,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #cd ,,! #ahic ,,duryea ,,automobile ,,9 ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,don ,h4 ,b]kebile ,,e>ly ,,automotive ,,exp]i5ce #e ,,con/ruction ,,beg9s #f ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,automobile #af ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4--;,,duryea ,,automobile 9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 f an #ahig photograph4 ,! ge>-sprockets 7 already miss+ :5 ?is 0 tak51 & ! *a9 lies loosely on ! p9ion4 ,%[n at ! "r1 ! ,duryea vehicle foll[+ ! rec5t re/oration 7,smi?sonian photo #cdahc74 ,don ,h4 ,b]kebile ,,! #ahic ,,duryea ,,automobile ,9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a numb] ( ,am]ican eng9e]s & me*anics 7 work+ dilig5tly to develop a practical self-propell$ vehicle employ+ an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e z ! motive =ce4 ,among ^! m5 7 ,*>les & ,frank ,duryea1 :o began "w on ?is type ( vehicle ab\t #ahib4 ,?is c>riage 0 op]at$ on ! /reets ( ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahic1 :]e its trials 7 not$ 9 ! newspap]s4 ,n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 x is a priz$ exhibit 9 ! collection ( e>ly automobiles4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is pap] to pres5t "s ( ! facts discov]$ dur+ ! re/oration ( ! vehicle1 to %[ ! problems t fac$ its build]s1 & to describe _! solutions4 ,an attempt also has be5 made to correlate all ?is in=mation ) reports ( ! n[ almo/ leg5d>y day-to-day exp]i5ces ( ! ,duryeas1 z publi%$ by ! bro!rs 9 v>i\s booklets1 & z relat$ by ,frank ,duryea dur+ two int]views1 record$ on tape 9 #aief & #aieg1 :ile he 0 visit+ ! ,smi?sonian4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,don ,h4 ,b]kebile is on ! /aff ( ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,( ! num]\s ,am]ican automotive pione]s1 p]haps among ! be/ kn[n are ,*>les & ,frank ,duryea4 ,beg9n+ _! "w ( automobile build+ 9 ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 & aft] mu* rebuild+1 !y con/ruct$ _! fir/ successful vehicle 9 #ahib & #ahic4 ,no soon] 0 ?is f9i%$ ?an ,frank1 work+ alone1 began "w on a second vehicle hav+ a two-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,) ?is automobile1 suffici5t capital 0 attract$ 9 #ahie to =m ! ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company 9 :i* bo? bro!rs 7 among ! /ockhold]s & directors4 ,a %ort "t aft] ! =mation ( ! company ?is second automobile 0 ent]$ by ! company 9 ! ,*icago ,times-,h]ald automobile race on ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahie1 :]e ,frank ,duryea won a victory ov] ! o!r five conte/ants--two electric automobiles & ?ree ,b5z ma*9es import$ f ,g]many4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ?is victory ,frank1 z eng9e] 9 *>ge ( design & con/ruction1 complet$ ! plans begun e>li] = a m p[]ful automobile4 ,dur+ #ahif ! company turn$ out ?irte5 id5tical automobiles1 ! fir/ example ( mass production 9 ,am]ican automotive hi/ory4#a ,ev5 :ile ^! c>s 7 "u con/ruction ,frank 0 plann+ a light] vehicle1 "o ( :i* 0 complet$ 9 ,octob] ( #ahif4 ,?is ma*9e 0 driv5 to ano!r victory by ,frank ,duryea on ,novemb] #ad1 #ahif1 :5 he compet$ once aga9 ) ,european-built c>s 9 ! ,lib]ty-,day ,run f ,london to ,brighton4 ,! decision to race & demon/rate _! autos abroad 0 ! result ( ! company's desire to int]e/ =eign capital1 yet ,frank lat] felt !y might bett] h us$ _! "t & money by conc5trat+ on build+ c>s & sell+ !m to ! local m>ket4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! fall ( #ahih1 ,frank arrang$ = ! sale ( 8 & ,*>les' int]e/ 9 ! company1 & !reaft] ! bro!rs pursu$ sep>ate c>e]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4--,,workm5 ,,9 ,,! ,,duryea ,,factory 9 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 work+ on "s ( ! ?irte5 #ahif motor wagons4 7,smi?sonian photo #ddjfb47 ,frank1 9 #aija1 ent]$ into a contract ) ! ,j4 ,/ev5s ,arms & ,tool ,company1 ( ,*icopee ,falls1 ,massa*usetts1 :i* built automobiles "u 8 sup]vision4 ,?is association l$ 9 #aijd to ! =mation ( ! ,/ev5s-,duryea ,company1 ( :i* ,irv+ ,page 0 presid5t & ,frank ,duryea 0 vice presid5t & *ief eng9e]4 ,?is company produc$ dur+ its #aj-ye> exi/5ce a numb] ( popul> & well-kn[n models1 among !m a light six kn[n z ! ,model ,u1 9 #aijg2 a l>g] #d-;cyl9d] call$ ! ,model ,x1 9 #aijh2 & a l>g] six1 ! ,model ,y1 9 #aiji4 ,9 #aiad :5 ,/ev5s )drew f ! company1 ,frank obta9$ control4 ,! foll[+ ye> he sold ! plants & ma*9]y1 liquidat$ ! company1 &1 due to ill heal?1 retir$4 ,*>les1 9 ! meantime1 locat$ 9 ,read+1 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e he built autos "u ! "n ( ! ,duryea ,p[] ,company4#b ,"h1 & lat] 9 ,philadelphia "u ! "n ( ! ,duryea ,motor ,corporation & o!r corporate names1 he cont9u$ = a numb] ( ye>s to build automobiles1 vacuum clean]s & o!r me*anical devices4 ,until ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aich1 he practic$ z a consult+ eng9e]4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,u4,s4 ,,pat5t ,,(fice1 ,april #a1 #ahhg ,admit ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,duryea to ?is ,(fice on all bus9ess days betwe5 ! h\rs ( #b & #d ,p4,m4 until o!rwise ord]$4 ,signature ,*ief ,cl]k ,c\nt]sign$1 ,signature ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4--;,,admittance ,,c>d ( ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea to ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 #ahhg4 7,gift ( ,rhea ,duryea ,johnson47 ,e>ly ,automotive ,exp]i5ce ,born 9 #ahfa ne> ,canton1 ,ill9ois1 ,*>les ,e4 ,duryea _h le>n$ ! trade ( a me*anic foll[+ 8 graduation f high s*ool1 & subsequ5tly turn$ 8 int]e/s to bicycle repair4 ,he & 8 bro!r ,james ,frank1 eight ye>s y\ng]1 ev5tually left ,ill9ois & mov$ to ,wa%+ton ,d4,c41 :]e !y 7 employ$ 9 ! bicycle %op ( ,h4 ,s4 ,ow51 "o ( t city's lead+ bicycle deal]s & import]s4 ,:ile 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,*>les became a regul> read] ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,gazette1#c an act :i* und\bt$ly influ5c$ 8 lat] "w ) automobiles4 ,a %ort "t lat]1 probably 9 #ahhi1 ,*>les contract$ ) a firm 9 ,rockaway1 ,new ,j]sey1 to con/ruct bicycles = him1 b _! failure to make deliv]y z promis$ caus$ him to g to ,*icopee1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he contract$ ) ! ,ames ,manufactur+ ,company to d 8 "w4 ,mov+ !re 9 #ahij1 he obta9$ = 8 bro!r a position z toolmak] ) ! ,ames ,company4 ,?us1 ,frank ,duryea1 z he 0 lat] kn[n1 also became locat$ 9 ,*icopee1 a nor!rn suburb ( ,spr+field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4--;,,*>les ,e4 ,,duryea1 ab\t #ahid1 z drawn by ,george ,gigu]e f a photograph4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhcce-;,a47 ,dur+ ! summ]1 #ahia1 ,*>les f\nd ! bicycle bus9ess left him "s sp>e "t1 & ! gasol9e-p[]$ c>riages he _h read ( e>li] came con/antly into 8 m9d 9 ^! p]iods ( idl5ess4#d ,he & ,frank /udi$ sev]al books on gasol9e eng9es1 among !m "o by an ,engli% writ] 7title & au?or n[ unkn[n72#e ?is describ$ ! ,otto #d-/roke cycle z n[ us$4 ,"s eng9e]s1 h[ev]1 7 conc]n$ because ?is eng9e1 on ! completion ( ! exhau/ /roke1 _h n entirely evacuat$ all ( ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! ,atk9son eng9e1 pat5t$ 9 #ahhg1 0 "o ( ! attempts to solve ?is z well z sev]al o!r problems1 ?us creat+ a m effici5t cycle4 ,?is eng9e 0 design$ s t ! exhau/ /roke c>ri$ ! pi/on all ! way to ! head ( ! eng9e1 :ile ! compression /roke only mov$ ! pi/on f> en\gh to suffici5tly compress ! mixture4 ,! unusual l9kage necess>y to create ^! unequal /rokes 9 ! ,atk9son eng9e made x seem impractical = a c>riage eng9e1 :]e compactness 0 desir$4 ,ag5ts ,wantd ,,sylph ,,cycles ,,run ,,easy ,pneumatics n en\gh2 spr+s necess>y = com=t safety ,sylph spr+ frame saves muscle n]ves is p]fection4 ,all us]s delight$4 ,inve/igate4 ,we also make a #cj lb4 rigid ,sylph4 ,cata4 free4 ,r\se-,duryea ,cycle ,co4 ,mfrs4 #af ,g /41 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4--;,,adv]tisem5t ( ,duryea bicycle company1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,septemb] #i1 #ahic4 ,go+ to ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 possibly on bus9ess relat+ to 8 bicycle "w1 ,*>les visit$ ! ,h>t=d ,ma*9e ,screw ,company :]e ! ,daiml]-type eng9e 0 be+ produc$1#f b aft] exam9+ x he felt x 0 too heavy & clumsy = 8 purpose4 ,also 9 ,h>t=d he talk$ ov] ! problem ( a satisfactory eng9e ) ,c4 ,e4 ,hawley1 an employee ( ! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company1 mak]s ( ! ,columbia bicycle4 ,hawley1 se>*+ = a way to con/ruct an eng9e t w\ld p]=m 9 a mann] simil> to ! ,atk9son1 yet w\ld h ! lightness & compactness necess>y = a c>riage eng9e1 sugge/$ an idea t ,*>les believ$ _h "s m]it4 ,?is idea1 involv+ ! use ( :at ! ,duryeas lat] call$ a free pi/on1 0 ev5tually to be incorporat$ 9 _! fir/ eng9e4#g ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4--;,j4 ,,frank ,,duryea1 ab\t #ahid1 z drawn by ,george ,gigu]e f a photograph4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhcce47 ,con/ruction ,beg9s ,back 9 ,*icopee aga91 ,*>les began plann+ 8 fir/ horseless c>riage4 ,frank lat] /at$ t !y lean$ heavily on ! ,b5z pat5ts 9 _! "w2#h b :ile ! lat] eng9e & transmission %[ evid5ce ( ?is1 only ! ,b5z mann] ( plac+ ! eng9e & ! fly:eel seem to h be5 employ$ 9 ! orig9al ,duryea plan4 ,*>les rev]s$ ! eng9e s t ! fly:eel 0 to ! front1 r ?an to ! re> z 9 ! ,b5z pat5t1 b made use ( ,b5z' v]tical crank%aft s t ! fly:eel rotat$ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,previ\sly mo/ eng9es _h us$ v]tical fly:eels2 ,b5z1 believ+ t ?is practice w\ld cause difficulty 9 /e]+ a propell$ c>riage1 expla9$ 8 reason = *ang+ ?is feature 9 8 ,u4,s4 pat5t #chejhg1 issu$ ,june #bf1 #ahhh3 ,9 motors hi!rto us$ ! fly-:eels h be5 atta*$ to a horizontal %aft or axle1 & h ?us be5 made to revolve 9 a v]tical plane1 s9ce ! horizontal %aft is be/ adapt$ to ! transmission ( p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case we %\ld use a heavy rotat+ mass1 correspond+ to ! p[] employ$ & revolv+ rapidly 9 a v]tical plane1 ! p[] to manage ! vehicle or boat w\ld become v mu* less5$1 z ! fly:eel cont9ues to revolve 9 its plane4 ,i !re=e s design ! app>atus t its crank %aft x has a v]tical position & its fly-:eel y revolves 9 a horizontal plane4444 ,by ?is means ! vehicle is n only easily controll$1 b also ! greate/ safety is atta9$ aga9/ capsiz+4 ,to ! ,duryea plan1 ,b5z may also h contribut$ ! idea = position+ ! c\nt]%aft1 ?\gh its location is suffici5tly obvi\s t ,*>les may h _h no ne$ = copy+ ,b5z4 ,*>les wisely diff]$ f ,b5z 9 plac+ ! fly:eel =w>d1 ?us elim9at+ ! ne$ = ! long driv+ belt ( ! ,b5z c>riage4 ,yet he did reject ! bevel ge>s us$ by ,b5z1 :i* might well h be5 reta9$1 z ,frank 0 lat] to prove by design+ a workable transmission t incorporat$ su* bevel ge>s4 ,! initial plan1 z conceiv$ by ,*>les1 also includ$ ! details ( ! axles1 /e]+ ge>1 c\nt]%aft ) its friction-drum1 ! #b-piece angle-iron frame ^u :i* ! c\nt]%aft be>+s 7 m\nt$1 & ! free pi/on eng9e ) its ignition tube1 s9ce hot-tube ignition 0 to be employ$4 ,no provision 0 made1 h[ev]1 = a burn] to heat ! tube2 nor _h a c>buretor be5 design$1 ?\gh x _h be5 decid$ n to use a surface tank c>buretor4 ,! plans call$ = no muffl] or />t+ arrangem5t4#i ,_m eng9es ( ! p]iod 7 />t$ simply by turn+ ! fly:eel ) ! h&s1 & ,*>les felt ?is me?od 0 suffici5t = 8 c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4--;,,draw+ ,,%[+ ,,pr9ciple ( ! ,atk9son eng9e2 ?is feature is :at ! ,duryeas 7 try+ to a*ieve ) _! free-pi/on eng9e1 by sub/itut+ ! free pi/on = ! unusual l9kage ( ! ,atk9son4 7,smi?sonian photo ,h#cbfc-;,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4--;,,draw+ ,,( #ahhe ,,b5z eng9e1 %[+ simil>ity 9 g5]al appe>ance to ,duryea eng9e4 ,f ,k>l ,b5z und se9 ,leb5sw]k1 ,/uttg>t1 #aiec4 7,daiml]-,b5z ,company publication47 ,! ,ames plant cu/om>ily _h a summ] %utd[n dur+ ,augu/2 ?us1 dur+ ,augu/ ( #ahia ,*>les & ,frank _h access to a ne>ly empty plant 9 :i* !y c\ld c>ry on exp]im5ts & make up work+ draw+s ( ! propos$ vehicle4 ,x _c n[ be conclusively /at$ :e!r any p>ts 7 made = ! c> dur+ ,augu/ or ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,x is m likely t ! bro!rs attempt$ to complete a set ( draw+s4 ,frank ,h>r+ton1 *ief draftsman at ,ames1 may h help$ out at ?is "t2 f ,*>les' /atem5t ( ,april #ad1 #aicg1 x is le>n$ t he did prep>e draw+s dur+ #ahib4 ,c4 ,,b5z4 ,,self ,,propell+ ,,vehicle4 ,no4 #che1jhg4 ,pat5t$ ,june #bf1 #ahhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4--;,,illu/ration ,,f ,u4,s4 pat5t #chejhg1 issu$ to ,c>l ,b5z1 %[+ ! horizontal plane ( ! fly:eel1 a feature utiliz$ by ! ,duryeas 9 _! ma*9e4 ,! fir/ contempor>y record ( any "w on vehicles is a bill1 dat$ ,janu>y #ba1 #ahib1 = a draw+ made by ,george ,w4 ,h[>d ,company4 ,?is draw+ 0 made 9 ! fall ( #ahia by ,*>les ,a4 ,b>tlett1 a memb] ( ! ,h[>d firm & a neighbor ( ,*>les ,duryea1 accord+ to a /atem5t by ,*>les 9 ! ,automobile ,trade ,j\rnal ( ,jan4 #aj1 #aibe4 ,he 0 !n also ( ! op9ion t ?is draw+ may n h _h any?+ to d ) ! c>riage !y 7 ab\t to assemble1 b a notation f\nd by ,*>les at a lat] date has l$ him to believe t x possibly conc]n$ a bus9ess type vehicle he _h discuss$ ) an unid5tifi$ ,mr4 ,sn[4 ,by e>ly #ahib ,*>les ne$$ capital to f9ance 8 v5ture1 an old c>riage to atta* 8 inv5tions to1 a place to "w1 & a me*anic to d ! "w4 ,on ,m>* #bf1 he /opp$ by ! ,smi? ,c>riage ,company & look$ ov] a selection ( us$ buggies & phaetons4 ,he f9ally decid$ on a r well-us$ ladies' phaeton :i* he pur*as$ = #gj4 ,! lea!r da% 0 9 s deplorable a /ate x w\ld h to be recov]$ be=e ! c>riage w5t onto ! road1 & ! lea!r f5d]s x once possess$ _h previ\sly be5 remov$2 yet ! uphol/]y appe>$ to be 9 satisfactory condition1 & ! c&le lamps 7 intact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4--,,phantom ,,illu/ration ( ,b5z' fir/ automobile4 7,f ,c>l ,b5z1 ,fa!r ( ! ,automobile ,indu/ry1 by ,l4 ,m4 ,fann+1 ,new ,york1 #aiee47 ,two days lat]1 ,*>les 0 able to int]e/ ,erw9 ,f4 ,m>kham1 ( ,spr+field1 suffici5tly to obta9 8 f9ancial aid 9 ! project4 ,a contract 0 drawn up betwe5 ! two m51 :i* /at$ t ,mr4 ,m>kham 0 to put up #ajjj = :i* he receiv$ a five-t5?s %>e ( ! v5ture4 ,:5 ! #ajjj _h be5 us$1 he !n _h ! option to cont9ue 8 aid until ! project _h be5 c>ri$ to a successful climax1 & reta9 8 half %>e1 or to refuse fur!r funds & rel9qui% f\r ( 8 five-t5?s int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess4#aj ,_h he ev5tually *os5 ! latt]1 ,*>les w\ld obvi\sly h _h to seek assi/ance else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4--,,! ,,h[>d ,,co4 ,,bill %[+ ! fir/ "w p]=m$ t[>d a motor vehicle4 ,:ile ?is may n ref] specifically to ! ma*9e n[ 9 ! museum1 x is evid5ce ( e>ly "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4--,,! ,,%op ,,( ,,john ,,russell ,,sons4 ,x 0 on ! second floor ( ?is build+ t ,*>les & ,frank ,duryea built _! fir/ motor vehicle4 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,spr+field ,union47 ,t same day1 ,m>* #bh1 ,*>les f\nd work+ space & ma*9]y available at ,john ,w4 ,russell ,sons ,company 9 ,spr+field4#aa ,! ,russells _h rec5tly complet$ a l>ge gov]nm5t ord] ( %ells = ! fam\s dynamite guns lat] us$ on bo>d ! cruis] ,vesuvius 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 & ?is left an entire second floor1 approximately #ce #he feet1 virtually unoccupi$1 accord+ to an affidavit ( ,william ,j4 ,russell ( ,april #cj1 #aibf4 ,n[ ready to beg9 ! actual "w1 ,*>les hir$ 8 bro!r ,frank to />t con/ruction4 ,frank />t$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april1 receiv+ a raise ( ab\t #aj p]c5t ov] ! sal>y he _h receiv$ at ,ames4 ,be=e ! vehicle 0 complet$ a numb] ( o!r m5 p]=m$ "w on "s ( ! p>ts1 among !m ,william ,deats :o _h be5 hir$ by ,*>les prim>ily to "w on bicycles 9 ! same area1 b :o occasionally assi/$ on ! c>riage4 ,russell ,company records %[ "t *>g$ aga9/ ,*>les ,duryea by six o!r ,russell employees3 ,w4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,p4 ,colgan1 ,c4 ,e4 ,m]rick1 ,t4 ,%ea1 ,l4 ,j4 ,p>melee1 & ,a4 ,a4 ,poissant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4--;,j4 ,,frank ,,duryea look+ ov] ! ,russell %op la! on :i* he turn$ p>ts = ! fir/ ,duryea vehicle4 ,photo tak5 ab\t #aidd4 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,spr+field ,union47 ,x is ,frank ,duryea's remembrance t he />t$ "w on ,monday1 ,april #d4 ,he fir/ remov$ ! body1 ) its spr+s1 & plac$ x on a pair ( wood5 horses :]e x rema9$ until ! summ] ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! next /ep 0 to remove ! re> axle & take x to a blacksmi? %op :]e ! old axle sp9dles 7 cut (f & weld$ to a new drop-c5t] axle4 ,foll[+ ?is ! front axle sp9dles 7 remov$1 ! ends ( ! axle slott$1 & a webb$1 ,c-%ap$ piece c>ry+ ! k+p9 be>+s 0 fitt$ into ea* slot1 brac$ f und]nea? by %ort brackets :i* 7 rivet$ & braz$ 9 place4 ,! old sp9dles !n 7 weld$ to ! c5t] ( (fset k+p9s :i* 9 turn 7 m\nt$ 9 _! be>+s 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i* ! frame ( ! ,columbia high-:eel$ bicycle 0 m\nt$ 9 its =k4 ,arms weld$ to ! l[] end ( ! k+p9s 7 connect$ by ! tie rods to an arm on ! l[] end ( ! v]tical /e]+ column1 locat$ on ! c5t] ( ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,a ,,portion ( ! ,russell %op records %[+ *>ges made aga9/ ,*>les ,duryea dur+ #ahic-ahid4 ,:ile "w on ! runn+ ge> advanc$1 "s progress 0 made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e4 ,patt]ns = ! ca/+s 7 fabricat$1 mo/ ( !m by ,*>les ,m>%all on ,taylor ,/reet1#ab & ca/+s 7 p\r$4 ,! body or ma9 ca/+ ( ! eng9e resembl$ a l5g? ( ca/-iron pipe3 x _h no bosses or lugs ca/ on1 nor any wat] jacket1 = !y ?\ght ! eng9e w\ld be kept cool m]ely by be+ plac$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! front end ( ! eng9e 0 secur$ to ! vehicle by f\r bolts :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! halves ( ! be>+s & onto f\r projections on ! op5 end ( ! eng9e4 ,z ! crank%aft ( ?is eng9e 0 reta9$ 9 con/ruct+ ! pres5t eng9e1 x is logical to assume t ! be>+s 7 ! same also4 ,! head 0 ca/ z a ?ick disc1 ) bo? intake & exhau/ valves locat$ !re91 & 0 bolt$ onto ! flang$ head end ( ! eng9e4 ,inside ! cyl9d] 0 ! /range arrangem5t previ\sly sugge/$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,hawley4 ,to ! connect+ rod 0 atta*$ a r ord9>y r+$ pi/on1 ov] :i* 0 fitt$ a free1 r+less pi/on1 ma*9$ to fit closely ! cyl9d] bore4 ,?is float+ pi/on c\ld move freely a di/ance equal to ! compression space4 ,! int5tion 0 t on ! intake /roke1 suction w\ld op5 ! intake valve1 :i* _h no positive op5+ arrangem5t1 & draw 9 ! mixture :i* !n 0 compress$ z 9 a regul> ,otto eng9e4 ,fir$ by ! hot-tube ignition sy/em1 ! =ce ( ! explosion w\ld drive bo? pi/ons d[n1 =c+ ! out] "o tight aga9/ ! head ( ! small] "o1 & at ! end ( ! /roke ! long] wall ( ! out] pi/on w\ld /rike an arm project+ into ! cyl9d] ne> ! op5 end1 mov+ =w>d ! exhau/ valve rod to :i* ! arm 0 atta*$1 ?us pu%+ op5 ! valve 9 ! head4#ac ,on ! exhau/ /roke ! unre/ra9$ out] pi/on mov$ all ! way to ! head1 expell+ all ( ! products ( combu/ion & pu%+ ! exhau/ valve %ut aga94 ,) a bore ( f\r in*es or less1 ?is eng9e1 ,*>les believ$1 %\ld develop ab\t ?ree horsep[] & run at a spe$ betwe5 #cej to #djj revolutions p] m9ute4#ad ,z no ignition sy/em _h yet be5 provid$1 !y prep>$ a #d-a_/b-;in* l5g? ( "o-qu>t] in* iron pipe1 clos$ at "o end1 & screw$ ! op5 end into ! head4 ,heat+ ?is tube ) an alcohol burn] w\ld cause ignition ( ! mixture :5 a portion ( x 0 =c$ into ! heat$ tube t[>d ! end ( ! compression /roke4 ,no attempt 0 made at ?is "t to use ! electrical make-&-break circuit us$ 9 _! second eng9e1 z ! free pi/on w\ld h wreck$ ! ignit] p>ts on ! exhau/ /roke1 & ! pu% rod locat$ on ! end ( ! pi/on w\ld h prev5t$ ! pi/on f clos+ ! exhau/ valve4 ,aft] key+ ! fly:eel to ! l[] end ( ! crank%aft1 ,*>les & ,frank decid$ to make an attempt to run ! eng9e4 ,c>ry+ x into a back room1 probably dur+ ,july or ,augu/1 #ahib1 !y block$ x up on horses4 ,a c>buretor _h n yet be5 con/ruct$1 s !y attempt$ to />t ! eng9e by sp9n+ ! fly:eel by h&1 at ! same "t spray+ gasol9e ?r\gh ! intake valve ) a p]fume atomiz] previ\sly pur*as$ at a drug/ore 9 ! ,massasoit ,h\se4 ,repeat$ ef=ts ( ! two m5 to />t ! eng9e result$ 9 failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4--;,,conjectural draw+ ( ! free-pi/on eng9e us$ 9 ! ,museum vehicle prior to ! pres5t eng9e4 7,draw+ by ,a4 ,a4 ,balunek47 ,9 ! belief t ! defects1 :atev] !y might be1 c\ld be rem$i$ aft] ! eng9e 0 in/all$1 ! ,duryeas w5t ahead & m\nt$ ! eng9e 9 ! c>riage4 ,to d ?is !y %ort5$ ! orig9al rea* ( ! c>riage1 all[+ ! eng9e itself to become ! re> cont9uation ( ! rea*4 ,! f\r e>s on ! front1 or op5 end ( ! eng9e1 7 bolt$ to ! c5trally locat$ frame1 ) ! be>+ blocks 9 betwe54 ,?is frame1 ! same "o n[ 9 ! vehicle1 0 con/ruct$ ( two pieces ( angle iron1 rivet$ & braz$ toge!r4 ,great] rigidity 0 obta9$ by a numb] ( half-in* iron rods runn+ f ! frame to bo? front & re> axles4 ,because ( ! abs5ce ( any m\nt+ brackets on ! eng9e ca/+ itself1 a wood5 block ) a tr\gh on top to receive ! body ( ! eng9e 0 fitt$ betwe5 ! eng9e & ! axle1 :ile two ,u-%ap$ rods secur$ x ) clip b>s & nuts und]nea?4 ,b5ea? ! fly:eel 0 m\nt$ ! friction transmission ( ,*>les' design4 ,?is consi/$ ( a l>ge drum1 p]haps #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 equal 9 l5g? to ! diamet] ( ! fly:eel & key$ to a %aft directly "u ! c5t] ( ! crank%aft & p>allel to ! axles4 7,diamet] ( drum e/imat$ by exam9ation ( exi/+ features47 ,9 view ( ! f\r projections ( ! frame ext5d+ d[nw>d & j 9 front ( ! jack%aft position1 x is likely t ^! support$ ! f\r jack%aft be>+s4 ,be+ a bicycle manufactur]1 ,*>les saw ! ne$ = a diff]5tial or balance ge>4 ,accord+ly1 he pur*as$ f ! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company a v light unit ( ! type =m]ly us$ on ,columbia tricycles1 & in/all$ x some:]e on ! jack%aft4 ,a small sprocket on ea* end ( ! %aft c>ri$ a *a9 f ! l>g] sprockets clamp$ to ! spokes ( ea* re> :eel4 ,! l[] surface ( ! fly:eel _h be5 ma*9$ s z to =m a friction disc1 ) a "o-qu>t] in* depression #c in*es 9 diamet] turn$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! drum 0 position$ s t its upp] surface 0 "o-qu>t] in* bel[ ! face ( ! fly:eel4 ,hang+ loosely ar\nd ! drum 0 an endless belt1 "o & "o-half in*es wide1 fir/ made ( r s(t rubb] pack+ mat]ial4 ,! belt lay on ! drum surface betwe5 ! f+]s ( a %ipp] =k4 ,:ile x lay "u ! #c-;in* depression 9 ! c5t] ( ! fly:eel1 ! belt & ! drum 7 at re/1 b :5 x 0 mov$ away f t depression ! belt w$g$ itself tightly betwe5 ! drum & fly:eel1 ! result+ friction caus+ ! drum to turn & sett+ ! vehicle into motion4 ,! f>!r ! belt 0 mov$ t[>d ! out] edge ( ! :eel1 ! fa/] ! drum & ! vehicle mov$4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahib1 ,*>les1 :o _h contract$ ) a ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 firm to h bicycle p>ts manufactur$1 decid$ to move to t city4 ,dep>t+ on ! #bb;d ( ,septemb]1 he did n return to ,spr+field = ov] two ye>s1 & ?us 0 n able to p>ticipate 9 ! completion & te/+ ( ! c>riage4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture sev]al units on ! c>riage 7 incomplete4 ,a c>buretor _h n be5 built1 nor _h a satisfactory burn] or belt-%ift+ device4 ,*>les _h exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s %ift+ lev]s j be=e leav+ ,spr+field3 h[ev]1 z he report$ lat]1 he did n succe$ 9 design+ a workable me*anism4#ae ,frank ,duryea1 n[ left to f9i% ! "w unassi/$1 cont9u$ ! exp]im5ts ) ! belt %ift]4 ,he f9ally work$ out a =k m\nt$ on a c>riage t 0 support$ by two rods1 ea* ( :i* slid 9 two be>+s4 ,al?\gh ! %ort di/ance betwe5 ! two be>+s caus$ ! %ift] c>riage to b9d occasionally1 ! device 0 ?\ght to be suffici5t & 0 in/all$ j 9 front ( ! frame4 ,connect$ to a sy/em ( cables1 arms1 & rods1 possibly simil> to ! pres5t cam-b> %ift]1 ! %ipp]-=k c>riage 0 mov$ f side to side by rais+ or l[]+ ! till]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4--;,,draw+ ( ! c>buretor us$ on bo? ,duryea eng9es1 #ahic-ahid1 %[+ sight fe$ on left & *oke me*anism on "r4 7,smi?sonian photo #acdee47 ,turn+ n[ to an effici5t burn] = heat+ ! ignition tube1 ,frank />t$ ) an ord9>y wick-type k]os5e lamp ) a small metal tank4 ,wi%+ to use gasol9e 9 ! lamp1 he f\nd x necess>y to fabricate a numb] ( burn] units be=e he f\nd a type t gave him a clean blue flame4 ,he !n f\nd ! flame to be v s5sitive to drafts & easily ext+ui%$1 & devis$ a small %ield or *imney to af=d x "s protection4 ,e>ly 9 ,octob]1 :ile /ill work+ ) ! burn]1 ,frank develop$ a sev]e heada*e4 ,he felt ! fumes ( ! lamp _h probably caus$ x1 & w5t to 8 room 9 ! home ( a ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,patrick on ,front ,/reet 9 ,*icopee4 ,aft] he notic$ no improvem5t1 a doctor's exam9ation %[$ he _h typhoid fev]1 & on ,octob] #e he 0 admitt$ to ! ,spr+field ,hospital4 ,"h he rema9$ = "o mon?1 be+ dis*>g$ on ,novemb] #e4 ,return+ to 8 room he 0 in=m$ t because ( ! fe> t he might be a typhoid c>ri]1 ! ,patricks pref]r$ him to f9d o!r lodg+s4 ,he readily accept$ ! invitation ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,d4 ,h4 ,nesbitt ( ,*icopee to take a room ) !m4 ,aft] sev]al weeks recup]ation 9 _! home1 he left ,spr+field to visit 8 "m 9 ,wyom+1 ,ill9ois4 ,aft] a re/ful visit at home ,frank ,duryea return$ to ,spr+field & f9i%$ ! "w on 8 burn]4 ,n[ only ! lack ( a c>buretor prev5t$ a trial ( ! vehicle4 ,he recalls t he /udi$ sev]al gasol9e-eng9e catalogs & 9 "o ( !m1 a ,fairbanks catalog he believes1#af he saw a design t seem$ to suit 8 ne$s4 ,he decid$ to simplify ! con/ruction & op]ation ( 8 c>buretor & _h a small bronze ca/+ made to =m ! body ( x4 ,inside 0 a gasol9e *amb] ) two tapp$ op5+s1 "o to receive a pipe f ! #b-;gallon gasol9e tank m\nt$ above ! eng9e1 ! o!r tak+ a pipe to ! ov]fl[ tank und]nea? ! eng9e1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! gasol9e level )\t ! use ( a float valve4 ,?is latt] tank _h a h& pump on "o end s t ! ov]fl[ gasol9e c\ld at times be pump$ aga9 into ! ma9 tank4 ,gasol9e pass$ f ! c>buretor *amb] ?r\gh a ne$le valve1 adju/$ by a knob on top1 !n ?r\gh a t9y tube t ent]$ ! pipe lead+ to ! intake valve4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is intake pipe 0 at fir/ fitt$ ) ! *oke arrangem5t lat] us$ ) ! second eng9e4 ,frank1 hop+ at la/ to be rew>d$ = 8 ef=ts by ! s\nd ( explosions f ! eng9e1 0 ready to give ! c>riage an indoor trial4 ,/&+ a/raddle ( ! rea* & fac+ to ! re>1 he spun ! fly:eel ) bo? h&s1 tak+ c>e n to get 8 h&s caught betwe5 ! :eel & ! frame4 ,8 ef=ts 7 9 va91 z !re 0 complete failure to obta9 ignition4 ,he !n made a new ignition tube1 ne>ly twice z long z ! orig9al #d-a_/b-;in* tube1 & turn$ d[n its wall z ?9 z he ?\ght safety all[$4 ,! ?9n] wall did n conduct ! heat (f s rapidly & ?us kept ! tube hot en\gh to p]mit ignition4 ,aft] ?is slight *ange1 he 0 able to get a few occasional explosions b he does n n[ believe t ! eng9e ev] op]at$ cont9u\sly4 ,ea* explosion 0 accompani$ by a l\d knock1 due1 und\bt$ly1 to ! movem5t ( ! free pi/on4 ,_h ! eng9e op]at$ cont9u\sly1 x is likely t ! action ( ! free pi/on w\ld h %ortly wreck$ ! eng9e4 ,fur!r ef=ts appe>$ unw>rant$ until alt]ations c\ld be made4 ,,all ,,agreem5ts ,,cont+5t ,,^u ,,/rikes1 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,o!r ,,causes ,,beyond ,,our ,,control ,,cabl ,,address ,,motoduryea1 ,,philadelphia ,,we/+h\se ,,& ,w4 ,u4 ,,codes ,,duryea ,,laboratories ,,*as4 ,e4 ,,duryea1 ,,consult+ ,,eng',r ,,we ,,solv ,,me*anical ,,& ,,o!r ,,problems ,,te/s1 ,,se>*es1 ,,op9ions1 ,,exp]t ,,9 ,,pat5t ,,suits4 ,,develop ,,inv5tions1 ,,assi/ ,,inv5tors #ce ,,yrs ,,exp]i5s4 ,,heat+1 ,,gas ,,eng91 ,,auto1 ,,etc4 ,,= ,,?+s ,,to ,,make ,,or ,,sel ,,consult ,,u ,a ,,pridewor?y ,,record ,,( ,,?+s ,,accompli%t ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #cebh ,n4 #ah,,? ,,/4 ,de> ,mr ,mitman #bd ,nov #aibj ,on ! tra9 ,i _h "s "t to puzzle ov] t c>4 ,be5 work+ nights to make up "t lo/ 9 ! day s did n hav mu*4 ,i made a sket* = y b did n %[ ! spr+ t holds ! circuit break] 9 contact ) ! sp>k po9t4 ,t ?9 f+] 0 "p ( x4 ,a spr+ 0 w\nd spirally--n helically--ar\nd ! project+ end ( ! break] pivot & ! end ( ! spr+ hookt ov] ! ?9 f+]4 ,see sket* h])4 ,j h[ ! c5tral end ( ! spr+ wire 0 fa/5$ to ! squ>e ( ! pivot ,i d n kno4 ,we did 9 "s cases bore a hole ?ru & simply /ick ! spr+ ?ru b ?is put mo/ ( ! action "r at ! b5d 9 ! wire & x broke quickly4 ,s 9 o!r cases we fitt$ a light groov$ spool or pulley & w\nd ! spr+ ar\nd ?is & s avoid$ a %>p b5d4 ,if ?is 0 us$ x has be5 lo/ ) ! spr+4 ,a c\ple g5]ations ( boys play+ 9 t b>n 0 too _m4 ,! ,haynes /e]+ sket* also worries me4 ,if t v]tical po/ came up ?ru t slot 9 ! floor ! crank _h to be long z ! sket* %[s 9 ord] to get ov] to ! driv] conv5i5tly4 ,!n if he tri$ to make a complete circle ) x he c\ld n rea* f> enuf =w>d to d x easily4 ,& he _h to make a turn or two be cause ,h %[s bevel ge>s ( ab\t same size s ! po/ _h to make same numb] ( turns ! worm made4 ,sket* h]e) to illu/rate my ?\ght4 ,yrs = ! hi/orical facts ,*as4 ,e4 ,duryea ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4--,,lett] ,,expla9+ ! circuit break] spr+ & ! brass projection on top ( ! ignition *amb]4 ,mr4 ,mitman 01 at ! "t1 curator ( eng9e]+ 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! two pi/ons 7 fir/ p9n$ toge!r into a s+le unit :i* 0 probably r+less1 s9ce x is believ$ ! walls ( ! out] pi/on 7 too ?9 to admit r+s4 ,because ! pi/on no long] /ruck ! exhau/ valve1 a %ort rod _h to be screw$ into ! pi/onhead2 ?is pu%$ ! valve %ut at ! completion ( ! exhau/ /roke4 ,! rema9+ problem1 ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ valve1 0 solv$ by screw+ a device to ! side ( ! cyl9d] :i* op]at$ f ! sidewise motion ( ! connect+ rod4 ,?is device %ift$ a small spac] betwe5 ! pi/on & ! /rik] arm ( ! exhau/-valve rod1 p]mitt+ ! pi/on to pu% op5 ! exhau/ valve4 ,on alt]nat+ /rokes ! spac] %ift$ back out ( ! cyl9d]2 !re=e1 no contact 0 made betwe5 pi/on & /rik] arm4 ,sometime 9 ,febru>y #ahic1 ! alt]$ eng9e 0 successfully />t$4 ,at la/ ! transmission c\ld be te/$4 ,w ,russell _h come up/airs to wat* ! trial1 & accord+ to a /atem5t by him1 giv5 ,april #cj1 #aibf1 ,frank1 /&+ to ! "r ( ! eng9e & beh9d ! re> axle1 rea*$ =w>d & ) ! comb9ation till]-belt-%ift]1 mov$ ! belt into driv+ position4 ,! c>riage />t$ =w>d1 b z x approa*$ ! wall ( ! build+ ,frank discov]$ t he c\ld n get ! belt back into ! neutral position4 ,9 desp]ation1 he grasp$ ! re> axle ) bo? h&s & 0 dragg$ a %ort di/ance1 attempt+ to /op ! ma*9e1 be=e x /ruck ! wall4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly ret>d$ x s t no damage 0 done4 ,?is %ort trial demon/rat$ "s ( ! weaknesses 9 ! friction transmission4 ,s9ce ! spe$ ( ! surface ( ! fly:eel1 9 feet p] second1 increas$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! po9t ( contact f ! c5t]1 ! out] edge ( ! belt attempt$ to run fa/] ?an ! inn] edge4 ,?is conflict ( =ces n only put an undue load on ! motor caus+ a great loss ( p[]1 b x also creat$ a t5d5cy = ! belt to "w t[>ds ! out] edge ( ! fly:eel4 ,conv]sely1 :5 ! op]ator desir$ to return ! belt to neutral1 x /rongly resi/$ any ef=ts to slide x t[>d ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 z ,frank _h le>n$ f ! wall-bump+ incid5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! rubb] belt on ! friction drum _h worn s badly t x _h to be replac$ at lea/ once dur+ ! brief exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4--;,,ignition ,,*amb]1 swit*1 & break] contacts ( ! pres5t ,duryea eng9e4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,frank & ,m>kham felt t ! c>riage 0 any?+ b satisfactory4 ,:ile !y 7 try+ to decide :at /eps %\ld be tak5 next1 ,frank add$ "o la/ improvem5t to ! eng9e4 ,fe>+ t ! uncool$ cyl9d] might suff] damage f ! excessive heat1 he con/ruct$ a copp] wat] jacket 9 two halves1 drew !m toge!r ar\nd ! cyl9d] ) clamp+ r+s & sold]$ ! seams4 ,asbe/os pack+ seal$ ! end jo9ts :]e ! jacket contact$ ! cyl9d]4 ,?9k+ back1 ,frank does n recall t he ev] us$ a wat] tank ) ?is eng9e1 ?\gh he does rememb] add+ wat] ?r\gh ! upp] jacket op5+4 ,! eng9e 0 run only = a few brief p]iods foll[+ ?is addition4 ,obvi\sly ?is collection ( pat*work c\ld n fulfill _! ne$s = an eng9e4 ,fir/1 x w\ld be next to impossible to />t if ! body 0 plac$ on ! runn+ ge>1 z ! fly:eel !n w\ld be practically inaccessible4 ,! abs5ce ( r+s on ! pi/on caus$ a fur!r loss ( p[] to ! already ov]load$ eng9e4 ,! fly:eel 0 too light4 ,! abs5ce ( any =m ( gov]nor left ! op]ator ) no control ov] ! eng9e spe$4 ,ignition 0 poor1 p>tly ow+ to ! hot-tube arrangem5t1 & p>tly to ! excessive di/ance betwe5 ! eng9e & ! c>buretor4 ,frank wrote 8 bro!r ,*>les on ,febru>y #fag t 9 8 op9ion ! mix+ *amb] 0 s f> f ! eng9e t ! gasol9e c\ld n be drawn into ! cyl9d] z liquid1 & x 0 too cold to vaporize & g 9 z gas4 ,?us he _h difficulty 9 gett+ ! eng9e />t$4 ,:5 x did />t ! explosions 7 unmuffl$4 ,less important to him ?an ^! defects1 h[ev]1 0 ! awkw>d & unsightly wood5 eng9e m\nt4 ,description ( ! ,automobile ,sometime 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,m>*1 ,frank conv9c$ ,m>kham t he c\ld con/ruct a new & practical eng9e1 us+ only previ\sly tri$ me*anical pr9ciples4#ah ,draw+ up new plans = ?is eng9e1 he took !m to ,*>les ,m>%all :o began "w on ! patt]ns = ! new eng9e ca/+s4 ,aft] ! patt]ns _h be5 deliv]$ to ! f\ndry1 ,frank left ,spr+field = a %ort vacation 9 ,groton1 ,connecticut1 :]e he visit$ ) 8 fiance4 ,on ,may #ag1 #ahic1 sev]al weeks aft] 8 return to ,spr+field1 !y 7 m>ri$4 ,! eng9e ca/+s 7 und\bt$ly receiv$ f ! f\ndry prior to ,frank ,duryea's m>riage1 & ! "w ( ma*9+ & assembl+ ! p>ts w5t on ?r\gh ! spr+ & summ]4 ,?is eng9e1 /ill on ! c>riage 9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 is cas$ ) a wat] jacket1 & has bases on top to support ! front & re> be>+s ( ! />t+ crank%aft1 & a base ) port on ! upp] "r side :]e ! exhau/-valve h\s+ 0 to be bolt$4 ,on ! und]side are two flanges1 =m+ a base = seat+ ! eng9e on ! axle4 ,a sep>ate combu/ion *amb] is ca/ & bolt$ to ! head4 ,inside ?is *amb] are locat$ ! ignit] p>ts ( ,frank's electric ignition sy/em4 ,! fix$ "p1 an insulat$ electrode1 is screw$ into ! "r side ( ! *amb] & is connect$ ) ! ignition swit* outside1 to :i* "o ( ! ignition wires is atta*$4 ,a break] arm inside is p9n$ to a small %aft ext5d+ ?r\gh ! top ( ! *amb]4 ,ar\nd ! break]-arm %aft is a small coil spr+ 7orig9ally a spiral spr+1 accord+ to ! lett] ( ,*>les ,duryea %[n 9 fig4 #ag71 an*or$ bel[ to a ?9 brass f+] ext5d+ t[>d ! "r side ( ! c>1 & above to a nut screw$ tightly onto ! %aft4 ,?is nut is also ! t]m9al = ! o!r ignition wire4 ,! action ( ! spr+ keeps ! break] arm & ! electrode 9 con/ant contact until ! pu% rod on ! end ( ! pi/on /rikes ! arm & sep>ates ! two p>ts4 ,break+ contact !n produces ! ignition sp>k4 ,s9ce ! me*anism w\ld sp>k at ! end ( bo? ! exhau/ & compression /rokes1 ! batt]y curr5t is cons]v$ by a contact /rip1 on ! und]side ( ! l>g] exhau/-valve ge>1 by means ( :i* ! fl[ ( curr5t is cut (f dur+ ! great] "p ( ! cycle4 ,on ! left side ( ! combu/ion *amb] is bolt$ ! h\s+ conta9+ ! t9y intake valve4 ,a comp>atively weak spr+ seats ?is valve 9 ord] t ! suction creat$ by ! pi/on c easily pull x op54 ,clamp$ onto ! valve h\s+ is ! intake pipe1 enclos+ ! *oke & c>ry+ ! c>buretor on its =w>d side4 ,! *oke consi/s ( two discs :i* block ! pipe1 ea* ) f\r holes at ! edges & "o 9 ! c5t]4 ,turn+ "o disc by means ( a small h&le outside1 s t ! f\r out] holes _c co9cide ) ^? 9 ! o!r disc1 decreases ! fl[ ( air & causes all air to ru% ?r\gh ! c5t] hole1 :]e ! t9y c>buretor tube passes ?r\gh4 ,! pres5t c>buretor 0 transf]r$ ov] f ! fir/ eng9e4 ,:5 ,frank lat] in/all$ ! eng9e on ! c>riage he notic$ ! close proximity ( ! intake pipe to ! op5 end ( ! muffl]4 ,believ+ t ! fumes might *oke ! eng9e1 he atta*$ a long %eet-metal tube to ! intake pipe s t fre% air w\ld be drawn 9 f a po9t f>!r =w>d on ! vehicle4 ,mov+ to ! "r side ( ! eng9e br+s ! exhau/-valve assembly into view4 ,?is valve is conta9$ 9 a ca/+ bolt$ ov] ! exhau/ port 9 ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 & f ! ca/+ a pipe leads to ! muffl] und]nea?4 ,! valve is pu%$ op5 by a rod connect$ to a crank :i* is p9n$ to ! l[] end ( a %aft c>ry+ an iron ge> on top4 ,?is ge> is 9 me% ) a fib] ge>1 key$ to ! upp] end ( ! crank%aft1 ) half ! numb] ( tee?4 ,?is ratio p]mits ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ valve on e o!r revolution4 ,! crank%aft ( ! fir/ eng9e 0 reta9$ = ! new eng9e1 ?us giv+ ! two eng9es ! same /roke ( #e-c_/h in*es1 b ! bore 0 increas$ slightly to #d-c_/h in*es4 ,) ?is l>g] bore & ) ! eng9e spe$ increas$ to #ejj rpm1 ,frank rat$ ?is eng9e at #d hp4#ai ,a heavi] fly:eel1 ) a gov]nor re/+ 9 ! upp] recess1 0 press$ onto ! crank%aft4 ,z ! op]ator ( ! vehicle _h no control ov] ! c>buretor once he climb$ into ! seat1 ?is gov]nor 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 regul> eng9e spe$4 ,its function 0 to move a slide on ! exhau/-valve unit to prev5t ! valve f clos+4 ,?us ! eng9e1 ) ! suction brok51 c\ld n draw a *>ge on ! next revolution4 ,dur+ ! rec5t re/oration ( ?is c>riage x 0 f\nd t :ile mo/ p>ts are /ill intact1 ne>ly all ( ! gov]nor p>ts are miss+4 ,a description ( !m mu/ !re=e be bas$ on ! recollections ( ,frank ,duryea1 along ) c]ta9 evid5ces se5 on ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4--,,"u ,,side ( exhau/ valve me*anism %[+ electrical contacts t give sp>k only on e o!r revolution4 ,j on top ( ! fly:eel1 & surr\nd+ ! crank%aft1 re/ two r+s1 #c-g_/h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,into ! oppos+ surfaces ( ^! r+s are cut a s]ies ( small incl9$ planes1 app]t95t to ea* o!r4 ,on ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! upp] r+ two p9s pass ?r\gh a pair ( lugs m\nt$ 9 ! fly:eel1 caus+ ! r+ to rotate ) ! fly:eel1 yet p]mitt+ v]tical movem5t4 ,und]nea?1 ! o!r r+ is all[$ to turn slightly :51 by means ( two connect+ l9ks1 ! arms ( ! gov]nor pu% aga9/ !m4 ,^! two arms1 ea* con/ruct$ l a "r angle & pivot$ at ! apex1 are arrang$ directly opposite ea* o!r f> out 9 ! fly:eel recess4 ,z a weight on "o angle ( ! arm presses outw>d by c5trifugal =ce aga9/ a spr+1 ! o!r angle presses inw>d aga9/ ! connect+ l9k m5tion$ above4 ,! turn+ ( ! l[] set ( incl9$ planes aga9/ ! fix$ set above raises ! upp] r+ & ! =k re/+ on x4 ,! upw>d movem5t ( ?is =k1 :i* is a cont9uation ( an arm pivot$ to a bracket midway betwe5 ! crank%aft & ! slide c>ry+ ! exhau/ valve /op1 causes ! o!r end ( ! arm to drop1 pull+ ! slide d[n ) x4 ,9 ?is mann] ! clos+ ( ! exhau/ valve is block$1 prev5t+ ! intake ( ! next *>ge1 & !re=e ! eng9e misses "o or m explosions until x sl[s to its normal spe$4 ,a />t+ %aft is m\nt$ above ! eng9e ca/+ by a ca/-iron bracket on ei!r end4 ,! front end ( ! %aft has a bevel ge> :i* is held by a coil spr+ beh9d ! front bracket1 j out ( contact ) a bevel ge> press$ onto ! upp] end ( ! crank%aft4 ,! %ort re> portion ( ! %aft is a tube :i* slides ov] ! ma9 %aft4 ,fitt+ ! removable h&crank to ! squ>$ end ( ! holl[ %aft & turn+ ! crank clockwise1 w advance ! =w>d section ( %aft ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a pair ( incl9$ coll>s4 ,) ! bevel ge>s n[ engag$ ! eng9e may be crank$4 ,:5 ignition beg9s1 ! incl9$ coll>s slide back d[n ea* o!r's surfaces1 ! %aft is aga9 %ort5$1 & its bevel ge> spr+s free ( ! "o on ! crank%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4--,,pi/on ,,& ,,connect+ ,,rod ( second eng9e4 ,screw on rod is :]e oil is p\r$ into connect+ rod to lubricate wri/ p9 & crank%aft4 ,:ile ,frank work$ on 8 eng9e1 he realiz$ t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! old runn+ ge> w\ld ne$ to be alt]$ or replac$4 ,9 view ( ! heavi] & m p[]ful eng9e1 he felt ! old :eels1 probably hav+ compress$ b& hubs1 7 inadequate4 ,he procur$ a set ( new1 heavi] :eels#bj ) ,w>n]-type1 ca/-iron re9=c$ hubs4 ,! angle iron frame1 app>5tly /urdy en\gh to c>ry ! add$ weight1 0 reta9$1 b x 0 decid$ to in/all a heavi] re> axle4#ba ,! front axle assembly 0 at fir/ all[$ to rema9 un*ang$1 z 0 ! /e]+ app>atus4 ,a %ort "t lat] :5 ! eng9e & friction transmission 7 bolt$ 9 place on ! runn+ ge>1 ,frank saw t ! rigidity ( ! framework _h an undesirable effect4 ,:5 ! vehicle pass$ ov] any unev5ness 9 ! %op floor1 ! framework 0 di/ort$ & caus$ ! jack%aft be>+s to b9d tightly en\gh on ! %aft to prev5t its be+ turn$ by h&4 ,9 ord] to provide ! #c-po9t susp5sion necess>y to elim9ate ?is di/ortion1 ,frank atta*$ ! =w>d p>ts ( ! framework to an extra wood5 spr+ b>1 in/all+ betwe5 ?is b> & ! front axle a v]tical fif? :eel ( ! type ord9>ily us$ 9 a horizontal position 9 any light c>riage4 ,frank next calculat$ t ) ! fa/] runn+ eng9e ! spe$ ( ! vehicle w\ld be ab\t #ae miles an h\r1 too mu* = ! heavily load$ :eels4 ,z he int5d$ to make use ( ! orig9al transmission1 he decid$ to decrease ! spe$ by increas+ ! size ( ! friction drum4 ,he accompli%$ ?is by slid+ a heavy fib] tube ov] ! orig9al drum1 br++ its diamet] to approximately #ad in*es4 ,! orig9al %ipp] =k c>riage 0 improv$ by sep>at+ ! orig9al be>+s to a great] di/ance1 & elim9at+ "o ( ! two be>+s on "o end4 ,?is p]mitt$ a smoo? & free op]ation ( ! small slid+ c>riage4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahic1 possibly z a result ( indoor exp]im5ts1 ,frank discov]$ t ! *a9s runn+ f ! small #e-too?#bb jack%aft sprockets to ! l>ge1 bronze1 :eel sprockets 7 tight at "s times & loose at o!rs4 ,?is caus$ consid]able unnecess>y noise4 ,! difficulty app>5tly 0 ! result ( ! sprockets be+ ca/ & n ma*9$4 ,! patt]nmak] _h said he believ$ he c\ld make ! patt]n accurately en\gh s t no ma*9+ ( ! ca/+s w\ld be necess>y4 ,nice ca/+s 7 produc$1 b ^! sprockets 7 ! reason :y an unusual con/ruction 0 put on ! crank%aft mean+ jack%aft1 expla9$ ,frank ,duryea dur+ an int]view at ! ,national ,museum on ,novemb] #i1 #aief4 ,elaborat+ fur!r1 9 reply to ! qu]ies ( ,e4 ,a4 ,battison1 ( ! ,museum's division ( eng9e]+1 ,duryea told ( ! problem & ! solution :5 he expla9$ t ! sprockets _h places :]e ! %r9kage 0 n ev54 ,! hot metal1 contract+ z x cool$1 did n seem to contract uni=mly1 creat+ slightly unequal di/ances betwe5 tee?4 ,?is result$ 9 ! *a9 hang+ q loose 9 "s places & 9 o!rs ! tightness prev5t$ adju/m5t4 ,he contact$ ,w ,russell1 =eman ( ! ,russell %op1 :]e ! automobile 0 made1 & ,russell %[$ him a device1 built by ,george ,w>wick1 :o _h made ! ,w>wick bicycle4 ,x 0 an int]nal-cut ge>1 accord+ to ,duryea's description1 ) sprocket tee? on its p]iph]y4 ,) sprockets outside & normal tee? inside1 ! :eels 7 ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ext]nally4 ,^! little int]nal-ge> sprockets 7 hung on d\ble-%r\d$ p9ions secur$ to ea* end ( ! jack%aft4 ,a solid disc or h\s+ fitt$ aga9/ bo? ends ( ! p9ion to prev5t ! int]nal ge> f work+ (f sideways4 ,duryea expla9$ ! function ( ^! unique little p>ts3 z soon z t5sion came on t r+ ge> t we talk$ ab\t1 x n only tight5$ ! *a9 hang+ on ?is sprocket on ! upp] side1 b x tight5$ x on bo? sides4 ,! sprocket rocks "r out3 bo? sides ( ! *a9 are tight4 ,?is feature is "o r>ely enc\nt]$ else:]e1 & ,duryea1 lat] 9 ! int]view said1 ,to tell y ! tru?1 ,i ?9k ,i 0 j a little bit a%am$ ab\t ! ?+1 because ,i _h to pull x (f4 ,i didn't l ! looks ( x aft] ,i got x on4 ,two small tanks1 ea* ) a capacity ( approximately two gallons1 7 m\nt$ ov] ! eng9e 9 ! positions !y /ill occupy1 ! "o on ! left = gasol9e1#bc ! o!r = wat]4 ,! small fitt+ "u ! gasol9e tank has a ?umbscrew %ut(f & a glass-sight fe$ tube1 lead+ to ! c>buretor4 ,! wat] tank1 an in* long] ?an ! gasol9e tank1 communicates ) ! wat] jacket ( ! eng9e ?r\gh two pieces ( half-in* pipe1 ent]+ ! jacket f above & bel[4 ,! ov]fl[ tank1 hold+ j ov] a gallon1 is susp5d$ betwe5 ! re> axle & ! fly:eel4 ,a numb] ( muffl]s 7 con/ruct$ = ! eng9e4#bd ,! fir/ exp]im5tal "o 0 built ( wood1 be+ a box #f #f #ae in*es ) a hole = ! exhau/ pipe 9 "o end & a s]ies ( small holes 9 ! opposite end4 ,inside1 ,frank arrang$ metal plates :i* 7 some:at %ort] ?an ! dep? ( ! box4 ,e o!r "o 0 atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! box2 ! int]m$iate plates 7 fa/5$ to ! top4 ,?is contrivance muffl$ ! s\nd consid]ably1 b1 z might be expect$1 soon began to smoke4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 replac$ be=e any ( ! outdoor trials began4 ,ano!r type consi/$ ( a cyl9drical metal %ell1 p]haps six in*es 9 diamet] & t5 or twelve in*es long4 ,"h a s]ies ( p]=at$ baffle plates 7 ins]t$1 ) alt]nat+ solid plates hav+ p>ts ( _! ext]nal edges cut away4 ,two bolts runn+ ! l5g? ( ! muffl] held on ! ca/-iron heads 9 a mann] q simil> to ! ,model-,t ,=d muffl]s ( lat] ye>s4 ,?\gh p>tially satisfactory1 ,frank1 9 a ,novemb] #f1 #aieg1 int]view1 compla9$ t x made a metallic s\nd4 ,p]haps ?is 0 ! muffl] he us$ f ,septemb] to ,novemb] #ahic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4--;,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,no4 #b ,,samson ,,batt]y us$ by ! ,duryeas 9 _! vehicle4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfheh47 ,on ,augu/ #bh ,frank wrote to ,*>les say+ ! c>riage 0 almo/ ready = ! road & t he hop$ to take x out = a te/ on ! com+ ,saturday1 (f some:]e s no "o w see u4444#be ,!re is no evid5ce %[+ :e!r ! am\nt ( rema9+ "w p]mitt$ ! propos$ trial on ,septemb] #b4 ,! body 0 f9ally replac$ on ! runn+ ge>1 at :i* "t x 0 f\nd necess>y to raise ! seat cu%ion sev]al in*es by ! ins]tion ( a framework made ( old crat+ bo>ds4 ,?is all[$ suffici5t room betwe5 ! seat & ! frame to susp5d ! batt]ies & coil4 ,six no4 #b ,samson batt]ies 7 conta9$ 9 ?is space1 ?ree on ea* side1 9 r[s p>allel to ! side ( ! vehicle4 ,! ,samson batt]y consi/$ ( a glass j> conta9+ a solution ( ammonia salts & wat]1 ) a c>bon rod 9 ! c5t]1 h\s+ a z9c rod4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :y !y us$ ,samson batt]ies r ?an dry cells2 p]haps !y 7 conc]n$ ) ! m\nt+ co/ ( ! ma*9e & 7 mak+ use ( p>ts already on h&4#bf ,a coil1 possibly f an old gaslight ignit] sy/em1 accompani$ ! ,samson batt]ies "u ! seat4 ,?is orig9al coil is n[ miss+4 ,! iron da% frame1 previ\sly recov]$ & provid$ ) a ra9 apron to be pull$ up ov] ! knees 9 ! ev5t a heavy ra9 blew 9 "u ! c>riage top1 0 bolt$ back 9 place4 ,frank & ,mr4 ,m>kham gave ! c>riage a quick pa9t+2 lat] ,frank admitt$1 ! ma*9e nev] _h a good job ( pa9t+4#bg ,be=e ! motor wagon actually got onto ! road1 a report] on ! ,spr+field ,ev5+ ,union got "s /ati/ics on x & an item appe>$ on ,septemb] #af1 giv+ ! fir/ public notice ( ! ma*9e4 ,,no ,,use ,,= ,,horses4 ,spr+field ,me*anics ,devise a ,new ,mode ( ,travel4 ,+5i\s ,wagon ,n[ ,be+ ,made 9 ,?is ,city = ,:i* ! ,mak]s ,claim ,great ,?+s4 ,a new motor c>riage1 :i*1 if ! prelim9>y te/s prove successful z is expect$1 w revolutionize ! mode ( travel on highways1 & d away ) ! horse z a means ( transportation1 is be+ made 9 ?is city4 ,x is q probable t )9 a %ort "t "o may be able to see an ord9>y c>riage 9 almo/ e respect1 runn+ along ! /reets or climb+ c\ntry hills )\t visible means ( propulsion4 ,! c>riage is be+ built by ,j4 ,f4 ,duryea1 ! design] & ,b4 ,f4 ,m>kham1 :o h be5 at "w on x = ov] a ye>4 ,! vehicle 0 design$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea1 a bicycle manufactur] ( ,peoria1 ,ill41 & he communicat$ 8 s*eme to 8 bro!r1 :o is a practical ma*anic 9 ?is city4 ,! propell+ p[] is furni%$ by a two-horse p[] gasol9e motor situat$ ne> ! re> axle & :i*1 :5 />t$1 runs cont9u\sly to ! end ( ! trip1 not)/&+ ! numb] ( times ! c>riage may be /opp$4 ,! spe$ ( ! motor is uni=m1 be+ ab\t #ejj revolutions a m9ute1 & is s arrang$ t x gives a multipli$ p[] = climb+ hills & ! l[] ! rate ( spe$ ! great] p[] is furni%$ by ! motor4 ,! sl[e/ t ! c>riage c be driv5 is ?ree miles an h\r & ! spe$ c be increas$ to f\rte5 or fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,! p[] is transf]r$ f ! driv+ :eel ( ! motor1 :i* runs horizontally ) ! ma9 %aft by an endless friction belt runn+ on a drum :eel4 ,! belt is controll$ by a lev] )9 easy rea* ( ! driv] & is %ift$ along ! drum :eel to increase or decrease ! spe$4 ,! driv+ :eel is ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ 9 its c5t] a depression to :i* ! belt is %ift$ to /op ! c>riage4 ,! c>riage c be rev]s$ by %ift+ ! belt f ! end ( ! drum1 :i* gives ! =w>d motion to ! opposite side beyond ! depression 9 ! driv+ :eel4 ,! p[] :i* has be5 transf]r$ to ! driv+ %aft f ! motor is 9 turn transf]r$ to ! two re> :eels ( ! c>riage by a comb9ation ge> & sprockets4 ,an endless *a9 connects ! sprockets on ! c>riage :eels to ! sprocket :eels on ! driv+ %aft4 ,all ( ! motive p[] is locat$ "u ! body ( an ord9>y phaeton1 ! hight ( :i* is n increas$ by ! ma*9]y4 ,! motor is />t$ by a crank :i* is easily appli$ to a %aft 9 ! re> ( ! c>riage & ! gasol9e is ignit$ 9 ! cyl9d] by electricity4 ,an automatic device /ops ! fl[ ( gasol9e into ! cyl9d] :5 ! motor ceases runn+4 ,! gasol9e is c>ri$ 9 tanks1 :i* hold ab\t two gallons1 & :i* w run ! c>riage = ab\t eight h\rs4 ,! wagon is guid$ by a bicycle b>1 & ! spe$ is also controll$ by ?is b>4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 ?is is z foll[s3 ,to />t ! c>riage press ! lev] d[n2 to rev]se x ?r[ ! lev] up & to guide ! wagon turn ! lev] ei!r to ! "r or left4 ,! front axle in/ead ( turn+ horizontally plays up & d[n1 9 ord] t ! ma*9]y may be on a level ) ! re> :eels1 :ile ! front :eels are set on ! axle by a pivotal jo9t & are connect$ ) ! guid+ lev] by b>s ) ball be>+s4 ,! c>riage complete weighs ab\t #bbj p\nds1 & ! ess5tial features are already cov]$ by pat5ts :ile o!rs are p5d+4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! c>riages c be sold = ab\t #djj1 & a /ock company w probably be =m$ to manufacture !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4--;,,f ,,! ,spr+field ,ev5+ ,union1 ,septemb] #af1 #ahic4 ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! foll[+ week1 ,frank 0 ready to give ! product ( 8 labors its fir/ road trial4 ,on ,septemb] #ba ! complet$ c>riage 0 roll$ onto ! elevator at ,russell's %op4 ,see+ t ! runn+ ge> 0 too long = ! elevator1 !y rais$ ! front ( ! ma*9e1 re/+ ! entire weight ( #gej p\nds on ! re> :eels4 ,once outside ! build+1 !y pu%$ x into an area betwe5 ! ,russell & ,/acy build+s4 ,aft] d>k1 s no "o w see1 ,w ,bemis1 ,mr4 ,m>kham's son-9-law1 br\ght a horse & !y pull$ ! phaeton out to 8 b>n on ,spruce ,/reet4#bh ,!re1 on ,spruce & ,flor5ce ,/reets ! fir/ te/s 7 made4 ,! next day ,frank wrote 8 bro!r say+1 ,h tri$ x 7! c>riage7 f9ally & ?or\ghly & quit try+ until "s *anges are made4 ,belt transmission v bad4#bi ,eng9e all "r4 ,he did admit ! eng9e seem$ to be well load$ mo/ ( ! "t4 ,he also _h an idea 9 m9d to replace ! poor transmission1 expla9+ ! plan to ,*>les3 ,! ?ree ge>s#cj on second>y %aft h friction clut*es1 ! two bevel ge>s on same %aft are controll$ by a clut* :i* frees "o & clut*es ! o!r at w4 ,?is provides a rev]se4 ,,prim>y ,,sp>k ,,coils4 ,,= ,,electric ,,gas ,,light+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dhcjd4 #h in* ,price1 ea*1 #c #bj #ejcjd4 #aj #c #gj #ebcjd4 #ab #d #cj #edcjd4 ,deta*$ ,gas ,light+ ,relays #b #ge ,= ,sp>k ,coils ) ,relay ,atta*m5t1 add #b4ej to price = ,sp>k ,coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bc4--,,type ,,( ,,sp>k ,,coil ! ,duryeas are believ$ to h us$ 9 _! electrical circuit1 z %[n 9 a catalog illu/ration4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfheh-;,a47 ,! ,spr+field ,ev5+ ,union ( ,septemb] #bb c>ri$ a notice ( ! trial4 ,?is report1 too1 comm5t$ on ! faulty transmission & ! plan already 9 ,frank's m9d = ! new transmission4 444 ,! friction belt all[$ ( ! spe$ be+ /eadily increas$ or dim9i%$ at ! w ( ! driv] & caus$ no sudd5 =w>d motion ( ! c>riage1 b :ile ?is arrangem5t has _m advantages x uses up ! p[] s t ! two-horse p[] furni%$ by ! motor some:at less ?an ! rat+ ,frank gave ! eng9e 0 r$uc$ to less ?an ?ree-f\r?s horse p[] on rea*+ ! ma9 %aft4 ,?is w\ld n be suffici5t to propel ! c>riage up /eep grades b w\ld be suffici5t to run ! c>riage on level road4 ,! inv5tors w d away ) ?is belt 9 favor ( a clamp ge> & w make ! drum :eel small]4 ,by ?is means !re w be v little p[] lo/ 9 transmission to ! %aft & by a pat5t$ arrangem5t ! c>riage may be />t$ gradually b ! spe$ mu/ be increas$ by %ift+ ! clamp ge> to a succession ( ge>s on ! driv+ :eel ( ! motor4 ,! spe$ ( ! c>riage w be fix$ p]man5tly accord+ to ! size ( ! ge> t ! small] "o is %ift$ to4 ,! te/ ( ! ma*9e ) ! ge> arrangem5t w be made soon4 ,9 ,octob] ,frank decid$ on ano!r vacation & w5t to ,*icago to see ! ,columbian ,exposition4 ,*>les _h come up f ,peoria to see ! fair & ! two talk$ ov] ! progress on _! motor wagon1 & discuss$ ! transmission problem4 ,!y gave p>ticul> att5tion to ev]y?+ relat+ to eng9es & motor c>riages1 & ,frank recalls see+ a ,daiml] quadricycle t impress$ him ) its p]=mance4#ca ,j :at decisions ! two might h made !re are unkn[n1 yet x is likely t !y agre$ to give ! old transmission "o m *ance to prove itself4 ,return+ to ,spr+field1 probably 9 ! fir/ week ( ,novemb]1 ,frank gave ! friction drive its f9al te/1 ?is "t sub/itut+ a lea!r belt = ! rubb] "o fir/ us$4#cb ,mr4 ,m>kham1 ?\gh int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 app>5tly 0 dubi\s conc]n+ ! safety ( ! c>riage4 ,x _h no brakes1 & fe>+ failure ( ! transmission on a d[ngrade1 he 0 reluctant to ride 9 ! ma*9e4 ,on ,novemb] #i he ask$ ,w ,bemis to try x = him4 ,! foll[+ day ! ,spr+field ,morn+ ,union gave a description ( ! run3 ,resid5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ,flor5ce /reet flock$ to ! w9d[s ye/]day aft]noon a/oni%$ to see glid+ by 9 ! roadway a common top c>riage ) no %afts & no horse atta*$4 ,! vehicle is op]at$ by gasol9e & is ! inv5tion ( ,erw9 ,m>kham & ,j4 ,f4 ,duryea4 ,x has be5 previ\sly describ$ 9 ,! ,union & ! trial ye/]day 0 simply to asc]ta9 ! practical value ( a lea!r friction surface :i* has be5 sub/itut$ = ! rubb] "o previ\sly us$4 ,! vehicle1 :i* 0 op]at$ by ,mr4 ,bemis1 />t$ f ! corn] ( ,hancock av5ue & ,spruce /reet & w5t up ! av5ue1 up ,hancock /reet & />t$ d[n ,flor5ce /reet1 work+ f9ely1 b :5 ab\t half-way d[n ! latt] /reet x /opp$ %ort1 refus+ to move4 ,inve/igation %[$ t ! be>+ _h be5 worn smoo? by ! friction & a little wat] spr9kl$ ^u x put x 9 runn+ condition aga94 ,! re/ ( ! trip 0 made d[n ,flor5ce & d[n ,spruce /reet1 to ! resid5ce ( ! inv5tors4 ,!y hope to h ! vehicle 9 good work+ condition soon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4--,,runn+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,duryea ,,vehicle1 %[+ ! second eng9e & o!r p>ts z us$ 9 ,janu>y #ahid4 ,! same ev5+1 ! late edition ran a brief p>agraph /at+ t ! te/ 0 made to det]m9e ! value ( a lea!r friction surface = propell+ ! wagon1 t _h be5 sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! rubb] surface1 us$ 9 ! =m] te/4 ,bemis1 accord+ to ,frank ,duryea's recollection1 0 n impress$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! ma*9e1 say+ ! ?+ is absolutely useless1 & = a "t x appe>$ t fur!r support f ,m>kham w\ld n be =?com+4 ,frank1 believ+ ev5tual success to be ne>1 drew up plans %[+ 8 ge>$ transmission1 & ) ^! manag$ to ga9 ,m>kham's p>tial support4 ,money = mat]ial & use ( ! %op 0 to cont9ue1 b ,frank 0 to complete ! "w on 8 own "t4 ,n[ receiv+ no sal>y1 ,frank work$ hurri$ly on ! transmission ?r\gh\t late ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ! fir/ two weeks ( ,janu>y4 ,fir/ disc>d+ ! old friction drum & %aft1 & ! %ipp]-=k c>riage1 he bolt$ a ra:ide bevel ge> to ! l[] surface ( ! fly:eel4 ,?is turns two bevel ge>s1 9 opposite directions1 on a c\nt]%aft directly und]nea?1 approximately 9 ! position ( ! old jack%aft4 ,! "r bevel ge> is secur$ to ! ma9 c\nt]%aft on :i* two clut*es are m\nt$1 "o on ea* side ( ! crank%aft4 ,on a sleeve turn+ freely ar\nd ! c\nt]%aft is m\nt$ ! rev]se bevel ge> & clut*4 ,?ree free-runn+ clut* drums1 ! "r "o c>ry+ ! high-spe$ ge>1 ! two on ! left c>ry+ ! comb9ation l[ spe$ & rev]se ge> betwe5 !m1 complete ! c\nt]%aft assembly4 ,! clut* assemblies are ( ,frank ,duryea's design1 hav+ int]nal arms1 exp&+ outw>d to press lea!r-fac$ %oes aga9/ ! inn] surface ( ! drum1 ?us secur+ ! drum & its ge> to ! %aft4 ,beh9d ?is ma*9]y is ! jack%aft ) its small diff]5tial on ! "r1 two lam9at$ ra:ide ge>s#cc me%+ ) ! iron ge>s ( ! c\nt]%aft1 & ! int]nal-ge> sprockets hang+ on ! small p9ions at ei!r end4 ,a slid+ cam b>1 m\nt$ ne>ly 9 ! position ( ! =m] %ipp]-=k c>riage1 is op]at$ by ! v]tical movem5t ( ! till] h&le to engage any "o ( ! ?ree clut*es4 ,) ! till] depress$1 ! vehicle is 9 rev]se4 ,elevat+ x slightly puts x into l[ ge>1 & rais+ x /ill high] runs ! ma*9e at its highe/ spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #be4--;,,half ,,( ,,jack%aft1 %[+ ra:ide ge>s1 d\ble %r\d$ p9ion & half ( ! ,columbia diff]5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4--;,,half ,,( ,,jack%aft %[+ d\ble-%r\d$ p9ion & half ( ! ,columbia diff]5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4--;,,cam ,,b> ,,9 ,,=egr\nd1 op]at$ by till]1 actuates ! v>i\s clut*es ( ! transmission4 ,! ov]fl[ gasol9e tank ) ! h& pump c be se5 9 ! re>4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,duryea1 ,,( ,,peoria1 ,,ill9ois4 ,,road-,,vehicle4 ,,specification =m+ "p ( ,lett]s ,pat5t ,no4 #edj1fdh1 dat$ ,june #aa1 #ahie4 ,application fil$ ,april #cj1 #ahid4 ,s]ial ,no4 #eji1dff4 7,no model47 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,duryea1 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 resid+ at ,peoria1 9 ! c\nty ( ,peoria & ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 h inv5t$ new & useful ,improvem5ts #e 9 ,road-,vehicles1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specification4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to produce a road vehicle :i* %all be self-propell$1 n unduly heavy1 simple & easy ( control & #aj comp>atively inexp5sive1 toge!r ) su* m9or objects z w become h]e9aft] app>5t4 ,! inv5tion m p>ticul>ly relates to ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( p>ts = #ae con/itut+ ! driv+ ge>+ & to ! means = controll+ ! action !re(2 to an improv$ mann] ( m\nt+ ! front1 or /e]+1 :eels ^u ! front axle1 & ( m\nt+ ! said axle relative to ! runn+ #bj ge> frame1 & to ! means = effect+ ! /e]+2 to ! appliances = ! support ( ! motor & driv+ me*anism 9 an advantage\s & effici5t mann]1 &1 g5]ally1 to improv$ & simplifi$ details #be ( con/ruction ?r\gh\t ! vehicle1 all z w h]e9aft] be r5d]$ m app>5t1 & ! inv5tion consi/s 9 con/ructions & comb9ations ( p>ts1 all sub/antially z w h]e9aft] fully appe> & be set #cj =? 9 ! claims4 ,ref]5ce is to be _h to ! accompany+ draw+s1 9 :i*-- ,figure #a is a sectional elevation f front to re> ( ! improv$ road-vehicle4 ,fig4 #b is #ce a plan view ( ! runn+ & driv+ ge>1 ! vehicle-body be+ und]/ood z remov$4 ,fig4 #c is a front elevation ( ! vehicle4 ,fig4 #d is a p]spective view ( ! support & susp5sion devices = ! driv+ me*anism4 #dj ,fig4 #e is a v]tical sectional view1 longitud9ally1 ?r\gh ! %iftable driv+-ge>1 ! controll+ devices employ$ 9 conjunction ) ?is me*anism be+ se5 9 side elevation4 ,figs4 #f & #g %[ ! above-m5tion$ #de controll+ devices z 9 op]ative relations diff]+ ! "o f ! o!r & also f t ( ,fig4 #e4 ,simil> lett]s ( ref]5ce indicate correspond+ p>ts 9 all ( ! views4 #ej ,! p>ts w n[ be describ$ 9 detail ) ref]5ce to said draw+s1 & ,a repres5ts ! body :i* is spr+ support$ on ! frame1 ,b1 ( ! runn+ ge>4 ,?is frame1 z %[n1 is rectangul>1 & has ! #ee body-support+ spr+s1 ,b#b1 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 common c>riages4 ,?is frame has1 affix$ !reto1 at its re> ends1 sleeves1 a1 a1 :i* loosely embrace ! re> :eel axle1 ,d1 :i* is ! driv5 axle ( ! vehicle4 ,! #fj axle1 ,e1 = ! front :eels is c5trally secur$ to ! runn+ ge> frame1 ,b1 by ! horizontal k+-bolt1 b1 :]eby su* axle may h a sw++ movem5t relative to ! frame 9 a v]tical plane1 b x has no #fe sw++ movem5t horizontally1 ! :eels be+ swivel-m\nt$ on ! ends ( ?is axle peculi>ly1 z w %ortly h]e9aft] be set =?4 ,! body1 z %[n1 is 9 ! =m ( an #gj inv]t$ box1 ! motor1 ,h1 & driv+ ge> be+ accommodat$ )9 ! d[nw>dly op5+ inclosure con/itut$ !reby1 & ! body also has ! upw>dly op5 box-l =w>d ext5sion1 or pit1 ,a#b1 = ! accommodation #ge ( ! feet ( ! rid]1 ! rid]'s seat be+ con/itut$ by ! top =w>d portion ( ! box body4 ,"s o!r suitable design ( body may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ 9 lieu ( ?is "o %[n4 #hj ,! front :eels1 d1 d1 are hung to ! front axle1 ,e1 s t ! c5t] ( ea* :eel base is 9 a l9e co9cid5t ) ! axis ( ! pivotal connection :i* is provid$ betwe5 ! j\rnals = ! :eels & ! axle1 :i* #he arrangem5t practically de/roys any t5d5cy to deflection f ! c\rse t might o!rwise arise f /rik+ an ob/acle1 & s r5d]s ! /e]+ easi]4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is ! axle is =m$ ) yok$ #ij ends1 ! yoke memb]s1 f1 f1 be+ above & bel[ ! longitud9al l9e ( ! axle4 ,! %ort j\rnal1 g1 %[n = ea* :eel1 has at its inn] end an upw>dly & d[nw>dly ext5d$ arm1 h1 :i* is return-b5t to be #ie loosely embrac$ by ! axle yoke1 f1 f4 ,! cone po9t$ screws1 c1 pass$ ?r\gh ! yoke memb]s1 f1 & into sockets !re= 9 ! arms1 h1 ( ! j\rnals1 g1 con/itute ! means = ! swivel connection betwe5 said #ajj p>ts4 ,! lock-nuts1 c#b1 manife/ly1 are employ$ ) utility 9 ?is connection4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t inasmu* z 9 ! arrangem5t %[n1 ! pivotal connections 7,no ,model47 #d ,%eets--,%eet #b4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,duryea4 ,,road ,,vehicle4 ,no4 #edj1fdh4 ,pat5t$ ,june #aa1 #ahie4 ,fig4 #b4 ,witnesses3 ,j4 ,d4 ,g>field ,k4 ,i4 ,clemons ,inv5tor1 ,*as4 ,e4 ,duryea by ,*aprictlo ,attys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4--;,a ,,draw+ ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,page ( ! specifications ( ! fir/ pat5t issu$ to ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea4 ,x c be readily se5 t ?is draw+ 0 n made aft] ! plan ( ! fir/ vehicle4 ,z ! "w mov$ ne>] completion ,frank realiz$ t ! f9al te/s w\ld h to be conduct$ on roads made icy by fall+ sn[s4 ,he _h consid]able d\bt :e!r ! n>r[ iron tires w\ld h en\gh traction to move ! phaeton4 ,soon he devis$ an exp$i5t = ?is situation1 communicat+ to ,*>les on ,decemb] #bb t he 0 hav+ ,jack ,swa9e a local blacksmi? make a c\ple ( clut* rims s we c get ov] ?is sn[ & ice4444 ,our deta*able rims ref]r$ to w be ( #a_/h iron #a-c_/d wide & drawn toge!r at "o po9t by two screws1 "o on ei!r side ( felloe4 ,x w be /udd$ ) calks 9 two r[s4#cd ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bi4--,,mr4 ,,& ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,,duryea exam9+ vehicle 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution be=e re/oration4 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahid1 0 a day ( triumph = ,frank ,duryea4 ,writ+ ,*>les ab\t 8 success ! next day he said1 ,took out c>riage aga9 la/ night & gave x ano!r te/ ab\t #i o'clock4 ,! only difficulty he m5tion$ 0 a slight irregul>ity 9 ! eng9e1 caus$ by ! t9y lea!r pad 9 ! exhau/-valve me*anism fall+ out4#ce ,speak+ ( ?is trip1 ,frank recall$ 9 #aief3 ,:5 ,i got ?is c> ready to run "o night1 ,i took x out & ,i _h a "y fell[ ) me2 ,i ?\ght ,i might ne$ him to help pu% 9 case ! c> didn't "w4444 ,we ran f ! area ( ! %op :]e x 0 built d[n on ,taylor ,/reet4 ,we />t$ out & ran up ,wor?+ton ,/reet hill1#cf on top ( :at y might call ! ,bluff 9 ,spr+field4 ,!n we drove along ov] level roads f !re to ! home ( ,mr4 ,m>kham :o liv$ ) 8 son-9-law1 ,w ,bemis1 & !re we refill$ ?is tank ) wat]4 ,at ?is po9t he 0 ask$ if x 0 pretty well empti$ by !n4 ,yes1 ,i said 9 my acc\nt ( x t :5 we got up !re ! wat] 0 boil+ furi\sly4 ,well1 no d\bt x 04 ,we refill$ x & !n we turn$ x back & drove d[n along ! ,c5tral ,/reet hill & along ,maple1 cross$ into ,/ate ,/reet1 dropp$ d[n to ,dwight1 w5t we/ along ,dwight to ! vic9ity :]e we _h a %$ t we c\ld put ! c> 9 = ! night4 ,dur+ t trip we _h run1 ,i ?9k1 j ab\t six miles1 maybe a little bit m4 ,t 0 ! fir/ trip ) ?is vehicle4 ,x 0 ! fir/ trip ( any?+ m ?an a few hundr$ y>ds t ! c> _h ev] made4 ,,duryea ,,automobile ,,built ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,& ,c4 ,e4 ,,duryea #ahic ,u4,s4 ,,national ,,museum ,,cat4 #cjg1aii ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,sept4 #aifj ,a4 ,a4 ,,balunek ,n[ ,frank c\ld give demon/ration rides ) ! motor c>riage1 hop+ to enc\rage m inve/ors to back future "w4 ,cauti\s ,mr4 ,m>kham f9ally got 8 ride1 ?\gh ,frank _h to assure him t ! eng9e ( ! brakeless vehicle w\ld hold !m back on any hill !y w\ld desc5d4 ,! c>riage on :i* he _h sp5t s _m h\rs 0 to see little use aft] t4 ,its total mileage is probably less ?an a hundr$ miles4 ,little additional "w is kn[n to h be5 p]=m$ on ! c>riage aft] ,janu>y #ahid2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a lett]#cg ,frank s5t 8 bro!r on ,janu>y #ai :i* tells ( contemplat$ muffl] improvem5ts4 ,ano!r message 0 dispat*$ to ,*>les on ,m>* #bb1 m5tion+ ! good p]=mance ( ! phaeton on ,h>rison ,av5ue hill4#ch ,?is 0 possibly ! la/ run ( ! ma*9e1 = no fur!r ref]5ces h be5 discov]$4 ,frank sp5t ! mon?s ( ,febru>y & ,m>* 9 prep>+ draw+s1 "s ( :i* accompani$ _! fir/ pat5t application1#ci :ile o!rs 7 to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( an improv$1 #b-;cyl9d] c>riage4 ,"w on ! new ma*9e />t$ 9 ,april4 ,! old phaeton1 9 ! abs5ce ( us$-c> lots1 0 put into /orage 9 ! ,bemis b>n4#dj ,lat]1 on ! =mation ( ! ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company 9 #ahie1 x 0 remov$ to ! b>n ( ,d4 ,a4 ,re$1 treasur] ( ! company4#da ,!re x rema9$ until #aibj1 :5 x 0 obta9$ by ,+lis ,m4 ,upp]cu & pres5t$ to ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aifg ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #cj c5ts ,footnotes3 #a ,s4 ,h4 ,,oliv]1 ,automobiles & ,motorcycles 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bullet9 #bac1 ,wa%+ton3 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aieg71 p4 #bd4 #b ,g4 ,r4 ,,doyle1 ,! ,_w's ,automobiles 7,london3 ,temple ,press ,limit$1 #aiei71 p4 #fg4 #c ,record$ int]view ) ,frank ,duryea 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,novemb] #i1 #aief4 #d ,*>les ,duryea's /atem5t to ,spr+field ,daily ,republican1 ,april #ad1 #aicg4 #e ,,frank ,,duryea1 ,am]ica's ,fir/ ,automobile 7,spr+field1 ,mass43 ,donald ,macaulay1 #aidb71 p4 #d4 #f ,lett] f ,*>les ,duryea to ,alfr$ ,reeves1 ,m>* #be1 #aibj2 copy 9 ,museum files4 #g ,hi/ory notes dictat$ by ,*>les ,e4 ,duryea 9 ! (fice ( ,david ,beecr(t1 editor ( ,automobile ,trade ,j\rnal1 on ,janu>y #aj1 #aibe4 ,copy 9 ,museum files4 ,h]e9aft]1 ^! notes are ref]r$ to z hi/ory4 #h ,frank ,duryea 9 /atem5t made to ! ,s5ate ,committee on ,public ,adm9i/ration ( ,massa*usetts1 ,febru>y #i1 #aieb4 #i ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #f4 #aj ,copy ( contract 9 ,museum files4 #aa ,affidavit ( ,william ,rattman1 ,m>* #ai1 #aidc1 /ates t ! ,russell l$g]s give t date4 #ab ,record$ int]view ) ,frank ,duryea 9 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,novemb] #f1 #aieg4 #ac ,lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecr(t1 ,novemb] #ae1 #aibd2 copy 9 ,museum files4 #ad ,lett] f ,*>les ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,m>* #ba1 #aibb2 copy 9 ,museum files4 #ae ,see hi/ory 7footnote #g71 p4 #f4 #af ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #h4 #ag ,copy ( lett] 9 ,museum files4 #ah ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ab4 #ai ,lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,*>les ,duryea1 ,novemb] #c1 #ahic1 /ates t ! eng9e c\ld be run at #gjj z well z #ejj rpm4 ,copy 9 ,museum files4 #bj ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ad4 ,also 9 lett] f ,*>les ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,janu>y #aa1 #aibb2 copy 9 ,museum files4 #ba ,lett] f ,*>les ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,janu>y #aa1 #aibb2 also lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecr(t1 ,novemb] #ae1 #aibd4 ,copies 9 ,museum files4 #bb ,lett] f ,*>les ,duryea to ,f4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,decemb] #e1 #aicf1 says he ?\ght !y _h five tee?4 ,copy 9 ,museum files4 #bc ,frank lat] wrote 8 bro!r1 ,janu>y #ahid1 t he fix$ ! tank s x w\ld n draw s$im5t f ! bottom4 ,copy ( lett] 9 ,museum files4 #bd ,! numb] ( muffl]s ,frank ,duryea con/ruct$ is n kn[n4 ,he wrote ,*>les1 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahic1 t he w try a new muffl] also4 #be ,seld5 ,pat5t ,evid5ce1 vol4 #i1 p4 #aaj4 #bf ,see hi/ory 7footnote #g71 p4 #b4 ,*>les wrote1 ,"s p>ts ( ^! ref]r+ to ! batt]ies1 l ! j>s1 ,i _h on h& = six or eight ye>s1 & did n ne$ to buy4 #bg ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 #bh ,ibid41 p4 #ae #bi ,frank /at$ 9 ?is lett] t ! friction drum orig9ally _h two belts1 =w>d & rev]se1 b s9ce !y t5d$ to f\l ea* o!r1 he remov$ ! rev]se belt & left ! o!r to s]ve = bo? directions4 ,h[ ! %ipp] =k might h h&l$ two belts is n und]/ood4 #cj ,z actually con/ruct$ !re are only two ge>s on ! second>y %aft4 ,he obvi\sly discov]$ t "o ge> secur$ to two clut*es w\ld s]ve = bo? =w>d & rev]se4 ,space 0 also limit$4 #ca ,record$ int]view ) ,frank ,duryea 9 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,novemb] #i1 #aief4 #cb ,lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,*>les ,duryea1 ,novemb] #h1 #ahic4 ,copy 9 ,museum files4 #cc ,frank ,duryea1 9 a record$ int]view 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum on ,novemb] #f1 #aieg1 said t he believ$ ^! _h be5 pur*as$ f ,ro*e/] ,ra:ide ,company4 #cd ,lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,*>les ,duryea1 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahic4 ,also lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecr(t1 ,novemb] #ae1 #aibd4 ,copies 9 ,museum files4 #ce ,tell+ ( ! fir/ use ( ! c> 9 lat] days1 ,frank ,duryea m5tions ! _m noises & vibrations t accompani$ ! trip3 ! vibrat+ till]1 ! t9ny s\nd+ muffl]1 ! clatt]+ *a9s4 ,he lat] report$ spe$s ( #c mph 9 l[ ge> & #h mph 9 high ge>4 #cf ,lett] f ,frank ,duryea to ,*>les ,duryea1 ,jan4 #ai1 #ahid1 says !y w5t up hill via ,summ] & ,armor ,/reets1 !n out ,walnut to ,bemis' at ,c5tral ,/reet ,s*ool4 #cg ,! lett] read3 ,i h design$ a new muffl] & we w proce$ to make x be=e long1 9 a day or two4 ,in/ead ( "o %ell #a_/h-;in* ?ick ,i %all put a %ell #a_/af-;in* ?ick inside ano!r ( equal ?ickness1 b ab\t #a in* great] diamet] i4e41 "o *amb] )9 ano!r s z to cause s\nd to turn corn]s to get out4 ,/ill ano!r %ell w be add$ if x prove insuffici5t1 mak+ x turn ab\t aga9--tak+ c>e 9 ea* case to give ample room = expansion--out] "o ne$ n be m ?an #a_/cb in* possibly4 ,w let two ?read$ rods ) nuts hold heads on bo? or on ?ree cases1 if ! #c;d be ess5tial4 #ch ,?is lett] gives fur!r pro( t ! c> nev] _h a brake4 ,frank said ! c> came back d[n ! hill ) no brake1 b t ! eng9e held ! vehicle back4 #ci ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #cg4 #dj ,x is possible t a few p>ts 7 remov$ at ?is "t to be us$ on ! two-cyl9d] c>4 ,! muffl] may h be5 "o ( ^!1 & ev5 m likely1 ! gov]nor p>ts4 ,*>les ,duryea wrote to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman ,decemb] #bg1 #aiba1 /at+ t 8 y\ng] bro!r ,o?o & a ,h5ry ,wells _h put 9 a batt]y & gasol9e 9 #ahig & />t$ ! eng9e4 ,because ! *a9s 7 n on ! c> !y c\ld n attempt to op]ate x2 b ! eng9e ran too fa/1 & f9ally some?+ broke1 probably ! eng9e frame1 f\nd to be brok5 dur+ ! rec5t re/oration4 ,*>les ?\ght ! eng9e ran too fa/ because "s ( ! gov]nor p>ts 7 already miss+4 #da ,record$ int]view ) ,frank ,duryea 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,novemb] #i1 #aief4 ,on ! =mation ( ! ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company1 ,mr4 ,m>kham 0 rew>d$ = 8 "p ( ! v5ture4 ,he _h inve/$ ne>ly #cjjj 9 ! "w1 & sold out 8 rights 9 ! company = approximately a #bjjj pr(it4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,! text conta9$ 9 sev]al ( ! illu/rations1 :i* has be5 transcrib$ = ?is text file1 is indicat$ by text4 ,sup]script *>act]s are enclos$ 9 brackets x4 ,additional spac+ aft] "s ( ! quotes is int5tional to indicate bo? ! end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,lett]s pr9t$ upside d[n 7 correct$ sil5tly4 ,mispr9t he correct$ to ! 7page #h74