>bonif]\s times & subsequ5tly expos$ by d5udation4 ,evid5ces ( ,devonian volcanic activity are abundant 9 ! masses ( diabase1 dol]ite1 c41 at ,brad=d & ,tru%am1 s\? ( ,exet]1 ar\nd ,plym\? & at ,a%pr+ton4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! ,c>bonif]\s volcano ( ,br5t ,tor ne> ,tavi/ock4 ,an ,eoc5e deposit1 ! product ( ! d5udation ( ! ,d>tmoor ,hills1 lies 9 a small bas9 at ,bovey ,tracey 7see ,,bovey ,,b$s72 x yields b$s ( lignite & valuable clays4 ,rais$ bea*es occur at ,hope's ,nose & ! ,?at*] ,/one ne> ,torquay & at o!r po9ts1 & a subm]g$ =e/ lies 9 ! bay s\? ( ! same place4 ,! caves & fissures 9 ! ,devonian lime/one at ,k5t's ,hole ne> ,torquay1 ,brixham & ,ore/on are fam\s = ! rema9s ( ext9ct mammals2 bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 be> & hya5a h be5 f\nd z well z fl9t implem5ts ( e>ly man4 ,m9]als4--,silv]-lead 0 =m]ly work$ at ,combe ,m>t9 ne> ! nor? coa/1 & else:]e4 ,t9 has be5 work$ on ,d>tmoor 79 /ream works7 f an unkn[n p]iod4 ,copp] 0 n mu* work$ be=e ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,t9 occurs 9 ! granite ( ,d>tmoor1 & along its bord]s1 b r :]e ! ,devonian ?an :]e ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks bord] ! granite4 ,x is f\nd mo/ pl5tifully 9 ! di/rict :i* surr\nds ,tavi/ock1 :i*1 = t9 & o!r ores1 is 9 effect ! great m9+ di/rict ( ! c\nty4 ,"h1 ab\t #d m4 f ,tavi/ock1 are ! ,devon ,great ,consols m9es1 :i* f #ahdc to #ahga 7 among ! ri*e/ copp] m9es 9 ! _w1 & by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ pr(itable 9 ! k+dom4 ,! divid$ pr(its dur+ ?is p]iod am\nt$ to #a1aib1ifj4 ,b ! m9+ int]e/s ( ,devon%ire are affect$ by ! same causes1 & 9 ! same way1 z ^? ( ,cornwall4 ,! quantity ( ore has greatly dim9i%$1 & ! co/ ( rais+ x f ! deep m9es prev5ts competition ) =eign m>kets4 ,9 _m m9es t9 und]lies ! g5]al dep? ( ! copp]1 & is work$ :5 ! latt] has be5 exhau/$4 ,! m9]al products ( ! ,tavi/ock di/rict are v>i\s1 & besides t9 & copp]1 ores ( z9c & iron are l>gely di/ribut$4 ,great quantities ( ref9$ ars5ic h be5 produc$ at ! ,devon ,great ,consols m9e1 by elim9ation f ! iron pyrites conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s lodes4 ,manganese occurs 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,exet]1 9 ! valley ( ! ,teign & 9 ,n4 ,devon2 b ! mo/ pr(itable m9es1 :i* are %all[1 are1 l ^? ( t9 & copp]1 9 ! ,tavi/ock di/rict4 ,! o!r m9]al productions ( ! c\nty consi/ ( m>bles1 build+ /ones1 slates & pott]s' clay4 ,among build+ /ones1 ! granite ( ,d>tmoor holds ! =emo/ place4 ,x is mu* qu>ri$ ne> ,pr9cet[n1 ne> ,moreton ,hamp/ead on ! ,n4,e4 ( ,d>tmoor & else:]e4 ,! annual export is consid]able4 ,h>d traps1 :i* occur 9 _m places1 are also mu* us$1 z are ! lime/ones ( ,buckfa/leigh & ( ,plym\?4 ,! ,robor\gh /one1 us$ f an e>ly p]iod 9 ,devon%ire *ur*es1 is f\nd ne> ,tavi/ock1 & is a h>d1 porphyritic elvan1 tak+ a f9e poli%4 ,excell5t ro(+ slates occur 9 ! ,devonian s]ies r\nd ! s\!rn "p ( ,d>tmoor4 ,! *ief qu>ries are ne> ,a%burton & ,plym\? 7,cann qu>ry74 ,pott]s' clay is work$ at ,k+'s ,teignton1 :5ce x is l>gely export$2 at ,bovey ,tracey2 & at ,watcombe ne> ,torquay4 ,! ,watcombe clay is ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,*9a clay or kaol9 is f\nd on ! s\!rn side ( ,d>tmoor1 at ,lee ,moor1 & ne> ,tr[leswor?y4 ,!re is a l>ge deposit ( umb] close to ,a%burton4 ,climate & ,agriculture4--,! climate v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty1 b ev]y:]e x is m humid ?an t ( ! ea/]n or s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! mean annual temp]ature some:at exce$s t ( ! midl&s1 b ! av]age summ] heat is r less ?an t ( ! s\!rn c\nties to ! ea/4 ,! air ( ! ,d>tmoor highl&s is %>p & brac+4 ,mi/s are frequ5t1 & sn[ (t5 lies long4 ,on ! s\? coa/ fro/ is little kn[n1 & _m half h>dy plants1 su* z hydrangeas1 myrtles1 g]aniums & heliotropes1 live ?r\gh ! w9t] )\t protection4 ,! climate ( ,sidm\?1 ,teignm\?1 ,torquay & o!r wat]+ places on ?is coa/ is v equable1 ! mean temp]ature 9 ,janu>y be+ #dc4f at ,plym\?4 ,! nor? coa/1 expos$ to ! /orms & swell ( ! ,atlantic1 is m brac+2 al?\gh !re also1 9 ! m %elt]$ nooks 7z at ,combe ,m>t971 myrtles ( great size & age fl[] freely1 & produce _! annual crop ( b]ries4 ,r less ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total area ( ! c\nty is "u cultivation2 ! cultivat$ area fall+ a little bel[ ! av]age ( ! ,engli% c\nties4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ab\t #afj1jjj acres ( hill pa/ure 9 addition to ! area 9 p]man5t pa/ure1 :i* is m ?an "o-half t ( ! cultivat$ area4 ,! ,devon bre$ ( cattle is well adapt$ bo? = fatt5+ & = dairy purposes2 :ile %eep are kept 9 great numb]s on ! hill pa/ures4 ,devon%ire is "o ( ! *ief cattle-f>m+ & %eep-f>m+ c\nties4 ,x is specially fam\s = two products ( ! dairy--! clott$ cream to :i* x gives its "n1 & junket4 ,( ! area "u gra9 crops1 oats occupy ab\t ?ree times ! acreage "u :eat or b>ley4 ,! bulk ( ! acreage "u gre5 crops is occupi$ by turnips1 sw$es & mangold4 ,or*>ds occupy a l>ge acreage1 & consi/ *iefly ( apple-trees1 ne>ly e f>m ma9ta9+ "o = ! manufacture ( cid]4 ,fi%]ies4--,?\gh ! fi%]ies ( ,devon are less valuable ?an ^? ( ,cornwall1 l>ge quantities ( ! pil*>d & h]r+s caught 9 ,corni% wat]s are l&$ at ,plym\?4 ,mu* ( ! fi%+ is c>ri$ on )9 ! ?ree-mile limit2 & x may be ass]t$ t trawl+ is ! ma9 feature ( ! ,devon%ire indu/ry1 :]eas se9+ & driv+ *>act]ize t ( ,cornwall4 ,pil*>d1 cod1 sprats1 brill1 plaice1 soles1 turbot1 %rimps1 lob/]s1 oy/]s & mussels are met )1 besides h]r+ & mack]el1 :i* are fairly pl5tiful4 ,aft] ,plym\?1 ! pr9cipal fi%+ /ation is at ,brixham1 b !re are less] /ations 9 e bay & e/u>y4 ,o!r ,indu/ries4--,! pr9cipal indu/rial works 9 ! c\nty are ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts at ,plym\? & ,devonport4 ,among o!r indu/ries may be not$ ! lace-works at ,tiv]ton2 ! manufacture ( pill[-lace = :i* ,honiton & its neighb\rhood has long be5 fam\s2 & ! pott]ies & t]ra-cotta works ( ,bovey ,tracey & ,watcombe4 ,wooll5 goods & s]ges are made at ,buckfa/leigh & ,a%burton1 & boots & %oes at ,cr$iton4 ,convict lab\r is employ$ 9 ! direction ( agriculture1 qu>ry+1 c41 9 ! great prison ( ,d>tmoor4 ,communications4--,! ma9 l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n railway1 ent]+ ! c\nty 9 ! ea/ f ,taunton1 runs to ,exet]1 skirts ! coa/ z f> z ,teignm\?1 & cont9ues a %ort di/ance inl& by ,newton ,abbot to ,plym\?1 aft] :i* x crosses ! e/u>y ( ! ,tam> by a great bridge to ,salta% 9 ,cornwall4 ,bran*es s]ve ,torquay & o!r seaside resorts ( ! s\? coa/2 & among o!r bran*es are ^? f ,taunton to ,b>n/aple & f ,plym\? nor?w>d to ,tavi/ock & ,launce/on4 ,! ma9 l9e ( ! ,london ,s\?-,we/]n railway betwe5 ,exet] & ,plym\? skirts ! nor? & we/ ( ,d>tmoor by ,okehampton & ,tavi/ock4 ,a bran* f ,ye(ord s]ves ,b>n/aple1 ,ilfracombe1 ,bide=d & ,torr+ton1 :ile ! ,lynton ,b>n/aple & ! ,bide=d1 ,we/w>d ,ho ,appl$ore l9es s]ve ! di/ricts indicat$ by _! names4 ,! bran* l9e to ,pr9cet[n f ! ,plym\?-,tavi/ock l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n company 9 "p foll[s ! l9e ( a v e>ly railway--t con/ruct$ to connect ,plym\? ) ! ,d>tmoor prison 9 #ahai-ahbe1 :i* 0 work$ ) horse c>s4 ,! only wat]ways ( any importance are ! ,tam>1 :i* is navigable up to ,gunnislake 7#c m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,tavi/ock71 & ! ,exet] %ip canal1 notewor?y z "o ( ! olde/ 9 ,engl&1 = x 0 orig9ally cut 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,population & ,adm9i/ration4--,! area ( ! anci5t c\nty is #a1ffg1aed acres1 ) a population 9 #ahia ( #fca1hjh1 & #aija ( #ffa1cad4 ,! area ( ! adm9i/rative c\nty is #a1fga1afh acres4 ,! c\nty conta9s #cc hundr$s4 ,! municipal bor\ghs are ,b>n/aple 7pop4 #ad1acg71 ,bide=d 7#hged71 ,d>tm\? 7#fegi71 ,devonport1 a c\nty bor\gh 7#gj1dcg71 ,exet]1 a city & c\nty bor\gh 7#dg1ahe71 ,torr+ton1 (ficially ,great ,torr+ton 7#cbda71 ,honiton 7#cbga71 ,okehampton 7#befi71 ,plym\?1 a c\nty bor\gh 7#ajg1fcf71 ,s\? ,molton 7#bhdh71 ,tiv]ton 7#aj1chb71 ,torquay 7#cc1fbe71 ,totnes 7#djce74 ,! o!r urban di/ricts are ,a%burton 7#bfbh71 ,bampton 7#afeg71 ,brixham 7#hjib71 ,buckfa/leigh 7#bebj71 ,budleigh ,salt]ton 7#ahhc71 ,cr$iton 7#cigd71 ,dawli% 7#djjc71 ,ea/ ,/oneh\se 7#ae1aaa71 ,exm\? 7#aj1dhe71 ,heavitree 7#gebi71 ,holswor?y 7#acga71 ,ilfracombe 7#heeg71 ,ivybridge 7#aege71 ,k+sbridge 7#cjbe71 ,lynton 7#afda71 ,newton ,abbot 7#ab1eag71 ,nor?am 7#ecee71 ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y 7#cdie71 ,paignton 7#hche71 ,salcombe 7#agaj71 ,seaton 7#acbe71 ,sidm\? 7#dbja71 ,tavi/ock 7#dgbh71 ,teignm\? 7#hfcf74 ,! c\nty is 9 ! we/]n circuit1 & assizes are held at ,exet]4 ,x has "o c\rt ( qu>t] sessions1 & is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r petty sessional divisions4 ,! bor\ghs ( ,b>n/aple1 ,bide=d1 ,devonport1 ,exet]1 ,plym\?1 ,s\? ,molton1 & ,tiv]ton h sep>ate commissions ( ! peace & c\rts ( qu>t] sessions1 & ^? ( ,d>tm\?1 ,great ,torr+ton1 ,torquay & ,totnes h commissions ( ! peace only4 ,!re are #dfa civil p>i%es4 ,devon%ire is 9 ! diocese ( ,exet]1 ) ! exception ( small p>ts 9 ^? ( ,salisbury & ,truro2 & !re are #eaf ecclesia/ical p>i%es or di/ricts :olly or 9 "p )9 ! c\nty4 ,! p>liam5t>y divisions are ! ,ea/]n or ,honiton1 ,nor?-ea/]n or ,tiv]ton1 ,nor!rn or ,s\? ,molton1 ,nor?-we/]n or ,b>n/aple1 ,we/]n or ,tavi/ock1 ,s\!rn or ,totnes1 ,torquay1 & ,mid or ,a%burton1 ea* return+ "o memb]2 & ! c\nty also conta9s ! p>liam5t>y bor\ghs ( ,devonport & ,plym\?1 ea* return+ two memb]s1 & t ( ,exet]1 return+ "o memb]4 ,hi/ory4--,! ,saxon conque/ ( ,devon%ire mu/ h begun "s "t be=e ! #h? c5tury1 = 9 #gjj !re exi/$ at ,exet] a fam\s ,saxon s*ool4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,saxons _h become ,*ri/ians1 & e/abli%$ _! supremacy1 n by de/ructive inroads1 b by a gradual process ( colonization1 settl+ among ! native ,wel% & all[+ !m to hold l&s "u equal laws4 ,! f9al incorporation ( ! di/rict :i* is n[ ,devon%ire ) ! k+dom ( ,wessex mu/ h tak5 place ab\t #gff1 b ! c\nty1 & ev5 ,exet]1 rema9$ p>tly ,wel% until ! "t ( !l/an4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #i? c5tury ,wessex 0 divid$ into def9ite pagi1 probably correspond+ to ! lat] %ires1 & ! ,saxon ,*ronicle m5tions ,devon%ire by "n 9 #hbc1 :5 a battle 0 f\ght betwe5 ! ,wel% 9 ,cornwall & ! p ( ,devon%ire at ,camel=d4 ,dur+ ! ,dani% invasions ( ! #i? c5tury ald]m5 ( ,devon are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,9 #hea ! invad]s 7 defeat$ by ! fyrd & ald]m5 ( ,devon1 & 9 #hgh1 :5 ! ,danes "u ,hubba 7 h>ry+ ! coa/ ) a squadron ( tw5ty-?ree %ips1 !y 7 aga9 defeat$ ) great slaught] by ! fyrd4 ,! mod]n hundr$s ( ,devon%ire correspond 9 position v ne>ly ) ^? giv5 9 ! ,domesday ,survey1 ?\gh ! names h 9 _m cases be5 *ang$1 ow+ g5]ally to alt]ations 9 _! places ( meet+4 ,! hundr$ ( ,bampton =m]ly includ$ e/ates we/ ( ! ,exe1 n[ transf]r$ to ! hundr$ ( ,)]idge4 ,t5 ( ! mod]n hundr$s h be5 =m$ by ! union ( two or m ,domesday hundr$s1 :ile ! ,domesday hundr$ ( ,li/on has _h ! new hundr$ ( ,tavi/ock sev]$ f x s9ce #aaad4 ,_m ( ! hundr$s 7 sep>at$ by tracts ( wa/e & =e/ l&1 ( :i* ,devon%ire conta9$ a va/ ext5t1 until 9 #abjd ! inhabitants paid #ejjj m>ks to h ! c\nty disaf=e/$1 ) ! exception only ( ,d>tmoor & ,exmoor4 ,devon%ire 9 ! #g? c5tury =m$ "p ( ! va/ bi%opric ( ,dor*e/]-on-,?ames4 ,9 #gje x 0 atta*$ to ! newly creat$ diocese ( ,%]borne1 & 9 #iaj ,ar*bi%op ,plegmund con/itut$ ,devon%ire a sep>ate diocese1 & plac$ ! see at ,cr$iton4 ,ab\t #ajcj ! dioceses ( ,devon%ire & ,cornwall 7 unit$1 & 9 #ajdi ! see 0 fix$ at ,exet]4 ,! ar*deaconries ( ,exet]1 ,b>n/aple & ,totnes are all m5tion$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury & =m]ly compris$ tw5ty-f\r dean]ies4 ,! dean]ies ( ,?ree ,t[ns1 ,collumpton & ,ott]y h be5 creat$ s9ce ! #af? c5tury1 :ile ^? ( ,tam]ton1 ,dunkeswell1 ,duns=d & ,plymptre h be5 aboli%$1 br++ ! pres5t numb] to tw5ty-?ree4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,norman invasion ,devon%ire %[$ an active ho/ility to ,h>old1 & ! easy submission :i* x r5d]$ to ! ,conqu]or acc\nts = ! exceptionally l>ge numb] ( ,engli%m5 :o are f\nd reta9+ l&s aft] ! ,conque/4 ,! _m va/ fiefs held by ,norman b>ons 7 kn[n z hon\rs1 *ief among !m be+ ,plympton1 ,okehampton1 ,b>n/aple1 ,h>b]ton & ,totnes4 ,! hon\r ( ,plympton 0 be/[$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury on ! ,r$v]s family1 toge!r ) ! e>ldom ( ,devon2 9 ! #ac? c5tury x pass$ to ! ,c\rt5ay family1 :o _h already become possess$ ( ! hon\r ( ,okehampton1 & :o 9 #acce obta9$ ! e>ldom4 ,! duk$om ( ,exet] 0 be/[$ 9 ! #ad? c5tury on ! ,holl& family1 :i* became ext9ct 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,! ance/ors ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 :o 0 born at ,budleigh1 _h long held consid]able e/ates 9 ! c\nty4 ,devon%ire _h an indep5d5t %]iff1 ! appo9tm5t be+ at fir/ h]$it>y1 b aft]w>ds held = "o ye> only4 ,9 #acbj compla9t 0 made t all ! hundr$s ( ,devon%ire 7 9 ! h&s ( ! great lords1 :o did n appo9t a suffici5cy ( bailiffs = _! prop] gov]nm5t4 ,! m9]s ( ,devon _h indep5d5t c\rts1 kn[n z /ann>y c\rts1 = ! regulation ( m9+ affairs1 ! f\r /ann>y t[ns be+ ,tavi/ock1 ,a%burton1 ,*ag=d1 & ,plympton4 ,! anci5t m9]s' p>liam5t 0 held 9 ! op5 air at ,crock]n's ,tor4 ,! ca/les ( ,exet] & ,plympton 7 held aga9/ ,/eph5 by ,baldw9 de ,r$v]s1 & 9 ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies ! ,fr5* made frequ5t attacks on ! ,devon%ire coa/1 be+ repuls$ 9 #adjd by ! p ( ,d>tm\?4 ,9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses ! c\nty 0 mu* divid$1 & frequ5t skirmi%es took place betwe5 ! e>l ( ,devon & ,"l ,bonville1 ! respective *ampions ( ! ,lanca/rian & ,yorki/ p>ties4 ,great di/urbances 9 ! c\nty foll[$ ! ,re=mation ( ! #af? c5tury & 9 #aedi a prie/ 0 compell$ to say mass at ,samp=d ,c\rtney4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> ! c\nty z a :ole fav\r$ ! p>liam5t1 b ! prevail+ desire 0 = peace1 & 9 #afdc a treaty = ! cessation ( ho/ilities 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall 0 agre$ ^u4 ,skirmi%es1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ until ! capture ( ,d>tm\? & ,exet] 9 #afdf put an end to ! /ruggle4 ,9 #afhh ! pr9ce ( ,orange l&$ at ,torbay & 0 ent]ta9$ = sev]al days at ,=d & at ,exet]4 ,! t9 m9es ( ,devon h be5 work$ f "t immemorial1 & 9 ! #ad? c5tury m9es ( t91 copp]1 lead1 gold & silv] are m5tion$4 ,agriculturally ! c\nty 0 always poor1 & be=e ! disaf=e/ation r5d]$ especially s ?r\gh ! ravages committ$ by ! h]ds ( wild de]4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,domesday ,survey ! salt indu/ry 0 important1 & !re 7 n9ety-n9e mills 9 ! c\nty & ?irte5 fi%]ies4 ,f an e>ly p]iod ! *ief manufacture 0 t ( wooll5 clo?1 & a /atute #d ,ed4 ,,iv4 p]mitt$ ! manufacture ( clo?s ( a di/9ct make 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,devon%ire4 ,ab\t #aeje ,an?ony ,bonvis1 an ,italian1 introduc$ an improv$ me?od ( sp9n+ into ! c\nty1 & cid]-mak+ is m5tion$ 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,9 #afhj ! lace indu/ry 0 already fl\ri%+ at ,colyton & ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y1 & flax1 hemp & malt 7 l>gely produc$ 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,devon%ire return$ two memb]s to p>liam5t 9 #abij1 & 9 #abie ,b>n/aple1 ,exet]1 ,plympton1 ,tavi/ock1 ,torr+ton & ,totnes 7 also repres5t$4 ,9 #ahca ! c\nty ) its bor\ghs return$ a total ( tw5ty-six memb]s1 b "u ! ,re=m ,act ( #ahcb x return$ f\r memb]s 9 two divisions1 & ) t5 bor\ghs 0 repres5t$ by a total ( eighte5 memb]s4 ,"u ! act ( #ahfh ! c\nty return$ six memb]s 9 ?ree divisions1 & f\r ( ! bor\ghs 7 disfran*is$1 mak+ a total ( sev5te5 memb]s4 ,antiquities4--,9 primeval antiquities ,devon%ire is n s ri* z ,cornwall2 b ,d>tmoor ab\nds 9 rema9s ( ! highe/ int]e/1 ! mo/ peculi> ( :i* are ! long p>allel alignm5ts ( upright /ones1 :i*1 on a small scale1 resemble ^? ( ,c>nac 9 ,brittany4 ,on ,d>tmoor ! l9es are inv>iably /raight1 & are f\nd 9 direct connexion ) cairns1 & ) circles :i* are probably sepul*ral4 ,^! /one av5ues are v num]\s4 ,( ! s-call$ sacr$ circles ! be/ examples are ! ,long/ones on ,scorhill ,d[n1 & ! ,grey ,we!rs "u ,sitta=d ,tor4 ,by f> ! f9e/ cromle* is ! ,sp9/]'s ,rock at ,drew/eignton1 a ?ree-pill>$ cromle* :i* may well be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,cornwall4 ,!re are num]\s m5hirs or s+le upright /ones2 a l>ge dolm5 or hol$ /one lies 9 ! b$ ( ! ,teign1 ne> ! ,scorhill circle2 & rock bas9s occur on ! summit ( ne>ly e tor on ,d>tmoor 7! l>ge/ are on ,ke/or1 & on ,heltor1 above ! ,teign74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 tol]ably evid5t t ^! h be5 produc$ by ! gradual dis9tegration ( ! granite1 & t ! dolm5 9 ! ,teign is due to ! action ( ! riv]4 ,clu/]s ( hut f\ndations1 circul>1 & =m$ ( rude granite blocks1 are frequ5t2 ! be/ example ( su* a primitive village is at ,batwor?y1 ne> ,*ag=d2 ! type resembles t ( ,ea/ ,cornwall4 ,wall$ enclosures1 or p\nds1 occur 9 _m places2 ,grimsp\nd is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,b\nd>y l9es1 also call$ trackways1 run across ,d>tmoor 9 _m directions2 & ! rude bridges1 =m$ ( great slabs ( granite1 des]ve notice4 ,all ^! rema9s are on ,d>tmoor4 ,scatt]$ ov] ! c\nty are num]\s l>ge hill ca/les & camps1--all e>?works1 & all app>5tly ( ! ,briti% p]iod4 ,roman relics h be5 f\nd f "t to "t at ,exet] 7,isca ,damnoniorum71 ! only l>ge ,roman /ation 9 ! c\nty4 ,! *ur*es are = ! mo/ "p ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 dat+ f ! middle ( ! #ad? to ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,exet] ca!dral is ( c\rse an exception1 ! :ole 7except ! ,norman t[]s7 be+ v beautiful ,decorat$ "w4 ,! special features ( ,devon%ire *ur*es1 h[ev]1 are ! ri*ly c>v$ pulpits & *ancel scre5s ( wood1 9 :i* ?is c\nty exce$$ e o!r 9 ,engl&1 ) ! exception ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,! designs are ri* & v>i$1 & ! skill display$ (t5 v great4 ,granite crosses are frequ5t1 ! f9e/ & e>lie/ be+ t ( ,cople/one1 ne> ,cr$iton4 ,mona/ic rema9s are scanty2 ! pr9cipal are ^? at ,tor1 ,buckfa/1 ,tavi/ock & ,buckl& ,abbeys4 ,among dome/ic build+s ! h\ses ( ,we> ,gil=d1 ,bradley & ,d>t+ton ( ! #ae? c5tury2 ,bradfield & ,holcombe ,rogus 7,elizabe?an71 & ,=de 7,jacobean71 des]ve notice4 ,! ru9$ ca/les ( ,okehampton 7,edw>d ,i471 ,exet]1 ) its va/ ,briti% e>?works1 ,b]ry ,pom]oy 7,h5ry ,,iii41 ) ru9s ( a l>ge ,tudor mansion71 ,totnes 7,h5ry ,,iii47 & ,compton 7e>ly #ae? c5tury71 are all int]e/+ & picturesque4 ,,au?orities4--,t4 ,we/cote1 ,survey ( ,devon1 writt5 ab\t #afcj1 & fir/ pr9t$ 9 #ahde2 ,j4 ,pr9ce1 ,wor?ies ( ,devon 7,exet]1 #agja72 ,sir ,w4 ,pole1 ,collections t[>ds a ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,devon 7,london1 #agia72 ,r4 ,pol:ele1 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire 7#c vols4 ,exet]1 #agig1 #agih-ahjj72 ,t4 ,moore1 ,hi/ory ( ,devon f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,pres5t ,"t 7vols1 i41 ii41 ,london1 #ahbi-ahca72 ,g4 ,oliv]1 ,hi/oric ,collections relat+ to ! ,mona/]ies 9 ,devon 7,exet]1 #ahbj72 ,d4 & ,s4 ,lysons1 ,magna ,britannia 7vol4 vi41 ,london1 #ahbb72 ,ecclesia/ical ,antiquities 9 ,devon 7,exet]1 #ahdd72 ,mrs ,bray1 ,traditions ( ,devon%ire1 9 a s]ies ( lett]s to ,rob]t ,s\!y 7,london1 #ahch72 ,g4 ,c4 ,boase1 ,devon%ire ,bibliography 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,drake1 ,devon%ire ,notes & ,notelets 7,london1 #ahhh72 ,s4 ,hewett1 ,peasant ,spee* ( ,devon 7,london1 #ahib72 ,r4 ,n4 ,wor?1 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire 7,london1 #ahhf1 new edition1 #ahie72 ,c4 ,wor?y1 ,devon%ire ,p>i%es 7,exet]1 #ahhg72 ,devon%ire ,wills 7,london1 #ahif72 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,devon%ire4 ,,devri5t1 ! "n ( a family ( ,g]man actors4 ,,ludwig ,,devri5t 7#aghd-ahcb71 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #aghd1 0 ! son ( a silk m]*ant4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to an uphol/]]1 b1 sudd5ly leav+ 8 employm5t1 jo9$ a travell+ !atrical company1 & made 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! /age at ,g]a 9 #ahjd z ! mess5g] 9 ,s*ill]'s ,braut von ,mess9a4 ,by ! int]e/ ( ,c\nt ,brhl1 he appe>$ at ,rudol/adt z ,franz ,moor 9 ,s*ill]'s ,rub]1 s successfully t he obta9$ a p]man5t engagem5t at ! ducal !atre 9 ,dessau1 :]e he play$ until #ahji4 ,he !n receiv$ a call to ,breslau1 :]e he rema9$ = six ye>s4 ,s brilliant 0 8 success 9 ! title-p>ts ( sev]al ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 t ,iffl& began to fe> = 8 own reputation2 yet t great arti/ 0 g5]\s en\gh to recomm5d ! "y actor z 8 only possible successor4 ,on ,iffl&'s dea? ,devri5t 0 summon$ to ,b]l91 :]e he 0 = fifte5 ye>s ! popul> idol4 ,he di$ !re on ! #cj? ( ,decemb] #ahcb4 ,ludwig ,devri5t 0 equally great 9 com$y & trag$y4 ,fal/aff1 ,franz ,moor1 ,%ylock1 ,k+ ,le> & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7 among 8 be/ p>ts4 ,k>l von ,holtei 9 8 ,rem9isc5ces has giv5 a graphic picture ( him & ! demoniac fasc9ation ( 8 act+4 ,see ,z4 ,funck1 ,aus dem ,leb5 zwei] ,s*auspiel]1 ,iffl&s und ,devri5ts 7,leipzig1 #ahch72 ,h4 ,smidt 9 ,devri5t-,novell5 7#crd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahhb72 ,r4 ,spr+] 9 ! novel ,devri5t und ,h(fmann 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 & ,edu>d ,devri5t's ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,s*auspielkun/ 7,leipzig1 #ahfa74 ,?ree ( ! nephews ( ,ludwig ,devri5t1 sons ( 8 bro!r1 a m]*ant1 7 also connect$ ) ! /age4 ,,k>l ,,augu/ ,,devri5t 7#agig-ahgb7 0 born at ,b]l9 on ! #e? ( ,april #agig4 ,aft] be+ = a %ort "t 9 bus9ess1 he ent]$ a cavalry regim5t z volunte] & f\ght at ,wat]loo4 ,he !n jo9$ ! /age1 mak+ 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! /age 9 #ahai at ,brunswick4 ,9 #ahba he receiv$ an engagem5t at ! c\rt !atre 9 ,dresd51 :]e1 9 #ahbc1 he m>ri$ ,wilhelm9e ,s*rd] 7see ,,s*r,,d]-,,devri5t74 ,9 #ahce he jo9$ ! company at ,k>lsruhe1 & 9 #ahci t at ,hanov]4 ,8 be/ p>ts 7 ,wall5/e9 & ,k+ ,le>4 ,he di$ on ! #e? ( ,april #ahgb4 ,8 bro!r ,,philipp ,,edu>d ,,devri5t 7#ahja-ahgg71 born at ,b]l9 on ! #aa? ( ,augu/ #ahja1 0 = a "t an op]a s+]4 ,turn+ 8 att5tion to !atrical managem5t1 he 0 f #ahdd to #ahdf director ( ! c\rt !atre 9 ,dresd54 ,appo9t$ to ,k>lsruhe 9 #aheb1 he began a ?or\gh reorganization ( ! !atre1 & 9 ! c\rse ( sev5te5 ye>s ( assidu\s lab\r1 n only rais$ x to a high position1 b enri*$ its rep]tory by _m notewor?y librettos1 among :i* ,die ,gun/ des ,aug5blicks & ,v]irrung5 are ! be/ kn[n4 ,b 8 *ief "w is 8 hi/ory ( ! ,g]man /age--,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,s*auspielkun/ 7,leipzig1 #ahdh-ahgd74 ,he di$ on ! #d? ( ,octob] #ahgg4 ,a complete edition ( 8 works--,dramatis*e und dramaturgis*e ,s*rift5--0 publi%$ 9 t5 volumes 7,leipzig1 #ahdf-ahgc74 ,! y\nge/ & ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ?ree nephews ( ,ludwig ,devri5t 0 ,,gu/av ,,emil ,,devri5t 7#ahjc-ahgb71 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #d? ( ,septemb] #ahjc4 ,he made 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! /age 9 #ahba1 at ,brunswick1 z ,ra\l 9 ,s*ill]'s ,jungfrau von ,orleans4 ,aft] a %ort engagem5t 9 ,leipzig1 he receiv$ 9 #ahbi a call to ,hamburg1 b aft] two ye>s accept$ a p]man5t appo9tm5t at ! c\rt !atre 9 ,dresd51 to :i* he belong$ until 8 retirem5t 9 #ahfh4 ,8 *ief *>act]s 7 ,hamlet1 ,uriel ,aco/a 79 ,k>l ,gutzk['s play71 ,m>quis ,posa 79 ,s*ill]'s ,don ,c>los71 & ,goe!'s ,torquato ,tasso4 ,he act$ sev]al times 9 ,london1 :]e 8 ,hamlet 0 consid]$ f9] ?an ,kemble's or ,edmund ,kean's4 ,he di$ on ! #g? ( ,augu/ #ahgb4 ,,otto ,,devri5t 7#ahch-ahid71 ano!r actor1 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #crd ( ,octob] #ahch1 0 ! son ( ,philipp ,edu>d ,devri5t4 ,he jo9$ ! /age 9 #ahef at ,k>lsruhe1 & act$ successively 9 ,/uttg>t1 ,b]l9 & ,leipzig1 until he receiv$ a fix$ appo9tm5t at ,k>lsruhe1 9 #ahfc4 ,9 #ahgc he became /age manag] at ,weim>1 :]e he ga9$ great praise = 8 mise en scne ( ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,aft] be+ manag] ( ! !atres 9 ,mannheim & ,frank=t he retir$ to ,j5a1 :]e 9 #ahhc he 0 giv5 ! honor>y degree ( doctor ( philosophy4 ,9 #ahhd he 0 appo9t$ director ( ! c\rt !atre 9 ,old5burg1 & 9 #ahhi director ( dramatic plays 9 ,b]l94 ,he di$ at ,/ett9 on ! #bcrd ( ,june #ahid4 ,,dew4 ,! ^w dew 7,o4,e4 deaw2 cf4 ,g]4 ,tau7 is a v anci5t "o & its mean+ mu/ !re=e be def9$ on hi/orical pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 x means ! moi/ure deposit$ 9 m9ute drops ^u any cool surface by cond5sation ( ! vap\r ( ! atmosph]e2 =m$ aft] a hot day1 dur+ or t[>ds night & pl5tiful 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,huxley 9 8 ,physiography makes ! addition )\t production ( mi/4 ,! =mation ( mi/ is n necess>y = ! =mation ( dew1 nor does x necess>ily prev5t x4 ,if ! deposit ( moi/ure is 9 ! =m ( ice in/ead ( wat] x is call$ ho>fro/4 ,! rese>*es ( ,aitk5 sugge/ t ! words by cond5sation ( ! vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e might be omitt$ f ! def9ition4 ,he has giv5 reasons = believ+ t ! l>ge dewdrops on ! leaves ( plants1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all ! ph5om5a ( dew1 are to be acc\nt$ =1 9 l>ge measure at lea/1 by ! exud+ ( drops ( wat] f ! plant ?r\gh ! pores ( ! leaves !mselves4 ,! =mation ( dewdrops 9 su* cases is ! cont9uation ( ! irrigation process ( ! plant = supply+ ! leaves ) wat] f ! soil4 ,! process is set up 9 full vig\r 9 ! daytime to ma9ta9 tol]able !rmal conditions at ! surface ( ! leaf 9 ! hot sun1 & cont9u$ aft] ! sun has gone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ typical physical exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! =mation ( dew is ! production ( a deposit ( moi/ure1 9 m9ute drops1 ^u ! ext]ior surface ( a glass or poli%$ metal vessel by ! cool+ ( a liquid conta9$ 9 ! vessel4 ,if ! liquid is wat]1 x c be cool$ by pieces ( ice2 if volatile l e!r1 by bubbl+ air ?r\gh x4 ,no deposit is =m$ by ?is process until ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to a po9t :i*1 f t circum/ance1 has receiv$ a special "n1 al?\gh x dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! air r\nd ! vessel4 ,s g5]ally accept$ is ! physical analogy betwe5 ! natural =mation ( dew & its artificial production 9 ! mann] describ$1 t ! po9t bel[ :i* ! temp]ature ( a surface mu/ be r$uc$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! deposit is kn[n z ! dew-po9t4 ,9 ! view ( physici/s ! dew-po9t is ! temp]ature at :i*1 by be+ cool$ )\t *ange ( pressure1 ! air becomes saturat$ ) wat] vap\r1 n on acc\nt ( any increase ( supply ( t comp\nd1 b by ! dim9ution ( ! capacity ( ! air = hold+ x 9 ! gase\s condition4 ,?us1 :5 ! dew-po9t temp]ature has be5 det]m9$1 ! pressure ( wat] vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e at ! "t ( ! deposit is giv5 by ref]5ce to a table ( saturation pressures ( wat] vap\r at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,z x is a well-e/abli%$ proposition t ! pressure ( ! wat] vap\r 9 ! air does n v>y :ile ! air is be+ cool$ )\t *ange ( its total ext]nal pressure1 ! saturation pressure at ! dew-po9t gives ! pressure ( wat] vap\r 9 ! air :5 ! cool+ comm5c$4 ,?us ! artificial =mation ( dew & consequ5t det]m9ation ( ! dew-po9t is a recogniz$ me?od ( measur+ ! pressure1 & !nce ! am\nt ( wat] vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! dew-po9t me?od is inde$ 9 "s ways a fundam5tal me?od ( hygrometry4 ,! dew-po9t is a matt] ( really vital consequ5ce 9 ! "q ( ! oppressiv5ess ( ! atmosph]e or its rev]se4 ,s long z ! dew-po9t is l[1 high temp]ature does n matt]1 b :5 ! dew-po9t beg9s to approa* ! normal temp]ature ( ! human body ! atmosph]e becomes insupportable4 ,! physical explanation ( ! =mation ( dew consi/s practically 9 det]m9+ ! process or processes by :i* leaves1 blades ( grass1 /ones1 & o!r objects 9 ! op5 air ^u :i* dew may be obs]v$1 become cool$ bel[ ! dew-po9t4 ,=m]ly1 f ! "t ( ,ari/otle at lea/1 dew 0 suppos$ to fall4 ,t view ( ! process 0 n ext9ct at ! "t ( ,wordswor? & poets might ev5 n[ use ! figure )\t reproa*4 ,to ,dr ,*>les ,wells ( ,london belongs ! cr$it ( br++ to a focus ! ideas :i* orig9at$ ) ! /udy ( radiation at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 & :i* are express$ by say+ t ! cool+ necess>y to produce dew on expos$ surfaces is to be attribut$ to ! radiation f ! surfaces to a cle> sky4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( ! !ory ( automatic cool+ by radiation1 :i* has f\nd a place 9 all text-books ( physics1 9 8 fir/ ,essay on ,dew publi%$ 9 #ahah4 ,! !ory is support$ 9 t & 9 a second essay by a numb] ( well-plann$ obs]vations1 & ! essays are inde$ models ( sci5tific me?od4 ,! process ( ! =mation ( dew z repres5t$ by ,wells is a simple "o4 ,x />ts f ! po9t ( view t all bodies are con/antly radiat+ heat1 & cool automatically unless !y receive a correspond+ am\nt ( heat f o!r bodies by radiation or conduction4 ,good radiators1 :i* are at ! same "t bad conductors ( heat1 su* z blades ( grass1 lose heat rapidly on a cle> night by radiation to ! sky & become cool$ bel[ ! dew-po9t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! "q 0 v fully /udi$ by ,melloni & o!rs1 b little m 0 add$ to ! explanation giv5 by ,wells until #ahhe1 :5 ,john ,aitk5 ( ,falkirk call$ att5tion to ! "q :e!r ! wat] ( dewdrops on plants or /ones came f ! air or ! e>?1 & describ$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts to %[ t "u ! conditions ( obs]vation 9 ,scotl&1 x 0 ! e>? f :i* ! moi/ure 0 probably obta9$1 ei!r by ! op]ation ( ! vascul> sy/em ( plants 9 ! =mation ( exud$ dewdrops1 or by evaporation & subsequ5t cond5sation 9 ! l[e/ lay] ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"s controv]sy 0 excit$ by ! publication ( ,aitk5's views1 & x is int]e/+ to rev]t to x because x illu/rates a proposition :i* is ( g5]al application 9 meteorological que/ions1 namely1 t ! physical processes op]ative 9 ! evolution ( meteorological ph5om5a are g5]ally complex4 ,x is n radiation alone t is necess>y to produce dew1 nor ev5 radiation f a body :i* does n conduct heat4 ,! body mu/ be surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e s fully suppli$ ) moi/ure t ! dew-po9t c be pass$ by ! cool+ due to radiation4 ,?us ! conditions fav\rable = ! =mation ( dew are 7#a7 a good radiat+ surface1 7#b7 a /ill atmosph]e1 7#c7 a cle> sky1 7#d7 !rmal insulation ( ! radiat+ surface1 7#e7 w>m moi/ gr\nd or "s o!r provision to produce a supply ( moi/ure 9 ! surface lay]s ( air4 ,aitk5's contribution to ! !ory ( dew %[s t 9 consid]+ ! supply ( moi/ure we mu/ take into consid]ation ! gr\nd z well z ! air & conc]n ourselves ) ! temp]ature ( bo?4 ,( ! five conditions m5tion$1 ! fir/ f\r may be consid]$ necess>y1 b ! fif? is v important = secur+ a copi\s deposit4 ,x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ t no dew c\ld =m unless !re 7 a supply ( wat] by evaporation f w>m gr\nd1 b1 :5 su* a supply is =?com+1 x is evid5t t 9 place ( ! limit$ process ( cond5sation :i* deprives ! air ( its moi/ure & is !re=e soon t]m9able1 we h ! process ( di/illation :i* goes on z long z conditions are ma9ta9$4 ,?is di/9ction is ( "s practical importance = x indicates ! protect+ p[] ( wet soil 9 fav\r ( "y plants z aga9/ night fro/4 ,if di/illation betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! leaves is set up1 ! temp]ature ( ! leaves _c fall mu* bel[ ! orig9al dew-po9t because ! supply ( wat] = cond5sation is kept up2 b if ! comp5sation = loss ( heat by radiation is dep5d5t simply on ! cond5sation ( wat] f ! atmosph]e1 )\t r5ewal ( ! supply1 ! dew-po9t w gradually get l[] z ! moi/ure is deposit$ & ! process ( cool+ w g on4 ,9 ^! que/ions we h to deal ) comp>atively l>ge *anges tak+ place )9 a small range ( level4 ,x is ) ! lay] a few in*es ?ick on ei!r side ( ! surface t we are pr9cipally conc]n$1 & = an adequate compreh5sion ( ! conditions close consid]ation is requir$4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t ref]5ce may be made to figs4 #a & #b1 :i* repres5t ! condition ( affairs at #aj4dj ,p4,m4 on ab\t ! #bj? ( ,octob] #ahhe1 accord+ to obs]vations by ,aitk54 ,v]tical di/ances repres5t heights 9 feet1 :ile ! temp]atures ( ! air & ! dew-po9t are repres5t$ by horizontal di/ances & _! v>iations ) height by ! curv$ l9es ( ! diagram4 ,! l9e m>k$ #j is ! gr\nd level itself1 a r indef9ite quantity :5 ! surface is grass4 ,! :ole v]tical di/ance repres5t$ is f #d ft4 above gr\nd to #a ft4 bel[ gr\nd1 & ! special ph5om5a :i* we are consid]+ take place 9 ! lay] :i* repres5ts ! rapid transition betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd #c 94 bel[ ! surface & t ( ! air a few in*es above gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ is to det]m9e :]e ! dew-po9t curve & dry-bulb curve w cut4 ,if !y cut above ! surface1 mi/ w result2 if !y cut at ! surface1 dew w be =m$4 ,bel[ ! surface1 x may be assum$ t ! air is saturat$ ) moi/ure & any diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! dew-po9t is accompani$ by di/illation4 ,x may be rem>k$1 by ! way1 t su* di/illation betwe5 soil lay]s ( diff]5t temp]atures mu/ be productive ( ! transf]5ce ( l>ge quantities ( wat] betwe5 diff]5t levels 9 ! soil ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d accord+ to ! "t ( ye>4 ,^! diagrams illu/rate ! importance ( ! w>m? & moi/ure ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ph5om5a :i* h be5 consid]$4 ,f ! surface !re is a cont9ual loss ( heat go+ on by radiation & a cont9ual supply ( w>m? & moi/ure f bel[4 ,b :ile ! heat c escape1 ! moi/ure _c4 ,?us ! dry-bulb l9e is deflect$ to ! left z x approa*es ! surface1 ! dew-po9t l9e to ! "r4 ,?us ! effect ( ! moi/ure ( ! gr\nd is to cause ! l9es to approa*4 ,9 ! case ( grass1 fig4 #b1 ! deviation ( ! dry-bulb l9e to ! left to =m a %>p m9imum ( temp]ature at ! surface is well %[n4 ,! dew-po9t l9e is also %[n div]t$ to ! left to ! same po9t z ! dry-bulb2 b t c\ld only happ5 if !re 7 s copi\s a cond5sation f ! atmosph]e z actually to make ! air dri] at ! surface ?an up above4 ,9 diagram #a1 = soil1 ! effect on air temp]ature & moi/ure is %[n2 ! two l9es conv]ge to cut at ! surface :]e a dew deposit w be =m$4 ,along ! und]gr\nd l9e !re mu/ be a gradual creep+ ( heat & moi/ure t[>ds ! surface by di/illation1 ! m rapid ! great] ! temp]ature gradi5t4 ,! am\nt ( dew deposit$ is consid]able1 &1 9 tropical c\ntries1 is sometimes suffici5tly heavy to be collect$ by gutt]s & sp\ts1 b x is n g5]ally reg>d$ z a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! total ra9fall4 ,loes*e e/imates ! am\nt ( dew = a s+le night on ! ,loango coa/ at #c mm41 b ! e/imate seems a high "o4 ,measurem5ts g to %[ t ! dep? ( wat] correspond+ ) ! aggregate annual deposit ( dew is #a 94 to #a4e 94 ne> ,london 7,g4 ,d9es71 #a4b 94 at ,muni* 7,wollny71 #j4c 94 at ,montpelli] 7,crova71 #a4f 94 at ,t5bury1 ,worce/]%ire 7,badgley74 ,) ! "q ( ! am\nt ( wat] collect$ z dew1 t ( ! ma9t5ance ( dew ponds is intimately associat$4 ,! "n is giv5 to c]ta9 isolat$ ponds on ! upp] levels ( ! *alk d[ns ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & else:]e4 ,"s ( ^! ponds are v anci5t1 z ! title ( a "w on ,neoli?ic ,dewponds by ,a4 ,j4 & ,g4 ,hubb>d indicates4 ,_! "n seems to imply ! hypo!sis t !y dep5d ^u dew & n entirely ^u ra9 = _! ma9t5ance z a s\rce ( wat] supply = cattle1 = :i* !y are us$4 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ a good deal1 b n settl$2 ! balance ( evid5ce seems to be aga9/ ! view t dew deposits make any important contribution to ! supply ( wat]4 ,! con/ruction ( dew ponds is1 h[ev]1 /ill practis$ on traditional l9es1 & x is said t a new dew pond has fir/ to be fill$ artificially4 ,x does n come into exi/5ce by ! gradual accumulation ( wat] 9 an imp]vi\s bas94 ,,au?orities4--,= ,dew1 see ! two essays by ,dr ,*>les ,wells 7,london1 #ahah71 also ,an ,essay on ,dew1 edit$ by ,casella 7,london1 #ahff71 ,longmans'1 ) additions by ,/ra*an2 ,melloni1 ,pogg4 ,ann4 lxxi4 pp4 #daf1 #dbd & lxxiii4 p4 #dfg2 ,jam91 ,complm5ts la ?orie de la rose1 ,j\rnal de physique1 viii4 p4 #da2 ,j4 ,aitk51 on ,dew1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 xxxiii41 "p i4 #b1 & ,nature1 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #bef2 ,c4 ,toml9son1 ,rem>ks on a new ,!ory ( ,dew1 ,phil4 ,mag4 7#ahhf71 #e? s]ies1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #dhc & vol4 #bb1 p4 #bgj2 ,russell1 ,nature1 vol #dg1 p4 #baj2 also ,met4 ,zeit4 7#ahic71 p4 #cij2 ,homn1 ,bod5physikalis*e und meteorologis*e ,beoba*tung5 7,b]l91 #ahid71 iii42 ,taubildung1 p4 #hh1 c42 ,rub5son1 ,die ,temp]atur-und ,feu*tigkeitsv]hltnisse 9 d5 unt]5 ,lufts*i*t5 bei d] ,taubildung1 ,met4 ,zeit4 xi4 7#ahgf71 p4 #fe2 ,h4 ,e4 ,hamb]g1 ,temprature et humidit de l'air diffr5tes hauteurs ,upsal1 ,soc4 ,r4 des sci5ces d',upsal 7#ahgf72 review 9 ,met4 ,zeit4 xii4 7#ahgg71 p4 #aje4 ,= ,dew ,ponds1 see ,/eph5 ,hales1 ,/atical ,essays1 vol4 i41 exp]im5t xix41 pp4 #eb-eg 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #agca72 ,gilb]t ,:ite1 ,natural ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,selborne1 lett] xxix4 7,london1 #aghi72 ,dr ,c4 ,wells1 ,an ,essay on ,dew 7,london1 #ahah1 #ahba & #ahff72 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,clutt]buck1 ,prize ,essay on ,wat] ,supply1 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #bnd s]ies1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bga-bhg 7#ahfe72 ,field & ,symons1 ,evaporation f ! ,surface ( ,wat]1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 7#ahfi71 sect41 pp4 #be1 #bf2 ,j4 ,lucas1 ,hydrogeology3 ,"o ( ! ,developm5ts ( ,mod]n ,practical ,geology1 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,surveyors1 vol4 ix4 pp4 #aec-bcb 7#ahgg72 ,h4 ,p4 ,slade1 ,a ,%ort ,practical ,treatise on ,dew ,ponds 7,london1 #ahgg72 ,clem5t ,reid1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,isolat$ ,ponds1 ,trans4 ,norfolk & ,norwi* ,naturali/s' ,society1 vol4 v4 pp4 #bgb-bhf 7#ahib72 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,s4 ,brady1 ,on ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,fre%wat] ,faunas 7#ahii72 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,c4 ,miall1 ,dew ,ponds1 ,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,brad=d ,meet+1 #aijj71 pp4 #egi-ehe2 ,a4 ,j4 & ,g4 ,hubb>d1 ,neoli?ic ,dewponds & ,cattle-,ways 7,london1 #aijd1 #aijg74 7,w4 ,n4 ,s47 ,,dewan or ,,diwan1 an ,ori5tal t]m = f9ance m9i/]4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,arabian diwan1 & is commonly us$ 9 ,india to d5ote a m9i/] ( ! ,mogul gov]nm5t1 or 9 mod]n days ! prime m9i/] ( a native /ate4 ,x 0 9 ! =m] s5se t ! grant ( ! dewanny to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #agfe became ! f\ndation ( ! ,briti% empire 9 ,india4 ,,dew>1 ,,sir ,,james 7#ahdb- 71 ,briti% *emi/ & physici/1 0 born at ,k9c>d9e-on-,=?1 ,scotl&1 on ! #bj? ( ,septemb] #ahdb4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,doll> ,academy & ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 be+ at ! latt] fir/ a pupil1 & aft]w>ds ! assi/ant1 ( ,"l ,playfair1 !n pr(essor ( *emi/ry2 he also /udi$ "u ,kekul at ,gh5t4 ,9 #ahge he 0 elect$ ,jacksonian pr(essor ( natural exp]im5tal philosophy at ,cambridge1 becom+ a fell[ ( ,pet]h\se1 & 9 #ahgg he succe$$ ,dr ,j4 ,h4 ,glad/one z ,full]ian pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london4 ,he 0 presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,society 9 #ahig1 & ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aijb1 s]v$ on ! ,balf\r ,commission on ,london ,wat] ,supply 7#ahic-ahid71 & z a memb] ( ! ,committee on ,explosives 7#ahhh-ahia7 inv5t$ cordite jo9tly ) ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel4 ,8 sci5tific "w cov]s a wide field4 ,( 8 e>li] pap]s1 "s deal ) que/ions ( organic *emi/ry1 o!rs ) ,graham's hydrog5ium & its physical con/ants1 o!rs ) high temp]atures1 e4g4 ! temp]ature ( ! sun & ( ! electric sp>k1 o!rs aga9 ) electro-photometry & ! *emi/ry ( ! electric arc4 ,) ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g4 ,m',k5drick1 ( ,glasg[1 he inve/igat$ ! physiological action ( light1 & exam9$ ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! electrical condition ( ! ret9a "u its influ5ce4 ,) ,pr(essor ,g4 ,d4 ,live+1 "o ( 8 colleagues at ,cambridge1 he began 9 #ahgh a long s]ies ( spectroscopic obs]vations1 ! lat] ( :i* 7 devot$ to ! spectroscopic exam9ation ( v>i\s gase\s con/itu5ts sep>at$ f atmosph]ic air by ! aid ( l[ temp]atures2 & he 0 jo9$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+1 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 9 ! inve/igation ( ! electrical behavi\r ( sub/ances cool$ to v l[ temp]atures4 ,8 "n is mo/ widely kn[n 9 connexion ) 8 "w on ! liquefaction ( ! s-call$ p]man5t gases & 8 rese>*es at temp]atures approa*+ ! z]o ( absolute temp]ature4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ?is bran* ( inquiry dates back at lea/ z f> z #ahgd1 :5 he discuss$ ! ,lat5t ,heat ( ,liquid ,gases be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,9 #ahgh he devot$ a ,friday ev5+ lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution to ! !n rec5t "w ( ,l4 ,p4 ,cailletet & ,r4 ,p4 ,pictet1 & exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,great ,brita9 ! work+ ( ! ,cailletet app>atus4 ,six ye>s lat]1 9 ! same place1 he describ$ ! rese>*es ( ,z4 ,f4 ,wroblewski & ,k4 ,s4 ,olszewski1 & illu/rat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 public ! liquefaction ( oxyg5 & air1 by means ( app>atus specially design$ = optical projection s t ! actions tak+ place might be visible to ! audi5ce4 ,soon aft]w>ds he con/ruct$ a ma*9e f :i* ! liquefi$ gas c\ld be drawn (f ?r\gh a valve = use z a cool+ ag5t1 & he %[$ its employm5t = ?is purpose 9 connexion ) "s rese>*es on meteorites2 ab\t ! same "t he also obta9$ oxyg5 9 ! solid /ate4 ,by #ahia he _h design$ & erect$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution an app>atus :i* yield$ liquid oxyg5 by ! p9t1 & t[>ds ! end ( t ye> he %[$ t bo? liquid oxyg5 & liquid ozone are /rongly attract$ by a magnet4 ,ab\t #ahib ! idea occurr$ to him ( us+ vacuum-jacket$ vessels = ! /orage ( liquid gases1 & s effici5t did ?is device prove 9 prev5t+ ! influx ( ext]nal heat t x is f\nd possible n only to pres]ve ! liquids = comp>atively long p]iods1 b also to keep !m s free f ebullition t exam9ation ( _! optical prop]ties becomes possible4 ,he next exp]im5t$ ) a high-pressure hydrog5 jet by :i* l[ temp]atures 7 realiz$ ?r\gh ! ,?omson-,j\le effect1 & ! successful results ?us obta9$ l$ him to build at ! ,royal ,in/itution ! l>ge refrig]at+ ma*9e by :i* 9 #ahih hydrog5 0 = ! fir/ "t collect$ 9 ! liquid /ate1 its solidification foll[+ 9 #ahii4 ,lat] he inve/igat$ ! gas-absorb+ p[]s ( *>coal :5 cool$ to l[ temp]atures1 & appli$ !m to ! production ( high vacua & to gas analysis 7see ,,liquid ,,gases74 ,! ,royal ,society 9 #ahid be/[$ ! ,rum=d m$al ^u him = 8 "w 9 ! production ( l[ temp]atures1 & 9 #ahii he became ! fir/ recipi5t ( ! ,hodgk9s gold m$al ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 = 8 contributions to our k ( ! nature & prop]ties ( atmosph]ic air4 ,9 #aijd he 0 ! fir/ ,briti% subject to receive ! ,lavoisi] m$al ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & 9 #aijf he 0 ! fir/ to be aw>d$ ! ,matteucci m$al ( ! ,italian ,society ( ,sci5ces4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #aijd1 & 9 #aijh he 0 aw>d$ ! ,alb]t m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,,dewas1 two native /ates ( ,india1 9 ! ,malwa ,political ,*>ge ( ,c5tral ,india1 f\nd$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury by two bro!rs1 ,punw> ,mahrattas1 :o came into ,malwa ) ! pe%wa1 ,baji ,rao1 9 #agbh4 ,_! desc5dants are kn[n z ! s5ior & junior bran*es ( ! family1 & s9ce #ahda ea* has rul$ 8 own portion z a sep>ate /ate1 ?\gh ! l&s belong+ to ea* are s intimately entangl$1 t ev5 9 ,dewas1 ! capital t[n1 ! two sides ( ! ma9 /reet are "u diff]5t adm9i/rations & h diff]5t arrangem5ts = wat] supply & light+4 ,! s5ior bran* has an area ( #ddf sq4 m4 & a population ( #fb1cab1 :ile ! area ( ! junior bran* is #ddj sq4 m4 & its population #ed1ijd4 ,,dewb]ry1 ,rubus caesius1 a trail+ plant1 alli$ to ! bramble1 ( ! natural ord] ,rosaceae4 ,x is common 9 woods1 h$ges & ! bord]s ( fields 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! leaves h ?ree leaflets1 are hairy b5ea?1 & ( a dusky gre52 ! fl[]s :i* appe> 9 ,june & ,july are :ite1 or pale rose-col\r$4 ,! fruit is l>ge1 & closely embrac$ by ! calyx1 & consi/s ( a few drupules1 :i* are black1 ) a glauc\s bloom2 x has an agreeable acid ta/e4 ,,dew-,,claw1 ! rudim5t>y toes1 two 9 numb]1 or ! false ho( ( ! de]1 sometimes also call$ ! nails4 ,9 dogs ! dew-claw is ! rudim5t>y toe or hallux 7correspond+ to ! big toe 9 man7 hang+ loosely atta*$ to ! sk91 l[ d[n on ! h9d] "p ( ! leg4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w is unkn[n1 b x has be5 fancifully sugge/$ t1 :ile ! o!r toes t\* ! gr\nd 9 walk+1 ! dew-claw m]ely bru%es ! dew f ! grass4 ,d',,ewes1 ,,sir ,,simonds1 ,b>t4 7#afjb-afej71 ,engli% antiqu>ian1 elde/ son ( ,paul ,d',ewes ( ,mild51 ,suffolk1 & ( ,cecilia1 daught] & heir ( ,ri*>d ,simonds1 ( ,coaxdon or ,coxd51 ,dorset%ire1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,decemb] #afjb1 & educat$ at ! gramm> s*ool ( ,bury ,/ ,edmunds1 & at ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he _h be5 admitt$ to ! ,middle ,temple 9 #afaa1 & 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #afbc1 :5 he imm$iately began 8 collections ( mat]ial & 8 /udies 9 hi/ory & antiquities4 ,9 #afbf he m>ri$ ,anne1 daught] & heir ( ,sir ,william ,clopton1 ( ,luton's ,hall 9 ,suffolk1 ?r\gh :om he obta9$ a l>ge addition to 8 already consid]able =tune4 ,on ! #f? ( ,decemb] he 0 knight$4 ,he took an active "p z a /rong ,puritan & memb] ( ! mod]ate p>ty 9 ! opposition to ! k+'s arbitr>y gov]nm5t 9 ! ,long ,p>liam5t ( #afdj1 9 :i* he sat z memb] = ,sudbury4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,july he 0 creat$ a b>onet by ! k+1 b nev]!less adh]$ to ! p>liam5t>y p>ty :5 w> broke out1 & 9 #afdc took ! ,cov5ant4 ,he 0 "o ( ! memb]s expell$ by ,pride's ,purge 9 #afdh1 & di$ on ! #ah? ( ,april #afej4 ,he _h m>ri$ secondly ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,sir ,h5ry ,will\ghby1 ,b>t41 ( ,risley 9 ,d]by%ire1 by :om he _h a son1 :o succe$$ to 8 e/ates & title1 ! latt] becom+ ext9ct on ! failure ( male issue 9 #agca4 ,d',ewes appe>s to h project$ a "w ( v ambiti\s scope1 no less ?an ! :ole hi/ory ( ,engl& bas$ on orig9al docum5ts4 ,b ?\gh excell+ z a collector ( mat]ials1 & z a labori\s1 consci5ti\s & accurate transcrib]1 he _h little p[] ( g5]alization or con/ruction1 & di$ )\t publi%+ any?+ except an un9t]e/+ tract1 ,! ,primitive ,practice = ,pres]v+ ,tru? 7#afde71 & "s spee*es4 ,8 ,j\rnals ( all ! ,p>liam5ts dur+ ! ,reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 h[ev]1 a valuable "w1 0 publi%$ 9 #afhb4 ,8 l>ge collections1 includ+ transcripts f anci5t records1 _m ( ! orig9als ( :i* are n[ disp]s$ or de/roy$1 are 9 ! ,h>leian collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,8 unpr9t$ ,di>ies f #afba-afbd & f #afdc-afdg1 ! latt] valuable = ! notes ( proce$+s 9 p>liam5t1 are (t5 ! only au?ority = incid5ts & spee*es dur+ t p]iod1 & are amus+ f ! glimpses ! di>i/ af=ds ( 8 own "*1 8 good e/imation ( himself & 8 little jeal\sies2 "s are 9 a ciph] & "s 9 ,lat94 ,extracts f 8 ,autobiography & ,correspond5ce f ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7 publi%$ by ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell-,phillips 9 #ahde1 by ,he>ne 9 ! app5dix to 8 ,hi/oria vitae et regni ,ric>di ,,ii4 7#agbi71 & 9 ! ,biblio!ca topographica ,britannica1 ,no4 xv4 vol4 vi4 7#aghc72 & f a ,di>y ( lat] date1 ,college ,life 9 ! ,"t ( ,james ,i4 7#ahea74 ,8 ,di>ies h be5 ext5sively drawn ^u by ,=/]1 ,g>d9]1 & by ,san=d 9 8 ,/udies ( ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,"s ( 8 spee*es h be5 repr9t$ 9 ! ,h>leian ,miscellany & 9 ! ,som]s ,tracts4 ,,de ,,wet1 ,,*ri/ian 7#ahed- 71 ,bo] g5]al & politician1 0 born on ! #g? ( ,octob] #ahed at ,leeuwkop1 ,smi?field di/rict 7,orange ,free ,/ate71 & lat] resid$ at ,dewetsdorp4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! fir/ ,anglo-,bo] ,w> ( #ahhj-ha z a field cornet1 & f #ahha to #ahif he liv$ on 8 f>m1 becom+ 9 #ahig memb] ( ! ,volksraad4 ,he took "p 9 ! e>li] battles ( ! ,bo] ,w> ( #ahii 9 ,natal z a comm&ant & lat]1 z a g5]al1 he w5t to s]ve "u ,cronje 9 ! we/4 ,8 fir/ successful action 0 ! surprise ( ,sanna's ,po/ ne> ,bloemfonte91 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! victory ( ,r$d]sburg a little lat]4 ,!nce=w>d he came to be reg>d$ m & m z ! mo/ =midable lead] ( ! ,bo]s 9 _! gu]rilla w>f>e4 ,sometimes sev]ely h&l$ by ! ,briti%1 sometimes escap+ only by ! n>r[e/ m>g9 ( safety f ! columns :i* attempt$ to surr\nd him1 & fall+ ^u & annihilat+ isolat$ ,briti% po/s1 ,de ,wet cont9u$ to ! end ( ! w> 8 successful c>e]1 /rik+ heavily :]e he c\ld d s & skilfully evad+ e attempt to br+ him to bay4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! peace negotiations ( #aijb1 & at ! conclusion ( ! w> he visit$ ,europe ) ! o!r ,bo] g5]als4 ,:ile 9 ,engl& ! g5]als s\ght1 unavail+ly1 a modification ( ! t]ms ( peace conclud$ at ,pretoria4 ,de ,wet wrote an acc\nt ( 8 campaigns1 an ,engli% v]sion ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,novemb] #aijb "u ! title ,?ree ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijg he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! fir/ p>liam5t ( ! ,orange ,riv] ,colony & 0 appo9t$ m9i/] ( agriculture4 ,9 #aijh-i he 0 a delegate to ! ,clos] ,union ,conv5tion4 ,,de ,,wette1 ,,wilhelm ,,m>t9 ,,leb]e*t 7#aghj-ahdi71 ,g]man !ologian1 0 born on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y #aghj1 at ,ulla1 ne> ,weim>1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 pa/or4 ,he 0 s5t to ! gymnasium at ,weim>1 !n at ! height ( its lit]>y glory4 ,"h he 0 mu* influ5c$ by int]c\rse ) ,johann ,gottfri$ ,h]d]1 :o frequ5tly exam9$ at ! s*ool4 ,9 #agii he ent]$ on 8 !ological /udies at ,j5a1 8 pr9cipal tea*]s be+ ,j4 ,j4 ,griesba* & ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus1 f ! latt] ( :om he d]iv$ 8 t5d5cy to free critical inquiry4 ,bo? 9 me?ods & 9 results1 h[ev]1 he occupi$ an almo/ solit>y position among ,g]man !ologians4 ,hav+ tak5 8 doctor's degree1 he became privat-doc5t at ,j5a2 9 #ahjg pr(essor ( !ology at ,heidelb]g1 :]e he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,j4 ,f4 ,fries 7#aggc-ahdc72 & 9 #ahaj 0 transf]r$ to a simil> *air 9 ! newly f\nd$ univ]sity ( ,b]l91 :]e he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 dismiss$ f ,b]l9 9 #ahai on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ writt5 a lett] ( consolation to ! "m ( ,k>l ,ludwig ,s&1 ! murd]] ( ,kotzebue4 ,a petition 9 8 fav\r pres5t$ by ! s5ate ( ! univ]sity 0 unsuccessful1 & a decree 0 issu$ n only depriv+ him ( ! *air1 b bani%+ him f ! ,prussian k+dom4 ,he retir$ = a "t to ,weim>1 :]e he occupi$ 8 leisure 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 edition ( ,lu!r1 & 9 writ+ ! romance ,!odor od] die ,weihe des ,zweifl]s 7,b]l91 #ahbb71 9 :i* he describes ! education ( an evangelical pa/or4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he made 8 fir/ essay 9 prea*+1 & prov$ himself to be possess$ ( v popul> gifts4 ,b 9 #ahbb he accept$ ! *air ( !ology 9 ! univ]sity ( ,basel1 :i* _h be5 reorganiz$ f\r ye>s be=e4 ,?\gh 8 appo9tm5t _h be5 /rongly oppos$ by ! or?odox p>ty1 ,de ,wette soon won = himself great influ5ce bo? 9 ! univ]sity & among ! p g5]ally4 ,he 0 admitt$ a citiz51 & became rector ( ! univ]sity1 :i* ow$ to him mu* ( its recov]$ /r5g?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! !ological faculty4 ,he di$ on ! #af? ( ,june #ahdi4 ,de ,wette has be5 describ$ by ,julius ,wellhaus5 z ! epo*-mak+ op5] ( ! hi/orical criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,he prep>$ ! way = ! ,supplem5t-!ory4 ,b he also made valuable contributions to o!r bran*es ( !ology4 ,he _h1 moreov]1 consid]able poetic faculty1 & wrote a drama 9 ?ree acts1 entitl$ ,die ,entsagung 7,b]l91 #ahbc74 ,he _h an intellig5t int]e/ 9 art1 & /udi$ ecclesia/ical music & ar*itecture4 ,z a ,biblical critic he is sometimes class$ ) ! de/ructive s*ool1 b1 z ,otto ,pfleid]] says 7,developm5t ( ,!ology1 p4 #ajb71 he occupi$ z free a position z ! ,rationali/s ) reg>d to ! lit]al au?ority ( ! cre$s ( ! *ur*1 b t he s\ght to give _! due value to ! religi\s feel+s1 :i* ! ,rationali/s _h n done1 &1 ) a m unfett]$ m9d t[>ds hi/ory1 to ma9ta9 ! connexion ( ! pres5t life ( ! *ur* ) ! pa/4 ,8 works are m>k$ by exegetical skill1 unusual p[] ( cond5sation & uni=m fairness4 ,accord+ly !y possess value :i* is little affect$ by ! progress ( criticism4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 works are3--,beitrge zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t 7#b vols41 #ahjf-ahjg72 ,komm5t> b] die ,psalm5 7#ahaa71 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions1 & is /ill reg>d$ z ( high au?ority2 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*-jdis*5 ,ar*ologie 7#ahad72 b] ,religion und ,!ologie 7#ahae72 a "w ( great importance z %[+ its au?or's g5]al !ological position2 ,lehrbu* d] *ri/li*5 ,dogmatik 7#ahac-ahaf72 ,lehrbu* d] hi/oris*-kritis*5 ,e9leitung 9 die ,bibel 7#ahag72 ,*ri/li*e ,sitt5lehre 7#ahai-ahba72 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t 7#ahbf72 ,religion1 ihr ,wes51 ihre ,ers*e9ungs=m1 und ihr ,e9fluss auf das ,leb5 7#ahbg72 ,das ,wes5 des *ri/li*5 ,glaub5s 7#ahdf72 & ,kurzgefas/es exegetis*es ,h&bu* zum ,neu5 ,te/am5t 7#ahcf-ahdh74 ,de ,wette also edit$ ,lu!r's works 7#e vols41 #ahbe-ahbh74 ,see ,k4 ,r4 ,hag5ba* 9 ,h]zog's ,real5cyklopdie2 ,g4 ,c4 ,f4 ,lcke's ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,de ,wette1 zur freunds*aftli*] ,er9n]ung 7#ahej72 & ,d4 ,s*5kel's ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,de ,wette und die ,b$eutung se9] ,!ologie fr uns]e ,zeit 7#ahdi74 ,rudolf ,/hel91 ,de ,wette na* se9] !ol4 ,wirksamkeit und ,b$eutung 7#ahhj72 ,f4 ,li*t5b]g]1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,!ology 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7#ahhi72 ,otto ,pfleid]]1 ,developm5t ( ,!ology 7#ahij71 pp4 #ig ff42 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,f\nd]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 pp4 #ca ff4 ,,dewey1 ,,davis ,,ri* 7#aheh- 71 ,am]ican economi/ & /ati/ician1 0 born at ,burl+ton1 ,v]mont1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! #g? ( ,april #aheh4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! univ]sity ( ,v]mont & at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 & aft]w>ds became pr(essor ( economics & /ati/ics at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,he 0 *airman ( ! /ate bo>d on ! "q ( ! unemploy$ 7#ahie71 memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts commission on public1 *>itable & re=matory int]e/s 7#ahig71 special exp]t ag5t on wages = ! #ab? c5sus1 & memb] ( a /ate commission 7#aijd7 on indu/rial relations4 ,he wrote an excell5t ,syllabus on ,political ,hi/ory s9ce #ahae 7#ahhg71 a ,f9ancial ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4,s4 7#aijb71 & ,national ,problems 7#aijg74 ,,dewey1 ,,george 7#ahcg- 71 ,am]ican naval (fic]1 0 born at ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont1 on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] #ahcg4 ,he /udi$ at ,norwi* ,univ]sity1 !n at ,norwi*1 ,v]mont1 & graduat$ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy 9 #aheh4 ,he 0 commission$ lieut5ant 9 ,april #ahfa1 & 9 ! ,civil ,w> s]v$ on ! /eamsloop ,mississippi 7#ahfa-ahfc7 dur+ ,f>ragut's passage ( ! =ts bel[ ,new ,orleans 9 ,april #ahfb1 & at ,port ,hudson 9 ,m>* #ahfc2 took "p 9 ! fight+ bel[ ,donaldsonville1 ,l\isiana1 9 ,july #ahfc2 & 9 #ahfd-ahfe s]v$ on ! /eam-gunboat ,agawam ) ! ,nor? ,atlantic blockad+ squadron & took "p 9 ! attacks on ,=t ,fi%] 9 ,decemb] #ahfd & ,janu>y #ahfe4 ,9 ,m>* #ahfe he became a lieut5ant-comm&]4 ,he 0 ) ! ,european squadron 9 #ahff-ahfg2 0 an in/ructor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy 9 #ahfh-ahfi2 0 9 comm& ( ! ,n>ragansett 9 #ahgj-ahga & #ahgb-ahge1 be+ commission$ comm&] 9 #ahgb2 0 light-h\se inspector 9 #ahgf-ahgg2 & 0 secret>y ( ! light-h\se bo>d 9 #ahgg-ahhb4 ,9 #ahhd he became a capta92 9 #ahhi-ahic 0 *ief ( ! bureau ( equipm5t & recruit+2 9 #ahic-ahie 0 a memb] ( ! light-h\se bo>d2 & 9 #ahie-ahig 0 presid5t ( ! bo>d ( inspection & survey1 be+ promot$ to ! rank ( commodore 9 ,febru>y #ahif4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahig he 0 assign$1 at 8 own reque/1 to sea s]vice1 & s5t to ,asiatic wat]s4 ,9 ,april #ahih1 :ile ) 8 fleet at ,hong ,kong1 he 0 notifi$ by cable t w> _h begun betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa91 & 0 ord]$ to capture or de/roy ! ,spani% fleet !n 9 ,philipp9e wat]s4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,may he ov]:elm+ly defeat$ ! ,spani% fleet "u ,admiral ,montojo 9 ,manila ,bay1 a victory won )\t ! loss ( a man on ! ,am]ican %ips 7see ,,spani%-,,am]ican ,,w>74 ,congress1 9 a jo9t resolution1 t5d]$ its ?anks to ,commodore ,dewey1 & to ! (fic]s & m5 "u 8 comm&1 & au?oriz$ ! secret>y ( ! navy to pres5t a sword ( honor to ,commodore ,george ,dewey1 & cause to be /ruck bronze m$als commemorat+ ! battle ( ,manila ,bay1 & to di/ribute su* m$als to ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! %ips ( ! ,asiatic squadron ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he 0 promot$ re>-admiral on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahih4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ 8 squadron assi/$ 9 ! capture ( ! city ( ,manila4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! ,philipp9es "u ord]s f 8 gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 control1 ,dewey receiv$ ! rank ( admiral 7,m>* #c1 #ahii7--t title1 =m]ly borne only by ,f>ragut & ,port]1 hav+ be5 reviv$ by act ( ,congress 7,m>* #b1 #ahii71--;& return$ home1 arriv+ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 :]e1 on ! #crd ( ,octob] #ahii1 he receiv$ a great ovation4 ,he 0 a memb] 7#ahii7 ( ! ,s*urman ,philipp9e ,commission1 & 9 #ahii & #aijj 0 spok5 ( z a possible ,democratic c&idate = ! presid5cy4 ,he act$ z presid5t ( ! ,s*ley c\rt ( inquiry 9 #aija1 & submitt$ a m9ority report on a few details4 ,,dewey1 ,,melvil 7#ahea- 71 ,am]ican libr>ian1 0 born at ,adams ,c5t]1 ,new ,york1 on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #ahea4 ,he graduat$ 9 #ahgd at ,amh]/ ,college1 :]e he 0 assi/ant libr>ian f #ahgd to #ahgg4 ,9 #ahgg he remov$ to ,bo/on1 :]e he f\nd$ & became editor ( ,! ,libr>y ,j\rnal1 :i* became an influ5tial factor 9 ! developm5t ( libr>ies 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ! re=m ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,he 0 also "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ( :i* he 0 secret>y f #ahgf to #ahia1 & presid5t 9 #ahia & #ahic4 ,9 #ahhc he became libr>ian ( ,columbia ,college1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> f\nd$ !re ! ,s*ool ( ,libr>y ,economy1 ! fir/ in/itution = ! in/ruction ( libr>ians ev] organiz$4 ,?is s*ool1 :i* 0 v successful1 0 remov$ to ,albany 9 #ahij1 :]e x 0 re-e/abli%$ z ! ,/ate ,libr>y ,s*ool "u 8 direction2 f #ahhh to #aijf he 0 director ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y & f #ahhh to #aijj 0 secret>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 completely reorganiz+ ! /ate libr>y1 :i* he made "o ( ! mo/ effici5t 9 ,am]ica1 & e/abli%+ ! sy/em ( /ate travell+ libr>ies & picture collections4 ,8 ,decimal ,sy/em ( ,classification = libr>y catalogu+1 fir/ propos$ 9 #ahgf1 is ext5sively us$4 ,,dew+1 ,,?omas ,,wilm] 7#ahea- 71 ,am]ican figure pa9t]1 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #d? ( ,may #ahea4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,jules ,lefebvre 9 ,p>is f #ahgf to #ahgi2 0 elect$ a full memb] ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design 9 #ahhh2 0 a memb] ( ! society ( ,t5 ,am]ican ,pa9t]s1 ,new ,york2 & receiv$ m$als at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 7#ahhi71 at ,*icago 7#ahic71 at ,buffalo 7#aija7 & at ,/ ,l\is 7#aijd74 ,8 decorative g5re pictures are notable = delicacy & f9i%4 ,among 8 portraits are ^? ( ,mrs ,/an=d ,:ite & ( 8 own wife4 ,mrs ,dew+ 7b1 #ahee71 ne ,m>ia ,oakey1 a figure & fl[] pa9t]1 0 a pupil ( ,john ,la ,f>ge 9 ,new ,york1 & ( ,c\ture 9 ,p>is4 ,,de ,,w9t1 ,,pet] 7#aghd-ahdi71 ,engli% l&scape pa9t]1 ( ,dut* extraction1 son ( an ,engli% physician1 0 born at ,/one1 ,/af=d%ire1 on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #aghd4 ,he /udi$ art 9 ,london1 & 9 #ahji ent]$ ! ,academy s*ools4 ,9 #ahab he became a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat]col\rs1 :]e he exhibit$ l>gely = _m ye>s1 z well z at ! ,academy4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #ahaj ! si/] ( ,william ,hilton1 ,r4,a4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #ahdi4 ,de ,w9t's life 0 devot$ to art2 he pa9t$ admirably 9 oils1 & he ranks z "o ( ! *ief ,engli% wat]-col\ri/s4 ,a numb] ( 8 pictures are 9 ! ,national ,gall]y & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,,de ,,w9t]1 ,,jan ,,willem 7#agej-ahab71 ,dut* admiral1 0 born at ,kamp51 & 9 #agfa ent]$ ! naval s]vice at ! age ( twelve ye>s4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself by 8 zeal & c\rage1 & at ! revolution ( #aghg he _h rea*$ ! rank ( lieut5ant4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! patriot p>ty =c$ him to fly = 8 safety to ,france4 ,"h he ?rew himself he>t & s\l into ! cause ( ! ,revolution1 & took "p "u ,dum\riez & ,pi*egru 9 ! campaigns ( #agib & #agic1 & 0 soon promot$ to ! rank ( brigadi]-g5]al4 ,:5 ,pi*egru 9 #agie ov]ran ,holl&1 ,de ,w9t] return$ ) ! ,fr5* army to 8 native c\ntry4 ,! /ates-g5]al n[ utiliz$ ! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$ z a naval (fic] by giv+ him ! po/ ( adjunct-g5]al = ! reorganization ( ! ,dut* navy4 ,9 #agif he 0 appo9t$ vice-admiral & comm&]-9-*ief ( ! fleet4 ,he sp>$ no ef=ts to /r5g!n x & improve its condition1 & on ! #aa? ( ,octob] #agig he v5tur$ ^u an enc\nt] (f ,camp]d[n ) ! ,briti% fleet "u ,admiral ,duncan4 ,aft] an ob/9ate /ruggle ! ,dut* 7 defeat$1 & ,de ,w9t] himself 0 tak5 prison]4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,engl& until ,decemb]1 :5 he 0 lib]at$ by ex*ange4 ,8 conduct 9 ! battle ( ,camp]d[n 0 decl>$ by a c\rt-m>tial to h nobly ma9ta9$ ! hon\r ( ! ,dut* flag4 ,f #agih to #ahjb ,de ,w9t] fill$ ! po/ ( ambassador to ! ,fr5* republic1 & 0 !n once m appo9t$ comm&] ( ! fleet4 ,he 0 s5t ) a /rong squadron to ! ,m$it]ranean to repress ! ,tripoli piracies1 & negotiat$ a treaty ( peace ) ! ,tripolitan gov]nm5t4 ,he enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ,l\is ,bonap>te1 :5 k+ ( ,holl&1 &1 aft] ! incorporation ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! ,fr5* empire1 9 an equal degree ( ! emp]or ,napoleon4 ,by ! =m] he 0 creat$ m>%al & c\nt ( ,huess51 & giv5 ! comm& ( ! arm$ =ces bo? by sea & l&4 ,napoleon gave him ! gr& cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r & appo9t$ him inspector-g5]al ( ! nor!rn coa/s1 & 9 #ahaa he plac$ him at ! head ( ! fleet he _h collect$ at ! ,texel4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,de ,w9t] 0 seiz$ ) illness & compell$ to betake himself to ,p>is1 :]e he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,june #ahab4 ,he _h a spl5did public fun]al & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,8 he>t 0 enclos$ 9 an urn & plac$ 9 ! ,nicolaas ,k]k at ,kamp54 ,,de ,,witt1 ,,cornelius 7#afbc-afgb71 bro!r ( ,,john ,,de ,,witt 7q4v471 0 born at ,dort 9 #afbc4 ,9 #afej he became burgoma/] ( ,dort & memb] ( ! /ates ( ,holl& & ,we/ ,friesl&4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ to ! important po/ ( ruwa>d or gov]nor ( ! l& ( ,putt5 & bailiff ( ,bei]l&4 ,he associat$ himself closely ) 8 great] bro!r1 ! gr& p5sion>y1 & support$ him ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] ) great ability & vig\r4 ,9 #affg he 0 ! deputy *os5 by ! /ates ( ,holl& to accompany ,admiral de ,ruyt] 9 8 fam\s exp$ition to ,*a?am4 ,cornelius de ,witt on ?is occasion di/+ui%$ himself greatly by 8 coolness & intrepidity4 ,he aga9 accompani$ ,de ,ruyt] 9 #afgb & took an hon\rable "p 9 ! great naval fight at ,sole ,bay aga9/ ! unit$ ,engli% & ,fr5* fleets4 ,compell$ by illness to leave ! fleet1 he f\nd on 8 return to ,dort t ! ,orange p>ty 7 9 ! asc5dant1 & he & 8 bro!r 7 ! objects ( popul> suspicion & hatr$4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 imprisonm5t1 trial & dea?1 is giv5 bel[4 ,,de ,,witt1 ,,john 7#afbe-afgb71 ,dut* /atesman1 0 born at ,dort1 on ! #bd? ( ,septemb] #afbe4 ,he 0 a memb] ( "o ( ! old burgh]-reg5t families ( 8 native t[n4 ,8 fa!r1 ,jacob de ,witt1 0 six times burgoma/] ( ,dort1 & = _m ye>s sat z a repres5tative ( ! t[n 9 ! /ates ( ,holl&4 ,he 0 a /r5u\s adh]5t ( ! republican or olig>*ical /ates-"r p>ty 9 opposition to ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,orange1 :o repres5t$ ! f$]al pr9ciple & _h ! support ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,john 0 educat$ at ,leid51 & e>ly display$ rem>kable tal5ts1 m especially 9 ma!matics & jurisprud5ce4 ,9 #afde he & 8 eld] bro!r ,cornelius visit$ ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l& & ,engl&1 & on 8 return he took up 8 resid5ce at ! ,hague1 z an advocate4 ,9 #afej he 0 appo9t$ p5sion>y ( ,dort1 an (fice :i* made him ! lead] & spokesman ( ! t[n's deputation 9 ! /ate ( ,holl&4 ,9 ?is same ye> ! /ates ( ,holl& f\nd !mselves engag$ 9 a /ruggle = prov9cial supremacy1 on ! "q ( ! disb&+ ( troops1 ) ! y\?ful pr9ce ( ,orange1 ,william ,,ii4 ,william1 ) ! support ( ! /ates-g5]al & ! army1 seiz$ five ( ! lead]s ( ! /ates-"r p>ty & imprison$ !m 9 ,loeve/e9 ca/le2 among ^! 0 ,jacob de ,witt4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ,william1 at ! mom5t :5 he _h cru%$ opposition1 l$ to a reaction4 ,he left only a po/hum\s *ild1 aft]w>ds ,william ,,iii4 ( ,orange1 & ! pr9ciples advocat$ by ,jacob de ,witt triumph$1 & ! au?ority ( ! /ates ( ,holl& became pr$om9ant 9 ! republic4 ,at ?is "t ( con/itutional crisis su* 7 ! eloqu5ce1 sagacity & bus9ess tal5ts exhibit$ by ! y\?ful p5sion>y ( ,dort t on ! #bcrd ( ,july #afec he 0 appo9t$ to ! (fice ( gr& p5sion>y 7,raadp5sion>is7 ( ,holl& at ! age ( tw5ty-eight4 ,he 0 re-elect$ 9 #afeh1 #affc & #affh1 & held (fice until 8 dea? 9 #afgb4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s ! g5]al conduct ( public affairs & adm9i/ration1 & especially ( =eign affairs1 su* 0 ! confid5ce inspir$ by 8 tal5ts & indu/ry1 0 l>gely plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,he f\nd 9 #afec 8 c\ntry br\ght to ! br9k ( ru9 ?r\gh ! w> ) ,engl&1 :i* _h be5 caus$ by ! ke5 comm]cial rivalry ( ! two m>itime /ates4 ,! ,dut* 7 unprep>$1 & suff]$ sev]ely ?r\gh ! loss ( _! c>ry+ trade1 & ,de ,witt resolv$ to br+ ab\t peace z soon z possible4 ,! fir/ dem&s ( ,cromwell 7 impossible1 = !y aim$ at ! absorption ( ! two republics into a s+le /ate1 b at la/ 9 ! autumn ( #afed peace 0 conclud$1 by :i* ! ,dut* made l>ge concessions & agre$ to ! /rik+ ( ! flag to ,engli% %ips 9 ! n>r[ seas4 ,! treaty includ$ a secret article1 :i* ! /ates-g5]al refus$ to ent]ta91 b :i* ,de ,witt succe$$ 9 induc+ ! /ates ( ,holl& to accept1 by :i* ! prov9ces ( ,holl& pl$g$ !mselves n to elect a /ad?old] or a capta9-g5]al ( ! union4 ,?is ,act ( ,seclusion1 z x 0 call$1 0 aim$ at ! "y pr9ce ( ,orange1 ^: close relation%ip to ! ,/u>ts made him an object ( suspicion to ! ,protector4 ,de ,witt 0 p]sonally fav\rable to ?is exclusion ( ,william ,,iii4 f 8 ance/ral dignities1 b !re is no tru? 9 ! sugge/ion t he prompt$ ! action ( ,cromwell 9 ?is matt]4 ,! policy ( ,de ,witt aft] ! peace ( #afed 0 em95tly successful4 ,he re/or$ ! f9ances ( ! /ate1 & ext5d$ its comm]cial supremacy 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,9 #afeh-ei he su/a9$ ,d5m>k aga9/ ,sw$51 & 9 #affb conclud$ an advantage\s peace ) ,portugal4 ,! accession ( ,*>les ,,ii4 to ! ,engli% ?rone l$ to ! resc9d+ ( ! ,act ( ,seclusion2 nev]!less ,de ,witt /eadily refus$ to all[ ! pr9ce ( ,orange to be appo9t$ /ad?old] or capta9-g5]al4 ,?is l$ to ill-w betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,dut* gov]nm5ts1 & to a r5ewal ( ! old grievances ab\t m>itime & comm]cial rights1 & w> broke out 9 #affe4 ,! zeal1 indu/ry & c\rage display$ by ! gr& p5sion>y dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is fi]cely conte/$ naval /ruggle c\ld sc>cely h be5 surpass$4 ,he himself on m ?an "o occasion w5t to sea ) ! fleet1 & inspir$ all ) :om he came 9 contact by ! example he set ( calmness 9 dang]1 en]gy 9 action & inflexible /r5g? ( w4 ,x 0 due to 8 ex]tions z an organiz] & a diplomati/ q z mu* z to ! brilliant seaman%ip ( ,admiral de ,ruyt]1 t ! t]ms ( ! treaty ( peace sign$ at ,br$a 7,july #ca1 #affg71 on ! pr9ciple ( uti possidetis1 7 s hon\rable to ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,a /ill great] triumph ( diplomatic skill 0 ! conclusion ( ! ,triple ,alliance 7,janu>y #ag1 #affh7 betwe5 ! ,dut* ,republic1 ,engl& & ,sw$51 :i* *eck$ ! attempt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to take possession ( ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s 9 ! "n ( 8 wife1 ! infanta ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,! *eck1 h[ev]1 0 b tempor>y1 & ! ,fr5* k+ only bid$ 8 "t to take v5geance = ! rebuff he _h suff]$4 ,mean:ile ,william ,,iii4 0 gr[+ to manhood1 & 8 num]\s adh]5ts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry sp>$ no ef=ts to und]m9e ! au?ority ( ,de ,witt1 & secure = ! "y pr9ce ( ,orange ! dignities & au?ority ( 8 ance/ors4 ,9 #afgb ,l\is ,,xiv4 sudd5ly decl>$ w>1 & invad$ ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces at ! head ( a spl5did army4 ,practically no resi/ance 0 possible4 ,! unanim\s voice ( ! p call$ ,william ,,iii4 to ! head ( affairs1 & !re 7 viol5t demon/rations aga9/ ,john de ,witt4 ,8 bro!r ,cornelius 0 7,july #bd7 arre/$ on a *>ge ( conspir+ aga9/ ! pr9ce4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/ ,john de ,witt resign$ ! po/ ( gr& p5sion>y t he _h held s long & ) su* di/9ction4 ,cornelius 0 put to ! torture1 & on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ he 0 s5t5c$ to deprivation ( 8 (fices & bani%m5t4 ,he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,gevang5poort1 & 8 bro!r came to visit him 9 ! prison4 ,a va/ cr[d on he>+ ?is collect$ outside1 & f9ally bur/ into ! prison1 seiz$ ! two bro!rs & lit]ally tore !m to pieces4 ,_! mangl$ rema9s 7 hung up by ! feet to a lamp-po/4 ,?us p]i%$1 by ! savage act ( an infuriat$ mob1 "o ( ! greate/ /atesm5 ( 8 age4 ,john de ,witt m>ri$ ,w5dela ,bick]1 daught] ( an influ5tial burgoma/] ( ,am/]dam1 9 #afee1 by :om he _h two sons & ?ree daught]s4 ,,bibliography4--,j4 ,g$des1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,john de ,witt1 7vol4 i4 only1 ,london1 #ahgi72 ,a4 ,lefvre-,pontalis1 ,jean de ,witt1 gr& p5sionnaire de ,holl&e 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahhd72 ,p4 ,simons1 ,johan de ,witt en zijn tijd 7#c vols41 ,am/]dam1 #ahcb-ahdb72 ,w4 ,c4 ,knott5belt1 ,ges*i$5is d] ,/aatkunde van ,j4 de ,witt 7,am/]dam1 #ahfb72 ,j4 de ,witt1 ,briev5 444 gewisselt tuss*5 d5 ,he] ,johan de ,witt 444 ende de gevolgmaghtigd5 v4 d4 /a$t d4 ,v]e54 ,n$]l&5 s 9 ,vranckryck1 ,engel&t1 ,sw$51 ,d5em>k51 ,pool51 enz4 #afeb-fi 7#f vols41 ,! ,hague1 #agbc-agbe72 ,briev5 444 #afej-afeg 7#afeh7 e]/e deel bew]kt d5 ,r4 ,fru9 uitgegev5 d41 ,c4 ,w4 ,k]nkamp 7,am/]dam1 #aijf74 ,,dewlap 7f ! ,o4,e4 lppa1 a lappet1 or hang+ fold2 ! fir/ syllable is ( d\btful orig9 & ! popul> explanation t ! ^w means ! fold :i* bru%es ! dew is n borne out1 accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 by ! equival5t words su* z ! ,dani% doglaeb1 9 ,sc&9avian languages71 ! loose fold ( sk9 hang+ f ! neck ( cattle1 also appli$ to simil> folds 9 ! necks ( o!r animals & f[ls1 z ! dog1 turkey1 c4 ,! ,am]ican practice ( br&+ cattle by mak+ a cut 9 ! neck is kn[n z a dewlap br&4 ,! sk9 ( ! neck 9 human be+s (t5 becomes p5dul\s ) age1 & is sometimes ref]r$ to humor\sly by ! same "n4 ,,dewsbury1 a m>ket t[n & municipal & p>liam5t>y bor\gh 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! riv] ,cald]1 #h m4 ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,le$s1 on ! ,great ,nor!rn1 ,london ,nor?-,we/]n1 & ,lanca%ire ,york%ire railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bh1jfj4 ,! p>i% *ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts 0 = ! mo/ "p rebuilt 9 ! latt] half ( ! #ah? c5tury2 ! portions /ill pres]v$ ( ! orig9al /ructure are ma9ly ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! *ief indu/ries are ! mak+ ( blankets1 c>pets1 druggets & wor/$ y>n2 & !re are iron f\ndries & ma*9]y works4 ,coal is work$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! p>liam5t>y bor\gh includes ! adjac5t municipal bor\gh ( ,batley1 & returns "o memb]4 ,! municipal bor\gh1 incorporat$ 9 #ahfb1 is "u a mayor1 #f ald]m5 & #ah c\ncillors4 ,area1 #adga acres4 ,paul9us1 fir/ ar*bi%op ( ,york1 ab\t ! ye> #fbg prea*$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,dewsbury1 :]e ,edw91 k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 :om he conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 _h a royal mansion4 ,at ,kirklees1 9 ! p>i%1 are rema9s ( a ,ci/]cian conv5t ( ! #ab? c5tury1 9 an ext5sive p>k1 :]e tradition relates t ,rob9 ,hood di$ & 0 buri$4 ,,dexippus1 ,,publius ,,h]5nius 7c4 ,a4,d4 #baj-bgc71 ,greek hi/orian1 /atesman & g5]al1 0 an h]$it>y prie/ ( ! ,eleus9ian family ( ! ,k]ykes1 & held ! (fices ( ar*on basileus & eponymus 9 ,a!ns4 ,:5 ! ,h]uli ov]ran ,greece & captur$ ,a!ns 7#bfi71 ,dexippus %[$ great p]sonal c\rage & reviv$ ! _s ( patriotism among 8 deg5]ate fell[-c\ntrym54 ,a /atue 0 set up 9 8 hon\r1 ! base ( :i*1 ) an inscription record+ 8 s]vices1 has be5 pres]v$ 7,corpus ,inscrr4 ,attic>um1 iii4 ,no4 #gaf74 ,x is rem>kable t ! inscription is sil5t z to 8 milit>y a*ievem5ts4 ,photius 7cod4 #hb7 m5tions ?ree hi/orical works by ,dexippus1 ( :i* consid]able fragm5ts rema93 7#a7 ,greek3 ,ta met' ,alex&ron1 an epitome ( a simil>ly nam$ "w by ,arrian2 7#b7 ,greek3 ,sku?ika1 a hi/ory ( ! w>s ( ,rome ) ! ,go?s 7or ,scy?ians7 9 ! #crd c5tury2 7#c7 ,greek3 ,*ronik hi/oria1 a *ronological hi/ory f ! e>lie/ times to ! emp]or ,claudius ,go?icus 7#bgj71 frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ! writ]s ( ! ,augu/an hi/ory4 ,! "w 0 cont9u$ by ,eunapius ( ,s>dis d[n to #djd4 ,photius speaks v highly ( ! /yle ( ,dexippus1 :om he places on a level ) ,?ucydides1 an op9ion by no means confirm$ by ! fragm5ts 7,c4 ,w4 ,mll]1 ,f4,h4,g4 iii4 #fff-fhg74 ,,dext]1 ,,h5ry ,,m>tyn 7#ahba-ahij71 ,am]ican cl]gyman & au?or1 0 born 9 ,plympton1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #ahba4 ,he graduat$ at ,yale 9 #ahdj & at ! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 #ahdd2 0 pa/or ( a ,congregational *ur* 9 ,man*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 #ahdd-ahdi1 & ( ! ,b]keley ,/reet ,congregational *ur*1 ,bo/on1 9 #ahdi-ahfg2 0 an editor ( ! ,congregationali/ 9 #ahea-ahff1 ( ! ,congregational ,qu>t]ly 9 #ahei-ahff1 & ( ! ,congregationali/1 ) :i* ! ,record] 0 m]g$1 f #ahfg until 8 dea? 9 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass41 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] #ahij4 ,he 0 an au?ority on ! hi/ory ( ,congregationalism & 0 lectur] on t subject at ! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 #ahgg-ahgi2 he left 8 f9e libr>y on ! ,puritans 9 ,am]ica to ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,among 8 works are3 ,congregationalism1 ,:at x is1 ,:5ce x is1 ,h[ x works1 ,:y x is bett] ?an any o!r ,=m ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t1 & its consequ5t ,dem&s 7#ahfe71 ,! ,*ur* ,polity ( ! ,puritans ! ,polity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#ahgj71 ,z to ,rog] ,williams & ,8 ,bani%m5t f ! ,massa*usetts ,colony 7#ahgf71 ,congregationalism ( ! ,la/ ,?ree ,hundr$ ,ye>s1 z se5 9 its ,lit]ature 7#ahhj71 8 mo/ important "w1 ,a ,h&book ( ,congregationalism 7#ahhj71 ,! ,true ,/ory ( ,john ,smy?1 ! ,se-,bapti/ 7#ahha71 ,common ,s5se z to ,woman ,suffrage 7#ahhe71 & _m repr9ts ( pamphlets be>+ on e>ly *ur* hi/ory 9 ,new ,engl&1 especially ,bapti/ controv]sies4 ,8 ,! ,engl& & ,holl& ( ! ,pilgrims 0 complet$ by 8 son1 ,morton ,dext] 7b4 #ahdf71 & publi%$ 9 #aije4 ,,dext]1 ,,timo?y 7#agdg-ahjf71 ,am]ican m]*ant1 rem>kable = 8 ecc5tricities1 0 born at ,mald51 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #agdg4 ,he acquir$ consid]able weal? by buy+ up quantities ( ! depreciat$ cont95tal curr5cy1 :i* 0 ultimately r$eem$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t at p>4 ,he assum$ ! title ( ,"l ,dext] & built extraord9>y h\ses at ,newburyport1 ,mass41 & ,*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,he ma9ta9$ a poet laureate & collect$ inf]ior pictures1 besides erect+ 9 "o ( 8 g>d5s "s =ty colossal /atues c>v$ 9 wood to repres5t fam\s m54 ,a /atue ( himself 0 includ$ 9 ! collection1 & _h = an inscription ,i am ! fir/ 9 ! ,ea/1 ! fir/ 9 ! ,we/1 & ! greate/ philosoph] 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w4 ,he wrote a book entitl$ ,pickle = ! ,kn[+ ,ones4 ,x 0 :olly )\t punctuation m>ks1 & z ?is ar\s$ comm5t1 he publi%$ a second edition1 at ! end ( :i* 0 a page display+ no?+ b commas & /ops1 f :i* ! read]s 7 invit$ to pep] & solt x z !y plese4 ,he beat 8 wife = n weep+ en\gh at ! rehe>sal ( 8 fun]al1 :i* he himself c>ri$ out 9 a v elaborate mann]4 ,he di$ at ,newburyport on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #ahjf4 ,,dextr9e 7,,briti% ,,gum1 ,,/>* ,,gum1 ,,leiocome71 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7x1 a sub/ance produc$ f />* by ! action ( dilute acids1 or by roa/+ x at a temp]ature betwe5 #agj & #bdj ,c4 ,x is manufactur$ by spray+ />* ) #b nitric acid1 dry+ 9 air1 & !n heat+ to ab\t #aaj4 ,diff]5t modifications are kn[n1 e4g4 amylodextr9e1 ery?rodextr9e & a*roodextr9e4 ,its "n has ref]5ce to its p[]ful dextrorotatory action on pol>iz$ light4 ,pure dextr9e is an insipid1 od\rless1 :ite sub/ance2 comm]cial dextr9e is sometimes yell[i%1 & conta9s burnt or un*ang$ />*4 ,x dissolves 9 wat] & dilute alcohol2 by /rong alcohol x is precipitat$ f its solutions z ! hydrat$ comp\nd1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o4 ,dia/ase conv]ts x ev5tually into maltose1 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa2 & by boil+ ) dilute acids 7sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 acetic7 x is trans=m$ into dextrose1 or ord9>y glucose1 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f4 ,x does n f]m5t 9 contact ) yea/1 & does n r$uce ,fehl+'s solution4 ,if heat$ ) /rong nitric acid x gives oxalic1 & n mucic acid4 ,dextr9e mu* resembles gum arabic1 = :i* x is g5]ally sub/itut$4 ,x is employ$ = siz+ pap]1 = /iff5+ cotton goods1 & = ?ick5+ col\rs 9 calico pr9t+1 also 9 ! mak+ ( loz5ges1 adhesive /amps & labels1 & surgical b&ages4 ,see ,otto ,lueg]1 ,lexikon d] gesamt5 ,te*nik4 ,,dey 7an adaptation ( ! ,turk1 da1 a mat]nal uncle71 an honor>y title =m]ly be/[$ by ! ,turks on eld]ly m51 & appropriat$ by ! janiss>ies z ! designation ( _! comm&+ (fic]s4 ,9 ,alg]ia ! deys ( ! janiss>ies became 9 ! #ag? c5tury rul]s ( t c\ntry 7see ,,alg]ia3 ,,hi/ory74 ,f ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury to ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury ! rul] ( ,tunisia 0 also call$ dey1 a title frequ5tly us$ dur+ ! same p]iod by ! sov]eigns ( ,tripoli4 ,,dhammap,a,,la1 ! "n ( "o ( ! e>ly disciples ( ! ,buddha1 & !re=e con/antly *os5 z _! "n 9 religion by ,buddhi/ novices on _! ent]+ ! bro!rhood4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,bhik%us s nam$ 0 ! great comm5tator :o liv$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! #e? c5tury ,a4,d4 at ! ,bad>a ,tit?a ,vihara1 ne> ! ea/ coa/ ( ,india1 j a little s\? ( :]e ,madras n[ /&s4 ,x is to him we owe ! comm5t>ies on sev5 ( ! %ort] canonical books1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( v]ses1 & also ! comm5t>y on ! ,netti1 p]haps ! olde/ ,pali "w outside ! canon4 ,extracts f ! latt] "w1 & ! :ole ( ?ree out ( ! sev5 o!rs1 h be5 publi%$ by ! ,pali ,text ,society4 ,^! works %[ great le>n+1 exegetical skill & s\nd judgm5t4 ,b z ,dhammapala conf9es himself rigidly ei!r to que/ions ( ! mean+ ( words1 or to discussions ( ! e?ical import ( 8 texts1 v little c be ga!r$ f 8 writ+s ( value = ! social hi/ory ( 8 "t4 ,= ! "r int]pretation ( ! difficult texts on :i* he comm5ts1 !y are indisp5sable4 ,?\gh 9 all probability a ,tamil by bir?1 he decl>es1 9 ! op5+ l9es ( ^? ( 8 works t h be5 edit$1 t he foll[$ ! tradition ( ! ,great ,m9/] at ,anuradhapura 9 ,ceylon1 & ! works !mselves confirm ?is 9 e respect4 ,hsan ,tsang1 ! fam\s ,*9ese pilgrim1 tells a qua9t /ory ( a ,dhammapala ( ,kan*ipura 7! mod]n ,konjev>am74 ,he 0 a son ( a high (ficial1 & betro!d to a daught] ( ! k+1 b escap$ on ! eve ( ! w$d+ fea/1 ent]$ ! ord]1 & atta9$ to rev]5ce & di/9ction4 ,x is mo/ likely t ?is /ory1 :e!r leg5d>y or n 7& ,hsan ,tsang he>d ! /ory at ,kan*ipura ne>ly two c5turies aft] ! date ( ,dhammapala71 ref]r$ to ?is au?or4 ,b x may also ref]1 z ,hsan ,tsang ref]s x1 to ano!r au?or ( ! same "n4 ,o!r unpubli%$ works1 besides ^? m5tion$ above1 h be5 ascrib$ to ,dhammapala1 b x is v d\btful :e!r !y are really by him4 ,,au?orities4--,t4 ,watt]s1 ,on ,yuan ,*wang 7ed4 ,rhys ,davids & ,bu%ell1 ,london1 #aije71 ii4 #afi1 #bbh2 ,edmund ,h>dy 9 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft 7#ahih71 pp4 #ig foll42 ,netti 7ed4 ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,london1 ,pali ,text ,society1 #aijb71 especially ! ,introduction1 passim2 ,!r ,ga?a ,comm5t>y1 ,peta ,vat?u ,comm5t>y1 & ,vimana ,vat?u ,comm5t>y1 all ?ree publi%$ by ! ,pali ,text ,society4 7,t4 ,w4 ,r4 ,d47 ,,dhanis1 ,,francis1 ,,b>on 7#ahfa-aiji71 ,belgian adm9i/rator1 0 born 9 ,london 9 #ahfa & pass$ ! fir/ f\rte5 ye>s ( 8 life at ,gre5ock1 :]e he receiv$ 8 e>ly education4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,belgian m]*ant & ( an ,iri% lady nam$ ,mah]4 ,! "n ,dhanis is suppos$ to be a v>iation ( ,d',anv]s4 ,hav+ complet$ 8 education at ! cole ,militaire he ent]$ ! ,belgian army1 jo9+ ! regim5t ( gr5adi]s1 9 :i* he rose to ! rank ( major4 ,z soon z he rea*$ ! rank ( lieut5ant he volunte]$ = s]vice on ! ,congo1 & 9 #ahhg he w5t out = a fir/ t]m4 ,he did s well 9 f\nd+ new /ations nor? ( ! ,congo t1 :5 ! gov]nm5t decid$ to put an end to ! ,arab dom9ation on ! ,upp] ,congo1 he 0 select$ to comm& ! *ief exp$ition s5t aga9/ ! slave deal]s4 ,! campaign began 9 ,april #ahib1 & x 0 n br\ght to a successful conclusion till ,janu>y #ahid4 ,! /ory ( ?is w> has be5 told 9 detail by ,dr ,sydney ,h9de1 :o took "p 9 x1 9 8 book ,! ,fall ( ! ,congo ,arabs4 ,! pr9cipal a*ievem5ts ( ! campaign 7 ! captures 9 succession ( ! ?ree ,arab /rongholds at ,nyangwe1 ,kassongo & ,kabamb>i4 ,= 8 s]vices ,dhanis 0 rais$ to ! rank ( b>on1 & 9 #ahie 0 made vice-gov]nor ( ! ,congo ,/ate4 ,9 #ahif he took comm& ( an exp$ition to ! ,upp] ,nile4 ,8 troops1 l>gely compos$ ( ! ,batetela tribes :o _h only be5 rec5tly enli/$1 & :o _h be5 irritat$ by ! execution ( "s ( _! *iefs = indulg+ _! cannibal proclivities1 mut9i$ & murd]$ _m ( _! :ite (fic]s4 ,dhanis f\nd himself confront$ ) a m =midable adv]s>y ?an ev5 ! ,arabs 9 ^! well-arm$ & half-discipl9$ m]c5>ies4 ,dur+ two ye>s 7#ahig-ahih7 he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 a life-&-dea? /ruggle ) !m4 ,ev5tually he succe$$ 9 break+ up ! sev]al b&s =m$ out ( 8 mut9\s soldi]s4 ,al?\gh ! incid5ts ( ! ,batetela op]ations 7 less /rik+ ?an ^? ( ! ,arab w>1 _m /ud5ts ( bo? ?9k t ! ,belgian lead] display$ ! great] ability & =titude 9 br++ !m to a successful issue4 ,9 #ahii ,b>on ,dhanis return$ to ,belgium ) ! honor>y rank ( vice gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he di$ on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #aiji4 ,,dh>1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! ,bhopaw> ag5cy1 ,c5tral ,india4 ,x includes _m ,rajput & ,bhil feudatories1 & has an area ( #agge sq4 m4 ,! raja is a ,punw> ,mahratta4 ,! f\nd] ( ! pres5t rul+ family 0 ,an& ,rao ,punw>1 a desc5dant ( ! great ,p>am>a clan ( ,rajputs :o f ! #i? to ! #ac? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 driv5 out by ! ,mahomm$ans1 _h rul$ ov] ,malwa f _! capital at ,dh>4 ,9 #agdb ,an& ,rao receiv$ ,dh> z a fief f ,baji ,rao1 ! pe%wa1 ! victory ( ! ,mahrattas ?us re/or+ ! sov]eign p[] to ! family :i* sev5 c5turies be=e _h be5 expell$ f ?is v city & c\ntry4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! #ah? & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! /ate 0 subject to a s]ies ( spoliations by ,s9dia & ,holk>1 & 0 only pres]v$ f de/ruction by ! tal5ts & c\rage ( ! adoptive "m ( ! fif? raja4 ,by a treaty ( #ahai ,dh> pass$ "u ,briti% protection1 & b\nd itself to act 9 subord9ate co-op]ation4 ,! /ate 0 confiscat$ = rebellion 9 #aheg1 b 9 #ahfj 0 re/or$ to ,raja ,an& ,rao ,punw>1 !n a m9or1 ) ! exception ( ! deta*$ di/rict ( ,bairusia1 :i* 0 grant$ to ! begum ( ,bhopal4 ,an& ,rao1 :o receiv$ ! p]sonal title ,mah>aja & ! ,k4,c4,s4,i4 9 #ahgg1 di$ 9 #ahih1 & 0 succe$$ by ,udaji ,rao ,punw>4 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #adb1aae4 ,! /ate includes ! ru9s ( ,m&u1 or ,m&og>h1 ! ,mahomm$an capital ( ,malwa4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,( ,,dh> is #cc m4 ,w4 ( ,mh[1 #ijh ft4 above ! sea4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ag1gib4 ,x is picturesquely situat$ among lakes & trees surr\nd$ by b>r5 hills1 & possesses1 besides its old walls1 _m int]e/+ build+s1 ,h9du & ,mahomm$an1 "s ( !m conta9+ records ( a great hi/orical importance4 ,! ,lat ,masjid1 or ,pill> ,mosque1 0 built by ,dilaw> ,khan 9 #adje out ( ! rema9s ( ,ja9 temples4 ,x d]ives its "n f an iron pill>1 suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally set up at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury 9 commemoration ( a victory1 & be>+ a lat] inscription record+ ! sev5 days' visit to ! t[n ( ! emp]or ,akb> 9 #aeih4 ,! pill>1 :i* 0 #dc ft4 high1 is n[ ov]?r[n & brok54 ,! ,kamal ,maula is an enclosure conta9+ f\r tombs1 ! mo/ notable be+ t ( ,%aikh ,kamal ,maulvi 7,kamal-ud-d971 a foll[] ( ! fam\s #ac?-c5tury ,mussulman sa9t ,nizam-ud-d9 ,auliya4#a ,! mosque kn[n z ,raja ,bhoj's s*ool 0 built out ( ,h9du rema9s 9 ! #ad? or #ae? c5tury3 its "n is d]iv$ f ! slabs1 cov]$ ) inscriptions giv+ rules ( ,sanskrit gramm>1 ) :i* x is pav$4 ,on a small hill to ! nor? ( ! t[n /&s ! =t1 a conspicu\s pile ( r$ s&/one1 said to h be5 built by ,mahomm$ b5 ,tughlak ( ,delhi 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,x conta9s ! palace ( ! raja4 ,( mod]n in/itutions may be m5tion$ ! high s*ool1 public libr>y1 hospital1 & ! *apel1 s*ool & hospital ( ! ,canadian ,presbyt]ian mission4 ,!re is also a gov]nm5t opium depot = ! paym5t ( duty1 ! t[n be+ a consid]able c5tre = ! trade 9 opium z well z 9 gra94 ,! t[n1 ! "n ( :i* is usually d]iv$ f ,dh>a ,nag>i 7! city ( sword blades71 is ( great antiquity1 & 0 made ! capital ( ! ,p>am>a *iefs ( ,malwa by ,vairis9ha ,,ii41 :o transf]r$ 8 headqu>t]s hi!r f ,ujja9 at ! close ( ! #i? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! rule ( ! ,p>am>a dyna/y ,dh> 0 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,india z a c5tre ( culture & le>n+2 b1 aft] suff]+ v>i\s vicissitudes1 x 0 f9ally conqu]$ by ! ,mussulmans at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ,dilaw> ,khan1 ! build] ( ! ,lat ,masjid1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ gov]nor 9 #acii1 practically e/abli%$ 8 indep5d5ce1 8 son ,ho%ang ,%ah be+ ! fir/ ,mahomm$an k+ ( ,malwa4 ,"u ?is dyna/y ,dh> 0 second 9 importance to ! capital ,m&u4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! "t ( ,akb>1 ,dh> fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,moguls1 9 ^: h&s x rema9$ till #agcj1 :5 x 0 conqu]$ by ! ,mahrattas4 ,see ,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india 7,ox=d1 #aijh74 #a ,nizam-ud-d91 ^: beautiful m>ble tomb is at ,ind>pat ne> ,delhi1 01 accord+ to "s au?orities1 an assass9 ( ! secret society ( ,khorasan4 ,by "s mod]n au?orities he is suppos$ to h be5 ! f\nd] ( ,?uggism1 ! ,?ugs hav+ a special rev]5ce = 8 memory4 ,,dh>ampur1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! ,surat political ag5cy division ( ,bombay1 ) an area ( #gjd sq4 m4 ,! population 9 #aija 0 #ajj1dcj1 be+ a decrease ( #ag dur+ ! decade2 ! e/imat$ gross rev5ue is #be1dab2 & ! tribute #fjj4 ,its *ief is a ,sesodia ,rajput4 ,! /ate has be5 survey$ = l& rev5ue on ! ,bombay sy/em4 ,x conta9s "o t[n1 ,dh>ampur 7pop4 9 #aija1 #fc1ddi71 & #bgb villages4 ,only a small "p ( ! /ate1 ! climate ( :i* is v unheal?y1 is capable ( cultivation2 ! re/ is cov]$ ) rocky hills1 =e/ & bru%wood4 ,,dh>msala1 a hill-/ation & sanatorium ( ! ,punjab1 ,india1 situat$ on a spur ( ! ,dhaola ,dh>1 #af m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,kangra t[n1 at an elevation ( "s #fjjj ft4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #figa4 ,! sc5]y ( ,dh>msala is ( peculi> gr&eur4 ,! spur on :i* x /&s is ?ickly wood$ ) oak & o!r trees2 beh9d x ! p9e-clad slopes ( ! m\nta9 t[] t[>ds ! jagg$ peaks ( ! high] range1 sn[-clad = half ! ye>2 :ile bel[ /ret*es ! luxuriant cultivation ( ! ,kangra valley4 ,9 #ahee ,dh>msala 0 made ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,kangra di/rict ( ! ,punjab 9 place ( ,kangra1 & became ! c5tre ( a ,european settlem5t & cantonm5t1 l>gely occupi$ by ,gurkha regim5ts4 ,! /ation 0 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( ,april #aije1 9 :i* #afbe p]sons1 includ+ #be ,europeans & #aab ( ! ,gurkha g>rison1 p]i%$ 7,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india1 #aijh74 ,,dh>w>1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! s\!rn division ( ,bombay4 ,! t[n has a /ation on ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta railway4 ,! population 9 #aija 0 #ca1bgi4 ,x has sev]al g9n+ factories & a cotton-mill2 two high s*ools1 "o ma9ta9$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & ! o!r by ! ,basel ,g]man ,mission4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,dh>w> has an area ( #dfjb sq4 m4 ,9 ! nor? & nor?-ea/ are great pla9s ( black soil1 fav\rable to cotton-gr[+2 9 ! s\? & we/ are successive ranges ( l[ hills1 ) flat f]tile valleys betwe5 !m4 ,! :ole di/rict lies high & has no l>ge riv]s4 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #a1aac1bih1 %[+ an increase ( #f 9 ! decade4 ,! mo/ influ5tial classes ( ! community are ,brahmans & ,l+ayats4 ,! ,l+ayats numb] #dcf1ifh1 or #df ( ! ,h9du population2 !y wor%ip ! symbol ( ,siva1 & males & females bo? c>ry ?is emblem ab\t _! p]son 9 a silv] case4 ,! pr9cipal crops are millets1 pulse & cotton4 ,! c5tres ( ! cotton trade are ,hubli & ,gadag1 junctions on ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta railway1 :i* trav]ses ! di/rict 9 sev]al directions4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! t]ritory compris$ )9 ! di/rict ( ,dh>w> has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t recon/ruct$ f ! inscription slabs & memorial /ones :i* ab\nd !re4 ,f ^! x is cle> t ! c\ntry fell 9 turn "u ! sway ( ! v>i\s dyna/ies t rul$ 9 ! ,deccan1 memorials ( ! ,*alukyan dyna/y1 :e!r temples or inscriptions1 be+ especially abundant4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury ! di/rict 0 fir/ ov]run by ! ,mahomm$ans1 aft] :i* x 0 annex$ to ! newly e/abli%$ ,h9du k+dom ( ,vijayanag>1 an (ficial ( :i* nam$ ,dh> ,rao1 accord+ to local tradition1 built ! =t at ,dh>w> t[n 9 #adjc4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ! k+ ( ,vijayanag> at ,talikot 7#aefe71 ,dh>w> 0 = a few ye>s practically indep5d5t "u its ,h9du gov]nor2 b 9 #aegc ! =t 0 captur$ by ! sultan ( ,bijapur1 & ,dh>w> 0 annex$ to 8 dom9ions4 ,9 #afhe ! =t 0 tak5 by ! emp]or ,aurangzeb1 & ,dh>w>1 on ! break-up ( ! ,mogul empire1 fell "u ! sway ( ! pe%wa ( ,poona4 ,9 #agfd ! prov9ce 0 ov]run by ,hyd] ,ali ( ,mysore1 :o 9 #aggh captur$ ! =t ( ,dh>w>4 ,?is 0 retak5 9 #agia by ! ,mahrattas4 ,on ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! pe%wa 9 #ahag1 ,dh>w> 0 incorporat$ ) ! t]ritory ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,,dholpur1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! ,rajputana ag5cy1 ) an area ( #aaee sq4 m4 ,x is a crop-produc+ c\ntry1 )\t any special manufactures4 ,all along ! bank ( ! riv] ,*ambal ! c\ntry is deeply int]sect$ by rav9es2 l[ ranges ( hills 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! /ate supply inexhau/ible qu>ries ( f9e-gra9$ & easily-work$ r$ s&/one4 ,9 #aija ! population ( ,dholpur 0 #bgj1igc1 %[+ a decrease ( #c 9 ! decade4 ,! e/imat$ rev5ue is #hc1jjj4 ,! /ate is cross$ by ! ,indian ,midl& railway f ,jhansi to ,agra4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has suff]$ sev]ely f dr\ght4 ,9 #ahif-ahig ! exp5diture on fam9e relief am\nt$ to #haij4 ,! t[n ( ,dholpur is #cd m4 ,s4 ( ,agra by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ai1caj4 ,! pres5t t[n1 :i* dates f ! #af? c5tury1 /&s some:at to ! nor? ( ! site ( ! old] ,h9du t[n built1 x is suppos$1 9 ! #aa? c5tury by ! ,tonw> ,rajput ,raja ,dholan 7or ,dhawal7 ,deo1 & nam$ aft] him ,dhold]a or ,dhawalpuri4 ,among ! objects ( int]e/ 9 ! t[n may be m5tion$ ! =tifi$ s>ai built 9 ! reign ( ,akb>1 )9 :i* is ! f9e tomb ( ,sadik ,mahomm$ ,khan 7d4 #aeie71 "o ( 8 g5]als4 ,! t[n1 f its position on ! railway1 is gr[+ 9 importance z a c5tre ( trade4 ,little is kn[n ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry =m+ ! /ate ( ,dholpur4 ,local tradition affirms t x 0 rul$ by ! ,tonw> ,rajputs1 :o _h _! seat at ,delhi f ! #h? to ! #ab? c5tury4 ,9 #adej x _h a raja ( its own2 b 9 #aeja ! =t ( ,dholpur 0 tak5 by ! ,mahomm$ans "u ,sik&> ,lodi & 9 #aejd 0 transf]r$ to a ,mussulman gov]nor4 ,9 #aebg1 aft] a /r5u\s resi/ance1 ! =t 0 captur$ by ,bab] & ) ! surr\nd+ c\ntry pass$ "u ! sway ( ! ,moguls1 be+ includ$ by ,akb> 9 ! prov9ce ( ,agra4 ,dur+ ! diss5sions :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,aurangzeb 9 #agjg1 ,raja ,kalyan ,s+h ,bhadauria obta9$ possession ( ,dholpur1 & 8 family reta9$ x till #agfa1 aft] :i* x 0 tak5 successively by ! ,jat raja1 ,suraj ,mal ( ,bh>atpur1 by ,mirza ,najaf ,khan 9 #agge1 by ,s9dhia 9 #aghb1 & 9 #ahjc by ! ,briti%4 ,x 0 re/or$ to ,s9dhia by ! treaty ( ,s>ji ,anjangaon1 b 9 consequ5ce ( new arrangem5ts 0 aga9 occupi$ by ! ,briti%4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahjf1 ! t]ritories ( ,dholpur1 ,b>i & ,rajakh]a 7 h&$ ov] to ! mah>aj rana ,kirat ,s+h1 ance/or ( ! pres5t *iefs ( ,dholpur1 9 ex*ange = 8 /ate ( ,gohad1 :i* 0 c$$ to ,s9dhia4 ,! mah>aj rana ( ,dholpur belongs to ! clan ( ,bamraolia ,jats1 :o are believ$ to h =m$ a portion ( ! ,indo-,scy?ian wave ( invasion :i* swept ov] nor!rn ,india ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,an ance/or ( ! family appe>s to h held c]ta9 t]ritories at ,bamraoli ne> ,agra c4 #aaie4 ,8 desc5dant 9 #aeje1 ,s+han ,deo1 hav+ di/+ui%$ himself 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ! freeboot]s ( ! ,deccan1 0 rew>d$ by ! sov]eignty ( ! small t]ritory ( ,gohad1 ) ! title ( rana4 ,9 #aggi ! rana ( ,gohad jo9$ ! ,briti% =ces aga9/ ,s9dhia1 "u a treaty :i* /ipulat$ t1 at ! conclusion ( peace betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,mahrattas1 all ! t]ritories !n 9 8 possession %\ld be gu>ante$ to him1 & protect$ f invasion by ,s9dhia4 ,?is protection 0 subsequ5tly )drawn1 ! rana hav+ be5 guilty ( trea*]y1 & 9 #aghc ,s9dhia succe$$ 9 recaptur+ ! =tress ( ,gwalior1 & cru%$ 8 ,jat oppon5t by seiz+ ! :ole ( ,gohad4 ,9 #ahjd1 h[ev]1 ! family 7 re/or$ to ,gohad by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t2 b1 ow+ to ! opposition ( ,s9dhia1 ! rana agre$ 9 #ahje to ex*ange ,gohad = 8 pres5t t]ritory ( ,dholpur1 :i* 0 tak5 "u ,briti% protection1 ! *ief b9d+ himself to act 9 subord9ate co-op]ation ) ! p>am\nt p[]1 & to ref] all disputes ) neighb\r+ pr9ces to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,kirat ,s+h1 ! fir/ mah>aj rana ( ,dholpur1 0 succe$$ 9 #ahcf by 8 son ,bhagwant ,s+h1 :o %[$ great loyalty dur+ ! ,mut9y ( #aheg1 0 creat$ a ,k4,c4,s4,i41 & ,g4,c4,s4,i4 9 #ahfi4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 #ahgc by 8 gr&son ,nihal ,s+h1 :o receiv$ ! ,c4,b4 & fronti] m$al = s]vices 9 ! ,tirah campaign4 ,he di$ 9 #aija1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 elde/ son ,ram ,s+h 7b4 #ahhc74 ,see ,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india 7,ox=d1 #aijh7 & au?orities !re giv54 ,,dh[1 ! "n giv5 to a type ( vessel us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,! language to :i* ! ^w belongs is unkn[n4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y ! place ( orig9 may be ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 assum+ t ! ^w is id5tical ) ! tava m5tion$ by ,a?anasius ,nikit9 7,india 9 ! #ae? ,c5tury1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #aheh74 ,?\gh ! ^w is us$ g5]ally ( any craft along ! ,ea/ ,african coa/1 x is usually appli$ to ! vessel ( ab\t #aej to #bjj tons burd5 ) a /em ris+ ) a long slope f ! wat]2 dh[s g5]ally h "o ma/ ) a late5 sail1 ! y>d be+ ( enorm\s l5g?4 ,mu* ( ! coa/+ trade ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ,p]sian ,gulf is c>ri$ on by ^! vessels4 ,!y 7 ! regul> vessels employ$ 9 ! slave trade f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,,dhrangadra1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! ,guj>at division ( ,bombay1 situat$ 9 ! nor? ( ! p59sula ( ,ka?iaw>4 ,its area is #aaef sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #gj1hhj4 ,! e/imat$ gross rev5ue is #ch1jjj & ! tribute #cjjj4 ,a /ate railway on ! metre gauge f ,wadhwan to ! t[n ( ,dhrangadra1 a di/ance ( #ba m41 0 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahih4 ,"s cotton is gr[n1 al?\gh ! soil is z a :ole poor2 ! manufactures include salt1 metal vessels & /one h&-mills4 ,! *ief t[n1 ,dhrangadra1 has a population 7#aija7 ( #ad1ggj4 ,! *ief ( ,dhrangadra1 :o be>s ! title ( ,raj ,sahib1 ) ! pr$icate ( ,8 ,highness1 is head ( ! anci5t clan ( ,jhala ,rajputs1 :o are said to h ent]$ ,ka?iaw> f ,s9d 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,raj ,sahib ,sir ,mans+hji ,ranmals+hji 7b4 #ahcg71 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r 9 #ahfi1 0 di/+ui%$ = ! enlight5$ "* ( 8 adm9i/ration1 especially 9 ! matt] ( e/abli%+ s*ools & int]nal communications4 ,he 0 creat$ a ,k4,c4,s4,i 9 #ahgg4 ,he di$ 9 #aijj1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 gr&son ,ajits+hji ,jaswats+hji 7b4 #ahgb74 ,,dhuleep ,,s+h 7#ahcg-ahic71 mah>aja ( ,lahore1 0 born 9 ,febru>y #ahcg1 & 0 proclaim$ mah>aja on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #ahdc1 "u ! reg5cy ( 8 "m ! rani ,j9dan1 a woman ( great capacity & /rong w1 b extremely inimical to ! ,briti%4 ,he 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,ranjit ,s+h & recogniz$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,aft] six ye>s ( peace ! ,sikhs invad$ ,briti% t]ritory 9 #ahde1 b 7 defeat$ 9 f\r battles1 & t]ms 7 impos$ ^u !m at ,lahore1 ! capital ( ! ,punjab4 ,dhuleep ,s+h reta9$ 8 t]ritory1 b x 0 adm9i/]$ to a great ext5t by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 8 "n4 ,?is arrangem5t increas$ ! reg5t's dislike ( ! ,briti%1 & a fre% outbreak occurr$ 9 #ahdh-di4 ,9 spite ( ! val\r ( ! ,sikhs1 !y 7 utt]ly r\t$ at ,guj>at1 & 9 ,m>* #ahdi ,dhuleep ,s+h 0 depos$1 a p5sion ( #dj1jjj a ye> be+ grant$ to him & 8 dep5dants4 ,he became a ,*ri/ian & elect$ to live 9 ,engl&4 ,on com+ ( age he made an arrangem5t ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t by :i* 8 income 0 r$uc$ to #be1jjj 9 consid]ation ( advances = ! pur*ase ( an e/ate1 & he f9ally settl$ at ,elv$on 9 ,suffolk4 ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh ,alex&ria 9 #ahfd he met ,miss ,bamba ,mll]1 ! daught] ( a ,g]man m]*ant :o _h m>ri$ an ,abyss9ian4 ,! mah>aja _h be5 int]e/$ 9 mission "w by ,sir ,john ,log91 & he met ,miss ,mll] at "o ( ! mission>y s*ools :]e %e 0 tea*+4 ,%e became 8 wife on ! #g? ( ,june #ahfd1 & six *ildr5 7 ! issue ( ! m>riage4 ,9 ! ye> aft] h] dea? 9 #ahij ! mah>aja m>ri$ at ,p>is1 z 8 second wife1 an ,engli% lady1 ,miss ,ada ,d\glas ,we!rill1 :o surviv$ him4 ,! mah>aja 0 passionately fond ( sport1 & 8 %oot+ p>ties 7 celebrat$1 :ile he himself became a p]sona grata 9 ,engli% society4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 f9ancial difficulty1 & 9 #ahhb he appeal$ to ! gov]nm5t = assi/ance1 mak+ v>i\s claims bas$ ^u ! alleg$ possession ( private e/ates 9 ! ,punjab1 & ^u ! surr5d] ( ! ,koh-i-nor diamond to ! ,briti% ,cr[n4 ,8 dem& 0 reject$1 :]eupon he />t$ = ,india1 aft] draw+ up a proclamation to 8 =m] subjects4 ,b z x 0 deem$ inadvisable to all[ him to visit ! ,punjab1 he rema9$ = "s "t z a gue/ at ! resid5cy at ,ad51 & 0 all[$ to receive "s ( 8 relatives to witness 8 abjuration ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* actually took place )9 ! resid5cy itself4 ,z ! climate began to affect 8 heal?1 ! mah>aja at l5g? left ,ad5 & return$ to ,europe4 ,he /ay$ = "s "t 9 ,russia1 hop+ t 8 claim aga9/ ,engl& w\ld be tak5 up by ! ,russians2 b :5 t expectation prov$ futile he proce$$ to ,p>is1 :]e he liv$ = ! re/ ( 8 life on ! p5sion all[$ him by ! ,indian gov]nm5t4 ,8 dea? f an attack ( apoplexy took place at ,p>is on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #ahic4 ,! mah>aja's elde/ son1 ,pr9ce ,victor ,alb]t ,jay ,dhuleep ,s+h 7b4 #ahff71 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity & ,d[n+ ,colleges1 ,cambridge4 ,9 #ahhh he obta9$ a commission 9 ! #a/ ,royal ,dragoon ,gu>ds4 ,9 #ahih he m>ri$ ,lady ,anne ,cov5try1 y\nge/ daught] ( ! e>l ( ,cov5try4 7,g4,f4,b47 ,,dhulia1 a t[n ( ,briti% ,india1 adm9i/rative headqu>t]s ( ,we/ ,kh&e% di/rict 9 ,bombay1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,panjhra riv]4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bd1gbf4 ,consid]able trade is done 9 cotton & oil-se$s1 & weav+ ( cotton4 ,a railway connects ,dhulia ) ,*alisgaon1 on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula railway4 ,,diabase1 9 petrology1 a rock :i* is a wea!r$ =m ( dol]ite4 ,x 0 long widely accept$ t ! pre-,t]ti>y rocks ( ?is gr\p diff]$ f _! ,t]ti>y & ,rec5t repres5tatives 9 c]ta9 ess5tial respects1 b ?is is n[ admitt$ to be unt5able1 & ! diff]5ces are kn[n to be m]ely ! result ( ! long] exposure to decomposition1 pressure & %e>+1 :i* ! old] rocks h exp]i5c$4 ,_! oliv9e t5ds to become s]p5t9iz$2 _! augite *anges to *lorite & uralite2 _! felsp>s are cl\d$ by =mation ( zeolites1 calcite1 s]icite & epidote4 ,! rocks acquire a gre5 col\r 7f ! developm5t ( *lorite1 uralite & epidote72 h5ce ! old] "n ( gre5/ones1 :i* is n[ little us$4 ,_m ( !m become some:at s*i/ose f pressure 7gre5/one-s*i/s1 meta-diabase1 c474 ,al?\gh ! orig9al def9ition ( ! gr\p c no long] be ju/ifi$1 ! "n is s well e/abli%$ 9 curr5t usage t x c h>dly be disc>d$4 ,! t]ms diabase & dol]ite are employ$ really to designate di/9ct facies ( ! same set ( rocks4 ,! m9]als ( diabase are ! same z ^? ( dol]ite1 viz4 oliv9e1 augite1 & plagioclase felsp>1 ) subord9ate quantities ( hornbl5de1 biotite1 iron oxides & apatite4 ,!re are oliv9e-diabases & diabases )\t oliv9e2 qu>tz-diabases1 analcite-diabases 7or tes*5ites7 & hornbl5de diabases 7or prot]obases74 ,hyp]/h5e 7or bronzite7 is *>act]i/ic ( ano!r gr\p4 ,_m ( !m are ophitic1 especially ^? :i* conta9 oliv9e1 b o!rs are int]s]tal1 l ! int]s]tal dol]ites4 ,! la/ include mo/ qu>tz-diabases1 hyp]/h5e-diabases & ! rocks :i* h be5 describ$ z ?oleites4 ,porphyritic /ructure appe>s 9 ! diabase-porphyrites1 "s ( :i* are highly vesicul> & conta9 rema9s ( an abundant f9e-gra9$ or p>tly glassy gr\nd-mass 7diabas-m&el/e91 amygdaloidal diabase74 ,! some:at ill-def9$ spilites are reg>d$ by _m z modifications ( diabase-porphyrite4 ,9 ! int]s]tal & porphyrite diabases1 fre% or devitrifi$ glassy base is n infrequ5t4 ,x is especially conspicu\s 9 "s ?oleites 7hyalo-?oleites7 & 9 weisselb]gites4 ,^! rocks consi/ ( augite & plagioclase1 ) little or no oliv9e1 on a br[n1 vitre\s1 int]/itial matrix4 ,devitrifi$ =ms ( ta*ylyte 7sordawilite1 c47 occur at ! rapidly *ill$ m>g9s ( dol]ite sills & dikes1 & f9e-gra9$ spott$ rocks ) l>ge sph]ulites ( grey or gre5i% felsp>1 & bran*+ gr[?s ( br[ni%-gre5 augite 7v>iolites74 ,to ne>ly e v>iety 9 composition & /ructure pres5t$ by ! diabases1 a c\nt]p>t c be f\nd among ! ,t]ti>y dol]ites4 ,9 ! old] rocks1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 m9]als are m common ?an 9 ! new]4 ,hornbl5de1 mo/ly ( pale gre5 col\rs & some:at fibr\s habit1 is v frequ5t 9 diabase2 x is 9 mo/ cases second>y aft] pyrox5e1 & is !n kn[n z uralite2 (t5 x =ms pseudomorphs :i* reta9 ! %ape ( ! orig9al augite4 ,:]e diabases h be5 cru%$ or %e>$1 hornbl5de readily develops at ! exp5se ( pyrox5e1 sometimes replac+ x completely4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( alt]ation ! amphibole becomes compact & well cry/alliz$2 ! rocks consi/ ( gre5 hornbl5de & plagioclase felsp>1 & are !n g5]ally kn[n z epidiorites or amphibolites4 ,at ! same "t a s*i/ose /ructure is produc$4 ,b transition =ms are v common1 hav+ m or less ( ! augite rema9+1 surr\nd$ by newly =m$ hornbl5de :i* at fir/ is r fibr\s & t5ds to spread outw>ds ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ felsp>4 ,*lorite also is abundant bo? 9 %e>$ & un%e>$ diabases1 & ) x calcite may make its appe>ance1 or ! lime set free f ! augite may comb9e ) ! titanium ( ! iron oxide & ) silica to =m incru/ations or bord]s ( sph5e ar\nd ! orig9al cry/als ( ilm5ite4 ,epidote is ano!r second>y lime-be>+ m9]al :i* results f ! decomposition ( ! soda lime felsp>s & ! pyrox5es4 ,_m diabases1 especially ^? ( ! tes*5ite sub-gr\p1 are fill$ ) zeolites4 ,diabases are exce$+ly abundant among ! old] rocks ( all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,popul> names = !m are :9/one1 gre5/one1 toad/one & trap4 ,!y =m excell5t road-m5d+ /ones & are mu* qu>ri$ = ?is purpose1 be+ t\gh1 durable & resi/ant to we>1 s long z !y are n extremely decompos$4 ,_m ( !m are to be pref]r$ to ! fre%] dol]ites z be+ less brittle4 ,! quality ( ! ,corni% gre5/ones appe>s to h be5 di/9ctly improv$ by a small] am\nt ( recry/allization :]e !y h be5 heat$ by contact ) intrusive masses ( granite4 7,j4 ,s4 ,f47 ,,diabetes 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 dia1 ?r\gh1 & ,greek3 ba9e91 to pass71 a con/itutional disease *>act]iz$ by a habitually excessive dis*>ge ( ur9e4 ,two =ms ( ?is compla9t are describ$1 viz4 ,diabetes ,mellitus1 or ,glycosuria1 :]e ! ur9e is n only increas$ 9 quantity1 b p]si/5tly conta9s a great] or less am\nt ( sug>1 & ,diabetes ,insipidus1 or ,polyuria1 :]e ! ur9e is simply increas$ 9 quantity1 & conta9s no abnormal +r$i5t4 ,?is latt]1 h[ev]1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! polyuria due to *ronic granul> kidney1 l>dace\s disease ( ! kidney1 & also occurr+ 9 c]ta9 cases ( hy/]ia4 ,diabetes mellitus is ! disease to :i* ! t]m is mo/ commonly appli$1 & is by f> ! m s]i\s & important ailm5t4 ,x is "o ( ! diseases due to alt]$ metabolism 7see ,,metabolic ,,diseases74 ,x is m>k$ly h]$it>y1 mu* m preval5t 9 t[ns & especially mod]n city life ?an 9 m primitive ru/ic communities1 & mo/ common among ! ,jews4 ,! excessive use ( sug> z a food is usually consid]$ "o cause ( ! disease1 & obesity is suppos$ to fav\r its occurr5ce1 b _m obs]v]s consid] t ! obesity s (t5 met ) among diabetics is due to ! same cause z ! disease itself4 ,no age is exempt1 b x occurs mo/ commonly 9 ! fif? decade ( life4 ,x attacks males twice z frequ5tly z females1 & fair m frequ5tly ?an d>k p4 ,! symptoms are usually gradual 9 _! onset1 & ! pati5t may suff] = a l5g? ( "t be=e he ?9ks x necess>y to apply = m$ical aid4 ,! fir/ symptoms :i* attract att5tion are failure ( /r5g?1 & emaciation1 along ) great ?ir/ & an increas$ am\nt & frequ5t passage ( ur9e4 ,f ! normal quantity ( f #b to #c p9ts 9 ! #bd h\rs x may be increas$ to #aj1 #bj or #cj p9ts1 or ev5 m4 ,x is usually ( pale col\r1 & ( ?ick] consi/5ce ?an normal ur9e1 possesses a decid$ly sweet ta/e1 & is ( high specific gravity 7#ajcj to #ajej74 ,x frequ5tly gives rise to consid]able irritation ( ! ur9>y passages4 ,by simple evaporation cry/als ( sug> may be obta9$ f diabetic ur9e1 :i* also yields ! *>act]i/ic *emical te/s ( sug>1 :ile ! am\nt ( ?is sub/ance c be accurately e/imat$ by c]ta9 analytical processes4 ,! quantity ( sug> pass$ may v>y f a few ounces to two or m p\nds p] diem1 & x is f\nd to be m>k$ly increas$ aft] sac*>9e or />*y food has be5 tak54 ,sug> may also be f\nd 9 ! blood1 saliva1 te>s1 & 9 almo/ all ! excretions ( p]sons suff]+ f ?is disease4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ symptoms is int5se ?ir/1 :i* ! pati5t is con/antly seek+ to allay1 ! quantity ( liquid consum$ be+ 9 g5]al enorm\s1 & !re is usually1 b n inv>iably1 a voraci\s appetite4 ,! m\? is always p>*$1 & a fa9t1 sweeti% od\r may be evolv$ f ! brea?4 ,! effect ( ! disease ^u ! g5]al heal? is v m>k$1 & ! pati5t becomes m & m emaciat$4 ,he suff]s f increas+ muscul> weakness1 ! temp]ature ( 8 body is l[]$1 & ! sk9 is dry & h>%4 ,!re is (t5 a peculi> flu% on ! face1 n limit$ to ! mal> em95ces1 b ext5d+ up to ! roots ( ! hair4 ,! tee? are loos5$ or decay1 !re is a t5d5cy to ble$+ f ! gums1 :ile dyspeptic symptoms1 con/ipation & loss ( sexual p[] are common accompanim5ts4 ,!re is 9 g5]al great m5tal depression or irritability4 ,diabetes z a rule advances comp>atively sl[ly except 9 ! case ( "y p]sons1 9 :om its progress is apt to be rapid4 ,! complications ( ! disease are _m & s]i\s4 ,x may cause impair$ vision by weak5+ ! muscles ( accommodation1 or by less5+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! ret9a to light4 ,also cat>act is v common4 ,sk9 affections ( all k9ds may occur & prove v intractable4 ,boils1 c>buncles1 cellulitis & gangr5e are all apt to occur z life advances1 ?\gh gangr5e is mu* m frequ5t 9 m5 ?an 9 wom54 ,diabetics are especially liable to ph?isis & pneumonia1 & gangr5e ( ! lungs may set 9 if ! pati5t survives ! crisis 9 ! latt] disease4 ,dige/ive tr\bles ( all k9ds1 kidney diseases & he>t failure due to fatty he>t are all ( common occurr5ce4 ,also pati5ts seem curi\sly susceptible to ! poison ( ent]ic fev]1 ?\gh ! attack usually runs a mild c\rse4 ,! sug> tempor>ily disappe>s dur+ ! fev]4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s complication ( all is kn[n z diabetic coma1 :i* is v commonly ! f9al cause ( dea?4 ,! onset is (t5 insidi\s1 b may be indicat$ by loss ( appetite1 a rapid fall 9 ! quantity ( bo? ur9e & sug>1 & by ei!r con/ipation or di>rhoea4 ,m r>ely !re is mo/ acute abdom9al pa94 ,at fir/ ! condition is r t ( collapse ?an true coma1 ?\gh lat] ! pati5t is absolutely comatose4 ,! pati5t suff]s f a peculi> k9d ( dyspnoea1 & ! brea? & sk9 h a sweet e!real od\r4 ,! condition may la/ f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to ?ree days1 b is almo/ inv>iably ! precursor ( dea?4 ,diabetes is a v fatal =m ( disease1 recov]y be+ exce$+ly r>e4 ,ov] #ej die ( coma1 ano!r #be ( ph?isis or pneumonia1 & ! rema9d] ( ,bright's disease1 c]ebral haemorrhage1 gangr5e1 c4 ,! mo/ fav\rable cases are ^? 9 :i* ! pati5t is advanc$ 9 ye>s1 ^? 9 :i* x is associat$ ) obesity or g\t1 & :]e ! social conditions are fav\rable4 ,a few cures h be5 record$ 9 :i* ! disease sup]v5$ aft] "s acute illness4 ,! unfav\rable cases are ^? 9 :i* !re is a family hi/ory ( ! disease & 9 :i* ! pati5t is "y4 ,nev]!less mu* may be done by appropriate treatm5t to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms & to prolong life4 ,!re are two di/9ct l9es ( treatm5t1 t ( diet & t ( drugs1 b ea* mu/ be modifi$ & det]m9$ entirely by ! idiosyncrasy ( ! pati5t1 :i* v>ies 9 ?is condition betwe5 v wide limits4 ,t ( diet is ( prim>y importance inasmu* z x has be5 prov$ beyond "q t c]ta9 k9ds ( food h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 aggravat+ ! disease1 m p>ticul>ly ^? consi/+ l>gely ( sac*>9e & />*y matt]2 & x may be /at$ g5]ally t ! v>i\s me?ods ( treatm5t propos$ aim at ! elim9ation z f> z possible ( ^! con/itu5ts f ! diet4 ,h5ce x is recomm5d$ t su* articles z bread1 potatoes & all f>9ace\s foods1 turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips & mo/ fruits %\ld be avoid$2 :ile animal food & s\ps1 gre5 vegetables1 cream1 *eese1 eggs1 butt]1 & tea & c(fee )\t sug>1 may be tak5 ) advantage4 ,z a sub/itute = ord9>y bread1 :i* mo/ p]sons f9d x difficult to d )\t = any l5g? ( "t1 bran bread1 glut5 bread & almond biscuits4 ,a pati5t mu/ nev] pass sudd5ly f an ord9>y to a c>bohydrate-free diet4 ,any su* sudd5 transition is extremely liable to br+ on diabetic coma1 & ! *ange mu/ be made q gradually1 "o =m ( c>bohydrate aft] ano!r be+ tak5 out ( ! diet1 :il/ ! effect on ! quantity ( sug> pass$ is be+ c>efully not$ mean:ile4 ,! treatm5t may be begun by exclud+ potatoes1 sug> & fruit1 & only aft] sev]al days is ! bread to be replac$ by "s diabetic sub/itute4 ,:5 ! sug> excretion has be5 r$uc$ to its l[e/ po9t1 & ma9ta9$ !re = "s "t1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bohydrate may be cauti\sly all[$1 ! consequ5t effect on ! glycosuria be+ e/imat$4 ,! be/ diet c only be work$ out exp]im5tally = ea* individual pati5t4 ,b 9 e case1 if dr[s9ess or any symptom sugge/+ coma sup]v5e1 all re/rictions mu/ be )drawn1 & c>bohydrate freely all[$4 ,! "q ( alcohol is "o :i* mu/ be l>gely det]m9$ by ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! pati5t1 b a small quantity w help to make up ! defici5cies ( a diet poor 9 c>bohydrate4 ,scot* & ,iri% :isky1 & ,holl&s g91 are usually free f sug>1 & "s ( ! light ,bordeaux w9es conta9 v little4 ,fat is b5eficial1 & c be giv5 z cream1 fat ( meat & cod-liv] oil4 ,gre5 vegetables are h>mless1 b ! :ite /alks ( cabbages & lettuces & also cel]y & endive yield sug>4 ,laevulose c be assimilat$ up to #a ozs4 daily )\t increas+ ! glycosuria1 & h5ce apples1 cook$ or raw1 are all[able1 z ! sug> !y conta9 is 9 ?is =m4 ,! "q ( milk is some:at disput$2 b x is usual to exclude x f ! rigid diet1 all[+ a c]ta9 quantity :5 ! diet is be+ ext5d$4 ,?ir/ is reliev$ by any?+ t relieves ! polyuria4 ,b hypod]mic injections ( piloc>p9e /imulate ! fl[ ( saliva1 & ?us relieve ! dryness ( ! m\?4 ,con/ipation appe>s to increase ! ?ir/1 & mu/ always be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! be/ rem$ies are ! ap]i5t m9]al wat]s4 ,num]\s m$ic9al sub/ances h be5 employ$ 9 diabetes1 b few ( !m are wor?y ( m5tion z possess$ ( any efficacy4 ,opium is (t5 f\nd ( great s]vice1 its adm9i/ration be+ foll[$ by m>k$ amelioration 9 all ! symptoms4 ,morphia & codeia h a simil> action4 ,9 ! sev]e/ cases1 h[ev]1 ^! drugs appe> to be ( little or no use1 & !y c]ta9ly increase ! con/ipation4 ,h]o9 hydro*loride has be5 tri$ 9 _! place1 b ?is seems to h m p[] ov] slight ?an ov] sev]e cases4 ,salicylate ( sodium & aspir9 are bo? v b5eficial1 caus+ a dim9ution 9 ! sug> excretion )\t c\nt]balanc+ bad effects4 ,9 diabetes insipidus !re is con/ant ?ir/ & an excessive fl[ ( ur9e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd to conta9 any abnormal con/itu5t4 ,its effects ^u ! sy/em are (t5 simil> to ^? ( diabetes mellitus1 except t !y are mu* less m>k$1 ! disease be+ 9 g5]al v sl[ 9 its progress4 ,9 "s cases ! heal? appe>s to suff] v slightly4 ,x is r>ely a direct cause ( dea?1 b f its debilitat+ effects may pr$ispose to s]i\s & fatal complications4 ,x is be/ treat$ by tonics & g5]\s diet4 ,val]ian has be5 f\nd b5eficial1 ! p[d]$ root be+ giv5 9 #e-;gra9 doses4 ,,diabolo1 a game play$ ) a sort ( top 9 ! %ape ( two cones jo9$ at _! apices1 :i* is spun1 ?r[n1 & caught by means ( a cord /rung to two /icks4 ,! idea ( ! game appe>s orig9ally to h come f ,*9a1 :]e a top 7,k\5g571 made ( two holl[ pi]c$ cyl9d]s ( metal or wood1 jo9$ by a rod--& (t5 ( imm5se size1--0 made by rotation to hum ) a l\d noise1 & 0 us$ by p$l>s to attract cu/om]s4 ,f ,*9a x 0 introduc$ by mission>ies to ,europe2 & a =m ( ! game1 kn[n z ! devil on two /icks1 appe>s to h be5 kn[n 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & ,"l ,mac>tney is cr$it$ ) improvem5ts 9 x4 ,b its pr9cipal vogue 0 9 ,france 9 #ahab1 :]e ! top 0 call$ le diable4 ,amus+ old pr9ts exi/ 7see ,fry's ,magaz9e1 ,m>* & ,decemb] #aijg71 depict+ examples ( ! popul> craze 9 ,france at ! "t4 ,! diable ( ^? days resembl$ a globul> wood5 dumb-bell ) a %ort wai/1 & ! sonor\s hum :5 sp9n+--! bruit du diable--0 a pron\nc$ feature4 ,at int]vals dur+ ! c5tury occasional attempts to revive ! game ( sp9n+ a top ( ?is sort on a /r+ 7 made1 b x 0 n till #aijf t ! s5sation ( #ahab began to be repeat$4 ,a ,fr5* eng9e]1 ,gu/ave ,phillip>t1 discov]+ "s old implem5ts ( ! game1 _h exp]im5t$ = "s "t ) new =ms ( top ) a view to br++ x aga9 into popul>ity2 & hav+ devis$ ! d\ble-cone %ape1 & add$ a m9iature bicycle tire ( rubb] r\nd ! rims ( ! two ends ( ! d\ble-cone1 ) o!r improvem5ts1 he nam$ x diabolo4 ,! use ( celluloid 9 pref]5ce to metal or wood z its mat]ial appe>s to h be5 due to a sugge/ion ( ,mr ,c4 ,b4 ,fry1 :o 0 consult$ by ! inv5tor on ! subject4 ,! game ( sp9n+1 ?r[+ & cat*+ ! diabolo 0 rapidly elaborat$ 9 v>i\s directions1 bo? z an ex]cise ( skill 9 do+ tricks1 & 9 diabolo t5nis & o!r ways z an a?letic pa/ime4 ,f ,p>is1 ,o/5d & ! *ief ,fr5* seaside resorts1 :]e x became popul> 9 #aijf1 its vogue spread 9 #aijg s t 9 ,france & ,engl& x became ! fa%ionable rage among bo? *ildr5 & adults4 ,! me*anics ( ! diabolo 7 work$ out by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,v4 ,boys 9 ! ,proc4 ,phys4 ,soc4 7,london71 ,nov4 #aijg4 ,,diaconicon1 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ! "n giv5 to a *amb] on ! s\? side ( ! c5tral apse1 :]e ! sacr$ ut5sils1 vessels1 c41 ( ! *ur* 7 kept4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ju/9 ,,ii4 7#efe-egd71 ow+ to a *ange 9 ! liturgy1 ! diaconicon & pro!ses 7 locat$ 9 apses at ! ea/ end ( ! aisles4 ,be=e t "t !re 0 only "o apse4 ,9 ! *ur*es 9 c5tral ,syria ( slightly e>li] date1 ! diaconicon is rectangul>1 ! side apses at ,kalat-,seman hav+ be5 add$ at a lat] date4 ,,diado*i 7,gr4 ,greek3 diade*e/hai1 to receive f ano!r71 i4e4 ,successors1 ! "n giv5 to ! ,mac$onian g5]als :o f\ght = ! empire ( ,alex&] aft] 8 dea? 9 #cbc ,b4,c4 ,! "n includes ,antigonus & 8 son ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 ,antipat] & 8 son ,cass&]1 ,seleucus1 ,ptolemy1 ,eum5es & ,lysima*us4 ,! k+doms into :i* ! ,mac$onian empire 0 divid$ "u ^! rul]s are kn[n z ,hell5i/ic4 ,! *ief 7 ,asia ,m9or & ,syria "u ! ,,seleucid ,,dyna/y 7q4v471 ,egypt "u ! ,,ptolemies 7q4v471 ,mac$onia "u ! successors ( ,antigonus ,gonatas1 ,,p]gamum 7q4v47 "u ! ,attalid dyna/y4 ,gradually ^! k+doms 7 m]g$ 9 ! ,roman empire4 7,see ,,mac$onian ,,empire47 ,,diagonal 7,gr4 ,greek3 dia1 ?r\gh1 ,greek3 gnia1 a corn]71 9 geometry1 a l9e jo9+ ! int]sections ( two pairs ( sides ( a rectil9e> figure4 ,,diagoras1 ( ,melos1 surnam$ ! ,a!i/1 poet & sophi/1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! second half ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,religi\s 9 8 y\? & a writ] ( hymns & di?yrambs1 he became an a!i/ because a great wrong done to him 0 left unpuni%$ by ! gods4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 blasphem\s spee*es1 & especially 8 criticism ( ! ,my/]ies1 he 0 condemn$ to dea? at ,a!ns1 & a price set ^u 8 head 7,ari/oph4 ,cl\ds1 #hcj2 ,birds1 #ajgc & ,s*ol474 ,he fl$ to ,cor9?1 :]e he is said to h di$4 ,8 "w on ! ,my/]ies 0 call$ ,greek ,phrygioi logoi or ,greek3 ,apopyrgizontes1 9 :i* he probably attack$ ! ,phrygian div9ities4 ,,diagram 7,gr4 ,greek3 diagramma1 f ,greek3 diagraphe91 to m>k out by l9es71 a figure drawn 9 su* a mann] t ! geometrical relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! figure illu/rate relations betwe5 o!r objects4 ,!y may be class$ accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are int5d$ to be us$1 & also accord+ to ! k9d ( analogy :i* we recognize betwe5 ! diagram & ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,! diagrams 9 ma!matical treatises are int5d$ to help ! read] to foll[ ! ma!matical reason+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! figure is def9$ 9 words s t ev5 if no figure 7 drawn ! read] c\ld draw "o = himself4 ,! diagram is a good "o if ^? features :i* =m ! subject ( ! proposition are cle>ly repres5t$4 ,diagrams are also employ$ 9 an entirely diff]5t way--namely1 = purposes ( measurem5t4 ,! plans & designs drawn by ar*itects & eng9e]s are us$ to det]m9e ! value ( c]ta9 real magnitudes by measur+ c]ta9 di/ances on ! diagram4 ,= su* purposes x is ess5tial t ! draw+ be z accurate z possible4 ,we !re=e class diagrams z diagrams ( illu/ration1 :i* m]ely sugge/ c]ta9 relations to ! m9d ( ! spectator1 & diagrams drawn to scale1 f :i* measurem5ts are int5d$ to be made4 ,!re are "s diagrams or s*emes1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! =m ( ! p>ts is ( no importance1 provid$ _! connexions are prop]ly %[n4 ,( ?is k9d are ! diagrams ( electrical connexions1 & ^? belong+ to t dep>tm5t ( geometry :i* treats ( ! degrees ( cyclosis1 p]iphraxy1 l9k$ness & knott$ness4 ,diagrams purely ,graphic & mix$ ,symbolic & ,graphic4--,diagrams may also be class$ ei!r z purely graphical diagrams1 9 :i* no symbols are employ$ except lett]s or o!r m>ks to di/+ui% p>ticul> po9ts ( ! diagrams1 & mix$ diagrams1 9 :i* c]ta9 magnitudes are repres5t$1 n by ! magnitudes ( p>ts ( ! diagram1 b by symbols1 su* z numb]s writt5 on ! diagram4 ,?us 9 a map ! height ( places above ! level ( ! sea is (t5 indicat$ by m>k+ ! numb] ( feet above ! sea at ! correspond+ places on ! map4 ,!re is ano!r me?od 9 :i* a l9e call$ a cont\r l9e is drawn ?r\gh all ! places 9 ! map ^: height above ! sea is a c]ta9 numb] ( feet1 & ! numb] ( feet is writt5 at "s po9t or po9ts ( ?is l9e4 ,by ! use ( a s]ies ( cont\r l9es1 ! height ( a great numb] ( places c be indicat$ on a map by means ( a small numb] ( writt5 symbols4 ,/ill ?is me?od is n a purely graphical me?od1 b a p>tly symbolical me?od ( express+ ! ?ird dim5sion ( objects on a diagram 9 two dim5sions4 ,9 ord] to express completely by a purely graphical me?od ! relations ( magnitudes involv+ m ?an two v>iables1 we mu/ use m ?an "o diagram4 ,?us 9 ! arts ( con/ruction we use plans & elevations & sections ?r\gh diff]5t planes1 to specify ! =m ( objects hav+ ?ree dim5sions4 ,9 su* sy/ems ( diagrams we h to indicate t a po9t 9 "o diagram corresponds to a po9t 9 ano!r diagram4 ,?is is g5]ally done by m>k+ ! correspond+ po9ts 9 ! diff]5t diagrams ) ! same lett]4 ,if ! diagrams are drawn on ! same piece ( pap] we may indicate correspond+ po9ts by draw+ a l9e f "o to ! o!r1 tak+ c>e t ?is l9e ( correspond5ce is s drawn t x _c be mi/ak5 = a real l9e 9 ei!r diagram4 7,see ,,geometry3 ,descriptive47 ,9 ! /]eoscope ! two diagrams1 by ! comb9$ use ( :i* ! =m ( bodies 9 ?ree dim5sions is recogniz$1 are projections ( ! bodies tak5 f two po9ts s ne> ea* o!r t1 by view+ ! two diagrams simultane\sly1 "o ) ea* eye1 we id5tify ! correspond+ po9ts intuitively4 ,! me?od 9 :i* we simultane\sly contemplate two figures1 & recognize a correspond5ce betwe5 c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! "o figure & c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! o!r1 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & f]tile me?ods hi!rto kn[n 9 sci5ce4 ,?us 9 pure geometry ! !ories ( simil>1 reciprocal & inv]se figures h l$ to _m ext5sions ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z ! me?od or pr9ciple ( ,duality4 ,,geometry3 ,projective47 ,,diagrams ,,9 ,,me*anics4 ,! /udy ( ! motion ( a mat]ial sy/em is mu* assi/$ by ! use ( a s]ies ( diagrams repres5t+ ! configuration1 displacem5t & accel]ation ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,diagram ( ,configuration4--,9 consid]+ a mat]ial sy/em x is (t5 conv5i5t to suppose t we h a record ( its position at any giv5 in/ant 9 ! =m ( a diagram ( configuration4 ,! position ( any p>ticle ( ! sy/em is def9$ by draw+ a /raight l9e or vector f ! orig91 or po9t ( ref]5ce1 to ! giv5 p>ticle4 ,! position ( ! p>ticle ) respect to ! orig9 is det]m9$ by ! magnitude & direction ( ?is vector4 ,if 9 ! diagram we draw f ! orig9 7:i* ne$ n be ! same po9t ( space z ! orig9 = ! mat]ial sy/em7 a vector equal & p>allel to ! vector :i* det]m9es ! position ( ! p>ticle1 ! end ( ?is vector w indicate ! position ( ! p>ticle 9 ! diagram ( configuration4 ,if ?is is done = all ! p>ticles we %all h a sy/em ( po9ts 9 ! diagram ( configuration1 ea* ( :i* corresponds to a p>ticle ( ! mat]ial sy/em1 & ! relative positions ( any pair ( ^! po9ts w be ! same z ! relative positions ( ! mat]ial p>ticles :i* correspond to !m4 ,we h hi!rto spok5 ( two orig9s or po9ts f :i* ! vectors are suppos$ to be drawn--"o = ! mat]ial sy/em1 ! o!r = ! diagram4 ,^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 & ! vectors drawn f !m1 may n[ be omitt$1 s t we h on ! "o h& ! mat]ial sy/em & on ! o!r a set ( po9ts1 ea* po9t correspond+ to a p>ticle ( ! sy/em1 & ! :ole repres5t+ ! configuration ( ! sy/em at a giv5 in/ant4 ,?is is call$ a diagram ( configuration4 ,diagram ( ,displacem5t4--,let u next consid] two diagrams ( configuration ( ! same sy/em1 correspond+ to two diff]5t in/ants4 ,we call ! fir/ ! initial configuration & ! second ! f9al configuration1 & ! passage f ! "o configuration to ! o!r we call ! displacem5t ( ! sy/em4 ,we d n at pres5t consid] ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! displacem5t 0 effect$1 nor ! int]m$iate /ages ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 b only ! f9al result--a *ange ( configuration4 ,to /udy ?is *ange we con/ruct a diagram ( displacem5t4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,c be ! po9ts 9 ! initial diagram ( configuration1 & ,a'1 ,b'1 ,c' be ! correspond+ po9ts 9 ! f9al diagram ( configuration4 ,f o1 ! orig9 ( ! diagram ( displacem5t1 draw a vector oa equal & p>allel to ,,aa'1 ob equal & p>allel to ,,bb'1 oc to ,,cc'1 & s on4 ,! po9ts a1 b1 c1 c41 w be su* t ! vector ab indicates ! displacem5t ( ,b relative to ,a1 & s on4 ,! diagram conta9+ ! po9ts a1 b1 c1 c41 is !re=e call$ ! diagram ( displacem5t4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! diagram ( displacem5t we h hi!rto assum$ t we "k ! absolute displacem5ts ( ! po9ts ( ! sy/em4 ,= we are requir$ to draw a l9e equal & p>allel to ,,aa'1 :i* we _c d unless we "k ! absolute f9al position ( ,a1 ) respect to its initial position4 ,9 ?is diagram ( displacem5t !re is !re=e1 besides ! po9ts a1 b1 c1 c41 an orig91 o1 :i* repres5ts a po9t absolutely fix$ 9 space4 ,?is is necess>y because ! two configurations d n exi/ at ! same "t2 & !re=e to express _! relative position we require to "k a po9t :i* rema9s ! same at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! "t4 ,b we may con/ruct ! diagram 9 ano!r way :i* does n assume a k ( absolute displacem5t or ( a po9t fix$ 9 space4 ,assum+ any po9t & call+ x a1 draw ak p>allel & equal to ,,ba 9 ! initial configuration1 & f k draw kb p>allel & equal to ,a',b' 9 ! f9al configuration4 ,x is easy to see t ! position ( ! po9t b relative to a w be ! same by ?is con/ruction z by ! =m] con/ruction1 only we mu/ obs]ve t 9 ?is second con/ruction we use only vectors su* z ,,ab1 ,a',b'1 :i* repres5t ! relative position ( po9ts bo? ( :i* exi/ simultane\sly1 in/ead ( vectors su* z ,,aa'1 ,,bb'1 :i* express ! position ( a po9t at "o in/ant relative to its position at a =m] in/ant1 & :i* !re=e _c be det]m9$ by obs]vation1 because ! two ends ( ! vector d n exi/ simultane\sly4 ,x appe>s !re=e t ! diagram ( displacem5ts1 :5 drawn by ! fir/ con/ruction1 includes an orig9 o1 :i* indicates t we h assum$ a k ( absolute displacem5ts4 ,b no su* po9t occurs 9 ! second con/ruction1 because we use su* vectors only z we c actually obs]ve4 ,h5ce ! diagram ( displacem5ts )\t an orig9 repres5ts nei!r m nor less ?an all we c ev] "k ab\t ! displacem5t ( ! mat]ial sy/em4 ,diagram ( ,velocity4--,if ! relative velocities ( ! po9ts ( ! sy/em are con/ant1 !n ! diagram ( displacem5t correspond+ to an int]val ( a unit ( "t betwe5 ! initial & ! f9al configuration is call$ a diagram ( relative velocity4 ,if ! relative velocities are n con/ant1 we suppose ano!r sy/em 9 :i* ! velocities are equal to ! velocities ( ! giv5 sy/em at ! giv5 in/ant & cont9ue con/ant = a unit ( "t4 ,! diagram ( displacem5ts = ?is imag9>y sy/em is ! requir$ diagram ( relative velocities ( ! actual sy/em at ! giv5 in/ant4 ,x is easy to see t ! diagram gives ! velocity ( any "o po9t relative to any o!r1 b _c give ! absolute velocity ( any ( !m4 ,diagram ( ,accel]ation4--,by ! same process by :i* we =m$ ! diagram ( displacem5ts f ! two diagrams ( initial & f9al configuration1 we may =m a diagram ( *anges ( relative velocity f ! two diagrams ( initial & f9al velocities4 ,?is diagram may be call$ t ( total accel]ations 9 a f9ite int]val ( "t4 ,& by ! same process by :i* we d$uc$ ! diagram ( velocities f t ( displacem5ts we may d$uce ! diagram ( rates ( accel]ation f t ( total accel]ation4 ,we h m5tion$ ?is sy/em ( diagrams 9 elem5t>y k9ematics because !y are f\nd to be ( use especially :5 we h to deal ) mat]ial sy/ems conta9+ a great numb] ( p>ts1 z 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,! diagram ( configuration !n appe>s z a region ( space sw>m+ ) po9ts repres5t+ molecules1 & ! only way 9 :i* we c inve/igate x is by consid]+ ! numb] ( su* po9ts 9 unit ( volume 9 diff]5t p>ts ( t region1 & call+ ?is ! d5sity ( ! gas4 ,9 l mann] ! diagram ( velocities appe>s z a region conta9+ po9ts equal 9 numb] b di/ribut$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & ! numb] ( po9ts 9 any giv5 portion ( ! region expresses ! numb] ( molecules ^: velocities lie )9 giv5 limits4 ,we may speak ( ?is z ! velocity-d5sity4 ,diagrams ( ,/ress4--,graphical me?ods are peculi>ly applicable to /atical que/ions1 because ! /ate ( ! sy/em is con/ant1 s t we d n ne$ to con/ruct a s]ies ( diagrams correspond+ to ! successive /ates ( ! sy/em4 ,! mo/ useful ( ^! applications1 collectively t]m$ ,graphic ,/atics1 relates to ! equilibrium ( plane fram$ /ructures famili>ly repres5t$ 9 bridges & ro(-trusses4 ,two diagrams are us$1 "o call$ ! diagram ( ! frame & ! o!r call$ ! diagram ( /ress4 ,! /ructure itself consi/s ( a numb] ( sep>able pieces or l9ks jo9t$ toge!r at _! extremities4 ,9 practice ^! jo9ts h friction1 or may be made purposely /iff1 s t ! =ce act+ at ! extremity ( a piece may n pass exactly ?r\gh ! axis ( ! jo9t2 b z x is unsafe to make ! /ability ( ! /ructure dep5d 9 any degree ^u ! /iffness ( jo9ts1 we assume 9 our calculations t all ! jo9ts are p]fectly smoo?1 & !re=e t ! =ce act+ on ! end ( any l9k passes ?r\gh ! axis ( ! jo9t4 ,! axes ( ! jo9ts ( ! /ructure are repres5t$ by po9ts 9 ! diagram ( ! frame4 ,! l9k :i* connects two jo9ts 9 ! actual /ructure may be ( any %ape1 b 9 ! diagram ( ! frame x is repres5t$ by a /raight l9e jo9+ ! po9ts repres5t+ ! two jo9ts4 ,if no =ce acts on ! l9k except ! two =ces act+ ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! jo9ts1 ^! two =ces mu/ be equal & opposite1 & _! direction mu/ co9cide ) ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( ! jo9ts4 ,if ! =ce act+ on ei!r extremity ( ! l9k is direct$ t[>ds ! o!r extremity1 ! /ress on ! l9k is call$ pressure & ! l9k is call$ a /rut4 ,if x is direct$ away f ! o!r extremity1 ! /ress on ! l9k is call$ t5sion & ! l9k is call$ a tie4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! only /ress act+ 9 a l9k is a pressure or a t5sion 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e :i* repres5ts x 9 ! diagram ( ! frame1 & all t we h to d is to f9d ! magnitude ( ?is /ress4 ,9 ! actual /ructure gravity acts on e "p ( ! l9k1 b 9 ! diagram we sub/itute = ! actual weight ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! l9k two weights :i* h ! same resultant act+ at ! extremities ( ! l9k4 ,we may n[ treat ! diagram ( ! frame z compos$ ( l9ks )\t weight1 b load$ at ea* jo9t ) a weight made up ( portions ( ! weights ( all ! l9ks :i* meet 9 t jo9t4 ,if any l9k has m ?an two jo9ts we may sub/itute = x 9 ! diagram an imag9>y /iff frame1 consi/+ ( l9ks1 ea* ( :i* has only two jo9ts4 ,! diagram ( ! frame is n[ r$uc$ to a sy/em ( po9ts1 c]ta9 pairs ( :i* are jo9$ by /raight l9es1 & ea* po9t is 9 g5]al act$ on by a weight or o!r =ce act+ betwe5 x & "s po9t ext]nal to ! sy/em4 ,to complete ! diagram we may repres5t ^! ext]nal =ces z l9ks1 t is to say1 /raight l9es jo9+ ! po9ts ( ! frame to po9ts ext]nal to ! frame4 ,?us ea* weight may be repres5t$ by a l9k jo9+ ! po9t ( application ( ! weight ) ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,b we c always con/ruct an imag9>y frame hav+ its jo9ts 9 ! l9es ( action ( ^! ext]nal =ces1 & ?is frame1 toge!r ) ! real frame & ! l9ks repres5t+ ext]nal =ces1 :i* jo9 po9ts 9 ! "o frame to po9ts 9 ! o!r frame1 make up toge!r a complete self-/ra9$ sy/em 9 equilibrium1 consi/+ ( po9ts connect$ by l9ks act+ by pressure or t5sion4 ,we may 9 ?is way r$uce any real /ructure to ! case ( a sy/em ( po9ts ) attractive or repulsive =ces act+ betwe5 c]ta9 pairs ( ^! po9ts1 & keep+ !m 9 equilibrium4 ,! direction ( ea* ( ^! =ces is suffici5tly indicat$ by t ( ! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts1 s t we h only to det]m9e its magnitude4 ,we might d ?is by calculation1 & !n write d[n on ea* l9k ! pressure or ! t5sion :i* acts 9 x4 ,we %\ld 9 ?is way obta9 a mix$ diagram 9 :i* ! /resses are repres5t$ graphically z reg>ds direction & position1 b symbolically z reg>ds magnitude4 ,b we "k t a =ce may be repres5t$ 9 a purely graphical mann] by a /raight l9e 9 ! direction ( ! =ce conta9+ z _m units ( l5g? z !re are units ( =ce 9 ! =ce4 ,! end ( ?is l9e is m>k$ ) an arr[ head to %[ 9 :i* direction ! =ce acts4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ea* =ce is drawn 9 its prop] position 9 ! diagram ( configuration ( ! frame4 ,su* a diagram might be useful z a record ( ! result ( calculation ( ! magnitude ( ! =ces1 b x w\ld be ( no use 9 enabl+ u to te/ ! correctness ( ! calculation4 ,b we h a graphical me?od ( te/+ ! equilibrium ( any set ( =ces act+ at a po9t4 ,we draw 9 s]ies a set ( l9es p>allel & proportional to ^! =ces4 ,if ^! l9es =m a clos$ polygon ! =ces are 9 equilibrium4 7,see ,,me*anics47 ,we might 9 ?is way =m a s]ies ( polygons ( =ces1 "o = ea* jo9t ( ! frame4 ,b 9 s do+ we give up ! pr9ciple ( draw+ ! l9e repres5t+ a =ce f ! po9t ( application ( ! =ce1 = all ! sides ( ! polygon _c pass ?r\gh ! same po9t1 z ! =ces d4 ,we also repres5t e /ress twice ov]1 = x appe>s z a side ( bo? ! polygons correspond+ to ! two jo9ts betwe5 :i* x acts4 ,b if we c arrange ! polygons 9 su* a way t ! sides ( any two polygons :i* repres5t ! same /ress co9cide ) ea* o!r1 we may =m a diagram 9 :i* e /ress is repres5t$ 9 direction & magnitude1 ?\gh n 9 position1 by a s+le l9e :i* is ! common b\nd>y ( ! two polygons :i* repres5t ! jo9ts at ! extremities ( ! correspond+ piece ( ! frame4 ,we h ?us obta9$ a pure diagram ( /ress 9 :i* no attempt is made to repres5t ! configuration ( ! mat]ial sy/em1 & 9 :i* e =ce is n only repres5t$ 9 direction & magnitude by a /raight l9e1 b ! equilibrium ( ! =ces at any jo9t is manife/ by inspection1 = we h only to exam9e :e!r ! correspond+ polygon is clos$ or n4 ,! relations betwe5 ! diagram ( ! frame & ! diagram ( /ress are z foll[s3--,to e l9k 9 ! frame corresponds a /raight l9e 9 ! diagram ( /ress :i* repres5ts 9 magnitude & direction ! /ress act+ 9 t l9k2 & to e jo9t ( ! frame corresponds a clos$ polygon 9 ! diagram1 & ! =ces act+ at t jo9t are repres5t$ by ! sides ( ! polygon tak5 9 a c]ta9 cyclical ord]1 ! cyclical ord] ( ! sides ( ! two adjac5t polygons be+ su* t _! common side is trac$ 9 opposite directions 9 go+ r\nd ! two polygons4 ,! direction 9 :i* any side ( a polygon is trac$ is ! direction ( ! =ce act+ on t jo9t ( ! frame :i* corresponds to ! polygon1 & due to t l9k ( ! frame :i* corresponds to ! side4 ,?is det]m9es :e!r ! /ress ( ! l9k is a pressure or a t5sion4 ,if we "k :e!r ! /ress ( any "o l9k is a pressure or a t5sion1 ?is det]m9es ! cyclical ord] ( ! sides ( ! two polygons correspond+ to ! ends ( ! l9ks1 & !re=e ! cyclical ord] ( all ! polygons1 & ! nature ( ! /ress 9 e l9k ( ! frame4 ,reciprocal ,diagrams4--,:5 to e po9t ( conc\rse ( ! l9es 9 ! diagram ( /ress corresponds a clos$ polygon 9 ! skeleton ( ! frame1 ! two diagrams are said to be reciprocal4 ,! fir/ ext5sions ( ! me?od ( diagrams ( =ces to o!r cases ?an t ( ! funicul> polygon 7 giv5 by ,rank9e 9 8 ,appli$ ,me*anics 7#aheg74 ,! me?od 0 indep5d5tly appli$ to a l>ge numb] ( cases by ,w4 ,p4 ,taylor1 a practical draughtsman 9 ! (fice ( ,j4 ,b4 ,co*rane1 & by ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 8 lectures 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = #ahfd ! latt] po9t$ out ! reciprocal prop]ties ( ! two diagrams1 & 9 a pap] on ,reciprocal ,figures1 ,frames & ,diagrams ( ,=ces1 ,trans4 ,r4,s4 ,ed94 vol4 xxvi41 #ahgj1 he %[$ ! relation ( ! me?od to ,airy's function ( /ress & to o!r ma!matical me?ods4 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 has giv5 a numb] ( applications ( ! me?od to practice 7,trans4 ,r4,s4 ,ed94 vol4 xxv474 ,l4 ,cremona 7,le ,figure recipro*e nella /atica grafica1 #ahgb7 d$uc$ ! con/ruction ( reciprocal figures f ! !ory ( ! two compon5ts ( a wr5* z develop$ by ,mbius4 ,k>l ,culmann1 9 8 ,graphis*e ,/atik 7#a/ ed4 #ahfd-ahff1 #bnd ed4 #ahge71 made great use ( diagrams ( =ces1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are n reciprocal4 ,maurice ,levy 9 8 ,/atique graphique 7#ahgd7 has treat$ ! :ole subject 9 an elem5t>y b copi\s mann]1 & ,r4 ,h4 ,b[1 9 8 ,! ,economics ( ,con/ruction 9 ,relation to ,fram$ ,/ructures 7#ahgc71 mat]ially simplifi$ ! process ( draw+ a diagram ( /ress reciprocal to a giv5 frame act$ on by a sy/em ( equilibrat+ ext]nal =ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,diagram ( ,configuration4 ,in/ead ( lett]+ ! jo9ts ( ! frame1 z is usually done1 or ! l9ks ( ! frame1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,b[ places a lett] 9 ea* ( ! polygonal areas enclos$ by ! l9ks ( ! frame1 & also 9 ea* ( ! divisions ( surr\nd+ space z sep>at$ by ! l9es ( action ( ! ext]nal =ces4 ,:5 "o l9k ( ! frame crosses ano!r1 ! po9t ( app>5t int]section ( ! l9ks is treat$ z if x 7 a real jo9t1 & ! /resses ( ea* ( ! int]sect+ l9ks are repres5t$ twice 9 ! diagram ( /ress1 z ! opposite sides ( ! p>allelogram :i* corresponds to ! po9t ( int]section4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ 9 ! lett]+ ( ! diagram ( configuration 7fig4 #a71 & ! diagram ( /ress 7fig4 #b7 ( ! l9kwork :i* ,pr(essor ,sylve/] has call$ a quadruplane4 ,9 fig4 #a ! real jo9ts are di/+ui%$ f ! places :]e "o l9k appe>s to cross ano!r by ! little circles ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 ,v4 ,! f\r l9ks ,,r/v =m a contrap>allelogram 9 :i* ,,rs ,,tv & ,,rv ,,/4 ,! triangles ,,ros1 ,,rpv1 ,,tqs are simil> to ea* o!r4 ,a f\r? triangle 7,,tnv71 n drawn 9 ! figure1 w\ld complete ! quadruplane4 ,! f\r po9ts ,o1 ,p1 ,n1 ,q =m a p>allelogram ^: angle ,,poq is con/ant & equal to pi - ,,sor4 ,! product ( ! di/ances ,,op & ,,oq is con/ant4 ,! l9kwork may be fix$ at ,o4 ,if any figure is trac$ by ,p1 ,q w trace ! inv]se figure1 b turn$ r\nd ,o ?r\gh ! con/ant angle ,,poq4 ,9 ! diagram =ces ,pp1 ,qq are balanc$ by ! =ce ,co at ! fix$ po9t4 ,! =ces ,pp & ,qq are necess>ily inv]sely z ,,op & ,,oq1 & make equal angles ) ^? l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,diagram ( ,/ress4 ,e clos$ area =m$ by ! l9ks or ! ext]nal =ces 9 ! diagram ( configuration is m>k$ by a lett] :i* corresponds to a po9t ( conc\rse ( l9es 9 ! diagram ( /ress4 ,! /ress 9 ! l9k :i* is ! common b\nd>y ( two areas is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram ( /ress by ! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts correspond+ to ^? areas4 ,:5 a l9k is divid$ into two or m p>ts by l9es cross+ x1 ! /ress 9 ea* "p is repres5t$ by a diff]5t l9e = ea* "p1 b z ! /ress is ! same ?r\gh\t ! l9k ^! l9es are all equal & p>allel4 ,?us 9 ! figure ! /ress 9 ,,rv is repres5t$ by ! f\r equal & p>allel l9es ,,hi1 ,,fg1 ,,de & ,,ab4 ,if two areas h no "p ( _! b\nd>y 9 common ! lett]s correspond+ to !m 9 ! diagram ( /ress are n jo9$ by a /raight l9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a /raight l9e 7 drawn betwe5 !m1 x w\ld repres5t 9 direction & magnitude ! resultant ( all ! /resses 9 ! l9ks :i* are cut by any l9e1 /raight or curv$1 jo9+ ! two areas4 ,= in/ance ! areas ,f & ,c 9 fig4 #a h no common b\nd>y1 & ! po9ts ,f & ,c 9 fig4 #b are n jo9$ by a /raight l9e4 ,b e pa? f ! area ,f to ! area ,c 9 fig4 #a passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( o!r areas1 & ea* passage f "o area into a contigu\s area corresponds to a l9e drawn 9 ! diagram ( /ress4 ,h5ce ! :ole pa? f ,f to ,c 9 fig4 #a corresponds to a pa? =m$ ( l9es 9 fig4 #b & ext5d+ f ,f to ,c1 & ! resultant ( all ! /resses 9 ! l9ks cut by ! pa? is repres5t$ by ,,fc 9 fig4 #b4 ,_m examples ( /ress diagrams are giv5 9 ! article on ,,bridges 7q4v474 ,automatic ,description ( ,diagrams4 ,!re are _m o!r k9ds ( diagrams 9 :i* ! two co-ord9ates ( a po9t 9 a plane are employ$ to indicate ! simultane\s values ( two relat$ quantities4 ,if a %eet ( pap] is made to move1 say horizontally1 ) a con/ant kn[n velocity1 :ile a trac+ po9t is made to move 9 a v]tical /raight l9e1 ! height v>y+ z ! value ( any giv5 physical quantity1 ! po9t w trace out a curve on ! pap] f :i* ! value ( t quantity at any giv5 "t may be det]m9$4 ,?is pr9ciple is appli$ to ! automatic regi/ration ( ph5om5a ( all k9ds1 f ^? ( meteorology & t]re/rial magnetism to ! velocity ( cannon-%ot1 ! vibrations ( s\nd+ bodies1 ! motions ( animals1 volunt>y & involunt>y1 & ! curr5ts 9 electric telegraphs4 ,9 ,watt's indicator = /eam eng9es ! pap] does n move ) a con/ant velocity1 b its displacem5t is proportional to t ( ! pi/on ( ! eng9e1 :ile t ( ! trac+ po9t is proportional to ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,h5ce ! co-ord9ates ( a po9t ( ! curve trac$ on ! diagram repres5t ! volume & ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! indicator-diagram n only supplies a record ( ! pressure ( ! /eam at ea* /age ( ! /roke ( ! eng9e1 b indicates ! "w done by ! /eam 9 ea* /roke by ! area enclos$ by ! curve trac$ on ! diagram4 7,j4 ,c4 ,m47 ,,dial & ,,diall+4 ,diall+1 sometimes call$ gnomonics1 is a bran* ( appli$ ma!matics :i* treats ( ! con/ruction ( sun-dials1 t is1 ( ^? in/rum5ts1 ei!r fix$ or portable1 :i* det]m9e ! divisions ( ! day 7,lat4 dies7 by ! motion ( ! %ad[ ( "s object on :i* ! sun's rays fall4 ,x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ applications ( a k ( ! app>5t motion ( ! sun2 ?\gh = a long "t m5 w\ld probably be satisfi$ ) ! division into morn+ & aft]noon z m>k$ by sun-rise1 sun-set & ! greate/ elevation4 ,hi/ory4--,! e>lie/ m5tion ( a sun-dial is f\nd 9 ,isaiah xxxviii4 #h3 ,behold1 ,i w br+ aga9 ! %ad[ ( ! degrees :i* is gone d[n 9 ! sun-dial ( ,ahaz t5 degrees backw>d4 ,! date ( ?is w\ld be ab\t #gjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 b we "k no?+ ( ! "* or con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! e>lie/ ( all sun-dials ( :i* we h any c]ta9 k 0 ! hemicycle1 or hemisph]e1 ( ! ,*aldaean a/ronom] ,b]ossus1 :o probably liv$ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,x consi/$ ( a holl[ hemisph]e plac$ ) its rim p]fectly horizontal1 & hav+ a bead1 or globule1 fix$ 9 any way at ! c5tre4 ,s long z ! sun rema9$ above ! horizon ! %ad[ ( ! bead w\ld fall on ! inside ( ! hemisph]e1 & ! pa? ( ! %ad[ dur+ ! day w\ld be approximately a circul> arc4 ,?is arc1 divid$ into twelve equal p>ts1 det]m9$ twelve equal int]vals ( "t = t day4 ,n[1 suppos+ ?is 7 done at ! "t ( ! sol/ices & equ9oxes1 & on z _m int]m$iate days z might be consid]$ suffici5t1 & !n curve l9es drawn ?r\gh ! correspond+ po9ts ( division ( ! diff]5t arcs1 ! %ad[ ( ! bead fall+ on "o ( ^! curve l9es w\ld m>k a division ( "t = t day1 & ?us we %\ld h a sun-dial :i* w\ld divide ea* p]iod ( daylight into twelve equal p>ts4 ,^! equal p>ts 7 call$ tempor>y h\rs2 &1 s9ce ! duration ( daylight v>ies f day to day1 ! tempor>y h\rs ( "o day w\ld diff] f ^? ( ano!r2 b ?is inequality w\ld probably be disreg>d$ at t "t1 & especially 9 c\ntries :]e ! v>iation betwe5 ! longe/ summ] day & ! %orte/ w9t] day is mu* less ?an 9 our climates4 ,! dial ( ,b]ossus rema9$ 9 use = c5turies4 ,! ,arabians1 z appe>s f ! "w ( ,albategnius1 /ill foll[$ ! same con/ruction ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ijj4 ,f\r ( ^! dials h 9 mod]n times be5 f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,"o1 discov]$ at ,tivoli 9 #agdf1 is suppos$ to h belong$ to ,cic]o1 :o1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 says t he _h s5t a dial ( ?is k9d to 8 villa ne> ,tusculum4 ,! second & ?ird 7 f\nd 9 #agea--"o at ,ca/el-,nuovo & ! o!r at ,rignano2 & a f\r? 0 f\nd 9 #agfb at ,pompeii4 ,g4 ,h4 ,m>t9i 9 8 ,abh&lung5 von d5 ,sonn5uhr5 d] ,alt5 7,leipzig1 #aggg71 says t ?is dial 0 made = ! latitude ( ,memphis2 x may !re=e be ! "w ( ,egyptians1 p]haps con/ruct$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria4 ,h]odotus record$ t ! ,greeks d]iv$ f ! ,babylonians ! use ( ! gnomon1 b ! great progress made by ! ,greeks 9 geometry enabl$ !m 9 lat] times to con/ruct dials ( great complexity1 "s ( :i* rema9 to u1 & are pro( n only ( ext5sive k b also ( great +5uity4 ,ptolemy's ,almage/ treats ( ! con/ruction ( dials by means ( 8 analemma1 an in/rum5t :i* solv$ a v>iety ( a/ronomical problems4 ,! con/ructions giv5 by him 7 suffici5t = regul> dials1 t is1 horizontal dials1 or v]tical dials fac+ ea/1 we/1 nor? or s\?1 & ^! are ! only ones he treats (4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! anci5ts 7 able to con/ruct decl9+ dials1 z is %[n by t mo/ int]e/+ monum5t ( anci5t gnomics--! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns4 ,?is is a regul> octagon1 on ! faces ( :i* ! eight pr9cipal w9ds are repres5t$1 & ov] !m eight diff]5t dials--f\r fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts & ! o!r f\r fac+ ! int]m$iate directions4 ,! date ( ! dials is long subsequ5t to t ( ! t[]2 = ,vitruvius1 :o describes ! t[] 9 ! six? *apt] ( 8 fir/ book1 says no?+ ab\t ! dials1 & z he has describ$ all ! dials kn[n 9 8 "t1 we mu/ believe t ! dials ( ! t[] did n !n exi/4 ,! h\rs are /ill ! tempor>y h\rs or1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m1 hectemoria4 ,! fir/ sun-dial erect$ at ,rome 0 9 ! ye> #bij ,b4,c41 & ?is ,papirius ,cursor _h tak5 f ! ,samnites4 ,a dial :i* ,val]ius ,messalla _h br\ght f ,catania1 ! latitude ( :i* is five degrees less ?an t ( ,rome1 0 plac$ 9 ! =um 9 ! ye> #bfa ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ dial actually con/ruct$ at ,rome 0 9 ! ye> #afd ,b4,c41 by ord] ( ,q4 ,m>cius ,philippus1 b z no o!r ,roman has writt5 on gnomonics1 ?is 0 p]haps ! "w ( a =eign arti/4 ,if1 too1 we rememb] t ! dial f\nd at ,pompeii 0 made = ! latitude ( ,memphis1 & consequ5tly less adapt$ to its position ?an t ( ,catania to ,rome1 we may inf] t ma!matical k 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,italy4 ,! ,arabians 7 mu* m successful4 ,!y atta*$ great importance to gnomonics1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* !y _h le>n$ f ! ,greeks1 b !y greatly simplifi$ & div]sifi$ ! ,greek con/ructions4 ,"o ( _! writ]s1 ,abu'l ,hassan1 :o liv$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury1 taught !m h[ to trace dials on cyl9drical1 conical & o!r surfaces4 ,he ev5 introduc$ equal or equ9octial h\rs1 b ! idea 0 n support$1 & ! tempor>y h\rs alone cont9u$ 9 use4 ,:]e or :5 ! great & important /ep already conceiv$ by ,abu'l ,hassan1 & p]haps by o!rs1 ( reckon+ by equal h\rs 0 g5]ally adopt$ _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,! hi/ory ( gnomonics f ! #ac? to ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury is almo/ a blank1 & dur+ t "t ! *ange took place4 ,we c see1 h[ev]1 t ! *ange w\ld necess>ily foll[ ! introduction ( clocks & o!r me*anical me?ods ( measur+ "t2 =1 h[ev] imp]fect ^! 71 ! h\rs !y m>k$ w\ld be ( ! same l5g? 9 summ] & 9 w9t]1 & ! discrepancy betwe5 ^! equal h\rs & ! tempor>y h\rs ( ! sun-dial w\ld soon be too important to be ov]look$4 ,n[1 we "k t a balance clock 0 put up 9 ! palace ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france ab\t ! ye> #acgj1 & we may reasonably suppose t ! new sun-dials came into g5]al use dur+ ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ! mod]n writ]s on gnomonics 0 ,,seba/ian ,m,,n/] 7q4v471 :o publi%$ 8 ,horologiographia at ,basel 9 #aeca4 ,he gives a numb] ( correct rules1 b )\t demon/rations4 ,among 8 inv5tions 0 a moon-dial1#a b ?is does n admit ( mu* accuracy4 ,dur+ ! #ag? c5tury diall+ 0 discuss$ at great l5g? by _m writ]s on a/ronomy4 ,clavius devotes a qu>to volume ( #hjj pages entirely to ! subject4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #afab1 & may be consid]$ to conta9 all t 0 kn[n at t "t4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury clocks & wat*es began to sup]s$e sun-dials1 & ^! h gradually fall5 into disuse except z an additional ornam5t to a g>d51 or 9 remote c\ntry di/ricts :]e ! old dial on ! *ur* t[] /ill s]ves z an occasional *eck on ! mod]n clock by its side4 ,! art ( con/ruct+ dials may n[ be look$ ^u z little m ?an a ma!matical recreation4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! diurnal & ! annual motions ( ! e>? are ! elem5t>y a/ronomical facts on :i* diall+ is f\nd$4 ,t ! e>? turns ^u its axis uni=mly f we/ to ea/ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & t x is c>ri$ r\nd ! sun 9 "o ye> at a ne>ly uni=m rate1 is ! correct way ( express+ ^! facts4 ,b ! effect w be precisely ! same1 & x w suit our purpose bett]1 & make our explanations easi]1 if we adopt ! ideas ( ! anci5ts1 ( :i* our s5ses furni% app>5t confirmation1 & assume ! e>? to be fix$4 ,!n1 ! sun & />s revolve r\nd ! e>?'s axis uni=mly f ea/ to we/ once a day--! sun lagg+ a little beh9d ! />s1 mak+ its day "s f\r m9utes long]--s t at ! end ( ! ye> x f9ds itself aga9 9 ! same place1 hav+ made a complete revolution ( ! heav5s relatively to ! />s f we/ to ea/4 ,! fix$ axis ab\t :i* all ^! bodies revolve daily is a l9e ?r\gh ! e>?'s c5tre2 b ! radius ( ! e>? is s small1 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! sun1 t1 if we draw a p>allel axis ?r\gh any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface1 we may safely look on t z be+ ! axis ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,! error 9 ! case ( ! sun w\ld n1 at its maximum1 t is1 at #f ,a4,m4 & #f ,p4,m41 exce$ half a second ( "t1 & at noon w\ld vani%4 ,an axis s drawn is 9 ! plane ( ! m]idian1 & po9ts to ! pole1 its elevation be+ equal to ! latitude ( ! place4 ,! diurnal motion ( ! />s is /rictly uni=m1 & s w\ld t ( ! sun be if ! daily ret>dation ( ab\t f\r m9utes1 spok5 ( above1 7 always ! same4 ,b ?is is con/antly alt]+1 s t ! "t1 z measur$ by ! sun's motion1 & also consequ5tly z measur$ by a sun-dial1 does n move on at a /rictly uni=m pace4 ,?is irregul>ity1 :i* is slight1 w\ld be ( little consequ5ce 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 b clocks & wat*es be+ me*anical measures ( "t c\ld n1 except by extreme complication1 be made to foll[ ?is irregul>ity1 ev5 if desirable4 ,! clock is con/ruct$ to m>k uni=m "t 9 su* wise t ! l5g? ( ! clock day %all be ! av]age ( all ! sol> days 9 ! ye>4 ,f\r times a ye> ! clock & ! sun-dial agree exactly2 b ! sun-dial1 n[ go+ a little sl[]1 n[ a little fa/]1 w be sometimes beh9d1 sometimes be=e ! clock-! greate/ accumulat$ diff]5ce be+ ab\t sixte5 m9utes = a few days 9 ,novemb]1 b on ! av]age mu* less4 ,! f\r days on :i* ! two agree are ,april #ae1 ,june #ae1 ,septemb] #a & ,decemb] #bd4 ,clock-"t is call$ mean "t1 t m>k$ by ! sun-dial is call$ app>5t "t1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is ! equation ( "t4 ,x is giv5 9 mo/ cal5d>s & almanacs1 frequ5tly "u ! head+ clock sl[1 clock fa/4 ,:5 ! "t by ! sun-dial is kn[n1 ! equation ( "t w at once enable u to obta9 ! correspond+ clock-"t1 or vice v]sa4 ,atmosph]ic refraction introduces ano!r error by alt]+ ! app>5t position ( ! sun2 b ! effect is too small to ne$ consid]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t :i*1 ) ! be/ workman%ip1 does n aft] all admit ( v great accuracy4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( diall+ w n[ be readily und]/ood4 ,! problem be=e u is ! foll[+3--,a rod1 or /yle1 z x is call$1 be+ firmly fix$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! e>?'s axis1 we h to f9d h[ & :]e po9ts or l9es ( ref]5ce mu/ be trac$ on "s fix$ surface beh9d ! /yle1 s t :5 ! %ad[ ( ! /yle falls on a c]ta9 "o ( ^! l9es1 we may "k t at t mom5t x is sol> noon1--t is1 t ! plane ?r\gh ! /yle & ?r\gh ! sun !n co9cides ) ! m]idian2 aga91 t :5 ! %ad[ rea*es ! next l9e ( ref]5ce1 x is #a o'clock by sol> "t1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 t ! above plane ?r\gh ! /yle & ?r\gh ! sun has j turn$ ?r\gh ! tw5ty-f\r? "p ( a complete revolution2 & s on = ! subsequ5t h\rs1--! h\rs be=e noon be+ indicat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! /yle & ! surface on :i* ^! l9es are trac$ toge!r con/itute ! dial4 ,! position ( an int5d$ sun-dial hav+ be5 select$--:e!r on *ur* t[]1 s\? front ( f>m/ead or g>d5 wall--! surface mu/ be prep>$1 if necess>y1 to receive ! h\r-l9es4 ,! *ief1 & 9 fact ! only practical difficulty w be ! accurate fix+ ( ! /yle1 = on its accuracy ! value ( ! in/rum5t dep5ds4 ,x mu/ be 9 ! m]idian plane1 & mu/ make an angle ) ! horizon equal to ! latitude ( ! place4 ,! latt] condition w (f] no difficulty1 b ! exact det]m9ation ( ! m]idian plane :i* passes ?r\gh ! po9t :]e ! /yle is fix$ to ! surface is n s simple4 ,at pres5t we %all assume t ! /yle has be5 fix$ 9 its true position4 ,! /yle itself w be usually a /\t metal wire1 & :5 we speak ( ! %ad[ ca/ by ! /yle x mu/ always be und]/ood t ! middle l9e ( ! ?9 b& ( %ade is meant4 ,! po9t :]e ! /yle meets ! dial is call$ ! c5tre ( ! dial4 ,x is ! c5tre f :i* all ! h\r-l9es radiate4 ,! position ( ! ,,xii o'clock l9e is ! mo/ important to det]m9e accurately1 s9ce all ! o!rs are usually made to dep5d on ?is "o4 ,we _c trace x correctly on ! dial until ! /yle has be5 itself accurately fix$ 9 its prop] place4 ,:5 t is done ! ,,xii o'clock l9e w be f\nd by ! int]section ( ! dial surface ) ! v]tical plane :i* conta9s ! /yle2 & ! mo/ simple way ( draw+ x on ! dial w be by susp5d+ a plummet f "s po9t ( ! /yle :5ce x may hang freely1 & wait+ until ! %ad[s ( bo? /yle & plumb-l9e co9cide on ! dial4 ,?is s+le %ad[ w be ! ,,xii o'clock l9e4 ,9 "o class ( dials1 namely1 all ! v]tical ones1 ! ,,xii o'clock l9e is simply ! v]tical l9e f ! c5tre2 x c1 !re=e1 at once be trac$ on ! dial face by us+ a f9e plumb-l9e4 ,! ,,xii o'clock l9e be+ trac$1 ! easie/ & mo/ accurate me?od ( trac+ ! o!r h\r-l9es w\ld1 at ! pres5t day :5 good wat*es are common1 be by m>k+ :]e ! %ad[ ( ! /yle falls :5 #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 h\rs h elaps$ s9ce noon1 & ! next morn+ by ! same means ! =5oon h\r-l9es c\ld be trac$2 & 9 ! same mann] ! h\rs might be subdivid$ into halves & qu>t]s1 or ev5 into m9utes4 ,b =m]ly1 :5 wat*es did n exi/1 ! trac+ ( ! ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 c41 o'clock l9es 0 done by calculat+ ! angle :i* ea* ( ^! l9es w\ld make ) ! ,,xii o'clock l9e4 ,n[1 except 9 ! simple cases ( a horizontal dial or ( a v]tical dial fac+ a c>d9al po9t1 ?is w\ld require long & intricate calculations1 or elaborate geometrical con/ructions1 imply+ consid]able ma!matical k1 b also introduc+ increas$ *ances ( error4 ,! *ief s\rce ( error w\ld lie 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! data2 = ! position ( ! dial-plane w\ld h to be f\nd be=e ! calculations began1--t is1 x w\ld be necess>y to "k exactly by h[ _m degrees x decl9$ f ! s\? t[>ds ! ea/ or we/1 & by h[ _m degrees x incl9$ f ! v]tical4 ,! anci5ts1 ) ! means at _! disposal1 c\ld obta9 ^! results only v r\ghly4 ,dials receiv$ diff]5t names accord+ to _! position3-- ,horizontal dials1 :5 trac$ on a horizontal plane2 ,v]tical dials1 :5 on a v]tical plane fac+ "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts2 ,v]tical decl9+ dials1 on a v]tical plane n fac+ a c>d9al po9t2 ,incl9+ dials1 :5 trac$ on planes nei!r v]tical nor horizontal 7^! 7 fur!r di/+ui%$ z recl9+ :5 lean+ backw>ds f an obs]v]1 procl9+ :5 lean+ =w>ds72 ,equ9octial dials1 :5 ! plane is at "r angles to ! e>?'s axis1 c4 c4 ,dial ,con/ruction4--,a v correct view ( ! problem ( dial con/ruction may be obta9$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,conceive a transp>5t cyl9d] 7fig4 #a7 hav+ an axis ,,ab p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?4 ,on ! surface ( ! cyl9d] let equidi/ant g5]at+-l9es be trac$ #ae ap>t1 "o ( !m ,,xii 444 ,,xii be+ 9 ! m]idian plane ?r\gh ,,ab1 & ! o!rs ,i 444 ,i1 ,,ii 444 ,,ii1 c41 foll[+ 9 ! ord] ( ! sun's motion4 ,!n ! %ad[ ( ! l9e ,,ab w obvi\sly fall on ! l9e ,,xii 444 ,,xii at app>5t noon1 on ! l9e ,i 444 ,i at "o h\r aft] noon1 on ,,ii 444 ,,ii at two h\rs aft] noon1 & s on4 ,if n[ ! cyl9d] be cut by any plane ,,mn repres5t+ ! plane on :i* ! dial is to be trac$1 ! %ad[ ( ,,ab w be int]cept$ by ?is plane & fall on ! l9es ,,axii ,,ai1 ,,aii1 c4 ,! con/ruction ( ! dial consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! angles made by ,,ai1 ,,aii1 c4 ) ,,axii2 ! l9e ,,axii itself1 be+ 9 ! v]tical plane ?r\gh ,,ab1 may be suppos$ kn[n4 ,= ! purposes ( actual calculation1 p]haps a transp>5t sph]e w1 ) advantage1 replace ! cyl9d]1 & we %all "h apply x to calculate ! angles made by ! h\r-l9e ) ! ,,xii o'clock l9e 9 ! two cases ( a horizontal dial & ( a v]tical s\? dial4 ,horizontal ,dial4--,let ,p,ep 7fig4 #b71 ! axis ( ! suppos$ transp>5t sph]e1 be direct$ t[>ds ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! heav5s4 ,draw ! two great circles1 ,,hma1 ,q,ma1 ! =m] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 horizontal1 ! o!r p]p5dicul> to ! axis ,pp1 & !re=e co9cid+ ) ! plane ( ! equator4 ,let ,,ez be v]tical1 !n ! circle ,,qzp w be ! m]idian1 & by its int]section ,a ) ! horizontal circle w det]m9e ! ,,xii o'clock l9e ,,ea4 ,next divide ! equatorial circle ,q,ma into #bd equal p>ts ab1 bc1 cd1 c4 444 ( #ae ea*1 beg9n+ f ! m]idian ,pa1 & ?r\gh ! v>i\s po9ts ( division & ! poles draw ! great circles ,pbp1 ,pcp1 c4 444 ,^! w exactly correspond to ! equidi/ant g5]at+ l9es on ! cyl9d] 9 ! previ\s con/ruction1 & ! %ad[ ( ! /yle w fall on ^! circles aft] successive int]vals ( #a1b1 #c1 c41 h\rs f noon4 ,if !y meet ! horizontal circle 9 ! po9ts ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 !n ,,eb1 ,,ec1 ,,ed1 c4 444 w be ! ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 c41 h\r-l9es requir$2 & ! problem ( ! horizontal dial consi/s 9 calculat+ ! angles :i* ^! l9es make ) ! ,,xii o'clock l9e ,,ea1 ^: position is kn[n4 ,! sph]ical triangles ,,pab1 ,,pac1 c41 enable u to d ?is readily4 ,!y are all "r-angl$ at ,a1 ! side ,,pa is ! latitude ( ! place1 & ! angles ,,apb1 ,,apc1 c41 are respectively #ae1 #cj1 c41 !n tan ,,ab tan #ae s9 latitude1 tan ,,ac tan #cj s9 latitude1 c4 c4 ,^! det]m9e ! sides ,,ab1 ,,ac1 c41 t is1 ! angles ,,aeb1 ,,aec1 c41 requir$4 ,! ,i o'clock h\r-l9e ,,eb mu/ make an angle ) ! m]idian ,,ea ( #aa #ea' on a ,london dial1 ( #ab #ca' at ,ed9burgh1 ( #aa #bc' at ,p>is1 #ab #j' at ,b]l91 #i #ee' at ,new ,york & #i #ai' at ,san ,francisco4 ,9 ! same way may be f\nd ! angles made by ! o!r h\r-l9es4 ,! calculations ( ^! angles mu/ ext5d ?r\gh\t "o quadrant f noon to ,,vi o'clock1 b ne$ n be c>ri$ fur!r1 because all ! o!r h\r-l9es c at once be d$uc$ f ^!4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! dial is symmetrically divid$ by ! m]idian1 & !re=e two times equidi/ant f noon w h _! h\r-l9es equidi/ant f ! m]idian2 ?us ! ,,xi o'clock l9e & ! ,i o'clock l9e mu/ make ! same angles ) x1 ! ,x o'clock ! same z ! ,,ii o'clock1 & s on4 ,& next1 ! #bd great circles1 :i* 7 drawn to det]m9e ^! l9es1 are 9 reality only #ab2 = cle>ly ! great circle :i* gives ,i o'clock aft] midnight1 & t :i* gives ,i o'clock aft] noon1 are "o & ! same1 & s also = ! o!r h\rs4 ,!re=e ! h\r-l9es betwe5 ,,vi 9 ! ev5+ & ,,vi ! next morn+ are ! prolongations ( ! rema9+ twelve4 ,let u n[ remove ! imag9>y sph]e ) all its circles1 & reta9 only ! /yle ,,ep & ! plane ,,hma ) ! l9es trac$ on x1 & we %all h ! horizontal dial4 ,on ! longe/ day 9 ,london ! sun rises a little be=e #d o'clock1 & sets a little aft] #h o'clock2 !re is !re=e no necessity = ext5d+ a ,london dial beyond ^? h\rs4 ,at ,ed9burgh ! limits w be a little long]1 :ile at ,hamm]fe/1 :i* is )9 ! ,arctic circle1 ! :ole circuit w be requir$4 ,in/ead ( a wire /yle x is (t5 m conv5i5t to use a metal plate f "o qu>t] to half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is plate1 :i* is sometimes 9 ! =m ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 mu/ h an acute angle equal to ! latitude ( ! place1 &1 :5 prop]ly fix$ 9 a v]tical position on ! dial1 its two faces mu/ co9cide ) ! m]idian plane1 & ! slop+ edges =m$ by ! ?ickness ( ! plate mu/ po9t to ! pole & =m two p>allel /yles4 ,s9ce !re are two /yles1 !re mu/ be two dials1 or r two half dials1 because a little consid]ation w %[ t1 ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 ^! /yles w only "o at a "t ca/ a %ad[4 ,?us ! ea/]n edge w give ! %ad[ = all h\rs be=e #f o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,f #f o'clock until noon ! we/]n edge w be us$4 ,at noon x w *ange aga9 to ! ea/]n edge until #f o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & f9ally ! we/]n edge = ! rema9+ h\rs ( daylight4 ,! c5tres ( ! two dials w be at ! po9ts :]e ! /yles meet ! dial face2 b1 9 draw+ ! h\r-l9es1 we mu/ be c>eful to draw only ^? l9es = :i* ! correspond+ /yle is able to give a %ad[ z expla9$ above4 ,! dial w ?us h ! appe>ance ( a s+le dial plate1 & !re w be no confusion 7see fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! light w be bett] def9$ ?an :5 a wire /yle is us$2 b ! indications by ?is d\ble dial w always be "o m9ute too fa/ 9 ! morn+ & "o m9ute too sl[ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,?is is ow+ to ! magnitude ( ! sun1 ^: angul> bread? is half a degree4 ,! well-def9$ %ad[s are giv51 n by ! c5tre ( ! sun1 z we %\ld require !m1 b by ! =w>d limb 9 ! morn+ & by ! backw>d "o 9 ! aft]noon2 & ! sun takes j ab\t a m9ute to advance ?r\gh a space equal to its half-bread?4 ,dials ( ?is description are frequ5tly met )4 ,! dial plate is ( metal z well z ! v]tical piece ^u x1 & !y may be pur*as$ ready = plac+ on ! p$e/al1--! dial ) all ! h\r-l9es trac$ on x & ! /yle plate firmly fa/5$ 9 its prop] position1 if n ev5 ca/ 9 ! same piece ) ! dial plate4 ,:5 plac+ x on ! p$e/al c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! dial be p]fectly horizontal & accurately ori5t$4 ,! levell+ w be done ) a _s-level1 & ! ori5tation w be be/ effect$ ei!r 9 ! =5oon or 9 ! aft]noon1 by turn+ ! dial plate till ! "t giv5 by ! %ad[ 7mak+ ! "o m9ute correction m5tion$ above7 agrees ) a good wat* ^: error on sol> "t is kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to be> 9 m9d t a dial1 s built up be=eh&1 w h ! angle at ! base equal to ! latitude ( "s select$ place1 su* z ,london1 & ! h\r-l9es w be drawn 9 directions calculat$ = ! same latitude4 ,su* a dial c !re=e n be us$ ne> ,ed9burgh or ,glasg[1 al?\gh x w\ld1 )\t appreciable error1 be adapt$ to any place ^: latitude did n diff] m ?an #bj or #cj m4 f t ( ,london1 & x w\ld be safe to employ x 9 ,essex1 ,k5t or ,wilt%ire4 ,if a s]ies ( su* dials 7 con/ruct$1 diff]+ by #cj m4 9 latitude1 !n an int5d+ pur*as] c\ld select "o adapt$ to a place ^: latitude 0 )9 #ae m4 ( 8 own1 & ! error ( "t w\ld nev] exce$ a small fraction ( a m9ute4 ,! foll[+ table w enable u to *eck ! accuracy ( ! h\r-l9es & ( ! angle ( ! /yle1--all angles on ! dial be+ readily measur$ ) an ord9>y protractor4 ,x ext5ds f #ej lat4 to #ei lat41 & !re=e includes ! :ole ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,lat4 ,,xi4 ,a4,m4 ,x4 ,a4,m4 ,,ix4 ,a4,m4,,viii4 ,a4,m4,,vii4 ,a4,m4,,vi4 ,a4,m4 ,i4 ,p4,m4,,ii4 ,p4,m4,,iii4 ,p4,m4,,iiii4 ,p4,m4 ,v4 ,p4,m4,,vi4 ,p4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ej #j' #aa #cf' #bc #ea' #cg #bg' #ec #j' #gj #dc' #ij #j' #ej #cj #aa #da #bd #a #cg #ci #ec #ab #gj #ea #ij #j #ea #j #aa #df #bd #aj #cg #ea #ec #bc #gj #ei #ij #j #ea #cj #aa #ea #bd #ai #ch #c #ec #ce #ga #f #ij #j #eb #j #aa #ee #bd #bh #ch #ad #ec #df #ga #ac #ij #j #eb #cj #ab #j #bd #cg #ch #be #ec #eg #ga #bj #ij #j #ec #j #ab #e #bd #de #ch #cg #ed #h #ga #bg #ij #j #ec #cj #ab #i #bd #ed #ch #dh #ed #ai #ga #cd #ij #j #ed #j #ab #ad #be #b #ch #eh #ed #bi #ga #dj #ij #j #ed #cj #ab #ah #be #aj #ci #i #ed #ci #ga #dg #ij #j #ee #j #ab #bc #be #ai #ci #ai #ed #di #ga #ec #ij #j #ee #cj #ab #bg #be #bg #ci #cj #ed #ei #ga #ei #ij #j #ef #j #ab #ca #be #ce #ci #dj #ee #i #gb #e #ij #j #ef #cj #ab #cf #be #dc #ci #ej #ee #ah #gb #aa #ij #j #eg #j #ab #dj #be #ej #ci #ei #ee #bg #gb #ag #ij #j #eg #cj #ab #dd #be #eh #dj #i #ee #cf #gb #bb #ij #j #eh #j #ab #dh #bf #e #dj #ah #ee #de #gb #bh #ij #j #eh #cj #ab #eb #bf #ac #dj #bg #ee #ed #gb #cc #ij #j #ei #j #ab #ef #bf #bj #dj #cf #ef #b #gb #ci #ij #j #ei #cj #ac #j #bf #bg #dj #de #ef #aa #gb #dd #ij #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,v]tical ,s\? ,dial4--,let u take aga9 our imag9>y transp>5t sph]e ,,qzpa 7fig4 #d71 ^: axis ,p,ep is p>allel to ! e>?'s axis4 ,let ,z be ! z5i?1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great circle ,,qzp ! m]idian4 ,?r\gh ,e1 ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 draw a v]tical plane fac+ s\?4 ,?is w cut ! sph]e 9 ! great circle ,,zma1 :i*1 be+ v]tical1 w pass ?r\gh ! z5i?1 &1 fac+ s\?1 w be at "r angles to ! m]idian4 ,let ,q,ma be ! equatorial circle1 obta9$ by draw+ a plane ?r\gh ,e at "r angles to ! axis ,p,ep4 ,! l[] portion ,ep ( ! axis w be ! /yle1 ! v]tical l9e ,,ea 9 ! m]idian plane w be ! ,,xii o'clock l9e1 & ! l9e ,,em1 :i* is obvi\sly horizontal1 s9ce ,m is ! int]section ( two great circles ,,zm1 ,,qm1 ea* at "r angles to ! v]tical plane ,,qzp1 w be ! ,,vi o'clock l9e4 ,n[1 z 9 ! previ\s problem1 divide ! equatorial circle into #bd equal arcs ( #ae ea*1 beg9n+ at a1 viz4 ab1 bc1 c41--ea* quadrant a,m1 ,,mq1 c41 conta9+ #f1--!n ?r\gh ea* po9t ( division & ?r\gh ! axis ,pp draw a plane cutt+ ! sph]e 9 #bd equidi/ant great circles4 ,z ! sun revolves r\nd ! axis ! %ad[ ( ! axis w successively fall on ^! circles at int]vals ( "o h\r1 & if ^! circles cross ! v]tical circle ,,zma 9 ! po9ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 ! %ad[ ( ! l[] portion ,ep ( ! axis w fall on ! l9es ,,ea1 ,,eb1 ,,ec1 c41 :i* w !re=e be ! requir$ h\r-l9es on ! v]tical dial1 ,ep be+ ! /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,!re is no necessity = go+ beyond ! ,,vi o'clock h\r-l9e on ea* side ( noon2 =1 9 ! w9t] mon?s ! sun sets e>li] ?an #f o'clock1 & 9 ! summ] mon?s x passes beh9d ! plane ( ! dial be=e t "t1 & is no long] available4 ,x rema9s to %[ h[ ! angles ,,aeb1 ,,aec1 c41 may be calculat$4 ,! sph]ical triangles p,a,b1 p,a,c1 c41 w give u a simple rule4 ,^! triangles are all "r-angl$ at ,a1 ! side p,a1 equal to ,,zp1 is ! co-latitude ( ! place1 t is1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! latitude & #ij2 & ! successive angles ,ap,b1 ,ap,c1 c41 are #ae1 #cj1 c41 respectively4 ,!n tan ,,ab tan #ae s9 co-latitude2 or m simply1 tan ,,ab tan #ae cos latitude1 tan ,,ac tan #cj cos latitude1 c4 c4 & ! arcs ,,ab1 ,,ac s f\nd are ! measure ( ! angles ,,aeb1 ,,aec1 c41 requir$4 ,9 ?is ease ! angles dim9i% z ! latitudes increase1 ! opposite result to t ( ! horizontal dial4 ,incl9+1 ,recl9+1 c41 ,dials4--,we %all n ent] into ! calculation ( ^! cases4 ,our imag9>y sph]e be+1 z be=e suppos$1 con/ruct$ ) its c5tre at ! c5tre ( ! dial1 & all ! h\r-circles trac$ ^u x1 ! int]section ( ^! h\r-circles ) ! plane ( ! dial w det]m9e ! h\r-l9es j z 9 ! previ\s cases2 b ! triangles w no long] be "r-angl$1 & ! simplicity ( ! calculation w be lo/1 ! *ances ( error be+ greatly increas$ by ! difficulty ( draw+ ! dial plane 9 its true position on ! sph]e1 s9ce t true position w h to be f\nd f obs]vations :i* c be only r\ghly p]=m$4 ,9 all ^! cases1 & 9 cases :]e ! dial surface is n a plane1 & ! h\r-l9es1 consequ5tly1 are n /raight l9es1 ! only safe practical way is to m>k rapidly on ! dial a few po9ts 7"o is suffici5t :5 ! dial face is plane7 ( ! %ad[ at ! mom5t :5 a good wat* %[s t ! h\r has arriv$1 & aft]w>ds connect ^! po9ts ) ! c5tre by a cont9u\s l9e4 ,( c\rse ! /yle mu/ h be5 accurately fix$ 9 its true position be=e we beg94 ,equatorial ,dial4--,! "n equatorial dial is giv5 to "o ^: plane is at "r angles to ! /yle1 & !re=e p>allel to ! equator4 ,x is ! simple/ ( all dials4 ,a circle 7fig4 #e7 divid$ into #bd equal ares is plac$ at "r angles to ! /yle1 & h\r divisions are m>k$ ^u x4 ,!n if c>e be tak5 t ! /yle po9t accurately to ! pole1 & t ! noon division co9cide ) ! m]idian plane1 ! %ad[ ( ! /yle w fall on ! o!r divisions1 ea* at its prop] "t4 ,! divisions mu/ be m>k$ on bo? sides ( ! dial1 because ! sun w %9e on opposite sides 9 ! summ] & 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 *ang+ at ea* equ9ox4 ,to f9d ! ,m]idian ,plane4--,we h1 s f>1 assum$ ! m]idian plane to be accurately kn[n2 we %all proce$ to describe "s ( ! me?ods by :i* x may be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! m>9]'s compass may be employ$ z a fir/ r\gh approximation4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ne$le ( ! compass1 :5 free to move horizontally1 oscillates ^u its pivot & settles 9 a direction t]m$ ! magnetic m]idian4 ,?is does n co9cide ) ! true nor? & s\? l9e1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is g5]ally kn[n ) tol]able accuracy1 & is call$ ! v>iation ( ! compass4 ,! v>iation diff]s widely at diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 & is n /ation>y at any p>ticul> place1 ?\gh ! *ange is sl[2 & !re is ev5 a small daily oscillation :i* takes place ab\t ! mean position1 b too small to ne$ notice "h 7see ,,magnetism1 ,,t]re/rial74 ,) all ^! elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty1 x is obvi\s t ! compass c only give a r\gh approximation to ! position ( ! m]idian1 b x w s]ve to fix ! /yle s t only a small fur!r alt]ation w be necess>y :5 a m p]fect det]m9ation has be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,a v simple practical me?od is ! foll[+3-- ,place a table 7fig4 #f71 or o!r plane surface1 9 su* a position t x may receive ! sun's rays bo? 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!n c>efully level ! surface by means ( a _s-level4 ,?is mu/ be done v accurately1 & ! table 9 t position made p]fectly secure1 s t !re be no dang] ( its %ift+ dur+ ! day4 ,next1 susp5d a plummet ,,% f a po9t ,s1 :i* mu/ be rigidly fix$4 ,! extremity ,h1 :]e ! plummet j meets ! surface1 %\ld be some:]e ne> ! middle ( "o end ( ! table4 ,) ,h = c5tre1 describe any numb] ( conc5tric arcs ( circles1 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 c4 ,a bead ,p1 kept 9 its place by friction1 is ?read$ on ! plummet l9e at "s conv5i5t height above ,h4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ?us prep>$1 let u foll[ ! %ad[ ( ! bead ,p z x moves along ! surface ( ! table dur+ ! day4 ,x w be f\nd to describe a curve ,,ace 444 ,,fdb1 approa*+ ! po9t ,h z ! sun advances t[>ds noon1 & rec$+ f x aft]w>ds4 7,! curve is a conic section--an hyp]bola 9 ^! regions47 ,at ! mom5t :5 x crosses ! arc ,,ab1 m>k ! po9t ,a2 ,,ap is !n ! direction ( ! sun1 &1 z ,,ah is horizontal1 ! angle ,,pah is ! altitude ( ! sun4 ,9 ! aft]noon m>k ! po9t ,b :]e x crosses ! same arc2 !n ! angle ,,pbh is ! altitude4 ,b ! "r-angl$ triangles ,,pha1 ,,phb are obvi\sly equal2 & ! sun has !re=e ! same altitudes at ^? two in/ants1 ! "o be=e1 ! o!r aft] noon4 ,x foll[s t1 if ! sun has n *ang$ its decl9ation dur+ ! int]val1 ! two positions w be symmetrically plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! m]idian4 ,!re=e1 draw+ ! *ord ,,ab1 & bisect+ x 9 ,m1 ,,hm w be ! m]idian l9e4 ,ea* ( ! o!r conc5tric arcs1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 c41 w furni% its m]idian l9e4 ,( c\rse ^! %\ld all co9cide1 b if n1 ! mean ( ! positions ?us f\nd mu/ be tak54 ,! proviso m5tion$ above1 t ! sun has n *ang$ its decl9ation1 is sc>cely ev] realiz$2 b ! *ange is slight1 & may be neglect$1 except p]haps ab\t ! "t ( ! equ9oxes1 at ! end ( ,m>* & at ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ! *ange ( decl9ation is s sl[ t we may safely neglect x4 ,! mo/ fav\rable times are at ! end ( ,june & at ! end ( ,decemb]1 :5 ! sun's decl9ation is almo/ /ation>y4 ,if ! l9e ,,hm be produc$ bo? ways to ! edges ( ! table1 !n ! two po9ts on ! gr\nd v]tically bel[ ^? on ! edges may be f\nd by a plummet1 &1 if p]man5t m>ks be made !re1 ! m]idian plane1 :i* is ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ^! two po9ts1 w h its position p]fectly secur$4 ,to place ! ,/yle ( a ,dial 9 its ,true ,position4--,be=e giv+ any o!r me?od ( f9d+ ! m]idian plane1 we %all complete ! con/ruction ( ! dial1 by %[+ h[ ! /yle may n[ be accurately plac$ 9 its true position4 ,! angle :i* ! /yle makes ) a hang+ plumb-l9e1 be+ ! co-latitude ( ! place1 is kn[n1 & ! nor? & s\? direction is also r\ghly giv5 by ! m>9]'s compass4 ,! /yle may !re=e be already adju/$ approximately--correctly1 inde$1 z to its incl9ation--b probably requir+ a little horizontal motion ea/ or we/4 ,susp5d a f9e plumb-l9e f "s po9t ( ! /yle1 !n ! /yle w be prop]ly adju/$ if1 at ! v in/ant ( noon1 its %ad[ falls exactly on ! plumb-l9e1--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 if bo? %ad[s co9cide on ! dial4 ,?is in/ant ( noon w be giv5 v simply1 by ! m]idian plane1 ^: position we h secur$ by ! two p]man5t m>ks on ! gr\nd4 ,/ret* a cord f ! "o m>k to ! o!r4 ,?is w n g5]ally be horizontal1 b ! cord w be :olly 9 ! m]idian plane1 & t is ! only necess>y condition4 ,next1 susp5d a plummet ov] ! m>k :i* is ne>] to ! sun1 &1 :5 ! %ad[ ( ! plumb-l9e falls on ! /ret*$ cord1 x is noon4 ,a signal f ! obs]v] !re to ! obs]v] at ! dial enables ! latt] to adju/ ! /yle z direct$ above4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( f9d+ ! ,m]idian ,plane4--,we h dwelt at "s l5g? on ^! practical op]ations because !y are simple & tol]ably accurate1 & because !y want nei!r wat*1 nor sextant1 nor telescope--no?+ m1 9 fact1 ?an ! c>eful obs]vation ( %ad[ l9es4 ,! ,pole />1 or ,ursae ,m9oris1 may also be employ$ = f9d+ ! m]idian plane )\t o!r app>atus ?an plumb-l9es4 ,?is /> is n[ only ab\t #a #ad' f ! pole2 if !re=e a plumb-l9e be susp5d$ at a few feet f ! obs]v]1 & if he %ift 8 position till ! /> is exactly hidd5 by ! l9e1 !n ! plane ?r\gh 8 eye & ! plumb-l9e w nev] be f> f ! m]idian plane4 ,twice 9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! planes w\ld be /rictly co9cid5t4 ,?is w\ld be :5 ! /> crosses ! m]idian above ! pole1 & aga9 :5 x crosses x bel[4 ,if we wi%$ to employ ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! m]idian1 ! times ( ! />s cross+ w\ld h to be calculat$ f ! data 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac1 & a wat* w\ld be necess>y to "k :5 ! in/ant arriv$4 ,! wat* ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be v accurate1 because ! motion ( ! /> is s sl[ t an error ( t5 m9utes 9 ! "t w\ld n give an error ( "o-eigh? ( a degree 9 ! azimu?4 ,! foll[+ accid5tal circum/ance enables u to disp5se ) bo? calculation & wat*4 ,! "r asc5sion ( ! /> eta ,ursae ,majoris1 t /> 9 ! tail ( ! ,great ,be> :i* is f>!/ f ! po9t]s1 happ5s to diff] by a little m ?an #ab h\rs f ! "r asc5sion ( ! ,pole />4 ,! great circle :i* jo9s ! two />s passes !re=e close to ! pole4 ,:5 ! ,pole />1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #a #ad' f ! pole1 is cross+ ! m]idian above ! pole1 ! /> eta ,ursae ,majoris1 ^: pol> di/ance is ab\t #dj1 has n yet rea*$ ! m]idian bel[ ! pole4 ,:5 eta ,ursae ,majoris rea*es ! m]idian1 :i* w be )9 half an h\r lat]1 ! ,pole /> w h left ! m]idian2 b its sl[ motion w h c>ri$ x only a v little di/ance away4 ,n[ at "s in/ant betwe5 ^! two times--mu* ne>] ! latt] ?an ! =m]--! great circle jo9+ ! two />s w be exactly v]tical2 & at ?is in/ant1 :i* ! obs]v] det]m9es by see+ t ! plumb-l9e hides ! two />s simultane\sly1 nei!r ( ! />s is /rictly 9 ! m]idian2 b ! deviation f x is s small t x may be neglect$1 & ! plane ?r\gh ! eye & ! plumb-l9e tak5 = m]idian plane4 ,9 all ^! cases x w be conv5i5t1 in/ead ( fix+ ! plane by means ( ! eye & "o fix$ plummet1 to h a second plummet at a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! eye2 ?is second plummet1 be+ susp5d$ s z to all[ ( lat]al %ift+1 mu/ be mov$ s z always to be betwe5 ! eye & ! fix$ plummet4 ,! m]idian plane w be secur$ by plac+ two p]man5t m>ks on ! gr\nd1 "o "u ea* plummet4 ,?is me?od1 by means ( ! two />s1 is only available = ! upp] transit ( ,pol>is2 =1 at ! l[] transit1 ! o!r /> eta ,ursae ,majoris w\ld pass close to or beyond ! z5i?1 & ! obs]vation c\ld n be made4 ,also ! />s w n be visible :5 ! upp] transit takes place 9 ! daytime1 s t "o-half ( ! ye> is lo/ to ?is me?od4 ,nei!r c\ld x be employ$ 9 l[] latitudes ?an #dj ,n41 = !re ! /> w\ld be bel[ ! horizon at its l[] transit2--we may ev5 say n l[] ?an #de ,n41 = ! /> mu/ be at lea/ #e above ! horizon be=e x becomes di/9ctly visible4 ,!re are o!r pairs ( />s :i* c\ld be simil>ly employ$1 b none s conv5i5t z ^! two1 on acc\nt ( ,pol>is ) its v sl[ motion be+ "o ( ! pair4 ,to place ! ,/yle 9 its ,true ,position )\t previ\s ,det]m9ation ( ! ,m]idian ,plane4--,! v>i\s me?ods giv5 above = f9d+ ! m]idian plane h = ultimate object ! det]m9ation ( ! plane1 n on its own acc\nt1 b z an elem5t = fix+ ! in/ant ( noon1 :]eby ! /yle may be prop]ly plac$4 ,we %all disp5se1 !re=e1 ) all ?is prelim9>y "w if we det]m9e noon by a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,= ?is we %all want a good wat*1 or pocket *ronomet]1 & a sextant or o!r in/rum5t = tak+ altitudes4 ,! local "t at any mom5t may be det]m9$ 9 a v>iety ( ways by obs]vation ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,! simple/ & mo/ practically useful me?ods w be f\nd describ$ & inve/igat$ 9 any "w on a/ronomy4 ,= our pres5t purpose a s+le altitude ( ! sun tak5 9 ! =5oon w be mo/ suitable4 ,at "s "t 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun is high en\gh to be free f ! mi/s & unc]ta9 refractions ( ! horizon--b to ensure accuracy1 :ile ! rate ( increase ( ! altitude is /ill tol]ably rapid1 &1 !re=e1 n lat] ?an #aj o'clock--take an altitude ( ! sun1 an assi/ant1 at ! same mom5t1 m>k+ ! "t %[n by ! wat*4 ,! altitude s obs]v$ be+ prop]ly correct$ = refraction1 p>allax1 c41 w1 toge!r ) ! latitude ( ! place1 & ! sun's decl9ation1 tak5 f ! ,nautical ,almanac1 enable u to calculate ! "t4 ,?is w be ! sol> or app>5t "t1 t is1 ! v "t we require4 ,comp>+ ! "t s f\nd ) ! "t %[n by ! wat*1 we see at once by h[ mu* ! wat* is fa/ or sl[ ( sol> "t2 we "k1 !re=e1 exactly :at "t ! wat* mu/ m>k :5 sol> noon arrives1 & wait+ = t in/ant we c fix ! /yle 9 its prop] position z expla9$ be=e4 ,we c disp5se ) ! sextant & ) all calculation & obs]vation if1 by means ( ! pocket *ronomet]1 we br+ ! "t f "s obs]vatory :]e ! "w is done2 &1 all[+ = ! *ange ( longitude1 & also = ! equation ( "t1 if ! "t we h br\ght is clock "t1 we %all h ! exact in/ant ( sol> noon z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,9 =m] times ! fancy ( diali/s seems to h run riot 9 devis+ elaborate surfaces on :i* ! dial 0 to be trac$4 ,sometimes ! %ad[ 0 receiv$ on a cone1 sometimes on a cyl9d]1 or on a sph]e1 or on a comb9ation ( ^!4 ,a univ]sal dial 0 con/ruct$ ( a figure 9 ! %ape ( a cross2 ano!r univ]sal dial %[$ ! h\rs by a globe & by sev]al gnomons4 ,^! univ]sal dials requir$ adju/+ be=e use1 & = ?is a m>9]'s compass & a _s-level 7 necess>y4 ,b x w\ld be t$i\s & useless to enum]ate ! v>i\s =ms design$1 &1 z a rule1 ! m complex ! less accurate4 ,ano!r class ( useless dials consi/$ ( ^? ) v>iable c5tres4 ,!y 7 drawn on fix$ horizontal planes1 & ea* day ! /yle _h to be %ift$ to a new position4 ,in/ead ( h\r-l9es !y _h h\r-po9ts2 & ! /yle1 in/ead ( be+ p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?1 might make any *os5 angle ) ! horizon4 ,!re 0 no practical advantage 9 _! use1 b r ! rev]se2 & !y c only be consid]$ z furni%+ mat]ial = new ma!matical problems4 ,portable ,dials4--,! dials s f> describ$ h be5 fix$ dials1 = ev5 ! fanciful ones to :i* ref]5ce 0 j n[ made 7 to be fix$ be=e us+4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 o!r dials1 made g5]ally ( a small size1 s z to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket2 & ^!1 s long z ! sun %one1 r\ghly answ]$ ! purpose ( a wat*4 ,! description ( ! portable dial has g5]ally be5 mix$ up ) t ( ! fix$ dial1 z if x _h be5 m]ely a special case1 & ! same pr9ciple _h be5 ! basis ( bo?2 :]eas !re are ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 besides ^? :i* are at once app>5t4 ,9 ! fix$ dial ! result dep5ds on ! uni=m angul> motion ( ! sun r\nd ! fix$ /yle2 & a small error 9 ! assum$ position ( ! sun1 :e!r due to ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t1 or to "s small neglect$ correction1 has only a trifl+ effect on ! "t4 ,?is is ow+ to ! angul> displacem5t ( ! sun be+ s rapid--a qu>t] ( a degree e m9ute--t = ! ord9>y affairs ( life great] accuracy is n requir$1 z a displacem5t ( a qu>t] ( a degree1 or at any rate ( "o degree1 c be readily se5 by ne>ly e p]son4 ,b ) a portable dial ?is is no long] ! case4 ,! uni=m angul> motion is n n[ available1 because we h no det]m9$ fix$ plane to :i* we may ref] x4 ,9 ! new position1 to :i* ! obs]v] has gone1 ! z5i? is ! only po9t ( ! heav5s he c at once practically f9d2 & ! basis = ! det]m9ation ( ! "t is ! con/antly b v irregul>ly v>y+ z5i? di/ance ( ! sun4 ,at sea ! obs]vation ( ! altitude ( a cele/ial body is ! only me?od available = f9d+ local "t2 b ! p]fection :i* has be5 atta9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sextant enables ! sailor to reckon on an accuracy ( seconds4 ,c]ta9 precautions h1 h[ev]1 to be tak54 ,! obs]vations mu/ n be made )9 a c\ple ( h\rs ( noon1 on acc\nt ( ! sl[ rate ( *ange at t "t1 nor too ne> ! horizon1 on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9 refractions !re2 & ! same re/rictions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 us+ a portable dial4 ,to comp>e r\ghly ! accuracy ( ! fix$ & ! portable dials1 let u take a mean position 9 ,great ,brita91 say #ed lat41 & a mean decl9ation :5 ! sun is 9 ! equator4 ,x w rise at #f o'clock1 & at noon h an altitude ( #cf1--t is1 ! portable dial w indicate an av]age *ange ( "o-t5? ( a degree 9 ea* m9ute1 or two & a half times sl[] ?an ! fix$ dial4 ,! v]tical motion ( ! sun increases1 h[ev]1 ne>] ! horizon1 b ev5 !re x w be only "o-eigh? ( a degree ea* m9ute1 or half ! rate ( ! fix$ dial1 :i* goes on at ne>ly ! same spe$ ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,portable dials are also mu* m re/rict$ 9 ! range ( latitude = :i* !y are available1 & !y %\ld n be us$ m ?an #d or #e m4 nor? or s\? ( ! place = :i* !y 7 con/ruct$4 ,we %all briefly describe two portable dials :i* 7 9 actual use4 ,dial on a ,cyl9d]4--,a holl[ cyl9d] ( metal 7fig4 #g71 #d or #e 94 high1 & ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 has a lid :i* admits ( tol]ably easy rotation4 ,a hole 9 ! lid receives ! /yle %ap$ some:at l a bayonet2 & ! /raight "p ( ! /yle1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! two b5ds1 is l[] ?an ! lid1 projects horizontally out f ! cyl9d] to a di/ance ( #a or #a 94 ,:5 n 9 use ! /yle w\ld be tak5 out & plac$ inside ! cyl9d]4 ,a horizontal circle is trac$ on ! cyl9d] opposite ! project+ /yle1 & ?is circle is divid$ into #cf approximately equidi/ant int]vals4#b ,^! int]vals repres5t spaces ( "t1 & to ea* division is assign$ a date1 s t ea* mon? has ?ree dates m>k$ z foll[s3-,janu>y #aj1 #bj1 #ca2 ,febru>y #aj1 #bj1 #bh2 ,m>* #aj1 #bj1 #ca2 ,april #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 & s on1--always ! #aj?1 ! #bj?1 & ! la/ day ( ea* mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,?r\gh ea* po9t ( division a v]tical l9e p>allel to ! axis ( ! cyl9d] is drawn f top to bottom4 ,n[ x w be readily und]/ood t if1 ^u "o ( ^! days1 ! lid be turn$1 s z to br+ ! /yle exactly opposite ! date1 & if ! dial be !n plac$ on a horizontal table s z to receive sunlight1 & turn$ r\nd bodily until ! %ad[ ( ! /yle falls exactly on ! v]tical l9e bel[ x1 ! %ad[ w t]m9ate at "s def9ite po9t ( ?is l9e1 ! position ( :i* po9t w dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! /yle--t is1 ! di/ance ( its end f ! surface ( ! cyl9d]--& on ! altitude ( ! sun at t in/ant4 ,suppose t ! obs]vations are cont9u$ all day1 ! cyl9d] be+ v gradually turn$ s t ! /yle may always face ! sun1 & suppose t m>ks are made on ! v]tical l9e to %[ ! extremity ( ! %ad[ at ea* exact h\r f sun-rise to sun-set-^! times be+ tak5 f a good fix$ sun-dial1--!n x is obvi\s t ! next ye>1 on ! same date1 ! sun's decl9ation be+ ab\t ! same1 & ! obs]v] 9 ab\t ! same latitude1 ! m>ks made ! previ\s ye> w s]ve to tell ! "t all t day4 ,:at we h said above 0 m]ely to make ! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t cle>1 = x is evid5t t ?is mode ( m>k+1 :i* w\ld require a :ole ye>'s sun%9e & h\rly obs]vation1 _c be ! me?od employ$4 ,! positions ( ! m>ks are1 9 fact1 obta9$ by calculation4 ,correspond+ to a giv5 date1 ! decl9ation ( ! sun is tak5 f ! almanac1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! latitude ( ! place & ! l5g? ( ! /yle1 w con/itute ! necess>y data = comput+ ! l5g? ( ! %ad[1 t is1 ! di/ance ( ! m>k bel[ ! /yle = ea* successive h\r4 ,we h assum$ above t ! decl9ation ( ! sun is ! same at ! same date 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,?is is n q correct1 b1 if ! dates be tak5 = ! second ye> aft] leap ye>1 ! results w be suffici5tly approximate4 ,:5 all ! h\r-m>ks h be5 plac$ opposite to _! respective dates1 !n a cont9u\s curve1 jo9+ ! correspond+ h\r-po9ts1 w s]ve to f9d ! "t = a day int]m$iate to ^? set d[n1 ! lid be+ turn$ till ! /yle occupy a prop] position betwe5 ! two divisions4 ,! horizontality ( ! surface on :i* ! in/rum5t re/s is a v necess>y condition1 especially 9 summ]1 :51 ! %ad[ ( ! /yle be+ long1 ! extreme end w %ift rapidly = a small deviation f ! v]tical1 & r5d] ! read+ unc]ta94 ,! dial c also be us$ by hold+ x up by a small r+ 9 ! top ( ! lid1 & probably ! v]tically is bett] ensur$ 9 t way4 ,portable ,dial on a ,c>d4--,?is neat & v +5i\s dial is attribut$ by ,ozanam to a ,jesuit ,fa!r1 ,de ,sa9t ,rigaud1 & probably dates f ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,ozanam says t x 0 sometimes call$ ! capu*91 f "s fanci$ resemblance to a c[l ?r[n back4 ,con/ruction4--,draw a /raight l9e ,,acb p>allel to ! top ( ! c>d 7fig4 #h7 & ano!r ,,dce at "r angles to x2 ) ,c z c5tre1 & any conv5i5t radius ,,ca1 describe ! semicircle ,,aeb bel[ ! horizontal4 ,divide ! :ole arc ,,aeb into #ab equal p>ts at ! po9ts r1 s1 t1 c41 & ?r\gh ^! po9ts draw p]p5dicul>s to ! diamet] ,,acb2 ^! l9es w be ! h\r-l9es1 viz4 ! l9e ?r\gh r w be ! ,,xi 444 ,i l9e1 ! l9e ?r\gh s ! ,x 444 ,,ii l9e1 & s on2 ! h\r-l9e ( noon w be ! po9t ,a itself2 by subdivision ( ! small arcs ,ar1 rs1 /1 c41 we may draw ! h\r-l9es correspond+ to halves & qu>t]s1 b ?is only :]e x c be done )\t confusion4 ,draw ,,asd mak+ ) ,,ac an angle equal to ! latitude ( ! place1 & let x meet ,,ec 9 ,d1 ?r\gh :i* po9t draw ,,fdg at "r angles to ,,ad4 ,) c5tre ,a1 & any conv5i5t radius ,,z1 describe an arc ( circle ,,r/1 & graduate ?is arc by m>k+ degree divisions on x1 ext5d+ f #j at ,s to #bc on ea* side at ,r & ,t4 ,next det]m9e ! po9ts on ! /raight l9e ,,fdg :]e radii drawn f ,a to ! degree divisions on ! arc w\ld cross x1 & c>efully m>k ^! cross+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! divisions ( ,,r/ are to correspond to ! sun's decl9ation1 s\? decl9ations on ,,rs & nor? decl9ations on ,,/4 ,9 ! o!r hemisph]e ( ! e>? ?is w\ld be rev]s$2 ! nor? decl9ations w\ld be on ! upp] half4 ,n[1 tak+ a second ye> aft] leap ye> 7because ! decl9ations ( t ye> are ab\t ! mean ( ea* set ( f\r ye>s71 f9d ! days ( ! mon? :5 ! sun has ^! diff]5t decl9ations1 & place ^! dates1 or s _m ( !m z c be %[n )\t confusion1 opposite ! correspond+ m>ks on ,,fdg4 ,draw ! sun-l9e at ! top ( ! c>d p>allel to ! l9e ,,acb2 &1 ne> ! extremity1 to ! "r1 draw any small figure int5d$ to =m1 z x 71 a door ( :i* a b %all be ! h+e4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is h+e is exactly at "r angles to ! sun-l9e4 ,make a f9e op5 slit c d "r ?r\gh ! c>d & ext5d+ f ! h+e to a %ort di/ance on ! door1--! c5tre l9e ( ?is slit co9cid+ accurately ) ! sun-l9e4 ,n[1 cut ! door completely ?r\gh ! c>d2 except1 ( c\rse1 along ! h+e1 :i*1 :5 ! c>d is ?ick1 %\ld be p>tly cut ?r\gh at ! back1 to facilitate ! op5+4 ,cut ! c>d "r ?r\gh along ! l9e ,,fdg1 & pass a ?read c>ry+ a little plummet ,w & a v small bead ,p2 ! bead hav+ suffici5t friction ) ! ?read to reta9 any position :5 act$ on only by its own weight1 b slid+ easily along ! ?read :5 mov$ by ! h&4 ,at ! back ( ! c>d ! ?read t]m9ates 9 a knot to h9d] x f be+ drawn ?r\gh2 or bett]1 because giv+ m friction & a bett] hold1 x passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a small disk ( c>d--a fraction ( an in* 9 diamet]--&1 by a knot1 is made fa/ at ! back ( ! disk4 ,to complete ! con/ruction1--) ! c5tres ,f & ,g1 & radii ,,fa & ,,ga1 draw ! two arcs ,,ay & ,,az :i* w limit ! h\r-l9es2 = 9 an obs]vation ! bead w always be f\nd betwe5 !m4 ,! =5oon & aft]noon h\rs may !n be m>k$ z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,! dial does n ( itself discrim9ate betwe5 =5oon & aft]noon2 b extrane\s circum/ances1 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! sun is ris+ or fall+1 w settle t po9t1 except :5 close to noon1 :]e x w always be unc]ta94 ,to rectify ! dial 7us+ ! old expression1 :i* means to prep>e ! dial = an obs]vation71--op5 ! small door1 by turn+ x ab\t its h+e1 till x /&s well out 9 front4 ,next1 set ! ?read 9 ! l9e ,,fg opposite ! day ( ! mon?1 & /ret*+ x ov] ! po9t ,a1 slide ! bead ,p along till x exactly co9cide ) ,a4 ,to f9d ! h\r ( ! day1--hold ! dial 9 a v]tical position 9 su* a way t its plane may pass ?r\gh ! sun4 ,! v]ticality is ensur$ by see+ t ! bead re/s aga9/ ! c>d )\t press+4 ,n[ gradually tilt ! dial 7)\t alt]+ its v]tical plane71 until ! c5tral l9e ( sun%9e1 pass+ ?r\gh ! op5 slit ( ! door1 j falls along ! sun-l9e4 ,! h\r-l9e aga9/ :i* ! bead ,p !n re/s indicates ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! sun-l9e drawn above has always1 s f> z we "k1 be5 us$ z a %ad[-l9e4 ,! upp] edge ( ! rectangul> door 0 ! prolongation ( ! l9e1 &1 ! door be+ op5$1 ! dial 0 gradually tilt$ until ! %ad[ ca/ by ! upp] edge exactly co9cid$ ) x4 ,b ?is %ad[ tilts ! c>d "o-qu>t] ( a degree m ?an ! sun-l9e1 because x is giv5 by t portion ( ! sun :i* j appe>s above ! edge1 t is1 by ! upp] limb ( ! sun1 :i* is "o-qu>t] ( a degree high] ?an ! c5tre4 ,n[1 ev5 at "s di/ance f noon1 ! sun w sometimes take a consid]able "t to rise "o-qu>t] ( a degree1 & by s mu* "t w ! indication ( ! dial be 9 error4 ,! c5tral l9e ( light :i* comes ?r\gh ! op5 slit w be free f ?is error1 because x is giv5 by light f ! c5tre ( ! sun4 ,! c>d-dial des]ves to be look$ ^u z some?+ m ?an a m]e toy4 ,its +5uity & sci5tific accuracy give x an educational value :i* is n to be measur$ by ! r\ghness ( ! results obta9$4 ,! !ory ( ?is in/rum5t is z foll[s3--,let ,h 7fig4 #i7 be ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! plummet at ! "t ( obs]vation1 s t ! angle ,,dah is ! nor? decl9ation ( ! sun1--,p1 ! bead1 re/+ aga9/ ! h\r-l9e ,,vx4 ,jo9 ,,cx1 !n ! angle ,,acx is ! h\r-angle f noon giv5 by ! bead1 & we h to prove t ?is h\r-angle is ! correct "o correspond+ to a nor? latitude ,,dac1 a nor? decl9ation ,,dah & an altitude equal to ! angle :i* ! sun-l9e1 or its p>allel ,,ac1 makes ) ! horizontal4 ,! angle ,,phq w be equal to ! altitude1 if ,,hq be drawn p>allel to ,,dc1 = ! pair ( l9es ,,hq1 ,,hp w be respectively at "r angles to ! sun-l9e & ! horizontal4 ,draw ,,pq & ,,hm p>allel to ,,ac1 & let !m meet ,,dce 9 ,m & ,n respectively4 ,let ,,hp & its equal ,,ha be repres5t$ by a4 ,!n ! foll[+ values w be readily d$uc$ f ! figure3-- ,,ad a cos decl4 ,,dh a s9 decl4 ,,pq a s9 alt4 ,,cx ,,ac ,,ad cos lat4 a cos decl4 cos lat4 ,,pn ,,cv ,,cx cos ,,acx a cos decl4 cos lat4 cos ,,acx4 ,,nq ,,mh ,,dh s9 ,,mdh s9 decl4 s9 lat4 734 ! angle ,,mdh ,,dac latitude47 ,& s9ce ,,pq ,,nq ,,pn1 we h1 by simple sub/itution1 a s9 alt4 a s9 decl4 s9 lat4 a cos del4 cos lat4 cos ,,acx2 or1 divid+ by a ?r\gh\t1 s9 alt4 s9 decl4 s9 lat4 cos decl4 cos lat4 cos ,,acx 444 7#a7 :i* equation det]m9es ! h\r-angle ,,acx %[n by ! bead4 ,to det]m9e ! h\r-angle ( ! sun at ! same mom5t1 let fig4 #aj repres5t ! cele/ial sph]e1 ,,hr ! horizon1 ,p ! pole1 ,z ! z5i? & ,s ! sun4 ,f ! sph]ical triangle ,,pzs1 we h cos ,,zs cos ,,ps cos ,,zp s9 ,,ps s9 ,,zp cos ,,zps b ,,zs z5i? di/ance #ij - altitude ,,zp #ij - ,,pr #ij- latitude ,,ps pol> di/ance #ij - decl9ation1 !re=e1 by sub/itution s9 alt4 s9 decl4 s9 lat4 cos decl4 cos lat4 cos ,,zps 444 7#b7 & ,,zps is ! h\r-angle ( ! sun4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two =mulae 7#a7 & 7#b7 %[s t ! h\r-angle giv5 by ! bead w be ! same z t giv5 by ! sun1 & proves ! !oretical accuracy ( ! c>d-dial4 ,j at sun-rise or at sun-set ! am\nt ( refraction slightly exce$s half a degree4 ,if1 !n1 a little cross m 7see fig4 #h7 be made j bel[ ! sun-l9e1 at a di/ance f x :i* w\ld subt5d half a degree at c1 ! "t ( sun-set w\ld be f\nd correct$ = refraction1 if ! c5tral l9e ( light 7 made to fall on cm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,lit]ature4--,! foll[+ li/ includes ! pr9cipal writ]s on diall+ ^: works h come d[n1 to u1 & to ^! we mu/ ref] = descriptions ( ! v>i\s con/ructions1 "s simple & direct1 o!rs fanciful & intricate1 :i* h be5 at diff]5t times employ$3 ,ptolemy1 ,analemma1 re/or$ by ,comm&9e2 ,vitruvius1 ,ar*itecture2 ,seba/ian ,mn/]1 ,horologiographia2 ,orontius ,f9eus1 ,de horologiis sol>ibus2 ,mutio ,oddi da ,urb9o1 ,horologi sol>i2 ,dry&]1 ,de horologiorum compositione2 ,conrad ,gesn]1 ,p&ectae2 ,&reas ,s*n]1 ,gnomonicae2 ,f4 ,comm&9e1 ,horologiorum descriptio2 ,joan4 ,bapt4 ,b5$ictus1 ,de gnomonum usu2 ,georgius ,s*omb]g1 ,exegesis fundam5torum gnomonicorum2 ,joan4 ,solomon de ,caus1 ,horologes solaires2 ,joan4 ,bapt4 ,trolta1 ,praxis horologiorum2 ,des>gues1 ,manire univ]selle p\r pos] l'essieu1 c42 ,a?4 ,kir*]1 ,ars magna lucis et ,umbrae2 ,hallum1 ,explicatio horologii 9 horto regio ,lond9i2 ,joan4 ,m>k1 ,tractatus horologiorum2 ,clavius1 ,gnomonices de horologiis4 ,also among m mod]n writ]s1 ,des*ales1 ,ozanam1 ,s*ottus1 ,wolfius1 ,pic>d1 ,lahire1 ,walp]2 9 ,g]man1 ,pat]son1 ,mi*ael1 ,mll]2 9 ,engli%1 ,fo/]1 ,wells1 ,coll9s1 ,leadbett]1 ,jones1 ,leyb\rn1 ,em]son & ,f]guson4 ,see also ,hans ,ls*n]1 b] ,sonn5uhr5 7#bnd ed41 ,graz1 #aijf74 7,h4 ,g47 #a ,9 "o ( ! c\rts ( ,que5s' ,college1 ,cambridge1 !re is an elaborate sun-dial dat+ f ! end ( ! #ag? or beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & ar\nd x a s]ies ( numb]s :i* make x available z a moon-dial :5 ! moon's age is kn[n4 #b ,/rict equality is n necess>y1 z ! obs]vations made are on ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ea* division-po9t1 )\t ref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,x is n ev5 requisite t ! divisions %\ld g completely & exactly r\nd ! cyl9d]1 al?\gh !y 7 always s drawn1 & bo? ^! conditions 7 insi/$ ^u 9 ! directions = ! con/ruction4 ,,dialect 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 dialektos1 conv]sation1 mann] ( speak+1 ,greek3 dialege/hai1 to conv]se71 a p>ticul> or *>act]i/ic mann] ( spee*1 & h5ce any v>iety ( a language4 ,9 its wide/ s5se languages :i* are bran*es ( a common or p>5t language may be said to be dialects ( t language2 ?us ,attic1 ,ionic1 ,aeolic & ,doric are dialects ( ,greek1 ?\gh !re may nev] h at any "t be5 a sep>ate language ( :i* !y 7 v>iations2 s ! v>i\s ,romance languages1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 c41 7 dialects ( ,lat94 ,aga91 :]e !re h exi/$ side by side1 z 9 ,engl&1 v>i\s bran*es ( a language1 su* z ! languages ( ! ,angles1 ! ,jutes or ! ,saxons1 & ! desc5dant ( "o p>ticul> language1 f _m causes1 has obta9$ ! pr$om9ance1 ! traces ( ! o!r languages rema9 9 ! dialects ( ! di/ricts :]e once ! orig9al language prevail$4 ,?us x may be incorrect1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 to say t dialect v>ieties ( a language repres5t degradations ( ! /&>d language4 ,a lit]>y accept$ language1 su* z mod]n ,engli%1 repres5ts ! orig9al language spok5 9 ! ,midl&s1 ) accretions ( ,norman1 ,fr5*1 & lat] lit]>y & sci5tific additions f classical & o!r s\rces1 :ile ! pres5t-day dialects pres]ve1 9 inflections1 pronunciation & p>ticul> words1 traces ( ! orig9al v>iety ( ! language n incorporat$ 9 ! /&>d language ( ! c\ntry4 ,see ! v>i\s articles on languages 7,engli%1 ,fr5*1 c74 ,,dialectic1 or ,,dialectics 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 dialektos1 disc\rse1 debate2 ,greek3 dialektik1 sc4 ,greek3 te*n1 ! art ( debate71 a logical t]m1 g5]ally us$ 9 common p>lance 9 a contemptu\s s5se = v]bal or purely ab/ract disputation devoid ( practical value4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ,z5o ( ,elea inv5t$ dialectic1 ! art ( disputation by "q & answ]1 :ile ,plato develop$ x metaphysically 9 connexion ) 8 doctr9e ( ,ideas z ! art ( analys+ ideas 9 !mselves & 9 relation to ! ultimate idea ( ! ,good 7,repub4 vii474 ,! special function ( ! s-call$ ,socratic dialectic 0 to %[ ! inadequacy ( popul> beliefs4 ,ari/otle himself us$ dialectic1 z oppos$ to sci5ce1 = t dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity :i* exam9es ! presuppositions ly+ at ! back ( all ! p>ticul> sci5ces4 ,ea* p>ticul> sci5ce has its own subject matt] & special pr9ciples 7,greek3 idiai ar*ai7 on :i* ! sup]/ructure ( its special discov]ies is bas$4 ,! ,ari/otelian dialectic1 h[ev]1 deals ) ! univ]sal laws 7,greek3 ko9ai ar*ai7 ( reason+1 :i* c be appli$ to ! p>ticul> argum5ts ( all ! sci5ces4 ,! sci5ces1 = example1 all seek to def9e _! own species2 dialectic1 on ! o!r h&1 sets =? ! conditions :i* all def9itions mu/ satisfy :atev] _! subject matt]4 ,aga91 ! sci5ces all seek to educe g5]al laws2 dialectic inve/igates ! nature ( su* laws1 & ! k9d & degree ( necessity to :i* !y c atta94 ,to ?is g5]al subject matt] ,ari/otle gives ! "n ,topics 7,greek3 topoi1 loci1 communes loci74 ,dialectic 9 ?is s5se is ! equival5t ( logic4 ,ari/otle also uses ! t]m = ! sci5ce ( probable reason+ z oppos$ to demon/rative reason+ 7,greek3 apodeiktik74 ,! ,/oics divid$ ,greek3 logik 7logic7 into rhetoric & dialectic1 & f _! "t till ! end ( ! middle ages dialectic 0 ei!r synonym\s )1 or a "p (1 logic4 ,9 mod]n philosophy ! ^w has receiv$ c]ta9 special mean+s4 ,9 ,kantian t]m9ology ,dialektik is ! "n ( t portion ( ! ,kritik d4 re95 ,v]nunft 9 :i* ,kant discusses ! impossibility ( apply+ to ?+s-9-!mselves ! pr9ciples :i* are f\nd to gov]n ph5om5a4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel ! ^w resumes its orig9al ,socratic s5se1 z ! "n ( t intellectual process :]eby ! inadequacy ( popul> conceptions is expos$4 ,?r\gh\t its hi/ory1 !re=e1 dialectic has be5 connect$ ) t :i* is remote f1 or ali5 to1 unsy/ematic ?\ght1 ) ! a priori1 or transc5d5tal1 r ?an ) ! facts ( common exp]i5ce & mat]ial ?+s4 ,,diallage1 an important m9]al ( ! pyrox5e gr\p1 di/+ui%$ by its ?9 foliat$ /ructure & bronzy lu/re4 ,! *emical composition is ! same z diopside1 ,ca ,mg 7,si,o#c7b1 b x sometimes conta9s ! molecules 7,mg1 ,fe7 7,al1 ,fe'7#b ,si,o#f & ,na ,fe' 7,si,o#c7b1 9 addition1 :5 x approa*es to augite 9 composition4 ,diallage is 9 fact an alt]$ =m ( ^! v>ieties ( pyrox5e2 ! p>ticul> k9d ( alt]ation :i* !y h und]gone be+ kn[n z s*ill]ization4 ,?is1 z describ$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,judd1 consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( a f9e lamell> /ructure or p>t+ due to second>y tw9n+ & ! sep>ation ( second>y products along ^! & o!r planes ( *emical weakness 7solution planes7 9 ! cry/al4 ,! second>y products consi/ ( mixtures ( v>i\s hydrat$ oxides--opal1 g?ite1 limonite1 c--& appe> z microscopic inclusions fill+ or p>tly fill+ cavities1 :i* h def9ite outl9es ) respect to ! enclos+ cry/al & are kn[n z negative cry/als4 ,x is to ! reflection & int]f]5ce ( light f ^! m9ute inclusions t ! peculi> bronzy %e5 or s*ill] ( ! m9]al is due4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ lam9ation is t p>allel to ! or?op9acoid2 ano!r1 less di/9ct1 is p>allel to ! basal plane1 & a ?ird p>allel to ! plane ( symmetry2 ^! planes ( second>y p>t+ are 9 addition to ! ord9>y prismatic cleavage ( all pyrox5es4 ,frequ5tly ! mat]ial is int]lam9at$ ) a rhombic pyrox5e 7bronzite7 or ) an amphibole 7sm>agdite or uralite71 ! latt] be+ an alt]ation product ( ! diallage4 ,diallage is usually greyi%-gre5 or d>k gre51 sometimes br[n1 9 col\r1 & has a pe>ly to metallic lu/re or s*ill] on ! lam9at$ surfaces4 ,! h>dness is #d1 & ! specific gravity #c4b to #c4ce4 ,x does n occur 9 di/9ct cry/als ) def9ite outl9es1 b only z lamell> masses 9 deep-seat$ igne\s rocks1 pr9cipally gabbro1 ( :i* x is an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,x occurs also 9 "s p]idotites & s]p5t9es1 & r>ely 9 volcanic rocks 7basalt7 & cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,masses ( consid]able size are f\nd 9 ! co>se-gra9$ gabbros ( ! ,isl& ( ,skye1 ,le ,prese ne> ,bornio 9 ,valtell9a1 ,lomb>dy1 ,prato ne> ,flor5ce1 & _m o!r localities4 ,! "n diallage1 f diallage1 diff]5ce1 9 allusion to ! dissimil> cleavages & planes ( fracture1 z orig9ally appli$ by ,r4 ,j4 ,hay 9 #ahja1 includ$ o!r m9]als 7! or?orhombic pyrox5es hyp]/h5e1 bronzite & ba/ite1 & ! sm>agdite v>iety ( hornbl5de7 :i* exhibit ! same peculi>ities ( s*ill] /ructure2 x is n[ limit$ to ! monocl9ic pyrox5es ) ?is /ructure4 ,l ! m9]als ( simil> appe>ance j m5tion$1 x is sometimes cut & poli%$ = ornam5tal purposes4 7,l4 ,j4 ,s47 ,,dialogue1 prop]ly ! conv]sation betwe5 two or m p]sons1 report$ 9 writ+1 a =m ( lit]ature inv5t$ by ! ,greeks = purposes ( rhetorical ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction1 & sc>cely modifi$ s9ce ! days ( its inv5tion4 ,a dialogue is 9 reality a little drama )\t a !atre1 & ) sc>cely any *ange ( sc5e4 ,x %\ld be illum9at$ ) ^? qualities :i* ,la ,fonta9e applaud$ 9 ! dialogue ( ,plato1 namely vivacity1 fidelity ( tone1 & accuracy 9 ! opposition ( op9ions4 ,x has always be5 a fav\rite ) ^? writ]s :o h some?+ to c5sure or to imp>t1 b :o love to /& outside ! pulpit1 & to enc\rage o!rs to pursue a tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ! au?or does n seem to d m ?an indicate4 ,! dialogue is s spontane\s a mode ( express+ & not+ d[n ! undulations ( human ?\ght t x almo/ escapes analysis4 ,all t is record$1 9 any lit]ature1 ( :at pret5d to be ! actual words spok5 by liv+ or imag9>y p is ( ! nature ( dialogue4 ,"o bran* ( lett]s1 ! drama1 is entirely f\nd$ ^u x4 ,b 9 its te*nical s5se ! ^w is us$ to describe :at ! ,greek philosoph]s inv5t$1 & :at ! noble/ ( !m lift$ to ! extreme ref9em5t ( an art4 ,! sy/ematic use ( dialogue z an indep5d5t lit]>y =m is commonly suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ by ,plato1 ^: e>lie/ exp]im5t 9 x is believ$ to survive 9 ! ,la*es4 ,! ,platonic dialogue1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd$ on ! mime1 :i* _h be5 cultivat$ half a c5tury e>li] by ! ,sicilian poets1 ,sophron & ,epi*>mus4 ,! works ( ^! writ]s1 :i* ,plato admir$ & imitat$1 are lo/1 b x is believ$ t !y 7 little plays1 usually ) only two p]=m]s4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ mimes ( ,h]odas 7,h]ondas7 give u "s idea ( _! scope4 ,plato fur!r simplifi$ ! =m1 & r$uc$ x to pure argum5tative conv]sation1 :ile leav+ intact ! amus+ elem5t ( "*-draw+4 ,he mu/ h begun ?is ab\t ! ye> #dje1 & by #cii he _h br\ght ! dialogue to its highe/ p]fection1 especially 9 ! cycle directly inspir$ by ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,all 8 philosophical writ+s1 except ! ,apology1 are ca/ 9 ?is =m4 ,z ! greate/ ( all ma/]s ( ,greek prose /yle1 ,plato lift$ 8 fav\rite in/rum5t1 ! dialogue1 to its highe/ spl5d\r1 & to ?is day he rema9s by f> its mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(ici5t4 ,9 ! #bnd c5tury a4d4 ,lucian ( ,samosata a*iev$ a brilliant success ) 8 ironic dialogues ,( ! ,gods1 ,( ! ,dead1 ,( ,love & ,( ! ,c\rtesans4 ,9 "s ( !m he attacks sup]/ition & philosophical error ) ! %>pness ( 8 wit2 9 o!rs he m]ely pa9ts sc5es ( mod]n life4 ,! title ( ,lucian's mo/ fam\s collection 0 borr[$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury by two ,fr5* writ]s ( em95ce1 ea* ( :om prep>$ ,dialogues des morts4 ,^! 7 ,font5elle 7#afhc7 & ,fnelon 7#agab74 ,9 ,engli% non-dramatic lit]ature ! dialogue _h n be5 ext5sively employ$ until ,b]keley us$ x1 9 #agac1 = 8 ,platonic treatise1 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 ,l&or's ,imag9>y ,conv]sations 7#ahba-ahbh7 is ! mo/ fam\s example ( x 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 al?\gh ! dialogues ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps claim att5tion4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,wiel& adopt$ ?is =m = sev]al important satirical works publi%$ betwe5 #aghj & #agii4 ,9 ,spani% lit]ature1 ! ,dialogues ( ,valds 7#aebh7 & ^? on ,pa9t+ 7#afcc7 by ,v9c5zo ,c>ducci1 are celebrat$4 ,9 ,italian1 collections ( dialogues1 on ! model ( ,plato1 h be5 compos$ by ,torquato ,tasso 7#aehf71 by ,galileo 7#afcb71 by ,galiani 7#aggj71 by ,leop>di 7#ahbe71 & by a ho/ ( less] writ]s4 ,9 our own day1 ! ,fr5* h return$ to ! orig9al application ( dialogue1 & ! inv5tions ( ,gyp1 ( ,h5ri ,lav$an & ( o!rs1 9 :i* a mundane anecdote is wittily & malici\sly told 9 conv]sation1 w\ld probably pres5t a close analogy to ! lo/ mimes ( ! e>ly ,sicilian poets1 if we c\ld meet ) !m4 ,?is k9d ( dialogue has be5 employ$ 9 ,engli%1 & ) conspicu\s clev]ness by ,mr ,an/ey ,gu?rie1 b x does n seem s easily appreciat$ by ,engli% z by ,fr5* read]s4 7,e4,g47 ,,dialysis 7f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 dia1 ?r\gh1 ,greek3 lue91 to loos571 9 *emi/ry1 a process inv5t$ by ,?omas ,graham = sep>at+ colloidal & cry/all9e sub/ances4 ,he f\nd t solutions c\ld be divid$ into two classes accord+ to _! action ^u a por\s diaphragm su* z p>*m5t4 ,if a solution1 say ( salt1 be plac$ 9 a drum provid$ ) a p>*m5t bottom1 t]m$ a dialys]1 & ! drum & its cont5ts plac$ 9 a l>g] vessel ( wat]1 ! salt w pass ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,if ! salt solution be replac$ by "o ( glue1 gelat9 or gum1 x w be f\nd t ! membrane is imp]meable to ^! solutes4 ,to ! fir/ class ,graham gave ! "n cry/alloids1 & to ! second colloids4 ,?is me?od is p>ticul>ly effective 9 ! prep>ation ( silicic acid4 ,by add+ hydro*loric acid to a dilute solution ( an alkal9e silicate1 no precipitate w fall & ! solution w conta9 hydro*loric acid1 an alkal9e *loride1 & silicic acid4 ,if ! solution be transf]r$ to a dialys]1 ! hydro*loric acid & alkal9e *loride w pass ?r\gh ! p>*m5t1 :ile ! silicic acid w be reta9$4 ,,diamagnetism4 ,sub/ances :i*1 l iron1 are attract$ by ! pole ( an ord9>y magnet are commonly spok5 ( z magnetic1 all o!rs be+ reg>d$ z non-magnetic4 ,x 0 notic$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,becqu]el 9 #ahbg t a numb] ( s-call$ non-magnetic bodies1 su* z wood & gum lac1 7 influ5c$ by a v p[]ful magnet1 & he appe>s to h =m$ ! op9ion t ! influ5ce 0 ( ! same nature z t ex]t$ ^u iron1 ?\gh mu* feebl]1 & t all matt] 0 m or less magnetic4 ,f>aday %[$ 9 #ahde 7,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 vol4 iii47 t :ile practically all natural sub/ances are inde$ act$ ^u by a suffici5tly /rong magnetic pole1 x is only a comp>atively small numb] t are attract$ l iron1 ! great majority be+ repell$4 ,bodies ( ! latt] class 7 t]m$ by ,f>aday diamagnetics4 ,! /ronge/ diamagnetic sub/ance kn[n is bismu?1 its susceptibility be+--#j4jjjjad1 & its p]meability #j4iiih4 ,! diamagnetic quality ( ?is metal c be detect$ by means ( a good p]man5t magnet1 & its repulsion by a magnetic pole _h be5 m ?an once recogniz$ be=e ! date ( ,f>aday's exp]im5ts4 ,! metals gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 antimony & m]cury are all diamagnetic2 t91 alum9ium & plat9um are attract$ by a v /rong pole4 7,see ,,magnetism47 ,,diamante1 ,,fra1 ,italian fresco pa9t]1 0 born at ,prato ab\t #adjj4 ,he 0 a ,c>melite fri>1 a memb] ( ! ,flor5t9e community ( t ord]1 & 0 ! fri5d & assi/ant ( ,filippo ,lippi4 ,! ,c>melite conv5t ( ,prato :i* he adorn$ ) _m works 9 fresco has be5 suppress$1 & ! build+s h be5 alt]$ to a degree involv+ ! de/ruction ( ! pa9t+s4 ,he 0 ! pr9cipal assi/ant ( ,fra ,filippo 9 ! gr& frescoes :i* may /ill be se5 at ! ea/ end ( ! ca!dral ( ,prato4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! "w he 0 recall$ to ,flor5ce by 8 conv5tual sup]ior1 & a m9ute ( proce$+s ( ! commune ( ,prato is /ill extant1 9 :i* x is det]m9$ to petition ! metropolitan ( ,flor5ce to obta9 8 return to ,prato1--a pro( t 8 %>e 9 ! "w 0 s important t 8 recall involv$ ! susp5sion ( x4 ,subsequ5tly he assi/$ ,fra ,filippo 9 ! execution ( ! frescoes /ill to be se5 9 ! ca!dral ( ,spoleto1 :i* ,fra ,diamante complet$ 9 #adgj aft] 8 ma/]'s dea? 9 #adfi4 ,fra ,filippo left a son t5 ye>s old to ! c>e ( ,diamante1 :o1 hav+ receiv$ #bjj ducats f ! commune ( ,spoleto1 z ! balance due = ! "w done 9 ! ca!dral1 return$ ) ! *ild to ,flor5ce1 &1 z ,vas>i says1 b\ght l& = himself ) ! money1 giv+ b a small portion to ! *ild4 ,! accusation ( wrong-do+1 h[ev]1 w\ld dep5d ^u ! %>e ( ! "w execut$ by ,fra ,diamante1 & ! t]ms ( 8 agreem5t ) ,fra ,filippo4 ,fra ,diamante mu/ h be5 ne>ly sev5ty :5 he complet$ ! frescoes at ,spoleto1 b ! exact ye> ( 8 dea? is n kn[n4 ,,diamante1 ,,juan ,,bauti/a 7#afdj8-afhd871 ,spani% dramati/1 0 born at ,ca/illo ab\t #afdj1 ent]$ ! army1 & began writ+ = ! /age 9 #afeg4 ,he became a knight ( ,santiago 9 #affj2 ! date ( 8 dea? is unkn[n1 b no ref]5ce to him z a liv+ au?or occurs aft] #afhd4 ,l _m o!r ,spani% dramati/s ( 8 "t1 ,diamante is defici5t 9 orig9ality1 & 8 /yle is riddl$ ) affectations2 ,la ,desgraciada ,raquel1 :i* 0 long consid]$ to be 8 be/ play1 is really ,mira de ,amescua's ,juda de ,tol$o "u ano!r title2 & ! e>lie/ ( ,diamante's surviv+ pieces1 ,el ,honrador de su padre 7#afeh71 is little m ?an a free translation ( ,corneille's ,cid4 ,diamante is hi/orically int]e/+ z ! introduc] ( ,fr5* dramatic me?ods into ,spa94 ,,diamant9a 7=m]ly call$ ,tejuco71 a m9+ t[n ( ! /ate ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,brazil1 9 ! ,n4,e4 "p ( ! /ate1 #cgaj ft4 above sea-level4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #ag1ihj4 ,diamant9a is built p>tly on a /eep hillside ov]look+ a small tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,jequit9honha 7:]e diamond-wa%+ 0 once c>ri$ on71 & p>tly on ! level pla9 above4 ,! t[n is r\ghly b sub/antially built1 ) broad /reets & l>ge squ>es4 ,x is ! seat ( a bi%opric1 ) an episcopal sem9>y1 & has _m *ur*es4 ,its public build+s are inconspicu\s2 !y include a !atre1 milit>y b>racks1 hospitals1 a lunatic asylum & a second>y s*ool4 ,!re are sev]al small manufactures1 includ+ cotton-weav+1 & diamond-cutt+ is c>ri$ on4 ,! surr\nd+ region1 ly+ on ! ea/]n slopes ( "o ( ! lat]al ranges ( ! ,s]ra d ,esp9hao1 is r\gh & b>r51 b ri* 9 m9]als1 pr9cipally gold & diamonds4 ,diamant9a is ! comm]cial c5tre ( an ext5sive region1 & has long be5 not$ = its weal?4 ,! date ( ! discov]y ( diamonds1 ^u :i* its weal? & importance *iefly dep5d1 is unc]ta91 b ! (ficial ann\ncem5t 0 made 9 #agbi1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! m9es 7 decl>$ cr[n prop]ty1 ) a cr[n res]vation1 kn[n z ! =bidd5 di/rict1 #db leagues 9 circumf]5ce & #h to #af leagues 9 diamet]4 ,gold-m9+ 0 =bidd5 )9 its limits & diamond-wa%+ 0 plac$ "u sev]e re/rictions4 ,!re are no tru/wor?y returns ( ! value ( ! output1 b 9 #ahdi ! total 0 e/imat$ up to t date at #cjj1jjj1jjj francs 7see ,,diamond74 ,! pres5t "n ( ! t[n 0 assum$ 7in/ead ( ,tejuco7 9 #ahch1 :5 x 0 made a cidade4 ,,diamant9o1 a small t[n ( ! /ate ( ,matto ,grosso1 ,brazil1 ne> ! ,diamant9o riv]1 ab\t #f m4 above its junction ) ! ,p>aguay1 9 #ad #bd' #cc ,s41 #ef #h' #cj ,w4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 ( ! municipality #badg1 mo/ly ,indians4 ,x /&s 9 a brok5 /]ile region #ahcg ft4 above sea-level & at ! foot ( ! great ,matto ,grosso plateau4 ,! fir/ m9+ settlem5t dates f #agcj1 :5 gold 0 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,on ! discov]y ( diamonds 9 #agdf ! settlem5t drew a l>ge population & = a "t 0 v prosp]\s4 ,! m9es fail$ to meet expectations1 h[ev]1 & ! population has /eadily decl9$4 ,ipecacuanha & vanilla beans are n[ ! pr9cipal articles ( export4 ,,diamet] 7f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 dia1 ?r\gh1 ,greek3 metron1 measure71 9 geometry1 a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a circle or conic section & t]m9at$ by ! curve2 ! pr9cipal diamet]s ( ! ellipse & hyp]bola co9cide ) ! axes & are at 444 7cont9u$ 9 volume #h1 slice #d1 page #jaeh47 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to pr9t$ orig9al4 ,,det]m9ant1 =mula ab'c - abc' a'bc - a'bc - abc' - ab'c4 *ang$ to ab'c - abc' a'bc - a'bc abc' - ab'c4 ,,detmold1 add$ miss+ comma aft] ',detmold possesses a natural hi/ory museum'4 ,,dev5t]1 ',! ,a!naeum disappe>$' correct$ f ! orig9al 'disapp]$'4 ,,devil1 replac$ comma ) a p]iod aft] 'accord+ to #a ,*ron4 xxi'4 ,,devon%ire1 ,,e>ls ,,& ,,dukes ,,(1 ',9 ,novemb] #afhd' orig9ally ',novembr'4 ,,diagram1 'f\nd to be ( use especially' orig9ally 'epsecially'4 ,,dial1 table angles on ! dial1 column ,,ix4 ,a4,m4 ,,iii4 ,p4,m4 bottom entry correct$ f '#de #de' to '#dj #de'4 ,,diagram1 miss+ clos+ p>5!sis add$ aft] 'to m>k out by l9es'4