file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #biibh-;h4htm  
or #biibh-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#biibh_/pg#biibh-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#biib
h_/biibh-;h4zip7      ,contributions f  
,! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology3      
,pap] #aa  ,,:y ,,bewick ,,succe$$3  ,a 
,note 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,wood ,engrav+  by  
,,jacob ,,ka95       ,,! ,,contempor>y  
,,view ,,( ,,bewick   #ahf  ,,l[ ,,/atus
 ,,( ,,! ,,woodcut         #ahh         
,,woodcut ,,& ,,wood ,,engrav+          
#ahi  ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,!          
,,/]eotype #aig     ,,:y ,,bewick       
,,succe$$3  ,by ,jacob ,ka95  ,a ,note 9
 ! ,hi/ory ( ,wood ,engrav+   ,?omas    
,bewick has be5 acclaim$ z ! pione] (   
mod]n wood engrav+ ^: g5ius br\ght ?is  
popul> m$ium to prom95ce4 ,?is /udy %[s 
t c]ta9 te*nological developm5ts prep>$ 
a pa? = ,bewick & help$ give 8 "w its   
unique "*4  ,! ,au?or3 ,jacob ,ka95 is  
curator ( graphic arts1 ,museum (       

,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian   
,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national   
,museum4     ,no o!r arti/ has approa*$ 
,?omas ,bewick 7#agec-ahbh7 z ! *ronicl]
 ( ,engli% ru/ic life4 ,! little wood   
engrav+s :i* he turn$ out 9 su* great   
numb] 7 records ( typical sc5es &       
episodes1 b ! arti/ c\ld also give !m   
social & moral ov]tones4 ,su* an approa*
 has attract$ num]\s admir]s :o h held  
him 9 e/eem z an und\bt$ homespun g5ius4
 ,! fact t he _h no =mal tra9+ z a wood 
engrav]1 & actually nev] _h a lesson 9  
draw+1 made 8 native inspiration seem   
all ! m au!ntic4     ,! ,contempor>y    
,view ( ,bewick   ,aft] #agij1 :5 8 ,a  
g5]al hi/ory ( quadrup$s appe>$ ) its   
vivid animals & its humor\s & mordant   
tailpiece vignettes1 he 0 hail$ 9 t]ms t
 h h>dly be5 mat*$ = adulation4 ,c]ta9ly
 no m]e book illu/rator ev] receiv$     
equal acclaim4 ,he 0 pron\nc$ a great   
arti/1 a great man1 an out/&+ morali/ & 
re=m]1 & ! ma/] ( a new pictorial me?od4
 ,?is flood ( eulogy rose increas+ly    

dur+ 8 lifetime & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t !     
rema9d] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x came f      
lit]>y m5 & wom5 :o saw him z ! arti/ ( 
! common man2 f ! pi\s :o recogniz$ him 
z a comm5tator on ! vanities & h>d%ips (
 life 7b :o sometimes deplor$ !         
frankness ( 8 subjects72 f bibliophiles 
:o welcom$ him z a revolution>y         
illu/rator2 & f fell[ wood engrav]s =   
:om he 0 ! indisp5sable trail blaz]4    
,dur+ ! initial wave ( ,bewick          
appreciation1 ! usually sob] ,wordswor? 
wrote 9 ! #ahje edition ( ,lyrical      
ballads3#a  ,o n[ t ! g5ius ( ,bewick 7 
m9e1 ,& ! skill :i* he le>n$ on ! banks 
( ! ,tyne6 ,!n ! ,muses might deal ) me 
j z !y *ose1 ,= ,i'd take my la/ leave  
bo? ( v]se & ( prose4 ,:at feats w\ld ,i
 "w ) my magical h&6 ,book le>n+ & books
 w\ld be bani%$ ! l&4  ,if art critics z
 a class 7 ! mo/ cons]vative 9 _!       
e/imates ( 8 ability1 x 0 "o ( ! mo/    
em95t1 ,john ,rusk91 ^: praise w5t to   
mo/ extravagant l5g?s4 ,bewick1 he      
ass]t$1 z late z #ahij1b 444 )\t tra9+1 

0 ,holbe9's equal 444 9 ?is frame are   
set toge!r a draw+ by ,hans ,holbe91 &  
"o by ,?omas ,bewick4 ,i "k :i* is mo/  
s*ol>ly2 b ,i d n "k :i* is be/4 ,l9k+  
,bewick ) ,botticelli z a draughtsman1  
he add$3#c ,i "k no draw+ s subtle z    
,bewick's s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury1 except 
,holbe9's & ,turn]'s4 ,& z a typical    
example ( popul> appreciation1 ! foll[+1
 f ! ,june #ahbh issue ( ,blackwood's   
,magaz9e1 appe>+ a few mon?s be=e       
,bewick's dea?1 %\ld suffice3       ,h  
we =gott51 9 our hurri$ & imp]fect      
enum]ation ( wise      wor?ies1--h we   
=gott5 ,! ,g5ius t dwells on ! banks    
( ! ,tyne1 ! mat*less1 ,inimitable      
,bewick8 ,no4 ,8 books lie      9 our   
p>l\r1 d9+-room1 draw+-room1 /udy-table1
 & are      nev] out ( place or "t4     
,happy old man6 ,! delight (            
*ildhood1 manhood1 decay+ age6--,a moral
 9 e tail-piece--a      s]mon 9 e       
vignette4  ,?is acclaim came to ,bewick 
n only because 8 subjects _h a homely   
hone/y1 b also1 al?\gh n g5]ally tak5   

into acc\nt1 because ( ! brilliance &   
cl>ity ) :i* !y 7 pr9t$4 ,comp>$ ) !    
wood engrav+s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 8 7 m    
detail$ & resonant 9 black & :ite1 &    
accord+ly seem$ miracul\s & unprec$5t$4 
,he c\ld engrave f9] l9es & a*ieve bett]
 impressions 9 ! press because (        
improvem5ts 9 te*nology :i* w be        
discuss$ lat]1 b = a c5tury ! conv9c+   
qualities ( ?is new te*nique 9          
comb9ation ) 8 subject matt] l$ admir]s 
to believe t he 0 an arti/ ( great      
/ature4  #a ,william ,wordswor?1        
,lyrical ballads1 ,london1 #ahje1 vol4  
#a4 p4 #aii4  #b ,john ,rusk91 ,ariadne 
,flor5t9a1 ,london1 #ahij1 pp4 #ih1 #ii4
  #c ,ibid41 p4 #bdf4  ,lat]1 m mature  
judgm5t has made x pla9 t 8             
contributions z a craftsman outrank 8   
wor? z an arti/4 ,he 0 no ,holbe91 no   
,botticelli--x is absurd to ?9k ( him 9 
su* t]ms--b he did develop a fre% me?od 
( h&l+ wood engrav+4 ,because ( ?is he  
repres5ts a turn+ po9t 9 ! developm5t ( 
?is m$ium :i* l$ to its rise z ! great  

popul> vehicle = illu/ration 9 ! #ai?   
c5tury4 ,9 8 h&s wood engrav+ und]w5t a 
special trans=mation2 x became a means =
 r5d]+ textures & tonal values4 ,e>li]  
"w on wood c\ld n d ?is2 x c\ld manage  
only a rudim5t>y sugge/ion ( tones4 ,!  
ref9em5ts t foll[$1 noticeable 9 !      
highly f9i%$ products ( ! lat] #ai?     
c5tury1 came z a direct & natural       
consequ5ce ( ,bewick's contributions to 
! art4  ,l9ton#d & a few o!rs object to 
! g5]al claim t ,bewick 0 ! reviv] or   
f\nd] ( mod]n wood engrav+1 n only      
because ! art 0 practic$ e>li]1 if almo/
 anonym\sly1 & _h nev] really di$ out1 b
 also because 8 bold cuts _h little 9   
common ) _! te*nician's conc]n ) inf9ite
 manipulation ( surface tones1 a feature
 ( lat] "w4 ,b ?is misses ! ma9 po9t--t 
,bewick _h tak5 ! fir/ actual /eps 9 !  
new direction4  #d ,william ,l9ton1 ,!  
ma/]s ( wood engrav+1 ,london1 #ahhi1 p4
 #acc4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#a4--,woodcutt+ ,proc$ure1 %[+ me?od (  
cutt+ ) ! knife on ! plank gra91 f ,jean

 ,papillon's ,trait de la gravure en    
bois1 #agff4  ,unque/ionably he gave !  
m$ium a new purpose1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 n     
g5]ally adopt$ until aft] #ahcj4 ,?r\gh 
8 pupils1 8 unrel5t+ indu/ry1 & 8       
enorm\s influ5ce he fa!r$ a pictorial   
activity t br\ght a va/ly increas$      
quantity ( illu/rations to ! public4    
,p]iodical lit]ature1 spurr$ by         
accompany+ pictures t c\ld be *eaply    
made1 quickly pr9t$1 & dramatically     
po9t$1 became a liveli] =ce 9 education4
 ,textbooks1 trade j\rnals1 diction>ies1
 & o!r publications c\ld m effectively  
tea* or describe2 sci5tific j\rnals c\ld
 include 9 ! body ( text neat & accurate
 pictures to enliv5 ! pages & illu/rate 
! equipm5t & proc$ures describ$4        
,articles on travel c\ld n[ h conv9c+ly 
reali/ic r5ditions ( ar*itectural l&m>ks
 & ( =eign sights1 cu/oms1 p]sonages1 & 
views4 ,! wood engrav+1 9 %ort1 made    
possible ! mod]n illu/rat$ publication  
because1 unlike copp] plate engrav+ or  
et*+1 x c\ld be quickly set up ) pr9t$  

matt]4 ,its use1 !re=e1 multipli$       
increas+ly until j be=e #aijj1 :5 x 0   
sup]s$$ = ^! purposes by !              
photome*anical halftone4  ,b :ile       
,bewick 0 ! prime mov] 9 ?is            
revolution>y *ange1 little att5tion has 
be5 giv5 to ! important te*nological    
developm5t t cle>$ ! way = him4 ,)\t x  
he c\ld n h em]g$ s />tl+ly2 )\t x !re  
w\ld h be5 no mod]n wood engrav+4 ,x is 
n capti\s to po9t out ! purely indu/rial
 basis = 8 com+ to prom95ce4 ,ev5 _h he 
be5 a great] arti/1 a /udy ( ! te*nical 
means at h& w\ld h validity 9 %[+ !     
int]relation ( indu/ry & art al?\gh1 (  
c\rse1 ! ae/hetic contribution w\ld /&  
by itself4  ,b 9 ,bewick's case !       
ae/hetic level is n p>ticul>ly high4    
,good z 8 art 01 x wore an ev]yday      
aspect3 he did n give x t additional    
expressive turn f\nd 9 ! "w ( great]    
arti/s4 ,x %\ld n be surpris+1 !n1 t 8  
"w 0 n inimitable4 ,x is well-kn[n t 8  
pupils made _m ( ! cuts attribut$ to    
him1 mak+ ! orig9al draw+s & engrav+ 9 8

 /yle s well t ! results =m almo/ "o    
indi/+ui%able body ( "w4 ,! pupils 7    
compet5t b n gift$1 yet !y c\ld turn out
 wood engrav+s n inf]ior to ,bewick's   
own4 ,& s we f9d t su* capable          
te*nicians z ,nesbit1 ,cl5nell1         
,rob9son1 ,hole1 ! ,johnsons1 ,h>vey1 & 
o!rs all contribut$ to ! ,bewick cult4  
,l9ton1 :o wor%ipp$ him z an arti/ b    
f\nd him primitive z a te*nician1       
comm5t$3#e ,widely prais$ by a cr[d (   
unkn[+ connoisseurs & undiscrim9at+     
collectors1 we h yet1 half a c5tury aft]
 8 dea?1 to po9t out h[ mu* ( :at is    
attribut$ to him is really by 8 h&4     
,*atto1#f :o obta9$ 8 in=mation f at    
lea/ "o ,bewick pupil1 says t _m ( ! be/
 tailpieces 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,briti% birds 
7 drawn by ,rob]t ,johnson1 & t ! great]
 numb] ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! second volume 7 
engrav$ by ,cl5nell4 ,grant$ t ! outlook
 & ! engrav+ /yle 7 ,bewick's1 & t ^! 7 
notable contributions1 ! fact t !       
results 7 s close to 8 own po9ts m to an
 effective me?od ( illu/ration ?an to ! 

outp\r+s ( g5ius4  #e ,ibid4     ,l[    
,/atus ( ! ,woodcut   ,bewick's tra9+   
c\ld n h be5 less promis+4 ,appr5tic$ to
 ,ralph ,beilby at ! age ( f\rte51 he   
says ( 8 ma/]3#g       444 ,! "w-place 0
 fill$ ) ! co>se/ k9d (      /eel-/amps1
 pipe m\lds1 bottle m\lds1 brass clock  
faces1 door      plates1 c(f9 plates1   
bookb9d]s lett]s & /amps1 /eel1         
silv] & gold seals1 m\rn+ r+s1 c4 ,he   
also und]took !      engrav+ ( arms1    
cre/s & cyph]s1 on silv]1 & e k9d (     
job f ! silv]smi?s2 also engrav+ bills (
 ex*ange1 bank      notes1 invoices1    
acc\nt heads1 & c>ds4444 ,! high]       
dep>tm5t      ( engrav+1 su* z l&scapes 
or hi/orical plates1 ,i d>e say1      0 
h>dly ?\ght ( by my ma/]4444  ,a little 
engrav+ on wood 0 also done1 b ,bewick  
tells u t 8 ma/] 0 uncom=table 9 ?is    
field & almo/ always turn$ x ov] to him4
 ,8 tra9+1 obvi\sly1 0 ( a r\gh & ready 
sort1 bas$ ^u s]viceable b r\t9e engrav+
 on metal4 ,!re 0 no /udy ( draw+1      
composition1 or any ( ! ref9em5ts t c\ld

 be le>n$ f a ma/] :o _h a k ( art4     
,:atev] ,bewick _h ( ! f9] po9ts ( draw+
 & design he mu/ h pick$ up by himself4 
#f ,william ,*atto1 & ,john ,jackson1 ,a
 treatise on wood engrav+1 ,london1     
#ahfa 7#a/ ed4 #ahci71 pp4 #dif-dih4  #g
 ,?omas ,bewick1 ,memoir ( ,?omas       
,bewick1 ,new ,york1 #aibe 7#a/ ed4     
,london1 #ahfb71 pp4 #ej1 #ea4  ,:5 he  
complet$ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 #aggd at ! age
 ( tw5ty-"o1 ! art ( engrav+ & cutt+ on 
wood 0 j beg9n+ to %[ signs ( life aft] 
m ?an a c5tury & a half ( occupy+ ! l[e/
 position 9 ! graphic arts4 ,s9ce x c\ld
 n produce a full gamut ( tones 9 ! gray
 regi/]1 :i* c\ld be manag$ brilliantly 
by ! copp] plate m$ia--l9e engrav+1     
et*+1 mezzot9t & aquat9t--x 0 conf9$ to 
rud] & less exact+ uses1 su* z ornam5tal
 headb&s & tailpieces = pr9t]s & z      
illu/rations = *eap popul> broadsides4  
,:5 good illu/rations 7 ne$$ 9 books &  
p]iodicals1 copp] plate "w 0 almo/      
inv>iably us$1 despite ! fact t x 0 m   
co/ly1 0 mu* sl[] 9 execution & pr9t+1 &

 _h to be b\nd 9 ) text 9 a sep>ate     
op]ation4 ,b :ile ! ,society ( ,arts _h 
begun to (f] prizes = engrav+ or cutt+  
on wood 7,bewick receiv$ su* a prize 9  
#agge7 ! m$ium 0 /ill moribund4         
,dobson#h describ$ its /atus z foll[s3  
,dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury    
engrav+ on wood      c sc>cely be said  
to h fl\ri%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x exi/$--s      
mu* may be admitt$--b x exi/$ )\t       
recognition or      importance4 ,9 !    
useful little tat des ,arts en          
,anglet]re1      publi%$ 9 #agee by     
,roquet ! enamell]1--a treatise s       
ca?olic      9 its scope t x includ$ bo?
 cook]y & m$ic9e1--!re is      no       
ref]5ce to ! art ( wood-engrav+4 ,9 !   
,arti/'s      ,assi/ant1 to take ano!r  
book :i* might be expect$ to af=d       
"s in=mation1 ev5 9 ! fif? edition (    
#aghh1 ! subject      f9ds no record1   
ev5 ?\gh engrav+ on metal1 et*+1        
mezzot9to-scrap+--to say no?+ ( pa9t+ on
 silks1 satt9s1      etc4 are treat$ )  
suffici5t detail4 ,turn+ f ^!           

au?orities to ! actual woodcuts ( !     
p]iod1 x mu/ be      admitt$ t ! survey 
is n enc\rag+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#b4--,wood ,engrav+ ,proc$ure1 %[+      
manipulation ( ! bur91 f ,*atto &       
,jackson1 ,a treatise on wood engrav+1  
#ahfa4 7,see footnote #f47  ,e>li]1     
among o!r critics ( ! defici5cies ( !   
woodcut1 ,horace ,walpole#i _h rem>k$3  
,i h said1 & = two reasons1 %all say    
little ( wood5 cuts2      t art nev] 0  
execut$ ) any p]fection 9 ,engl&2       
engrav+ on metal 0 a f9al improvem5t ( !
 art1 & suppli$      ! defects ( cutt+s 
9 wood4 ,! anci5t wood5 cuts 7          
c]ta9ly c>ri$ to a great heigh?1 b t 0 !
 m]it ( !      ma/]s1 n ( ! me?od4  #h  
,au/9 ,dobson1 ,?omas ,bewick & 8       
pupils1 ,bo/on1 #ahhd1 pp4 #a1 #b4  #i  
,horace ,walpole1 ,anecdotes ( pa9t+ 9  
,engl&4 ,a catalogue ( engrav]s :o h be5
 born1 or resid$ 9 ,engl&4 ,dige/$ f !  
manuscript ( ,mr4 ,george ,v]tue 444    
,london1 #aghb 7#a/ ed4 #agfb71 p4 #d4  
,woodcut & ,wood ,engrav+   ,x is       

necess>y1 be=e cont9u+1 to di/+ui%      
cle>ly betwe5 ! woodcut & ! wood        
engrav+1 n only because e>ly writ]s us$ 
^! t]ms int]*angeably1 b also to det]m9e
 exactly :at ,bewick contribut$         
te*nically4 ,! woodcut began ) a draw+ 9
 p5-&-ink on ! plank surface ( a        
smoo?-gra9$ wood su* z pe>1 s]viceb]ry1 
or box4 ,! woodcutt]1 us+ knife1 g\ges1 
& *isels1 !n l[]$ ! wood surr\nd+ ! l9es
 to all[ ! orig9al draw+1 unalt]$1 to be
 isolat$ 9 relief 7see fig4 #a74 ,?us ! 
block1 :5 ink$ & pr9t$1 produc$         
facsimile impressions ( ! draw+ 9 black 
l9es on :ite pap]4 ,usually an          
accompli%$ arti/ made ! draw+1 :]eas    
only a skill$ craftsman 0 ne$$ to d !   
cutt+2 v few cutt]s 7 also capable (    
mak+ _! own draw+s4  ,! wood engrav+1 on
 ! o!r h&1 />t$ ) a section ( d5se wood 
( a uni=m texture1 usually box or maple1
 & ) ! end-gra9 r ?an ! plank z surface4
 ,= l>g] engrav+s a numb] ( sections 7  
mortis$ toge!r4 ,! draw+ 0 made on !    
block1 n 9 p5-&-ink al?\gh ?is c\ld be  

done 7c]ta9 types ( wood engrav+        
reproduc$ p5 draw+s7 b 9 gray wa%es ) a 
full range ( tones4 ,! engrav]1 us+ a   
bur9 simil> to t employ$ 9 copp] plate  
"w1 !n pl\gh$ out wood 9 delicate       
ribbons 7see fig4 #b74 ,s9ce ! surface 0
 to receive ink1 ! proc$ure mov$ f black
 to :ite3 ! m l9es tak5 away1 ! light] !
 tones w\ld appe>1 &1 conv]sely1 :]e    
fewe/ or f9e/ l9es 7 remov$ ! tones w\ld
 be ! d>ke/4 ,9 ! f9i%$ pr9t ! unwork$  
surface pr9t$ black :ile ea* ( ! engrav$
 l9es %[$ z :ite4 ,x 0 ! :ite l9e t gave
 wood engrav+ its special quality4 ,on !
 smoo!r end-gra9 x c\ld be manipulat$ ) 
extreme f95ess1 an impossibility ) !    
plank side1 :i* w\ld te> slightly or    
fea!r :5 ! bur9 0 mov$ across ! gra94   
,tones & textures approa*+ ! scale (    
copp] plate engrav+ c\ld be creat$1     
except1 ( c\rse1 t ! l9es 7 :ite & !    
impressions n s brilliant4 ,b s9ce grays
 7 a*iev$ by ! visual syn!sis ( black   
ink & :ite pap]1 x matt]$ little :e!r ! 
engrav$ l9es 7 black or :ite s long z ! 

desir$ tones c\ld be produc$4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,late        
#ae?-,c5tury ,:ite-,l9e ,engrav+ ,!     
cr[n+ ( ! ,virg91 9 ! dott$ mann]       
execut$ on metal = relief pr9t+4 ,p>ts 7
 h& color$4  ,= purposes ( realism1 ?is 
0 an enorm\s improvem5t ov] ! old       
black-l9e woodcut4 ,natural tones &     
textures c\ld be imitat$4 ,! engrav] 0  
no long] a m]e me*anical craftsman cutt+
 ar\nd exi/+ l9es2 special skill 0 ne$$ 
to translate tones 9 t]ms ( :ite l9es ( 
v>y+ ?ickness & spac+4 ,! opportunity   
also exi/$ = ea* engrav] to "w 8 own    
tones 9 8 own mann]1 to develop a       
p]sonal sy/em4 ,9 %ort1 ! m$ium s]v$ !  
same purpose z copp] plate l9e engrav+1 
) ! add$ virtue t x c\ld be pr9t$ toge!r
 ) type 9 "o impression4 ,if x fail$    
arti/ically to measure up to l9e engrav+
 or to plank woodcut1 ?is 0 n ! fault ( 
! process b ( ! popul> reproductive ends
 :i* x almo/ inv>iably s]v$4  ,actually1
 :ite-l9e engrav+ = relief pr9t+ dates f
 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s e>ly  

examples are ! s-call$ dott$ pr9ts or   
gravures en manire crible1 9 :i* !      
designs 7 br\ght out by dots pun*$ 9 !  
plates1 & by occasional engrav$ l9es    
7see fig4 #c74 ,until ,koehl]'s#aj /udy 
made ?is fact pla91 #ai?-c5tury critics 
c\ld h>dly believe t ^! 7 m]ely :ite-l9e
 metal relief pr9ts1 ink$ on ! surface l
 woodcuts4 ,b a numb] ( o!r examples ( !
 same p]iod exi/ :i* 7 also made        
directly on copp] or type metal--!      
me?od1 al?\gh rudim5t>y1 be+ simil> 9   
int5t to #ai?-c5tury wood engrav+4 ,"o (
 ^! examples 7fig4 #d71 9 ! collection (
 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 is        
typical4 ,?is 0 n simply an ord9>y l9e  
engrav+ pr9t$ 9 relief r ?an 9 ! usual  
way2 ! managem5t ( ! lights %[s t x 0   
plann$ z a :ite-l9e engrav+4 ,! reason =
 ?is treatm5t1 obvi\sly1 0 to p]mit !   
picture & ! type to be pr9t$ 9 "o       
op]ation4  ,! well-kn[n wood engrav+s ( 
soldi]s ) /&>ds1 execut$ by ,urs ,graf 9
 ! e>ly #aejj's1 are probably ! only    
:ite-l9e pr9ts 9 ?is m$ium by an        

accompli%$ arti/ until ! #ah? c5tury4 ,b
 ^! are ma9ly 9 outl9e1 ) little attempt
 to a*ieve tones4 ,no advantage 0 ga9$  
by hav+ ! l9es :ite r ?an black o!r ?an 
an engag+ r\ghness 9 spots3 ! pr9ts 7   
simply :imsical excursions by an        
inv5tive arti/4  #aj ,sylve/] ,r4       
,koehl]1 ,:ite-l9e engrav+ =            
relief-pr9t+ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5?      
c5turies1 9 ,annual report ( ! 444      
,smi?sonian ,in/itution 444 = ! ye> end+
 ,june #cj1 #ahij1 report ( ! ,u4 ,s4   
,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahib1 pp4 
#che-chi4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#d4--,:ite-,l9e ,engrav+ on ,metal =    
,relief ,pr9t+1 ,! ,franciscan1 ,pelb>t 
( ,temesv>1 ,/udy+ 9 a ,g>d51 f ,pom]ium
 quadragesimale1 fratris ,pelb>ti ord9is
 sancti ,francisci1 ,augsburg1 #aejb4   
,relief engrav+ on type metal & end-gra9
 wood really got "u way z a consi/5t    
process 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah?   
c5tury4 ,*atto#aa gives ?is date z      
conjecture1 )\t actual evid5ce1 b a     
fir/-h& acc\nt c be f\nd 9 ! r>e &      

little-kn[n book1 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 9 :i*
 ! comb9ation ( anonym\s au?or%ip & a   
mislead+ title obscur$ ! fact t x is a  
dige/ ( ,john ,bapti/ ,jackson's        
manuscript j\rnal4 ,?is em95t woodcutt]1
 :o 0 born ab\t #agjj & work$ 9 ,engl&  
dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 mu/ be     
consid]$ an important & reliable        
witness4 ,! unkn[n editor p>aphrases    
,jackson on ! subject ( engrav+ = relief
 purposes3#ab       444 ,i %all give a  
brief ,acc\nt ( ! ,/ate ( ,cutt+ on     
,wood 9      ,engl& = ! ,type ,press    
be=e he ,jackson w5t to ,france      9  
#agbe4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,c5tury a      
rem>kable ,bl[ 0      giv5 to all       
,cutt]s on ,wood1 by an ,inv5tion (     
engrav+ on !      same sort ( ,metal :i*
 ,types are ca/ )4 ,! celebrat$ ,mr4    
,kirkhal1 an able ,engrav] on ,copp]1 is
 said to be ! fir/ :o      p]=m$ a      
,relievo ,"w to answ] ! use ( ,cutt+ on 
,wood4 ,?is      c\ld be dispat*$ mu*   
soon]1 & consequ5tly answ]$ !           
purpose ( ,booksell]s & ,pr9t]s1 :o     

pur*as$ ^? sort (      ,works at a mu*  
*ap] sic ,rate ?an c\ld be expect$ f an 
,engrav] on ,wood2 x requir$ mu* m ,"t  
to execute )      accuracy any piece (  
,"w ( ! same ,measure ) ^? c>v$ on      
,metal4 ,?is p]=mance 0 v mu* 9 ,vogue1 
& cont9u$ d[n      to ?is ,day1 to s]ve 
= ,initials1 ,fregii & ,f9ali2 x is     
call$      a cle> ,impression1 b (t5    
gray & hazy1 f> f com+ up to      t cle>
 black ,impression produc$ ) cutt+ on ! 
side ( a      piece ( ,box-wood or      
,pe>-tree4 ,mu* ab\t ! same "t !re      
/>t$ ano!r ,me?od ( ,engrav+ on ! end   
ways ( ,wood itself1      :i* 0 cut to !
 height ( ! ,lett]s to accompany !m 9 ! 
,press1 & engrav$ 9 ! same ,mann] z !   
,metal ,p]=mance2      ?is ,me?od 0 also
 enc\rag$1 & is ! only way ( ,engrav+   
on ,wood at pres5t us$ 9 ! ,engli%      
,pr9t+-h\ses4 ,^!      p]=mances are to 
be se5 9 ,magaz9es1 ,news ,pap]s1 c4 &  
are      ! ,rema9s ( ! anci5t ,mann] (  
,cutt+ on ,wood1 & is !      reason :y !
 ,curi\s conclud$ x 0 intirely lo/4  #aa

 ,*atto1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 p4     
#ddf4  #ab ,an enquiry into ! orig9s (  
pr9t+ 9 ,europe1 by a lov] ( art1       
,london1 #ageb1 pp4 #be1 #bf4  ,?is is  
important evid5ce t end-gra9 wood       
engrav+ 0 n only kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly 
#ah? c5tury b 0 actually ! prevail+     
/yle4 ,9 t c\ntry1 :]e a woodcut        
tradition did n exi/1 ! new me?od ga9$  
its fir/ foo?old4 ,b x 0 n yet conceiv$ 
9 t]ms ( :ite l9es2 x 0 m]ely a *eap]   
sub/itute = cutt+ ) ! knife on ! plank4 
,9 ,european c\ntries ) long art & pr9t+
 traditions1 ?is sub/itute me?od 0      
consid]$ b5ea? contempt4 ,jackson#ac    
describes ! av]sion ( ,fr5* woodcutt]s =
 ! new] & *eap] process3       ,f ?is   
,acc\nt x is evid5t t !re 0 little      
enc\ragem5t      to be hop$ = 9 ,engl&  
to a ,p]son ^: ,g5ius l$ him to         
prosecute 8 ,/udies 9 ! anci5t ,mann]2  
:i* oblig$ ,mr4      ,jackson to g ov]  
to ! ,cont95t1 & see :at 0 us$ 9 !      
,p>isian ,pr9t+-h\ses4 ,at 8 arrival !re
 he f\nd !      ,fr5* engrav]s on ,wood 

all work+ 9 ! old ,mann]2 no ,metal     
engrav]s1 or any ( ! same p]=mance on ! 
end ( ! ,wood1      0 ev] us$ or        
c\nt5anc$ by ! ,pr9t]s or ,booksell]s 9 
t ,city4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#e4--;,example ( ! ,woodcut ,/yle t     
,creat$ ,facsimile ,draw+s4 ,woodcut    
7actual size7 by ,hans ,lutzelburg]1    
aft] a draw+ by ,holbe9 = 8 ,dance (    
,dea?1 #aech4  ,!re 7 good reasons = !  
lack ( developm5t ( a :ite-l9e /yle1 ev5
 9 ,engl& ) its l[] /&>ds 9 pr9t+ &     
illu/rative te*niques4 ,on ! co>se pap] 
( ! p]iod f9e :ite l9es c\ld n be adapt$
 to relief 7typographical7 presswork2 !y
 w\ld be lo/ 9 pr9t+ because ! ribb$    
pap] receiv$ ink unev5ly4 ,ev5 ! simple 
black l9es ( ! traditional woodcut      
usually pr9t$ spottily :5 comb9$ ) type4
 ,! :ite l9es1 !n1 _h to be broadly     
sep>at$4 ,?is did n p]mit ! engrav+ (   
delicate tones4 ,if ?is c\ld n be       
a*iev$1 ! effect 0 simil> to woodcutt+ b
 ) less crispness & accuracy 9 ! draw+4 
,a good woodcut 9 ! old mann] c\ld d    

ev]y?+ ! wood engrav+ c\ld d1 be=e      
,bewick1 ) ! add$ virtue t ! black l9e 0
 comp>atively cle> & unequivocal1 z c be
 se5 9 figure #e4  #ac ,ibid41 p4 #bg4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,woodcut     
,tailpiece by ,j4 ,m4 ,papillon1 f      
,trait hi/orique et pratique de la      
gravure en bois1 #agff4 ,! cutt+ 0 done 
s m9utely t "s details 7 lo/ 9 pr9t+4   
7,actual size47  ,! woodcut1 9 ! h&s ( a
 rem>kable cutt]1 c\ld produce miracles 
( delicacy4 ,x c\ld1 9 fact1 h black    
l9es s f9e & s closely spac$ z to take  
on ! "* ( l9e engrav+4 ,x did n1 (      
c\rse1 h ! range ( tones or ! delicacy (
 model+ possible 9 ! copp] plate m$ium1 
:]e e little tr5* cut by ! bur9 w\ld    
hold ink ,,bel[ ! wip$-(f surface1 to be
 transf]r$ to damp5$ pap] "u ! heavy    
pressure ( ! cyl9d] press4 ,9 addition1 
! r\ghness ( e>ly pap]1 :i* 0 s]i\s = ! 
woodcut1 creat$ no difficulties = ! l9e 
engrav] or = o!r work]s 9 ! intaglio or 
gravure m$ia4  ,b ! influ5ce ( copp]    
plate "w 0 /rong1 & "s skillful b       

misguid$ woodcut craftsm5 tri$ to obta9 
"s degree ( its ri*ness4 ,fr5* arti/s f 
ab\t #agbj1 notably ,jean ,m4 ,papillon1
 produc$ cuts s delicate t _! pr9t+     
became a problem 7see fig4 #f74         
,jackson1 :o _h work$ ) ! ,fr5* arti/ 9 
,p>is1 condemn$ 8 ef=ts to turn !       
woodcut into a tonal m$ium ?r\gh !      
creation ( num]\s delicate l9es because 
su* effects 7 impossible to pr9t4       
,jackson#ad is quot$ 9 ! ,enquiry3      
,9 #agbh ,mr4 ,pappillon began 8 small  
,p>is ,almanack1 :]e9      is plac$     
,cuts 7done on ,wood7 allusive to ea*   
,mon?1 ) !      ,signs ( ! ,zodiack1 9  
su* a ,m9ute ,/ile1 t he seems to       
=get 9 t ,"w ! ,impossibility ( pr9t+ x 
9 a ,press      ) any ,cle>ness 444 ,b  
alas6 ,8 fa!r & ,m4 le ,seur also       
woodcutt]s _h exam9$ ,impression & its  
,process1 & saw h[      c>eful !        
,anci5ts 7 to keep a prop] ,di/ance     
betwe5 _!      ,l9es & hat*$ ,works1 s z
 to produce a clean ,impression 444 ,i  
saw ! ,almanack 9 a horrid ,condition   

be=e ,i left ,p>is1 !      ,signs ( !   
,zodiack wore l a ,blot*1 not)/&+ !     
utmo/      ,c>e & ,dilig5ce ! ,pr9t] us$
 to take up v little ,ink to      keep  
!m clean4  ,x is cle> t too ?9 a /rip ( 
:ite betwe5 black l9es 0 n suitable =   
pr9t+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,b 
:5 ,bewick's cuts aft] #agij are exam9$ 
we c see _m :ite l9es ?9n] ?an a hair4  
,obvi\sly some?+ _h happ5$ to p]mit him 
a flexibility n grant$ to e>li] work]s  
on wood4 ,bewick's :ole craft dep5d$ ^u 
8 ability to control :ite l9es ( v>y+   
?ickness4 ,:y 0 he able to d ?is1 & :y  
c\ld x be done )\t tr\ble by o!rs aft]  
him8  ,e>ly pap]1 z already m5tion$1 _h 
a ribb$ gra9 because x 0 made on a h&   
m\ld 9 :i* wires 7 closely laid 9 "o    
direction1 b ) en\gh space betwe5 to    
all[ ! wat] 9 ! pap] pulp to dra9 ?r\gh4
 ,cross+ wires1 set "s di/ance ap>t1    
held !m toge!r4 ,ea* wire1 h[ev]1 made a
 slight impression 9 ! f9i%$ pap]1 !    
result be+ a surface ) m9ute ripples4 ,!
 surface ( ?is laid pap] pres5t$        

irregul>ities ev5 aft] ! glaz+ op]ation1
 done ) hamm]s be=e ab\t #agbj & ) wood5
 roll]s up to ab\t #ahbe4ae  ,9 #agef   
,james ,:atman began to manufacture a   
new1 smoo? pap] to replace ! laid v>iety
 t _h be5 us$ s9ce ! importation ( pap] 
into ,europe 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,:e!r     
,:atman or ! r5[n$ pr9t] ,john          
,bask]ville 0 ! guid+ _s 9 ?is          
developm5t is unc]ta94#af ,bask]ville1  
:o _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) type faces ( a    
light] & m delicate design1 _h be5      
dissatisfi$ ) ! unev5 surface ( laid    
pap]4 ,possibly he saw examples ( !     
,*9ese wallpap] on wove /ock1 made f a  
clo? me%1 :i* 0 a /aple ( ! trade ) !   
,ori5t4 ,hunt]#ag describes ! new m\ld3 
,! wove cov]+ 0 made ( f9e brass scre5+ 
& receiv$ its      "n because x 0 wov5  
on a loom 9 ab\t ! same mann] z         
clo?4 ,x left 9 ! pap] an indi/9ct      
impression resembl+ a      fabric4      
,bask]ville _h be5 9 ! japann+ &        
metal-work+      trades be=e becom+ a   
pr9t]1 s t he 0 naturally famili>      )

 ?is mat]ial1 metal scre5+ hav+ be5 us$ 
9 ,engl& =      o!r purposes be=e x 0   
put to use z a mat]ial ^u :i* to        
m\ld %eets ( pap]4  ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9
 ,europe on wove pap] unque/ionably 0 ! 
,lat9 edition ( ,virgil produc$ by      
,bask]ville 9 #ageg4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1     
p>tly on laid also4 ,! actual pap] 0    
made 9 ,james ,:atman's mill 9          
,maid/one1 ,k5t1 on ! banks ( ! riv]    
,l51 :]e pap] _h be5 made s9ce ! #ag?   
c5tury4 ,:atman1 :o became sole own] ( !
 mill 9 #agdj1 specializ$ 9 f9e :ite    
pap] ( ! highe/ quality4 ,b :ile ! book 
attract$ consid]able att5tion x did n   
imm$iately div]t ! dem& = laid pap]1    
s9ce x 0 look$ on m z an oddity ?an z a 
s]i\s a*ievem5t4 ,bask]ville 0 /rictly  
an arti/3 he took unlimit$ "t & pa9s1 he
 _h no reg>d = ! prevail+ m>ket1 & he   
produc$ sporadically2 also1 he 0 h>%ly  
criticiz$ & ev5 d]id$ = 8 /range        
=mats4#ah ,) su* a reputation =         
impracticality ! pr9t]'s influ5ce 0     
negligible dur+ 8 lifetime al?\gh1 (    

c\rse1 x 0 widely felt lat]4  #ad       
,jackson1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ab71 p4   
#bi4  #ae ,d>d ,hunt]1 ,pap]mak+ ?r\gh  
eighte5 c5turies1 ,new ,york1 #aicj1 pp4
 #adh1 #aeb4  #af ,a4 ,t4 ,haz51        
,bask]ville & ,james ,:atman1 ,/udies 9 
,bibliography1 ,bibliographical ,society
 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 vol4 #e1    
#aieb-ec4 ,= a brilliant /udy ( !       
,:atman mill1 :]e practically all wove  
pap] up to ! #aghj's 0 manufactur$1 see 
,?omas ,bal/on's ,james ,:atman1 fa!r & 
son1 ,london1 #aieg4  #ag ,hunt]1 op4   
cit4 7footnote #ae71 p4 #bae4  #ah ,r4  
,/raus & ,r4 ,k4 ,d5t1 ,john            
,bask]ville1 ,cambridge1 #aijg4 ,on page
 #ai ! au?ors include a lett] to        
,bask]ville f ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 writt5 9
 #agfj 9 a jocul> tone1 :i* notes t he  
ov]he>d a fri5d say+ t ,bask]ville's    
types w\ld be ! means ( bl9d+ all !     
,read]s 9 ! ,nation ow+ to ! ?9 & n>r[  
/rokes ( ! lett]s4  ,ab\t #aggg ! ,fr5* 
became acqua9t$ ) wove pap]1 :i*        
,frankl9 br\ght to ,p>is = exhibition4  

,9 #aggi1 accord+ to ,hunt]1#ai ,m4     
,didot ! fam\s pr9t]1 hav+ se5 ! papi]  
vl9 t ,bask]ville us$1 address$ a lett] 
to ,m4 ,johannot ( ,annonay1 a skill$   
pap]mak]1 ask+ him to endeav\r to       
duplicate ! smoo? & ev5 surface ( ?is   
new pap]4 ,johannot 0 successful 9 8    
exp]im5ts1 & = 8 "w 9 ?is field he 0 9  
#agha aw>d$ a gold m$al by ,l\is ,,xvi4 
#ai ,hunt]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ae71 p4 
#bai4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,wood 
,engrav+ by ,?omas ,bewick1 ,! ,man & ! 
,flea1 = ,fables1 by ! late ,mr4 ,gay1  
#aggi4 7,actual size47 ,note h[ !       
closely work$ l9es ( ! sky & wat] h     
blurr$ 9 pr9t+ on laid pap]4 ,! pale    
v]tical /reak is caus$ by ! laid m\ld4  
,wove pap] 0 s sl[ to come into use t   
,j5k9s gives ! date #aghh = its fir/    
appe>ance 9 book pr9t+4#bj ,:ile he     
miss$ a few examples1 notably by        
,bask]ville1 x is c]ta9 t few books )   
wove pap] 7 publi%$ be=e #agij4 ,b aft] 
t date its manufacture increas$ ) su*   
rapidity t by #ahje x _h supplant$ laid 

pap] = _m pr9t+ purposes4  ,! reasons = 
?is gap betwe5 ! introduction & !       
acceptance ( ! new pap] are n cle>2 !   
in]tia ( tradition z well z ! probable  
high] co/ no d\bt play$ a "p1 & we may  
assume t e>ly wove pap] _h imp]fections 
& o!r drawbacks s]i\s en\gh to cause    
pr9t]s to pref] ! old] mat]ial4         
,bewick's e>ly "w 0 pr9t$ on laid pap]4 
,up to #aghd he _h work$ 9 a desultory  
fa%ion on wood1 mu* ( 8 "t be+ occupi$ )
 seal cutt+ because !re 0 /ill no real  
dem& = wood engrav+4 ,9 ,gay's ,fables1 
publi%$ 9 #aggi1 ! cuts pr9t$ s poorly  
on ! laid pap] 7see fig4 #g7 t          
,dobson#ba 0 mov$ to say3       ,g5]ally
 speak+1 ! pr9t+ ( all ^! cuts1 ev5 9 ! 
e>li] editions 7& x is absolutely       
useless to consult any      o!rs71 is   
weak & unskillful4 ,! f9e "w ( !        
backgr\nds      is seldom made out1 & ! 
:ole impression is blurr$ &             
unequal4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,! 
,spani% ,po9t]1 illu/ration 7actual     
size7 by ,?omas ,bewick1 f ,a g5]al     

hi/ory ( quadrup$s1 #agij1 9 !          
collections ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4    
#bj ,rhys ,j5k9s1 ,e>ly pap]mak+ 9      
,engl&1 #adie-aghh1 ,libr>y ,association
 ,record1 ,london1 #aijj-aijb1 vol4 #b1 
nos4 #i & #aa2 vol4 #c1 no4 #e2 vol4 #d1
 nos4 #c & #d4  #ba ,dobson1 op4 cit4   
7footnote #h71 p4 #ef4  ,ev5 9 ! ,select
 fables ( ,aesop & o!rs ( #aghd1 :5     
,bewick's special gifts began to em]ge1 
! cuts on laid pap] appe>$ weak 9       
comp>ison ) 8 lat] "w4 ,bewick 0 /ill   
us+ wood engrav+ z a *eap]1 m quickly   
execut$ sub/itute = ! woodcut4 ,!       
designs 7 bas$ ^u ,croxall's edition (  
,aesop's ,fables1 publi%$ 9 #agbb1 :i* 0
 probably ! be/ & mo/ popul> illu/rat$  
book publi%$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! c5tury up  
to ,bewick's "t4 ,accord+ to ,*atto1 !  
cuts 7 made ) ! bur9 on end-gra9 wood1  
probably by ,kirkall1#bb b ,bewick      
believ$ !y 7 engrav$ on type metal4#bc  
,x 0 n easy to tell ! diff]5ce4 ,type   
metal usually made gray] impressions ?an
 wood & sometimes1 b n always1 nail-head

 m>ks appe>$ :]e ! metal 0 fa/5$ to !   
wood base4 ,! ,croxall cuts1 9 turn1 7  
adapt$ ) little *ange f #ag?-c5tury     
s\rces--et*+s by ,francis ,b>l[ & l9e   
engrav+s by ,seba/ian ,le ,cl]c4        
,bewick's cuts repeat$ ! e>li] designs b
 *ang$ ! locale to ! ,engli% c\ntryside 
( ! late #ah? c5tury4 ,?is 0 to be      
expect$2 to h a contempor>y mean+ !     
actors ( ! old morality play _h to appe>
 9 mod]n dress & ) up-to-date sc5]y4 ,b 
te*nically ! cuts foll[$ ! patt]n (     
,croxall's wood engrav]1 al?\gh ) a     
slightly great] range ( tone4           
,arti/ically ,bewick's int]pretation 0  
inf]ior because x 0 m lit]al2 x lack$ ! 
gr&] feel+ ( ! e>li] "w4  ,bewick really
 became ! prophet ( a new pictorial /yle
 9 8 ,a g5]al hi/ory ( quadrup$s1       
publi%$ 9 #agij on wove pap] 7see figs4 
#h1 #i1 & #aj74 ,"h 8 animals & little  
vignett$ tailpieces ( obs]vations 9 !   
c\ntry ann\nc$ an orig9al subject =     
illu/ration & a fre% treatm5t ( wood    
engrav+1 al?\gh "s designs 7 /ill copi$ 

f e>li] models4 ,! :ite l9e beg9s to    
function ) great] ela/icity2 tones &    
details beyond any?+ kn[n previ\sly 9 ! 
m$ium appe> ) ! =ce ( innovation4 ,!    
pap] 0 /ill some:at co>se & ! cuts 7 (t5
 gray & muddy4 ,b ! audacity ( ! arti/ 9
 v5tur+ tonal subtleties 0 imm$iately   
app>5t4  #bb ,*atto1 op4 cit4 7footnote 
#f71 p4 #ddh4  #bc ,?omas ,bewick1      
,fables ( ,aesop & o!rs1 ,newca/le1     
#ahah4  ,"o ( ,bewick's old fri5ds at   
,newca/le _h be5 ,william ,bulm]1 :o by 
! #agij's _h become a fam\s pr9t]4 ,9   
#agie he publi%$ an edition ( ,poems by 
,goldsmi? & ,p>nell1 :i* 0 prec$$ by an 
,adv]tisem5t ann\nc+ 8 int5tions3       
,! pres5t volume 444 is p>ticul>ly meant
 to comb9e !      v>i\s beauties (      
,,pr9t+1 ,,type-,,f\nd+1 ,,engrav+1 &   
,,pap]-,,mak+4444 ,! ornam5ts are all   
engrav$ on blocks ( wood1      by two ( 
my e>lie/ acqua9tances1 ,messrs4 ,bewick
 ,?omas & 8      bro!r & appr5tice      
,john1 ( ,newca/le ^u ,tyne & ,london1  
aft] designs made f ! mo/ int]e/+       

passages ( ! ,poems      !y embelli%4   
,!y h be5 execut$ ) great c>e1 & ,i may 
v5ture to say1 )\t be+ suppos$ to be    
influ5c$ by anci5t      fri5d%ip1 t !y  
=m ! mo/ extraord9>y ef=t ( ! art      (
 engrav+ ^u wood t ev] 0 produc$ 9 any  
age1 or any      c\ntry4 ,inde$ x seems 
almo/ impossible t su* delicate         
effects c\ld be obta9$ f blocks ( wood4 
,( ! ,pap]1 x is      only necess>y to  
say t x comes f ! manufactory ( ,mr4    
,:atman4  ,! foll[+ ye>1 #agif1 a       
companion volume1 ,! ,*ase1 a ,poem1 by 
,william ,som]vile1 appe>$ ) cuts by    
,bewick aft] draw+s by 8 bro!r ,john    
7see fig4 #aa74 ,9 bo? books1 al?\gh no 
ackn[l$gm5t 0 giv51 !re 0 consid]able   
assi/ance f pupils ,rob]t & ,john       
,johnson & ,*>lton ,nesbit1 z well z f  
an arti/ associate ,ri*>d ,we/all4#bd   
,bulm] 0 q consci\s t a new era 9 pr9t+ 
& illu/ration _h begun4 ,updike#be notes
 ,bulm]'s recognition ( ! a*ievem5ts (  
bo? ,bask]ville & ,bewick 9 giv+ ! art (
 pr9t+ a new basis3       ,to und]/& !  

causes ( ! revival ( ,engli% pr9t+ :i*  
m>k$ ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 we mu/      
rememb] t by #agge      ,bask]ville 0   
dead4444 ,!re seems to h be5 a tempor>y 
lull      9 ,engli% f9e pr9t+ & ! k9d ( 
type-f\nd+ t      contribut$ to x4 ,!   
wood-engrav+ ( ,?omas ,bewick1 produc$  
ab\t #aghj1 call$1 nev]!less1 = m       
brilliant & delicate      lett]-press   
?an ei!r ,caslon's or ,wilson's types   
c\ld supply4      ,if ,bask]ville's     
fonts _h be5 available1 no d\bt !y w\ld 
h      s]v$4444 ,s ! next exp]im5ts 9   
typography 7 made by a      little      
cot]ie compos$ ( ! ,boydells1 ! ,nicols1
 ! ,bewicks      7,?omas & ,john71 &    
,bulm]4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#i4--,tailpiece by ,?omas ,bewick       
7actual size71 f ,a g5]al hi/ory (      
quadrup$s1 #agij1 9 ! collections ( !   
,libr>y ( ,congress4  ,:5 ! cuts 9 ?is  
book are comp>$ ) e>li] impressions f   
wood blocks1 ! diff]5ce is quickly se54 
,! blocks are m highly wr\ght1 yet e l9e
 is crisp & cle> & ! impressions are    

black & brilliant4 ,:5 we realize t !   
only new te*nological factor ( any      
consequ5ce 0 ! use ( good smoo? wove    
pap]1 we c appreciate its significance4 
,!re 7 no o!r developm5ts ( note 9 !    
practice ( pr9t+ dur+ ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! 
old wood5 h& press1 unimprov$ except =  
m9or devices1 0 /ill 9 univ]sal use4    
,ink 0 little improv$2 pap] 0 h&made2   
type 0 made f h& m\lds4 ,! ink 0 /ill   
appli$ by dabb+ ) ink+ balls (          
wool-/uff$ lea!r nail$ to wood5 =ms4 ,! 
lea!r 0 /ill kept s(t by remov+ x &     
soak+ x 9 ur9e1 aft] :i* x 0 trampl$ =  
"s "t to complete ! unsavory op]ation4  
,pap] /ill _h to be damp5$ ov]night be=e
 pr9t+1 & fre%ly ink$ %eets 7 /ill hung 
to dry ov] cords /ret*$ across ! room4  
#bd ,d4 ,c4 ,?omson1 ,! life & works (  
,?omas ,bewick1 ,london1 #ahhb1 p4 #aeb4
  #be ,d4 ,b4 ,updike1 ,pr9t+ types1 _! 
hi/ory1 =ms & use1 ,cambridge & ,london1
 #aibb1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #abb1 #abc4  ,b ) a
 m sympa!tic surface = receiv+ ink f    
relief blocks1 a new av5ue = wood       

engrav+ 0 n[ op54 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1      
#agig1 ! fir/ volume ( ,bewick's f9e/ & 
be/-kn[n "w 0 publi%$4 ,?is 0 ! ,hi/ory 
( ,briti% birds1 = :i* he & 8 pupils did
 ! cuts :ile ,ralph ,beilby1 8 p>tn] &  
=m] ma/]1 provid$ ! descriptions 7see   
figs4 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad47 ,x a*iev$ an    
imm5se & in/antane\s popul>ity t c>ri$ !
 arti/'s "n ov] ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,!    
attractiv5ess ( ! subject1 ! fre%ness ( 
! m$ium--:i* c\ld r5d] ! s(tness (      
fea!rs & c\ld be int]sp]s$ ) text--!    
p[]ful & decorative little tail pieces1 
& ! comp>ative inexp5siv5ess ( !        
volumes1 br\ght ! ,birds into homes     
ev]y:]e4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#aj4--,tailpiece by ,?omas ,bewick      
7actual size71 f ,a g5]al hi/ory (      
quadrup$s1 #agij1 9 ! collections ( !   
,libr>y ( ,congress4  ,actually1 wood   
engrav+ 0 n imm$iately adopt$ on a wide 
scale4 ,hav+ done )\t x = s long1 pr9t]s
 & publi%]s made no conc]t$ ru% to avail
 !mselves ( ! new type ( cuts4 ,bewick's
 pupils f\nd little ( ?is k9d ( "w to d 

be=e ab\t #ahcj4 ,luke ,cl5nell dropp$  
engrav+ = pa9t+2 ,william ,h>vey        
re/rict$ himself to draw+ & design+2    
,*>lton ,nesbit & ,john ,jackson rema9$ 
engrav]s1 z did a ho/ ( less]           
individuals4 ,dobson says3#bf       ,!  
pupils :o quitt$ him to seek _! =tunes 9
 ,london ei!r      made _! way )        
difficulty1 or turn$ to o!r pursuits1 & 
! real popul>ization ( wood-engrav+ did 
n take place until      "s ye>s aft] 8  
dea?4  ,"o reason = delay 9 adopt+ ! new
 te*nique may h be5 ! dang] ( ! block   
splitt+1 or ( ! sections ( wood com+    
ap>t at ! mortise-jo9ts dur+ ! pr9t+    
op]ation4 ,if ?is happ5$1 "w _h to be   
susp5d$ until a new block 0 engrav$1 or 
until ! sections 7 reglu$4 ,= p]iodicals
 ) deadl9es1 ?is 0 a s]i\s haz>d4       
,wood ,engrav+ & ! ,/]eotype   ,9 any   
ev5t1 wood engrav+ did n really fl\ri%  
until a practical /]eotyp+ process 0    
p]fect$4 ,by ?is proc$ure sub/itute     
blocks ( type metal c\ld replace ! wood 
engrav+s 9 ! press1 & ! dang] ( splitt+ 

! block 0 elim9at$4 ,! fir/ /eps ( any  
importance t[>d a practical process 7   
made by ! ,e>l ( ,/anhope ar\nd #ahjj1 b
 n until ,claude ,g5\x 9 ,france1 betwe5
 #ahbh & #ahbi1 develop$ ! papi] m* or  
wet mat process c\ld acceptable         
/]eotypes ( entire pages be produc$4#bg 
,by ?is me?od1 pat5t$ on ,july #bd1     
#ahbi1 & o!rs t foll[$1 a numb] (       
duplicate plates ( ea* page c\ld be made
 z requir$ = rapid pr9t+ on a batt]y (  
presses4 ,wood engrav+ n[ em]g$ z a     
practical me?od ( illu/ration = popul>  
publications4 ,! ,p5ny ,magaz9e & !     
,saturday ,magaz9e1 f\nd$ 9 #ahcb1      
imm$iately made use ( ,g5\x's /]eotyp+  
process4 ,dobson#bh describes ! effect (
 ^! p]iodicals3       ,! art ( wood     
engrav+ receiv$ an a/oni%+ impact f     
^! publications4 ,! engrav]1 in/ead (   
work+ m]ely )      8 own h&s1 has be5   
oblig$ to take five or six pupils to get
      ?r\gh ! "w4 7,mr4 ,c[p]'s evid5ce 
be=e ! ,select      ,committee on ,arts 
& ,manufactures1 #ahce74 ,x is difficult

 n[adays      #ahhd to und]/& :at a     
revelation ^! two p]iodicals1 )      _! 
repres5tations ( f> c\ntries & =eign    
animals1 (      ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ &    
sculpture1 7 to middle-class            
h\seholds fifty ye>s ago4  #bf ,dobson1 
op4 cit4 7footnote #h71 p4 #agd4  #bg   
,george ,kubl]1 ,a hi/ory ( /]eotyp+1   
,new ,york1 #aida1 p4 #ge4  #bh ,dobson1
 op4 cit4 7footnote #h71 p4 #agc4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,tailpiece  
by ,?omas ,bewick 7actual size71 engrav$
 aft] a draw+ by ,john ,bewick1 f ,!    
,*ase1 by ,william ,som]vile1 #agif4    
7,photo c\rtesy ! ,libr>y ( ,congress47 
,we w n pursue ,bewick's c>e] fur!r4 ,) 
habits ( h>d "w deeply +ra9$1 he kept at
 8 b5* until 8 dea? 9 #ahbh1 engrav+ an 
awesome quantity ( cuts4 ,b he nev]     
surpass$ 8 "w on ! ,birds1 al?\gh 8     
reputation grew 9 proportion to ! spread
 ( wood engrav+ ?r\gh\t ! _w4  ,! m$ium 
became m & m detail$1 & ev5tually rival$
 photography 9 its m9ute v>iations (    
tone 7see figs4 #ae & #af74 ,b pr9t+    

wood engrav+s nev] 0 a problem aga94 ,n 
only 0 wove pap] always us$ 9 ?is       
connection1 b x _h become mu* *eap]     
?r\gh ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e = produc+ x 9
 l5g?s4 ,ni*olas ,l\is ,rob]t1 9        
,france1 _h develop$ & exhibit$ su* an  
app>atus 9 #agig1 at ! in/igation ( ,m4 
,didot4 ,john ,gamble 9 ,engl&1 work+ ) 
,h5ry & ,*>les ,f\rdr9i]1 engag$ a f9e  
me*anic1 ,bryan ,donk91 to build a ma*9e
 on improv$ pr9ciples4 ,! fir/          
comp>atively successful "o 0 complet$ 9 
#ahjc4 ,x 0 p]iodically improv$1 & wove 
pap] appe>$ 9 increas+ quantities4      
,spic]#bi says3 ,naturally ^!           
improvem5ts & economies 9 ! manufacture 
( pap] 7 accompani$ by a correspond+    
increase 9 output4 ,:]e1 9 #ahjf1 a     
ma*9e 0 capable ( mak+ #f cwt4 9 twelve 
h\rs1 9 #ahac x c\ld turn out d\ble t   
quantity 9 ! same "t at "o qu>t] !      
exp5se4  #bi ,a4 ,d4 ,spic]1 ,! pap]    
trade1 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 #fc4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,wood       
,engrav+ by ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 #ahgh       

7,actual ,size74 ,! detail opposite is  
enl>g$ f\r times to %[ :ite             
l9e-te*nique4  ,illu/ration             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--,p9tail     
,duck by ,?omas ,bewick 7actual size71 f
 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% birds1 vol4 #b1      
#ahjd4 ,! detail opposite is enl>g$ ?ree
 times4  ,at ab\t ! same "t ! all-iron  
,/anhope press began to be manufactur$ 9
 quantity1 & %ortly ! new ink+ roll]    
inv5t$ by ! indisp5sable ,e>l came into 
use to supplant ! old ink+ balls4 ,lat] 
9 ! c5tury 7!re is no ne$ to g into     
specific detail "h7 cal5d]$ & coat$     
pap]s 7 introduc$1 & wood engrav+ on ^! 
glossy pap]s became a m$ium t c\ld      
reproduce wa% draw+s1 crayon draw+s1    
p5cil draw+s1 & oil pa9t+s s fai?fully t
 all ! orig9al textures 7 app>5t4#cj ,! 
engrav]1 conc]n$ entirely ) accurate    
reproduction1 became little m ?an a     
me*anic :o r5d]$ pictures drawn on !    
blocks by an arti/4 ,9 "t1 photographic 
processes came to be us$ = transf]r+    
pictures to ! blocks & ev5tually1 (     

c\rse1 photome*anical halftones replac$ 
! wood engrav] altoge!r4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #ad4--,title-,page ,illu/ration 
by ,?omas ,bewick1 f ,hi/ory ( ,briti%  
birds1 vol4 #a1 #agig4 7,actual size47  
#cj ,! electrotyp+ process1 :i* came    
into prom95ce 9 #ahci ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts 
( ,pr(essor ,jacobi 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg &  
,jordan & ,sp5c] 9 ,engl&1 _h made x    
possible to produce sub/itute plates ( !
 highe/ fidelity4 ,= f9e "w1 ^! 7 mu*   
sup]ior to /]eotyp+4  ,bewick 0 an      
arti/1 n a reproductive craftsman4 ,8   
blocks 7 conceiv$ z orig9al engrav+s1 n 
z imitations ( tones & textures creat$ 9
 ano!r m$ium4 ,if wood engrav+ advanc$ 9
 ! direction ( comm]cialism to fill an  
ov]:elm+ mass ne$1 x 0 only because he  
_h giv5 x a te*nical basis4 ,b x _h     
great] arti/ic pot5tialities1 z prov$ by
 ,blake1 ,calv]t1 & ,lepre1 among o!rs1 
& has f\nd new life 9 ! engrav]s ( !    
#bj?-c5tury revival4  ,! reasons =      
,bewick's rem>kable effectiv5ess c n[ be
 summ$ up4 ,he succe$$1 fir/1 because he

 0 ! natural inh]itor ( a specifically  
,engli% graphic arts process1           
bur9-engrav+ on ! end gra9 ( wood4 ,?is 
_h be5 practic$ almo/ solely 9 ,engl&1  
:i* lack$ a woodcut tradition1 = ab\t   
#ge ye>s be=e ! date he f9i%$ 8         
appr5tice%ip4 ,we "k f ,jackson's       
contempor>y acc\nt t end-gra9 wood      
engrav+ 0 /&>d practice 9 ,engl& f ab\t 
#agjj4 ,bewick m]ely cont9u$ & ref9$ a  
m$ium t came d[n to him z a national    
tradition4  ,secondly1 8 c\ntry         
isolation & lack ( academic tra9+ sav$  
him f ! inanity ( repeat+ ! old         
decorative devices--trophies1 c>t\*es1  
classical figures1 ,roman ru9s1 & o!r   
int]national conv5tions t _h lo/ _!     
significance by ! #aghj's1 al?\gh a     
spuri\s classicism 0 /ill kept alive =  
g5teel consumption & ! romantic         
picturesque /ill p]si/$ 9 int]ior       
decoration4  ,illu/ration  ,?irdly1 he  
look$ at life & nature ) a fre% eye1 )\t
 preconceptions4 ,:ile 8 lack ( l>g]    
vision held him d[n z an arti/1 x       

contribut$ to 8 feel+ = natural textures
 & /ory-tell+ detail4 ,8 approa* to     
illu/ration1 !re=e1 0 ! spontane\s      
expression ( an obs]vant b unimag9ative 
nature1 coat$ ) a bitt]-sweet s5tim5t4  
,x 0 ?is quality1 s homely & common &   
yet s *>g$ ) integrity1 t deliv]$ ! %ock
 ( recognition to a mass audi5ce4       
,la/ly1 & p]haps mo/ importantly 9 !    
long run1 he 0 =tunate en\gh to live at 
a "t :5 a necess>y pr]equisite = !      
physical appe>ance ( 8 "w1 wove pap]1 0 
com+ into use4 ,)\t x he w\ld soon h _h 
to simplify 8 l9e sy/em1 return+ to old]
 & less detail$ me?ods1 or 8 "w w\ld h  
rema9$ unpr9table4 ,x 0 ! new pap] t    
all[$ him to extract unprec$5t$         
subtleties f ! wood block1 t made 8 cuts
 pr9t cle>ly & ev5ly1 & t enc\rag$ !    
expansion ( ! wood engrav+ process4 ,^! 
factors1 tak5 toge!r1 make up ! ph5om5on
 ( ,?omas ,bewick4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #ae4--,tailpiece by ,?omas      
,bewick1 f ,hi/ory ( ,briti% birds1 vol4
 #b1 #ahjd4 7,actual size47  ,u4 ,s4    

,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aiei