,,contributions ,,from ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology3 ,,paper #cd ,,the #ahic ,,duryea ,,automobile ,,in ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology ,don ,h4 ,berkebile ,,early ,,automotive ,,experience #e ,,construction ,,begins #f ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,automobile #af ,illustration3 ,,figure #a4--;,,duryea ,,automobile in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 from an #ahig photograph4 ,the gear-sprockets were already missing when this was taken1 and the chain lies loosely on the pinion4 ,shown at the right1 the ,duryea vehicle following the recent restoration 7,smithsonian photo #cdahc74 ,don ,h4 ,berkebile ,,the #ahic ,,duryea ,,automobile ,in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology ,during the last decade of the nineteenth century a number of ,american engineers and mechanics were working diligently to develop a practical self-propelled vehicle employing an internal-combustion engine as the motive force4 ,among these men were ,charles and ,frank ,duryea1 who began work on this type of vehicle about #ahib4 ,this carriage was operated on the streets of ,springfield1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahic1 where its trials were noted in the newspapers4 ,now preserved in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 it is a prized exhibit in the collection of early automobiles4 ,it is the purpose of this paper to present some of the facts discovered during the restoration of the vehicle1 to show the problems that faced its builders1 and to describe their solutions4 ,an attempt also has been made to correlate all this information with reports of the now almost legendary day-to-day experiences of the ,duryeas1 as published by the brothers in various booklets1 and as related by ,frank ,duryea during two interviews1 recorded on tape in #aief and #aieg1 while he was visiting the ,smithsonian4 ,,the ,,author3 ,don ,h4 ,berkebile is on the staff of the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 in the ,smithsonian ,institution's ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,of the numerous ,american automotive pioneers1 perhaps among the best known are ,charles and ,frank ,duryea4 ,beginning their work of automobile building in ,springfield1 ,massachusetts1 and after much rebuilding1 they constructed their first successful vehicle in #ahib and #ahic4 ,no sooner was this finished than ,frank1 working alone1 began work on a second vehicle having a two-cylinder engine4 ,with this automobile1 sufficient capital was attracted in #ahie to form the ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company in which both brothers were among the stockholders and directors4 ,a short time after the formation of the company this second automobile was entered by the company in the ,chicago ,times-,herald automobile race on ,thanksgiving ,day1 ,november #bh1 #ahie1 where ,frank ,duryea won a victory over the other five contestants--two electric automobiles and three ,benz machines imported from ,germany4 ,in the year following this victory ,frank1 as engineer in charge of design and construction1 completed the plans begun earlier for a more powerful automobile4 ,during #ahif the company turned out thirteen identical automobiles1 the first example of mass production in ,american automotive history4#a ,even while these cars were under construction ,frank was planning a lighter vehicle1 one of which was completed in ,october of #ahif4 ,this machine was driven to another victory by ,frank ,duryea on ,november #ad1 #ahif1 when he competed once again with ,european-built cars in the ,liberty-,day ,run from ,london to ,brighton4 ,the decision to race and demonstrate their autos abroad was the result of the company's desire to interest foreign capital1 yet ,frank later felt they might better have used their time and money by concentrating on building cars and selling them to the local market4 ,subsequently1 in the fall of #ahih1 ,frank arranged for the sale of his and ,charles' interest in the company1 and thereafter the brothers pursued separate careers4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #b4--,,workmen ,,in ,,the ,,duryea ,,factory in ,springfield1 ,mass41 working on some of the thirteen #ahif motor wagons4 7,smithsonian photo #ddjfb47 ,frank1 in #aija1 entered into a contract with the ,j4 ,stevens ,arms and ,tool ,company1 of ,chicopee ,falls1 ,massachusetts1 which built automobiles under his supervision4 ,this association led in #aijd to the formation of the ,stevens-,duryea ,company1 of which ,irving ,page was president and ,frank ,duryea was vice president and chief engineer4 ,this company produced during its #aj-year existence a number of popular and well-known models1 among them a light six known as the ,model ,u1 in #aijg2 a larger #d-;cylinder called the ,model ,x1 in #aijh2 and a larger six1 the ,model ,y1 in #aiji4 ,in #aiad when ,stevens withdrew from the company1 ,frank obtained control4 ,the following year he sold the plants and machinery1 liquidated the company1 and1 due to ill health1 retired4 ,charles1 in the meantime1 located in ,reading1 ,pennsylvania1 where he built autos under the name of the ,duryea ,power ,company4#b ,here1 and later in ,philadelphia under the name of the ,duryea ,motor ,corporation and other corporate names1 he continued for a number of years to build automobiles1 vacuum cleaners and other mechanical devices4 ,until the time of his death in #aich1 he practiced as a consulting engineer4 ,department of the ,interior ,u4,s4 ,,patent ,,office1 ,april #a1 #ahhg ,admit ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,duryea to this ,office on all business days between the hours of #b and #d ,p4,m4 until otherwise ordered4 ,signature ,chief ,clerk ,countersigned1 ,signature ,illustration3 ,,figure #c4--;,,admittance ,,card of ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea to the ,u4,s4 ,patent ,office1 #ahhg4 7,gift of ,rhea ,duryea ,johnson47 ,early ,automotive ,experience ,born in #ahfa near ,canton1 ,illinois1 ,charles ,e4 ,duryea had learned the trade of a mechanic following his graduation from high school1 and subsequently turned his interests to bicycle repair4 ,he and his brother ,james ,frank1 eight years younger1 eventually left ,illinois and moved to ,washington ,d4,c41 where they were employed in the bicycle shop of ,h4 ,s4 ,owen1 one of that city's leading bicycle dealers and importers4 ,while in ,washington1 ,charles became a regular reader of the ,patent ,office ,gazette1#c an act which undoubtedly influenced his later work with automobiles4 ,a short time later1 probably in #ahhi1 ,charles contracted with a firm in ,rockaway1 ,new ,jersey1 to construct bicycles for him1 but their failure to make delivery as promised caused him to go to ,chicopee1 ,massachusetts1 where he contracted with the ,ames ,manufacturing ,company to do his work4 ,moving there in #ahij1 he obtained for his brother a position as toolmaker with the ,ames ,company4 ,thus1 ,frank ,duryea1 as he was later known1 also became located in ,chicopee1 a northern suburb of ,springfield4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d4--;,,charles ,e4 ,,duryea1 about #ahid1 as drawn by ,george ,giguere from a photograph4 7,smithsonian photo #dhcce-;,a47 ,during the summer1 #ahia1 ,charles found the bicycle business left him some spare time1 and the gasoline-powered carriages he had read of earlier came constantly into his mind in these periods of idleness4#d ,he and ,frank studied several books on gasoline engines1 among them one by an ,english writer 7title and author now unknown72#e this described the ,otto #d-stroke cycle as now used4 ,some engineers1 however1 were concerned because this engine1 on the completion of the exhaust stroke1 had not entirely evacuated all of the products of combustion4 ,the ,atkinson engine1 patented in #ahhg1 was one of the attempts to solve this as well as several other problems1 thus creating a more efficient cycle4 ,this engine was designed so that the exhaust stroke carried the piston all the way to the head of the engine1 while the compression stroke only moved the piston far enough to sufficiently compress the mixture4 ,the unusual linkage necessary to create these unequal strokes in the ,atkinson engine made it seem impractical for a carriage engine1 where compactness was desired4 ,agents ,wantd ,,sylph ,,cycles ,,run ,,easy ,pneumatics not enough2 springs necessary for comfort safety ,sylph spring frame saves muscle nerves is perfection4 ,all users delighted4 ,investigate4 ,we also make a #cj lb4 rigid ,sylph4 ,cata4 free4 ,rouse-,duryea ,cycle ,co4 ,mfrs4 #af ,g st41 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e4--;,,advertisement of ,duryea bicycle company1 ,scientific ,american1 ,september #i1 #ahic4 ,going to ,hartford1 ,connecticut1 possibly on business relating to his bicycle work1 ,charles visited the ,hartford ,machine ,screw ,company where the ,daimler-type engine was being produced1#f but after examining it he felt it was too heavy and clumsy for his purpose4 ,also in ,hartford he talked over the problem of a satisfactory engine with ,c4 ,e4 ,hawley1 an employee of the ,pope ,manufacturing ,company1 makers of the ,columbia bicycle4 ,hawley1 searching for a way to construct an engine that would perform in a manner similar to the ,atkinson1 yet would have the lightness and compactness necessary for a carriage engine1 suggested an idea that ,charles believed had some merit4 ,this idea1 involving the use of what the ,duryeas later called a free piston1 was eventually to be incorporated in their first engine4#g ,illustration3 ,,figure #f4--;,j4 ,,frank ,,duryea1 about #ahid1 as drawn by ,george ,giguere from a photograph4 7,smithsonian photo #dhcce47 ,construction ,begins ,back in ,chicopee again1 ,charles began planning his first horseless carriage4 ,frank later stated that they leaned heavily on the ,benz patents in their work2#h but while the later engine and transmission show evidence of this1 only the ,benz manner of placing the engine and the flywheel seem to have been employed in the original ,duryea plan4 ,charles reversed the engine so that the flywheel was to the front1 rather than to the rear as in the ,benz patent1 but made use of ,benz' vertical crankshaft so that the flywheel rotated in a horizontal plane4 ,previously most engines had used vertical flywheels2 ,benz1 believing that this practice would cause difficulty in steering a propelled carriage1 explained his reason for changing this feature in his ,u4,s4 patent #chejhg1 issued ,june #bf1 #ahhh3 ,in motors hitherto used the fly-wheels have been attached to a horizontal shaft or axle1 and have thus been made to revolve in a vertical plane1 since the horizontal shaft is best adapted to the transmission of power4 ,if1 however1 in this case we should use a heavy rotating mass1 corresponding to the power employed and revolving rapidly in a vertical plane1 the power to manage the vehicle or boat would become very much lessened1 as the flywheel continues to revolve in its plane4 ,i therefore so design the apparatus that its crank shaft x has a vertical position and its fly-wheel y revolves in a horizontal plane4444 ,by this means the vehicle is not only easily controlled1 but also the greatest safety is attained against capsizing4 ,to the ,duryea plan1 ,benz may also have contributed the idea for positioning the countershaft1 though its location is sufficiently obvious that ,charles may have had no need for copying ,benz4 ,charles wisely differed from ,benz in placing the flywheel forward1 thus eliminating the need for the long driving belt of the ,benz carriage4 ,yet he did reject the bevel gears used by ,benz1 which might well have been retained1 as ,frank was later to prove by designing a workable transmission that incorporated such bevel gears4 ,the initial plan1 as conceived by ,charles1 also included the details of the axles1 steering gear1 countershaft with its friction-drum1 the #b-piece angle-iron frame upon which the countershaft bearings were mounted1 and the free piston engine with its ignition tube1 since hot-tube ignition was to be employed4 ,no provision was made1 however1 for a burner to heat the tube2 nor had a carburetor been designed1 though it had been decided not to use a surface tank carburetor4 ,the plans called for no muffler or starting arrangement4#i ,many engines of the period were started simply by turning the flywheel with the hands1 and ,charles felt this method was sufficient for his carriage4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #g4--;,,drawing ,,showing ,,principle of the ,atkinson engine2 this feature is what the ,duryeas were trying to achieve with their free-piston engine1 by substituting the free piston for the unusual linkage of the ,atkinson4 7,smithsonian photo ,h#cbfc-;,a47 ,illustration3 ,,figure #h4--;,,drawing ,,of #ahhe ,,benz engine1 showing similarity in general appearance to ,duryea engine4 ,from ,karl ,benz und sein ,lebenswerk1 ,stuttgart1 #aiec4 7,daimler-,benz ,company publication47 ,the ,ames plant customarily had a summer shutdown during ,august2 thus1 during ,august of #ahia ,charles and ,frank had access to a nearly empty plant in which they could carry on experiments and make up working drawings of the proposed vehicle4 ,it cannot now be conclusively stated whether any parts were made for the car during ,august or the remainder of the year4 ,it is more likely that the brothers attempted to complete a set of drawings4 ,frank ,harrington1 chief draftsman at ,ames1 may have helped out at this time2 from ,charles' statement of ,april #ad1 #aicg1 it is learned that he did prepare drawings during #ahib4 ,c4 ,,benz4 ,,self ,,propelling ,,vehicle4 ,no4 #che1jhg4 ,patented ,june #bf1 #ahhh4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #i4--;,,illustration ,,from ,u4,s4 patent #chejhg1 issued to ,carl ,benz1 showing the horizontal plane of the flywheel1 a feature utilized by the ,duryeas in their machine4 ,the first contemporary record of any work on vehicles is a bill1 dated ,january #ba1 #ahib1 for a drawing made by ,george ,w4 ,howard ,company4 ,this drawing was made in the fall of #ahia by ,charles ,a4 ,bartlett1 a member of the ,howard firm and a neighbor of ,charles ,duryea1 according to a statement by ,charles in the ,automobile ,trade ,journal of ,jan4 #aj1 #aibe4 ,he was then also of the opinion that this drawing may not have had anything to do with the carriage they were about to assemble1 but a notation found by ,charles at a later date has led him to believe that it possibly concerned a business type vehicle he had discussed with an unidentified ,mr4 ,snow4 ,by early #ahib ,charles needed capital to finance his venture1 an old carriage to attach his inventions to1 a place to work1 and a mechanic to do the work4 ,on ,march #bf1 he stopped by the ,smith ,carriage ,company and looked over a selection of used buggies and phaetons4 ,he finally decided on a rather well-used ladies' phaeton which he purchased for #gj4 ,the leather dash was in so deplorable a state it would have to be recovered before the carriage went onto the road1 and the leather fenders it once possessed had previously been removed2 yet the upholstery appeared to be in satisfactory condition1 and the candle lamps were intact4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aj4--,,phantom ,,illustration of ,benz' first automobile4 7,from ,carl ,benz1 ,father of the ,automobile ,industry1 by ,l4 ,m4 ,fanning1 ,new ,york1 #aiee47 ,two days later1 ,charles was able to interest ,erwin ,f4 ,markham1 of ,springfield1 sufficiently to obtain his financial aid in the project4 ,a contract was drawn up between the two men1 which stated that ,mr4 ,markham was to put up #ajjj for which he received a five-tenths share of the venture4 ,when the #ajjj had been used1 he then had the option to continue his aid until the project had been carried to a successful climax1 and retain his half share1 or to refuse further funds and relinquish four of his five-tenths interest in the business4#aj ,had he eventually chosen the latter1 ,charles would obviously have had to seek assistance elsewhere4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aa4--,,the ,,howard ,,co4 ,,bill showing the first work performed toward a motor vehicle4 ,while this may not refer specifically to the machine now in the museum1 it is evidence of early work4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ab4--,,the ,,shop ,,of ,,john ,,russell ,,sons4 ,it was on the second floor of this building that ,charles and ,frank ,duryea built their first motor vehicle4 7,courtesy of the ,springfield ,union47 ,that same day1 ,march #bh1 ,charles found working space and machinery available at ,john ,w4 ,russell ,sons ,company in ,springfield4#aa ,the ,russells had recently completed a large government order of shells for the famous dynamite guns later used on board the cruiser ,vesuvius in the ,spanish-,american ,war1 and this left an entire second floor1 approximately #ce #he feet1 virtually unoccupied1 according to an affidavit of ,william ,j4 ,russell of ,april #cj1 #aibf4 ,now ready to begin the actual work1 ,charles hired his brother ,frank to start construction4 ,frank started about the first of ,april1 receiving a raise of about #aj percent over the salary he had received at ,ames4 ,before the vehicle was completed a number of other men performed work on some of the parts1 among them ,william ,deats who had been hired by ,charles primarily to work on bicycles in the same area1 but who occasionally assisted on the carriage4 ,russell ,company records show time charged against ,charles ,duryea by six other ,russell employees3 ,w4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,p4 ,colgan1 ,c4 ,e4 ,merrick1 ,t4 ,shea1 ,l4 ,j4 ,parmelee1 and ,a4 ,a4 ,poissant4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ac4--;,j4 ,,frank ,,duryea looking over the ,russell shop lathe on which he turned parts for the first ,duryea vehicle4 ,photo taken about #aidd4 7,courtesy of the ,springfield ,union47 ,it is ,frank ,duryea's remembrance that he started work on ,monday1 ,april #d4 ,he first removed the body1 with its springs1 and placed it on a pair of wooden horses where it remained until the summer of the following year4 ,the next step was to remove the rear axle and take it to a blacksmith shop where the old axle spindles were cut off and welded to a new drop-center axle4 ,following this the front axle spindles were removed1 the ends of the axle slotted1 and a webbed1 ,c-shaped piece carrying the kingpin bearings was fitted into each slot1 braced from underneath by short brackets which were riveted and brazed in place4 ,the old spindles then were welded to the center of offset kingpins which in turn were mounted in their bearings in a manner similar to that in which the frame of the ,columbia high-wheeled bicycle was mounted in its fork4 ,arms welded to the lower end of the kingpins were connected by the tie rods to an arm on the lower end of the vertical steering column1 located on the center of the axle4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,a ,,portion of the ,russell shop records showing charges made against ,charles ,duryea during #ahic-ahid4 ,while work on the running gear advanced1 some progress was made in the construction of the engine4 ,patterns for the castings were fabricated1 most of them by ,charles ,marshall on ,taylor ,street1#ab and castings were poured4 ,the body or main casting of the engine resembled a length of cast-iron pipe3 it had no bosses or lugs cast on1 nor any water jacket1 for they thought the engine would be kept cool merely by being placed in the open air4 ,the front end of the engine was secured to the vehicle by four bolts which passed through the halves of the bearings and onto four projections on the open end of the engine4 ,as the crankshaft of this engine was retained in constructing the present engine1 it is logical to assume that the bearings were the same also4 ,the head was cast as a thick disc1 with both intake and exhaust valves located therein1 and was bolted onto the flanged head end of the engine4 ,inside the cylinder was the strange arrangement previously suggested by ,c4 ,e4 ,hawley4 ,to the connecting rod was attached a rather ordinary ringed piston1 over which was fitted a free1 ringless piston1 machined to fit closely the cylinder bore4 ,this floating piston could move freely a distance equal to the compression space4 ,the intention was that on the intake stroke1 suction would open the intake valve1 which had no positive opening arrangement1 and draw in the mixture which then was compressed as in a regular ,otto engine4 ,fired by the hot-tube ignition system1 the force of the explosion would drive both pistons down1 forcing the outer one tight against the head of the smaller one1 and at the end of the stroke the longer wall of the outer piston would strike an arm projecting into the cylinder near the open end1 moving forward the exhaust valve rod to which the arm was attached1 thus pushing open the valve in the head4#ac ,on the exhaust stroke the unrestrained outer piston moved all the way to the head1 expelling all of the products of combustion and pushing the exhaust valve shut again4 ,with a bore of four inches or less1 this engine1 ,charles believed1 should develop about three horsepower and run at a speed between #cej to #djj revolutions per minute4#ad ,as no ignition system had yet been provided1 they prepared a #d-a_/b-;inch length of one-quarter inch iron pipe1 closed at one end1 and screwed the open end into the head4 ,heating this tube with an alcohol burner would cause ignition of the mixture when a portion of it was forced into the heated tube toward the end of the compression stroke4 ,no attempt was made at this time to use the electrical make-and-break circuit used in their second engine1 as the free piston would have wrecked the igniter parts on the exhaust stroke1 and the push rod located on the end of the piston would have prevented the piston from closing the exhaust valve4 ,after keying the flywheel to the lower end of the crankshaft1 ,charles and ,frank decided to make an attempt to run the engine4 ,carrying it into a back room1 probably during ,july or ,august1 #ahib1 they blocked it up on horses4 ,a carburetor had not yet been constructed1 so they attempted to start the engine by spinning the flywheel by hand1 at the same time spraying gasoline through the intake valve with a perfume atomizer previously purchased at a drugstore in the ,massasoit ,house4 ,repeated efforts of the two men to start the engine resulted in failure4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ae4--;,,conjectural drawing of the free-piston engine used in the ,museum vehicle prior to the present engine4 7,drawing by ,a4 ,a4 ,balunek47 ,in the belief that the defects1 whatever they might be1 could be remedied after the engine was installed1 the ,duryeas went ahead and mounted the engine in the carriage4 ,to do this they shortened the original reach of the carriage1 allowing the engine itself to become the rear continuation of the reach4 ,the four ears on the front1 or open end of the engine1 were bolted to the centrally located frame1 with the bearing blocks in between4 ,this frame1 the same one now in the vehicle1 was constructed of two pieces of angle iron1 riveted and brazed together4 ,greater rigidity was obtained by a number of half-inch iron rods running from the frame to both front and rear axles4 ,because of the absence of any mounting brackets on the engine casting itself1 a wooden block with a trough on top to receive the body of the engine was fitted between the engine and the axle1 while two ,u-shaped rods secured it with clip bars and nuts underneath4 ,beneath the flywheel was mounted the friction transmission of ,charles' design4 ,this consisted of a large drum1 perhaps #ab inches in diameter1 equal in length to the diameter of the flywheel and keyed to a shaft directly under the center of the crankshaft and parallel to the axles4 7,diameter of drum estimated by examination of existing features47 ,in view of the four projections of the frame extending downward and just in front of the jackshaft position1 it is likely that these supported the four jackshaft bearings4 ,being a bicycle manufacturer1 ,charles saw the need for a differential or balance gear4 ,accordingly1 he purchased from the ,pope ,manufacturing ,company a very light unit of the type formerly used on ,columbia tricycles1 and installed it somewhere on the jackshaft4 ,a small sprocket on each end of the shaft carried a chain from the larger sprockets clamped to the spokes of each rear wheel4 ,the lower surface of the flywheel had been machined so as to form a friction disc1 with a one-quarter inch depression #c inches in diameter turned in the center4 ,the drum was positioned so that its upper surface was one-quarter inch below the face of the flywheel4 ,hanging loosely around the drum was an endless belt1 one and one-half inches wide1 first made of rather soft rubber packing material4 ,the belt lay on the drum surface between the fingers of a shipper fork4 ,while it lay under the #c-;inch depression in the center of the flywheel1 the belt and the drum were at rest1 but when it was moved away from that depression the belt wedged itself tightly between the drum and flywheel1 the resulting friction causing the drum to turn and setting the vehicle into motion4 ,the farther the belt was moved toward the outer edge of the wheel1 the faster the drum and the vehicle moved4 ,in ,september #ahib1 ,charles1 who had contracted with a ,peoria1 ,illinois1 firm to have bicycle parts manufactured1 decided to move to that city4 ,departing on the #bb;d of ,september1 he did not return to ,springfield for over two years1 and thus was not able to participate in the completion and testing of the carriage4 ,at the time of his departure several units on the carriage were incomplete4 ,a carburetor had not been built1 nor had a satisfactory burner or belt-shifting device4 ,charles had experimented with various shifting levers just before leaving ,springfield3 however1 as he reported later1 he did not succeed in designing a workable mechanism4#ae ,frank ,duryea1 now left to finish the work unassisted1 continued the experiments with the belt shifter4 ,he finally worked out a fork mounted on a carriage that was supported by two rods1 each of which slid in two bearings4 ,although the short distance between the two bearings caused the shifter carriage to bind occasionally1 the device was thought to be sufficient and was installed just in front of the frame4 ,connected to a system of cables1 arms1 and rods1 possibly similar to the present cam-bar shifter1 the shipper-fork carriage was moved from side to side by raising or lowering the tiller4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #af4--;,,drawing of the carburetor used on both ,duryea engines1 #ahic-ahid1 showing sight feed on left and choke mechanism on right4 7,smithsonian photo #acdee47 ,turning now to an efficient burner for heating the ignition tube1 ,frank started with an ordinary wick-type kerosene lamp with a small metal tank4 ,wishing to use gasoline in the lamp1 he found it necessary to fabricate a number of burner units before he found a type that gave him a clean blue flame4 ,he then found the flame to be very sensitive to drafts and easily extinguished1 and devised a small shield or chimney to afford it some protection4 ,early in ,october1 while still working with the burner1 ,frank developed a severe headache4 ,he felt the fumes of the lamp had probably caused it1 and went to his room in the home of a ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,patrick on ,front ,street in ,chicopee4 ,after he noticed no improvement1 a doctor's examination showed he had typhoid fever1 and on ,october #e he was admitted to the ,springfield ,hospital4 ,here he remained for one month1 being discharged on ,november #e4 ,returning to his room he was informed that because of the fear that he might be a typhoid carrier1 the ,patricks preferred him to find other lodgings4 ,he readily accepted the invitation of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,d4 ,h4 ,nesbitt of ,chicopee to take a room with them4 ,after several weeks recuperation in their home1 he left ,springfield to visit his mother in ,wyoming1 ,illinois4 ,after a restful visit at home ,frank ,duryea returned to ,springfield and finished the work on his burner4 ,now only the lack of a carburetor prevented a trial of the vehicle4 ,he recalls that he studied several gasoline-engine catalogs and in one of them1 a ,fairbanks catalog he believes1#af he saw a design that seemed to suit his needs4 ,he decided to simplify the construction and operation of his carburetor and had a small bronze casting made to form the body of it4 ,inside was a gasoline chamber with two tapped openings1 one to receive a pipe from the #b-;gallon gasoline tank mounted above the engine1 the other taking a pipe to the overflow tank underneath the engine1 thus maintaining the gasoline level without the use of a float valve4 ,this latter tank had a hand pump on one end so that the overflow gasoline could at times be pumped again into the main tank4 ,gasoline passed from the carburetor chamber through a needle valve1 adjusted by a knob on top1 then through a tiny tube that entered the pipe leading to the intake valve4 ,it is not certain whether this intake pipe was at first fitted with the choke arrangement later used with the second engine4 ,frank1 hoping at last to be rewarded for his efforts by the sound of explosions from the engine1 was ready to give the carriage an indoor trial4 ,standing astraddle of the reach and facing to the rear1 he spun the flywheel with both hands1 taking care not to get his hands caught between the wheel and the frame4 ,his efforts were in vain1 as there was complete failure to obtain ignition4 ,he then made a new ignition tube1 nearly twice as long as the original #d-a_/b-;inch tube1 and turned down its wall as thin as he thought safety allowed4 ,the thinner wall did not conduct the heat off so rapidly and thus kept the tube hot enough to permit ignition4 ,after this slight change1 he was able to get a few occasional explosions but he does not now believe that the engine ever operated continuously4 ,each explosion was accompanied by a loud knock1 due1 undoubtedly1 to the movement of the free piston4 ,had the engine operated continuously1 it is likely that the action of the free piston would have shortly wrecked the engine4 ,further efforts appeared unwarranted until alterations could be made4 ,,all ,,agreements ,,contingent ,,upon ,,strikes1 ,,accidents ,,and ,,other ,,causes ,,beyond ,,our ,,control ,,cabl ,,address ,,motoduryea1 ,,philadelphia ,,westinghouse ,,and ,w4 ,u4 ,,codes ,,duryea ,,laboratories ,,chas4 ,e4 ,,duryea1 ,,consulting ,,eng',r ,,we ,,solv ,,mechanical ,,and ,,other ,,problems ,,tests1 ,,searches1 ,,opinions1 ,,expert ,,in ,,patent ,,suits4 ,,develop ,,inventions1 ,,assist ,,inventors #ce ,,yrs ,,experiens4 ,,heating1 ,,gas ,,engin1 ,,auto1 ,,etc4 ,,for ,,things ,,to ,,make ,,or ,,sel ,,consult ,,us ,a ,,prideworthy ,,record ,,of ,,things ,,accomplisht ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #cebh ,n4 #ah,,th ,,st4 ,dear ,mr ,mitman #bd ,nov #aibj ,on the train ,i had some time to puzzle over that car4 ,been working nights to make up time lost in the day so did not hav much4 ,i made a sketch for you but did not show the spring that holds the circuit breaker in contact with the spark point4 ,that thin finger was part of it4 ,a spring was wound spirally--not helically--around the projecting end of the breaker pivot and the end of the spring hookt over the thin finger4 ,see sketch herwith4 ,just how the central end of the spring wire was fastened to the square of the pivot ,i do not kno4 ,we did in some cases bore a hole thru and simply stick the spring thru but this put most of the action right at the bend in the wire and it broke quickly4 ,so in other cases we fitted a light grooved spool or pulley and wound the spring around this and so avoided a sharp bend4 ,if this was used it has been lost with the spring4 ,a couple generations of boys playing in that barn was too many4 ,the ,haynes steering sketch also worries me4 ,if that vertical post came up thru that slot in the floor the crank had to be long as the sketch shows in order to get over to the driver conveniently4 ,then if he tried to make a complete circle with it he could not reach far enuf forward to do it easily4 ,and he had to make a turn or two be cause ,h shows bevel gears of about same size so the post had to make same number of turns the worm made4 ,sketch herewith to illustrate my thought4 ,yrs for the historical facts ,chas4 ,e4 ,duryea ,illustration3 ,,figure #ag4--,,letter ,,explaining the circuit breaker spring and the brass projection on top of the ignition chamber4 ,mr4 ,mitman was1 at the time1 curator of engineering in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,the two pistons were first pinned together into a single unit which was probably ringless1 since it is believed the walls of the outer piston were too thin to admit rings4 ,because the piston no longer struck the exhaust valve1 a short rod had to be screwed into the pistonhead2 this pushed the valve shut at the completion of the exhaust stroke4 ,the remaining problem1 the opening of the exhaust valve1 was solved by screwing a device to the side of the cylinder which operated from the sidewise motion of the connecting rod4 ,this device shifted a small spacer between the piston and the striker arm of the exhaust-valve rod1 permitting the piston to push open the exhaust valve4 ,on alternating strokes the spacer shifted back out of the cylinder2 therefore1 no contact was made between piston and striker arm4 ,sometime in ,february #ahic1 the altered engine was successfully started4 ,at last the transmission could be tested4 ,will ,russell had come upstairs to watch the trial1 and according to a statement by him1 given ,april #cj1 #aibf1 ,frank1 standing to the right of the engine and behind the rear axle1 reached forward and with the combination tiller-belt-shifter1 moved the belt into driving position4 ,the carriage started forward1 but as it approached the wall of the building ,frank discovered that he could not get the belt back into the neutral position4 ,in desperation1 he grasped the rear axle with both hands and was dragged a short distance1 attempting to stop the machine1 before it struck the wall4 ,he had1 however1 sufficiently retarded it so that no damage was done4 ,this short trial demonstrated some of the weaknesses in the friction transmission4 ,since the speed of the surface of the flywheel1 in feet per second1 increased in proportion to the distance of the point of contact from the center1 the outer edge of the belt attempted to run faster than the inner edge4 ,this conflict of forces not only put an undue load on the motor causing a great loss of power1 but it also created a tendency for the belt to work towards the outer edge of the flywheel4 ,conversely1 when the operator desired to return the belt to neutral1 it strongly resisted any efforts to slide it toward the center of the wheel1 as ,frank had learned from the wall-bumping incident4 ,furthermore1 the rubber belt on the friction drum had worn so badly that it had to be replaced at least once during the brief experiments4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ah4--;,,ignition ,,chamber1 switch1 and breaker contacts of the present ,duryea engine4 ,at this point1 ,frank and ,markham felt that the carriage was anything but satisfactory4 ,while they were trying to decide what steps should be taken next1 ,frank added one last improvement to the engine4 ,fearing that the uncooled cylinder might suffer damage from the excessive heat1 he constructed a copper water jacket in two halves1 drew them together around the cylinder with clamping rings and soldered the seams4 ,asbestos packing sealed the end joints where the jacket contacted the cylinder4 ,thinking back1 ,frank does not recall that he ever used a water tank with this engine1 though he does remember adding water through the upper jacket opening4 ,the engine was run only for a few brief periods following this addition4 ,obviously this collection of patchwork could not fulfill their needs for an engine4 ,first1 it would be next to impossible to start if the body was placed on the running gear1 as the flywheel then would be practically inaccessible4 ,the absence of rings on the piston caused a further loss of power to the already overloaded engine4 ,the flywheel was too light4 ,the absence of any form of governor left the operator with no control over the engine speed4 ,ignition was poor1 partly owing to the hot-tube arrangement1 and partly to the excessive distance between the engine and the carburetor4 ,frank wrote his brother ,charles on ,february #fag that in his opinion the mixing chamber was so far from the engine that the gasoline could not be drawn into the cylinder as liquid1 and it was too cold to vaporize and go in as gas4 ,thus he had difficulty in getting the engine started4 ,when it did start the explosions were unmuffled4 ,less important to him than these defects1 however1 was the awkward and unsightly wooden engine mount4 ,description of the ,automobile ,sometime in the early part of ,march1 ,frank convinced ,markham that he could construct a new and practical engine1 using only previously tried mechanical principles4#ah ,drawing up new plans for this engine1 he took them to ,charles ,marshall who began work on the patterns for the new engine castings4 ,after the patterns had been delivered to the foundry1 ,frank left ,springfield for a short vacation in ,groton1 ,connecticut1 where he visited with his fiance4 ,on ,may #ag1 #ahic1 several weeks after his return to ,springfield1 they were married4 ,the engine castings were undoubtedly received from the foundry prior to ,frank ,duryea's marriage1 and the work of machining and assembling the parts went on through the spring and summer4 ,this engine1 still on the carriage in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 is cased with a water jacket1 and has bases on top to support the front and rear bearings of the starting crankshaft1 and a base with port on the upper right side where the exhaust-valve housing was to be bolted4 ,on the underside are two flanges1 forming a base for seating the engine on the axle4 ,a separate combustion chamber is cast and bolted to the head4 ,inside this chamber are located the igniter parts of ,frank's electric ignition system4 ,the fixed part1 an insulated electrode1 is screwed into the right side of the chamber and is connected with the ignition switch outside1 to which one of the ignition wires is attached4 ,a breaker arm inside is pinned to a small shaft extending through the top of the chamber4 ,around the breaker-arm shaft is a small coil spring 7originally a spiral spring1 according to the letter of ,charles ,duryea shown in fig4 #ag71 anchored below to a thin brass finger extending toward the right side of the car1 and above to a nut screwed tightly onto the shaft4 ,this nut is also the terminal for the other ignition wire4 ,the action of the spring keeps the breaker arm and the electrode in constant contact until the push rod on the end of the piston strikes the arm and separates the two parts4 ,breaking contact then produces the ignition spark4 ,since the mechanism would spark at the end of both the exhaust and compression strokes1 the battery current is conserved by a contact strip1 on the underside of the larger exhaust-valve gear1 by means of which the flow of current is cut off during the greater part of the cycle4 ,on the left side of the combustion chamber is bolted the housing containing the tiny intake valve4 ,a comparatively weak spring seats this valve in order that the suction created by the piston can easily pull it open4 ,clamped onto the valve housing is the intake pipe1 enclosing the choke and carrying the carburetor on its forward side4 ,the choke consists of two discs which block the pipe1 each with four holes at the edges and one in the center4 ,turning one disc by means of a small handle outside1 so that the four outer holes cannot coincide with those in the other disc1 decreases the flow of air and causes all air to rush through the center hole1 where the tiny carburetor tube passes through4 ,the present carburetor was transferred over from the first engine4 ,when ,frank later installed the engine on the carriage he noticed the close proximity of the intake pipe to the open end of the muffler4 ,believing that the fumes might choke the engine1 he attached a long sheet-metal tube to the intake pipe so that fresh air would be drawn in from a point farther forward on the vehicle4 ,moving to the right side of the engine brings the exhaust-valve assembly into view4 ,this valve is contained in a casting bolted over the exhaust port in the side of the cylinder1 and from the casting a pipe leads to the muffler underneath4 ,the valve is pushed open by a rod connected to a crank which is pinned to the lower end of a shaft carrying an iron gear on top4 ,this gear is in mesh with a fiber gear1 keyed to the upper end of the crankshaft1 with half the number of teeth4 ,this ratio permits the opening of the exhaust valve on every other revolution4 ,the crankshaft of the first engine was retained for the new engine1 thus giving the two engines the same stroke of #e-c_/h inches1 but the bore was increased slightly to #d-c_/h inches4 ,with this larger bore and with the engine speed increased to #ejj rpm1 ,frank rated this engine at #d hp4#ai ,a heavier flywheel1 with a governor resting in the upper recess1 was pressed onto the crankshaft4 ,as the operator of the vehicle had no control over the carburetor once he climbed into the seat1 this governor was necessary to maintain regular engine speed4 ,its function was to move a slide on the exhaust-valve unit to prevent the valve from closing4 ,thus the engine1 with the suction broken1 could not draw a charge on the next revolution4 ,during the recent restoration of this carriage it was found that while most parts are still intact1 nearly all of the governor parts are missing4 ,a description of them must therefore be based on the recollections of ,frank ,duryea1 along with certain evidences seen on the engine4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ai4--,,under ,,side of exhaust valve mechanism showing electrical contacts that give spark only on every other revolution4 ,just on top of the flywheel1 and surrounding the crankshaft1 rest two rings1 #c-g_/h inches in diameter4 ,into the opposing surfaces of these rings are cut a series of small inclined planes1 appertinent to each other4 ,on the outer circumference of the upper ring two pins pass through a pair of lugs mounted in the flywheel1 causing the ring to rotate with the flywheel1 yet permitting vertical movement4 ,underneath1 the other ring is allowed to turn slightly when1 by means of two connecting links1 the arms of the governor push against them4 ,these two arms1 each constructed like a right angle and pivoted at the apex1 are arranged directly opposite each other far out in the flywheel recess4 ,as a weight on one angle of the arm presses outward by centrifugal force against a spring1 the other angle presses inward against the connecting link mentioned above4 ,the turning of the lower set of inclined planes against the fixed set above raises the upper ring and the fork resting on it4 ,the upward movement of this fork1 which is a continuation of an arm pivoted to a bracket midway between the crankshaft and the slide carrying the exhaust valve stop1 causes the other end of the arm to drop1 pulling the slide down with it4 ,in this manner the closing of the exhaust valve is blocked1 preventing the intake of the next charge1 and therefore the engine misses one or more explosions until it slows to its normal speed4 ,a starting shaft is mounted above the engine casting by a cast-iron bracket on either end4 ,the front end of the shaft has a bevel gear which is held by a coil spring behind the front bracket1 just out of contact with a bevel gear pressed onto the upper end of the crankshaft4 ,the short rear portion of the shaft is a tube which slides over the main shaft4 ,fitting the removable handcrank to the squared end of the hollow shaft and turning the crank clockwise1 will advance the forward section of shaft through the medium of a pair of inclined collars4 ,with the bevel gears now engaged the engine may be cranked4 ,when ignition begins1 the inclined collars slide back down each other's surfaces1 the shaft is again shortened1 and its bevel gear springs free of the one on the crankshaft4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bj4--,,piston ,,and ,,connecting ,,rod of second engine4 ,screw on rod is where oil is poured into connecting rod to lubricate wrist pin and crankshaft4 ,while ,frank worked on his engine1 he realized that certain parts of the old running gear would need to be altered or replaced4 ,in view of the heavier and more powerful engine1 he felt the old wheels1 probably having compressed band hubs1 were inadequate4 ,he procured a set of new1 heavier wheels#bj with ,warner-type1 cast-iron reinforced hubs4 ,the angle iron frame1 apparently sturdy enough to carry the added weight1 was retained1 but it was decided to install a heavier rear axle4#ba ,the front axle assembly was at first allowed to remain unchanged1 as was the steering apparatus4 ,a short time later when the engine and friction transmission were bolted in place on the running gear1 ,frank saw that the rigidity of the framework had an undesirable effect4 ,when the vehicle passed over any unevenness in the shop floor1 the framework was distorted and caused the jackshaft bearings to bind tightly enough on the shaft to prevent its being turned by hand4 ,in order to provide the #c-point suspension necessary to eliminate this distortion1 ,frank attached the forward parts of the framework to an extra wooden spring bar1 installing between this bar and the front axle a vertical fifth wheel of the type ordinarily used in a horizontal position in any light carriage4 ,frank next calculated that with the faster running engine the speed of the vehicle would be about #ae miles an hour1 too much for the heavily loaded wheels4 ,as he intended to make use of the original transmission1 he decided to decrease the speed by increasing the size of the friction drum4 ,he accomplished this by sliding a heavy fiber tube over the original drum1 bringing its diameter to approximately #ad inches4 ,the original shipper fork carriage was improved by separating the original bearings to a greater distance1 and eliminating one of the two bearings on one end4 ,this permitted a smooth and free operation of the small sliding carriage4 ,in ,august #ahic1 possibly as a result of indoor experiments1 ,frank discovered that the chains running from the small #e-tooth#bb jackshaft sprockets to the large1 bronze1 wheel sprockets were tight at some times and loose at others4 ,this caused considerable unnecessary noise4 ,the difficulty apparently was the result of the sprockets being cast and not machined4 ,the patternmaker had said he believed he could make the pattern accurately enough so that no machining of the castings would be necessary4 ,nice castings were produced1 but these sprockets were the reason why an unusual construction was put on the crankshaft meaning jackshaft1 explained ,frank ,duryea during an interview at the ,national ,museum on ,november #i1 #aief4 ,elaborating further1 in reply to the queries of ,e4 ,a4 ,battison1 of the ,museum's division of engineering1 ,duryea told of the problem and the solution when he explained that the sprockets had places where the shrinkage was not even4 ,the hot metal1 contracting as it cooled1 did not seem to contract uniformly1 creating slightly unequal distances between teeth4 ,this resulted in the chain hanging quite loose in some places and in others the tightness prevented adjustment4 ,he contacted ,will ,russell1 foreman of the ,russell shop1 where the automobile was made1 and ,russell showed him a device1 built by ,george ,warwick1 who had made the ,warwick bicycle4 ,it was an internal-cut gear1 according to ,duryea's description1 with sprocket teeth on its periphery4 ,with sprockets outside and normal teeth inside1 the wheels were about #f inches in diameter1 externally4 ,these little internal-gear sprockets were hung on double-shrouded pinions secured to each end of the jackshaft4 ,a solid disc or housing fitted against both ends of the pinion to prevent the internal gear from working off sideways4 ,duryea explained the function of these unique little parts3 as soon as tension came on that ring gear that we talked about1 it not only tightened the chain hanging on this sprocket on the upper side1 but it tightened it on both sides4 ,the sprocket rocks right out3 both sides of the chain are tight4 ,this feature is one rarely encountered elsewhere1 and ,duryea1 later in the interview said1 ,to tell you the truth1 ,i think ,i was just a little bit ashamed about the thing1 because ,i had to pull it off4 ,i didn't like the looks of it after ,i got it on4 ,two small tanks1 each with a capacity of approximately two gallons1 were mounted over the engine in the positions they still occupy1 the one on the left for gasoline1#bc the other for water4 ,the small fitting under the gasoline tank has a thumbscrew shutoff and a glass-sight feed tube1 leading to the carburetor4 ,the water tank1 an inch longer than the gasoline tank1 communicates with the water jacket of the engine through two pieces of half-inch pipe1 entering the jacket from above and below4 ,the overflow tank1 holding just over a gallon1 is suspended between the rear axle and the flywheel4 ,a number of mufflers were constructed for the engine4#bd ,the first experimental one was built of wood1 being a box #f #f #ae inches with a hole for the exhaust pipe in one end and a series of small holes in the opposite end4 ,inside1 ,frank arranged metal plates which were somewhat shorter than the depth of the box4 ,every other one was attached to the bottom of the box2 the intermediate plates were fastened to the top4 ,this contrivance muffled the sound considerably1 but1 as might be expected1 soon began to smoke4 ,there can be little doubt that it was replaced before any of the outdoor trials began4 ,another type consisted of a cylindrical metal shell1 perhaps six inches in diameter and ten or twelve inches long4 ,here a series of perforated baffle plates were inserted1 with alternating solid plates having parts of their external edges cut away4 ,two bolts running the length of the muffler held on the cast-iron heads in a manner quite similar to the ,model-,t ,ford mufflers of later years4 ,though partially satisfactory1 ,frank1 in a ,november #f1 #aieg1 interview1 complained that it made a metallic sound4 ,perhaps this was the muffler he used from ,september to ,november #ahic4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ba4--;,,illustration ,,of ,,the ,,no4 #b ,,samson ,,battery used by the ,duryeas in their vehicle4 7,smithsonian photo #dfheh47 ,on ,august #bh ,frank wrote to ,charles saying the carriage was almost ready for the road and that he hoped to take it out for a test on the coming ,saturday1 off somewhere so no one will see us4444#be ,there is no evidence showing whether the amount of remaining work permitted the proposed trial on ,september #b4 ,the body was finally replaced on the running gear1 at which time it was found necessary to raise the seat cushion several inches by the insertion of a framework made of old crating boards4 ,this allowed sufficient room between the seat and the frame to suspend the batteries and coil4 ,six no4 #b ,samson batteries were contained in this space1 three on each side1 in rows parallel to the side of the vehicle4 ,the ,samson battery consisted of a glass jar containing a solution of ammonia salts and water1 with a carbon rod in the center1 housing a zinc rod4 ,it is difficult to understand why they used ,samson batteries rather than dry cells2 perhaps they were concerned with the mounting cost of the machine and were making use of parts already on hand4#bf ,a coil1 possibly from an old gaslight igniter system1 accompanied the ,samson batteries under the seat4 ,this original coil is now missing4 ,the iron dash frame1 previously recovered and provided with a rain apron to be pulled up over the knees in the event a heavy rain blew in under the carriage top1 was bolted back in place4 ,frank and ,mr4 ,markham gave the carriage a quick painting2 later ,frank admitted1 the machine never had a good job of painting4#bg ,before the motor wagon actually got onto the road1 a reporter on the ,springfield ,evening ,union got some statistics on it and an item appeared on ,september #af1 giving the first public notice of the machine4 ,,no ,,use ,,for ,,horses4 ,springfield ,mechanics ,devise a ,new ,mode of ,travel4 ,ingenious ,wagon ,now ,being ,made in ,this ,city for ,which the ,makers ,claim ,great ,things4 ,a new motor carriage1 which1 if the preliminary tests prove successful as is expected1 will revolutionize the mode of travel on highways1 and do away with the horse as a means of transportation1 is being made in this city4 ,it is quite probable that within a short time one may be able to see an ordinary carriage in almost every respect1 running along the streets or climbing country hills without visible means of propulsion4 ,the carriage is being built by ,j4 ,f4 ,duryea1 the designer and ,b4 ,f4 ,markham1 who have been at work on it for over a year4 ,the vehicle was designed by ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea1 a bicycle manufacturer of ,peoria1 ,ill41 and he communicated his scheme to his brother1 who is a practical machanic in this city4 ,the propelling power is furnished by a two-horse power gasoline motor situated near the rear axle and which1 when started1 runs continuously to the end of the trip1 notwithstanding the number of times the carriage may be stopped4 ,the speed of the motor is uniform1 being about #ejj revolutions a minute1 and is so arranged that it gives a multiplied power for climbing hills and the lower the rate of speed the greater power is furnished by the motor4 ,the slowest that the carriage can be driven is three miles an hour and the speed can be increased to fourteen or fifteen miles an hour4 ,the power is transferred from the driving wheel of the motor1 which runs horizontally with the main shaft by an endless friction belt running on a drum wheel4 ,the belt is controlled by a lever within easy reach of the driver and is shifted along the drum wheel to increase or decrease the speed4 ,the driving wheel is about twenty inches in diameter1 having in its center a depression to which the belt is shifted to stop the carriage4 ,the carriage can be reversed by shifting the belt from the end of the drum1 which gives the forward motion to the opposite side beyond the depression in the driving wheel4 ,the power which has been transferred to the driving shaft from the motor is in turn transferred to the two rear wheels of the carriage by a combination gear and sprockets4 ,an endless chain connects the sprockets on the carriage wheels to the sprocket wheels on the driving shaft4 ,all of the motive power is located under the body of an ordinary phaeton1 the hight of which is not increased by the machinery4 ,the motor is started by a crank which is easily applied to a shaft in the rear of the carriage and the gasoline is ignited in the cylinder by electricity4 ,an automatic device stops the flow of gasoline into the cylinder when the motor ceases running4 ,the gasoline is carried in tanks1 which hold about two gallons1 and which will run the carriage for about eight hours4 ,the wagon is guided by a bicycle bar1 and the speed is also controlled by this bar4 ,the method employed in this is as follows3 ,to start the carriage press the lever down2 to reverse it throw the lever up and to guide the wagon turn the lever either to the right or left4 ,the front axle instead of turning horizontally plays up and down1 in order that the machinery may be on a level with the rear wheels1 while the front wheels are set on the axle by a pivotal joint and are connected with the guiding lever by bars with ball bearings4 ,the carriage complete weighs about #bbj pounds1 and the essential features are already covered by patents while others are pending4 ,it is estimated that the carriages can be sold for about #djj1 and a stock company will probably be formed to manufacture them4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bb4--;,,from ,,the ,springfield ,evening ,union1 ,september #af1 #ahic4 ,toward the latter part of the following week1 ,frank was ready to give the product of his labors its first road trial4 ,on ,september #ba the completed carriage was rolled onto the elevator at ,russell's shop4 ,seeing that the running gear was too long for the elevator1 they raised the front of the machine1 resting the entire weight of #gej pounds on the rear wheels4 ,once outside the building1 they pushed it into an area between the ,russell and ,stacy buildings4 ,after dark1 so no one will see1 ,will ,bemis1 ,mr4 ,markham's son-in-law1 brought a horse and they pulled the phaeton out to his barn on ,spruce ,street4#bh ,there1 on ,spruce and ,florence ,streets the first tests were made4 ,the next day ,frank wrote his brother saying1 ,have tried it 7the carriage7 finally and thoroughly and quit trying until some changes are made4 ,belt transmission very bad4#bi ,engine all right4 ,he did admit the engine seemed to be well loaded most of the time4 ,he also had an idea in mind to replace the poor transmission1 explaining the plan to ,charles3 ,the three gears#cj on secondary shaft have friction clutches1 the two bevel gears on same shaft are controlled by a clutch which frees one and clutches the other at will4 ,this provides a reverse4 ,,primary ,,spark ,,coils4 ,,for ,,electric ,,gas ,,lighting4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dhcjd4 #h inch ,price1 each1 #c #bj #ejcjd4 #aj #c #gj #ebcjd4 #ab #d #cj #edcjd4 ,detached ,gas ,lighting ,relays #b #ge ,for ,spark ,coils with ,relay ,attachment1 add #b4ej to price for ,spark ,coil4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bc4--,,type ,,of ,,spark ,,coil the ,duryeas are believed to have used in their electrical circuit1 as shown in a catalog illustration4 7,smithsonian photo #dfheh-;,a47 ,the ,springfield ,evening ,union of ,september #bb carried a notice of the trial4 ,this report1 too1 commented on the faulty transmission and the plan already in ,frank's mind for the new transmission4 444 ,the friction belt allowed of the speed being steadily increased or diminished at the will of the driver and caused no sudden forward motion of the carriage1 but while this arrangement has many advantages it uses up the power so that the two-horse power furnished by the motor somewhat less than the rating ,frank gave the engine was reduced to less than three-fourths horse power on reaching the main shaft4 ,this would not be sufficient to propel the carriage up steep grades but would be sufficient to run the carriage on level road4 ,the inventors will do away with this belt in favor of a clamp gear and will make the drum wheel smaller4 ,by this means there will be very little power lost in transmission to the shaft and by a patented arrangement the carriage may be started gradually but the speed must be increased by shifting the clamp gear to a succession of gears on the driving wheel of the motor4 ,the speed of the carriage will be fixed permanently according to the size of the gear that the smaller one is shifted to4 ,the test of the machine with the gear arrangement will be made soon4 ,in ,october ,frank decided on another vacation and went to ,chicago to see the ,columbian ,exposition4 ,charles had come up from ,peoria to see the fair and the two talked over the progress on their motor wagon1 and discussed the transmission problem4 ,they gave particular attention to everything relating to engines and motor carriages1 and ,frank recalls seeing a ,daimler quadricycle that impressed him with its performance4#ca ,just what decisions the two might have made there are unknown1 yet it is likely that they agreed to give the old transmission one more chance to prove itself4 ,returning to ,springfield1 probably in the first week of ,november1 ,frank gave the friction drive its final test1 this time substituting a leather belt for the rubber one first used4#cb ,mr4 ,markham1 though intensely interested in the experiments1 apparently was dubious concerning the safety of the carriage4 ,it had no brakes1 and fearing failure of the transmission on a downgrade1 he was reluctant to ride in the machine4 ,on ,november #i he asked ,will ,bemis to try it for him4 ,the following day the ,springfield ,morning ,union gave a description of the run3 ,residents in the vicinity of ,florence street flocked to the windows yesterday afternoon astonished to see gliding by in the roadway a common top carriage with no shafts and no horse attached4 ,the vehicle is operated by gasoline and is the invention of ,erwin ,markham and ,j4 ,f4 ,duryea4 ,it has been previously described in ,the ,union and the trial yesterday was simply to ascertain the practical value of a leather friction surface which has been substituted for the rubber one previously used4 ,the vehicle1 which was operated by ,mr4 ,bemis1 started from the corner of ,hancock avenue and ,spruce street and went up the avenue1 up ,hancock street and started down ,florence street1 working finely1 but when about half-way down the latter street it stopped short1 refusing to move4 ,investigation showed that the bearing had been worn smooth by the friction and a little water sprinkled upon it put it in running condition again4 ,the rest of the trip was made down ,florence and down ,spruce street1 to the residence of the inventors4 ,they hope to have the vehicle in good working condition soon4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bd4--,,running ,,gear ,,of ,,duryea ,,vehicle1 showing the second engine and other parts as used in ,january #ahid4 ,the same evening1 the late edition ran a brief paragraph stating that the test was made to determine the value of a leather friction surface for propelling the wagon1 that had been substituted in place of the rubber surface1 used in the former test4 ,bemis1 according to ,frank ,duryea's recollection1 was not impressed with the performance of the machine1 saying the thing is absolutely useless1 and for a time it appeared that further support from ,markham would not be forthcoming4 ,frank1 believing eventual success to be near1 drew up plans showing his geared transmission1 and with these managed to gain ,markham's partial support4 ,money for material and use of the shop was to continue1 but ,frank was to complete the work on his own time4 ,now receiving no salary1 ,frank worked hurriedly on the transmission throughout late ,november1 ,december1 and the first two weeks of ,january4 ,first discarding the old friction drum and shaft1 and the shipper-fork carriage1 he bolted a rawhide bevel gear to the lower surface of the flywheel4 ,this turns two bevel gears1 in opposite directions1 on a countershaft directly underneath1 approximately in the position of the old jackshaft4 ,the right bevel gear is secured to the main countershaft on which two clutches are mounted1 one on each side of the crankshaft4 ,on a sleeve turning freely around the countershaft is mounted the reverse bevel gear and clutch4 ,three free-running clutch drums1 the right one carrying the high-speed gear1 the two on the left carrying the combination low speed and reverse gear between them1 complete the countershaft assembly4 ,the clutch assemblies are of ,frank ,duryea's design1 having internal arms1 expanding outward to press leather-faced shoes against the inner surface of the drum1 thus securing the drum and its gear to the shaft4 ,behind this machinery is the jackshaft with its small differential on the right1 two laminated rawhide gears#cc meshing with the iron gears of the countershaft1 and the internal-gear sprockets hanging on the small pinions at either end4 ,a sliding cam bar1 mounted nearly in the position of the former shipper-fork carriage1 is operated by the vertical movement of the tiller handle to engage any one of the three clutches4 ,with the tiller depressed1 the vehicle is in reverse4 ,elevating it slightly puts it into low gear1 and raising it still higher runs the machine at its highest speed4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #be4--;,,half ,,of ,,jackshaft1 showing rawhide gears1 double shrouded pinion and half of the ,columbia differential4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bf4--;,,half ,,of ,,jackshaft showing double-shrouded pinion and half of the ,columbia differential4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bg4--;,,cam ,,bar ,,in ,,foreground1 operated by tiller1 actuates the various clutches of the transmission4 ,the overflow gasoline tank with the hand pump can be seen in the rear4 ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,office4 ,,charles ,e4 ,,duryea1 ,,of ,,peoria1 ,,illinois4 ,,road-,,vehicle4 ,,specification forming part of ,letters ,patent ,no4 #edj1fdh1 dated ,june #aa1 #ahie4 ,application filed ,april #cj1 #ahid4 ,serial ,no4 #eji1dff4 7,no model47 ,to all whom it may concern3 ,be it known that ,i1 ,,charles ,e4 ,,duryea1 a citizen of the ,united ,states1 residing at ,peoria1 in the county of ,peoria and ,state of ,illinois1 have invented new and useful ,improvements #e in ,road-,vehicles1 of which the following is a specification4 ,the object of this invention is to produce a road vehicle which shall be self-propelled1 not unduly heavy1 simple and easy of control and #aj comparatively inexpensive1 together with such minor objects as will become hereinafter apparent4 ,the invention more particularly relates to the construction and arrangement of parts for #ae constituting the driving gearing and to the means for controlling the action thereof2 to an improved manner of mounting the front1 or steering1 wheels upon the front axle1 and of mounting the said axle relative to the running #bj gear frame1 and to the means for effecting the steering2 to the appliances for the support of the motor and driving mechanism in an advantageous and efficient manner1 and1 generally1 to improved and simplified details #be of construction throughout the vehicle1 all as will hereinafter be rendered more apparent1 and the invention consists in constructions and combinations of parts1 all substantially as will hereinafter fully appear and be set #cj forth in the claims4 ,reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings1 in which-- ,figure #a is a sectional elevation from front to rear of the improved road-vehicle4 ,fig4 #b is #ce a plan view of the running and driving gear1 the vehicle-body being understood as removed4 ,fig4 #c is a front elevation of the vehicle4 ,fig4 #d is a perspective view of the support and suspension devices for the driving mechanism4 #dj ,fig4 #e is a vertical sectional view1 longitudinally1 through the shiftable driving-gear1 the controlling devices employed in conjunction with this mechanism being seen in side elevation4 ,figs4 #f and #g show the above-mentioned #de controlling devices as in operative relations differing the one from the other and also from that of ,fig4 #e4 ,similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all of the views4 #ej ,the parts will now be described in detail with reference to said drawings1 and ,a represents the body which is spring supported on the frame1 ,b1 of the running gear4 ,this frame1 as shown1 is rectangular1 and has the #ee body-supporting springs1 ,b#b1 similar to those found in common carriages4 ,this frame has1 affixed thereto1 at its rear ends1 sleeves1 a1 a1 which loosely embrace the rear wheel axle1 ,d1 which is the driven axle of the vehicle4 ,the #fj axle1 ,e1 for the front wheels is centrally secured to the running gear frame1 ,b1 by the horizontal king-bolt1 b1 whereby such axle may have a swinging movement relative to the frame in a vertical plane1 but it has no #fe swinging movement horizontally1 the wheels being swivel-mounted on the ends of this axle peculiarly1 as will shortly hereinafter be set forth4 ,the body1 as shown1 is in the form of an #gj inverted box1 the motor1 ,h1 and driving gear being accommodated within the downwardly opening inclosure constituted thereby1 and the body also has the upwardly open box-like forward extension1 or pit1 ,a#b1 for the accommodation #ge of the feet of the rider1 the rider's seat being constituted by the top forward portion of the box body4 ,some other suitable design of body may1 of course1 be used in lieu of this one shown4 #hj ,the front wheels1 d1 d1 are hung to the front axle1 ,e1 so that the center of each wheel base is in a line coincident with the axis of the pivotal connection which is provided between the journals for the wheels and the axle1 which #he arrangement practically destroys any tendency to deflection from the course that might otherwise arise from striking an obstacle1 and so renders the steering easier4 ,in order to effect this the axle is formed with yoked #ij ends1 the yoke members1 f1 f1 being above and below the longitudinal line of the axle4 ,the short journal1 g1 shown for each wheel1 has at its inner end an upwardly and downwardly extended arm1 h1 which is return-bent to be #ie loosely embraced by the axle yoke1 f1 f4 ,the cone pointed screws1 c1 passed through the yoke members1 f1 and into sockets therefor in the arms1 h1 of the journals1 g1 constitute the means for the swivel connection between said #ajj parts4 ,the lock-nuts1 c#b1 manifestly1 are employed with utility in this connection4 ,it will be perceived that inasmuch as in the arrangement shown1 the pivotal connections 7,no ,model47 #d ,sheets--,sheet #b4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,duryea4 ,,road ,,vehicle4 ,no4 #edj1fdh4 ,patented ,june #aa1 #ahie4 ,fig4 #b4 ,witnesses3 ,j4 ,d4 ,garfield ,k4 ,i4 ,clemons ,inventor1 ,chas4 ,e4 ,duryea by ,chaprictlo ,attys4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bh4--;,a ,,drawing ,,and ,,the ,,first ,,page of the specifications of the first patent issued to ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea4 ,it can be readily seen that this drawing was not made after the plan of the first vehicle4 ,as the work moved nearer completion ,frank realized that the final tests would have to be conducted on roads made icy by falling snows4 ,he had considerable doubt whether the narrow iron tires would have enough traction to move the phaeton4 ,soon he devised an expedient for this situation1 communicating to ,charles on ,december #bb that he was having ,jack ,swaine a local blacksmith make a couple of clutch rims so we can get over this snow and ice4444 ,our detachable rims referred to will be of #a_/h iron #a-c_/d wide and drawn together at one point by two screws1 one on either side of felloe4 ,it will be studded with calks in two rows4#cd ,illustration3 ,,figure #bi4--,,mr4 ,,and ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,,duryea examining vehicle in the ,smithsonian ,institution before restoration4 ,january #ah1 #ahid1 was a day of triumph for ,frank ,duryea4 ,writing ,charles about his success the next day he said1 ,took out carriage again last night and gave it another test about #i o'clock4 ,the only difficulty he mentioned was a slight irregularity in the engine1 caused by the tiny leather pad in the exhaust-valve mechanism falling out4#ce ,speaking of this trip1 ,frank recalled in #aief3 ,when ,i got this car ready to run one night1 ,i took it out and ,i had a young fellow with me2 ,i thought ,i might need him to help push in case the car didn't work4444 ,we ran from the area of the shop where it was built down on ,taylor ,street4 ,we started out and ran up ,worthington ,street hill1#cf on top of what you might call the ,bluff in ,springfield4 ,then we drove along over level roads from there to the home of ,mr4 ,markham who lived with his son-in-law1 ,will ,bemis1 and there we refilled this tank with water4 ,at this point he was asked if it was pretty well emptied by then4 ,yes1 ,i said in my account of it that when we got up there the water was boiling furiously4 ,well1 no doubt it was4 ,we refilled it and then we turned it back and drove down along the ,central ,street hill and along ,maple1 crossed into ,state ,street1 dropped down to ,dwight1 went west along ,dwight to the vicinity where we had a shed that we could put the car in for the night4 ,during that trip we had run1 ,i think1 just about six miles1 maybe a little bit more4 ,that was the first trip with this vehicle4 ,it was the first trip of anything more than a few hundred yards that the car had ever made4 ,,duryea ,,automobile ,,built ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,and ,c4 ,e4 ,,duryea #ahic ,u4,s4 ,,national ,,museum ,,cat4 #cjg1aii ,,smithsonian ,,institution ,,sept4 #aifj ,a4 ,a4 ,,balunek ,now ,frank could give demonstration rides with the motor carriage1 hoping to encourage more investors to back future work4 ,cautious ,mr4 ,markham finally got his ride1 though ,frank had to assure him that the engine of the brakeless vehicle would hold them back on any hill they would descend4 ,the carriage on which he had spent so many hours was to see little use after that4 ,its total mileage is probably less than a hundred miles4 ,little additional work is known to have been performed on the carriage after ,january #ahid2 there is1 however1 a letter#cg ,frank sent his brother on ,january #ai which tells of contemplated muffler improvements4 ,another message was dispatched to ,charles on ,march #bb1 mentioning the good performance of the phaeton on ,harrison ,avenue hill4#ch ,this was possibly the last run of the machine1 for no further references have been discovered4 ,frank spent the months of ,february and ,march in preparing drawings1 some of which accompanied their first patent application1#ci while others were to be used in the construction of an improved1 #b-;cylinder carriage4 ,work on the new machine started in ,april4 ,the old phaeton1 in the absence of used-car lots1 was put into storage in the ,bemis barn4#dj ,later1 on the formation of the ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company in #ahie1 it was removed to the barn of ,d4 ,a4 ,reed1 treasurer of the company4#da ,there it remained until #aibj1 when it was obtained by ,inglis ,m4 ,uppercu and presented to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aifg ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #cj cents ,footnotes3 #a ,s4 ,h4 ,,oliver1 ,automobiles and ,motorcycles in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bulletin #bac1 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #aieg71 p4 #bd4 #b ,g4 ,r4 ,,doyle1 ,the ,world's ,automobiles 7,london3 ,temple ,press ,limited1 #aiei71 p4 #fg4 #c ,recorded interview with ,frank ,duryea in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,november #i1 #aief4 #d ,charles ,duryea's statement to ,springfield ,daily ,republican1 ,april #ad1 #aicg4 #e ,,frank ,,duryea1 ,america's ,first ,automobile 7,springfield1 ,mass43 ,donald ,macaulay1 #aidb71 p4 #d4 #f ,letter from ,charles ,duryea to ,alfred ,reeves1 ,march #be1 #aibj2 copy in ,museum files4 #g ,history notes dictated by ,charles ,e4 ,duryea in the office of ,david ,beecroft1 editor of ,automobile ,trade ,journal1 on ,january #aj1 #aibe4 ,copy in ,museum files4 ,hereinafter1 these notes are referred to as history4 #h ,frank ,duryea in statement made to the ,senate ,committee on ,public ,administration of ,massachusetts1 ,february #i1 #aieb4 #i ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #f4 #aj ,copy of contract in ,museum files4 #aa ,affidavit of ,william ,rattman1 ,march #ai1 #aidc1 states that the ,russell ledgers give that date4 #ab ,recorded interview with ,frank ,duryea in ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,november #f1 #aieg4 #ac ,letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecroft1 ,november #ae1 #aibd2 copy in ,museum files4 #ad ,letter from ,charles ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,march #ba1 #aibb2 copy in ,museum files4 #ae ,see history 7footnote #g71 p4 #f4 #af ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #h4 #ag ,copy of letter in ,museum files4 #ah ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ab4 #ai ,letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,charles ,duryea1 ,november #c1 #ahic1 states that the engine could be run at #gjj as well as #ejj rpm4 ,copy in ,museum files4 #bj ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ad4 ,also in letter from ,charles ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,january #aa1 #aibb2 copy in ,museum files4 #ba ,letter from ,charles ,duryea to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman1 ,january #aa1 #aibb2 also letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecroft1 ,november #ae1 #aibd4 ,copies in ,museum files4 #bb ,letter from ,charles ,duryea to ,f4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,december #e1 #aicf1 says he thought they had five teeth4 ,copy in ,museum files4 #bc ,frank later wrote his brother1 ,january #ahid1 that he fixed the tank so it would not draw sediment from the bottom4 ,copy of letter in ,museum files4 #bd ,the number of mufflers ,frank ,duryea constructed is not known4 ,he wrote ,charles1 ,december #bb1 #ahic1 that he will try a new muffler also4 #be ,selden ,patent ,evidence1 vol4 #i1 p4 #aaj4 #bf ,see history 7footnote #g71 p4 #b4 ,charles wrote1 ,some parts of these referring to the batteries1 like the jars1 ,i had on hand for six or eight years1 and did not need to buy4 #bg ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 #bh ,ibid41 p4 #ae #bi ,frank stated in this letter that the friction drum originally had two belts1 forward and reverse1 but since they tended to foul each other1 he removed the reverse belt and left the other to serve for both directions4 ,how the shipper fork might have handled two belts is not understood4 #cj ,as actually constructed there are only two gears on the secondary shaft4 ,he obviously discovered that one gear secured to two clutches would serve for both forward and reverse4 ,space was also limited4 #ca ,recorded interview with ,frank ,duryea in ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,november #i1 #aief4 #cb ,letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,charles ,duryea1 ,november #h1 #ahic4 ,copy in ,museum files4 #cc ,frank ,duryea1 in a recorded interview in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum on ,november #f1 #aieg1 said that he believed these had been purchased from ,rochester ,rawhide ,company4 #cd ,letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,charles ,duryea1 ,december #bb1 #ahic4 ,also letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,david ,beecroft1 ,november #ae1 #aibd4 ,copies in ,museum files4 #ce ,telling of the first use of the car in later days1 ,frank ,duryea mentions the many noises and vibrations that accompanied the trip3 the vibrating tiller1 the tinny sounding muffler1 the clattering chains4 ,he later reported speeds of #c mph in low gear and #h mph in high gear4 #cf ,letter from ,frank ,duryea to ,charles ,duryea1 ,jan4 #ai1 #ahid1 says they went up hill via ,summer and ,armor ,streets1 then out ,walnut to ,bemis' at ,central ,street ,school4 #cg ,the letter read3 ,i have designed a new muffler and we will proceed to make it before long1 in a day or two4 ,instead of one shell #a_/h-;inch thick ,i shall put a shell #a_/af-;inch thick inside another of equal thickness1 but about #a inch greater diameter i4e41 one chamber within another so as to cause sound to turn corners to get out4 ,still another shell will be added if it prove insufficient1 making it turn about again--taking care in each case to give ample room for expansion--outer one need not be more than #a_/cb inch possibly4 ,will let two threaded rods with nuts hold heads on both or on three cases1 if the #c;d be essential4 #ch ,this letter gives further proof that the car never had a brake4 ,frank said the car came back down the hill with no brake1 but that the engine held the vehicle back4 #ci ,,duryea1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #cg4 #dj ,it is possible that a few parts were removed at this time to be used on the two-cylinder car4 ,the muffler may have been one of these1 and even more likely1 the governor parts4 ,charles ,duryea wrote to ,c4 ,w4 ,mitman ,december #bg1 #aiba1 stating that his younger brother ,otho and a ,henry ,wells had put in a battery and gasoline in #ahig and started the engine4 ,because the chains were not on the car they could not attempt to operate it2 but the engine ran too fast1 and finally something broke1 probably the engine frame1 found to be broken during the recent restoration4 ,charles thought the engine ran too fast because some of the governor parts were already missing4 #da ,recorded interview with ,frank ,duryea in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,november #i1 #aief4 ,on the formation of the ,duryea ,motor ,wagon ,company1 ,mr4 ,markham was rewarded for his part of the venture4 ,he had invested nearly #cjjj in the work1 and sold out his rights in the company for approximately a #bjjj profit4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by underscore4 ,the text contained in several of the illustrations1 which has been transcribed for this text file1 is indicated by text4 ,superscript characters are enclosed in brackets x4 ,additional spacing after some of the quotes is intentional to indicate both the end of a quotation and the beginning of a new paragraph as presented in the original text4 ,letters printed upside down were corrected silently4 ,misprint he corrected to the 7page #h74