,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cb ,,^w ,,/udy ,,& ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,a ,,prim] ( ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,words ,,_! ,,relations ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,educational ,,director ,,unit$ ,,typo!t ,,( ,,am]ica ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,,preface ,?is volume1 & ^? :i* foll[ x 9 ,"p ,,vi ( ?is s]ies1 is a compilation f v>i\s s\rces4 ,! occasion does n call = an orig9al treatise1 b x does call = some?+ some:at diff]5t f exi/+ text-books4 ,! books prep>$ = s*ool use are too academic & too little relat$ to ! specific ne$s ( ! appr5tice to s]ve ! turn ( ^? = :om ?is book is int5d$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! books = writ]s & pr9t]s are z a rule too advanc$ = ! be/ s]vice to ! beg9n]4 ,! au?ors ( ?is ,"p1 !re=e1 h tri$ to compile f a wide range ( au?orities su* mat]ial z w\ld be suit$ to ! ne$s & ! exp]i5ce ( ! "y appr5tice4 ,! ,rules = ! ,use & ,arrangem5t ( ,words are tak5 ) "s modifications f ,h[ to ,write ,cle>ly1 ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,bo/on2 ,rob]ts ,bros4 ,?is is a v excell5t little book b is n[1 ,i believe1 out ( pr9t4 ,! tables ( irregul> v]bs are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ,engli% ,gramm> = ,common ,s*ools1 ,rob]t ,c4 & ,?omas ,metcalf1 ,new ,york2 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 ,! /ud5t is recomm5d$ to /udy "s good gramm> ) great c>e4 ,!re are _m good gramm>s4 ,! "o us$ 9 ! s*ools 9 ! appr5tice's locality w probably d z well z any4 ,! /ud5t %\ld le>n to use ! diction>y intellig5tly & %\ld accu/om himself to us+ x freely & frequ5tly4 ,! /ud5t %\ld also le>n to use words correctly & freely4 ,!re are _m good books devot$ to ! /udy ( words1 "s ( :i* ought to be easily available4 ,"o ( ! late/ & "o ( ! be/ is ,putnam's ,^w ,book publi%$ by ,putnams1 ,new ,york4 ,x co/s ab\t a doll> & a half4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction3 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,subject #a ,,! ,,^w ,,families #a ,,n\ns #b ,,adjectives #e ,,articles #h ,,v]bs #h ,,pron\ns #ae ,,adv]bs #af ,,prepositions #ag ,,conjunctions #ag ,,int]jections #ah ,,g5]al ,,notes #ah ,,rules ,,= ,,correct ,,writ+ #bj ,,! ,,s5t5ce #ba ,,! ,,p>agraph #ba ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,words #bb ,,common ,,errors ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,words #bd ,,tables ,,( ,,irregul> ,,v]bs #dj ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ #dg ,,review ,,que/ions #dh ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms #eb ,,^w ,,/udy ,,& ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,importance ( ! ,subject ,^w /udy & ,engli% gramm> are important to ! "y pr9t] = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 disreg>d ( ! correct use & comb9ation ( words is a di/9ct m>k ( inf]iority & a s]i\s b> to bus9ess & social advancem5t4 ,a man's use ( words is commonly tak5 z a measure ( 8 k & ev5 ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,c>elessness 9 ?is reg>d (t5 causes a man to be held 9 mu* less e/eem ?an he really des]ves4 ,9 ! second place1 x is q z important t ! pr9t] %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! words & s5t5ces :i* he puts on pap] z x is t he %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! pap] on :i* he puts !m1 or ! type1 ink1 & press by means ( :i* he puts !m !re4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 k ( words & _! uses is indisp5sable to correct pro(read+ :i* is itself a bran* ( ! pr9t]'s craft4 ,a work+ k ( words & _! relations1 t is1 ( rhetoric & gramm> is !re=e a tool & a v important tool ( ! pr9t]4 ,?is little book is n int5d$ to be ei!r a rhetoric or a gramm>4 ,x is only int5d$ to review "s ( ! simple/ pr9ciples ( bo? subjects1 to po9t out a few ( ! commone/ mi/akes1 & to %[ ! importance to ! appr5tice ( ! c>eful /udy & con/ant use ( "s ( ! _m books on words1 _! comb9ations1 & _! uses4 ,! ,^w ,families ,all ! words 9 ! ,engli% language belong to "o or ano!r ( n9e families1 ea* ( :i* family has a special duty4 ,if y w always rememb] to :i* family a ^w belongs & j :at t family does1 y w be sav$ f _m v common errors4 ,^! n9e families are3 #a1 n\ns2 #b1 adjectives2 #c1 articles2 #d1 v]bs2 #e1 pron\ns2 #f1 adv]bs2 #g1 prepositions2 #h1 conjunctions2 #i1 int]jections4 ,?is ord] ( enum]ation is n exactly ! same z w be f\nd 9 ! gramm>s4 ,x is us$ "h because x indicates r\ghly ! ord] ( ! appe>ance ( ! n9e families 9 ! logical developm5t ( language4 ,"s =ms ( int]jections1 h[ev]1 may v probably h prec$$ any language prop]ly s call$4 ,n\ns ,a n\n is a ^w us$ z ! "n ( any?+ t c be ?\ght (1 ,john1 boy1 pap]1 cold1 fe>1 cr[d4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s ab\t a n\n :i* indicate its relation to o!r words1 its numb]1 its g5d]1 & its case4 ,!re are two numb]s1 s+ul> mean+ "o1 & plural mean+ m ?an "o4 ,! plural is g5]ally =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>4 ,!re are a small numb] ( n\ns :i* =m _! plurals diff]5tly1 m\se1 mice2 *ild1 *ildr52 foot1 feet4 ,^! mu/ be le>n$ individually f a diction>y or spell+ book4 ,!re are "s n\ns :i* und]go *anges 9 ! f9al syllable :5 ! s is add$1 tor*1 tor*es2 /aff1 /aves2 fly1 flies4 ,^! also mu/ be le>n$ individually4 ,!re are "s n\ns :i* h no s+ul>1 su* z cattle1 clo!s1 "s :i* h no plural1 su* z physics1 hone/y1 news1 & "s :i* are ! same 9 bo? s+ul> & plural1 su* z de]1 tr\t1 s]ies4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! use ( ^! n\ns1 z 9 "s cases _! appe>ance is mislead+1 e4 g41 ma!matics1 physics1 & ! l are s+ul> n\ns hav+ no plural1 b ow+ to _! =m !y are (t5 mi/ak5 = plurals4 ,comp\nd n\ns1 t is to say1 n\ns =m$ by ! comb9ation ( two or ?ree words :i* jo9tly express a s+le idea1 g5]ally *ange ! pr9cipal ^w 9 ! =m+ ( ! plural1 hang]s-on1 ink roll]s1 b 9 a few cases bo? words *ange1 = example1 m5-s]vants4 ,^! =ms mu/ be le>n$ by obs]vation & practice4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 t !y be ?or\ghly le>n$ & correctly us$4 ,d n make su* mi/akes z bro!r-9-laws1 man-s]vants4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important use ( numb] is 9 ! relation betwe5 ! n\n & ! v]b4 ,! v]b z well z ! n\n has numb] =ms & ! numb] ( ! n\n us$ z subject %\ld always agree ) t ( ! v]b ) :i* x is connect$4 ,su* expressions z pigs is pigs1 h[ be y8 & ! l1 are among ! mo/ m>k$ evid5ces ( ignorance to be f\nd 9 common spee*4 ,:5 ?is p>agraph 0 orig9ally writt5 a gr\p ( high s*ool boys 7 play+ football "u ! writ]'s w9d[4 ,scraps ( _! talk =c$ !mselves ^u 8 att5tion4 ,almo/ inv>iably su* expressions z y 01 !y 01 he don't1 x a9t1 & ! l took ! place ( ! correspond+ correct =ms ( spee*4 ,collective n\ns1 t is ! n\ns :i* indicate a consid]able numb] ( units consid]$ z a :ole1 su* z h]d1 cr[d1 congress1 pres5t "s difficulties because ! idea ( ! individuals 9 ! collection int]f]es ) ! idea ( ! collection itself4 ,! collective n\ns call = ! s+ul> =m ( ! v]b except :]e ! ?\ght applies to ! individual p>ts ( ! collection r ?an to ! collection z a :ole1 = in/ance1 we say1 ,! cr[d looks l>ge4 b we say1 ,! cr[d look happy4 because 9 "o case we are ?9k+ ( ! cr[d & 9 ! o!r ( ! p]sons :o compose ! cr[d4 ,s 9 speak+ ( a committee1 we may say ,! ,committee ?9ks t a c]ta9 ?+ %\ld be done4 or t ,! ,committee ?9k t a c]ta9 ?+ %\ld be done4 ,! fir/ phrase w\ld indicate t ! committee _h consid]$ & act$ on ! subject & ! /atem5t repres5t$ a =mal decision4 ,! second phrase w\ld indicate ! individual op9ions ( ! memb]s ( ! committee :i* might be 9 agreem5t b _h n be5 express$ 9 =mal action4 ,9 d\btful cases x is saf] to use ! plural4 ,entire accuracy 9 ^! cases is n altoge!r easy4 ,z 9 ! case ) all ! nice po9ts ( usage x requires practice & cont9ual self-obs]vation4 ,by ^! means a sort ( language s5se is develop$ :i* makes ! use ( ! "r ^w in/9ctive4 ,x is some:at analog\s to t s5se :i* w enable an exp]i5c$ bank tell] to ?r[ out a c\nt]feit bill in/9ctively :5 runn+ ov] a l>ge pile ( curr5cy ev5 ?\gh he may be at "s pa9s to prove its badness :5 *all5g$ to %[ ! reason = its rejection4 ,! "y /ud5t %\ld n p]mit himself to be disc\rag$ by ! app>5t difficulty ( ! task ( =m+ ! habit ( correct spee*4 ,x is habit & rapidly becomes easi] aft] ! fir/ ef=ts4 ,! relation ( a n\n to a v]b1 to ano!r n\n1 or to a preposition is call$ its case4 ,!re are ?ree cases call$ ! nom9ative1 objective1 & possessive4 ,:5 ! n\n does some?+ x is 9 ! nom9ative case & is call$ ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,! man cuts4 ,:5 ! n\n has some?+ done to x x is 9 ! objective case & is call$ ! object ( ! v]b4 ,! man cuts pap]4 ,:5 a n\n dep5ds on a preposition1 x is also 9 ! objective case & is call$ ! object ( ! preposition4 ,! pap] is cut by ma*9]y4 ,! preposition on :i* a n\n dep5ds is (t5 omitt$ :5 n ne$$ = cle>ness4 ,! =eman gave 7to7 ! m5 a holiday4 ,he came 7on7 ,sunday4 ,ne> 7to7 ! press4 ,he 0 t5 m9utes late 7late by t5 m9utes74 ,he is #ah ye>s old 7old by or to ! ext5t ( #ah ye>s74 ,! nom9ative & objective cases ( n\ns d n diff] 9 =m4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by _! positions 9 ! s5t5ce & _! relations to o!r words4 ,:5 "o n\n owns ano!r ! "o own+ is 9 ! possessive case4 ,! man's pap] is cut4 ,! possessive case is %[n by ! =m ( ! n\n4 ,x is =m$ by add+ s prec$$ by an apo/rophe to ! nom9ative case1 ?us1 ,john's hat4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce ( usage reg>d+ ! =mation ( ! possessives ( n\ns end+ 9 s 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! g5]al rule is to proce$ z 9 o!r n\ns by add+ ! apo/rophe & ! o!r s z ,james's hat4 ,de,vinne advises foll[+ ! pronunciation4 ,:]e ! second s is n pron\nc$1 z (t5 happ5s to avoid ! prolong$ hiss+ s\nd ( ano!r s1 he recomm5ds omitt+ x 9 pr9t4 ,moses' hat1 = ,moses's hat4 ,= consci5ce' sake4 ,plural n\ns end+ 9 s add ! apo/rophe only2 end+ 9 o!r lett]s !y add ! apo/rophe & s l s+ul> n\ns1 ! ,jones' h\se1 ! *ildr5's toys4 ,! possessive pron\ns nev] take ! apo/rophe4 ,we say h]s1 !irs1 its4 ,x's is an abbreviation = x is4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 =m+ ! possessives ( phrases conta9+ n\ns 9 apposition1 or simil> comp\nd phrases4 ,we %\ld say ,i call$ at ,br[n ! pr9t]'s or s9ce ,william ! ,conqu]or's "t4 ,adjectives ,an adjective is a ^w us$ to qualify1 limit1 or def9e a n\n1 or a ^w or phrase :i* has ! value ( a n\n4 ,n\ns are ord9>ily v g5]al & indef9ite 9 mean+1 = example1 man conveys only a v g5]al idea4 ,to make t idea def9ite we ne$ ! help ( "o or m descriptive words su* z black1 tall1 /\t1 good4 ,i saw a man4 gives no def9ite idea ( ! p]son se54 ,i saw a tall1 ?91 d>k1 old man4 pres5ts a v def9ite picture4 ,x w be not$ t ^! descriptive words h a way ( =m+ comb9ations among !mselves4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t all ! words ?us us$ describe ! n\n4 ,adjectives are sometimes us$ z sub/itutes = n\ns4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m v]bal %ort cuts 9 :i* ! ,engli% language ab\nds4 ,! good die "y means good p die "y4 ,we %\ld seek ! good & beautiful means we %\ld seek good or beautiful ?+s1 or p]sons1 or qualities1 or p]haps ev]y?+ good & beautiful4 ,:5 adjectives indicate a quality !y h ?ree =ms call$ degrees indicat+ ! ext5t or am\nt ( ! quality possess$ by ! n\n especially z comp>$ ) o!r objects ( ! same sort1 a big man1 a bigg] man1 ! bigge/ man4 ,^! degrees are call$ positive1 indicat+ possession ( bigness2 comp>ative1 indicat+ possession ( m bigness ?an "s o!r man2 sup]lative1 indicat+ possession ( m bigness ?an any o!r man4 ,:5 we wi% to tell ! am\nt ( ! quality )\t comp>+ ! possessor ) any o!r object or gr\p ( objects we use a modify+ ^w lat] to be describ$ call$ an adv]b4 ,i saw a v big man1 indicates t ! man possess$ mu* bigness1 b makes no comp>ison ) any o!r man or gr\p ( m54 ,comp>ison is g5]ally indicat$ 9 two ways1 fir/1 by add+ to ! adjectives ! t]m9ations er & e/ z high1 high]1 highe/1 or1 second1 by us+ ! words m & mo/1 z spl5did1 m spl5did1 mo/ spl5did4 ,! "q :i* ( ! two me?ods %\ld be us$ is n always easy to decide4 ,x dep5ds some:at on usage & on euphony or agreeabl5ess ( s\nd4 ,adjectives ( ?ree or m syllables use ! long =m1 t is1 ! additional ^w4 ,we %\ld n say beautiful] or beautifule/4 ,adjectives ( two syllables may (t5 be comp>$ ei!r way2 = example1 x w\ld be equally correct to say nobl] & noble/ or m noble & mo/ noble4 ,an example ( ! influ5ce ( euphony may be f\nd 9 ! adjective hone/4 ,we might say hone/] )\t hesitation b we %\ld be less likely to say hone/e/ on acc\nt ( ! awkw>d comb9ation ( syllables involv$4 ,adjectives ( "o syllable usually take ! %ort =m b n inv>iably4 ,! exceptions1 h[ev]1 are m common 9 poetry ?an 9 prose4 ,:5 any "q rises x is usually saf] to use ! long =m ( comp>ison 9 ! case ( two-syllable adjectives & to use ! %ort =m 9 ! case ( "o-syllable adjectives4 ,! prop] use ( ! long =m is "o ( ^? niceties ( diction :i* come only ) c>eful obs]vation & ) tra9+ ( ! e> & ( ! lit]>y s5se4 ,! ^w mo/ %\ld nev] be us$1 z x (t5 is1 9 ! place ( almo/4 ,c>eless p say ,i am mo/ ready mean+ ,i am almo/1 or ne>ly ready4 ,! phrase ,i am mo/ ready1 really means ,i am 9 ! greate/ possible read9ess4 ,su* use ( mo/ is common 9 old ,engli% b mu* less s 9 mod]n spee*4 ,two v common adjectives are irregul>ly comp>$4 ,!y are good1 bett]1 be/1 & bad1 worse1 wor/4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ^! adjectives are among ! mo/ common 9 use & _! comp>ison may be suppos$ to be kn[n by ev]ybody1 "o (t5 he>s ! expressions good]1 goode/1 m bett]1 be/e/1 bad]1 bade/1 wors]1 & worse/4 ,ne$less to say1 ^! expressions are )\t excuse except t wors] is sometimes f\nd 9 old ,engli%4 ,illit]ate p sometimes try to make _! spee* m =ceful by comb9+ ! two me?ods ( comp>ison 9 su* expressions z m pretti]1 mo/ spl5dide/4 ,su* comp\nds %\ld nev] be us$4 ,"s adjectives are n comp>$4 ,!y are easily id5tifi$ by _! mean+4 ,!y indicate "s quality :i* is ( su* a nature t x mu/ be possess$ fully or n at all1 ye>ly1 d\ble1 all4 ,"s adjectives h a precise mean+ 9 :i* !y _c be comp>$ & a loose or popul> "o 9 :i* !y c be2 = example1 a ?+ ei!r is or is n r\nd or squ>e4 ,nev]!less we use ^! words 9 su* a loose g5]al way t x is n absolutely incorrect to say r\nd] & r\nde/ or squ>] & squ>e/4 ,su* expressions %\ld be us$ ) great c>e & avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,none b ! v ignorant w\ld say onlie/1 b "o (t5 sees ! expressions m & mo/ unique4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly bad ,engli%4 ,unique does n mean r>e1 unusual2 x means "o ( a k9d1 absolutely unlike any?+ else4 ,cle>ly ?is is a quality :i* _c be possess$ 9 degrees4 ,an object ei!r does or does n h x4 ,articles ,an article is a little adjective :i* individualizes ! n\n1 a boy1 an apple1 ! cr[d4 ,a :i* is us$ be=e consonantal s\nds & an :i* is us$ be=e v[el s\nds are call$ indef9ite articles because !y individualize )\t specializ+4 ,! is call$ ! def9ite article because x bo? individualizes & specializes4 ,a may be us$ be=e o & u if ! s\nd is really consonantal z 9 su* a "o1 a use1 a utility4 ,an may be us$ be=e h if ! h is n s\nd$1 = example1 an h\r b a horror4 ,v]bs ,a v]b is a ^w :i* ass]ts or decl>es4 ,9 o!r words1 x makes a n\n or pron\n tell some?+4 ,john pap] tells no?+4 ,john wa/es pap] tells some?+4 ,v]bs are ! mo/ difficult ( all ! p>ts ( spee* to und]/& & to use prop]ly4 ,z a rule1 an ,engli% v]b has some?+ m ?an fifty p>ts :i*1 ) _! uses1 %\ld be ?or\ghly le>n$ f a gramm>4 ,?is is n s difficult a matt] z x might appe>1 except to ^? ^: native spee* is n ,engli%4 ,nev]!less y %\ld be on ! gu>d aga9/ su* blund]s z ,i se51 ,i se$1 = ,i saw1 ,i runn$ = ,i ran1 ,i et = ,i ate1 ,i ?r[$ = ,i ?rew1 & ! l4 ,9 mo/ v]bs ^! p>ts are regul>4 ,9 "s !y are irregul>4 ,a li/ ( irregul> v]bs w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,:ile ! plan ( ?is book does n call = a sy/ematic /udy ( v]bs any m ?an ( any o!r words1 x is desirable to call att5tion to "s po9ts z be+ ! occasions ( frequ5t mi/akes4 ,a simple s5t5ce consi/s ( a v]b1 its subject1 & its object4 ,! v]b indicates ! action1 ! subject is ! n\n 7"n ( a p]son or ?+7 :i* does ! act1 ! object is ! n\n to :i* ! ?+ is done4 ,v]bs h =ms d5ot+ p]son & numb]1 = example3 ,s+ul> ,plural #a/ ,i love #a/ ,we love #bnd ,y love 7?\ love/7 #bnd ,y love =mal & ar*aic4 #crd ,he loves #crd ,!y love ,s+ul> ,plural #a/ ,i 0 #a/ ,we 7 #bnd ,y 7 7?\ wa/7 #bnd ,y 7 #crd ,he 0 #crd ,!y 7 ,v]bs agree ) _! subjects 9 p]son & numb]4 ,we all "k ?is b we d n always rememb] x4 ,unless y are v c>eful1 y w f9d y\rself us+ a s+ul> subject ) a plural v]b or ! rev]se4 ,mi/akes ( ?is sort are p>ticul>ly liable to happ5 9 ! case ( collective n\ns1 9 ! use ( p]sonal pron\ns z subjects1 & 9 cases :]e ! subject & ! v]b are f> sep>at$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,^? =ms ( ! v]b :i* tell :e!r ! subject is act+ or is act$ ^u are call$ voices4 ,:5 ! subject is act+ ! v]b is said to be 9 ! active voice4 ,:5 ! subject is act$ ^u ! v]b is said to be 9 ! passive voice4 ,v]bs 9 ! passive voice h no objects because ! subject1 be+ act$ ^u1 is itself 9 ! place ( an object4 ,^? =ms ( ! v]b :i* tell :e!r ! "t ( ! action is pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 are call$ t5ses4 ,!y are six1 viz4 ,pres5t1 ,i pr9t 7am pr9t+7 ! book4 ,pa/ or imp]fect1 ,i pr9t$ ! book4 ,future1 ,i %all pr9t ! book4 ,p]fect1 or pres5t p]fect1 ,i h pr9t$ ! book4 ,plup]fect or pa/ p]fect1 ,i _h pr9t$ ! book be=e y wrote4 ,future p]fect1 ,i w notify y :5 ,i %all h pr9t$ ! book4 ,:5 adv]bs d5ot+ "t are indicat$ c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! v]b is consi/5t ) ! adv]b4 ,i pr9t$ x ye/]day1 n ,i h pr9t$ x ye/]day2 ,i h n yet pr9t$ x1 n ,i did n pr9t x yet2 ,i h pr9t$ x already1 n ,i pr9t$ x already4 ,tr\ble is sometimes f\nd 9 *oos+ ! "r =ms ( ! v]b to be us$ 9 subord9ate clauses4 ,! rule is3 ,v]bs 9 subord9ate s5t5ces & clauses mu/ be gov]n$ by ! t5se ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,?is rule re/s on ! exact mean+ ( ! =ms & words us$ & its application c be *eck$ by c>eful exam9ation ( ^! mean+s4 ,he said he did x4 ,he said he w\ld d x4 ,he says he w d x4 ,note t :5 ! /atem5t 9 ! subord9ate clause is ( univ]sal application ! pres5t t5se is always us$ :atev] ! t5se ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,! lectur] said t w>m wea!r always s(t5s roll]s4 ,^? =ms ( ! v]b :i* tell :e!r ! action is an actual fact1 a possibility1 a condition1 or a comm& are call$ moods4 ,!re are ?ree moods1 ! indicative1 subjunctive1 & imp]ative4 ,! indicative mood indicates t ! action is a fact4 ,x is also us$ 9 ask+ que/ions4 ,! subjunctive mood is less us$ 9 mod]n ?an 9 old ,engli%4 ,x is mo/ commonly f\nd 9 clauses beg9n+ ) if1 ?\gh if is n to be reg>d$ z ! sign ( ! subjunctive 9 any su* s5se z to is ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 ,! subjunctive 7 %\ld be us$ 9 purely hypo!tical clauses su* z ,if ,i 7 9 y\r place4 ,! subjunctive be %\ld be us$ 9 ! hypo!sis or supposition ( a sci5tific demon/ration1 ,if ! triangle ,a be plac$ on ! triangle ,b4 ,! subjunctive )\t if is (t5 us$ 9 wi%es or pray]s1 ,god =give him4 ,o1 t my bro!r 7 "h4 ,! subjunctive is sometimes us$ to express condition1 ,_h y n be5 a c[>d1 y w\ld n h run away4 ,! imp]ative mood indicates a comm&1 ,put t on ! press4 ,! subject ( ! imp]ative mood is only express$ :5 x is emphatic1 ,g ?\ & d likewise4 ,old] gramm>ians speak ( a f\r? mood call$ pot5tial4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy among gramm>ians is to treat ^! =ms sep>ately4 ,!y are v]b phrases :i* express ability1 possibility1 obligation1 or necessity4 ,!y are =m$ by ! use ( ! auxili>y v]bs may1 c1 mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld1 ) ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,may is us$ 7a7 to %[ t ! subject is p]mitt$ to d some?+1 ,y may g out1 or 7b7 to indicate possibility or d\btful int5tion1 ,i may n g to "w tomorr[4 ,c is us$ to %[ t ! subject is able to d some?+1 ,i c fe$ a press4 ,^! two =ms are (t5 confus$1 ) results :i* w\ld be ridicul\s if !y 7 n too common to attract att5tion4 ,! confusion p]haps arises f ! fact t ! ability to d a ?+ (t5 appe>s to dep5d on p]mission to d x4 ,may ,i see a pro(8 means ,h ,i p]mission1 or w y all[ me1 to see a pro(8 & is ! prop] way to put ! "q4 ,! common "q1 ,c ,i see a pro(8 is absurd4 ,( c\rse y c1 if y h normal eyesight4 ,mu/ %[s necessity or obligation4 ,y mu/ obey ! rules ( ! (fice4 ,ought :i* is sometimes conf\nd$ ) mu/ 9 phrases ( ?is sort expresses moral obligation z di/+ui%$ f necessity4 ,y ought to obey ! rules ( ! (fice1 indicates t x is y\r duty to obey because x is ! "r ?+ to d ev5 ?\gh no p5alty is atta*$4 ,y mu/ obey ! rules ( ! (fice1 indicates t y w be puni%$ if y d n obey4 ,^? =ms ( ! v]b :i* express ! "t ( ! action are call$ t5ses4 ,no p>ticul> difficulty att5ds ! use ( ! t5ses except 9 ! case ( %all & w & %\ld & w\ld4 ,%all & w are us$ z foll[s3 ,9 simple /atem5ts to express m]e futurity1 use %all 9 ! fir/ p]son1 w 9 ! second & ?ird2 to express volition1 promise1 purpose1 det]m9ation1 or action :i* ! speak] means to control use w 9 ! fir/ p]son1 %all 9 ! second & ?ird4 ,! foll[+ tables %\ld be le>n$ & practic$ 9 a l>ge v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,futurity ,volition1 etc4 ,i %all ,we %all ,i w ,we w ,y w ,y w ,y %all ,y %all ,he w ,!y w ,he %all ,!y %all ,a good example ( ! misuse ( ! words is f\nd 9 ! old /ory ( ! =eign] :o fell into ! wat] & cri$ out 9 t]ror & despair ,i w dr[n1 nobody %all help me4 ,9 ask+ que/ions1 = ! fir/ p]son always use %all1 = ! second & ?ird use ! auxili>y expect$ 9 ! answ]4 ,futurity ,%all ,i 7,i %all7 ,%all we 7,we %all7 ,%all y 7,i %all7 ,%all y 7,we %all7 ,w he 7,he w7 ,w !y 7,!y w7 ,volition1 etc4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ,w y 7,i w7 ,w y 7,we w7 ,%all he 7,he %all7 ,%all he 7,he %all7 ,9 all o!r cases1 z 9 subord9ate clauses %all is us$ 9 all p]sons to express m]e futurity1 w to express volition1 etc4 ,9 indirect disc\rse1 :5 ! subject ( ! pr9cipal clause is diff]5t f ! n\n clause1 ! usage is l t 9 direct /atem5t1 = example1 ,! tea*] says t ,james w w9 ! m$al4 7futurity71 b :5 ! subject ( ! pr9cipal clause is ! same z t ( ! n\n clause1 ! usage is l t 9 subord9ate clauses1 ,! tea*] says t he %all soon resign4 7futurity74 ,exceptions4 ,w is (t5 us$ 9 ! second p]son to express an (ficial comm&4 ,y w report to ! sup]9t5d5t at once4 ,%all is sometimes us$ 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons 9 a prophetic s5se4 ,ye %all "k ! tru? & ! tru? %all make y free4 ,! use ( %\ld & w\ld is 9 g5]al ! same z t ( %all & w 9 indirect /atem5t4 ,futurity4 ,i %\ld ,we w\ld ,y w\ld ,y %\ld ,he w\ld ,!y %\ld ,9 ask+ que/ions use %\ld 9 ! fir/ p]son to express m]e futurity & w\ld to express volition1 etc2 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons use ! =m t is expect$ 9 ! answ]4 ,futurity ,%\ld ,i 7,i %\ld7 ,%\ld we 7,we %\ld7 ,%\ld ,y 7,i %\ld7 ,%\ld ,y 7,we %\ld7 ,w\ld he 7,he w\ld7 ,w\ld !y 7,!y w\ld7 ,volition1 etc4 ,w\ld ,i 7,i w\ld7 ,w\ld we 7,we w\ld7 ,w\ld ,y 7,y w\ld7 ,w\ld ,y 7,we w\ld7 ,%\ld he 7,he %\ld7 ,%\ld !y 7,!y %\ld7 ,9 subord9ate clauses %\ld is us$ 9 all p]sons to express futurity1 w\ld to express volition1 etc4 ,9 indirect disc\rse ! usage is simil> to t 9 direct /atem5t4 ,! tea*] said t ,john w\ld w9 ! m$al4 ,exceptions4 ,%\ld is (t5 us$ to express moral obligation4 ,y %\ld be hone/ "u all conditions4 ,w\ld is sometimes us$ to express frequ5tive action4 ,he w\ld walk ! floor night aft] night4 ,mi/akes are (t5 made 9 ! use ( comp\nd t5ses on acc\nt ( failure to grasp ! mean+ ( ! words us$4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h se5 y1 is correct gramm> b probably n correct /atem5t ( fact1 z x /ates a pa/ desire to h done some?+ at a p]iod /ill fur!r remote1 t is to say1 ,i %\ld h lik$ 7ye/]day7 to h se5 y 7day be=e ye/]day74 ,:at is g5]ally meant is ei!r ,i %\ld h lik$ to see y1 t is ,i 7!n7 wi%$ to see y1 or ,i %\ld l to h se5 y1 t is ,i 7n[7 wi% ,i _h se5 y 7!n74 ,e ^w has its own value & ne>ly all our mi/akes arise f lack ( reg>d = ! exact value ( ! words to be us$4 ,:]e a p>ticipial con/ruction is us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 ! n\n or pron\n 9 ! object %\ld be 9 ! possessive case & n 9 ! objective4 ,y %\ld n say1 ,i object to him wat*+ me1 b ,i object to 8 wat*+ me4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to give objects to passive v]bs4 ,! v common expression ,! man 0 giv5 a *ance is incorrect4 ,x %\ld be ,a *ance 0 giv5 to ! man4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to avoid ! omission ( ! prepositions :i* are ne$$ ) c]ta9 v]bs1 = example1 bew>e ! dog1 ,:at happ5$ him %\ld be bew>e ( ! dog1 ,:at happ5$ to him4 ,on ! o!r h& sup]flu\s prepositions are sometimes us$ 9 su* phrases z consid] (1 accept ( & ! l4 ,su* errors are to be avoid$ by c>eful /udy ( ! mean+ ( words & c>eful obs]vation ( ! be/ writt5 & spok5 spee*4 ,pron\ns ,pron\ns are sub/itutes = n\ns4 ,!y are labor sav+ devices4 ,we c\ld say ev]y?+ :i* we ne$ to say )\t !m1 b at ! exp5se ( mu* repetition ( long] words4 ,a *ild (t5 says ,john wants ,h5ry's ball in/ead ( ,i want y\r ball4 ,con/ant remembrance ( ?is simple fact1 t a pron\n is only a sub/itute = a n\n1 is really ab\t all t is ne$$ to secure correct usage aft] ! pron\ns !mselves h once become famili>4 ,a con/ruction :i* appe>s d\btful c (t5 be decid$ by sub/itut+ n\ns = pron\ns & vice v]sa4 ,a v common error is ! use ( ! plural possessive pron\ns ) ! words any1 e1 ea*1 somebody1 ev]ybody1 & nobody1 all ( :i* are always s+ul>4 ,we c\ld accompli% ?is if e "o w\ld d _! "p4 is wrong4 ,x %\ld be ,we c\ld accompli% ?is if e "o w\ld d 8 "p4 ,ano!r common mi/ake is ! confusion ( ! nom9ative & objective cases 9 objective clauses :]e two pron\ns or a n\n & a pron\n occur4 ,all ?is 0 done = y & ,i4 is a v common b entirely inexcusable mi/ake4 ,"o w\ld h>dly ?9k ( say+ ,all ?is 0 done = ,i4 ,i saw ,john & he leav+ ! %op4 is almo/ equally common & q equally bad4 ,d n all[ y\rself to be confus$ by a d\ble object4 ,9 g5]al great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ambiguity 9 ! use ( pron\ns4 ,x is v easy to multiply & comb9e pron\ns 9 su* a way t :ile grammatical rules may n be brok5 ! read] may be left hopelessly confus$4 ,su* ambigu\s s5t5ces %\ld be cle>$ up1 ei!r by a re>rangem5t ( ! words or by sub/itution ( n\ns = "s ( ! pron\ns4 ,adv]bs ,an adv]b is a help] to a v]b1 ,i fe> greatly1 t press works badly4 ,adv]bs modify or help v]bs1 adjectives1 & o!r adv]bs j z adjectives modify n\ns & pron\ns4 ,! use ( adv]bs pres5ts "s difficulties1 ma9ly aris+ f ! adv]bial use ( _m o!r p>ts ( spee* & f ! close relation betwe5 adv]bs & adjectives4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t :ile adv]bs nev] modify n\ns or pron\ns1 adjectives nev] modify any?+ b n\ns or pron\ns4 ,remembrance ( ?is simple fact w settle mo/ que/ions z to ! use ( adv]bs or adjectives4 ,c>eful obs]vation & c>e 9 =m+ correct habits ( expression w d ! re/4 ,d n multiply negatives4 ,!y cancel ea* o!r l ! factors 9 an ari?metical problem4 ,he nev] did wrong is correct 9 /atem5t & cle> 9 mean+4 ,he nev] did no?+ wrong does n add =ce1 x rev]ses ! mean+4 ,! negatives h cancell$ ea* o!r & y are say+ ,he did wrong4 ,he nev] did no?+ wrong to nobody leaves u ) an odd negative & br+s u back to ! fir/ /atem5t1 v badly express$4 ,prepositions ,a preposition is a hook = a n\n or pron\n to hang on4 ,x usually prec$es ! n\n or pron\n :i* hangs1 or dep5ds ^u x1 z indicat$ by its "n :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 pre-be=e & pono-,i place4 ,john is beh9d ! press4 ,i %all "w until ,sunday4 ,a preposition %[s ! relation ( a n\n or pron\n us$ z its object to "s o!r ^w or words 9 ! s5t5ce or1 z x has be5 o!rwise /at$1 makes ! n\n or pron\n to :i* x is jo9$ equival5t to an adjective or an adv]b4 ,! expression ,john is beh9d ! press is equival5t to an adjective describ+ ,john4 ,t is1 he is ,john beh9d-!-press4 ,prepositions are gov]n+ words & ! words gov]n$ by or dep5d+ on !m are always 9 ! objective case4 ,conjunctions ,a conjunction is ! c\pl+ l9k betwe5 ! p>ts ( a tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,x is ( no purpose :atev] except to connect4 ,i am cold & hungry & tir$ & ,i am go+ home4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid confus+ & & b & & & or4 ,he sees ! "r & does ! wrong4 %\ld be ,he sees ! "r b does ! wrong4 ,! ideas are contra/$1 n associat$4 ,i did n see ,?omas & ,john4 %\ld be ,i did n see ,?omas or ,john4 ,! fir/ phrase means t ,i did n see !m toge!r1 x says no?+ ab\t see+ !m sep>ately4 ,ei!r--or & nei!r--nor are call$ correlative conjunctions4 ,!y %\ld always be pair$ 9 ?is way4 ,nei!r %\ld nev] be pair$ ) or nor ei!r ) nor4 ,ea* memb] ( ! pair %\ld be plac$ 9 ! same relative position1 t is be=e ! same "p ( spee*4 ,i c\ld nei!r see him nor 8 fa!r4 is wrong4 ,x %\ld be ,i c\ld see nei!r him nor 8 fa!r4 ,?is rule applies to all o!r correlatives1 t is s9ce !y are correlatives 9 =m !y %\ld be correlatives 9 position also4 ,x is correct to say ,x belongs bo? to y & to me4 or ,x belongs to bo? y & me4 b n ,x belongs bo? to y & me4 ,int]jections ,an int]jection is a ^w or s\nd express+ emotion only su* z a %\t1 a groan1 a hiss1 a sob1 or ! l1 su* z ,oh1 alas1 hu%4 ,g5]al ,notes ,! position ( words 9 a s5t5ce is (t5 v important4 ,misplacem5t w frequ5tly cause ambiguities & absurdities :i* punctuation w n remove4 ,:at does ! phrase ,i only saw him mean8 ,a newspap] adv]tisem5t describ+ a c]ta9 dog :i* 0 (f]$ = sale says ,he is ?or\ghly h\se-brok51 w eat any?+1 is v fond ( *ildr54 ,z a rule modifi]s %\ld be kept close to ! words1 clauses1 or phrases :i* !y modify1 b due reg>d %\ld be giv5 to s5se & to ease ( expression4 ,a ^w or phrase :i* c be easily suppli$ f ! context may (t5 be omitt$4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 mak+ ^! omissions or ! result w be ei!r ambigu\s or slov5ly4 ,wa%+ton is ne>] ,new ,york ?an ,*icago4 ,:at exactly does ?is mean8 ,"o might get into s]i\s tr\ble ov] ! int]pretation ( ! phrase ,he likes me bett] ?an y4 ,all day & all night are recogniz$ z good expressions sanction$ by long usage4 ,all morn+ & all aft]noon are n yet sanction$ by good usage & give a decid$ impression ( slov5l9ess4 ,ano!r objectionable omission is t ( to be=e place & simil> words 9 su* expressions z ,let's g "s place & ! l4 ,x %\ld be to "s place or1 g5]ally bett]1 some:]e4 ,a decid$ly (f5sive abbreviation is ! phrase ,rev4 ,smi?4 ,x %\ld be ,rev4 ,john ,smi? or ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,rev4 is n a title1 or a n\n 9 apposition1 b an adjective4 ,x w\ld be entirely correct to say ,pa/or ,smi? or ,bi%op ,smi?4 ,! same error sometimes occurs 9 us+ ! prefix ,hon4 ,a k ( ! correct use & comb9ation ( words is fully z important z a k ( _! grammatical =ms & _! relations4 ,?is k %\ld be acquir$ by ! use ( books on rhetoric & by c>eful /udy ( words !mselves4 ,! mat]ials = su* /udy may be f\nd 9 ! books nam$ 9 ! ,supplem5t>y ,read+ or 9 o!r books ( a simil> "*4 ,! task ( ! writ] or speak] is to say :at he has to say correctly1 cle>ly1 & simply4 ,he mu/ say j :at he means4 ,he mu/ say x def9itely & di/9ctly4 ,he mu/ say x1 s f> z ! subject matt] w p]mit1 9 words t p ( ord9>y intellig5ce & ord9>y education _c misund]/&4 ,! "r ^w 9 ! "r place %\ld be ! motto ( e man :o speaks or writes1 & ?is rule %\ld apply to 8 ev]yday talk z well z to m =mal utt]ances4 ,?ree abuses are to be avoid$4 ,d n use slang z a means ( expression4 ,!re are occasions :5 a slang phrase may light up :at y are say+ or may c>ry x home to intellects ( a c]ta9 type4 ,use x sp>+ly if at all1 z y w\ld use cay5ne pepp] or tabasco sauce4 ,d n use x 9 writ+ at all4 ,slang is ! c\nt]feit co9 ( spee*4 ,x is a sub/itute1 & a v poor sub/itute1 = language4 ,x is ! refuge ( ^? :o nei!r und]/& real language nor "k h[ to express !mselves 9 x4 ,d n use long1 unusual words4 ,use %ort & simple words :5ev] !y w s]ve y\r turn4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t a flu5t use ( long words is a m>k ei!r ( dep? ( ?\ght or ( ext5t ( in=mation4 ,! foll[+ bit ( nons5se is tak5 f ! news columns ( a newspap] ( good /&+3 ,! topography ab\t ,puebla avails itself easily to a =ce :i* c utilize ! heights above ! city ) cannon4 ,:at 0 meant 0 probably some?+ l ?is1 ,! situation ( ,puebla is su* z to give a great advantage to a =ce :i* c plant cannon on ! high gr\nd ov]look+ ! city4 ,d n use inflat$ or exagg]at$ words4 ,a heavy %[] is n a cl\d bur/2 a gale is n a blizz>d2 a fire is n a conflagration2 an accid5t or a defeat is n a disa/]2 a fatal accid5t is n a holocau/2 a %>p criticism is n an excoriation or flay+1 & s on4 ,rules = ,correct ,writ+ ,m ?an a c5tury ago ! great ,scot* rhetorician ,campbell fram$ five canons or rules = correct writ+4 ,!y h nev] be5 improv$4 ,!y %\ld be le>n$ by he>t1 ?or\ghly ma/]$1 & con/antly practic$ by e writ] & speak]4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,canon #a4--,:51 ( two words or phrases 9 equally good use1 "o is susceptible ( two significations & ! o!r ( b "o1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! latt]3 e4 g41 admittance is bett] ?an admission1 z ! latt] ^w also means confession2 relative is to be pref]r$ to relation1 z ! latt] also means ! tell+ ( a /ory4 ,canon #b4--;,9 d\btful cases reg>d %\ld be giv5 to ! analogy ( ! language2 might bett] %\ld be pref]r$ to _h bett]1 & w\ld r is bett] ?an _h r4 ,canon #c4--,! simpl] & brief] =m %\ld be pref]r$1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 e4 g41 omit ! bracket$ words 9 expressions su* z1 op5 7up71 meet 7toge!r71 foll[ 7aft]71 exam9e 7into71 trace 7out71 bridge 7ov]71 crave 7=71 etc4 ,canon #d4--;,betwe5 two =ms ( expression 9 equally good use1 pref] ! "o :i* is m euphoni\s3 e4 g41 mo/ beautiful is bett] ?an beautifulle/1 & m free is to be pref]r$ to fre]4 ,canon #e4--;,9 cases n cov]$ by ! f\r prec$+ canons1 pref] t :i* con=ms to ! old] usage3 e4 g41 beg9 is bett] ?an comm5ce4 ,! ,s5t5ce ,! prop] con/ruction ( s5t5ces is v important to good writ+4 ,! foll[+ simple rules w be ( great assi/ance 9 s5t5ce =mation4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully le>n$ & ! pupil %\ld be drill$ 9 !m4 #a4 ,let ea* s5t5ce h "o1 & only "o1 pr9cipal subject ( ?\ght4 ,avoid het]og5e\s s5t5ces4 #b4 ,! connection betwe5 diff]5t s5t5ces mu/ be kept up by adv]bs us$ z conjunctions1 or by means ( "s o!r connect+ words at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #c4 ,! connection betwe5 two long s5t5ces or p>agraphs sometimes requires a %ort int]v5+ s5t5ce %[+ ! transition ( ?\ght4 ,! ,p>agraph ,! prop] con/ruction ( p>agraphs is also ( great importance4 ,! foll[+ rules w s]ve z guides = p>agraph+4 ,!y %\ld be le>n$ & ! pupil %\ld be drill$ 9 _! application4 #a4 ,a s5t5ce :i* cont9ues ! topic ( ! s5t5ce :i* prec$es x r ?an introduces a new topic %\ld nev] beg9 a p>agraph4 #b4 ,ea* p>agraph %\ld possess a s+le c5tral topic to :i* all ! /atem5ts 9 ! p>agraph %\ld relate4 ,! introduction ( a s+le /atem5t n s relat$ to ! c5tral topic violates ! unity4 #c4 ,a s5t5ce or %ort passage may be deta*$ f ! p>agraph to :i* x prop]ly belongs if ! writ] wi%es p>ticul>ly to emphasize x4 #d4 ,= ease 9 read+1 a passage :i* exce$s ?ree hundr$ words 9 l5g? may be brok5 into two p>agraphs1 ev5 ?\gh no new topic has be5 develop$4 #e4 ,any digression f ! c5tral topic1 or any *ange 9 ! viewpo9t 9 consid]+ ! c5tral topic1 dem&s a new p>agraph4 #f4 ,coh]5ce 9 a p>agraph requires a natural & logical ord] ( developm5t4 #g4 ,smoo?ness ( diction 9 a p>agraph calls = ! intellig5t use ( prop] connective words betwe5 closely relat$ s5t5ces4 ,a common fault1 h[ev]1 is ! incorrect use ( su* words z & or b betwe5 s5t5ces :i* are n closely relat$4 #h4 ,9 develop+ ! p>agraph1 emphasis is secur$ by a c>eful consid]ation ( ! relative values ( ! ideas express$1 giv+ to ea* idea space proportionate to its importance to ! :ole4 ,?is secures ! prop] climax4 #i4 ,! p>agraph1 l ! composition itself1 %\ld possess cle>ness1 unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,x is a gr\p ( relat$ s5t5ces develop+ a c5tral topic4 ,its l5g? dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! composition & ^u ! numb] ( topics to be discuss$4 ,rules = ! ,use & ,arrangem5t ( ,words ,! foll[+ rules = ! use & arrangem5t ( words w be f\nd helpful 9 secur+ cle>ness & =ce4 #a4 ,use words 9 _! prop] s5se4 #b4 ,avoid useless circumlocution & f9e writ+4 #c4 ,avoid exagg]ations4 #d4 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( n 444 &1 any1 b1 only1 n 444 or1 t4 #e4 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( ambigu\s words1 e4 g41 c]ta94 #f4 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( he1 x1 !y1 ^!1 etc4 #g4 ,report a spee* 9 ! fir/ p]son :]e necess>y to avoid ambiguity4 #h4 ,use ! ?ird p]son :]e ! exact words ( ! speak] are n int5d$ to be giv54 #i4 ,:5 y use a p>ticiple imply+ :51 :ile1 ?\gh1 or t1 %[ cle>ly by ! context :at is impli$4 #aj4 ,:5 us+ ! relative pron\n1 use :o or :i*1 if ! mean+ is & he or & x1 = he or = x4 #aa4 ,d n use & :i* = :i*4 #ab4 ,repeat ! antec$5t be=e ! relative :]e ! non-repetition causes any ambiguity4 #ac4 ,use p>ticul> = g5]al t]ms4 ,avoid ab/ract n\ns4 #ad4 ,avoid v]bal n\ns :]e v]bs c be us$4 #ae4 ,use p>ticul> p]sons in/ead ( a class4 #af4 ,d n confuse metaphor4 #ag4 ,d n mix metaphor ) lit]al /atem5t4 #ah4 ,d n use poetic metaphor to illu/rate a prosaic subject4 #ai4 ,emphatic words mu/ /& 9 emphatic positions2 i4 e41 = ! mo/ "p1 at ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 #bj4 ,unemphatic words mu/1 z a rule1 be kept f ! end4 #ba4 ,! ,subject1 if unusually emphatic1 %\ld (t5 be transf]r$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #bb4 ,! object is sometimes plac$ be=e ! v]b = emphasis4 #bc4 ,:]e sev]al words are emphatic make x cle> :i* is ! mo/ emphatic4 ,emphasis c sometimes be giv5 by add+ an epi!t1 or an int5sify+ ^w4 #bd4 ,words %\ld be z ne> z possible to ! words ) :i* !y are grammatically connect$4 #be4 ,adv]bs %\ld be plac$ next to ! words !y are int5d$ to qualify4 #bf4 ,only2 ! /rict rule is t only %\ld be plac$ be=e ! ^w x affects4 #bg4 ,:5 n only prec$es b also see t ea* is foll[$ by ! same "p ( spee*4 #bh4 ,at lea/1 always1 & o!r adv]bial adjuncts sometimes produce ambiguity4 #bi4 ,n\ns %\ld be plac$ ne> ! n\ns t !y def9e4 #cj4 ,pron\ns %\ld foll[ ! n\ns to :i* !y ref] )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r n\n4 #ca4 ,clauses t are grammatically connect$ %\ld be kept z close toge!r z possible4 ,avoid p>5!ses4 #cb4 ,9 conditional s5t5ces ! antec$5t or if-clauses mu/ be kept di/9ct f ! consequ5t clauses4 #cc4 ,dep5d5t clauses prec$$ by t %\ld be kept di/9ct f ^? t are indep5d5t4 #cd4 ,:]e !re are sev]al inf9itives ^? t are dep5d5t on ! same ^w mu/ be kept di/9ct f ^? t are n4 #ce4 ,9 a s5t5ce ) if1 :51 ?\gh1 etc4 put ! if-clause fir/4 #cf4 ,repeat ! subject :]e its omission w\ld cause obscurity or ambiguity4 #cg4 ,repeat a preposition aft] an int]v5+ conjunction especially if a v]b & an object also int]v5e4 #ch4 ,repeat conjunctions1 auxili>y v]bs1 & pronom9al adjectives4 #ci4 ,repeat v]bs aft] ! conjunctions ?an1 z1 etc4 #dj4 ,repeat ! subject1 or "s o!r emphatic ^w1 or a summ>y ( :at has be5 said1 if ! s5t5ce is s long t x is difficult to keep ! ?read ( mean+ unbrok54 #da4 ,cle>ness is increas$ :5 ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce prep>es ! way = ! middle & ! middle = ! end1 ! :ole =m+ a k9d ( asc5t4 ,?is asc5t is call$ climax4 #db4 ,:5 ! ?\ght is expect$ to asc5d b desc5ds1 feebl5ess1 & sometimes confusion1 is ! result4 ,! desc5t is call$ ba?os4 #dc4 ,a new con/ruction %\ld n be introduc$ unexpect$ly4 ,common ,errors 9 ! ,use ( ,words ,! foll[+ pages conta9 a %ort li/ ( ! m common errors 9 ! use ( words4 ,su* a li/ might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,x is only attempt$ to call att5tion to su* mi/akes z are1 = v>i\s reasons1 mo/ liable to occur4 ,a %\ld be repeat$ = e individual4 ,a r$ & black book means "o book1 a r$ & a black book means two4 ,abbreviate1 & abridge2 abbreviation is ! %ort5+ ( a piece ( writ+ no matt] h[ accompli%$4 ,an abridgem5t is a cond5sation4 ,ability1 p[] to d some?+1 %\ld be di/+ui%$ f capacity1 p[] to receive some?+4 ,above %\ld n be us$ z an adjective1 e4 g41 ,! /atem5t made 9 above p>agraph4 ,sub/itute prec$+1 =ego+1 or "s simil> adjective4 ,accept1 n accept (4 ,accr$it1 to give "o cr$5tials %\ld be di/+ui%$ f cr$it1 to believe :at "o says4 ,adm9i/] is (t5 misus$4 ,"o adm9i/]s a dose ( m$ic9e1 ! laws1 an oa?1 or ! gov]nm5t2 "o does n adm9i/] a bl[4 ,adm9i/] to is (t5 incorrectly us$ = m9i/] to1 e4 g41 ,! r$ cross nurse adm9i/]s to ! w\nd$4 ,admire %\ld n be us$ to express delight1 z 9 ! phrase ,i %\ld admire to d s4 ,admit %\ld be di/+ui%$ f confess4 ,adv5t %\ld be di/+ui%$ f arrival1 adv5t mean+ an epo*-mak+ arrival4 ,affable means easy to speak to & %\ld n be confus$ ) agreeable4 ,affect %\ld be di/+ui%$ f effect4 ,to affect is to influ5ce2 to effect is to cause or br+ ab\t4 ,aggravate %\ld n be us$ = annoy or vex or provoke4 ,x means to make worse4 ,a9't is a corruption ( am n4 ,x is inelegant ?\gh grammatical to say ,i a9't b absolutely incorrect 9 o!r p]sons & numb]s4 ,alike %\ld n be accompani$ by bo? z 9 ! phrase ,!y are bo? alike 9 ?is respect4 ,all1 ,all "r %\ld nev] be writt5 alright4 ,all & univ]sally %\ld nev] be us$ toge!r4 ,all %\ld n be accompani$ by (1 e4 g41 ,he receiv$ all ( ! votes4 ,be c>eful ab\t ! use ( all 9 negative /atem5ts4 ,d n say ,all pres5t are n pr9t]s :5 y mean ,n all pres5t are pr9t]s4 ,! fir/ /atem5t means !re are no pr9t]s pres5t1 ! second means !re are "s pr9t]s pres5t4 ,allege is a common error = say1 /ate1 & ! l4 ,x means to decl>e1 to affirm1 or to ass]t ) ! idea ( positiv5ess & is n applicable to ord9>y /atem5ts n ne$+ emphasis4 ,all[ means p]mit1 nev] ?9k or admit4 ,allude to is n ! same z m5tion4 ,a p]son or ?+ allud$ to is n m5tion$ b indirectly impli$4 ,alone :i* means unaccompani$ %\ld be di/+ui%$ f only :i* means no o!r4 ,alt]native %\ld nev] be us$ 9 speak+ ( m ?an two ?+s4 ,altoge!r is n ! same z all toge!r4 ,among %\ld n be us$ ) "o ano!r1 e4 g41 ,!y divid$ ! spoil among "o ano!r4 ,x %\ld be among !mselves4 ,& %\ld n be plac$ be=e a relative pron\n 9 su* a position z to int]f]e ) ! con/ruction4 ,x %\ld n be sub/itut$ = to 9 su* cases z ,try & take m ex]cise4 ,& :i* %\ld n be us$ = :i*4 ,ano!r %\ld be foll[$ by ?an n f1 e4 g41 ,m5 ( ano!r temp] f 7?an7 ! ,greeks4 ,answ] is t :i* is giv5 to a "q2 reply to an ass]tion4 ,anticipate %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( expect4 ,x means to =e/all4 ,anxi\s %\ld n be confus$ ) desir\s4 ,x means feel+ anxiety4 ,any is liable to ambiguity unless x is us$ ) c>e4 ,any ( !m may be ei!r s+ul> or plural4 ,x is n int5d$ = any ma*9e may mean ,!re is no ma*9e = :i* x is int5d$1 or ,x is n int5d$ = e ma*9e1 b only = a special type4 ,anybody else's1 idiomatic & correct4 ,anyh[1 bad1 d n use x4 ,app>5tly is us$ ( :at seems to be real b may n be s4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) evid5tly :i* is us$ ( :at bo? seems to be & is real4 ,appe> is physical 9 its mean+ & %\ld be di/+ui%$ f seem :i* expresses a m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,! =e/ appe>s to be imp5etrable1 ,?is does n seem to me to be "r4 ,apt means skilful & %\ld nev] be us$ 9 place ( likely or liable4 ,x also means hav+ a natural t5d5cy4 ,z %\ld n be us$ z a causal conjunction1 e4 g41 ,d n expect me z ,i am too unc]ta9 ( my "t4 ,! ^w z /&s "h z a contraction ( inasmu*4 ,sub/itute a semicolon1 or make two s5t5ces4 ,z to is r$undant 9 su* expressions z ,z to h[ f> we c tru/ him ,i _c say4 ,at is (t5 incorrectly us$ = 91 e4 g41 ,he lives at ,*icago4 ,x is also improp]ly us$ 9 su* expressions z ,:]e is he at8 ,z t %\ld n be us$ = t alone4 ,d n say ,s z t su* & su* a ?+ may happ54 ,audi5ce is n ! same z spectators4 ,an audi5ce li/5s2 spectators m]ely see4 ,a conc]t has an audi5ce2 a mov+ picture %[ has spectators4 ,aught means any?+ & %\ld n be confus$ ) naught or ! symbol #j :i* means no?+4 ,av5ge means to r$ress wrongs done to o!rs2 rev5ge wrong done to ourselves4 ,av5ge usually implies j retribution4 ,rev5ge may be us$ ( malici\s retaliation4 ,avocation %\ld n be confus$ ) vocation4 ,a man's vocation is 8 pr9cipal occupation4 ,8 avocation is 8 second>y occupation4 ,aw>e is n ! same z consci\s4 ,we are aw>e ( ?+s outside ( ourselves2 we are consci\s ( s5sations or ?+s )9 ourselves4 ,awful & awfully are two v mu* abus$ words4 ,!y mean awe inspir+ & %\ld nev] be us$ 9 any o!r s5se4 ,badly %\ld n be us$ = v mu*4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! adjective bad4 ,he looks badly means he makes a bad use ( 8 eyes1 say ,he looks bad4 ,bank on is slang4 ,say rely on or tru/ 94 ,beg is (t5 incorrectly us$ 9 ! s5se ( beg leave1 n ,i beg to say b ,i beg leave to say4 ,beside1 mean+ by ! side ( %\ld n be confus$ ) besides mean+ 9 addition to4 ,betwe5 applies only to two p]sons or ?+s4 ,blame on z a v]b %\ld nev] be us$4 ,bo?1 :5 bo?--& are us$ be sure !y connect ! "r words1 ,he c bo? spell & punctuate n ,he bo? c spell & punctuate4 ,d n use su* expressions z ,!y bo? resemble ea* o!r4 ,be c>eful to avoid confusion 9 ! use ( negative /atem5ts4 ,d n say ,bo? _c g :5 y mean t "o c g4 ,b\nd 9 ! s5se ( det]m9$ is an ,am]icanism & is bett] avoid$4 ,we say he is b\nd to d x mean+ he is det]m9$ to d x1 b ! phrase really means ,he is "u bonds1 or obligation to d x4 ,br+ %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f fet*1 c>ry & take4 ,br+ means to transf] t[>d ! speak]4 ,fet* means to g & br+ back4 ,c>ry & take mean to transf] f ! speak]1 e4 g41 ,br+ a book home f ! libr>y4 ,fet* me a glass ( wat]4 ,c>ry ?is pro( to ! pro(read]4 ,take ?is book home4 ,b is sometimes us$ z a preposition & :5 s us$ takes ! objective case4 ,! boy /ood on ! burn+ deck :5ce all b him _h fl$4 ,b %\ld n be us$ 9 connection ) t unless int5d$ to express ! opposite ( :at ! mean+ w\ld be )\t x1 e4 g41 ,i h no d\bt b t he w die is incorrect because 8 dea? is expect$4 ,i h no fe> b t he w come is correct1 z ! mean+ int5d$ is ,i am sure he w come4 ,b :at is (t5 incorrectly us$ = b t4 ,i _c believe b :at he is guilty probably means ,i c b believe t he is guilty4 ,i _c b believe means ,i mu/ believe4 ,calculate does n mean ?9k or suppose4 ,calculat$ does n mean likely4 ,x means int5d$ or plann$ = ! purpose4 ,c :i* indicates ability is to be di/+ui%$ f may :i* indicates p]mission4 ,_c b %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f c b1 e4 g41 ,i c b try means ,all ,i c d is try4 ,i _c b try means ,i _c help try+4 ,c't seem %\ld n be us$ = seem unable1 e4 g41 ,i c't seem to see x4 ,*ildlike %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f *ildi%4 ,*ildi% ref]s p>ticul>ly to ! weakness ( ! *ild4 ,come %\ld n be confus$ ) ,g4 ,come d5otes motion t[>d ! speak]2 g motion f ! speak]1 ,if y w come to see me1 ,i w g to see y4 ,common %\ld be di/+ui%$ f mutual4 ,common means %>$ 9 common4 ,mutual means reciprocal & c ref] to b two p]sons or ?+s4 ,a common fri5d is a fri5d two or m fri5ds h 9 common4 ,mutual fri5d%ip is ! fri5d%ip ( two p]sons = ea* o!r4 ,comp>e to1 lik5 to1 comp>e )1 means measure by or po9t out simil>ities & diff]5ces4 ,condign means suitable or des]v$1 n necess>ily sev]e4 ,condone means to =give or nullify by ^w or act1 n make am5ds =4 ,consid] 9 ! s5se ( reg>d z %\ld n usually be foll[$ by z1 e4 g41 ,i consid] him a wise man1 n z a wise man4 ,contemptible is us$ ( an object ( contempt & x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f contemptu\s :i* is us$ ( :at is direct$ at su* an object1 e4 g41 ,he is a contemptible fell[4 ,i gave him a contemptu\s look4 ,cont9ual %\ld n be confus$ ) cont9u\s4 ,cont9ual means frequ5tly repeat$4 ,cont9u\s means un9t]rupt$4 ,conv5e1 :i* means to come toge!r1 %\ld n be confus$ ) convoke :i* means to br+ or call toge!r4 ,a legislature conv5es4 ,x _c be conv5$ by ano!r1 b x c be convok$4 ,crime is (t5 us$ = (f5ses aga9/ ! speak]'s s5se ( "r4 ,prop]ly crime is a te*nical ^w mean+ (f5ses aga9/ law4 ,a mo/ innoc5t action may be a crime if x is contr>y to a /atute4 ,! mo/ s9ful1 cruel1 or di%one/ action is no crime unless prohibit$ by a /atute4 ,dang]\s %\ld n be us$ = dang]\sly ill4 ,data is plural4 ,deadly1 t :i* inflicts dea? %\ld n be confus$ ) dea?ly1 t :i* resembles dea?4 ,decid$ mu/ n be confus$ ) decisive4 ,a decid$ victory is a cle> & unmi/akable victory4 ,a decisive victory is "o :i* decides ! outcome ( a w> or ( a campaign4 ,decimate means to take away "o-t5?4 ,x is n prop]ly us$ 9 a g5]al way ( ! infliction ( sev]e losses4 ,def9ite :i* means well def9$ %\ld n be confus$ ) def9itive :i* means f9al4 ,demean is relat$ to demeanor & means behave4 ,x %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f degrade or l[]4 ,die4 ,we die ( a c]ta9 disease1 n ) or f x4 ,diff] 9 ! s5se ( disagree is foll[$ by )4 ,i diff] ) y4 ,diff] z indicat+ unlik5ess is foll[$ by f4 ,diff]5t %\ld be foll[$ by f nev] by )1 ?an1 or to4 ,directly %\ld n be us$ = z soon z4 ,discov]1 to f9d some?+ :i* previ\sly exi/$ %\ld be di/+ui%$ f inv5t some?+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,dis9t]e/$ means hav+ no f9ancial or mat]ial int]e/ 9 a ?+4 ,x %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f un9t]e/$ :i* means tak+ no int]e/ 9 a ?+4 ,disp5se1 to di/ribute %\ld n be confus$ ) disp5se )1 to d )\t4 ,disposition is n ! same z disposal4 ,di/+ui% :i* means to p]ceive diff]5ces %\ld n be confus$ ) diff]5tiate :i* means to make or con/itute a diff]5ce4 ,divide %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f di/ribute4 ,don't is a contraction ( d n4 ,doesn't is ! contraction = does n4 ,i don't1 !y don't1 he doesn't4 ,due %\ld n be us$ = ow+ to or because (4 ,ea* is di/ributive & is always s+ul>4 ,ea* o!r :i* is applicable to two only %\ld n be confus$ ) "o ano!r :i* is applicable to m ?an two4 ,egoti/1 a man ) a high or conceit$ op9ion ( himself1 %\ld n be confus$ ) egoi/ :i* is ! "n = a believ] 9 a c]ta9 philosophical doctr9e4 ,ei!r is di/ributive & !re=e s+ul> & %\ld nev] be us$ ( m ?an two4 ,elegant d5otes delicacy & ref9em5t & %\ld n be us$ z a t]m ( g5]al approval4 ,else %\ld be foll[$ by ?an1 n by b4 ,no "o else ?an 7n b7 he c\ld h done s mu*4 ,emigrant1 "o :o goes out ( a c\ntry %\ld n be confus$ ) immigrant1 "o :o comes into a c\ntry4 ,enormity is us$ ( wick$ness1 cruelty1 or horror1 n ( great size1 = :i* enorm\sness %\ld be us$4 ,we speak ( ! enormity ( an (f5ce b ( ! enorm\sness ( a cr[d4 ,en?use %\ld n be us$ z a v]b4 ,equally z well2 say equally well1 or z well4 ,e place us$ adv]bially %\ld be ev]y:]e4 ,except %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! s5se ( unless or b4 ,exceptional :i* means unusual1 =m+ an exception %\ld n be confus$ ) exceptionable :i* means op5 to objection4 ,expect :i* involves a s5se ( ! future %\ld n be confus$ ) suppose & simil> words1 z 9 ! phrase ,i expect y "k all ab\t x4 ,factor is n to be conf\nd$ ) cause4 ,falsity applies to ?+s1 fals5ess to p]sons4 ,at fault means at a loss ( :at to d next4 ,9 fault means 9 ! wrong4 ,favor %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( resemble4 ,female %\ld n be us$ = woman4 ,! words female1 woman1 & lady %\ld be us$ ) c>eful att5tion to _! respective %ades ( mean+4 ,few1 :i* emphasizes ! fact t ! numb] is small %\ld be di/+ui%$ f a few :i* emphasizes ! fact t !re is a numb] ?\gh x be small4 ,few %all "p :]e _m meet4 ,a few p]sons 7 sav$ 9 ! ark4 ,few] applies to numb]2 less to quantity4 ,fir/ly %\ld n be us$ = fir/ al?\gh secondly & ?irdly may be us$ to complete ! s]ies4 ,fix %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( repair1 arrange1 or settle4 ,=m] & latt] %\ld nev] be us$ :]e m ?an two ?+s are involv$4 ,frequ5tly %\ld be di/+ui%$ f commonly1 g5]ally1 p]petually1 usually4 ,commonly is ! anti!sis ( r>ely1 frequ5tly ( seldom1 g5]ally ( occasionally1 usually ( casually4 ,funny %\ld n be us$ to mean /range or rem>kable4 ,g5tleman ,fri5d & ,lady ,fri5d are expressions :i* %\ld be avoid$1 say man or woman fri5d or man or woman ( my acqua9tance or ev5 g5tleman or lady ( my acqua9tance4 ,good %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( well4 ,i feel good4 ,got is said to be ! mo/ misus$ ^w 9 ! language4 ,! v]b means to secure by ef=t & %\ld be us$ only ) ?is mean+1 e4 g41 ,i h got ! contract4 ,h got to indicate m]e possession is objectionable4 ,m]e possession is indicat$ by h alone4 ,ano!r common mi/ake is ! use ( got to express obligation or con/ra9t4 ,i h got to d x4 ,guess %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( ?9k or imag9e4 ,h&y %\ld nev] be us$ to express ne>ness4 ,hang$ %\ld be us$ to express ! execution ( a human be+4 ,hung is ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 all o!r uses4 ,h>dly4 ,i c h>dly see x1 n ,i c't h>dly see x4 ,heal?y :i* means possess$ ( heal? %\ld be di/+ui%$ f heal?ful & :olesome :i* mean heal? giv+4 ,high %\ld n be confus$ ) tall4 ,home is n a synonym = h\se4 ,a beautiful h\se is a v diff]5t ?+ f a beautiful home4 ,honorable z a title %\ld always be prec$$ by !4 ,h[ %\ld n be us$ = :at1 or = t4 ,x means 9 :at mann]4 ,h[ t %\ld n be us$ :5 ei!r "o w d alone4 ,su* a s5t5ce z ,we h already not$ h[ t ,tillotson defi$ rubrical ord]4444 is v bad4 ,if %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( :]e or t4 ,ilk means ! same n k9d or sort4 ,ill is an adv]b z well z an adjective4 ,d n say illy4 ,9 %\ld n be us$ = into :5 motion is impli$4 ,y ride 9 a c> b y get into x4 ,inaugurate %\ld n be us$ = beg94 ,individual %\ld n be us$ = p]son4 ,inside ( %\ld n be us$ z an expression ( "t4 ,invaluable1 mean+ ( v great value %\ld n be confus$ ) valueless1 mean+ ( no value4 ,invite %\ld n be us$ = invitation4 ,k9d is n plural4 ,d n say ,^! or ^? k9d ( ?+s4 ,k9d ( %\ld nev] be foll[$ by ! indef9ite article4 ,:at k9d ( man is he8 n ,:at k9d ( a man is he8 ,k9d ( or sort ( %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( r or some:at4 ,k9dly is (t5 misus$ 9 su* expressions z ,y are k9dly reque/$ to recomm5d a compositor4 ,und\bt$ly ! idea ( k9dness is atta*$ to ! recomm5dation n to ! reque/ & ! s5t5ce %\ld be s fram$ z to express x4 ,la/ is (t5 misus$ = late/4 ,! la/ numb] ( ! pap] is n ! "o t appe>$ ?is morn+ b ! "o t f9ally closes publication4 ,latt] applies only to ! la/ ( two4 ,if a long] s]ies ?an two is ref]r$ to1 say ! la/4 ,lay1 :i* is a transitive v]b1 %\ld n be confus$ ) lie4 ,lay is a v]b :i* expresses causitive action2 lie expresses passivity4 ,he lays plans4 ,he lies d[n4 ,! pa/ t5se ( lay is laid1 t ( lie is lay4 ,le>n %\ld n be us$ 9 place ( tea*4 ,l5g?y is a v poor sub/itute = long1 :i* ne$s no sub/itute4 ,liable %\ld n be us$ = likely4 ,liable means an unpleasant probability4 ,likely means any probability4 ,liable is also us$ to express obligation4 ,he is liable = ?is debt4 ,l mu/ nev] be us$ 9 ! s5se ( z4 ,d l ,i d %\ld be ,d z ,i d4 ,lit]ally implies t a /atem5t to :i* x is atta*$ is accurately & precisely true4 ,x is frequ5tly misus$4 ,loan is a n\n1 n a v]b4 ,locate %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( settle4 ,lot or lots %\ld n be us$ to indicate a great deal4 ,love expresses affection or1 9 its biblical s5se1 e>ne/ b5evol5ce4 ,l expresses ta/e4 ,d n say ,i %\ld love to g4 ,lovely means wor?y ( affection &1 l elegant1 %\ld nev] be us$ z a t]m ( g5]al approbation4 ,luxuriant :i* means sup]abundant 9 gr[? or production %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) luxuri\s :i* means giv5 ov] to luxury4 ,vegetation is luxuriant1 m5 are luxuri\s4 ,mad means insane & is n a synonym = angry4 ,means may be ei!r s+ul> or plural4 ,meet %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( meet+ except 9 ! case ( a few special expressions su* z a race meet4 ,mighty %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( v4 ,m9d %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( obey4 ,m9us %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( )\t or lack+4 ,mo/ %\ld n be us$ in/ead ( almo/1 z 9 su* expressions z ,x ra9$ mo/ e day4 ,mu/ %\ld n be us$ = _h to or 0 oblig$4 ,9 its prop] use x ref]s to ! pres5t or future only4 ,necessities %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f necess>ies4 ,neglig5ce1 :i* d5otes a quality ( "* %\ld be di/+ui%$ f neglect :i* means a failure to act4 ,nei!r d5otes "o ( two & %\ld n be us$ = none or no "o4 ,z a correlative conjunction x %\ld be foll[$ by nor nev] by or4 ,new beg9n]4 ,beg9n] is en\gh2 all beg9n]s are new4 ,news is s+ul> 9 con/ruction4 ,nev] is sometimes us$ z an emphatic negative b su* usage is n good4 ,nice %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( pleasant or agreeable4 ,no h[ %\ld n be us$ = anyway4 ,no place %\ld be writt5 z n[h]e4 ,none %\ld be treat$ z a s+ul>4 ,n1 l nei!r1 mu/ be foll[$ by ! correlative nor1 e4 g41 ,n = weal? nor = fame did he /rive4 ,n 444 b to express a negative is a d\ble negative & !re=e %\ld n be us$1 e4 g41 ,i h n _h b "o meal to-day4 ,no?+ l & n[h]e ne> %\ld n be us$ = n ne>ly4 ,o %\ld be us$ = ! vocative & )\t punctuation4 ,oh %\ld be us$ = ! ejaculation & %\ld be foll[$ by a comma or an exclamation po9t4 ,obligate %\ld n be us$ = oblige4 ,obs]ve %\ld n be us$ = say4 ,obs]vation %\ld n be us$ = obs]vance4 ,( is sup]flu\s 9 su* phrases z smell (1 ta/e (1 feel (4 ,(f %\ld nev] be us$ ) (2 "o or ! o!r is sup]flu\s4 ,o!r4 ,aft] no o!r use ?an1 n b4 ,ought mu/ nev] be us$ 9 connection ) _h or did4 ,y hadn't ought or didn't ought to d x %\ld be ,y ought n to h done x4 ,out l\d %\ld nev] be us$ = al\d4 ,panacea is some?+ t cures all diseases1 n an effective rem$y = "o disease4 ,p>take ( %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( eat4 ,x means to %>e ) o!rs4 ,p>ty %\ld nev] be us$ = p]son except 9 legal docum5ts4 ,p] %\ld be us$ 9 connection ) o!r words ( ,lat9 =m b n ) ,engli% words4 ,p] diem1 p] annum1 & ! l are correct4 ,p] day or p] ye> are incorrect4 ,x %\ld be a day1 or a ye>4 ,p]p5dicul>1 :i* m]ely means at "r angles to some?+ else m5tion$1 %\ld n be us$ = v]tical4 ,pl5ty1 a n\n %\ld n be confus$ ) ! adjective pl5tiful4 ,politics is s+ul>4 ,po/ does n mean in=m4 ,pr$icate %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( pr$ict or 9 ! s5se ( base or f\nd4 ,premature means be=e ! prop] "t4 ,x %\ld n be us$ 9 a g5]al way z equival5t to false4 ,pretty %\ld n be us$ 9 ! modify+ s5se1 nor z a synonym = v 9 su* phrases z pretty good1 pretty ne>1 & ! l4 ,prev5tative1 no su* ^w1 say prev5tive4 ,promise %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( assure4 ,propose1 mean+ to (f] %\ld n be confus$ ) purpose mean+ to int5d4 ,proposition %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) proposal4 ,a proposition is a /atem5t ( a /atem5t or a plan4 ,a proposal is ! pres5tation or /atem5t ( an (f]4 ,provid+ %\ld n be us$ = provid$4 ,quality %\ld nev] be us$ z an adjective or ) an adjective s5se4 ,quality clo!s is mean+less3 ,clo!s ( quality equally s4 ,all clo!s h quality & ! expression has mean+ only :5 ! quality is def9$ z good1 bad1 high1 l[1 & s =?4 ,quit1 to g away f is n ! same z /op4 ,q means entirely1 :olly1 & %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! modify+ s5se z if mean+ r or some:at4 ,q a few is nons5se4 ,raise is a mu* abus$ ^w4 ,x is nev] a n\n4 ,z a v]b x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f re> & increase1 z 9 su* phrases z ,he 0 rais$ 9 ,texas4 ,! l&lord rais$ my r5t4 ,r>ely ev] %\ld n be us$ = r>ely or h>dly ev]4 ,real %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( v4 ,ref]5ce %\ld be us$ ) ) r ?an 94 ,say ) ref]5ce to1 n 9 ref]5ce to4 ,! same rule applies to ! words reg>d & respect4 ,d n say 9 reg>ds to1 say ) reg>d to4 ,rememb] is n ! same z recollect1 :i* means to rememb] by an ef=t4 ,r5dition %\ld n be us$ = r5d]+4 ,rese>*] has no /&+ z a ^w4 ,reside 9 ! s5se ( live1 & resid5ce 9 ! s5se ( h\se or dwell+ are affectations & %\ld nev] be us$4 ,retire %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( g to b$4 ,"r %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( duty4 ,y _h a "r to w>n me1 %\ld be ,x 0 y\r duty to w>n me1 or y ought to h w>n$ me4 ,"r %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( v4 ,su* expressions z "r n[1 "r (f1 "r away1 "r "h are n n[ 9 good use4 ,same %\ld n be us$ z a pron\n4 ,?is is a common usage 9 bus9ess correspond5ce b x is n good ,engli% & c be easily avoid$ )\t sacrific+ ei!r brevity or s5se4 ,same z 9 ! s5se ( j z1 9 ! same mann] %\ld be avoid$4 ,score %\ld n be us$ = a*ieve or accompli%4 ,set %\ld n be confus$ ) sit4 ,to set means to cause to sit4 ,sewage1 mean+ ! cont5ts ( a sew]1 %\ld n be confus$ ) sew]age :i* means ! sy/em4 ,%[ %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( play or p]=mance4 ,%[ up %\ld n be us$ = expose4 ,s9ce %\ld n be us$ = ago4 ,size up %\ld n be us$ = e/imate or weigh4 ,"s %\ld n be us$ = some:at z ,i feel "s bett]4 ,sort ( %\ld n be us$ = r4 ,spl5did means %9+ or brilliant & %\ld n be us$ z a t]m ( g5]al comm5dation4 ,/& = means be responsible =4 ,its rec5t use z mean+ /&1 endure1 or p]mit1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,/>t %\ld n be us$ = beg91 e4 g41 ,he />t$ 7began7 to speak4 ,/ate %\ld n be us$ = say4 ,/op %\ld n be us$ = /ay4 ,su* %\ld n be us$ = s4 ,say ,i h nev] se5 s beautiful a book be=e n ,i h nev] se5 su* a beautiful book be=e4 ,sure %\ld n be us$ z an adv]b4 ,say surely4 ,take is sup]flu\s 9 connection ) o!r v]bs1 e4 g41 ,suppose we take & use t type4 ,take %\ld n be confus$ ) br+4 ,take /ock 9 %\ld n be us$ = rely or tru/ 94 ,t %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( s4 ,i did n "k x 0 t big4 ,?9k %\ld n h ! ^w = add$1 e4 g41 ,x is m important ?an y ?9k =4 ,?is %\ld n be us$ z an adv]b4 ,?is mu* is cle> %\ld be ,?us mu* is cle>4 ,?r\gh %\ld n be us$ = f9i%$4 ,to is sup]flu\s & wrong 9 su* expressions z ,:]e did y g to8 ,too alone %\ld n modify a pa/ p>ticiple4 ,he 0 too 7mu*7 excit$ to reply4 ,transpire does n mean happ54 ,x means to come to light or become kn[n4 ,treat %\ld be foll[$ by ( r ?an on4 ,?is volume treats ( gramm>1 n on gramm>4 ,try %\ld be foll[$ by to r ?an &4 ,i w try to g1 n ,i w try & g4 ,ugly %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! s5se ( bad temp]$ or vici\s4 ,x means repulsive to ! eye4 ,unique does n mean r>e1 odd1 or unusual4 ,x means alone ( its k9d4 ,upw>d ( %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( m ?an4 ,v5al %\ld n be confus$ ) v5ial4 ,v]bal %\ld n be confus$ ) oral4 ,a v]bal message means only a message 9 words2 an oral message is a message by ^w ( m\?4 ,v %\ld be us$ sp>+ly4 ,x is a ^w ( great emphasis & l all su* words defeats its purpose :5 us$ too frequ5tly4 ,visitor is a human call]4 ,visitant a sup]natural call]4 ,want %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( wi%1 e4 g41 ,i want x really means ,i feel ! want ( x or ,i lack x4 ,want1 wi%1 & ne$ %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,way %\ld n be us$ 9 ! s5se ( away 9 su* expressions z ,way d[n ,ea/4 ,ways %\ld n be us$ = way1 e4 g41 ,x is q a ways 7way7 (f4 ,:at is (t5 misus$ = t1 e4 g41 ,he has no d\bt b :at 7t7 he w succe$4 ,:5ce means f :at place or cause & %\ld n be prec$$ by f4 ,?is applies equally to h5ce :i* means f ?is place4 ,:i* %\ld n be us$ ) a clause z its antec$5t1 e4 g41 ,he repli$ hotly1 :i* 0 a mi/ake %\ld be ,he repli$ hotly2 ?is 0 a mi/ake4 ,:i* be+ a neut] pron\n %\ld n be us$ to repres5t a mascul9e or fem99e n\n4 ,use :o4 ,betwe5 ! two neut] pron\ns :i* & t let euphony decide4 ,:o %\ld n be misus$ = :om or ^:1 e4 g41 ,:o 7:om7 did y wi% to see8 ,wa%+ton1 ?an :o 7^:7 no great] "n is record$4 ,imp]sonal objects %\ld be ref]r$ to by :i* r ?an :o4 ,)\t %\ld n be us$ = unless1 e4 g41 ,i w n g )\t 7unless7 y g ) me4 ,witness %\ld n be us$ = see4 ,wor/ k9d or wor/ k9d ( way %\ld n be us$ = v mu*4 ,womanly means belong+ to woman z woman4 ,womani% means effem9ate4 ,tables ( ,irregul> ,v]bs ,table #a conta9s ! pr9cipal p>ts ( all irregul> v]bs ^: pa/ t5se & p]fect p>ticiple are unlike4 ,mo/ errors 9 ! use ( irregul> v]bs occur ) ^? 9 ,table #a4 ,! pa/ t5se mu/ n be us$ ) h 7has1 _h74 ,d n use su* expressions z h drove & has w5t4 ,equally disagreeable is ! use ( ! p]fect p>ticiple = ! pa/ t5se2 z1 %e se51 !y done4 ,,table ,i ,pres5t ,t5se ,pa/ ,t5se ,p]f4 ,"p4 arise arose aris5 be or am 0 be5 be>1 br+ =? bore born#a1 borne be>1 c>ry bore borne beat beat beat51 beat beg9 began begun bid bade1 bid bidd51 bid bite bit bitt51 bit bl[ blew bl[n break broke brok5 *ide *id *idd51 *id *oose *ose *os5 cleave1 split cleft1 clove cleft1 cleav$1 7clave7#b clov5 come came come d did done draw drew drawn dr9k drank drunk1 drunk5 drive drove driv5 eat ate 7eat7 eat5 7eat7 fall fell fall5 fly flew fl[n =be> =bore =borne =get =got =gott51 =got =sake =sook =sak5 freeze froze froz5 give gave giv5 g w5t gone gr[ grew gr[n hide hid hidd51 hid "k knew kn[n lie1 recl9e lay la9 ride rode ridd5 r+ rang1 rung rung rise rose ris5 run ran run see saw se5 %ake %ook %ak5 %r9k %rank1 %runk %runk1 %runk5 s+ sung1 sang sung s9k sank1 sunk sunk slay slew sla9 slide slid slidd51 slid smite smote smitt5 speak spoke 7spake7 spok5 spr+ sprang1 spr+ sprung /eal /ole /ol5 /ride /rode /ridd5 /rike /ruck /ruck1 /rick5 /rive /rove /riv5 swe> swore 7sw>e7 sworn swim swam1 swum swum take took tak5 te> tore torn ?r[ ?rew ?r[n tread trod trodd51 trod we> wore worn weave wove wov5 write wrote writt5 ,,table ,,ii ,?is table conta9s ! pr9cipal p>ts ( all irregul> v]bs ^: pa/ t5se & p]fect p>ticiples are alike4 ,pres5t ,t5se ,pa/ ,t5se & ,pres5t ,t5se ,pa/ ,t5se & ,p]f4 ,"p4 ,p]f4 ,"p4 abide abode mean meant behold beheld meet met besee* bes\ght pay paid b9d b\nd put put ble$ bl$ read read bre$ br$ r5d r5t br+ br\ght say said build built seek s\ght bur/ bur/ sell sold buy b\ght s5d s5t ca/ ca/ set set cat* caught %$ %$ cl+ clung %oe %od co/ co/ %oot %ot creep crept %ut %ut cut cut sit sat deal dealt sleep slept fe$ f$ sl+ slung feel felt sl9k slunk fight f\ght sp5d sp5t f9d f\nd sp9 spun 7span7 flee fl$ spit spit 7spat7 fl+ flung split split get got 7gott57 spread spread gr9d gr\nd /& /ood h _h /ick /uck he> he>d /+ /ung hit hit /r+ /rung hold held sweep swept hurt hurt sw+ swung keep kept tea* taught lay laid tell told lead l$ ?9k ?\ght leave left ?ru/ ?ru/ l5d l5t weep wept let let w9 won lose lo/ wr+ wrung make made ,,table ,,iii ,?is table includes v]bs t are bo? regul> & irregul>4 ,a ,v]bs 9 :i* ! regul> =m is pref]r$4 ,pres5t ,t5se ,pa/ ,t5se ,p]f4 ,"p4 b5d b5d$1 b5t b5d$1 b5t b]eave b]eav$1 b]eft b]eav$1 b]eft bl5d bl5d$1 bl5t bl5d$1 bl5t bless bless$1 ble/ bless$1 ble/ burn burn$1 burnt burn$1 burnt cleave1 /ick cleav$ 7clave7 cleav$ clo! clo!d1 clad clo!d1 clad curse curs$1 cur/ curs$1 cur/ dive div$ 7dove7 div$ 7dove7 dream dream$1 dreamt dream$1 dreamt dress dress$1 dre/ dress$1 dre/ gild gild$1 gilt gild$1 gilt heave heav$1 hove heav$1 hove hew hew$ hew$1 hewn lade lad$ lad$1 lad5 lean lean$1 leant lean$1 leant leap leap$1 leapt leap$1 leapt le>n le>n$1 le>nt le>n$1 le>nt light light$1 lit light$1 lit m[ m[$ m[$1 m[n p51 %ut up p5n$1 p5t p5n$1 p5t plead plead$ 7plead or plead$ 7plead or pl$7 pl$7 prove prov$ prov$1 prov5 reave reav$1 reft reav$1 reft rive riv$ riv$1 riv5 saw saw$ saw$1 sawn see! see!d 7sod7 see!d1 sodd5 %ape %ap$ %ap$1 %ap5 %ave %av$ %av$1 %av5 %e> %e>$ %e>$1 %orn smell smell$1 smelt smell$1 smelt s[ s[$ s[$1 s[n spell spell$1 spelt spell$1 spelt spill spill$1 spilt spill$1 spilt spoil spoil$1 spoilt spoil$1 spoilt /ave /av$1 /ove /av$1 /ove /ay /ay$1 /aid /ay$1 /aid swell swell$ swell$1 swoll5 wake wak$1 woke wak$1 woke wax1 gr[ wax$ wax$ 7wax57 w$ w$d$ w$d$1 w$ :et :ett$1 :et :ett$1 :et "w work$1 wr\ght work$1 wr\ght ,b ,v]bs 9 :i* ! irregul> =m is pref]r$4 ,pres5t ,t5se ,pa/ ,t5se ,p]f4 ,"p4 awake awoke1 awak$ awak$1 awoke belay belaid1 belay$ belaid1 belay$ bet bet1 bett$ bet1 bett$ cr[ crew1 cr[$ cr[$ d>e dur/1 d>$ d>$ dig dug1 digg$ dug1 digg$ dwell dwelt1 dwell$ dwelt1 dwell$ gird girt1 gird$ girt1 gird$ grave grav$ grav51 grav$ hang hung1 hang$#c hung1 hang$ kneel knelt1 kneel$ knelt1 kneel$ knit knit1 knitt$ knit1 knitt$ quit quit1 quitt$ quit1 quitt$ rap rapt1 rapp$ rapt1 rapp$ rid rid1 ridd$ rid1 ridd$ %9e %one 7%9$7 %one 7%9$7 %[ %[$ %[n1 %[$ %r$ %r$1 %r$d$ %r$1 %r$d$ %rive %riv$1 %rove %riv51 %riv$ slit slit1 slitt$ slit1 slitt$ spe$ sp$1 spe$$ sp$1 spe$$ /rew /rew$ /rewn1 /rew$ /r[ /r[$ /r[n1 /r[$ sweat sweat1 sweat$ sweat1 sweat$ ?rive ?rove1 ?riv$ ?riv$1 ?riv5 wet wet 7wett$7 wet 7wett$7 w9d w\nd 7w9d$7 w\nd 7w9d$7 ,! v]bs ( ! foll[+ li/ also are irregul>2 b z !y lack "o or m ( ! pr9cipal p>ts1 !y are call$ defective v]bs4 ,defective ,v]bs ,pres5t ,pa/ ,pres5t ,pa/ c c\ld ought 44444 may might 44444 quo? mu/ 44444 bew>e 44444 %all %\ld me?9ks me?\ght w w\ld ,all ! p>ticiples are want+ 9 defective v]bs4 ,! v]b ought1 :5 us$ to express pa/ duty or obligation1 is foll[$ by :at is call$ ! p]fect inf9itive--a use peculi> to itself because ought has no pa/ =m4 ,example3 ,i ought to h gone ye/]day4 ,o!r v]bs express+ pa/ "t are us$ 9 ! pa/ t5se foll[$ by ! root inf9itive4 ,example3 ,i int5d$ to g ye/]day4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ ,composition & ,rhetoric4 ,by ,lockwood & ,em]son4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,! ,art ( ,writ+ & ,speak+ ! ,engli% ,language4 ,by ,%]w9 ,cody4 ,! ,old ,greek ,press1 ,*icago4 ,! ,writ]'s ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4 ,fr$]ick ,/okes ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,manual = ,writ]s4 ,by ,john ,mat!ws ,manly & ,john ,ar?ur ,p[ell4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 ,*icago4 ,any good ,gramm>4 ,putnam's ,^w ,book4 ,by ,l\is ,a4 ,flemm+4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,*icago4 7,= ref]5ce47 ,,que/ions ,9 addition to ! que/ions "h giv5 !re %\ld be con/ant & ?or\gh drill 9 ! use ( grammatical =ms & ! *oice ( words4 ,frequ5t %ort !mes %\ld be requir$4 ,9 ^! !mes att5tion %\ld be giv5 to grammatical con/ruction1 *oice ( words1 spell+1 capitalization1 punctuation1 s5t5ce con/ruction1 & p>agraph+4 #a4 ,:y is ! subject important8 #b4 ,h[ _m families ( words are !re1 & :at are !y8 #c4 ,:at is a n\n8 #d4 ,:at are ! ?ree ?+s ab\t a n\n :i* indicates its relation to o!r words8 #e4 ,h[ _m numb]s are !re1 & :at d !y mean8 #f4 ,h[ d ord9>y n\ns =m _! plurals8 #g4 ,h[ d comp\nd n\ns =m _! plurals8 #h4 ,:at is "o v important use ( numb]8 #i4 ,:at c y say ( ! use ( ! v]b ) collective n\ns8 #aj4 ,:at is case8 #aa4 ,h[ _m cases are !re1 & :at does ea* indicate8 #ab4 ,:at c y say ab\t ! relation ( a n\n to a preposition8 #ac4 ,are prepositions ev] omitt$1 & :y8 #ad4 ,h[ are ! nom9ative & objective cases di/+ui%$8 #ae4 ,h[ is ! possessive case =m$ 9 ! plural8 #af4 ,d possessive pron\ns take an apo/rophe8 #ag4 ,:at is x's8 #ah4 ,h[ are comp\nd n\ns1 appositives1 etc41 treat$ 9 ! possessive8 #ai4 ,:at is an adjective8 #bj4 ,:at d degrees indicate1 & h[ _m are !re8 #ba4 ,h[ are adjectives comp>$8 #bb4 ,:5 %\ld ! long =m ( comp>ison be us$ & :5 ! %ort8 #bc4 ,:at dang] att5ds ! use ( mo/8 #bd4 ,give two irregul> adjectives & comp>e !m4 #be4 ,%\ld ! two me?ods ( comp>ison ev] be comb9$8 #bf4 ,:y are "s adjectives nev] comp>$8 #bg4 ,:at is an article8 #bh4 ,h[ _m articles are !re8 #bi4 ,:at k9ds ( articles are !re8 #cj4 ,:5 %\ld y use a8 #ca4 ,:5 %\ld y use an8 #cb4 ,:at is a v]b8 #cc4 ,( :at ?ree p>ts does a simple s5t5ce consi/8 #cd4 ,"n !m & describe ea*4 #ce4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! v]b to ! subject ) reg>d to p]son & numb]8 #cf4 ,:at is voice8 #cg4 ,h[ _m voices are !re1 :at is ea* call$1 & :at does x indicate8 #ch4 ,:at is t5se8 #ci4 ,h[ _m t5ses are !re1 & :at are !y call$8 #dj4 ,:at is ! rule = t5se 9 subord9ate clauses8 #da4 ,:at is ! reason = ! rule1 & h[ c accuracy be det]m9$8 #db4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! /atem5t 9 ! subord9ate clause is ( univ]sal application8 #dc4 ,:at is mood8 #dd4 ,h[ _m moods are !re1 & :at are !y call$8 #de4 ,h[ is ! indicative mood us$8 #df4 ,h[ is ! subjunctive mood us$8 #dg4 ,h[ is ! imp]ative mood us$8 #dh4 ,:at is ! pot5tial mood8 #di4 ,:at is ! exact mean+ ( 7a7 may1 7b7 c1 7c7 mu/1 7d7 ought8 #ej4 ,:at is t5se8 #ea4 ,h[ are %all & w us$ 9 direct disc\rse 7a7 9 simple /atem5ts1 7b7 9 que/ions1 7c7 9 o!r cases8 #eb4 ,h[ are %all & w us$ 9 indirect disc\rse8 #ec4 ,:at are ! exceptions 9 ! use ( %all & w8 #ed4 ,:at is ! g5]al use ( %\ld & w\ld8 #ee4 ,h[ are %\ld & w\ld us$ 9 subord9ate clauses1 9 indirect disc\rse8 #ef4 ,:at exceptions are !re 9 ! use ( %\ld & w\ld8 #eg4 ,:y d we make mi/akes 9 ! use ( comp\nd t5ses8 #eh4 ,:at is ! case ( ! object 9 p>ticipial con/ruction8 #ei4 ,:at %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! use ( prepositions8 #fj4 ,d passive v]bs ev] h objects8 #fa4 ,:at is a pron\n8 #fb4 ,:at common error occurs 9 ! use ( plural possessive pron\ns8 #fc4 ,:at common error occurs 9 ! use ( cases 9 subord9ate clauses8 #fd4 ,:at dang] is !re 9 ! use ( pron\ns1 & h[ c x be avoid$8 #fe4 ,:at is an adv]b8 #ff4 ,:at is ! important di/9ction 9 ! use ( adv]bs & adjectives8 #fg4 ,:at rule is to be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( negatives8 #fh4 ,:at is a preposition8 #fi4 ,:]e is x plac$ 9 ! s5t5ce8 #gj4 ,:at is a conjunction8 #ga4 ,:at is said ( & & b8 #gb4 ,h[ %\ld we pair ei!r1 nei!r1 or1 & nor8 #gc4 ,:at is ! rule ab\t plac+ correlatives8 #gd4 ,:at is an int]jection8 #ge4 ,does x make mu* diff]5ce :]e words are put 9 a s5t5ce8 ,:y8 #gf4 ,:at is ! g5]al rule = plac+ words8 #gg4 ,:5 may words be omitt$8 #gh4 ,:at is ! dang] 9 su* omission8 #gi4 ,m5tion "s objectionable abbreviations ( ?is sort4 #hj4 ,:at is ! writ]'s task8 #ha4 ,:at ?ree abuses are to be avoid$8 #hb4 ,:at are ,campbell's five canons8 #hc4 ,:at are ! rules = ! =mation ( s5t5ces8 #hd4 ,:at are ! rules = ! =mation ( p>agraphs8 ,,gloss>y ,,ambiguity--,! possibility ( m ?an "o mean+4 ,,apposition--,:5 ! mean+ ( a n\n or pron\n is made cle> or emphatic by ! use ( ano!r n\n or pron\n ! two are said to be 9 apposition1 e4 g41 ,john1 ! old pressman4 ,,auxili>y ,,v]b--,a v]b us$ to help to express ! mean+ ( ano!r v]b by %[+ its voice1 mood or t5se4 ,,clause--,a gr\p ( words consi/+ ( a subject & pr$icate ) _! modifi]s & =m+ a "p ( a s5t5ce3 a s5t5ce )9 a s5t5ce4 ,,collective ,,n\n--,a n\n indicat+ a collection ( units consid]$ z a :ole1 e4 g41 cr[d4 ,,comp\nd ,,words--,words made up ( two or m words us$ toge!r to express "o idea4 ,,context--,! entire writ+ f :i* a text or passage is tak54 ,,correlative--,a t]m appli$ to pairs ( conjunctions or o!r words or phrases :i* imply or involve ea* o!r4 ,,diction--,! *oice & use ( words4 ,,gramm>--,! sci5ce t treats ( ! pr9ciples t gov]n ! correct use ( language 9 ei!r spok5 or writt5 =m2 ! sci5ce ( ! s5t5ce & its elem5ts4 ,,het]og5e\s ,,s5t5ces--,s5t5ces conta9+ unrelat$ ideas or deal+ ) a v>iety ( sep>ate ?+s4 ,,hypo!sis--,a supposition1 or imag9>y /ate ( ?+s assum$ z a basis = reason+4 ,,hypo!tical ,,clause--,a clause conta9+ a supposition4 ,,metaphor--,a figure ( spee* 9 :i* "o ?+ is lik5$ to ano!r by speak+ ( x z if x 7 t o!r1 or call+ x t o!r4 ,,n\n ,,clause--,a clause us$ z a n\n4 ,,object 7,,( ,a ,,v]b7--,! ?+ act$ on4 ,,p>ticipial ,,con/ruction--,a p>ticiple & its modifi]s us$ z ! subject or object ( a v]b4 ,,phrase--,an expression1 consi/+ usually ( b a few words1 d5ot+ a s+le idea1 or =m+ a sep>ate "p ( a s5t5ce4 ,,pr$icate 7,,( ,a ,,s5t5ce7--,t :i* is said ( ! subject4 ,see subject4 ,,pr9cipal ,,v]b--,! v]b 9 ! ma9 /atem5t ( a s5t5ce4 ,,pronom9al ,,adjective--,an adjective us$ z a pron\n4 ,,rhetoric--,! art ( p]fect+ man's p[] ( communicat+ to o!rs 8 m5tal acts or /ates by means ( language3 art ( disc\rse4 ,,subject 7,,( ,a ,,s5t5ce7--,! ?+ spok5 ab\t 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,see pr$icate4 ,,subject 7,,( ,a ,,v]b7--,! ?+ act+4 ,,subord9ate ,,clause--,a clause expla9+ or o!rwise modify+ ! ma9 /atem5t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices ,! foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 & by individuals4 ,ea* publication has be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive /udy4 ,! publications ( ! s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #e x #h in*es4 ,_! g5]al make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4 ,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/ possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review ,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( ! subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( ! books4 ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4 ,address all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] ( ,in=mation ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,relat+ to ! me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1 font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description ( _! manufacture4 #dd pp42 illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42 illu/rat$2 #ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1 case racks1 galley racks1 /&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = ! press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities = special purposes4 #ei pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #e4 ,pro( ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42 illu/rat$2 #da review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,daniel ,bak] ,a prim] ( in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f ! orig9al h& press to ! mod]n job press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42 illu/rat$2 #di review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak] ,be+ a /udy ( ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal types ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #h4 ,me*anical ,fe$]s & ,fold]s ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurri] ,! hi/ory & op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2 ) h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #i4 ,p[] = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses ,by ,c>l ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on ! me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses & alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1 h&-lev] cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r automatic ma*9es = cutt+ pap]4 #gj pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! composition1 manufacture1 & c>e ( ink+ roll]s4 #df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,_! composition1 prop]ties & manufacture 7repr9t$ by p]mission f ,circul> ,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions ab\t ! ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,:eelwright ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh pp42 illu/rat$2 #fb review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ad4 ,relief ,engrav+s ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief hi/ory & non-te*nical description ( mod]n me?ods ( engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy = reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+ engrav+s4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+ ,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+ & /]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2 gloss>ies4 ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition #af4 ,typesett+ ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book = beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1 spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to typesett+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,! me?ods by :i* !y are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 ) obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,sugge/ions = ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/ jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little ?+s :i* g to make good display 9 typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ai4 ,g5]al ,job ,composition ,h[ ! job compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1 programs & miscellane\s "w4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ,*apt]s f ,de,vinne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition1 revis$ & arrang$ = ?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition ( pages4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,imposition ( pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ba4 ,tabul> ,composition ,by ,rob]t ,seav] ,a /udy ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 ) examples ( m difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review que/ions4 #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon ,elem5t>y ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+ trade1 calculation ( mat]ials1 pap] weights & sizes1 ) /&>d tables & rules = computation1 ea* subject amplifi$ ) examples & ex]cises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,! ,l9otype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9 ,section ,,ii--,! ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,! ,int]type ,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s ,section ,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+ ,ma*9es ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi? ,a brief hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _! me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework #bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,?+s ! appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 & ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2 fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ type =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on ,plat5 ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ ! tympan1 regulat+ ! impression1 und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+ gauges1 & o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bg4 ,cyl9d] ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,prep>+ ! press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m roll]s1 ink f\nta91 gripp]s & deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ & ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton ,describ+ "s practical me?ods ( pressroom "w1 ) directions & useful in=mation relat+ to a v>iety ( pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review que/ions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic processes ( pr9t+4 #hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book ,b9d+ #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+ ,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations employ$ 9 b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ca4 ,book ,b9d+ ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg] ,practical in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ books2 fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case mak+ & cas$-9 books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job & blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,vi--,correct ,lit]>y ,composition #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & ,engli% ,gramm> ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _! uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _! use1 bo? grammatically & typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s practical typographic h9ts z to ! use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ce4 ,division ( ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules = ! division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 ) rem>ks on spell+1 syllabication & pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review que/ions4 #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts ( comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations & ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review que/ions4 #ch4 ,! ,uses ( ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4 #ci4 ,pro(read+ ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,! te*nical phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s & copy4 ,illu/rat$ by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #dj4 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,sugge/ions = au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9 prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42 #fg review que/ions4 #da4 ,pr9t]s' ,manual ( ,/yle ,a ref]5ce compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 & sugge/ions relat+ to uni=mity 9 punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features ( composition4 #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book ( def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,"p ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+ #dc4 ,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+4 ,treats ( h>mony1 balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,applications ( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+ mat]ial ( typography pap]1 types1 ink1 decorations & illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design ( complete book1 treat+ ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions1 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,use ( color3 = decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m pr9t+s ) process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific nature ( color1 physical & *emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1 value1 int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1 scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory ( process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4 ,illu/rations 9 full color1 & on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lett]+ 9 ,typography ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,pr9t]'s use ( lett]+3 adaptability & decorative effect4 ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+ & lett]+ & its influ5ce on type design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9 lett]+4 ,application ( design to lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design 9 ,adv]tis+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,! pr9t]'s function 9 adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i* adv]tis+ is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 att5tion1 color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+ typography4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a lay\t3 ! ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation ( a propos$ f9al effect4 ,use ( dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4 ,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes = dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet & ! hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to ! inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42 illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4 #ej4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came ab\t4 #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 ! developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t ( pr9t]s' mat]ials1 & ! "w ( ! great pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4 #eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry f #adej to #aghi1 includ+ gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1 int]nal conditions & indu/rial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review que/ions4 #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl& ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a %ort hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to ! pres5t "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review que/ions4 #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s notes on publi%]s :o h especially contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42 #hd review que/ions4 #ee4 ,type & ,presses 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ & press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa review que/ions4 ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+ #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eg4 ,use ( a ,co/ ,sy/em ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eh4 ,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! selection & pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4 ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial & ! sell+ price ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #ei4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! e/imator & 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules = e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,an insight into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,a brief outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2 necess>y books & accessory records4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 ,,"p ,x--,miscellane\s #fb4 ,heal?1 ,sanitation1 & ,safety ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+ trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2 practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2 protective appliances & rules = safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book ( ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies1 alphabetically arrang$4 #fd4 ,c\rses ( ,/udy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook = tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions = classroom & %op "w4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices ! books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4 ,:ile due ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title & copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea* book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( a portion ( ! volumes1 con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z ! entire li/ ( books compris+ ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5 complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 ea* volume4 ,! ,committee also desires to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly await$ its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1 ,*airman1 ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,= ,composition & ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5 ,,gre5e ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,edw>d ,,/]n ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+ ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphag51 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,= ,composition ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,electrotypes ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[] ,,/eel ,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,= ,engrav+s ,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,book ,pap] ,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp ,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,born is us$ only 9 ! passive voice4 #b ,! words 9 p>5!ses 9 ?is & ! foll[+ tables repres5t =ms :i*1 ?\gh at "o "t common1 are n[ seldom us$4 #c ,ref]r+ to execution by susp5sion1 hang$ is pref]able to hung4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,! mispr9t ,/]otyp+ 0 correct$ to ,/]eotyp+ 7pg4 iii-ads74