,,antique ,,tabriz ,,silk ,,rug         
,,size #h  #f4c    ,this interesting and
 valuable rug is of antique ,tabriz     
weave1 of finely  blended colors1 and   
rare design4 ,it represents the         
individual squares on  the floor of a   
mosque1 each one of which may be        
occupied by a worshipper  kneeling in   
prayer4 ,rugs with a single design of   
this kind are usual1  but a grouping of 
many such spaces in one rug is rare4    
,forms of the ,tree  of ,life are       
represented in different panels1 and the
 border is very rich  and handsome4 ,the
 fabric is fine1 the texture soft and   
firm4 ,the rich  and splendid hues of   
the various panels are so soft in tone  
that1 while  there are several different
 colors in juxtaposition1 these have    
been  arranged so deftly and            
artistically that the effect is         
perfectly  harmonious4 ,it is impossible
 to describe in words the mellow        
richness  and rare art displayed in this
 unique product of the loom4    ,,owned 

,,by ,,mrs4 ,l4 ,g4 ,,burnham1 ,,boston4
          ,,rugs    ,,oriental ,,and    
,,occidental ,,antique  ,,modern    ,a  
,handbook for ,ready ,reference    ,,by 
,,rosa ,,belle ,,holt    ,new and       
,enlarged ,edition1 ,entirely ,reset    
,with #cc full-page ,illustrations1 #ab 
in full color1 and other drawings  in   
the text1 and a ,map of the ,orient     
,,chicago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g  ,,co4  
#aijh    ,,copyright    ,a4 ,c4         
,,mcclurg  ,,co4    #aija-aijh    ,this 
,enlarged ,edition published ,october   
#aj1 #aijh    ,,the ,,university        
,,press1 ,,cambridge1 ,u4,s4,a4         
,,preface    ,,to ,,new ,,enlarged      
,,edition      ,when the first edition  
of this book was published in #aija1 it 
stood  almost alone as a reference work 
on ,oriental ,rugs4 ,in the six years   
which have since elapsed1 several       
volumes dealing with the subject have   
been published4    ,the extended        
knowledge of the public concerning the  
subject has  materially altered the     

conditions of buying and selling4 ,it   
has also  served to increase curiosity  
and enthusiasm regarding these products 
of  ,oriental workmanship4 ,i have been 
gratified to observe that a desire for  
additional information is sought4 ,my   
mail has contained an increasing  number
 of requests for an enlarged edition of 
my book1 and my own  enthusiasm for the 
subject makes me believe in the interest
 of my  readers4 ,i take pleasure in    
sharing with them the results of recent 
investigations made in the ,united      
,states1 in the art centres of ,europe1 
and in the ,orient4      ,,rosa ,,belle 
,,holt4      ,,new ,,york ,,city1       
,february #a1 #aijh4          ,,preface 
,while there is a singular lack of books
 in the ,english language treating      
directly of ,rugs1--a theme which is so 
intensely interesting to  buyers1--it is
 noteworthy that under the category of  
,oriental ,carpets  are to be found a   
few volumes of interest4 ,these1        
however1 are too rare  and expensive for

 the general reader4 ,for this reason ,i
 have undertaken  to present in a       
concise form certain facts that may     
enable a novice to  appreciate the      
beauty and interest attaching to rugs1  
and assist a  prospective purchaser in  
judging of the merits of any particular 
rug he  may desire to possess4    ,for  
much valuable information on the subject
 ,i am indebted to  publications which  
are referred to in my ,bibliography1 to 
correspondence  with ,ministers to      
,oriental countries and ,consuls        
residing therein1 to  interviews with   
rug-dealers in various cities1 and to   
certain learned  ,americans1 ,armenians1
 ,greeks1 ,syrians and ,turks4 ,it has  
also been my  good fortune to be        
intrusted1 for purposes of description  
and  reproduction1 with many beautiful  
and rare rugs1 from owners who cherish  
them as treasures4 ,these true          
rug-lovers have generously contributed  
to  whatever there may be of interest in
 this book4      ,r4 ,b4 ,h4      ,,new 

,,york ,,city1    ,august #a1 #aija4    
,,contents                              
,,page      ,i4 ,,history ,,and         
,,details ,,of ,,rug-,,weaving      ,the
 ,history                               
#ae    ,the ,loom and ,its ,work        
#bb    ,the ,weavers                    
#bf    ,the ,materials                  
#cj    ,the ,quality                    
#cb    ,the ,knotting                   
#cd    ,designs                         
#cg    ,the ,dyes                       
#dd    ,oriental ,colors                
#dg      ,,ii4 ,,rug-,,weaving ,,in     
,,egypt1 ,,persia1 ,,and ,,turkey       
,rug-,weaving in ,egypt                 
#ea    ,persian ,rugs                   
#ec    ,characteristics of ,certain     
,persian ,rugs                          
#eh    ,turkish ,rugs                   
#ga    ,characteristics of ,certain     
,turkish ,rugs                          
#gd      ,,iii4 ,,rug-,,weaving ,,in    
,,india1 ,,afghanistan1 ,,beluchistan1  
,,central ,,asia1 ,,and ,,the ,,caucasus

 ,,region      ,indian ,rugs            
#hg    ,characteristics of ,certain     
,indian ,rugs                           
#ij    ,afghanistan ,rugs               
#ie    ,beluchistan ,rugs               
#ig    ,turkoman ,rugs                  
#ih    ,characteristics of ,certain     
,turkoman ,rugs                         
#ajj    ,caucasian ,rugs                
#aje      ,,iv4 ,,miscellaneous         
,,oriental ,,rugs      ,rugs of the     
,holy ,land                             
#aaa    ,chinese ,rugs                  
#aac    ,japanese ,rugs                 
#aaf    ,khilim ,rugs                   
#aag    ,polish ,rugs                   
#aai    ,prayer ,rugs                   
#abj    ,silk ,rugs                     
#abc    ,felt ,rugs                     
#abf    ,hunting ,rugs                  
#abh      ,v4 ,,rug-,,weaving ,,in      
,,europe ,,and ,,the ,,united ,,states  
,rug-,weaving in ,europe and the ,united
 ,states                        #aca    
,greek ,rugs                            

#acb    ,moorish and ,spanish ,rugs     
#acd    ,bosnian1 ,servian1 ,roumanian1 
and ,bulgarian    ,rugs                 
#acf    ,english ,rugs                  
#ach    ,french ,rugs                   
#ada    ,rugs of the ,united ,states    
#adc      ,,vi4 ,,miscellaneous         
,,information      ,inscriptions on     
,rugs                                   
#aec    ,concerning ,oriental ,symbols  
#aef    ,chinese ,symbols               
#aeg    ,egyptian ,symbols              
#aeh    ,indian ,symbols                
#aei    ,japanese ,symbols              
#afj    ,persian ,symbols               
#afj    ,turkish ,symbols               
#afj    ,miscellaneous ,symbols         
#afa    ,meanings of ,some of the       
,place-,names ,associated with ,rugs    
#afb    ,,geographical ,,data           
#afd    ,localities ,arranged           
,geographically                         
#afe    ,localities ,arranged           
,alphabetically                         
#agj      ,,list ,,of ,,authorities     

#age      ,,index                       
#agi      ,,list ,,of ,,plates          
,,page    ,antique ,tabriz ,silk ,rug   
,frontispiece    ,oriental ,rugs        
,decorating a ,balcony                  
#bj    ,turkish ,loom and ,weavers      
#bd    ,vats for ,washing and ,dyeing   
,wool--,turkey                          
#bh    ,soumak ,rug                     
#cj    ,indian ,rug ,designers          
#cb    ,sinna ,rug                      
#cd    ,rugs being ,transported         
#ch    ,wool ,drying after ,dyeing      
#dd    ,antique ,persian ,rug           
#ed    ,khorassan ,rug                  
#ef    ,bijar 7,sarakhs7 ,rug           
#eh    ,camel's ,hair ,rug from ,hamadan
                                        
#fj    ,feraghan ,rug                   
#fb    ,shiraz ,rug                     
#fh    ,arabian ,rug                    
#gj    ,old ,ghiordes ,prayer ,rug      
#gd    ,indian ,prayer ,rug             
#gh    ,indian ,loom and ,weavers       
#hb    ,afghanistan ,rug                

#ie    ,tekk-,turkoman or ,bokhara ,rug 
#ih    ,samarkand ,rug                  
#ajb    ,daghestan ,rug                 
#ajf    ,kazak ,rug                     
#ajh    ,antique ,chinese ,wool ,rug    
#aad    ,khilim ,rug                    
#aag    ,old ,kirman ,prayer ,rug       
#abj    ,old ,anatolian ,prayer ,rug    
#abb    ,persian ,silk ,rug             
#abd    ,derbent ,rug                   
#abf    ,early ,english ,rug            
#ach    ,navajo ,rug                    
#adf    ,antique ,persian ,rug          
#aef    ,map of the ,orient             
#afd      ,,drawings ,,in ,,the ,,text  
,a ,loom                                
#be    ,persian or ,sinna ,knotting     
#ce    ,turkish or ,ghiordes ,knotting  
#ce    ,soumak ,weave                   
#ce    ,five ,forms of the ,palmette    
#ci1 #dj    ,herati ,border             
#dj    ,central ,design                 
#da    ,running ,hook ,design           
#da    ,pomegranate                     
#da    ,palm ,leaves                    

#da    ,cloud ,bands                    
#da    ,lozenge                         
#da    ,wave-like ,designs              
#db    ,rosette                         
#db    ,reciprocal ,trefoil             
#db    ,central ,design                 
#db    ,four ,characteristic ,caucasian 
,designs                                
#db    ,fylfot1 or ,swastika            
#db    ,guli ,hinnai                    
#dc    ,lotus                           
#dc    ,medallion                       
#dc          ,,rugs          ,i         
,,history ,,and ,,details ,,of          
,,rug-,,weaving      ,fair warp and     
fitting woof    ,weave a web that bideth
 proof4      ,,motto ,,of ,,the         
,,canterbury ,,weavers4          ,,rugs 
,,oriental ,,and ,,occidental ,,antique 
,,and ,,modern          ,i    ,,the     
,,history ,,and ,,details ,,of          
,,rug-,,weaving      ,the ,history      
,rugs1 in the house beautiful1 impart   
richness and represent refinement4      
,their manufacture was one of the       

earliest incentives for the blending of 
colors in such harmony as to please the 
eye and satisfy the mind2  consequently1
 it is one of the most important of the 
industrial arts4  ,since the days when  
ancient peoples first lay down to sleep 
wrapped in  the skins of animals1 the   
human intelligence has quickened1 and as
 the  race has become more civilized1   
rugs have gradually taken the place of  
skins4 ,thus began the industry of      
rug-weaving1 and it has grown to such   
an extent that it is now of world-wide  
importance4    ,the word ,rug is used in
 this volume in the following sense3 ,a 
covering for the floor2 a mat1 usually  
oblong or square1 and woven in  one     
piece4 ,rugs1 especially those of       
,oriental make1 often show rich  designs
 and elaborate workmanship1 and are     
hence sometimes used for  hangings1 ,in 
several books rugs and carpets are      
referred to as  identical4 ,in fact most
 written information on rugs has been   
catalogued  under the term carpets2 and 

there seems to be good reason for       
assuming  that the terms tapestries and 
carpets1 as used in ancient times1  were
 synonymous with the word rugs of the   
present day1 for these were  spread     
loosely on the floor without the aid of 
fastenings4    ,historical references to
 spinning and to the weaving of         
tapestries date  back to a very early   
period4 ,an ancient ,jewish legend      
states that  ,naamah1 daughter of       
,lamech and sister of ,tubal-,cain1 was 
the inventor of  the spinning of wool   
and of the weaving of thread into cloth4
    ,on at least two of the wonderful   
rock-cut tombs at ,beni-,hassan1 in     
,egypt1--#bhjj-bfjj ,b4,c41--there are  
pictures of weavers at work4 ,in one1   
women are filling a distaff with cotton1
 twisting it with a spindle into        
thread1 and weaving this on an upright  
loom4 ,beside them is a man1  evidently 
an overseer1 watching the weavers and   
their work4 ,the other  wall-painting   
represents a man weaving a checkered rug

 on a horizontal  loom4 ,other monuments
 of ancient ,egypt and of ,mesopotamia  
bear witness  that the manufacture of   
rugs dates a considerable time prior to 
#bdjj  ,b4,c4    ,at ,thebes a fresco1  
dating #agjj-ajjj ,b4,c41 represents    
three men weaving  at an upright loom4  
,a small rug1 discovered in that city   
some time  between the years #fff and   
#ceh ,b4,c41 and now in the possession  
of ,mr4 ,hay  in ,england1 is described 
by ,sir ,j4 ,gardner ,wilkinson as      
follows3 ,this  rug is eleven inches    
long by nine broad4 ,it is made like    
many carpets of  the present day1 with  
woollen threads on linen string4 ,in the
 centre is  the figure of a boy in      
white1 with a goose above it1 the       
hieroglyphic of  'child' upon a green   
ground1 around which is a border        
composed of red1  white1 and blue lines4
 ,the remainder is yellow1 with four    
white figures  above and below1 and one 
at each side1 with blue outlines and red
  ornaments2 and the outer border is    

made up of red1 white1 and blue  lines1 
with a fancy device projecting from it1 
with a triangular summit1  which extends
 entirely round the edge of the rug4    
,its date is uncertain1  but from the   
child1 the combination of the colors1   
and ornamental  border1 ,i am inclined  
to think it really ,egyptian1 not of the
 ,pharaonic1  but of the ,greek and     
,roman period4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,birch1 who 
edited the  last edition of ,wilkinson's
 work1 affirms that this is so4    ,on  
the marbles of ,nineveh is represented  
the pectoral worn by  ,sardanapalus4 ,it
 is an exact miniature of a ,kurdish rug
 of modern times4  ,the ,tree of ,life1 
the motif of most of the ,persian rug   
designs1 is in  the centre1 and the     
border is ornamented with rosettes and  
bars4    ,phoenician art is intermediate
 between ,egyptian and ,assyrian4 ,the  
color most prized in the art of         
,phoenicia was the rare and beautiful   
purple 7properly crimson7 dye used      
exclusively for the garments of         

royalty4 ,for centuries the process of  
making this dye was lost1 and even  at  
the time of its highest fame it was     
familiar only to the maritime           
,canaanites1 who procured the color from
 an animal juice of the murex1 a        
shellfish4 ,the shellfish and the dye   
were known to the ancients as           
conchylium4    ,when ,cleopatra1 the    
famous ,queen of ,egypt1 went to meet   
,csar for the  first time1 she knew that
 he would not allow her to enter his    
presence  if recognized1 and therefore  
she cleverly had herself carried into   
his  palace wrapped in a rug of the     
finest texture4 ,it may well be imagined
  that the unexpected disclosure of the 
charms of this subtle ,egyptian  shared 
largely in bringing the great ,roman    
general into her toils4    ,besides     
,biblical writers1 ,homer1 schylus1     
,plautus1 ,metellus ,scipio1  ,horace1  
,pliny1 ,lucan1 ,josephus1 ,arrian1 and 
,athenus all speak of rugs4  ,to persons
 interested in rugs the search for these

 allusions is a most  fascinating       
occupation4    ,the ,egyptians bestowed 
the greatest care and patience upon the 
rugs they  wove1 as upon all else of    
their handiwork4 ,they spread them      
before the  images of their gods1 and   
also on the ground for their sacred     
cattle to  lie upon4 ,they loved ,nature
 intensely2 like true lovers1 they      
seemed to  have reached her very heart1 
and they symbolized her works in their  
artistic designs4 ,even to this day many
 ,oriental rugs have symbolic  signs    
borrowed from the works of ,nature4     
,in design and color the rugs woven     
to-day in the ,orient are similar to    
the ,assyrian and ,babylonian textile   
fabrics of #ajjj-fjg ,b4,c4 7,fall of   
,nineveh7 and #ech 7,fall of ,babylon74 
,at that early period these were used   
for awnings and floor-coverings in the  
palaces of the ,assyrian kings  ,sargon1
 ,sennacherib1 ,esarhaddon1 and         
,sardanapalus4 ,the designs on the      
stone slab from the palace of ,koyunjik1

 ,nineveh1 and on the door-sill  from   
the palace at ,khorsabad1 are probably  
copied from rugs4    ,from ,egypt and   
,chaldea the manufacture of rugs was    
carried into ,assyria1  and then into   
,asia ,minor4 ,ancient ,egypto-,chaldean
 designs are  occasionally seen in      
modern rugs1 but usually in a modified  
form4 ,for a  long time the industry of 
rug-weaving was supreme in the countries
  mentioned1 but about #dhj ,b4,c4 it   
arrived at a high degree of perfection  
in ,greece4 ,later1 the art was         
corrupted by the ,byzantine 7,lower     
,roman7  influence4 ,in the seventh and 
eighth centuries the ,saracens came into
  power in the ,persian ,empire after   
the fall of the ,sassanian dynasty1  and
 in the ,african and ,syrian provinces4 
,the ,saracens believed that all  labor 
tended to the glory of ,god2            
consequently1 on their western          
campaigns they carried rug-manufacture  
into ,sicily1 ,spain1 ,france1 and      
,italy2 and thus it was introduced      

throughout ,europe4 ,it should be here  
noted that the name ,saracen was given  
by the later ,romans and ,greeks to     
certain of the nomadic tribes on the    
,syrian borders of the ,roman ,empire4  
,after the introduction of              
,mohammedanism the name was applied to  
the ,arab  followers of ,mohammed4      
,from earliest times it has been the    
custom in the ,east to hang rugs over   
graves4 ,about the vault of the mosque  
at ,hebron where the patriarchs         
,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob are said to
 be buried1 rugs are hung at the        
present day4    ,during times of grand  
ftes in ,europe1 when house decoration  
is done  with lavishness1 people1 to    
make their homes more attractive1 drape 
with  beautiful rugs the balconies1 the 
loggias1 and the front walls of         
buildings4 ,the richness and color of   
these rugs blend harmoniously with      
flags and other emblems1 producing an   
effect of great magnificence and        
splendor4    ,illustration3 ,,oriental  

,,rugs ,,decorating ,a ,,balcony        
,from a painting of the fifteenth       
century by ,carpaccio ,vittore1 who was 
born in ,istria1 #adej1 and died in     
,venice1 #aebb4 ,the original painting  
is  in the ,correr ,museum at ,venice4  
,on the balcony are several ,oriental   
rugs  in shades of rich red and rose    
color4    ,when we see the exquisite    
loom-work that has been wrought in the  
,orient1  we sometimes wonder how the   
weavers have achieved such success1 for 
they  are destitute of what we call     
education1 and they dwell amid the      
humblest surroundings4 ,but ,nature has 
been their instructor1 and the  rare    
shadings and varied designs of the rugs 
are excellent imitations of  the forms  
and hues of the natural world4 ,the     
weavers have intuitively  grasped what  
is correct in color from the works of   
,nature surrounding  them1 and we reap  
the benefit in the rich specimens of    
their art which  they export4    ,these 
patient toilers of the ,east delight in 

subdued colorings and  artistic designs2
 and without a doubt many a story is    
woven in with the  threads that go to   
form the fabric1 many a song of joy1    
many a dirge of  woe and despair4 ,the  
number of ,orientals engaged in the     
manufacture of  rugs in the ,united     
,states is increasing4 ,it is now not an
 uncommon sight  to see these weavers at
 work before the loom in the show       
windows of the  rug-importing           
establishments of the larger cities4    
,the increasing use of polished hard    
wood and yellow pine floors and  mosaic 
work1 even in buildings of moderate     
cost1 is displacing the use  of cheap   
flooring1 which could be covered        
satisfactorily only with  carpets or    
matting4 ,this has enormously increased 
the demand for rugs2  and the selection 
of them affords a much wider range for  
the exercise of  personal taste and     
discrimination in securing an article   
not only of  greater artistic merit1 but
 of greater durability4      ,,the      

,,loom ,,and ,,its ,,work    ,the hand  
loom is ,oriental1 the power loom       
,occidental4 ,the former adds  much to  
the fame of the ,orient4 ,the exquisite 
fabrics it produces have  made it       
world-renowned1 and although it is      
simple in structure1 its  products show 
careful and finished labor4 ,hand looms 
in all ,oriental  countries are similar1
 and are to-day almost as imperfectly   
developed as  when used by the ancient  
,egyptians4 ,to weave their mats1 the   
ancient  ,egyptians took the coarse     
fibre of the papyrus and1 with the help 
of  pegs1 stretched it between two poles
 which were fastened in the ground4     
,two bars were placed in between these  
poles1 the threads of the warp  serving 
to keep them apart4 ,the woof thread was
 passed through and  pressed down       
tightly a number of times with a bent   
piece of wood4    ,the loom now         
generally used in the ,orient is made by
 fastening two poles  perpendicularly in
 the ground to a sufficient depth1      

leaving above  ground as much of each   
pole as equals in length the desired    
rug4 ,this  framework supports two      
horizontal rollers1 the warp threads    
being wound  around the upper1 while the
 ends are fastened to the lower2 at this
 the  weaving is begun1 and on it the   
rug is rolled while in process of       
construction4 ,to the warp threads of   
fine linen or cotton the weavers  tie   
the tufts of worsted that form the pile4
 ,this worsted1 which has  been dyed    
previously1 hangs over their heads in   
balls4 ,when a row of  knots is         
finished1 it is pressed down to the     
underlying woof by a long  and heavy    
comb with metal teeth4 ,then the tufts  
are clipped close with  shears1 to make 
the pile4 ,in the finer rugs there are  
seldom more than  two1 or at the most   
three1 threads between every two rows of
 knots1 but  in the coarser kinds there 
are more threads4 ,in many districts    
every  family possesses a loom1 and it  
is generally small enough to be carried 

from place to place4    ,sir ,george ,c4
 ,birdwood has seen the web in the      
horizontal loom in  ,western ,india kept
 stretched by being wrapped1 as worked1 
round the body  of the weaver4 ,in some 
instances the spinners make thread from 
the  cotton wool by using the left hand 
as a distaff1 and the right one as a    
spindle4 ,in other cotton rugs which he 
has seen1 the warp threads were  placed 
horizontally1 and the loom was without  
treadles and reed4 ,the  woof threads   
were thrown across by the weaver and    
brought together with  a small hand     
comb4 ,the same style of loom1 arranged 
vertically1 is that  on which some of   
the richly figured cotton rugs from the 
,deccan are  woven4    ,in some parts of
 ,turkey there are ,european factories  
that have adopted  some of the native   
methods2 but as the majority of ,turkish
 rugs are apt  to be crooked1 frames    
that weave them straight are now        
imported from  ,europe4    ,mrs4        
,isabella ,bird ,bishop describes a     

tribe of people living at  ,biratori1 on
 the ,island of ,yezo1 ,japan1 and      
bearing the name of ,ainos1  whose women
 employ their time in weaving mats4     
,their loom is certainly a  most        
primitive arrangement4 ,a comb-like     
frame1 through which the threads  pass1 
rests on the ankles of the weaver4      
,there is a heavy hook fastened  in the 
ground or floor1 and to this the threads
 at the far end of the  web are sewed4  
,a cord fastens the near end to the     
waist of the weaver1  who by spinal     
rigidity supplies the necessary tension4
 ,as the work  proceeds1 she drags      
herself along nearer and nearer the     
hook4 ,this is  slow work1 only about a 
foot being accomplished in a day2 as in 
other  countries1 however1 the women    
enjoy the neighborly chats that their   
work  allows2 and often two or more will
 bring to the house of a neighbor  their
 simple apparatus1 and1 hanging the     
hooks to the roof or to a tree1  will   
weave all day4    ,illustration3        

,,turkish ,,loom ,,and ,,weavers    ,the
 power looms of modern civilization are 
chiefly to be found in the  ,united     
,states and ,great ,britain1            
,philadelphia being the principal       
,american centre1 and ,kidderminster1   
,wilton1 ,worcester1 ,rochdale1         
,halifax1 ,dewsbury1 and ,durham1 the   
,english centres4 ,brussels and         
,scotland contain a number of such      
looms4 ,in all ,western countries       
schools of art furnish most of the      
designs1 and have done much to  improve 
taste4 ,this can also be said of good   
colorists in their branch  of this      
industry4    ,illustration3 ,a ,,loom   
,,the ,,weavers    ,rug-weaving in the  
,orient is an industry that1 until      
recent years1 has  been carried on      
almost exclusively by women and girls4  
,from childhood to  womanhood1 and on to
 old age1 these weavers are at work4    
,girls of six  years of age help their  
mothers1 until they become experienced  
by long  practice4 ,even ladies of rank 

and wealth weave rugs of fine quality   
for  their own homes4 ,in some          
districts1 besides weaving for the      
market1  girls weave one or two rugs for
 their dowry2 this purpose furnishes    
them  with enough excitement to keep    
them interested in their work and       
ambitious to excel4 ,now that there is a
 greater demand for rugs1 and not       
enough women to supply the demand1 men  
and boys have come into the  business1  
but generally only in places where there
 are large factories1  and especially in
 the cities4 ,this is noticeably the    
case in ,india1  where boys from nine to
 fifteen years of age do much of the    
weaving4    ,there are two classes of   
weavers1 the sedentary and the nomadic4 
,the  former weave in their houses      
during the ,winter1 and in their        
courtyards  during the ,summer4 ,the    
nomads spend the ,winter in mud         
villages1 and in  the ,summer go to the 
mountains with their flocks and live in 
tents made  of goat's hair4 ,the manner 

of life of the sedentary weaver works   
havoc  with her constitution even in her
 youth2 and consequently one is not     
surprised at her frail appearance4 ,in  
,summer she is oppressed with heat  as  
she sits before the frame1 and in       
,winter she is almost frozen1 for  she  
has to work in the open air in order to 
have sufficient light4 ,hers  is not an 
easy life4 ,it would be pleasant to     
believe that in her toil1  which she    
carries on with wondrous patience and in
 the humblest  surroundings1 the        
conscientious weaver finds the same     
inward  satisfaction that comes to the  
true artist elsewhere4    ,the duties of
 the male portion of the family are to  
tend the flocks1  shear the sheep1      
separate the various qualities of the   
wool into  bundles1 dye it1 and make the
 framework for the rug4 ,with the       
extension  of the industry1 a class of  
workers has arisen whose sole task is to
  manipulate and dye the wool for use4  
,the reason why men do not usually      

weave is that the occupation1 besides   
not being a paying one1 requires  an    
amount of patience not within the power 
of men accustomed to work out  of doors4
 ,nor is it a remunerative occupation4  
,the reader1 who is  perhaps also a     
prospective rug-buyer1 may be interested
 in the following  calculation of the   
amount of labor bestowed upon a given   
piece of the  best type1 the cost of the
 materials1 and its value when          
completed4 ,a  square foot of the best  
,persian rug is worth about ten dollars1
 and it  takes a single weaver          
twenty-three days to complete this      
portion4 ,this  allows the weaver about 
forty-four cents per day for her wool   
and her  labor2 but as three-fourths of 
this amount goes to pay for the wool1   
only eleven cents per day is left for   
her labor4 ,the wages of the  producer  
of the inferior article are somewhat    
better4 ,a square foot of  an inferior  
rug is sold for about sixty cents1 and  
the time required for  weaving it is but

 two days1 thus allowing the weaver     
thirty cents per  day for her wool and  
labor4 ,she uses inferior wool1 washes  
but little of  it1 and pays only a      
nominal sum for a cheap dye4 ,the       
framework of her  loom costs            
comparatively little1 as the rug it     
produces is from twenty  to thirty times
 the size of the superior rug4 ,thus it 
appears that1 in  the long run1 the     
inferior weaver is better paid than the 
one who  fatigues her brain with her    
efforts to produce a rug of the best    
quality4 ,on the other hand1 the weaver 
of the superior fabric has  advantages  
which the other has not4 ,as a general  
rule1 she weaves to  order1 and is paid 
for her work in advance4 ,this          
prepayment is of great  importance1     
considering the poverty of the weaver4  
,the situation of the  weaver of the    
inferior article differs in that she has
 to buy her wool1  dye it1 finish her   
rug1 and then watch the market for      
buyers4    ,illustration3 ,,vats ,,for  

,,washing ,,and ,,dyeing                
,,wool--,,turkey    ,the weavers live on
 the simplest fare2 bread1 cheese1 and a
 raw onion  make an average meal4 ,in   
some districts the weavers have to work 
in  underground huts1 for the air at the
 surface is so dry that the threads     
would lose all their elasticity out of  
doors4 ,in these underground  places the
 weavers produce enough moisture by     
keeping at hand utensils  full of water4
    ,although the business is conducted 
with the manufacturer on a strictly     
commercial basis1 it is very difficult  
to induce the weavers to keep  their    
appointments and finish a rug at the    
time it is promised4 ,in  ,india1 for   
example1 the weavers are very           
superstitious2 and if a boy  weaver be  
taken ill1 the entire force on that loom
 will stop until he  recover4 ,if he    
die1 the entire force of native weavers 
may be changed4  ,this of course causes 
vexatious delay1 not only of days1 but  
often of  weeks and months4      ,,the  

,,materials    ,the materials used in   
the manufacture of rugs cover a wide    
range1 and  are indigenous to the place 
where the weavers are located4 ,sheep's 
wool1  camel's hair1 mohair from the    
,angora goat1 hair from the yak and from
  the ,thibetan goat1 silk1 cotton1     
linen1 hemp1 flax1 and jute are all     
used4 ,in the ,spring the raw wool is   
generally taken to the nearest  market1 
where it is cleaned1 washed1 and spun4  
,the cleansing process is  very         
necessary1 as it affects in an important
 degree the quality of the  material4   
,the wool is usually washed in running  
water by the men1 and  then sorted and  
cleansed a second time4    ,persia1     
,turkey1 and ,india all produce wool1   
the two former countries in  larger     
quantities than ,india1 but some of the 
very finest wool comes  from that part  
of ,india known as ,kashmir4 ,the       
celebrated ,turfani wool  comes from    
,chinese ,thibet4 ,it is very choice1   
and beautiful fabrics are  woven from   

it4    ,illustration3 ,,soumak ,,rug    
,,size1 #d4aa  #c4a    ,the fine weaving
 of this ,soumak ,rug and its beautiful 
coloring are  especially admirable4 ,the
 texture is very firm1 the threads being
  tightly drawn4 ,on a field1 which is a
 choice shade of blue1 rest  geometrical
 forms1 each one of which has a ground  
of terra cotta1 pale  green1 or soft    
yellow1 and is ornamented with rich     
blue1 ivory1 or a  light shade of terra 
cotta4 ,all are outlined with black4    
,the hook design  is noticed in         
different parts of the rug1 and         
especially in the border4  ,the artistic
 effect of this bit of weaving is most  
pleasing4    ,,owned ,,by ,,mr4 ,,will  
,j4 ,,davis1 ,,chicago4    ,the pashim  
is the soft downy wool growing next the 
body of the goat4 ,in  color it is      
white1 dark gray1 or drab2 and of this  
many of the finest  ,india rugs are     
woven4 ,large-tailed sheep are common in
 ,kabul1 ,peshawar1  and other          
districts2 these furnish wool from which

 many a rug is  woven4 ,it is possible  
that the very sheep watched over by the 
shepherds  of ,judea the night of our   
,saviour's birth were reared partly for 
their  wool1 with a view to rug-weaving4
    ,the camel is useful not only as a  
beast of burden2 its hair is woven  into
 fabrics both fine and durable1 chief of
 which are rugs1 beautiful1  much       
desired1 and costly2 the younger the    
animal the more is its hair  esteemed4  
,the natural colors harmonize readily   
with the furnishings in  most rooms1 and
 the soft texture of the best ones is   
attractive4    ,the process of carding  
is accomplished by means of a block with
 vertical  pins in even rows close      
together4 ,the wool is drawn through    
these many  times1 and then spun into   
yarn4      ,,the ,,quality    ,the      
fineness of a rug depends largely upon  
the quality of the wool and  the number 
of knots to the square foot4 ,in one    
yard of the best made  ,persian rugs    
there are between twenty thousand and   

thirty thousand  stitches made by hand4 
,the wool must be of fine quality1 but  
not too  soft4 ,it should be closely    
woven1 and evenly cropped4 ,a great deal
  depends upon the manipulation of the  
wool in the rough1 and careful          
attention should be given to this       
particular4    ,the quality of the wool 
is affected by whatever circumstances   
affect the  well-being of the sheep1 and
 in a marked degree by climate4 ,hence  
there  is a decided difference in the   
wools of various districts and sections 
of a country4 ,it is a well-known fact  
that the wool produced in cold          
countries is soft and fine1 while that  
of the warmer climates is1 on the  other
 hand1 harder1 firmer1 and more lasting4
 ,hard wool is easier for  the weaver to
 handle1 and the tufts can be cropped   
with more facility4  ,it is partly owing
 to these facts that the rugs of the    
cold districts  are most in demand4     
,illustration3 ,,indian ,,rug           
,,designers    ,the fact that some rugs 

are so much better than others is a     
natural  result of the superior skill of
 the makers4 ,weavers are like other    
workers1 some doing perfect work1 some  
indifferent1 and others very  poor4 ,but
 the quality of the rugs offered for    
sale in this country  depends also upon 
the knowledge and the conscience of the 
wholesale  buyer at the place of        
manufacture4 ,when the buyer for an     
importing  establishment brings over    
quantities of rugs not all of which are 
artistic1 the question may be asked3    
,why do you not always select rugs  that
 are beautiful8 ,he may reply that it is
 his business to get those  that will   
sell1 and that as there is a great      
variety of taste among his  customers he
 must try to please every one2 or he may
 say that he buys a  thousand rugs at a 
time1 and does not see them             
individually4 ,it is in  the retail shop
 that the final purchaser may pick and  
choose4    ,the most famous rugs of the 
,orient have been selected with great   

care by  men who have special knowledge 
of the subject1 and they are owned by   
museums and connoisseurs4 ,some have    
been brought to this country by         
distinguished soldiers and statesmen1 to
 whom they have been presented  by      
potentates as tokens of respect4 ,others
 have been obtained through  the        
fortunes of war4      ,,the ,,knotting  
,except in the ,soumak and the ,khilim1 
which have the flat stitch1 there  are  
only two kinds of knotting used in      
,oriental rugs4 ,these knots are  called
 the ,persian or ,sinna1 and the        
,turkish or ,ghiordes4    ,in the       
,persian manner of knotting there are   
more knots to the square  inch than in  
the ,turkish1 and the result is a finer 
surface4 ,often the  ,persian knotting  
is so fine that the surface of the      
fabric is like  velvet4 ,the ,persian   
knot is tied in such a manner that one  
end of the  pile yarn extends from every
 spacing that separates the warp        
threads4 ,it  is made in such a way that

 a noose is formed1 which tightens as   
the yarn  is pulled4 ,occasionally it is
 turned in the opposite direction1 and  
executed from left to right4 ,in this   
case two threads of yarn are  employed1 
this of course making the pile twice as 
thick as in the other4    ,the ,turkish 
or ,ghiordes knot has the yarn twisted  
about the warp threads  in such a manner
 that the two raised ends of the pile   
alternate with  every two threads of the
 warp4    ,illustration3 ,,sinna ,,rug  
,,size1 #d4f  #f4f    ,this is a        
beautiful example of the very fine      
texture and the even  clipping that     
characterize the ,sinna rugs4 ,thickly  
studding the dark  blue field are minute
 designs in blue and rose hues1 with    
which pale  green1 yellow1 and a        
sapphire blue blend most harmoniously4  
,all these  small designs rest in the   
usual diaper design1 which may be traced
  throughout the rug4 ,the border is    
charming1 with its groundwork of fine   
yellow1 on which are delicate tracings  

of light green1 ivory1 and blue4  ,the  
effect of light and shade upon this     
exquisite piece of weaving  brings out  
plainly the marvellous sheen which is a 
feature of this rug4  ,the innumerable  
small figures which appear throughout   
the rug1 with  their blending of soft   
hues1 present a kaleidoscopic effect4   
,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,emmons ,,blaine1  
,,chicago4    ,experts have spent much  
time and invested much capital in the   
endeavor  to make the rug industry as   
perfect as possible4 ,judging from the  
examples of ,india rugs ,i have         
seen1--some with a seven-by-six knot1   
others with a sixteen-by-sixteen        
knot1--,i am convinced that the beauty1 
durability1 and artistic effects        
produced by the efforts of the          
manufacturers will be appreciated more  
and more4 ,from the fact that the       
best-known firms in the rug business in 
,new ,york1 ,chicago1 and other  cities 
in the ,united ,states1 and several     
leading firms in ,england1 are  sponsors

 for the present rug industry in ,india1
 it may naturally be  inferred that it  
is prosecuted with skill and care4      
,illustration3 ,,persian ,,or ,,sinna   
,,knotting    ,illustration3 ,,turkish  
,,or ,,ghiordes ,,knotting              
,illustration3 ,,soumak ,,weave    ,the 
different stitches made are as follows3 
seven by eight1 or fifty-six  hand-tied 
knots to the square inch2 eight by      
eight1 or sixty-four knots  to the      
square inch2 ten by ten1 or one hundred 
knots to the square inch2  twelve by    
twelve1 or one hundred and forty-four   
knots to the square  inch2 and sixteen  
by sixteen1 or two hundred and fifty-six
 knots to the  square inch4 ,these finer
 stitches are made in the very best     
examples  produced by the finest        
,persian weavers4 ,a specimen recently  
shown me was  an exact reproduction of  
the rug owned by ,prince ,alexis        
,lobanow-,rostowsky1 in which the stitch
 was the sixteen by sixteen4 ,it  was   
made in one of the factories in         

,kashmir4    ,the famous rug of ,ardebil
 in the ,south ,kensington ,museum has  
three  hundred and eighty hand-tied     
knots to the square inch1 or            
thirty-three  million in the whole      
fabric4      ,,designs    ,the designs  
of ,eastern rugs are often the          
spontaneous outcome of the  fancy of the
 weaver4 ,sometimes they are handed down
 from one generation  to another2 in    
some cases young girls are taught the   
design by an adult1  who marks it in the
 sand2 at other times a drawing of the  
rug is made on  paper1 the instructor   
showing her pupils the arrangement of   
every thread  and the color to be used4 
,when all this has been done1 the pupil 
must  make the rug without looking at   
the drawing4    ,persian rugs excel     
those of other countries in artistic    
design as well  as in harmonious        
coloring4 ,the ,persians seem to have a 
natural intuition  in the use and       
blending of different shades1 and in the
 designs that  contain these colors they

 achieve the happiest results4 ,it is   
really  wonderful what exquisite fabrics
 these people1 born and reared in       
ignorance and poverty1 produce4    ,the 
designs in ,persian rugs are generally  
floral2 and in some districts1          
especially ,fars1 the women weavers     
invent the designs1 varying them  every 
two or three years4 ,the ,mohammedan    
religion does not allow any  direct     
representation of animal forms2         
consequently rugs woven under its       
influence take floral1 geometric1 and   
vegetable forms4 ,the ,shiah sect  of   
,moslems1 however1 numbering about      
fifteen millions1--of which eight       
millions are ,persians1--do not regard  
representations of animals as  unlawful4
 ,by the industry of this sect1 and that
 of all who disregard  the law of the   
,koran1 animal forms are seen on some   
,persian rugs4    ,among the good       
antique ,persian rugs there are about   
thirty designs1 all  having different   
borders4 ,each design is the peculiar   

work of a family  or tribe1 and is      
produced continuously1 from generation  
to generation  without noticeable       
change1 except in compliance with the   
demand of a  buyer1 or by a weaver who  
carries out some special fancy4 ,many   
buyers  select the color1 design1 and   
size1 leaving their orders with an      
importer or a manufacturer4             
,illustration3 ,,rugs ,,being           
,,transported    ,in the modern         
,oriental rug the designs are not to be 
entirely depended  upon4 ,they are apt  
to vary at the will of the weaver2 and  
moreover1  ,occidental designs are now  
sent to the ,orient to be woven into    
rugs by  the native weavers of the      
,eastern country4 ,the designs sent to  
,india1 to  be reproduced by the        
different ,european and ,american firms 
having  factories there1 are almost     
universally strictly ,oriental in       
character1  being copies from fine old  
,persian pieces1 or rearrangements of   
,oriental  forms4 ,when the design      

reaches ,india1 it has to be re-drawn to
 the exact  size of the rug that is to  
be made4 ,from this is copied what is   
called a talim1 which is the only       
direction the weavers have4 ,this       
talim1 or guide1 shows the weavers      
exactly how many knots of a color are   
to be tied2 and when these different    
colors are put together1 the design  is 
formed4 ,these talims are carefully     
kept1 and as they are records of  the   
designs1 can be reproduced at any time4 
,large rugs show best in large and bold 
designs1 for small and crowded  designs 
would not be artistic4 ,small designs   
are1 however1 preferable on  small rugs2
 a bold design on a small rug is        
inappropriate4 ,the finer the  border of
 a rug of whatever size1 the more       
beautiful and costly the rug4    ,an    
average size for a large rug is six     
yards by four1 and for this a  bold     
vigorous design would be suitable4      
,some designs found in rugs are here    
reproduced4    ,i4 ,five ,forms of the  

,palmette4    a4 ,with sharply marked   
outlines this palmette is a             
characteristic of  the ,djushaghan rugs4
    ,illustration3 a    b4 ,this is a   
geometrical form of the palmette1       
frequently met with in  modern          
,caucasian rugs4    ,illustration3 b    
c4 ,this form of the palmette has an    
oblong central nucleus1 surrounded  by  
wreaths of leaves4 ,to the right and    
left lancet-shaped leaves nearly        
encircle the whole4 ,this design is most
 frequently seen in old ,persian  rugs4 
,illustration3 c    d4 ,in some old     
,persian rugs this form of the palmette 
with its  diagonal projections is seen4 
,it tends toward the geometrical1       
although  its centre contains a small   
floral spray4    ,illustration3 d    e4 
,this palmette1 with its two flanking   
lancet-shaped leaves1 is  frequently    
seen in modern ,feraghan and ,kurdistan 
rugs4    ,illustration3 e               
,illustration3 ,,ii    ,,ii4 ,the       
,herati ,border1 or some form of it1 may

 often be seen in ,herat1  ,feraghan1   
,khorassan1 ,kurdistan1 and ,sinna rugs4
    ,,iii4 ,the central design is formed
 by eight valvular or four heart-shaped 
leaves4 ,this form is often seen in     
,kirmanshah and ,shiraz1 and sometimes  
in ,caucasian rugs4    ,illustration3   
,,iii    ,,iv4 ,the ,running ,hook      
design found in the ,daghestan1         
,shirvan1 and ,soumak  rugs4            
,illustration3 ,,iv    ,v4 ,pomegranate4
 ,the fruit is often depicted on ancient
 ,assyrian and  ,egyptian sculptures4   
,it had a religious significance in     
connection with  several ,oriental cults
 and was early introduced into rug      
designs4    ,illustration3 ,v    ,,vi4  
,a palm leaf with regular contour1 its  
centre containing a small  floral       
design4 ,this form of design is found in
 more or less detail in  the rugs of    
,persia and ,india4    ,illustration3   
,,vi    ,,vii4 ,a palm leaf formed by a 
floral branch and without distinct      
outline4    ,illustration3 ,,vii        

,,viii4 ,cloud bands1 seen in ,chinese  
and old ,ghiordes rugs4    ,,ix4 ,a     
lozenge surrounded by the ,hook design4 
,this is found in rugs made  by nomadic 
tribes of ,asia4    ,illustration3      
,,viii    ,illustration3 ,,ix           
,illustration3 ,x    ,x4 ,a continued   
wave-like design with rosettes attached4
 ,at intervals a  delicate tendril      
effect is interposed on either side of  
the wave-line4    ,illustration3 ,,xi   
,,xi4 ,a continued wave-like design     
interrupted by a two-cleft figure4      
,illustration3 ,,xii    ,,xii4 ,a       
rosette1 the tips of its leaves bending 
backward4 ,the rosette is  often met    
with in old ,khorassan1 ,herat1         
,feraghan1 and other ,persian  rugs4    
,illustration3 ,,xiii    ,,xiii4        
,reciprocal trefoil1 or spade design4   
,found as a border design in  many of   
the ,caucasian and some ,persian rugs1  
especially the ,saraband4               
,illustration3 ,,xiv    ,,xiv4 ,the     
central design holds a rosette1 to which

 are joined four  blossoms resting in   
valvular calyxes1 the complete design   
forming a  cross4    ,illustration3 ,,xv
    ,,xv4 ,four designs characteristic  
of the ,caucasian rug4    ,illustration3
 ,,xvi    ,,xvi4 ,the ,fylfot is in the 
form of a ,greek cross with each arm    
continuing  at right angles4 ,it is also
 known as the ,swastika1 and is the     
symbol of  good fortune4 ,it has been a 
favorite design in the rugs of ,greece1 
and  of the ,orient1 while it           
predominates in the ,navajo rugs of the 
,united  ,states4    ,,xvii4 ,the ,guli 
,hinnai is a decorative floral design   
found at its best in  the old rugs of   
,feraghan4 ,it is copied from the       
flowers which grow in  small clusters on
 the henna-plant1 from which it derives 
its name4    ,illustration3 ,,xvii      
,,xviii4 ,the ,lotus is the water lily  
of ,egypt4 ,in various forms it is      
found in antique rugs of ,persia4       
,illustration3 ,,xviii    ,,xix4 ,the   
,medallion1 in both floral and          

geometrical designs1 is seen in  many   
rugs of all rug-weaving countries4      
,illustration3 ,,xix    ,there are many 
more designs which by careful           
investigation can be found4  ,among     
others the ,arabesque1 ,chinese fret1   
,circle1 ,comb1 various forms of  the   
,cross1 ,mina ,khani1 ,octagon1 the ,s  
form1 ,scroll1 ,serrated leaves1  ,shah 
,abbas1 the ,star1--six or eight        
pointed1--the ,tarantula1 ,triangle1    
the ,y form1 and the ,zigzag4      ,,the
 ,,dyes    ,when doing their best work1 
,oriental weavers use the softest of    
permanent dyes4 ,the result obtained is 
in every case a thing of beauty  and    
utility4 ,the aniline dyes are1 of      
course1 not to be compared to the       
vegetable1 although the best of them are
 not to be utterly condemned4  ,the     
poorest aniline dye eats into the rug1  
and the color fades4    ,illustration3  
,,wool ,,drying ,,after ,,dyeing        
,madder ranks high among those plants   
which yield a permanent dye4 ,it        

belongs to the genus ,rubia2 the root   
employed is that of the ,rubia          
tinctorum4 ,this is largely cultivated  
in certain districts of ,india1  but the
 best comes from near ,smyrna1 and from 
other parts of ,asiatic  ,turkey4 ,the  
plant grows wild throughout a large     
section of ,central ,asia  and ,russia4 
,with both the ,european and the ,indian
 madders the roots of  the plants are   
the only parts that yield the dye4 ,in  
the roots three  coloring matters are   
obtained3 alizarin and purpurin1 which  
are both  red1 and xanthin1 which is    
yellow4 ,cochineal was introduced for   
dyeing  purposes in #ahef4 ,it is the   
product of an insect called ,coccus     
cacti1  which lives on a species of     
cactus4 ,yellow is often produced from  
,persian berries1 turmeric1 saffron1 and
 sumac4    ,tyrian purple dye was       
greatly prized by the ,phoenicians4 ,as 
stated  above1 it was obtained from a   
shellfish2 but the secret was known only
  to the maritime ,canaanites4 ,the art 

of producing this dye has been lost1    
although some aver that in recent years 
it has been re-discovered4    ,kermes1  
red in color1 is one of the oldest of   
all dyes4 ,it was known in  ,syria1     
#abjj ,b4,c4 ,it is not so brilliant as 
cochineal1 but it is much  more durable4
 ,plutarch is authority for the         
statement that after one  hundred and   
ninety years stuffs dyed with kermes    
retained their original  color4 ,the dye
 is the product of the bodies of females
 of the species of  coccus which infest 
certain trees along the ,mediterranean  
coasts4 ,when  the ,romans conquered    
,spain1 a part of the tribute demanded  
was paid with  these little bodies4     
,greens are obtained from various       
sources4 ,the ,chinese green is a dye   
obtained from ,rhamnus chlorophorus and 
,rhamnus utilis1 a genus of  shrubs4    
,the fruit of several buckthorns1 or the
 ,persian berries1 as they  are         
generally called by dyers1 also give    
greens and brilliant yellows4  ,most of 

the greens1 however1 are produced by the
 combination of indigo  with yellow4    
,indigo1 mentioned by ,pliny as         
,indicum1 yields the deep blue dye so   
much  prized by the ,romans4 ,arrian    
speaks of indigo1 and says that it was  
exported from ,barbarike1 on the ,indus1
 into ,egypt4 ,this plant is grown  in  
,india1 ,china1 ,north and ,south       
,america1 ,mexico1 ,central ,america1   
,africa1 ,japan1 ,madagascar1 and       
,jamaica4 ,when the ,indian indigo      
plant1  ,indigofera tinctoria1 is in    
flower1 it contains the largest quantity
  of coloring matter4 ,the beautiful    
vegetable and animal dyes which were    
compounded with consummate skill are now
 largely supplanted by the  chemical    
dyes which are easily obtained4 ,but in 
years to come the  commercialism of the 
present will probably give way to the   
restoration  of the splendid dyeing of  
the past4      ,,oriental ,,colors      
,among ,orientals a good deal of        
significance has attached1 from the     

earliest days1 to color4 ,in ,babylon   
scarlet was the symbol of fire1 blue  of
 air1 and purple of water4 ,tyrian      
purple was an exquisite and rare  shade 
of crimson4 ,many allusions are made to 
it by classical writers4  ,the principal
 colors of the ancient ,egyptians were  
red1 yellow1 and  blue4 ,black was the  
symbol of error4 ,white signified a holy
 life1  purity1 innocence of soul4 ,the 
priests of ,zeus and of ,osiris were    
robed  in white4 ,red was the symbol of 
zeal for the faith4 ,yellow was supposed
  to bring evil and sorrow4 ,blue was   
the symbol of truth4 ,black and white   
were often used to outline other colors4
    ,the ,persians1 unlike most other   
,orientals1 are not fond of bright      
colors4 ,they are apt to avoid the light
 shades of red and green as being  too  
showy1 and further1 as being liable to  
fade4 ,greens and yellows in  dark      
shades they treat with more favor4 ,they
 consider black and indigo  as the      
symbols of sorrow2 rose is the symbol of

 ,divine ,wisdom2 green  represents     
initiation into the knowledge of the    
,most ,high4    ,among the ,chinese1    
yellow is the symbol of royalty4 ,the   
,emperor of  ,china and his sons may    
wear yellow robes2 their descendants    
wear yellow  sashes and have yellow     
bridles for their horses4 ,red is the   
symbol of  truth1 virtue1 and sincerity4
 ,it is the color of the highest degree 
of  official rank4 ,white is the symbol 
of mourning2 black represents vice  and 
depravity4    ,in ,turkey1 green is the 
most sacred color2 and for that reason a
 true  follower of ,mahomet will not    
permit it to be used in his rugs1 for   
fear  it may be profaned by being       
stepped upon4 ,thirty-five or forty     
years ago  no ,christian was allowed to 
wear even a vestige of green anywhere   
upon  him1 while in ,turkey2 but this   
law is not now so rigidly enforced4 ,if 
the ,prophet or any of his family wear  
this color1 no objection is  raised1 as 
he and they are considered holy1 and    

thus exempt from the  penalty4 ,white is
 the color permitted to a student or a  
teacher of the  law4 ,to the            
,mohammedans of ,india and ,persia1 as  
to the ,chinese1 white is  the emblem of
 mourning4 ,in ,india1 orange signifies 
devotion or pious  resignation1 and blue
 means ill-luck to the ,hindoo4    ,red 
was the favorite color of the ,gauls1   
purple of the ,romans1 and  saffron of  
the ,greeks4          ,,ii              
,,rug-,,weaving ,,in ,,egypt1 ,,persia1 
,,and ,,turkey      ,,rug-,,weaving ,,in
 ,,egypt    ,the supply of skins having 
been found inadequate to the            
gratification of  their desire for      
comfort1 the ancient ,egyptians         
gradually developed the  art of making  
mats from papyrus1 a plant as important 
to them as any of  our trees1 fibrous   
grasses1 or hemp are to us4 ,while at   
work on the  manufacture of these mats1 
the weavers used to squat on the ground4
 ,they  became skilful1 both in         
constructing the fabric and arranging   

the  colors2 the latter were quite      
bright and effective1 being chiefly red1
  blue1 yellow1 and green1 with black   
and white to define4    ,egyptians used 
rugs in the decoration of their rooms1  
hanging them on  walls and also         
suspending them between the pillars4    
,but as the glory of  ,egypt departed1  
her skill in rug-making also declined2  
and the ,egyptian  rugs of the present  
day are of a coarse quality1 being made 
in private  houses under the primitive  
conditions that existed thousands of    
years  ago4 ,the last manufactory in    
working order was at ,boulak1 a suburb  
of  ,cairo1 but it has been closed for  
several years4 ,a great many rugs1      
however1 are imported into ,egypt1 the  
majority being from ,persia1  ,turkey1  
and ,india4 ,cairo is still one of the  
leading emporiums for the  sale to      
tourists of rugs of ,eastern make4      
,,persian ,,rugs    ,in ,persia the art 
of rug-making has attained a very high  
degree of  excellence1 having been      

practised there during many centuries2  
indeed1  the exact period when this     
industry was introduced into that       
country is  not known4 ,tradition has it
 that long before the days of ,alexander
 the  ,great1 rugs were woven at        
,shuster1 then the capital2 and being a 
luxury1  they were woven solely for     
kings' palaces1 and on the finest gold  
warp4    ,the ,persians having been an  
industrious and civilized people for    
many  centuries1 and a large proportion 
of them having been accustomed to the   
nomadic and pastoral life1 it is a      
natural inference that love of gain  and
 the demand from the growing towns for  
articles of beauty and luxury  gave the 
wandering tribes the opportunity to     
utilize their wool by  supplying the    
demand for rugs4 ,encouraged as it was  
under the reign of  ,shah ,abbas1 the   
industry prospered4 ,various kings of   
,persia cultivated  certain branches of 
art and industry1 but ,shah ,abbas      
especially gave a  decided impetus to   

rug-weaving4 ,he had a particular       
fondness for the  beautiful creations of
 this industrial art1 and the rugs made 
during his  reign bring fabulous prices4
 ,after his death a reaction followed4  
,rugs  fell into comparative disuse1 and
 the manufacture deteriorated until     
about #ahej1 when1 thanks to the demand 
in ,europe1 the industry revived4       
,to-day it is in a flourishing condition
 and the most important source of       
,persia's income4    ,persians1 from the
 ,shah to the peasant1 sit upon rugs    
when eating1 with  cushions placed      
behind them4 ,it is only the lowest     
beggar who has no  rug4 ,the rugs used  
by the ,persians themselves are rather  
small1 the  larger ones being exported  
to foreign countries4 ,usually the rooms
 of  ,persian homes are small1 and      
narrow in proportion to their length2   
consequently only small rugs are        
required4 ,but even when the rooms are  
large1 the ,persians prefer several     
small rugs to one large rug1 as a  floor

 covering4 ,they often first cover the  
hard-beaten ground with a  matting of   
split reeds1 and then lay over this so  
many small rugs that  the matting cannot
 be seen4 ,this custom is becoming more 
and more common  in ,persia4 ,with their
 taste in design and color1 they produce
 beautiful  effects4    ,illustration3  
,,antique ,,persian ,,rug    ,,size1    
#ae4c  #f4g    ,the tree design in its  
best and strongest elements is typified 
in this  wonderful and most interesting 
,persian fabrication of olden time4 ,the
  harmony of design and color is most   
impressive1 and the size of the rug     
enhances this effect4 ,it was evidently 
woven by one weaver1 and years of       
patient labor and the greatest skill    
must have been bestowed on it4 ,the     
richness of coloring1 the velvet-like   
texture1 the repose of design1 are  all 
unusual4 ,the foundation is of a deep   
rich blue1 and the exquisite  rose and  
sapphire blues and ivory tones are in   
the softest and richest  of permanent   

dyes4 ,the border is wide1 the main     
stripe of the rose  shade1 and the      
coloring all so blended that the        
continuity of the rug is  complete4 ,it 
is doubtless a product of ,kurdistan4   
,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,potter ,,palmer1  
,,chicago4    ,the finest rugs are      
closely woven1 with a pile like velvet1 
and with  stitches on the back that     
resemble needlework4 ,a rug has scarcely
  reached its prime until it has been   
down ten years2 and it should last  for 
centuries1 if carefully used4 ,as a     
partial explanation of this  wonderful  
durability1 it should be remembered that
 in their own homes  the ,persians use  
their finest rugs for hangings1 and also
 that they take  off their shoes before 
entering the house4    ,in ancient days 
rug-weaving in ,persia was generally    
restricted to  ,ispahan1 ,khorassan1 and
 ,shuster1 but in modern times the most 
noted  districts are those of           
,sultanabad1 ,fars1 ,hamadan1 ,feraghan1
 ,bijar1  ,kurdistan1 ,khorassan1 and   

,kirman4 ,but the industry is so widely 
spread  over ,persia that there is not a
 class of women who do not live by it1  
and very often really fine pieces of    
work are produced in districts  where   
the art receives no encouragement4 ,the 
districts mentioned above  are more     
noted for the quality of the rugs they  
produce than for  anything else4 ,the   
rug of each district has a peculiar     
character of its  own1 both as to the   
quality of the wool and the design4 ,the
  peculiarities characterizing each     
district are so noticeable that an      
expert can generally tell at a glance   
where a rug was made4    ,it is very    
difficult1 if not impossible1 to        
discover the exact value of  the export 
and import trade of ,persia4 ,the source
 of this information is  naturally the  
,customs ,administration1 which in      
,persia exists but in  name4 ,the duties
 of the ports and principal towns are   
farmed out to  various persons1 whose   
interest it is to send the inquirer away

 as  ignorant upon the subject as he was
 before the interview began4 ,but it  is
 possible1 after a great deal of labor  
in collecting statistics from  the      
dealers of a particular article1 to form
 an estimate probably not  very far from
 the truth4 ,by this method we judge    
that the average yearly  export value of
 rugs in ,aaragh 7the ,sultanabad       
district7 is three  hundred thousand    
dollars2 ,hamadan one hundred thousand2 
,bijar one  hundred and ten thousand2   
,malair one hundred thousand dollars2   
,kurdistan  fifty thousand2 ,fars       
seventy-five thousand2 ,kirman and      
,khorassan one  hundred thousand2 and in
 the less known districts collectively1 
fifty  thousand dollars4 ,the total of  
these figures classes the rug export in 
the very first order of exports4 ,it is 
plain that this amount does not         
represent the full value of the         
manufacture1 inasmuch as a great        
quantity of the goods does not leave the
 country4 ,this quantity is  perhaps    

small in comparison with that exported1 
but it is large enough  to make the     
value nearly a million dollars4    ,it  
may be of interest to mention here that 
the export duty on rugs on  the average 
is two and a half cents per square foot1
 and carriage to the  seaports ten cents
 per square foot1 while the import duty 
to the ,united  ,states is forty per    
cent ad valorem and the specific duty   
ten cents  per square foot4             
,illustration3 ,,khorassan ,,rug        
,,size1 #aj  #bf    ,this is a perfect  
example of a ,meshhed rug4 ,the capital 
city of  ,khorassan has furnished many  
characteristic specimens of fine        
handicraft1 but none more representative
 or beautiful4 ,here1 on a  splendid    
rich blue field1 is the elongated palm  
leaf1 with its markings  of magenta1    
red1 and blue4 ,these palm-leaf designs 
extend over the  entire rug1 which is of
 enormous size4 ,the border is in       
harmony with the  field1 and in coloring
 has the same deep1 rich hues4 ,the     

texture is firm  and the rug is very    
heavy and imposing1 with an air of      
solidity and  strength4 ,the            
illustration shows a section of this    
rug1 giving a clear  idea of its detail4
    ,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,sydney        
,,richmond ,,tabor1 ,,lake ,,forest1    
,,illinois4    ,in ,persia several firms
 have done a great deal in the way of   
encouraging  the industry of rug-weaving
 in that country4 ,to supply the demand 
for  ,persian rugs in ,europe and       
,america1 these firms have erected      
buildings  in ,sultanabad1 where they   
keep the weavers under control and      
steadily  employed4 ,these firms1 having
 been long established1 are conversant  
with  the ,persians and their character2
 and to prevent any deception they pay  
the weavers by the piece instead of by  
the day4    ,the rugs produced by these 
firms are of the medium quality4 ,the   
wool is  bought in the rough and        
manipulated for use4 ,every day a       
quantity of it  is given out to the     

laborers1 who must reproduce the design 
placed  before them1 and each laborer is
 paid from two to four dollars per      
square yard1 according to the quality of
 her work4 ,in the service of  these    
firms1 the weaver is obliged to put     
aside her individual taste and  follow  
closely the designs1 which are prepared 
in accordance with the  prevailing      
fashions abroad4 ,the independent native
 weaver does not pay  any attention to  
the taste of the buyer4 ,she places her 
work in the  local market1 and the      
native merchant purchases it for        
exportation4      ,,characteristics ,,of
 ,,certain ,,persian ,,rugs    ,bakhshis
 rugs are made in a small village in the
 district of  ,azerbijan1 and in the    
neighborhood of ,herez4 ,those of thirty
 years ago  were excellent1 but now the 
materials of which they are made are    
poor1  the rugs badly woven and of      
indifferent coloring4 ,they come in     
large  sizes1 usually having a medallion
 in the centre4    ,bibikabad rugs are  

quite modern1 and are supplied to the   
market at  ,hamadan4 ,aniline dyes      
prevail1 and the rugs are of inferior   
design and  texture4    ,bijar rugs of  
olden time were artistic2 of those of   
to-day this  statement cannot be        
truthfully made4 ,the wool is still fine
 and silky1  but there is an element of 
crudeness of design and a defiance of   
the  laws governing color4 ,a pronounced
 medallion in the centre is usually     
seen4 ,this is set in a solid field of a
 strong contrasting color4  ,sometimes  
the field is of a bright red or blue1   
with the medallion  omitted4 ,the       
borders are generally in the same color 
as the field1 or in  camel's hair1      
sometimes covered with crude figures of 
human beings or  animals1 or decorated  
with flowers in vivid red1 yellow1 or   
green4 ,the  rugs are heavy1 and in the 
,american markets are known as ,sarakhs4
    ,illustration3 ,,bijar 7,,sarakhs7  
,,rug    ,,size1 #f4i  #aa4d    ,the    
texture of this rug is very fine4 ,it is

 thick and soft1 and very  compact and  
smooth4 ,there is a force both in color 
and design4 ,on a deep  blue field rests
 a medallion in rather strong colors1   
red1 blue1 green1  and ivory4 ,heavily  
ornamented corner areas in the same     
shades give to  the whole design a      
certain symmetry1 and a wide floral     
border with much  ivory gives an air of 
solidity4    ,birjand rugs 7so called7  
are woven almost exclusively in the     
village  of ,daraksh1 about fifty miles 
northeast of ,birjand4 ,the weavers of  
these  rugs came originally from ,herat4
 ,the rugs are generally satisfactory1  
the weaving being fine1 although the    
pile is often uneven4    ,burujird rugs 
are made sixty miles from ,sultanabad1  
and south of  ,hamadan4 ,they resemble  
in their field and in the firm texture  
the  ,saraband rug1 the palm-leaf design
 being arranged throughout the field4   
,the border is mainly white1 with minute
 variations of the palm design4         
,djushaghan rugs are woven in a district

 south of ,feraghan4 ,they are  durable 
and attractive4 ,the ,shah ,abbas design
 is a favorite one in  antique rugs of  
this kind4 ,the field is generally of a 
rich red1 and  occasionally a rare sage 
green4 ,often there is a lighter shade  
in the  border than in the field4       
,crosses with angular ends are a        
feature1 and  between these are floral  
designs4    ,feraghan rugs of olden time
 are as satisfactory as any rugs handed 
down to us4 ,they are so harmonious in  
coloring and design as to be most       
restful to the eye4 ,they have a        
richness and sheen that make them most  
desirable1 and when to the usual soft   
colors a deep violet is added the       
attractiveness increases4 ,a            
distinguishing feature is the ,herati   
design1  covering a field usually of a  
rich deep blue4 ,sometimes the ,guli    
,hinnai  design is observed1 with its   
more elaborate treatment4 ,the border is
  often a light ground covered with a   
design in the form of rosettes and      

palmettes connected by a running vine4  
,the main border stripe is  frequently  
in a rich green and sometimes of a deep 
rose4 ,when there are  corner areas and 
a centre medallion they are arranged so 
symmetrically  that the harmony is      
complete4 ,the colors in these areas and
 the  medallion are often in cream1     
light green1 or red4 ,at the present    
time  ,feraghan exports annually a large
 number of rugs rather loosely woven1   
but soft and durable4 ,these are made by
 the ,bactrian tribes4 ,the entire      
centre is often filled with rather small
 irregular figures on a dark  blue      
field4 ,yellow is often employed in a   
modern ,feraghan1 both in the  border   
and in the field4 ,quite an important   
feature of ,feraghan and  other places  
of high altitude is the rug-woven       
saddlebag4 ,when stuffed1  such bags    
make comfortable sofa-pillows1 or they  
can be placed as seats  on chairs4      
,throughout ,asia1 saddlebags are used  
for the transportation  of household and

 personal effects and other goods1 and  
by children for  their schoolbooks4     
,illustration3 ,,camel',s ,,hair ,,rug  
,,from ,,hamadan    ,,size1 #d4a  #b4h  
,this rug is an example of the ,hamadan 
weave1 which is so frequently  met4 ,the
 field of camel's hair is in the natural
 color4 ,the medallion in  the centre is
 woven mainly in red1 as is also the    
border of the mat4  ,both these1        
however1 are ornamented with green1     
white1 maroon1 orange1  and a few black 
lines4 ,there is a fringe at each end of
 the rug1 but at  one end it is much    
deeper than at the other4    ,grevan    
rugs are woven in the neighborhood of   
,herez4 ,they are exported  in large    
sizes1 and are generally rather showy   
and elaborate4 ,quite firm  and durable1
 they are popular for dining-rooms4 ,as 
they are in great  demand in the trade1 
they are turned out too rapidly1 but    
careful  selection brings happy results1
 for sometimes a truly beautiful rug1   
with rich warm coloring and a medallion 

not too pronounced1 is found4           
,hamadan rugs are generally of camel's  
hair1 although sometimes goat's  hair is
 added4 ,the field is in the natural    
shade1 as is the surrounding  border4   
,an elongated medallion appears in the  
centre2 this is ornamented  with floral 
designs in red1 blue1 and yellow1 as are
 also the corner  areas4 ,antique       
,hamadans are very beautiful4 ,soft and 
silky1 yet with  firmness of texture1   
and in subdued coloring1 they seem      
appropriate for  any room4 ,some of     
them1 with fine1 delicate tracery1 in   
soft shades1  remind one of beautiful   
stained glass seen in the old cathedrals
 of  ,europe4    ,herat rugs are now    
woven in ,persia by tribes originally   
from  ,afghanistan4 ,the old city of    
,herat was under ,persian influence1    
which  accounts for the fine character  
of its rugs4 ,the modern ,herat rug is  
of  excellent quality and durable4 ,the 
leading design is naturally the         
,herati1 and again one sees the palm    

leaf with its apexes all pointing in    
the same direction4 ,the field is       
generally a deep blue1 although         
sometimes a rich red1 and even ivory4   
,green is apt to be the main color  in  
the border1 and occasionally the        
butterfly motif is noticed4 ,some of    
the modern rugs have medallion centres1 
in which the wool is generally  red or  
blue1 and sometimes green or yellow4    
,herez rugs are attractive1 the chief   
color often being a fine blue1  upon    
which rests a pronounced medallion4 ,the
 corners are defined by  serrated lines1
 and are in shades of the red in autumn 
leaves4 ,often  these corners are       
decorated with small designs4 ,the main 
border stripe  is light in color--often 
cream--with good-sized markings4 ,herez 
rugs are  made in the province of       
,azerbaijan4    ,iran is the official   
name for ,persia1 and when a rug is     
called by this  name1 the meaning is    
simply that it is a ,persian rug4       
,illustration3 ,,feraghan ,,rug         

,,size1 #bd4h  #ae    ,this is a most   
unusual antique ,feraghan4 ,it is rare  
to find an antique  of such enormous    
size1 and the marvellous sheen and good 
preservation of  the rug render it a    
choice specimen4 ,the texture is like   
velvet in its  softness1 the ,persian   
knotting is firm1 and the shadings of   
green1 rose1  blue1 yellow1 purple1     
violet1 and red all blend in perfect    
harmony4 ,the  pile is even1 and the    
border with its exquisite hues is a     
study in color  blending4 ,the green of 
the widest border-stripe is particularly
  reposeful in effect4    ,,owned ,,by  
,,mr4 ,,byron ,l4 ,,smith1 ,,lake       
,,forest1 ,,illinois4    ,ispahan rugs  
are antiques4 ,during the sixteenth     
century and the reign  of the great     
,shah ,abbas1 and even earlier1 these   
magnificent fabrics  were woven4 ,superb
 in coloring1 with beautiful designs and
 of superior  workmanship1 the examples 
still in existence are indeed precious4 
,in  these old rugs one finds a field of

 red that is rich and rare4 ,it looks   
like carmine1 and then again it seems as
 if one were looking into a  goblet     
containing the choicest wine of past    
centuries4 ,once seen1 the  shade is not
 forgotten4 ,so also with the wonderful 
moss-like green that  occupies the main 
border and the running vines of the     
,ispahan rug4  ,black--the most         
corrosive of all dyes--although used1   
has disappeared1  leaving only the      
foundation4 ,a medallion1 star-form in  
effect1 often  occupies the centre4     
,over the field are scattered palmettes 
and lotus  forms1 all connected by      
running vines4 ,a wide middle border    
between two  narrow stripes holds the   
rosette and palmette1 and also the      
lancet leaf1  in tiny form4 ,when cloud 
bands are seen they show ,chinese       
influence1 as  do the lotus forms4      
,kara ,dagh rugs are made by nomads who 
are called ,aylauts1 and who live  in   
the mountainous region north of ,tabriz4
 ,in appearance1 as well as in  texture 

and size1 they resemble those produced  
in the ,caucasian province  of ,karabagh
 on the other side of the boundary4 ,the
 natural color of the  camel's hair1 and
 rose color too1 are much used4         
,sometimes the camel's  hair is mixed   
with goat's hair4 ,the designs are      
floral and rather  striking in effect4  
,kermanshah rugs of modern make have    
usually a medallion with a lotus  motif 
in the centre of the field4 ,this is    
generally of ivory1 ornamented  in soft 
tones of blue1 green1 or rose4 ,the     
usual light effect of the rug  makes it 
rather more suitable for a reception    
room or a bedroom than for  other       
places4 ,there are1 however1 deeper     
tones in these rugs1 and  sometimes     
there are no medallions4 ,perhaps the   
rug is most pleasing  with the palm-leaf
 design and that of the tree1 or with   
many birds and  various floral          
conceptions4 ,the borders blend         
harmoniously with the rest  of the rug4 
,the finest rugs of ,kermanshah were    

formerly made in the  palace of the     
,governor1 and many were presented to   
leading rulers4    ,khorassan rugs are  
woven in the province of that name and  
are  characterized by various forms4 ,a 
long palm effect or floral design is    
apt to be in the borders of antique     
,khorassans2 and a prominent color in   
these rugs is magenta1 which1 though    
sometimes rather harsh in the  modern   
rugs1 is soft and beautiful in the      
antiques4 ,blue is also a  leading      
color1 and animals1 including the lion  
and the gazelle2 birds of  several      
varieties2 flowers symmetrically        
arranged1 and geometrical  forms1 are   
all often seen4 ,the ,herati design is a
 usual one4 ,when  stripes occur in the 
field they are beautifully decorated    
with small  floral designs or with the  
palm1 and occasionally with that        
migratory  insect1 the locust4 ,the rugs
 are unevenly clipped1 which gives a    
soft1  lustrous effect4 ,meshhed1 the   
capital city of ,khorassan1 weaves rugs 

of  fine colors2 the palm leaf when     
represented on this rug is very large   
and impressive1 often on a deep blue    
field4 ,animals and birds are           
frequently seen on the ,meshhed rug4    
,kirman rugs1 made in the province of   
,irak-,ajemi1 frequently have a         
medallion in the centre1 entwined with  
flowers4 ,sometimes the ,tree of  ,life 
is represented1 its branches bearing    
different fruits1 and often  there are  
symbolical little birds in the border4  
,sometimes a vase of  flowers is the    
principal ornament1 or several small    
trees either with or  without foliage4  
,silk has often been introduced into the
 old rugs with  charming effect4 ,the   
,kirman rug is one of the most easily   
recognizable4  ,it is of very fine      
quality1 and is highly decorative4      
,antique rugs of  this kind have the    
finest of wool1 and1 with the artistic  
arrangement of  beautiful flowers1      
cypress trees1 and palm effects1 are    
most pleasing4  ,one of the finest in   

this country is reproduced in this      
volume with a  description accompanying 
it4    ,kurdistan 7the ,persian portion7
 is a large region inhabited by the     
nomadic tribes called ,kurds2 and the   
sheep and goats belonging to these      
tribes furnish the fine wool that is    
woven into ,kurdish rugs4 ,the color    
effects are generally good4 ,often dark 
blues and reds form the  groundwork1 in 
the centre of which is a lozenge or     
large diamond form  ornamented with     
small designs of the palm leaf4 ,then1  
again1 a repeated  design is laid out   
over the field4 ,designs of the tree1   
palm1 and  rosette1 and various floral  
forms appear4 ,by examining the web at  
one  end1 a design in colored wool is   
generally found4 ,in one of these rugs  
in my own collection the centre contains
 twelve different symbolical  designs1  
including the turtle1 comb1 star1 and   
cross1 while the corner  areas and      
borders hold at least thirty-five       
others4 ,all of them are so  carefully  

woven that much thought must have been  
bestowed upon this very  strong1        
splendid rug4    ,laristan 7see ,niris7 
rugs4    ,meshhed 7see ,khorassan7 rugs4
    ,mir-,saraband 7see ,saraband7 rugs4
    ,muskabad 7see ,sultanabad7 rugs4   
,niris rugs are made a little to the    
southeast of ,shiraz1 in the  province  
of ,laristan1 and the latter name is    
that used in the ,western  markets4 ,all
 around ,lake ,niris are pastured sheep 
with fine lustrous  wool which is used  
in the manufacture of rugs4 ,in the     
modern ones floral  and geometric       
stripes often alternate through the     
field1 or there is a  medallion in the  
centre of a plain field1 with corner    
areas4 ,the border  carries several     
designs4 ,there is a checked effect in  
the webbing at the  ends4 ,the rugs are 
very strong and excellent for hard use4 
,in the older  ones blue was used in the
 field1 with rather large forms of the  
palm  leaf4    ,oustri-,nan rugs have   
the palm-leaf design over the field1 and

 a good  deal of white in the borders4  
,they are firm and durable4    ,saraband
 7,serebend7 rugs are woven in the      
district of ,sarawan4 ,they  always have
 a distinct feature in the small palm   
leaves that fill the  field4 ,these     
leaves have the hook turned at the top  
from left to right  in one row1 and     
right to left in the next4 ,usually the 
field that these  palm leaves adorn is  
soft red or rose in color4 ,again it may
 be deep  blue1 or occasionally ivory1  
in which case the palm design is in red 
or  blue4 ,the border is always         
harmonious1 and there are many narrow   
stripes  which form it4 ,the widest one 
is generally in an ivory tone1 while the
  undulating vine and small flower forms
 appear in some of the borders4  ,then1 
too1 one finds the ,caucasian influence 
in some of the borders1 and  the        
reciprocal trefoil is often seen4       
,occasionally a human figure is         
carefully outlined in the border1 and   
this brings a personal element  into the

 rug4 ,then again1 the date is woven in4
 ,mir is the name of the  village in    
this district where the design had its  
source1 and in the  trade to-day the    
finest of these rugs is often called    
,mir-,saraband4    ,sarakhs 7see ,bijar7
 rugs4    ,saruk rugs are very closely  
woven in the hamlet bearing this name4  
,the  floral designs scattered over the 
field of rose1 dark red1 or blue show  a
 spontaneity of workmanship that is not 
governed by ,western enterprise1        
though1 curiously enough1 aniline dyes  
prevail4 ,the wool is very fine4  ,the  
border is composed of a wide middle     
stripe1 with a narrow one on  either    
side4    ,savalan 7see ,sultanabad7     
rugs4    ,serapi 7see ,sirab7 rugs4     
,shiraz1 the capital city of ,pars1 has 
exported some of the most  interesting  
and exquisite rugs in existence4 ,in the
 sixteenth century  ,shiraz was at the  
height of its prosperity1 and all the   
neighboring  country was noted for its  
flocks of sheep1 which produced the     

finest of  wool4 ,rugs were made at     
,shiraz for the reigning ,shahs1 who had
 palaces  there1 and the workmanship    
displayed in them was most beautiful4   
,the  city was visited by an earthquake 
in #ahec1 and since that catastrophe    
the manufacture of rugs has not regained
 its former prosperity2 yet  great      
improvement has been shown in recent    
years1 and the same vegetable  dyes are 
still in use4 ,the ,shiraz is often     
called the ,mecca rug1 as it  is the one
 frequently selected by pilgrims to that
 city4 ,deep rich blues  are often seen 
in a ,shiraz rug1 and frequently stripes
 extend throughout  the centre1 as well 
as in the border1 where diamond forms   
and crosses  are also frequently seen4  
,the medallion and the palm leaf are    
also  found4 ,many ,persian poets have  
sung of the wonderful rose gardens of   
,shiraz1 and the rug weaver there has   
faithfully reproduced in glorious  hues 
these beautiful flowers4 ,other flowers1
 too1 decorate this rug4 ,the  webbing  

at the ends is embroidered in colored   
yarns4    ,illustration3 ,,shiraz ,,rug 
,,size1 #d4c  #g    ,the field of this  
rug is marked with narrow perpendicular 
stripes of  soft yellows1 rose1 deep    
blues1 and ivory4 ,these mellow tones of
 color  are all thickly studded with a  
fine floral design in contrasting       
shades4  ,the palm-leaf design1 minute  
but distinct1 is in pale green1 with    
markings of blue and rose4 ,the border  
stripes of tan1 dark rich blue1  and    
rose are floral in effect4 ,the rug is  
heavy1 firm1 and of fine  texture4      
,fringed ends finish this beautiful     
example of the ,shiraz4    ,,owned ,,by 
,,mr4 ,,will ,j4 ,,davis1 ,,chicago4    
,sinna rugs are made in the province of 
,irak-,ajemi4 ,they have a very  fine   
texture1 and are greatly prized by      
rug-lovers4 ,the pile is of the  best   
wool1 and very closely cut4 ,the ,herati
 design1 minutely woven1  often occupies
 the entire field4 ,again1 a            
lozenge-shaped figure is in  the centre1

 and covered with the most delicate     
tracery4 ,the field of the  rug is often
 in white or ivory1 or in soft blue1    
red1 yellow1 or even  peach-blow tint4  
,yellow is used frequently in the border
 and corner  areas4 ,often the finest of
 these rugs will be puckered near the   
edges2  that is because the yarn is so  
tightly twisted in the weaving4 ,owing  
in  part to this firm twisting and also 
to the fine1 close knotting1 there  is  
much durability in the best specimens4  
,sirab rugs are woven in the village of 
that name in the district of            
,azerbaijan4 ,in ,western markets the   
name has been corrupted1 and the rugs   
are there called ,serapi4 ,these rugs   
come in large sizes1 and are of         
excellent colors4 ,a medallion of good  
proportions occupies the field1  and    
about this floral designs are arranged4 
,sometimes inscriptions are  seen in the
 rug4    ,sultanabad is one of the most 
important of the modern rug-producing   
regions of ,western ,asia4 ,factories   

are kept busy supplying the market1  and
 in many cases excellent rugs are       
manufactured4 ,this is especially  true 
when old patterns are used1 for no      
modern ones sent out by ,western  firms 
can be deemed worthy to take the place  
of original ,oriental  designs4 ,large  
quantities of rugs from this district   
are exported to the  ,united ,states1   
and are then frequently called          
,savalans4 ,the groundwork  is generally
 light in color1 and the designs are    
many1 while the variety  of brilliant   
hues is perhaps the largest in ,persia4 
,muskabad is a  trade name for a certain
 grade of rug from this district4       
,tabriz rugs are now supplied in large  
bales to the trade from  factories that 
are under ,western jurisdiction4 ,they  
are of well selected  yarn1 closely     
woven1 and very durable4 ,the weaving is
 faultless4 ,the  centre medallion is in
 a rich color1 set in a field of ivory  
or other  solid color1 and decorated    
with floral forms4 ,the sharply defined 

corner  areas and the borders also      
contain floral designs in attractive    
colors4  ,sometimes cartouches with     
lines from a ,persian poet or birds and 
animal  forms are seen in the borders4  
,yezd1 where the fire-worshippers live1 
furnishes rugs with a short  pile1 but  
these are used chiefly in mosques1 and  
seldom leave ,persia4    ,a fine        
,persian rug is valuable1 even at the   
seat of manufacture4 ,a small  one1     
measuring three by four and a half feet1
 quite modern1 but very  fine and with  
splendid colors1 has been sold at       
,teheran for eight  hundred dollars4    
,illustration3 ,,arabian ,,rug          
,,size1 #d4aj  #g4e    ,although        
distinctly ,arabic in style1 this rug   
was probably woven in the  vicinity of  
,shiraz4 ,the squares which form the    
design resemble an  old-fashioned       
log-cabin quilt in the variety of their 
colors and the  regularity of their     
stripes4 ,some hues are green1 then red 
comes into  play1 while plum1 brown1    

yellow1 and blue are also employed4 ,the
 wide  border of stripes shows the      
,shiraz ornamentation in its beauty1 and
 the  ,greek crosses suggest the        
possibility of a ,christian weaver4     
,there is a  fine sheen on the surface4 
,this rug is quite heavy1 and its very  
oddity  makes it interesting to the     
collector4      ,,turkish ,,rugs    ,the
 term ,turkish ,rugs includes all those 
rugs that are manufactured  within the  
,turkish ,empire1 whether the           
manufacturers be ,kurds or  ,circassians
 or ,christians2 the last of these names
 comprises the  ,armenians1 the ,greeks1
 and the ,syrians4 ,turkish rugs are not
 so finely  woven as ,persian2 they have
 a longer pile and looser texture4 ,as  
they  are usually very soft and thick1  
the foot when walking upon them feels   
as if it were treading upon a bed of    
moss4    ,the principal                 
rug-manufacturing district of ,turkey is
 ,karajah ,dagh4 ,much  weaving is done 
also at ,csarea4 ,the rugs found at     

,adana are generally  from the latter   
region1 while those sold at ,urfa are   
either from the  ,kurdish territory or  
from ,persia4 ,in ,constantinople are   
seen rugs from  almost every part of    
,asia1 but the greatest number are from 
within the  ,turkish territory of       
,transcaucasia4    ,each rug-weaving    
district of ,turkey seems to have a     
distinct and  individual class of rugs2 
and this is not surprising1 for there   
are a  number of different tribes1 each 
of which impresses its individuality    
upon the work4 ,the surface             
configuration and the climate of a place
  have much to do with the quality of   
the rugs manufactured within it4        
,naturally1 in the rocky1 mountainous   
regions the flocks consist of goats     
instead of sheep4 ,the sheep would be   
injured among the steep1 sharp  crags1  
and much of their wool would be lost1 as
 it would adhere to the  rocks4 ,the    
goats1 however1 being hardy1 easily jump
 from crag to crag1  sustaining no      

injury to their hair4    ,the hair of   
the goat is woven into the mohair and   
so-called ,smyrna rugs1  and also into  
what is known as ,paul's ,tent ,cloth4  
,this last is woven  quite differently  
from other rugs2 it is the coarsest of  
all1 and the  women weave it on the     
ground4 ,to make it firm enough to keep 
out every  drop of rain requires        
laborious work with the fingers1 but    
when the  cloth is woven with care it is
 a most excellent shelter from the      
storm4  ,a large ,paul's ,tent1 such as 
a rich man owns1 costs about four       
hundred  dollars4 ,it shelters the women
 of the household1 as well as the       
cattle2  and one part is partitioned off
 for a guest-room4    ,in ,turkey the   
floor is always covered with matting1   
and the matting1 in  its turn1 is so    
closely covered with rugs as to be quite
 concealed4 ,in  large cities rugs are  
used in the ,summer for divan and couch 
covers2 in  the ,winter the same rugs   
serve as beds4    ,constantinople is the

 greatest rug market in the world4      
,every known  nation is represented in  
that wonderful city1 where the ancient  
industrial skill of ,asia meets the     
steadily increasing demands of the      
,west4 ,nothing can be more interesting 
to the rug-lover than to wander  through
 the streets and byways1 observing the  
different phases of his  favorite       
industry4 ,the ,custom ,house1 where    
enormous bales of rugs await            
transportation2 the great warehouses1   
which handle only at wholesale2  the    
bazaars1 and even the street vendors1   
possess each an absorbing  interest4    
,the travelling merchants from ,persia1 
who yearly journey to  ,constantinople1 
establish themselves in that busy       
section of the city  known as ,stamboul4
 ,here they erect their khans1 covering 
the walls and  floors with rugs1 many of
 which are really splendid in tone and  
quality4  ,the large retail houses at   
,constantinople usually have collections
 of  very choice rugs4                  

,,characteristics ,,of ,,certain        
,,turkish ,,rugs    ,akhissar rugs have 
a thick pile1 and are loosely woven4    
,their colors are  usually red and      
green4 ,rugs of mohair are made at      
,akhissar4    ,anatolia1 or ,asia       
,minor1 produces both rugs and mats of  
good quality4  ,the ,anatolian rug is   
large and very heavy4 ,the ,anatolian   
mats are made  in large numbers1 and are
 very thick and soft4 ,they are used by 
the  natives for pillows4 ,some are very
 beautiful2 and although many are       
turned out with aniline dyes1 many      
others are splendidly colored with      
vegetable dyes4 ,the designs are many   
and varied4    ,bergamo 7ancient        
,pergamos7 rugs have a long1 silky pile1
 and are  almost square4 ,they are quite
 thick1 and have geometrical figures in 
the  centre1 while the borders are      
floral in effect4 ,the colors are rich1 
generally yellow1 green1 red1 and blue4 
,a red webbing at each end  carries a   
blue or yellow embroidered stripe4      

,antique ,bergamos are very  beautiful4 
,brusa 7,broussa7 had a fresh impetus in
 the rug industry a few years  ago4     
,very fine and beautiful silk rugs are  
woven there now by ,turkish  women and  
girls4 ,the ,great ,mosque and the      
,mosque of the ,thunderbolt at  ,brusa  
both contain rare old rugs4             
,illustration3 ,,old ,,ghiordes ,,prayer
 ,,rug    ,,size1 #d4f  #f4i    ,the    
rich magenta which is the field of this 
rug has been mellowed by  time4 ,there  
is throughout the rug a softness and    
harmony of tone that is  very pleasing4 
,the niche is high1 and the corner areas
 and the border  are in richly blended  
blues and yellows1 with magenta4 ,the   
delicacy of  the floral designs1 and the
 warmth of tone1 give it a particular   
charm4    ,csarean rugs have a thicker  
pile than any of the rugs woven in      
,anatolia4 ,they are garish in color and
 are stained with chemical dyes4  ,large
 numbers are turned out by the          
factories1 but they in no way  resemble 

the good rugs of former years1 except in
 their durability4    ,cassaba 7see     
,sparta7 rugs4    ,demirdji rugs are a  
product of modern growth1 unknown       
thirty-five  years ago4 ,to-day the town
 is a large manufacturing centre4 ,the  
rugs  bear strong ,turkish elements4    
,they are heavy and durable1 and woven  
of  excellent wool when of the first    
quality4 ,there are1 however1 three     
different qualities4 ,the weavers of    
these rugs have a small pattern  which  
they reproduce in the large sizes4      
,ghiordes rugs of antiquity are not in  
the market4 ,once in a decade it  is    
possible such a rug changes hands1 but  
this is either the result of  lack of   
knowledge on the part of the owner1 or  
because he is in  pecuniary straits4    
,the rug derives its name from the      
ancient town of  ,ghiordium1 and its    
form is that of a prayer rug4 ,the      
weavers were most  painstaking1 and used
 the finest of dyes and designs4 ,the   
hanging mosque  lamp1 or a tree form1 is

 suspended from the high point of the   
niche1 and  a column appears on either  
side of the field1 extending to the     
spandrels4 ,above is a horizontal panel1
 and there is generally one below  the  
field4 ,in colors there is a            
discriminating use of the old porcelain 
blue1 rare green1 red1 yellow1 ivory1   
and white4 ,when white was chosen1  the 
weavers often substituted cotton for    
wool1 thinking it would keep  its purity
 of tone longer4 ,the field is generally
 in one of these solid  colors4 ,the    
borders are most interesting and        
beautiful4 ,the main stripe  is usually 
ornamented with well-defined designs of 
small flowers and  leaves1 arranged with
 a square effect4 ,the other borders are
 generally  floral1 while the zigzag    
water motif encloses the field4 ,the    
apex of the  mihrab or niche runs high  
in the ,ghiordes rug4 ,a silk fringe    
often  finishes the top4 ,one collector 
in ,constantinople has many very fine   
and  rare specimens4 ,he began to       

collect ,ghiordes rugs years ago1 before
 the  value of the rug became generally 
known4 ,the modern rugs are very        
coarse1 and have no resemblance to the  
old ones4    ,hereke rugs receive their 
name from the village about forty miles 
from  ,constantinople1 on the ,gulf of  
,ismid1 where the ,sultan has           
established  the imperial factories and 
a school of art4 ,about four hundred    
young  women1 mostly ,greeks1 are here  
actively employed in weaving rugs in    
silk  and wool4 ,his ,imperial ,majesty 
is anxious to give employment to the    
village girls1 and takes much interest  
in this industry1 which was  started    
about fifteen years ago4 ,the rugs are  
reproductions1 for the  most part1 of   
famous antiques belonging to the        
,sultan4 ,in #ahih ,emperor  ,william of
 ,germany visited this factory4 ,after  
his return home the  ,sultan sent him a 
large number of ,hereke rugs4 ,in #aijb1
 during one of my  sojourns in ,berlin1 
,i was permitted by the courtesy        

extended to me by  the court official in
 charge of these rugs to see the entire 
collection  arranged in one section of  
the ,palace4 ,beside the magnificent    
antique  ,persian rugs belonging to the 
,imperial ,house of ,germany these      
modern  ,turkish rugs were startling in 
color2 but the texture was fine1 and    
time  will1 of course1 subdue the       
glowing colors1 which are now often     
softened  in the ,western markets by a  
washing process known to certain firms4 
,old  mohair rugs are also being        
reproduced at the ,hereke factory with  
good  results4 ,great attention is paid 
in all these rugs to exactness of       
detail in reproduction4    ,kara-,geuz  
rugs are mostly of the runner order1    
with mixed designs and  fugitive colors4
    ,karaman has a considerable trade   
with ,smyrna4 ,its rugs are coarse1     
loosely woven1 and not at all           
attractive4    ,kir-,shehr rugs are made
 in the province of ,angora4 ,because of
 their  durability and thickness they   

are both useful and desirable4 ,their   
colorings are rather strong1 but fine2  
green is the most usual color1  although
 red and blue are frequent4 ,the designs
 are mostly of ,arabic  origin1 and     
quite highly decorative4    ,konieh rugs
 are of great weight and resemble       
,ouchaks4 ,they usually  have a plain   
centre1 and when there are panels these 
are also of one  shade4 ,being firm and 
strong they are very durable4    ,kulah 
prayer rugs of ancient make are most    
interesting and valuable4  ,they are    
about the size of the old ,ghiordes     
prayer rug1 and have other  points in   
common1 which might be expected from the
 proximity of the  towns4 ,the ,kulah   
rug1 however1 instead of the solid      
centre of its  neighbor1 is apt to have 
its field ornamented with small floral  
designs4  ,the colors most prominent are
 a yellowish-brown1 a blue1 or a soft   
red4  ,green and white are seen at      
times4 ,there are many narrow stripes as
  borders1 often alternating in dark and

 light colors1 and these are            
beautifully ornamented with floral      
effects in minute designs4 ,the niche   
of the prayer rug is of medium height1  
often with serrated sides4              
,illustration3 ,,indian ,,prayer ,,rug  
,,size1 #e4aj  #c4d    ,this rug is a   
modern product of ,india4 ,the prayer   
niche1 with long  lines leading to it1  
extends well toward the top4 ,the niche 
is decorated  with a delicate1 dark blue
 floral design in ivory1 red1 and fawn1 
and  the lines leading to it are        
ornamented in blue1 red1 and brown4 ,the
  field is a beautiful sage-green1 and  
the main border is embellished with     
reds1 browns1 ivory1 and occasionally   
with light blue4 ,the outer border  is  
of the same green as the field4 ,at each
 end is a full fringe4 ,this  rug was   
made in the jail at ,amritsar1 from a   
design sent from the ,united  ,states4  
,kurdistan 7the ,turkish portion7 rugs  
are woven by the women in odd  moments1 
and one of the ways a girl gains        

distinction among her  associates is by 
the skill she displays in rug-weaving4  
,as the wool is  taken from the flocks  
that are kept near home1 and is spun and
 dyed  there1 and as the time consumed  
in the weaving is not counted1 each rug 
is considered clear gain4 ,in fact1 the 
,kurdish women do not make their  rugs  
entirely for the market1 but for their  
own entertainment and  use4 ,kurdish    
rugs are very durable1 and they are much
 prized in  ,turkey2 but they do not    
sell readily in ,america because of the 
lack of  that harmony of color which our
 taste demands4 ,their coloring is often
  too bright and varied to attract us4  
,an ,armenian clergyman said to me      
recently3 ,i find ,americans more       
devoted to harmony than to anything     
else4 ,i have in my house one of the    
finest of ,kurdish rugs1 but ,i could   
never sell it in this country1 should ,i
 wish4 ,an ,american looks at it  and   
says1 ',what hideous colors6' and ,i    
doubt if ,i could even give it  away1   

although it would be considered a       
superior rug in ,turkey4    ,kutahia    
sends out ,anatolian rugs of goat's hair
 and wool4 ,some  improvement has been  
noticed in the rugs recently4    ,ladik 
prayer rugs were made in the ancient    
city of ,laodicea4 ,they are  among the 
finest rugs of old workmanship4 ,the    
field is of a solid color1  often a rich
 wine-red4 ,the niche is serrated on the
 inside to the apex1  which is enclosed 
by straight lines4 ,on the outside of   
the niche one  often sees the hook      
design1 extending into the upper field1 
which in its  turn is frequently        
ornamented with lancet-shaped leaves and
 floral  forms4 ,the ,rhodian lily      
sometimes plays a part in the border    
design4  ,white1 red1 blue1 a light tan1
 and green1 with an occasional touch of 
violet1 are used4 ,the webbing is red1  
and extends about an inch and a  half1  
when a narrow fringe finishes the ends4 
,meles 7,melhaz7 rugs of modern make are
 of coarse texture1 and  brilliant in   

fugitive dyes of red1 yellow1 blue1 and 
green4 ,they find a  market at ,milassa4
 ,the modern prayer rug does not compare
 favorably in  any way with the antique4
 ,the texture of the ancient rug is     
thin1 but  with a wealth of coloring and
 blending of hues1 as beautiful as rare4
  ,sometimes1 too1 the ,ghiordes panel  
is seen above the niche4 ,a good deal   
of black was used in the old rugs1 but1 
as is usual in antiques1 it has         
gradually disappeared with age4 ,violet1
 too1 is a color that was  sometimes    
used with great effect in old rugs4     
,mohair rugs are made of the soft1 silky
 hair of the ,angora goat2 but  though  
beautiful1 they are not durable1 as     
experiments tried at ,akhissar  and     
,kulah have shown4    ,mosul rugs are   
strong and rich in colorings of blue1   
yellow1 green1  and red4 ,the designs   
are rather striking1 and with their     
silky softness  these rugs are generally
 desirable4 ,the best are made of       
camel's hair1  including the outer      

border1 but occasionally they are made  
partly of  goat's hair4 ,they are now   
made in several ,turkish provinces1 and 
are  often wrongly called ,persian rugs4
    ,at ,ouchak1 with its large         
population1 there are steadily at work  
about  two thousand looms1 giving       
employment to fully four thousand       
weavers1  and as many as one hundred and
 fifty dyers4 ,ouchak is the principal  
city  of ,asiatic ,turkey for the dyeing
 of the wool of which the rugs are      
woven1 and that industry is carried on  
in many factories4 ,ouchak rugs  have a 
thick pile2 and though green is         
forbidden by ,mohammedan law1 the       
modern rugs frequently have green for   
their dominant color4 ,the reason  for  
this innovation is that the influence of
 their religious faith has  waned1 and  
consequently the law regarding that     
color is not now strictly  enforced4    
,the weavers of these rugs are mostly   
,moslem women and girls4  ,the wool is  
generally bought in the interior from   

nomad tribes1 and the  weaving is       
carried on in private houses in a manner
 similar to that of  other rugs1 except 
that the yarn is spun more loosely4 ,in 
the early  history of rug-weaving these 
rugs were known in the ,western market  
as  the ,yapraks1 and the colors were1  
almost invariably1 red with either      
green or blue4 ,until recently1 even the
 best ,ouchak rugs were apt to  have    
inferior wool for their foundation1 and 
hemp was frequently  employed4 ,the wool
 was loosely woven1 and the dyes were   
fugitive4 ,there  are now1 however1     
certain provinces in ,turkey1 including 
,ouchak1 where  the products are        
controlled by ,european and ,american   
firms1 and where  excellent wool and    
natural dyes are used4 ,the rugs made   
under such  control are very durable and
 in every way satisfactory4 ,in size    
,ouchaks  vary greatly1 ranging from a  
few feet to fifty by twenty-five feet4  
,sivas rugs are always woven of wool1   
and almost every hamlet carries  on the 

industry of weaving in the homes4 ,there
 are no factories1 the  young girls and 
women doing the work here1 as in other  
parts of ,turkey4  ,sivas rugs are in   
most cases small1 measuring about eight 
by four feet2  but lately larger and    
more attractive rugs are being made4    
,even the  poorest families have fine   
rugs1 and regard them as valuable       
property1  to be sold only under the    
pressure of great extremity4 ,the       
weavers are  so frugal in their manner  
of living that their daily earning of   
fourteen  to nineteen cents is          
sufficient to supply their wants4       
,illustration3 ,,indian ,,loom ,,and    
,,weavers    ,smyrna1 next to           
,constantinople1 is the most important  
commercial  centre in the ,east4 ,it is 
the open door to mysterious ,asia1 and  
within  its boundaries are found        
representatives of every race and       
religious  belief of that little-known  
continent1 the land of mystics1 nomads1 
and  fanatics4 ,it is a mistake to      

imagine that the so-called ,smyrna rugs 
are  made in that city4 ,as a matter of 
fact1 no rugs are manufactured there4   
,it is the export depot for goods from  
the interior1 and dealers have  allowed 
the name to be used merely for          
convenience1 for commercial  purposes4  
,a student of rugs can readily          
understand that throughout the  vast    
territory which concentrates its        
commerce in ,smyrna there are a  score  
or more of valuable manufactures which  
could never be known under  one         
descriptive name4    ,sparta rugs are   
made in a village bearing that name     
situated in the  interior not far from  
,smyrna4 ,they are very heavy1 firm1 and
 in  different colors4 ,some of those   
recently made are especially fine4      
,attention is being paid to harmonious  
coloring as well as to quality and      
texture4 ,a splendid specimen is in the 
home of the leading merchant of         
,smyrna4 ,it is in the softest shades of
 rose and blue1 with a lustrous  sheen4 

,the texture is as fine as velvet1 and  
the medallion in the centre  is most    
gracefully designed4 ,many rugs are sold
 under the name of  ,cassaba1 which are 
really woven at ,sparta4    ,yaprak 7see
 ,ouchak7 rugs4    ,yuruk rugs are so   
called from a band of nomads who dwell  
among the  mountains of ,anatolia4 ,they
 have large flocks of sheep1 and weave  
rugs  of strong1 hardy texture4 ,the    
colors are very good1 the field often of
  brown1 ornamented with large1 bold    
designs4          ,,iii                 
,,rug-,,weaving ,,in ,,india1           
,,afghanistan1 ,,beluchistan1 ,,central 
,,asia1 ,,and ,,the  ,,causcasus        
,,region      ,,indian ,,rugs    ,the   
manufacture of rugs was introduced into 
,india by the ,mohammedans at  their    
first invasion in the beginning of the  
eleventh century4 ,persian  rugs1       
however1 were always preferred to those 
made in ,india1 and princes  and nobles 
of the ,delhi ,court1 when it was in its
 greatest splendor1  sought the fabrics 

woven in ,herat1 or by the ,sharrokhs on
 the ,attrek1 or  the nomad tribes of   
,western ,kurdistan4 ,these were        
purchased only by the  princes and their
 wealthy followers4 ,a few specimens of 
these rugs still  remain in ,india1 and 
are now and then reproduced with more or
 less  accuracy4    ,in the sixteenth   
century1 however1 the ,emperor ,akbar1  
or more properly  ,jalal-ud-,din        
,mahomed1 sent for ,persian weavers to  
make the exquisite  fabrics for which   
,persia was then so famous4 ,at first   
these weavers  continued to weave       
according to the designs employed in    
their own land2  but it is not          
surprising that as time went on1 and the
 natives of ,india  learned the art of  
weaving from the ,persians1 ,hindoo     
ideas should have  found expression1 in 
,southern ,india especially4 ,thus      
geometrical designs  were substituted   
for floral1 although even now the       
designs of some  ,indian rugs revive    
memories of ,persian teachers in the    

careful  arrangement of flowers and     
leaves4 ,the designs of ,indian rugs    
were  frequently named after the        
original owners1 in which cases the     
weavers  generally lived and worked in  
the houses of their employers4 ,at the  
present time the manufacture of many    
,indian rugs is carried on largely  in  
jails1 where the old ,persian designs   
are generally used4    ,in ,indian rugs1
 as in those of other countries1 there  
are certain  distinct characteristics   
that stamp them as coming from          
particular  districts1 and in ,india    
alone are to be detected the few        
,assyrian types  still in existence4    
,genuine old ,india rugs are works of   
art1 but they  are rarely seen4    ,the 
religion of the ,hindoo does not permit 
of his tasting the flesh of  sheep2 and 
as ,india is not a wool-producing       
country1 except in the  northern part1  
cotton is often substituted4 ,for this  
reason1 and because  the time consumed  
for weaving is less1 ,indian rugs are   

generally less  expensive than ,persian4
    ,mr4 ,julian ,ralph1 in an          
interesting account of his visit to the 
home of  a prince in ,india1 published  
in one of our magazines1 writes of the  
splendid rugs shown him by his host3    
,they were state rugs1 and one was      
green with a border of gold that must   
have weighed twenty pounds or  more4    
,the other was red with a similar       
border1 so stiff and cumbrous  that it  
did not seem made to walk upon4         
,however1 the prince sent for his       
stiff-soled heavy-heeled ceremonial     
shoes which were quite as richly        
crusted with gold1 and walked about on  
the rugs1 crushing the gold  embroidery 
in a ruthless way4 ,when ,mr4 ,ralph    
spoke of the damage1 he  said1 ,it is of
 no consequence1 these borders have to  
be renewed very  frequently4    ,an     
,indian rug of great beauty was taken to
 ,england from ,india by ,lord  ,clive1 
who ordered the architect of his        
magnificent  palace--,claremont--then in

 process of building1 to design a room  
especially for it4 ,such special care   
for the proper display of this work  of 
art may be exceptional1 but it shows    
true appreciative power on the  part of 
,clive4    ,from the time of the        
decadence of the industry of weaving    
fine shawls1  which was so long a       
feature of ,kashmir1 the wool of which  
they were  woven was gradually          
transferred to the rug industry1 and the
 weavers  turned their attention from   
the shawls to the rugs1 on which they   
displayed the same patience and skill4  
,,characteristics ,,of ,,certain        
,,indian ,,rugs    ,agra sends out very 
satisfactory rugs4 ,these are mostly of 
great  weight and thickness4 ,many of   
the best are woven in the jail4 ,the    
finest  specimen that ,i have seen      
belongs to ,mrs4 ,potter ,palmer1 of    
,chicago1 and  is a duplicate of one    
owned by ,mrs4 ,frederick ,d4 ,grant4   
,the rug is of  enormous size and       
weight1 and the tree design is arranged 

in shades of  exquisite blue upon a     
field of delicate fawn color4 ,the      
border1 in the  same coloring1 gives the
 most perfect harmony to the entire rug4
 ,many  more ,agra rugs would be        
imported1 but there is now a ,united    
,states law  prohibiting the importation
 of goods made in jail4    ,allahabad   
rugs are similar to those of ,agra1 but 
the latter are as a  rule preferable4   
,amritsar gives employment to over      
twenty thousand men and boys1 and       
supplies the market with some of the    
finest of modern ,indian rugs4  ,leading
 ,english and ,american firms have      
factories located there1 and for  that  
reason rugs brought into the ,occident  
from ,amritsar are reliable4  ,they are 
firm in texture1 and have fast colors4  
,the manufacturers  realize the         
importance of these attributes in a rug1
 and their own  responsibility in the   
matter4    ,the ,dhurrie 7,durrie7 is a 
strong1 well-made rug of cotton1 often  
in  stripes of blue1 brown1 or gray1    

with narrow yellow and red lines4 ,some 
,dhurries end in a fringe1 and are      
square4 ,in ,india they are largely used
  by the foreign population1 and in the 
,united ,states they are especially     
appropriate for summer time4 ,they are  
made chiefly at ,agra1 ,cawnpur1        
,delhi1 ,lucknow1 and in the vicinity of
 ,bombay4    ,ellore rugs belong to the 
inexpensive class1 but the designs and  
colors are pleasing4 ,as they are made  
chiefly of fibre mixed with wool1  they 
are not durable4    ,formerly           
,haidarabad sent out rugs famous for    
their beauty1 with  designs in the forms
 of medallions1 filled with flat floral 
ornaments  and woven with wool pile on a
 cotton foundation4 ,but the modern     
,haidarabad by no means compares with   
the antique4    ,jaipur rugs are        
generally made in the schools of art4   
,they contain  many ,persian designs    
representing animals and the cypress    
tree4 ,the  borders are floral1 and the 
field is generally ivory1 red1 or blue4 

,lahore1 the ,british capital of the    
,punjab1 has rugs woven in both wool    
and cotton1 and the work is done mostly 
in jails4 ,the designs are  ,persian1   
and the texture embraces from forty to  
one hundred knots to the  square inch4  
,madras rugs are chiefly made in large  
quantities for commercial and  export   
purposes4    ,masulipatam rugs were once
 noted for their beauty1 but now many of
  them are poor in design and           
workmanship4    ,mirzapur rugs are      
sometimes wrongly sold for ,turkish1    
which they  somewhat resemble4 ,the     
antiques are very durable1 but this     
cannot be  said of all the modern ones1 
the vegetable fibre that is used in part
 in  the construction of them not being 
durable4 ,few are exported to the       
,united ,states4 ,the colors are often  
black1 orange1 or grayish-white4        
,moodj is the name given to a coarse1   
hardy mat1 suitable for the  veranda4   
,it is made of buffalo grass1 which     
grows six to twelve feet  high in       

,india4 ,this is harvested1 the fibre   
extracted by pounding1 and  then it is  
twisted into rope or yarn4 ,afterward it
 is dyed4    ,multan rugs have large    
geometrical figures in octagons1        
medallions1  and circles4 ,these rugs   
are very lasting4 ,their general        
coloring is dark  red and blue4         
,sometimes a really beautiful modern    
,multan is discovered4  ,occasionally an
 emerald green or a yellow alternates   
with the usual reds  and blues1 and     
again we see a white ground with blue   
designs4 ,the modern  ones are not      
largely imported into ,america4 ,the    
antique ,multan is very  fine1 but      
scarce4    ,mysore rugs are cheap and   
not interesting4    ,patna rugs are     
usually in blue and white2 in quality   
they resemble the  modern ,multan4      
,pushmina rugs have their name from the 
manufacturers1 who thus  designate rugs 
that are woven of pashim4    ,sindh rugs
 are the cheapest and least durable of  
all ,indian rugs1 and  on this account  

not many are imported into the ,western 
market4 ,the  colors are green and      
orange4    ,srinagar1 the capital city  
of ,kashmir1 makes very beautiful rugs  
from  the finest wool4 ,this is soft and
 silky1 and as natural dyes are         
employed1 the ,srinagar rugs1 as well as
 many other rugs from the  northern     
portion of ,india1 are highly valued4   
,antique rugs of this  character are    
attractive in soft tones of rose and    
yellow4    ,warangul rugs4 ,at          
,warangul1 in the eastern part of the   
,deccan1 modern  rugs have been woven   
for the past sixty years4 ,the designs  
are chiefly  ,persian1 with a strong    
,indian influence4 ,to show the beauty  
and delicacy  of some of the old rugs1  
,i may mention that one was made at     
,warangul1 in  the sixteenth century1   
which contained #c1ejj1jjj knots on its 
entire  surface1 or #djj knots to the   
square inch1 and the designs were so    
complicated that a change of needle was 
required for every knot4    ,leading    

importers now give names to designate   
the different qualities of  ,india rugs1
 and therefore the name borne by a rug  
does not necessarily  indicate the      
district in which it was woven4 ,for    
example the ,dhurrie rug  is woven in   
several districts of the northern       
provinces4    ,illustration3            
,,afghanistan ,,rug    ,,size1 #i4e     
#g4f    ,this rug has a remarkably soft 
yet firm texture4 ,the rough beauty and 
the fine coloring are very attractive4  
,the field is a rich shade of red       
verging toward the hue of a blood       
orange1 and again gleaming with far     
deeper shades4 ,the large octagons are  
defined by a very narrow dark  brown    
line4 ,two sides of these octagons are  
in a deep1 sapphire blue1  while the    
remaining two sides are of an orange    
cast4 ,the octagon  sections are all    
ornamented1 the small red diamonds at   
the edges being  separated by dark green
 lines4 ,the lattice-work design in the 
squares of  the border of the rug are   

decorated with green and ivory1 the     
latter in  the hook design4 ,the centres
 of all the octagons are of the orange  
shade1 and one only is crossed through  
the centre1 the markings being  knots of
 green4 ,large diamond forms1 barred    
with sapphire blue and rich  green1 are 
between the octagons on the field4      
,occasionally a small  geometrical      
figure in either blue or green1 with    
pale yellow or ivory1  is seen1 and a   
wide red webbing with heavy dark brown  
lines across it  extends at some length 
beyond the border4 ,the rug was woven in
 that  northern region of ,afghanistan  
known as ,afghan-,turkestan4    ,,owned 
,,by ,,mr4 ,,george ,,hubbard ,,holt1   
,,chicago4      ,,afghanistan ,,rugs    
,afghanistan rugs are generally large   
and nearly square4 ,they are coarser    
than the ,turkoman rugs1 but resemble   
them in color and design4 ,the          
,afghans1 however1 are more striking1   
the octagon designs being larger  and   
bolder4 ,at ,kabul1 the capital city of 

,afghanistan1 and in other  cities rugs 
are found which are made by the nomad   
tribes on the  frontier4 ,the same      
tribes weave also the cotton and silk   
rugs said to be  woven at ,bhawulpore1  
,india4 ,the ,great ,rug in the ,palace 
of ,chehel ,sitoon  7forty pillars7 at  
,ispahan1 ,persia1 is said to be the    
largest ever  woven1 and to measure     
about sixty feet long by thirty feet    
wide4 ,this  rug was made in the        
sixteenth century1 and is of ,herat     
design and  manufacture4 ,owing to      
political disturbances1 weavers from    
,herat have  settled in the province of 
,khorassan1 ,persia1 since #ahch1 and   
prefer to  call that their home4        
,some rugs have a strong odor1 which is 
especially noticeable in those of       
,afghanistan4 ,the reason for the       
presence of the odor is that the        
animal's hair has not been properly     
washed4 ,nothing but a thorough         
cleansing on the back as well as on the 
surface1 with soap and hot water  seems 

to be effective in carrying it away1    
although certain atmospheric  changes   
affect it4 ,a damp1 wet day brings out  
the odor strongly4  ,fortunately this   
disturbing element is not in all ,afghan
 rugs4 ,there is  a great deal of force 
and strength exhibited in these rugs1   
and a  richness most attractive in the  
finest specimens4 ,a color plate in this
  volume1 with its accompanying         
description1 explains the typical       
,afghanistan rug4      ,,beluchistan    
,,rugs    ,beluchistan rugs bear the    
marks of nomadic workmanship4 ,they show
 that  they are woven by tribes who     
combine strength and skill4 ,the designs
 are  generally geometric1 and bold in  
effect4 ,the rugs have rich dull tones  
of blue1 red1 and often with markings of
 white or ivory on a foundation  of dark
 brown1 in fact so dark sometimes as to 
give the appearance of  black4 ,this is 
accounted for partly by the great       
abundance of goat's  hair and camel's   
hair woven into it1 which is sometimes  

dyed even darker  than the natural      
color4 ,there is a fine lustre in this  
rug1 and it is  one of the hardiest and 
most durable of all the ,oriental rugs4 
,the wool  used is soft and the pile    
left rather long1 which accounts in part
 for  the rug being so thick and heavy4 
,occasionally we find a beautiful old   
prayer rug in brown tones1 and with     
corner areas in fine dull reds and a    
wonderful deep rich blue4    ,some of   
the finest specimens are occasionally   
sold as blue ,bokharas2 and  people who 
imagine that they have purchased one of 
the latter are likely  to find          
themselves the possessors of a good     
,beluch1 for there is no such  thing as 
a blue ,bokhara4      ,,central ,,asia  
,,turkoman ,,rugs    ,turkoman rugs are 
woven by nomad tribes living in ,central
 ,asia4 ,the  tribes are known as the   
,ersari ,goklan1 ,sarik1 ,tekk1 and     
,yomud1 and most  of these rugs have    
some points in common1 although they    
vary a good deal  in detail4 ,generally 

speaking1 the ,turkoman takes the       
greatest care to  have his work         
perfectly done4 ,in order to give fixity
 to the color the  dyer steeps the wool 
in a mordant of alum and water4 ,the dye
 is almost  invariably brought from     
,bokhara4 ,at ,ashkabad the ,turkomans  
dye the wool  themselves when it is     
intended to be yellow1 but when any     
other shade is  desired it is sent to   
the city to be dyed4 ,camel's hair is   
largely used  in the rug-weaving of     
,central ,asia4 ,the camel itself is    
carefully  washed1 and the soft hair    
growing next its skin is used for fine  
rugs4  ,the goats of this vast region   
also receive the same watchful attention
  as the camel2 the soft1 silky fleece  
is accounted precious1 and is used  for 
the finest ,turkoman rugs4 ,the natives 
use their rugs not only for  the floors 
of their tents1 but as portires1 thereby
 dividing the  tent into sections4 ,this
 is one of the reasons for the heavy    
fringe one  so frequently sees on the   

ends4 ,it permits of hanging1 and is    
very  strong1 as is the case with the   
,turkoman rugs themselves1 no matter how
  fine the texture4    ,illustration3   
,,tekk-,,turkoman ,,or ,,bokhara ,,rug  
,,size1 #f  #c4a    ,the field of this  
rug is of a deep rose hue1 with a soft  
lustrous  sheen4 ,the texture is like   
velvet1 and every stitch shows that the 
rug  has been woven with the greatest   
care4 ,the octagons are divided into    
four sections by distinct lines4 ,the   
colors are orange1 turquoise blue1  and 
a deep blue with markings of yellow and 
ivory4 ,between the octagons  are       
eight-pointed stars4 ,the border is     
minute in detail1 and the rug  itself is
 a genuine treasure4    ,,owned ,,by    
,,mr4 ,,ralph ,,oliver ,,smith1 ,,new   
,,york4      ,,characteristics ,,of     
,,certain ,,turkoman ,,rugs    ,beshir  
rugs resemble in certain aspects the    
rugs of ,afghanistan4 ,the  texture is  
similar1 and the same rich blues and    
reds are seen2 a red  webbing at the    

ends extends at some length1 and has    
dark lines crossing  it4 ,the rug is    
longer than the ,afghanistan4 ,the field
 differs4 ,there is  an ,arabic effect  
in the design1 and yet with a reminder  
of the ,yomud in  the general aspect4   
,but the hook1 which plays so important 
a part in the  ,yomud1 is missing4      
,bokhara rugs which are made in the city
 and ,khanate of that name1 are  not the
 so-called ,bokhara rugs of the ,western
 world4 ,the genuine ,bokhara  rugs are 
of good size1 with large patterns1 and  
are very strong and  forceful in        
character4 ,they are sold in the        
,occident under the name of  ,khiva or  
,afghanistan4    ,genghis 7often called 
,guendje7 rugs are woven by a tribe of  
,turkomans  who live the life of nomads4
 ,they are named after ,genghis ,khan1  
the  great ,mogul conqueror who invaded 
,central ,asia in the year #abah4 ,the  
rugs are woven of brown wool1 or strong 
goat's hair1 and have rather a  long    
pile4 ,the designs are mostly geometric1

 although the palm leaf and  vine are   
often seen4    ,guendje 7see ,genghis7  
rugs4    ,kashgar rugs are made in      
,eastern ,turkestan4 ,they are quite    
coarse1  with designs of a ,chinese     
character in strong coloring4 ,yellows  
and a  sort of lead-white are much used 
in these rugs2 again1 blues and         
ivory-white are seen1 while reds1 pinks1
 greens1 and a deep orange are  common4 
,the ,chinese fret1 the dragon1 and     
fishes are among the designs  employed4 
,the ,tree of ,life is of frequent      
occurrence1 but is a crude              
representation4    ,khalatch rugs are   
woven by a division of the ,ersari tribe
 of the upper  ,oxus1 bearing the name  
,khalatch4 ,they are included under the 
one greater  head of ,turkomans4 ,the   
rugs are recognized by the single       
stripes of  bands that divide the field 
both vertically and horizontally4 ,these
  bands are ornamented with single      
motifs1 and are generally considered to 
be the earliest decoration of woven     

fabrics4 ,besides the bands1 stars1     
crosses1 forms of the hook1 and small   
prayer niches1--one at the top and  one 
at the bottom1 but each facing in the   
same direction1--are seen4  ,often a    
stark tree effect is noticed4 ,in the   
trade these ,turkoman rugs  are commonly
 called ,kchatchli 7pronounced          
,hatchli--,bokhara74    ,khiva rugs are 
woven by ,turkomans inhabiting ,central 
,asia4 ,the  firmness1 durability1 and  
bold grandeur of these rugs render them 
very  pleasing4 ,the field is of one of 
the splendid reds so much favored by    
this great race4 ,arranged over the     
field are large forms of the lozenge4   
,frequently these large forms contain   
smaller lozenges1 which are very        
decorative4 ,often a part of the larger 
lozenge forms are indented at  both top 
and bottom4 ,there is generally a stark 
tree form between the  lozenges1 in a   
peacock blue color4 ,much ivory is used 
throughout the  field and border1 in    
heavy lines of demarcation4 ,these rugs 

are sold  under the name of ,afghan in  
the ,western market4 ,well-toned shades 
of  red1 blue1 tan1 ivory1 and an       
occasional green are the usual colors4  
,sometimes a ,khiva has a long panel    
centre1 with a prayer niche4 ,in many   
fine specimens the lustre is an added   
attraction4    ,samarkand rugs are a    
product of ,central ,asia4 ,they show   
distinctly  ,chinese characteristics4   
,sometimes the field is covered with    
round  medallions1 from one to five in  
number1 holding odd figures4 ,the       
,chinese  fret is common in the design1 
and sometimes a large crude flower      
arrangement is noticed4 ,reds1 magenta1 
green1 blues1 a soft fawn1 white1  and  
much yellow1 especially in the border1  
are the usual colors4 ,soft  and rich1  
these rugs have a distinctive character1
 and are attractive4  ,their texture1   
however1 is quite thin1 and they are not
 very durable for  the floor1 but       
attractive on the wall or divan4        
,illustration3 ,,samarkand ,,rug        

,,size1 #aa4f  #e4aj    ,this is a fine 
specimen of the ,samarkand rug4 ,as     
usual in rugs of this  class1 the       
weaving is rather loose and the texture 
thin4 ,the coloring is  extremely rich  
and mellow4 ,the field of red is in a   
warm tone1 and the  medallions are in   
fine shades of blue4 ,one of the border 
stripes is a  ,chinese design4 ,as in   
all rugs of this description1 the       
,chinese element  is plainly seen1 both 
in design and color1 showing what       
proximity of  location will effect4     
,tekk-,turkoman rugs are sold in the    
,occident under the name of  ,bokharas4 
,the design has little variety1 and     
generally the rugs are  among the       
easiest to distinguish4 ,the design is  
usually octagon1 in  white or ivory     
tones with blue and orange1 and         
occasionally green1 upon  a field of    
rich deep red1 or rose4 ,brown and      
black1 with white1 are also  used in the
 lines of demarcation or in the border4 
,sometimes the smaller  designs are very

 decorative4 ,occasionally in the past  
this tribe1 which  is considered the    
most savage of all the ,turkomans1 has  
woven a rug with  a diamond figure in   
place of the octagon1 but this is not   
typical4 ,also  instead of the usual red
 field a wonderful mahogany shade is    
seen with a  rare green in place of the 
usual blue of the octagon4 ,in the      
borders one  often finds the            
eight-pointed star4 ,the ,tekk tribe use
 their rugs as  portires1 for divan     
covers1 and for floor coverings4 ,rich  
in  coloring1 fine1 yet durable1 these  
rugs are greatly prized4    ,yarkand    
rugs are very similar to ,kashgar rugs1 
having the same general                 
characteristics4    ,yomud rugs are     
woven by the tribe bearing that name1   
whose territory  seems to include both  
,astrabad and ,khiva4 ,the rugs woven by
 this tribe  are in rich tones of deep  
red or plum1 sometimes mahogany in tone4
 ,the  design most frequently seen is   
the diamond1 surrounded by the hook4    

,the  weaving is very satisfactory1 and 
the coloring in brownish-reds is        
particularly good4 ,in some odd and rare
 pieces among the ,yomud  ,turkomans1   
blue figures conspicuously1 as does     
green also4 ,the border in  these rugs  
is sometimes in stripes1 sometimes in a 
sort of crudely drawn  vine4            
,,caucasian ,,rugs    ,caucasus is a    
general government belonging to ,russia1
 and including  ,transcaucasia4 ,the    
designs of the many rugs woven in this  
section of  country are all parts of a  
system1 and each design bears certain   
marks  whereby its class may be         
identified4    ,daghestan rugs are made 
in fine wools1 and the mosaic designs   
are  generally beautifully and skilfully
 done4 ,the figures are nearly always   
geometrical1 and in the form of         
diamonds1 long octagons1 lozenges1      
hooks1 and small crosses4 ,the colors of
 the best ,daghestans are so well       
selected1 that although there is no     
shading there is seldom anything        

aggressive or startling in the effect4  
,blues1 reds1 yellows1 ivory1 and  other
 hues are chiefly used4 ,the rug has a  
short1 close pile1 and  although the    
texture is rather thin1 the rug is very 
durable4    ,derbent rugs1 though woven 
at ,derbent1 the chief city of the      
province  of ,daghestan1 differ somewhat
 from the ,daghestans proper1 being much
  softer and thicker4 ,they are also    
more loosely woven1 and have a longer   
pile4 ,the designs are geometrical1     
several star devices often occupying    
the field2 and here again we see the    
hook1 which is a feature of the  entire 
,daghestan province4 ,there is a good   
lustre in the ,derbent rugs1  and the   
coloring is often quiet and             
inconspicuous in dark blue1 red1        
yellow1 and ivory4 ,sometimes a soft    
pink is noticed4    ,kabistan           
7,cabistan7 rugs are woven at ,kuba4    
,they resemble the  ,daghestans to such 
an extent that they are often sold under
 that name4  ,they have1 however1 more  

variety of design1 although1 as in the  
,daghestans1 the diamond is generally a 
prominent feature1 and often  three     
large and many small diamonds are seen4 
,the texture is firm1 and  the pile cut 
very close4 ,soft reds1 greens1 a       
delicate fawn1 and browns  are the usual
 colors4 ,the borders may be in stripes1
 or with crude  animal or bird devices4 
,the antique ,kabistan is very          
beautiful4 ,its  texture is like velvet4
 ,often one1 and sometimes two borders  
contain the  small single pink which is 
a most decorative floral ornament4 ,the 
reds1  light greens1 ivory1 and plum    
colors are arranged artistically1 and   
quaint animal forms are often seen4     
,karabagh rugs have characteristics of  
the other ,caucasian rugs1 but  are more
 crude in coloring4 ,red is the chief   
color used4 ,the rugs are  coarse and   
quite crude in effect4 ,the old-time    
rugs were vastly superior  in           
workmanship4      ,illustration3        
,,daghestan ,,rug    ,,size1 #g  #c4e   

,this rug has a fine texture and is     
straighter than most ,daghestans4 ,it   
is an antique1 but its colors are as    
fast and clear as when it was first     
woven4 ,it has been cleaned again and   
again1 but nothing seems to dim its     
hues4 ,the field of light blue is       
thickly studded with large and small    
geometrical figures in reds1 yellows1   
and white4 ,some of the forms are  in   
the lozenge design1 with colors in red  
and yellow1 the reds  containing fine   
shadings of blue4 ,again square forms   
are seen1 many  holding the same colors1
 ornamented with contrasting but        
harmonious  hues4 ,in the centre are two
 geometrical figures of considerable    
size1  one in yellow1 and one in red4   
,each of these has yellow and white in  
its  centre4 ,on either side are still  
larger forms in yellow and blue4 ,the   
border is geometrical1 the hook design  
in a bracket being in evidence1  and    
outside of this is a narrower stripe in 
red1 white1 black1 and  yellow4 ,the    

many markings add greatly to the beauty 
of this interesting  ,daghestan4        
,,reproduced ,,by ,,courtesy ,,of ,,mr4 
,,clarence ,,burley1 ,,chicago4         
,kazak rugs are woven by a nomad tribe  
dwelling among the ,caucasus            
,mountains4 ,there is a certain strength
 and vigor about the ,kazak rugs  that  
seem to be in harmony with the tribe    
that weaves them4 ,the word  ,kazak is a
 corruption of ,cossack2 and the        
durability of these rugs1 as  well as a 
certain boldness of effect in their     
designs and colors1  corresponds with   
the hardihood of the people who weave   
them4 ,the rugs  are thick and soft2    
their colors are blues1 soft reds1 and  
greens4 ,often  the field is a deep rose
 or a green1 sometimes with one or more 
geometrical figures and several         
medallions1 or with the palm-leaf design
  in rather large size throughout4 ,when
 the palm leaf is used1 it is  generally
 decorated with a smaller leaf of a     
different hue4 ,many  varieties of small

 designs are also seen1 including       
circles1 diamonds1  squares1 and the tau
 cross1 which is almost always present4 
,some of the  antique ,kazaks are very  
fine4    ,shirvan rugs are attractive   
from their quiet1 agreeable tints1 and  
fine1 even texture4 ,they are made in   
large quantities1 and readily sold4     
,the best are of white wool1 but the    
inferior ones may hold cotton or  goat's
 hair4 ,often blues and whites are the  
colors employed1 with  markings of red  
or yellow4 ,sometimes there are stripes 
in the border1  one wide stripe followed
 by a series of narrow ones4 ,the hook  
is a  frequent design1 and may be found 
in the field1 incasing some  geometrical
 figure4 ,sometimes a conventionalized  
floral design is  observed in the       
border4    ,soumak rugs ought really to 
be called ,shemakha1 for that is the    
name  of the town in the government of  
,baku from which they are exported4 ,but
  the contraction of the word into      
,soumak is now universal4 ,erroneously  

too1 these rugs are known as ,kashmir1  
for the sole reason that they  are woven
 with a flat stitch and the loose ends  
left hanging at the  back1 just as they 
are in the old ,kashmir shawls4 ,the    
designs bear a  resemblance to those of 
the ,daghestans1 and the hook is        
omnipresent4 ,the  best are durable1 and
 sometimes a rarely beautiful ,soumak is
 discovered1  distinguished from the    
ordinary specimens by its soft hues and 
fine  texture4 ,one that ,i have in mind
 is of a rich blue field1 with          
geometrical figures in terra cotta      
shades1 and a rare bit of green in  the 
way of ornamentation2 the field of      
another is rose1 and the  geometrical   
forms are in deep blues1 old blues1 and 
ivory4    ,tchechen 7,chichi or ,tzitzi7
 rugs are made by the ,chichi nomads    
living  among the mountains of          
,daghestan4 ,the rugs have a strong     
resemblance to  the ,shirvans1 and are  
often sold under that name4 ,they are of
 about the  same color and quality1 but 

are wider4 ,in the border there are     
frequently geometrical designs arranged 
between two or more stripes1 and  the   
tau cross is sometimes seen4            
,illustration3 ,,kazak ,,rug    ,,size1 
#h4c  #d4aj    ,this is an unusually    
fine specimen of a ,kazak rug4 ,its     
softness1  combined with its solidity1  
gives it force and beauty4 ,on the      
wonderful  rose field a series of       
geometrical figures1 five in number1 are
 placed4  ,odd figures1 including stiff 
little animals1 fill in the remaining   
field4 ,the wide border is composed of  
small diamonds1 with varied forms  of   
the hook design4 ,the strength of the   
,cossacks is displayed in this  hardy1  
forceful1 and richly colored rug4       
,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,cyrus ,h4         
,,mccormick1 ,,chicago4          ,,iv   
,,miscellaneous ,,oriental ,,rugs       
,,rugs ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,land    ,no  
rugs of importance are woven in         
,palestine4 ,in several villages a      
coarse cloth is made which is waterproof

 because of its firm texture4 ,it  is   
used for cloaks or abas1 and these are  
worn by all the men of the  land4 ,in   
,bethlehem is made the coarse cloth     
which is used as tent  covering4 ,this  
is produced from the sombre hair of the 
,palestine goat4    ,all ,syrian rugs   
are made of pure wool1 a home product of
 an average  quality4 ,looms operated by
 machinery are unknown4 ,the rugs are   
made in a  primitive fashion by the     
peasant women and girls1 who work at the
 looms  in their own homes when not     
engaged in field labor or domestic      
duties4  ,they also do the washing1     
dyeing1 and spinning of the wool4 ,the  
introduction of rug-weaving into ,syria 
took place about the beginning of  the  
nineteenth century1 when a number of    
families emigrated from ,brusa  to      
villages of ,syria1 where they taught   
their art4 ,for many years  excellent   
rugs were woven1 ,haidamur especially   
taking the lead in  superiority of      
quality1 design1 and durability4        

,unfortunately1 the  original designs   
and blending of colors introduced from  
,turkey have  entirely disappeared1 and 
only inferior rugs are now made         
throughout the  country4 ,the chief     
colors in the modern ,haidamur rugs are 
red and black1  or sometimes crimson and
 black1 with black or dark brown figures
 at each  end4 ,at ,damascus a few rugs 
are woven1 but not of any great value or
  distinctive beauty4      ,,chinese    
,,rugs    ,the ,chinese rugs of         
antiquity are remarkable1 and worthy of 
the closest  inspection4 ,their texture1
 designs1 and symbolism show the        
greatest  patience and thought4 ,antique
 wool rugs woven in ,china are very     
scarce1  and because of this1 and for   
their historical interest as well as    
their  uniqueness and attractiveness1   
they bring large prices4 ,in fact1 they 
are almost unprocurable4 ,a large and   
very fine specimen of this kind of  rug 
is in the home of the late ,governor    
,ames of ,boston4 ,it measures  nineteen

 by twenty-one feet4 ,the colors are    
yellow and white1 and these  are        
arranged in odd designs over the entire 
rug4 ,a member of the family  owning it 
writes3 ,this rug is said to have       
originally been in the  ,emperor's      
,palace in ,china4 ,as every emperor is 
obliged to have the  palace newly       
furnished when he succeeds to the       
throne1 owing to some  superstition     
connected with the retaining of any of  
the former ,emperor's  possessions1     
everything is removed and destroyed4    
,fortunately this rug  escaped          
destruction4 ,a fine example of an      
antique ,chinese rug is  represented in 
one of the illustrations of this book4  
,the modern ,chinese rugs are vastly    
different from those of antiquity4      
,there is1 however1 much of interest    
attached to them4 ,they are sought      
because of their antique designs1 their 
harmonious coloring1 and their          
durability4 ,the monstrous and fantastic
 forms that distinguished the  antique  

are not so frequently met with in the   
modern production4 ,the  predominating  
colors in a modern ,chinese rug are     
yellow1 blue1 white1  and fawn1 and     
these are arranged very effectively4    
,the designs are  quaint and odd4 ,a    
border distinctly separated from the    
field is almost  invariably seen4 ,a    
most important geometrical motif        
observed in ,chinese  rugs is the       
,meandrian1 especially the continuous   
and that derived from  the hooked cross4
 ,the hooked cross we find with rounded 
arms1 generally  in connection with a   
cloud band4 ,the rosette from the       
vegetable motifs  is very frequent1     
especially in borders2 also the branch  
and the  continuous creeper4 ,bats1     
butterflies1 storks1 and the goose are  
in many  borders4 ,the lion--symbol of a
 happy omen--is often represented in    
those  rugs designed especially for     
wedding ceremonies4    ,illustration3   
,,antique ,,chinese ,,wool ,,rug        
,,size1 #g4aj  #e4b    ,the modern      

,chinese wool rugs are not at all like  
this antique specimen1  which was woven 
in ,shantung about the year #agej4 ,the 
material is wool1  the pile is very     
thick and soft1 and the texture1 though 
loosely woven1  is lasting4 ,a large    
circular form in the centre of the field
 is richly  decorated in a fine blue1   
yellow1 and white floral design4 ,ivory 
is also  seen in the markings1 but no   
other colors are used except light      
yellow  and a deep blue4 ,the field is  
of a rare apricot hue1 very unusual and 
beautiful4 ,the border holds a ,chinese 
fret design1 the symbol of long  life4  
,this is in a rich deep blue1 and the   
out-most part of it is in a  dark shade 
of blue4 ,the separate sprays of flowers
 on this rug represent  the tea flower1 
which the ,chinese use for decorative   
purposes1 and the  larger sprays hold   
the imperial flower4    ,,owned ,,by    
,,the ,,estate ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,mr4  
,h4 ,o4 ,,havermeyer1 ,,new ,,york4     
,in the northern part of ,china rugs are

 decorated with colored threads in      
crude imitation of figures2 they are    
woven in sections1 and then sewed       
together4 ,camel's hair of a coarse     
quality is used extensively by the      
,chinese for their rugs1 and the        
laboring class use felts in their       
houses4 ,these are cheap and durable1   
and are placed on the tiled floors  so  
common in the colder parts of ,china4   
,the skins of the doe1 deer1  and fox   
are much used in ,china as rugs4 ,these 
skins are sewed together  in sections1  
according to various designs1 and       
resemble mosaic work4    ,there are more
 circular rugs found in ,china than in  
any other country1  and some are        
exported4 ,but they are seldom called   
for in this country1  and clerks in the 
large establishments which import them  
express  surprise when inquiries are    
made for them4 ,the warp of the ordinary
  ,chinese rug is mostly of cotton1 and 
the woof and pile are of wool or        
camel's hair4    ,tsun-hua rugs are made

 of silk and camel's hair in the        
province of  ,chi-,li4      ,,japanese  
,,rugs    ,in olden times woven rugs    
were not known in ,japan4 ,the wealthy  
classes  of ,japan covered their floors 
with grass1 over which they spread the  
skins of animals4 ,the poorer classes   
had not even skins1 but only reeds  or  
straw4 ,about four hundred years ago    
silk and wool rugs were  introduced into
 ,japan from ,persia1 ,china1 and       
,india4 ,for a time the  ,japanese      
imitated these rugs1 but later the      
industry ceased4 ,since the  opening up 
of the country1 however1 rug-weaving has
 prospered1 and the  introduction of    
fine cotton yarns of uniform quality has
 increased  greatly the growth of all   
textile industries4 ,the modern         
,japanese rugs  are made of cotton or   
jute1 and are used extensively in the   
,united  ,states in summer homes4 ,in   
the towns which produce these rugs      
little  children may be seen busily     
engaged in weaving1 their small fingers 

being very deft at this work4 ,the chief
 colors employed by the ,japanese  in   
their rug-weaving are blue1 white1 and  
sometimes a beautiful pink4 ,in         
weaving1 designing1 and coloring1 as in 
everything else the natives do1  their  
exactness of finish and thoroughness in 
detail are noticeable4 ,the  ,persian   
designs which were once reproduced in   
,japan are now supplanted  by designs   
purely ,japanese4 ,the dragon is a      
favorite design in some of  the older   
rugs4    ,illustration3 ,,khilim ,,rug  
,,size1 #ab4b  #e4f    ,this is an      
unusually fine specimen of the antique  
,shirvan ,khilim4 ,its  hues are        
softened by time1 and the contrasting   
colors are so carefully  blended that   
the artistic effect is not lost4 ,this  
,khilim has been  carefully woven1 and  
is firm and durable4 ,the broad bands of
 apple green  and other hues1           
interrupted by narrower bands1 give a   
certain character  and strength of      
appearance to this beautiful piece of   

,oriental  workmanship4 ,some of the    
bands are embroidered with much skill4  
,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,robert ,,dunlap1  
,,chicago4      ,,khilim ,,rugs         
,,written ,,also ,,ghileem1 ,,kelim1    
,,kilim    ,the largest number of       
,khilims are woven in ,turkish          
,kurdistan1 although  many are made in  
the adjoining territory1 and at ,sinna  
and ,shirvan4 ,they  are also woven by  
the nomads of ,anatolia and ,merv1 and  
,turkey in ,europe  now produces many   
,khilims1 especially in the vicinity of 
,servia4    ,khilims are made in        
different sizes1 and are alike on both  
sides1 with a  smooth surface4 ,perhaps 
the ,khilims most familiar to us are    
those which  are long and narrow4 ,but  
there are also smaller sizes1 the       
smallest of  all being called mats4 ,all
 are without nap1 and are woven with the
 flat  stitch by the means of shuttles4 
,karamanian is another name given to    
this decorative piece of tapestry4  ,the
 ,karamanian is woven in the tents of   

the nomad ,yuruks and other  ,turkoman  
tribes4 ,occasionally this weave and the
 ,kurdish have a mihrab  at one end1    
showing it to be a prayer rug4 ,the     
,sinna ,khilims have a  ,herati design1 
and colors of green1 yellow1 and rose   
are frequent4 ,the  webbing at the end  
often contains a narrow stripe4    ,a   
bit of romantic sentiment is woven into 
the ,kis ,khilims1 as those made  by the
 ,turks in ,anatolia are often called4  
,it is asserted that the word  means    
,bride's rug1 and that the name is      
derived from the fact that  these rugs  
are woven by young girls1 each of whom  
endeavors to finish  her rug in time to 
win a husband4 ,a lock of hair is often 
found in the  ,kis ,khilim1 said to have
 been woven in by the girl who made it4 
,in ,oriental countries the ,khilim is  
used as a floor covering1 and also  as a
 curtain to divide the dwelling portion 
of the tent from that in  which the     
cattle are sheltered from the storm4 ,it
 is also used by the  natives on their  

journeys1 and for general wear on the   
floors4    ,in the ,united ,states this 
fabric is exceedingly popular as a      
hanging1  and for the cover of a divan  
it is equally effective1 whether used in
  the home or in the studio4            
,,polish ,,rugs    ,there are few of the
 so-called ,polish rugs in existence1   
and these are  priceless and cannot be  
bought4 ,they are mostly seven feet long
 by four  wide4 ,the name takes its     
origin from the fact that a ,pole 7by   
name  ,mersherski71 after travelling in 
,persia and ,india1 established a rug   
factory in ,warsaw4    ,polish rugs are 
of silk1 with gold and silver thread    
interwoven4 ,their  texture is looser   
than that of the usual ,oriental rug1   
and for this  reason they cannot stand  
hard wear2 but they are exceedingly     
handsome  with their gold lustre and    
silky sheen4 ,in these rugs a number of 
warp  threads are crossed by the metal  
threads and overspread1 so that the     
lines or ribs are brought out more      

prominently4 ,this in part accounts  for
 the softness and looseness of the      
texture4    ,some time ago ,dr4 ,wilhelm
 ,bode1 the eminent ,german scholar and 
authority  on antique ,oriental rugs1   
decided that these unusual rugs were of 
,persian origin1 because of their       
general style and design4 ,since then   
,mr4 ,r4 ,martin has proved this by     
documentary evidence4      ,,prayer     
,,rugs    ,the prayer rug is so         
distinctly sui generis that it requires 
a little  explanation4 ,it is to be     
found wherever dwell the followers of   
,mohammed1  and the design usually      
includes a representation of a mosque1  
or place  of public worship1 showing the
 mihrab1 which is the niche in the wall 
of  the mosque1 so located that when the
 worshipper prostrates himself  before  
it he will be prostrating himself toward
 ,mecca4,a    ,footnote ,a3 ,some prayer
 rugs have a representation of the hands
 of  ,mohammed1 and on them the         
suppliant places his own as he throws   

himself  prostrate4 ,in the corners of  
some of these rugs pulpits are          
represented1  and occasionally trees4   
,the ,mohammedan1 if he build a mosque1 
locates it so that its axis  extends in 
the direction of ,mecca2 in such        
buildings the mihrab is not  necessary1 
as the natural position of the          
worshipper places him so that  his face 
is toward the sacred city4 ,where       
,christian buildings1 such as  the great
 ,basilica of ,st4 ,sophia at           
,constantinople have been  appropriated 
for ,moslem worship1 the niche or mihrab
 may be located well  toward one corner 
of the building4    ,illustration3 ,,old
 ,,kirman ,,prayer ,,rug    ,,size1 #f  
#d4a    ,this beautiful and rare rug has
 an ivory field thickly studded with    
small floral designs woven most         
carefully4 ,the knots are very closely  
tied1 and the texture is soft and fine  
as velvet4 ,a cypress tree  occupies the
 centre of the field1 and above its base
 on either side  appears the head of a  

bird4 ,below there are two peacocks1 in 
gorgeous  plumage4 ,the upper parts of  
the bodies of the peacocks seem actually
 to  glisten like cloth-of-gold2 silk   
threads appear in the tail feathers4 ,at
  the top of the rug rests a bird of    
brilliant plumage1 and on either side  a
 bird evidently in the act of flying4   
,the border of this fine rug is in      
stripes1 the widest of a golden hue1    
with turquoise blue1 light green1  and  
soft reds in delicate tracery4 ,the     
corner areas are deep and very  minutely
 woven1 corresponding perfectly with the
 field4 ,toward the  centre of the      
corner areas and extending upward1 is   
the mihrab1  proclaiming for what       
purpose this rug was woven4    ,,owned  
,,by ,,miss ,,buckingham1 ,,chicago4    
,the prayer rug was evidently invented  
for the purpose of providing the        
worshippers with one absolutely clean   
place on which to offer  prayers4 ,it is
 not lawful for a ,moslem to pray on any
 place not  perfectly clean1 and unless 

each one has his own special rug he is  
not  certain that the spot has not been 
polluted4 ,with regard to the purity  of
 the place of prayer ,mohammedans are   
especially careful when making  their   
pilgrimages1 the rugs which they take   
with them having been  preserved from   
pollution by being rolled up until the  
journey is begun1  or until the hour of 
prayer arrives4 ,it does not matter to  
these  followers of ,mohammed how       
unclean a rug that is on the floor may  
be1  because over it they place the     
prayer rug when their devotions begin4  
,about two hundred years ago small      
embroidered rugs were largely made in   
,persia1 chiefly at ,ispahan4 ,these    
were prayer rugs1 and on each of them1  
near one end1 was a small embroidered   
mark to show where the bit of  sacred   
earth from ,mecca was to be placed4 ,in 
obedience to a law in the  ,koran that  
the head must be bowed to the ground in 
prayer1 this was  touched by the        
forehead when the prostrations were     

made1 and so the  letter of the law was 
carried out4 ,the custom still prevails4
 ,the  ,persian women who make the      
finest prayer rugs seldom weave any     
other  kind of rug4 ,but the            
encroachments of civilization and       
commerce have  changed the original     
purpose of the prayer rug4 ,once it was 
sacred1 and  the masterpieces of        
workmanship in the products of ,asia    
,minor were  devotional in character4   
,upon these rugs many a soul prostrated 
himself  before ,allah in reverence2 but
 now in the further interior only is the
  prayer rug made for aught but         
commerce4    ,as a class the modern     
,anatolian prayer rugs are quite        
inferior1 being  woven irregularly1 and 
without regard to details or finishing2 
yet there  are among them some fine     
specimens of ,anatolian weaving4 ,the   
famous  prayer rugs of ,asia ,minor     
7,anatolian7 made at ,ghiordes1 ,kulah1 
,laodicea1  and ,meles are described in 
preceding pages4 ,they are the joy of   

the  collector and the artist4 ,the     
antique ,ghiordes rugs are really fine  
in  colors1 generally with much pale    
green1 red1 or blue4 ,the design most   
frequently seen is the ,tree of ,life4  
,one special kind is distinguished  by a
 yellow vine on a dark blue field4      
,illustration3 ,,old ,,anatolian        
,,prayer ,,rug    ,,size1 #f  #c4h    ,a
 deep1 soft pile1 firmness of texture1  
and superb coloring1  characterize this 
rug4 ,the lower section of the field is 
of cherry-red2  the upper portion is a  
lighter shade of red1 but blending      
perfectly1 and  forming by its shape at 
the top the niche which is              
characteristic of the  prayer rug4 ,this
 extends into the wonderful moss green  
of the upper  section4 ,the two tones   
7which appear exaggerated in the black  
and white  plate7 suggest the thought of
 a passing shadow upon a mossy bed4 ,the
 red  and green of the field are        
separated by heavy serrated lines of    
ivory1  which unite at the top1 leading 

up to and enclosing a small red lozenge1
  terminating beyond this in the hook   
design4 ,it is in the centre of the     
lozenge that the ,moslem places the     
stone or bit of earth when at prayer4   
,other hook designs and various         
geometrical forms are arranged upon the 
field4 ,the wide stripe of the border is
 of a fine yellow1 rich and  lustrous1  
decorated in blue1 green1 and maroon    
devices4 ,the outer border  is in brown1
 and it is interesting to observe the   
series of nomad tents  represented1 each
 one worked in white wool1 the entrances
 to the tents1  however1 being in reds1 
blues1 or yellows4 ,alternating with    
each little  dwelling are figures worked
 in red1 blue1 or green4 ,this          
interesting rug  is a product of        
,csarea4    ,,owned ,,by ,,mr4 ,,george 
,,hubbard ,,holt1 ,,chicago4      ,,silk
 ,,rugs    ,long before other countries 
learned the art of cultivating          
silkworms1  ,china was at work weaving  
fabrics of silk4 ,chinese historians    

claim that  the origin of reeling silk  
and putting it to use was discovered by 
a  woman1--,se-,ling-,she1 wife of      
,hwang-te1 third ,emperor of            
,china1--and for  that reason she has   
always been regarded by them as the     
goddess of  silkworms1 ,the date of this
 discovery is about #bfdj ,b4 ,c4 ,for  
about two  thousand years the ,chinese  
kept secret their methods of reeling and
  weaving silk1 but finally ,japan1     
,persia1 and ,india learned the art1    
,persia having for many centuries       
transported raw silk between ,china and 
the ,west4 ,very slowly grew the process
 of silk-weaving4 ,greece1 ,spain1  and 
,sicily by degrees attained the         
knowledge4 ,in ,a4 ,d4 #eej it was      
introduced into ,constantinople1 and in 
#aadh silk manufacture was carried  into
 ,italy1 and the cultivation of mulberry
 trees was enforced by law4  ,the       
industry soon spread into the south of  
,france1 where it rapidly  advanced4    
,at the present day enormous quantities 

of silk are produced in various  parts  
of the world4 ,the principal countries  
are ,china1 ,japan1 ,india1  ,southern  
,europe1 and some parts of ,persia and  
,asia ,minor4 ,during the  ,middle ,ages
 and down to the seventeenth century1   
the province of ,ghilan  in ,persia     
produced very fine silk and in large    
quantities4 ,in all the  countries and  
districts just mentioned1 magnificent   
silk rugs have been  woven for many     
centuries4    ,the silk rug when at its 
best is unsurpassed in beauty2 it is    
distinguished by its richness1 exquisite
 coloring1 and rare sheen4 ,but  silk   
rugs require the most luxurious         
surroundings3 nothing looks so out  of  
place as one of these costly fabrics of 
the loom in a poor setting4  ,they are  
more suitable for decorative purposes   
and museums than for  service2 they     
should be used as hangings1 not for     
floor coverings4 ,an  exquisite silk rug
 interwoven with pearls is hung before  
the famous  ,peacock ,throne of the     

,shah at ,teheran1 ,persia4    ,the most
 magnificent silk rugs have been woven  
in ,china1 and these are  interesting   
from every point of view1 especially as 
regards history1  color1 and texture4   
,the silk rugs of ,khotan are remarkable
 for their  beauty and fineness2 on     
important occasions of state and        
ceremony the  ,chinese place them upon  
the table4 ,silk carpets of special     
beauty worked  with gold threads are    
made in ,pekin for the ,imperial        
,palace1 although  many of this kind    
found at the ,court are said to be of   
,central ,asiatic  origin4    ,in making
 silk rugs1 the greatest care is        
necessary in the shading4  ,sometimes   
the shading of woollen rugs is made more
 effective by the  addition of silk4    
,illustration3 ,,persian ,,silk ,,rug   
,,size1 #e4h  #d4ab    ,this remarkable 
rug in some lights suggests the heart of
 a forest4 ,some  of its sections       
indicate ,chinese inspiration1 and      
recall1 too1 the  famous ,hunting ,rugs4

 ,the field is in an unusual shade of   
reddish bronze1  with a strong metallic 
lustre4 ,in certain lights the surface  
looks like  a mass of gleaming gold4 ,in
 the centre stands the ,tree of ,life1  
its  branches rich with foliage1 among  
which birds of bright plumage seem to   
flutter4 ,at the base of the tree two   
wild animals are depicted1  apparently  
in search of prey4 ,in the corner area  
at the top of the rug  two serpents are 
attacking young birds in a nest1 which  
is guarded by an  agitated parent bird4 
,on either side at the base of the rug  
is a cypress  tree4 ,across the top is  
an inscription in ,arabic4    ,,owned   
,,by ,,mrs4 ,,emmons ,,blaine1          
,,chicago4    ,as the demand for silk   
rugs is comparatively small1 they are   
seldom  woven on speculation4 ,when made
 to order in ,persia1 they cost from ten
  dollars to fifteen dollars per square 
foot2 thus the usual price of a  silk   
rug of ,persian make is from two hundred
 dollars up to thousands of  dollars4   

,those made in ,turkey can be bought    
much cheaper4    ,the ,turkoman silk    
rugs are generally twice the size of the
 usual sheep's  wool or camel's hair    
rugs4 ,they are very fine1 and often two
 hundred  dollars is paid for a rug of  
this kind eight feet square4    ,rugs   
made of raw silk are exported from      
,samarkand1 and silk rugs of old        
,persian designs are copied and woven at
 ,csarea4 ,some weavers of the  modern  
silk rug1 however1 do not have recourse 
to established designs2  they give play 
to their imagination1 as do the weavers 
of wool rugs4  ,other weavers copy      
chiefly designs from chintz1 and still  
others work  from designs introduced    
from ,europe4    ,mrs4 ,bishop tells us 
that silk produced at ,resht is brought 
to ,kashan to  be spun and dyed4 ,then  
it is sent to ,sultanabad to be woven   
into rugs4  ,it is next returned to     
,resht to have the pile cut by the sharp
  instruments used for cutting the      
velvet pile4 ,after the rugs are        

finished1 they are sent to ,teheran to  
be sold4          ,,felt ,,rugs      ,in
 the ,orient a large and heavy rug is   
made of felt4 ,this is used  extensively
 by the natives1 but is too heavy to    
export4 ,even the  shepherds of the     
,kotan-,daria and of the ,keriya-,daria 
use it in their  primitive and isolated 
abodes4 ,sometimes an old felt rug is   
propped up  by poles and becomes a tent1
 in which dwell the shepherds of        
,central  ,asia4    ,this felt rug is   
made of the hair of the camel1 goat1 or 
sheep1 or by a  mixture of all these    
kinds4 ,it is matted together by heavy  
and constant  pounding1 moistened with  
water1 turned and beaten again and again
 until  it becomes compact and solid4   
,sometimes the felts are decorated with 
colored threads and often the name of   
the weaver is woven in4 ,among the  best
 felts are those made at ,astrabad and  
,yezd4    ,in color felts are gray1     
brown1 or white4 ,the last named are    
woven at  ,khotan4 ,no dye is used2 the 

hue is that of the hair of the animal1  
or  the composite hue resulting from the
 mixture of the hair of different       
animals4    ,illustration3 ,,derbent    
,,rug    ,,size1 #g4b  #d4f    ,as a    
representative ,derbent rug1 this is an 
excellent example4 ,it has  the soft    
thick texture and long pile             
characterizing this product of the      
,caucasus4 ,the entire dark blue field  
is covered with well-proportioned       
lozenge-shaped forms1 distinctly        
outlined with serrated lines4 ,every    
centre has a cross of a color           
contrasting with the form containing it4
  ,the main border stripe is            
geometrical1 with a variety of the hook 
design4 ,several floral devices are     
arranged in the maroon stripes on       
either side the wide one4 ,there is a   
good deal of lustre to the rug1 and  the
 coloring is particularly charming in   
fine blues1 soft rose1 fawn1  copper    
brown1 subdued yellows1 ivory1 and rich 
green4    ,,owned ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,arthur  

,,dane ,,wheeler1 ,,chicago4    ,the    
felts have no seams1 and are from one to
 four inches thick4 ,although  this     
material is of far more ancient date    
than the days of ,st4 ,clement1  a      
legend connects his name with the       
discovery of felt4 ,the tradition  is   
that while on a pilgrimage the ,saint1  
having put a wad of carded wool  into   
his shoes to protect his feet from      
blisters1 found at the end of  his      
journey that the pressure and moisture  
had converted the wool into  felt4      
,,hunting ,,rugs    ,the hunting rugs of
 ,persia are the most remarkable and    
interesting rugs  in existence4 ,they   
had their origin in the ,chinese        
pictures of hunting  scenes1 from which 
they were copied4 ,they were undoubtedly
 made as early  as the sixteenth century
 for the ,shah4 ,exquisite in their     
weaving1  marvellous in coloring1 and of
 rare sheen1 they are worthy of the     
closest attention4 ,nor is this their   
only merit2 they serve as records  of   

ancient customs1 depicting the method of
 the chase1 and portraying  the mounted 
hunters in pursuit of the elephant1     
lion1 phoenix1 deer1 and  other         
creatures1 fabulous and real4 ,there are
 perhaps twelve of these  precious rugs 
in existence4 ,one1 in silk1 belongs to 
the ,imperial ,house  of ,austria1      
another to ,baron ,adolphe ,rothschild1 
a third is in the  ,palace at           
,stockholm1 and a fourth1 in wool1      
smaller than those  mentioned1 is in the
 possession of ,m4 ,j4 ,maciet1 ,paris4 
,v    ,,rug-,,weaving ,,in ,,europe     
,,and ,,the ,,united ,,states      ,in  
the preparation of this section of this 
work1 there has been no  attempt or     
desire to slight in any way the weaving 
industry of the ,west4  ,it has not     
seemed advisable1 however1 to go into   
many details on the  subject1 for it is 
one easily learned from many sources by 
any one who  desires4 ,there is not the 
mystery about ,occidental weaving that  
there is  about ,oriental1 the latter   

perhaps appealing to our innate desire  
of  acquiring knowledge difficult of    
access4 ,a short account of rug-weaving 
in ,europe and the ,united ,states will1
 therefore1 be quite as  satisfactory to
 the general reader as a more lengthy   
description4      ,,greek ,,rugs        
,greek rugs are almost as ancient as    
,greece herself4 ,many an old  love-song
 of this land has praised the skill of  
the woman deftly plying  the hand loom4 
,but if one expects to see the glory of 
ancient ,greece1 in  its perfection of  
form and design1 transmitted in any     
degree to the  industry of modern       
rug-weaving he will be disappointed4    
,from time  immemorial rugs have        
constituted a most important part of the
 dowry of a  young girl from the        
provinces4 ,even now the courting of a  
bride in ,crete  is often prefaced with 
the question whether the girl is skilled
 in the  handling of a loom4 ,but the   
modern ,greek rug is seldom seen outside
 of  its own country1 for it is         

generally made for home use1 and the    
weaver  is not easily induced to part   
with it4 ,besides this1 the foreign     
market  would not be large for them1    
especially in competition with the      
well-known and excellent ,oriental rugs4
    ,greek rugs are of two kinds--the   
heavy ones which serve for floor        
coverings in the winter1 and the        
thinner1 which are used all the year    
round4 ,both are made of home-produced  
wool1 often with hemp woof1 and  are    
worked by women and girls only1 in      
wooden looms of a primitive  order4     
,athens is the only place in ,greece    
where rugs are produced in a factory4   
,under the patronage of ,her ,majesty   
the ,queen1 an ,association for the     
,education of ,poor ,women exists4 ,this
 philanthropic association has  founded 
an industrial institution which employs 
four hundred women and  girls in its    
various departments1 of whom about      
thirty are engaged in  rug-weaving4 ,the
 best rugs are those purely ,grecian in 

design and  quality1 and for these      
special orders are generally sent in4   
,the rugs  thus woven are durable and   
effective4 ,sometimes an attempt is made
 to  imitate ,turkish rugs1 but without 
their superb effect4 ,coarse rugs of an 
inferior class are sold in the bazaars  
of ,athens4 ,the predominant color  in  
these is a dingy white1 with stripes of 
various colors at the ends4  ,the rug is
 really durable1 though the noticeable1 
fuzzy nap soon wears  off4              
,,moorish ,,and ,,spanish ,,rugs    ,the
 ,arab conquerors of ,spain1 or the     
,moors as they are often called1 are    
believed to have taught the ,spaniards  
and ,venetians the art of  rug-weaving4 
,the rugs now known as ,moorish are made
 by the descendants  of this race4      
,their leading color is yellow1 and in  
style and quality  they resemble the    
so-called ,smyrna rug4 ,antique ,moorish
 rugs are found  in the cathedrals of   
,toledo and ,seville4 ,these are relics 
of the  thirteenth century and have     

geometric designs4    ,morocco rugs are 
,moorish4 ,those of modern manufacture  
are very  inferior4 ,the poorest aniline
 dyes are used1 and it seems hardly     
possible that the splendid specimens of 
the fourteenth to the end of the        
seventeenth century were woven in       
,morocco4 ,but the rugs in the ,sultan's
  palace at ,fez prove this fact1 as    
does the splendid antique rug in the    
possession of ,prince ,schwarzenberg1 at
 ,vienna4 ,fez was formerly one of  the 
chief seats of the rug industry1 which  
is now limited mostly to  ,rabat4       
,unfortunately1 aniline dyes are now    
largely used1 and even the  designs are 
less artistic than in former years4     
,there is1 however1 a rug  not known to 
the trade1 and only rarely met with     
outside its home4 ,it is  the ,tuareg   
rug1 and is woven by the ,berbers1 a    
tribe occupying the  desert south of    
,algeria and ,tunis1 and known as       
,tuareg or ,tawarek by the  ,arabs4 ,the
 ,tuaregs are great traders1 and control

 the principal caravan  routes4 ,their  
rugs are woven by the women1 and seldom 
if ever leave the  families which weave 
them4 ,the most beautiful are used as   
shrouds1 and  are buried with their     
owners4    ,tunis sends out a few rugs  
woven at ,kairuan4 ,they are thick1     
heavy1  but inferior in many ways to    
rugs of ,oriental workmanship4          
,,bosnian1 ,,servian1 ,,roumanian1 ,,and
 ,,bulgarian ,,rugs    ,bosnian rugs in 
olden times were sometimes very fine4   
,then came years of  general depression1
 when the industry of weaving fell into 
decay4  ,finally the ,austro-,hungarian 
administration was established at       
,bosnia1  and new life was given to the 
work4 ,looms were erected by the        
,government1 and a number of women were 
sent to ,vienna1 where they were  taught
 the art of weaving4 ,returning to      
,bosnia1 they were able to impart  to   
others the knowledge they had gained1   
and thus the work prospered4 ,to        
enhance further the value of these rugs1

 the latest designs in the old  ,bosnian
 rugs were selected1 and by the         
harmonious blending of these with  new  
designs and colors1 modern rugs were    
made1 which show decided  improvement4  
,servian rugs are woven throughout all  
,servia1 but the principal seat  of the 
industry is at ,pirot1 on the southern  
boundary of the ,balkan  ,mountains4    
,the rugs are of wool1 and the best are 
very durable4 ,the dyes  are generally  
vegetable1 the weaving is a home        
industry1 and the designs  are all      
worked on a black or red ground4 ,the   
preferment in the modern  rug is for    
red1 but the older rugs had the black   
ground4 ,the general  design is an      
extended square1 in the centre of which 
is a panel4 ,the  rest of the field is  
filled with stripes and geometrical     
forms in rather  bright and varied      
coloring4    ,roumanian rugs of modern  
make are quite inferior4 ,they are woven
 on  ordinary hand looms in the villages
 and towns among the mountains of       

,roumania4 ,they are coarse1 and the    
designs are in stripes1 zigzag lines1   
or straight-lined figures4 ,occasionally
 flower designs have appeared1  but     
these have been poorly reproduced1 and  
in the most unsuitable  combinations of 
color4 ,old ,roumanian rugs are not in  
the market4 ,they  are owned by private 
individuals1 and are not to be procured 
except at  very high prices1 if at all4 
,these rugs differ from the modern ones 
in  their better workmanship and        
designs4    ,bulgarian rugs1 as a rule1 
are very coarse in texture1 loosely     
woven1  and unattractive4 ,occasionally 
,bulgarian rugs are seen with finer     
weaving and well-chosen colors4 ,both   
men and women take part in  preparing   
the wool1 the former setting up the     
simple looms1 preparing  the darker     
dyes1 and arranging the warp4 ,the women
 choose the designs  and colors1 and    
weave the rugs4 ,the colors commonly    
used are yellow1  blue1 brown1 black1   
white1 green1 and red4      ,,english   

,,rugs    ,in ,england the introduction 
of tapestries as hangings for walls was 
made  by ,eleanora1 sister of ,alfonso  
the ,tenth of ,castile1 when she became 
the  wife of ,edward the ,first4 ,in her
 journeyings these fabrics of the loom  
were carried as part of the royal       
baggage1 and must have given some  sense
 of cheer1 particularly when they       
clothed the bare walls of the  dreary   
castle of ,crnarvon4    ,edward the     
,third 7#acbg-acgg7 invited ,flemish    
weavers to settle in  ,england4 ,at that
 time ,england produced wool in large   
quantities1  although very few fabrics  
were woven there1 nine-tenths of the    
wool  being sent to ,ghent or ,bruges to
 be manufactured2 for the ,flemish were 
the first people in the northern part of
 ,europe who advanced in the arts  and  
in manufactures4 ,throughout ,northern  
and ,western ,europe rugs were  seldom  
used1 except for wall hangings and table
 covers1 until the time  of the         
,reformation in ,germany4    ,great     

,britain is now quite active in the     
manufacture of rugs with  certain       
designs1 a decided impetus to the       
improvement of this industry  being     
given by ,mr4 ,william ,morris1 the     
,english poet and artistic  decorator1  
who was born near ,london in #ahcd4     
,illustration3 ,,early ,,english ,,rug  
,centre portion of a carpet woven in    
wool1 with a continuous pattern of      
carnations1 and a border of wavy floral 
design4 ,in the diamond-shaped  panel of
 the centre are the ,royal ,arms and the
 letters ,e ,r 7,elizabeth  ,regina74   
,,owned ,,by ,,the ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,the   
,,earl ,,of ,,verulam4    ,the ,morris  
,rug4 ,with strong1 firm texture1 fine  
vegetable dyes1 and  with purely        
artistic designs1 the ,morris rug bears 
testimony to-day to  the honesty1       
perseverance1 and skill of the man for  
whom it is named4 ,he  himself          
testifies3 ,i am an artist or workman   
with a strong inclination  to exercise  
what capacities ,i may have--a          

determination to do nothing  shabby if  
,i can help it4 ,decorative art in many 
branches is the richer  to-day for the  
influence of ,mr4 ,morris1 but it is his
 rug-making that  now claims attention4 
,mr4 ,bernhard ,quaritch informs me in a
 letter dated  ,august #ca1 #ahii1 that 
,mr4 ,morris learned the art of making  
rugs from a  volume of the work entitled
 ,descriptions des ,arts et ,metiers4   
,mr4  ,morris had his own loom1 and not 
only wove rugs1 but dyed the wool for   
them himself1 and instructed pupils1 to 
whom his inspiration was a  power4 ,long
 and laboriously he worked to achieve   
the best results1 using  vegetable dyes 
only1 and he was finally successful4 ,no
 dyer of the  ,orient could have been   
more pleased than was he when his       
efforts  resulted in soft1 glowing      
tints4    ,in design ,mr4 ,morris       
excelled4 ,he educated the popular taste
 by bringing  forth the beauties of the 
simpler forms of the floral and         
vegetable  world2 he delighted          

especially in displaying the acanthus in
 varied  conventional forms4 ,every rug 
he designed bears witness to his        
enthusiasm for harmony4 ,too sthetic1   
some critics declare him to have  been2 
but no one can deny the importance of   
his creations1 for ,england  needed to  
be awakened to a knowledge of her own   
inability to appreciate  artistic       
decoration of the home1 especially by   
means of the productions  of the loom4  
,it was this very fact1 and his         
inability to procure  artistic furniture
 such as would satisfy his sthetic      
taste1 that  started ,mr4 ,morris to    
create those fabrics which he desired4  
,,french ,,rugs    ,the art of          
rug-weaving was first introduced into   
the ,west by the ,moors  when they      
conquered ,spain4 ,with the advance of  
civilization it proceeded  to the land  
of the ,gauls1 where during the reign of
 ,henry the ,fourth it  was brought from
 ,persia4 ,an inventor named ,dupont was
 placed in charge  of a workroom by the 

,king1 in the ,palais du ,louvre about  
the year  #afje4 ,in the year #afba an  
apprentice of ,dupont's1 named ,lourdes1
 was  instructed to establish the       
industry of weaving in a district near  
,paris1 where was the ,hospice de la    
,savonnerie1 an institution for poor    
children4 ,the factory was called ,la   
,savonnerie because the building  had   
been previously used for the manufacture
 of soap4 ,since #ahbe ,la  ,savonnerie 
has been consolidated with the ,gobelins
 manufactory4 ,in  #affd1 ,colbert1     
minister to ,louis the ,fourteenth1     
founded the  establishment at ,beauvais 
which is owned by the ,french           
,government1 as is  also that of the    
,gobelins1 which ,colbert bought of the 
,gobelin family4  ,but it is to the     
,saracens that ,france ultimately owes  
the origin of her  famous tapestries1   
and it is to the ,saracens1 through     
,france1 that  ,western and ,northern   
,europe trace their obligation4    ,the 
industry has attained large proportions 

in ,france4 ,at ,aubusson alone  over   
two thousand work-men are employed in   
rug-weaving4 ,a fine specimen  of the   
work done there is a rug of ,oriental   
design made for a collector  in ,new    
,york4 ,the piece-work system is now    
generally used throughout the  weaving  
districts of ,france4 ,the manufacturers
 themselves usually place  the rugs on  
the market4 ,france buys the greater    
quantity1 although many  are exported4  
,austria-,hungary1 ,germany1 ,holland1  
and ,italy have also had some           
experience in rug-weaving1 and even     
little ,switzerland at one time         
attempted its introduction1 but with    
unsatisfactory results4 ,belgium1       
however1 was more successful1 for       
,brussels still produces a large number 
of rugs4      ,,the ,,united ,,states   
,the ,united ,states is largely occupied
 in rug-weaving1 and the centre of  the 
,eastern section of this manufacture is 
,philadelphia4 ,but in various  sections
 of the country there are rug factories1

 both large and small4    ,the ,abenkee 
rug is made at ,pequaket1 ,new          
,hampshire4 ,it is the result  of a     
desire on the part of ,mrs4 ,helen ,r4  
,albee to give profitable  employment to
 the women of the rural community where 
she lives4 ,her  success is now assured1
 and the reward for much labor and      
thought has  come in a lively demand for
 the rug4    ,the ,abenkee rugs are not 
woven4 ,they are an evolved form of the 
much  despised ,new ,england hooked rug1
 which was made by drawing strips of old
  rag through burlap4 ,the thick1 soft1 
velvety ,abenkee rugs of the  present   
day are far removed in color1 design1   
and texture from their  humble          
ancestors4 ,these rugs are all wool1    
hand-dyed in warm tones of  terra-cotta1
 old rose1 old pink1 tans1 dull yellows1
 rich old blues1  olive and sage greens1
 and old ivory4 ,they are made to order 
usually1 to  match in their ground color
 some special color in the room where   
they  are to be placed1 and the borders 

are made in harmonious tones4 ,the      
range of design is wide1 from ,oriental 
to ,occidental--from ,japanese to       
,north ,american ,indian4 ,but all      
suggestions1 so soon as received1 are   
modified and removed as far as possible 
from direct imitation of any  foreign   
rugs4 ,mrs4 ,albee has aimed1 not to    
reproduce ,oriental effects1  but to    
have the designs original and           
distinctive4 ,fortunately1 for years    
previous to the establishment of this   
industry1 she had studied the           
principles of design and their          
application to various textiles1 and the
  knowledge which she thus acquired has 
proved most valuable4    ,the designs   
are bold and effective1 but fineness of 
detail is precluded  by the strips of   
material1 each of which is a quarter of 
an inch wide4  ,the color is arranged in
 broad masses4    ,the ,new ,england    
,hooked or ,rag rug has for its         
foundation a strip of  burlap or        
sacking4 ,through this1 strips of cloth 

are hooked1 which form  loops1 and this 
surface may be sheared or not1 as the   
maker desires4  ,there is such an       
absence of attractiveness in the        
old-time rag rug1 that  several women of
 taste and experience in art methods    
have sought the  improvement of this    
industry4 ,the results have been        
excellent1 so that1  ugly as the        
original rug is1 it is esteemed as being
 the progenitor of  the more artistic   
,abenkee1 ,sabatos1 and ,onteora rugs4  
,the ,sabatos rug is a product of the   
little mountain village of ,center      
,lovell1 ,maine1 started in #aijj by    
,mrs4 ,douglas ,volk of ,new ,york4 ,she
 has  now about a dozen women engaged in
 the work1 this number including the    
spinners1 dyers1 and weavers4    ,the   
,sabatos rug is durable1 harmonious in  
color and design1 and is  distinctly a  
home product4 ,the wool of which it is  
made is sheared from  the flocks of     
sheep in the vicinity4 ,the shearing    
takes place annually  in ,june2 the wool

 is then carded1 spun1 and dyed4 ,the   
threads of  hand-spun wool are worked   
through a hand-woven webbing1 and       
securely  knotted or tied with a        
specially devised knot4 ,the designs    
thus far are  mainly adaptations from   
the native ,american ,indian motives1   
which are  simple and characteristic1   
furnishing a chance for broad color     
effects4    ,a special point is made of 
the dyes employed1 those of vegetable   
origin  ruling1 and only those dyes     
which from experience have been found to
 be  practically fast are used1--such   
for instance as genuine old ,indigo     
blue1 madder root1 and butternut4       
,berea ,college1 ,kentucky1 is          
endeavoring to encourage the weaving of 
rag  rugs of a superior order4 ,so far1 
the industry which was started in       
#aije1 is in a primitive state1 the     
natives preferring to weave cotton  and 
wool coverlets1 the designs of which    
they brought across the  mountains with 
them from ,virginia in the early        

settlement of ,kentucky4  ,floor rugs   
they consider troublesome4 ,the weaving 
is carried on in the  homes throughout  
the mountains of that region known as   
,appalachian  ,america2 it is really a  
survival of the old ,colonial industry4 
,the rugs  are woven of strips of new   
ticking1 and are especially designed for
  bath-rooms1 children's nurseries1 and 
porches4 ,the coloring is done with  the
 vegetable dyes and native barks and    
roots4 ,the color schemes are the       
simple ones of a primitive people4      
,navajo ,rugs4 ,the ,navajo ,indian     
,reservation covers about eleven        
thousand square miles1 about six hundred
 and fifty of which are in the          
northwest corner of ,new ,mexico1 and   
the remainder in the northeast  portion 
of ,arizona4 ,the region is well adapted
 for the raising of sheep1  and every   
family possesses flocks1 which are      
driven from place to place  for pasture4
 ,the ,navajos1 however1 never go to any
 great distance for  this1 but keep     

generally within a radius of fifty or   
sixty miles from  home4 ,this tribe     
weaves a rug that is useful1 unique1    
durable1 and when  at its best1         
impervious to rain4 ,among the tribes1  
and in some ,western  homes1 they are   
used as blankets1 but it has become a   
fashion in many of  the best houses in  
the ,eastern ,states to use them        
entirely as rugs1  couch coverings1 and 
portires4    ,illustration3 ,,navajo    
,,rug    ,,size1 #c4i  #d4i    ,the     
field of this ,navajo ,rug is in a      
natural shade of grayish white4  ,six   
large diamond forms in black1 with      
reddish edges and white centres1  rest  
on the field4 ,the centres contain a    
tiny red line1 and there are  smaller   
diamonds--seven in number--four having  
red centres and the  remainder black1   
and at one end are two small figures4   
,the border is in  stripes of red1      
black1 and an addition of white4 ,the   
rug is a fine  sample of the ,american  
,indian weaving1 and its simplicity     

places it in  striking and pleasing     
contrast to many of the modern          
productions of the  ,navajos4    ,it is 
believed that the ,spaniards1 when they 
arrived in that section of  ,north      
,america inhabited by the ,pueblo tribe 
of ,indians1 communicated to  them the  
industry of weaving these rugs1 and that
 the ,pueblos taught it  to the         
,navajos4 ,thus it appears that the     
weaving of the ,navajo rug was a  result
 of the ,moors' invasion of ,europe4    
,the sheep1 which are raised by         
thousands1 were also introduced by the  
,spaniards4 ,the wool is not washed     
until after the shearing4 ,in the last  
quarter of the nineteenth century  the  
,navajos began to use the shears of the 
white man2 previously they  procured the
 wool by cutting it off the body of the 
animal with a knife1  and pulling it    
from the legs4    ,the native dyes are  
red1 yellow1 and black1 and the natural 
colors of  the wool are black1 gray1 and
 white4 ,the dyes of the white man are  

now  much used4 ,formerly there was a   
beautiful blue1 which has given way to  
the indigo4 ,a scarlet cloth called     
,bayeta was once much used in the       
weaving of these rugs1 but ,germantown  
yarn and other inventions of the  white 
man have largely superseded the old-time
 materials and methods4    ,the spindle 
is of the crudest form1 and sometimes   
the wool is simply  picked out from the 
mass1 and rolled into the yarn or thread
 on the  hand4    ,the looms are        
fashioned after the most primitive ones 
of the ,orient1  and the weaver sits on 
the ground and weaves upward4 ,women do 
most of  the weaving1 but occasionally a
 dusky-faced man may be seen at the     
loom4  ,it takes about a month to weave 
a rug six feet ten inches by five feet  
seven inches4    ,the designs in the    
,navajo rugs are many1 and mostly in    
angles and  straight lines1 the serrated
 diamond design being common1 as is the 
swastika or fylfot4 ,the weaver makes up
 her own designs as she goes  along1    

occasionally only tracing it in the     
sand4    ,there is a symbolism attached 
to many forms in these rugs4 ,the square
  with four knit corners represents the 
four quarters of heaven and the  four   
winds4 ,a tau cross is a symbol of      
protection and safety1 and a  prayer to 
the ,great ,spirit4 ,a spiral form      
represents the purified soul1  and a    
double spiral is a symbol of the soul's 
struggle4 ,a wave mark  represents the  
sea1 over which the people came from a  
far country4 ,black  is the symbol of   
water1 regarded as the mother or spirit4
 ,red is the  symbol of fire1 and is    
regarded as the father4    ,the native  
costume of the women of the ,navajo     
tribe consists of two  small rugs in    
dark blue or black1 with a bright stripe
 at each end4 ,they  are of the same    
size1 and sewed together at the sides1  
except where a  place is left open for  
the arms4 ,formerly the ,indians        
reserved their  hand-made rugs for their
 own use1 but now that there is so great

 a  demand for the work of their hands1 
they sell those rugs1 and content       
themselves with blankets of factory     
make4    ,old ,navajo rugs1 like        
,oriental ones1 are growing scarcer     
every year1 and  naturally are becoming 
more valuable and desirable4 ,the fine  
textures1  perfect workmanship1 and     
glowing colors are seen at their best in
  productions of the past4          ,,vi
    ,,miscellaneous ,,information       
,,inscriptions ,,on ,,rugs    ,we are   
occasionally indebted to an ,oriental   
scholar for a translation of  an        
inscription on a rug2 often these       
inscriptions show the religious  belief 
of the maker4    ,one fine rug in a     
museum in ,austria has the following    
inscription3  ,allah6 ,no ,god exists   
besides ,him1 the ,living1 the ,eternal4
 ,nothing  causes ,him to slumber or to 
sleep4 ,to ,him belongs everything in   
heaven  and on earth4 ,who can intercede
 with ,him without ,his permission8 ,he 
knows what is before and what is behind1

 and only so much of ,his wisdom  can be
 grasped as ,he permits4 ,his throne    
fills heaven and earth1 and the  support
 of both to ,him is easy4 ,he is the    
,high ,one1 the ,exalted6    ,a rug of  
,persian weave owned by ,baron          
,nathaniel ,rothschild has1 worked  in  
the oval cartouches1 an inscription     
translated by ,professor ,f4 ,bayer  as 
follows3      #a4 ,honored mayst thou be
 in the world1    ,among the clever and 
wise4      #b4 ,may no sorrow be        
allotted thee by an unfavoring ,heaven1 
,and may no care torment thy heart4     
#c4 ,may earth be all to thee that thou 
wouldst have it1 and destiny prove      
thy friend4    ,may high ,heaven be thy 
protector4      #d4 ,may thy rising star
 enlighten the world1    ,and the       
falling stars of thine enemies be       
extinguished4      #e4 ,may every act of
 thine prosper1    ,and may every year  
and every day be to thee ,spring-time4  
,in the ,industrial ,museum at ,berlin  
there is a rug with this inscription3   

,there is no ,deity but ,god1 and       
,mahomet is ,his ,prophet4    ,on a     
,persian silk rug is a line from the    
,koran3 ,all perisheth but ,his  face4  
,another rug has3 ,god is greatest6 ,he 
is great6    ,often a marking in a      
corner of a rug is simply the name of   
the maker1  and the date4    ,the ,holy 
,carpet of the ,mosque at ,ardebil1 now 
in the ,south ,kensington  ,museum1 at  
,london1 has the following interesting  
inscription woven in  black characters  
in the light cream cartouche at the top 
of the carpet4  ,translated it reads3   
,i have no refuge in the world other    
than thy threshold4    ,my head has no  
protection other than this porchway4    
,the work of the slave of this ,holy    
,place1                     ,maksoud of 
,kashan                             ,in 
the year #idf4    7,the year #idf of the
 ,hegira corresponds to ,a4 ,d4 #aefh47 
,,oriental ,,symbols    ,all ,oriental  
rugs have designs1 and every design is  
symbolical4 ,to the  connoisseur1 as    

well as to the owners of rugs1 it is    
vastly interesting  to understand the   
meaning attached to these symbols by the
 ,orientals4  ,every one is familiar    
with the tree design in some of its     
various forms1  and with the stiff      
little birds and the many odd and       
strange-looking  animals which          
frequently are seen on an ,eastern      
fabric of the loom4 ,yet  each unique   
figure has a meaning1 and it is a       
fascinating1 as well as an  apparently  
endless task1 to find the hidden        
significance of these  symbols4 ,if one 
goes no further1 he should at least     
become familiar with  the designs on his
 own rugs1 and know1 if possible1 what  
they typify4    ,the rug itself         
symbolizes ,eternity and ,space1 and the
 filling or plan is  the symbol of the  
world--beautiful1 but fleeting and      
limited4    ,illustration3 ,,antique    
,,persian ,,rug    ,this rug dates from 
about #aejj ,a4 ,d41 and is of wool1    
with animal and  floral forms4    ,,from

 ,a ,,photograph ,,loaned ,,by ,,dr4    
,,bode1 ,,of ,,berlin4      ,,chinese   
,,symbols      ,,bat                    
,happiness4      ,,buddhist ,,sceptre   
,success in literary                    
labors4      ,,chi-,,lin 7a kind of doe7
                         ,nobleness2    
gentleness4      ,,cloud-,,band         
,the ,deity4      ,,cock ,,and ,,hen    
,,on ,,an ,,artificial ,,rock-,,work    
,pleasures of country                   
life4      ,,crane                      
,immortality4      ,,crow               
,evil4      ,,deer                      
,official emolument4      ,,dragon      
,the imperial emblem1                   
signifying increase and                 
imperial grandeur4      ,,dragon ,,with 
,,five ,,claws ,,on ,,each ,,of ,,its   
,,four ,,feet ,exclusive emblem of the  
,emperor4      ,,dragon ,,and ,,phoenix 
,newly wedded pair4      ,,duck         
,conjugal affection4      ,,goose       
,domestic felicity4      ,,gourd        
,happiness4      ,,lion                 

,victory4      ,,magpie                 
,good luck4      ,,old ,,man ,,leaning  
,,on ,a ,,staff                         
,long life4      ,,owl                  
,dread4      ,,peach                    
,old age4      ,,phoenix                
,the ,emblem of the                     
,empress4      ,,stork                  
,long life4      ,,tortoise             
,long life4      ,,tree ,,of ,,life     
,,with ,,seven ,,branches ,,on ,a       
,,short ,,stem,seven days of ,creation4 
,,young ,,stags                         
,long life4      ,,egyptian ,,symbols   
,,asps                                  
,intelligence4      ,,bat ,,with ,a     
,,ring ,,in ,,its ,,claws    ,duration4 
,,bee                                   
,immortality4      ,,beetle             
,earthly life and the development of man
                                     in 
the future state4      ,,blossom        
,life4      ,,boat                      
,serene spirit gliding upon the waters4 
,,bull                                  

,source of life4      ,,butterfly       
,soul4      ,,cartouche                 
,eternity4      ,,crescent              
,celestial virgin4      ,,crocodile     
,beneficent ,deity4      ,,dove         
,love2 mourning of a widow4      ,,eagle
                           ,creation2   
preservation2 destruction2              
power4      ,,egg                       
,life4      ,,eye ,,of ,,osiris         
,eye of the ,eternal ,judge over all4   
,,feather ,,of ,,an ,,ostrich           
,truth2 justice4 7,the ostrich itself   
does                                    
not appear ,in ,egyptian art47          
,,feathers ,,of ,,rare ,,birds          
,sovereignty4      ,,frog               
,renewed birth4      ,,hawk             
,power4      ,,ibis                     
,usefulness2 the heart4      ,,lizard   
,divine wisdom4      ,,lotus            
,the ,sun2 creation2 resurrection4      
,,nile ,,key                            
,life4      ,,palm ,,tree               
,immortality2 longevity4      ,,papyrus 

,food for mind and body4      ,,pine    
,,cone                       ,fire4     
,,pomegranate                     ,life4
      ,,rosette                         
,a lotus motive4      ,,sail ,,of ,a    
,,vessel                ,breath2 the    
belief that the soul is                 
inactive and worthless until revived    
by the breath of the mind4              
,,scarab,,us                            
,immortality2 resurrection2 a ruling    
providence4      ,,solar ,,disk ,,with  
,,serpents        ,royalty4             
,,sphinx                                
,beneficent ,being4      ,,staff ,,in   
,,the ,,hands ,,of ,,the ,,gods         
,purity4      ,,sun                     
,deity2 life4      ,,viper              
,power4      ,,wheel                    
,deity4      ,,zigzag                   
,water4      ,,indian ,,symbols         
,,ass                                   
,humility2 austerity4      ,,banian ,,or
 ,,burr ,,tree             ,deity       
7because of its outstretched            

branches and overshadowing beneficence74
      ,,butterfly                       
,beneficence of ,summer4      ,,fylfot  
,,cross ,,of ,,buddhism                 
,auspiciousness4      ,,knot ,,and      
,,flower ,,design          ,divine      
bounty and power4      ,,serpent        
,desire4      ,,japanese ,,symbols      
,,pine ,,trees                          
,long life4      ,,storks               
,long life4      ,,tortoises            
,long life4      ,,persian ,,symbols    
,,descending ,,eagle                ,bad
 luck4      ,,eagle                     
,light2 height4      ,,flying ,,eagle   
,good luck4      ,,hounds               
,fame2 ever increasing honor4           
,,leopards                        ,fame2
 ever increasing honor4      ,,lion     
,power2 victory4      ,,peacock         
,fire2 light4      ,,phoenix            
,immortality4      ,,standing ,,eagle   
,good luck4      ,,sun                  
,light4      ,,sword                    
,force4      ,,tree ,,of ,,health       

,immortality4      ,,tree ,,of ,,life   
,knowledge2 truth4         ,the ,coat of
 ,arms of ,persia is the ,lion holding a
 sword in his paw1       and with the   
,sun at his back4      ,,turkish        
,,symbols      ,,crescent               
,increasing power4         ,the ,turkish
 ,coat of ,arms is the ,crescent and the
 ,star4 ,these       heavenly bodies are
 supposed to signify growth4            
,,miscellaneous ,,symbols               
,,anemone      ,good fortune4      ,,bat
          ,maternity4      ,,bird       
,spirit4      ,,boar         ,winter4   
,,butterfly    ,ethereal soul4          
,,circle       ,eternity2 perpetual     
continuity4      ,,cypress ,,tree ,tree 
of life2 immortality2 perfect and       
renewed life4      ,,dog                
,destruction2 vigilance4      ,,elephant
     ,patient endurance2 self-restraint4
      ,,evergreens   ,immortality4      
,,fir ,,cone     ,an existence          
terminated but united--the union of the 
tribes                  against the     

dominion of ,rome4      ,,fly           
,destroying attribute4      ,,hare      
,fertility4      ,,heart         ,man   
morally4      ,,hippopotamus            
,destroying power4      ,,hog           
,deep meditation4      ,,jug            
,knowledge4      ,,lily                 
,purity4      ,,olive                   
,consecration to immortality4      ,,owl
          ,wisdom4      ,,ox            
,patience2 gentleness4      ,,peacock   
,resurrection 7because of the annual    
renewing of its                         
plumage1 and from a belief in the       
incorruptibility                  of its
 flesh74      ,,phoenix      ,good luck2
 herald of prosperity2 birth of great   
men4      ,,pig          ,universal     
kindness4      ,,ram         ,spiritual 
leadership4      ,,reed        ,royalty4
      ,,rhinoceros  ,religious recluse4 
,,scorpion    ,invincible knowledge4    
,,serpent     ,life2 immortality4       
,,spear       ,destructive power4       
,,spider      ,slave of passion4        

,,squirrel    ,averter of evil4         
,,stars       ,divinity4      ,,swastika
    ,good fortune4      ,,turtle        
,constancy4      ,,wheel                
,universe4      ,,wings                 
,spontaneous motion4      ,,wolf        
,destroying power4      ,,meanings ,,of 
,,some ,,of ,,the ,,place-,,names       
,,associated ,,with ,,rugs              
,,akhissar       ,white ,citadel4       
,,bagdad        ,abode of ,peace4       
,,baku          ,place of ,winds4       
,,beluchistan   ,land of the ,beluchis4 
,,bhagulpore    ,tiger ,city4           
,,bokhara       ,treasury of ,sciences2 
the ,noble4      ,,deccan        ,the   
,south ,land4      ,,derbent            
,fortified ,gate4      ,,fars           
,land of the ,farsi or ,persians4       
,,fu-,,chau      ,happy ,city4          
,,gilan        ,the ,marshes4           
,,gulistan     ,the ,rose ,garden4      
,,haiderabad   ,gate of ,salvation4     
,,herat        ,the ,pearl of           
,khorassan2 the ,gate of ,india4        

,,islamabad    ,abode of ,islam4        
,,ispahan      ,place of ,horses4       
,,jerusalem    ,heir of ,peace4         
,,kandahar     ,key of ,india4          
,,karabagh     ,country of the ,sun4    
,,kara ,,dagh    ,black ,mountains4     
,,kelat        ,castle4      ,,khorassan
    ,land of the ,sun4      ,,kwatah    
,citadel4      ,,mecca        ,the      
,heart of ,islam2 the ,holy ,city4      
,,meshed       ,tomb of a ,martyr4      
,,mirzapore    ,city of the ,emir4      
,,ning-,,po      ,peaceful ,wave4       
,,peshawar     ,advanced ,fortress4     
,,samarkand    ,the ,head of ,islam4    
,,shang-,,hai    ,approaching the ,sea4 
,,srinagar     ,city of the ,sun4       
,,tabriz       ,pinnacle of ,islam4     
,,teheran      ,the ,pure4      ,,yezd  
,city of ,light2 ,city of ,worship4     
,,geographical ,,data    ,owing to the  
variety of ways in which the names of   
,oriental localities  are spelled when  
transliterated1 it is extremely         
difficult to establish  a standard of   

spelling4 ,many curious examples of this
 occur both on maps  and in             
dictionaries4 ,it is certainly confusing
 to open an atlas that is  supposed to  
be an authority1 and find that the name 
one seeks differs in  spelling from that
 used in the atlas first consulted4     
,then by looking  into dictionaries it  
is found that each of these has a       
different way of  spelling the word     
sought4 ,then turning to a guide book of
 the country  there will probably be    
found not only another combination of   
the  letters1 but also a conflict       
between the descriptive matter in the   
book  and the map accompanying it4 ,when
 books of travel are consulted1 the     
embarrassment is still further          
increased4    ,after having accepted a  
mode of spelling geographical names for 
use in  this volume1 ,i propose in the  
pages that follow to assist the reader  
to  locate the places mentioned1 by     
assigning them to their respective      
countries1 so that at a glance he may   

identify them4 ,this classification     
will also be a key to the map4          
,illustration3 ,map4    ,occasionally   
the name of a place has been inserted   
which is not  rug-producing1 but only a 
mart for the selling of rugs4 ,this has 
seemed  advisable as the names are      
intimately associated with the rug      
industry4      ,,localities ,,arranged  
,,geographically      ,afghanistan      
,,balkh4    ,,charikar4    ,,ghazni     
7,g,,zne74    ,,gulistan4    ,,herat4   
,,istalif4    ,,jelalabad4    ,,kabul   
7,,cabul1 ,,cabool74    ,,kandahar4     
,,zerni4      ,beluchistan      ,,bagh  
7,,bhag74    ,,belar4    ,,gundava4     
,,jhalawan 7,,district74    ,,kelat4    
,,khozdar4    ,,mastung4    ,,ormarah4  
,,quetta 7,,kwatah74    ,,rustam ,,khan4
    ,,sarawan 7,,district74             
,,sonmeani4      ,chinese ,empire       
,,canton4    ,,fu-,,chau4               
,,hang-,,chau4    ,,kiang-,,su4         
,,ning-,,po4    ,,shang-,,hai4          
,,shan-,,tung4    ,,su-,,chau4          

,,tient-,,sing4    ,,tsi-,,nan4         
,,tsing-,,chau4    ,,tsing-,,ning4      
,province of ,east ,turkestan           
,,karashar4    ,,kashgar4    ,,kucha4   
,,yangi-,,hissar4    ,,yarkand4         
,india      ,,agra4    ,,ahmedabad4     
,,allahabad4    ,,alleppi4    ,,ambala  
7,,umballa74    ,,amritsar4             
,,bahadapur 7,,district74               
,,bangalore4    ,,bardwan4    ,,bareli  
7,,bareilly74    ,,bellary4             
,,benares4    ,,beypur4    ,,bhagalpur  
7,,boglipoor74    ,,bijapur4            
,,bombay4    ,,calcutta4    ,,cawnpur4  
,,chanda4    ,,deccan                   
7,,dekkan-,,peninsula74    ,,delhi4     
,,ellore4    ,,goa4    ,,gorakhpur      
7,,gorukpore74    ,,haiderabad          
7,,hyderabad74    ,,jabalpur            
7,,jubbulpore-,,jubbulpur74    ,,jaipur 
7,,jeypore74    ,,jalandhar             
7,,jullinder74    ,,jammu 7,,jamu74     
,,jodhpur4    ,,kashmir 7,,state1       
,,british ,,india74    ,,khyrpur4       
,,kohat4    ,,kotah4    ,,kushmore4     

,,lahore4    ,,lucknow4    ,,madras4    
,,malabar 7,,district74    ,,mandalay4  
,,masulipatam4    ,,merut4              
,,mirzapur4    ,,moradabod4    ,,multan4
    ,,murshidabad4    ,,mysore4         
,,nagpur4    ,,north ,,arcot            
7,,district74    ,,patna4    ,,peshawar4
    ,,poona 7,,pooneh74    ,,raipur4    
,,rampur4    ,,rangpur4    ,,serampur4  
,,shikarpur4    ,,srinagar              
7,,serinuggar74    ,,surat4             
,,tanjore4    ,,warangal4      ,japan   
,,aitsi-,,ken4    ,,kioto4    ,,sakai4  
,,tokio4      ,persia      ,,aaragh     
7,,province1 ,,written ,,irak ,,on      
,,maps74    ,,ardebal 7,,district74     
,,ardebil4    ,,astrabad4               
,,azerbaijan 7,,province74              
,,bibikabad4    ,,bijar4    ,,birjand4  
,,bujnurd4    ,,burujird4    ,,bushire4 
,,enzeli4    ,,fars 7,,province         
,,farsistan74    ,,feraghan4    ,,gask4 
,,ghilan 7,,gilan74    ,,hamadan4       
,,herez4    ,,irak-,,ajemi 7,,province74
    ,,ispahan 7,,market ,,only74        

,,kain 7,,ghain1 ,,ghayn74    ,,kara    
,,dagh 7,,district74    ,,kashan4       
,,kermanshah 7,,kermanshahan74          
,,khonsar4    ,,khora-,,mabad4          
,,khorassan 7,,khorasan1 ,,province74   
,,khuzistan 7,,ancient ,,susiana1       
,,province74    ,,kirman4    ,,kuchan4  
,,kurdistan 7,,the ,,persian ,,portion74
    ,,lar4    ,,laristan 7,,province74  
,,luristan 7,,province74    ,,makran    
7,,mekran1 ,,district74    ,,mazandaran4
    ,,mehran4    ,,meshhed4    ,,niriz4 
,,nishapur4    ,,oustri-,,nan4          
,,rawar4    ,,resht4    ,,shiraz4       
,,shirwan4    ,,shuster4    ,,sinna4    
,,sirab4    ,,sultanabad4    ,,tabriz   
7,,tabriez74    ,,teheran 7,,market     
,,only74    ,,yezd4    ,,zarand4        
,russian ,empire      ,,astrakhan4      
,,baku4    ,,batum4    ,,daghestan      
7,,government74    ,,derbent4           
,,erivan4    ,,kars4    ,,kazan4        
,,shushu4                               
,,daghestan4    ,,caucasia              
,,derbent4                       ,,kuba4

                         ,,karabagh4    
,,transcaucasia      ,,shemakha4        
,,shirvan4      ,central ,asia          
,,bokhara4    ,,ferghana 7,,province74  
,,hissar4    ,,khiva4    ,,kokand       
7,,khokand74    ,,samarkand4            
,turkey in ,asia      ,,regions         
,,arabia4    ,,armenia4    ,,asia       
,,minor ,,or ,,anatolia4    ,,kurdistan4
    ,,mesopotamia4    ,,syria4          
,,districts ,,and ,,towns      ,,adana4 
,,adiaman 7,,adiyemen74                 
,,afium-,,kara-,,hissar4    ,,aidin4    
,,akhissar4    ,,akshehr4    ,,aleppo4  
,,altun4    ,,anatolia 7,,district74    
,,asium4    ,,bagdad 7,,baghdad71       
,,shipping ,,port4    ,,behesne4        
,,beirut4    ,,bergama 7,,bergamo1      
,,pergamo74    ,,brusa 7,,broussa74     
,c,,sarea4    ,,chal4                   
,,constantinople4    ,,demirdji4        
,,diarbekir4    ,,el-,,hosn4            
,,erzerum4    ,,fakeh4    ,,gemerik4    
,,ghiordes 7,,gordis1 ,,qourdes1        
,g,,rdiz1 ancient ,gordus74             

,,haidamoor4    ,,hakkam4    ,,hayzoor4 
,,hereke4    ,,hissar4    ,,homs4       
,,hossu4    ,,jerusalem4    ,,kaisarieh 
7,c,,sarea74    ,,karahissar4           
,,karaman4    ,,kerkuk4    ,,khorsabad4 
,,kir-,,shehr4    ,,konieh4    ,,kulah  
7,,koula1 ,,coula74    ,,kutahia        
7,,kutai1 ,,kutayah74    ,,ladik4       
,,marash 7,,maresh74    ,,mecca4        
,,medina4    ,,milassa 7,,melasso1      
,,mylasso74    ,,mosul 7,,moussul74     
,,ouchak 7,,ushak1 ,,oushak74           
,,safieta4    ,,savas4    ,,sharjah     
7,,sharkah74    ,,shirvan4    ,,smyrna  
7,,mart ,,only74    ,,sohar4            
,,sparta4    ,,trebizond4    ,,urfa     
7,,oorfa74    ,,zileh 7,,zilleh1        
,,zeli74      ,africa      ,,cairo      
7,,mart74      ,,kairouan 7the only     
place    where the genuine ,tunisian    
rugs are now made74      ,,misratah4    
,,tajura4      ,,tripoli4      ,france  
,,aubusson4      ,,beauvais4            
,,roubaix4      ,,tourcoing4            
,,tournay4      ,greece      ,,agrinion4

    ,,rachova4    ,,owephissa4          
,,localities ,,arranged ,,alphabetically
      ,a      ,,aaragh1 ,,persia4       
,,adana1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,adiaman1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,afium-,,kara-,,hissar1 ,,turkey ,,in  
,,asia4    ,,agra1 ,,india4             
,,agrinion1 ,,greece4    ,,ahmedabad1   
,,india4    ,,aidin1 ,,turkey ,,in      
,,asia4    ,,aitsi-,,ken1 ,,japan4      
,,akhissar1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4       
,,akshehr1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,aleppo1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4         
,,allahabad1 ,,india4    ,,alleppi1     
,,india4    ,,altun1 ,,turkey ,,in      
,,asia4    ,,amabala1 ,,india4          
,,amritsar1 ,,india4    ,,anatolia1     
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,ardebal1     
,,persia4    ,,ardebil1 ,,persia4       
,,asium1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,astrabad1 ,,persia4    ,,astrakan1    
,,russia ,,in ,,asia4    ,,aubusson1    
,,france4    ,,azerbaijan1 ,,persia4    
,b      ,,bagdad1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4 
,,bagh1 ,,beluchistan4    ,,bahadapur1  

,,india4    ,,baku1 ,,russia ,,in       
,,asia4    ,,balkh1 ,,afghanistan4      
,,bangalore1 ,,india4    ,,bardwan1     
,,india4    ,,batum1 ,,russia ,,in      
,,asia4    ,,beauvais1 ,,france4        
,,behesne1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,beirut1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4         
,,belar1 ,,beluchistan4    ,,bellary1   
,,india4    ,,benares1 ,,india4         
,,bergama1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,beypur1 ,,india4    ,,bhagalpur1      
,,india4    ,,bibikabad1 ,,persia4      
,,bijapur1 ,,india4    ,,bijar1         
,,persia4    ,,birjand1 ,,persia4       
,,bokhara1 ,,central ,,asia4            
,,bombay1 ,,india4    ,,brusa1 ,,turkey 
,,in ,,asia4    ,,bujnurd1 ,,persia4    
,,burujird1 ,,persia4    ,,bushire1     
,,persia4        ,c      ,,cairo1       
,,egypt4    ,,calcutta1 ,,india4        
,,canton1 ,,chinese ,,empire4           
,,cawnpur1 ,,india4    ,,chanda1        
,,india4    ,,charikar1 ,,afghanistan4  
,d      ,,daghestan1 ,,russia ,,in      
,,asia4    ,,deccan1 ,,india4           

,,delhi1 ,,india4    ,,demirdji1        
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,derbent1     
,,russia ,,in ,,asia4    ,,diabekir1    
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        ,e         
,,el-,,hosn1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4      
,,ellore1 ,,india4    ,,enzeli1         
,,persia4    ,,erivan1 ,,russia ,,in    
,,asia4    ,,erzerum1 ,,turkey ,,in     
,,asia4        ,f      ,,fakeh1 ,,turkey
 ,,in ,,asia4    ,,fars1 ,,persia4      
,,feraghan1 ,,persia4    ,,fu-,,chan1   
,,chinese ,,empire4        ,g           
,,gemerik1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,ghazni1 ,,afghanistan4    ,,ghilan1   
,,persia4    ,,ghiordes1 ,,turkey ,,in  
,,asia4    ,,goa1 ,,india4              
,,gorakhpur1 ,,india4    ,,gulistan1    
,,afghanistan4    ,,gundava1            
,,beluchistan4        ,h                
,,haidamoor1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4      
,,haiderabad1 ,,india4    ,,hakkam1     
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,hamadam1     
,,persia4    ,,hang-,,chau1 ,,chinese   
,,empire4    ,,hayzoor1 ,,turkey ,,in   
,,asia4    ,,herat1 ,,afghanistan4      

,,herez1 ,,persia4    ,,hissan1         
,,central ,,asia4    ,,hissar1 ,,turkey 
,,in ,,asia4    ,,homs1 ,,turkey ,,in   
,,asia4        ,i      ,,irak-,,ajemi1  
,,persia4    ,,ispahan1 ,,persia4       
,,istalif1 ,,afghanistan4        ,j     
,,jabalpur1 ,,india4    ,,jaipur1       
,,india4    ,,jalandhar1 ,,india4       
,,jammu1 ,,india4    ,,jelalabad1       
,,afghanistan4    ,,jerusalem1 ,,turkey 
,,in ,,asia4    ,,jhalawan1             
,,beluchistan4    ,,joohpur1 ,,india4   
,k      ,,kabul1 ,,afghanistan4         
,,kain1 ,,persia4    ,,kairouan1        
,,africa4    ,,kaisarieh1 ,,turkey ,,in 
,,asia4    ,,kandahar1 ,,afghanistan4   
,,karabagh1 ,,russia ,,in ,,asia4       
,,karahissar1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4     
,,karaman1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        
,,karashar1 ,,east ,,turkestan4         
,,kars1 ,,russia ,,in ,,asia4           
,,kashan1 ,,persia4    ,,kashgar1 ,,east
 ,,turkestan4    ,,kashmir1 ,,india4    
,,kazan1 ,,russia ,,in ,,asia4          
,,kelat1 ,,beluchistan4    ,,kerkuk1    

,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,kermanshah1  
,,persia4    ,,khiva1 ,,central ,,asia4 
,,khonsar1 ,,persia4    ,,khora-,,mabad1
 ,,persia4    ,,khorassan1 ,,persia4    
,,khorsabad1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4      
,,khozdar1 ,,beluchistan4               
,,khuzistan1 ,,persia4    ,,khyrpur1    
,,india4    ,,kiang-,,su1 ,,chinese     
,,empire4    ,,kioto1 ,,japan4          
,,kirman1 ,,persia4    ,,kir-,,shehr1   
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,kohat1       
,,india4    ,,kokand1 ,,central ,,asia4 
,,konieh1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4         
,,kotah1 ,,india4    ,,kuba1 ,,russia   
,,in ,,asia4    ,,kucha1 ,,east         
,,turkestan4    ,,kulah1 ,,turkey ,,in  
,,asia4    ,,kurdistan1 ,,persia4       
,,kushmore1 ,,india4    ,,kutahia1      
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4        ,l         
,,ladik1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,lahore1 ,,india4    ,,lar1 ,,persia4  
,,laristan1 ,,persia4    ,,lucknow1     
,,india4    ,,luristan1 ,,persia4       
,m      ,,makran1 ,,persia4             
,,malabar1 ,,india4    ,,marash1        

,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,mastung1     
,,beluchistan4    ,,masulipatam1        
,,india4    ,,mazandaran1 ,,persia4     
,,mecca1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,medina1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4         
,,mehran1 ,,persia4    ,,merut1 ,,india4
    ,,meshhed1 ,,persia4    ,,milassa1  
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,mirzapur1    
,,india4    ,,misratah1 ,,africa4       
,,mosul1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,mujur1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,multan1 ,,india4    ,,murshidabad1    
,,india4    ,,mysore1 ,,india4        ,n
      ,,nagpur1 ,,india4    ,,ning-,,po1
 ,,chinese ,,empire4    ,,niriz1        
,,persia4    ,,nishapur1 ,,persia4      
,,north ,,arcot1 ,,india4        ,o     
,,ormarah1 ,,beluchistan4    ,,ouchak1  
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,oustri-,,nan1
 ,,persia4    ,,owephissa1 ,,greece4    
,p      ,,patna1 ,,india4    ,,peshawar1
 ,,india4    ,,poona1 ,,india4        ,q
      ,,quetta1 ,,beluchistan4        ,r
      ,,rachova1 ,,greece4    ,,rampur1 
,,india4    ,,rangpur1 ,,india4         

,,resht1 ,,persia4    ,,rustam ,,khan1  
,,beluchistan4        ,s      ,,safita1 
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,sakai1       
,,japan4    ,,samarkand1 ,,central      
,,asia4    ,,sarakhs1 ,,persia4         
,,sarawan1 ,,beluchistan4    ,,serampur1
 ,,india4    ,,shang-,,hai1 ,,chinese   
,,empire4    ,,shan-,,tung1 ,,chinese   
,,empire4    ,,sharjah1 ,,turkey ,,in   
,,asia4    ,,shemakha1 ,,russia ,,in    
,,asia4    ,,shikarpur1 ,,india4        
,,shiraz1 ,,persia4    ,,shirvan1       
,,russia ,,in ,,asia4    ,,shirvan1     
,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4    ,,shirwan1     
,,persia4    ,,shusha1 ,,russia ,,in    
,,asia4    ,,shuster1 ,,persia4         
,,sinna1 ,,persia4    ,,sirab1 ,,persia4
    ,,sivas1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4      
,,smyrna1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4         
,,sohar1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4          
,,sonmeani1 ,,beluchistan4              
,,srinagar1 ,,india4    ,,su-,,chau1    
,,chinese ,,empire4    ,,sultanabad1    
,,persia4    ,,surat1 ,,india4        ,t
      ,,tabriz1 ,,persia4    ,,tajura1  

,,africa4    ,,tanjore1 ,,india4        
,,teheran1 ,,persia4    ,,tient-,,sing1 
,,chinese ,,empire4    ,,tokio1 ,,japan4
    ,,tourcoing1 ,,france4    ,,tournay1
 ,,france4    ,,trebizond1 ,,turkey ,,in
 ,,asia4    ,,tripoli1 ,,africa4        
,,tsi-,,nan1 ,,chinese ,,empire4        
,,tsing-,,chau1 ,,chinese ,,empire4     
,,tsing-,,ning1 ,,chinese ,,empire4     
,u      ,,urfa1 ,,turkey ,,in ,,asia4   
,w      ,,warangal1 ,,india4      ,y    
,,yarkand1 ,,east ,,turkestan4          
,,yezd1 ,,persia4        ,z             
,,zarand1 ,,persia4    ,,zerni1         
,,afghanistan4    ,,zileh1 ,,turkey ,,in
 ,,asia4      ,,list ,,of ,,authorities 
,,allen1 ,j4 ,,rowelly3 ,early          
,christian ,symbolism4         ,american
 ,journal of ,archeology4               
,,ashenhurst1 ,,thomas ,r43 ,design in  
,textile ,fabrics4         ,,auber1     
,m4,l41 ,,abb3 ,bible ,myths4           
,,babelon1 ,,ernest3 ,manual of         
,oriental ,antiquities4         ,,ball1 
,j4 ,,dyer3 ,things ,chinese4           

,,birdwood1 ,,sir ,,george ,c43 ,the    
,industrial ,arts of ,india4            
,,bishop1 ,mrs4 ,,isabella ,l4 ,,bird3  
,journeys in ,persia and ,kurdistan4    
,,bishop1 ,mrs4 ,,isabella ,l4 ,,bird3  
,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan4            
,,blackie1 ,c43 ,dictionary of ,place   
,names4         ,,bode1 ,,wilhelm3      
,vorderasiatische ,knpfteppiche4        
,bonnick's ,egyptian ,belief and ,modern
 ,thought4         ,,brummer1 ,,martin3 
,egypt1 ,three ,essays on the ,history1 
,art1 and       ,religion4              
,,budge1 ,e4,a4 ,,wallis3 ,the ,mummy   
,badge4         ,century ,atlas1 ,the4  
,century ,dictionary1 ,the4             
,chambers's ,encyclopdia4               
,,clarke1 ,,sir ,c4 ,,purdon3 ,oriental 
,carpets4 7,english ,edition4           
,published by the ,imperial and ,royal  
,austrian ,commercial ,museum4          
,vienna1 #ahib47         ,constable's   
,hand ,atlas of ,india4         ,,coxon1
 ,,herbert3 ,oriental ,carpets4         
,,curson1 ,hon4 ,,george ,n43 ,persia   

and the ,persian ,question4             
,,davis ,,and ,,cobern3 ,ancient ,egypt4
         ,,denny1 ,m4,b43 ,the ,folk    
,lore of ,china4         ,,dresser1     
,,charles3 ,carpets4         ,,edwards1 
,,amelia3 ,third ,lecture1 ,pharaohs1   
,fellahs1 and ,explorers4               
,,elkins1 ,,joseph1 ,d4,d43 ,ancient    
,symbolism among the ,chinese4          
,,ely1 ,,talfourd3 ,manual of           
,archology4         ,emmaus's ,life in  
,ancient ,egypt4         ,,evans1 ,e4   
,p43 ,animal ,symbolism in              
,ecclesiastical ,architecture4          
,,faber1 ,,george ,,stanley3 ,origin of 
,pagan ,idolatry4         ,,fergusson1  
,,james3 ,tree and ,serpent ,worship4   
,,fusenbeth1 ,f4 ,c41 ,d4,d43 ,emblems  
of ,saints4         ,,goodyear1         
,,william ,h43 ,the ,grammar of the     
,lotus4         ,,hedin1 ,,sven3        
,through ,asia4         ,,hulme1 ,f4    
,,edward3 ,symbolism in ,christian ,art4
         ,iconographic ,encyclopdia of  
the ,arts and ,sciences4                

,,inman1 ,,thomas1 ,m4,d43 ,ancient     
,faiths4         ,,james1 ,a4 ,g4 ,f4   
,,eliot3 ,indian ,industries4           
,,jones1 ,,owen3 ,the ,grammar of       
,ornament4         ,journal of the      
,society of ,arts4         ,,karabacek1 
,dr4 ,,joseph3 ,die ,persische          
,nadelmalerei4         ,,knight1        
,,richard ,,payne3 ,the ,symbolical     
,language of ,ancient ,art and          
,mythology4         ,,landor1 ,a4       
,,henry ,,savage3 ,in the ,forbidden    
,land4         ,,layard1 ,,austen       
,,henry3 ,discoveries in the ,ruins of  
,nineveh4         ,,layard1 ,,austen    
,,henry3 ,nineveh and ,babylon4         
,,layard1 ,,austen ,,henry3 ,nineveh and
 ,its ,remains4         ,,lenormant1    
,,fran,,ois ,,and ,,chevalier1          
,,charles3 ,manual of the ,ancient      
,history of the ,east4                  
,,lessing1 ,,julius3 ,oriental ,carpets4
         ,l,,bke1 ,,wilhelm3 ,history of
 ,ancient ,art4         ,,malcom1 ,sir  
,,john3 ,history of ,persia4            

,,marvin1 ,,charles3 ,merv1 the ,queen  
of the ,world4         ,,maspero1       
,,gaston ,c4 ,,charles3 ,manual of      
,egyptian ,archology4         ,,maspero1
 ,,gaston ,c4 ,,charles3 ,dawn of       
,civilization4         ,meyer's         
,handbook of ,ornament4                 
,,mumford1 ,,john ,,kimberly3 ,oriental 
,rugs4         ,m,,ntz1 ,,eugene3 ,a    
,short ,history of ,tapestry4           
,o',,dagree1 ,h4 ,,eugene3 ,les ,symbols
 ,antiques4         ,o',,donovan1       
,,edmund3 ,the ,merv ,oasis4            
,,perrot1 ,,georges ,,and ,,chipiez1    
,,charles3 ,history of ,art ,in ,ancient
       ,egypt4         ,,perrot1        
,,georges ,,and ,,chipiez1 ,,charles3   
,history of ,art ,in ,chalda       and  
,assyria4         ,,petrie1 ,,william   
,,matthews ,,flinders3 ,decorative ,art4
         ,,petrie1 ,,william ,,matthews 
,,flinders3 ,ten ,years' ,digging ,in   
,egypt4         ,,phillips1 ,g43        
,british ,manufactures and ,industries4 
,,racinet1 ,m4 ,a43 ,l',ornement        

,polychrome4         ,,reber1 ,,franz   
,,von3 ,history of ,ancient ,art4       
,,reclus1 ,,elisie3 ,the ,earth and ,its
 ,inhabitants4         ,redgrave's      
,manual of ,design4         ,,renouf1   
,p4 ,,lepage3 ,religion of ,ancient     
,egypt4         ,,riegl1 ,,dr4 ,,alois3 
,altorientalische ,teppiche4            
,,robinson1 ,,vincent3 ,eastern         
,carpets4         ,,ryan1 ,,charles3    
,egyptian ,art4         ,,sayce1        
,,archibald ,,henry1 ,,ll4,d43          
,babylonians and ,assyrians4            
,sculpture1 ,manual of4 ,paris4         
,,sharpe1 ,,samuel3 ,mythology and      
,egyptian ,christianity4                
,,shelley1 ,g4 ,e43 ,birds of ,egypt4   
,smith's ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities4
         ,,smith1 ,,major ,r4 ,,murdock1
 ,r4 ,e43 ,persian ,art4                
,smith's ,religion of the ,semites4     
,southesk's ,origin of ,pictish         
,symbolism4         ,spon's ,encyclopdia
 of the ,industrial ,arts1              
,manufactures1 ,and ,raw                

,commercial ,products4 7edited by       
,charles ,g4 ,w4 ,lock47                
,,strickland1 ,,agnes3 ,lives of the    
,queens of ,england4         ,,stuart1  
,h4 ,,villiers3 ,egypt ,after the ,war4 
,,sykes1 ,,ella ,c43 ,through ,persia on
 a ,side ,saddle4         ,thompson's   
,paper on ,beast and ,bird in ,ancient  
,symbolism4 7,trans4       ,roy4 ,soc41 
,edinburgh47         ,twining's ,symbols
 of ,early ,christian ,art4             
,v,,mb,,ry1 ,,arminius3 ,history of     
,bokhara4         ,,van ,,dyke1 ,,john  
,,charles3 ,history of ,painting4       
,,watson1 ,,dr4 ,,forbes3 ,the ,textile 
,manufactures and ,costumes ,of the     
,people of ,india4         ,,weale1     
,,john3 ,quarterly ,papers on           
,architecture4         ,,westroff1      
,,hodder ,m41 ,,and ,,wake1 ,,charles   
,,staniland3 ,ancient ,symbol           
,worship4         ,westwood's           
,illumination4         ,,wheeler1       
,,samuel ,,green3 ,persia and the       
,persians4         ,,wilkinson1 ,,sir   

,j4 ,,gardner3 ,the ,ancient ,egyptians4
         ,,williams1 ,s4 ,,wells3 ,the  
,middle ,kingdom4         ,,wilson1     
,,the ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,,graham1 ,m4 ,a43
 ,persian ,life ,and ,customs4          
,,winkleman1 ,,johann ,,joachim3        
,history of ,art ,among ,the ,greeks4   
,,wyatt1 ,m4 ,,digby3 ,industrial ,arts 
of the ,nineteenth ,century4            
,,zerffi1 ,g4 ,c43 ,a ,manual of the    
,historical ,development of ,art4       
,,index        ,a      ,aaragh1 value of
 rug trade1 #ef2 spelling1 #afg1 #agj4  
,abbas1 ,shah1 #ec2      rugs woven     
during reign of1 #fb2      see ,shah    
,abbas design4      ,abenkee rugs1 #adc1
 #add4      ,acanthus forms employed by 
,morris1 #aci4      ,adana1 #ga1 #afh1  
#agj4      ,adiaman1 #afh1 #agj4        
,adiyemen1 #afh4      ,afghan rugs1 #if1
 #ajb4      ,afghan-,turkestan1 #ie     
7plate74      ,afghanistan place-names1 
#afe4      ,afghanistan rugs1 #ie 7and  
plate71 #if1 #ajj4                      
,afium-,kara-hissar1 #afh1 #agj4        

,african place-names1 #afi4      ,agra1 
#aff1 #agj4      ,agra rugs1 #ij4       
,agrinion1 #agj4      ,ahmedabad1 #aff1 
#agj4      ,aidin1 #afh1 #agj4          
,ainos1 their method of weaving1 #bd4   
,aitsi-ken1 #afg1 #agj4      ,akbar1    
,emperor1 #hg4      ,akhissar rugs1 #gd1
 #hj2      meaning1 #afb2      spelling1
 #afh1 #agj4      ,akshehr1 #afh1 #agj4 
,albee1 ,mrs4 ,helen ,r41 #adc1 #add4   
,aleppo1 #afh1 #agj4      ,alexander the
 ,great1 rug-weaving in time of1 #ec4   
,alizarin 7red coloring matter71 #dd4   
,allahabad1 #aff1 #agj4      ,allahabad 
rugs1 #ij4      ,allen1 ,j4 ,rowelly1   
#age4      ,alleppi1 #aff1 #agj4        
,altorientalische ,teppiche1 ,riegl1    
#agg4      ,altun1 #afh1 #agj4          
,amabala1 #agj4      ,ambala1 #aff4     
,american interests in ,india1 #ce2     
in ,ouchak1 #ha2      in ,amritsar1 #ij4
      ,american ,journal of ,archology1 
#age4      ,american rug-weaving1 #bd4  
,ames1 late ,gov41 rug owned by1 #aac4  
,amritsar1 #gh 7plate71 #aff1 #agj4     

,amritsar rugs1 #ij4      ,anatolia1    
#gd1 #aag1 #afh1 #agj4      ,anatolian  
mats1 #gd4      ,anatolian rugs1 #gd1   
#gi1 #abb 7and plate74      ,ancient    
,egypt1 ,davis and ,cobern1 #age4       
,ancient ,egyptians1 ,the1 ,wilkinson1  
#agh4      ,ancient ,faiths1 ,inman1    
#agf4      ,ancient ,symbol ,worship1   
,westroff and ,wake1 #agh4      ,ancient
 ,symbolism among the ,chinese1 ,elkins1
 #agf4      ,anemone1 symbolism of1     
#afa4      ,angora goat's hair1 #cj4    
,angora province1 #gg4      ,aniline    
dyes1 #dd1 #df1 #acd4      ,animal      
forms1 not allowed by ,mohammedan       
religion1 #cg2      employed by ,shiah  
sect and certain others1 #ch2      in   
,jaipur rugs1 #ia2      in ,chinese     
rugs1 #aad2      symbolism of1 #aef4    
,animal ,symbolism in ,ecclesiastical   
,architecture1 ,evans1 #agf4            
,appalachian ,america1 #adf4            
,arabesque design1 #dc4      ,arabian   
place-names1 #afh4      ,arabian rug1   
#gj 7plate74      ,ardebal 7,district71 

#afg1 #agj4      ,ardebil rug in ,south 
,kensington ,museum1 #cf1 #aed2         
spelling1 #afg1 #agj4      ,armenia1    
#afh4      ,armenian ,christian weavers1
 #ga4      ,arrian1 quoted1 #de4        
,ashenhurst1 ,thomas ,r41 #age4         
,ashkabad1 #ih4      ,asia ,minor1 #afh4
      ,asiatic ,turkey produces madder1 
#dd4      ,asium1 #afh1 #agj4           
,asps1 symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,ass1   
symbolism of1 #aei4      ,association   
for the ,education of ,poor ,women1     
,athens1 #acc4      ,assyrian           
rug-weaving1 #ai1 #hh4      ,astrabad1  
#ajc1 #abf1 #afg1 #agj4      ,astrakan1 
#agj4      ,astrakhan1 #afh4            
,athens rug industry1 #acc4      ,auber1
 ,abb ,m4 ,l41 #age4      ,aubusson rug 
manufactory1 #adb1 #afi1 #agj4          
,austria1 rug-weaving in1 #adb4         
,austrian ,imperial ,house1 owner of    
hunting rug1 #abh4      ,authorities    
consulted1 #age-agh4      ,awnings and  
floor-coverings1 ancient1 #ai4          
,aylauts1 nomadic weavers of ,kara ,dagh

 rugs1 #fc4      ,azerbaijan province1  
#fb1 #fi1 #afg1 #agj4      ,azerbijan   
district1 #eh4        ,b      ,babelon1 
,ernest1 #age4      ,babylon1 fall of1  
#ai4      ,babylonian rug-weaving1 #ai2 
color symbolism1 #dg4      ,babylonians 
and ,assyrians1 ,sayce1 #agg4           
,bactrian tribes1 rugs woven by1 #fj4   
,bagdad1 #afb1 #afh1 #agj4      ,bagh1  
#afe1 #agj4      ,baghdad1 #afh4        
,bahadapur 7,district71 #aff1 #agj4     
,bakhshis rugs1 #eh4      ,baku1        
government of1 #ajh2      meaning of    
,baku1 #afb2      spelling1 #afh1 #agj4 
,balkh1 #afe1 #agj4      ,ball1 ,j4     
,dyer1 #age4      ,bangalore1 #aff1     
#agj4      ,banian or burr tree1        
symbolism of1 #aei4      ,barbarike1    
#df4      ,bardwan1 #aff1 #agj4         
,bareilly1 #aff4      ,bareli1 #aff4    
,basilica of ,st4 ,sophia at            
,constantinople1 #abj4      ,bat1       
symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afa4      ,bat with
 a ring in its claws1 symbolism of1     
#aeh4      ,batum1 #afh1 #agj4          

,bayer1 ,professor ,f41 #aec4           
,bayeta scarlet in ,navajo rugs1 #adg4  
,beast and ,bird in ,ancient ,symbolism1
 ,thompson's paper on1 #agh4            
,beauvais rug manufactory1 #ada1 #afi1  
#agj4      ,bee1 symbolism of1 #aeh4    
,beetle1 symbolism of1 #aeh4            
,behesne1 #afh1 #agj4      ,beirut1     
#afh1 #agj4      ,belar1 #afe1 #agj4    
,belgium1 rug-weaving in1 #adb4         
,bellary1 #aff1 #agj4      ,beluch rug  
called blue ,bokhara1 #ig4              
,beluchistan rugs1 #ig2      meaning of 
,beluchistan1 #afb2      place-names1   
#afe4      ,benares1 #aff1 #agj4        
,beni-,hassan1 rug-weavers seen in      
wall-paintings at1 #af4      ,berea     
,college1 ,ky41 rag rugs1 #ade4         
,bergama1 #afh1 #agj4      ,bergamo     
7,province71 #afh4      ,bergamo rugs1  
#gd4      ,berbers1 rugs woven by1 #ace4
      ,beshir rugs1 #ajj4               
,bethlehem tent cloth1 #aaa4            
,beypur1 #aff1 #agj4      ,bhag1 #afe4  
,bhagalpur1 #aff1 #agj4                 

,bhagulpore1 #afb4      ,bhawulpore1    
rugs said to be woven at1 #ie4          
,bibikabad1 #afg1 #agj4      ,bibikabad 
rugs1 #eh4      ,bible ,myths1 ,auber1  
#age4      ,bijapur1 #aff1 #aga4        
,bijar1 #ee1 #ef2 spelling1 #afg1 #aga4 
,bijar rugs1 #eh 7and plate71 #fg4      
,birch1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 quoted1 #ag4      
,bird1 symbolism of1 #afa4      ,birds  
of ,egypt1 ,shelley1 #agg4              
,birdwood1 ,sir ,george ,c41 quoted1    
#bc1 #age4      ,birjand1 #afg1 #aga4   
,birjand rugs1 #ei4      ,bishop1 ,mrs4 
,isabella ,bird1 quoted1 #bd1 #abe1     
#age4      ,black1 symbolism of1 #dg1   
#dh2      corrosiveness of dye1 #fc1    
#hj4      ,blackie1 ,c41 #age4          
,blaine1 ,mrs4 ,emmons1 rugs owned by1  
#cd 7plate71 #abd 7plate74              
,blossom1 symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,blue
 ,bokhara a misnomer1 #ig4      ,blue1  
symbolism of1 #dg1 #dh4      ,boar1     
symbolism of1 #afa4      ,boat1         
symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,bode1         
,wilhelm1 #aef 7plate71 #age4           

,boglipoor1 #aff4      ,bokhara1 dyes   
from1 #ih2      meaning of ,bokhara1    
#afb2      spelling1 #afh1 #aga4        
,bokhara rugs1 no blue1 #ig2            
so-called and genuine1 #ih 7plate71     
#ajj1 #ajc4      ,bombay1 #aff1 #aga4   
,bonnick's ,egyptian ,belief and ,modern
 ,thought1 #age4      ,borders1 #ch-db4 
,bosnia1 #acf4      ,bosnian rugs1 #acf4
      ,boulak1 ,egypt1 rug factory1 #ea4
      ,bride's rug1 #aah4      ,british 
,manufactures and ,industries1          
,phillips1 #agg4      ,broussa1 #gd1    
#afh2      see ,brusa4      ,brummer1   
,martin1 #age4      ,brusa1 #gd1 #aaa1  
#afh1 #aga4      ,brussels1 power looms 
in1 #bd2      rug-production1 #adb4     
,buckingham1 ,miss1 rug owned by1 #abj  
7plate74      ,buckthorns1 certain      
species produce dyes1 #de4              
,buddhist ,sceptre1 symbolism of1 #aeg4 
,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis1 #age4          
,bujnurd1 #afg1 #aga4      ,bulgarian   
rugs1 #acg4      ,bull1 symbolism of1   
#aeh4      ,burley1 ,clarence1 rug owned

 by1 #ajf 7plate74      ,burnham1 ,mrs4 
,l4 ,g41 rug owned by1 frontispiece     
plate4      ,burujird rugs1 #ei2        
spelling1 #afg1 #aga4      ,bushire1    
#afg1 #aga4      ,butterfly1 symbolism  
of1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa4      ,buyers'     
selection for ,western market1 #cc1 #ch4
      ,byzantine influence on           
rug-weaving1 #ai4        ,c             
,cabistan rugs1 see ,kabistan rugs4     
,cabool1 #afe4      ,cabul1 #afe4       
,csar first saw ,cleopatra wrapped in   
rug1 #ah4      ,csarea1 #ga1 #afh1 #afi4
      ,csarean rugs1 #ge1 #abe4         
,cairo1 rug emporium1 #eb1 #afi1 #aga4  
,calcutta1 #aff1 #aga4      ,camel's    
hair1 #cj1 #ca1 #ih4      ,canton1 #afe1
 #aga4      ,carding1 #ca4              
,carpaccio ,vittore1 painting by1 #bj   
7plate74      ,carpets1 catalogue term  
for rugs1 #af4      ,carpets1 ,dresser1 
#agf4      ,cartouche1 symbolism of1    
#aeh4      ,cassaba rugs1 #ge1 #hc4     
,caucasian rugs1 modern1 characteristic 
designs of1 #ci1 #da1 #db2              

descriptions1 #aje-ajh2                 
place-names1 #afh4      ,cawnpur1 #ia1  
#aff1 #aga4      ,center ,lovell1       
,maine1 #ade4      ,central ,asia1 rugs1
 #ih2      place-names1 #afh4           
,century ,atlas1 #age4      ,century    
,dictionary1 #age4      ,chal1 #afi4    
,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 #age4         
,chanda1 #aff1 #aga4      ,charikar1    
#afe1 #aga4      ,chehel ,sitoon1       
,palace of1 ,ispahan1 #ie4              
,chemical dyes1 #df4      ,chevalier1   
,charles1 #agf4      ,chichi rugs1 #ajh4
      ,chinese dye1 green1 #de4         
,chinese fret design1 #dc1 #aja1 #ajb1  
#aad 7plate74      ,chinese influence   
seen in design of ,ispahan rugs1 #fc2   
of ,kashgar rugs1 #aja2      of         
,samarkand rugs1 #ajb 7and plate74      
,chinese pictures copied in ,persian    
hunting rugs1 #abd 7plate71 #abh4       
,chinese place-names1 #afe4             
,chinese rugs1 #da1 #aac-aae 7and plate 
facing #aad72      of silk1 #abd4       
,chinese silk industry1 #abc2      silk 

rugs1 #abd4      ,chinese symbolism of  
colors1 #dg1 #dh2      of various       
designs1 #aeg4      ,chintz designs in  
silk rugs1 #abe4      ,chipiez1         
,charles1 #agg4      ,christian weavers 
of ,turkish rugs1 #ga4      ,circassian 
rug-weavers1 #ga4      ,circle design1  
#dc1 #afa4      ,circular rugs1 #aae4   
,claremont1 ,english home of ,lord      
,clive1 #hi4      ,clarke1 ,sir ,c4     
,purdon1 #age4      ,cleopatra borne    
before ,csar in a rug1 #ah4             
,chi-lin 7a kind of doe71 symbolism of1 
#aeg4      ,climatic influences on      
rug-weaving1 #cb1 #ga2      on odors of 
rugs1 #ij4      ,clive1 ,lord1 #hi4     
,cloud bands1 #da1 #fc1 #aeg4      ,coat
 of arms of ,persia1 #afj4      ,coat of
 arms of ,turkey1 #afj4      ,cobern1   
----1 #age4      ,coccus cacti1 insect  
which produces cochineal1 #dd4          
,cochineal1 #dd4      ,cock and hen on  
an artificial rock-work1 symbolism of1  
#aeg4      ,colbert1 fostered rug       
industry in ,france1 #ada4      ,colors1

 sensed by weavers1 #ba2      ,persians'
 intuition for1 #cg2      obtained by   
aniline and vegetable dyes1 #dd2        
importance to ,orientals1 #dg2          
,persian choice of1 #dg2      symbolism 
of1 #dg1 #dh2      in modern ,turkish   
rugs1 #gg2      in ,kurdish rugs1 #gi4  
,comb design1 #dc4      ,conchylium1    
ancient name of ,phoenician purple1 #ah4
      ,cone1 pine1 symbolism of1 #aei2  
fir1 #afa4      ,constable's ,hand      
,atlas of ,india1 #age4                 
,constantinople1 rug market1 #ga-gc1    
#hb2      silk-weaving introduced into1 
#abc2      spelling1 #afi4      ,cossac 
7,kazak71 #ajg1 #ajh 7plate74           
,cotton1 #cj1 #gf4      ,cotton rugs1   
,indian1 #bc1 #hh1 #ia2      ,japanese1 
#aaf4      ,coula1 #afi4      ,coverlets
 woven in ,appalachian ,america1 #ade4  
,coxon ,herbert1 #age4      ,crane1     
symbolism of1 #aeg4      ,crescent1     
symbolism of1 #aeh1 #afj4      ,crete   
girl weavers1 #acb4      ,crimson1 #ah1 
#dg4      ,crocodile1 symbolism of1     

#aeh4      ,crooked ,turkish rugs1 #bd4 
,cross designs1 #dc4      ,crow1        
symbolism of1 #aeg4      ,curson1 ,hon4 
,george ,n41 #age4      ,customs        
administration in ,persia1 #ee4         
,cypress tree design in ,jaipur rugs1   
#ia2      symbolism of1 #afa2      see  
#abj 7plate7 and #abd 7plate74        ,d
      ,daghestan1 #afh1 #aga4           
,daghestan rugs1 #da1 #aje1 #ajf 7and   
plate71 #ajh4      ,damascus1 #aab4     
,daraksh1 #ei4      ,date woven into    
rugs1 #fg1 #aed1 #aee4      ,davis1     
----1 #age4      ,davis1 ,mr4 ,will ,j41
 rugs owned by1 #cj1 #fh4      ,dawn of 
,civilization1 ,maspero1 #agg4          
,deccan1 rugs from the1 #bc2            
meaning of ,deccan1 #afb2      spelling1
 #aff1 #aga4      ,decorative ,art1     
,petrie1 #agg4      ,deer1 symbolism of1
 #aeg4      ,definition of rug1 #ae4    
,dekkan-peninsula1 #aff4      ,delays   
caused by superstitious weavers1 #bi4   
,delhi1 #ia1 #aff1 #aga4      ,delhi    
,court1 #hg4      ,demirdji rugs1 #ge2  

spelling1 #afi1 #aga4      ,denny1 ,m4  
,b41 #age4      ,derbent rugs1 #aje1    
#abf 7plate72      meaning of ,derbent1 
#afb2      spelling1 #afh1 #aga4        
,descending eagle1 symbolism of1 #afj4  
,descriptions des ,arts et ,metiers1    
#aci4      ,design1 of ,persian rugs1   
#ag2      ,oriental designs adapted from
 ,nature1 #ai2      ,egypto-,chaldean   
designs in modern rugs1 #ai2            
furnished by ,western art schools1 #be2 
hereditary1 #cg2      manner of teaching
 to pupils1 #cg2      of ,persian rugs1 
#cg2      selected by buyer1 #ch2       
,occidental1 copied by native weavers1  
#ch2      made from talims1 or working  
drawings1 #ch1 #ci2      proportioned to
 size of rug1 #ci2      units described1
 #ci-dc2      determines district where 
woven1 #ee2      of modern ,persian     
product1 #eg2      ,shah ,abbas1 #ei2   
,herati border1 #ei1 #fa1 #fd1 #fi2     
,guli ,hinnai1 #fj2      ,tree of ,life1
 #ag1 #fe2      use of old patterns1    
#fi2      introduced by ,persian weavers

 into ,india1 #hg2      ,hindoo1 #hh2   
floral1 in ,indian rugs1 #hh2           
,persian1 in ,jaipur rugs1 #ia2      in 
,lahore rugs1 #ia2      in ,warangul    
rugs1 #ic2      in ,japanese rugs1 #aaf2
      of silk rugs1 #abe2      of       
,morris rugs1 #aci2      of ,navajo     
rugs1 #adh2      symbolical1 #aef-afb4  
,design in ,textile ,fabrics1           
,ashenhurst1 #age4      ,designers1     
,indian1 #cb 7plate74      ,dewsbury1   
power looms in1 #bd4      ,dhurrie1     
,indian1 #ia1 #id4      ,diarbekir1     
#afi1 #aga4      ,dictionary of ,place  
,names1 ,blackie1 #age4                 
,dining-rooms1 ,grevan rugs popular for1
 #fa4      ,discoveries in the ,ruins of
 ,nineveh1 ,layard1 #agf4               
,djushaghan rugs1 characteristic        
palmette of1 #ci2      description1 #ei4
      ,dog1 symbolism of1 #afa4         
,dove1 symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,dowry1 
girls weave rugs for1 #bf1 #acb4        
,dragon1 symbolism of1 #aeg4            
,dragon and ,phoenix1 symbolism of1     

#aeg4      ,dragon with five claws on   
each of its four feet1 symbolism of1    
#aeg4      ,dresser1 ,charles1 #agf4    
,duck1 symbolism of1 #aeg4      ,dunlap1
 ,mrs4 ,robert1 rug owned by1 #aag      
7plate74      ,dupont1 ,french weaver1  
#ada4      ,durability of fine ,persian 
rugs1 #ed2      of ,kurdish rugs1 #gi4  
,durham1 power looms in1 #bd4           
,durrie1 see ,dhurrie1 ,indian4         
,duties1 ,persian system of collecting1 
#ee2      on rugs1 #ef4      ,dyes1 #ah1
 #dd-df1 #ih1 #aci1 #adg4        ,e     
,eagle1 symbolism of1 #aeh1 #afj4       
,eagle1 descending1 symbolism of1 #afj4 
,eagle1 flying1 symbolism of1 #afj4     
,eagle1 standing1 symbolism of1 #afj4   
,early ,christian ,symbolism1 ,allen1   
#age4      ,earnings of weavers1 #bg1   
#bh1 #hb4      ,earth and ,its          
,inhabitants1 ,the1 ,reclus1 #agg4      
,east ,turkestan place-names1 #afe4     
,eastern ,carpets1 ,robinson1 #agg4     
,edwards1 ,amelia1 #agf4      ,egg1     
symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,egypt after   

the ,war1 ,stuart1 #agh4      ,egypt3   
,three ,essays on the ,history1 ,art1   
and ,religion1 ,brummer1 #age4          
,egyptian ,art1 ,ryan1 #agg4            
,egyptian ,belief and ,modern ,thought1 
,bonnick1 #age4      ,egyptian          
wall-paintings of weavers1 #af1 #ag2    
ancient rug-weaving1 #ah1 #bb2          
symbolic colors1 #dg2      substitution 
of woven rugs for skins1 #ea2           
modern rugs1 #ea2      factory1 #ea2    
imported rugs1 #eb2      symbols1 #aeh1 
#aei4      ,egypto-,chaldean designs in 
modern rugs1 #ai4      ,eleanora        
introduced tapestries into ,england1    
#ach4      ,elephant1 symbolism of1     
#afa4      ,el-,hosn1 #afi1 #aga4       
,elkins1 ,joseph1 ,d4,d41 #agf4         
,ellore1 #afj1 #aga4      ,ellore1 rugs1
 #ia4      ,ely1 ,talfourd1 #agf4       
,emblems of ,saints1 ,fusenbeth1 #agf4  
,emmaus's ,life of ,ancient ,egypt1     
#agf4      ,encyclopdia of the          
,industrial ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and   
,raw ,commercial       ,products1       

,spon's1 #agg4      ,english interests  
in ,india1 #ce2      in ,amritsar1 #ij4 
,english rugs1 #ach-adj 7and plate74    
,english rug-weaving centres1 #bd4      
,enzeli1 #afg1 #aga4      ,erivan1 #afh1
 #aga4      ,ersari ,goklan tribe1 #ih4 
,ersari tribe of upper ,oxus1 #aja4     
,erzerum1 #afi1 #aga4      ,europe1     
introduction of rug-weaving into1 #bj2  
use of rugs at ftes1 #bj2      imports  
looms into ,turkey1 #bd2      demand for
 rugs since #ahej1 #ed2      factories  
to supply trade with1 #eg2      interest
 in ,ouchak industry1 #ha4      ,evans1 
,e4 ,p41 #agf4      ,evergreens1        
symbolism of1 #afa4      ,experts can   
determine where rug was made1 #ee4      
,export trade 7,persian7 in rugs1 #ee1  
#ef4      ,eye of ,osiris1 symbolism of1
 #aeh4        ,f      ,faber1 ,george   
,stanley1 #agf4      ,factories1        
rug-weaving1 #bf1 #ch1 #ea1 #ef1 #eg1   
#fi1 #gj1 #ij1 #aai4      ,fakeh1 #afi1 
#aga4      ,fars1 designs peculiar to1  
#cg2      modern rug-weaving district1  

#ee2      value of rug trade1 #ef2      
rugs exported from1 #fh2      meaning of
 ,fars1 #afb2      spelling1 #afg1 #aga4
      ,farsistan 7,province71 #afg4     
,feather of an ostrich1 symbolism of1   
#aeh4      ,feathers of rare birds1     
symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,felt rugs1    
#abf1 #abg4      ,felts1 ,chinese1 #aad4
      ,feraghan1 #afg1 #aga4            
,feraghan rugs1 characteristic designs  
of1 #dj1 #db1 #dc2      description1    
#ei2      plate1 #fb4      ,ferghana    
7,province71 #afh4      ,fergusson1     
,james1 #agf4      ,ftes1 rugs used as  
decorations during1 #bj4      ,fez1     
#acd4      ,fir cone1 symbolism of1     
#afa4      ,fire-worshippers of ,yezd1  
#gj4      ,flat stitch1 in ,soumak and  
,khilim rugs1 #cd1 #aag4      ,flax1    
#cj4      ,flemish weavers1 #ach4       
,floor-coverings and awnings1 ancient1  
#ai4      ,floral designs in ,indian    
rugs1 #hh2      in ,jaipur rugs1 #ia4   
,fly1 symbolism of1 #afa4      ,flying  
eagle1 symbolism of1 #afj4      ,folk   

,lore of ,china1 ,the1 ,denny1 #age4    
,france1 rug-weaving introduced by      
,saracens1 #bj2      silk industry in1  
#abc2      place-names1 #afi4           
,french rugs1 #ada1 #adb4      ,fringe  
on rugs intended for hanging1 #ii4      
,frog1 symbolism of1 #aeh4              
,fu-,chan1 #aga4      ,fu-,chau1 #afb1  
#afe4      ,fusenbeth1 ,f4 ,c41 ,d4,d41 
#agf4      ,fylfot design1 #db1 #adh1   
#aei4        ,g      ,gask1 #afg4       
,gauls1 red favorite color of1 #dh4     
,gzne1 #afe4      ,gemerik1 #afi1 #aga4 
,genghis ,khan1 #ajj4      ,genghis     
rugs1 #ajj4      ,geometrical designs   
replace floral in ,india1 #hh4          
,germantown yarn used in ,navajo rugs1  
#adg4      ,germany1 rug-weaving in1    
#adb4      ,ghain1 #afg4      ,ghayn1   
#afg4      ,ghazni1 #afe1 #aga4         
,ghilan1 silk trade in1 #abd2           
spelling1 #afg1 #aga4      ,ghileem     
rugs1 see ,khilim rugs4      ,ghiordes1 
#afi1 #aga4      ,ghiordes knotting1    
#cd1 #ce4      ,ghiordes panel in ,meles

 prayer rug1 #hj4      ,ghiordes rugs1  
#da1 #gd 7plate71 #ge1 #gh1 #abb4       
,ghiordium1 #ge4      ,gilan1 #afc1     
#afg4      ,goa1 #aff1 #aga4      ,goats
 replace sheep in rocky regions1 #gb2   
raised by ,turkomans1 #ih4              
,gobelins manufactory1 #ada4            
,goddess of silkworms1 #abc4      ,gold 
warp used for antique ,persian rugs1    
#ec2      in state rugs of ,india1 #hi2 
in ,polish rugs1 #aai2      in ,chinese 
silk rugs1 #abd4      ,goodyear1        
,william ,h41 #agf4      ,goose1        
symbolism of1 #aeg4      ,gorakhpur1    
#aff1 #aga4      ,gordis1 #afi4         
,gordus1 #afi4      ,grevan rugs1 #fj4  
,gorukpore1 #aff4      ,gourd1 symbolism
 of1 #aeg4      ,grammar of ,ornament1  
,the1 ,jones1 #agf4      ,grammar of the
 ,lotus1 ,the1 ,goodyear1 #agf4         
,grant1 ,mrs4 ,frederick ,d41 rug owned 
by1 #ij4      ,graves1 custom of hanging
 rugs over1 #bj4      ,great ,britain1  
power looms in1 #bd1 #be2      rug      
manufacture in1 #ach4      ,great ,rug  

in the ,palace of ,chehel ,sitoon1      
,ispahan1 #ie4      ,greece1 rug-weaving
 in1 #ai2      swastika design in rugs  
of1 #dc2      saffron favorite color in1
 #dh2      silk-weaving in1 #abc2       
ancient and modern rugs of1 #acb1 #acc2 
place-names1 #agj4      ,greek and      
,roman ,antiquities1 ,smith1 #agg4      
,greek ,christian weavers1 #ga2 in      
,hereke1 #gf4      ,green dyes1 how     
produced1 #de2      symbolism of1 #dg1  
#dh2      used though forbidden by law1 
#ha4      ,guendje rugs1 #ajj1 #aja4    
,guli ,hinnai design1 #dc1 #fj4         
,gulistan1 #afc1 #afe1 #aga4            
,gundava1 #afe1 #aga4      ,grdiz1 #afi4
        ,h      ,haidamoor1 #afi1 #aga4 
,haidamur rugs1 #aaa1 #aab4             
,haidarabad rugs1 #ia4      ,haiderabad1
 #afc1 #aff1 #aga4      ,hair1 lock of1 
woven in ,kis ,khilims1 #aah4           
,hakkam1 #afi1 #aga4      ,halifax1     
power looms in1 #bd4      ,hamadam1     
#aga4      ,hamadan1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1
 #afg4      ,hamadan rugs1 #fj 7plate71 

#fa4      ,hand ,atlas of ,india1       
,constable1 #age4      ,hand looms1 #bb4
      ,handbook of ,ornament1 ,meyer1   
#agg4      ,hang-chau1 #afe1 #aga4      
,hangings1 rugs used as1 #af1 #ee4      
,hare1 symbolism of1 #afa4              
,havermeyer1 late ,h4 ,o41 rug owned by 
estate of1 #aad 7plate74      ,hawk1    
symbolism of1 #aeh4      ,hay1 ,mr41    
owner of ,theban rug1 #ag4              
,hayzoor1 #afi1 #agb4      ,heart1      
symbolism of1 #afa4      ,hedin1 ,sven1 
#agf4      ,hemp1 #cj1 #ha4      ,herat1
 #ei1 #fa1 #hg1ie1 #afc1 #afe1 #agb4    
,herat design in ,great ,rug1 #ie4      
,herat rugs1 #dj1 #db1 #fa4      ,herati
 border1 #dj1 #ei1 #fa1 #fd1 #fi1 #aag4 
,hereke1 #afi4      ,hereke rugs1 #gf4  
,herez1 #eh1 #fj1 #afg1 #agb4           
,herez rugs1 #fb4      ,hindoo designs1 
#hh2      religious abstinence from     
sheep flesh1 #hh4      ,hippopotamus1   
symbolism of1 #afa4      ,hissan1 #agb4 
,hissar1 #afh1 #afi1 #agb4      ,history
 of ,ancient ,art1 ,lbke1 #agf4         

,history of ,ancient ,art1 ,reber1 #agg4
      ,history of ,art among the        
,greeks1 ,winkleman1 #agh4      ,history
 of ,art in ,ancient ,egypt1 ,perrot and
 ,chipiez1 #agg4      ,history of ,art  
in ,chaldea and ,assyria1 ,perrot and   
,chipiez1 #agg4      ,history of        
,bokhara1 ,vmbry1 #agh4      ,history of
 ,painting1 ,van ,dyke1 #agh4           
,history of ,persia1 ,malcom1 #agf4     
,hog1 symbolism of1 #afa4      ,holland1
 rug-weaving in1 #adb4      ,holt1      
,george ,hubbard1 rugs owned by1 #ie    
7plate71 #abb 7plate74      ,holy ,land1
 rugs of the1 #aaa1 #aab4      ,homs1   
#afi1 #agb4      ,hooked rugs1 ,new     
,england1 #adc1 #add4      ,hossu1 #afi4
      ,hounds1 symbolism of1 #afj4      
,hulme1 ,f4 ,edward1 #agf4      ,human  
figure introduced into design1 #fg4     
,hunting rugs1 ,persian1 #abd 7plate71  
#abh4      ,hyderabad1 #aff4        ,i  
,ibis1 symbolism of1 #aeh4              
,iconographic ,encyclopdia of the ,arts 
and ,sciences1 #agf4      ,illumination1

 ,westwood1 #agh4      ,import duties to
 ,united ,states on rugs1 #ef4      ,in 
the ,forbidden ,land1 ,landor1 #agf4    
,india1 looms used in1 #bc1 #hb 7plate72
      weavers1 #bf2      superstitions  
among weavers1 #bi2      wool from1 #cj2
      rugs woven of pashim1 #cj2        
rugs of various knottings1 #ce2         
firms having factories in1 #ce2         
,occidental designs introduced into1    
#ch2      use of talims in1 #ci2        
raises madder1 #dd2      symbolism of   
colors1 #dh2      of designs1 #aei2     
place-names1 #aff4      ,indian         
designers1 #cb 7plate74      ,indian    
,industries1 ,james1 #agf4      ,indian 
rugs1 #gh 7plate71 #hg-id2      see     
under ,india4      ,indicum1 see        
,indigo4      ,indigo1 #de-dg4          
,indigofera tinctoria1 ,indian indigo   
plant1 #df4      ,industrial ,arts of   
,india1 ,the1 ,birdwood1 #age4          
,industrial ,arts of the ,nineteenth    
,century1 ,wyatt1 #agh4      ,industrial
 ,museum at ,berlin1 rug in collection  

of1 #aed4      ,inman1 ,thomas1 ,m4,d41 
#agf4      ,inscriptions on rugs1 #gj1  
#abd 7plate71 #aec-aee4      ,irak1     
#afg4      ,irak-,ajemi province1 #fd1  
#fi1 #afg1 #agb4      ,iran 7,persia71  
#fb4      ,islamabad1 #afc4             
,ispahan1 #ee1 #ie1 #aba1 #afc1 #afg1   
#agb4      ,ispahan rugs1 #fb4          
,istalif1 #afe1 #agb4      ,italy1      
rug-weaving introduced by ,saracens1    
#bj2      silk culture in1 #abc4        
,j      ,jabalpur1 #aff1 #agb4          
,jails1 rugs woven in1 #gh 7plate71 #hh1
 #ij4      ,jaipur1 #aff1 #agb4         
,jaipur rugs1 #ia4      ,jalal-ud-,din  
,mahomed1 #hg4      ,jalandhar1 #aff1   
#agb4      ,james1 ,a4 ,g4 ,f4 ,eliot1  
#agf4      ,jammu1 #aff1 #agb4          
,jamu1 #aff4      ,japanese looms1 #bd2 
rugs1 #aaf2      symbols1 #afj2         
place-names1 #afg4      ,jelalabad1     
#afe1 #agb4      ,jerusalem1 #afc1 #afi1
 #agb4      ,jewish legend of invention 
of spinning and weaving1 #af4           
,jeypore1 #aff4      ,jhalawan          

7,district71 #afe1 #agb4      ,jodhpur1 
#aff4      ,jones1 ,owen1 #agf4         
,joohpur1 #agb4      ,journal of the    
,society of ,arts1 #agf4      ,journeys 
in ,persia and ,kurdistan1 ,bishop1     
#age4      ,jubbulpore1 #aff4           
,jubbulpur1 #aff4      ,jug1 symbolism  
of1 #afa4      ,jullinder1 #aff4        
,jute1 #cj1 #aaf4        ,k             
,kabistan rugs1 #ajf4      ,kabul1 #ie1 
#afe1 #agb4      ,kabul sheep1 #cj4     
,kain1 #afg1 #agb4      ,kairouan1 #afi1
 #agb4      ,kairuan1 #ace4             
,kaisarieh1 #afi1 #agb4      ,kandahar1 
#afc1 #afe1 #agb4      ,karabacek1 ,dr4 
,joseph1 #agf4      ,karabagh province1 
#fc2      meaning of ,karabagh1 #afc2   
spelling1 #afh1 #agb4      ,karabagh    
rugs1 #ajf4      ,kara ,dagh rugs1 #fc2 
meaning of ,kara ,dagh1 #afc2           
spelling1 #afg4      ,kara-,geuz rugs1  
#gg4      ,karahissar1 #afi1 #agb4      
,karajah ,dagh1 #ga4      ,karaman rugs1
 #gg2      spelling1 #afi1 #agb4        
,karamanian rugs1 #aag4      ,karashar1 

#afe1 #agb4      ,kars1 #afh1 #agb4     
,kashan1 #abe1 #afg1 #agb4              
,kashgar1 #afe1 #agb4      ,kashgar     
rugs1 #aja1 #ajc4      ,kashmir1 capital
 of1 #ic2      spelling1 #aff1 #agb4    
,kashmir shawls and rugs1 #hi1 #ajh4    
,kashmir wool1 #cj4      ,kazak rugs1   
#ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh 7plate74      ,kazan1  
#afh1 #agb4      ,kchatchli rugs1 see   
,khalatch rugs4      ,kelat1 #afc1 #afe1
 #agb4      ,kelim rugs1 see ,khilim    
rugs4      ,kerkuk1 #afi1 #agb4         
,kermanshah rugs1 #fc2      spelling1   
#afg1 #agb4      ,kermanshahan1 #afg4   
,kermes1 red dye1 #de4      ,khalatch   
rugs1 #aja4      ,khalatch tribe1 #aja4 
,khilim rugs1 #cd1 #aag 7and plate71    
#aah4      ,khiva1 #ajc1 #afh1 #agb4    
,khiva rugs1 #ajj1 #ajb4      ,khokand1 
#afh4      ,khonsar1 #afg1 #agb4        
,khora-mabad1 #afg1 #agb4      ,khorasan
 7,province71 #afg4      ,khorassan     
province1 #ee1 #ef1 #fd1 #ie2           
meaning of ,khorassan1 #afc2            
spelling1 #afg1 #agb4      ,khorassan   

rugs1 #dj1 #db1 #ef 7plate71 #fd1 #ff4  
,khorsabad1 #afi1 #agb4      ,khotan    
silk rugs1 #abd2 felt rugs1 #abf4       
,khozdar1 #afe1 #agb4      ,khuzistan1  
#afg1 #agb4      ,khyrpur1 #aff1 #agb4  
,kiang-su1 #afe1 #agb4                  
,kidderminster1 power looms in1 #bd4    
,kilim rugs1 see ,khilim rugs4          
,kioto1 #afg1 #agb4      ,kirman1 modern
 rug-weaving district1 #ee2      value  
of rug trade1 #ef2      spelling1 #afg1 
#agb4      ,kirman rugs1 #fd1 #abj      
7plate74      ,kirmanshah rugs1 #da4    
,kir-,shehr rugs1 #gg2      spelling1   
#afi1 #agb4      ,kis ,khilims1 #aag4   
,knight1 ,richard ,payne1 #agf4         
,knot and flower design1 symbolism of1  
#aei4      ,knots and knotting1 #bc1    
#cb1 #cd-cf1 #ic4      ,kohat1 #aff1    
#agb4      ,kokand1 #afh1 #agb4         
,konieh rugs1 #gh2 spelling1 #afi1 #agb4
      ,kotah1 #aff1 #agb4      ,koula1  
#afi4      ,kuba1 #ajf1 #afh1 #agb4     
,kucha1 #afe1 #agb4      ,kuchan1 #afg4 
,kulah rugs1 #gh1 #hj1 #abb2            

spelling1 #afi1 #agb4      ,kurdish rug 
design represented in ancient ,nineveh1 
#ag4      ,kurdish rugs1 wool used in1  
#fe2      woven by girls and women1 #gh2
      durability and colors1 #gi2       
mihrab in1 #aag4      ,kurdistan1 modern
 rug-weaving district1 #ee2      nomadic
 tribes of ,western1 #hg2      spelling 
#afg1 #afh1 #agb4      ,kurdistan rugs1 
characteristic designs of #dj2          
value of trade in1 #ef2                 
descriptions1 #fe1 #gh4      ,kurds1    
nomadic tribes1 #fe1 #ga4               
,kushmore1 #aff1 #agb4      ,kutahia    
rugs1 #gi2      spelling1 #afi1 #agb4   
,kutai1 #afi4      ,kutayah1 #afi4      
,kwatah1 #afc1 #afe4        ,l          
,ladik rugs1 #gi2 spelling1 #afi1 #agc4 
,lahore1 #aff1 #agc4      ,landor1 ,a4  
,henry ,savage1 #agf4      ,laodicea1   
#gi1 #abb4      ,lar1 #afg1 #agc4       
,largest rug woven1 #ie4      ,laristan 
province1 #ff1 #afg1 #agc4              
,laristan rugs1 #ff4      ,layard1      
,austen ,henry1 #agf4      ,lenormant1  

,franois1 #agf4      ,leopards1         
symbolism of1 #afj4      ,lessing1      
,julius1 #agf4      ,life in ,ancient   
,egypt1 ,emmaus1 #agf4      ,lily1      
symbolism of1 #afa4      ,linen1 #cj4   
,lion1 symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afj4        
,lives of the ,queens of ,england1      
,strickland1 #agh4      ,lizard1        
symbolism of1 #aeh4                     
,lobanow-,rostowsky1 ,prince ,alexis1   
rug owned by1 #cf4      ,lock1 ,charles 
,g4 ,w41 #agg4      ,looms1 #bb-bd 7and 
plate71 #hb 7plate71 #aaa1 #adg4        
,lotus design1 #dc1 #aeh4      ,lourdes1
 ,french weaver1 #ada4      ,louvre1    
,palais du1 rugs woven in1 #ada4        
,lbke1 ,wilhelm1 #agf4      ,lucknow1   
#ia1 #aff1 #agc4      ,luristan         
7,province71 #afg1 #agc4        ,m      
,maciet1 ,m4,j41 ,paris1 rug owned by1  
#abh4      ,madder1 #dd4      ,madras1  
#aff4      ,madras rugs1 #ib4           
,magpie1 symbolism of1 #aeg4            
,makran1 #afg1 #agc4      ,malabar      
7,district71 #aff1 #agc4      ,malair1  

#ef4      ,malcom1 ,sir ,john1 #agf4    
,mandalay1 #aff4      ,manual of        
,archology1 ,ely1 #agf4      ,manual of 
,design1 ,redgrave1 #agg4      ,manual  
of ,egyptian ,archology1 ,maspero1 #agf4
      ,manual of ,oriental ,antiquities1
 ,babelon1 #age4      ,manual of        
,sculpture1 #agg4      ,manual of the   
,ancient ,history of the ,east1         
,lenormant and      ,chevalier1 #agf4   
,manual of the ,historical ,development 
of ,art1 ,a1 ,zerffi1 #agh4             
,manufacturers of rugs1 #ce4            
,marash1 #afi1 #agc4      ,maresh1 #afi4
      ,marvin1 ,charles1 #agf4          
,maspero1 ,gaston ,c4 ,charles1 #agf1   
#agg4      ,mastung1 #afe1 #agc4        
,masulipatam rugs1#ib2 spelling1        
#aff1agc4      ,materials used in       
rug-weaving1 #cj4      ,mazandaran1     
#afg1 #agc4      ,mc,cormick1 ,mrs4     
,cyrus ,h41 rug owned by1 #ajh 7plate74 
,meandrian motif in ,chinese rugs1 #aad4
      ,mecca rug1 #fh2      meaning of  
,mecca1 #afc2      spelling1 #afi1 #agc4

      ,medallion design1 #dc4           
,medina1 #afi1 #agc4      ,mehran1 #afg1
 #agc4      ,mekran 7,district71 #afg4  
,melasso1 #afi4      ,meles rugs1 #hj1  
#abb4      ,melhaz1 see ,meles rugs4    
,mersherski1 established ,polish rug    
factory1 #aai4      ,merut1 #aff1 #agc4 
,merv1 #aag4      ,merv ,oasis1 ,the1   
,o',donovan1 #agg4      ,merv1 the      
,queen of the ,world1 ,marvin1 #agf4    
,meshed1 #afc4      ,meshhed1 #fd1 #afg1
 #agc4      ,meshhed rugs1 #ef 7plate71 
#fd1 #ff4      ,mesopotamia1 monuments  
show ancient rug-weavers1 #af2          
spelling1 #afh4      ,meyer's ,handbook 
of ,ornament1 #agg4      ,middle        
,kingdom1 ,the1 ,williams1 #agh4        
,mihrab in prayer rug1 #abj4            
,milassa1 #hj1 #afi1 #agc4      ,mina   
,khani design1 #dc4      ,mir1 #fg4     
,mir-,saraband rugs1 #ff1 #fg4          
,mirzapore1 #afc4      ,mirzapur rugs1  
#ib2      spelling1 #aff1 #agc4         
,misratah1 #afi1 #agc4      ,mohair from
 ,angora goat1 #cj1 #gb4      ,mohair   

rugs1 #gb1 #gg1 #hj4      ,mohammedan   
religion does not allow use of animal   
forms1 #cg2      used by ,shiah sect and
 others1 #ch2      green sacred color1  
#dh1 #ha2      white emblem of mourning1
 #dh2      introduction of rug-weaving  
into ,india1 #hg4      ,moodj mats1 #ib4
      ,moorish rugs1 #acd4      ,moors  
introduced rug-weaving into the ,west1  
#ada2      indirectly taught weaving of 
,navajo blankets1 #adg4      ,moradabod1
 #aff4      ,morocco rugs1 see ,moorish 
rugs4      ,morris rug1 #aci4           
,morris1 ,william1 #ach-adj4            
,moslems1 see under ,mohammedan4        
,mosques1 location of1 #abj4      ,mosul
 rugs1 #hj2 spelling1 #afi1 #agc4       
,moussul1 #afi4      ,mujur1 #agc4      
,multan rugs1 #ib1 #ic2      spelling1  
#aff1agc4      ,mumford1 ,john          
,kimberly1 #agg4      ,mummy ,badge1    
,the1 ,budge1 #age4      ,mntz1 ,eugene1
 #agg4      ,murex1 source of           
,phoenician purple1 #ah1 #de4           
,murshidabad1 #aff1 #agc4      ,muskabad

 rugs1 #ff1 #gj4      ,mylasso1 #afi4   
,mysore1 #aff1 #agc4      ,mysore rugs1 
#ic4      ,mythology and ,egyptian      
,christianity1 ,sharpe1 #agg4        ,n 
,naamah1 legendary inventor of spinning1
 #af4      ,nagpur1 #aff1 #agc4         
,names of rugs1 #id4      ,natural forms
 in rug designs1 #ai1 #ba1 #cg1 #fe4    
,navajo ,indian ,reservation1 #adf4     
,navajo rugs1 swastika design in1 #dc2  
description of1 #adf-adi 7and plate74   
,navajo women's costume1 #adh4      ,new
 ,england hooked or rag rugs1 #adc1     
#add4      ,nile ,key1 symbolism of1    
#aeh4      ,nineveh and ,babylon1       
,layard1 #agf4      ,nineveh and its    
,remains1 ,layard1 #agf4      ,nineveh  
marbles1 #ag2      fall of1 #ai4        
,ning-po1 #afc1 #afe1 #agc4      ,niris1
 ,lake1 #ff4      ,niris rugs1 #ff4     
,niriz1 #afg1 #agc4      ,nishapur1     
#afg1 #agc4      ,nomadic weavers1 #bf2 
design peculiar to1 #da4      ,north    
,arcot 7,district71 #aff1 #agc4         
,o      ,octagon design1 #dc4           

,o',dagree1 ,h4 ,eugene1 #agg4          
,o',donovan1 ,edmund1 #agg4      ,odor  
of rugs1 #ie1 #if4      ,old man leaning
 on staff1 symbolism of1 #aeg4          
,olive1 symbolism of1 #afa4             
,onteora rugs1 #add4      ,oorfa1 #afi4 
,orange1 symbolism of1 #dh4             
,oriental ,carpets1 ,clarke1 #age4      
,oriental ,carpets1 ,coxon1 #age4       
,oriental ,carpets1 ,lessing1 #agf4     
,oriental ,rugs1 ,mumford1 #agg4        
,oriental symbols1 #aef-afb4            
,origin of ,pagan ,idolatry1 ,faber1    
#agf4      ,origin of ,pictish          
,symbolism1 ,southesk1 #agg4            
,ormarah1 #afe1 #agc4      ,ornement    
,polychrome1 ,l'1 ,racinet1 #agg4       
,ouchak1 #ha1 #afi1 #agc4      ,ouchak  
rugs1 #gh1 #ha4      ,oushak1 #afi4     
,oustri-,nan rugs1 #ff2      spelling1  
#afg1agc4      ,outlines of black and   
white1 #dg4      ,owephissa1 #agj1 #agc4
      ,owl1 symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afa4   
,ox1 symbolism of1 #afa4        ,p      
,palestine rugs1 #aaa4      ,palm leaf  

designs1 #da4      ,palm tree1 symbolism
 of1 #aei4      ,palmer1 ,mrs4 ,potter1 
rug owned by1 #ij4      ,palmette1 forms
 of1 #ci1 #dj4      ,papyrus1 importance
 to ,egyptians1 #ea2      symbolism of1 
#aei4      ,pashim 7goat's wool71 #cj1  
#ic4      ,patna1 #aff1 #agc4           
,patna rugs1 #ic4      ,patriarchs'     
graves1 rugs hung over1 #bj4            
,patterns1 small1 used by ,demirdji     
weavers1 #ge4      ,paul's ,tent ,cloth1
 #gb4      ,peach1 symbolism of1 #aeg4  
,peacock1 symbolism of1 #afj1 #afa4     
,peacock ,throne at ,teheran1 #abd4     
,pearls interwoven in silk rug1 #abd4   
,pequaket1 ,n4 ,h41 #adc4      ,pergamo1
 #afh4      ,pergamos1 #gd4             
,perrot1 ,georges1 #agg4      ,persia   
and the ,persian ,question1 ,curson1    
#age4      ,persia and the ,persians1   
,wheeler1 #agh4      ,persia1           
significance of white in1 #dh2          
antiquity of rug-making in1 #ec2        
civilization of1 #ec2      rugs         
principal source of income1 #ed2        

use of rugs in1 #ed2      export and    
import trade and value of rug industry1 
#ee1 #ef2      home consumption of part 
of product1 #ed1 #ef2      manufacturing
 firms1 #ef1 #eg2      official name1   
,iran1 #fb2      silk trade with ,china1
 #abc2      place-names1 #afg4          
,persian ,art1 ,smith1 #agg4            
,persian berries1 #dd1 #de4             
,persian coat of arms1 #afj4            
,persian designs in ,india1 #hg1 #hh2   
in ,jaipur rugs1 #ia2      in ,lahore   
rugs1 #ia2      in ,warangul rugs1 #ic2 
once used in ,japan1 #aaf4      ,persian
 ,empire1 its conquest by ,saracens1    
#ai4      ,persian knotting1 #cd-cf4    
,persian ,life and ,customs1 ,wilson1   
#agh4      ,persian rugs1 ,tree of ,life
 design on1 #ag2      value of1 #bh2    
excellence of design and coloring1 #cg2 
animal designs1 #cg1 #ch2      designs  
and borders in good antiques1 #ch2      
characteristic designs1 #dj-dc2         
choice of colors1 #dg2      use of1 in  
,persia1 #ed2      small ones not       

exported1 #ed2      durability of fine  
specimens1 #ed2      used as hangings1  
#ee2      districts where woven1 #ee2   
experts can tell where woven1 #ee2      
value of trade in1 #ee1 #ef2      export
 and import duties on1 #ef2             
manufactured for ,western markets1 #ef1 
#eg2      descriptions of characteristic
 weaves1 #eh-gj2      preferred to      
,indian1 #hg2      silk rugs1 #abd      
7plate71 #abe2      hunting rugs1 #abh2 
antique rug1 #aef 7plate72 symbols1     
#afj4      ,persian weavers taken to    
,india1 #hg4      ,persian wool1 #cj4   
,persische ,nadelmalerei1 ,die1         
,karabacek1 #agf4      ,peshawar sheep1 
#cj2      meaning of ,peshawar1 #afc2   
spelling1 #aff1 #agc4      ,petrie1     
,william ,matthews ,flinders4 #agg4     
,pharaohs1 ,fellahs1 and ,explorers1    
,third ,lecture1 ,edwards1 #agf4        
,philadelphia1 power looms in1 #bd2     
rug-production of1 #adc4      ,phillips1
 ,g41 #agg4      ,phoenician art1 #ah4  
,phoenician purple1 #ah4      ,phoenix1 

symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb4         
,pig1 symbolism of1 #afb4      ,pine    
cone1 symbolism of1 #afi4      ,pine    
trees1 symbolism of1 #afj4      ,pirot1 
,servia1 #acf4      ,place-names        
associated with rugs1 meanings of1 #afb1
 #afc2      various spellings of1       
#afd-agd4      ,pliny1 quoted1 #de4     
,plutarch1 quoted1 #de4      ,polish    
rugs1 #aai4      ,pomegranate design1   
#da1 #aei4      ,poona1 #aff1 #agc4     
,pooneh1 #aff4      ,power looms1 #bb1  
#bd4      ,prayer rugs1 ,ghiordes1 #ge2 
,ghiordes and ,kulah1 #gh2      ,ladik1 
#gi2      modern and antique compared1  
#hj2      ,beluchistan1 #ig2            
,karamanian and ,kurdish1 #aag2         
description1 #abj-abb4      ,puckered   
edges of ,sinna rugs1 #fi4      ,pueblo 
,indians taught rug-weaving by          
,spaniards1 #adg4      ,punjab1 capital 
of the1 #ia4      ,purple1 see          
,phoenician and ,tyrian purple2         
symbolism of1 #dg2      favorite color  
of ,romans1 #dh4      ,purpurin 7red    

coloring-matter71 #dd4      ,pushmina   
rugs1 #ic4        ,q      ,qourdes1     
#afi4      ,quaritch1 ,bernhard1 #aci4  
,quarterly ,papers on ,architecture1    
,weale1 #agh4      ,quetta1 #afe1 #agc4 
,r      ,rabat1 #acd4      ,rachova1    
#agj1 #agc4      ,racinet1 ,m4 ,a41     
#agg4      ,rag rugs1 ,new ,england1    
#adc1 #add4      ,raipur1 #aff4         
,ralph1 ,julian1 #hh1 #hi4      ,ram1   
symbolism of1 #afb4      ,rampur1 #aff1 
#agc4      ,rangpur1 #aff1 #agc4        
,rawar1 #afg4      ,reber1 ,franz von1  
#agg4      ,reciprocal trefoil design1  
#db1 #fg4      ,reclus1 ,elisie1 #agg4  
,red1 symbolism of1 #dg1 #dh4           
,redgrave's ,manual of ,design1 #agg4   
,reed1 symbolism of1 #afb4              
,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 ,renouf1  
#agg4      ,religion of the ,semites1   
,smith1 #agg4      ,renouf1 ,p4         
,le,page1 #agg4      ,resht1 #abe1 #afg1
 #agc4      ,restoration of old dyeing1 
#df4      ,rhamnus chlorophorus1 #de4   
,rhamnus utilis1 #de4      ,rhinoceros1 

symbolism of1 #afb4      ,rhodian lily  
design1 #gi4      ,riegl1 ,dr4 ,alois1  
#agg4      ,robinson1 ,vincent1 #agg4   
,rochdale1 power looms in1 #bd4         
,romans1 dyes prized by1 #de2           
purple favorite color of1 #dh4          
,rose color1 symbolism of1 #dg4         
,rosette1 symbolism of1 #aei4           
,rothschild1 ,baron ,adolphe1 rug owned 
by1 #abh4      ,rothschild1 ,baron      
,nathaniel1 rug owned by1 #aec4         
,roubaix1 #afi4      ,roumanian rugs1   
#acg4      ,royalty1 yellow symbol of1  
in ,china1 #dg4      ,rubia1            
dye-yielding genus1 #dd4      ,rubia    
tinctorum1 #dd4      ,rugs1 utility of1 
#ae2      origin of need for1 #ae2      
weaving of1 began1 #ae2      definition 
of name1 #ae2      identical with       
carpets1 #af2      represented in       
,egyptian wall-paintings1 #af1 #ag2     
on ,nineveh marbles1 #ag2               
,egyptian1 #ah2      ,assyrians used1 as
 awnings and floor-coverings1 #ai2      
rug-weaving in ,egypt1 ,chaldea1        

,assyria1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,greece1    
#ai2      introduced into ,europe1 #bj2 
hung over graves1 #bj2      used in     
,europe during ftes1 #bj2               
increasing use of1 #ba1 #bf2      value 
by square foot1 #bh2      sometimes     
woven underground1 #bi2      pashim rugs
 from ,india1 #cj2      of camel's hair1
 #ca2      knotting in ,persian1 #cb2   
product of cold districts in demand1    
#cb2      selected for ,western market1 
#cc2      famous rugs in collections1   
#cc2      industry encouraged in ,india1
 #ce2      designs in ,persian1 #cg1    
#ch2      designs in modern ,oriental1  
#ch2      proportion between size and   
design1 #ci2      replace skins in      
,egypt1 #ea2      modern ,egyptian1 #ea2
      imported into ,egypt1 #eb2        
,cairo emporium for sale of1 #eb2       
antique ,persian1 #ec2      ,shah       
,abbas's encouragement of rug-weaving1  
#ec2      value of ,shah ,abbas rugs1   
#ec2      decline and growth of industry
 in ,persia1 #ed2      use of1 in       

,persia1 #ed2      durability of1 #ed2  
district where woven determined by      
design and fabric1 #ee1 #hh2      value 
of trade to ,persia1 #ee1 #ef2          
export and import duties upon1 #ef2     
firms prosecute trade in1 #ef1 #eg2     
quality and design of modern ,persian1  
#eg2      characteristics of ,persian1  
#eh-gj2      value in ,orient1 #gj2     
characteristics of ,turkish1 #ga-hc2    
use of1 in ,turkey1 #gb2      in        
,constantinople market1 #gb1 #gc2       
characteristics of ,indian1 #hg-id2     
less expensive than ,persian1 #hh2      
,indian gold-embroidered state rugs1    
#hi2      ,lord ,clive's rug1 #hi2      
rugs have replaced shawls in ,kashmir1  
#hi2      rugs of ,afghanistan1 #ie1    
#if2      of ,beluchistan1 #ig2         
,turkoman rugs1 #ih-ajd2      ,caucasian
 rugs1 #aje-ajh2      rugs of ,holy     
,land1 #aaa1 #aab2      of ,china1      
#aac-aae2      of ,japan1 #aaf2         
,khilim1 #aag1 #aah2      ,polish1 #aai2
      prayer1 #abj-abb2      silk1      

#abc-abe2      felt1 #abf1 #abg2        
hunting1 ,persian1 #abh2      ,greek1   
#acb1 #acc2      ,moorish and ,spanish1 
#acd1 #ace2      ,bosnian1 ,servian1    
,roumanian1 and ,bulgarian1 #acf1 #acg2 
,english1 #ach-adj2      ,french1 #ada1 
#adb2      ,united ,states1 #adc-adi2   
inscriptions on1 #aec-aee2              
,oriental symbols on1 #aef-afb2         
meanings of place-names associated with1
 #afb1 #afc4      ,running hook design1 
#da4      ,russian ,empire1 place-names1
 #afh4      ,rustan ,khan1 #afe1 #agc4  
,ryan1 ,charles1 #agg4        ,s        
,s-form design1 #dc4      ,sabatos rugs1
 #add1 #ade4      ,saddlebags1          
rug-woven1 #fj4      ,saffron1 #dd1 #dh4
      ,safieta1 #afi4      ,safita1     
#agd4      ,sail of a vessel1 symbolism 
of1 #aei4      ,st4 ,clement1 legendary 
discoverer of felt1 #abf1 #abg4         
,sakai1 #afg1 #agd4      ,samarkand     
rugs1 #ajb 7and plate71 #abe2           
meaning of ,samarkand1 #afc2            
spelling1 #afh1 #agd4      ,saraband    

rugs1 #db1 #ei1 #ff4      ,saracens1    
their conquest and influence1 #ai2      
origin of name1 #bj2      introduced    
tapestries to ,france1 #ada4            
,sarakhs rugs1 #eh 7and plate71 #fg2    
spelling1 #agd4      ,sarawan1 #fg1     
#afe1 #agd4      ,sarik tribe1 #ih4     
,saruk rugs1 #fg4      ,savalan rugs1   
#fh1 #gj4      ,savas1 #afi4            
,savonnerie1 ,la1 rug factory1 #ada4    
,sayce1 ,archibald ,henry1 ,,ll4,d41    
#agg4      ,scarabus1 symbolism of1     
#aei4      ,scarlet1 symbolism of1 #dg4 
,schwarzenberg1 ,prince1 ,vienna1 rug   
owned by1 #acd4      ,scorpion1         
symbolism of1 #afb4      ,scotland1     
power looms in1 #be4      ,scroll       
design1 #dc4      ,sculpture1 ,manual   
of1 #agg4      ,sedentary weavers1 #bf1 
#bg4      ,se-,ling-,she1 legendary     
discoverer of silk-weaving1 #abc4       
,serampur1 #aff1 #agd4      ,serapi     
rugs1 #fi4      ,serebend rugs1 #ff4    
,serinuggar1 #aff4      ,serpent1       
symbolism of1 #aei1 #afb4      ,serrated

 leaf design1 #dc4      ,servian rugs1  
#acf4      ,shah ,abbas design1 #dc1    
#ei4      ,shang-hai1 #afc1 #afe1 #agd4 
,shan-tung1 #afe1 #agd4      ,sharjah1  
#afi1 #agd4      ,sharkah1 #afi4        
,sharpe1 ,samuel1 #agg4      ,sharrokhs 
on the ,attrek1 #hg4      ,shawls1      
,kashmir1 #hi1 #ajh4      ,shearing1    
,indian methods of1 #adg4      ,sheep1  
not raised in rocky regions1 #gb2       
not eaten by ,hindoos1 #hh4             
,shelley1 ,g4 ,e41 #agg4      ,shemakha 
rugs1 #ajh2      spelling1 #afh1agd4    
,shepherds use felt rugs1 #abf4         
,shiah sect of ,moslems employ animal   
designs1 #ch      ,shikarpur1 #aff1     
#agd4      ,shiraz1 #ff1 #fh1 #afg1     
#agd4      ,shiraz rugs1 #da1 #fh 7and  
plate74      ,shirvan1 #aag1 #afh1 #afi1
 #agd4      ,shirvan1 rugs1 #da1 #ajg1  
#ajh4      ,shirwan1 #afg1 #agd4        
,shoes removed in house by ,persians1   
#ee4      ,short ,history of ,tapestry1 
,a1 ,mntz1 #agg4      ,show-window      
demonstrations by ,oriental weavers1    

#ba4      ,shrouds1 rugs used as1 #ace4 
,shusha1 #agd4      ,shushu1 #afh4      
,shuster1 ancient capital of ,persia1   
#ec1 #ee2      spelling1 #afg1 #agd4    
,sicily1 rug-weaving introduced by      
,saracens1 #bj2      silk-weaving in1   
#abc4      ,silk for rug-weaving1 #cj2  
introduced into antique ,kirman rugs1   
#fe2      silk rugs of ,brusa1 #gd2     
silk ,polish rugs1 #aai2      use of1   
discovered in ,china1 #abc2      use of1
 outside of ,china1 #abc2               
description and prices of silk rugs1    
#abd 7and plate71 #abe2      silk added 
to wool rugs1 #abd4      ,silver woven  
in ,polish rugs1 #aai4      ,sindh rugs1
 #ic4      ,sinna1 #aag1 #afg1 #agd4    
,sinna ,khilims1 #aag4      ,sinna      
knotting1 #cd1 #ce4      ,sinna rugs1   
characteristic border of1 #dj2          
description1 #fi2      plate1 #cd4      
,sirab rugs1 #fi2 spelling1 #afg1 #agd4 
,sivas rugs1 #hb2 spelling1 #agd4       
,skins sewed into rugs1 #aae4           
,smith1 ,byron ,l41 rug owned by1 #fb   

7plate74      ,smith1 ,ralph ,oliver1   
rug owned by1 #ih 7plate74      ,smith1 
,major ,r4 ,murdock1 ,r4 ,e41 #agg4     
,smith's ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities1
 #agg4      ,smith's ,religion of the   
,semites1 #agg4      ,smyrna1 madder    
raised near1 #dd2      trade with1 #gg1 
#hb2      spelling1 #afi1 #agd4         
,smyrna rugs1 #gb1 #hb1 #acd4           
,sohar1 #afi1 #agd4      ,solar disk    
with serpents1 symbolism of1 #aei4      
,sonmeani1 #afe1 #agd4      ,soumak     
rugs1 manner of knotting1 #cd1 #ce2     
characteristic design of1 #da2          
description of1 #ajh2      see plate1   
page #cj4      ,southesk's ,origin of   
,pictish ,symbolism1 #agg4      ,spade  
design1 #db4      ,spain1 rug-weaving   
in1 #bj1 #acd2      silk-weaving in1    
#abc4      ,spaniards taught weaving and
 sheep-raising to ,american ,indians1   
#adg4      ,sparta1 #afi4      ,sparta  
rugs1 #hc4      ,spear1 symbolism of1   
#afb4      ,spelling of place-names1    
#afd-agd4      ,sphinx1 symbolism of1   

#aei4      ,spider1 symbolism of1 #afb4 
,spinning1 legends of invention of1 #af4
      ,spon1 ----1 #agg4      ,squirrel1
 symbolism of1 #afb4      ,srinagar     
rugs1 #ic2      meaning of ,srinagar1   
#afc2      spelling1 #aff1 #agd4        
,staff in the hands of the gods1        
symbolism of1 #aei4      ,stamboul1 #gc4
      ,standing eagle1 symbolism of1    
#afj4      ,star designs1 #dc1 #afb4    
,stark tree form in ,turkoman rugs1     
#aja1 #ajb4      ,stitches in ,persian  
rugs1 see ,knots4      ,stockholm       
,palace1 rug in1 #abh4      ,stork1     
symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afj4               
,strickland1 ,agnes1 #agh4      ,stuart1
 ,h4 ,villiers1 #agh4      ,subdued     
colors1 preference given to1 #ba1 #dg4  
,su-chau1 #afe1 #agd4      ,sultanabad1 
#ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fi1 #abe2      spelling1
 #afg1 #agd4      ,sultanabad rugs1 #fi1
 #gj4      ,sultan's factories and      
schools1 #gf4      ,sumac1 #dd4         
,sun1 symbolism of1 #aei1 #afj4         
,superstitions among weavers1 #bi4      

,surat1 #aff1 #agd4      ,susiana1      
,ancient 7,province71 #afg4             
,swastika design1 #db1 #adh1 #afb4      
,switzerland1 rug-weaving in1 #adb4     
,sword1 symbolism of1 #afj4      ,sykes1
 ,ella ,c41 #agh4      ,symbolican      
,language of ,ancient ,art and          
,mythology1 ,the1 ,knight1 #agf4        
,symbolism in ,christian ,art1 ,hulme1  
#agf4      ,symbols ,antiques1 ,les1    
,o',dagree1 #agg4      ,symbols1        
,navajo1 #adh2      ,oriental1 #aef2    
,chinese1 #aeg2      ,egyptian1 #aeh1   
#aei2      ,indian1 #aei2               
,japanese1 #afj2      ,persian1 #afj2   
,turkish1 #afj2      miscellaneous1     
#afa1 #afb4      ,symbols of ,early     
,christian ,art1 ,twining1 #agh4        
,syria1 #afh4      ,syrian ,christian   
weavers1 #ga4      ,syrian rugs1 #aaa4  
,t      ,tabor1 ,mrs4 ,sydney ,richmond1
 rug owned by1 #ef 7plate74             
,tabriez1 #afh4      ,tabriz1 #fc1 #afc1
 #afh1 #agd4      ,tabriz rugs1 #gj and 
frontispiece 7plate74      ,tajura1     

#afi1 #agd4      ,talim1 or working     
drawing of rug design1 #ci4             
,tanjore1 #aff1 #agd4      ,tapestries  
synonymous with rugs1 #af2              
introduced into ,england1 #ach2         
introduced into ,france by ,saracens1   
#ada4      ,tarantula design1 #dc4      
,tawarek tribe1 #ace4      ,tchechen    
rugs1 #ajh4      ,teheran rug market1   
#gj1 #abe2      meaning of ,teheran1    
#afc2      spelling1 #afh1 #agd4        
,tekk tribe1 #ih1 #ajc4                 
,tekk-,turkoman rugs1 #ih 7plate71 #ajc4
      ,ten ,years' ,digging in ,egypt1  
,petrie1 #agg4      ,textile            
,manufactures and ,costumes of the      
,people of ,india1      ,the1 ,watson1  
#agh4      ,theban fresco represents    
rug-weavers1 #ag4      ,thibetan goat's 
hair1 #cj4      ,things ,chinese1 ,ball1
 #age4      ,thompson1 ----1 #agh4      
,through ,asia1 ,hedin1 #agf4           
,through ,persia on a ,side ,saddle1    
,sykes1 #agh4      ,tient-sing1 #afe1   
#agd4      ,tokio1 #afg1 #agd4          

,tortoise1 symbolism of1 #aeg1 #afj4    
,tourcoing1 #afi1 #agd4      ,tourists1 
,cairo rug-market for1 #eb4             
,tournay1 #afi1 #agd4      ,trade in    
,ghiordes rugs1 #ge4                    
,transcaucasia1 #ga1 #aje1 #afh4        
,trebizond1 #afi1 #agd4      ,tree and  
,serpent ,worship1 ,fergusson1 #agf4    
,tree of ,health design1 symbolism of1  
#afj4      ,tree of ,life design on     
,persian rugs1 #ag1 #fe2      on        
,kashgar rugs1 #aja2      on ,ghiordes  
rugs1 #abb2      symbolism of1 #aeg1    
#afj4      ,see frontispiece plate and  
#abd 7plate74      ,triangle design1    
#dc4      ,tribute paid in insects for  
dye purposes1 #de4      ,tripoli1 #afi1 
#agd4      ,tsi-nan1#afe1 #agd4         
,tsing-chau1 #afe1 #agd4                
,tsing-ning1 #afe1 #agd4      ,tsun-hua 
rugs1 #aae4      ,tuareg rugs1 #ace4    
,tuareg tribe1 #ace4      ,tunis rugs1  
#ace1 #afi4      ,turfani wool1 #cj4    
,turkey in ,asia1 place-names1 #afh4    
,turkey in ,europe1 ,khilims woven in1  

#aag4      ,turkish coat of arms1 #afj4 
,turkish knotting1 #cd1 #ce4            
,turkish ,kurdistan1 ,khilim rugs woven 
in1 #aag4      ,turkish loom and        
weavers1 #bd 7plate74      ,turkish rug 
factories1 #bd4      ,turkish rugs1 #bd1
 #ga-hc2      of silk1 #abe4            
,turkish symbolism1 of green1 #dh2      
of crescent and star1 #afj4             
,turkish wool1 #cj4      ,turkoman rugs1
 #ie1 #ih-ajd1 #abe4      ,turmeric1    
#dd4      ,turtle1 symbolism of1 #afb4  
,twining1 ----1 #agh4      ,tyrian      
purple 7see ,phoenician purple71 #de1   
#dg4      ,tzitzi rugs1 #ajh4        ,u 
,umballa1 #aff4      ,unbeaten tracks in
 ,japan1 ,bishop1 #age4      ,united    
,states1 ,oriental weavers in1 #ba2     
power looms in1 #bd2      import duties1
 #ef2      ,persian rugs to supply trade
 of1 #eg2      ,sultanabad rugs imported
 into1 #gj2      law against importation
 of jail-made goods1 #ij2               
rug-weaving in1 #adc-adi4      ,urfa1   
#ga1 #afi1 #agd4      ,ushak1 #afi4     

,v      ,value of square foot of best   
,persian rug1 #bh2      of rug trade to 
,persia1 #ee1 #ef2      of ,persian rugs
 in the ,orient1 #gj2      of silk rugs1
 #abe4      ,vmbry1 ,arminius1 #agh4    
,van ,dyke1 ,john ,charles1 #agh4       
,vegetable dyes1 #dd1 #df1 #aci4        
,vegetable fibre in ,mirzapur rugs1 #ib4
      ,verulam1 ,earl of1 rug owned by1 
#ach 7plate74      ,vienna1 rug-weaving 
at1 #acf4      ,violet in old rugs1 #hj4
      ,viper1 symbolism of1 #aei4       
,volk1 ,mrs4 ,douglas1 #ade4            
,vorderasiatische ,knpfteppiche1 ,bode1 
#age4        ,w      ,wake1 ,charles    
,staniland1 #agh4      ,warangal1 #aff1 
#agd4      ,warangul rugs1 #ic4         
,washing to subdue colors1 #gg2      to 
overcome odor1 #ie4      ,watson1 ,dr4  
,forbes1 #agh4      ,weale1 ,john1 #agh4
      ,weavers1 skilled ,oriental1 #bj2 
correct color sense of1 #bj2            
demonstrating their craft in ,united    
,states1 #ba2      women and girls1 #bf2
      men and boys1 #bf2      sedentary1

 #bf1 #bg2      nomadic1 #bf2      men  
naturally unsuited1 #bg2      profits   
of1 #bg1 #bh1 #hb2      time consumed1  
#bh2      wages and advance payment1    
#bh2      fare1 #bi2      work          
underground1 #bi2      superstitions1   
#bi2      skill of1 #cb1 #cc2      use  
of dyes by1 #dd2      ,egyptian1 #ea2   
women of all classes1 #ee2              
,persian1 in employ of factories1 #eg2  
use small patterns1 #ge2      ,indian1  
#hh2      ,japanese1 #aaf2      ,greek1 
#acb2      ,flemish1 #ach2      ,navajo1
 #adh4      ,weaving1 legends of        
invention of1 #af2      in ancient      
,egypt1 #bb2      method of ,oriental1  
#bb2      in ,india1 #bc4               
,westroff1 ,hodder ,m41 #agh4           
,westwood1----1 #agh4      ,wheel1      
symbolism of1 #aei1 #afb4      ,wheeler1
 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,d41 rug owned by1 #abf      
7plate74      ,wheeler1 ,samuel ,green1 
#agh4      ,white1 symbolism of1 #dg1   
#dh2      use of cotton for1 #gf4       
,wilkinson1 ,sir ,j4 ,gardner1 quoted1  

#ag1 #agh4      ,william of ,germany1   
,emperor1 his rug collection1 #gg4      
,williams1 ,s4 ,wells1 #agh4            
,wilson1 ,rev4 ,samuel ,graham1 ,m4,a41 
#agh4      ,wilton1 power looms in1 #bd4
      ,wings1 symbolism of1 #afb4       
,winkleman1 ,johann ,joachim1 #agh4     
,wolf1 symbolism of1 #afb4      ,wool1  
preparation of1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb2          
where produced1 #cj2      handling1 #cb2
      quality1 #cb2      not produced in
 ,india1 #hh4      ,worcester1 power    
looms in1 #bd4      ,worsted used in    
rug-weaving1 #bc4      ,writers1        
ancient1 allude to rugs1 #ah4           
,wyatt1 ,m4 ,digby1 #agh4        ,x     
,xanthin 7yellow coloring matter71 #dd4 
,y      ,y-form design1 #dc4      ,yak's
 hair1 #cj4      ,yangi-hissar1 #afe4   
,yapraks 7,ouchak rugs71 #ha1 #hc4      
,yarkand1 #afe1 #agd4      ,yarkand     
rugs1 #ajc4      ,yellow-dyes1 how      
produced1 #dd1 #de2      symbolism of1  
#dg2      used by ,turkomans1 #ih4      
,yezd rugs1 #gj2      felt rugs1 #abf2  

meaning of ,yezd1 #afc2      spelling1  
#afh1 #agd4      ,yomud rugs1 #ajj1     
#ajc1 #ajd4      ,yomud tribe1 #ih1     
#ajc4      ,young stags1 symbolism of1  
#aeg4      ,yuruk rugs1 #hc4      ,yuruk
 tribe1 #aag4        ,z      ,zarand1   
#afh1 #agd4      ,zeli1 #afi4           
,zerffi1 ,g4,c41 #agh4      ,zerni1     
#afe1 #agd4      ,zigzag design1 #dc1   
#aei4      ,zileh1 #afi1 #agd4          
,zilleh1 #afi4      ,,the ,,end