,transcrib]'s ,note  ,a numb] (         
typographical errors h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is
 v]sion ( ?is book4 ,!y h be5 m>k$ ) a  
,,tn-1 :i* ref]s to a description 9 !   
complete li/ f\nd at ! end ( ! text4  ,!
 foll[+ less common "* is us$4 ,if x    
doesn't display prop]ly1 please try     
*ang+ y\r font4      squ>e root sign    
,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4    ,,! ,,my?s  
,,( ,,! ,,new ,,_w3 ,a ,treatise on !   
,symbolism & ,my?ology     ( ! ,r$ ,race
 ( ,am]ica4 ,second edition1 revis$4    
,l>ge #abmo1     #b4ej4    ,,!          
,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t3 ,its ,s\rce &     
,aim4 ,a ,contribution to !     ,sci5ce 
& ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,l>ge #abmo1 
#b4ej4       ,,!    ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t
    ,,its ,,s\rce ,,& ,,aim    ,a       
,,contribution ,,to ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,&    
,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4    ,,by    
,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4   
,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical      
,society1 ! ,am]ican ,philological      
,society1 etc42 au?or ( 8,! ,my?s ( !   
,new ,_w10 etc4    ,colophon    ,,new   

,,york   ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company    
#ahgf4       ,,copyright1   ,,by ,,h5ry 
,,holt   #ahgf4    ,,john ,f4 ,,tr[     
,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1   #bje-bac ,,ea/ #ab,,?
 ,,/41 ,,new ,,york4     ,,preface      
,my?ology1 s9ce x began to receive a    
sci5tific h&l+ at all1 has be5 treat$ z 
a subord9ate bran* ( hi/ory or (        
e?nology4 ,! 8sci5ce ( religion10 z we  
"k x 9 ! works ( ,burn\f1 ,mll]1 & o!rs1
 is a comp>ison ( sy/ems ( wor%ip 9 _!  
hi/oric developm5t4 ,! deep] inquiry z  
to :at 9 ! m9d ( man gave bir? to       
religion 9 any ( its =ms1 :at _s brea!d 
& is ev] brea?+ life into ^! dry bones1 
?is1 ! f9al & highe/ "q ( all1 has _h b 
pass+ or prejudic$ att5tion4 ,to its    
inve/igation ?is book is devot$4  ,!    
analysis ( ! religi\s s5tim5t ,i (f] is 
an inductive "o1 ^: outl9es 7 furni%$ by
 a prelim9>y /udy ( ! religions ( !     
native race ( ,am]ica1 a field select$ z
 mo/ favorable by reason ( ! simplicity 
( _m ( its cults1 & ! abs5ce ( !ories   
respect+ !m4 ,?is /udy 0 embodi$ 9 8,!  

,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w2 a ,treatise on !    
,symbolism & ,my?ology ( ! ,r$ ,race (  
,am]ica0 7second edition1 ,n4 ,y4       
#ahgf74  ,! results ?us obta9$ ,i h 9 ! 
pres5t "w exp&$ by includ+ 9 ! survey ! 
hi/oric religions ( ! ,old ,_w1 &       
submitt$ ! :ole = solution to ! ,laws ( 
,m9d1 reg>d$ z physiological elem5ts (  
gr[?1 & to ! ,laws ( ,?\ght1 ^!1 z =mal 
only1 be+ held z n[ise a developm5t (   
^?4 ,?is latt] position1 :i* is n conc$$
 by ! reign+ s*ool ( psy*ology1 ,i h    
tak5 pa9s to expla9 & def5d z f> z      
consi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is treatise2 b ,i  
am well aw>e t to say all t c be said 9 
pro( ( x1 w\ld take mu* m space ?an "h  
all[$4  ,! ma9 que/ions ,i h _h be=e me 
9 writ+ ?is volume h an int]e/ beyond ^?
 :i* m]e sci5ce prop\nds4 ,:at l$ m5 to 
imag9e gods at all8 ,:at /ill prompts   
enlight5$ nations to wor%ip8 ,is pray] (
 any avail1 or ( none8 ,is fai? ! la/   
gr\nd ( adoration1 or is reason8 ,is    
religion a transi5t phase ( developm5t1 
or is x ! *ief end ( man8 ,:at is its   

w>rant ( cont9uance8 ,if x ov]live ?is  
day ( crumbl+ !ologies1 :5ce w come its 
reprieve8  ,to su* inquiries z ^!1      
answ]s satisfactory to ?9k+ m5 ( ?is "t 
c1 ,i believe1 be giv5 only by an       
inductive /udy ( religions1 support$ by 
a s\nd psy*ology1 & conduct$ 9 a _s :i* 
ackn[l$ges z possibly rightful1 !       
rev]5ce :i* e sy/em claims4 ,^? ,i      
propose1 inadequate ?\gh !y may be1 c at
 any rate pret5d to be ! result ( hone/ 
labor4  ,,philadelphia1 ,janu>y1 #ahgf4 
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page4   ,,*apt] ,i4    ,,! ,,be>+ ,,( 
,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,m9d ,,on ,,religion    
#c    ,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,,! ,,emotional  
,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t  
#dg    ,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,! ,,rational 
,,po/ulates ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t
        #hg    ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,!     
,,pray] ,,& ,,its ,,answ]               
#aag    ,,*apt] ,v4    ,,! ,,my? ,,& ,,!
 ,,my?ical ,,cycles                     
#aee    ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,,! ,,cult1    
,,its ,,symbols ,,& ,,rites             

#aii    ,,*apt] ,,vii4    ,,! ,,mom5ta  
,,( ,,religi\s ,,?\ght                  
#bca     ,,! ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,(  
,,m9d ,,on ,,religion   ,,summ>y4       
,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,sci5ce & !       
,philosophy ( religion4      ,x is      
assum$ 7#a7 t religions are products (  
?\ght1 7#b7 t      !y h a unity ( k9d & 
purpose4 ,!y c be /udi$ by !      me?ods
 ( natural sci5ce appli$ to ,m9d4       
,m9d is co-ext5sive ) organism4         
,s5sation & ,emotion are      prom95t   
m>ks ( x4 ,^! are ei!r pleasurable or   
pa9ful2 !      latt] dim9i% vital       
motions1 ! =m] increase !m4 ,?is      is
 a product ( natural selection4 ,a      
mis-read+ ( ^! facts is      ! fallacy (
 ,buddhism & o!r pessimi/ic sy/ems4     
,pleasure      comes f cont9u\s action4 
,?is is illu/rat$ by ! e/hetic          
emotions1 volition & consci\sness4      
,! climax ( m9d is ,intellect4 ,physical
 *anges accompany ?\ght      b _c       
measure x4 ,relations ( ?\ght & feel+4  
,tru? is      its only measure4 ,tru?1 l

 pleasure1 is desir$ = its              
pres]vative p[]s4 ,x is rea*$ ?r\gh !   
laws ( ?\ght4       ,^! laws are3 7#a7 !
 natural ord] ( ! association ( ideas1  
7#b7 ! me?ods ( appli$ logic1 7#c7 ! =ms
 ( correct      reason+4 ,! la/ all[ (  
ma!matical expression4 ,!y are      ?ree
 9 numb]1 call$ ^? ( ,det]m9ation1      
,limitation &      ,exclud$ ,middle4    
,! la/ is ! key-/one ( religi\s         
philosophy4 ,its div]se                 
int]pretations4 ,its ma!matical expres  
ion,,tn-#a %[s t x      does n relate to
 contradictories4 ,b c]ta9 concrete     
analytic      propositions1 relat+ to   
contr>ies1 d h ?is =m4 ,!      contr>y z
 di/+ui%$ f ! privative4 ,! ,condition$ 
&      ,uncondition$1 ! ,kn[able &      
,unkn[able are n true                   
contradictions4 ,! syn!sis ( contr>ies  
is !oretic only4       ,errors z to !   
limits ( possible explanation correct$  
by ^!      di/9ctions4 ,! =mal law is ! 
la/ & complete explanation4      ,!     
relations ( ?\ght1 belief & be+4     ,,!

 ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4     ,,*apt] ,i4  
,,! ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,m9d ,,on
 ,,religion4   ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion is
 "o ( ! bran*es ( g5]al hi/orical       
sci5ce4 ,x embraces1 z ! doma9 ( its    
inve/igation1 all record$ facts relat+  
to ! displays ( ! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t4   
,its limits are def9$ by ^? facts1 & !  
legitimate inf]5ces f !m4 ,its aim is to
 asc]ta9 ! con/itutive laws ( ! orig9 & 
spread ( religions1 & to depict !       
influ5ce !y h ex]t$ on ! g5]al life (   
mank9d4  ,! "q :e!r a giv5 religion is  
true or false _c pres5t itself 9 ?is =m 
z a prop] subject ( sci5tific inquiry4  
,! mo/ t c be ask$ is1 :e!r "s "o sy/em 
is be/ suit$ to a specifi$ condition ( !
 individual or ! community4  ,! high]   
inquiry is ! object ( ! ,philosophy (   
,religion4 ,?is bran* ( /udy aims to    
pass beyond record$ facts & local       
adju/m5ts 9 ord] to weigh ! !oretical   
claims ( religions1 & measure _! great] 
or less con=mity ) ab/ract tru?4 ,! =mal
 or regulative laws ( religi\s ?\ght    

occupy x4  ,!ology1 dogmatic or polemic1
 is an explanatory def5ce ( "s p>ticul> 
fai?4 ,toge!r ) my?ology & symbolism1 x 
furni%es ! mat]ial f :i* ! ,sci5ce &    
,philosophy ( ,religion seek to educe ! 
laws & frame ! g5]alizations :i* w      
expla9 ! s\rce & aim ( religion 9 g5]al4
  ,! common s\rce ( all devotional      
displays is ! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t1 a     
complex feel+1 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( :i* is
 an ess5tial prelim9>y to ! /udy (      
religi\s sy/ems4  ,su* a /udy proce$s on
 ! assumption t all religions are       
products ( ?\ght1 comm5c$ & cont9u$ 9   
accordance ) ! laws ( ! human m9d1 &1   
!re=e1 compreh5sible to ! ext5t to :i*  
^! laws are kn[n4 ,no "o disputes ?is1  
except 9 ref]5ce to 8 own religion4     
,?is1 he is apt to ass]t1 _h some?+     
8sup]natural0 ab\t its orig94 ,if ?is ^w
 be correctly us$1 x may /& )\t cavil4  
,! 8natural0 is t ( :i* we "k 9 :ole or 
9 "p ! laws2 ! 8sup]natural0 means t (  
:i* we d n at pres5t "k 9 any degree !  
laws4 ,! doma9 ( ! sup]natural dim9i%es 

9 ! ratio ( ! increase ( k2 & ! inf]5ce 
t x also is absolutely "u ! control (   
law1 is n only all[able b obligatory4   
,a second assumption mu/ be t !re is a  
unity ( k9d & purpose 9 all religions4  
,)\t ?is1 no common law c exi/ = !m4    
,su* a law mu/ hold good 9 all ages1 9 e
 condition ( society1 & 9 ea* in/ance4  
,h5ce ^? :o expla9 religi\s sy/ems z =ms
 ( gov]nm5t1 or z sy/ems ( e?ics1 or z  
misconceiv$ hi/ory1 or z !ories (       
natural philosophy1 mu/ be prep>$ to    
make _! view good :5 x is univ]sally    
appli$1 or else r5\nce ! possibility ( a
 ,sci5ce ( ,religion2 :ile ^? :o w\ld   
except _! own sy/em f :at !y grant is ! 
law ( all o!rs1 violate ! pr9ciples (   
inve/igation & !reby ! canons ( tru?4   
,! me?ods ( sci5ce are ev]y:]e alike4   
,has ! naturali/ to expla9 an organism1 
he beg9s ) its elem5ts or proximate     
pr9ciples z obta9$ by analysis2 he !nce 
passes to ! tissues & fluids :i* compose
 its memb]s2 ^! he consid]s fir/ 9 a    
/ate ( repose1 _! /ructure & _!         

connections2 !n he exam9es _! functions1
 ! laws ( _! gr[? & action2 & f9ally he 
has rec\rse to ! doctr9e ( relations1 la
 ?orie des milieux1 to def9e !          
conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,7 su* a me?od
 appli$ to a religion1 x w\ld lead u    
fir/ to /udy its psy*ological elem5ts1  
!n ! v>i\s expressions 9 ^w & act to :i*
 ^! give occasion1 next ! record ( its  
gr[? & decay1 & f9ally f ^! to ga!r !   
circum/antials ( human life & culture   
:i* l$ to its hi/oric exi/5ce4  ,"s h   
urg$ t su* a me?od %\ld n be summon$ to 
que/ions 9 m5tal philosophy4 ,to d s1   
say !y1 is to conf\nd ?+s di/9ct1       
requir+ di/9ct plans ( /udy4 ,su* a     
criticism might h _h weight 9 ! days :5 
! m9d 0 suppos$ to inhabit ! body z a   
t5ant a h\se1 & h no relation to x o!r  
?an t ( a casual occupant4 ,b t op9ion  
is antiquat$4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( a     
c5tury ago ! f>-see+ ?9k]1 ,wilhelm von 
,humboldt1 laid d[n ! maxim t ! ph5om5a 
( m9d & matt] obey laws id5tical 9      
k9d2#f-a & a rec5t hi/orian ( sci5ce    

sums up ! result ( ! late/ rese>* 9 ^!  
words3  8,! old dualism ( m9d & body1   
:i* = c5turies /ruggl$ 9 va9 =          
reconciliation1 f9ds x n[1 n inde$ 9 !  
unity ( sub/ance1 b 9 ! unity (         
laws40#f-b  ,x is1 !re=e1 z a "q 9 m5tal
 philosophy to be treat$ by ! me?ods (  
natural sci5ce1 t ,i %all approa* !     
discussion ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,z x is
 a "p1 or at lea/ a manife/ation ( m9d1 
,i mu/ preface its m p>ticul>           
consid]ation ) "s words on ! m9d 9      
g5]al1 words :i* ,i %all make z few & z 
cle> z possible4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
c5tury1 ! naturali/ ,ok5 haz>d$ !       
ass]tion3 8,! human m9d is a memb]m5t ( 
infusorial s5sation10#g-a a phrase :i*  
has be5 ! guid+ pr9ciple ( sci5tific    
psy*ology ev] s9ce4 ,t 9 ! c\rse ( ?is  
memb]m5t or gr[? :olly new faculties are
 acquir$1 is conc$$4 ,z ! union ( two   
inorganic sub/ances may yield a ?ird    
diff]5t 9 e respect f ei!r2 or1 z 9 !   
transition ( inorganic to organic matt]1
 ! p[] ( reproduction is atta9$2 s1     

positively new p[]s may att5d !         
developm5t ( m9d4 ,f s5sations x        
progresses to emotions1 f emotions to   
reason4 ,! "o is ! psy*ical climax ( !  
o!r4 8,we h /ill to d ) ! "o            
m9d1^:,,tn-#b action developes itself ) 
p]ception1 ?r\gh discrim9ation1 till x  
arrives at notions1 :]e9 its mo/ g5]al  
s*eme1 #8tru? & error1' s]ves z !       
pr9ciple40#h-a  ,extravagant z ,ok5's   
expression seem$ to _m :5 x 0 publi%$1 x
 n[ falls %ort ( ! legitimate dem&s (   
sci5ce1 & ,i may add1 ( religion4 ,m9d  
is co-ext5sive ) organism2 9 ! language 
( logic1 "o 8connotes0 ! o!r2 ?is       
/atem5t1 & no?+ %ort ( x1 satisfies !   
conditions ( ! problem4 ,:]ev] we see   
,=m pres]v$ amid ! *ange ( sub/ance1 !re
 is m9d2 x alone c "w t miracle2 only x 
gives ,life4 ,matt] suff]s no increase2 
!re=e ! new is b a r$i/ribution ( ! old2
 x is new 9 =m only2 & ! ma9t5ance ( =m 
"u *anges ( sub/ance is ! "o di/+ui%+   
m>k ( organism4 ,to x is add$ ! yet m   
wond]ful p[] ( transmitt+ =m by         

reproduction4 ,:]ev] ^! are1 are also ! 
rudim5ts ( m9d4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !   
animal & ! vegetable worlds1 betwe5 !   
reason+ & unreason+ animals1 is "o (    
degree only4 ,:e!r1 9 a some:at diff]5t 
s5se1 we %\ld n g yet fur!r1 & say t m9d
 is co-ext5sive ) motion1 & h5ce )      
ph5om5a1 is a speculative inquiry :i*   
may h to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 b x 
does n conc]n u "h4  ,! fir/ & mo/ g5]al
 m>k ( ,m9d is s5sation or common feel+4
 ,9 te*nical language a s5sation is     
def9$ to be ! result ( an impression on 
an organism1 produc+ "s molecul> *ange 9
 its n]ve or life c5tres4 ,x is !       
consequ5ce ( a contact ) ano!r exi/5ce4 
,measur$ by its effects ^u ! individual 
! common law ( s5sation is3 ,e          
impression1 h[ev] slight1 ei!r adds to  
or takes f ! sum ( ! life-=ce ( ! sy/em2
 9 ! =m] case x produces a pleasurable1 
9 ! latt] a pa9ful s5sation4 ,!         
exceptions to ?is rule1 ?\gh _m1 are su*
 9 appe>ance only4#i-a  ,9 ! human race 
! impression c (t5 be made q z =cibly by

 a ?\ght z by an act4 8,i am confid5t10 
says ,john ,hunt]1 ! anatomi/1 8t ,i c  
fix my att5tion to any "p1 until ,i h a 
s5sation 9 t "p40 ,?is is :at is call$ !
 influ5ce ( ! m9d ^u ! body4 ,its ext5t 
is mu* great] ?an us$ to be imag9$1 & x 
has be5 a f]tile s\rce ( religi\s       
delusions4 ,su* s5sations are call$     
subjective2 ^? produc$ by ext]nal =ce1  
objective4  ,! imm$iate consequ5t ( a   
s5sation is reflex action1 ! object (   
:i* is ei!r to avoid pa9 or increase    
pleasure1 9 o!r words1 ei!r to pres]ve  
or augm5t ! individual life4  ,!        
molecul> *anges incid5t to a s5sation   
leave p]man5t traces1 :i* are ! physical
 bases ( memory4 ,"o or sev]al su*      
rememb]$ s5sations1 evok$ by a pres5t   
s5sation1 comb9e ) x to =m an ,emotion4 
,*>act]i/ic ( _! orig9 is x t ! emotions
 fall naturally into a dual             
classification1 9 :i* ! "o involves     
pleasurable or elevat+1 ! o!r pa9ful or 
depress+ conditions4 ,?us we h ! pairs  
joy & grief1 hope & fe>1 love & hate1   

etc4  ,! "q ( pleasure & pa9 is ?us se5 
to be ! prim>y "o ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,we   
mu/ look to x to expla9 ! mean+ (       
s5sation z a common quality ( organism4 
,:at is ! significance ( pleasure & pa98
  ,! "q involves t ( ,life4 ,n to /ray  
into =eign topics1 x may broadly be said
 t z all *ange resolves itself into     
motion1 &1 z ,helmholtz rem>ks1 all     
sci5ce m]ges itself into me*anics1 we   
%\ld comm5ce by ask+ :at vital motions  
^! s5sations /& = or correspond to4  ,e 
organism1 & ea* ( its p>ts1 is !        
resultant ( innum]able motions1 a       
composition ( =ces4 ,z su*1 ea* obeys ! 
fir/ law ( motion1 to wit1 indef9ite    
cont9uance ( action until int]f]$ )4    
,?is is a modification ( ,newton's 8law 
( cont9uance10 :i*1 ) ! o!r prim>y laws 
( motion1 mu/ be tak5 z ! f\ndation (   
biology z well z ( a/ronomy4#aa-a  ,!   
dim9ution or disp]sion ( organic motion 
is express$ 9 physiological t]ms z wa/e2
 we are admoni%$ ( wa/e by pa92 & ?us   
admoni%$ we supply ! wa/e or avoid !    

injury z f> z we c4 ,b ?is connection ( 
pa9 ) wa/e is n a necess>y "o1 nor is x 
! "w ( a ,provid5tia p>ticul>is1 z !    
s*oolm5 said4 ,x is a simple result (   
natural selection4 ,_m organisms h be5  
born1 no d\bt1 9 :i* wa/e did n cause   
pa92 caus$1 p]haps1 pleasure4           
,consequ5tly1 !y indulg$ _! pref]5ces & 
soon p]i%$4 ,only ^? liv$ to propagate  
_! k9d 9 :om a diff]5t s5sation 0       
associat$ ) wa/e1 & !y transmitt$ ?is   
s5sitiv5ess increas$ by ance/ral        
impression to _! (fspr+4 ,! curses ( !  
human race to-day are alcohol1 opium &  
tobacco1 & !y are s because !y cause    
wa/e1 b d n imm$iately produce pa9ful b 
r pleasurable feel+s4  ,pa91 z !        
s5sation ( wa/e1 is ! precursor ( dea?1 
( ! "p or sy/em4 ,by p>ity ( evolution1 
pleasure came to be ! s5sation (        
cont9uance1 ( un9t]rupt$ action1 (      
increas+ vigor & life4 ,e action1 h[ev]1
 is accompani$ by wa/e1 & h5ce e        
pleasure developes pa94 ,b x is all     
important to note t ! latt] is ! m5tal  

correlative n ( ! action b ( its        
cessation1 n ( ! life ( ! "p b ( its    
ceas+ to live4 ,pa91 x is true1 9 c]ta9 
limits excites to action2 b x is by     
awak5+ ! self-pres]vative t5d5cies1 :i* 
are ! real actors4 ,?is physiological   
di/9ction1 capable ( illu/ration f      
s5sitive vegetable z well z ! l[e/      
animal organisms1 has _h an intimate    
connection ) religi\s !ories4 ,!        
problems ( suff]+ & dea? are precisely !
 ones :i* all religions set =? to solve 
9 !ory & 9 practice4 ,_! cre$s & my?s   
are bas$ on :at !y make ( pa94 ,! !ory (
 ,buddhism1 :i* n[ has m foll[]s ?an any
 o!r fai?1 is f\nd$ on f\r axioms1 :i*  
are call$ 8! f\r excell5t tru?s40 ,!    
fir/ & fundam5tal "o is3 8,pa9 is       
insep>able f exi/5ce40 ,?is is !        
pr9ciple ( all pessimism1 anci5t &      
mod]n4 ,s*op5hau]1 an out-&-out         
pessimi/1 lays d[n ! alli$ maxim1 8,all 
pleasure is negative1 t is1 x consi/s 9 
gett+ rid ( a want or pa910#ac-a a      
pr9ciple express$ be=e 8 "t 9 ! say+ 8! 

highe/ pleasure is ! relief f pa940     
,consi/5tly ) ?is1 ,buddhism holds out z
 ! ultimate ( hope ! /ate ( ,nirvana1 9 
:i* exi/5ce is n1 :]e ! s\l is 8bl[n    
out0 l ! flame ( a c&le4  ,b physiology 
demoli%es ! corn]-/one ( ?is edifice :5 
x %[s t pa91 s f> f be+ insep>able f    
exi/5ce1 has m]ely become1 ?r\gh        
transmitt$ exp]i5ce1 ne>ly insep>able f 
! progressive cessation ( exi/5ce4 ,:ile
 action & reaction are equal 9 inorganic
 nature1 ! pr9ciple ( life modifies !   
op]ation ( ?is univ]sal law ( =ce by    
br++ 9 nutrition1 :i*1 7 x complete1    
w\ld antagonize reaction4 ,9 su* a case1
 pleasure w\ld be cont9u\s1 pa9 null2   
action con/ant1 reaction hypo!tical4 ,z1
 h[ev]1 nutrition 9 fact nev] :olly & at
 once replaces ! elem5ts alt]$ by vital 
action1 bo? physicians & metaphysicians 
h obs]v$ t pleasure is ! =e-runn] ( pa91
 & has ! latt] z its c]ta9 sequel4#ad-a 
,physiologically & practically1 !       
def9ition ( pleasure is1 maximum action 
) m9imum wa/e4  ,?is latt] g5]alization 

is ! explanation ( ! e/hetic emotions4  
,! mod]n !ory ( art re/s n on a         
psy*ological b a physiological1 & ?is 9 
turn on a physical basis4 ,helmholtz's  
!ory ( musical h>mony dep5ds on !       
exp]im5tal fact t a cont9u$ impression  
gives a pleasant1 a discont9u\s an      
unpleasant s5sation4 ,! me*anics (      
muscul> /ructure prove t :at are call$  
graceful motions are ^? :i* are !       
me*anical resultant ( ! =ce ( !         
muscle1--^? :i* x c p]=m at lea/ wa/e4  
,! pleasure we take 9 curves1 especially
 8! l9e ( beauty10 is because our eyes c
 foll[ !m ) a m9imum action ( its       
muscles ( atta*m5t4 ,! popul> figure    
call$ ! ,grecian figure or ! walls (    
,troy1 is pleasant because ea* /raight  
l9e is %ort]1 & at "r angles to ! prec$+
 "o1 ?us giv+ ! greate/ possible *ange (
 action to ! muscles ( ! eye4  ,su* a   
me*anical view ( physiology pres5ts o!r 
sugge/ions4 ,! laws ( vibratory motion  
lead to ! inf]5ce t action 9 accordance 
) ^? laws gives maximum int5sity &      

m9imum wa/e4 ,h5ce ! pleasure ! m9d     
takes 9 h>monies ( s\nd1 ( color & (    
odors4  ,! correct physiological        
conception ( ! mo/ p]fect physical life 
is t :i* w cont9ue ! longe/ 9 use1 n t  
:i* c display ! greate/ muscul> =ce4 ,! 
ideal is "o ( ext5sion1 n ( int5sion4   
,religi\s art indicates ! gradual       
recognition ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,true to _! 
ideal ( inaction1 ! ,ori5tal nations    
repres5t _! gods z mighty 9 /ature1 )   
prom95t muscles1 b sitt+ or recl9+1 (t5 
) clos$ eyes or fold$ h&s1 wrapp$ 9     
robes1 & lo/ 9 m$itation4 ,! ,greeks1 on
 ! o!r h&1 portray$ _! deities ( ord9>y 
/ature1 nak$1 awake & erect1 b ! limbs  
smoo? & r\nd1 ! muscul> l9es & ! ve9s   
h>dly visible1 s t 9 e attitude an      
indef9ite s5se ( repose p]vades ! :ole  
figure4 ,movem5t )\t ef=t1 action )\t   
wa/e1 is ! immortality ^! incomp>able   
works set =?4 ,!y are meant to tea* t ! 
ideal life is "o1 n ( pa9less ease1 b ( 
joy\s action4  ,! law ( cont9uity to :i*
 ,i h allud$ is n conf9$ to simple      

motions4 ,x is a g5]al ma!matical law1 t
 ! long] any?+ la/s ! long] x is likely 
to la/4 ,if a die turns ace a doz5 times
 h&runn+1 ! *ances are l>ge t x w turn  
ace aga94 ,! ,!ory ( ,probabilities is  
f\nd$ ^u ?is1 & ! value ( /ati/ics is   
bas$ on an alli$ pr9ciple4 ,e condition 
opposes *ange ?r\gh in]tia4 ,by ?is law1
 z ! motion caus$ by a pleasurable      
s5sation excites by ! physical laws (   
associat$ motions ! rem9isc5ces ( =m]   
pleasures & pa9s1 a t5d5cy to p]man5ce  
is acquir$1 :i* gives ! physical basis =
 ,volition4 ,exp]i5ce & memory are1     
!re=e1 necess>y to volition1 &          
practically self re/ra9t is secur$ by   
call+ num]\s pa/ s5sations to m9d1      
det]r5t ones1 8! pa9s :i* are indirect  
pleasures10 or else pleasurable ones4 ,!
 ,w is an exhibition "u complex         
relations ( ! t5d5cy to cont9uance :i*  
is express$ 9 ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,its 
normal action is ! ma9t5ance ( !        
individual life1 ! prolongation ( !     
pleasurable s5sations1 ! support ( !    

=ces :i* combat dea?4  ,:atev] ! action1
 :e!r consci\s or reflex1 its real ?\gh 
(t5 indirect & unaccompli%$ object is ! 
pres]vation or ! augm5tation ( !        
individual life4 ,su* is ! dictum (     
natural sci5ce1 & x co9cides s+ul>ly ) !
 fam\s maxim ( ,sp9oza3 ,unaquaeque res1
 quantum 9 se e/1 9 suo esse p]sev]>e   
conatur4  ,! consci\sness :i*           
accompanies volitional action is d]iv$ f
 ! common feel+ :i* an organism has1 z !
 result ( all its p>ts d]iv+ _!         
nutrition f ! same c5tre4 ,ris+ into !  
sph]e ( emotions1 ?is at fir/ muscul>   
s5sation becomes 8self-feel+40 ,!       
,individual is ano!r "n = ! b\nd>ies (  
reflex action4  ,?r\gh memory &         
consci\sness we rea* t function ( ! m9d 
call$ ! intellect or reason1 ! product (
 :i* is ?\ght4 ,its physical            
accompanim5ts are *emical action1 & an  
increase ( temp]ature 9 ! bra94 ,b ! sum
 ( ! physical =ces ?us evolv$ is n !    
measure ( ! results ( intellectual      
action4 ,^! diff] f o!r =ms ( =ce 9 be+ 

incomm5surate ) ext5sion4 ,!y _c be     
apprais$ 9 units ( quantity1 b 9 quality
 only4 ,! *emico-vital =ces by :i* a    
?\ght rises into consci\sness be> n !   
slighte/ relation to ! value ( ! ?\ght  
itself4 ,x is "h z 9 ^? anci5t my?s :]e 
an e>?ly maid5 br+s =? a god4 ,! p[] ( !
 ?\ght is dep5d5t on ano!r te/ ?an      
physical =ce1 to wit1 its tru?4 ,?is is 
measur$ by its con=mity to ! laws ( "r  
reason+1 laws cle>ly asc]ta9$1 :i* are !
 common basis ( all sci5ce1 & to :i* x  
is ! special prov9ce ( ! sci5ce ( logic 
to give =mal expression4  ,physical =ce 
itself1 9 :atev] =m x appe>s1 is only   
kn[n to u z feel+ or z ?\ght2 ^! alone  
we "k to be real2 all else is at lea/   
less real4#ah-a ,n only is ?is true ( ! 
ext]nal _w1 b also ( t assum$ some?+1 ! 
reason1 ! s\l1 ! ego1 or ! intellect4 ,=
 ! sake ( conv5i5ce ^! words may be us$2
 b x is well to "k t ?is introduction ( 
some?+ t ?9ks1 back ( ?\ght itself1 is a
 m]e figure ( spee*4 ,we say1 8,i ?9k10 
z if ! 8,i0 0 some?+ else ?an ! ?9k+4   

,at mo/1 x is b ! relation ( ! ?\ghts4  
,pu%$ fur!r1 x becomes ! limitation (   
?\ght by s5sation1 ! high] by ! l[]4 ,! 
,c>tesian maxim1 cogito ergo sum1 has   
p]petuat$ ?is error1 & ! mod]n          
philosophy ( ! ego & non-ego has prev5t$
 its detection4 ,a false read+ (        
self-consci\sness l$ to ?is assumption (
 8a ?9k+ m9d40 ,our p]sonality is b !   
p]ception ( ! solid>ity ( our ?\ghts &  
feel+s2 x is itself a ?\ght4  ,^! ?ree  
manife/ations ( m9d--s5sations1 emotions
 & ?\ghts--are mutually exclusive 9 _!  
t5d5cies4 ,! pati5t =gets ! fe> ( !     
result 9 ! pa9 ( ! op]ation2 9 int5se   
?\ght ! pulse falls1 ! s5ses d n        
respond1 emotions & action are abs5t4   
,we may say t ideally ! unimp$$ ex]cise 
( ! intellect =bids ei!r s5sation or    
emotion4  ,contra/+ s5sation & emotion1 
on ! "o side1 ) intellect on ! o!r1     
feel+ ) ?\ght1 !y are se5 to be pol> or 
anti!tical manife/ations ( m9d4 ,ea*    
requires ! o!r = its exi/5ce1 yet 9 su* 
wise t ! "o is develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! 

o!r4 ,! "o waxes z ! o!r wanes4 ,?is is 
se5 to advantage :5 _! mo/ simil>       
elem5ts are comp>$4 ,?us consci\sness 9 
s5sation is ke5e/ :5 impressions are    
/ronge/2 b ?is consci\sness is a b> to  
intellectual self-consci\sness1 z 0     
po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 9 8 g5]al 
,law ( consci\sness4#bj-a ,:5 emotion & 
s5sation are at _! m9imum1 "o is mo/    
consci\s ( ! solid>ity ( "o's ?\ghts2 & 
j 9 proportion to ! vividness (         
self-consci\sness is ?\ght lucid &      
/rong4 ,9 an ideal intellig5ce1         
self-consci\sness w\ld be inf9ite1      
s5sation inf9itesimal4  ,yet !re is a   
p>allelism betwe5 feel+ & ?\ght1 z well 
z a contra/4 ,z pa9 & pleasure indicate 
opposite t5d5cies 9 ! =ces :i* guide    
s5sation & emotion1 s d ! true & !      
untrue direct ?\ght1 & be> ! same       
relation to x4 ,= z pa9 is ! w>n+ (     
dea?1 s ! untrue is ! detrim5tal1 !     
de/ructive4 ,! man :o reasons falsely1 w
 act unwisely & run into dang] !reby4   
,to "k ! tru? is to be ready = ! wor/4  

,:o reasons correctly w live ! longe/4  
,to love pleasure is n m 9 ! gra9 ( man 
?an to desire tru?4 8,i h kn[n _m10 says
 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8:o l to deceive2 to be  
deceiv$1 none40 ,pleasure1 joy1 tru?1   
are ! respective measures ( life 9      
s5sation1 emotion1 intellect2 "o or !   
o!r ( ^! e organism seeks ) all its     
might1 its *oice dep5d+ on :i* ( ^!     
divisions ( m9d is prom95tly its own4 ,z
 ! la/ m5tion$ is ! climax1 tru? pres5ts
 itself z 9 "s way ! p]fect expression (
 life4  ,we h se5 :at pleasure is1 b :at
 is tru?8 ,! "q ( ,pilate rema9s1 n     
inde$ unansw]$1 b answ]$ vaguely &      
discrepantly4#ba-a ,we may pass x by z  
"o ( speculative int]e/ m]ely1 & turn   
our att5tion to its practical p>aphrase1
 :at is true8  ,! rules ( evid5ce z     
reg>ds ev5ts are well kn[n1 & also !    
pr9ciples ( rea*+ ! laws ( ph5om5a by   
inductive me?ods4 ,_m say t ! m9d c g no
 fur!r ?an ?is1 t ! tru? ?us rea*$1 if n
 ! highe/1 is at lea/ ! highe/ = man4 ,x
 is at be/ relative1 b x is real4 ,!    

correctness ( ?is /atem5t may be te/$ by
 analyz+ ! processes by :i* we acquire  
k4  ,k rea*es ! m9d 9 two =ms1 = :i* !re
 are 9 mo/ languages1 ?\gh n 9 mod]n    
,engli%1 two di/9ct expressions1        
connaitre & savoir1 k5n5 & wiss54 ,! =m]
 relates to k ?r\gh s5sation1 ! latt]   
?r\gh intellection2 ! =m] _c be r5d]$ 9 
words1 ! latt] c be2 ! =m] is rea*$     
?r\gh imm$iate p]ception1 ! latt] ?r\gh 
logical processes4 ,= example3 an odor  
is some?+ we may c]ta9ly "k & c id5tify1
 b we _c possibly describe x 9 words2   
ju/ice on ! o!r h& may be cle>ly def9$  
to our m9d1 b x is equally impossible to
 translate x into s5sation4 ,nev]!less1 
x is g5]ally agre$ t ! "o ( ^! processes
 is1 s f> z x goes1 z conclusive z !    
o!r1 & t !y proce$ on ess5tially ! same 
pr9ciples4#bb-a ,religi\s philosophy has
 to d only ) ! second =m ( k1 t rea*$   
?r\gh notions or ?\ghts4  ,! en*a9m5t or
 sequ5ce ( ?\ghts 9 ! m9d is at fir/ an 
accid5tal "o4 ,!y arise ?r\gh ! two     
g5]al relations ( ne>ness 9 "t or       

simil>ity 9 s5sation4 ,_! succession is 
prescrib$ by ^! conditions1 & )\t       
consci\s ef=t _c be *ang$4 ,!y are      
notions ab\t ph5om5a only1 & h5ce are   
inf9itely m likely to be wrong ?an "r4  
,( ! innum]able associations ( ?\ght    
possible1 only "o c yield ! tru?4 ,!    
b5eficial effects ( ?is "o 7 felt1 & ?us
 by exp]i5ce man sl[ly came to di/+ui% !
 true z :at is good = him1 ! untrue z   
:at is injuri\s4  ,aft] he _h done ?is =
 a :ile1 he attempt$ to f9d out "s plan 
9 accordance ) :i* he c\ld s arrange 8  
?\ghts t !y %\ld always produce ?is     
desirable result4 ,he 0 ?us l$ to       
e/abli% ! rules = "r reason+1 :i* are n[
 famili>ly kn[n z ,logic4 ,?is sci5ce 0 
long look$ ^u z a complet$ "o1 & at !   
comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury we f9d su* a    
?9k] z ,col]idge express+ an op9ion t   
fur!r developm5t 9 x 0 n to be expect$4 
,s9ce !n x has1 h[ev]1 tak5 a fre% />t1 
& by its gr[? has laid ! f\ndation = a  
sy/em ( metaphysics :i* w be free f !   
vag>ies & unrealities :i* h ?r[n g5]al  

discr$it on ! "n ( philosophy4  ,9 "o   
direction1 z appli$ logic & ! logic (   
induction1 ! natural associations (     
ideas h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 & ! me?ods  
by :i* !y c be controll$ & r$uc$ h be5  
taught ) em95t success4 ,9 ?is bran*1   
,b5?am1 ,mill1 ,ba91 & o!rs h be5       
prom95t work]s4  ,deal+ ma9ly ) !       
subjects & mat]ials ( reason+1 ) ?\ghts 
r ?an ) ?9k+1 ^! writ]s1 ) ! t5d5cy (   
speciali/s1 h n appreciat$ ! labors (   
ano!r s*ool ( logicians1 :o h made !    
inve/igation ( ! process ( ?9k+ itself  
_! especial prov9ce4 ,?is is ab/ract    
logic1 or pure logic1 sometimes call$1  
inasmu* z x deals ) =ms only1 8=mal     
logic10 or because x deals ) names & n  
?+s1 8! logic ( names40 ,x dates its    
rise z an indep5d5t sci5ce f ! discov]y 
( :at is kn[n z 8! quantification ( !   
pr$icate10 claim$ by ,sir ,william      
,hamilton4 ,( writ]s ^u x may be m5tion$
 ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan1 ,w4 ,/anley     
,jevons1 & especially ,pr(essor ,george 
,boole ( ,belfa/4 ,! latt]1 "o ( !      

subtle/ ?9k]s ( ?is age1 & em95t z a    
ma!matician1 succe$$ 9 mak+ an ultimate 
analysis ( ! laws ( ?9k+1 & 9 giv+ !m a 
symbolic notation1 by :i* n only ! tru? 
( a simple proposition b ! relative     
degree ( tru? 9 complex propositions may
 be accurately e/imat$4#bd-a  ,?is he   
did by %[+ t ! laws ( correct ?9k+ c be 
express$ 9 algebraic notation1 &1 ?us   
express$1 w be subject to all !         
ma!matical laws ( an algebra ^: symbols 
be> ! uni=m value ( unity or n\ght 7#a  
or #j7--;a limitation requir$ by ! fact 
t pure logic deals 9 notions ( quality  
only1 n ( quantity4  ,?is ma!matical =m 
( logic 0 =ese5 by ,kant :5 he decl>$ t 
all ma!matical reason+ d]ives its       
validity f ! logical laws2 b no "o be=e 
,pr(essor ,boole _h succe$$ 9 rea*+ !   
notation :i* subord9at$ ^! two divisions
 ( ab/ract ?\ght to ! same =mal types4  
,8 labors h n yet borne fruit 9         
proportion to _! value1 & !y are1 ,i    
believe1 comp>atively little kn[n4 ,b 9 
! future !y w be reg>d$ z epo*al 9 !    

sci5ce ( m9d4 ,!y make u to see ! same  
law gov]n+ m9d & matt]1 ?\ght &         
ext5sion4  ,n ! lea/ important result   
?us a*iev$ 0 9 emphasiz+ ! contra/      
betwe5 ! natural laws ( m5tal           
association1 & ! laws ( ?9k+ :i* are !  
f\ndation ( ! syllogism4  ,by att5d+ to 
?is di/9ction we are enabl$ to keep ! =m
 & ! matt] ( ?\ght well ap>t--a neglect 
to d :i*1 or r a /udi$ attempt to ignore
 :i*1 is ! radical error ( ! logic      
devis$ by ,hegel1 z ,i %all %[ m fully a
 little lat]4  ,all appli$ logic1       
inductive z well z d$uctive1 is bas$ on 
=mal logic1 & ?is 9 turn on ! 8laws (   
?\ght10 or r ( ?9k+4 ,^! are /rictly    
regulative or ab/ract1 & diff] altoge!r 
f ! natural laws ( ?\ght1 su* z ^? (    
simil>ity1 contiguity & h>mony1 z well z
 f ! rules ( appli$ logic1 su* z ^? (   
agreem5t & diff]5ce4 ,! fundam5tal laws 
( ?9k+ are ?ree 9 numb]1 & _! be>+ on   
all ! high] que/ions ( religi\s         
philosophy is s imm$iate t _!           
consid]ation becomes ( ! la/ mom5t 9 su*

 a /udy z ?is4 ,!y are call$ ! laws (   
,det]m9ation1 ,limitation & ,exclud$    
,middle4  ,! fir/ affirms t e object    
?\ght ab\t mu/ be conceiv$ z itself1 & n
 z "s o!r ?+4 8,a is ,a10 or 8x  x10 is 
its =mal expression4 ,?is tea*es u t    
:atev] we ?9k (1 mu/ be ?\ght z "o or a 
unity4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to note t
 ?is does n mean a ma!matical unit1 b a 
logical "o1 t is1 id5tity & n contra/4  
,s true is ?is t 9 ma!matical logic !   
only value :i* c satisfy ! =mula is a   
concept :i* does n admit ( increase1 to 
wit1 a ,univ]sal4  ,f ?is necessity (   
conceiv+ a ?\ght "u unity has aris5 !   
int]e/+ t5d5cy1 s frequ5tly obs]vable   
ev5 9 e>ly times1 to speak ( ! univ]se z
 "o :ole1 !   ( ! ,greek philosoph]s2 & 
also ! mono!i/ic lean+ ( all ?9k]s1 no  
matt] :at _! cre$1 :o h atta9$ v g5]al  
conceptions4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /rong        
liability ( conf\nd+ ?is speculative or 
logical unity ) ! concrete notion (     
individuality1 or ma!matical unity1 has 
be51 z ,i %all %[ h]eaft]1 a fruitful   

s\rce ( error 9 bo? religi\s &          
metaphysical !ories4 ,pure logic deals )
 quality only1 n ) quantity4  ,! second 
law is t ( ,limitation4 ,z ! fir/ is    
sometimes call$ t ( ,affirmation1 s ?is 
is call$ t ( ,negation4 ,x prescribes t 
a ?+ is n t :i* x is n4 ,its =mula is1  
8,a is n n-,a40 ,if ?is seems trivial1 x
 is because x is s famili>4  ,^! two    
laws are two aspects ( ! same law4 ,!   
old maxim is1 omnis det]m9atio e/       
negatio2 a quality c rise into cognition
 only by be+ limit$ by t :i* x is n4 ,x 
is n a comp>ison ( two ?\ghts1 h[ev]1   
nor does x limit ! quality itself4 ,= ! 
negative is n a ?\ght1 & ! quality is n 
9 suo g5]e f9ita1 to use an expression (
 ! old logicians2 x is limit$ n by      
itself b by t :i* x is n4 ,^! are n idle
 di/9ctions1 z w soon appe>4  ,! ?ird   
law comes into play :5 two ?\ghts are   
associat$ & comp>$4 ,!re is qualitative 
id5tity1 or !re is n4 ,a is ei!r ,b or n
 ,b4 ,an animal is ei!r a man or n a    
man4 ,!re is no middle class betwe5 !   

two to :i* x c be assign$4 ,sup]ficial  
truism z ?is appe>s1 we h n[ come ^u ! v
 battle gr\nd ( ! philosophies4 ,?is is 
! fam\s 8,law ( ! contradictories &     
exclud$ middle10 on ! con/ruction ( :i* 
! :ole fabric ( religi\s dogma1 & ,i may
 add ( ! high] metaphysics1 mu/ dep5d4  
8,"o ( ! pr9cipal ret>d+ causes (       
philosophy10 rem>ks ,pr(essor ,f]ri]1   
8has be5 ! want ( a cle> & develop$     
doctr9e ( ! contradictory40#bh-a ,! want
 is z old z ! days ( ,h]aclitus (       
,ephesus1 & l5t to 8 subtle p>adoxes t  
obscurity :i* has n yet be5 :olly       
remov$4  ,f\nd+ 8 argum5ts on "o        
con/ruction ( ?is law1 express$ 9 !     
maxim1 8,! conceivable lies betwe5 two  
contradictory extremes10 ,sir ,william  
,hamilton def5d$ ) 8 wide le>n+ ^?      
!ories ( ! ,condition$ & !              
,uncondition$1 ! ,kn[able & ,unkn[able1 
:i* bani% religion f ! realm ( reason & 
k to t ( fai?1 & cleave an impassable   
*asm betwe5 ! human & ! div9e           
intellig5ce4 ,f ?is unfavorable gr\nd 8 

or?odox foll[]s1 ,mansel & ,mozley1     
def5d$ ) ability b poor success _!      
,*ri/ianity aga9/ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & 8     
disciples1 :o also accept$ ! same       
!ories1 b foll[$ !m out to _! legitimate
 conclusion--a sub/antially a!i/ic "o4  
,hamilton 9 ?is 0 himself b a foll[] (  
,kant1 :o br\ght ?is law to support 8   
celebrat$ 8ant9omies ( ! human und]/&+10
 w>n+s set up to all metaphysical       
explor]s to keep (f ( holy gr\nd4  ,on  
ano!r con/ruction ( x1 "o :i* s\ght to  
escape ! dilemma ( ! contradictories by 
conf9+ !m to matt]s ( ! und]/&+1 ,hegel 
& ,s*ell+ believ$ !y _h ga9$ ! op5      
field4 ,!y taught t 9 ! highe/ doma9 (  
?\ght1 !re :]e x deals ) que/ions ( pure
 reason1 ! unity & limits :i* mu/ be    
obs]v$ 9 matt]s ( ! und]/&+ & :i* give  
validity to ?is ?ird law1 d n obta94    
,?is view has be5 closely criticiz$1 &1 
,i ?9k1 ) ju/ice4 ,pret5d+ to deal )    
matt]s ( pure reason1 x con/antly ?\gh  
surreptiti\sly proce$s on ! me?ods (    
appli$ logic2 its conclusions are z     

fallaci\s logically z !y are            
exp]im5tally4 ,! laws ( ?\ght are =mal1 
& are z b9d+ 9 transc5d5tal subjects z 9
 ^? :i* conc]n ph5om5a4  ,! real be>+ ( 
?is law c1 x appe>s to me1 be/ be d]iv$ 
f a /udy ( its ma!matical expression4   
,?is is1 accord+ to ! notation (        
,pr(essor ,boole1 x#bx4 ,z su*1 x       
pres5ts a fundam5tal equation ( ?\ght1 &
 x is because x is ( ! second degree t  
we classify 9 pairs or opposites4 ,?is  
equation c only be satisfi$ by assign+  
to x ! value ( #a or #j4 ,! 8univ]sal   
type ( =m0 is !re=e x7#a-x7#j4  ,?is    
algebraic notation %[s t !re is1 n two1 
b only "o ?\ght 9 ! anti!sis2 t x is    
made up ( a ?\ght & its express$ limit2 
&1 !re=e1 t ! s-call$ 8law (            
contradictories0 does n conc]n          
contradictories at all1 9 pure logic4   
,?is result 0 se51 ?\gh n cle>ly1 by    
,dr4 ,?ompson1 :o indicat$ ! prop]      
relation ( ! memb]s ( ! =mula z a       
positive & a privative4 ,he1 h[ev]1     
reta9$ ,hamilton's doctr9e t 8privative 

conceptions ent] into & assi/ ! high]   
processes ( ! reason 9 all t x c "k ( ! 
absolute & inf9ite20 t we mu/1 8f ! se5 
realize an unse5 _w1 n by ext5d+ to !   
latt] ! prop]ties ( ! =m]1 b by assign+ 
to x attributes entirely opposite40#ca-a
  ,! error t vitiates all su* reason+ is
 ! assumption t ! privative is an       
indep5d5t ?\ght1 t a ?\ght & its        
limitation are two ?\ghts2 :]eas !y are 
b ! two aspects ( ! "o ?\ght1 l two     
sides to ! "o disc1 & ! absurdity (     
speak+ ( !m z sep>ate ?\ghts is z great 
z to speak ( a curve se5 f its concavity
 z a diff]5t ?+ f ! same curve reg>d$ f 
its convexity4 ,! privative c help u    
n[h]e & to no?+2 ! positive only c assi/
 our reason+4  ,?is elevation ( !       
privative into a contr>y1 or a          
contradictory1 has be5 ! bane (         
metaphysical reason+4 ,f x has aris5 !  
doctr9e ( ! syn!sis ( an affirmative & a
 negative into a high] conception1      
reconcil+ !m bo?4 ,?is is ! maxim ( !   
,hegelian logic1 :i* />ts f ! syn!sis ( 

,be+ & ,n-be+ into ! ,becom+1 a v anci5t
 doctr9e1 long s9ce (f]$ z an           
explanation ( c]ta9 ph5om5a1 :i* ,i %all
 n[ t\* ^u4  ,a ?\ght & its privative   
alone--t is1 a quality & its            
negative--_c lead to a m compreh5sive   
?\ght4 ,x is devoid ( relation & b>r54  
,9 pure logic ?is is always ! case1 &   
mu/ be s4 ,9 concrete ?\ght x may be    
o!rwise4 ,!re are c]ta9 propositions 9  
:i* ! negative is a reciprocal quality1 
q z positive z t :i* x is set ov] aga9/4
 ,! memb]s ( su* a proposition are :at  
are call$ 8true contr>ies40 ,to :atev]  
!y apply z qualities1 !y leave no middle
 gr\nd4 ,if a ?+ is n "o ( !m1 x is !   
o!r4 ,!re is no ?ird possibility4 ,an   
object is ei!r r$ or n r$2 if n r$1 x   
may be "o ( _m colors4 ,b if we say t   
all laws are ei!r concrete or ab/ract1  
!n we "k t a law n concrete has all !   
prop]ties ( "o :i* is ab/ract4 ,we mu/  
exam9e1 !n1 ?is ?ird law ( ?\ght 9 its  
appli$ =ms 9 ord] to und]/& its correct 
use4  ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is an        

assumption ( space or "t 9 _m           
propositions hav+ ! =m ( ! exclud$      
middle4 ,!y are only true "u giv5       
conditions4 8,all gold is fusible or n10
 means t "s is fusible at ! "t4 ,if all 
gold be already fus$1 x does n hold     
good4 ,?is di/9ction 0 not$ by ,kant 9 8
 discrim9ation betwe5 syn!tic judgm5ts1 
:i* assume o!r conditions2 & analytic   
judgm5ts1 :i* look only at ! memb]s ( ! 
proposition4  ,only ! latt] satisfy !   
=mal law1 = ! proposition mu/ n look    
outside ( itself = its completion4 ,mo/ 
analytic propositions _c ext5d our k    
beyond _! imm$iate /atem5t4 ,if ,a is   
ei!r ,b or n ,b1 & x is %[n n to be ,b1 
x is left unc]ta9 :at ,a may be4 ,!     
class ( propositions ref]r$ to d m ?an  
?is1 inasmu* z !y pres5t alt]native     
conceptions1 mutually exhau/ive1 ea* !  
privative ( ! o!r4 ,( ^! two contr>ies1 
! "o always evokes ! o!r2 nei!r c be    
?\ght except 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,!y d 
n arise f ! di*otomic process (         
classification1 b f ! pol> relations (  

?+s4 ,_! relation is n 9 ! m9d b 9      
!mselves1 a real ext]nality4 ,!         
di/9ction betwe5 su* z spr+ f ! =m] & ! 
latt] is ! mo/ important "q 9           
philosophy4  ,to illu/rate by examples1 
we famili>ly speak ( heat & cold1 & to  
say a body is n hot is z mu* z to say x 
is cold4 ,b e physici/ kn[s t cold is   
m]ely a dim9ution ( heat1 n a di/9ct =m 
( =ce4 ,! absolute z]o may be rea*$ by !
 ab/raction ( all heat1 & !n ! cold _c  
increase4 ,s1 life & dea? are n true    
contr>ies1 = ! latt] is n any?+ real b a
 m]e privative1 a quantitative dim9ution
 ( ! =m]1 gr[+ less to an absolute z]o  
:]e x is :olly lo/4  ,?us x is easy to  
see t ! ,uncondition$ exi/s only z a "p 
( ! idea ( ! ,condition$1 ! ,unkn[able z
 ! foil ( ! ,kn[able2 & ! erect+ ( ^!   
m]e privatives1 ^! negatives1 ^! %ad[s1 
into sub/ances & realities1 & !n sett+  
!m up z impassable b>ri]s to human      
?\ght1 is "o ( ! wor/ pieces ( "w t     
metaphysics has be5 guilty (4  ,! l does
 n hold 9 true contra/s4 ,ea* ( !m has  

an exi/5ce z a positive1&,,tn-#c is nev]
 lo/ 9 a z]o ( ! o!r4 ,! "o is always   
?\ght 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,examples (  
^! are subject & object1 absolute &     
relative1 m9d & matt]1 p]son &          
consci\sness1 "t & space4 ,:5 any "o (  
^! is ?\ght1 ! o!r is assum$4 ,x is va9 
to attempt _! sep>ation4 ,?us ^?        
philosoph]s :o ass]t t all k is         
relative1 are =c$ to ma9ta9 ?is         
ass]tion1 to wit1 ,all k is relative1 is
 nev]!less absolute1 & ?us !y falsify _!
 own position4 ,s also1 ^? o!rs :o say  
all m9d is a prop]ty ( matt]1 assume 9  
?is s5t5ce ! reality ( an idea ap>t f   
matt]4 ,"s h argu$ t space & "t c be    
conceiv$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 b _!    
exp]im5ts to %[ x d n be> repetition4   
,all true contr>ies are univ]sals4 ,a   
univ]sal concept is "o ( 8maximum       
ext5sion10 z logicians say1 t is1 x is  
)\t limit4 ,! logical limitation ( su* a
 univ]sal is n its negation1 b its      
contr>y1 :i* is itself also a univ]sal4 
,! syn!sis ( ! two c be 9 !ory only1 yet

 yields a real product4 ,to illu/rate   
?is by a geometrical example1 a /raight 
l9e produc$ indef9itely is1 logically   
consid]$1 a univ]sal4 ,its anti!sis or  
true contr>y is n a crook$ l9e1 z might 
be suppos$1 b ! /raight l9e :i* runs at 
"r angles to x4 ,_! syn!sis is n ! l9e  
:i* bisects _! angle b t =m$ by ^!      
contr>ies cont9ually unit+1 t is1 ! arc 
( a circle1 ! g5esis ( :i* is           
!oretically ! union ( two su* l9es4     
,aga91 "t c only be measur$ by space1   
space by "t2 !y are true univ]sals &    
contr>ies2 _! syn!sis is motion1 a      
conception :i* requires !m bo? & is     
complet$ by !m4 ,or aga91 !             
philosophical extremes ( d[nright       
mat]ialism & idealism are ea* :olly     
true1 yet b half ! tru?4 ,! insoluble   
enigmas t ei!r meets 9 /&+ alone are    
k9dr$ to ^? :i* puzzl$ ! old philosoph]s
 9 ! sophisms relat+ to motion1 z1 =    
in/ance1 t z a body _c move :]e x is &  
/ill less :]e x is n1 !re=e x _c move at
 all4 ,motion mu/ recognise bo? "t &    

space to be compreh5sible4 ,z a true    
contr>y con/antly implies ! exi/5ce (   
its opposite1 we _c take a /ep 9 "r     
reason+ )\t a full recognition ( bo?4   
,?is relation ( contr>ies to ! high]    
conception :i* logically mu/ include !m 
is "o ( ! well-worn problems ( ! high]  
metaphysics4  ,! prop] explanation w\ld 
seem to be1 z sugge/$ above1 t ! syn!sis
 ( contr>ies is capable ( =mal          
expression only1 b n ( int]pretation4 ,9
 pursu+ ! se>* = _! union we pass into a
 realm ( ?\ght n unlike t ( !           
ma!matician :5 he deals ) hypo!tical    
quantities1 ^? :i* c only be express$ 9 
symbols--1 #a = example1--b uses !m to  
good purpose 9 rea*+ real results4 ,!   
law does n fail1 b its op]ations c no   
long] be express$ "u mat]ial images4 ,!y
 are symbolic & = speculative ?\ght     
alone1 ?\gh pregnant ) practical        
applications4  ,z ,i h h9t$1 9 all real 
contr>ies x is !oretically possible to  
accept ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,z 9         
ma!matics1 all motion c be express$ ei!r

 "u =mulas ( initial motion 7me*anics71 
or ( cont9u\s motion 7k9ematics71 or z  
all =ce c be express$ z ei!r /atic or z 
dynamic =ce2 9 ei!r case ! o!r =m assum+
 a m]ely hypo!tical or negative         
position2 s ! logic ( quality is        
compet5t to repres5t all exi/5ce z ideal
 or z mat]ial1 all tru? z absolute or   
all z relative1 or ev5 to express !     
univ]se 9 =mul ( be+ or ( n-be+4 ,?is   
p]haps 0 :at ,h]aclitus meant :5 he     
prop\nd$ 8 d>k say+3 8,all ?+s are & are
 n40 ,he add$ t 8,all is n10 is tru] ?an
 8,all is40 ,previ\s to 8 day1 ,buddha  
,sakyamuni _h said3 8,he :o has ris5 to 
! p]ception ( ! n-,be+1 to !            
,uncondition$1 ! ,univ]sal1 8 pa? is    
difficult to und]/&1 l ! flight ( birds 
9 ! air40#cg-a ,p]haps ev5 he le>n$ 8   
lore f "s old] song ( ! ,v$a1 "o ( :i*  
ends1 8,?us h ! sages1 m$itat+ 9 _!     
s\ls1 expla9$ away ! fett]s ( be+ by !  
n-be+40#cg-b ,! n-be+1 z alone free f   
space & "t1 impress$ ^! sages z ! m real
 ( ! two1 ! only absolute4  ,! error (  

assign+ to ! "o univ]sal a prepond]ance 
ov] ! o!r arose f ! easy confusion (    
pure ) appli$ ?\ght4 ,! syn!sis (       
contr>ies exi/s 9 ! =mal law alone1 &   
?is is difficult to keep be=e ! m9d4 ,9 
concrete displays !y are =ev]           
incomm5surate4 ,"o seems to exclude !   
o!r4 ,to see !m correctly we mu/ !re    
treat !m z alt]nates4 ,we may be        
compet5t1 = in/ance1 to expla9 all      
ph5om5a ( m9d by organic processes2 &   
equally compet5t to expla9 all organism 
z effects ( m9d2 b we mu/ nev] suppose  
an imm$iate id5tity ( ! two2 ?is is only
 to be f\nd 9 ! =mal law common to bo?2 
/ill less %\ld we d5y ! reality ( ei!r4 
,ea* exhau/s ! univ]se2 b at e /ep ea*  
presupposes ! o!r2 _! syn!sis is life1 a
 concept hopelessly puzzl+ unless reg>d$
 9 all its possible displays z made up (
 bo?4  ,?is indicates also ! limits (   
explanation4 ,by no means e man's reason
 kn[s :5 x has _h en\gh4 ,! less x is   
develop$1 ! fur!r is x f su* k4 ,?is is 
pla9ly se5 9 *ildr51 :o (t5 d n re/     

satisfi$ ) a really satisfactory        
explanation4 ,x is ( fir/ importance to 
be able to recognize :at is a good      
reason4  ,i may fir/ say :at x is n4 ,x 
is n a cause4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an a prior
 arrangem5t ( ! effect2 ! reason = an   
occurr5ce is nev] assign$ by %[+ its    
cause4 ,nor is x a caprice1 t is1       
motiveless volition1 or w z a motor4 ,9 
?is s5se1 ! 8w ( ,god0 is no good reason
 = an occurr5ce4 ,nor is x fate1 or     
physical necessity4 ,?is is d5y+ !re is 
any explanation to give4  ,! reason c   
only be satisfi$ ) an alim5t            
consub/antial ) itself4 ,no?+ mat]ial l 
cause1 nor any?+ incompreh5sible l      
caprice1 meets its dem&s4 ,reason is    
alli$ to ord]1 sy/em & purpose above all
 ?+s4 ,t :i* mo/ completely answ]s to ^!
 w alone satisfy its requirem5ts4 ,!y   
are = an ideal ( ord]4 ,_! complete     
satisfaction is obta9$ 9 univ]sal types 
& measures1 pure ab/ractions1 :i* are n 
& _c be real4 ,! =mal law is ! limit (  
explanation ( ph5om5a1 beyond :i* a s\nd

 intellect w ask no?+4 ,x fulfils all ! 
requirem5ts ( reason1 & leaves no?+ to  
be desir$4  ,^? philosoph]s1 su* z      
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o tea* t !re is "s      
incogitable 8nature0 ( some?+ :i* is !  
imman5t 8cause0 ( ph5om5a1 delude       
!mselves ) words4 ,! hi/ory & ! laws ( a
 ph5om5on are its nature1 & !re is no   
*im]ical some?+ beyond !m4 ,!y are      
exhau/ive4 ,!y fully answ] ! "q :y1 z   
well z ! "q h[4#ci-a  ,= x is important 
to note t ! ^w 8law0 is n "h us$ 9 !    
s5se :i* ,black/one gives to x1 a 8rule 
( conduct20 nor yet 9 t :i* sci5ce      
assigns to x1 a 8physical necessity40   
,law 9 its highe/ s5se is ! type or =m1 
p]ceiv$ by reason z t t[>d :i* ph5om5a  
t5d1 b :i* !y always fail to rea*4 ,x 0 
%[n by ,kant t all physical laws dep5d =
 _! validity on logical laws4 ,^! are n 
au?oritative1 l ! =m]1 b purposive only4
 ,b _! purpose is cle>1 to wit1 !       
atta9m5t ( proportion1 consi/5cy or     
tru?4 ,z ?is purpose is rea*$ only 9 !  
ab/ract =m1 ?is alone gives u !         

absolutely true 9 :i* reason c re/4  ,9 
! concrete1 matt] %[s ! law 9 its ef=ts 
t[>d =m1 m9d 9 its /ruggle = ! true4 ,! 
=m] is guid$ by physical =ce1 & !       
ext9ction ( ! ab]rant4 ,! latt]1 9 its  
highe/ exhibition 9 a consci\s          
intellig5ce1 c alone guide itself by !  
repres5tation ( law1 by ! s5se ( ,duty4 
,su* an intellig5ce has bo? ! faculty to
 see & ! p[] to *oose & appropriate to  
its own beho(1 & ?us to build itself up 
out ( ^? tru?s :i* are 8f ev]la/+ unto  
ev]la/+40  ,a purely =mal tru? ( ?is k9d
 z some?+ :olly ap>t f ph5om5a1 n 9 any 
way connect$ ) ! k d]iv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 
does n admit ( d\bt & c nev] be *ang$ by
 future conque/s ( ! reason+ p[]s4 ,we  
may re/ ^u x z some?+ m p]man5t ?an     
matt]1 great] ?an ,nature4  ,su* 0 !    
vision t inspir$ ! noble l9es (         
,wordswor?3--      8,:at are ?+s        
et]nal8--,p[]s dep>t1     ,possessions  
vani%1 & op9ions *ange1     ,& passions 
hold a fluctuat+ seat2     ,b1 by !     
/orms ( circum/ance un%ak51     ,&      

subject nei!r to eclipse nor wane1      
,duty exi/s2 immutably survive     ,=   
our support1 ! measures & ! =ms     ,:i*
 an ab/ract intellig5ce supplies2       
,^: k+dom is :]e "t & space are n40     
,!re is no dang] t we %all n "k :at is  
?us true :5 we see x4 ,! sane reason _c 
reject x4 8,! true10 says ,novalis1 8is 
t :i* we _c help believ+40 ,x is !      
p]ceptio p] solam ess5tiam ( ,sp9oza4 ,x
 asks n fai? nor yet te/imony2 x /&s 9  
ne$ ( nei!r4  ,ma!matical tru? is ( ?is 
nature4 ,we _c1 if we try1 believe t    
twice two is five4 ,h5ce ! unceas+ ef=t 
( all sci5ce is to give its results     
ma!matical expression4 ,su* tru? s in=ms
 itself ) w t once receiv$1 x is nev]   
!reaft] ali5at$2 ob$i5ce to x does n    
impair fre$om4 ,necessity & s]vitude d n
 arise f correct reason+1 b ?r\gh !     
limitation ( fallacies4 ,!y h no?+ to d 
)            8,^? transc5d5t tru?s      
,( ! pure intellect1 t /& z laws        
,ev5 to ,?y ,be+'s inf9ite maje/y40  ,x 
is n d]ogatory1 b on ! contr>y ess5tial 

to ! conception ( ! ,supreme ,reason1 ! 
,div9e ,logos1 to contemplate its w z 9 
accord & "o ) ! =ms ( ab/ract tru?4 8,! 
#8w ( ,god'0 says ,sp9oza1 8is ! refuge 
( ignorance2 ! true ,w is ! _s ( "r     
reason+40  ,?is id5tification ( ! =ms ( 
?\ght ) ! ,absolute is almo/ z old z    
philosophy itself4 ,! objections to x h 
be5 t no indep5d5t exi/5ce atta*es to ^!
 =ms2 t !y prescribe ! conditions (     
?\ght b are n ?\ght itself1 /ill less   
be+2 t !y hold good to ?\ght z kn[n to  
man's reason1 b p]*ance n to ?\ght 9 o!r
 intellig5ces2 &1 !re=e1 t ev5 if ?r\gh 
! dialectical developm5t ( ?\ght a      
consi/5t idea ( ! univ]se 7 fram$1 t is1
 "o :]e9 e fact 0 ref]r$ to its         
appropriate law1 /ill w\ld rema9 !      
inquiry1 ,is ?is ! la/ & absolute tru?8 
,! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ^! objections are t 
ab/ract ?\ght does n po/ulate be+2 & t  
possibly all intellig5ce is n "o 9 k9d4 
,to ! =m] objection ! mo/ satisfactory1 
reply has be5 (f]$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,f4 
,f]ri]4 ,he has %[n t ! conception (    

object1 ev5 ideal object1 implies !     
conception ( self 9 ! subject2 & ^u ?is 
proposition :i* has be5 fully recogniz$ 
ev5 by ^? :o diff] f him widely1 he     
gr\nds ! exi/5ce ( ,supreme ,?\ght z a  
logical unity4 ,^? :o w\ld pursue ?is   
bran* ( ! subject fur!r1 ,i w\ld ref] to
 8 s+ul>ly able "w4#dc-a  ,! latt]      
consid]ation w come up 9 a lat] *apt]4  
,if x be %[n t all possible intellig5ce 
proce$s on ! same laws z t ( man1 & t ! 
ess5ce ( ?is is activity1 p]man5ce1 or  
tru?--synonym\s t]ms--!n ! limitation ( 
"t ceases1 & exi/5ce n 9 "t b )\t reg>d 
to "t1 is a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,k     
?r\gh intellection c alone rea* a tru?  
indep5d5t ( "t2 t ?r\gh s5sation is     
always relative1 true = ! "t only4 ,!   
=m] _c be express$ )\t ! implication ( !
 conceptions ( ! univ]sal & ! et]nal z  
8dom9ant among ! subjects ( ?\ght ) :i* 
,logic is conc]n$20#dd-a & h5ce !       
relation :i* ! intellect be>s to !      
absolute is a real & positive "o4       
,,footnotes3  #f-a ,9 8 essay entitl$1  

,ueb] d5 ,ges*le*tsunt]s*i$ und dess5   
,e9fluss auf die organis*e ,natur1 fir/ 
publi%$ 9 #agie4  #f-b 8,d] alte        
,dualismus von ,gei/ und ,krp]1 d]      
,jahrhund]te h9dur* na* ,v]shnung       
g]ung51 f9det diese heute ni*t zw> 9 d] 
,e9heit d] ,sub/anz1 wohl ab] 9 d]      
,e9heit des ,gesetzes40 ,dr4 ,he9ri*    
,boehm]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,entwickelung d]  
,naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,weltans*auung 9   
,deuts*l&1 s4 #bja 7,go?a1 #ahgb74  #g-a
 ,elem5ts ( ,physio-,philosophy1 #cehi4 
,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #ahdg4  #h-a ,von
 ,feu*t]sleb51 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,m$ical  
,psy*ology1 p4 #acj 7,eng4 trans41      
,london1 #ahdg74  #i-a 8,! fundam5tal   
prop]ty ( organic /ructure is to seek   
:at is b5eficial1 & to %un :at is       
hurtful to x40 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley1    
,body & ,m9d1 p4 #bb4  8,! mo/ ess5tial 
nature ( a s5ti5t be+ is to move to     
pleasure & f pa940 ,a4 ,ba91 ,on ! ,/udy
 ( ,"*1 p4 #bib 7,london1 #ahfa74       
8,/ates ( ,pleasure are connect$ ) an   
increase1 /ates ( ,pa9 ) an abatem5t (  

"s or all ( ! vital functions40 ,a4     
,ba91 ,m9d & ,body1 p4 #ei4  8,affectus 
e/ confusa idea1 qu ,m5s majorem1 vel   
m9orem sui corporis1 vel alicujus ejus  
p>tis1 exi/5di vim affirmat40 ,sp9oza1  
,e?ices1 ,lib4 ,,iii4 ad f9em4  #aa-a ,!
 ext5sion ( ! me*anical laws ( motion to
 organic motion 01 ,i believe1 fir/     
c>ri$ out by ,comte4 ,8 biological =m ( 
! fir/ law is z foll[s3 8,t\t tat1      
/atique ou dynamique1 t5d  p]si/]       
spontanm5t1 sans aucune altration1 en   
resi/ant aux p]turbations extrieures40  
,sy/me de ,politique ,positive1 ,tome   
iv4 p4 #agh4 ,! metaphysical gr\nd ( ?is
 law has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 v well %[n by     
,s*op5hau] to be 9 ! ,kantian pr9ciple t
 "t is n a =ce1 nor a quality ( matt]1 b
 a condition ( p]ception1 & h5ce x c    
ex]t no physical influ5ce4 ,see         
,s*op5hau]1 ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 ,bd4
 ,,ii1 s4 #cg4  #ac-a 8,all] ,g5uss1    
se9] ,natur na*1 i/ negativ1 d4 h41 9   
,befreiung von e9] ,no? od] ,pe9        
be/eht40 ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a4 ,bd4   

,,ii1 s4 #dhb4  #ad-a 8,no impression   
:atev] is pleasant beyond ! in/ant ( its
 realization2 s9ce1 at t v in/ant1      
comm5ces ! *ange ( susceptibility1 :i*  
sugge/s ! desire = a *ange ( impression 
or = a r5ewal ( t impression :i* is fad+
 away40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,catl[1 ,!         
,pr9ciples ( ,ae/hetic ,m$ic9e1 p4 #aee 
7,london1 #ahfg74  8,dum re1 quem       
appetamus fruimur1 corpus ex ea         
fruitione novam acquirat con/itutionem1 
qu alit] det]m9atur1 et ali r]um imag9es
 9 eo excitantur10 etc4 ,sp9oza1        
,e?ices1 ,p>s ,,iii1 ,prop4 lix4  #ah-a 
8,feel+ & ?\ght are mu* m real ?an any?+
 else2 !y are ! only ?+s :i* we directly
 "k to be real40--,john ,/u>t           
,mill4--,!ism1 p4 #bjb4 ,h[ v remote    
ext]nal objects are f :at we take !m to 
be1 is con/antly %[n 9 physiological    
/udies4 ,z ,helmholtz rem>ks3 8,no k9d &
 no degree ( simil>ity exi/s betwe5 !   
quality ( a s5sation1 & ! quality ( !   
ag5t induc+ x & portray$ by             
x40--,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 

p4 #cij4  #bj-a ,! ,philosophy (        
,consci\sness1 p4 #gb4  #ba-a ,! ,gospel
 ( ,john 7*4 xviii47 leaves ! impression
 t ,pilate ei!r did n wait = an answ] b 
ask$ ! "q 9 contempt1 z ,bacon und]/ood1
 or else t wait+ he receiv$ no answ]4 ,!
 ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 h[ev]1 writt5    
accord+ to ,tis*5dorf 9 ! second c5tury1
 probably f tradition1 gives ! re/ ( !  
conv]sation z foll[s3 8,pilate says to  
him3 ,:at is tru?8 ,jesus says3 ,tru? is
 f heav54 ,pilate says3 ,is n !re tru?  
^u e>?8 ,jesus says to ,pilate3 ,see h[ 
"o :o speaks tru? is judg$ by ^? :o h   
p[] ^u e>?60 *4 iii4  #bb-a ,! mo/ acute
 rec5t discussion ( ?is subject is by   
,helmholtz1 9 8 essay entitl$1 8,rec5t  
,progress 9 ! ,!ory ( ,vision40  #bd-a  
,george ,boole1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9
 ,que5's ,college1 ,cork1 0 born ,nov4  
#b1 #ahae1 di$ ,dec4 #h1 #ahfd4 ,he 0 ! 
au?or ( sev]al contributions to ! high] 
ma!matics1 b 8 pr9cipal production is   
entitl$3 ,an ,inve/igation into ! ,laws 
( ,?\ght1 on :i* are f\nd$ ! ma!matical 

,!ories ( ,logic & ,probabilities       
,london1 #ahed4 ,?\gh ! reputation he   
ga9$ 0 s limit$ t "o may seek 8 "n 9 va9
 9 ! ,new ,am]ican ,cyclop$ia #ahge1 or 
! ,dictionnaire des ,contempora9s #ahei1
 ! few :o c appreciate 8 treatise place 
! v highe/ e/imate ^u x4 ,pr(essor      
,todhunt]1 9 ! preface to 8 ,hi/ory ( ! 
,!ory ( ,probabilities1 calls x 8a      
m>vell\s "w10 & 9 simil> language       
,pr(essor ,w4 ,/anley ,jevons speaks ( x
 z 8"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s & admirable     
pieces ( reason+ ev] put toge!r0 7,pure 
,logic1 p4 #ge74 ,pr(essor ,ba91 :o     
gives a synopsis ( x 9 8 ,d$uctive      
,logic1 :olly misappreh5ds ! au?or's    
purpose1 & is unable to appraise ju/ly 8
 conclusions4  #bh-a ,! ,in/itutes (    
,metaphysic1 p4 #dei1 7#bnd edition47   
#ca-a ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,necess>y ,laws ( 
,?\ght1 p4 #aac 7,new ,york1 #ahfj74    
#cg-a ,! ,dhamapada1 v]se #ic4  #cg-b   
,kopp51 ,d] ,buddhismus1 s4 #cj4  #ci-a 
,sp5c] 9 assum+ an 8unkn[able univ]sal  
causal ag5t & s\rce ( ?+s10 z 8! nature 

( ! p[] manife/$ 9 ph5om5a10 & 9 call+  
?is ! idea common to bo? religion &     
8ideal sci5ce10 fell f> beh9d ,comte1 :o
 express$ ! immovable position1 n only (
 positive sci5ce b ( all intellig5ce1 9 
^! words3 8,le vritable esprit positif  
consi/e surt\t  sub/itu] t\j\rs l'tude  
des lois inv>iables des phnomnes  celles
 de leurs causes proprem5t dites1       
premires ou f9ales1 en un mot la        
det]m9ation du comm5t  celle du         
p\rquoi40--,sy/m$e,,tn-#d ,politique    
,positive1 i4 p4 #dg4 ,comp>e ,sp5c]'s  
,essay entitl$1 8,reasons = diss5t+ f   
,comte40 ,! purposive law is ! only f9al
 cause :i* reason all[s4 ,comte's error 
lay 9 ignor+ ?is class ( laws4  #dc-a ,!
 ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic1 #b;d ,ed4    
,see also ,ba91 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 !  
clos+ note4  #dd-a ,boole1 ,laws (      
,?\ght1 p4 #dja4     ,,! ,,emotional    
,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4 
,,summ>y4       ,! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t is
 made up ( emotions & ?\ghts4 ,!        
emotions are hi/orically fir/ & mo/     

prom95t4 ,( all      conc]n$1 ,fe> is ! 
mo/ obvi\s4 ,hope is its correlate4 ,bo?
      suppose ,exp]i5ce1 & a desire to  
repeat or avoid x4 ,h5ce a      ,wi% is 
! s\rce ( bo? emotions1 & ! proximate   
elem5t (      religion4 ,! significance 
( desire z ! po/ulate (      developm5t4
 ,! influ5ce ( fe> & hope4 ,! conditions
 :i*      enc\rage !m4       ,! success 
( desire fails to gratify ! religi\s    
s5tim5t4 ,!      alt]native left is     
et]nal repose1 or else action1 un5d+ yet
      :i* aims at no?+ beyond4 ,! latt] 
is rea*$ ?r\gh ,love4      ,! result (  
love is cont9uance4 ,illu/rations ( ?is4
 ,sexual      love & ! v5]eal s5se 9    
religions4 ,! h]maphrodite gods4      ,!
 virg9 "m4 ,mohamm$ 0 ! fir/ to proclaim
 a deity above      sex4 ,! conv]sion ( 
sexual & religi\s emotion exemplifi$    
f insane delusions4 ,! elem5t (         
fasc9ation4 ,! love ( ,god4      ,o!r   
emotional elem5ts 9 religions4       ,! 
religi\s wi% def9$ to be "o ^: fruition 
dep5ds ^u      unkn[n p[]4 ,to be       

religi\s1 "o mu/ desire & be ignorant4  
,! unkn[n p[] is ( religi\s int]e/ only 
9 s f> z x is      believ$ to be 9      
relation to m5's desires4 ,9 :at s5se   
ignorance is ! "m ( devotion4           
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! ,,emotional ,,elem5ts
 ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4   ,!     
discussion 9 ! la/ *apt] illu/rat$ h[   
closely pa9 & pleasure1 tru? & error1 & 
?\ght & its laws h be5 relat$ to ! =ms (
 religions1 & _! dogmatic expressions4  
,! "* ( ! relatively & absolutely true 0
 t\*$ ^u1 & ! latt]1 x 0 indicat$1 if   
atta9able at all by human intellig5ce1  
mu/ be f\nd 9 ! =mal laws ( t           
intellig5ce1 ^? :i* con/itute its nature
 & ess5ce1 & 9 ! conclusions :i* su* a  
premise =ces ^u ! reason4 ,! necessity (
 ?is prelim9>y inquiry arose f ! fact t 
e hi/orical religion claims ! monopoly (
 ! absolutely true1 & su* claims c be   
te/$ only :5 we h decid$ z to :e!r !re  
is su* tru?1 & if !re is1 :]e x is to be
 s\ght4 ,moreov]1 z religions arise f "s
 m5tal dem&1 ! diff]5t manife/ations (  

m9d1--s5sation1 emotion & intellect--mu/
 be recogniz$ & und]/ood4  ,pass+ n[ to 
a p>ticul> description ( ! ,religi\s    
,s5tim5t1 x may r\ghly be def9$ to be ! 
feel+ :i* prompts to ?\ghts or acts (   
wor%ip4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 a complex   
product1 made up ( emotions & ideas1    
develop+ ) ! gr[? ( m9d1 wide-rea*+ 9   
its maturity1 b meagre en\gh at ! />t4  
,we ne$ n expect to f9d 9 its simple/   
phases t insight & t5d] feel+ :i* we    
attribute to ! develop$ religi\s "*4 8,!
 sc5t ( ! blossom is n 9 ! bulb40 ,its  
e>ly & rud] =ms1 h[ev]1 w be/ tea* !    
m5tal elem5ts :i* are at its root4  ,!  
problem is1 to f9d out :y ! primitive   
man figur$ to himself any gods at all2  
:at necessity ( 8 nature or 8 condition 
l$ him s univ]sally to assume _!        
exi/5ce1 & seek _! aid or _! m]cy8 ,!   
conditions ( ! solution are1 t x hold   
good ev]y:]e & at all times2 t x enable 
u to trace 9 e cre$ & cult ! same       
s5tim5ts :i* fir/ impell$ man to seek a 
god & adore him4 ,:y is x t n[ & 9      

remote/ hi/ory1 "h & 9 ! utt]mo/        
regions1 !re is & always has be5 ?is t  
we call religion8 ,!re mu/ be "s common 
reason1 "s univ]sal peculi>ity 9 man's  
m5tal =mation :i* prompts1 :i* =ces him1
 him alone ( animals1 & him )\t         
exception1 to ?is disc\rse & obs]vance (
 religion4 ,:at ?is is1 x is my pres5t  
purpose to try to f9d out4  ,9 speak+ ( 
! developm5t ( m9d ?r\gh organism1 x 0  
se5 t ! emotions prec$e ! reason 9 po9t 
( "t4 ,?is is daily confirm$ by         
obs]vation4 ,! *ild is va/ly m emotional
 ?an ! man1 ! savage ?an 8 civiliz$     
neighbor4 ,ca/r51 ! ,russian travell]1  
describes ! ,t>t>s & ,lapps z a mo/     
n]v\s folk4 ,:5 "o %ocks !m ) a sudd5   
noise1 !y almo/ fall into convulsions4  
,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1       
falsely call$ a phlegmatic race1 n]v\s  
diseases are epidemic to an almo/       
unp>allel$ ext5t4 ,int5se ?\ght1 on !   
o!r h&1 z ,i h be=e said1 t5ds to less5 
& annul ! emotions4 ,intellectual       
self-consci\sness is adv]se to !m4  ,b  

religion1 we are ev]y:]e told1 is l>gely
 a matt] ( ! emotions4 ,! pulpit        
con/antly res\nds ) appeals to ! feel+s1
 & n unfrequ5tly ) w>n+s aga9/ !        
intellect4 8,i ackn[l$ge myself10 says !
 pi\s non-juror1 ,william ,law1 8a      
decl>$ enemy to ! use ( reason 9        
religion20 & he (t5 repeats 8           
condemnation ( 8! labor-le>n$ pr(essors 
( f>-fet*$ book-ri*es40#di-a ,z ! eye is
 ! organ ( sight1 says "o ^: ?\ghts on  
su* matt]s equal 9 dep? ^? ( ,pascal1 s 
! he>t is ! organ ( religion4#di-b ,9   
popul> physiology1 ! he>t is ! seat ( ! 
emotions z ! bra9 is t ( intellect4 ,x  
is appropriate1 !re=e1 t we comm5ce our 
analysis ( ! religi\s s5tim5t ) !       
emotions :i* =m su* a prom95t "p ( x4   
,n[1 :e!r we take ! exp]i5ce ( an       
individual or ! hi/ory ( a tribe1 :e!r  
we h rec\rse to ! op9ions ( religi\s    
tea*]s or irreligi\s philosoph]s1 we f9d
 !m nigh unanim\s t ! emotion :i* is !  
prime motor ( religi\s ?\ght is fe>4 ,i 
ne$ n dep5d ^u ! well-kn[n l9e (        

,petronius ,arbit]1      ,primus 9 orbe 
deos fecit timor2  = !re is pl5ty ( less
 het]odox au?ority4 ,! wor?y ,bi%op     
,hall says1 8,seldom do? ,god seize ^u !
 he>t )\t a vehem5t concussion go+ be=e4
 ,!re mu/ be "s blu/]+ & fla%es ( ! law4
 ,we _c be too awful 9 our fe>40#ej-a   
,bunyan1 9 8 beautiful allegory ( !     
religi\s life1 lets ,*ri/ian exclaim3   
8,_h ev5 ,ob/9ate himself felt :at ,i h 
felt ( ! t]rors ( ! yet unse51 he w\ld n
 ?us lightly h giv5 u ! back40 ,! v ^w =
 ,god 9 ! ,semitic tongues means        
8fe>20#ej-b ,jacob swore to ,laban1 8by 
,him :om ,isaac fe>$20 & ,moses w>n$ 8 p
 t 8,god is come1 t 8 fe> may be be=e   
y\r faces40 ,to v5]ate is f a ,sanscrit 
root 7sv71 to be afraid (4  ,b x is     
ne$less to amass m evid5ce on ?is po9t4 
,few w "q t fe> is ! mo/ prom95t emotion
 at ! awak5+ ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,let
 u r proce$ to inquire m m9utely :at fe>
 is4  ,i rem>k$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] t 8!  
emotions fall naturally into a dual     
classification1 9 :i* ! "o involves     

pleasurable or elevat+1 ! o!r pa9ful or 
depress+ conditions40 ,fe> comes ( c\rse
 "u ! latt] category1 z x is ess5tially 
a pa9ful & depress+ /ate ( m9d4 ,b x    
corresponds ) & implies ! pres5ce (     
,hope1 = he :o has no?+ to hope has no?+
 to fe>4#ea-a 8,!re is no hope )\t fe>1 
z !re is no fe> )\t hope10 says ,sp9oza4
 8,= he :o is 9 fe> has "s d\bt :e!r :at
 he fe>s w take place1 & consequ5tly    
hopes t x w n40  ,we c g a /ep fur!r1 & 
say t 9 ! m5tal process ! hope mu/      
necess>ily prec$e ! fe>4 ,9 ! imm$iate  
mom5t ( los+ a pleasurable s5sation we  
hope & seek = its repetition4 ,! m9d1   
untutor$ by exp]i5ce1 confid5tly looks =
 its return4 ,! hope only becomes da%$  
by fe> :5 exp]i5ce has be5 associat$ )  
disappo9tm5t4 ,h5ce we mu/ fir/ look to 
enjoy a good be=e we c be tr\bl$ by a   
fe> t we %all n enjoy x2 we mu/ fir/ lay
 a plan be=e we c fe> its failure4 ,9   
mod]n ,*ri/ianity hope1 hope ( immortal 
happ9ess1 is m conspicu\s ?an fe>2 b t  
hope is also bas$ on ! picture ( a      

pleasant life made up f exp]i5ce4  ,bo? 
hope & fe>1 !re=e1 h be5 correctly call$
 second>y or d]iv$ emotions1 z !y       
presuppose exp]i5ce & belief1 exp]i5ce (
 a pleasure ak9 to t :i* we hope1 belief
 t we c atta9 su* a pleasure4 8,we d n  
hope fir/ & enjoy aft]w>ds1 b we enjoy  
fir/ & hope aft]w>ds40#eb-a ,hav+       
enjoy$1 we seek to d s aga94 ,a desire1 
9 o!r words1 mu/ prec$e ei!r ,hope or   
,fe>4 ,!y are tw9 si/]s1 born ( a ,wi%4 
,?us my analysis traces ! real s\rce ( !
 religi\s s5tim5t1 s f> z ! emotions are
 conc]n$1 to a ,wi%2 & hav+ arriv$ !re1 
,i f9d myself anticipat$ by ! words ( "o
 ( ! mo/ reflective m9ds ( ?is c5tury3  
8,all religion re/s on a m5tal want2 we 
hope1 we fe>1 because we wi%40#ec-a ,&  
long be=e ?is conclusion 0 rea*$ by     
philosoph]s1 x _h be5 express$ 9        
unconsci\s religi\s ?\ght 9 my?s1 9 !   
,valkyria1 ! ,wi%-maid5s1 = in/ance1 :o 
c>ri$ ! decrees ( ,od9 to e>?4  ,?is is 
no mean orig91 = a wi%1 a desire1       
consci\s or unconsci\s1 9 s5sation only 

or 9 emotion z well1 is ! fundam5tal    
po/ulate ( e sort ( developm5t1 (       
improvem5t1 ( any possible future1 (    
life ( any k9d1 m5tal or physical4 ,9   
its broade/ mean+1 sci5ce & hi/ory      
endorse ! exclamation ( ! unhappy       
,ob]mann3 8,la p]te vraim5t irrp>able e/
 celle des dsirs40#ec-b  ,! s5se (      
unre/1 ! ceaseless long+ = some?+ else1 
:i* is ! g5]al s\rce ( all desires &    
wi%es1 is also ! s\rce ( all endeavor & 
( all progress4 ,physiologically1 x is !
 ef=t ( our organization to adapt itself
 to ! ev] v>y+ conditions :i* surr\nd x2
 intellectually1 x is ! /ruggle to      
arrive at tru?2 9 bo?1 x is ! ef=t to   
atta9 a full] life4  ,z /imuli to       
action1 !re=e1 ! commone/ & /ronge/ (   
all emotions are ,fe> & ,hope4 ,!y are !
 emotional correlates ( pleasure & pa91 
:i* rule ! life ( s5sation4 ,_! clos]   
consid]ation may well deta9 u a:ile4  ,9
 ! e>ly /ages ( religi\s life1 :e!r 9 an
 individual or a nation1 ! latt] is half
 conceal$4 ,fe> is m demon/rative1 & z x

 is ess5tially de/ructive1 its effects  
are m sudd5 & visible4 ,9 its acut] =ms1
 z ,fright & ,t]ror1 x may blan* ! hair 
9 a night1 blight ! m9d & de/roy ! life 
( ! individual4 ,z ,panic1 x is em95tly 
epidemic1 c>ry+ cr[ds & armies be=e x2  
:ile 9 ! aggravat$ =m ( ,despair x      
swall[s up all o!r emotions & prompts to
 self de/ruction4 ,its physiological    
effect is a direct impairm5t ( vitality4
  ,hope is less int5se & m la/+ ?an fe>4
 ,x /imulates ! sy/em1 elates ) !       
confid5ce ( control1 /r5g!ns ) ! c\rage 
d]iv$ f a conviction ( success1 & be/[s 
9 advance ! imag9$ joy ( possession4 ,z 
,feu*t]sleb5 happily expresses x3 8,hope
 pres]ves ! pr9ciple ( duration :5 o!r  
p>ts are ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 & is a   
manife/ation ( ! inn]mo/ psy*ical en]gy 
( ,life40#ed-a  ,bo? emotions p[]fully  
prompt to action1 & to t ext5t are      
oppos$ to ?\ght4 ,bas$ on belief1 !y    
bani% unc]ta9ty1 & antagonize d\bt & ) x
 inve/igation4 ,! religion 9 :i* !y ent]
 z ! pr9cipal factors w be "o intol]ant 

( opposition1 en]getic 9 de$1 & g5]ally 
ho/ile to an unbias$ pursuit ( ! tru?4  
,naturally ^? temp]am5ts & ^? physical  
conditions :i* *iefly fo/] ^! emotions w
 t5d to religi\s sy/ems 9 :i* !y are    
prom95t4 ,let u see :at "s ( ^!         
conditions are4  ,x has always be5      
notic$ t impair$ vitality pr$isposes to 
fe>4 ,! sick & feeble are m timor\s ?an 
! /rong & well4 ,fur!r pr$ispos+ causes 
( ! same nature are insuffici5t         
n\ri%m5t1 cold1 gloom1 mal>ia1 advanc+  
age & m5tal worry4 ,= ?is reason ne>ly  
inv>iably aft] a g5]al f9ancial collapse
 we witness a religi\s 8revival40 ,age1 
full ( c>e & fe>1 is ?us prompt$ to     
piety1 will+1 z ,la ,ro*ef\cauld rem>ks1
 to d good by precept :5 x c no long] d 
evil by example4 ,! inhabitants (       
swampy1 fev]-ridd5 di/ricts are usually 
dev\t4 ,! female sex1 always ! weak] &  
(t5 ! wor/$ "o 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is
 :5 free m religi\s ?an ! male2 b ) !m  
hope is m commonly ! inc5tive ?an fe>4  
,al?\gh ?us prom95t & p[]ful1 desire1 s 

f> z its fruition is pleasure1 has      
express$ b ! l[e/ emotions ( ! religi\s 
s5tim5t4 ,some?+ m ?an ?is has always   
be5 ask$ by s5sitively religi\s m9ds4   
,success fails to br+ ! gratification x 
promises4 ,! wi% grant$1 ! m9d turns f x
 9 satiety4 ,n ?is1 aft] all1 0 :at we  
s\ght4  ,! acute/ ?9k]s h felt ?is4     
,pascal 9 8 ,p5ses has su* expressions z
 ^!3 8,! pres5t is nev] our aim4 ,!     
future alone is our object40 8,=ev]     
gett+ ready to be happy1 x is c]ta9 we  
nev] c be40 8',tis ! combat pleases u & 
n ! victory4 ,z soon z t is a*iev$1 we h
 _h en\gh ( ! spectacle4 ,s x is 9 play1
 s x is 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,we nev] pursue
 objects1 b we pursue ! pursuit (       
objects40 ,b no "o has /at$ x m boldly  
?an ,less+ :5 he wrote3 8,if ,god held 9
 8 "r h& all tru?1 & 9 8 left ! "o      
unceas+ly active desire = tru?1 al?\gh  
b\nd up ) ! law t ,i %\ld =ev] err1 ,i  
%\ld *oose ) humility ! left & say3     
#8,give me ?is1 ,fa!r4 ,! pure tru? is =
 !e alone4'0#ef-a ,! pleasure seems to  

lie n 9 ! booty b 9 ! battle1 n 9 ga9+ !
 /akes b 9 play+ ! game1 n 9 ! w9n+ b 9 
! woo+1 n 9 ! discov]y ( tru? b 9 ! se>*
 = x4  ,:at is left = ! wise1 b to turn1
 z does ! prea*]1 f ?is delusion ( liv+1
 :]e laught] is mad & pleasure is va91 &
 praise ! dead :i* are dead m ?an ! liv+
 :i* are yet alive1 or to e/eem z bett] 
?an bo? he t ha? nev] be58  ,su* is !   
conclusion ( _m fai?s4 ,wa/$ ) combat1 !
 mortal longs = ! re/ prep>$ = ! we>y4  
,buddha taught ! ext+ui%m5t 9 ,nirvana2 
! ,brahman portrays ! highe/ bliss z    
%anti1 complete & et]nal repose2 & t !  
same long+ 0 famili> to anci5t ,judaism1
 & has always be5 common to ,*ri/ianity1
 num]\s evid5ces te/ify4#eg-a ,few      
epitaphs are m common ?an ^? :i* speak (
 ! mortal re/+ 9 pace1 9 quiete4  ,!    
supposition at ! root ( ^! long+s is t  
action mu/ br+ fatigue & pa91 & ?\gh x  
br+ pleasure too1 x is b\ght too de>ly4 
,true 9 fact1 ,i h %[n t ?is conflicts )
 ! !ory ( p]fect life1 ev5 organic life4
 ,! highe/ =m ( life is ! mo/ unceas+   

liv+2 its functions ask = _! complete/  
well be+ con/ant action1 n satisfaction4
 ,t g5]al feel+ ( heal? & /r5g?1 t s5s  
de bi5 tre1 :i* goes ) ! mo/ p]fect     
physical life1 is exp]i5c$ only :5 all !
 organs are 9 complete work+ ord] & do+ 
full duty4 ,!y imp>t to ! :ole frame a  
desire ( motion4 ,h5ce ! activity ( ! "y
 & heal?y z contra/$ ) ! in]tness ( !   
exhau/$ & ag$4  ,h[ is x possible to    
reconcile ?is ideal ( life1 /ill m !    
hope ( ev]la/+ life1 ) ! ackn[l$g$      
vanity ( desire8 ,x is accompli%$ ?r\gh 
! m$ium ( an emotion :i* m ?an any ,i h 
t\*$ ^u reveals ! "* ( ! religi\s       
s5tim5t--,love4 ,?is mighty b protean   
feel+ ,i %all attempt to def9e on broad]
 pr9ciples ?an has hi!rto be5 done4 ,!  
vague & p>tial mean+s assign$ x h l$ to 
sad confusion 9 ! /udies ( religions4 ,9
 ! language ( feel+1 love is a passion2 
b x does n spr+ f feel+ alone4 ,x is f> 
m f]vid :5 x rises ?r\gh intellect ?an  
?r\gh s5se4 8,m5 h di$ f "t to "t1 &    
worms h eat5 !m1 b n = love10 says !    

fair ,rosal9d2 & ?\gh h] say+ is n v    
true z to ! love ( s5se1 x is f> less   
true z to ! love ( intellect4 ,! m>tyrs 
to sci5ce & religion1 to pr9ciples &    
fai?1 multiply a hundr$-fold ^? to !    
g>d5 god4 ,! spell ( ! idea is :at      
8,turns ru9 into laught] & dea? into    
dream+40  ,su* love de/roys ! bas]      
passion ( s5se1 or transfigures x s t we
 "k x no long]4 ,! idea-driv5 is call\s 
to ! bl&i%m5ts ( beauty1 = 8 is a love  
/rong] ?an ! love to woman4 ,! ve/al1 ! 
virg91 ! eunu* = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake 
are ! exempl>s ( ! love to ,god4  ,:at  
common trait s m>ks ^! w>r+ products (  
m9d1 t we call !m by "o "n8 ,9 :at is   
all love ! same8 ,! "q is p]t95t1 = !   
love ( woman1 ! love ( neighbor1 ! love 
( c\ntry1 ! love ( ,god1 h made !       
positive side ( mo/ religions1 ! burd5 (
 _! tea*+s4 ,! prie/s ( ,cotytto &      
,v5us1 ,a/>te & ,melitta1 spoke b a m   
s5su\s v]sion ( ! s]mon ( ! ag$ apo/le  
to ! ,ephesians1--%orte/ & be/ ( all    
s]mons--8,little *ildr51 love "o        

ano!r40#ei-a  ,! e>lie/ & mo/ con/ant   
sign ( reason is 8work+ = a remote      
object40#ei-b ,ne>ly ev]y?+ we d is z a 
/ep to some?+ beyond4 ,=e?\ght1 consci\s
 provision1 is ! measure ( intellig5ce4 
,b !re mu/ be some?+ :i* is ! object1 ! 
aim1 ! end-9-view ( rational action1 :i*
 is s\ght = itself alone1 n z in/rum5tal
 to some?+ else4 ,su* an object1 :5     
recogniz$1 inspires ! s5tim5t ( love4 ,x
 spr+s f ! satisfaction ( reason4  ,?is 
conclusion z to ! nature ( love has long
 be5 recogniz$ by ?9k]s4 ,ri*>d ,baxt]  
def9$ x z 8! volition ( ! end10 8!      
motion ( ! s\l t t5de? to ! end10 & m   
m9utely1 8! w's volition ( good         
appreh5d$ by ! und]/&+40#fj-a ,9 simil> 
language ,bi%op ,butl] expla9s x z 8!   
re/+ 9 an object z an end40#fj-b ,p]haps
 ,i c bett] ^! explanations by ! phrase1
 ,love is ! m5tal impression ( rational 
action ^: end is 9 itself4  ,n[ ?is     
satisfaction is f\nd only 9 "o class (  
ef=ts1 namely1 ^? ^: result is          
cont9uity1 p]si/5ce1 9 f9e1 pres]vation4

 ,?is may be t[>d ! individual1         
self-love1 ^: object is ! cont9uance (  
p]sonal exi/5ce2 t[>d ! o!r sex1 :]e !  
hidd5 aim is ! p]petuation ( ! race2    
t[>d "o's fell[s1 :]e ! giv+ ( pleasure 
& ! prev5tion ( pa9 mean ! ma9t5ance (  
life2 t[>d "o's c\ntry1 z patriotism2 & 
f9ally t[>d ! et]nally true1 :i* z alone
 ! absolutely p]man5t & pres]vative1    
inspires a love adequate & exhau/ive (  
its conception1 ca/+ out bo? hope & fe>1
 ! pangs ( desire z well z ! satiety (  
fruition4  ,9 "o or o!r ( ^! =ms love   
has at all times be5 ! burd5 ( religion3
 ! glad tid+s x has always borne h be5  
8love on e>?40 ,! ,phnix 9 ,egyptian my?
 appe>$ ye>ly z newly ris51 b 0 ev] !   
same bird1 & bore ! egg f :i* its p>5t 0
 to h bir?4 ,s religions h assum$ !     
guise 9 turn ( self-love1 sex-love1 love
 ( c\ntry & love ( humanity1 *]i%+ 9 ea*
 ! g]m ( t highe/ love :i* alone is !   
p>5t ( its la/ & only p]fect embodim5t4 
,favorite ( ^! =ms 0 sex-love4 8,we     
f9d10 obs]ves a rec5t writ]1 8t all     

religions h engag$ & conc]n$ !mselves ) 
! sexual passion4 ,f ! times ( phallic  
wor%ip ?r\gh ,romi% celibacy d[n to     
,mormonism1 !ology has l9k$ itself )    
man's reproductive in/9cts40#fa-a ,!    
rem>k is j1 & is mo/ conspicu\sly       
correct 9 /rongly emotional temp]am5ts4 
8,! devotional feel+s10 writes ! ,rev4  
,fr$]ick ,rob]tson 9 "o ( 8 essays1 8are
 (t5 s+ul>ly alli$ to ! animal nature2  
!y conduct ! unconsci\s victim ( feel+s 
t appe> div9e into a /ate ( life at :i* 
! _w /&s agha/40 ,fanaticism is always  
unit$ ) ei!r excessive lewdness or      
desp]ate asceticism4 ,! physiological   
p]=mance ( ! g5]ative function is sure  
to be attack$ by religi\s bigotry4  ,s  
prom95t is ?is feature t attempts h be5 
made to expla9 ne>ly all symbolism &    
my?ology z types ( ! g5]ative proc$ure &
 ! reproductive faculty ( organism4 ,n  
only ! pyramids & sacr$ m\nta9s1 !      
obelisks ( ! ,nile & ! my?s ( light h   
receiv$ ?is int]pretation1 b ev5 su*    
g5]al symbols z ! spires ( *ur*es1 !    

cross ( ,*ri/5dom & ! cresc5t (         
,islam4#fb-a  ,)\t fall+ into ! error ( 
suppos+ t any "o mean+ or orig9 c be    
assign$ su* frequ5t symbols1 we may     
ackn[l$ge t love1 9 its philosophical   
s5se1 is closely ak9 to ! my/]y ( e     
religion4 ,t1 on occasions1 love ( sex  
ga9$ ! ma/]y ov] all o!r =ms1 is n to be
 d\bt$2 b t at all times ?is 0 s1 is a  
n>r[1 errone\s view1 n consi/5t ) a k ( 
! hi/ory ( psy*ical developm5t4         
,sex-love1 z a s5tim5t1 is a cultivat$  
gr[?4 ,all x is at fir/ is a rude       
satisfaction ( ! ere?ism4 ,! wild tribes
 ( ,cali=nia _h _! pair+ seasons :5 !   
sexes 7 9 heat1 8z regul>ly z ! de]1 !  
elk & ! antelope40#fc-a ,9 mo/ tongues (
 ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re are no   
t5d] words1 z 8de>10 8d>l+10 & ! l4#fc-b
 ,no desire ( (fspr+ l$ to _! unions4 ,!
 wom5 _h few *ildr51 & _! fa!rs paid !m 
little att5tion4 ,! family in/9ct appe>s
 9 conditions ( high] culture1 9 ,judea1
 ,greece1 ,rome & anci5t ,g]many4       
,procreation in/ead ( lu/ 0 !re ! aim ( 

m>riage4 ,to-day1 m]e s5tim5t is s mu* 9
 ! asc5dant t bo? ^! elem5ts are (t5    
abs5t4 ,!re is w>m affection )\t ev5    
in/9ctive k ( ! design ( ! bond         
assum$4#fc-c  ,^? :o w\ld conf9e !      
prompt+s ( ! passion ( reproduction z x 
appe>s 9 man to its objects z %[n 9 l[] 
animals1 "k little h[ ?is wondr\s       
emotion has act$ z man's m5tor z well z 
p>aclete 9 8 long & toilsome conflict ) 
! physical =ces4  ,! v5]eal s5se is     
unlike ! o!r special s5ses 9 t x is     
g5]al1 z well z ref]able to special     
organs & n]ves4 ,9 its psy*ological     
action x 8especially contributes to !   
developm5t ( sympa?ies :i* connect man n
 only ) 8 coevals1 b ) 8 fell[s ( all   
prec$+ & succe$+ g5]ations z well4 ,^u x
 is erect$ ?is va/ sup]/ructure (       
intellect1 ( social & moral s5tim5t1 (  
volunt>y ef=t & endeavor40#fd-a ,( all !
 prop]ties ( organiz$ matt]1 t (        
transmitt+ =m & life is ! mo/ wond]ful2 
& if we exam9e critically ! physical    
basis ( ! labors & hopes ( mank9d1 if we

 ask :at prompts its noble/ & holie/    
long+s1 we %all f9d !m1 9 ! va/ majority
 ( in/ances1 directly traceable to ?is  
p[]4 ,no wond] !n t religion1 :i* we h  
se5 spr+s f man's wants & wi%es1 v (t5  
be>s ! di/9ct trace ( _! orig9 9 8      
reproductive functions4 ,! li5s ( !     
family are ju/ly deem$ sacr$1 & are     
naturally associat$ ) :atev] ! m9d      
consid]s holy4  ,! duty ( a citiz5 to   
become a fa!r 0 a prom95t feature 9 _m  
anci5t religions4 ,h[ mu* honor ! sire (
 _m sons _h 9 ,rome & ,pale/9e is       
famili> to all read]s4 ,no w>rior1      
accord+ to ,g]man fai?1 c\ld ga9        
entrance to ,valhalla unless he _h      
begott5 a son4 ,?us ! pres]vation ( !   
species 0 plac$ "u ! imm$iate gu>dian%ip
 ( religion4  ,su* consid]ations expla9 
! close connection ( sexual ?\ghts ) !  
mo/ sacr$ my/]ies ( fai?4 ,9 poly!isms1 
! div9ities are univ]sally repres5t$ z  
male or female1 virile & fecund4 ,!     
processes ( nature 7 (t5 held to be     
ma9ta9$ ?r\gh su* cele/ial nuptials4    

,yet /rang] my?s foll[$ ^? ( ! loves ( !
 gods4 ,religion1 z ! s5tim5t (         
cont9uance1 f9d+ its highe/ expression 9
 ! ph5om5on ( g5]ation1 _h to reconcile 
?is ) ! gr[+ concept ( a div9e unity4   
,ea* sep>ate god 0 magnifi$ 9 praises z 
self-suffici5t4 ,e>?1 or nature1 or !   
season is "o1 yet br+s =? all4 ,h[      
embody ?is 9 concrete =m8  ,! />tl+     
refuge 0 _h 9 ! image ( a deity at once 
( bo? sexes4 ,su* av[$ly 7 ,mi?ras1     
,janus1 ,melitta1 ,cybele1 ,aphrodite1  
,agdi/is2 inde$ ne>ly all ! ,syrian1    
,egyptian1 & ,italic gods1 z well z     
,brahma1 &1 9 ! esot]ic doctr9e ( !     
,cabala1 ev5 ,jehovah1 ^: female aspect 
is repres5t$ by ! 8,%ek9ah40 ,to ?is    
abnormal condition ! le>n$ h appli$ !   
adjectives epic5e1 &rogyn\s1            
h]maphrodite1 arr5o!le4 ,9 art x is     
repres5t$ by a bl5d+ ( ! traits ( bo?   
sexes4 ,9 ! cult x 0 dramatically set =?
 by ! vot>ies assum+ ! attire ( ! o!r   
sex1 & dally+ ) bo?4#ff-a ,! phallic    
symbol sup]s$$ all o!rs2 & 9 ,cyprus1   

,babylonia & ,phrygia1 once 9 h] life1  
at lea/1 mu/ e woman submit to ! embrace
 ( a /rang]4  ,su* rites 7 n m]e        
s5sualities4 ,! prie/s ( ^! div9ities   
(t5 volunt>ily suff]$ emasculation4     
,none b a eunu* c\ld become high prie/ (
 ,cybele4 ,among ! sixte5 million       
wor%ipp]s ( ,siva1 ^: symbol is ! ,l+am1
 impurity is f> less preval5t ?an among 
! si/] sects ( ,h9doo religions4#ff-b   
,to ! ,l+ayets1 ! memb] typifies        
ab/ractly ! idea ( life4 ,!re=e !y c>ve 
x on sepul*res1 or1 l ! anci5t nations (
 ,asia ,m9or1 !y lay clay images ( x on 
graves to intimate ! hope ( exi/5ce     
beyond ! tomb4  ,?is notion ( a         
h]maphrodite deity is n 8mon/r\s10 z x  
has be5 call$4 ,!re lies a deep mean+ 9 
x4 ,! gods are spirits1 be+s ( ano!r    
ord]1 :i* ! cultivat$ e/hetic s5se      
prote/s aga9/ class+ z ( "o or ! o!r    
g5d]4 ,nev] c ! ideal ( beauty1 ei!r    
physical or moral1 be rea*$ until !     
*>act]i/ics ( sex are lo/ 9 ! concept ( 
! purely human4 ,9 ! noble/ m5 ( hi/ory 

!re has (t5 be5 not$ some?+ fem99e1 a   
g5tl5ess :i* is n ak9 to weakness2 & !  
wom5 ^: names are ornam5ts to nations h 
display$ a calm greatness1 n unwomanly b
 some?+ m ?an belongs to woman4 ,art    
ackn[l$ges ?is4 ,9 ! ,vatican ,apollo we
 see mascul9e /r5g? unit$ ) maid5ly     
s(tness2 & 9 ! traditional face & figure
 ( ,*ri/ a /ill m /rik+ example h[ !    
dev\t m9d conjo9s ! traits ( bo? sexes  
to express ! highe/ possibility ( !     
species4 8,so>+ above ! /ruggle 9 :i* ! 
real is involv$ ) its limitations1 &    
free f ! *>act]i/ics ( g5d]1 ! ideal (  
beauty z well z ! ideal ( humanity1     
alike ma9ta9 a p]fect sexual            
equilibrium40#fg-a  ,ano!r & m famili>  
expression ( ! religi\s emotion1 ak9 to 
! belief 9 d\ble-sex$ deities1--nay1 9  
its physiological aspect id5tical ) x1 z
 assum+ sexual self-suffici5cy1 is ! my?
 ( ! ,virg9-,"m4  ,:5 ,columbus fir/    
plant$ ! cross on ! %ores ( ,san ,dom+o1
 ! lay bro!r ,roman ,pane1 :om he s5t =?
 to conv]t ! natives ( t isl&1 f\nd     

among !m a /ory ( a virg9 ,mamna1 ^: son
 ,yocana1 a h]o & a god1 0 *ief among   
div9ities1 & _h 9 ! old times taught ?is
 simple p ! arts ( peace & guid$ !m     
?r\gh ! isl&s4#fh-a ,:5 ! mission>ies   
p5etrat$ to ! ,iroquois1 ! ,aztecs1 !   
,mayas1 & _m o!r tribes1 ?is same /ory 0
 told !m ) su* />tl+ lik5ess to "o !y   
came to tell1 t !y felt c]ta9 ei!r ,/4  
,?omas or ,satan _h got ! />t ( !m 9    
,am]ica4  ,b _h ^! pi\s m5 kn[n z well z
 we d ! g5tile religions ( ! ,old ,_w1  
!y w\ld h season$ _! admiration4 ,long  
be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 ?\ght (1 ! my? ( !   
,virg9-,"m ( ,god 0 9 ! fai? ( millions1
 z we h _h abundantly %[n u ( late ye>s 
by c]ta9 exp\nd]s ( ,*ri/ian dogmas4    
,h[ is ?is /range1 impossible belief to 
be expla9$8 ,( :at secret1 unconsci\s1  
psy*ological work+ 0 x ! expression8    
,look at its result4 ,x is t :]ev] ?is  
doctr9e is develop$ ! /atus             
matrimonialis is held to be less pure1  
less truly religi\s1 ?an ! /atus        
virg9itatis4 ,su* is ! tea*+ to-day 9   

,lhassa1 9 ,rome2 s x 0 9 ,yucatan1 :]e1
 too1 !re 7 nunn]ies fill$ ) sp\ses (   
,god4 ,i connect x ) ! g5]al doctr9e t  
*a/ity 9 ei!r sex is m agreeable to ,god
 ?an m>riage1 & ?is belief1 ,i ?9k1 v   
commonly arises at a c]ta9 /age (       
developm5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :5 x   
unconsci\sly recognises ! indisputable  
fact t sex-love1 :e!r 9 its =m ( love ( 
woman1 family1 or nation1 is n :at t    
s5tim5t craves4 ,?is is fir/ %[n by     
reject+ ! idea ( sex-love 9 ! bir? ( !  
god2 !n 8 prie/s & prie/esses refuse its
 allurem5ts1 & d5y all its claims1 ^? ( 
k9dr$1 ( c\ntry1 ( race1 until ! act (  
g5]ation itself is held unholy & ! ?\ght
 ( sex a s94 ,by su* =cible ?\gh rude   
displays d !y set =? _! unconsci\s      
ackn[l$gm5t ( t et]nal tru?3 8,he t     
love? son or daught] m ?an ,me1 is n    
wor?y ( ,me40  ,! significance ( ^!     
words is n t !re is an antagonism 9 !   
=ms ( love4 ,x is n t man %\ld hate     
himself1 z ,pascal1 foll[+ ! tea*+s ( ! 
,*ur*1 s ably argu$2 nor t ! "o sex %\ld

 be set ov] aga9/ ! o!r 9 /]ile         
abhorr5ce2 nor yet t love ( c\ntry & (  
k9dr$ is incompatible ) t t[>d !        
,supreme ( ?\ght2 b x is t ea* ( ^! l[]1
 %all[]1 evanesc5t =ms ( emotion is &   
mu/ be lo/ 91 subord9at$ to1 t highe/ =m
 to :i* ^! words h ref]5ce4             
,reconciliation1 n abnegation1 is :at !y
 mean4  ,ev5 ^? religions :i* tea* 9 its
 /rictness ! on5ess ( ,god h r>ely      
sep>at$ f 8 p]sonality ! attribute (    
sex4 ,he is ! fa!r1 pat] et g5itor1 (   
all be+s4 ,! mono!ism :i* we f9d 9      
,greece & ,india g5]ally took ?is =m4 ,!
 anci5t ,hebrews emphasiz$ ! =m]1 n !   
latt] s5se ( ! ^w1 & ?us depriv+ x ( its
 m di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( sex1 prep>$ !
 way = ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* !  
,supreme ,be+ always appe>s ) !         
attributes ( ! male1 b disconnect$ f !  
idea ( g5]ation4  ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 !     
ef=ts to :i* ?is lat5t incongruity      
prompts1 ev5 9 p]sons speak+ ,engli%1 9 
:i* tongue ! articles & adjectives h no 
g5d]s1 po9t back to ! errors ( an e>li] 

age4 ,a rec5t pray] by an em95t         
spirituali/ comm5ces3--8,oh ,et]nal ,_s1
 our ,fa!r & our ,"m60 ,! expression    
illu/rates h[ naturally arises ! belief 
9 a h]maphrodite god1 :5 once sex is    
associat$ ) deity4  ,( all f\nd]s (     
religions1 ,mohamm$ fir/ proclaim$ a    
div9ity )\t relation to sex4 ,"o ( 8    
e>lie/ suras reads3      8,he is ,god   
alone1     ,god ! et]nal4     ,he       
begette? n1 & is n begott52     ,& !re  
is none l unto him40  ,& else:]e3--     
8,he ha? no sp\se1 nei!r ha? he any     
(fspr+40#ga-a  ,:ile he expressly       
ackn[l$g$ ! div9e conception ( ,jesus1  
he d5i$ ! co>se & lit]al v]sion ( t     
doctr9e 9 vogue among ! ignorant        
,*ri/ians ar\nd him4 ,enlight5$         
*ri/5dom1 to-day1 does n1 ,i believe1   
diff] f him on ?is po9t4  ,su* sexual   
religions d n arise1 z ! !ory has hi!rto
 be51 f /udy & obs]vation ( ! g5]ative  
ag5cies 9 nature1 b f ! id5tity ( object
 betwe5 love 9 s5se & love 9 intellect1 
pr(ane & sacr$ passion4 ,! ess5ce ( ea* 

is cont9uance1 pres]vation2 ! orig9 (   
ea* is subjective1 p]sonal2 b ! =m] has 
its root 9 s5sation1 ! latt] 9 reason4  
,! sex-diff]5ce 9 organisms1 !          
8abhorr5ce ( self-f]tilization0 :i* ,mr4
 ,d>w9 speaks ( z s conspicu\s &        
inexplicable a ph5om5on1 is b "o example
 ( ! sway ( a law :i* z action &        
reaction1 !sis & anti!sis1 is common to 
bo? elem5t>y motion & ?\ght4 ,! f]tile &
 pr(\nd fancy ( ,greece delight$ to     
prefigure ?is tru? 9 significant symbols
 & my?s4 ,love1 ,eros1 is %[n c>ry+ !   
globe1 or wield+ ! club ( ,h]cules2 he  
is ! unkn[n sp\se ( ,psy*e1 ! s\l2 & f !
 primitive *aos he br+s =? ! ord]$ _w1 !
 ,kosmos4  ,! intimate & /range relation
 betwe5 s5suality & religion1 s (t5     
comm5t$ ^u & d5i$1 aga9 prov51 & always 
mis9t]pret$1 ?us receives a satisfactory
 explanation4 ,"s s+ul> manife/ations ( 
x1 ( significance 9 religi\s hi/ory1 are
 pres5t$ by ! records ( insane          
delusions4 ,!y confirm :at ,i h above   
urg$1 t ! association is n "o d]iv$ f   

obs]vation ?r\gh intellectual processes1
 b is a consequ5ce ( physiological      
connections1 ( id5tity ( aim 9 ! di/9ct 
realms ( ?\ght & emotion4  ,t em95t     
writ] on m5tal diseases1 ,s*ro$] van d] 
,kolk1 :5 speak+ ( ! =ms ( melan*oly :i*
 arise f physical conditions1 rem>ks3   
8,! pati5t :o is melan*oly f disord]s ( 
! g5]ative organs consid]s himself      
s9ful4 ,8 depress$ tone ( m9d passes ov]
 into religi\s melan*oly2 #8he is =sak5 
by ,god2 he is lo/4' ,all 8 afflictions 
h a religi\s color40 ,9 a simil> /ra91  
,feu*t]sleb5 says3 8,9 ! female sex     
especially1 ! erotic delusion1 unkn[n to
 ! pati5t h]self1 (t5 assumes ! color ( 
! religi\s40#gc-a 8,! unaccompli%$      
sexual designs ( nature10 obs]ves a lat]
 au?or speak+ ( ! effects ( ! s+le life1
 8lead to brood+ ov] suppos$ mis]ies :i*
 sugge/ devotion & religi\s ex]cise z ! 
nep5! to soo! ! morbid long+s40#gc-b    
,/imulate ! religi\s s5tim5t & y ar\se !
 passion ( love1 :i* w be direct$ z !   
temp]am5t & individual culture prompt4  

,develope v prom95tly any "o =m ( love1 
& by a native aff9ity x w seize ^u &    
consecrate to its own use :atev]        
religi\s aspirations ! individual has4  
,?is is ! g5]al law ( _! relation4  ,all
 ! l[] =ms ( love po9t to "o to :i* !y  
are ! gradual asc5t1 bo? ( ! individual 
& on a gr&] scale ( ! race1 to wit1 !   
love ( ,god4 ,?is is ! passion = !      
highe/ atta9able tru?1 a passion :i*1 z 
duty1 prompts to ! /ronge/ action & to !
 utt] sacrifice ( all o!r long+s4 ,no   
speculative acqua9tance ) propositions  
satisfies x1 no egoti/ic con/ruction (  
sy/ems1 b ! tru? express$ 9 life1 ! tru?
 z t :i* alone ei!r has or c give be+ & 
diuturnity1 ?is is its food1 = :i* x    
?ir/s ) holy ardor4 ,"h is ! g5u9e      
esot]ic gnosis1 ! sacr$ secret1 :i* !   
rude & selfi% wi%es ( ! savage1 ! s5sual
 rites ( ,babylon1 8"m ( h>lots10 & !   
sublimely unselfi% dreams ( a 8religion 
( humanity10 h alike _h 9 _! he>ts1 b _h
 no capacity to int]pret1 no words to   
articulate4  ,relat$ to ?is emotional   

phase ( ! religi\s s5tim5t is ! !urgic  
p[] ( c]ta9 natural objects ov] "s      
p]sons4 ,! biblical s*ol> ,kitto        
confesses t ! moon ex]t$ a /range       
influ5ce on 8 m9d1 /irr+ 8 devotional   
nature1 & he owns t x w\ld n h be5 h>d =
 him to jo9 ! wor%ipp]s ( ! goddess ( ! 
night4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 9 "o ( 8  
odes ref]s to simil> feel+s excit$ 9 him
 by ! gloom & murmur ( groves4 ,! sacr$ 
poets & ! religi\s arts g5]ally         
ackn[l$ge ?is fasc9ation1 z x has be5   
call$1 :i* c]ta9 ph5om5a h = religi\s   
temp]am5ts4  ,! explanation :i* sugge/s 
itself is t ( individual & ance/ral     
association4 ,9 ! case ( ,kitto x 0     
probably ! latt]4 ,8 s5sitively religi\s
 nature exp]i5c$ 9 gaz+ at ! moon an    
impression inh]it$ f "s remote ance/or  
:o _h actually made x ! object ( ard5t  
wor%ip4 ,! /udy ( ! laws ( inh]it$      
memory1 s successfully pursu$ ( late by 
,pr(essor ,laycock1 take away any?+     
ecc5tric ab\t ?is explanation1 ?\gh ,i  
sc>cely expect x w be receiv$ by "o     

unacqua9t$ ) ^? laws4  ,! emotional     
aspect ( religion is n exhau/$ by !     
v>ieties ( fe> & hope & love4 ,wond]1   
awe1 admiration1 ! /hetic emotions1 9   
fact all ! active pr9ciples ( man's     
m5tal economy are at times excit$ &     
direct$ by ! ?\ght ( sup]natural p[]4   
,"s h attempt$ to trace ! religi\s      
s5tim5t exclusively to "o or ! o!r ( ^!4
 ,b !y are all incid5tal & subsidi>y    
emotions4  ,c]ta9 m5tal diseases1 by    
abnormally /imulat+ ! emotions1         
pr$ispose /rongly to religi\s f]vor4    
,epilepsy is "o ( ^!1 & 9 ,sw$5borg &   
,mohamm$1 bo? epileptics1 we see        
di/+ui%$ examples ( religi\s my/ics1 :o1
 no d\bt hone/ly1 accept$ ! visions :i* 
accompani$ _! disease z revelations f   
ano!r _w4 ,v _m epileptics are subject  
to su* delusions1 & _! insanity is      
usually ( a religi\s "*4  ,on ! o!r h&1 
devotional excitem5t is apt to br+ ab\t 
m5tal ali5ation4 ,e viol5t revival has  
left aft] x a small crop ( religi\s     
melan*olies & lunatics4 ,compet5t       

au?orities /ate t 9 mod]n communities   
religi\s insanity is mo/ frequ5t 9 ^?   
sects :o are giv5 to emotional =ms (    
religion1 ! ,me?odi/s & ,bapti/s =      
example2 :]eas x is lea/ kn[n among     
,roman ,ca?olics1 :]e d\bt & anxiety are
 at once allay$ by an infallible ref]ee1
 & among ! ,quak]s1 :]e en?usiasm is    
disc\rag$ & ) :om ! re/ra9t ( emotion is
 a "p ( discipl9e4#gf-a ,au?oritative   
assurance 9 _m di/urb$ conditions ( m9d 
is suffici5t to relieve ! m5tal t5sion &
 re/ore heal?4  ,if1 by :at has be5     
said1 x is cle> t ! religi\s s5tim5t has
 its orig9 9 a wi%1 x is equally cle> t 
n e wi% is conc]n$ 9 x4 ,! objects :i* a
 man c atta9 by 8 own unaid$ ef=ts1 are 
n ^? :i* he makes ! subjects ( 8 pray]s2
 nor are ! p]iodic & regul> occurr5ces 9
 nature1 h[ impressive !y may be1 mu*   
?\ght ( 9 devotional moods4 ,! mom5t t  
an ev5t is recogniz$ to be "u fix$ law1 
x is se5 to be inappropriate to seek by 
supplication to alt] x4 ,no devotee1    
acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( ! tides1 w\ld1 l    

,canute ! ,k+1 ?9k ( /ay+ _! waves )    
words4 ,eclipses & comets1 once matt]s (
 sup]/iti\s t]ror1 h be5 entirely %orn (
 ?is attribute by a/ronomical discov]y4 
,ev5 real & tragic mis=tunes1 if believ$
 to be su* z fl[ f fix$ law1 &          
especially if !y c be pr$ict$ sometime  
be=e !y arrive1 d n excite religi\s     
feel+4 ,z ,bi%op ,hall qua9tly obs]ves1 
ref]r+ to a curi\s m$ieval sup]/ition3  
8,crosses1 aft] ! nature ( ! cockatrice1
 die if !y be =ese540  ,only :5 ! ev5t  
sugge/s ! direct action ( m9d1 ( "s free
 intellig5ce1 is x possible = ! religi\s
 s5tim5t to ?r[ ar\nd x ! aureole (     
sanctity4 ,obvi\sly :5 natural law 0    
little kn[n1 ?is includ$ va/ly m        
occurr5ces ?an civiliz$ m5 n[ ?9k (     
hold+ to be ( religi\s import4 ,h5ce !  
objective & mat]ial =m ( religion is    
always fo/]$ by ignorance1 & ?is is ! =m
 :i* prevails exclusively 9 uncultivat$ 
societies4  ,! manife/ations ( motion   
:i* ! *ild fir/ notices1 or :i* ! savage
 *iefly obs]ves1 relate to himself4 ,!y 

are associat$ ) ! individuals ar\nd him 
:o m9i/] to 8 wants2 ! gratification (  
^! dep5d on ! volitions ( o!rs4 ,z he   
gr[s 9 /r5g? he le>ns to supply 8 own   
wants1 & to make good 8 own volitions z 
aga9/ ^? ( 8 fell[s4 ,b he soon le>ns t 
_m ev5ts occur to ?w>t him1 out (       
connection ) any kn[n individual1 & ^! (
 a dreadful nature1 hurricanes & floods1
 hung]1 sickness & dea?4 ,^! pursue him 
ev]y:]e1 foil+ 8 plans1 & fru/rat+ 8    
hopes4 ,x is n ! %[ ( p[]1 !            
manife/ations ( might1 t he c>es = 9 ^! 
ev5ts1 b t !y t\* him1 t !y spoil 8     
projects1 & r5d] va9 8 desires2 ?is =ces
 him to ca/ ab\t = "s means to protect  
himself aga9/ !m4  ,9 accordance ) !    
tea*+ ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & true moreov] to ! 
laws ( m9d1 he ref]s !m1 collectively1  
to a m5tal s\rce1 to a vague            
individuality4 ,?is loose1 undef9$      
conception ( an unkn[n volition or p[]  
=ms ! e>lie/ notion ( ,deity4 ,x is     
h>dly associat$ ) p]sonality1 yet x is  
broadly sep>at$ f ! human & ! kn[n4 ,9 !

 languages ( savage tribes1 z ,i h      
else:]e rem>k$1 8a ^w is usually f\nd   
compreh5d+ all manife/ations ( ! unse5  
_w1 yet convey+ no s5se ( p]sonal       
unity40#gh-a  ,by "s means to gu>d aga9/
 ?is undef9$ m>plot to ! accompli%m5t ( 
8 wi%es1 is ! object ( 8 religion4 ,its 
primitive =ms are !re=e def5sive &      
conciliatory4 ,! hopes ( ! savage ext5d 
little beyond ! rea* ( 8 own arm1 & !   
t5or ( 8 pray]s is t ! gods be neut]4   
,if !y d n int]f]e he c take c>e (      
himself4 ,8 religion is a sort (        
assurance ( life4  ,n only ! religion ( 
! savage1 b e religion is ?is & n mu* b 
?is4 ,) nobl] associations & pur]       
conceptions ( life1 ! religi\s s5tim5t  
ev] conta9s ^! same elem5ts & dep5ds ^u 
!m = its vigor & gr[?4 ,x ev]y:]e spr+s 
f a desire ^: fruition dep5ds ^u unkn[n 
p[]4 ,to give ! religi\s wi% a def9ition
 9 ! te*nic ( psy*ology1 ,i def9e x z3  
,expectant ,att5tion1 direct$ t[>d an   
ev5t n "u kn[n control1 ) a concomitant 
idea ( ,cause or ,p[]4  ,?ree elem5ts   

are embrac$ 9 ?is def9ition1 a wi%1 an  
idea ( p[]1 ignorance ( ! nature ( t    
p[]4 ,! fir/ t]m prompts ! hope1 ! ?ird 
sugge/s ! fe>1 & ! second creates !     
p]sonality1 :i* we see set =? 9 e       
religi\s sy/em4 ,)\t ^! ?ree1 religion z
 dogma becomes impossible4  ,if a man   
wi%es = no?+1 nei!r ! cont9uance (      
pres5t com=ts nor future bless+s1 :y ne$
 he c>e = ! gods8 ,:o c hurt him1 s long
 z he /ays 9 8 frame ( m9d8 ,he may well
 %ake (f all religions & e fe>1 = he is 
/rong] ?an ,god1 & ! univ]se holds no?+ 
wor? 8 ef=t to get4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e    
taught by ,buddha ,sakyanuni1 a         
philosoph] oppos$ to e =m ( religion1 b 
:o is ! reput$ f\nd] ( ! mo/ num]\s sect
 n[ on ! globe4 ,he s\ght to free ! m9ds
 ( 8 day f ! burd5 ( ! ,brahmanic       
ritual1 by cultivat+ a frame ( m9d      
beyond desire or admiration1 & h5ce     
beyond ! ne$ ( a cre$4  ,! second       
elem5t1 ! idea ( p[]1 is an intellectual
 ab/raction4 ,its "* is fluctuat+4 ,at  
fir/ x is mo/ vague1 correspond+ to :at 

9 its mo/ g5]al s5se we t]m 8!          
sup]natural40 ,lat]1 x is reg>d$ "u its 
v>i\s exhibitions z sep>able ph5om5a1 z 
9 poly!isms1 9 :i* mu/ be includ$       
tr9it>ian sy/ems & ! duali/ic doctr9e ( 
! ,p>sees4 ,b among ! ,egyptians1       
,greeks & ,aztecs1 z well z 9 ! words ( 
,z>a?u/ra & 9 ! !ology ( ,*ri/ianity1 we
 frequ5tly meet ) ! di/9ct recognition (
 ! fundam5tal unity ( all p[]4 ,at core1
 all religions h se$s ( mono!ism4 ,:5 we
 g5]alize ! curr5t concepts ( motion or 
=ce beyond individual displays &        
relative measures ( quantity1 we        
recognize _! qualitative id5tity1 &     
appreciate ! logical unity "u :i* we mu/
 give !m ab/ract expression4 ,?is is !  
process1 (t5 unconsci\s1 :i* has c>ri$  
mo/ orig9al ?9k]s to mono!i/ic doctr9es1
 no matt] :5ce !y />t$4  ,! idea ( p[]  
controll+ ! unkn[n w\ld ( itself h be5 (
 no int]e/ to man _h he n assum$ c]ta9  
relations to exi/ betwe5 him & x on ! "o
 h&1 & x & ?+s on ! o!r4 ,a             
dispassionate inquiry disproves entirely

 ! view ma9ta9$ by v>i\s mod]n writ]s1  
prom95tly by ,ba91 ,sp5c] & ,d>w91 t !  
contemplation ( p[] or maje/y 9 ext]nal 
nature prompts ( itself ! religi\s      
s5tim5t1 or c\ld h be5 its hi/orical    
orig94 ,su* a view ov]looks ! mo/       
ess5tial because ! p]sonal factor (     
religion--! wi%4 ,f> m correct are !    
words ( ,david ,hume1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 by
 :i* he closes 8 admirable ,natural     
,hi/ory ( ,religions3 8,we may conclude1
 !re=e1 t 9 all nations ! fir/ ideas (  
religion arose n f a contemplation ( !  
works ( nature1 b f a conc]n ) reg>d to 
! ev5ts ( life1 & f ! incessant hopes & 
fe>s :i* actuate ! human m9d40 ,a c5tury
 be=e him ,hobbes _h writt5 9 8 t]se    
way3 8,! natural se$ ( religion lies 9  
^! f\r ?+s3 ! fe> ( spirits1 ignorance (
 second>y causes1 ! conciliation ( ^? we
 fe>1 & ! assumption ( accid5ts =       
om5s40#ha-a ,! s5tim5t ( religion is 9  
its orig9 & nature purely p]sonal &     
subjective4 ,! aspect ( p[] w\ld nev] h 
l$ man to wor%ip1 unless he _h assum$   

c]ta9 relations betwe5 ! unse5 au?or or 
au?ors ( t p[] & himself4 ,:at ^!       
assumptions 71 ,i %all discuss 9 ! next 
*apt]4  ,f9ally1 z has s (t5 be5 rem>k$ 
9 a flippant & contemptu\s way1#hb-a :i*
 ! fact :5 rightly und]/ood n[ise       
ju/ifies1 religion _c exi/ )\t ! aid (  
ignorance4 ,x is really & truly ! "m (  
devotion4 ,! s5tim5t ( religi\s fe> does
 n apply to a kn[n p[]--to ! movem5t (  
an oppos+ army1 or ! action ( gravity 9 
an avalan*e = example4 ,! pray] :i* "u  
su* circum/ances is (f]$1 is direct$ to 
an unkn[n intellig5ce1 suppos$ to       
control ! visible =ces4 ,z sci5ce--:i*  
is ! k ( physical laws--ext5ds1 ! object
 ( pray] becomes m & m intangible &     
remote4 ,:at we =m]ly fe>$1 we le>n to  
gov]n4 ,no "o w\ld pray ,god to av]t !  
?und]bolt1 if lightn+ rods inv>iably    
protect$ h\ses4 ,! ,swiss cl]gy oppos$ !
 sy/em ( insur+ gr[+ crops because x    
made _! p>i%ion]s indiff]5t to pray]s = 
! h>ve/4 ,) increas+ k & ! security :i* 
x br+s1 religi\s t]ror less5s1 & ! wants

 :i* excite ! s5tim5t ( devotion dim9i% 
9 numb] & *ange 9 "*4  ,?is is apt to   
ca/ g5]al discr$it on religion4 ,:5 we  
make ! discov]y t s _m ev5ts :i* excit$ 
religi\s appreh5sion 9 ! m9ds ( our     
=efa!rs are gov]n$ by inflexible laws   
:i* we "k all ab\t1 we n only smile 9   
pity at _! sup]/itions1 b make ! m5tal  
inf]5ce t ! dim9i%$ emotion ( ?is k9d we
 yet exp]i5ce is equally gr\ndless4 ,if 
at ! bottom ( all displays ( p[] lies a 
physical necessity1 our qualms are      
folly4 ,!re=e1 to ! pi\s s\l :i* /ill   
f9ds ! bulk ( its religi\s aspirations &
 exp]i5ces 9 ! regions ( ! emotions &   
s5sations1 ! progress ( sci5ce seems &  
really does ?reat5 its *]i%$            
convictions4 ,! audaci\s m9d ( man robs 
! gods ( p[] :5 he c %ield himself f _! 
ang]4 ,! mu*-talk$-( conflict betwe5    
religion & sci5ce is no fiction2 x      
exi/s1 & is b\nd to g on1 & religion w  
ev] get ! wor/ ( x until x le>ns t !    
wi%es to :i* x is its prop] place to    
m9i/] are n ^? = pleasure & prosp]ity1 n

 = abundant h>ve/s & seasonable %[]s1 n 
success 9 battle & public heal?1 n      
pres]vation f dang] & safety on j\rneys1
 n mu* ( any?+ t is spok5 ( 9 litanies &
 books ( devotion4  ,let a p]son :o /ill
 cl+s to ?is =m ( religion imag9e t     
sci5ce _h rea*$ p]fection 9 ! arts (    
life2 t by skill$ adaptations ( ma*9]y1 
accid5ts by sea & l& 7 q avoid$2 t      
obs]vation & exp]i5ce _h taught to =esee
 ) c]ta9ty & to protect effectively     
aga9/ all meteoric di/urbances2 t a     
p]fect$ gov]nm5t insur$ safety ( p]son &
 prop]ty2 t a consummate agriculture    
r5d]$ want & pov]ty unkn[n2 t a develop$
 hygi5e completely gu>d$ aga9/ disease2 
& t a pa9less ext9ction ( life 9 advanc$
 age c\ld surely be calculat$ ^u2 let   
him imag9e ?is1 & !n ask himself :at    
purpose religion w\ld subs]ve 9 su* a   
/ate ( ?+s8 ,= :atev] w\ld occupy x     
!n--if x c\ld exi/ at all--%\ld alone   
occupy x n[4   ,,footnotes3  #di-a      
,address to ! ,cl]gy1 pp4 #db1 #dc1 #fg1
 #ajf1 etc4  #di-b ,e4 von ,h>d5b]g     

,novalis1 ,w]ke1 s4 #cfd4  #ej-a        
,treatises ,devotional & ,practical1 p4 
#ahh4 ,london1 #ahcf4  #ej-b ,9 ,aramaic
 da*la means ei!r a god or fe>4 ,!      
,arabic ,allah & ! ,hebrew ,eloah are by
 "s trac$ to a common root1 signify+ to 
tremble1 to %[ fe>1 ?\gh ! m usual      
d]ivation is f "o mean+ to be /rong4    
#ea-a 8,w5 die ,h(fnung1 d5 hat au* die 
,fur*t v]lass540 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]1     
,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a4 ,bd4 ii4 s4     
#dgd4  #eb-a ,alex&] ,ba91 ,on ! ,/udy (
 ,"*1 p4 #abh4 ,see also 8 rem>ks 9 8   
"w1 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #hd1 & 9 8  
notes to ,james ,mill's ,analysis ( !   
,m9d1 vol4 i41 pp4 #abd-abe4  #ec-a     
,wilhelm von ,humboldt's ,gesammelte    
,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii41 s4 #fb4  #ec-b ,de    
,s5anc\rt1 ,ob]mann1 ,lettre xli4  #ed-a
 ,elem5ts ( ,m$ical ,psy*ology1 p4 #cca4
  #ef-a ,less+'s ,gesammelte ,w]ke4 ,b4 
ii4 s4 #ddc 7,leipzig1 #ahee74  #eg-a   
,see ,exodus1 xxiii4 #ab2 ,psalms1 lv4  
#f2 ,isaiah1 xxx4 #ae2 ,j]emiah1 vi4    
#af2 ,hebrews1 v4 #i4 ,s ,/4 ,augu/9e3  

8et nos po/ op]a no/ra sabbato vit et]n 
requiescamus 9 te40 ,confessionum ,lib4 
xiii4 cap4 #cf4  #ei-a 8,filioli1       
diligite alt]utrum40 ,?is is !          
8te/am5tum ,johannis10 z record$ f      
tradition by ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 notes to !  
,epi/le to ! ,galatians4  #ei-b ,alex&] 
,ba91 ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 ,*ap4   
,i4  #fj-a ,a ,*ri/ian ,directory4 ,"p  
,i4 ,*ap4 ,,iii4  #fj-b 8,! v nature (  
affection1 ! idea itself1 necess>ily    
implies re/+ 9 its object z an end40    
,fifte5 ,s]mons by ,joseph ,butl]1 late 
,"l ,bi%op ( ,durham1 ,preface1 & p4    
#adg 7,london1 #ahda74  #fa-a ,dr4 ,j4  
,miln] ,fo!rgill1 ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal      
,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ahgd1 p4 #aih4  #fb-a ,!
 mo/ rec5t "w on ! topic is t ( ,messrs4
 ,we/ropp & ,wake1 ,! ,influ5ce ( !     
,phallic ,idea on ! ,religions (        
,antiquity1 ,london1 #ahgd4  #fc-a      
,s*oolcraft's ,hi/ory & ,/ati/ics ( !   
,indian ,tribes1 ,vol4 iv4 p4 #bbd4     
#fc-b ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,exp$ition1 p4 
#dab4  #fc-c ,mo/ physicians h occasion 

to notice ! almo/ entire loss 9 mod]n   
life ( ! in/9ctive k ( ! sex relation4  
,sir ,james ,paget has lately treat$ ( !
 subject 9 "o ( 8 ,cl9ical ,lectures    
7,london1 #ahge74  #fd-a ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4   
,catl[1 ,pr9ciples ( ,ae/hetic ,m$ic9e1 
p4 #aab4 ,?is ?\ghtful ?\gh obscure     
writ] has receiv$ little recognition ev5
 9 ! circle ( pr(essional read]s4  #ff-a
 ,?is is probably :at 0 condemn$ 9      
,deut]onomy xxii4 #e1 & ,romans1 i4 #bf4
  #ff-b 8,! wor%ip ( ,siva is too sev]e1
 too /]n = ! s(t] emotions ( love1 & all
 8 temples are q free f any allusions to
 x40--,f]guson1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 
p4 #ga4  #fg-a ,w4 von ,humboldt1 9 8   
admirable essay ,ueb] die ,mnnli*e und  
,weibli*e ,=m 7,w]ke1 ,bd4 ,i474        
,else:]e he adds3 8,9 d] ,natur des     
,gttli*5 /rebt alles d] ,re9heit und    
,vollkomm5heit des ,gattungsbegriff     
entgeg540  #fh-a ,i h collect$ !        
,haitian my?s1 *iefly f ! manuscript    
,hi/oria ,apologetica de las ,indias    
,occid5tales ( ,las ,casas1 9 an essay  

publi%$ 9 #ahga1 ,! ,arawack ,language (
 ,guiana 9 its ,l+ui/ic & ,e?nological  
,relations4  #ga-a ,! ,koran1           
,suras1,,tn-#e cxii41 lxii41 &          
especially xix4  #gc-a ,elem5ts (       
,m$ical ,psy*ology1 p4 #bha4  #gc-b ,j4 
,?ompson ,dickson1 ,! ,sci5ce &         
,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 relation to ,m9d1 
p4 #chc 7,new ,york1 #ahgd74  #gf-a ,dr4
 ,joseph ,williams1 ,insanity1 its      
,causes1 ,prev5tion & ,cure1 pp4 #fh1   
#fi2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,wigan1 ,! ,duality ( 
! ,m9d1 p4 #dcg4  #gh-a ,! ,my?s ( !    
,new ,_w1 a ,treatise on ! ,symbolism & 
,my?ology ( ! ,r$ ,race ( ,am]ica1 p4   
#ade4  #ha-a ,levia?an1 ,de ,hom9e1 cap4
 xii4  #hb-a ,= in/ance1 ( lat] writ]s f
 :om we might expect bett] ?+s1 ,ar?ur  
,s*op5hau]4 ,he says 9 8 ,p>]ga 7,bd4   
ii4 s4 #bij73 8,e9 gewiss] ,grad        
allgeme9] ,unwiss5heit i/ die ,b$+ung   
all] ,religion520 a correct rem>k1 &    
equally correct ( ! pursuit ( sci5ce &  
philosophy4 ,b ! ignorance :i* is !     
condition ( su* pursuit is n a "p (     

sci5ce or philosophy1 & no m is x (     
religion4     ,,! ,,rational ,,po/ulates
 ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4          
,,summ>y4       ,religion (t5 consid]$  
m]ely an affair ( ! feel+s4 ,on !       
contr>y1 x mu/ assume at lea/ ?ree      
premises 9 reason1 its      8rational   
po/ulates40       ,i4 ,!re is ,ord] 9   
?+s4       ,! religi\s wi% involves !   
idea ( cause4 ,?is idea n      exhau/$  
by uni=mity ( sequ5ce1 b by quantitative
 relation1      t is1 ,ord] z oppos$ to 
,*ance4 ,bo? sci5ce & religion          
assume ord] 9 ?+s2 b ! latt] includes ! 
,w ( ,god 9      ?is ord]1 :ile ! =m]   
rejects x4       ,,ii4 ,?is ord] is "o (
 ,intellig5ce4       ,! ord] is assum$  
to be a compreh5sible "o1 :e!r x be (   
law :olly or ( volition also4           
,,iii4 ,all ,intellig5ce is "o 9 k9d4   
,?is po/ulate indisp5sable to religion1 
al?\gh x has be5      attack$ by        
religi\s z well z irreligi\s            
philosoph]s4 ,its      decision mu/ re/ 
on ! absolut5ess ( ! =mal laws (        

?\ght4 ,! !ory t ^! are products (      
natural selections      disprov$ by %[+1
 7#a7 t !y hold true ?r\gh\t !          
mat]ial univ]se1 & 7#b7 t !y d n dep5d  
on x = _!      v]ity4 ,reason sees      
beyond ph5om5a1 b descries no?+ ali5 to 
itself4       ,! =mal laws ( reason are 
purposive4 ,!y !re=e af=d a             
presumption ( a moral gov]nm5t ( !      
,univ]se1 & po9t to an      ,intellig5ce
 fulfill+ an end ?r\gh ! ord] 9 physical
 laws4      ,su* an assumption1 common  
to all hi/oric religions1 is ?us        
ju/ifi$ by induction4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4
  ,,! ,,rational ,,po/ulates ,,( ,,!    
,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4   ,9 philosophical
 discussions ( religion z well z 9      
popul> exhortations ^u x1 too exclusive 
/ress has be5 laid ^u its emotional     
elem5ts4 8,x is10 says ,pr(essor ,ba91  
8an affair ( ! feel+s40#hg-a 8,! ess5ce 
( religion10 obs]ves ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 
8is ! /rong & e>ne/ direction ( !       
emotions & desires t[>ds an ideal       
object40 8,x mu/ be all[$10 says ,dr4   

,mansel1#hg-b 8t x is n ?r\gh reason+ t 
m5 obta9 _! fir/ intimation ( _!        
relation to a deity40 ,9 writ]s &       
prea*]s ( ! semi-my/ical s*ool1 :i*     
embraces mo/ ( ! ard5t revivali/s ( !   
day1 we con/antly he> ! 8feel+ (        
dep5d5ce0 quot$ z ! radical elem5t (    
religi\s ?\ght4#hg-c ,9 ,am]ica ,!odore 
,p>k]1 & 9 ,g]many ,s*lei]ma*]1 7       
brilliant expon5ts ( ?is doctr9e4 ,to ! 
latt] ! philosoph] ,hegel repli$ t if   
religion is a matt] ( feel+1 an         
affectionate dog is ! be/ ,*ri/ian4     
,?is answ] 0 n flippant1 b f\nd$ on !   
true & only wor?y conception ( !        
religi\s s5tim5t4 ,we h pass$ 9 review !
 emotions :i* =m a "p ( x1 & recognize  
_! p[]4 ,b nei!r ^! nor any o!r m]e     
emotions1 desires or feel+s c expla9 ev5
 ! l[e/ religion4 ,x dep5ds = its       
exi/5ce on ! ess5tial nature ( reason4  
,we _c at all all[1 z ,dr4 ,mansel asks 
( u1 t man's fir/ intimations ( ,deity  
came 9 any o!r way ?an z "o ( ! ripe/   
fruits ( reason4 ,7 su* ! case1 we %\ld 

c]ta9ly f9d traces ( !m among brutes &  
idiots1 :i* we d n4 ,! slight signs (   
religi\s actions ?\ght to h be5 notic$  
by "s 9 ! l[] animals1 by ,sir ,john    
,lubbock 9 ants1 & by ,*>les ,d>w9 9    
dogs1 if au!nticat$1 w\ld v9dicate = ^! 
species a mu* clos] m5tal k9%ip to man  
?an we h yet suppos$4  ,if we           
dispassionately analyze any religion    
:atev]1 pay+ less att5tion to :at its   
pr(ess$ tea*]s say x is1 ?an to :at !   
mass ( ! vot>ies believe x to be1 we    
%all see t e =m ( adoration unconsci\sly
 assumes c]ta9 premises 9 reason1 :i*   
give impulse & "* to its emotional &    
active manife/ations4 ,!y are its data  
or axioms1 or1 z ,i %all call !m1 its   
8rational po/ulates40 ,!y c1 ,i believe1
 be r$uc$ to ?ree1 b n to a less] numb]4
  ,be=e ! religi\s feel+ acquires !     
di/9ctness ( a notion & urges to        
consci\s action1 x mu/ assume at lea/ ^!
 ?ree po/ulates1 & )\t !m x _c rise into
 cognition4 ,^!1 _! necess>y "* & _!    
relations1 ,i %all set =? 9 ?is *apt]4  

,!y are z foll[s3--      ,i4 ,!re is    
,ord] 9 ?+s4    ,,ii4 ,?is ord] is "o ( 
,intellig5ce4   ,,iii4 ,all ,intellig5ce
 is "o 9 k9d4  ,i4 ,! consci\s or       
unconsci\s purpose ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1
 z ,i h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is ! fruition
 ( a wi%1 ! success ( :i* dep5ds ^u     
unkn[n p[]4 ,! vot>y asks help :]e he _c
 help himself4 ,he expects x ?r\gh an   
ex]tion ( p[]1 ?r\gh an effici5t cause4 
,obvi\sly !re=e1 he is act+ on ! logical
 idea ( ,causality4 ,?is und]lies & is  
ess5tial to ! simple/ pray]4 ,he ext5ds 
x1 moreov]1 out ( ! limits ( exp]i5ce   
into ! regions ( hypo!sis4 ,he has c>ri$
 ! analogy ( obs]vation into ! realm (  
ab/ract conceptions4 ,no matt] if he    
does believe t ! w ( ,god is ! effici5t 
cause4 ,p]haps he is "r2 at any rate he 
_c be d5i$ ! privilege ( reg>d+ volition
 z a co-op]at+ cause4 ,limit$ at fir/ to
 ! transactions :i* mo/ conc]n$ m51 !   
conception ( ord] z a div9e act ext5d$  
itself to ! kn[n univ]se4 ,h]odotus     
d]ives ! ,greek ^w = ,god  f a root :i* 

gives ! mean+ 8to set 9 ord]10 & !      
,sc&9avians gave ! same s5se to _! ^w1  
,reg94#ij-a ,?us ! ab/ract idea ( cause 
or p[] is a po/ulate ( all religi\s     
?\ght4 ,let u exam9e its mean+4  ,e     
read]1 ! lea/ v]s$ 9 ! hi/ory (         
speculative ?\ght = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1  
kn[s h[ long & viol5t ! discussions h   
be5 ( ! relations ( 8cause & effect40   
,/>tl$ by ! criticisms ( ,hume1 ,kant   
s\ght to elude !m by di/+ui%+ betwe5 two
 sph]es ( ?\ght1 ! und]/&+ & ! reason4  
,sir ,william ,hamilton at fir/ includ$ 
! 8pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason',,tn-#f 9
 ! laws ( ?\ght1 b subsequ5tly reject$ x
 z p]ta9+ to judgm5ts1 & !re=e mat]ial1 
n =mal4 ,s*op5hau] claim$ to h trac$ x  
to a f\rfold root1 & ,mill ) mo/ ( !    
curr5t ,engli% s*ools1 ,ba91 ,au/91     
,sp5c]1 c41 ma9ta9$ t x meant no?+ b    
8uni=mity ( sequ5ce40  ,x w\ld be va9 to
 t\* ^u a discussion s ext5d$ z ?is4 ,9 
! fir/ *apt] ,i h rem>k$ t ! idea (     
cause does n ent] into ! conceptions (  
pure logic or ?\ght4 ,x is1 z ,hamilton 

saw1 mat]ial4 ,i %all only pause to %[  
:at is meant by ! t]m 8cause0 9 !       
physical sci5ces4 ,:5 "o ev5t foll[s    
ano!r1 "t aft] "t1 we h 8uni=mity (     
sequ5ce40 ,suppose ! con/itution ( !    
race 7 s happy t we slept at night only1
 & always awoke a few mom5ts be=e       
sunrise4 ,su* a sequ5ce q )\t exception1
 %\ld1 if uni=m exp]i5ce is ! s\rce ( ! 
idea ( cause1 ju/ly lead to ! op9ion t !
 sun rises because man awakes4 ,z we "k 
?is conclusion w\ld be errone\s1 "s o!r 
elem5t beside sequ5ce mu/ complete a    
real cause4 ,if n[1 x 7 %[n t ! relation
 ( cause to effect :i* we actually      
ent]ta9 & _c help ent]ta9+ is 9 "s      
in/ances flatly contr>y to all exp]i5ce1
 !n we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! idea ( cause   
asks to confirm x some?+ q indep5d5t (  
exp]i5ce1 t is ab/ract4 ,b su* examples 
are common4 ,we nev] saw two objects    
cont9ue to approa* )\t meet+2 b we are  
con/ra9$ to believe t l9es ( c]ta9      
descriptions c =ev] approa* & nev] meet4
  ,! uni=mity ( sequ5ce is1 9 fact1 9 ! 

physical sci5ces nev] assum$ to express 
! relation ( cause & effect1 until !    
connection betwe5 ! antec$5t & consequ5t
 c be set =? ab/ractly 9 ma!matical     
=mul4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! planet>y motions 0 
discov]$ by ,kepl]1 b x 0 res]v$ =      
,newton to prove ! !oretical necessity (
 ?is motion & e/abli% its ma!matical    
relations4 ,! sequ5ce ( s5sations to    
impressions is well kn[n1 b ! law ( !   
sequ5ce rema9s ! desid]atum 9           
psy*ology4#ib-a  ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 has be5
 correctly def9$ z 8! k ( sy/em40 ,its  
aim is to asc]ta9 ! laws ( ph5om5a1 to  
def9e ! 8ord] 9 ?+s40 ,its fundam5tal   
po/ulate is t ord] exi/s1 t all ?+s are 
8lapp$ 9 univ]sal law40 ,x ackn[l$ges no
 exception1 & x consid]s t all law is   
capable ( f9al expression 9 quantity1 9 
ma!matical symbols4 ,x is ! manife/ (   
reason1 8^: unceas+ endeavor is to bani%
 ! idea ( ,*ance40#ic-a  ,we ?us see t  
its po/ulate is ! same z t ( ! religi\s 
s5tim5t4 ,:]e9 !n d !y diff]8 ,n 9 !    
recognition ( *ance4 ,accid5t1 *ance1   

does n exi/ = ! religi\s s5se 9 any /age
 ( its gr[?4 ,ev]y:]e religion proclaims
 9 ! words ( ,dante3--                  
8le cose tutte quante1     ,hann' ord9e 
tra loro20  ev]y:]e 9 ! m optimi/ic     
fai?s x holds ?is ord]1 9 ! words ( ,/4 
,augu/9e1 to be "o 8mo/ fair1 ( excell5t
 ?+s40#ic-b  ,:at we call 8! elem5t (   
*ance0 is 9 its sci5tific s5se t ( :i*  
we d n "k ! law2 :ile to ! untutor$     
religi\s m9d x is ! manife/ation ( div9e
 w4 ,! ,kams*atkan1 :5 8 boat is lo/ 9 !
 /orm1 attributes x to ! v5geance ( a   
god ang]$ because he scrap$ ! sn[ f 8   
%oes ) a knife1 in/ead ( us+ a piece (  
wood2 if a ,dakota has bad luck 9 hunt+1
 he says x is caus$ by 8 wife /epp+ ov] 
a bone & ?us irritat+ a _s4 ,! idea (   
cause1 ! s5tim5t ( ord]1 is z /rong z   
ev]1 b x diff]s f t admitt$ by sci5ce 9 
recogniz+ z a possible effici5t motor t 
:i* is incapable ( ma!matical           
expression1 namely1 a volition1 a w4    
,voluntas ,dei asylum ignoranti1 is no  
unk9d description ( su* an op9ion4  ,s  

long z ?is recognition is ess5tial to ! 
life ( a religi\s sy/em1 j s long x w & 
mu/ be 9 conflict ) sci5ce1 ) e prospect
 ( ! latt] ga9+ ! victory4 ,is ! belief 
9 volition z an effici5t cause          
indisp5sable to ! religi\s s5tim5t 9    
g5]al8 ,= ?is vital "q we are n yet     
prep>$1 b mu/ fir/ consid] ! rema9+     
rational po/ulates x assumes4 ,! second 
is  ,,ii4 ,?is ord] is "o ( intellig5ce4
  ,by ?is is n meant t ! ord] is "o ( an
 ,intellig5ce1 b simply t ! ord] :i*    
exi/s 9 ?+s is con=mable to man's ?9k+  
p[]1--t if he kn[s ! c\rse ( ev5ts he c 
appreciate _! relations1--t facts c be  
subsum$ "u ?\ghts4 ,:atev] s*eme ( ord] 
!re 71 w\ld be no?+ to him unless x 7   
con=mable to 8 intellectual functions4  
,x c\ld n =m ! matt] ( 8 ?\ght4#id-a    
,sci5ce1 :i* deals 9 ! fir/ in/ance     
exclusively ) ph5om5a1 also assumes ?is 
po/ulate4 ,x recognizes t :5 ! =mal     
laws1 :i* x is its mission to def9e1 are
 exam9$ ap>t f _! mat]ial expression1 :5
 !y are empti$ ( _! ph5om5al cont5ts1 !y

 %[ !mselves to be logical con/ructions1
 reason$ tru?s1 9 o!r words1 =ms (      
intellig5ce4 ,! vot>y :o assumes ! ord] 
"o ( volition alone1 or volition )      
physical necessity1 /ill assumes !      
volitions are z compreh5sible z are 8   
own2 t !y are purposive2 t ! ord]1 ev5  
if n cle> to him1 is bo? real &         
reasonable4 ,7 x n s1 did he believe t !
 gods c>ri$ out _! s*emes ?r\gh a s]ies 
( caprices inconceivable to intellig5ce1
 ?r\gh absolute *ance1 insane caprice1  
or bl9d fate1 he c\ld nei!r see 9       
occurr5ces ! signs ( div9e rule1 nor    
hope = aid 9 obta9+ 8 wi%es4 ,9 fact1   
ord] is only conceivable to man at all z
 an ord] con=mable to 8 own intellig5ce4
  ,?is second po/ulate embraces :at has 
be5 rec5tly call$ ! 8,pr9ciple (        
cont9uity10 indisp5sable to sane ?\ght (
 any k9d4 ,a late "w def9es x z 8! tru/ 
t ! ,supreme ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se w n  
put u to p]man5t intellectual           
confusion40#if-a ,look$ at closely1 x is
 ! id5tification ( ord] ) reason4  ,!   

?ird & f9al po/ulate ( ! religi\s       
s5tim5t is t  ,,iii4 ,all intellig5ce is
 "o 9 k9d4  ,religion dem&s t !re be a  
tru? :i* is absolutely true1 & t !re be 
a goodness :i* is univ]sally & et]nally 
good4 ,ea* sy/em claims ! possession1 & 
g5]ally ! exclusive possession1 ( ?is   
goodness & tru?4 ,!y are "r 9 ma9ta9+ ^!
 views1 = unless su* is ! case1 unless  
!re is an absolute tru?1 cognizable to  
man1 yet n transc5d$ by any div9e       
intellig5ce1 all possible religion      
becomes m]e *ild's play1 & its pr(ess$  
int]pretation ( my/]ies b trick]y4  ,!  
,grecian sophi/s us$ to meet !          
demon/rations ( ! ma!maticians &        
philosoph]s by conc$+ t !y did inde$ set
 =? ! tru?1 s f> z man's intellig5ce    
goes1 b t to ! intellig5ce ( o!r be+s--a
 bat or an angel1 = example--!y might n 
hold good at all2 t !re is a diff]5t    
tru? = diff]5t intellig5ces2 t !        
intellig5ce makes ! tru?2 & t z = !     
absolutely true1 true to e intellig5ce1 
!re is no su* ?+4 ,!y ackn[l$g$ t a     

simple syllogism1 con/ruct$ on ^!       
premises1 made _! own ass]tions p>take (
 ! d\btful "* t 0 by !m ascrib$ to o!r  
human k4 ,b ?is !y gracefully accept$ z 
! inevitable conclusion ( reason+4 ,_!  
position is def5d$ to-day by ! advocates
 ( 8positivism10 :o ma9ta9 ! relativity 
( all tru?4  ,b su* a conclusion is     
:olly incompatible ) ! religi\s m9d4 ,x 
mu/ assume t !re are "s common tru?s1   
true inf9itely1 & !re=e1 t 9 all        
intellig5ce !re is an ess5tial unity (  
k9d4 8,?is po/ulation10 says a close    
?9k]1 8is ! v f\ndation & ess5ce (      
religion4 ,de/roy x1 & y de/roy ! v     
possibility ( religion40#ig-a  ,cle> z  
?is w\ld seem to be to any reflective   
m9d1 yet1 /range to say1 x is to-day !  
curr5t fa%ion = religi\s tea*]s to d5y  
x4 ,sc>$ by a phantasm ( _! own         
creation1 !y h des]t$ ! only position 9 
:i* x is possible to def5d religion at  
all4 ,afraid ( ! accusation t !y make   
,god l man1 !y h remov$ ,him beyond !   
pale ( all intellig5ce1 & logically1    

!re=e1 annihilat$ e conception ( ,him4  
,tea*]s & prea*]s d n tire ( tell+ _!   
foll[]s t ,god is incompreh5sible2 t 8  
ways are pa/ f9d+ out2 t he is !        
,uncondition$1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,unkn[able4
 ,!y really mean t he is ano!r ord] (   
intellig5ce1 :i*1 to quote a fam\s      
comp>ison ( ,sp9oza1 has ! same "n z    
ours1 b is no m "o ) x ?an ! dog is "o )
 8 namesake1 ! dog-/>6  ,!y are eag]ly  
second$ 9 ?is position by a s*ool (     
writ]s :o di/9ctly see :]e su* a doctr9e
 leads1 & :o d n hesitate to c>ry x     
home4 ,mr4 ,mill is "r 9 8 scorn = ^? :o
 8erect ! incurable limitations ( !     
human conceptive faculty into laws ( !  
outw>d univ]se10 if !re are su*         
limitations4 ,& ,mr4 ,sp5c] is ju/ifi$ 9
 condemn+ 8! transc5d5t audacity :i*    
passes curr5t z piety10 if 8 def9ition (
 ! und]ly+ v]ity ( religion is          
admitt$--t x is 8! consci\sness ( an    
inscrutable p[] :i*1 9 its nature1      
transc5ds intuition1 & is beyond        
imag9ation40#ih-a ,!y are b foll[+ !    

or?odox ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o     
says3 8,creation mu/ be ?\ght z !       
incompreh5sible evolution ( p[] into    
en]gy40#ii-a ,we are to ?9k t :i* by !  
t]ms ( ! proposition is un?9kable6 ,a   
mo/ wise ma/]6  ,let x be not$ t !      
expressions su* z inscrutable1          
incompreh5sible1 unkn[able1 etc41 :i*   
su* writ]s use1 are av[$ly n limit$ to  
man's intellig5ce 9 its pres5t /ate (   
cultivation1 b are appli$ to 8 k9d (    
intellig5ce1 no matt] h[ f> tra9$4 ,!y  
mean t ! inscrutable1 etc41 is n m]ely n
 at pres5t op5 to man's obs]vation--t 7 
a truism--b t x _c be subsum$ "u ! laws 
( 8 reason+ p[]s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y d5y t
 all intellig5ce is "o 9 k9d4 ,"s accept
 ?is fully1 & conc$e t :at are call$ !  
laws ( ord]1 z %[n by sci5ce1 are only  
matt]s ( exp]i5ce1 true "h & n[1 n      
necess>ily & absolutely true4  ,?is is a
 consi/5t inf]5ce1 & applies1 ( c\rse1 )
 equal =ce to all moral laws & religi\s 
dogmas4  ,! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ su*   
op9ions h be5 v>i\s4 ,! old reply to !  

sophi/s has be5 dress$ 9 mod]n g>b1 & x 
has be5 repeat$ly put t if no /atem5t is
 really true1 !n ?is "o1 to wit 8no     
/atem5t is really true10 also is n true2
 & if t is ! case1 !n !re are /atem5ts  
:i* really are true4 ,! !ory ( evolution
 z a dogma has be5 attack$ by its own   
maxims2 9 ass]t+ t all k is imp]fect1 x 
calls its own v]ity into "q4 ,if all    
tru? is relative1 !n ?is at lea/ is     
absolutely true4  ,x has also be5 not$ t
 all su* words z incompreh5sible1       
uncondition$1 inf9ite1 unkn[able1 are 9 
_! nature privatives1 !y are n a ?\ght b
 are only "o elem5t ( a ?\ght4 ,z has   
be5 %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 e ?\ght is made 
up ( a positive & a privative1 & x is   
absurd & unnatural to sep>ate ! "o f !  
o!r4 ,! concept man1 reg>d$ z a division
 ( ! high] concept animal1 is made up ( 
man & n-man4 ,9 s f> z o!r animals are  
includ$ "u ! t]m 8n-man0 !y d n come    
into intellig5t cognition2 b t does n   
mean t !y _c d s4 ,s 8! uncondition$0 is
 really a "p ( ! ?\ght ( 8! condition$10

 ! 8unkn[able0 a "p ( ! 8kn[able10 !    
8inf9ite0 a "p ( ! ?\ght ( ! 8f9ite40   
,"u mat]ial images ^! privatives1 z su*1
 _c be express$2 b 9 pure ?\ght :i*     
deals ) symbols & types alone1 !y c be4 
,b if ! ab/ract laws ( ?\ght !mselves   
are conf9$ 9 ! limits ( "o k9d (        
intellig5ce1 !n we _c take an appeal to 
!m to attack ?is sophism4 ,!re=e on     
ma9ta9+ _! integrity ! discussion mu/   
f9ally re/4 ,?is has be5 fully recogniz$
 by ?9k]s1 "o ( :om has n long s9ce     
e>ne/ly call$ att5tion to 8! urg5t      
necessity ( fa?om+ ! psy*ical me*anism  
on :i* re/s all our intellectual        
life40#aja-a  ,9 ?is endeavor ! attempt 
has be5 made to %[ t ! logical laws are 
d]iv$ 9 accordance ) ! g5]al !ory (     
evolution f ! natural or mat]ial laws ( 
?9k+4 ,^!1 z ,i h previ\sly rem>k$1 are 
^? ( ! association ( ideas1 & come "u ! 
g5]al heads ( contiguity & simil>ity4   
,su* comb9ations are indep5d5t ( ! aim (
 ! logical laws1 :i* is correct ?9k+4 ,a
 ,g]man writ]1 ,dr4 ,w9delb&1 has !re=e 

argu$ t z exp]i5ce1 /r5g!n$ by h]$it>y  
transmission1 cont9u$ to %[ t ! p>ticul>
 comb9ations :i* are 9 accord ) :at we  
call ! laws ( ?\ght furni%$ ! be/1 t is1
 ! mo/ useful results1 !y 7 adopt$ 9    
pref]5ce to o!rs & f9ally assum$ z !    
crit]ia ( tru?4  ,( c\rse x foll[s f ?is
 t z ^! laws are m]ely ! outcome ( human
 exp]i5ce !y c h no validity outside (  
x4 ,consequ5tly1 adds ! writ] ,i h      
quot$1 j z ! /udy ( optics tea*es u t ! 
human eye yields a v diff]5t picture ( !
 ext]nal _w f t giv5 by ! eye ( a fly1 =
 in/ance1 & z ea* ( !m is equally f> f !
 reality1 s ! tru? :i* our intellig5ce  
enables u to rea* is n less remote f t  
:i* is ! absolutely true4 ,he consid]s t
 ?is is prov5 by ! v nature ( ! 8law (  
contradiction0 itself1 :i* mu/ be       
inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( absolute ?\ght4 ,= 9
 ! latt]1 positive tru? only c exi/1    
!re=e no negation1 & no law ab\t !      
relation ( affirmative to               
negative4#ajb-a  ,! latt] criticism     
assumes t negation is ( ! nature (      

error1 a mi/ake drawn f ! use ( !       
negative 9 appli$ logic4 ,= 9 =mal      
logic1 :e!r z quantity or quality1 t is1
 9 pure ma!matics or ab/ract ?\ght1 !   
reason+ is j z correct :5 negatives are 
employ$ z :5 positives1 z ,i h rem>k$   
be=e4 ,! o!r criticism is m important1 =
 if we c rea* ! conclusion t ! real laws
 ( ! univ]se are o!r ?an z we und]/& !m1
 !n our intellig5ce is n ( a k9d to     
repres5t !m4  ,su* an op9ion c be refut$
 directly4 ,! laws :i* we pr(ess to "k  
are z op]ative 9 ! remote/ nebulae z 9 !
 planet we inhabit4 ,x is altoge!r      
likely t c\ntless =ms ( intellig5t be+s 
inhabit ! />ry wa/es1 receiv+ ?r\gh     
s5sory app>atus widely diff]5t f ours v 
div]se impressions ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,all 
?is we "k1 b we also "k t if ^? be+s h  
def9$ ! laws :i* und]lie ph5om5a1 !y h  
f\nd !m to be ! same t we h2 = 7 !y 9 ! 
lea/ diff]5t1 9 pr9ciple or application1
 !y c\ld n furni% ! means1 z ^? we "k d1
 ( pr$ict+ ! recurr5ce ( ! cele/ial     
motions ) unfail+ accuracy4 ,!re=e !    

demon/rations ( pure ma!matics1 su* z ! 
relation ( an absciss to an ord9ate1 or 
( ! diamet] to ! circumf]5ce1 mu/ be    
univ]sally true2 & h5ce ! logical laws  
:i* are ! ultimate crit]ia ( ^! tru?s   
mu/ also be true to e intellig5ce1 real 
or possible4#ajc-a  ,ano!r & =cible     
reply to ^! objections is t ! laws :i*  
our intellig5ce has rea*$ & recognizes z
 univ]sally true are n only n d]iv$ f   
exp]i5ce1 b are 9 direct opposition to &
 are con/antly contradict$ by x4 ,nei!r 
s5se nor imag9ation has ev] portray$ a  
p]fect circle 9 :i* ! diamet] bore to ! 
circumf]5ce ! exact proportion :i* we "k
 x does be>4 ,! v fact t we h le>n$ t   
our s5ses are :olly untru/wor?y1 & t    
exp]i5ce is always fallaci\s1 %[s t we h
 te/s ( tru? dep5d+ on "s o!r faculty4  
8,ea* s]ies ( connect$ facts 9 nature   
furni%es ! intimation ( an ord] m exact 
?an t :i* x directly manife/s40#ajd-a   
,b1 x has be5 urg$1 grant$ t we h rea*$ 
some?+ l positive k ( ^? laws :i* are ! 
ord] ( ! manife/ation ( ph5om5a1 ! real 

,inscrutable1 ! my/]i\s ,unkn[able1     
escapes u /ill2 ?is is ! nature (       
ph5om5al manife/ation1 8! secret ( !    
,p[] manife/$ 9 ,exi/5ce40#ajd-b ,at ?is
 po9t ! physici/ trips & falls2 & "h1   
too1 ! metaphysician /umbles4  ,i h     
already spok5 ( our aptitude to be      
fright5$ by a *im]a1 & deceiv$ by su*   
words z 8nature0 & 8cause40 ,laws &     
rules1 by :i* we express ,ord]1 are     
re/rictive only 9 a condition (         
intellig5ce %ort ( complet5ess1 only    
!re=e 9 t prov9ce ( ?\ght :i* conc]ns   
itself ) mat]ial facts4 ,! musician is n
 fett]$ by ! laws ( h>mony1 b only by ^?
 ( discord4 ,! truly virtu\s man1 rem>ks
 ,ari/otle1 nev] has occasion to        
practise self-d5ial4 ,h5ce1             
ma!matically1 8! !ory ( ! intellectual  
action involves ! recognition ( a sph]e 
( ?\ght f :i* all limits are            
)drawn40#aje-a ,true fre$om1 real be+1  
is only possible :5 law z su* is        
inexi/5t4 ,only ! lawless makes ! law4  
,:5 ! idea ( ! laws ( ord] ?us disappe>s

 9 t ( free function consi/5t ) p]fect  
ord]1 :51 z ,kant expresses x1 we asc5d 
f ! contemplation ( ?+s act+ accord+ to 
law1 to action accord+ to !             
repres5tation ( law1#aje-b we c1 )\t    
audacity1 believe t we h p5etrat$ !     
secret ( exi/5ce1 t we h rea*$ ! limits 
( explanation & f\nd "o :olly satisfy+ !
 highe/ reason4 ,intellig5ce1 n ap>t f  
ph5om5a1 b p>allel ) !m1 n "u law1 b    
?r\gh p]fect h>mony above x1 p[] "o )   
be+1 ! w :i* is 8! ess5ce ( reason10 !  
emanant cause ( ph5om5a1 imman5t only by
 ! numb] ( its relations we h n le>n$1  
?is is ! satisfy+ & exhau/ive solution4 
,! folly lies n 9 claim+ reason z !     
absolute1 b 9 assum+ t ! absolute is    
beyond & aga9/ reason4  ,!re is no?+ new
 9 ?is explanation2 & x is none ! worse 
= be+ old4 ,if ,anaxagoras disc]n$ x    
dimly1 & _m a "o s9ce him has spok5 (   
,intellig5ce1 ,reason1 ,n\s or ,logos z 
! con/ructive factor ( ! creation2 if   
8all ! rip] religions ( ! ,ori5t assum$ 
z _! fundam5tal pr9ciple t unless !     

,highe/ p5etrates all p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1
 & itself conditions :atev] is          
condition$1 no univ]sal ord]1 no        
,kosmos1 no real exi/5ce is             
?9kable20#ajf-a su* inadequate          
expressions %\ld nev] obscure ! tru? t  
reason 9 its l(tie/ flights descries    
no?+ nobl] ?an itself4  ,! relative1 z  
its "n implies1 = ev] presupposes &     
po9ts to ! absolute1 ! latt] an         
,intellig5ce also1 n "o t r5d]s ours    
futile & fallaci\s1 b "o t imp>ts to    
ours ! capacity we possess ( rea*+      
et]nal & ubiquit\s tru?4 ,! sev]e/      
ma!matical reason+ =ces u to ?is        
conclusion1 & we c disp5se ) speculation
 ab\t x4  ,only on ! pr9ciple :i* "h    
receives its pro(1 t man has some?+ 9   
him ( ,god1 t ! norm ( ! true holds good
 ?r\gh\t1 c he "k or c>e any?+ ab\t     
div9ity4 8,x takes a god to disc]n a    
god10 pr(\ndly wrote ,novalis4  ,:5 a   
religion tea*es :at reason disclaims1 n 
?r\gh lack ( te/imony b ?r\gh a d5ial ( 
! rights ( reason1 !n t religion w>s    

aga9/ itself & w fall4 ,fai? is n !     
acceptance ( :at intellig5ce rejects1 b 
a susp5sion ( judgm5t = want ( evid5ce4 
,a ?or\ghly religi\s m9d w rejoice :5   
its fai? is %ak5 ) d\bt2 = ! d\bt       
indicates increas$ light r5d]+          
p]ceptible "s possible error n be=e se54
  ,lea/ ( all %\ld a believ] 9 a div9e  
revelation d5y ! on5ess ( intellig5ce4  
,= if he is "r1 !n ! reveal$ tru? he    
talks ab\t is b relative & p>tial1 & ^? 
inspir$ m5 :o claim$ = x ! sign manual (
 ! ,absolute 7 fools1 insane or li>s4   
,if ! v>i\s argum5ts ,i h rehe>s$       
indicate conclusively t 9 ! laws ( ?\ght
 we h ! norms ( absolute tru?--&        
skepticism on ?is po9t c be skepticism &
 n belief only by virtue ( ! v law :i* x
 d\bts--"s important coroll>ies pres5t  
!mselves4  ,reg>d+ 9 ! fir/ place !     
nature ( ^! laws1 we f9d !m v diff]5t f 
^? ( physical necessity--^? :i* are     
call$ ! laws ( nature4 ,! latt] are     
au?oritative1 !y are nev] means to an   
end1 !y admit no exception1 !y leave no 

room = error4 ,n s ) ! laws ( reason+4  
,man f> m frequ5tly disreg>ds ?an obeys 
!m2 !y leave a wide field = fallacy4    
,:]e9 !n lies t !oretical necessity :i* 
is ! ess5ce ( law8 ,! answ] is t ! laws 
( reason+ are purposive only1 !y are    
regulative1 n con/itutive1 & _!         
!oretical necessity lies 9 ! end1 !     
result ( reason+1 t is1 9 ! kn[+1 9 !   
recognition ( tru?4 ,!y are :at !       
,g]mans call ,zweckgesetze4#ajh-a  ,b 9 
ma!matical reason+ & 9 ! processes (    
physical nature ! absolute "* ( ! laws  
:i* prevail dep5ds = its f9al necessity 
on _! consi/5cy1 _! entire correspond5ce
 ) ! laws ( "r reason+4 ,appli$ to !m ! 
purposive "* ( ! laws is n se51 = _!    
ends are fulfill$4 ,we are br\ght1      
!re=e1 to ! mom5t\s conclusion t !      
manife/ation ( ,ord]1 :e!r 9 mat]ial or 
m5tal processes1 8af=ds a presumption1 n
 measurable inde$ b real1 ( ! fulfilm5t 
( an end or purpose20#ajh-a,,tn-#g & ?is
 purpose1 "o :i* has o!r objects 9 view 
?an ! cont9uance ( physical processes4  

,! hi/ory ( m9d1 f protoplasmic s5sation
 upw>d1 mu/ be a progression1 ^: end w  
be wor? m ?an 0 its beg9n+1 a process1  
:i* has = its purpose ! satisfaction ( !
 laws ( m9d4 ,?is is no?+ else ?an      
correct ?9k+1 ! atta9m5t ( tru?4  ,b ?is
 conclusion1 rea*$ by a se>*+ criticism 
( ! validity ( sci5tific laws1 is       
precisely t :i* is ! po/ulate ( all     
develop$ cre$s4 8,! fai? ( all hi/orical
 religions10 says ,buns51 8/>ts f !     
assumption ( a univ]sal moral ord]1 9   
:i* ! good is alone ! true1 & ! true is 
! only good40#aji-a  ,! purposive nature
 ( ! processes ( ?\ght1 z well z ! mann]
 9 :i* !y gov]n ! m9d1 is illu/rat$ by !
 hi/ory ( man4 ,8 actions1 :e!r z an    
individual or z a nation1 are guid$ by  
ideas n d]iv$ f ! out] _w1 = !y d n     
correspond to actual objects1 b f m5tal 
pictures ( ?+s z he wants !m to exi/4   
,^! are 8 hopes1 8 wi%es1 8 ideals2 !y  
are ! m pot5t1 & prompt to m vigor\s    
action1 ! cle>] !y are to 8 m9d4 ,ev5 :5
 he is unconsci\s ( !m1 !y exi/ z       

t5d5cies1 or in/9cts1 inh]it$ (t5 f "s  
remote ance/or1 p]haps ev5 ! heir-loom (
 a /age ( l[] life1 = !y occur :]e      
s5sation alone is pres5t1 & are an      
important factor 9 g5]al evolution4  ,x 
is usually conc$$ t ?is !ory ( organic  
developm5t v mu* att5uates ! evid5ce (  
:at is kn[n z ! argum5t f design 9      
nature1 by :i* ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t
 ,creator is s\ght to be %[n4 ,if !     
di/9ction betwe5 ! =mal laws (          
ma!matics1 :i* are ^? ( nature1 & logic1
 :i* are ^? ( m9d1 be fully und]/ood1 no
 "o w seek su* an argum5t 9 ! =m] b 9 ! 
latt] only1 = !y alone1 z ,i h %[n1 are 
purposive1 & !y are :olly s4 ,! only    
,god t nature po9ts to is an adamant9e  
,fate4  ,if religion has inde$ ! object 
:i* ,buns5 assigns x1 physical ph5om5a  
_c conc]n x4 ,its vot>ies %\ld n look to
 *ange ! op]ation ( natural laws by     
incantations1 pray]s or miracles4       
,:5ev] 9 ! mat]ial _w !re pres5ts itself
 a seem+ confusion1 x is c]ta9 to turn  
out b an incomplet5ess ( our obs]vation1

 & on clos] inspection x resolves itself
 into "s high] s*eme ( ,ord]4 ,?is is n 
s 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,wrong ?9k+ nev] c 
become "r ?9k+4 ,a pr(\nd writ] has     
said3 8,"o explanation only ( ^! facts c
 be giv51 viz41 t ! di/9ction betwe5    
true & false1 betwe5 correct &          
incorrect1 exi/s 9 ! processes ( !      
intellect1 b n 9 ! region ( a physical  
necessity40#aaa-a ,a religion !re=e :i* 
claims z its mission ! discov]y ( ! true
 & its id5tification ) ! good1--9 o!r   
words ! p]suad+ man t he %\ld always act
 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( "r         
reason+--%\ld be address$ prim>ily to ! 
intellect4  ,z man c atta9 to c]ta9     
tru?s :i* are )\t any mixture ( fallacy1
 :i* :5 once he compreh5ds !m he c nev] 
any m d\bt1 & :i* ?\gh ?us absolute d n 
fett] 8 intellect b fir/ give x ! use ( 
all its p[]s to ! ext5t ( ^? tru?s2 s he
 c conceive ( an ,intellig5ce 9 :i* all 
tru? is ?us )\t ta9t ( error4 ,n only is
 su* an ,intellig5ce conceivable1 x is  
necess>y to conceive x1 9 ord] to       

complete ! sci5tific induction ( 8a     
sph]e ( ?\ght f :i* all limits are      
)drawn10 =c$ ^u u by ! demon/rations ( !
 exact sci5ces4#aaa-b  ,?us d we rea* ! 
f\ndation = ! fai? 9 a moral gov]nm5t ( 
! _w1 :i* x has be5 ! uni=m *>act]i/ic (
 religions to ass]t2 b a gov]nm5t1 z ?us
 analytically rea*$1 n easily           
correspond+ ) t :i* popul> religion     
speaks (4 ,su* feeble s5tim5ts z m]cy1  
b5evol5ce & effusive love1 sc>cely f9d  
place 9 ?is conception ( ! s\rce (      
univ]sal ord]4 ,9 ?is cosmical du/-cl\d 
we inhabit1 ^: ea* speck is a sun1 man's
 de/9y plays a microscopic "p4 ,! vex$  
"q :e!r ours is ! be/ possible or ! wor/
 possible _w1 drops into />tl+          
insignificance4 ,religion has taught !  
abnegation ( self2 sci5ce is fir/ to    
tea* ! humiliation ( ! race4 ,n = man's 
beho( 7 creat$ ! great] & ! less]       
lights1 n = 8 de$s w ! sun gr[ d>k or ! 
/>s fall1 n ) any ref]5ce to 8 pa9s or  
pleasure 0 ?is univ]se spread ^u !      
night4 ,t ,intellig5ce :i* pursues its  

own ends 9 ?is ,all1 :i* sees f fir/ to 
la/ ! *a9 ( causes :i* m\ld human       
action1 measures n its purposes by man's
 halt+ s5sations4 ,su* an ,intellig5ce  
is fitly describ$ by ! philosoph]-poet z
 "o1      8,wo die ,g]e*tigkeit s       
,wurzel s*lget1     ,und ,s*uld und     
,uns*uld s erhab5 wget     ,dass sie    
v]tritt die ,/elle all] ,gte40#aab-a  ,9
 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se1 pa9 & pleasure1   
tru? & error1 has ea* its fitness1 & no 
s+le ?\ght or act c be judg$ ap>t f all 
o!rs t ev] h be5 & ev] %all be4  ,su* 0 
! p[] t 0 contemplat$ by ! ,hebrew      
prophet1 "o f :i* all evil ?+s & all    
good ?+s come1 & :o disposes !m all to !
 fulfilm5t ( a f9al purpose3       8,i  
am ! ,"l & !re is none else4 ,i =m !    
light & create      d>kness2 ,i make    
peace & create evil40       8,i am ,god 
& !re is none l me1 decl>+ ! end f !    
beg9n+1 & f anci5t times ! ?+s :i* are n
 yet      done40#aac-a  ,9 a simil> /ra9
 ! anci5t ,aryan sang3--      8,?is d ,i
 ask !e1 tell me1 ,o ,ahura6     ,:o is 

he1 work+ good1 made ! light & also     
d>kness8     ,:o is he1 work+ good1 made
 ! sleep z well z wak+8     ,:o ! night1
 z well z noon & ! morn+80  ,& ! reply  
came3       8,"k also ?is1 ,o pure      
,z>a?u/ra3 ?r\gh my wisdom1 ?r\gh       
:i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 s also its end   
%all      be40#aac-b  ,or z ! ,arabian  
apo/le wrote1 inspir$ by ! same idea3-- 
8,praise ! "n ( ?y ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high1   
,:o ha? creat$ & balanc$ all ?+s1       
,:o ha? fix$ _! de/9ies & guide? !m40   
8,! ,revelation ( ?is book is f !       
,mighty1 ! ,wise4 ,we h      n creat$ ! 
,heav5s & ! ,e>? & all t is betwe5 !m   
o!rwise ?an ) a purpose & = a settl$    
t]m40#aac-c   ,,footnotes3  #hg-a ,!    
,emotions & ,w1 p4 #eid4 ,s ,pr(essor   
,tyndall speaks ( conf9+ ! religi\s     
s5tim5t to 8! region ( emotion1 :i* is  
its prop] sph]e40  #hg-b ,h4 ,l4        
,mansel1 ,! ,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 
p4 #aae4 7,bo/on1 #ahei47  #hg-c 8,! "o 
relation :i* is ! gr\nd ( all true      
religion is a total dep5d5ce ^u ,god40  

,william ,law1 ,address to ! ,cl]gy1 p4 
#ab4 8,! ess5tial g]m ( ! religi\s life 
is conc5trat$ 9 ! absolute feel+ (      
dep5d5ce on inf9ite p[]40 ,j4 ,d4       
,morell1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 p4 
#id4 7,new ,york1 #ahdi47 ,?is          
accompli%$ au?or1 well kn[n = 8 ,hi/ory 
( ,philosophy1 is ! mo/ able ,engli%    
expon5t ( ! religi\s views ( ,s*lei]ma*]
 & ,jacobi4  #ij-a 8,weil sie die ,welt 
e+]i*tet hab540 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und  
,my?ologie d] alt5 ,vlk]1 ,bd4 ,i4 s4   
#afi4 ,x is n ( any importance t        
,h]odotus' etymology is incorrect3 :at  
,i wi% to %[ is t he & 8 contempor>ies  
ent]ta9$ ! conception ( ! gods z !      
au?ors ( ord]4  #ib-a ,?is di/9ction is 
well set =? by ,a4 von ,humboldt1       
,kosmos1 p4 #chh 7,phila41 #ahfi74      
#ic-a 8,ueb]all d5 ,zufall zu v]bann51  
zu v]h9d]n1 dass 9 dem ,gebiete des     
,beoba*t5s und ,d5k5s er ni*t zu h]rs*5 
s*e9e1 im ,gebiete des ,h&elns ni*t     
h]rs*e1 i/ das ,/reb5 d] ,v]nunft40     
,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ,ueb] ,goe!'s   

,h]mann und ,doro!a1 iv4  #ic-b 8,i/e   
ordo pul*]rimus r]um valde bon>um40     
,confessiones1 ,lib4 xiii4 cap4 xxxv4   
#id-a 8,! notion ( a ,god is n conta9$ 9
 ! m]e notion ( ,cause1 t is ! notion ( 
,fate or ,p[]4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$      
,intellig5ce10 etc4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton1
 ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 ,lecture ii4
  #if-a ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 p4 #fj4     
#ig-a ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri]1 ,lectures 
on ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #ac           
7,ed9burgh1 #ahff74 ,on a "q gr[+       
directly out ( ?is1 to wit1 ! relative  
"* ( good & evil1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill    
expresses himself ?us3 8,my op9ion ( ?is
 doctr9e is1 t x is beyond all o!rs :i* 
n[ engage speculative m9ds1 ! decisive  
"o betwe5 moral good & evil = ! ,*ri/ian
 _w40 ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton's         
,philosophy1 p4 #ij4  #ih-a ,fir/       
,pr9ciples1 pp4 #ajh1 #abg4  #ii-a      
,lectures on ,metaphysics1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4
 #fij4  #aja-a ,pr(essor ,/e9?al 9 !    
,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie4  #ajb-a 
,dr4 ,w4 ,w9delb&1 ,die ,erk5ntnissiehre

 unt] dem voelk]psy*ologis*em           
,gesi*tspunkte1 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr      
,vlk]psy*ologie1 #ahgd1 ,bd4 ,,viii4 ,s4
 #afe sqq4  #ajc-a ,i w\ld ask ! read]  
will+ to pursue ?is reason+ fur!r1 to   
p]use ! *>m+ essay ( ,o]/$1 entitl$ ,das
 ganze ,dase9 ,e9 ,v]nunftrei*4  #ajd-a 
,geo4 ,boole1 ,an ,inve/igation ( !     
,laws ( ,?\ght1 p4 #djg4  #ajd-b ,h]b]t 
,sp5c]1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #aab4      
,sp9oza's fam\s proposition1 previ\sly  
quot$1 ,unaquque res quantum 9 se e/1 9 
suo esse p]sev]>e conatur1 7,e?ices1    
,p>s ,,iii41 ,prop4 ,,vi417 expresses   
also ! ultimate ( mod]n inve/igation4 ,a
 rec5t critic consid]s x is a fallacy   
because ! conatus 8surreptiti\sly       
implies a s5se ( ef=t or /ruggle =      
exi/5ce10 :]eas ! logical concept ( a   
res does n involve ef=t 7,s4 ,n4        
,hodgson1 ,! ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 ,i4
 pp4 #acd-f1 ,london1 #ahgj47 ,! answ]  
is t id5tity implies cont9uance4 ,9     
organic life we h ! fact ( nutrition1 a 
function ^: duty is to supply wa/e1 &   

h5ce (f] direct opposition to p]turb+   
=ces4  #aje-a ,geo4 ,boole1 ,! ,laws (  
,?\ght1 p4 #dai4  #aje-b ,kant1 ,!      
,metaphysic ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bc 7,eng4     
,trans4 ,london1 #ahfi47  #ajf-a        
,creuz]1 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d]    
alt5 ,voelk]1 ,bd4 ,i4 s4 #bia4  #ajh-a 
,see ?is di/9ction betwe5 physical &    
?\ght laws fully set =? by ,pr(4 ,boole 
9 ! app5dix to ,! ,laws ( ,?\ght1 & by  
,dr4 ,w9delb&1 ,zeits*rift fr           
,voelk]psy*ologie1 ,bd4 ,,viii41 s4 #afe
 sqq4  #ajh-b ,geo4 ,boole1 u4 s4 p4    
#cii4  #aji-a 8,d] ,glaube all]         
ges*i*tli*5 ,religion5 geht aus von     
dies] ,annahme e9] sittli*51 9 ,gott    
bewus/ leb5d51 ,weltordnung1 wona* das  
,gute das alle9 ,wahre i/1 & das ,wahre 
das alle9 ,gute40 ,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 
,bd4 ,i4 s4 xl4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4  #aaa-a
 ,geo4 ,boole1 ,laws ( ,?\ght1 p4 #daj4 
#aaa-b ,! late/ rese>*es 9 natural      
sci5ce confirm ! expressions ( ,w4 von  
,humboldt3 8,das ,/reb5 d] ,natur i/ auf
 etwas ,unbes*rnktes g]i*tet40 8,die    

,natur mit endli*5 ,mitteln un5dli*e    
,zwecke v]folgt40 ,ueb] d5              
,ges*le*tsunt]s*i$1 etc4  #aab-a        
,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ,sonnette1      
8,h*/e ,g]e*tigkeit40  #aac-a ,isaiah1  
xlv4 #g2 xlvi4 #aj4  #aac-b             
,khordah--ave/a1 ,ormazd--,ya%t1 #ch1 & 
,yana1 #db4  #aac-c ,! ,koran1 ,suras   
lxxxvii41 xlvi4     ,,! ,,pray] ,,&     
,,its ,,answ]4   ,,summ>y4              
,religion />ts ) a ,pray]4 ,?is is an   
appeal to ! unkn[n1      & is           
indisp5sable 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,! app>5t
 exceptions      ( ,buddhism &          
,confucianism4       ,all pray]s relate 
to ! fulfilm5t ( a wi%4 ,at fir/ its    
direct      object is alone ?\ght (4    
,?is s frequ5tly fails t !      indirect
 object rises into view4 ,?is /at$ to be
 ! increase (      ! pleasurable        
emotions4 ,! inadequacy ( ?is /atem5t4  
,! answ]s to pray]4 ,z a =m ( ,expectant
 ,att5tion1 x ex]ts      mu* subjective 
p[]4 ,c x influ5ce ext]nal ph5om5a8 ,x  
is      possible4 ,deeply religi\s m9ds 

reject bo? ^! answ]s1      h[ev]4 ,!y   
claim ! objective answ] to be           
,inspiration4 ,all      religions unite 
9 ?is claim4       ,inspirations h be5  
contradictory4 ,t is g5u9e :i* tea*es   
tru?s :i* _c be d\bt$ conc]n+ duty &    
deity4 ,a c]ta9      m5tal condition    
favors ! atta9m5t ( su* tru?s4 ,?is     
simulat$ 9 religi\s en!asm4 ,examples4  
,x is alli$ to ! mo/      int5se        
intellectual action1 b its /eps rema9   
unkn[n4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,! ,,pray]  
,,& ,,its ,,answ]4   ,! =ego+ analysis (
 ! religi\s s5tim5t results 9 f9d+ x1   
ev5 9 its simple/ =ms1 a product (      
complicat$ reason+ =c$ into action by "s
 ( ! /ronge/ emotions1 & ma9ta9+ its    
position indefeasibly ?r\gh !           
limitations ( ! intellect4 ,?is x does1 
h[ev]1 ) a c]ta9 nobl5ess1 = :ile x     
wraps ! unkn[n 9 sacr$ my/]y1 x         
proclaims man "o 9 nature ) ! ,highe/1  
by bir?right a son ( ! gods1 ( an       
intellig5ce ak9 to !irs1 & less ?an !y  
only 9 degree4 ,?r\gh ?us pres5t+ at    

once 8 /r5g? & 8 feebl5ess1 8 gr&eur & 8
 degradation1 religion goes beyond      
philosophy or utility 9 sugge/+ motives 
= ex]tion1 /imuli to labor4 ,?is phase (
 x w n[ occupy u4  ,! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t
 manife/s itself 9 ?\ght1 9 ^w & 9 act  
?r\gh ! respective m$ia ( ! ,pray]1 !   
,my? & ! ,cult4 ,! fir/ embraces !      
p]sonal relations ( ! individual to !   
object ( 8 wor%ip1 ! second expresses ! 
op9ions curr5t 9 a community ab\t !     
nature & actions ( t object1 ! la/      
includes ! symbols & c]emonies "u & by  
:i* x is repres5t$ & propitiat$4  ,!    
fir/ has ! logical priority4 ,man c>es  
no?+ = ,god--c c>e no?+ = him           
practically--except z an aid to !       
fulfilm5t ( 8 desires1 ! satisfaction ( 
8 wants1 z ! 8gr\nd ( 8 hopes40 ,! root 
( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ,i h said1 is 8a  
wi% ^: fruition dep5ds ^u unkn[n p[]40  
,an appeal = aid to ?is unkn[n p[]1 is !
 fir/ =m ( pray] 9 its religi\s s5se4 ,x
 is n m]ely 8! s\l's s9c]e desire40 ,?is
 may well be & well direct$1 & yet n    

religi\s1 z ! devotion ( ! ma!matician  
to ! solution ( an important problem4 ,)
 ! desire mu/ be ! e>ne/ appeal to !    
unkn[n4 ,a !ological diction>y ,i h at  
h& almo/ correctly def9es x z 8a        
petition = spiritual or physical b5efits
 :i* we believe we _c obta9 )\t div9e   
co-op]ation40 ,! words 9 brackets mu/ be
 ins]t$ to complete ! def9ition4  ,x ne$
 n be express$ 9 language4 ,r\sseau1 9 8
 ,confessions1 tells ( a bi%op :o1 9    
visit+ 8 diocese1 came across an old    
woman :o 0 tr\bl$ because %e c\ld frame 
no pray] 9 words1 b only cry1 8,oh60    
8,good "m10 said ! wise bi%op1 8,pray   
always s4 ,y\r pray]s are bett] ?an     
ours40#aai-a  ,a petition = assi/ance   
is1 z ,i h said1 "o ( its fir/ =ms2 b n 
its only "o4 ,! assi/ance ask$ 9 simple 
pray]s is (t5 no?+ m ?an ! neutrality ( 
! gods1 _! non-int]f]5ce2 8no prev5t+   
,provid5ce10 z ! expression is 9 our    
popul> religion4 ,pray]s ( fe> are ( ?is
 k9d3      8,& !y say1 ,god be m]ciful1 
,:o ne'er said1 ,god be prais$40  ,"s ( 

! ,egyptian =mul ev5 ?reat5 ! gods if !y
 prev5t success4#aai-b ,! wi%           
accompli%$1 ! pray] may be "o (         
gratitude1 (t5 en\gh ( t k9d describ$ by
 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ( :i* a prom95t      
elem5t is 8a lively s5se ( possible     
favors to come40#aai-c  ,or aga91       
self-abasem5t be+ s natural a =m (      
flatt]y t to call ourselves 8ob$i5t &   
humble s]vants0 ( o!rs1 has pass$ into  
"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( address1 _m pray]s
 are made up ( simil> expressions (     
humility & contrition1 ! vot>y call+    
himself a 8mis]able s9n]0 & a 8vile     
worm10 & on ! o!r h& magnify+ 8 ,"l z   
great] ?an all o!r gods1 mighty &       
helpful to ^? :o assidu\sly wor%ip him4 
,9 "s =m or o!r1 z ( petition1 gratitude
 or contrition1 utt]$ 9 words or conf9$ 
to ! aspirations ( ! s\l1 pray] is a    
necess>y factor 9 ! religi\s life4 ,x   
always has be51 & x mu/ be pres5t4  ,!  
exceptions :i* may be tak5 to ?is 9     
religi\s sy/ems are *iefly two1 ^?      
suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ,buddha       

,sakyamuni & ,confucius4  ,x is         
und\bt$ly correct t ,buddha disc\rag$   
pray]4 ,he p]mitt$ x at be/ 9 ! inf]ior 
grades ( disciple%ip4 ,= himself1 & all 
:o rea*$ 8 /age ( culture1 he pron\nc$ x
 futile4  ,b ,buddha did n set out to   
tea* a religion1 b r ! inutility ( all  
cre$s4 ,he /ruck %rewdly at ! root ( !m 
by plac+ ! highe/ condition ( man 9 !   
total ext+ui%m5t ( desire4 ,he b\nd !   
gods 9 fett]s by e/abli%+ a !ory (      
causal connection 7! twelve ,nidana7 :i*
 does away ) ! necessity ( rul+ p[]s4   
,he !n swept bo? matt] & _s into        
unreality by e/abli%+ ! canon (         
ignorance1 t ! highe/ k is to "k t no?+ 
is2 t !re is nei!r be+ nor n-be+1 nor   
yet ! becom+4 ,aft] ?is :olesale        
iconoclasm ! only possible object 9 life
 = ! sage is ! negative "o ( avoid+ pa91
 :i* ?\gh z unreal z any?+ else1        
int]f]es ) 8 m$itations on its          
unreality4 ,to ?is negative end ! only  
aid he c expect is f o!r sages :o h gone
 f>!r 9 self-cultivation4 ,self1 !re=e1 

is ! fir/1 ! collective body ( sages is 
! second1 & ! writt5 in/ruction (       
,buddha is ! ?ird2 & ^! ?ree are ! only 
s\rces to :i* ! consi/5t ,buddhi/ looks 
= aid4  ,?is 0 ,buddha's tea*+4 ,b x is 
n ,buddhism z pr(ess$ by ! hundr$s (    
millions 9 ,ceylon1 9 ,?ibet1 ,*9a1     
,japan1 & ,sib]ia1 :o claim ,sakyamuni  
"u 8 names ,buddha1 ! awak5$1 ,ta?agata1
 ?us gone1 or gone be=e1 ,sidd>?a1 !    
accompli%] ( ! wi%1 & ?reescore & t5    
o!rs ( l purport1 z _! inspir$ tea*]4   
,millions ( sa9ts1 holy m51 ,buddhas1 !y
 believe1 are ready to aid 9 e way !    
true believ]1 & incessant1 con/ant pray]
 is1 !y ma9ta91 ! "o effici5t means to  
insure ?is aid4 ,repetition1 d9n+ !     
div9ities & we>y+ !m into answ]+1 is _! 
!ory4 ,!re=e !y w repeat a %ort =mula ( 
f\r words 7om mani padme hum--,om6 !    
jewel 9 ! lotus1 am57 ?\s&s ( times a   
day2 or1 z !y correctly ?9k x n a :it m 
me*anical1 !y write x a million times on
 /rips ( pap]1 fa/5 x ar\nd a cyl9d]1   
atta* ?is to a wat] or a w9d-:eel1 & ?us

 sleep+ or wak+1 at home or abroad1 keep
 up a /eady fire ( pray] at ! gods1 :i* 
f9ally1 !y sangu9ely hope1 w br+ !m to  
submission4  ,no sect has su* entire    
confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( pray] z ! ,buddhi/s4
 ,! mo/ pi\s ,mahometan or ,*ri/ian does
 n approa* _! fai?4 ,aft] all is said & 
done1 ! latt] has room to d\bt !        
efficacy ( 8 pray]4 ,x may be refus$4 ,n
 s ! ,buddhi/s4 ,!y h a syllogism :i*   
cov]s ! case completely1 z foll[s3--    
,all ?+s are 9 ! p[] ( ! gods4     ,!   
gods are 9 ! p[] ( pray]4     ,pray] is 
at ! w ( ! sa9t4     ,!re=e all ?+s are 
9 ! p[] ( ! sa9t4  ,! only reason t any 
pray] fails is t x is n repeat$ (t5     
en\gh--a /atem5t difficult to refute4   
,! case ) ,confucius 0 diff]5t4#abb-a   
,no speculative dream]1 b a practical   
man1 b5t on improv+ 8 fell[s by tea*+ !m
 self-reliance1 indu/ry1 hone/y1 good   
feel+ & ! atta9m5t ( mat]ial com=t1 he  
did n see 9 ! religi\s sy/ems & doctr9es
 ( 8 "t any assi/ance to ^! ends4       
,!re=e1 l ,socrates & _m o!r m5 ( anci5t

 & mod]n times1 )\t actually condemn+ ! 
fai?s ar\nd him1 or absolutely neglect+ 
"s ext]nal respect to _! usages1 he     
taught 8 foll[]s to turn away f religi\s
 topics & occupy !mselves ) subjects (  
imm$iate utility4 ,= que/ions ( duty1   
man1 he taught1 has a suffici5t guide )9
 himself4 8,:at y d n l10 he said1 8:5  
done to y\rself1 d n to o!rs40 ,! wi%es1
 he adds1 %\ld be limit$ to ! atta9able2
 ?us _! disappo9tm5t c be avoid$ by a j 
e/imate ( "o's own p[]s4 ,he us$ to     
comp>e a wise man to an ar*]3 8,:5 !    
ar*] misses ! t>get1 he seeks = ! cause 
( 8 failure )9 himself40 ,he did n l to 
talk ab\t spiritual be+s4 ,:5 ask$ :e!r 
! dead _h k1 he repli$3 8,!re is no     
pres5t urg5cy ab\t ! matt]4 ,if !y h1 y 
w "k x = y\rself 9 "t40 ,he did n d5y ! 
exi/5ce ( unse5 p[]s2 on ! contr>y1 he  
said3 8,! kwei %9 7! mo/ g5]al t]m =    
sup]natural be+s7 ent] into all ?+s1 &  
!re is no?+ )\t !m20 b he add$1 8,we    
look = !m & d n see !m2 we li/51 b d n  
he> !m40 ,9 speak+ ( deity1 he dropp$ ! 

p]sonal syllable 7te7 & only spoke (    
heav51 9 ! indef9ite s5se4 ,su* 0 ?is   
extraord9>y man4 ,! utilit>ian !ory1 :at
 we call ! common s5se view ( life1 0   
nev] bett] taught4 ,b 8 doctr9e is n a  
religion4 ,8 foll[]s erect temples1 & f 
filial respect pay ! usual honors to _! 
ance/ors1 z ,confucius himself did4 ,b  
!y ignore religi\s obs]vances1 /rictly  
s-call$4  ,^! examples1 !re=e1 d n at   
all conflict ) ! g5]al /atem5t t no     
religion c exi/ )\t pray]4 ,on !        
contr>y1 x is ! native expression ( !   
religi\s s5tim5t1 t to :i* we mu/ look =
 its mo/ hidd5 mean+4 ,! ?\ghtful       
,novalis1 ^: m$itations are s ri* 9     
reflections on ! religi\s nature ( man1 
well said3 8,pray] is to religion :at   
?\ght is to philosophy4 ,to pray is to  
make religion4 ,! religi\s s5se prays ) 
l necessity t ! reason ?9ks40  ,:atev] !
 =m ( ! pray]1 x has direct or indirect 
relation to ! accompli%m5t ( a wi%4     
,david prays to ! ,"l z ! "o :o         
8satisfies ! desire ( e liv+ ?+10 :o 8w 

fulfil ! desire ( !m t fe> him10 & x is 
) ! l fai? t ! he>t ( e vot>y is /irr$  
:5 he approa*es 9 pray] ! div9ity he    
adores4  ,widely v>i\s are ! ?+s wi%$ =4
 ,_! "* is ! te/ ( religions4 ,9        
primitive fai?s & 9 uncultivat$ m9ds1   
pray]s are conf9$ to ! ne>e/ mat]ial    
advantages2 !y are direct$ to ! atta9m5t
 ( food1 ( victory 9 combat1 ( safety 9 
dang]1 ( p]sonal prosp]ity4 ,!y may all 
be summ$ up 9 a l9e ( "o :i* occurs 9 ! 
,rig ,v$a3 8,o ,"l ,v>una6 ,grant t we  
may prosp] 9 gett+ & keep+60  ,beyond   
?is po9t ( 8gett+ & keep+10 few         
primitive pray]s take u4 ,^? ( !        
,am]ican ,indians1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1  
rema9$ 9 ?is /age among ! savage tribes1
 & rose above x only 9 ! civiliz$ /ates 
( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,pray]s = heal?1 =    
pl5te\s h>ve/s1 = safe voyages & ! l are
 ( ?is nature1 ?\gh f _! famili>ity to u
 !y seem less crude ?an ! simple-he>t$  
petition ( ! old ,aryan1 :i* ,i h quot$4
 ,!y mean ! same4  ,! m ?\ghtful vot>ies
 ( ! high] =ms ( religion h1 h[ev]1     

frequ5tly drawn ! di/9ction betwe5 !    
direct & indirect fulfilm5t ( ! wi%4 ,an
 abundant h>ve/1 re/oration to heal?1 or
 a victory 9 battle is ! object ( our   
hopes1 n 9 itself1 b = its results ^u   
ourselves4 ,^!1 9 _! f9al expression1 c 
mean no?+ else ?an agreeable s5sations &
 pleasurable emotions4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are !
 real ?\gh indirect objects ( su*       
pray]s2 (t5 unconsci\sly s1 because !   
ord9>y devotee has little capacity &    
less incl9ation to analyze ! nature ( 8 
religi\s feel+s4  ,a rec5t writ]1 ,mr4  
,hodgson1 has said3 8,! real answ] to   
pray] is ! increase ( ! joyful emotions1
 ! decrease ( ! pa9ful ones40#abf-a ,x  
w\ld seem a simpl] plan to make ?is     
directly ! purport ( our petitions2 b to
 ! mod]n m9d ?is nak$ simplicity w\ld be
 di/a/eful4  ,nor is ! ord9>y supplicant
 will+ to look s f>4 ,! direct1 n !     
indirect object ( ! wi%1 is :at he      
wants4 ,! lazz>one ( ,naples prays to 8 
patron sa9t to favor 8 *oice ( a lott]y 
ticket2 if x turn out an unlucky numb]  

he w take ! little lead5 image ( ! sa9t 
f 8 pocket1 revile x1 spit on x1 &      
trample x 9 ! mud4 ,ano!r man1 :5 8     
pray] = success is n foll[$ by victory1 
s5ds gifts to ! *ur*1 flogs himself 9   
public & fa/s4 ,x5ophon gives u 9 8     
,economics ! pray] ( a pi\s ,a!nian ( 8 
"t1 9 ! p]son ( ,is*oma*us4 8,i seek to 
obta910 says ! latt]1 8f ! gods by j    
pray]s1 /r5g? & heal?1 ! respect ( !    
community1 ! love ( my fri5ds1 an       
honorable t]m9ation to my combats1 &    
ri*es1 ! fruit ( hone/ indu/ry40        
,x5ophon evid5tly consid]$ ^!           
appropriate objects = pray]1 & f !      
petitions 9 _m rec5t manuals ( devotion1
 ,i %\ld suppose mo/ ,*ri/ians ( to-day 
w\ld n see 9 !m any?+ inappropriate4  ,9
 spite ( ! ef=t t has be5 made by       
,pr(essor ,creuz]#abg-a to %[ t !       
classical nations rose to a high] use ( 
pray]1 "o :i* made spiritual gr[? 9 !   
bett] s5se ( ! phrase its ma9 end2 ,i   
?9k su* in/ances 7 conf9$ to s+le       
philosoph]s & poets4 ,!y d n repres5t ! 

pray]s ( ! av]age vot>y4 ,!n & n[ he1 z 
a rule1 has little or no idea ( any o!r 
answ] to 8 pray] ?an ! atta9m5t ( 8 wi%4
  ,z su* petitions1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly  
fail ?an succe$ 9 _! direct object1 & z 
! alt]native ( consid]+ !m impot5t is n 
op5 to ! vot>y1 "s o!r explanation ( _! 
failure 0 taught 9 v e>ly day4 ,at fir/1
 x 0 t ! god 0 ang]$1 & refus$ !        
petition out ( rev5ge4 ,lat]1 ! indirect
 purpose ( su* a pray] ass]t$ itself m  
cle>ly1 & aid$ by a nobl] conception (  
,div9ity1 sugge/$ t ! refusal ( ! l[] is
 a prep>ation = a high] rew>d4 ,*ildr51 
9 well-ord]$ h\seholds1 are frequ5tly   
refus$ by p>5ts :o love !m well2 ?is    
pres5t analogy 0 e>ly seiz$ to expla9 ! 
failure ( pray]4 ,unque/ion+ submission 
to ! div9e w 0 inculcat$4 ,"s ev5 w5t s 
f> z to ?9k x improp] to def9e any wi%  
at all1 & subsum$ all pray] "u ! "o     
=mula1 8,?y w be done40 ,su* 0 ! tea*+ (
 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ^: favorite pray] 0 ,da  
quod jubes1 et jube quod vis1 a phrase  
mu* criticiz$ by ,pelagius & o!rs ( 8 "t

 z too quieti/ic4#abh-a ,! usual        
,*ri/ian doctr9e ( resignation proce$s 9
 !ory to ?is ext5t4 ,su* a notion ( !   
purpose ( pray] leads to a *e]ful       
acceptance ( ! effects ( physical laws1 
effects :i* an enlight5$ religi\s m9d   
nev] asks to be alt]$ 9 its favor1 = !  
promises & aims ( religion %\ld be :olly
 outside ! ar5a ( _! op]ation4 ,! ideal 
pray] has q o!r objects ?an to "w       
mat]ial *anges4  ,to say1 z does ,mr4   
,hodgson1 t its aim is ! increase ( !   
joyful emotions is f> f suffici5t4 ,!   
same may be said ( mo/ human ef=t1 !    
ef=t to make money1 = in/ance4 ,!       
indirect object ( money-mak+ is also !  
increase ( ! agreeable feel+s4 ,!       
simil>ity ( purpose might lead to a     
belief t ! aims ( religion & bus9ess are
 id5tical4  ,be=e we c fully decide on  
:at1 9 ! specifically religi\s s5se ( ! 
^w1 is ! answ] to pray]1 we %\ld inquire
 z a matt] ( fact :at effect x actually 
ex]ts1 & to d ?is we %\ld und]/& :at x  
is z a psy*ological process4 ,! reply to

 ?is is t pray]1 9 its psy*ological     
def9ition1 is a =m ( ,expectant         
,att5tion4 ,x is always urg$ by religi\s
 tea*]s t x mu/ be v e>ne/ & cont9u\s to
 be successful4 8,importunity is ( !    
ess5ce ( successful pray]10 says ,canon 
,liddon 9 a rec5t s]mon4 ,9 ! ,new      
,te/am5t x is lik5$ to a con/ant knock+ 
at a door2 & by a curi\s p>ity ( ?\ght !
 ,*9ese "* = pray] is compos$ ( ! signs 
= a _s & an axe or hamm]4#abi-a ,we mu/ 
8keep hamm]+0 z a colloquial phrase has 
x4 ,/rong belief is also requir$4 ,to   
pray ) fai? we mu/ expect ) confid5ce4  
,n[ t su* a condition ( expectant       
att5tion1 prolong$ & e>ne/1 w h a v     
p[]ful subjective effect1 no "o acqua9t$
 ) ! functions ( ! human economy c d\bt4
 8,any /ate ( ! body10 obs]ves !        
physiologi/ ,mll]1 8expect$ ) c]ta9     
confid5ce is v prone to ensue40 ,a pill 
( bread-crumbs1 :i* ! pati5t supposes to
 conta9 a p[]ful ca?>tic1 w (t5 produce 
copi\s evacuations4 ,no "o :o /udies !  
hi/ory ( m$ic9e c "q t scr(ul\s swell+s 

& ulc]ations 7 cur$ by ! royal t\*1 t   
p>alytics h rega9$ ! use ( _! limbs by  
t\*+ ! relics ( ! sa9ts1 & t 9 _m       
c\ntries beside ,judea ! lay+ on ( h&s &
 ! words ( a holy man h made issues to  
heal & ! lame to walk4#acj-a  ,su*      
effects are n disput$ by physicians z   
probable results ( pray] or fai?        
consid]$ z expectant att5tion4 ,!       
/igmata ( ,/4 ,francis d',assisi are m  
?an p>allel$ by ^? ( ,l\ise ,lateau1 n[ 
liv+ at ,bois d',ha9e 9 ,belgium1 ^:    
h&s1 feet & side ble$ e ,friday l ^? (  
,*ri/ on ! cross4 ,a commission ( m$ical
 m5 aft] ! mo/ c>eful precautions aga9/ 
deception attribut$ ^! hemorrhages to ! 
effect ( expectation 7pray]7 va/ly      
increas$ 9 =ce by repetition4#aca-a ,if 
human te/imony is wor? any?+1 ! cures ( 
,porte ,royale are n op5 to             
dispute4#aca-b  ,! m5tal consequ5ces ( a
 pray]ful condition ( m9d are to inspire
 pati5ce "u afflictions1 hope 9         
adv]sity1 c\rage 9 ! pres5ce ( dang] & a
 calm confid5ce 9 ! face ( dea? itself4 

,h[ mightily su* influ5ces h work$ 9    
hi/ory is %[n 9 e religi\s w>1 & 9 !    
lives ( ! m>tyrs ( all fai?s4 ,x matt]s 
n :at !y believ$1 s only t !y believ$ x 
?or\ghly1 & ! gates ( ,hades c\ld n     
prevail aga9/ !m4  ,no "o w "q t ^!     
v>i\s & mom5t\s results are ! legitimate
 effects or answ]s to pray]s4 ,b :e!r   
pray] c influ5ce ! work+ ( ! mat]ial    
=ces ext]nal to ! individual is a       
disput$ po9t4 ,if x _c 9 "s way d ?is1  
pray]s = ra91 = h>ve/s1 = safety at sea1
 = re/oration to heal?1 = deliv]y f     
gras%opp]s#aca-c & pe/il5ce1 :e!r = our 
own b5efit or o!rs1 are h>dly wor?      
recit+4 ,a physici/ expresses ! "o      
op9ion 9 ^! words3 8,sci5ce ass]ts t )\t
 a di/urbance ( natural law1 q z s]i\s z
 ! /oppage ( an eclipse or ! roll+ ( !  
,/4 ,lawr5ce up ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 no  
act ( humiliation1 individual or        
national1 c\ld call "o %[] f heav5 or   
deflect t[>d u a s+le beam ( ! sun40    
8,assum+ ! efficacy ( free pray] to     
produce *anges 9 ext]nal nature1 x      

necess>ily foll[s t natural laws are m  
or less at ! m]cy ( man's               
volition40#acb-a  ,?is au?oritative     
/atem5t1 mu* discuss$ at ! "t x 0       
publi%$1 does n 9 fact express !        
ass]tion ( sci5ce4 ,to ! sci5tific      
appreh5sion1 man's volitions & 8 pray]s 
are /ates ( emotion1 insep>ably connect$
 9 _! manife/ations ) *anges 9 8 c]ebral
 /ructure1 ) relative elevation (       
temp]ature1 & ) ! elim9ation ( oxyg5 &  
phosphorus1 9 o!r words ) *emico-vital  
ph5om5a & ! trans=mation ( =ce4 ,sci5ce 
also adds t !re is a con/ant int]action 
( all =ce1 & x is n prep>$ to d5y t !   
=ce exp5d$ by a national or individual  
pray] may become a co-op]at+ cause 9 !  
mat]ial *ange ask$ =1 ev5 if ! latt] be 
a ra9 %[]4 ,?is w\ld n affect a natural 
law b only its op]ation1 & t mu* e act (
 our life does4 ,! fact t p]si/5cy &    
e>ne/ness 9 pray]--i4 e41 ! increas$    
developm5t ( =ce--add to its efficacy1  
w\ld accord ) su* a sci5tific view4 ,x  
w\ld fur!r be v mat]ially corroborat$ by

 ! accept$ doctr9e ( ! ord]s ( =ce4 ,a  
unit ( electrical or magnetic =ce equals
 _m ( ! =ce ( gravity2 a numb] (        
electrical units are requir$ to make "o 
( *emical =ce2 & *emico-vital or        
8metabolic0 =ce is /ill high]2 :]eas    
?\ght reg>d$ z a =m ( =ce mu/ be va/ly  
beyond ?is aga94  ,to r5d] a load/one1  
:i* lifts fil+s ( iron by its magnetic  
=ce1 capable ( do+ ! same by ! =ce (    
gravity1 its d5sity w\ld h to be        
increas$ m ?an a ?\s& million times4    
,all =ces diff] 9 l degree4 ,pr(essor   
,f>aday calculat$ t ! =ce lat5t 9 !     
*emical composition ( "o drop ( wat]1   
equals t manife/$ 9 an av]age ?und]/orm4
 ,9 our limit$ k ( ! relation ( =ces    
!re=e1 a sci5tific man is ra% to d5y t !
 *emico-vital =ces set loose by an e>ne/
 pray] may affect ! op]ation ( natural  
laws outside ! body z !y confess$ly d 9 
x4  ,exp]i5ce alone c decide su* a "q1 &
 ,i = "o1 f !ory & f obs]vation1 believe
 9 ! mat]ial efficacy ( pray]4 ,9 a     
c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! cases :]e ! wi%$-=   

mat]ial result foll[$1 ! physical =ce ( 
! active c]ebral action has seem$ to me 
a co-op]at+ cause4 ,a physician c obs]ve
 ?is to be/ advantage 9 ! sickness (    
*ildr51 z !y are free f subjective bias1
 _! con/itutions are delicately         
susceptible1 & ! pray]s = !m are 9 _!   
imm$iate vic9ity & v e>ne/4  ,b ?is     
admission aft] all is a b>r5 "o to !    
truly dev\t m9d4 ,! effect ga9$ does n  
dep5d on ! ,god to :om ! pray] is (f]$4 
,bl9d physical laws br+ x ab\t1 & any   
ev5t t comes ?r\gh _! compulsive =ce is 
geld$ ( its p[] to fecundate ! g]ms ( ! 
bett] religi\s life4 ,! k ( ?is w\ld    
p>alyze fai?4  ,fur!r to att5uate !     
value ( my admission1 ano!r consid]ation
 arises1 ?is "t prompt$ n by speculative
 criticism1 b by rev]5ce itself4 ,a     
s*ol> :om ,i h already quot$ ju/ly      
obs]ves3 8,:5ev] we pref] a reque/ z a  
means ( obta9+ :at we wi% =1 we are n   
pray+ 9 ! religi\s s5se ( ! t]m40#acd-a 
,or1 z a rec5t !ologian puts ! same     
idea3 8,e true pray] prays to be refus$1

 if ! grant+ ( x w\ld be hurtful to u or
 subv]sive ( ,god's glory40#ace-a ,!    
real answ] to pray] c nev] be an ev5t or
 occurr5ce4 ,only 9 mom5ts ( spiritual  
weakness & obscur$ vision1 :5 gov]n$ by 
8 emotions or s5sations1 w ! rev]5t s\l 
ask a def9ite transaction1 a            
modification 9 ! op]ation ( natural     
laws1 /ill less su* vulg> objects z     
victory1 weal? or heal?4  ,! pray] (    
fai? f9ds its only true objective answ] 
9 itself1 9 accept+ :atev] befalls z !  
revelation ( ! w ( ,god z to :at is be/4
 ,?is temp] ( m9d z ! real mean+ ( pray]
 0 beautifully set =? by ,/4 ,john3 8,if
 we "k t he he> u1 :atsoev] we ask1 we  
"k t we h ! petitions t we desir$ (     
him40#ace-b  ,b ?is solution ( ! problem
 does n g f> en\gh4 ,pray] is claim$ to 
h a positive effect on ! m9d o!r ?an    
resignation4 ,joyful emotions are its   
fruits1 spiritual enlight5m5t its rew>d4
 ,^! are m ?an *e]ful acquiesc5ce1 nor c
 ! latt] come f objects ( s5se4  ,! mo/ 
em95t tea*]s agree 9 bani%+ mat]ial     

pleasure & prosp]ity f holy desires4 ,!y
 are ( "o m9d 9 w>n+ aga9/ :at ! _w & ! 
fle% c (f]1 aga9/ ! pursuit ( ri*es1 p[]
 & lu/4 ,_m c\nsel pov]ty & delib]ate   
r5unciation ( all su* ?+s4 ,nor is !    
happ9ess !y talk ( t :i* ! pursuit (    
intellectual tru? br+s4 ,?is1 inde$1    
conf]s joy1 ( :i* :oev] has ta/$ w n    
ha/ily return to ! fle%pots ( ! s5ses1 b
 x is easy to see t x is n religi\s4    
,pray] & v5]ation h n a "p 9 x4 ,great  
joy is likewise giv5 by ! ex]cise ( !   
imag9ation :5 /irr$ by art 9 "s ( its   
v>i$ =ms1 & a joy m ne>ly alli$ to      
religion ?an is t ( sci5tific           
inve/igation4 ,b ! e/hetic emotions are 
well def9$1 & are di/9ctly ap>t f ^?    
conc]n$ ) ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,_! mo/   
complete satisfaction r excludes ?an    
enc\rages pi\s m$itations4 ,t :i* pray] 
ought to seek outside ( itself is       
diff]5t f all ( ^!1 its d[] mu/ be      
div9e4  ,we ne$ n look long = x4 ,?\gh  
hidd5 f ! wise1 x has ev] be5 famili> to
 ! unle>n$4 ,man has nev] be5 9 d\bt z  

to :at x is4 ,he has be5 only too will+ 
to believe he has receiv$ x4  ,9 b>b>ism
 & civilization1 9 ! old & new worlds1 !
 f9al answ] to pray] has ev] be5        
ackn[l$g$ to be inspiration1 revelation1
 ! ?\ght ( ,god made cle> to ! m9d (    
man1 ! my/ical hypo/asis ?r\gh :i* !    
ideas ( ! human co9cide ) ^? ( univ]sal 
,intellig5ce4 ,?is is :at ! ,py?ian     
prie/ess1 ! ,sib]ian %aman1 ! ,roman    
sibyl1 ! ,voluspan prophetess1 ! ,indian
 m$ic9e-man1 all claim$ 9 v>i\s degrees 
along ) ! ,hebrew se]s & ! ,mahometan   
tea*]4#acg-a  ,! ,,tru?1 ! la/ &        
absolute tru?1 is :at is ev]y:]e        
recogniz$ z1 if n ! only1 at lea/ !     
complete/1 ! highe/ answ] to pray]4     
8,:]e ,i f\nd ! tru?1 !re ,i f\nd my    
,god1 himself ! tru?10 says ,/4         
,augu/9e2 & 9 a pray] by ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 
! 8,gold5 ,m\?10 unsurpass$ 9 its gr&   
simplicity1 x is said3 8,almighty ,fa!r1
 99 99 grant u 9 ?is _w k ( ,?y tru?1 & 
9 ! _w to come1 life ev]la/+40 ,nev] has
 ! l(tie/ purpose ( pray] be5 m         

completely /at$4 ,?is x 0 t _h be5      
promis$ !m by ,him1 to :om !y look$ z an
 ,int]cessor = _! petitions1 :o _h said3
 8,i w s5d unto y ! ,com=t]4 99 99 ,:5  
he1 ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 is come1 he w guide y
 unto all tru?40  ,! belief t ?is answ] 
is at all times atta9able has always be5
 recogniz$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1         
,apo/olic1 ,ca?olic1 & ,prote/ant4      
,baptism 0 call$ by ! ,greek fa!rs1     
8enlight5m5t0 771 z by x ! believ]      
receiv$ ! _s ( tru?4 ,! ,romani/1 9 !   
dogma ( infallibility1 proclaims !      
p]petual inspiration ( a liv+ man2 !    
,prote/ant ,*ur*es 9 _m cre$s & doctr9al
 works ext5d a sub/antial infallibility 
to all true believ]s1 at lea/ to ! ext5t
 t !y c be inspir$ to recognize1 if n to
 receive div9e v]ity4  ,! ,gallican     
,confession ( ,fai?1 adopt$ 9 #aefa1    
re/s ! pr9cipal evid5ce ( ! tru? ( !    
,scriptures on 8le tmoignage et         
l'intrieure p]suasion du ,sa9t ,esprit10
 & ! ,we/m9/] ,confession on 8! inw>d "w
 ( ! holy _s40 ,! ,society ( ,fri5ds    

ma9ta9 x z 8a lead+ pr9ciple1 t ! "w ( !
 ,holy ,_s 9 ! s\l is n only imm$iate & 
direct1 b p]ceptible20 t x imp>ts tru?  
8)\t any mixture ( error20 & ?us is     
some?+ q di/9ct f consci5ce1 :i* is     
common to ! race1 :ile ?is 8inw>d light0
 is giv5 only to ! favor$ ( ,god4#ach-a 
,! non-juror1 ,william ,law1            
emphatically says3 8,! ,*ri/ian t       
rejects ! necessity ( imm$iate div9e    
inspiration1 pleads ! :ole cause (      
infidelity2 he has no?+ to prove !      
goodness ( 8 own ,*ri/ianity1 b t :i*   
equally proves to ! ,dei/ ! goodness ( 8
 infidelity40#aci-a ,t by pray] ! pa? ( 
duty w be made cle>1 is a univ]sal      
doctr9e4  ,! ext5t to :i* ! gift (      
inspiration is suppos$ to be grant$ is  
l>gely a matt] ( *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,:]e    
au?ority prevails1 x is apt to be conf9$
 to ^? 9 p[]4 ,:]e religion is reg>d$ z 
*iefly subjective & individual1 x is    
conc$$ t any pi\s vot>y may become !    
receptacle ( su* special light4         
,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has too (t5 %[n t     

inspiration tea*es su* contradictory    
doctr9es t !y are incompatible ) any    
/&>d4 ,! indef9ite splitt+ ( ,prote/ant 
sects has conv9c$ all cle> ?9k]s t !    
claim ( ! e>ly ,confessions to a div9ely
 giv5 p[] ( di/+ui%+ ! true f ! false   
has be5 a mi/ak5 supposition4 ,z a pro( 
to an unbeliev]1 su* a gift c\ld avail  
no?+2 & z evid5ce to "o's own m9d1 x c  
only be accept$ by ^? :o delib]ately %ut
 _! eyes to ! innum]able contradictions 
x (f]s4#adj-a  ,:ile1 !re=e1 9 ?is1 if  
any:]e1 we p]ceive ! only at once fit & 
def9ite answ] to pray]1 & f9d t ?is is  
ackn[l$g$ by all fai?s1 f ! savage to ! 
,*ri/ian1 x w\ld seem t ?is answ] is a  
fallaci\s & futile "o4 ,! tea*+s (      
inspiration are inf9itely discrepant &  
contradictory1 & (t5 pla9ly _w-wide f ! 
tru? !y pret5d to embody4 ,! case seems 
hopeless2 yet1 z religion ( any k9d )\t 
pray] is empty1 !re has be5 a prop]     
unwill+ness to adopt ! conclusion j     
/at$4  ,! di/9ction has be5 made t 8!   
inspiration ( ! ,*ri/ian is altoge!r    

subjective1 & direct$ to ! moral        
improvem5t ( ! individual10#adj-b n to  
facts ( hi/ory or que/ions ( sci5ce1 ev5
 exegetic sci5ce4 ,! t]m illum9ation has
 be5 pref]r$ = x1 & :ile x is /ill def9$
 z 8a spiritual intellig5ce :i* br+s    
tru? )9 ! range ( m5tal appreh5sion by a
 k9d ( intuition10#ada-a ?is tru? has   
ref]5ce only to imm$iate matt]s (       
individual fai? & practice4 ,! ,roman   
*ur* all[s m latitude ?an ?is1 z x      
sanctions revelations conc]n+ ev5ts1 b n
 conc]n+ doctr9es4#ada-b  ,look$ at     
n>r[ly1 ! advantage :i* inspiration has 
be5 to religions has n s mu* dep5d$ on  
:at x taught1 z on its /r5g? z a        
psy*ological motive p[]4 ,z a g5]al     
m5tal ph5om5on x does n s mu* conc]n k z
 belief2 its prov9ce is to tea* fai? r  
?an facts4 ,no conviction c equal t :i* 
arises f an ass]tion ( ,god directly to 
ourselves4 ,! =ce ( ! argum5t lies n 9 !
 "q :e!r he did address u1 b :e!r we    
believe he did4 ,z a /imulus to action1 
pray] ?us rises to a prime p[]4  ,belief

 is consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,ba9 & 8 s*ool
 to be ! ultimate po/ulate1 ! f9al gr\nd
 ( intellection4 ,x is ( ! utmo/        
importance1 h[ev]1--& ?is ,pr(essor ,ba9
 fails to d--to di/+ui% betwe5 two k9ds 
( belief4 ,!re are m5 :o believe & o!rs 
:o disbelieve ! ,koran or ! ,bible2 ,i c
 accept or reject ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( 
,k+ ,ar?ur or ,napoleon2 b1 if ,i und]/&
 !m1 ,i _c disbelieve ! demon/rations ( 
,euclid1 nor ! relations ( subject &    
object1 nor ! =mal laws ( ?\ght4 ,no    
sane man1 acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties (      
numb]s1 c believe t twice ?ree are t51  
or t a ?+ c be ?\ght z o!r ?an itself4  
,^! tru?s t 8we _c help believ+10 ,i h  
def9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] z absolute tru?s4  
,!y d n come to u ?r\gh te/imony &      
induction1 b ?r\gh a process v>i\sly    
call$ 8imm$iate p]ception10             
8appreh5sion10 or 8intuition10 a process
 long kn[n b nev] satisfactorily        
expla9$4  ,all su* tru?s are analytic1 t
 is1 !y are true1 n m]ely = a giv5 "t or
 place1 b at all times & places         

conceivable1 or1 "t & space out ( ! "q1 
!y /ill rema9 =mally true4 ,( c\rse1    
!re=e1 !y _c ref] to hi/oric occurr5ces 
nor ph5om5a4 ,! mod]n position1 t tru?  
lies 9 facts1 mu/ be =sak51 & ) !       
anci5ts1 we mu/ place x 9 ideas4  ,if we
 def9e inspiration z t condition ( m9d  
:i* is 9 ! highe/ degree s5sitive to !  
pres5ce ( su* tru?1 we h ( x ! only     
wor?y idea :i* x is possible to frame4  
,! object ( sci5tific inve/igation is to
 rea* a tru? :i* c nei!r be d5i$ nor    
d\bt$4 ,if religion is will+ to cont5t  
itself ) any l[] =m ( tru?1 x _c support
 its claims to respect1 let alone       
rev]5ce4  ,x may be said t ! subjects ) 
:i* ! religi\s s5tim5t conc]ns itself   
are n su* z are capable ( ?is absolute  
expression4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 disclaim$ by
 all great re=m]s1 & by none m          
emphatically ?an by him :o said3 8,heav5
 & e>? %all pass away1 b my /atem5ts 77 
%all n pass away40 ,!re is cle> ref]5ce 
"h to absolute tru?s4 ,if :at we "k (   
,god1 duty & life1 is n capable (       

expression except 9 hi/oric n>rative &  
syn!tic t]ms1 ! soon] we drop _!        
consid]ation ! bett]4 ,t =m suffic$ = a 
"t1 b c no long]1 :5 a high] is g5]ally 
kn[n4 ,z ! ma!matical surpasses !       
hi/oric tru?1 s ! =m] is 9 turn         
transc5d$ by ! purely logical1 & 9 ?is1 
if any:]e1 religion mu/ re/ its claims =
 recognition4 ,"h is ! ar5a ( ! !ology (
 ! future1 n 9 ! decrees ( c\ncils1 nor 
9 ! records ( pa/ "t4  ,inspiration1 9  
its religi\s s5se1 we may1 !re=e1 def9e 
to be t condition ( m9d 9 :i* ! tru?s   
relat+ to deity & duty become 9 :ole or 
9 "p ! subjects ( imm$iate p]ception4   
,t su* a condition is possible w be     
grant$4 ,e re=m] :o has made a p]man5t  
bett]m5t 9 ! religion ( 8 "t has        
possess$ x 9 "s degree4 ,he :o fir/     
conceiv$ ! ,kosmos "u logical unity z an
 ord]ly :ole1 _h x 9 s+ul> p[]2 s too _h
 he :o look+ into ! m9d became aw>e (   
its purposive laws :i* are ! ev]la/+    
w>rants ( duty4 ,"s nations h possess$ x
 9 rem>kable fulness1 none m s ?an !    

desc5dants ( ,abraham1 f himself1 :o    
left 8 k9dr$ & 8 fa!r's h\se at ! ^w (  
,god1 ?r\gh _m em95t se]s d[n to        
,sp9oza1 :o likewise =sook 8 tribe to   
obey ! inspirations v\*saf$ him2        
surpass+ !m all1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 to ^:
 m9d1 z he wax$ 9 wisdom1 ! tru? unfold$
 itself 9 su* surpass+ cle>ness t nei!r 
8 imm$iate disciples nor any g5]ations  
s9ce h fa?om$ all ! significance ( 8    
words4  ,su* m9ds d n ne$ developm5t &  
organic transmission ( ?\ght to enri* _!
 /ores4 ,we may suppose ! organization (
 _! bra9s to be s p]fect t _! functions 
are always accordant ) true reason+1 s  
self-prompt+1 t a h9t ( ! problem is all
 !y ask to arrive at its demon/ration4  
,blaise ,pascal1 :5 a boy ( twelve1 ^:  
education _h be5 c>efully re/ra9$1 once 
ask$ 8 fa!r :at is geometry4 ,! latt]   
repli$ t x is a me?od devis$ to draw    
figures correctly1 b =bade any fur!r    
inquiry ab\t x4 ,on ?is h9t ,pascal1 by 
himself1 unassi/$1 )\t s mu* z kn[+ ! "n
 ( a l9e or circle1 rea*$ 9 a few weeks 

to ! demon/ration ( ! ?irty-second      
problem ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid6 ,is x n
 possible = a m9d equally productive (  
religi\s tru? to surpass ) no less ease 
its age on su* subjects8  ,z :at ,newton
 s well call$ 8pati5t ?\ght10 con/ant   
application1 prolong$ att5tion1 is !    
means on :i* ev5 great m9ds mu/ rely 9  
ord] to rea* ! sempit]nal v]ities (     
sci5ce1 s e>ne/ cont9u$ pray] is t :i*  
all tea*]s prescribe z ! only av5ue to  
inspiration 9 its religi\s s5se4 ,:ile  
?is may be conc$$1 collat]als ( ! pray] 
h too (t5 be5 made to appe> trivial &   
ridicul\s4  ,9 ! pursuit ( inspiration !
 me?ods obs]v$ pres5t an int]e/+        
simil>ity4 ,! vot>y :o aspires to a     
communion ) ! god1 %uts himself out f ! 
di/raction ( social int]c\rse & !       
di/urb+ allurem5ts ( ! s5ses4 ,9 !      
solitude ( ! =e/ or ! cell1 ) complete  
bodily inaction1 he gives himself to    
fa/+ & devotion1 to a conc5tration ( all
 8 m9d on ! "o object ( 8 wi%1 ! expect$
 revelation4 ,wak+ & sleep+ he bani%es  

all o!r topics ( ?\ght1 p]haps by an    
incessant repetition ( a =mula1 until at
 la/ ! mom5t comes1 z x surely w come 9 
"s access ( halluc9ation1 furor or      
ec/asy1 ! unfail+ accompanim5ts (       
excessive m5tal /ra91 :5 ! mi/ seems to 
roll away f ! mortal vision1 ! inimical 
p[]s :i* d>k5$ ! m9d are baffl$1 & ! ^w 
( ! ,creator makes itself articulate to 
! creature4  ,take any connect$ acc\nt (
 ! revelation ( ! div9e w1 & ?is hi/ory 
is sub/antially ! same4 ,x diff]s b     
little :e!r told ( ,buddha ,sakyamuni1 !
 royal se] ( ,kapilava/u1 or by ,ca!r9e 
,wabose1 ! ,*ipeway squaw1#adf-a conc]n+
 ! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,g]trude (        
,nivelles or ( ,sa9t ,brigida1 or 9 !   
homely language ( ! cobbl] ,george ,fox4
  ,= six ye>s did ,sakyamuni w&] 9 !    
=e/1 practis+ ! mortifications ( ! fle% 
& combatt+ ! temptations ( !            
devil1be=e,,tn-#h ! f9al night :51 aft] 
ov]com+ ! cr[n+ enticem5ts ( beauty1 p[]
 & weal?1 at a c]ta9 mom5t he became !  
8awak5$10 & knew himself 9 all 8 previ\s

 bir?s1 & ) t k so>$ above ! 8div9e     
illusion0 ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! cave ( ,h>i1  
,mohamm$ fa/$ & pray$ until 8! night ( !
 div9e decisions20 !n he saw ! angel    
,gabriel approa* & inspire him3      8,a
 revelation 0 reveal$ to him3     ,"o   
t]rible 9 p[] taught x him1     ,end[$ )
 wisdom4 ,) firm /ep /ood he1     ,!re1 
:]e ! horizon is highe/1     ,!n came he
 ne> & ne>]1     ,a matt] ( two b[%ots  
or clos]1     ,& he reveal$ to 8 s]vant 
a revelation2     ,he has falsifi$ n :at
 he saw40#adg-a  ,) n dissimil>         
prep>ation did ,george ,fox seek !      
8op5+s0 :i* reveal$ to him ! holl[ness (
 ! ,*ri/ianity ( 8 day1 9 contra/ to !  
tru? he f\nd4 ,9 8 ,j\rnal he records t 
= mon?s he 8fa/$ mu*1 walk$ ar\nd 9     
solit>y places1 & sate 9 holl[ trees &  
lonesome places1 & frequ5tly 9 ! night  
walk$ m\rnfully ab\t40 ,:5 ! ^w ( tru?  
came to him x 0 ( a sudd51 8?r\gh !     
imm$iate op5+ ( ! invisible _s40 ,!n a  
new life comm5c$ = him3 8,n[ 0 ,i come  
up 9 ,_s ?r\gh ! flam+ sword into !     

,p>adise ( ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 new3 all !  
creation gave ano!r smell unto me ?an   
be=e40 ,! heal+ virtues ( all h]bs 7    
/raightway made kn[n to him1 & ! ne$ful 
tru?s ab\t ! k+dom ( ,god4#adg-b  ,^!   
are portraitures ( ! condition ( en!asm4
 ,its l9eam5ts are ! same1 f9d x :]e we 
may4  ,h[ is ?is simil>ity to be        
expla9$8 ,is x t ?is alleg$ inspiration 
is always b ! dream ( a half-craz$ bra98
 ,! deep & real tru?s x has n[ & !n     
reveal$1 ! noble results x has          
occasionally a*iev$1 d n all[ ?is view4 
,a m wor?y explanation is at h&4  ,^!   
prelim9>ies ( inspiration are 9 fact b a
 p>ody1 sometimes a c>icature1 ( ! mo/  
int5se intellectual action z %[n 9 !    
ef=ts ( creative ?\ght4 ,! physiological
 *>act]i/ics ( su* m5tal episodes       
indicate a l[]+ ( ! animal life1 !      
respiration is fa9t & sl[1 ! pulse loses
 9 =ce & frequ5cy1 ! n]ves ( special    
s5se are almo/ inhibit$1 ! eye is fix$ &
 records no impression1 ! e> regi/]s no 
s\nd1 necess>y motions are p]=m$        

unconsci\sly1 ! condition approa*es t ( 
trance4 ,!re is also an al>m+ simil>ity 
at times betwe5 ! action ( g5ius & (    
madness1 z is well kn[n to ali5i/s4  ,:5
 ! creative ?\ght appe>s1 x does s      
sudd5ly2 x breaks ^u ! m9d :5 p>tly     
engag$ ) some?+ else z an in/antane\s   
fla%1 app>5tly out ( connection )       
previ\s ef=ts4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all   
great discov]ies1 & x has be5 abundantly
 illu/rat$ f ! lives ( inv5tors1 arti/s1
 poets & ma!maticians4 ,! l9ks ( su* a  
m5tal proc$ure we d n "k4 8,! product ( 
inspiration1 g5ius1 is incompreh5sible  
to itself4 ,its activity proce$s on no  
beat5 track1 & we seek 9 va9 to trace   
its foot/eps4 ,!re is no w>rant = !     
value ( its ef=ts4 ,?is x c alone secure
 ?r\gh volunt>y submission to law4 ,all 
its p[]s are c5tr$ 9 ! en]gy (          
production1 & none is left = idle wat*+ 
( ! process40#adi-a  ,! preval5t !ory ( 
! day is t ?is m5tal action is "o       
ess5tially hidd5 f ! m9d itself4 ,! "n  
8unconsci\s c]ebration0 has be5 propos$ 

= x by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 & he has amply &   
ably illu/rat$ its peculi>ities4 ,b 8   
!ory has enc\nt]$ j criticism1 & ,i am  
p]suad$ does n meet ! requirem5ts ( !   
case4 ,:e!r at su* mom5ts ! m9d actually
 receives "s impulse f )\t1 z is !      
religi\s !ory1 or1 z sci5ce m will+ly   
tea*es1 c]ta9 associations are m easily 
a*iev$ :5 ! m9d is p>tially engag$ ) o!r
 tra9s ( ideas1 we _c be sure4 ,we c    
only say ( x1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,h5ry    
,maudsley1 ! result 8is truly an        
inspiration1 com+ we "k n :5ce40 ,:atev]
 x is1 we recognize 9 x ! orig9al ( t ( 
:i* religi\s halluc9ation is ! c\nt]feit
 pres5tm5t4 ,s simil> are ! processes t 
_! liability to be conf\nd$ has be5     
expressly gu>d$ aga9/4#aej-a  ,!        
preval5ce ( su* c>icatures does n prove 
! abs5ce ( ! /]l+ article4 ,!y r %[ t ! 
m9d is consci\s ( ! possibility ( rea*+ 
a frame or mood 9 :i* x p]ceives :at x  
seeks1 imm$iately & correctly4 ,buddhism
 di/9ctly ass]ts ?is to be ! condition (
 8! /age ( intuitive insight20 &        

,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity comm5c$ ) ! same 
op9ion4 ,e pray] = guidance 9 ! pa? (   
duty assumes x4 ,! error is 9 apply+ su*
 a me?od :]e x is incompatible1 to facts
 ( hi/ory & ! ph5om5a ( physical =ce4   
,conf9$ to ! realm ( ideas1 to :i* alone
 ! norm ( ! true & untrue is applicable1
 !re is no valid evid5ce aga9/1 & _m    
!oretical reasons =1 respect+ pray] z a 
fit psy*ological prep>ation = ^? obscure
 & unconsci\s processes1 ?r\gh :i* ! m9d
 accompli%es its be/ "w4  ,! intellect1 
exalt$ by dwell+ ^u ! sublime/ subjects 
( ?\ght1 w>m$ into highe/ activity by ! 
flames ( devotion1 spurn+ z /]ile & va9 
! (f]s ( "t & ! enticem5ts ( s5se1 may  
c]ta9ly be !n 9 ! mood fitte/ to a*ieve 
its greate/ victories4 ,b no n>r[$ heav5
 mu/ cl\d x1 no man-made god ob/ruct its
 gaze4 ,free f sup]/ition & prejudice1 x
 mu/ be ready to foll[ :]ev] ! voice (  
reason %all lead x4 ,all inspir$ m5 h   
comm5c$ by free+ !mselves f inh]it$ =ms 
( ,belief 9 ord] t ) undiv]t$ att5tion  
!y might li/5 to ! prompt+s ( ! div9ity 

)9 _! s\ls4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( !m & "o ! 
mo/ free f ! *>ge ( prejudice1 has said 
t to ?is end pray] is ! means4#aea-a    
,he :o believes t ! ultimate tru? is    
comm5surate ) reason1 f9ds no           
/umbl+-block 9 ! doctr9e t !re may be   
laws ?r\gh ^: action inspiration is !   
enlight5m5t ( m9d z x exi/s 9 man1 by   
m9d z x und]lies ! motions :i* make up  
matt]4 ,! tru? ?us rea*$ is n ! =mul ( !
 ,calculus1 nor ! v]biage ( !           
,dialectic1 /ill less ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 
b t :i* gives :at validity !y h to all (
 ^!1 & moreov] imp>ts to ! w & !        
consci5ce _! p[] to gov]n conduct4      
,,footnotes3  #aai-a ,! 8sil5t wor%ip0 (
 ! ,quak]s is def5d$ by ! writ]s ( t    
sect1 on ! gr\nd t pray] is 8(t5 v      
imp]fectly p]=m$ & sometimes mat]ially  
int]rupt$ by ! use ( words40 ,joseph    
,john ,gurney1 ,! ,di/+ui%+ ,views &    
,practice ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4    
#cjj4 7,london1 #ahcd47  #aai-b ,creuz]1
 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,vlk]1
 ,bd4 ,i41 s4 #afb4  #aai-c ,! le>n$    

,bi%op ,butl]1 au?or ( ! ,analogy (     
,religion1 ju/ly gives prom95ce to 8our 
expectation ( future b5efits10 z a      
reason = gratitude to ,god4 ,s]mons1 p4 
#aee4 7,london1 #ahda47  #abb-a ,!      
expressions ( ,confucius' religi\s views
 may be f\nd 9 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1   
*aps4 xiii41 xvi41 ! ,analects1 i41 #ii1
 #ajj1 vii41 & 9 a few o!r passages ( ! 
canonical books4  #abf-a ,an ,inquiry   
into ! ,!ory ( ,practice1 p4 #ccj4      
#abg-a ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d] ,alt5
 ,vlk]4 ,bd4 ,i41 ss4 #afe1 sqq4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ favorable examples 7n m5tion$ by   
,creuz]7 is ! =mula ) :i* ,apollonius ( 
,tyana clos$ e pray] & gave z ! summ>y (
 all3 8,give me1 ye ,gods1 :at ,i       
des]ve0--   4 ,! ,*ri/ian's comm5t on   
?is w\ld be 9 ! words ( ,hamlet's reply 
to ,polonius3 8,god's bodk91 man6 use e 
man aft] 8 des]t & :o %\ld 'scape       
:ipp+80  #abh-a ,aurelii ,augu/9i1 ,de  
,dono ,p]sev]anti1 cap4 xx4 ,comte      
rem>ks 8,depuis ,/4 ,augu/9 t\tes les   
mes pures ont de plus en plus s5ti1     

trav]s l'goisme ,*rti51 que pri] peut   
n'tre pas dem&]40 ,sy/me de ,politique  
,positive1 ,i41 p4 #bfj4 ,popul>        
,prote/antism has retrograd$ 9 ?is      
respect4  #abi-a ,pla?1 ,die ,religion  
und ,cultus d] alt5 ,*9es]1 s4 #hcf4    
,?is au?or obs]ves t ! ,*9ese pray]s are
 conf9$ to temporal b5efits only1 & are 
all ei!r pray]s ( petition or gratitude4
 ,pray]s ( contrition are unkn[n4       
#acj-a ,num]\s examples c be f\nd 9     
m$ical text books1 = in/ance 9 ,dr4     
,tuke's1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,m9d on !     
,body4 ,london1 #ahgc4  #aca-a ,!       
commission appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,academy 
( ,m$ic9e ( ,belgium on ,l\ise ,lateau  
report$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahge1 & mo/ ( ! m$ical 
p]iodicals ( t ye> conta9 ab/racts ( its
 pap]4  #aca-b ,!y may be f\nd 9 ! life 
( ,pascal1 writt5 by 8 si/]1 & 9 _m o!r 
works ( ! "t4  #aca-c ,x is wor?y (     
note1 z an expon5t ( ! condition (      
religi\s ?\ght 9 #ahge1 t 9 ,may ( t ye>
 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri appo9t$
 by (ficial proclamation a day ( pray]  

to *eck ! advance ( ! gras%opp]s4 ,he   
%\ld also h reque/$ ! cl]gy to pron\nce 
! ban ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ !m1 z ! ,bi%op (  
,rheims did 9 ! n9? c5tury4  #acb-a     
,tyndall1 ,on ,pray] & ,natural ,law1   
#ahgb4  #acd-a ,s4 ,m4 ,hodgson1 ,an    
,inquiry into ! ,!ory ( ,practice1 pp4  
#cbi1 #ccj4  #ace-a ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,?omas
 ,k4 ,conrad1 ,?\ghts on ,pray]1 p4 #ed3
 ,new ,york1 #ahge4  #ace-b ,i4 ,john1  
v4 #ae4 8,!re are millions ( pray]s10   
says ,ri*>d ,baxt]1 8t w all be f\nd    
answ]$ at dea? & judgm5t1 :i* we "k n to
 be answ]$ any way b by believ+ x40 ,a  
,*ri/ian ,directory1 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4     
xxiii4  #acg-a 8,s wie das ,gebet e9    
,hauptwurzel alt] ,lehre w>1 s w> das   
,deut5 und ,(f5b>5 ihre ursprngli*e     
,=m40 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie 
d] alt5 ,vlk]1 ,bd4 ,i41 s4 #aj4 ,x 7 m 
accurate to say t div9ation is ! answ]  
to1 r ?an a =m ( pray]4  #ach-a ,joseph 
,john ,gurney1 ,! ,di/+ui%+ ,views &    
,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 pp4  
#eh1 #ei1 #gf1 #gh4 ,an easy consequ5ce 

( ?is view 0 to place ! decrees ( !     
int]nal monitor above ! writt5 ^w4 ,?is 
0 advocat$ ma9ly by ,elias ,hicks1 :o   
express$ 8 doctr9e 9 ! words3 8,z no    
spr+ c rise high] ?an its f\nta91 s     
likewise ! ,scriptures c only direct to 
! f\nta9 :5ce !y orig9at$--! ,_s (      
,tru?40 ,lett]s ( ,elias ,hicks1 p4 #bbh
 7,phila41 #ahfa74  #aci-a ,address to !
 ,cl]gy1 p4 #fg4  #adj-a ,see an        
intellig5t note on ?is subject 9 ! ,rev4
 ,wm4 ,lee's "w1 entitl$ ,! ,inspiration
 ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 pp4 #dd1 #dg    
7,london & ,new ,york1 #aheg74  #adj-b  
,rev4 ,william ,lee1 u4 s41 p4 #bdc4    
#ada-a ,blunt1 ,diction>y ( ,doctr9al & 
,hi/orical ,!ology1 s4 v4  #ada-b ,!re  
is a c>efully writt5 essay on ! views ( 
! ,romi% ,*ur* on ?is subject1 prec$+ ,!
 ,revelations ( ,sa9t ,brigida 7,n4 ,y4 
#ahge74  #adf-a ,*usco or ,ca!r9e       
,wabose1 8! prophetess ( ,*egoimegon10  
has left a full & psy*ologically mo/    
valuable acc\nt ( h] inspiration4 ,x is 
publi%$ 9 ,s*oolcraft's ,hi/ory &       

,/ati/ics ( ! ,indian ,tribes1 ,vol4    
,i41 p4 #cij1 sqq4  #adg-a ,! ,koran1   
,sura liii4 ,?is is 9 date "o ( ! e>lie/
 suras4  #adg-b ,! ,j\rnal ( ,george    
,fox1 pp4 #ei1 #fg1 #fi4  #adi-a        
,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ,gesammelte     
,w]ke1 ,bd4 iv41 s4 #bgh4  #aej-a ,9 8  
treatise ,de ,v]itate1 itself ! subject1
 z its au?or ?\ght1 ( a special         
revelation1 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 gives 
z "o ( ! e>m>ks ( a real revelation3 8ut
 afflatum ,div9i num9is s5tias1 ita enim
 int]n ,facultatum circa v]itatem       
op]ationes a revelationibus ext]nis     
di/+uuntur40 p4 #bbf4  #aea-a ,sp9oza1  
,espi/ol et ,responsionnes1 ,ep4 xxxiv4 
,,! ,,my? ,,& ,,! ,,my?ical ,,cycles4   
,,summ>y4       ,my?s are inspirations  
conc]n+ ! ,unkn[n4 ,sci5ce treats !m    
z app]ceptions ( ! relations ( man &    
nature4 ,mom5ts (      _! gr[?1 z treat$
 by my?ological sci5ce4 ,_! simil>      
=ms1 expla9$ v>i\sly1 ! topic ( !       
philosophy (      my?ology4 ,!          
ante-my?ical p]iod4 ,my?s h c5tr$ *iefly

      ar\nd ?ree subjects1 ea* giv+ rise
 to a ,my?ical ,cycle4       ,i4 ,!     
,epo*s ( ,nature4       ,! idea ( ,"t l$
 to ! my? ( a creation4 ,?is />t+ !     
"q1 ,:at 0 go+ on be=e creation8 rec\rse
 0 _h to      ! my? ( recurr5t epo*s4 ,!
 la/ epo* gave orig9 to !      ,flood   
,my?s2 ! com+ "o to t ( ! ,day (        
,judgm5t4       ,,ii4 ,! ,p>adise lo/ & 
to be re-ga9$4       ,to man1 ! pa/ & ! 
future are ev] bett] ?an ! pres5t4      
,he imag9es a ,gold5 ,age 9 ! pa/ &     
believes x w return4      ,! mat]ial    
,p>adise he dreams ( 9 8 rud]           
conditions1 becomes      a spiritual "o 
) intellectual advancem5t4 ,! basis (   
?is      belief4       ,,iii4 ,! ,hi]>*y
 ( ! ,gods4       ,! e>lie/ hi]>*y is a 
dual classification ( ! gods into       
^? :o help & ^? :o h9d] ! fruition (    
desire4 ,light      & d>kness typify !  
contra/4 ,div9ity ?us conceiv$ "u       
num]ical sep>at5ess4 ,mono!isms d n     
escape ?is4 ,! triune      nature ( s+le
 gods4 ,! truly religi\s & only         

philosophic      notion ( div9ity is "u 
logical1 n ma!matical unity4 ,?is       
disc>ds my?ical conceptions4     ,,*apt]
 ,v4  ,,! ,,my? ,,& ,,! ,,my?ical       
,,cycles4   ,return+ aga9 to ! def9ition
 ( ! elem5tal religi\s s5tim5t--8a ,wi% 
^: fruition dep5ds ^u unkn[n p[]0--x    
enables u to class all ^? notions1      
op9ions & n>ratives1 :i* con/itute      
my?ologies1 cre$s & dogmas1 z !ories    
respect+ ! nature & action ( ! unkn[n   
p[]4 ,( c\rse !y are n recogniz$ z      
!ories4 ,!y arise unconsci\sly or are   
receiv$ by tradition1 oral or writt51 & 
always come ) ! /amp ( div9ity ?r\gh    
inspiration & revelation4 ,none b a god 
c tell ! secrets ( ! gods4  ,!re=e !y   
are ! mo/ sacr$ ( all ?+s1 & !y p>take (
 ! hol9ess & immutability :i* belong to 
! unkn[n p[] itself4 ,to misplace a v[el
 po9t 9 copy+ ! sacr$ books 0 e/eem$ a  
s9 by ! ,rabbis1 & a pi\s ,mussulman w n
 employ ! same p5 to copy a v]se ( !    
,koran & an ord9>y lett]4 ,!re are _m   
,*ri/ians :o suppose ! say+3 8,heav5 &  

e>? %all pass away1 b ,my ,words %all n 
pass away10 has ref]5ce to ! words ( !  
,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 8,:at %all rema9  
to u10 ask$ ,an&a1 ! disciple ( ,buddha1
 8:5 ?\ %alt h gone h5ce into ,nirvana80
 8,my ,^w 7dh>ma710 repli$ ! ,ma/]4     
,names ?us came to be z holy z ! objects
 to :i* !y ref]r$4 ,s sacr$ 0 t (       
,jehovah to ! ,israelites t its orig9al 
s\nd 0 f9ally lo/4 ,su* views are       
consi/5t en\gh to ! ,buddhi/1 :o1 assum+
 all exi/5ce to be b imag9>y1 ju/ly     
inf]s t ! "n is full z mu* z ! object4  
,! sci5ce ( my?ology has made long      
/rides 9 ! la/ half c5tury4 ,x has left 
f> beh9d x ! old euphem]i/ic view t !   
my? is a di/ort$ hi/orical tradition1 z 
well z ! !ories n long s9ce 9 vogue1 t x
 0 a sy/em ( natural philosophy1 a      
device ( %rewd rul]s1 or z ,bacon ?\ght1
 a s]ies ( 8in/ructive fables40 ,!      
primitive =m ( ! my? is n[ recogniz$ to 
be made up f ! notions :i* man ga9s ( ! 
manife/ations ( =ce 9 ext]nal nature1 9 
_! suppos$ relations to himself4 ,9     

te*nical language x may be def9$ z !    
app]ception ( man & nature "u syn!tic   
conceptions4#aef-a  ,?is primitive =m   
und]goes num]\s *anges1 to trace &      
illu/rate :i*1 has be5 ! special task   
assum$ by ! _m rec5t writ]s on my?ology4
 ,9 "s in/ances ^! *anges are ow+ to !  
bl5d+ ( ! my? ) traditions ( facts1 =m+ 
a quasi-hi/orical n>rative1 ! saga2 9   
o!rs1 elaborat$ by a poetic fancy &     
enri*$ by ! imag9ation1 x becomes a     
fairy tale1 ! mr*54 ,aga91 ! my? be+ a  
product ( creative ?\ght1 exi/+ 9 words 
only1 z language *anges1 x alt]s ?r\gh  
=getfulness ( ! e>li] mean+s ( words1   
?r\gh simil>ities 9 s\nds deceiv+ ! e>1 
or ?r\gh a confusion ( ! lit]al ) !     
metaphorical signification ( ! same ^w4 
,! "* ( languages also favors or ret>ds 
su* *anges1 pliable & easily modifi$    
ones1 su* z ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 & 
9 a less degree ^? ( ! ,aryan nations1  
favor+ a develop$ my?ology1 :ile rigid &
 monosyllabic ones1 z ! ,*9ese &        
,semitic types1 (f] few] facilities to  

su* v>iations4 ,fur!rmore1 tribal or    
national hi/ory1 ! peculi> difficulties 
:i* ret>d ! gr[? ( a community1 & !     
geographical & climatic "* ( its        
surr\nd+s1 give prom95ce to c]ta9       
features 9 its my?ology1 & to ! abs5ce (
 o!rs4 ,my?s orig9ally div]se are bl5d$1
 ei!r unconsci\sly1 z t ( ! ,roman      
,saturn ) ! ,greek ,cronus2 or          
consci\sly1 z :5 ! m$ieval mission>ies  
transf]r$ ! de$s ( ! ,g]man gods to     
,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,la/ly1 ! prevail+      
temp]am5t ( a nation1 its psy*ology1    
gives a /rong color to its my?ical      
conceptions1 & impr9ts ^u !m ! national 
peculi>ities4  ,! judici\s /ud5t (      
my?ology mu/ c>efully weigh all ^!      
=mative ag5ts1 & assign ea* its value4  
,!y are all pres5t 9 e my?ology1 b 9    
v>y+ =ce4 ,8 object is accompli%$ :5 he 
c po9t out ! causal relation betwe5 !   
v>i\s features ( a my? & ^! gov]n+      
ag5cies4  ,su* is ! sci5ce ( my?ology4  
,! philosophy ( my?ology und]takes to   
set =? ! unities ( =m :i* exi/ 9 v>i\s  

my?s1 & putt+ aside :atev] ( ?is        
uni=mity is expla9able hi/orically1     
proposes to illu/rate f :at rema9s !    
intellectual ne$ my?s 7 unconsci\sly    
fram$ to gratify1 to measure _! success 
9 ?is attempt1 & if !y h n be5 :olly    
successful1 to po9t out :y & 9 :at      
respect !y h fail$4 ,9 a /udy prelim9>y 
to ! pres5t "o1 ,i h attempt$ to apply !
 rules ( my?ological sci5ce to ! limit$ 
area ( ! native ,am]ican race2 9 !      
pres5t *apt] ,i %all deal ma9ly ) !     
philosophy ( my?ology4  ,! objection may
 be urg$ at />t+ t !re is no su* unity (
 =m 9 my?s z ! philosophy ( my?ology    
assumes2 t if x appe>s1 x is always     
expla9able hi/orically4  ,a little      
inve/igation sets ?is objection aside4  
,c]ta9 features mu/ be common to all    
my?s4 ,a div9ity mu/ appe> 9 !m & 8 do+s
 ) m5 mu/ be record$4 ,a reasonable be+ 
c h>dly ?9k at all )\t ask+ himself1    
8,:5ce come ,i1 my fell[s1 & ^! ?+s :i* 
,i see8 ,& :at w become ( u all80 ,s "s 
my? is sure to be creat$ at an e>ly /age

 ( ?\ght :i* ! p>5t c tell ! *ild1 !    
wise man 8 disciple1 conta9+ responses  
to su* que/ions4  ,b ?is reason+ f      
probability is ne$less1 = ! simil>ity ( 
my?ical tales 9 v di/ant nations1 :]e no
 hypo!sis ( anci5t int]c\rse is ju/ifi$1
 is "o ( ! be/ asc]ta9$ & mo/ /rik+     
discov]ies ( mod]n my?ological          
inve/igation4#aei-a ,! g5]al "* ( 8sol> 
my?s0 is famili> to mo/ read]s1 & !     
p]si/5cy ) :i* !y h be5 appli$ to !     
explanation ( g5]ally receiv$ hi/orical 
facts1 z well z to ! famili> fairy tales
 ( *ildhood1 has be5 pu%$ s f> z to     
become ! subject ( satire & c>icature4  
,! my?s ( ! ,dawn h be5 s frequ5tly     
br\ght to public notice 9 ! popul>      
writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 t _!     
g5]al di/ribution may be tak5 z well    
kn[n4 ,! same may be said ( ! /orm my?s4
 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 :o ?\ght deeply
 on ! religi\s nature ( man1 said e>ly 9
 ?is c5tury3 8,:olly simil> my?s c v    
readily arise 9 diff]5t localities1 ea* 
indep5d5t ( ! o!rs40#afj-a  ,?is        

simil>ity is 9 a measure ow+ to ! simil>
 impressions :i* ! same ph5om5on1 !     
sunrise or ! ?und]-/orm = in/ance1 makes
 on ! m9d--& to ?is ext5t ! sci5ce (    
my?ology is adequate to its explanation4
 ,b t x falls %ort is s g5]ally         
ackn[l$g$1 t v>i\s o!r explanations h   
be5 (f]$4  ,^! may be class$ z !        
skeptical explanation1 :i* claims t !   
lik5ess ( ! my?s is va/ly exagg]at$ &   
mu* m ! "w ( ! s*ol> at 8 desk ?an ( !  
hone/ wor%ipp]2 ! hi/orical explanation1
 :i* sugge/s unrecord$ proselytisms1    
=gott5 communications & ! possible      
orig9al unity ( widely sep>at$ nations2 
! !ological explanations1 (t5           
discrepant1 "o sugge/+ c>icatures ( !   
sacr$ n>rative inspir$ by ! ,devil1     
ano!r rem9isc5ces ( a primeval          
inspiration1 & a ?ird ! unconsci\s      
te/imony ( hea!ndom to or?odoxy2#afa-a &
 la/ly ! metaphysical explanation1 :i*  
seems at pres5t to be ! fa%ionable "o1  
express$ ne>ly alike by ,/e9?al & ,max  
,mll]1 :i* cuts ! knot by cr$it+ man )  

8an innate consci\sness ( ! ,absolute10 
or z ,r5an puts x1 8a pr(\nd in/9ct (   
deity40  ,! philosophy ( my?ology1      
diff]+ f all ^!1 f9d+ beyond "q         
simil>ities :i* hi/ory _c unriddle1     
int]prets !m by no incompreh5sible      
assumption1 b by ! id5tity ( ! laws (   
?\ght act+ on simil> impressions "u !   
guidance ( kn[n categories ( ?\ght4 ,nor
 does x /op "h1 b proce$s to appraise ^!
 results by ! g5]al s*eme ( tru? &      
error4 ,x asks = :at psy*ological       
purpose man has s univ]sally imag9$ =   
himself gods--pure creations ( 8        
fancy2--:e!r t purpose c n[ or w        
ultimately be bett] atta9$ by an ex]cise
 ( 8 intellect m 9 accordance ) ! laws (
 "r reason+2 & ?us seek+ to def9e !     
g5u9e food ( ! religi\s desire1 e/imates
 ! quality & value ( ea* my?ological    
sy/em by ! ne>ness ( its approa* to ?is 
/&>d4  ,! philosophy ( my?ology1 />t+ ) 
! wi% or pray] z ! unit ( religi\s      
?\ght1 reg>ds all my?s z !ories ab\t !  
unkn[n p[] :i* is suppos$ to grant or   

)hold ! accompli%m5t ( ! wi%4 ,^! !ories
 are all bas$ ^u ! po/ulate ( ! religi\s
 s5tim5t1 t !re is ord] 9 ?+s2 b !y     
diff] f sci5tific !ories 9 recogniz+    
volition z an effici5t cause ( ord]4  ,!
 v e>lie/ ef=ts at religi\s ?\ght d n   
rise to ! =mation ( my?s1 t is1 connect$
 n>ratives ab\t sup]natural be+s4 ,all  
unkn[n p[] is embrac$ "u a ^w :i* does n
 convey ! notion ( p]sonality2 s+le     
exhibitions ( p[] :i* ?reat5 man's life 
are suppos$ to be ! do+s ( an unse5     
p]son1 (t5 ( a deceas$ man1 ^: memory   
survives2 b any g5]al !ory ( a hi]>*y1  
or ( ! _w or man1 is n yet visible4 ,ev5
 su* immature notions are1 h[ev]1 s f> z
 !y g1 fram$ )9 ! category ( causality2 
only1 ! w ( ! god takes ! place ( all   
o!r =ce4 ,?is /age ( religi\s ?\ght has 
be5 call$ ,animism1 a "n :i* does n     
express its peculi>ity1 :i* is1 t all   
=ce is n only suppos$ to proce$ f m9d1 b
 ?r\gh :at metaphysicians call 8imman5t 
volition10 t is1 ?r\gh w indep5d5t (    
relation4 ,m9d z 8emanant volition10 9  

unison ) matt] & law1 ! 8seat ( law10 to
 use an expression ( ,pr(essor ,boole's1
 may prove ! highe/ conception ( =ce4   
,z ! sl[ly gr[+ reason rea*$ m g5]al    
notions1 ! law :i* prescribes unity z a 
condition ( ?\ght l$ man e>ly 9 8 hi/ory
 to look ^u nature z "o1 & to seek = "s 
"o law ( its *anges2 ! exp]i5ce ( social
 ord] impress$ him ) ! belief t ! unse5 
ag5cies ar\nd him also bore relations to
 ea* o!r1 & ackn[l$g$ subjection to a   
lead]2 & ! pangs ( sickness1 hung] &    
t]ror to :i* he 0 daily expos$1 & m ?an 
all ! 8la/ & greate/ ( all t]ribles1    
dea?10 :i* he s (t5 witness$1 turn$ 8   
e>ly m$itations t[>d 8 own orig9 &      
de/9y4  ,ar\nd ^! ?ree subjects ( ?\ght 
8 fancy busi$ itself1 /riv+ to fabricate
 "s !ory :i* w\ld solve ! enigmas :i* 8 
reason ev]y:]e met1 "s belief :i* w\ld  
relieve him f ! haunt+ horror ( !       
unkn[n4 ,h5ce arose ?ree great cycles ( 
my?s1 :i* recur ) /rangely simil>       
physiognomies 9 all cont95ts & among all
 races4 ,!y are ! my?s ( ! ,epo*s (     

,nature1 ! ,hi]>*y ( ! ,gods1 & ( !     
,p>adise lo/ b to be rega9$4 ,:]ev] we  
turn1 :e!r to ! ,assyrian tablets or to 
! v]ses ( ! ,voluspa1 to ! crude fancies
 ( ! r$ man ( ! new _w or ! black man ( 
! ,african plateau1 to ! sacr$ books ( !
 mod]n ,*ri/ian or ( ! anci5t ,brahman1 
we f9d ^! same que/ions occupy+ 8 m9d1 &
 9 mean+ & 9 =m ! same solutions pr(f]$4
 ,?r\gh :at intellectual op]ations he   
rea*$ ^! solutions1 & _! validity1 z    
te/$ by ! kn[n crit]ia ( tru?1 x is !   
prov9ce ( ! philosophy ( my?ology to    
det]m9e4  ,let u /udy ! psy*ological    
gr[? ( ! my? ( ! ,epo*s ( ,nature4 ,?is 
tells ( ! ,_w1 its beg9n+1 its          
convulsions & its end+1 & ?us embraces !
 ?ree m9or cycles ( ! cosmogonical1 !   
cataclysmal & ! es*atological my?s4     
,nature is kn[n to man only z =ce1 :i*  
manife/s itself 9 *ange4 ,he is s       
con/itut$ t 8! idea ( an ev5t1 a *ange1 
)\t ! idea ( a cause1 is impossible0 to 
him4 ,b 9 pass+ f ! occurr5ce to its    
cause ! idea ( ,"t is unavoidable2 x    

pres5ts itself z ! "o inevitable        
condition ( *ange2 itself unwe>+1 x we>s
 out all else2 x includes all exi/5ce1 z
 ! great] does ! less2 & z 8causation is
 necess>ily )9 exi/5ce10#afe-a "t is    
beyond exi/5ce & includes ! nonexi/5t z 
well4 ,:atev] x creates1 x also de/roys2
 & z ev5 ! gods are b exi/5ces1 x w     
swall[ !m4 ,x r5d]s va9 all pleasures1 &
 c>ries ! balm ( a c]ta9 oblivion = all 
woes4  ,?is oppressive s5se ( "t1 reg>d$
 n 9 its real mean+ z "o ( ! conditions 
( p]ception1 b z an active =ce de/roy+  
?\ght z well z motion1 recurs cont9ually
 9 my?ology4 ,to ! ,greek1 indef9ite "t 
z ,cronos1 0 ! olde/ ( ! gods1 begett+  
numb]less *ildr51 b ) unnatural act     
consum+ !m aga92 :ile def9ite "t1 z !   
,hor1 7 ! bli! goddesses ( ! ord] 9     
nature & ! recurr5t seasons4 ,osiris1   
supreme god ( ! ,egyptians1 0 born ( a  
yet old] god1 ,sev1 ,"t4 ,adonis & ,aeon
 ackn[l$ge ! same p>5tage4#afe-b ,!     
anci5t ,arab spoke ( "t 7dahr1 zaman7 z 
! f9al1 def9+ pr9ciple2 z unit+ &       

sep>at+ all ?+s2 & z swall[+ "o ?+ aft] 
ano!r z ! camel dra9s ! wat] f a        
tr\gh4#aff-a ,9 ! ,koran x is writt53   
8,"t alone de/roys u40 ,"h & !re1 ?r\gh 
! sacr$ songs ( ! ,p>sees1 compos$ long 
be=e ,ari/otle wrote1 beyond all ! du/ &
 noise ( ! ev]la/+ conflict ( good &    
evil1 ( ,ahura ,mazda & ,anya-,ma9yus1  
!re are glimpses ( a deep] p[]1 ,z]uana 
,ak]ana1 ,et]nal ,duration1 unmov$ by   
act or ?\ght1 9 ! face ( :i* ^! bitt]   
oppon5ts are se5 to be *ildr51 bre?r51  
8tw9 sons ( ,"t40#aff-b ,! ,alex&rian   
,gno/ics1 9 _! explanations ( ,*ri/ian  
dogmas1 id5tify ,aeon1 inf9ite "t1 )    
,god ! ,fa!r1 z ! s\rce & f\nt (        
exi/5ce2 n m]ely z a pr$icate ( !       
highe/1 b ! ,highe/ himself4  ,?is      
heavy-weigh+ s5se ( ! inf9ity (         
duration1 & ! urg5cy ( escap+ f !       
we>9ess ( ?9k+ x1 l$ to ! con/ruction ( 
! my? ( ! ,creation4 ,man devis$ x s t  
he might be able to say1 89 ! beg9n+40  
,b a new difficulty met him at !        
?re%old--z *ange mu/ be 9 exi/5ce1 8we  

_c ?9k ( a *ange f non-exi/5ce to       
exi/5ce40 ,8 only refuge 0 to select "s 
app>5tly primordial1 simple1 homog5e\s  
sub/ance f :i*1 by ! ex]tion ( volition1
 ?+s came into be+4 ,! "o :i* mo/       
naturally sugge/$ itself 0 wat]4#afg-a  
,?is does 9 fact cov] & hide ! l&1 & !  
act ( creation 0 (t5 describ$ z ! em]g+ 
( ! dry l& f ! wat]2 x dissolves & we>s 
away ! h>d rock2 &1 dim9i%+ all ?+s1    
itself nei!r dim9i%es nor increases4    
,!re=e ne>ly all cosmogonical my?s are b
 v>iations ( t "o famili> to u all3 8,& 
,god said1 ,let ! wat]s "u ! heav5 be   
ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place1 & let ! dry l& 
appe>2 & x 0 s40 ,! manife/ation ( !    
primordial en]gy 0 suppos$ to h be5 ak9 
to t :i* is %[n 9 organic reproduction4 
,! my?s ( ! primeval egg f :i* life     
proce$$1 ( ! mighty bird typical ( !    
,holy ,_s :i* 8brood$0 ^u ! wat]s1 (    
,love develop+ ! ,kosmos f ! ,*aos1 ( ! 
bull br++ ! _w f ! wat]s1 ( ,protogonus1
 ! 8egg-born10 ! 8multisp]m$10 &        
c\ntless o!rs1 po9t to ! application (  

"o or ! o!r1 or ( bo? ^!                
explanations4#afg-b  ,9 !m ! e>ly ?9k]s 
f\nd "s re/3 b n = long4 ,! p]plexity ( 
! pres5ce ( ?is imm$iate ord] ( ?+s     
seem$ solv$2 b ano!r kept obtrud+       
itself3 :at 0 go+ on be=e t 8beg9n+80   
,va9 to /ifle ! inquiry by reply+1      
8no?+40#afh-a ,= "t1 :i* kn[s no beg9n+1
 0 !re1 /ill build+1 /ill de/roy+2 no?+ 
c be put to x1 nor any?+ tak5 f x4 ,:at 
!n is left b ! conclusion ( ! ,prea*]3  
8,t :i* ha? be51 is n[2 & t :i* is to   
be1 ha? already be580 ,reg>d+ "t z a =m 
( =ce1 ! only possible hi/ory ( !       
mat]ial univ]se is t x is a s]ies (     
de/ructions & re/orations1 =ce lat5t    
evolv+ into =ce active or en]gy1 & ?is  
dissipat$ & absorb$ aga9 into lat5cy4   
,express$ 9 my?s1 ^! de/ructions &      
re/orations are ! ,epo*s ( ,nature4 ,!y 
are an ess5tial "p ( ! religi\s         
traditions ( ! ,brahmans1 ,p]sians1     
,p>sees1 ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1    
,mexicans1 ,mayas1 & ( all nations :o h 
rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( culture4 ,! l5g? ( 

! int]v5+ p]iods may widely diff]4 ,!   
kalpa or great ye> ( ! ,brahmans is s   
long t 7 a cube ( granite a hundr$ y>ds 
ea* way bru%$ once 9 a c5tury by a s(t  
clo?1 x w\ld be q worn to du/ be=e !    
kalpa w\ld close3 or1 z "s ,*ri/ians    
believe1 !re may be b six ?\s& ye>s1 six
 days ( ,god 9 ^: sight 8a ?\s& ye>s are
 z "o day10 betwe5 ! creation & !       
cremation ( ! _w1 f :5 x rose f ! wat]s 
until x %all be consum$ by ! fire4  ,!re
 7 also v>i\s views ab\t ! ag5ts & !    
complet5ess ( ^! p]iodical de/ructions4 
,9 ! ,norse my?ology & 9 ! doctr9e (    
,buddhism1 n "o ( ! gods c survive !    
fire ( ! la/ day4 ,among ! ,greeks1     
great ,jove alone w await ! appe>ance ( 
! virg9 _w aft] ! icy w9t] & ! fi]y     
summ] ( ! ,great ,ye>4 ,! ,brahmans hold
 t ! high] classes ( gods outlive !     
wreck ( ?+s :i*1 at ! close ( ! day (   
,brahm1 involves all m5 & _m div9ities 9
 elem5tal *aos2 :ile else:]e1 9 ! lat]  
,puranas & 9 ! my?s ( ,mexico1 ,p]u1 &  
,assyria1 "o or a few ( ! race ( man    

escape a deluge :i* is univ]sal1 & s]ve 
to p ! new-made e>?4 ,?is latt]         
supposition1 9 its application to ! la/ 
epo* ( nature1 is ! orig9 ( ! my? ( !   
,flood4  ,9 its g5]al features & ev5 9  
_m details1 ! /ory ( a va/ ov]fl[ :i*   
dr[n$ ! _w1 & f :i* by ! timely succor (
 div9ity "s man 0 pres]v$1 & aft] !     
wat]s _h subsid$ became ! prog5itor ( ! 
race1 is exce$+ly common among di/ant   
tribes1 :]e x is impossible to expla9 x 
z a rem9isc5ce ( a hi/oric occurr5ce1 or
 by community ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,9    
,judea ,noah1 9 ,india ,manu1 9 ,*aldea 
,xisu?rus1 9 ,assyria ,oannes1 9 ,aztlan
 ,nata1 9 ,algonk9 tradition ,mess\1 9  
,brazil ,monan1 etc41 are all h]oes (   
simil> alleg$ occurr5ces4 ,9 all ( !m ! 
/ory is b a modification ( t ( !        
creation 9 "t f ! primeval wat]s4#agj-a 
8,z x 0 once1 s x %all be aga910 & z !  
pres5t age ( ! _w we>s out1 ! my? tea*es
 t ?+s w once m fall back to univ]sal   
*aos4 8,! expectation ( ! end ( ! _w is 
a natural complem5t to ! belief 9 its   

p]iodical de/ructions40 ,x is taught )  
di/9ctness by all religi\s sy/ems1 by ! 
prophetess 9 ! ,voluspa1 by ! ,hebrew   
se]s1#aga-a by ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse1 
by ! ,ea/]n sages1 ,p]sian & ,indian1 by
 ! ,roman ,sibyl1 & among ! savage &    
semi-civiliz$ races ( ! ,new ,_w4  ,(t5 
t look$ = de/ruction 0 associat$ ) !    
div9e plans = man4 ,?is 0 an addition to
 ! simplicity ( ! orig9al my?1 b an easy
 & a popul> "o4 ,! ,indian ( our        
prairies /ill looks =w>d to ! "t :5 !   
riv]s %all rise1 & subm]g+ ! l& sweep f 
its surface ! pale-fac$ intrud]s1 &     
re/ore x to its orig9al own]s4 ,impati5t
 "u ! ceaseless disappo9tm5ts ( life1 & 
worn out ) ! pa9s :i* seem insep>able f 
?is condition ( ?+s1 ! believ] gives up 
8 hopes = ?is _w1 & los+ 8 fai? 9 ! f9al
 conque/ ( ! good1 ?9ks x only atta9able
 by ! total annihilation ( ! pres5t     
conditions4 ,he looks = x1 !re=e1 9 !   
next great age1 9 ! new heav5 & ! new   
e>?1 :5 ! _s ( evil %all be b\nd & %ut  
up1 & ! *os5 p possess ! l&1 8& gr[ up z

 calves ( ! /all40#agb-a  ,?is is to be 
inaugurat$ by ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 8! day 
( wra?1 ! dreadful day10 9 :i* ,god is  
to come 9 8 p[] & pron\nce 8 f9al       
decrees on ^? :o h neglect$ ! obs]vance 
due him4 ,! my?1 orig9ally "o relat+ to 
! procession ( natural =ces1 ?us assum$ 
) ! increas+ dep? ( ! religi\s s5tim5t m
 & m a moral & subjective color+1 until 
f9ally its old & simple =m 0 altoge!r   
disc>d$1 or treat$ z symbolic only4  ,! 
my? ( ! ,epo*s ( ,nature 0 at fir/ a    
!ory to acc\nt = ! exi/+ ord] ( nature4 
,= a long "t x satisfi$ ! inquir+ m9d1  
if n ) a solution at lea/ ) an answ] to 
its qu]ies4 ,aft] geologic sci5ce _h    
le>n$ to deciph] ! facts ( ! _w's gr[? z
 writt5 on ! /ones :i* orb x1 ! religi\s
 m9d fondly id5tifi$ ! upheavals &      
cataclysms !re record$ ) ^? :i* its own 
fancy _h long s9ce fabricat$4 ,! />s &  
suns1 :i* ! old se] ?\ght w\ld fall f   
heav5 9 ! day ( wra?1 7 se5 to be       
involv$ 9 motions f> beyond ! pale (    
man's welf>e1 &1 !re=e1 ! mill5nial     

*ange 0 conf9$ to ! limits ( our planet4
 ,los+ m & m ( its orig9al =m z an      
attempt$ explanation ( natural ph5om5a1 
! my? n[ exi/s 9 civiliz$ nations z an  
allegorical type ( man's own hi/ory &   
de/9y1 & ?us is sl[ly m]g+ into an      
episode ( ! second great cycle ( !      
my?us1 t ( ! ,p>adise lo/ & rega9$4 ,x1 
too1 f9ds its int]pretation 9 psy*ology4
  ,broadly survey+ ! life ( man1        
philosoph]s h f\nd 9 x mu* matt] fit    
ei!r = mock]y or te>s4 ,we are born ) a 
?ir/ = pleasure2 we le>n t pa9 alone is 
felt4 ,we ask heal?2 & hav+ x1 nev]     
notice x till x is gone4 ,9 ! ard5t     
pursuit ( enjoym5t1 we wa/e our capacity
 ( appreciation4 ,e sweet we ga9 is     
sauc$ ) a bitt]4 ,our eyes =ev] b5t on !
 future1 :i* c nev] be ours1 we fritt]  
away ! pres5t1 :i* alone we possess4    
,ere we h got ourselves ready to live1  
we mu/ die4 ,fool+ ourselves ev5 "h1 we 
repres5t dea? z ! portal to joy         
unspeakable2 & =?) discr$it our words by
 avoid+ x 9 e possible way4  ,pitiable  

spectacle ( weakness & folly1 is x      
capable ( any explanation :i* c r$eem   
man f ! imputation ( unreason8 ,is      
,wisdom ev5 "h ju/ifi$ ( h] *ildr5 by "s
 deep] law ( be+8  ,! !ologian expla9s x
 z ! unre/ ( ! s\l p5n$ 9 its h\se (    
clay2 ! physiologi/ attributes x to !   
unceas+ ef=t ( organic functions to     
adapt !mselves to ev] v>y+ ext]nal      
conditions4 ,!y are bo? "r1 = !         
!ologian1 7 8 words translat$ into !    
language ( sci5ce1 ref]s to ! ef=t to   
adapt condition to function1 :i* is !   
peculi> faculty ( intellig5ce1 & :i*    
alone r5d]s man unable to accept ! com=t
 ( m]ely animal exi/5ce1 an inability   
:i* he ne$ nev] expect to outlive1 = x w
 increase 9 exact proportion to 8 m5tal 
developm5t4 ,action1 n re/1 z ,i h      
else:]e said1 mu/ be 8 ideal ( life4  ,9
 ev5 8 l[e/ levels man exp]i5ces ?is    
dissatisfaction4 ,x may !re be conf9$ to
 a pa9 he w\ld be free f1 or a pleasure 
he dreams (4 ,always ! future *>ms him1 
& z advanc+ ye>s increase ! numb] ( 8   

disappo9tm5ts & br+ ) !m ! pa9s (       
decrepitude1 he also recurs to ! pa/1 :5
 y\? 0 81 & ! _w 0 bright & gay4 ,?us x 
comes t mo/ nations speak ( "s e>li]    
p]iod ( _! hi/ory z "o *>act]iz$ by pur]
 public virtues ?an ! pres5t1 "o :5 !   
fires ( patriotism burn$ bright] &      
social h>mony 0 m conspicu\s4 ,9 rude   
/ages ( society ?is fancy receives real 
cr$it & ranks z a v]itable record ( !   
pa/1 =m+ a ,gold5 ,age or ,saturnian    
,era4 ,turn$ 9 ! kaleidoscope ( ! my?us1
 x assumes yet m gorge\s hues1 & becomes
 a /ate ( pure felicity1 an ,ed5 or a   
,p>adise1 :]e9 man dwelt 9 joy1 & f :i* 
he w&]$ or 0 driv5 9 ! old days4  ,x is 
almo/ ne$less to quote examples to %[ ! 
wide di/ribution ( ?is my?4 ,! fir/     
pages ( ! ,v5didad describe ! reign (   
,yima 9 8! g>d5 ( delight10 :]e 8!re 0  
no cold w9d nor viol5t heat1 no disease 
& no dea?40 ,! nor!rn ,buddhi/ tells (  
8! l& ( joy10 ,sukhavati1 9 ! f> we/1   
:]e rul$ ,amitabha1 8inf9ite            
,light40#age-a ,! ,edda wi/fully recalls

 ! pleasant days ( good ,k+ ,gudmund :o 
once held sway 9 ,oda9sakr1 :]e dea?    
came n4#age-b ,p]sian /ory has glad     
rem9isc5ces ( ! sev5 hundr$ ye>s t      
,jems*id sat on ! ?rone ( ,iran1 :5     
peace & pl5ty 7 9 ! l&4  ,! g>d5 8ea/w>d
 9 ,ed50 ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! l& ( ,tulan or
 ,tlapallan 9 ,aztec my?1 ! isl&s ( !   
,hesp]ides1 ! rose g>d5 ( ,f]idun1 & a  
score ( o!r leg5ds atte/ ) :at /rong    
ye>n+ man seeks 9 ! pa/ ! picture ( t   
p]fect felicity :i* ! pres5t nev]       
yields4  ,nor c he be p]suad$ t ! gold5 
age has gone1 no m to return4 ,9 all    
conditions ( progress1 & especially :]e 
! load ( ! pres5t 0 ! mo/ we>y+1 has he 
c\nt$ on a re/oration to t pa/ felicity4
 ,! p>adise lo/ is to be rega9$4 ,h[ x  
is to be done ! sages are n agre$4 ,b !y
 ( old 7 unanim\s t "s div9ity mu/ l5d 8
 aid1 t "s god-s5t guide is ne$$ to     
rescue man f ! sl\gh ( wret*$ness 9 :i* 
he hopelessly /ruggles4  ,!re=e 9 ! new 
_w ! r$ m5 look$ = ! rul] :o _h gov]n$  
_! happy =efa!rs 9 ! gold5 age1 & :o _h 

n di$ b )drawn my/]i\sly f view1 to     
return to !m1 protect !m1 & insure !m   
long bliss & ease4 ,! anci5t ,p]sians   
expect$ z mu* f ! com+ ( ,crao%an2 !    
,?ibetan ,buddhi/s look to ! adv5t ( a  
,buddha #ejjj ye>s aft] ,sakyamuni1 "o  
^: =tunate names are ,matrya1 ! ,lov+   
"o1 & ,adjita1 ! ,unconqu]able2#agf-a & 
ev5 ! practical ,roman1 z we le>n f     
,virgil1 0 n a /rang] to ?is dream4 ,v  
_m nations felt x q z /rongly z !       
,israelites1 :o f e>ly "t await$ a      
mighty k+1 ! ,messiah1 ! ,ano9t$1 ( :om 
! ,t>gums say3 8,9 8 days %all peace be 
multipli$20 8,he %all execute ! judgm5t 
( tru? & ju/ice on ! e>?20 8,he %all    
rule ov] all k+doms40  ,! e>ly =ms ( ?is
 conception1 su* z "h ref]r$ to1 look$  
=w>d to an e>?ly k+dom1 id5tifi$ ) t ( !
 pa/ :5 ?is 0 vigor\s 9 ! national      
my?ology4 ,mat]ial success & ! utmo/    
physical com=t 7 to *>act]ize x4 ,x 0   
usually to be a national apo!osis1 & 0 n
 g5]ally suppos$ to include ! human     
race1 ?\gh traces ( ?is wid] view might 

easily be quot$ f ,ave/an1 ,roman1 &    
,israelitic s\rces4 ,^? :o 7 to enjoy x 
7 n ! dead1 b ^? :o %all be liv+4  ,z ! 
my? grew1 x coalesc$ ) t ( ! ,epo*s (   
,nature1 & assum$ gr&] proportions4 ,!  
deliv]] 0 to come at ! close ( ?is epo*1
 at ! end ( ! _w2 he 0 to embrace ! :ole
 human k9d 9 8 k+dom2 ev5 ^? :o di$ be=e
 8 com+1 if !y _h obey$ 8 m&ates1 %\ld  
rise to jo9 ! happy ?rong2 in/ead ( a   
m]e e>?ly k+1 he %\ld be a sup]natural  
visitant1 ev5 ,god himself2 & in/ead (  
temporal pleasures only1 o!rs ( a       
spiritual "* 7 to be conf]r$4 ,!re are  
reasons to believe t ev5 9 ?is develop$ 
=m ! my? 0 famili> to ! mo/ enlight5$   
wor%ipp]s ( anci5t ,egypt2 b x 0 n till 
"s "t aft] ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity _h  
be5 ca/ into my?ical m\lds by ! ori5tal 
fancy1 t x 0 introduc$ 9 its complet$ =m
 to mod]n ?\ght4 ,al?\gh expressly      
repudiat$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e? himself1 &
 appli$ 9 maxim & p>able z a univ]sal   
symbol ( intellig5ce to ! religi\s gr[? 
( ! individual & race1 8 foll[]s rev]t$ 

to ! co>s] & lit]al mean+1 & ev] s9ce   
tea* to a great] or less ext5t !        
*ilia/ic or mill5nial dogma1 (t5        
ma!matically comput+1 9 direct defiance 
( 8 words1 ! exact date t ev5t is to be 
expect$4  ,if we ask ! psy*ological     
con/ruction ( ?is my?1 & ! ev] pres5t   
conditions ( man's life :i* h r5d]$ him 
always ready to create x & loa? to      
r5\nce x1 we trace ! =m] di/9ctly to 8  
s5se ( ! purposive nature ( ! laws (    
?\ght1 & ! latt] to ! wide diff]5ce     
betwe5 desire & fulfilm5t4 ,8           
intellectual nature is fram$ to accord )
 laws :i* are ev] pres5t b are n        
au?oritative2 !y admoni% b !y d n co]ce2
 t is done surely ?\gh (t remotely by ! 
consequ5ces ( _! violation4 ,at fir/1   
unaw>e ( ! true "* ( ^! laws1 he fancies
 t if he 7 altoge!r com=table           
physically1 8 e wi% w\ld be gratifi$4   
,sl[ly x dawns ^u him t no mat]ial      
gratification c supply an intellectual  
crav+2 t ?is is ! real want :i* haunts  
him2 & t its only satisfaction is to ?9k

 rightly1 to le>n ! tru?4 ,!n he sees t 
! mill5nial k+dom is 8n ( ?is _w20 t    
heav5 & e>? may pass away1 b t su* tru? 
z he seeks _c pass away2 & t 8 fir/ &   
only c>e %\ld be z a fai?ful & wise     
s]vant to le>n & rev]e x4  ,! s5tim5ts  
:i* creat$ ?is my?ical cycle1 bas$ z !y 
are n[ se5 to be on ultimate            
psy*ological laws1 are z active to-day z
 ev]4 ,?is c5tury has witness$ ! rise ( 
a s*ool ( p[]ful ?9k]s & true           
philan?ropi/s :o ma9ta9$ t ! noble/     
object is ! secur+ to our fell[-m5 !    
greate/ mat]ial com=t possible2 t !     
religi\s aspirations w d well to cont5t 
!mselves ) ?is gospel ( humanity2 & t ! 
approa* ( ! mat]ial mill5nium1 !        
p]fectibility ( ! human race1 ! complete
 adaptation ( function to condition1 !  
8di/ant b n unc]ta9 f9al victory (      
,good10#agi-a is susceptible (          
demon/ration4 ,at pres5t1 ^! views are  
und]go+ modification4 ,x is p]ceiv$ ) m 
or less di/9ctness t complete physical  
com=t is n en\gh to make a man happy2 t 

9 proportion z ?is com=t is atta9$ new  
wants develope !mselves1 q z            
importunate1 :i* ask :at mat]ial com=t  
_c give1 & ^: dem& is nei!r = utility   
nor pleasurable s5sation4 ,su* wants are
 creat$ by ! s5se ( duty & ! love (     
tru?4  ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! late/   
expon5ts ( ! utilit>ian doctr9es & !    
h]alds ( di/9ctively religi\s ?\ght1 is 
t ! =m] consid] t x is mo/ important 9 !
 pres5t condition ( man = him to look   
aft] 8 mat]ial welf>e2 :ile ! latt] tea*
 t if he fir/ subject ?\ght & life to   
tru? & duty1 8all ^! ?+s w be add$ unto 
him40 ,wordswor? has ca/ ?is latt]      
op9ion1 & ! my?s :i* are its types1 into
 eloqu5t v]se3                          
8,p>adise & groves     ,elysian1        
,=tunate ,fields--l ^? ( old     ,s\ght 
9 ! ,atlantic ma91 :y %\ld !y be     ,a 
hi/ory only ( dep>t$ ?+s1     ,or a m]e 
fiction ( :at nev] 08     ,= ! disc]n+  
intellect ( man1     ,:5 w$d$ to ?is    
goodly univ]se     ,9 love & holy       
passion1 %all f9d ^!     ,a simple      

produce ( ! common day40  ,! incr$ulity 
& ev5 d]ision ) :i* ! latt] doctr9e is  
receiv$ by 8practical m510 %\ld n       
affright ! collect$ ?9k]1 z x c]ta9ly is
 n s *im]ical z !y pret5d4 ,! writ] ,de 
,s5anc\rt1 n at all ( a religi\s turn1 9
 speculat+ on ! %orte/ possible road to 
g5]al happ9ess1 conclud$ t if we 7 able 
to =etell ! wea!r a reasonable "t ahead1
 & if m5 w\ld make x a rule to speak !  
tru? z ne> z !y c1 ^! two conditions    
w\ld remove n9e-t5?s ( ! mis]y 9 ! _w4  
,! m c>efully ,i m$itate on ?is         
speculation1 ! bett] gr\nd$ x seems4 ,! 
wea!r we are le>n+ to "k mu* m ab\t ?an 
:5 ! solit>y ,ob]mann p5n$ 8 despond5t  
dreams2 b :o %all pr$ict ! "t :5 m5 w   
tell ! tru?8  ,i n[ pass to ! ?ird great
 my?ical cyclus1 :i* ,i h call$ t ( !   
,hi]>*y ( ! ,gods4 ,?is 0 creat$ 9 ord] 
to def9e t unkn[n p[] :i* 0 suppos$ to  
give to ! wi% fru/ration or fruition4 ,x
 includes e /atem5t 9 ref]5ce to !      
numb]1 nature1 hi/ory & "* ( sup]natural
 be+s4  ,! precise =m "u :i* !          

intellect1 :5 ! religi\s conception (   
unkn[n p[] fir/ dawns ^u x1 imag9es ?is 
unkn[n1 is unc]ta94 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t !   
e>lie/ religions are animal wor%ips1    
o!rs t ! spirits ( ance/ors or *iefs are
 ! primitive gods4 ,local div9ities &   
p]sonal spirits are f\nd 9 ! rude/      
culture1 :ile simple feti*ism1 or !     
vague %apes pres5t$ by dreams1 play a   
l>ge "p 9 ! mo/ in*oate sy/ems4 ,!      
prom95ce ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! elem5ts     
dep5ds ^u local & national mom5ta1 :i*  
are a prop] /udy = ! sci5ce ( my?ology1 
b ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple 
9 all ^! conceptions ( div9ity is t ( ! 
res p] accid5s1 an accid5tal relation ( 
! ?\ght to ! symbol1 n a g5]al or       
necess>y "o4 ,?is is se5 9 ! nature ( ^!
 primitive gods4 ,!y h no decid$ "* z   
propiti\s or ! rev]se o!r ?an ! objects 
!y typify1 b are suppos$ to s5d bad or  
good =tune z !y happ5 to be pleas$ or   
displeas$ ) ! vot>y4 ,no classification 
z good & evil deities is z yet          
p]ceptible4  ,?is undevelop$ /age (     

religi\s ?\ght fad$ away1 z g5]al       
conceptions ( man & 8 surr\nd+s arose4  
,/>t+ always f 8 wi% dep5d5t on unkn[n  
control1 man f\nd c]ta9 ph5om5a usually 
soo!d 8 fe>s & favor$ 8 wi%es1 :ile o!rs
 int]f]$ ) _! atta9m5t & excit$ 8 al>m4 
,?is di/9ction1 directly f\nd$ on 8     
s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 l$ to a     
g5]al1 m or less rigid1 classification (
 ! unkn[n1 into two oppos+ classes (    
be+s1 ! "o k9dly dispos$1 b5efic5t1     
good1 ! o!r unt[>d1 malefic5t1 evil4    
,at fir/ ?is di/9ction _h 9 x no?+ ( a  
moral "*4 ,x is 9 fact a long "t be=e   
?is is visible1 & to-day b two or ?ree  
religions ackn[l$ge x ev5 !oretically4  
,all1 h[ev]1 :i* claim hi/orical        
position set up a dual hi]>*y 9 ! div9e 
realms4 ,ahura-mazda & ,anya-ma9yus1    
,god & ,satan1 ,jove & ,pluto1          
,pa*acamac & ,supay1 ,enigorio &        
,enigohatgea are examples out ( hundr$s 
t might be adduc$4  ,! fundam5tal       
contra/ ( pleasure & pa9 might be       
consid]$ en\gh to expla9 ?is duality4 ,b

 9 fact x is ev5 f>!r rea*+4 ,! emotions
 are dual z well z ! s5sations1 z we h  
se5 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,all ! op]ations ( !
 intellect are di*otomic1 & 9 ma!matical
 logic mu/ be express$ by an equation ( 
! second degree4 ,subject & object mu/  
be und]/ood z pol> pairs1 & 9 physical  
sci5ce pol>ization1 contra/ ( prop]ties 
correspond+ to contra/ ( position1 is a 
univ]sal ph5om5on4 ,analogy1 !re=e1     
v9dicates ! assumption t ! unkn[n1 l !  
kn[n1 is ! field ( ! op]ation (         
contradictory p[]s4  ,a v>iety (        
expression is giv5 ?is philosophic      
notion 9 my?s4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,syria1       
,greece & ,india ! contra/ 0 t ( !      
sexes1 ! male & female pr9ciples z      
display$ 9 ! op]ations ( nature4 ,! type
 ( all is t v anci5t ,phrygian cult 9   
:i* by ! side ( ,ma1 "m ( m\nta9s &     
mi/ress ( h]ds1 /ood ,papas1 fa!r ( !   
race ( %eph]ds & inv5tor ( ! ru/ic      
pipe4#ahc-a ,q *>act]i/ic 0 !           
classification ( ! gods wor%ipp$ by !   
m9]s & metal work]s ( ,phrygian ,ida4   

,?is 0 into "r & left1 & ! g5]al "n (   
,dactyli1 ,f+]s1 0 giv5 !m4 ,! "r gods  
broke ! spells :i* ! left wove1 ! "r    
po9t$ out ! ore :i* ! left _h buri$1 !  
"r disclos$ ! rem$ies = ! sickness :i* !
 left _h s5t4 ,?is v5]able division is  
/ill reta9$ :5 we speak ( a s9i/]       
port5t1 or a "r judgm5t4 ,x is (        
physiological int]e/ z %[+ t 8dextral   
pre-em95ce0 or "r-h&$ness 0 preval5t 9  
e>lie/ hi/oric times1 ?\gh x is unkn[n 9
 any l[] animal4  ,! ?\ghtful dwell]s 9 
,f>si/an also develop$ a religion close 
to man's wants by divid+ ! gods into ^? 
:o aid & ^? :o h>m him1 subject ! "o    
class to ,ahura-,mazda1 ! o!r to        
,anya-,ma9yus4 ,e>ly 9 _! hi/ory ?is    
assum$ almo/ a moral aspect1 & !re is   
little to be add$ to "o ( ! mo/ anci5t  
precepts ( _! law--8,happ9ess be to !   
man :o conduces to ! happ9ess (         
all40#ahd-a  ,:5 ?is dual classification
 s\ght expression ?r\gh natural         
contra/s1 !re 0 "o :i* nigh ev]y:]e (f]$
 itself z ! mo/ appropriate4 ,! savage1 

! nomad1 limit$ to ! utmo/ 9 artificial 
contrivances1 met no?+ :i* m signally   
aid$ ! accompli%m5t ( 8 wi%es ?an light2
 no?+ :i* m c]ta9ly fru/rat$ !m ?an     
d>kness4 ,f ^! two s\rces fl[ num]\s    
my?s1 symbols1 & rites1 z n>ratives or  
acts :i* convey religi\s ?\ght to ! eye 
or ! e> ( s5se4  ,z ! br+]s ( light1 man
 ador$ ! sun1 ! dawn1 & fire2 associat$ 
) w>m? & spr+1 8 fur!r m$itations saw 9 
x ! s\rce ( 8 own & ( all life1 & l$ him
 to connect ) its wor%ip t ( !          
reproductive pr9ciple4 ,z x comes f     
above1 & seems to dwell 9 ! f>-(f sky1  
he locat$ !re 8 good gods1 & lift$ 8 h&s
 or 8 eyes :5 he pray$4 ,z light is     
necess>y to sight1 & z to see is to "k1 
! faculty ( kn[+ 0 typifi$ z            
enlight5m5t1 an inw>d god-giv5 light4 ,!
 great & b5efic5t deities are always !  
gods ( light4 ,_! names (t5 %[ ?is4     
,deva1 ,deus1 means ! %9+ "o2 ,mi*abo1 !
 great :ite "o2 ! ,mongols call ,ti51 ! 
*ief ,turanian god1 ! bright "o1 !      
lum9\s "o2 ! nor!rn ,buddhi/ prays to   

,amitabha1 ,inf9ite ,light2 & ! ,*ri/ian
 to ! ,light ( ! ,_w4  ,on ! o!r h&1    
d>kness 0 connect$ ) feel+s (           
helplessness & t]ror4 ,x expos$ him to  
attacks ( wild bea/s & all accid5ts4 ,x 
0 ! precursor ( ! /orm4 ,x 0 l to dea? &
 ! grave4 ,! realm ( ! dep>t$ 0 suppos$ 
to be a l& ( %ad[s1 an und]gr\nd region1
 an unsee+ ,hades or hell4  ,! task w\ld
 be easy to %[ _m /range corroborations 
( ^! e>ly *os5 symbols by ! exact]      
/udies ( lat] ages4 ,light1 z !         
indisp5sable condition ( life1 is no    
dream1 b a fact2 sight is ! highe/      
s5ti5t faculty2 & ! lum9\s rays are real
 intellectual /imulants4#ahf-a ,b su*   
reflections w n escape ! contemplative  
read]4  ,i ha/5 to an important         
consequ5ce ( ?is dual classification (  
div9ities4 ,x l$ to :at ,i may call !   
quantification ( ! gods1 t is1 to       
conceiv+ div9ity "u notions ( numb] or  
quantity1 a /ep :i* has l$ to pr(\nd    
det]ioration ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,i d 
n mean by ?is ! di/9ction betwe5        

poly!ism & mono!ism4 ,! latt] is z      
untrue & z injuri\s z ! =m]1 nor does x 
conta9 a :it ! m ! real elem5ts (       
religi\s progress4  ,x is inde$ s+ul> t 
?is subject has be5 s misund]/ood4 ,mu* 
has be5 writt5 by ,*ri/ian !ologians to 
%[ ! sup]iority ( mono!isms2 & by _!    
oppon5ts mu* has be5 made ( ,comte's loi
 des trois tats1 :i* def9es religi\s    
progress to be fir/ feti*ism1 secondly  
poly!ism1 f9ally mono!ism4 ,( ?is ,mr4  
,lewes says3 8,! !ological sy/em arriv$ 
at ! highe/ p]fection ( :i* x is capable
 :5 x sub/itut$ ! provid5tial action ( a
 s+le be+1 = ! v>i$ op]ations ( ! num]\s
 div9ities :i* _h be=e be5              
imag9$40#ahg-a ,no?+ c\ld be m errone\s 
?an ! _s ( ?is /atem5t2 no?+ is m       
correct1 if ! ord9>y talk ( ! sup]iority
 ( mono!ism 9 religion be admitt$4      
,hi/ory & long exp]i5ce %[ t mono!i/ic  
religions h no special good effect ei!r 
on ! morals or ! religi\s s5sibility (  
races4#ahg-b ,buddhism1#ahg-c           
,mohamm$anism & ,judaism are1 at lea/ 9 

!ory1 uncompromis+ mono!isms2 mod]n     
,*ri/ianity is less s1 z _m ,ca?olics   
pray to ! ,virg9 & ,sa9ts1 & _m         
,prote/ants to ,*ri/4 ,s long z !       
ma!matical conception ( numb]1 :e!r "o  
or _m1 is appli$ to deity by a !ological
 sy/em1 x has n yet 8arriv$ at ! highe/ 
p]fection ( :i* x is capable40  ,= let u
 inquire :at a mono!ism is8 ,x is a     
belief 9 "o god z di/9ct f ! belief 9   
sev]al gods4 ,9 o!r words1 x applies to 
,god ! ma!matical concept ( unity1 a    
concept :i* c only come into cognition  
by virtue ( contra/s & det]m9ations1 &  
:i* =ces !re=e ! believ] ei!r to        
,pan!ism or an?ropomorphism to reconcile
 8 belief ) 8 reason4 ,no o!r res\rce is
 left him4 ,) mono!ism !re mu/ always be
 ! idea ( num]ical sep>at5ess1 :i* is   
incompatible ) univ]sal conceptions4    
,let him1 h[ev]1 cle> 8 m9d ( ! curr5t  
admiration = mono!isms1 & impress ^u    
himself t he :o w\ld =m a conception (  
supreme intellig5ce mu/ d s "u ! rules (
 pure ?\ght1 n num]ical relation4 ,!    

logical1 n ! ma!matical1 unity ( ! div9e
 is ! p]fection ( !ological reason+4    
,logical unity does n dem& a det]m9ation
 by contra/s2 x conveys only ! idea (   
id5tity ) self4 ,z ! logical atta9m5t ( 
tru? is ! recognition ( id5tities 9     
app>5t div]sity1 ?us lead+ f ! logically
 _m to ! logically "o1 ! assumption ( ! 
latt] is em95tly ju/ifi$4 ,e act (      
reason+ is an additional pro( ( x4#ahh-a
  ,nor does ! duality ( nature & ?\ght1 
to :i* ,i h allud$1 9 any wise          
contradict ?is4 ,9 pure ?\ght we mu/    
und]/& ! di*otomic process to be !      
di/9ction ( a positive by a privative1  
bo? logical elem5ts ( ! same ?\ght1 z ,i
 h else:]e %[n4 ,! opposites or         
contr>ies ref]r$ to z giv+ rise to !    
duali/ic conceptions ( div9ity are ?us  
readily h>moniz$ ) ! conception (       
logical unity4 ,?is 0 recogniz$ by !    
,h9doo sage :o compos$ ! ,bhagavad ,git1
 e>ly 9 our era4 ,kri%na1 ! ,holy ,"o1  
address+ ! ,k+ ,ardjuna says3 8,all be+s
 fall into error z to ! nature (        

creation1 ,o ,bh>ata1 by reason ( t     
delusion ( natural opposites :i* spr+s f
 lik+ & dislik+1 oh ?\ torm5tor ( ?y    
foes60#ahi-a  ,! sub/itution ( !        
conception ( ma!matical = logical unity 
9 ?is connection has left curi\s traces 
9 bo? philosophy & religion4 ,x has l$  
to a belief 9 ! triplicate nature ( !   
supreme ,be+1 & to ^? philosophical     
triads :i* h (t5 attract$ ?9k]s1 f      
,py?agoras & ,h]aclitus d[n to ,hegel & 
,ghib]ti4  ,py?agoras1 :o _h ?\ght      
pr(\ndly on numb]s & _! relations1 is   
cr$it$ ) ! obscure maxim t e ?\ght is   
made up ( a def9ite "o & an indef9ite   
two 7a  & an  74 ,"s ( 8 comm5tators h  
add$ to r ?an less5$ ! d>kness ( ?is    
say+4 ,b appli$ to concrete numb]1 x    
seems cle> en\gh4 ,take any numb]1 t51 =
 example1 & x is t5 by virtue ( be+ a   
"o1 "o t51 & because on ei!r side c\nt+ 
upw>d or d[nw>d1 a diff]5t numb] appe>s1
 :i* two are its logical det]m9ants1 b1 
z n express$1 make up an indef9ite two4 
,s ! numb] "o1 ?\ght z concrete unity1  

is really a tr9ity1 made up ( its       
def9ite self & its indef9ite next great]
 & less] det]m9ants4 ,! obscure         
consci\sness ( ?is has made itself felt 
9 _m religions :5 !y h progress$ to a   
c]ta9 plane ( ?\ght4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian
 gods 7 ne>ly all triune2 ,phanes1 9 !  
,orphic hymns ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s1 0  
trip>tite2 ! ,indian tr9ities are well  
kn[n2 ! ,celtic triads appli$ to div9e z
 well z human exi/5ce2 ! ,jews di/+ui%$ 
betwe5 ,jehovah1 8 ,wisdom & 8 ,^w2 & 9 
,*ri/ian religion & philosophy ! doctr9e
 ( ! tr9ity1 ?\gh n[h]e taught by ,*ri/1
 has f\nd a la/+ foo?old1 & (t5 pres5ts 
itself z an actual tri!ism4#aij-a  ,!   
triplicate nature ( numb]1 ?us allud$ to
 by ,py?agoras1 spr+s f ! ?ird law (    
?\ght1 & holds true ( all concrete      
notions4 ,e su* notion /&s 9 necess>y   
relation to its privative1 & to !       
logical concept ( next great] ext5sion1 
i4 e41 t :i* includes ! notion & its    
privative1 z ,i expla9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 
,?is 0 not$ by ! e>ly ,platoni/s1 :o    

describe a c]ta9 concrete expression ( x
 z 8! intellig5tial triad20 & x has be5 
repeat$ly comm5t$ ^u by lat]            
philosoph]s1 "s ( :om av[$ly d]ive f x !
 pro( ( ! tr9it>ian dogma z =mulat$ by  
,a?anasius4 ,ev5 mod]n ma!matical       
inve/igations h be5 suppos$ to po9t to a
 ,deus tri=mis1 ?\gh ( c\rse q ano!r "o 
f t :i* anci5t ,rome honor$4 ,a late "w 
( mu* ability makes ! /atem5t3 8,!      
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 or some?+ analog\s 
to x1 =ms1 z x 71 ! av5ue ?r\gh :i* !   
univ]se itself leads u up to !          
conception ( ! ,inf9ite & ,et]nal       
,"o40#aia-a ,! explanation ( ?is notion 
is ! same z t ( ! 8,tr9ity ( !          
,g5tiles10 always hi!rto a puzzl+       
my?ological concept4  ,= reasons        
previ\sly giv51 an analysis ( ! =mal law
 itself does n yield ^! elem5ts4 ,!y    
belong to a c]ta9 class ( values assign$
 x1 n to ! law itself2 h5ce x is only :5
 deity is conceiv$ "u ! conditions (    
num]ical on5ess t ! trip>tite           
con/itution ( a :ole numb] makes itself 

felt1 & is appli$ to ! div9e nature4  ,!
 ess5ce ( a logical unit is id5tity1 ( a
 ma!matical1 diff]5ce4 ,! qualities ( ! 
latt] are limitations--s mu* ( a ?+2 ^? 
( ! =m] are co9cid5ces--t k9d ( a ?+4   
,to be sure x is no easy matt] to free  
ourselves f ! habit ( conf\nd+ id5tity &
 individuality4 ,we mu/ cultivate a mu* 
great] famili>ity ) ! =ms ( ?\ght1 & !  
"* ( univ]sals1 ?an e-day life requires 
( u1 be=e ! di/9ction gr[s facile4 ,!   
individual1 n ! species1 exi/s2 our own 
p]sonality1 our ?9k+ faculty is :at we  
are mo/ c]ta9 (4 ,on x re/s ! reality ( 
ev]y?+1 ! ,unkn[n z well4 ,b ! rejection
 ( a ma!matical unity does n at all     
depreciate ! =ce ( su* an argum5t4      
,individuality reg>d$ z ma!matical unity
 re/s on ! deep] law ( logical id5tity f
 :i* ! validity ( numb]s rises2 x is n !
 lea/ dim9i%$1 b int5sifi$1 9 !         
conception ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 z 
! font ( tru?1 ?\gh ! conf9em5ts &      
limitations ( ! ma!matical unit fall    
away1 & all contra/s disappe>4  ,!      

rev]se conception1 h[ev]1 has prevail$ 9
 religi\s sy/ems1 poly!i/ic or          
mono!i/ic4 ,man has project$ on ! cl\dy 
unkn[n ! magnifi$ picture ( 8 own       
individuality & %udd]$ ) t]ror at !     
self-creat$ plantasm1,,tn-#i l ! peasant
 fright5$ by ! spectre ( ! ,brock51 =m$ 
by ! di/ort$ image ( himself4 ,9 8      
happi] mom5ts1 ) 8 hopes gratifi$1 !    
same vice ( ?\ght1 /ill active1 prev5t$ 
him f conceiv+ any high] ideal ?an 8    
bett] self4 8,ev]y:]e ! same t5d5cy 0   
obs]v$2 ! gods1 always exagg]ations (   
human p[] & passions1 became m & m      
p]sonifications ( :at 0 mo/ admirable & 
lovable 9 human nature1 till 9          
,*ri/ianity !re em]g$ ! av[$ ideal man40
 ,:at c\ld x end 9 b an?ropomorphism1 or
 pan!ism1 or1 reject+ bo?1 a ,religion (
 ,humanity1 ) a backgr\nd ( an imbecile 
,unkn[able8  ,is x necess>y to po9t out 
h[ none ( ^! conclusions c satisfy !    
enlight5$ religi\s s5tim5t8 ,h[         
an?ropomorphism1:i*,,tn-#aj makes ,god 9
 ! image ( man1 in/ead ( ackn[l$g+ t man

 is made 9 ! image ( ,god1 belittles    
div9ity to a creature ( passions &      
caprices8 ,h[ pan!ism1 increas+ ,god at 
! exp5se ( man1 wipes out ! fundam5tal  
diff]5ce ( true & false1 calls bad 8good
 9 ! mak+10 & virtually ext+ui%es ! s5se
 ( duty & ! p]man5ce ( p]sonality8 ,& h[
 ! d5ial ( all possible k ( ! absolute  
digs away ! only f\ndation on :i* sanity
 c e/abli% a religion1 & !n palms (f    
mat]ial com=t z ! prop] food = religi\s 
long+8  ,! long /ory ( religi\s ef=t is 
n f feti*ism to mono!ism1 z ,comte read 
x2 nor is its only possible goal inside 
! limits ( ! ego1 z ,feu]ba* & ! o!r    
,neo-,hegelians ass]t2 b x is on its    
!oretical side to develope ) great] &   
great] di/9ctness ! immeasurable reality
 ( pure ?\ght1 to disp5se m & m ) !     
quantification ( ! absolute1 & to avoid 
9 ! repres5tation ( t ,be+ ! use ( !    
te*nic ( concrete exi/5ce4  ,little by  
little we le>n t ! really true is nev]  
true 9 fact1 t ! really good is nev]    
good 9 act4#aid-a ,c>efully *]i%+ ?is   

di/9ction taught by ma!matics & e?ics1 !
 religi\s m9d le>ns to recognize 9 t    
only reality d>kly se5 ?r\gh ! glass (  
mat]ial ?+s1 t :i* %\ld fix & fill its  
m$itations4 ,pass+ beyond ! doma9 (     
physical law1 x occupies itself ) t :i* 
def9es ! conditions ( law4 ,x           
contemplates an et]nal activity1 be=e   
:i* its own self-consci\sness seems a   
flick]+ %ad[1 yet 9 t contemplation is n
 lo/ b ga9s an ev]gr[+ p]sonality4  ,?is
 is ! goal ( religi\s /riv+1 ! hidd5 aim
 ( ! w>s & p]secutions1 ! polemics &    
m>tyrdoms1 :i* h s busi$ & bloodi$ ! _w4
 ,?is satisfies ! rational po/ulates (  
religion4 ,does "s "o say t x does n    
/imulate its emotional elem5ts1 t x does
 n supply ! impulses ( action :i* mu/   
ev] be ! crit]ia ( ! true fai?8 ,is x n 
a religion at all1 b a philosophy1 a    
se>*1 or if y pref]1 a love = ! tru?8   
,let su* d\bt] pond] well !             
signification ( tru?1 its relation to   
life1 its id5tity ) ! good1 & ! p>am\nt 
might ( wisdom & a cle> und]/&+1 & he w 

be ready to exclaim ) ! passionate piety
 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,ubi inv5i v]itatem1  
ibi inv5i ,deum meum1 ipsam v]itatem1   
quam1 ex quo didici1 non sum oblitus40  
,f ?is brief review ( its "*1 ! ,my? w  
be se5 to be "o ( ! transitory          
expressions ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* 9 
enlight5$ l&s x has already outgr[n &   
%\ld lay aside4 ,s f> z x relates to    
ev5ts1 real or alleg$1 hi/oric or       
geologic1 x deals ) t :i* is indiff]5t  
to pure religion2 & s f> z x assumes to 
reveal ! "*1 plans & temp] ( div9ity1 x 
is too evid5tly a reflex ( man's        
p]sonality to be wor?y ( s]i\s          
refutation :]e x conflicts ) ! bett]    
guide he has )9 him4   ,,footnotes3     
#aef-a ,9 ?is def9ition ! ^w app]ception
 is us$ 9 ! s5se assign$ x by ,pr(essor 
,laz>us--! p]ception modifi$ by         
imag9ation & memory4 8,my?ologie i/ e9e 
,app]ceptions=m d] ,natur und des       
,m5s*540 7,zeits*rift fr                
,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,bd4 i41 s4 #dd74 ,mo/ 
rec5t my?ologi/s omit ! latt] bran* ( ! 

def9ition2 = in/ance1 8,a my? is 9 its  
orig9 an explanation by ! unciviliz$ m9d
 ( "s natural ph5om5on40 7,john ,fiske1 
,my?s & ,my? ,mak]s1 p4 #ba74 ,?is is to
 omit t :i* gives ! my? its only claim  
to be a product ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4   
,s*op5hau]1 9 call+ dogmas & my?s 8!    
metaphysics ( ! p10 fell into ! same    
error4 ,religion1 z su*1 is always      
concrete4  #aei-a ,half a c5tury ago !  
le>n$ ,mr4 ,fab]1 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,pagan   
,idolatry1 express$ 8 a/oni%m5t at 8!   
s+ul>1 m9ute & regul> accordance0 betwe5
 ! classical my?s4 ,t accordance has n[ 
be5 discov]$ to be _w-wide4  #afj-a     
8,ganz glei*e ,my!n knn5 sehr fgli*1 j$e
 selb//ndig1 an v]s*i$55 ,o]t]          
emporkomm540 ,briefe an ,woelck]4       
#afa-a ,! la/ two are ! mod]n or?odox   
!ories1 support$ by ,bryant1 ,fab]1     
,tr5*1 ,de ,mai/re & ,sepp4 ,m$ieval    
,*ri/ianity pref]r$ ! direct ag5cy ( !  
,devil4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity lean$ to 
! op9ion t ! ,grecian & ,roman my? mak]s
 _h /ol5 f ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews4    

#afe-a ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton1 ,lectures on
 ,metaphysics4 ,app5dix1 p4 #fia4       
#afe-b ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und           
,my?ologie1 ,bd4 ii41 s4 #ajg4  #aff-a  
,?4 ,nldeke1 ,zeits*rift fr             
,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,bd4 iii41 s4 #aca4    
#aff-b ,see a note ( ,pr(4 ,spiegel to  
,yana1 #bi1 ( ! ,khordah-,ave/a4  #afg-a
       4    ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside4        
,accord+ to ! ,koran & ! ,jewi% ,rabbis1
 ! ?rone ( ,god re/$ on ! primeval wat]s
 f :i* ! e>? 0 produc$4 ,see a note 9   
,rodwell's translation ( ! ,koran1      
,sura4 xi4  #afg-b ,i h discuss$ "s ( ^!
 my?s 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ! ,my?s ( ! ,new
 ,_w4  #afh-a ,h[ x tr\bl$ ! e>ly       
,*ri/ians :o d>$ n adopt ! refuge ( !   
,epo*s ( ,nature1 may be se5 9 !        
,confessions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,lib4 ,,xi1
 cap4 #aj1 et seq4 ,he quotes ! reply ( 
"o pu%$ by ! inquiry1 :at ,god 0 do+    
be=e creation3 8,he 0 mak+ a hell =     
inquisitive busy-bodies40 ,alta         
spectantibus geh5nas p>abat4  #agj-a ,_m
 int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! ,ori5tal         

flood-my? may be f\nd 9 ,cory's ,anci5t 
,fragm5ts4 ,see also1 ,dr4 ,fr4         
,w9dis*mann1 ,die ,ursag5 d] ,aris*5    
,vlk]1 pp4 #d-aj4 ,x is probable t 9 v  
anci5t ,semitic tradition ,adam 0       
repres5t$ z ! survivor ( a flood ant]ior
 to t ( ,noah4 ,maimonides relates t !  
,sabians believ$ ! _w to be et]nal1 &   
call$ ,adam 8! ,prophet ( ! ,moon10 :i* 
symboliz$1 z we "k f o!r s\rces1 ! deity
 ( wat]4 ,rabbi ,moses ,b5 ,maimon1 ,m  
,nevo*im1 cap4 iv4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ian     
symbolism ,*ri/ 0 call$ 8! true ,noah02 
! dove accompani$ him also1 & z ?r\gh   
,noah came 8salvation by wood & wat]10 s
 ?r\gh ,*ri/ came 8salvation by _s &    
wat]40 7,see ,/4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem's   
,cate*etical ,lectures1 ,lect4 xvii41   
cap4 #aj74 ,! fi% 77 0 ! symbol ( ,*ri/ 
z well z ( ,oannes4 ,z ! second com+ (  
,*ri/ 0 to be ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 h[   
pla9ly appe> ! g]ms ( ! my? ( ! ,epo*s (
 ,nature 9 ! ,judo-,*ri/ian m9d6  #aga-a
 ,besides ! expressions 9 ! ,book (     
,ecclesia/es & ! lat] prophets1 !       

doctr9e is di/9ctly ann\nc$ 9 "o ( ! mo/
 sublime ( ! ,psalms 7xc71 "o attribut$ 
to 8,moses ! ,man ( ,god40  #agb-a      
,mala*i1 *4 iv41 v4 #b4  #age-a ,c4 ,f4 
,kopp51 ,die ,lamais*e ,hi]>*ie1 s4 #bh4
  #age-b ,oda9sakr1  privative1 da9     
dea?1 akr l&1 8! l& ( immortal life40   
,saxo ,grammaticus speaks ( x also4     
,ano!r su* l& fa9tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,edda
 is ,breidablick1 gov]n$ by ,baldur1 !  
,light-god4  #agf-a ,c4 ,f4 ,kopp51 ,die
 ,lamais*e ,hi]>*ie und ,kir*e1 p4 #ag4 
#agi-a ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,!ism1 p4     
#bef4  #ahc-a ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und    
,my?ologie1 ,bd4 ,,ii41 s4 #dg  #ahd-a  
,?is is ! fir/ l9e ( ,yana1 #db1 ( !    
,khordah-,ave/a4 ,! ,p>sees believe t x 
is ! salutation :i* meets ! s\l ( ! good
 on ent]+ ! next _w4  #ahf-a 8,sight is 
! light s5se4 ,?r\gh x we become        
acqua9t$ ) univ]sal relations1 ?is be+  
reason4 ,)\t ! eye !re w\ld be no       
reason40 ,lor5z ,ok51 ,elem5ts (        
,physio-,philosophy1 p4 #dge4  #ahg-a   
,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4   

#fch 7#d? ed47  #ahg-b 8,! intol]ance ( 
almo/ all religions :i* h ma9ta9$ !     
unity ( ,god1 is z rem>kable z ! contr>y
 pr9ciple 9 poly!ism40 ,hume1 ,nat4     
,hi/4 ( ,religion1 ,sec4 ix4  #ahg-c 8,!
 ,lamas emphatically ma9ta9 mono!ism to 
be ! real "* ( ,buddhism40 ,emil        
,s*lag9tweit1 ,buddhism 9 ,tibet1 p4    
#ajh4  #ahh-a ,no "o has se5 ! error "h 
po9t$ out1 & its injuri\s results on    
?\ght1 m cle>ly ?an ,comte himself4 ,he 
is emphatic 9 condemn+ 8le t5dance      
involontaire  con/itu] l'unit spculative
 p> l'asc5dant univ]sel des plus        
grossires contemplations numrique1      
geomtrique ou mcaniques40 ,sy/me de     
,politique ,positive2 ,tome ,i41 p4 #ea4
 ,b he 0 too biass$ to apply ?is w>n+ to
 ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,! conception ( !      
,univ]se 9 ! logic ( ,pr(essor ,de      
,morgan & ,boole is an example (        
speculative unity4  #ahi-a ,bhagavad    
,git1 *4 iv4  #aij-a ,see ! introduction
 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,e!ridge to ,! ,t>gums 
( ,onkelos & ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel       

7,london1 #ahfb74 ,/4 ,augu/9e believ$ !
 tr9ity is ref]r$ to 9 ! op5+ v]ses (   
,g5esis4 ,confessiones1 ,lib4 xiii4 cap4
 #e4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]1 ,!ophilus (
 ,antio* 7circa #bbe71 9 8 ,apologia1   
recognizes ! ,jewi% tr9ity only4 ,x 0 a 
c5tury lat] t ! dogma 0 def9$ 9 its     
,a?anasian =m4 ,see fur!r1 ,isaac       
,pre/on ,cory1 ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 ) an  
,inquiry into ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,g5tiles    
7,london1 #ahcb74  #aia-a ,! ,unse5     
,univ]se1 p4 #aid4  #aid-a 8,a good w is
 ! only altoge!r good ?+ 9 !            
_w40--,kant4 8,:at man conceives 9      
himself is always sup]ior to t reality  
:i* x prec$es & prep>es40--,comte4      
,,! ,,cult1 ,,its ,,symbols ,,& ,,rites4
   ,,summ>y4       ,! ,symbol repres5ts 
! unkn[n2 ! ,rite is ! c]emony (        
wor%ip4       ,a symbol /&s = !         
sup]natural1 an emblem = some?+         
kn[n4 ,! elucidation ( symbolism is 9 ! 
laws ( !      association ( ideas4      
,associations ( simil>ity give relat$   
symbols1 ( contiguity co9cid5t symbols4 

,symbols t5d ei!r      t[>d             
p]sonification 7iconolatry71 or t[>d    
secul>ization4 ,!      symbol has no    
fix$ int]pretation4 ,its indef9it5ess   
%[n by !      s]p5t symbol1 & ! cross4  
,! physiological relations (      c]ta9 
symbols4 ,_! classification4 ,! ,lotus4 
,! ,pill>4      ,symbols disc>d$ by !   
high] religi\s ?\ght4 ,e/hetic &        
sci5tific symbolism 7! 8,doctr9e (      
,correspond5ces074       ,rites are ei!r
 propitiatory or memorial4 ,! =m] spr+  
ei!r      f ! idea ( sacrifice or (     
specific p]=mance4 ,a sacrifice      is 
a gift1 b its measure is :at x co/s !   
giv]4 ,specific      p]=mance means t a 
religi\s act %\ld h no ult]ior aim4     
,vic>i\s sacrifice & ! idea ( s94       
,memorial rites are int5d$ to recall !  
my?1 or else to keep up      !          
organization4 ,! =m] are dramatic or    
imitative1 ! latt]      in/itution>y4   
,t5d5cy ( memorial rites to become      
propitiatory4      ,examples4           
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,cult1 ,,its        

,,symbols ,,& ,,rites4   ,z ! side :i* a
 religi\s sy/em pres5ts to ! intellect  
is %[n 9 ! ,my?1 s ! side t x pres5ts to
 s5se is exhibit$ 9 ! ,cult4 ,?is       
includes ! repres5tation & =ms ( wor%ip 
( ! unkn[n p[] :i* presides ov] !       
fruition ( ! ,pray] or religi\s wi%4 ,! 
repres5tation is effect$ by ! ,symbol1 !
 wor%ip by ! ,rite4 ,! developm5t ( ^!  
two1 & _! relation to religi\s ?\ght1 w 
be ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt]4  ,! ^w   
,symbolism has a te*nical s5se 9        
!ological writ+s1 to wit1 ! discussion (
 cre$s1 q diff]5t f t 9 :i* x is us$ 9  
my?ological sci5ce4 ,"h x means !       
discussion ( ! natural objects :i* h be5
 us$ to repres5t to s5se suppos$        
sup]natural be+s4 ,z "s conception ( su*
 be+s mu/ fir/ be =m$1 ! symbol is      
necess>ily f\nd$ ^u ! my?1 & mu/ be     
expla9$ by x4  ,a symbol is closely     
alli$ to an emblem1 ! di/9ction be+ t ! 
latt] is int5d$ to repres5t "s ab/ract  
conception or concrete fact1 n suppos$  
to be sup]natural4 ,?us ! s]p5t is !    

emblem ( ,esculapius1 or1 ab/ractly1 ( !
 art ( heal+2 b 9 its use z a symbol 9  
,*ri/ian art x /&s = ! ,evil ,"o1 a     
sup]natural be+4 ,! h]aldric insignia ( 
! ,middle ,ages 7 emblematic devices2 b 
! ar*itecture ( ! ca!drals 0 l>gely     
symbolic4 ,bo? agree 9 aim+ to aid !    
imag9ation & ! memory1 & bo? may appeal 
to any special s5se1 al?\gh ! majority  
are address$ to sight alone4  ,symbolism
 has n receiv$ ! sci5tific treatm5t :i* 
has be5 s lib]ally be/[$ on my?ology4 ,!
 fir/ writ] :o approa*$ x 9 ! prop] _s 0
 ,pr(essor ,creuz]4#bjj-a ,previ\s to 8 
labors ! di/9ction betwe5 pictographic &
 symbolic art 0 n well def9$4 ,he drew !
 l9e %>ply1 & illu/rat$ x abundantly2 b 
he did n pres]ve s cle>ly ! relations ( 
! symbol & ! my?4 ,inde$1 he reg>d$ !   
latt] z a symbol1 a 8phonetic0 "o1 to be
 treat$ by ! same processes ( analysis4 
,h]e9 lat] /ud5ts h n cons5t$ to foll[  
him4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! two           
expressions ( ! religi\s s5tim5t becomes
 app>5t :5 we exam9e _! psy*ological    

orig94 ,?is ,pr(essor ,creuz] did n     
include 9 8 rese>*es1 nor is x dwelt ^u 
at any l5g? 9 ! m rec5t works on !      
subject4#bja-a ,! neglect to d ?is has  
giv5 rise to an arbitr>9ess 9 !         
int]pretation ( _m symbols1 :i* has (t5 
obscur$ _! position 9 religi\s hi/ory4  
,:at ^! pr9ciples are ,i %all endeavor  
to indicate2 & fir/ ( ! laws ( ! orig9 (
 symbols1 ! rules :i* guid$ ! e>ly      
intellect 9 *oos+ f ! va/ numb] (       
objects appeal+ to s5se ^? fit to %ad[  
=? ! sup]natural4  ,x may safely be     
assum$ t ?is 0 n done caprici\sly1 z !  
mod]n p>v5ue makes = himself a h]aldric 
device4 ,! simple & dev\t intellect ( ! 
primitive man imag9$ a real connection  
betwe5 ! god & ! symbol4 ,7 ?is         
que/ion$1 yet ! wond]ful unanimity ) :i*
 ! same natural objects1 ! s]p5t1 !     
bird1 ! tree1 = example1 7 ev]y:]e *os51
 proves t _! selection 0 n ! "w ( *ance4
 ,! con/ant pref]5ce ( ^! objects po9ts 
conclusively to "s /rong & frequ5t      
connection ( _! images ) my?ical        

concepts4  ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( symbols    
!re=e resolves itself into "o ( !       
association ( ideas1 & we />t f sure    
gr\nd 9 apply+ to _! int]pretation !    
e/abli%$ canons ( association4 ,^!1 z ,i
 h else:]e said1 are ^? ( contiguity &  
simil>ity1 ! =m] produc+ association by 
! clos5ess ( succession ( impressions or
 ?\ghts1 ! latt] ?r\gh impressions or   
?\ghts recall+ l ones 9 previ\s         
exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! same occurr5ce affects  
diff]5t s5ses simultane\sly1 or ne>ly s1
 ! association is "o ( contiguity1 z    
?und] & lightn+1 = a s\nd _c be l a     
sight2 :5 ! same s5se is affect$ 9 su* a
 mann] z to recall a previ\s impression1
 ! association is "o ( simil>ity1 z :5 !
 r$ autumn leaves recall ! hue ( sunset4
 ,ne>ness 9 "t or ne>ness 9 k9d is !    
condition ( association4  ,! int5sity or
 p]man5ce ( ! association dep5ds some:at
 on temp]am5t1 b *iefly on repetition or
 cont9uance4 ,n hav+ an e> = music1 ,i  
may f9d x difficult to recall a song f  
he>+ its tune2 b by d9t ( frequ5t       

repetition ,i le>n to associate !m4     
,light & heat1 smoke & fire1 pov]ty &   
hung] s frequ5tly occur toge!r1 t ! "o  
is apt to recall ! o!r4 ,s d a l>ge     
numb] ( anti!tical associations1 z light
 & d>kness1 heat & cold1 by inv]se      
simil>ity1 opposite impressions reviv+  
ea* o!r1 9 accordance ) ! positive &    
privative elem5ts ( a notion4  ,?is     
brief ref]5ce to ! laws ( appli$        
?\ght1--too brief1 did ,i n take =      
grant$ t !y are g5]ally                 
famili>--furni%es ! clue to guide u     
?r\gh ! labyr9? ( symbolism1 to wit1 !  
repeat$ association ( ! ev5t or p[]     
record$ 9 ! my? ) "s s5su\s image4 ,:]e 
!re is a connection 9 k9d betwe5 !      
symbol & t = :i* x /&s1 !re is relat$   
symbolism2 :]e ! connection is "o (     
juxtaposition 9 "t1 !re is co9cid5t     
symbolism4 ,"m ,e>?1 f]tile & fecund1 0 
a popul> deity 9 _m nations1 &          
especially among ! ,egyptians1 :o       
wor%ipp$ h] "u ! symbol ( a c[2 ?is is  
relat$ symbolism2 ! hi/orical ev5t ( !  

execution ( ,*ri/ occurr$ by            
crucifixion1 "o ( sev]al me?ods common 9
 t age1 & s9ce !n ! cross has be5 !     
symbol ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?is is co9cid5t   
symbolism4 ,x is easy = ! two to m]ge1 z
 :5 ! cross 0 id5tifi$ ) a some:at      
simil> & mu* old] symbol1 "o ( ! class  
,i h call$ 8relat$10 signify+ !         
reproductive pr9ciple1 & became ! 8tree 
( life40 ,z a co9cid5t symbol is to a   
c]ta9 ext5t accid5tal 9 orig91 relat$   
symbols h always be5 mo/ agreeable to ! 
religi\s s5tim5t4  ,?is rem>k embodies !
 explanation ( ! gr[? ( religi\s        
symbolism1 & also its gradual decay into
 decorative art & mnemonic design4 ,!   
t5d5cy ( relat$ symbolism is t[>d !     
id5tification ( ! symbol ) t = :i* x    
/&s1 t[>d p]sonification or prosopopeia2
 :ile :at ,i may call ! secul>ization ( 
symbols is br\ght ab\t by reg>d+ !m m & 
m z accid5tal connections1 by giv+ !m   
conv5tional =ms1 & treat+ !m z elem5ts (
 ar*itectural or pictorial design1 or z 
aids to memory4  ,?is t5d5cy ( relat$   

symbolism dep5ds on a law ( appli$ ?\ght
 :i* has lately be5 =mulat$ by a        
di/+ui%$ logician 9 ! foll[+ words3     
8,:at is true ( a ?+1 is true ( its     
l40#bjd-a ,! simil>ity ( ! symbol to its
 prototype assum$1 ! qualities ( !      
symbol1 ev5 ^? :i* _h no %>e 9 decid+   
its selection1 no lik5ess to ! orig9al1 
7 lump$1 & transf]r$ to ! div9ity4 ,z ^?
 l by simil>ity1 s ^? unlike1 7 id5tifi$
 by contiguity1 z traits ( ! unkn[n p[]4
 ,?is is ! active elem5t 9 ! deg5]acy ( 
religi\s idealism4 ,! c[ or ! bull1 *os5
 fir/ z a symbol ( creation or          
fecundity1 l$ to a wor%ip ( ! animal    
itself1 & a transf] ( its traits1 ev5 to
 its horns1 to ! god4 ,9 a less         
repulsive =m1 ! same t5d5cy %[s itself 9
 ! pieti/ic +5uity ( su* poets z ,adam  
de ,sancto ,victore & ,george ,h]b]t1 :o
 delight 9 tak+ "s biblical symbol1 &   
develop+ f x a score ( applications :i* 
! orig9al us] nev] dreamt (4 ,9 su* h&s 
a *ance simile gr[s to an elaborate my?4
  ,correct ?\ght w\ld prev5t ! ext5sion 

( ! value ( ! symbol beyond ! orig9al   
elem5t ( simil>ity4 ,m ?an ?is1 x w\ld  
recognize ! fact t simil>ity does n     
suppose id5tity1 b ! rev]se1 to wit1    
defect ( lik5ess2 & ?is dissimilitude   
mu/ be ! great]1 z ! orig9al & symbol   
are naturally discrepant4 ,!            
sup]natual1,,tn-#aa h[ev]1 :e!r by ?is  
t]m we mean ! unkn[n or ! univ]sal--/ill
 m if we mean ! incompreh5sible--is     
utt]ly discrepant ) ! kn[n1 except by an
 indef9itely fa9t analogy4 ,9 ! high]   
?\ght1 !re=e1 ! symbol loses all trace (
 id5tity & becomes m]ely emblematic4  ,!
 anci5ts def5d$ symbolic tea*+ on ?is v 
gr\nd1 t ! symbol left s mu* unexpla9$1 
t x /imulat$ ! intellect & tra9$ x to   
pr(\nd] ?9k+2#bje-a practically x _h !  
rev]se effect1 ! symbol be+ accept$ z ! 
?+ itself4  ,pass+ f ^! g5]al rules ( ! 
selection ( symbols1 to ! hi/ory ( !    
symbol :5 *os51 ?is pres5ts itself to u 
9 a reciprocal =m1 fir/ z ! my? l$ to ! 
adoption & *anges 9 ! symbol1 & z !     
latt] 9 turn alt]$ & re=m$ ! my?4  ,!   

tropes & figures ( rhetoric by :i* !    
conceptions ( ! sup]natural 7 fir/      
express$1 give ! clue to primitive      
symbolism4 ,a v few examples w be       
suffici5t4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! figure ( ! 
s]p5t 0 sometimes us$ 9 pictorial art to
 repres5t ! lightn+1 :5 he reads t !    
,algonk9s /raightly call$ ! latt] a     
snake2 :5 he sees ! same adjective1     
spiral or w9d+1 77 appli$ by ! ,greeks  
to ! lightn+ & a snake2 :5 ! ,qui* call 
! electric fla% a /rong s]p5t2 & _m o!r 
su* examples4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians       
repres5t lightn+ 9 _! pictographs by a  
zigzag l9e4 ,a zigzag f5ce is call$ 9 ! 
,middle ,/ates a worm or 8snake0 f5ce4  
,besides ?is1 adjectives :i* describe ! 
l9e trac$ by ! s]p5t 9 motion are appli$
 to _m twi/+ or w9d+ objects1 z a riv]1 
a curl or lock ( hair1 ! t5drils ( a    
v9e1 ! inte/9es1 a trail+ plant1 ! mazes
 ( a dance1 a bracelet1 a brok5 ray (   
light1 a sickle1 a crook$ limb1 an      
anfractu\s pa?1 ! phallus1 etc4 ,h5ce ! 
figure ( a s]p5t may1 & 9 fact has be51 

us$ ) direct ref]5ce to e "o ( ^!1 z    
c\ld easily be %[n4 ,h[ %ort-sight$ !n !
 exp\nd] ( symbolism :o w\ld expla9 !   
frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! symbol or ! my? ( 
! s]p5t :]ev] he f9ds x by any "o ( ^!6 
,?is n>r[ness ( exposition becomes d\bly
 evid5t :5 we give consid]ation to two  
o!r elem5ts 9 primitive symbolism--!    
multivocal nature ( e>ly designs1 & !   
misappreh5sions due to contigu\s        
association4  ,to illu/rate ! fir/1 let 
u suppose1 ) ,s*w>z#bjg-a & o!rs1 t !   
s]p5t 0 at fir/ ! symbol ( ! lightn+4   
,its mo/ natural repres5tation w\ld be 9
 motion2 x might !n /& = ! o!r s]p5t9e  
objects ,i h m5tion$2 b once accept$ z  
an ackn[l$g$ symbol1 ! o!r qualities &  
prop]ties ( ! s]p5t w\ld pres5t !mselves
 to ! m9d1 & ! ef=t w\ld be made to     
discov] or to imag9e lik5esses to ^! 9 !
 electric fla%4 ,! s]p5t is v5om\s2 x   
ca/s its sk9 & ?us seems to r5ew its    
life2 x is said to fasc9ate its prey2 x 
lives 9 ! gr\nd2 x hisses or rattles :5 
di/urb$3 none ( ^! prop]ties is pres5t  

to ! m9d ( ! savage :o scrat*es on !    
rock a zigzag l9e to repres5t ! lightn+ 
god4 ,b aft]-?\ght br+s !m up1 & !      
association ( contiguity c apply !m all 
to ! lightn+1 & actually has done s ov] 
& ov] aga92 & n only to x1 b also to o!r
 objects orig9ally repres5t$ by a brok5 
l9e1 = example1 ! riv] gods & ! rays (  
light4  ,?is complexity is increas$ by !
 ambigu\s repres5tation ( symbolic      
designs4 ,! s]p5t1 no long] *os5 = its  
motion alone1 w be express$ 9 art 9 t =m
 be/ suit$ to ! mean+ ( ! symbol pres5t 
9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,realism is nev] !   
aim ( religi\s art4 ,! zigzag l9e1 !    
coil1 ! spiral1 ! circle & ! /raight    
l9e1 are all geometrical radicals (     
v>i\s s]p5t9e =ms4 ,any "o ( ^! may be  
display$ ) fanciful embelli%m5ts &      
arti/ic aids4 ,or ! arti/1 proce$+ by   
synecdo*e1 takes a "p = ! :ole1 & in/ead
 ( portray+ ! entire animal1 cont5ts    
himself ) "o prom95t feature or "o      
aspect ( x4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is has  
be5 develop$ by ,dr4 ,h>rison ,all51 9 !

 preval5ce ( :at he calls ! 8crotalean  
curve10 9 aborig9al ,am]ican art1 a l9e 
:i* is ! radical ( ! pr(ile view ( !    
head ( ! rattlesnake 7crotalus74#bjh-a  
,?is he has detect$ 9 ! ar*itectural    
monum5ts ( ,mexico & ,yucatan1 9 ! ,maya
 phonetic scrip1 & ev5 9 ! rude ef=ts ( 
! savage tribes4 ,ea* ( ^! elective     
me?ods ( repres5t+ ! s]p5t1 w\ld itself1
 by indep5d5t association1 call up ideas
 out ( all connection :atev] ) t :i* !  
figure fir/ symboliz$4 ,^!1 9 ! m9d     
ent]ta9+ !m1 w sup]s$e & efface !       
primitive mean+4 ,?us ! circle is us$ 9 
conv5tional symbolic art to designate ! 
s]p5t2 b also ! eye1 ! e>1 ! op5 m\?1 ! 
mamma1 ! sun1 ! moon1 a :eel1 ! womb1 ! 
vag9a1 ! return ( ! seasons1 "t1 cont9u$
 life1 h5ce heal?1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,:i*ev]
 ( ^! ideas is easie/ recall$ w fir/    
appe> on look+ at a circle4 ,! error (  
^? :o h discuss$ my?ological symbolism  
has be5 to trace a connection ( su*     
adv5titi\s ideas beyond ! symbol to its 
orig9al mean+2 :]eas ! symbol itself is 

! />t+-po9t4 ,to "o liv+ 9 a region :]e 
v5om\s s]p5ts ab\nd1 ! figure ( "o w    
recall ! s5se ( dang]1 ! dread ( ! bite1
 & ! natural ho/ility we feel to ^? :o  
hurt u2 :]eas no su* ideas w\ld occur to
 ! native ( a c\ntry :]e !re are no     
snakes1 or :]e !y are h>mless1 unless   
taught ?is association4  ,few symbols h 
receiv$ m ext5d$ /udy ?an t ( ! cross1  
ow+ to its prom95ce 9 ,*ri/ian art4     
,?is1 z ,i h said1 0 co9cid5t or        
incid5tal only4 ,x correspond$1 h[ev]1  
to a curr5t 8phonetic symbol10 9 !      
expression common to ! ,greeks & ,romans
 ( t day1 8to take up "o's cross10 mean+
 to prep>e = ! wor/1 a metaphor us$ by  
,*ri/ himself4  ,n[ !re is no agreem5t z
 to :at 0 ! precise =m ( ! cross on :i* 
he suff]$4 ,?ree mat]ially unlike       
crosses are ea* equally probable4 ,9    
symbolic art ^! h be5 s multipli$ t n[  
two hundr$ & tw5ty-two v>iants ( !      
figure are describ$6#baj-a ,( c\rse !re 
is no?+ easi] ?an to f9d among ^!       
simil>ities1 ) _m o!r conv5tional       

symbols1 ! ,egyptian ,tau1 ! ,hamm] (   
,?or1 ! 8,tree ( ,f]tility10 on :i* !   
,aztecs nail$ _! victims1 ! cross$ l9es 
:i* are describ$ on ,etruscan tombs1 or 
! logs cross$ at rectangles1 on :i* !   
,muskogee ,indians built ! sacr$ fire4  
,! f\r c>d9al po9ts are s g5]ally       
objects ( wor%ip1 t m ?an any o!r       
my?ical conception !y h be5 repres5t$ by
 cruci=m figures4 ,b to connect ^! 9 any
 way ) ! symbol z x appe>s 9 ,*ri/ian   
art1 is to violate e sci5tific pr9ciple4
  ,ea* v>iant ( a symbol may give rise  
to my?s q indep5d5t ( its orig9al mean+4
 ,a symbol once adopt$ is pres]v$ by its
 sacr$ "*1 exi/s long z a symbol1 b )   
ev] fluctuat+ significations4 ,x always 
takes t :i* is upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ! vot>y
 & ! congregation4 ,h5ce1 psy*ology1 &  
especially ! psy*ology ( races1 is !    
only true guide 9 symbolic exegesis4    
,nor is ! wide adoption & pres]vation ( 
symbols alone due to an easily notic$   
simil>ity betwe5 c]ta9 objects & !      
e>lie/ conceptions ( ! sup]natural1 or  

to ! pres]vative p[] ( religi\s         
v5]ation4  ,i h previ\sly ref]r$ to !   
associations ( ideas aris+ f ance/ral   
rev]sions ( memory1 & f ! pr9ciples (   
m9imum muscul> action & h>monic         
excitation4 ,su* laws make !mselves felt
 unconsci\sly f ! comm5cem5t ( life1 )  
great] or less p[]1 dep5d5t on !        
susceptibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,!y g f>
 t[>d expla9+ ! recurr5ce & p]man5ce (  
symbols1 :e!r ( sight or s\nd4 ,?us ,i  
attribute ! preval5ce ( ! s]p5t9e curve 
9 e>ly religi\s art l>gely to its       
approa* to ! 8l9e ( beauty10 :i* is none
 o!r ?an t l9e :i* ! eye1 ow+ to !      
arrangem5t ( its muscles1 c foll[ ) !   
m9imum exp5diture ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,!     
satisfaction ( ! m9d 9 view+ symmetrical
 figures or h>moni\s color+1 z also t ( 
! e>1 9 he>+ accordant s\nds1 is1 z ,i h
 rem>k$1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( maximum   
action ) m9imum wa/e4 ,! m9d gets ! mo/ 
at ! lea/ co/4  ,! equilat]al triangle1 
:i* is ! simple/ geometrical figure :i* 
c enclose a space1 ?us satisfy+ ! m9d ! 

easie/ ( any1 is nigh univ]sal 9        
symbolism4 ,x is se5 9 ! ,egyptian      
pyramids1 ^: sides are equilat]al       
triangles ) a common apex1 9 ! m$ival   
ca!drals1 ^: designs are comb9ations (  
su* triangles1 9 ! sign = ! tr9ity1 !   
p5talpha1 etc4  ,! classification ( "s  
symbols ( less ext5sive preval5ce mu/ be
 made f _! phonetic values4 ,"o class 0 
=m$ z 7 ! 8cant+ arms0 9 h]aldry1 t is1 
by a rebus4 ,?is is 9 its simpl] =m1    
direct1 z :5 ,quetzalcoatl1 ! my/ical   
h]o-god ( ,atzlan1 is repres5t$ by a    
bird on a s]p5t1 quetzal signify+ a     
bird1 coatl a s]p5t2 or composite1 two  
or m ( su* rebus symbols be+ bl5d$ by   
synecdo*e1 l ! 8m>%all+0 ( arms 9       
h]aldry1 z :5 ! same god is portray$ by 
a fea!r$ s]p5t2 or ! rebus may occur )  
p>onymy1 especially :5 ! lit]al mean+ ( 
a "n ( ! god is lo/1 z :5 ! ,algonk9s   
=got ! s5se ( ! ^w wabi%1 :ite or       
bright1 z appli$ to _! *ief div9ity1 &  
conf\nd+ x ) wabos1 a rabbit1 wove v>i\s
 my?s ab\t _! ance/or1 ! ,great ,h>e1 & 

*ose ! h>e or rabbit z a totemic        
badge4#bab-a  ,x is almo/ ne$less to add
 fur!r t ! ideas mo/ frequ5tly associat$
 ) ! unkn[n object ( religion are ^?1   
:i*1 /ruggl+ aft] mat]ial expression1 7 
mo/ fecund 9 symbols4 ,we h b to turn to
 ! ,orphic hymns1 or ^? ( ! ,v$as or !  
,hebrew ,psalms1 to see h[ inexhau/ible 
0 ! poetic fancy1 /irr$ by religi\s awe1
 9 ! discov]y ( similitudes1 any ( :i*1 
"u favor+ circum/ances1 might become a  
symbol4  ,be=e leav+ ?is bran* ( my     
subject1 ,i may illu/rate "s ( ! prec$+ 
comm5ts by apply+ !m to "o or two well  
kn[n subjects ( religi\s art4  ,a pleas+
 symbol1 :i* has play$ a conspicu\s "p 9
 _m religions1 is ! ,egyptian lotus1 or 
8lily ( ! ,nile40 ,x is an aquatic      
plant1 ) :ite1 roseate or blue fl[]s1   
:i* float ^u ! wat]1 & s5d up f _! c5tre
 long /am5s4 ,9 ,egypt x gr[s ) ! ris+ (
 ! ,nile1 & z its appe>ance 0 co9cid5t )
 t important ev5t1 x came to take       
prom95ce 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris z 
! symbol ( f]tility4 ,_! my/ical m>riage

 took place 9 its blossom4 ,9 ! te*nical
 language ( ! prie/s1 h[ev]1 x bore a   
pr(\nd] mean+1 t ( ! supremacy ( reason 
above matt]1 ! contra/ be+ betwe5 !     
beautiful fl[] & ! muddy wat] :i* be>s  
x4#bad-a ,9 ,india ! lotus be>s o!r &   
manifold mean+s4 ,x is a symbol ( !     
sacr$ riv] ,ganges1 & ( ! morally pure4 
,no pray] 9 ! _w has ev] be5 m frequ5tly
 repeat$ ?an ?is3 8,om6 ! jewel 9 !     
lotus4 ,am50 7om mani padme hum74 ,_m   
millions ( times1 e h\r1 = c5turies1 has
 ?is be5 it]at$ by ! ,buddhi/s ( ,?ibet 
& ! c\ntries nor? ( x4 ,:at x means1 !y 
c only expla9 by fanta/ic & my/ical     
guesses4 ,probably x ref]s to ! leg5d>y 
bir? ( _! *ief sa9t1 ,avalokitesv>a1 :o 
is said to h be5 born ( a lotus fl[]4 ,b
 "s say x is a piece ( symbolism n      
/range to its mean+ 9 ,egypt1#bad-b &   
borr[$ by ,buddhism f ! ,siva wor%ip4 ,9
 ! symbolic language ( ?is sect ! lotus 
is ! symbol ( ! vag9a1 :ile ! phallus is
 call$ 8! jewel40 ,) ?is int]pretation !
 ,buddhi/ pray] w\ld ref] to !          

reproductive act2 b x is illu/rative ( !
 necessity ( attribut+ :olly div]se     
mean+s to ! same symbol1 t ! ,buddhi/s  
nei!r n[ nor at any pa/ "t atta*$ any   
su* signification to ! expression1 & x  
w\ld be mo/ discrepant ) _! doctr9es to 
d s4#bad-c  ,ano!r symbol has frequ5tly 
be5 op5 to ?is duplicate int]pretation1 
t is1 ! upright pill>4 ,! ,egyptian     
obelisk1 ! pill>s ( 8,irm90 or (        
8,rol&10 set up n[ ( wood1 n[ ( /one by 
! anci5t ,g]mans1 ! 8r$-pa9t$ great     
w>pole0 ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 !        
,may-pole ( ,old ,engl&1 ! spire ( sacr$
 edifices1 ! /aff plant$ on ! grave1 !  
t]m9us ( ! ,roman l&hold]s1 all ^!      
objects h be5 int]pret$ to be symbols ( 
life1 or ! life-=ce4 ,z !y 7 (t5 ( wood1
 ! trunk ( a tree = in/ance1 !y h (t5   
be5 call$ by titles equival5t to ! 8tree
 ( life10 & are ?us connect$ ) ! nigh   
innum]able my?s :i* relate to "s my/ic  
tree z ! s\rce ( life4 ,! a% ,ygdrasyl (
 ! ,edda1 ! oak ( ,dordona & ( ! ,druid1
 ! mod]n ,*ri/mas tree1 ! sacr$ banyan1 

! holy groves1 illu/rate b fa9tly !     
preval5ce ( tree wor%ip4 ,ev5 s late z !
 "t ( ,canute1 x _h to be =bidd5 9      
,engl& by royal edict4  ,n[1 ! g5]al    
mean+ ( ?is symbol ,i take to be ! same 
z t :i* l$ to ! *oice ( hills & 8high   
places10 z sites = alt>s & temples1 & to
 ! assign+ ( m\nta9 tops z ! abodes ( ! 
*ief gods4 ,x is se5 9 adjectives       
appli$1 ,i believe1 9 all languages1    
c]ta9ly all develop$ ones1 to su*       
deities !mselves4 ,^! adjectives are    
relat$ to adv]bs ( place1 signify+      
above1 up or ov]4 ,we speak ( !         
sup]natural1 or sup]nal p[]s1 ! ,supreme
 ,be+1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,he 9 ,heav51 & su*
 l4 ,s d all ,aryan & ,semitic tongues4 
,beyond !m1 ! ,*9ese "n = ! ,supreme    
,deity1 ,ti51 means up4 ,i h else:]e    
illu/rat$ ! same fact 9 native ,am]ican 
tongues4 ,! association ( light & ! sky 
above1 ! sun & ! heav51 is :y we raise  
our h&s & eyes 9 confid5t pray] to      
div9ity4 ,t at times1 h[ev]1 a religion 
( sex-love did id5tify ^! erect symbols 

) ! phallus z ! life-giv]1 is v true1 b 
?is 0 a tempor>y & adv5titi\s mean+     
assign$ a symbol f> m anci5t ?an ?is =m 
( religion4  ,9 ?is review ( ! pr9ciples
 ( religi\s symbolism1 ,i h attempt$    
ma9ly to exhibit ! "p x has su/a9$ 9 !  
developm5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,x has 
be5 g5]ally unfavorable to ! gr[? (     
high] ?\ght4 ,! symbol1 9 :at x is above
 ! emblem1 assumes m ?an a simil>ity1 a 
clos] relation ?an analogy2 to "s degree
 x pret5ds to a hypo/atic union or      
id5tity ( ! mat]ial ) ! div9e1 ! kn[n to
 s5se ) ! unkn[n4 ,fully se51 ?is       
becomes object wor%ip2 p>tially s1      
p]sonification4  ,!re is no exception to
 ?is4 ,! ref9$ symbolisms :i* pass      
curr5t to day z religi\s philosophies   
exemplify x4 ,! "o1 e/hetic symbolism1  
has its field 9 musical & ar*itectural  
art1 9 ! /udy & portraiture ( !         
beautiful2 ! o!r1 sci5tific symbolism1  
claims to discov] 9 ! morphology (      
organisms1 9 ! h>monic laws ( physics1 &
 9 ! processes ( ! dialectic1 ! pro( t  

symbolism1 if n a revelation1 is at lea/
 an unconsci\s inspiration ( univ]sal   
tru?4 ,?is is ! 8,doctr9e (             
,correspond5ces10 mu* 9 favor )         
,sw$5borgians1 b by no means introduc$  
by ! f\nd] ( t sect4 ,! recognition ( ! 
id5tity 9 =m ( ! fundam5tal laws (      
motion & ?\ght1 & ! cle>] und]/&+ ( ! "*
 ( h>mony :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,helmholtz &
 o!rs give u1 disp]se mo/ ( ! my/]y ab\t
 ^! simil>ities4 ,! religion ( art1 z   
su*1 w come up = consid]ation 9 ! next  
*apt]4  ,! second =m ( ! ,cult is !     
,rite4 ,?is includes ! acts or c]emonies
 ( wor%ip4 ,consid]$ 9 ! gross1 !y c be 
class$ z ( two k9ds1 ! fir/ & e>lie/    
propitiatory1 ! second & lat] memorial  
or in/itution>y4  ,we h b to be> 9 m9d !
 "o aspiration ( comm5c+ religi\s ?\ght1
 to wit1 ! atta9m5t ( a wi%1 to see t   
:atev] action arose !refrom mu/ be      
direct$ to t purpose4 ,h5ce1 :5 we      
analyze ! rude c]emonies ( savage cults1
 ! motive is extremely app>5t4 ,!y1 l _!
 pray]s1 all po9t to ! secur+ ( "s      

mat]ial advantage4 ,!y are design$      
8to coz5     ,! gods t con/ra9 u &      
curse40  ,! motives :i* und]lie ^!      
simple/ z well z ! mo/ elaborate        
rituals1 & impress ^u !m _! di/9ctively 
religi\s "* c be r$uc$ to two1 ! idea ( 
sacrifice & ! idea ( specific p]=mance4 
,! simple/ notion involv$ 9 a sacrifice 
is t ( giv+4 ,! value ( ! gift is n1    
h[ev]1 ! intr9sic wor? ( ! ?+ giv51 nor 
ev5 ! pleasure or advantage ! recipi5t  
d]ives !refrom1 b1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 !     
am\nt ( pa9 ! giv] exp]i5ces 9 depriv+  
himself ( x6 ,?is is also (t5 se5 9     
ord9>y transactions4 ,a ri* man :o      
subscribes a hundr$ doll>s to a *>ity1  
is ?\ght to m]it less comm5dation ?an ! 
wid[ :o gives h] mite4 ,measur$ by      
motive1 ?is reason+ is correct4 ,!re is 
a ju/ice :i* c be v9dicat$ 9 hold+      
self-d5ial to be a /&>d ( motive4 ,all  
develop$ religions h dem&$ ! r5unciation
 ( :at is de>e/4 ,! ,ynglyngasaga tells 
u t 9 a "t ( fam9e1 ! fir/ sacrifice    
(f]$ to ! gods 0 ( bea/s only2 if ?is   

fail$1 m5 7 sla9 to appease !m2 & if ?is
 did n mitigate _! ang]1 ! k+ himself 0 
oblig$ to die t !y might s5d pl5ty4 ,!  
,lat9 writ]s h h&$ x d[n t among !      
,g]mans & ,gauls a human sacrifice 0    
deem$ ! m efficaci\s ! m di/+ui%$ !     
victim1 & ! ne>] 8 relation%ip to him :o
 (f]$ ! rite4#bai-a ,! slaught] ( *ildr5
 & wives to please ! gods 0 common 9 _m 
religions1 & ! self-emasculation ( !    
prie/s ( ,cybele1 ) o!r su* pa9ful      
rites1 indicates t ! measure ( !        
sacrifice 0 v usually n :at ! god ne$$1 
b ! will+ness ( ! wor%ipp] to give4  ,! 
second idea1 t ( specific p]=mance1 has 
be5 well express$ & humor\sly comm5t$ ^u
 by ,hume 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory (        
,religions4 ,he says3 8,"h ,i _c =be>   
obs]v+ a fact :i* may be wor? ! att5tion
 ( ^? :o make human nature ! object ( _!
 inquiry4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 e religion1 _m
 ( ! vot>ies1 p]haps ! greate/ numb]1 w 
seek ! div9e favor1 n by virtue & good  
morals1 b ei!r by frivol\s obs]vances1  
by intemp]ate zeal1 by raptur\s         

ec/asies1 or by ! belief ( my/]i\s &    
absurd op9ions4  99 99 99 ,9 all ?is i4 
e41 9 virtue & good morals1 a sup]/iti\s
 man f9ds no?+1 :i* he has prop]ly p]=m$
 = ! sake ( 8 deity1 or :i* c peculi>ly 
recomm5d him to div9e favor &           
protection4 99 99 99 99 ,b if he fa/ or 
give himself a s\nd :ipp+1 ?is has a    
direct ref]5ce1 9 8 op9ion1 to ! s]vice 
( ,god4 ,no o!r motive c\ld engage him  
to su* au/]ities40  ,! philosoph] "h    
sets =? 9 8 inimitable /yle a m>k$      
*>act]i/ic ( religi\s acts4 ,b he t\*es 
^u x ) 8 usual sup]ficiality4 ,x is true
 t no religion has ev] be5 cont5t )     
promot+ ! happ9ess ( man1 & t ! va/     
majority ( vot>ies are always seek+ to d
 some?+ specifically religi\s1 & are n  
satisfi$ ) ! moral only4 ,! simple      
explanation ( x is t ! religi\s s5tim5t 
has a purpose entirely di/9ct f e?ics1 a
 purpose con/antly felt z some?+ peculi>
 to itself1 ?\gh obscurely se5 & (t5    
:olly misconceiv$4 ,x is only :5 an     
action is utt]ly dissev]$ f o!r ends1 & 

is purely & solely religi\s1 t x c      
satisfy ?is s5tim5t4 8,la religion10 mo/
 truly obs]ves ,madame ,neck] de        
,saussure1 8ne doit po9t avoir d'autre  
bt qu'elle mme40  ,! uni=m preval5ce (  
^! ideas 9 rites may be illu/rat$ f !   
simple/ or ! mo/ elaborate4 ,fa!r       
,brebeuf1 mission>y to ! ,hurons 9      
#afcf1 has a *apt] on _! sup]/itions4   
,he !re tells u t ?is nation _h two     
sorts ( c]emonies1 ! "o to induce ! gods
 to grant good =tune1 ! o!r to appease  
!m :5 "s ill-luck _h occurr$4 ,be=e     
runn+ a dang]\s rapid 9 _! frail canoes 
!y w\ld lay tobacco on a c]ta9 rock :]e 
! deity ( ! rapid 0 suppos$ to reside1 &
 ask = safety 9 _! voyage4 ,!y took     
tobacco & ca/ x 9 ! fire1 say+3 8,o     
,heav5 7,aronhiat71 see1 ,i give y      
some?+2 aid me2 cure ?is sickness (     
m9e40 ,:5 "o 0 dr[n$ or di$ ( cold1 a   
fea/ 0 call$1 & ! s(t p>ts ( ! corpse 7 
cut f ! bones & burn$ to conciliate !   
p]sonal god1 :ile ! wom5 danc$ & *ant$ a
 melan*oly /ra94 ,"h "o sacrifice 0 to  

curry favor ) ! gods1 ano!r to soo! _!  
ang]1 & ! ?ird 0 a rite1 n a sacrifice1 
b done = a religi\s end1 ^: m]it 0      
specific p]=mance4  ,z ! gift 0 valu$ at
 :at x co/ ! giv]1 & 0 suppos$ to be    
efficaci\s 9 ?is same ratio1 self-d5ial 
soon pass$ into self-torture1 prolong$  
fa/s1 sc\rg+ & lac]ations1 ?us becom+   
legitimate exhibitions ( religi\s f]vor4
 ,z m5tal pa9 is z ke5 z bodily pa91 !  
suff]+ ( ,jeph?ah 0 q z sev]e z t ( !   
,flagellants1 & 0 expect$ to f9d favor 9
 ! eyes ( ! gods4  ,a significant       
corroll>y,,tn-#ab f su* a !ory foll[s3 t
 :i* is ! efficaci\s "p ( ! sacrifice is
 ! suff]+2 giv5 a c]ta9 degree ( ?is1 ! 
desir$ effect w foll[4 ,z to :at or :o  
suff]s1 or 9 :at mann] he or x suff]s1  
^! are second>y consid]ations1 ev5      
unimportant ones1 s f> z ! end to be    
obta9$ is conc]n$4 ,?is is ! g]m (      
vic>i\s sacrifice1 a plan frequ5tly     
obs]v$ 9 ev5 immature religions4 ,:at   
seems ! diabolical cruelty ( "s         
sup]/iti\s rites1 ^? ( ! ,c>?ag9ians &  

,celts1 = example1 is ?or\ghly consi/5t 
) ! ab/ract !ory ( sacrifice1 & did n   
spr+ f caprici\s malice4 ,! ,dea? (     
,*ri/1 reg>d$ z a g5]al vic>i\s         
atonem5t1 has _h its effici5cy expla9$  
directly by ! !ory t ! pa9 he suff]$    
p>took ( ! inf9ity ( 8 div9e nature2 z  
?us x 0 excruciat+ beyond measure1 s x 0
 inf9itely effectual t[>d appeas+       
div9ity4  ,x is well kn[n t ?is doctr9e 
0 no innovation on ! religi\s s5tim5t ( 
! age :5 x 0 prea*$ by ! ,greek fa!rs4  
,= c5turies ! ,egyptian prie/s _h taught
 ! inc>nation & suff]+s ( ,osiris1 & 8  
dea? = ! salvation ( 8 p4 ,simil> my?s 7
 common ?r\gh\t ! ,ori5t1 all drawn f ! 
reason+ ,i h m5tion$4#bbb-a  ,!y h be5  
v>i\sly criticiz$4 ,ap>t f ! equivocal  
traits ?is !ory ( atonem5t attributes to
 ! sup]natural p[]s--a feature          
c\nt]balanc$1 9 mod]n religion1 by      
subdu+ its h>%e/ features--x is root$   
ess5tially 9 ! mat]ial view ( religion4 
,! religi\s value ( an act is to be     
apprais$ by ! ext5t to :i* x foll[s     

recognition ( duty4 ,to ackn[l$ge an    
error is unpleasant2 to r5\nce x /ill m 
s1 = x breaks a habit2 to see our own   
errors 9 _! magnitude1 sully+ our :ole  
nature & rea*+ f> ahead to g5]ations yet
 unborn1 is consummately bitt]1 & 9     
proportion z x is bitt]1 w keep u f     
err+4#bbc-a ,?is is ! 8sacrifice ( a    
contrite he>t10 :i* alone is n          
despicable2 & ?is no "o c d = u4 ,we may
 be sure t nei!r ! physical pa9 (       
victims burn+ 9 a sl[ fire1 nor ! m5tal 
pa9 ( yield+ up :atev] we hold de>e/ ^u 
e>?1 w make our views ( duty a p>ticle  
cle>] or our notion ( div9ity a jot     
nobl]2 & :atev] does nei!r ( ^! is n (  
true religion4  ,! !ory ( sacrifice is  
intimately relat$ ) ! idea ( s94 ,9 !   
quotation ,i h made f ,fa!r ,brebeuf we 
see t ! ,hurons recogniz$ a di/9ct =m ( 
rite z appropriate to appease a god :5  
ang]$4 ,x is a matt] ( national         
temp]am5t :i* ( ^! =ms takes ! lead4    
,j\tel tells ( a tribe 9 ,texas :o paid 
att5tion only to ! gods :o work$ !m h>m1

 say+ t ! good gods 7 good anyh[4 ,by   
p>ity ( reason+1 "o sect ( ,mohamm$ans  
wor%ip ! devil only4 ,x is well to make 
fri5ds ) y\r enemy1 & !n he w n hurt y2 
& if a man is %ield$ f 8 enemies1 he is 
safe en\gh4  ,b :]e1 z 9 mo/ ,semitic1  
,celtic & v>i\s o!r religions1 ! *ief   
gods fr[n$ or smil$ z !y 7 propitiat$ or
 neglect$1 & :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa9 0 ! 
propitiation !y dem&$1 ! necessity (    
r5d]+ ?is ?rew a d>k %ad[ on life4 ,:at 
is ! condition ( man1 t only ?r\gh sorr[
 he c rea* joy8 ,he mu/ be "u a curse4  
,physical & m5tal processes aid$ by     
analogy ?is gloomy d$uction4 ,x is only 
?r\gh pa9 t we are /imulat$ to ! pursuit
 ( pleasure1 & ! latt] is a phantom we  
nev] cat*4 ,! laws ( correct reason+ are
 ^? :i* alone %\ld guide u2 b ! natural 
laws ( ! association ( ideas d n at all 
correspond ) ! "o association :i* reason
 accepts4 ,tru? is :at we are born =1   
error is :at is giv5 u4  ,in/ead ( view+
 ?is /ate ( ?+s z "o insep>able to !    
relative z ano!r ?an ! univ]sal1 &1     

in/ead ( see+ ! means ( correct+ x 9 !  
m5tal elem5t ( att5tion1 cont9uance or  
volition1 guid$ by exp]i5ce & ! gr[+    
cle>ness ( ! purposes ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 
! problem 0 giv5 up z hopeless1 & man 0 
plac$ "u a ban f :i* a god alone c\ld   
set him free2 he 0 sunk 9 orig9al s91   
*a9$ to dea?4  ,to rea* ?is result x is 
evid5t t a consid]able ef=t at reason+1 
a peculi> view ( ! nature ( ! gods1 & a 
temp]am5t n ! mo/ common1 mu/ be comb9$4
 ,h5ce x 0 adopt$ z a religi\s dogma by 
b a few nations4 ,! ,*9ese "k no?+ ( !  
8s5se ( s910 nor did ! ,greeks &        
,romans4 ,! ,p>sees d n ackn[l$ge x1 nor
 d ! ,am]ican tribes4 8,to s910 9 _!    
languages1 does n mean to (f5d ! deity1 
b to make a mi/ake1 to miss ! m>k1 to   
loose "o's way z 9 a wood1 & !          
mission>ies h exce$+ difficulty 9 mak+  
!m und]/& ! !ological signification ( ! 
^w4  ,! second class ( rites are        
memorial 9 "*4 ,z ! =m] 7 address$ to ! 
gods1 s ^! are *iefly = ! b5efit ( ! p4 
,!y are didactic1 to pres]ve ! my?1 or  

in/itution>y1 to keep alive ! discipl9e 
& =ms ( ! *ur*4  ,( ?is class ( rites x 
may broadly be said !y are ! my?        
dramatiz$4 ,inde$1 ! drama owes its     
orig9 to ! mimicry by wor%ipp]s ( !     
suppos$ do+s ( ! gods4 ,! mo/ anci5t    
fe/ivals h ref]5ce to ! recurr5ce ( !   
seasons1 & ! c]emonies :i* m>k !m       
repres5t ! my?ical transactions :i* are 
suppos$ to gov]n ! ye>ly *anges4 ,! god 
himself 0 (t5 repres5t$ by !  high      
prie/1 & mask$ figures took ! p>ts (    
att5dant deities4  ,in/itution>y rites  
are ^? av[$ly design$ to commemorate a  
my? or ev5t1 & to /r5g!n !reby !        
religi\s organization4 ,*ri/ian baptism 
is by "s d5om9ations look$ ^u z a       
commemorative or in/itution>y rite only2
 & ! same is ! case ) ! ,"l's ,supp]4   
,^! seem to h be5 ! only rites          
recomm5d$1 ?\gh ! =m] 0 n practic$ by   
,*ri/4 ,9 any ord9>y mean+ ( 8 words1 he
 reg>d$ !m bo? z in/itution>y4  ,!      
t5d5cy ( memorial to become propitiatory
 rites is visible 9 all mat]iali/ic     

religions4 ,! proc$ure1 f a simple      
commemorative act1 acquires a my/ic     
efficacy1 a sup]natural or spiritual    
p[]1 (t5 suppos$ to ext5d to ! deity z  
well z ! vot>y4 ,?us ! ,indian          
8ra9-mak]0 w rattle 8 g\rd1 beat 8 drum1
 & bl[ ?r\gh 8 pipe1 to repres5t !      
?und]1 lightn+1 & w9d ( ! /orm2 & he    
believes t by ?is mimicry ( ! ra9-god's 
proce$+s he c =ce him to s5d ! wi%$-=   
%[]s4 ,! *>ms1 spells & incantations (  
sorc]y h ! same f\ndation4 ,equally     
visible is x 9 ! reception ( ! ,*ri/ian 
rites above m5tion$1 baptism & !        
,eu*>i/1 z 8sacram5ts10 z obs]vances (  
div9e efficacy 9 !mselves4 ,all su*     
views arise f ! mat]ial "* ( ! religi\s 
wants4  ,! conclusion is t1 :ile emblems
 & memorial rites h no?+ 9 !m :i* c m>1 
!y also h no?+ :i* c aid ! gr[? & purity
 ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 beyond advanc+   
its social relations2 :ile symbols1 9 ! 
prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 & propitiatory      
rites1 z necess>ily false & )\t         
f\ndation1 always degrade & obscure     

religi\s ?\ght4 ,_! prom95ce 9 a cult   
decl9es1 z x rises 9 quality2 & 9 a     
p]fect$ s*eme ( wor%ip !y w\ld h no     
place :atev]4   ,,footnotes3  #bjj-a ,9 
8 *apt] ,ide5 zu e9] ,physik des        
,symbols und des ,my?us1 ( 8 ,symbolik  
und ,my?ologie4  #bja-a ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4    
,b>l['s ,essays on ,symbolism 7,london1 
#ahff71 des]ves m5tion z "o ( ! be/ (   
^!4  #bjd-a ,w4 ,s4 ,jevons1 ,!         
,sub/itution ( ,simil>s1 p4 #ae         
7,london1 #ahfi47  #bje-a ,creuz]1      
,symbolik1 ,bd4 ,i1 s4 #ei4  #bjg-a     
,ursprung d] ,my?ologie 7,b]l91 #ahfb74 
#bjh-a ,h>rison ,all51 ,m4 ,d41 ,! ,life
 ,=m 9 ,art1 ,phila4 #ahgd4  #baj-a     
,cussans1 ,gramm> ( ,h]aldry1 p4 #af4   
#bab-a ,num]\s examples f classical     
antiquity are giv5 by ,creuz]1          
,symbolik1 ,bd4 i4 s4 #aad4 sqq4  #bad-a
 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1  
,bd4 iv41 s4 #ccb4  #bad-b ,creuz]1     
,symbolik und ,my?ologie1 ,bd4 i41 s4   
#bhb4  #bad-c ,c>l ,fr$]ick ,kopp51 ,die
 ,lamais*e ,hi]>*ie &,,tn-#ac ,kir*e1   

ss4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa4  #bai-a ,adolph      
,holtzmann1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #bcb
 7,leipzig1 #ahgd74  #bbb-a 8,es i/ s   
gewiss]mass5 9 all5 ern/5 ori5talis*5   
,lehr5 das ,*ri/5?um 9 se9em ,keime     
vorgebildet40 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und    
,my?ologie d] ,alt5 ,vlk]1 ,bd4 i41 s4  
#big4  #bbc-a ,9 a conv]sation report$  
by ,mr4 ,john ,morley1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill
 express$ 8 belief t 8! com+            
modification ( religion0 w be controll$ 
l>gely ?r\gh m5 becom+ 8m & m impress$ )
 ! awful fact t a piece ( conduct to-day
 may prove a curse to m5 & wom5 scores &
 ev5 hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! au?or ( x is 
dead40     ,,! ,,mom5ta ,,( ,,religi\s  
,,?\ght4   ,,summ>y4       ,national    
impulses & aims z hi/oric ideas4 ,_!    
recurr5ce &      its explanation4 ,_!   
p]man5ce 9 relation to _! tru? &        
consci\sness4 ,! hi/oric ideas 9        
religi\s progress are *iefly      ?ree4 
,i4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,p]fect$ ,individual4  
,fir/ plac$ 9 physical /r5g?4 ,?is gave 
way 9 ,s\!rn ,europe      to ! idea (   

physical symmetry1 a religion ( beauty &
 art4      ,lat] days h produc$ ! idea (
 m5tal symmetry1 ! religion      (      
culture4 ,all h fail$1 & :y8 ,! mom5ta (
 true religion      9 ea*4       ,,ii4  
,! ,idea ( ! ,p]fect$ ,commonweal?4     
,c]ta9 national temp]am5ts pr$ispose to 
individualism1 o!rs      to communism4  
,! social relations gov]n$ at fir/ by   
div9e law4      ,lat]1 morality         
repres5ts ?is law4 ,! religion (        
conduct4 ,!      religion ( s5tim5t & ( 
humanity4 ,advantages & disadvantages   
9 ?is idea4       ,comp>isons ( ^! two  
ideas z complet$ respectively by        
,wilhelm      von ,humboldt & ,augu/e   
,comte4       ,,iii4 ,! ,idea ( ,p]sonal
 ,survival4       ,! doctr9e (          
immortality ! ma9 mom5t 9 ,*ri/ianity1  
,islam      & ,buddhism4 ,unfamili> to  
old & simple fai?s4 ,its en]gy &        
speculative relations4 ,x is decreas+ z 
a religi\s mom5t ow+      to1 7#a7 a    
bett] und]/&+ ( e?ics1 7#b7 m accurate  
cosmical conceptions1 7#c7 ! cle>] def9+

 ( life1 7#d7 !      increas+           
immat]iality ( religions4       ,!      
future & f9al mom5ts ( religi\s ?\ght4  
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,! ,,mom5ta ,,(        
,,religi\s ,,?\ght4   ,! records ( ! pa/
 c be /udi$ v>i\sly4 ,ev5ts c be arrang$
 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce3 ?is is        
*ronology or annals2 9 addition to ?is1 
_! connections & mutual relations z     
cause & effect may be %[n3 ?is is       
hi/orical sci5ce2 or1 ?irdly1 f a g5]al 
view ( tra9s ( relat$ ev5ts "s ab/ract  
aim z _! f9al cause may be !oretically  
d$uc$ & confirm$ by exp]i5ce3 ?is is !  
philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! doctr9e ( f9al  
causes1 9 its old =m z ! argum5tum de   
appetitu1 has be5 sup]s$$4 ,function is 
n purpose2 desire comes f ! exp]i5ce (  
pleasure1 & realizes its dreams1 if at  
all1 by ! sl[ developm5t ( capacity4 ,! 
wi% c>ries no w>rant ( gratification )  
x4 ,no 8argum5t f design0 c be adduc$ f 
! region :]e ! laws ( physical necessity
 prevail4 ,^? laws are n design$ = an   
end4  ,:51 h[ev]1 9 ! unfold+ ( m9d we  

rea* ! /age ( notions1 we obs]ve a gr[+ 
p[] to accompli% desire1 n only by alt]+
 ! individual or race organism1 b also  
by br++ ext]nal objects into unison ) ! 
desire1 rev]s+ ! process common 9 ! life
 ( s5sation4 ,?is spectacle1 h[ev]1 is  
conf9$ to man alone1 & man z guid$ by   
prospective volition1 t is1 by an object
 ahead4  ,:5 "s su* object is common to 
a nation or race1 x ex]cises a wide     
influ5ce on its de/9y1 & is ! key to mu*
 t o!rwise w\ld be inexplicable 9 its   
actions4 ,:at we call national hopes1   
ambitions & ideals are su* objects4     
,sometimes !y are di/9ctly recogniz$ by 
! nation1 sometimes !y are pursu$ almo/ 
unconsci\sly4 ,!y d n correspond to ?+s 
z !y are1 b z !y are wi%$ to be4 ,h5ce  
!re is no?+ 9 !m to insure _!           
realization4 ,!y are l an appetite1 :i* 
may & may n develope ! function :i* c   
gratify x4 ,!y h be5 call$ 8hi/oric     
ideas10 & _! consid]ation is a lead+    
topic 9 mod]n hi/orical sci5ce4  ,reason
 claims ! p[] ( criticiz+ su* ideas1 & (

 di/+ui%+ 9 !m betwe5 :at is true &     
!re=e obta9able1 & :at is false & !re=e 
*im]ical or ev5 de/ructive4 ,?is is !   
prov9ce ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,x     
guides itself by ^? g5]al pr9ciples = ! 
pursuit ( tru? :i* h be5 notic$ 9 brief 
9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is book4 ,look+ be=e 
z well z aft]1 x aspires 9 ! unit$ light
 ( exp]i5ce & ! laws ( m9d1 to con/ruct 
= ! race an ideal )9 ! rea* ( its       
capacities1 yet :i* w develope !m to !  
fulle/ ext5t1 a pole-/> to :i* x c tru/ 
9 ?is night teem+ ) w-o'-! wisps4  ,!   
op9ion t ! hi/ory ( m9d is a progress ^:
 end w be wor? m ?an 0 its beg9n+1 may n
 prove true 9 fact--! concrete          
expression nev] :olly cov]s ! ab/ract   
requirem5ts--b x is und\bt$ly true 9    
!ory4 ,! progress1 s f>1 has be5 by no  
means a l9eal "o--ea* son a bett] man   
?an 8 fa!r--nor ev51 z "s w\ld h x1 a   
spiral "o--p]iodical recurr5ces to !    
same hi/orical ideas1 b ea* recurr5ce a 
ne>] approa* to ! philosophical idea--b 
x has be5 f> m complex & irregul> ?an   

any geometrical figure w illu/rate4 ,^! 
facile g5]alizations d n express x4     
,foll[+ ! natural laws ( ?\ght man has  
err$ inf9itely1 & 8 errors h work$ _!   
sure result--!y h de/roy$ him4 ,!re is  
no 8reli% ( salvation0 9 an error2      
o!rwise ?an t x is sure to kill him :o  
ob/ructs ! light by h>bor+ x4 ,!re is no
 sort ( conv]tability ( ! false into !  
true1 z %all[ ?9k]s ( ! day tea*4  ,man 
has only escap$ dea? :5 at fir/ by a    
lucky *ance1 & !n by p]sonal & inh]it$  
exp]i5ce1 8 ?\ghts drift$ or 7 =c$ into 
con=mity ) ! logical laws ( ?\ght4  ,a  
hi/oric idea is a complex product =m$ ( 
num]\s conceptions1 "s true & o!rs      
false4 ,its p]man5cy & efficacy are 9   
direct proportion to ! numb] & cle>ness 
( ! =m] x embraces4 ,:5 x is purg+      
itself ( ! latt]1 ! nation is           
progressive2 :5 ! false are reta9$1 _!  
poison spreads & ! nation decays4  ,!   
p]iodical recurr5ce ( hi/oric ideas is  
"o ( _! mo/ /rik+ features4 ,!          
explanations (f]$ = x h be5 v>i\s4 ,!   

anci5t doctr9es ( an exact repetition ( 
ev5ts 9 ! cycles ( nature1 & ( !        
transmigration ( s\ls1 drew mu* support 
f x2 & ! mod]n modification ( ! latt]   
!ory z set =? by ,wordswor? & ,less+1   
are di/9ctly d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4      
,rightly elucidat$1 ! philosophical     
hi/orian w f9d 9 x an invaluable clue to
 ! unravelm5t ( ! tangl$ ske9 ( human   
endeavor4  ,hi/oric p]iodicity is on !  
"o side an organic law ( memory1 dep5d5t
 ^u ! revival ( transmitt$ ance/ral     
impressions4 ,a prevail+ idea ?\gh      
ov]-cultivation exhau/s its organic     
correlate1 & leads to defective         
nutrition ( t "p 9 ! (fspr+4 ,h5ce !y d 
n pursue ! same idea z _! fa!rs1 b rev]t
 to a remot] ance/ral hi/oric idea1 !   
organic correlate ( :i* has la9 fall[1  
?us ga9$ /r5g?4 ,x is br\ght =? z new1  
receives additions by contiguity &      
simil>ity1 is ard5tly pursu$1           
ov]-cultivat$1 & 9 "t supplant$ by ano!r
 revival4  ,b ?is mat]ial side          
corresponds to an all-important m5tal   

"o4 ,z an organic process only1 ! hi/ory
 ( p]iodic ideas is ?us satisfactorily  
expla9$1 b he :o holds ?is explanation  
to be exhau/ive sees b half ! problem4  
,! p]man5ce ( a hi/oric idea1 ,i h /at$1
 is 9 direct proportion to ! numb] (    
true ideas 9 its composition2 !         
impression x makes on ! organic sub/rata
 ( memory is 9 turn 9 proportion to its 
p]man5ce4 ,! elem5t ( decay is !        
de/ructive effects ( natural tra9s (    
?\ght out ( accord ) ! logically true   
tra9s4 ,^! cause defective c]ebral      
nutrition1 :i* is ?us se5 to arise1 s f>
 z influ5c$ by ! op]ations ( ! memory1 f
 relations ( tru? & error4 ,!re is a    
physiological t5d5cy 9 ! =m] to pres]ve 
& ma9ta9 9 activity2 9 ! latt] to       
disappe>4 ,! p]c5tage ( true concepts   
:i* makes up ! complexity ( a hi/oric   
idea gives ! pr9cipal factor t[>ds      
calculat+ its probable recurr5ce4 ,(    
c\rse1 a second factor is !             
physiological "o ( nutrition itself4  ,!
 next important di/9ction 9 discuss+    

hi/oric ideas is betwe5 ^? :i* are held 
consci\sly1 & ^? :i* op]ate             
unconsci\sly4 ,! =m] are always f\nd to 
be m active1 & m am5able to correction4 
,an unconsci\s idea is a product ( !    
natural1 n ! logical laws ( m9d1 & is   
!re=e v apt to be l>gely false4 ,x is   
always displac$ ) advantage by a        
consci\s aim4  ,"o ( ! sup]ficial       
fallacies ( ! day1 :i* pass "u ! "n (   
philosophy1 is to ma9ta9 t any su*      
hi/oric idea is ! be/ possible "o = ! "t
 & place 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,i am l$ to   
ref] to ?is by ! false light x has ?r[n 
on religi\s hi/ory4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rem>ks
 9 "o ( 8 essays3#bcf-a 8,all religi\s  
cre$s1 dur+ ! eras 9 :i* !y are sev]ally
 held1 are ! be/ t c\ld be held40 8,all 
are good = _! times & places40 ,s f> f  
?is be+ ! case1 !re nev] has be5 a      
religion b t an improvem5t 9 x w\ld h   
/raightway ex]t$ a b5efic5t effect4     
,man1 no matt] :at 8 condition1 c always
 d]ive imm$iate good f high] conceptions
 ( ,deity ?an he himself has elaborat$4 

,nor is ! highe/ conception possible an 
idealization ( self1 z ,i h suffici5tly 
%[n 9 a previ\s *apt]1 b is "o drawn    
:olly f ! realm ( ! ab/ract4 ,moreov]1 z
 a matt] ( hi/ory1 we "k t 9 abundant   
in/ances1 ! decay ( nations c be trac$  
l>gely to ! base tea*+s ( _! religi\s   
in/ructors4 ,to ma9ta9 t su* religions 7
 8! be/ possible ones0 = ! "t & place is
 ! absurde/ optimism4 ,9 :at a religion 
%>es ( ! ab/ractly true x is b5efic5t2 9
 :at x p>takes ( ! untrue x is          
delet]i\s4 ,?is1 & no o!r canon1 mu/ be 
our guide4  ,! ideas ( religi\s hi/ory  
obey ! same laws z o!r hi/oric ideas4   
,!y gr[1 decay1 are supplant$ & revive  
aga9 9 v>y+ guises1 9 accordance ) !    
processes ( organic nutrition z influ5c$
 by ! tru? or falsity ( _! compon5t     
ideas4 ,_! t5d5cy to p]sonification is  
/rong]1 because ( ! mu* great] ne>ness  
!y h to ! individual desire4 ,! "o      
aspiration ( a high-spirit$ p :5        
subjugat$ w be fre$om2 & 9 ! l[] /ages (
 culture !y w be v c]ta9 to fabricate a 

my? ( a deliv]] to come4  ,9 l mann]1 e 
memb] ( a community %>es ) 8 fell[      
memb]s "s wi%1 hope or ambition dep5d5t 
on unkn[n control & !re=e religi\s 9 "*1
 :i* w become ! 8=mative idea0 ( !      
national religi\s developm5t4  ,( !     
v>i\s ideas 9 religi\s hi/ory !re are   
?ree :i*1 ?r\gh _! p]man5ce & frequ5t   
revival1 we may ju/ly suppose 9         
accordance ) ! above-m5tion$ canons to  
conta9 a l>ge measure ( tru?1 & yet to  
be f> f :olly true4 ,!y may be consid]$ 
z lead+ mom5ts 9 religi\s gr[?1 yet )al 
lack+ some?+ or o!r ess5tial to !       
satisfaction ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,!   
fir/ ( ^! is ! idea ( ! p]fect$         
individual2 ! second ! idea ( ! p]fect$ 
commonweal?2 ! ?ird1 t ( p]sonal        
survival4 ,^! h be5 ! =mative ideas     
7,ide5 d] ,ge/altung7 9 ! pray]s1 my?s1 
rites & religi\s in/itutions ( _m       
nations at widely sep>at$ times4  ,( !  
two fir/ m5tion$ x may be said t e      
ext5d$ fai? has accept$ !m to "s degree4
 ,!y are ! secret ( ! alliances (       

religion ) art1 ) gov]nm5t1 ) e?ics1 )  
sci5ce1 education & s5tim5t4  ,^!       
alliances h (t5 be5 tak5 by hi/orians to
 conta9 ! vital elem5ts ( religion      
itself1 & _m explanations bas$ on "o or 
ano!r assumption ( ! k9d h be5 pr(f]$4  
,religion1 :ile x may embrace any ( !m1 
is indep5d5t ( !m all4 ,its relations to
 !m h be5 transitory1 & ! m s z _! aims 
h be5 local & mat]ial4 ,! brief duration
 ( ! subjection ( religion to su*       
incong5ial ties 0 well comp>$ by ,"l    
,h]b]t ( ,*]bury to ! e>ly maturity (   
brutes1 :o atta9 _! full gr[? 9 a ye> or
 two1 :ile man ne$s a qu>t] ( a         
c5tury4#bci-a ,! inf]ior aims ( !       
religi\s s5tim5t 7 disc>d$ "o aft] ano!r
 to make way = high] ones1 :i* 7 sl[ly  
dawn+ ^u x4 ,9 ?is progress x 0 guid$   
l>gely by ! ?ree ideas ,i h m5tion$1 :i*
 h be5 9 _m =ms lead+ /imuli ( !        
religi\s ?\ght ( ! race4  ,fir/1 ( !    
idea ( ! p]fect$ individual4  ,_m writ]s
 h suppos$ t ! contemplation ( ,p[] 9   
nature fir/ /irr$ religi\s ?\ght 9 man4 

,?\gh ?is is n ! view tak5 9 ?is book1  
no "o w "q t ! lead+ trait 9 ! gods (   
b>b>ism is physical /r5g?4 ,! naive     
an?ropomorphism ( ! savage makes 8 a god
 ( a mighty arm1 a giant 9 /ature1      
puissant & t]rible4 ,he hurls !         
?und]bolt1 & piles up ! m\nta9s 9 sport4
 ,8 "n is (t5 ,! ,/rong ,"o1 z 9 !      
,allah1 ,eloah ( ! ,semitic tongues4    
,h]cules1 ,*on1 ,melk>?1 ,dorsanes1 ,?or
 & o!rs 7 ( ! mo/ anci5t div9ities 9    
,greece1 ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 ,india1 &    
,sc&9avia1 & 7 all embodim5ts ( physical
 =ce4 ,su*1 too1 0 l>gely ! "* ( !      
,algonk9 ,mess\1 :o scoop$ out ! great  
lakes ) 8 h&s & tore up ! l>ge/ trees by
 ! roots4 ,! huge b\ld]s f ! glacial    
epo* :i* are scatt]$ ov] _! c\ntry are !
 pebbles he toss$ 9 play or 9 ang]4 ,!  
cleft 9 ! ,&es1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! riv]   
,funha1 0 op5$ by a s+le bl[ (          
,nemqueteba1 *ief god ( ! ,muyscas4 ,9  
all su* & a hundr$ simil> leg5ds1 easy  
to quote1 we see ! notion ( /r5g?1 brute
 =ce1 muscul> p[]1 0 t deem$ mo/        

appropriate to div9ity1 & t :i* he :o   
w\ld be godlike mu/ mo/ s$ul\sly seek4  
,:5 fill$ ) ! god1 ! vot>y felt a       
surpass+ vigor4 ,! ,b]s]k] fury 0 f\nd 9
 ! wilds ( ,am]ica & ,africa1 z well z  
among ! ,fiords4 ,sickness & weakness1  
on ! contr>y1 7 signs t ! gods 7 aga9/  
him4 ,!re=e1 9 all e>ly /ages ( culture1
 ! (fice ( prie/ & physician 0 "o4      
,conciliation ( ! gods 0 ! ca?olicon4   
,su* deities 7 fe>ful to behold4 ,!y are
 repres5t$ z mighty ( /ature & t]rible (
 mi51 calculat$ to appal1 n attract1 to 
inspire fe>1 n to k9dle love4 ,9        
tropical ,am]ica1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,?ibet1   
almo/ :]e y w1 !re is little to please !
 eye 9 ! pictures & /atues ( deities4   
,9 ,greece alone1 a national temp]am5t1 
m>vell\sly s5sitive to symmetry1        
develop$ ! comb9ation ( maximum /r5g? ) 
p]fect =m 9 ! sun-god1 ,apollo1 & (     
grace ) beauty 9 ,aphrodite4 ,! ,greeks 
7 ! apo/les ( ! religion ( beauty4 ,_!  
philosophic ?\ght saw ! p]man5t 9 ! ,=m1
 :i* outlives /r5g?1 & is t alone 9 :i* 

! race has be+4 ,9 its transmission love
 is ! ag5t1 & ,aphrodite1 unmat*$ 9     
beauty & "m ( love1 0 a creation wor?y (
 _! devotion4 ,?us ) !m ! religi\s      
s5tim5t /ill s\ght its satisfaction 9 ! 
individual1 n inde$ 9 ! muscle1 b 9 !   
feature & expression4  ,:5 ! old gods   
fell1 ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs taught _! flocks 
to abhor ! beautiful z "o ) ! s5sual4   
,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian    
describe ,*ri/ z ugly ( visage &        
und]siz$1 a sort ( ,socrates 9          
appe>ance4#bda-a ,*ri/ian art 0 long 9  
gett+ recognition4 ,! hea!ns 7 ! fir/ to
 repres5t 9 picture & /atues ,*ri/ & !  
apo/les1 & = long ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*      
oppos$ ! multiplication ( su* images1   
say+ t ! inw>d beauty 0 alone desirable4
 ,*ri/ian art rea*$ its highe/          
inspiration "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek      
culture aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 
! v ye>1 h[ev]1 t ,rafaello ,sanzio met 
8 premature dea?1 ,lu!r burn$ !         
decretals ( ! pope 9 ! m>ket-place (    
,witt5b]g1 & prea*$ a doctr9e z ho/ile  

to art z 0 t ( ,eusebius & ,*ryso/om4   
,!re 0 no long] any hope = ! religion ( 
beauty4  ,nev]!less1 "u ! influ5ce ( !  
revival ( anci5t art :i* arose )        
,w9ckelmann t[>ds ! close ( ! la/       
c5tury1 a gospel ( e/hetics 0 prea*$4   
,its apo/les 7 *iefly ,g]mans1 & among  
!m ,s*ill] & ,goe! are n inconspicu\s   
names4 ,! latt]1 be=e 8 long life 0     
clos$1 began to see ! empt9ess ( su*    
tea*+s1 & ! viol5ce p]petrat$ on ! m9d  
by =c+ on ! religi\s s5tim5t ! food fit 
only = ! e/hetic emotions4  ,! highe/   
conception ( individual p]fection is    
rea*$ 9 a "* ^: physical & m5tal p[]s   
are symmetrically tra9$1 & always       
direct$ by consci\s reason to _!        
appropriate ends4 ,self-gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ 
on self-k1 w>ds (f ! pangs (            
disappo9tm5t by limit+ ambition to !    
atta9able4 ,! affections & emotions1 & !
 pleasures ( s5sation z well1 are       
indulg$ 9 or ab/a9$ f1 b nev] to ! d>k5+
 ( ! intellect4 ,all ! tal5ts are plac$ 
at usury2 e p[] ex]cis$ sy/ematically & 

fruitfully ) a consecration to a noble  
purpose4  ,?is is ! religion ( culture4 
,none o!r ranks among its adh]5ts s _m  
great m9ds2 m51 z ,c>lyle expresses x1 (
 mu* religiosity1 if ( little religion4 
,! ideal is a tak+ "o4 ,su* utt]        
self-reliance1 n f ignorance1 b f !     
p]fection ( k1 0 t :i* ,buddha held up  
to 8 foll[]s3 8,self is ! ,god ( self2  
:o else %\ld be ! ,god80 ,9 ?is c5tury  
,goe!1 ,wordswor?1 beyond all o!rs      
,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 h set =? ?is    
ideal4 ,less /rongly intellectual       
natures1 z ,ma9e de ,biran1 ,de         
,s5anc\rt1 & ,mat!w ,arnold1 li/5 )     
admiration1 b feel h[ unkn[n to ! mass (
 human k9d mu/ rema9 ! tongue ^! ma/]s  
speak4  ,?us did ! religi\s s5tim5t seek
 its satisfaction 9 ! idealization1 fir/
 ( physical =ce1 !n ( =m1 & la/ ( m5tal 
=ce1 b 9 ea* case turn$ away unsatisfi$4
 ,:]e9 did ^! ideals fail8 ,! fir/      
m5tion$ 9 exalt+ p[] ov] pr9ciple1 might
 ov] "r4 ,z 0 well said by !            
philosophical ,novalis3 8,! ideal (     

morality has no m dang]\s rival ?an !   
ideal ( physical /r5g?1 ( ! mo/ vigor\s 
life4 ,?r\gh x man is trans=m$ into a   
reason+ bea/1 ^: brutal clev]ness has a 
fasc9ation = weak m9ds40#bdc-a ,!       
religion ( beauty fail$ 9 t x address$ !
 e/hetic emotions1 n ! reason+ p[]4 ,art
 does n promote ! good2 x owes no fealty
 to ei!r utility or e?ics3 9 itself1 x  
mu/ be1 9 ! negative s5se ( ! words1 at 
once useless & immoral4 8,nature is n   
its /&>d1 nor is tru? its *ief          
end40#bdd-a ,its _s is repose1 8! p]fect
 =m 9 p]fect re/20 :]eas ! _s ( religion
 is action because ( imp]fection4 ,ev5 !
 gods mu/ "k ( suff]+1 & p>take1 9      
inc>nations1 ( ! mis]ies ( m54  ,9 !    
religion ( culture :at c we blame8 ,t x 
is lack+ 9 ! impulses ( action ?r\gh !  
isolation x fo/]s2 t x is & mu/ be      
limit$ to a few1 = x provides no def5se 
= ! weaknesses ! _m inh]it2 t its t5d5cy
 is antagoni/ic to religion1 z x cuts   
away ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 & ! tru/ 9 !   
unkn[n2 t x all[s too little to         

en?usiasm ev] to become a p[]4  ,on !   
o!r h&1 :at mom5ta ( true religi\s ?\ght
 h ^! ideals embrac$8 ,ea* pres5ts "s4  
,physical vigor1 reg>d$ z a sign (      
complete nutrition1 is an indisp5sable  
prelim9>y to ! highe/ religion4 ,correct
 ?\ght _c be1 )\t suffici5t &           
appropriate food4 ,if ! n\ri%m5t is     
inadequate1 defective en]gy ( ! bra9 w  
be transmitt$1 & ! (fspr+ w rev]t       
ance/rally to a l[] plane ( ?\ght4 8,x  
?us happ5s t ! m9ds ( p]sons ( high     
religi\s culture by ance/ral desc5t1 & !
 int]m>riage ( religi\s families1 s     
/rangely end 9 ! production ( *ildr5    
totally devoid ( moral s5se & religi\s  
s5tim5t--moral imbeciles 9 %ort40#bde-a 
,f su* consid]ations ( ! necessity (    
physical vigor to elevat$ ?\ght1        
,desc>tes pr$ict$ t if ! human race ev] 
atta9 p]fection x w be *iefly ?r\gh !   
art ( m$ic9e4 ,n alone f emotions (     
sympa?y did ! em95t religi\s tea*]s (   
pa/ ages ma9ta9 t ! alleviation &       
prev5tion ( suff]+ is ! fir/ practical  

duty ( man2 b x 0 f a p]haps unconsci\s 
p]ception ( ! antagonism ( bodily       
deg5]ation to m5tal progress4  ,s1 too1 
! religion ( beauty & art conta9s an    
indefeasible g]m ( true religi\s ?\ght4 
,art sees ! univ]sal 9 ! isolat$ fact2 x
 r$eem$ ! co>se symbol ( e>li] days by  
associat+ x ) ! emotions ( joy1 in/ead (
 fe>2 comm5c+ ) an exaltation ( ! love  
to sex1 x e!realiz$ & ennobl$ passion2 x
 taught man to look else:]e ?an to      
mat]ial ?+s = 8 highe/ pleasure1 = ! "w 
( art always has its =tune 9 !          
imag9ation & n 9 ! s5ses ( ! obs]v]2    
conceptions ( ord] & h>mony are famili> 
to x2 its be/ ef=ts seek to br+ all !   
affairs ( life "u unity & sy/em2#bdf-a &
 ?us x /r5g!ns ! s5tim5t ( moral        
gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! fir/ po/ulate (      
religion4  ,! symmetry ( ! individual1 z
 und]/ood 9 ! religion ( culture1 is    
likewise a *]i%$ article ( true         
religion4 ,?us only c x protect         
p]sonality aga9/ ! pitfalls (           
self-negation & absorption1 :i*         

communism & pan!ism dig = x4 ,!         
integrity & p]man5ce ( ! p]son is !     
key/one to religion1 z x is to          
philosophy & e?ics4 ,none b a false     
tea*] w\ld measure our duty to our      
neighbor by a high] /&>d ?an our love to
 ourselves4 ,! love ( ,god alone is     
wor?y to obscure x4  ,pr(essor ,/e9?al  
has said3 8,e p has its own religion4 ,!
 national temp]am5t he>s ! tid+s &      
int]prets !m z x c40#bdf-b ,on ! o!r h&1
 ,humboldt--p]haps ! pr(\nde/ ?9k] on ^!
 subjects ( 8 g5]ation--d\bt$ :e!r      
religions c be measur$ 9 ref]5ce to     
nations & sects1 because 8religion is   
altoge!r subjective1 & re/s solely on ! 
conceptive p[]s ( ! individual40#bdg-a  
,:atev] ! cre$1 a pure m9d w atta*      
itself to its bett] elem5ts1 a base "o  
to its brutal & n>r[ doctr9es4 ,a       
national religion c only be reg>d$ z an 
av]age1 applicable to ! majority1 n     
entirely correct ( ! belief ( any "o    
individual1 :olly incorrect z to a few4 
,yet x is indubitable t ! national      

temp]am5t creates ! ideal :i* gives !   
ess5ce ( religion4 ,races l ! ,t>t>     
,mongols1 :o1 z we are in=m$ by ! ,abb  
,huc1 n unfrequ5tly move _! t5ts sev]al 
times a day1 out ( simple re/lessness1  
_c desire ! same /ability t is s\ght by 
o!r races1 :o h ! beav]'s in/9ct =      
build+ & coloniz+1 su* z ! ,romans4     
,buddhism1 :i* sets up ! ideal ( !      
individual1 is an acceptable !ory to !  
=m]1 :ile ! latt]1 f e>lie/ ages1 fo/]$ 
religi\s views :i* taught ! subord9ation
 ( ! individual to ! community1 9 o!r   
words1 ! idea ( ! p]fect$ commonweal?4  
,?is is ! conception at ! base ( all    
!ocracies1 =ms ( gov]nm5t ^: /atutes are
 id5tifi$ ) ! precepts ( religion4      
,in/ead ( a con/itution !re is ! ,law1  
giv5 & sanction$ by ,god z a rule (     
action4  ,! ,law is at fir/ ! ,my?      
appli$4 ,its object is z mu* to         
propitiate ! gods z to pres]ve social   
ord]4 ,x is absolute because x is       
inspir$4 ,_m ( its ord9ances z drawn f !
 my? are inapplicable to man1 & are     

unju/ or frivol\s4 ,yet su* z x is1 x   
rules ! conduct ( ! commonweal? &       
expresses ! ideal ( its p]fect$         
condition4  ,all ! olde/ codes ( laws   
are religi\s1 & are alleg$ revelations4 
,! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,ave/a1 ! ,laws ( ,manu1
 ! ,twelve ,tables1 ! ,laws ( ,seleucus1
 all c>ry ! endorsem5t1 8,& ,god said40 
,_! real int5tion is to tea* ! relation 
( man to ,god1 r ?an ! relations ( man  
to man4 ,on practical po9ts--on ! rights
 ( prop]ty1 on succession & wills1 on   
contracts1 on ! adoption ( neighbors1 & 
on ! treatm5t ( enemies--!y (t5 violate 
! pla9e/ dictates ( natural ju/ice1 (   
common humanity1 ev5 ( family affection4
 ,_! precepts are frequ5tly frivol\s1   
sometimes grossly immoral4 ,b if ^! laws
 are comp>$ ) ! e>lie/ my?s & cults1 & !
 op9ions !n ent]ta9$ ( ! gods1 & h[ to  
propitiate !m1 x becomes easy to see h[ 
! precepts ( ! law fl[$ f ^! in*oate    
imag9+s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4#bdi-a  ,! 
improvem5t ( civil /atutes did n come   
?r\gh religion4 ,exp]i5ce1 obs]vation & 

free ?\ght taught man ju/ice1 & 8 k9dli]
 emotions 7 educat$ by ! desire to *]i% 
& pres]ve :i* arose f family & social   
ties4 ,z ^! came to be recogniz$ z      
necess>y relations ( society1 religion  
appropriat$ !m1 incorporat$ !m into h]  
ideal1 & ev5 claim$ !m z h] revelations4
 ,hi/ory l>gely invalidates ?is claim4  
,! moral progress ( mank9d has be5 ma9ly
 ap>t f dogmatic tea*+s1 (t5 9 conflict 
) !m4 ,an e/abli%$ rule ( fai? may en=ce
 ob$i5ce to its /atutes1 b c nev]       
develop morals4 8,true virtue is        
indep5d5t ( e religion1 & incompatible )
 any :i* is accept$ on au?ority40#bdi-b 
,yet ?9k]s1 ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 appe> to h  
_h difficulty 9 disc]n+ any nobl] ar5a =
 ! religi\s s5tim5t ?an ! social "o4    
8,religion10 says ,mat!w ,arnold1 8is   
conduct40 ,x is ! p[] 8:i* makes =      
righte\sness40 8,z civil law10 said     
,voltaire1 8en=ces morality 9 public1 s 
! use ( religion is to compel x 9       
private life40 8,a complete morality10  
obs]ves a contempor>y ,*ri/ian writ]1   

8meets all ! practical ends (           
religion40#bej-a ,9 su* expressions     
man's social relations1 8 duty to 8     
neighbor1 are tak5 to exhau/ religion4  
,x is /ill ! idea ( ! commonweal?1 !    
religion ( morality1 ! submission to a  
law recogniz$ z div9e4 ,:e!r ! law is a 
code ( e?ics1 ! decision ( a g5]al      
c\ncil1 or ! t5 comm&m5ts1 x is alike   
held to be writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god1 &    
imp]ative4 ,good works are ! dem&s ( su*
 religion4  ,ca?olicism1 :i* is altoge!r
 !ocratic & au?oritative1 :i* pictures !
 *ur* z an ideal commonweal?1 has always
 mo/ fl\ri%$ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! ,roman 
colonies left _! m important traces4 ,! 
re=mation ( ,prote/antism 0 a rev]sion  
to ! ideal ( ! individual1 :i* 0 t (    
anci5t ,teutonic fai?4 ,9 m rec5t times 
,ca?olicism itself has modifi$ !        
rigidity ( its tea*+s 9 favor ( !       
religion ( s5tim5t1 z x has be5 call$1  
inaugurat$ by ,*ateaubri&1 & :i* is t   
attractive =m se5 9 ! writ+s ( ,madame  
,swet*9e & ! ,la ,f]ronnais4 ,^! elevat$

 s\ls ?r[ a *>m ar\nd ! immolation (    
self1 :i* ! egotism ( ! ,prote/ant r>ely
 mat*es4  ,?us ! ideal ( ! commonweal?  
is f\nd 9 ^? cre$s :i* give prom95ce to 
law1 to e?ics1 & to s5tim5t1 ! altrui/ic
 elem5ts ( m9d4 ,x fails1 because its   
au?ority is antagoni/ic to morality 9 t 
x imp$es ! se>* = ! true4 ,nei!r is     
morality religion1 = x deals ) !        
relative1 :ile religion %\ld guide      
itself by ! absolute4 ,e great religi\s 
tea*] has violat$ ! morality ( 8 day4   
,ev5 s5tim5t1 attractive z x is1 is no  
gr\nd on :i* to build a *ur*4 ,x is1 at 
be/1 "o ( ! l[] emotional planes (      
action4 ,love itself1 :i* mu/ be ! k]nel
 ( e true religion1 is n 9 e>?ly        
relations an altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,!      
measure & ! s\rce ( all su* love1 is    
self-love4 ,! cre$ :i* rejects ?is z its
 corn] /one w build 9 va94  ,:ile1      
!re=e1 ! advantages ( organization &    
action are on ! side ( ! fai?s :i* see 9
 religion a =m ( gov]nm5t1 !y pres5t    
few] mom5ta ( religi\s ?\ght ?an ^? :i* 

enc\rage ! great] individuality4 ,all   
=ms & re=ms1 rem>ks ,ma*iavelli1 9 "o ( 
8 notes to ,livy1 h be5 br\ght ab\t by !
 ex]tions ( "o man4#bea-a ,religi\s     
re=ms1 especially1 nev] h orig9at$ 9    
majorities4 ,! re=matory decrees ( !    
,c\ncil ( ,tr5t are due to ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 
,ei!r ideal1 rais$ to its maximum1 n    
only fails to satisfy ! religi\s        
s5tim5t1 b puts ^u x a =c$ mean+1 & is  
!re=e n :at ?is s5tim5t asks4 ,?is may  
be illu/rat$ by comp>+ two rem>kable    
works1 :i*1 by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 7     
publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 & :i* bett] ?an   
any o!rs pres5t ^! ideals pu%$ to _!    
extreme4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( !m t nei!r  
pr(esses to treat ( religion1 b (       
politics4 ,! "o is entitl$1 8,an        
,attempt to def9e ! limits ( ,gov]nm5t10
 & is by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt2 ! o!r  
is ! bett] kn[n "w ( ,augu/e ,comte1 8  
8,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity40#beb-a  ,! 
fir/ lays d[n ! pr9ciple t ! highe/ end 
( man is ! utmo/ symmetrical education (
 8 own p[]s 9 _! individual             

peculi>ities4 ,to accompli% ?is1 he mu/ 
enjoy ! l>ge/ fre$om ( ?\ght & action   
consi/5t ) ! recognition ( ! same "r 9  
o!rs4 ,9 reg>d to religion1 ! /ate %\ld 
h no?+ to d ) aid+ x1 b %\ld protect !  
individual 9 8 opposition to any        
au?oritative =m ( x4 ,z a :olly p]sonal 
& subjective matt]1 social relations d n
 conc]n x4 ,9 f9e1 ! aim ( bo? gov]nm5t 
& education %\ld be ! developm5t ( an   
individualism 9 :i* an enlight5$        
intellect controls & directs all ! p[]s 
t[>d an exalt$ self-cultivation4  ,comte
 rev]ses ?is picture4 ,8 fundam5tal     
pr9ciple is to subord9ate ! sum total ( 
our exi/5ce to our social relations2    
real life is to live 9 o!rs2 n !        
individual b humanity is ! only wor?y   
object ( ef=t4 ,social polity !re=e     
includes ! :ole ( developm5t2 !         
intellect %\ld h no o!r end b to subs]ve
 ! ne$s ( ! race1 & always be second to 
! altrui/ic s5tim5ts4 ,love t[>d o!rs   
%\ld absorb self-love4 8,il e/ encore   
meilleur d'aim] que d'tre aim40  ,su* is

 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ideal ( ! individual
 z exhibit$ by ! ,religion ( ,culture1 &
 ! ideal ( ! commonweal? z portray$ 9 ! 
,religion ( ,humanity4  ,! :ole duty (  
man1 says ! "o s*ool1 is to live = o!rs2
 nay1 says ! o!r1 x is to live          
intellig5tly = himself2 ! intellect1    
says ! =m]1 %\ld always be subord9at$ to
 society1 & be l$ by ! emotions2        
intellect1 says ! latt]1 %\ld ev] be 9 !
 asc5dant1 & absolutely control & direct
 ! emotions2 ! !oretical object (       
gov]nm5t1 says ! =m]1 is to enable !    
affections & ?\ghts to pass into action2
 n s1 says ! latt]1 its only use is to  
give ! individual secure leisure to     
develope 8 own affections & ?\ghts4     
,mutual relation is ! key note ( ! =m]1 
indep5d5ce ( ! latt]2 ! =m] is !        
apo!osis ( love1 ! latt] ( reason4      
,/rictly & lit]ally ! apo!osis4 ,=1     
diff]+ z !y d on su* vital po9ts1 !y bo?
 agree 9 disp5s+ ) ! ideas ( ,god &     
immortality z conceptions sup]flu\s 9 ! 
realization ( ! !oretical p]fection !y  

contemplate4 ,n t ei!r s*eme omits !    
religi\s s5tim5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is   
especially prom95t 9 "o1 & v well m>k$ 9
 ! o!r4 ,bo? assume its gr[+ prom95ce1  
nev] its ext9ction4 ,bo? speak ( x z an 
integral "p ( man's highe/ nature4      
,comte & ,humboldt 7 ?9k]s too pr(\nd to
 be caught by ! facile fallacy t ! rapid
 *anges 9 religi\s ?\ght betok5 ! e>ly  
abrogation ( all cre$s4 ,less+1 !       
philosoph]s ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 ,james
 ,mill1 ,s*op5hau] & o!rs fell into ?is 
error4 ,!y 7 n wis] ?an ! cl[n (        
,horace1 :o seat$ himself by ! ru%+     
/ream1 ?9k+ x mu/ soon run itself out-- 
,expectat ru/icus dum defluat amnis2 at 
ille     ,labitur et labetur 9 omne     
volubilis vum4  ,va9 is ! dream t man w 
ev] rea* ! po9t :5 he w ?9k no m ( !    
gods4 ,dogmas may disappe>1 b religion w
 fl\ri%2 de/roy ! temple & s[ x ) salt1 
9 a few days x rises aga9 built = aye on
 ! solid gr\nd ( man's nature4  ,s long 
z ! race is ^u e>?1 j s long w !        
religi\s s5tim5t cont9ue to crave its   

appropriate food1 & ?is at la/ is       
recogniz$ ev5 by ^? :o e/imate x at !   
l[e/4 8,to yield ?is s5tim5t reasonable 
satisfaction10 obs]ves ,pr(essor        
,tyndall 9 "o ( 8 be/ kn[n addresses1   
8is ! problem ( problems at ! pres5t    
h\r4 ,x is va9 to oppose x ) a view to  
its extirpation40 ,! 8g5]al ?aw (       
!ological cre$s10 :i* ,sp5c] rem>ks ^u1 
is no sign ( ! loss ( int]e/ 9 religi\s 
subjects1 b ! rev]se4 ,coldness &       
languor are ! premonitions ( dea?1 n    
/rife & def5ce4  ,b z ! two mom5ts (    
religi\s ?\ght :i* ,i h n[ discuss$ h   
bo? rea*$ _! culm9ation 9 a sub/antial  
repudiation ( religion1 t :i* /imulates 
! religi\s s5tim5t to-day mu/ be some?+ 
diff]5t f ei!r4 ,?is ,i take to be !    
idea ( p]sonal survival aft] physical   
dea?1 or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 !       
doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4  ,?is  
is ! ma9 dogma 9 ! lead+ religions ( !  
_w to-day4 8,a ,god10 rem>ks ,sir       
,william ,hamilton1 speak+ = ! enlight5$
 ,*ri/ians ( 8 g5]ation1 8is to u (     

practical int]e/1 only inasmu* z he is !
 condition ( our immortality40#bef-a ,9 
8 attractive "w1 ,la ,vie ,et]nelle1 ^: 
l>ge popul>ity %[s x to express !       
prevail+ views ( mod]n ,prote/ant ?\ght1
 ,erne/ ,naville takes pa9s to di/+ui% t
 ,*ri/ianity is n a means ( liv+ a holy 
life s mu* z "o ( ga9+ a bless$ h]eaft]4
 ,! promises ( a life aft] dea? are     
num]\s & di/9ct 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mo/ 
( ! recomm5dations ( action & suff]+ 9  
?is _w are bas$ on ! doctr9e (          
comp5sation 9 ! _w to come4  ,mohamm$   
taught ! same t5et ) equal or ev5 great]
 emphasis4 ,9 "o sura he says3 8,to     
:atev] is evil may !y be lik5$ :o       
believe n 9 a future life20 & else:]e3  
8,z = ! bless$ ones--_! place is        
,p>adise4 ,!re %all !y dwell s long z ! 
heav5s & ! e>? endure1 enjoy+ !         
imp]i%able b\nties ( ,god4 ,b z = ^? :o 
%all be consign$ to mis]y1 _! place is !
 ,fire4 ,!re %all !y abide s long z !   
heav5s & ! e>? %all la/1 unless ,god    
wills x o!rwise40#bef-b  ,9 ,buddhism1 z

 g5]ally und]/ood1 ! doctr9e ( a future 
life is j z cle>4 ,n only does ! s\l w&]
 f "o to ano!r animal body1 b :5 x has  
complet$ its p]egr9ations & rea*es its  
f9al abode1 x revels 9 all sorts (      
bliss4 ,= ! condition ( ,nirvana1       
und]/ood by philosophical ,buddhi/s z t 
( ! ext9ction ( desires ev5 to ! desire 
( life1 & ( ! complete enlight5m5t ( !  
m9d ev5 to ! recognition t exi/5ce      
itself is an illusion1 has no su* mean+ 
to ! millions :o pr(ess !mselves !      
foll[]s ( ! sage ( ,kapilava/u4 ,!y take
 x to be a mat]ial ,p>adise ) pleasures 
z real z ^? pa9t$ by ,mohamm$1 :]e9 !y w
 dwell beyond all "t1 a rew>d = _!      
devotions & fai? 9 ?is life4  ,^! ?ree  
religions embrace ?ree-f\r?s ( ! human  
race & all its civiliz$ nations1 )      
trifl+ exceptions4 ,!y displac$ &       
ext+ui%$ ! old] cre$s & 9 a few c5turies
 controll$ ! e>?2 b z aga9/ ea* o!r _!  
/rife has be5 ( little avail4 ,! reason 
is1 !y %>e ! same mom5tum ( religi\s    
?\ght1 diff]+ 9 its int]pretation n m   

among !mselves ?an d or?odox memb]s (   
ei!r fai? 9 _! own fold4 ,_m enlight5$  
,muslims & ,*ri/ians1 = example1 consid]
 ! descriptions ( ,p>adise giv5 9 !     
,koran & ! ,apocalypse to convey :olly  
spiritual mean+s4  ,!re has be5 s mu* to
 surprise 9 ! rapid ext5sion ( ^! fai?s 
t ! vot>ies ( ea* claim manife/         
miracul\s int]position4 ,! religi\s idea
 ( an aft] life is a suffici5t mom5t to 
acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,i say ! religi\s  
idea1 =1 ) "o or two exceptions1 h[ev]  
di/9ct _h be5 ! belief 9 a h]eaft]1 t   
belief _h n a religi\s color+ until !y  
gave x su*4 ,?is di/9ction is an        
important "o4  ,/ud5ts ( religions h    
hi!rto attribut$ too mu* weight to !    
primitive notion ( an exi/5ce aft] dea?4
 ,x is common en\gh1 b x r>ely has any?+
 at all to d ) ! simpl] manife/ations ( 
! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,^! are direct$ to !
 imm$iate desires ( ! individual or !   
community1 & d n look beyond ! pres5t   
life4 ,! doctr9e ( comp5sation h]eaft]  
is =eign to !m4 ,i h %[n ?is at l5g? s  

f> z ! religions ( ,am]ica 7 conc]n$4   
8,nei!r ! delights ( a heav5 on ! "o h&1
 nor ! t]rors ( a hell on ! o!r 7 ev]   
held out by prie/s or sages z an        
inc5tive to well do+1 or a w>n+ to !    
evil dispos$40#beh-a ,! same is true ( !
 classical religions ( ,greece & ,rome1 
( ,c>?age & ,assyria4 ,ev5 9 ,egypt !   
mann] ( dea? & ! rites ( int]m5t _h mu* 
m to d ) ! fate ( ! s\l1 ?an _h its     
?\ghts & de$s 9 ! fle%4 ,! op9ions (    
,socrates & ,plato on ! s\l z some?+ :i*
 always exi/$ & ^: aft] life is affect$ 
by its exp]i5ces "h1 /ruck ! ,a!nians z 
novel & innovat+4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !      
anci5t ,g]mans _h a mo/ lively fai? 9 ! 
life h]eaft]4 ,money 0 loan$ 9 ?is _w to
 be repaid 9 ! next4 ,b ) !m also1 z ) !
 ,aztecs1 ! future 0 dep5d5t on ! "* or 
mode ( dea? r ?an ! conduct ( life4 ,he 
:o di$ ! 8/raw-dea?0 on ! c\* ( sickness
 look$ = little joy 9 ! h]eaft]2 b he :o
 met ! 8spe>-dea?0 on ! field ( battle  
w5t at once to ,od91 to ! hall (        
,valhalla1 :]e ! h]oes ( all "t assembl$

 to fight1 eat bo>'s fat & dr9k be]4    
,ev5 ?is rude belief gave !m su* an     
asc5dancy ov] ! mat]iali/ic ,romans1 t  
^! di/9ctly felt t 9 ! long run !y mu/  
succumb to a brav]y :i* re/$ on su* a   
mighty mom5t z ?is4#bei-a  ,!           
,israelites d n seem to h ent]ta9$ any  
g5]al op9ion on an exi/5ce aft] dea?4   
,no promise 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ref]s to a
 future life4 ,! religion !re taught    
n[h]e looks beyond ! grave4 ,x is       
mat]iali/ic to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,h5ce1 a 
l>ge body ( or?odox ,jewi% philosoph]s1 
! ,sadducees1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l    
ap>t f ! body4  ,! c5tral doctr9e ( !   
tea*+s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! lead+      
impulse :i* he gave to ! religi\s ?\ght 
( 8 age1 0 t ! ?9k+ "p ( man survives 8 
physical dea?1 & t its condition does n 
dep5d on ! rites ( int]m5t1 z o!r       
religions !n taught1#bfj-a b on ! "* (  
its ?\ghts dur+ life "h4 ,fill$ ) ?is   
new & sublime idea1 he develop$ x 9 its 
num]\s applications1 & drew f x ^? />tl+
 inf]5ces1 :i*1 to ?is day1 /agg] 8     

foll[]s1 & h be5 9 turn1 ! t]ror &      
d]ision ( 8 foes4 ,?is he saw1 t aga9/ a
 m9d inw>dly p5etrat$ ) ! full          
conviction ( a life h]eaft]1 obta9able  
"u kn[n conditions1 ! p[]s ( ?is _w are 
utt]ly futile1 & its pleasures holl[    
phantoms4  ,! practical en]gy ( ?is     
doctr9e 0 imm5sely /r5g!n$ by ano!r1 :i*
 is f\nd v obscurely1 if at all1 /at$ 9 
8 own words1 b :i* 0 made ! c5tral po9t 
( _! tea*+ by 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,!    
,*ri/ianity !y prea*$ 0 n a             
philosophical s*eme = improv+ ! race1 b 
re/$ on ! hi/orical fact ( a transaction
 betwe5 ,god & man1 & :ile !y conc$$    
ev]la/+ exi/5ce to all m51 all w\ld pass
 x 9 ! utmo/ conceivable mis]y1 except  
^? :o _h le>n$ ( ^! hi/orical ev5ts1 &  
und]/ood !m z ! *ur* prescrib$4  ,z !   
anci5t _w plac$ tru? 9 ideas & n 9      
facts1 no tea*+ c\ld well h be5 m       
radically contr>y to its modes ( ?\ght2 
& ! doctr9e once accept$1 ! _s (        
proselytiz+ came ) x4  ,i h call$ ?is   
idea a new "o to ! fir/ c5tury ( our    

era1 & s x 0 9 ,europe & ,syria4 ,b 9   
,india1 ,sakyamuni1 probably five hundr$
 ye>s be=e1 _h laid d[n 9 s5t5ti\s      
maxims ! philosophical pr9ciple :i*     
und]lies ! high] religi\s doctr9e ( a   
future life4 ,^! are 8 words1 & if ?r\gh
 ! ef=ts ( reason+ we ev] rea* a        
demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we
 %all d x by pursu+ ! argum5t "h        
indicat$3 8,"r ?\ght is ! pa? to life   
ev]la/+4 ,^? :o ?9k d n die40#bfb-a     
,tru? alone conta9s ! elem5ts (         
indef9ite cont9uity2 & tru? is f\nd only
 9 ! idea1 9 correct ?\ght4  ,error 9 ! 
intellectual processes corresponds to   
pa9 9 s5sation2 x is ! premonition (    
wan+ life1 ( ?reat5$ annihilation2 x    
conta9s ! se$ ( cessation ( action or   
dea?4 ,false reason+ is self-de/ructive4
 ,! man :o believes himself invuln]able 
w sc>cely survive 8 fir/ combat4 ,a     
man's true ideas are ! mo/ he c hope1 & 
all t he %\ld wi%1 to c>ry ) him to a   
life h]eaft]4 ,falsehood1 s91 is !      
effici5t ag5t ( dea?4 ,z ,bi%op ,hall   

says3 8,!re is a k9d ( n-be+ 9 s92 = s9 
is n an exi/5ce ( some:at t is1 b a     
defici5cy ( t rectitude :i* %\ld be2 x  
is a privation1 z bl9dness is a         
privation ( sight40  ,:ile ! religi\s   
doctr9e ( p]sonal survival has ?us a    
position def5sible on gr\nds ( reason z 
be+ t ( ! inh]5t p]man5ce (             
self-consci\s tru?1 x also calls to its 
aid & indef9itely elevates ! mo/ p[]ful 
( all ! emotions1 love4 ,?is1 z ,i h %[n
 9 ! second *apt]1 is ! s5tim5t :i* is  
*>act]i/ic ( pres]vative acts4          
,self-love1 :i* is prom95t 9 ! idea ( ! 
p]fect$ individual1 sex-love1 :i* is !  
_s ( ! multi=m religi\s symbolism ( !   
reproductive act1 & ! love ( race1 :i*  
is ! *ief motor 9 ! religion ( humanity1
 are purifi$ ( _! gross] dem&s & assign$
 ea* its meet po/ 9 ! labor ( unit+ !   
conceptions ( ! true "u ! relation (    
p]sonality4  ,! highe/ developm5t ( :i* 
su* love is capable arises ?r\gh !      
contemplation ( ^? v]ities :i* are      
ab/ract & et]nal1 & :i* ?us set =?1 to !

 ext5t ! individual m9d is capable (    
receiv+ x1 ! complet$ notion (          
diuturnity4 ,?is highe/ love is ! 8love 
( ,god40 ,a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 "o to
 :i* all tru? is p]fect1 mu/ =ev] dwell 
9 su* contemplation4 ,!re=e ! deep] m9ds
 ( ,*ri/ianity def9e man's love ( ,god1 
z ,god's love to himself4 8,et]nal      
life10 says ,erne/ ,naville1 8is 9 its  
pr9ciple ! union ) ,god & ! joy t       
results f t union40#bfc-a ,! pi\s       
,william ,law wrote3 8,no man c rea*    
,god ) 8 love1 or h union ) ,him by x1 b
 he :o is inspir$ ) t "o same _s ( love1
 ) :i* ,god lov$ himself f all et]nity1 
be=e !re 0 any creation40#bfd-a         
,attractive z ! idea ( p]sonal survival 
is 9 itself1 & pot5t z x has be5 z a    
mom5t ( religi\s ?\ght1 x mu/ be rank$  
among ^? t are pa/4 ,:ile ! immortality 
( ! s\l reta9s its int]e/ z a           
speculative inquiry1 ,i v5ture to       
believe t z an idea 9 religi\s hi/ory1 x
 is nigh inop]ative2 t z an elem5t 9    
devotional life x is ( n mu* weight2 & t

 x w gradually become less s1 z ! real  
mean+ ( religion rea*es cle>]           
int]pretations4  ,its decay has be5     
progressive1 & common to all ! cre$s :i*
 taught x z a c>d9al doctr9e1 ?\gh mo/  
m>k$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,a c5tury ago       
,gibbon wrote3 8,! anci5t ,*ri/ians 7   
animat$ by a contempt = _! pres5t       
exi/5ce1 & by a j confid5ce (           
immortality1 ( :i* ! d\btful b imp]fect 
fai? ( mod]n ages _c give u any adequate
 notion40#bfd-b ,h[ true ?is is c be    
appreciat$ only by ^? :o /udy ?is       
doctr9e 9 ! lives & writ+s ( ! m>tyrs & 
fa!rs ( ! primitive *ur*4  ,! brea* :i* 
,gibbon rem>k$ has be5 indef9itely wid5$
 s9ce 8 "t4 ,:at has br\ght ?is ab\t1 & 
:at new mom5t 9 religi\s ?\ght seems    
ab\t to supply its place1 w =m an       
appropriate close to ! pres5t s]ies (   
/udies4 ,9 its exam9ation1 ,i %all speak
 only ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 s9ce x leads !  
way :i* o!r sy/ems w ultimately foll[4  
,9 depict+ ! influ5ces :i* h l$ & are   
daily lead+ ) augm5t$ =ce to !          

devitaliz+ ( ! doctr9e ( immortality1 ,i
 may ) propriety conf9e myself to ^? :i*
 are !mselves /rictly religi\s4 ,= !    
*ange ,i ref] to is n "o br\ght ab\t by 
! oppon5ts ( religion1 by mat]iali/ic   
doctr9es1 b is ow+ to ! developm5t ( !  
religi\s s5tim5t itself4 ,in/ead ( t5d+ 
to an abrogation ( t s5tim5t1 x may be  
expect$ to ennoble its emotional        
manife/ations & elevate its intellectual
 conceptions4  ,"s ( ^! influ5ces are   
hi/orical1 z ! repeat$ disappo9tm5ts 9 !
 second com+ ( ,*ri/1 & ! int]e/ (      
proselytiz+ *ur*es to int]pret ?is ev5t 
allegorically4 ,^? :i* ,i deem ( m      
importance1 h[ev]1 are su* z are        
effici5t to-day1 & probably w cont9ue to
 be ! ma9 ag5ts 9 ! imm$iate future (   
religi\s developm5t4 ,!y are3  7#a47 ,! 
recognition ( ! gr\nds ( e?ics4  7#b47  
,! recognition ( ! cosmical relations4  
7#c47 ,! cle>] def9+ ( life4  7#d47 ,!  
gr[+ immat]iality ( religi\s ?\ght4     
7#a47 ,! au?ority ( ! ,law 0 assum$ 9 ! 
c\rse ( "t by mo/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & !  

int]e/s ( morality & religion 7 claim$  
to be id5tical4 ,! ,roman *ur* ) its    
develop$ casui/ry is ready to prescribe 
! prop] c\rse ( conduct 9 e em]g5cy2 &  
if we turn to _m !ological writ]s ( o!r 
*ur*es1 ,dick's ,philosophy ( ,religion 
= in/ance1 we f9d moral conduct reg>d$ z
 ! important aim ( ! ,*ri/ian life4     
,morality )\t religion1 works )\t fai?1 
are pron\nc$ to be ( no avail 9 a       
religi\s1 & ( v que/ionable value 9 a   
social s5se4 ,"s g s f> z to d5y t a    
p]son indiff]5t to ! prevail+ t5ets (   
religion c lead a pure & moral life4 ,d 
away ) ! belief 9 a h]eaft] ( rew>ds &  
puni%m5ts1 say ^!1 & !re is no?+ left to
 re/ra9 m5 f ! wor/ excesses1 or at lea/
 f private s94  ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! _w is gr[+
 to p]ceive t morality is sep>able f    
religion2 t x arose indep5d5tly1 f a    
gradual /udy ( ! relations ( man to man1
 f pr9ciples ( equity inh]5t 9 ! laws ( 
?\ght1 & f consid]ations ( exp$i5cy :i* 
deprive its precepts ( ! "* (           
univ]sality4 ,religion is subjective1 & 

t 9 :i* x ex]ts an influ5ce on morality 
is n its cont5ts1 b ! reception ( !m    
peculi> to ! individual4 ,exp]i5ce alone
 has taught man morals2 pa9 & pleasure  
are ! =ms ( its admonitions2 & ea*      
g5]ation sees m cle>ly t ! pr9ciples (  
e?ics are bas$ on immutable physical    
laws4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 %[n to be     
dang]\s to re/ morality on ! doctr9e ( a
 future life2 = ap>t f ! small effect ! 
t]rors ( a h]eaft] h on _m s9n]s1 z t   
doctr9e is frequ5tly reject$1 social    
int]e/s suff]4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is debas+ &
 hurtful to religion to make x a        
sub/itute = police magi/racy4#bfg-a  ,! 
highe/ religion w\ld c]ta9ly en=ce !    
pure/ morality2 b x is equally true t   
su* a religion w\ld enjo9 mu* n approv$ 
by ! curr5t op9ions ( ! day4 ,! _s ( !  
re=m inaugurat$ by ,lu!r 0 a prote/     
aga9/ ! subjection ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 
to a moral code4 ,) ! indep5d5ce ?us    
a*iev$1 x came to be recogniz$ t to !   
full ext5t t morality is ess5tial to    
religion1 x c be rea*$ z well or bett]  

)\t a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft]   
dea?1 ?an ) "o4 ,bo? religion & morality
 /& high]1 :5 a conception ( an aft]    
life = ?is purpose is dropp$4  7#b47 ,! 
recognition ( ! cosmical relations has  
also modifi$ ! views ( p]sonal survival4
 ,! expansion ( ! notions ( space & "t  
by ! sci5ces ( geology & a/ronomy has1 z
 ,i be=e rem>k$1 done away ) ! anci5t   
belief t ! culm9at+ cata/rophe ( !      
univ]se w be ! de/ruction ( ?is _w4 ,an 
insignificant satellite ( a ?ird rate   
sun1 :i*1 ) ! f> gr&] suns ^: light we  
dimly disc]n at night1 may all be swept 
away 9 "s flurry ( 8cosmical wea!r10 t !
 =mation or ! dissolution ( su* a body  
w\ld be an ev5t ( any beyond ! mo/      
insignificant importance1 is n[ kn[n to 
be almo/ ridicul\s4 ,to ass]t t at ! end
 ( a few or a few ?\s& ye>s1 on acc\nt (
 ev5ts transpir+ on ! surface ( ?is     
planet1 ! :ole relation%ip ( ! univ]se w
 be alt]$1 a new heav5 & a new e>? be   
=m$1 & all !re9 be made subs]vi5t to !  
joys ( man1 becomes an indication ( an  

arrogance :i* des]ves to be call$ a     
symptom ( insanity4 ,?us1 mu* ( !       
teleology bo? ( ! individual & ! race   
taught by ! primitive & m$ieval *ur*    
und]goes s]i\s alt]ations4 ,! lit]al    
mean+ ( ! mill5nium1 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 &
 ! reign ( ,god on e>? has be5          
practically disc>d$4  ,) ! disappe>ance 
( ! anci5t op9ion t ! univ]se 0 creat$ =
 man1 ! sun to light him by day & ! />s 
by night1 disappe>$ also ! lat] !sis t !
 happ9ess or ! education ( man 0 ! aim (
 ! ,ord] 9 ,?+s4 ,! ext5t & duration (  
matt]1 if !y indicate any purpose at    
all1 sugge/ "o incomp>ably va/] ?an ?is2
 :ile ! laws ( m9d1 :i* alone di/9ctly  
po9t to purpose1 reveal "o 9 :i* pa9 &  
pleasure h no "p or lot1 & "o 9 :i* man 
has s small a %>e t x seems z if x mu/  
be indiff]5t :at 8 fate may be4 ,!      
slighte/ *ange 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! globe w
 sweep away 8 species =ev]4  ,s*op5hau] 
classifi$ all religions z optimisms or  
pessimisms4 ,! fai? ( ! future w be     
nei!r4 ,:at is agreeable or disagreeable

 to man w n be its /&>d ( ! excell5ce ( 
! univ]se4 ,h[ev] unwill+ly1 he is at   
la/ br\ght to confess t 8 com=t is n !  
*ief nor ev5 any visible aim ( ! ord] 9 
?+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t ord] x may be1 nay1 
x is nigh c]ta91 t ! human species w    
pass ?r\gh decad5ce to ext9ction along )
 s _m o!r organisms4 ,nei!r z           
individuals nor z a race1 nei!r 9 reg>d 
to ?is life nor to ! next1 does ! idea (
 ,god1 :5 ennobl$ by a contemplation ( !
 cosmical relations1 p]mit to man !     
effront]y ( claim+ t ?is univ]se & all t
 !re9 is 0 made ) an eye to 8 wants &   
wi%es1 :e!r to gratify or to defeat !m4 
7#c47 ,! clos] def9+ ( life z a result (
 physical =ce1 & ! recognition ( m9d z a
 connotation ( organism1 promise to be  
active 9 elevat+ religi\s conceptions1 b
 at ! exp5se ( ! curr5t notions (       
p]sonality4 ,s5sation & volunt>y motion 
are common to ! fetus1 ! brute & !      
plant1 z well z to man4 ,!y are n "p ( 8
 8s\l40 ,intellect & consci\sness1 z ,i 
h %[n1 exclude s5sation1 & 9 ^!1 if     

any:]e1 he mu/ look = 8 immortal "p4    
,ev5 "h1 error works de/ruction1 &      
ignorance plants no se$ ( life4 ,we are 
driv5 back to ! tea*+ ( ,buddha1 t true 
?\ght alone is t :i* does n die4  ,:y   
%\ld we ask m8 ,:at else is wor? sav+8  
,our pres5t p]sonality is a tra9 ( ideas
 base & noble1 true & false1 coh]5t     
?r\gh ! contiguity ( organs n\ri%$ f a  
common c5t]4 ,ano!r p]sonality is       
possible1 "o ( true ideas coh]5t ?r\gh  
consci\s simil>ity1 indep5d5t (         
s5sation1 z deal+ ) topics n comm5surate
 ) x4 ,yet 7 ?is refuge ga9$1 x leaves n
 mu* ( ! dogma t e man has an           
inde/ructible consci\s s\l1 :i* w endure
 always1 no matt] :at 8 conduct or      
?\ghts h be54 ,r does x favor ! op9ion  
express$ s well by ,mat!w ,arnold 9 "o (
 8 sonnets3      8,he :o flagg$ n 9 !   
e>?ly /rife     ,f /r5g? to /r5g?       
advanc+--only he1     ,8 s\l well knit &
 all 8 battles won1     ,m\nts1 & t     
h>dly1 to et]nal life40  ,n only has !  
receiv$ doctr9e ( a 8s\l10 z an undy+   

some?+ diff]5t f m9d & peculi> to man1  
receiv$ no support f a clos] /udy (     
nature1--r objections am\nt+ to         
refutation1--b x has react$ injuri\sly  
on morals1 & ?r\gh !m on religion       
itself4 ,buddha taught t ! same sp>k (  
immortality exi/s 9 man & brute1 &      
actuat$ by ?is belief laid d[n ! m]ciful
 rule to 8 disciples3 8,d h>m to no     
brea?+ ?+40 ,! apo/le ,paul on ! o!r h&1
 recogniz+ 9 ! l[] animals no su* claim 
on our sympa?y1 asks ) scorn3 8,do? ,god
 c>e = ox580 & actually /rips f a humane
 provision ( ! old ,mosaic code its _s (
 *>ity1 9 ord] to make x subs]ve a po9t 
9 8 polemic4  7#d47 ,z ! arrogance ( !  
race has ?us met a rebuke1 s has !      
egotism ( ! individual4 ,8 religion at  
fir/ 0 a means ( secur+ mat]ial b5efits2
 !n a way to a joy\s exi/5ce beyond !   
tomb3 ! love ( self all ! "t 9 !        
asc5dant4  ,?is egoism 9 ! doctr9e (    
p]sonal survival has be5 repeat$ly flung
 at x by satiri/s1 & comm5t$ on by      
philosoph]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian :o 8hopes to be

 sav$ by grossly believ+0 has be5 felt  
on all h&s to be z mean 9 8 hope1 z he  
is contemptible 9 8 way ( atta9+ x4 ,to 
c5t] all our religi\s ef=ts to ! "o end 
( gett+ joy--h[ev] we may def9e x--= our
 individual selves1 has some?+ repulsive
 9 x to a deeply religi\s m9d4 ,yet t   
su* 9 ! real significance ( ! doctr9e ( 
p]sonal survival is grant$ by its able/ 
def5d]s4 8,! g5]al expectation ( future 
happ9ess c af=d satisfaction only z x is
 a pres5t object to ! pr9ciple (        
self-love10 says ,dr4 ,butl]1 ! em95t   
,"l ,bi%op ( ,durham1 ?an :om no acut]  
analy/ has writt5 on ! religi\s nature (
 man4  ,yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! _s (
 true religion wages con/ant w> ) !     
pr$om9ance or ev5 pres5ce ( selfi% aims4
 ,self-love is ! fir/ & rude/ =m ( !    
in/9ct ( pres]vation4 ,x is sublim$ &   
sacrific$ on ! alt> ( holy passion4     
8,self10 exclaims ! f]vid ,william ,law1
 8is bo? a!i/ & idolat]2 a!i/1 because x
 rejects ,god2 idolat]1 because x is its
 own idol40 ,ev5 :5 ?is l[e/ expression 

( ! pres]vative in/9ct rises b to !     
height ( sex-love1 x r5\nces self1 &    
rejoices 9 m>tyrdom4 8,all = love1 or ! 
_w well lo/10 has be5 ! motto ( too _m  
trag$ies to be d\bt$ n[4 ,by ! side ( ! 
anci5t ,roman or ! soldi] ( ! ,fr5*     
revolution1 :o ?r\gh m]e love ( c\ntry  
m>*$ joy\sly to c]ta9 dea? f :i* he     
expect$ no wak+1 does n ! m>tyr comp>e  
unfavorably1 :o meets ! same dea?1 b    
does s because he believes t !reby he   
secures endless & joy\s life8 ,is 8 love
 z real1 z noble1 z unselfi%8  ,ev5 !   
resi/less physical en]gy :i* ! cle> fai?
 9 ! life h]eaft] has s (t5 imp>t$1     
becomes some?+ uncong5ial to ! rip5$    
religi\s m$itation4 ,su* fai? br+s ab\t 
mighty effects 9 ! ar5a ( man's         
/ruggles1 b x does s ?r\gh a sort (     
me*anical action4 ,an ult]ior purpose is
 ahead1 to wit1 ! salvation ( ! s\l1 & x
 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ e/abli%$    
pr9ciples ( human ef=t t e bus9ess is   
bett] done1 :5 x is done = its own sake1
 out ( lik+ = x1 ?an = results expect$ f

 x4  ,( no?+ is ?is m j ?an religion4   
,^? blossoms ( spiritual p]fection1 !   
purifi$ reason1 ! submissive w1 !       
sanctify+ grace ( ab/ract ideas1 f9d no 
propiti\s airs amid ! viol5t toil =     
p]sonal survival1 :e!r t is to be among 
! mead jugs ( ,valhalla1 ! d>k-ey$ h\ris
 ( ,p>adise1 or ! 8solemn troops & sweet
 society0 ( ,*ri/ian dreams4 ,unm9dful (
 ^!1 ! sa9tly psy*e looks to no?+ beyond
 tru?2 x asks no def9ite1 /ill less     
p]sonal1 end to :i* ?is tru? is to be   
appli$2 to f9d x is to love x1 & to love
 x is en\gh4  ,! doctr9e ,i "h broa*1 is
 no /range "o to ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,to be 
sure ! exhortation1 8,save y\r s\l f    
,hell10 0 almo/ ! sole inc5tive to      
religion 9 ! middle ages1 & is /ill !   
burd5 ( mo/ s]mons4 ,b ,/4 ,paul 0      
quick5$ ) a holi] fire1 t consum$ &     
swept away su* a p]sonal motive1 :5 he  
wrote3 8,yea1 ,i c\ld wi% t ,i myself 7 
ca/ out f ,*ri/ z accurs$1 = ! sake ( my
 bre?r51 my k9sm5 accord+ to !          
fle%40#bgd-a ,/4 ,augu/9e reveals ! t\* 

( ! same inspiration 9 8 passionate     
exclamation3 8,f>1 ,o ,"l1 f> f ! he>t (
 ?y s]vant be x t ,i %\ld rejoice 9 any 
joy :atev]4 ,! bless$ life is ! joy 9   
tru? alone40#bgd-b ,& amid ! pans to    
ev]la/+ life :i* fill ! pages ( ! ,de   
,imitatione ,*ri/i1 ! m$ieval monk saw  
some?+ yet great]1 :5 he puts 9 ! m\? ( 
,god ! ,fa!r1 ! w>n+3 8,! wise lov] ?9ks
 n ( ! gift1 b ( ! love ( ! giv]4 ,he   
re/s n 9 ! rew>d1 b 9 ,me1 beyond all   
rew>ds40#bge-a ,! my/]y ( great godl9ess
 is1 t he :o has x is z "o :o seek+ no?+
 yet f9ds all ?+s1 :o ask+ naught = 8   
own sake1 nei!r 9 ! life "h nor yet     
h]eaft]1 ga9s t alone :i* is ( wor? 9   
ei!r4  ,press$ by su* consid]ations1 !  
pi\s ,s*lei]ma*] ?rew d[n ! glaive on ! 
side ( religion half a c5tury ago :5 he 
wrote3 8,life to come1 z popul>ly       
conceiv$1 is ! la/ enemy :i* speculative
 criticism has to enc\nt]1 &1 if        
possible1 to ov]come40 ,! c\rse he m>k$ 
out1 h[ev]1 0 n t :i* promises success4 
,recurr+ to ! au/]e !ses ( ,sp9oza1 he  

s\ght to br+ !m into accord ) a religion
 ( emotion4 ,! result 0 a ref9$ ,pan!ism
 ) its usual deceptive solutions4  ,:at 
rec\rse is left8 ,:]e are we to look = !
 intellectual mom5t ( religion 9 !      
future8 ,let u review ! situation4  ,!  
religi\s s5tim5t has be5 %[n to be !    
expression ( unfulfill$ desire1 b ?is   
desire peculi> z dep5d5t on unkn[n p[]4 
,mat]ial advantages d n gratify x1 nor  
ev5 spiritual joy :5 reg>d$ z a p]sonal 
s5tim5t4 ,pres]vation by & ?r\gh        
relation ) absolute intellig5ce has     
appe>$ to be ! mean+ ( t 8love ( ,god0  
:i* alone yields x satisfaction4 ,ev5   
?is is sev]$ f its receiv$ doctr9al s5se
 by ! recognition ( ! speculative z     
above ! num]ical unity ( t intellig5ce1 
& ! limitation ( p]sonality :i*         
spiritual ?\ght dem&s4 ,! et]nal laws ( 
m9d gu>antee p]petuity to ! ext5t !y are
 obey$--& no f>!r4 ,!y diff] f ! laws ( 
=ce 9 t !y convey a message :i* _c be   
d\bt$ conc]n+ ! purport ( ! ord] 9      
nature1 :i* is itself 8! w ( ,god40 ,t  

message 9 its application is ! same :i* 
) m or less articulate utt]ance e       
religion speaks--,seek tru?3 d good4    
,fai? 9 t message1 confid5ce 9 & will+  
submission to t ord]1 ?is is all !      
religi\s s5tim5t ne$s to br+ =? its     
sweete/ fl[]s1 its ri*e/ fruits4  ,su*  
is ! ample & satisfy+ gr\nd :i* rema9s =
 ! religion ( ! future to build ^u4 ,x  
is a result long =ese5 by ! cle>] m9ds (
 ,*ri/5dom4 ,"o :o m ?an any o!r des]ves
 to be class$ among ^! writes3          
8,resignation to ! w ( ,god is ! :ole ( 
piety4 99 99 99 ,our resignation may be 
said to be p]fect :5 we re/ 9 8 w z our 
end1 z be+ itself mo/ j & "r & good4    
,nei!r is ?is at bottom any?+ m ?an     
fai?1 & hone/y & fairness ( m9d2 9 a m  
enl>g$ s5se1 inde$1 ?an ^! words are    
commonly us$40#bgg-a  ,goe!1 :o /udi$ & 
reflect$ on religi\s que/ions m ?an is  
g5]ally suppos$1 saw t 9 su* a          
disposition ( m9d lie ! native & /ronge/
 elem5ts ( religion4 ,9 "o ( 8          
conv]sations ) ,*ancellor ,mll]1 he     

obs]v$3 8,confid5ce & resignation1 !    
s5se ( subjection to a high] w :i* rules
 ! c\rse ( ev5ts b :i* we d n fully     
compreh5d1 are ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
e bett] religion40#bgg-b  ,by ! side (  
two su* rem>kable m51 ,i might place !  
op9ion ( a ?ird n less em95t ?an        
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s]ies ( ef=ts to give x satisfaction4   
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#bcf-a ,essay on ! use (                

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case40 8,all are good = _! times &      
places40 8,all 7 b5efic5t 9 _! effects  
on ^? :o held !m40 ,x w\ld be h>d to    
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und ,kir*e1 ,bd4 i41 ss4 #afj1 #cdf4    
7,go?a1 #ahef47 ,/4 ,clem5t's           
description ( ,*ri/ is   4 ,t]tullian   
says3 8,nec human hone/atis corpus fuit1
 n$um cele/is cl>itatis40  #bdc-a       
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#bdd-a ,a4 ,ba91 ,! ,s5ses & !          
,intellect1 p4 #fjg4  #bde-a ,dr4 ,t4   
,laycock1 ,on "s ,organic ,laws (       

,memory1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1  
,july1 #ahge1 p4 #agh4  #bdf-a ,speak+ (
 ! mission ( ! arti/1 ,wilhelm von      
,humboldt says3 8,die ganze ,natur1 treu
 und voll/ndig beoba*tet1 mit si* h9b]  
zu trag51 d4 h4 d5 ,/(f se9] ,erfahrung5
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diese ungeheure ,masse e9zeln] und      
abg]iss5] ,ers*e9ung5 9 e9e l'ungetr5nte
 ,e9heit und e9 organisirtes ,ganzes zu 
v]w&eln2 und dies dur* alle die ,organe 
zu ?un1 die ihm hi]zu v]lieh5 s9d1--i/  
das letzte ,ziel se9es intellectuell5   
,bemh540 ,ueb] ,goe!'s ,h]mann und      
,doro!a1 ,ab4 ,,iv4  #bdf-b ,zeits*rift 
fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,b4 ,i4 s4 #dh4     
#bdg-a ,gesammelte ,w]ke4 ,bd4 ,,vii41  
s4 #fc4  #bdi-a ,see ?is =cibly br\ght  
out & abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! "w ( ,m4 
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 von ,humboldt1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke4 ,bd4 
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 ,canon ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,"s ,elem5ts (   
,religion1 p4 #hd4  #bea-a ,! ,*evali]  
,buns5 complet$ ! moral e/imate ( !     

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de ,politique ,positive1 ,p>is1 #ahea-d4
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publication4  #bef-a ,lectures on       
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 ,! ,koran1 ,suras xi41 xvi4  #beh-a ,! 
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,jacob ,grimm q ov]look$ ?is important  
elem5t 9 ! religion ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 
,x is ably set =? by ,adolf ,holtzmann1 
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7,leipzig1 #ahgd74  #bfj-a ,! seem+ly   
he>tless reply he made to "o ( 8        
disciples1 :o ask$ p]mission to p]=m !  
fun]al rites at 8 fa!r's grave3 8,foll[ 
me2 & let ! dead bury _! dead10 is an   
obvi\s condemnation ( "o ( ! mo/        

widespread sup]/itions ( ! anci5t _w4   
,s1 accord+ to an +5i\s sugge/ion ( ,"l 
,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 0 ! fif? comm&m5t (   
,moses3 8,ne p>5tum s]iem tanquam primam
 aliquam causam suspic]5t hom9es1 et    
pro9de cultum aliquem ,div9um illis     
def]r5t1 qualem ex honore p>5tum sp]>e  
liceat b5$ictionem1 docuit40 ,de        
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calls ance/ral wor%ip 8! univ]sal fir/  
=m ( religi\s belief40 ,?is is v f> f   
correct1 b x is easy to see h[ a ha/y   
?9k] w\ld be l$ into ! error by !       
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#bfb-a ,dhammapada1 #ba4  #bfc-a ,la    
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! ,cl]gy1 p4 #af4  #bfg-a 8,t\te        
religion1 qu'on se p]met de df5dre comme
 une croyance qu'il e/ utile de laiss]  
au peuple1 ne peut plus espr] qu'une    
agonie plus ou mo9s prolonge40          
,condorcet1 ,de l',esprit ,huma91 ,ep4  

,v4  #bgd-a ,romans1 *4 ix41 v4 #c4     
#bgd-b 8,beata quippe vita e/ gaudium de
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 x41 caps4 xxii41 xxiii4  #bge-a        
8,prud5s amator non tam donum amantis   
consid]at1 quam dantis amorem4 ,nobilis 
amator non quiescit 9 dono1 s$ 9 me sup]
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,lib4 iii41 cap4 vi4  #bgg-a ,fifte5    
,s]mons by ,joseph ,butl]1 ,"l ,bi%op ( 
,durham4 ,s]mon 8,on ! love ( ,god40    
#bgg-b ,unt]haltung51 p4 #aca4          
,,indices4   ,i4 ,,au?ors ,,quot$4      
,all51 ,h41 #bjh4    ,anaxagoras1 #ajf4 
,arnold1 ,m41 #bdi1 #bga4    ,ari/otle1 
#aje4    ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #bj1 #eg1 #ic1  
#abh1 #aia1 #aid1 #bgd4     ,ba91 ,a41  
#i1 #be1 #eb1 #ei1 #hg1 #ia1 #bdd4      
,b>l[1 ,h4 ,c41 #bja4    ,baxt]1 ,ri*>d1
 #fj4    ,boehm]1 ,h41 #g4    ,boole1   
,geo41 #bd1 #dd1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaa4
    ,buns51 #aji1 #bea4    ,butl]1      
,bi%op1 #fj1 #aai1 #bgf4     ,c>lyle1   
#bdc4    ,catl[1 ,j4 ,p41 #ad1 #fd4     
,*ateaubri&1 #bej4    ,comte1 ,a41 #aa1 

#ci1 #abh1 #ahg1 #aid1 #beb4            
,condorcet1 #bfg4    ,cory1 ,j4 ,p41    
#aia4    ,c\lange1 #bde4    ,creuz]1    
#ij1 #ajf1 #aai1 #abg1 #bjj1 #bab1 #bbb4
    ,cussans1 #baj4     ,dante1 #ic4    
,d>w91 ,c41 #ga1 #hh4    ,dick1 #bff4   
,dickson1 ,j4 ,t41 #gc4     ,e!ridge1   
,j4 ,w41 #aij4     ,f]guson1 #ff4       
,f]ri]1 ,j4 ,f41 #bj1 #bh1 #dc1 #ig4    
,feu*t]sleb51 #h1 #ed1 #gc4    ,feu]ba*1
 #aid4    ,fo!rgill1 ,j4 ,m41 #fa4      
,gibbon1 #bfd4    ,goe!1 #bgg4          
,gurney1 ,j4 ,j41 #aai4     ,hall1      
,bi%op1 #ej1 #gg4    ,hamilton1 ,sir    
,w41 #bd1 #bi1 #ia1 #ie1 #ii1 #bef4     
,helmholtz1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #bb4         
,hegel1 #bi1 #hh4    ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1  
#adi1 #bfj4    ,hobbes1 #ha4            
,hodgson1 ,s4 ,n41 #ajd1 #abf1 #abh1    
#acd4    ,holtzmann1 ,a41 #bei4         
,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 #ib4    ,humboldt1  
,w4 von1 #f1 #ec1 #fg1 #ic1 #aab1 #aac1 
#bad1 #bdf1 #beb4    ,hume1 ,david1 #ha1
 #ahg1 #bai4    ,hunt]1 ,john1 #i4      
,jacobi1 #hh4    ,jevons1 ,w4 ,s41 #be1 

#bjd4    ,kant1 ,i41 #be1 #bi1 #cb1 #dj1
 #ia1 #aje1 #aid4     ,kolk1 ,s*ro$] van
 d]1 #gb4    ,kitto1 #gd4    ,kopp51    
#cg1 #bad4     ,law1 ,wm41 #di1 #hg1    
#bfc1 #bgb4    ,laycock1 #ge1 #bde4     
,less+1 #ef1 #bed4    ,lewes1 #ahg4     
,liddon1 ,h4 ,l41 #abi1 #bej4           
,mansel1 #hg1 #hh4    ,maudsley1 ,h41   
#i1 #aej4    ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #ah1 #hg1  
#ia1 #ig1 #bbc4    ,mohamm$1 #ga1 #ge1  
#aad1 #bef4    ,morell1 ,j4 ,d41 #hh4   
,morley1 ,j41 #bbc4    ,mll]1 #acj4     
,mll]1 ,max1 preface4     ,naville1 ,e41
 #bef1 #bfc4    ,ne&]1 ,a41 #bda4       
,novalis1 #da1 #di1 #ajg1 #abd1 #bdc4   
,o]/$1 #ajc4    ,ok51 ,l41 #g1 #ahf4    
,paget1 ,j41 #fc4    ,p>k]1 ,!o41 #hh4  
,pascal1 #ef4    ,pla?1 #abi4           
,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #aah4    ,saussure1  
,neck] de1 #bbj4    ,s*lag9tweit1 ,e41  
#ahg4    ,s*lei]ma*]1 #hh1 #bge4        
,s*oolcraft1 #fc1 #adf4    ,s*op5hau]1  
,a41 #aa1 #ac1 #ea1 #hb1 #ia1 #bfi4     
,s*w>z1 #bjg4    ,s5anc\rt de1 #ec1     
#ahj4    ,sp9oza1 #i1 #ad1 #ag1 #da1    

#db1 #ea1 #ih1 #ajd4    ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 
#bi1 #ci1 #ih1 #ajd1 #bcf1 #bfj4        
,sw$5borg1 #ge4    ,/e9?al1 #aja1 #bdf4 
,t]tullian1 #bda4    ,!ophilus1 #aia4   
,?ompson1 #ca4    ,todhunt]1 #be4       
,tyndall1 #hg1 #acb1 #bee4    ,voltaire1
 #bdi4    ,we/ropp1 #fb4    ,wigan1 ,a4 
,l41 #gf4    ,williams1 ,j41 #gf4       
,wordswor?1 #da1 #db1 #ahj4    ,w9delb&1
 ,dr41 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh4     ,,ii4      
,,subjects4    ,absolute1 !1 #ajb1 #ajf4
     consci\sness (1 #afa4    ,adam1 z  
prophet ( ! moon1 #agj4    ,adjita1     
#agh4    ,adonis1 #afe4    ,aeon1 #afc1 
#aff4    ,agdi/is1 an epic5e deity1 #fe4
    ,ahura-,mazda1 #aac1 #aff1 #ahd4    
,allah1 #bci4    ,amitabha1 #age1 #ahe4 
,analytic propositions1 #cb4            
,&rogyn\s deities1 #ff4    ,animism1    
#afc4    ,ano9t$1 !1 #agf4              
,anya-,ma9yus1 #aff1 #ahd4              
,an?ropomorphism1 #aic4    ,ant9omies1 (
 ,kant1 #bi4    ,aphrodite1 #fe1 #bda4  
,apocalypse1 !1 #aga4    ,apollo1 #fg1  
#bda4    ,app]ception1 #aef4            

,appreh5sion1 #adb4    ,arab idea ( "t1 
#afe4    ,argum5tum de appetitu1 #bca4  
,aronhiate1 a ,huron deity1 #bba4       
,arr5o!le deities1 #ff4    ,art1        
religi\s1 9 ,ori5t1 #ae2     9 ,greece1 
#af2     ,*ri/ian1 #bji1 #bda2          
useless & immoral1 #bdd4    ,assyria1   
flood my? (1 #afi4    ,a?anasius1 8     
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 #aia4    ,atonem5t1
 doctr9e (1 #bbb4    ,avalokitesv>a1    
#bad4    ,aztecs1 #hj4     ,baghavad    
,gita1 !1 #ahi4    ,babylon1 rites (1   
#gd4    ,baldur1 #agf4    ,baptism1     
#ach1 #bbf4    ,beauty1 ! l9e (1 #ae1   
#baa4     ! religion (1 #bda1 #bdd1     
#bde4    ,belief1 its k9ds1 #ada4       
,brahma1 #fe1 #afi4    ,brahmans1 highe/
 bliss (1 #eg2     doctr9es1 #afh1 #afi4
    ,breidablick1 #agf4    ,brutes1     
religi\s feel+ 91 #hh4    ,buddha1 #cg1 
#eg1 #hj1 #abj1 #adf1 #aef1 #bfa1 #bga4 
,buddhism1 f\r tru?s (1 #ac2     !ories 
( pray]1 #aba1 #aej1 #bad2     la/ day1 
#afi2     my?s1 #age1 #agf2     mono!ism
 (1 #ahg1 #bdg1 #bef4    ,bull1 z a     

symbol1 #bjd4     ,cabala1 ,jehova 91   
#fe4    ,cant+ arms1 #bab4    ,cause1 n 
a reason1 #ch2     9 physical sci5ce1   
#ia4    ,celibacy1 ,romi%1 #fa4         
,c]ebration1 unconsci\s1 #adi4          
,*ance1 ! idea (1 #ic4    ,*9ese "* =   
pray]1 #abi4    ,*ri/1 see ,jesus4      
,*ri/ianity1 doctr9es (1 #aij1 #beg1    
#bfd1 #bgd2     symbol (1 #bjc4         
,*ri/mas tree1 !1 #bae4    ,cockatrice1 
!1 #gg4    ,commonweal?1 ideal (1 #bdg4 
,consci\sness1 =ms (1 #ag1 #bj4         
,confucius1 doctr9e1 #abb1 sq4          
,cont9uity1 law (1 #aa1 #af2            
pr9ciple (1 #ie4    ,contradiction1 law 
(1 #bg1 #ajb4    ,correspond5ces1       
doctr9e (1 #bag4    ,cosmical relations 
( man1 #aab1 #bfh4    ,cotytto1 #fe4    
,c[1 z a symbol1 #bjd4    ,crao%an1     
#agf4    ,creation1 my? (1 #aff4        
,cresc5t1 a phallic symbol1 #fb4        
,cross1 a phallic symbol1 #fb2     z    
phonetic symbol1 #baj2     v>iants (1   
#baj4    ,cult1 !1 #aii sq4    ,culture1
 religion (1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bec4          

,cybele1 #fe2 prie/s (1 #ff1 #bai4      
,dactyli1 !1 #ahd4    ,d>kness1 t]ror (1
 #ahe4    ,day ( ,judgm5t1 !1 #agb4     
,deity1 see ,god4    ,design1 argum5t f1
 #aaj4    ,desire1 mean+ (1 #ec4        
,deus1 #ahe2 tri=mis1 #aia4    ,deva1   
#ahe4    ,didactic rites1 #bbe4         
,div9ation & pray]1 #acg4    ,dramatic  
rites1 #bbf4    ,dual law ( ?\ght1 #bg1 
#ajb2     division ( ! gods1 #ahb1 #ahc4
     ,edda1 my?ology (1 #age1 #bae4     
,ed51 g>d5 (1 #age4    ,ego1 !1 #ai4    
,egoism ( religion1 #bgb4    ,egyptians1
 doctr9es (1 #hj1 #bbb2     pray]s1     
#aae2     pyramids1 #bab2     lotus (1  
#bad4    ,emotions1 orig9 (1 #aj2       
exclude ?\ght1 #ai2     9 religion1 #di2
     ( fe> & hope1 #ej1 #ea2            
e/hetic1 #ad4    ,en!asm1 #adh4         
,epo*s ( nature1 #afd sq4    ,epic5e    
deities1 #ff4    ,epilepsy & religi\s   
delusions1 #ge4    ,eros1 #gb4          
,esculapius1 emblem (1 #bjj4    ,e/hetic
 emotions1 #ad1 #bdd4    ,e?ics1 gr\nds 
(1 #bff4    ,exclud$ middle1 law (1 #bg1

 sqq4    ,expectant att5tion1 #gd1 #abi4
    ,explanation1 limits (1 #ch4        
,fai? 9 religion1 #ajg4    ,fasc9ation1 
#gd4    ,fe>1 9 religion1 #ej1 sqq4     
,female pr9ciple 9 religion1 #fb1 #ahc4 
,f]idun1 g>d5 (1 #age4    ,flood1 my? (1
 #afi1 sq4    ,f+]s1 z gods1 #ahd4      
,=ce1 ord]s (1 #acc4    ,fre$om1 #aje4  
,fri5ds1 sect (1 see ,quak]s4    ,future
 life1 doctr9e (1 #bef1 sq4             
,gallican confession1 !1 #ach4          
,g5]ative function 9 religion1 #fb1 #gb1
 #gc4    ,g5ius z inspiration1 #adi4    
,gnosis1 ! g5u9e1 #gd4    ,gno/ic       
doctr9es1 #aff4    ,god1 z fa!r1 #gj2   
sp\ses (1 #fi1 #ga2     "m (1 #fh2      
sexless1 #ga2     e>lie/ notions (1 #gh2
     incompreh5sible1 #ih2     ?rone (1 
#afg2     love (1 #gc1 #bfc1 #bgf4      
,gods1     hi]>*y (1 #aha2              
quantification ( !1 #ahf2     ( lightn+1
 #bjg4    ,good1 f9al victory (1 #agi4  
,gras%opp]s1 pray]s aga9/1 #aca4        
,greeks1 art (1 #af2     doctr9es (1    
#hj2     sophi/s1 #if4    ,gudmund1 ,k+1

 #age4     ,hades1 #ahf4    ,h>e1 !     
,great1 #bab4    ,hell1 #ahf1 #beh1     
#bgd4    ,h]cules1 #gb4    ,h]maphrodite
 deities1 #ff4    ,hesp]ides1 !1 #age4  
,hi]>*y ( ! gods1 #aha4    ,high places1
 wor%ip (1 #bae1 #baf4    ,hi/oric      
ideas1 #bcb4    ,holy _s1 z inspir+1    
#ach2     brood+1 #afg4    ,hope1 9     
religion1 #ea sqq4    ,hor1 !1 #afe4    
,humanity1 ! religion (1 #aid1 #bec4    
,ignorance1 9 relation to religion1 #hb4
    ,illum9ation1 #adj4    ,immortality1
 doctr9e (1 #bee4    ,indians1 ,am]ican1
 #abe1 #aeg4    ,insanity1 religi\s1    
#gf4    ,inspiration1 #acg4             
,intellig5ce1 "o 9 k9d1 #if2     z !    
fir/ cause1 #ajf1 #aaa4    ,irm91 pill>s
 (1 #bae4    ,is*oma*us1 pray] (1 #abf4 
,israelites1 ! ,messiah (1 #agf4        
,janus1 an epic5e deity1 #fe4           
,jehovah1 #fe1 #aef4    ,jems*id1 k+1   
#age4    ,jesus1 face (1 #fg1 #bda2     
conception (1 #ga2     w\nds (1 #acj2   
wisdom (1 #add2     z second ,noah1     
#agj2     tea*+s1 #agh1 #bfj2     pray] 

to1 #ahg2     execution (1 #bjc2        
dea? (1 #bbb4    ,judaism1 #ahg4        
,judgm5t1 day (1 #agb4     ,kalpa1 (    
,brahmans1 #afh4    ,k1 =ms (1 #ba4     
,kosmos1 !1 #gb1 #add1 #afg4            
,lateau1 ,l\ise1 #acj4    ,law1 def9$1  
#dj2     ( exclud$ middle1 #bg2         
olde/1 #bdh4    ,laws1 !1 ( ?\ght1 #bf1 
sq42 #aja1 sq42     n re/rictive1 #aje2 
z purposive1 #ajh4    ,light1 z object (
 wor%ip1 #ahe4    ,lightn+1 !1 9        
symbolic art1 #bjg4    ,life1 ! p]fect1 
#eg4    ,l+am1 !1 #ff4    ,l+ayets1 sect
 (1 #ff4    ,logic1 appli$1 #bc2        
ab/ract or =mal1 #bd2     ma!matical1   
#bd2     laws (1 #aja1 sq4    ,logos1 !1
 #db1 #ajf4    ,lotus1 z symbol1 #bac1  
sq4    ,love1 z religi\s emotion1 def9$1
 #eh1 #fj1 #bfb2     ( sex1 #fa1 #fc2   
law (1 #gc2     ( ,god1 #gc1 #bfc1 #bgf4
     ,ma1 a goddess1 #ahc4    ,maitreya1
 #agf4    ,mamona1 a ,haitian deity1    
#fh4    ,mr*51 !1 def9$1 #aeg4          
,m>riage condemn$1 #fi4    ,maypole1 z a
 symbol1 #bae4    ,melitta1 #fe4        

,memory1 physical basis (1 #aj2         
ance/ral1 #ge4    ,memorial1 rites1     
#bbe4    ,messiah1 !1 #agf4             
,mill5nium1 !1 #agc1 #bfh4    ,mi*abo1  
an ,algonk9 deity1 #ahe4    ,m9d1       
gr[? (1 #g2     ext5t (1 #h1 #bga2     z
 seat ( law1 #afc4    ,miracles1 #aaj1  
#acj4    ,mi?ras1 #fe4    ,mohamm$1     
notion ( god1 #ga2     inspir$1 #adf4   
,mohamm$anism1 #ahg1 #bbd4    ,mono!ism1
 orig9 (1 #hj1 #ha2 #ahf1 sq4    ,moral 
gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 #aab4    ,morality1    
indep5d5t ( religion1 dualism ( deities1
 #ahb1 #bdi1 #bff1 #bfg4    ,mormonism1 
#fa4    ,motion1 fir/ law (1 #aa2       
relation to "t & space1 #ce2            
manife/ations (1 #gg4    ,my?1 !1 def9$1
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,natural selection1 9 s5sation1 #aj2    
9 logic1 #aja4    ,nature1     mean+ (1 
#d1 #ci1 #aje2     epo*s (1 #afd4       
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#gb4    ,py?agoras1 8 ?\ghts on numb]1  
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,buddha4    ,saturnian ,era1 !1 #age4   
,sci5ce ( ,religion1 #c2     z k (      
sy/em1 #ib2     ( my?ology1 #aeh4       
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elem5ts (1 #gi2     rational po/ulates  
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#gb1 #baf4    ,%ek9ah1 !1 #ff4          
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def9$1 #d2     its relation to symbols1 
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contr>ies1 #cg4    ,syn!tic             
propositions1 #cb4     ,ta?agata1 a "n (
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#baj1 #bci4    ,?\ght1 z a function1    
#ag2     laws (1 #bf1 #aja1 sq42     z  
purposive1 #ajh4    ,ti51 ,mongolian    
deity1 #ahe1 #baf4    ,"t1 n a =ce1 #aa2
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equilat]al1 #bab4    ,tr9ity1 ! doctr9e 
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,,br9ton',s 7,d4 ,g47 ,,works4 ,! ,my?s 
( ! ,new ,_w4 ,a ,treatise on !         
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,,deuts*',s 7,e47 ,,lit]>y ,,rema9s4 ,) 
a ,brief ,memoir4 #hvo4 #d4jj4          
,,cont5ts3--,! ,talmud--,islam--,egypt4 
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,ja%>--,arabic ,poetry4  8,a noble      
monum5t ( /udy & erudition40--,n4 ,y4   
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volume40--,congregationali/4  ,,haweis' 
7,,rev4 ,h4 ,r47 ,,?\ghts ,,= ,,!       
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,,works4  ,essays1 ,!ological &         
,philosophical4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #e4jj4   
,mr4 ,m>t9eau's contributions to !      
,prospective1 ,we/m9/]1 ,national1 & o!r
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m9ds 9 bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & produc$ a
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bro!rs40--,atlantic ,mon?ly4  ,,tylor',s
 7,e4 ,b47 ,,primitive ,,culture3       
,rese>*es into ! ,developm5t (          
,my?ology1 ,philosophy1 ,religion1 ,art1
 & ,cu/om4 #b vols41 #hvo4 #e4jj4  8,"o 
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pres5t day4444 ,x takes up man 444 at ! 
remote/ p]iods ( :i* we h any k1 &      
traces 8 intellectual gr[? 444 f t "t =?
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supplem5t ! books ( ^? writ]s by 444 ^! 
really delightful volumes40-- ,atlantic 
,mon?ly4  8,"o ( ! few erudite treatises
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ent]ta9+40--,nor? ,am]ican ,review4     
,,au/9',s 7,,john7 ,,jurisprud5ce4      

,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 !           
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lawy]40--,we/m9/] ,review4  8,mr4       
,ma9e's pr(\nd "w on ,anci5t ,law 9 its 
relation to mod]n ideas40--,john ,/u>t  
,mill4  8,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's great "w on 
,anci5t ,law40--,nation4  8,a text-book 
= all ,engli% /ud5ts (                  
jurisprud5ce40--,saturday ,review4      
,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory (          
,in/itutions4 #hvo4 #c4ej4  8,9 ! p[] ( 
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( obscure & neglect$ facts1 he surpasses
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,communities & ,miscellanies4 7,9       
prep>ation47  ,,mill',s 7,,john ,,/u>t7 
,,miscellane\s ,,works4  ,uni=m ,libr>y 
edition4 #hvo4 ,t9t$ & laid pap]1 #b4ej 
p] volume 7except volume on ,comte74 ,! 
#ab volumes 9 a box1 #bi4jj2 half calf  
or half morocco1 #ei4jj4    ,?ree       
,essays on ,religion4 #a vol4   ,!      
,autobiography4 #a vol4   ,diss]tations 
& ,discussions4 #e vols4                
,consid]ations on ,repres5tative        
,gov]nm5t4 #a vol4   ,exam9ation ( ,sir 
,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy4 #b    
vols4   ,on ,lib]ty3 ,! ,subjection (   
,wom54 ,bo? 9 #a vol4   ,comte's        
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,,*eap ,,editions4  ,! ,subjection (    
,wom54 #abmo4 #a4be4  ,pr9ciples (      
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,memorial ,volume4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 ,8
 ,life & ,works4  ,twelve ,sket*es1 z   
foll[s3 7,8,,tn-#ae ,life1 by ,j4 ,r4   
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,univ]sities1 by ,h5ry ,fawcett2 ,8     
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,position z a ,philosoph]1 by ,w4 ,a4   
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8,mill on ,lib]ty40  8,"o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh
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political bases ( society :i* !y h      
rec5tly receiv$4444 ,ev]ybody :o wants  
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"r analyz$ by a ma/]-h&1 & 9 ,engli% :i*
 /irs ! blood1 w h a great treat 9 read+
 him40--,nation4  8,"o ( ! mo/ valuable 
contributions to political philosophy   

:i* h be5 publi%$ 9 rec5t               
times40--,london ,saturday ,review4     
,,adams' 7,,pr(4 ,c4 ,k47 ,,democracy   
,,& ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,france1 f !          
,inception ( ! ,great ,revolution to !  
,ov]?r[ ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,by ,pr(4  
,c4 ,k4 ,adams1 ( ! ,univ]sity (        
,mi*igan4 ,l>ge #abmo4 ,clo?4 #b4ej4    
8,a valuable example ( ! sci5tific mode 
( deal+ ) political problems40--,nation4
  8,full ( %rewd & sugge/ive criticism1 
& few read]s w p]use x )\t ga9+ new     
ideas on ! subject40--,london ,saturday 
,review4  8,rem>kably lucid             
writ+40--,london ,academy4  ,,*esney',s 
7,c4 ,c47 ,,milit>y ,,biography4 ,essays
 9 ,milit>y ,biography4 ,by ,,*>les     
,,cornwallis ,,*esney1 ,colonel 9 !     
,briti% ,army1 ,lieut5ant-,colonel 9 !  
,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,l>ge #abmo4 #b4ej4    
8,v able40--,nation4  8,uncommonly      
ent]ta9+ & in/ructive40--,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+  
,po/4  8,full ( int]e/1 n only to !     
pr(essional soldi]1 b to ! g5]al        
read]40--,bo/on ,globe4  ,,family       

,,record ,,album4 ,9 ,blanks classifi$  
on a ,new ,sy/em4 ,l>ge qu>to1 gilt     
edges1 #cbh pages4 ,clo?1 #e4 ,half     
,morocco1 #h4 ,full ,morocco1 #ae4      
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because ! editor felt ! ne$ ( x &       
suppos$ t _m o!rs felt ! same ne$4  ,!  
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embodies ! results ( ! late/ s*ol>%ip 9 
comp>ative philology1 my?ology1 & !     
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,,miss ,,edi? ,,?ompson4 #a4jj4  #c4    
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#e4 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,by ,,james      
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libr>y40--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4  ,,sumn]',s 
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